,,problems ,,( ,,conduct  ,,an          
,,introductory ,,survey ,,( ,,e?ics     
,,by  ,,durant ,,drake  ,a4,m4 7,h>v>d7 
,ph4,d4 7,columbia7  ,associate         
,pr(essor ( ,e?ics & ,philosophy (      
,religion at ,wesleyan ,univ]sity       
,,bo/on ,,new ,,york ,,*icago  #aiad    
,,to ,,! ,,de> ,,two ,,^: ,,int]e/ ,,9  
,,problems ,,( ,,conduct ,,fir/ ,,awak5$
 ,,m9e ,,& ,,^: ,,eag]ness ,,to ,,"k ,,&
 ,,d ,,rema9s ,,undimm$ ,,by ,,! ,,ye>s 
,,my ,,fa!r ,,& ,,my ,,"m      ,,preface
  ,?is book repres5ts 9 sub/ance a c\rse
 ( lectures & discussions giv5 fir/ at !
 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois & lat] at        
,wesleyan ,univ]sity4 ,x 0 writt5 to    
meet ! ne$s bo? ( ! college /ud5t :o has
 ! add$ guidance ( an in/ructor1 & ( !  
g5]alread] :o has no su* assi/ance4 ,!  
attempt has be5 made to keep !          
pres5tation simple & cle> en\gh to ne$  
no int]pret]1 & by ! li/ ( read+s app5d$
 to ea* *apt]1 to make a self direct$   
fur!r /udy ( any po9t easy & allur+4 ,^!
 ref]5ces are = ! mo/ "p to books 9     

,engli%1 easily accessible1 & bo?       
intelligible & int]e/+ to ! ord9>y      
untra9$ read] or und]graduate4 ,"s      
articles f ! popul> reviews h be5       
includ$1 :i*1 if n always au?oritative1 
are int]e/+ & sugge/ive4  ,! function ( 
! in/ructor :o %\ld use ?is z a textbook
 w\ld consi/1 fir/1 9 mak+ sure t ! text
 0 ?or\ghly read & und]/ood2 secondly1 9
 rais+ d\bts1 sugge/+ oppos+ views1     
conduct+ a discussion ) ! object ( mak+ 
! /ud5t ?9k = himself2 &1 ?irdly1 9 add+
 new mat]ial & illu/ration & direct+ !  
outside read+s :i* %\ld supplem5t ?is   
purposely brief & summ>y treatm5t4 ,!   
books to :i* ref]5ce is made 9 ! li/s ( 
read+s1 & o!r books approv$ by !        
in/ructor1 %\ld be kept ^u res]v$ %elves
 = ! con/ant use ( ! class 9 ! fur!r    
/udy ( que/ions sugge/$ by ! text or    
rais$ 9 ! classroom4  ,x w be notic$ t !
 disputes & ! te*nical language ( !ori/s
 h be5 ?r\gh\t s f> z possible avoid$4  
,! discussion ( hi/orical !ories & isms'
 is unnecess>ily bewild]+ to ! beg9n]2 &

 ! aim has be5 r to keep z close z      
possible to ! actual exp]i5ce ( ! /ud5t 
& ! language ( ev]yday life4 ,f> m      
att5tion is giv5 ?an 9 mo/ books on     
e?ics to concrete contempor>y problems4 
,aft] all1 an insight into ! fallacies (
 ! reason+ ( ! v>i\s e?ical s*ools1 an  
ability to "k :at !y are talk+ ab\t &   
glibly refute !m1 is ( less importance  
?an an acqua9tance )1 & a firm1         
intellig5t attitude t[>d1 ! vital moral 
problems & movem5ts ( ! day4 ,i h pray$ 
to be sav$ f academic ab/ractness &     
remot5ess1 & to g z /raight z ,i c\ld to
 ! real p]plexities f :i* m5 suff] 9    
decid+ ^u _! conduct4 ,! purpose ( a    
/udy ( e?ics is1 prim>ily1 to get light 
= ! guidance ( life4 ,& s1 :ile ref]r+  
to au?ors :o diff] f ! views "h         
express$1 ,i h s\ght to imp>t a def9ite 
conception ( relative values1 to (f] a  
?read = guidance ?r\gh ! labyr9? ( moral
 problems1 & to effect a height5$       
realization ( ! importance & !          
possibilities ( "r liv+4  ,x is         

necess>y1 inde$1 9 ord] to ju/ify &     
cl>ify our concrete moral judgm5ts1 t we
 %\ld rea* cle> & firmly gr\nd$         
conclusions ^u ! und]ly+ ab/ract        
que/ions4 ,& ! habit ( lay+ aside ^u    
occasion "o's in/9ctive or habitual     
moral pref]5ces & discuss+ ) op5 m9d _! 
ju/ification & rationality is ( great   
value to ! individual & to society4     
,h5ce ! fir/ two ,p>ts ( ?is volume take
 up1 z simply z is consonant ) ! really 
intricate que/ions involv$1 ! hi/ory ( !
 developm5t ( human morality & !        
psy*ological f\ndation ( moral          
obligations & ideals4 ,! exposition ( ! 
mean+ ( "r & wrong !re unfold$ s]ves z a
 basis = ! s\nd solution ( ! confus$    
concrete issues1 private & !n public1   
:i* are discuss$ 9 ! rema9d] ( ! volume4
  ,an introductory outl9e ( any subject 
mu/ inevitably be sup]ficial4 ,to expla9
 all ! discrim9ations t are important to
 ! speciali/1 to ju/ify ?or\ghly all !  
positions tak51 to d adequate ju/ice to 
oppos+ views1 w\ld require t5 volumes   

in/ead ( "o4 ,& ?\gh !re is a cry+ ne$ (
 s*ol>ly & elaborate discussion ( !     
endless problems ( morality1 !re is a   
prior ne$ = ! /ud5t ( survey+ ! field1  
see+ :at ! problems are1 h[ !y are      
relat$1 & :at is approximately c]ta94 ,!
 impression left by _m e?ical treatises1
 t ev]y?+ is matt] = dispute & no moral 
judgm5ts are reliable1 seems to me      
un=tunate2 ,i h pref]r$ to incur ! *>ge 
( dogmatism r ?an to fall into t error  
to (f] a cle> cut set ( /&>ds1 to :i*   
exception w be tak5 by ?is critic or t1 
r ?an to hold out to ! /ud5t a *aos (   
confus$ possibilities4  ,no orig9ality (
 viewpo9t is claim$ = ?is book4 ,its    
raison d'etre is simply to provide a    
cle>]1 m concrete1 & m concisely        
compreh5sive view ( ! nature ( morality 
& its summons to m5 ?an has seem$ to me 
available4 ,i h drawn freely ^u ! ?\ghts
 ( e?ical tea*]s1 classic & contempor>y4
 ,^! ideas are1 or ought to be1 common  
prop]ty2 & x has be5 impracticable to   
trace !m to _! s\rces & (f] detail$     

ackn[l$gm5t4 ,no?+ has be5 pres5t$ "h t 
has n fir/ pass$ ?r\gh ! crucible ( my  
own ?9k+ & exp]i5ce2 & :]e ! sp>ks came 
f t k9dl$ ea* p>ticul> ?\ght ,i am sure 
,i d n "k4  ,portions ( *apt]s xxi &    
xxix h appe>$ 9 ! ,=um & ,nor? ,am]ican 
,review respectively2 to ! editors ( ^! 
p]iodicals my ?anks are due = p]mission 
to repr9t4  ,,durant ,,drake4           
,ml,d,d,l,e,t,o,w,n1 ,,conn1 ,augu/ #c1 
#aiad4       ,,cont5ts                  
,,introductory4 ,:at is ! field ( e?ics8
 ,:y %\ld we /udy e?ics8  ,,"p ,i4 ,,!  
,,evolution ,,( ,,morality  ,,*apt] ,i4 
,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,p]sonal ,,morality444 
,h[ e>ly 9 ! evolution>y process did    
p]sonal morality ( "s sort em]ge8 ,:at 7
 ! ma9 causes t produc$ p]sonal         
morality8 ,h[ f> has ! moraliz+ process 
be5 bl9d & h[ f> consci\s8  ,,*apt]     
,,ii4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,social          
,,morality444 ,h[ e>ly 0 social morality
 develop$8 ,by :at means 0 social       
morality produc$8 ,h[ has morality be5  
fo/]$ by ! tribe8  ,,*apt] ,,iii4       

,,outw>d ,,developm5t-,,morals444 ,:at  
is ! diff]5ce betwe5 morals & non-moral 
cu/oms8 ,:at1 9 g5]al1 has be5 !        
direction ( moral progress8 ,:at        
def9ition ( morality em]ges f ?is8 ,is  
moral progress c]ta98  ,,*apt] ,,iv4    
,,inw>d ,,developm5t-,,consci5ce444 ,:at
 are ! /ages 9 ! hi/ory ( moral         
guidance8 ,out ( :at has consci5ce      
develop$8 ,:at is consci5ce n[8 ,:at is 
! value ( consci5ce8  ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,!   
,,individualiz+ ,,( ,,consci5ce444 ,:y  
did n ! individualiz+ ( consci5ce occur 
e>li]8 ,:at =ces made aga9/             
cu/om-morality8 ,cons]vatism vs4        
radicalism4 ,:at are ! dang]s (         
conv5tional morality8  ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,c
 ,,we ,,base ,,morality ,,^u            
,,consci5ce444 ,:at is ! mean+ ( moral  
intuitionism8 ,d ! deliv]ances ( diff]5t
 p's consci5ces agree8 ,if consci5ce    
ev]y:]e agre$ 9 its dictates1 c\ld we   
base morality ^u x8 ,:at is !           
plausibility ( moral intuitionism8  ,,"p
 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,morality        

,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,"r ,,& 
,,wrong444 ,:at is ! nature ( t intr9sic
 goodness ^u :i* ultimately all         
valuations re/8 ,:at is extr9sic        
goodness8 ,:at sort ( conduct1 !n1 is   
good8 ,& h[ %all we def9e virtue8       
,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,(         
,,duty444 ,:y are !re conflicts betwe5  
duty & incl9ation8 ,mu/ we d5y t duty is
 ! s]vant ( happ9ess8 ,does ! end ju/ify
 ! means8 ,:at is ! ju/ification (      
ju/ice & *ivalry8  ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,!    
,,judgm5t ,,( ,,"*444  ,:]e9 consi/s    
goodness ( "*8 ,c we say1 ) ,kant1 t !  
only good is ! ,good ,w8 ,:at evils may 
g ) consci5ti\sness8 ,:at is !          
ju/ification ( praise & blame8 ,:at is  
responsibility8  ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,!        
,,solution ,,( ,,p]sonal ,,problems444  
,:at are ! inadequacies ( in/9ct &      
impulse t necessitate morality8 ,:at    
factors are to be consid]$ 9 e/imat+ !  
wor? ( p]sonal moral ideals8            
,epicureanism vs4 ,puritanism4 ,:at are 
! evils 9 undue self-indulg5ce8 ,:at are

 ! evils 9 undue self-repression8       
,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,solution ,,(        
,,social ,,problems444 ,:y %\ld we be   
altrui/ic8 ,:at is ! exact mean+ (      
selfi%ness & unselfi%ness8 ,are         
altrui/ic impulses always "r8 ,:at m5tal
 & moral ob/acles h9d] altrui/ic action8
 ,h[ c we reconcile egoism & altruism8  
,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,objections ,,&         
,,misund]/&+s444 ,d m5 always act =     
pleasure or to avoid pa98 ,are pleasures
 & pa9s incomm5surable8 ,are "s         
pleasures wor?i] ?an o!rs8 ,is morality 
m]ely subjective & relative8  ,,*apt]   
,,xiii4 ,,altebnative ,,!ories444 ,is   
morality categorical1 beyond ne$ (      
ju/ification8 ,%\ld we live accord+ to  
nature1 & adju/ ourselves to !          
evolution>y process8 ,is                
self-developm5t1 or self-realization1 ! 
ultimate end8 ,is ! s\rce ( duty ! w (  
,god8  ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,wor? ,,(    
,,morality444 ,morality z ! organization
 ( human int]e/s4 ,d moral acts always  
br+ happ9ess some:]e8 ,is !re any?+     

bett] ?an morality8  ,,"p ,,iii4        
,,p]sonal ,,morality  ,,*apt] ,,xv4     
,,heal? ,,& ,,effici5cy444 ,:at is !    
moral importance ( heal?8 ,c we atta9 to
 great] heal? & effici5cy8 ,is cont9u$  
idl5ess ev] ju/ifiable8 ,are competitive
 a?letics desirable8 ,is x wrong to     
smoke8  ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,alcohol    
,,problem444 ,:at are ! causes ( ! use (
 alcoholic dr9ks8 ,:at are ! evils t    
result f alcoholic liquors8 ,:at %\ld be
 ! attitude ( ! individual t[>d         
alcoholic liquors8 ,:at %\ld be our     
attitude t[>d ! use ( alcoholic liquors 
by o!rs8  ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,*a/ity ,,&  
,,m>riage444 ,:at are ! reasons = *a/ity
 be=e & fidelity aft] m>riage8 ,:at     
safegu>ds aga9/ un*a/ity are necess>y8  
,:at are ! factors 9 an ideal m>riage8  
#a;,is divorce morally ju/ifiable8      
,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,fell[%ip1 ,,loyalty1 
,,& ,,luxury444 :at social relation%ips 
impose claims ^u u8 ,:at g5]al duties d 
we owe our fell[s8 ,are ! ri* ju/ifi$ 9 
liv+ 9 luxury8 ,is x wrong to gamble1   

bet1 or speculate8  ,,*apt] ,,xix4      
,,tru?fulness ,,& ,,its ,,problems444   
,:at are ! reasons = ! obligation (     
tru?fulness8 ,:at exceptions are        
all[able to ! duty ( tru?fulness8 ,9 :at
 directions are our /&>ds ( tru?fulness 
l[8 ,! e?ics ( j\rnalism4  ,,*apt] ,,xx4
 ,,culture ,,& ,,art444 ,:at is ! value 
( culture & art8 ,:at is mo/ important 9
 cultural education8 ,:at dang]s are !re
 9 culture & art = life8 ,%\ld art be   
c5sor$ 9 ! int]e/s ( morality8  ,,*apt] 
,,xxi4 ,,! ,,me*anism ,,(               
,,self-,,control444 ,:at are our        
pot5tialities ( great] self-control8 ,a 
practicable me*anism ( self-control4    
,v>i\s accessories & safegu>ds4  ,,*apt]
 ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,atta9ability ,,(         
,,happ9ess444 ,! ?reefold key to        
happ9ess3 ,i4 ,he>ty allegiance to duty4
 ,,ii4 ,he>ty acquiesc5ce 9 our lot4    
,,iii4 ,he>ty appreciation ( ! wond] &  
beauty 9 life4 ,c we ma9ta9 a /eady "u  
gl[ ( happ9ess8  ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,public    
,,morality  ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4            

,,patriotism ,,& ,,_w-,,peace444 ,:at is
 ! mean+ & value ( patriotism8 ,h[ %\ld 
patriotism be direct$ & qualifi$8 ,:at h
 be5 ! b5efits ( w>8 ,:at are ! evils ( 
w>8 ,:at c we d to ha/5 _w-peace8       
,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,political ,,purity ,,&
 ,,effici5cy444 ,:at are ! =ces mak+ =  
corruption 9 politics8 ,:at are ! evil  
results ( political corruption8 ,:at is 
! political duty ( ! citiz58 ,:at       
legislative *ecks to corruption are     
possible8  ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,social      
,,alleviation444 ,:at is ! duty ( !     
,/ate 9 reg>d to3 ,i4 ,sickness &       
prev5table dea?8 ,,ii4 ,pov]ty &        
inadequate liv+ conditions8 ,,iii4      
,comm]cializ$ vice8 ,,iv4 ,crime8       
,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,indu/rial ,,wrongs444 
,9 our pres5t organization ( indu/ry1   
:at are ! duties ( bus9essm53 ,i4 ,to ! 
public8 ,,ii4 ,to inve/ors8 ,,iii4 ,to  
competitors8 ,,iv4 ,to employees8 ,:at  
g5]al rem$ies = indu/rial wrongs are    
feasible8  ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,indu/rial 
,,recon/ruction444 ,ought ! tru/s to be 

brok5 up1 or regulat$8 ,:at are ! e?ics 
( ! foll[+ s*emes3 ,i4 ,trade-unions &  
/rikes8 ,,ii4 ,pr(it-%>+1 coop]ation1   
consum]s' leagues8 ,,iii4 ,gov]nm5t     
regulation ( prices1 pr(its1 & wages8   
,,iv4 ,socialism8  ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4    
,,lib]ty ,,& ,,law444 ,:at are !        
ess5tial aspects ( ! ideal ( lib]ty8 ,! 
ideal ( individualism4 ,! ideal ( legal 
control4 ,%\ld exi/+ laws always be     
obey$8  ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,equality ,,&  
,,privilege444 ,:at flagrant =ms (      
inequality exi/ 9 our society8 ,:at     
me?ods ( equaliz+ opportunity are       
possible8 ,:at are ! e?ics (3 ,i4 ,!    
s+le tax8 ,,ii4 ,free trade &           
protection8 ,,iii4 ,! control (         
immigration8 ,,iv4 ,! woman's movem5t8  
,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,!     
,,race444 ,9 :at ways %\ld ! ,/ate seek 
to bett] human environm5t8 ,:at %\ld be 
done 9 ! way ( public education8 hat c  
be done by eug5ics8 ,:at are ! grave/   
moral dang]s ( our times8     ,,problems
 ,,( ,,conduct   ,,introductory  ,:at is

 ! field ( e?ics8  ,to "k :at exi/s1 9  
its />k reality1 is ! conc]n ( natural  
sci5ce & natural philosophy2 to "k :at  
matt]s1 is ! field ( moral philosophy1  
or e?ics4 ,! "o gr\p ( /udies deals )   
facts simply z facts1 ! o!r ) _! values4
 ,human life is *eck]$ ) ! sun%9e & %ad[
 ( good & evil1 joy & pa92 x is ^!      
qualitative diff]5ces t make x some?+ m 
?an a mean+less eddy 9 ! cosmic :irl4   
,natural philosophy 7includ+ ! physical 
& psy*ological sci5ces71 draw+ its      
imp>tial map ( exi/5ce1 is int]e/+ &    
important2 x in=ms u ab\t our environm5t
 & ourselves1 %[s u our res\rces & our  
p[]s1 :at we c d & h[ to d x4 ,moral    
philosophy asks ! deep] & m significant 
"q1 ,:at ,,%all we d8 ,= ! mom5t\s fact 
ab\t life is t x has diff]5ces 9 value1 
&1 m ?an t1 t we c ,,make diff]5ces 9   
value4 ,caught z we are by ! irresi/ible
 flux ( exi/5ce1 we f9d ourselves able s
 to /e] our lives z to *ange !          
proportion ( light & %ade1 to give      
great] value to a life t might h _h     

less4 ,?is possibility makes our moral  
problem4 ,:at %all we *oose & f :at     
refra98 ,to :at aims %all we give our   
allegiance8 ,:at %all we fight = & :at  
aga9/8  ,= ! savage practically all ( 8 
activity is det]m9$ by 8 imp]ative ne$s1
 s t !re is little opportunity = *oice  
or reflection ^u ! aims ( 8 life4 ,he   
mu/ f9d food1 & %elt]1 & clo?+ to keep  
himself w>m & dry2 he mu/ protect       
himself f ! enemies t m5ace him1 & re/  
:5 he is tir$4 ,nor are mo/ ( u today f>
 remov$ f t primitive condition2 !      
mom5ts :5 we consci\sly *oose & /e] our 
c\rse are few & fleet+4 ,yet ) !        
developm5t ( civilization ! elem5tal    
burd5s are to "s ext5t lift$2 m5 come to
 h sup]flu\s /r5g?1 leisure h\rs1 fre$om
 to d some?+ m ?an m]ely e>n _! liv+4 ,&
 fur!r1 ) ! developm5t ( intellig5ce1   
new ways ( fulfill+ ! necess>y tasks    
sugge/ !mselves1 moral problems arise   
:]e none 7 felt be=e4 ,m5 le>n t !y h n 
made ! mo/ ( _! opportunities or liv$ ! 
be/ possible lives2 !y h ve]$ ?is way & 

t accord+ to ! mom5t's impulse1 !y h be5
 misl$ by +ra9$ habits & p>alyz$ by     
in]tia1 !y h w&]$ at r&om = lack ( a    
cle> vision ( _! goal4 ,! task ( !      
morali/ is to atta9 su* a cle> vision2  
to und]/&1 fir/1 ! basis ( all pref]5ce1
 & !n1 9 detail1 ! reasons = pref]r+ ?is
 concrete act to t4 ,"h are a ?\s&      
impulses & in/9cts draw+ u1 ) inf9ite   
fur!r possibilities sugge/+ !mselves to 
reflection2 ! m develop$ our natures ! m
 frequ5tly d our desires conflict4 ,:y  
is any "o bett] ?an ano!r8 ,h[ c we     
decide betwe5 !m8 ,or %all we p]haps    
dis[n !m all = "s o!r & bett] way4      
,man's ef=t to solve ^! problems is     
reveal$ outw>dly 9 a multitude (        
precepts & laws1 9 cu/oms & conv5tions2 
& inw>dly 9 ! s5se ( duty & %ame1 9     
aspiration1 9 ! in/9ctive reactions (   
praise1 blame1 cont5tm5t1 & remorse4 ,! 
lead+s ( ^! =ces are1 h[ev]1 (t5        
div]g5t1 sometimes radically s4 ,we mu/ 
seek a complet] insight4 ,!re mu/ be "s 
be/ way ( solv+ ! problem ( life1 "s    

happie/1 mo/ useful way ( liv+2 its     
pursuit con/itutes ! field ( e?ics4     
,no?+ c\ld be m practical1 m vital1 m   
univ]sally human4  ,:y %\ld we /udy     
e?ics8  7#a7 ,! mo/ obvi\s reason = !   
/udy ( e?ics is t we may get m light =  
our daily problems4 ,we are con/antly   
hav+ to *oose h[ we %all act & be+      
p]plex$ by oppos+ advantages4 ,decide "o
 way or ! o!r we mu/4 ,on :at gr\nds    
%all we decide8 ,h[ %all we feel assur$ 
t we are foll[+ a real duty1 pursu+ an  
actual good1 & n be+ l$ a/ray by a m]e  
prejudice or conv5tion8 ,! alt]native   
is1 to decide on impulse1 at haphaz>d1  
aft] "s sup]ficial & "o-sid$ reflection2
 or to ?9k ! matt] ?r\gh1 to get "s     
def9ite crit]ia = judgm5ts1 & to face ! 
recurr5t "q1 :at %all we d8 ,9 ! /eady  
light ( ^? pr9ciples4 ,footnote3 ,cf4   
,mat!w ,arnold1 ,essays 9 ,criticism1   
vol4 i3 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 op5+ p>agraph3
 ,! object ( sy/ems ( morality is to    
take possession ( human life1 to save x 
f be+ ab&on$ to passion or all[$ to     

drift at haz>d1 to give x happ9ess by   
e/abli%+ x 9 ! practice ( virtue2 & ?is 
object !y seek to atta9 by pres5t+ to   
human life fix$ pr9ciples ( action1 fix$
 rules ( conduct4 ,9 its un9spir$ z well
 z 9 its inspir$ mom5ts1 9 its days (   
languor or gloom z well z 9 its days (  
sun%9e & en]gy1 human life has ?us      
always a clue to foll[1 & may always be 
mak+ way t[>ds its goal4  7#b7 ,9       
addition to ! fact t we all h           
unavoidable problems :i* we mu/ solve "o
 way or ano!r1 a little famili>ity )    
life1 an acqua9tance ) ! biographies (  
great & good m51 %\ld lead u to suspect 
t beyond ! horizon ( ^! imm$iate ne$s   
lie :ole ranges ( beautiful & happy liv+
 to :i* comp>atively few ev] atta94 ,!re
 are bett] ways ( do+ ?+s ?an mo/ ( u h 
dream$4 ,! /udy ( e?ics %\ld reveal ^!  
vi/as & /imulate u to a noble discont5t 
) our inf]ior morals4 ,footnote3 ,cf4   
,em]son1 9 a lett] to ,fraule9 ,gisela  
von ,arnim3 ,9 read+ y\r lett]1 ,i felt1
 z :5 ,i read r>ely a good novel1 rebuk$

 t ,i d n use 9 my life ^! delici\s     
relations2 or t ,i accept any?+ inf]ior 
or ugly4 ,su* a =w>d look & developm5t (
 ideals n only adds greatly to ! wor? ( 
life b prep>es a man to meet p]plexities
 & temptations :i* may "s day arise4 ,x 
pays to educate "o's self = future      
em]g5cies by m$itat+ n only ^u pres5t   
problems b ^u ! fur!r pot5tialities (   
conduct1 "r & wrong1 t may lie ahead1 & 
build+ up a code = "o's self t w make   
life n only ri*] b /eadi] & m secure4   
7#c7 ,ano!r advantage ( a sy/ematic /udy
 ( e?ics is t x c make cle>] to u ,,:y  
"o act is bett] ?an ano!r2 :y duty is   
ju/ifi$ 9 ?w>t+ our incl9ations &       
consci5ce is to be obey$4 ,n only is ?is
 an intellectual ga91 b x is an imm5se  
=tification to ! w4 ,!re comes a "t 9 ! 
exp]i5ce ( e ?9k+ man :5 a comm& n      
re9=c$ by a reason bre$s di/ru/1 & :5   
until he c intellig5tly def5d an ideal  
he w hesitate to give x 8 allegiance4   
,morality1 to be dep5d$ ^u1 mu/ be n a  
m]e matt] ( bre$+ & conv5tion1 or (     

impulse & emotion1 b ! result ( rational
 insight & consci\s resolve4 ,to _m p   
morality seems no?+ b conv5tion1 or an  
arbitr>y tyranny1 or a my/]i\s & awful  
necessity1 some?+ extrane\s to _! own   
desires1 f :i* !y w\ld l to escape4 ,to 
be able to refute ^! skeptics1 expose ! 
sophisms & speci\s argum5ts by :i* !y   
support _! wrongdo+1 & %[ t !y h *os5 ! 
less] good1 is a valuable help to !     
community & to "o's own integrity (     
conduct4 ,too (t5 ! p p]i% = lack (     
vision2 an und]/&+ ( ! naturalness &    
enorm\s desirability ( morality1 toge!r 
) an appreciation ( its ma9 injunctions1
 w\ld enli/ ^u its side _m re/less      
spirits :o n[ *afe "u a s5se ( ne$less  
re/ra9t & seek "s delusory fre$om :i*   
leads to pa9 & dea?4 ,morality is simply
 ! be/ way ( liv+2 & ! m fully m5       
realize t1 ! m readily w !y submit      
!mselves to ! sacrifices x requires4    
7#d7 ,f9ally1 a /udy ( e?ics %\ld help u
 to see :at are ! preval5t s9s & moral  
dang]s ( our day1 & ?us ar\se u to put !

 weight ( our blame & praise :]e !y are 
ne$$4 ,widespread public op9ion is a =ce
 ( incalculable p[]1 :i* is l>gely      
unus$4 ,politics & bus9ess1 & to a f>   
great] ext5t ?an n[ private life1 w     
become clean & hone/ & k9d j s soon z a 
suffici5t numb] ( p wake up & dem& x4   
,we h ! p[] to make s9s :i* are n[      
g5]ally tol]at$ & respectable1 s odi\s1 
s infam\s1 t !y w practically disappe>4 
,!re are c]ta9 ( ! old] =ms ( s9 :i* !  
race 9 its long /ruggle upw>d has s     
effectually blackli/$ t only a few      
p]v]ts n[ lapse into !m2 we h execrat$  
out ( exi/5ce :ole classes ( cruelty &  
vice4 ,b ) ! *ang+ & ev] m complex      
relations ( society new =ms ( s9        
cont9ually creep 92 ^! we h n yet come  
to br& ) ! odium !y des]ve4 ,lead]s (   
society & pill>s ( ! *ur* are (t51 &    
usually )\t di/urbance ( consci5ce1     
guilty ( wrongdo+ z grave 9 its effects1
 or grav]1 ?an _m ( ! faults we         
rel5tlessly *a/ise4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m    
really useful re=ms are block$ because  

!y awak5 old prejudices or cross silly &
 mean+less conv5tions4 ,! air is full ( 
proposals1 invectives1 causes1 movem5ts2
 h[ %all we "k :i* to esp\se & :i* to   
reject1 or :]e be/ to l5d a h&8 ,we ne$ 
a consi/5t & well-f\nd$ po9t ( view f   
:i* to judge4 ,to get su* a sane &      
f>-sight$ moral p]spective2 to see !    
acts ( our fell[ m5 ) a prop] valuation2
 to be able to po9t out ! insidi\s      
dang]s ( conduct :i* is n yet z g5]ally 
rebuk$ z x ought to be2 & at ! same "t  
to emancipate ourselves & o!rs f !      
mi/ak5 & m]ely arbitr>y precepts t are  
int]m+l$ ) our g5u9e morality1 & s atta9
 ! l>ge/ possible fre$om ( action1 su*  
%\ld be ! outcome ( a ?or\gh /udy (     
e?ical pr9ciples & ideals4     ,,"p ,i  
,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,morality          
,,*apt] ,i   ,,! ,,orig9 ,,op ,,p]sonal 
,,morality  ,9 almo/ any field x is wise
 to prec$e def9ition by an imp>tial     
survey ( ! subject matt]4 ,s if we are  
to =m an unbias$ conception ( :at       
morality is1 x w be safe/ to consid]    

fir/ :at ! morals ( m5 actually h be51  
h[ !y came into be+1 & :at function !y h
 s]v$ 9 human life4 ,?us we %all be sure
 t our !ory is 9 t\* ) reality1 & be    
sav$ f m]e closet-philosophies &        
irrelevant speculations4 ,our task 9 ?is
 ,fir/ ,"p w be n to criticize by       
ref]5ce to any e?ical /&>ds1 b to obs]ve
 & describe1 z a m]e bit ( prelim9>y    
sociology1 :at x is 9 _! lives to :i* m5
 h giv5 ! "n morality1 ( :at use x has  
be51 & ?r\gh ! action ( :at =ces x has  
t5d$ to develop4 ,) ^! data 9 m9d1 we   
%all be ! bett] able1 9 ! ,second ,"p1  
to =mulate our crit]ia = judg+ ! diff]5t
 codes ( morality2 we %all f9d t we are 
b mak+ explicit & consci\s !            
consid]ations t1 unexpress$ & unrealiz$1
 h be5 ! p]si/5t & und]ly+ factors 9 _! 
developm5t4 ,h[ e>ly 9 ! evolution>y    
process did p]sonal morality ( "s sort  
em]ge8 ,( c\rse ! words 79 any language7
 & ! explicit conceptions morality1     
duty1 "r1 wrong1 etc1 are v late 9      
appe>ance1 presuppos+ z !y d a p[] (    

reflection & ab/raction :i* develops    
only 9 man & ) a consid]able            
civilization4 ,ev5 9 ! ,hom]ic poems1   
:i* reflect a degree ( m5tal cultivation
 9 "s respects equal to our own1 ^!     
concepts h>dly appe>4 ,b ages e>li]1 f> 
back 9 ! c\rse ( animal evolution1 !re  
em]g$ ph5om5a :i* we may consid]        
rudim5t>y =ms ( morality2 & all e>ly    
human hi/ory 0 replete wri? unanalyz$ & 
un=mulat$ moral /ruggles4 ,concretely1  
we mean by p]sonal morality c\rage1     
indu/ri\sness1 self-control1 prud5ce1   
temp]ance1 & o!r simil> ph5om5a1 :i* h  
?is 9 common1 t !y involve a cross+ (   
e>li]-develop$ impulses & r$irection ( !
 individual's conduct1 ) ! result1      
normally1 t 8 welf>e is enhanc$4        
,exceptions to ?is result w be consid]$ 
lat]2 b ! po9t to be not$ at ! outset is
 t p]sonal morality is n at fir/ !      
outcome ( reflection1 or a purely human 
affair4 ,if we 7 to take ! t]m morality 
9 a n>r[] s5se1 z mean+ consci\s ob$i5ce
 to a s5se ( duty or to ! moral law1 x  

w\ld obvi\sly be a late product4 ,b     
morality 9 ?is s5se is only an ultimate 
developm5t ( :at 9 its less consci\s &  
reflective =ms dates f> back 9 pre-human
 hi/ory4  ,take c\rage1 = example1 :i*  
may be briefly def9$ z action 9 spite ( 
! in/9ct ( fe> & contr>y to its lead+4  
,ne>ly all ( ! high] animals exhibit    
c\rage 9 great] or less degree1 & !re   
are _m t\*+ in/ances ( x record$ to !   
cr$it ( ^? we be/ "k4 ,indu/ri\sness1   
aga91 is prov]bial 9 ! case ( bees &    
ants ,g to ! ant1 ?\ slugg>d6--&        
notewor?y 9 ! case ( _m birds1 ( beav]s1
 & a long li/ ( o!r animals4 ,prud5ce   
may be illu/rat$ by ! case ( ! camel :o 
fills himself ) wat] en\gh to la/ = _m  
des]t days1 or t ( ! bird :o builds h]  
ne/ ) rem>kable +5uity & pa9s out ( !   
rea* ( invad]s4 ,:e!r or n we %all      
attribute self-control to ! l[] animals 
is a m]e matt] ( def9ition2 9 ! loos]   
s5se we may cr$it ) x ! hungry fox :o   
does n t\* ! bait ^: dang]\s nature he  
vaguely suspects4 ,temp]ance is probably

 "o ( ! late/ ( ! virtues1 & is r       
conspicu\sly abs5t 9 mu* ( human hi/ory 
& biography2 b p]haps /ud5ts ( animal   
psy*ology c gu>antee in/ances to :i* !  
"n might fairly be giv54  ,9 less]      
degree1 !n1 b unmi/akably pres5t1 we f9d
 ! same sort ( conduct appe>+ 9 !       
animals to :i* we give 9 man ! names    
c\rage1 prud5ce1 etc4 ,purely in/9ctive 
^! acts usually are ?\gh we may see ev5 
9 ! animals ! beg9n+s ( m5tal conflicts1
 ( reason+1 ( reflection4 ,b morality   
7if we keep to ! wid] s5se ( ! t]m7 is  
none ! less morality :5 x is in/9ctive &
 natural4 ,morality is a g5]al "n =     
c]ta9 ,,k9ds ( conduct1 c]ta9           
r$irections ( impulse4 ,^! r$irections  
appe>$ 9 animal life long be=e ! em]g5ce
 ( :at we may call man f 8 ape-l        
ance/ry2 & all ( our self-consci\s moral
 idealism is b a cont9uation &          
developm5t ( ! process !n begun4 ,any   
!ory ( "r & wrong mu/ take acc\nt ( !   
fact t morality1 unlike art1 sci5ce1 &  
religion1 is n an exclusively human     

affair4 ,9 contra/ ) ^! late & purely   
human innovations1 x is ho>y ) antiquity
 & ! possession1 9 "s rudim5t>y =m or   
o!r1 ( ne>ly ! :ole realm ( organic     
life4  ,:at 7 ! ma9 causes t produc$    
p]sonal morality8  ,h[ did ^! g]m9al =ms
 ( c\rage1 prud5ce1 indu/ri\sness1 etc1 
fir/ come into exi/5ce8 ,! answ] to ?is 
"q w also %[ :at are ! ma9 und]ly+      
causes t promote ^! virtues today4  7#a7
 ,!y are 9 "p due to c]ta9 organic ne$s 
& crav+s :i* exi/ indep5d5tly ( !       
individual's environm5t4 ,hung] & ?ir/  
imp]i\sly *eck ! t5d5cy to laz9ess1 or  
he$lessness1 & /imulate to indu/ri\sness
 & prud5ce4 ,to ?is day ! m]e ne$ ( food
 & clo?+ & %elt] is ! ma9 bulw>k ( ^!   
virtues4 ,! acquisitive impulse1 :i* is 
also r e>ly 9 appe>ance1 has an increas+
 %>e 9 ?is sort ( moralization4 ,! crav+
 = action1 :i* is ! natural result (    
abundant n]v\s & muscul> en]gy1 !       
combative in/9ct1 ! joy ( conque/ &     
a*ievem5t1 & ! sexual impulse1 g f> 9   
c\nt]act+ c[>dice & in]tia4 ,! arti/ic  

impulse1 :5 x em]ges 9 man1 long be=e ! 
dawn ( hi/ory1 makes aga9/ caprice =    
ord]l9ess1 self-control1 & pati5ce4     
,ambition is a pot5t =ce 9 human        
affairs4 ,! desire = ! approval ( o!rs1 
:i* is prehuman1 makes = all ! virtues4 
7#b7 ,b 9 addition to ^! inw>d spr+s (  
morality !re is ! con/ant pressure ( a  
ho/ile environm5t4 ,cold1 /orms1 riv]s t
 block j\rneys1 =e/s t mu/ be fell$1    
trea*]\s seas t lure ) promise & exact  
toll = c>elessness1 ar\se m5 out ( _!   
torpor & aid ! developm5t ( ! virtues we
 h be5 consid]+4 ,! necessity ( re>+ "s 
sort ( %elt] makes aga9/ laz9ess =      
indu/ry & p]sev]ance4 ,! dang]s ( w9d or
 flood *eck he$lessness 9 ! *oice (     
location = ! home & fo/] prud5ce &      
=esight4 ,9 ! h>%] climates man is m    
goad$ by nature2 h5ce m moral progress  
has1 probably1 be5 effect$ 9 ! temp]ate 
?an 9 ! tropical zones4  7#c7 ,a ?ird & 
v important s\rce lies 9 ! mutual       
ho/ility ( ! animal species & ( m54     
,slo?fulness & recklessness mean = !    

great majority ( animals ! imm95t risk (
 becom+ ! prey ( "s /rong] animal4      
,among tribes ( m5 ! ceaseless /ruggles 
= supremacy h prick$ c[>dice into       
c\rage1 dem&$ self-control in/ead (     
temp]1 supplant$ gluttony & drunk5ness  
by temp]ance4 ,cruel z has be5 ! suff]+ 
caus$ by w>1 & deplorable z mo/ ( its   
effects1 x did a great deal 9 ! e>ly    
/ages ( man's hi/ory to promote !       
p]sonal virtues1 al]tness1 mod]ation1   
caution1 c\rage1 & effici5cy4  ,9 !     
late/ /ages ( man's developm5t1 consci\s
 reg>d = law & cu/om1 ! fe> ( gods1 !   
explicit recognition ( duty & consci5ce1
 & ! direct pursuit ( ideals-all !      
reflective consid]ations t we may lump  
toge!r "u ! ^w consci5ti\sness-play _!  
ev] increas+ "p & complicate !          
psy*ological situation4 ,b ev5 9 mod]n  
civiliz$ man ! und]ly+ animal =ces c\nt 
= f> m4 ,& )\t !m ! lat] self-consci\s  
=ces w\ld n h come into play at all4    
,!re is a small class ( p :o are dom9at$
 ?r\gh\t _! activities by consci\sly    

pres5t ideals or ob$i5ce to religi\s    
injunctions4 ,b ! av]age man /ill acts  
ma9ly "u ! pressure ( ! m primitive =ces
 :i* we h enum]at$4  ,h[ f> has !       
moraliz+ process be5 bl9d & h[ f>       
consci\s8  7#a7 ,to a v l>ge ext5t !    
moraliz+ process has be5 a m]ely        
me*anical "o4 ,?r\gh slight diff]5ces 9 
n]ve-/ructure individuals h v>i$ a      
little 9 _! response to ! pressure (    
inw>d crav+s & outw>d p]ils4 ,! brav]1 !
 m prud5t1 ! m indu/ri\s h _h a bett]   
*ance ( survival4 ,s by ! process :i* we
 h come to call natural selection !re   
has be5 a cont9ual we$+-out ( !         
relatively lazy1 c[>dly1 reckless1 &    
imprud5t4 ,mu* ( our morality is !      
result ( t5d5cies ?us long cultivat$ by 
! ru?less me?ods ( nature2 we inh]it a  
complex n]v\s organization1 ! outcome ( 
ages ( mold+ & selection1 :i* n[        
in/9ctively & easily responds to /imuli 
) a c]ta9 degree ( inbr$ morality4 ,?is 
is ! case mu* m ?an is app>5t ^u !      
surface4 ,! *ild seems v unmoral1 ! m]e 

prey ( pass+ impulses2 b lat5t 9 8 bra9 
are _m aptitudes & t5d5cies :i* w at !  
prop] "t rip5 & manife/ !mselves4 ,!    
p]iod ( adolesc5ce is t dur+ :i* !      
*anges 9 m5tal /ructure :i* 7 effect$   
dur+ ! lat] /ages ( evolution are be+   
made 9 ! m9d ( ?is new individual2 he   
re5acts1 z x 71 9 a few ye>s1 ! hi/ory (
 ! race1 & em]ges )\t any consci\s ef=t1
 ! possessor ( ! fruits ( t long /ruggle
 ( :i* he 0 always ! heir4  7#b7 ,9 all 
! lat] /ages ( animal evolution1 h[ev]1 
moral developm5t is l>gely consci\s1 or 
semi-consci\s4 ,besides our inn]        
inh]itance ( alt]$ bra9-pa?s !re is a   
social inh]itance ( habits :i* ea*      
g5]ation adopts by imitation ( its      
pr$ecessors4 ,)\t any delib]ate         
int5tion1 ! "y ( e species imitate _!   
p>5ts1 & !n ! old] memb]s ( ! flock or  
h]d4 ,sugge/ion is said by "s to be !   
*ief means ( moralization2 we are brave 
or indu/ri\s because we see o!rs        
practic+ ^! virtues & naturally d z !y  
d4 ,at any rate1 :i*ev] are m important1

 ! inh]it$ t5d5cies or ^? acquir$ by    
contagion1 bo? ( ^! factors play a l>ge 
"p 9 ! developm5t ( ! individual's      
morals4  7#c7 ,! ?ird me?od ( moral     
developm5t is t :i* we call le>n+ by    
exp]i5ce4 ,! pa9 or dissatisfaction :i* 
a wrong impulse br+s 9 its tra91 !      
satisfaction :i* foll[s a moral act1 are
 rememb]$1 & recur ) ! recurr5ce ( a    
simil> situation1 becom+ p]haps !       
decisive factors 9 /e]+ ! animal or man 
t[>d 8 true welf>e4 ,_m animals q l[ 9 !
 organic scale le>n by exp]i5ce2 & ?\gh 
( c\rse ! degree ( consci\sness t       
accompanies ^! readju/m5ts v>ies        
enorm\sly1 ?is me?od ( moralization may 
be said to be always1 l ! prec$+1 a m or
 less consci\s process4 ,le>n+ by       
exp]i5ce is subject1 ( c\rse1 to _m     
mi/ak5 judgm5ts2 ! fallacy ( po/ hoc    
propt] hoc leads _m le>n]s to avoid     
p]fectly innoc5t acts z suppos$ly       
involv+ "s evil result ) :i* !y 7 once  
by *ance connect$2 & ! true causes ( !  
evils are (t5 ov]look$4 ,ev5 :5 dimly   

consci\s readju/m5ts become highly      
consci\s delib]ation1 ! results ( t     
delib]ation may be less =w>d+ morally   
?an ! unconsci\s & m]ciless gr9d+ (     
natural selection4  ,m & m1 ( c\rse1 z  
m5 grew 9 p[] ( reflection1 did !y      
consci\sly %ape _! morals2 & ?is        
intellig5t selection1 :i* has z yet     
play$ a comp>atively small role1 is     
b\nd1 z m5 become m & m rational1 to    
sup]s$e 9 importance ! o!r factors 9    
moral evolution4 ,b 9 ! lat] phases (   
evolution all ?ree ( ^! processes bl5d  
toge!r2 & x w\ld be impossible = ! ke5e/
 analy/ to tell h[ mu* ( 8 conduct 0    
det]m9$ 9 ea* ( ^! ways4  ,h4 ,sp5c]1   
,data ( ,e?ics 7also publi%$ z ! fir/ "p
 ( 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics71 *ap4 ,i &    
*ap4 ,,ii1 ?r\gh sec4 #d2 or ,j4 ,fiske1
 ,cosmic ,philosophy1 "p ,,ii1 *ap1     
,,xxii1 fir/ half1 to ,we are n[ prep>$ 
to deal4 ,l4 ,t4 ,hobh\se1 ,morals 9    
,evolution1 "p ,i1 *ap4 ,i1 secs4 #a-d4 
,i4 ,k+1 ,developm5t ( ,religion1 pp4   
#dh-ei ,a great mass ( concrete mat]ial 

w be f\nd 9 ,e4 ,we/]m>ck's ,orig9 &    
,developm5t ( ,moral ,ideas1 ,h4 ,o4    
,taylor's ,anci5t ,ideals1 ,w4 ,e4 ,h4  
,leeky's ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals4   
,,*apt] ,,ii   ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,social 
,,morality  ,h[ e>ly 0 social morality  
develop$8  ,by social morality we mean1 
concretely1 su* virtues z t5d] & fo/]+  
love1 sympa?y1 ob$i5ce1 subord9ation (  
selfi% in/9cts to gr\p-dem&s1 ! s]vice (
 o!r individuals or ( ! gr\p4 ,^! habits
 are lat] 9 developm5t ?an "s ( !       
p]sonal virtues1 b long ant$ate !       
diff]5tiation ( man f ! o!r animals4    
,in/ances ( self-sacrific+ devotion (   
p>5t to (fspr+ among birds & bea/s are  
too common to ne$ m5tion4 ,devotion to !
 mate1 ?\gh less develop$1 is e>ly      
pres5t 9 _m species4 ,! /rict           
subord9ation ( ants & bees to ! common  
welf>e is a well-kn[n m>vel1 ! latt]    
en?usia/ically & poetically describ$ by 
,maet]l9ck 9 8 delightful ,life ( !     
,bees4 ,! /]n requirem5ts ( ob$i5ce to !
 unwritt5 laws ( ! h]d1 :i* make p[]ful 

s _m species ( animals individually     
weak1 are graphically1 ?\gh ( c\rse )   
exagg]ation1 set =? by ,kipl+ 9 8       
,jungle ,book4 ,_m sorts ( animals1 su* 
z de] & antelopes1 might long ago h be5 
ext]m9at$ b = _! mutual coop]ation &    
s]vice4 ,affection & sympa?y 9 high     
degree are evid5t 9 "s sub-human        
species4 ,:5 we come to man1 we f9d 8   
e>lie/ record$ life bas$ ^u a social    
morality :i*1 if crude1 0 9 "s respects 
/rict] ?an t ( today4 ,x is a mi/ake to 
?9k ( ! savage z ,r\sseau imag9$ him1 a 
freehe>t$1 happy-g-lucky individuali/1  
only by a cramp+ civilization b[$ "u !  
yoke ( laws & conv5tions4 ,savage life  
is ess5tially gr\p-life2 ! individual is
 no?+1 ! tribe ev]y?+4 ,! gods are      
tribal gods1 w>f>e is tribal w>f>e1     
hunt+1 s[+1 h>ve/+1 are c>ri$ on by !   
community z a :ole4 ,!re are few p]sonal
 possessions1 !re is little p]sonal w2  
ob$i5ce to ! tribal cu/oms1 & mutual    
coop]ation1 are univ]sal4 ,footnote3 ,z 
an example ( ! solid>ity ( b>b>\s       

tribes1 note h[ ,abimele*1 seek+        
election z k+1 says to all ! m5 (       
,%e*em3 ,rememb] t ,i am y\r bone & y\r 
fle%4 7,judges ,,ix1 #b47 ,lat]1 all !  
tribes ( ,israel say to ,david1 ,behold1
 we are ?y bone & ?y fle%4 7#b ,sam4 ,v1
 #a47 ,( savage life z obs]v$ 9 mod]n   
times we h _m reports l ?is3 ,_m /range 
cu/oms & laws obta9 9 ,zulul&1 b !re is 
no moral code 9 all ! _w m rigidly      
obs]v$ ?an t ( ! ,zulus4 7,r4 ,h4       
,millw>d1 quot$ by ,my]s1 ,hi/ory z ,pa/
 ,e?ics1 p4 #aa47 ,comp>e ?is3 ,a ,kafir
 feels t ! 'frame t b9ds him 9' ext5ds  
to ! clan4 ,! s5se ( solid>ity ( !      
family 9 ,europe is ?9 & feeble comp>$  
to ! full-blood$ s5se ( corporate union 
( ! ,kafir clan4 ,! claims ( ! clan     
entirely swamp ! rights ( ! individual4 
7,kidd1 ,savage ,*ildhood1 p4 #gd47 ,an 
elaborate & /]n social morality1 !n1    
long prec$$ v]bally =mulat$ laws2 x 0 a 
matt] ( in/9ct & emotion long be=e x 0 a
 matt] ( calculation or consci5ce4 ,!   
mo/ primitive m5 ackn[l$ge a duty to _! 

neighbors2 & ! subsequ5t advance (      
social morality has consi/$ simply 9 m &
 m compreh5sive answ]s to ! que/ions1   
,:at is my duty8 & ,:o is my neighbor8  
,at fir/1 ! neighbor 0 ! fell[ tribesman
 only1 all outsid]s be+ deem$ fair prey4
 ,e memb] ( ! clan in/9ctively arose to 
av5ge an injury to any o!r memb]1 &     
rejoic$ 9 triumphs ov] _! common foes4  
,we /ill h survivals ( ?is primitive    
code 9 ! ,corsican v5dettas & ,k5tucky  
feuds4 ,) ! gr[? ( nations1 ! coop]ative
 _s came to embrace wid] & wid] circles2
 b ev5 z yet !re is little ( x 9        
int]national relations4 ,! old d\ble    
/&>d ( morality p]si/s 9 spite ( ! comm&
 to :i* we give !oretic allegiance-,ye h
 he>d t x ha? be5 said1 ,?\ %alt love ?y
 neighbor1 & hate ?9e enemy4 ,b ,i say  
unto y1 ,love y\r enemies6 ,f ! same    
lips came ! f9al answ] to ! "q1 ,:o is  
my neighb\r8 ,x c be f\nd 9 ! t5? *apt] 
( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,luke4 ,by :at   
means 0 social morality produc$8  7#a7  
,! e>lie/ s\rce ( social morality lies 9

 ! mat]nal in/9ct2 ! fir/ animal t took 
c>e ( its "y /ood at ! beg9n+ ( ?is     
wond]ful advance4 ,! orig9at+ causes ( !
 fir/ slight c>e ( eggs or (fspr+ lay1  
no d\bt1 9 "s obscure physiological     
readju/m5ts1 due to =ces irrelevant to  
morality4 ,b ! "y t _h ev5 su* slight   
c>e _h a survival advantage ov] _!      
rivals1 & w\ld transmit ! rudim5t>y     
in/9ct to _! (fspr+4 ,?us1 giv5 a />t 9 
t direction1 natural selection1 /eadily 
favor+ ! m mat]nally dispos$1 produc$   
species ) a highly develop$ & long      
cont9u+ mat]nal love4 ,9 simil> mann] b 
9 less] degree a pat]nal in/9ct 0       
develop$4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! in/9cts impli$
 ! p[] ( sympa?y & altrui/ic action t   
is1 action by "o individual = ano!r's   
welf>e4 ,f sympa?y = (fspr+ to sympa?y =
 mate & o!r memb]s ( ! gr\p 0 b a /ep2 &
 all sympa!tic action may h its ultimate
 s\rce 9 "m love4  7#b7 ,n only 0       
natural selection e>ly at "w 9 ! rivalry
 = exi/5ce betwe5 individuals1 protect+ 
^? /ocks t _h ! /rong] mat]nal & pat]nal

 in/9cts1 b x play$ an important "p 9 ! 
/ruggle betwe5 gr\ps4 ,^? species t     
develop$ ! ability to keep toge!r =     
mutual protection or = advantage4 ,& )9 
a species ^? p>ticul> h]ds or flocks or 
tribes t coop]at$ be/ outliv$ ! o!rs4 ,)
 ! /ronge/ animals1 su* z lions & tig]s1
 & ) ! weake/1 su* z rabbits & mice1 !  
in/9ct to /& by "o ano!r is ( no value &
 s 0 nev] fo/]$ by natural selection4 ,b
 9 _m species ( animals ( int]m$iate    
/r5g?1 t by coop]ation might be able to 
resi/ attack or ov]come enemies t !y    
w\ld s+ly be impot5t aga9/1 ! coop]ative
 in/9ct became /rongly develop$4        
,notably 9 su* case 0 man2 & we f9d gr\p
 consci\sness1 tribal loyalty1          
cont9ually enhanc$ by ! kill+ (f ( !    
tribes 9 :i* x 0 feebl]4 ,! dom9ant     
races 9 man's int]nec9e /ruggles h be5  
^? ( passionate patriotism & capacity = 
work+ toge!r4 ,nature has socializ$ man 
by a repeat$ application ( ! me?od h9t$ 
at 9 ! adage ,unit$ we /&1 divid$ we    
fall4 ,successful w> dem&s loyalty &    

ob$i5ce1 self-=getfulness & mutual      
s]vice4 ,x dem&s also ! cessation (     
int]nal squabbl+1 ! re/ra9t ( individual
 gre$1 lu/1 & caprice4 ,at fir/         
in/9ctive1 ^! virtues came ) cle>+      
consci\sness to be delib]ately cultivat$
 by ! tribe1 9 ways :i* we %all 9 a     
mom5t indicate4  7#c7 ,z 9 ! developm5t 
( p]sonal morality1 ! ho/ility (        
inanimate nature1 c\pl$ ) ! urg5cy (    
inn] ne$s1 has also play$ its "p 9 !    
socialization ( man4 ,! satisfy+ (      
hung]1 protection aga9/ /orm1 flood1 &  
o!r physical calamities1 is greatly     
=w>d$ by coop]ation4 ,! re>+ ( a %elt]1 
= example1 t %all be at all com=table & 
secure1 dem&s ! labor ( sev]al4 ,) !    
developm5t ( civilization1 mutual       
assi/ance & ! division ( labor become m 
& m imp]ative4 ,z man develop$ m & m    
into a reflective animal1 ! compreh5sion
 ( ^! advantages became cle>] & cle>] to
 him4 ,res5tm5t aga9/ m]e individualism 
grew ke5]2 & any memb] ^: laz9ess or    
passions l$ him to pull ap>t f ! common 

good _h to incur ! ang] ( 8 fell[s4 ,"u 
^! ?ree heads--! selection ( ! mat]nal  
in/9ct1 ) its pot5tialities ( univ]sal  
sympa?y1 ?r\gh ! /ruggle betwe5         
individuals2 ! selection ( ! v>i\s p[]s 
( loyalty & coop]ation ?r\gh ! /ruggle  
betwe5 gr\ps2 & ! production (          
coop]ative habits ?r\gh ! /ruggle )     
inanimate nature-we may gr\p ! causes ( 
social morality 9 man4 ,h[ has morality 
be5 fo/]$ by ! tribe8 ,social morality1 
l p]sonal morality1 is pass$ on f       
g5]ation to g5]ation by h]$ity & by     
imitation4 ,bo?1 9 hi/oric man1 are also
 delib]ately cultivat$ by ! tribe4 ,we h
 discrim9at$ betwe5 ! two aspects (     
morality = !oretic reasons :i* w lat]   
become app>5t2 b no discrim9ation is    
possible or ne$ful = ! savage4 ,c\rage &
 prud5ce & indu/ri\sness & temp]ance 9  
its memb]s are assets ( ! tribe1 & are  
includ$ among its requirem5ts4 ,we %all 
n[ consid] 9 :at ways ! gr\p br+s       
pressure to be> ^u ! individual &       
influ5ces 8 moral developm5t4  7#a7 ,x  

ne$s no great p[]s ( obs]vation to      
conv9ce ! memb]s ( a tribe sev]ally t   
immorality ( any sort-laz9ess1 c[>dice1 
unre/ra9$ lu/1 recklessness1            
qu>relsom5ess1 insubord9ation1 etc4 9   
ano!r memb] is detrim5tal to him        
p]sonally4 ,8 own security & !          
satisfaction ( 8 ne$s are !reby 9 "s    
degree decreas$4 ,cont5tm5t at !        
morality ( ! o!r memb]s ( ! gr\p1 & ang]
 at _! immorality1 are !re=e among !    
e>lie/ psy*ological reactions4 ,no m51  
h[ev] savage1 are ins5sitive to ^!      
attitudes ( _! fell[s2 & ! emotional    
response ( o!rs to _! acts is f ! beg9n+
 a p[]ful =ce = morality4 ,:5 cont5tm5t 
becomes explicitly express$1 becomes    
praise1 comm5dation1 honor2 :5 ang]     
becomes op5ly utt]$ blame1 contempt1    
ridicule1 rebuke1 _! p[] is well nigh   
irresi/ible4 ,a civiliz$ man1 ) 8       
manifold res\rces1 may defy public      
op9ion2 ! savage1 :o _c ) safety live   
alone & has few p]sonal int]e/s to fill 
8 m9d1 is unavoidably subject to its /+4

 ,8 impulses & passions lead him (t5 to 
immoral conduct1 b he is pretty sure to 
suff] f ! condemnation ( 8 fell[s4 ,!   
memory ( t p5alty 9 8 own case1 or !    
sight ( x 9 ! case ( o!rs1 may be a     
consid]able det]r5t2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 
! crav+ = applause & e/eem may be a     
p[]ful inc5tive4  7#b7 ,ev5 among "s ( !
 animals1 ! res5tm5t aga9/ ! misconduct 
( a memb] ( ! h]d f9ds expression 9     
outw>d puni%m5t maltreatm5t or dea?4    
,among m51 puni%m5ts = ! immoral &      
outw>d honors = ! virtu\s ant$ate       
hi/ory4 ,decorations1 tattoos1 songs1 = 
! conspicu\sly brave & effici5t1 dea? or
 "s less] p5alty = ! c[>dly1 !          
traitor\s1 ! insubord9ate1 figure l>gely
 9 primitive life4 ,^! honors are       
caprici\s1 unc]ta91 & transitory2 b !y  
are und\bt$ly m /imulat+ to ! savage1 :o
 lives 9 ! mom5t1 ?an !y are 9 ! m      
complex exi/5ce ( ! mod]n man4 ,& :ile 9
 g5]al ! savage is m call\s to          
puni%m5ts1 he has to fe> mu* sev]]      
p5alties ?an our humane consci5ce all[s4

 ,!y are inflict$1 ( c\rse1 ) greate/   
frequ5cy = ^? s9s :i* in/9ctively ar\se 
! hotte/ ang]2 t 9 turn v>ies ) diff]5t 
types ( m5 & v>i\s accid5tal            
circum/ances t h det]m9$ ! tribal po9ts 
( view4 ,b 9 g5]al x is ! virtues t mo/ 
obvi\sly b5efit ! tribe t are rew>d$1 & 
^? t mo/ obvi\sly h>m x t are puni%$4   
7#c7 ,ano!r important means ( secur+    
morality 9 ! tribe is ! education ( !   
"y4 ,?is includes n only delib]ate      
in/ruction1 enc\ragem5t1 & w>n+1 b v>i\s
 symbolic rites & cu/oms1 ^: value 9    
impress+ ! pla/ic m9ds ( ! boys & girls 
( ! tribe is only half realiz$4         
,initiation into manhood is accompani$ 9
 _m races ( m5 by solemn c]emonies1 :i* 
in/ill into ! y\? ! necessity & glory ( 
c\rage1 endurance1 self-control1 & o!r  
virtues4 ,! maid5s are taught by equally
 solemn rites ! obligator9ess ( *a/ity4 
,! l[e/ races /udi$ by an?ropologi/s    
:i*1 h[ev]1 repres5t1 ( c\rse1 ! result 
( ages ( evolution h commonly an        
elaborate provision = ! guidance ( ! "y 

into ! pa?s ( ! tribal morals4  7#d7    
,fur!r1 all occasions ^u :i* ! tribe    
gets toge!r = common "w or play /r5g!n !
 gr\p loyalty & make ! gr\p welf>e      
appeal to ! memb] z 8 own good4 ,hunt+  
exp$itions & w>s1 ! s[+ & reap+ ( !     
communal h>ve/1 bir?s1 m>riages1 &      
dea?s1 9 :i* usually ! gr\p z a :ole    
takes a ke5 int]e/1 fea/s & dances1 b>d 
recitals1 9 common und]tak+s1 dang]s1   
calamities1 triumphs1 & celebrations1   
m]ge ! individuality ( ! sep>ate memb]s 
into a unity4 ,9 _m primitive races ^!  
influ5ces are s /rong t ! individual has
 sc>cely any sep>ate life1 b lives f    
*ildhood till dea? = ! tribe & its      
welf>e4  7#e7 ,religion is1 until late 9
 civilization1 almo/ :olly a gr\p       
affair4 ,! gods are tribal gods1 _!     
comm&s are *iefly ! m obvi\s duties to !
 tribe4 ,! fe> ( _! displeasure & ! hope
 ( _! assi/ance are among ! mo/ p[]ful (
 ! sanctions ( e>ly morality4 ,:]e a    
special set ( m5 are set aside z prie/s1
 to fo/] ! religi\s consci\sness &      

insure ob$i5ce to ! div9e behe/s1 he is 
ra% :o d>es op5ly to transgress4 ,! idea
 ( taboo ( c]ta9 acts :i* mu/ n be done1
 c]ta9 objects :i* mu/ n be t\*$1 etc4 i
 extraord9>ily prom95t among _m e>ly    
peoples4 ,! taboo may n be cle>ly       
connect$ ) a div9e prohibition2 b1 :e!r 
vague & my/]i\s or explicit1 x br+s !   
awe ( ! sup]natural to be> ^u daily     
conduct4 ,! wor%ip ( ! gods is "o ( !   
mo/ important ( ! common activities1    
cov]$ by ! prec$+ p>agraph1 :i* make = !
 unify+ ( a tribe2 & ! s5se ( _! pres5ce
 & jeal\s int]e/ 9 its welf>e "o ( !    
/ronge/ motives t re/ra9 ! individual f 
c[>dice or lu/ or any anti-social       
conduct4  7#f7 ,) ! developm5t (        
language1 ! moral exp]i5ce ( a p becomes
 cry/alliz$ into maxims1 prov]bs1 &     
injunctions1 :i* ! eld]s pass on to !   
boys & girls toge!r ) _! comm5ts &      
p]sonal in/ruction4 ,oral precepts ?us  
cond5se ! gi/ ( recurr5t exp]i5ce = !   
b5efit ( ea* new g5]ation4 ,su* saws z  
,hone/y is ! be/ policy1 ,lies are %ort 

liv$1 ,ill gott5 ga9s d n prosp]1 date1 
no d\bt1 well back t[>d ! orig9 (       
articulate language4 ,! ga!r+ antiquity 
( ?is inh]it$ c\nsel adds pre/ige to !  
p]sonal au?ority ( ! old m5 :o love to  
repeat x2 & ! cu/oms once in/9ctive &   
unconsci\sly imitat$1 or adopt$ f fe> & 
! hope ( praise1 are n[ consci\sly      
cultivat$ z intr9sically desirable4 ,!re
 is1 ( c\rse1 v little realization (    
,,:y "s acts are comm5d$ & o!rs         
prohibit$2 ! m]e fact t su* & su* are ! 
tribal cu/oms1 t ?us & s ?+s h be5 done1
 is en\gh4 ,primitive peoples are highly
 innovation4 ,s t ! moral habits :i* 7  
e/abli%$ be=e ! age ( reflection &      
articulate spee* rema9 = ! mo/ "p aft]  
!y h become cry/alliz$ into precepts &  
comm&s1 & by ?is articulat+ process     
become mu* m firmly entr5*$4 ,!n f !    
exi/5ce ( miscellane\s maxims &         
prohibitions1 taught by ! eld]s & l9k$ )
 :atev] impulsive & haphaz>d puni%m5ts  
are cu/om>y1 to ! =mulation ( legal     
codes1 ) def9ite p5alties atta*$ to     

specific infr+em5ts1 is an easy         
transition4 ,) ! inv5tion ( writt5      
language ^! laws c\ld become /ill bett] 
fix$ & m cle>ly kn[n4 ,! appo9tm5t (    
c]ta9 m5 ( au?ority z judges1 to        
inve/igate alleg$ cases ( transgression 
& aw>d ! prop] p5alties1 completes !    
evolution ( a civiliz$ legal sy/em1 !   
mo/ p[]ful ( all det]r5ts f flagrantly  
anti- social acts4 ,dewey & ,tufts1     
,e?ics1 *aps4 ,,ii1 ,,iii4 ,h4 ,sp5c]1  
,data ( ,e?ics1 *ap4 ,,ii1 secs4 #e1 #f4
 ,j4 ,fiske1 ,cosmic ,philosophy1 "p    
,,ii1 *ap4 ,,xxii1 second half4 ,a4     
,su!rl&1 ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ! ,moral      
,in/9ct1 vol4 ,i4 ,c4 ,s4 ,wake1        
,evolution ( ,morality1 vol4 ,i1 *aps4  
,v1 ,,vi1 ,,vii4 ,p4 ,v4 ,n4 ,my]s1     
,hi/ory z ,pa/ ,e?ics1 *ap4 ,i4 ,p4     
,kropotk91 ,mutual ,aid1 *aps4 ,i-,,iv4 
,l4 ,t4 ,hobh\se1 ,morals 9 ,evolution1 
"p ,i1 *aps4 ,i-,,iii4 ,we/]m>ck1 op4   
cit1 *ap4 ,,xxxiv4 ,j4 ,fiske1 ,?r\gh   
,nature to ,god1 "p ,,ii1 ,! ,cosmic    
,roots ( ,love & ,self-,sacrifice4 ,c4  

,read1 ,natural & ,social ,morals1 *ap4 
,,iii4     ,,*apt] ,,iii   ,,outw>d     
,,developm5t--,,morals  ,:at is !       
diff]5ce betwe5 morals & non-moral      
cu/oms8  ,,morality1 be=e x is a matt] (
 legal prescription or ( reflective     
insight1 is a matt] ( in/9ctive &       
unconsci\sly imitat$ habit4 ,t ?is is s 
is %[n by ! fact t _m e?ical t]ms are by
 _! etymology connect$ ) ! idea ( cu/om4
 ,morals & morality are f ! ,lat9 mores1
 usually translat$ cu/oms1 e?ics1 f a   
,greek root ( simil> s5se4 ,! ,g]man    
,sitt5 has ! same fus$ mean+s4 ,mo/ (   
our pres5t-day morality is a matt] (    
cu/om or conv5tion2 & !re are ^? :o make
 a complete id5tification ( ! two       
concepts1 morality be+ simply to !m     
conv5tional habits ( conduct4 ,b a      
little ?\ght w %[ t !re is a di/9ction 9
 our common usage2 ! two categories     
ov]lap1 b are n id5tical4 ,on ! "o h&1  
our highe/ moral ideals h nev] become   
cu/om>y2 we long1 9 our be/ mom5ts1 to  
make !m habitual1 b seldom actually     

atta9 !m4 ,! morals ( ,jesus1 ( ,buddha1
 ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 h nev] become      
habits ) any b ! sa9ts1 yet we recognize
 !m z ! high-wat] m>k ( human morality4 
,on ! o!r h&1 _m ( our cu/oms h no moral
 aspect4 ,i may h a fix$ habit ( go+ f  
my home to my (fice by a c]ta9 "o out ( 
a numb] ( equally advantage\s r\tes4    
,all ( ! memb]s ( my set may habitually 
pron\nce a giv5 ^w 9 a c]ta9 way r      
equally correct4 ,b ab\t su* habits !re 
is no?+ moral or immoral4 ,9 a ^w1      
,,morals ,,are ,,cu/oms ,,t ,,matt]1    
,,or ,,are ,,suppos$ ,,to ,,matt]2 /&>ds
 to :i* ea* memb] ( a gr\p is expect$ by
 ! o!r memb]s to con=m1 & = ! neglect ( 
:i* he is puni%$1 fr[n$ ^u1 scorn$1 or  
blam$4 ,t[>d ^! /&>ds he feels1 !re=e1 a
 vague or def9ite pressure1 ! reflection
 9 him ( he feel+s ( 8 fell[s4  ,! l9e  
betwe5 m]e habits or mann]s & morals is 
diff]5tly drawn 9 diff]5t times &       
places1 accord+ to ! diff]+ ideas z to  
:at matt]s4 ,! same actions :i* are     
moral to "o community 7 i4e1 ar\se      

feel+s or judgm5ts ( comm5dation7 may be
 immoral to ano!r community 7 i4e41     
ar\se reprobation or scorn7 & non-moral 
to a ?ird 7 i4e41 ar\se no su* response 
at all74 ,= example1 9 "o tribe tattoo+ 
may be a m]e matt] ( p]sonal lik+1 ( no 
importance & ) no gr\p-judgm5t ^u x2 yet
 c]ta9 habits ) reg>d to x may become   
widespread4 ,9 ano!r tribe c]ta9 tattoos
 may be ?\ght to be enjo9$ by ! god1 &  
_! neglect deem$ a matt] ( s]i\s        
importance to ! tribe z a :ole2 tattoo+ 
may "h be said to be a "p ( ! tribal    
morals4 ,to u mod]ns x is probably a    
morally indiff]5t affair2 b if we %\ld  
le>n x to be s]i\sly delet]i\s to !     
body1 x w\ld aga9 become a moral matt]4 
,9 %ort1 morals are cu/oms t affect1 or 
are suppos$ to affect1 a man's life or t
 ( 8 tribe = weal or woe4 ,obvi\sly1 ?is
 discrim9ation is n consci\sly made by  
savages2 inde$1 to ?is day1 su*         
di/9ctions are envelop$ 9 a haze = !    
av]age man4 ,m5 d n realize ! raison    
d'etre ( morals4 ,!y foll[ !m because _!

 fa!rs did or _! fell[s d2 because !y   
inh]it in/9cts t drive !m 9 _! direction
 or inevitably imitate ^? :o h =m$ !    
habits be=e2 because !y feel a pressure 
t[>d !m & are uncom=table if !y hold out
 aga9/ x4 ,:5 press$ = a ju/ification ( 
_! conduct1 !y are usually surpris$ at !
 inquiry2 su* action seems obvi\sly ! ?+
 to d1 & t is ! end ( x4 ,or !y w hit ^u
 "s ( ! second>y sanctions t h gr[n up  
ab\t ^! habits ! p5alties ( ! law1 !    
comm&m5t ( ! gods1 or :at n4 ,b ) our   
res\rces ( analysis & reflection1 x is n
 difficult to disc]n t ! v>i\s =ces at  
"w h be5 su* z to pres]ve1 9 g5]al1     
habits :i* made = ! welf>e ( individual 
or tribe & disc>d ! h>mful ones4 ,x is1 
!n1 n m]ely habits1 b habits t matt]1   
moral habits1 ) ^: gr[? & alt]ation we  
are "h conc]n$4 ,:at1 9 g5]al1 has be5 !
 direction ( moral progress8 ,we h not$ 
! ma9 causes at "w 9 ! production (     
morality2 we n[ ask 9 :at g5]al         
direction ^! =ces pu%4 ,we h 9 m9d !    
concrete virtues :i* h be5 develop$2 b  

:at common function h ^! habits (       
conduct1 s produc$1 _h 9 human life8    
,:at has be5 ! net result ( ! process8  
,at fir/ sight a g5]aliz$ answ] seems   
impossible4 ,all sorts ( *ance causes   
br+ ab\t local alt]ations 9 morals4 ,!  
mom5t>y dom9ance ( an impulse ord9>ily  
weak1 ! :im ( a rul]1 ! self-int]e/ (   
classes1 sup]/iti\s int]pretation (     
om5s1 ! attribution ( "s success to a   
prior act :i* may h _h no?+ to d ) x su*
 accid5tal & irrational s\rces ( morals1
 & ! result+ codes1 are numb]less4 ,b z 
9 ! process ( organic evolution ! v>i\s 
obscure physiological alt]ations :i*    
produce v>iations ( type are all ov]rul$
 & guid$ 9 a few directions ( value to !
 species by ! law ( natural selection1 s
 9 ! evolution ( 9 all directions are   
subject to ! law ( ! survival ( !       
fitte/4 ,x is really ( comp>atively     
little importance to discov] h[ a giv5  
moral habit fir/ arose2 x may h aris5 9 
a hundr$ diff]5t ways 9 a hundr$ diff]5t
 places2 inde$1 ! precise orig9 ( mo/ ( 

! c>d9al virtues lies too f> back 9 !   
mi/s ( ! pa/ to be trac$ ) assurance4 ,b
 ! important tru? to obs]ve is n !      
p>ticul> details ( _! haphaz>d orig9 b !
 causes ( _! survival4 ,ov]lay+ !       
c\ntless orig9at+ causes ( moral ideals 
are two ma9 pres]vation--causes1 two    
con/ant factors :i* reta9 c]ta9 ( !     
innum]able impulses = "o reason or o!r  
mom5t>ily dom9ant4 ,^! are ( extreme    
significance = a compreh5sion ( !       
function ( morality 9 life4   7#a7 ,9 ! 
fir/ place1 a c]ta9 numb] ( ^! bl9d1    
hit-or-miss exp]im5ts 9 conduct 71 z we 
h se51 ( use to individuals or ! tribe 9
 increas+ _! *ances ( survival 9 !      
ceaseless rivalry = life4 ,! inclem5cy's
 ( nature & ! enmity ( ! bea/s & o!r m5 
kill m (t5 ! less moral ?an ! m moral4  
,s t 9 g5]al & 9 ! long run ^? t        
develop$ ! high] moral habits outliv$ ! 
o!rs & transmitt$ _! morals to ! future4
 ,ev5 )9 hi/oric times ?is same we$+-out
 process has be5 obs]vable4 ,on ! :ole1 
! races & ! individuals ) ! m advanc$   

moral /&>ds survive1 :ile ^? ( l[] /&>ds
 p]i%4 ,?is law acc\nts1 = in/ance1 9 "s
 measure probably = ! relatively great] 
increase ( :ites ?an ( ,negroes 9 !     
,unit$ ,/ates1 9 spite ( ! high] bir?   
rate ( ! latt]4 ,o!r causes are1 to be  
sure1 also at "w 9 ?is competition =    
life2 = "o ?+1 ! long p]iod (           
int]communication betwe5 ,european races
 has l>gely we$$ out ! /ocks mo/ liable 
to c]ta9 diseases1 :ile ! antec$5t      
isolation ( savage tribes1 ) no su*     
elim9ation at "w1 all[s !m to fall      
victims 9 great] numb]s to ,european    
diseases :5 mutual contact is e/abli%$4 
,b ! degree ( ! moralization ( a p has  
be5 c]ta9ly "o ( ! crit]ia ( survival2 &
 ?us by a purely me*anical elim9ation   
mank9d has gr[n m & m moral4 ,x h>dly   
ne$s to be add$ t ! consci\s selection (
 codes t t5d to pres]ve life is a factor
 ( gr[+ importance 9 insur+ movem5t 9   
?is same direction4 ,altoge!r1 moral    
progress consi/s prim>ily 9 an increas+ 
adaptation ( codes to ! pres]vation (   

life4  7#b7 ,morality1 h[ev]1 makes n   
only = life1 ?us insur+ its own         
p]petuation2 x makes also = happ9ess4   
,arbitr>y & tyrann\s rules1 cruel or    
ne$lessly prohibitive cu/oms1 eng5d]    
re/lessness1 & are n /able4 ,su* b>b>\s 
morals may long p]si/1 propp$ by ! p[] (
 ! rul]s1 ! sup]/itions ( ! p1 & all !  
=ces ( cons]vatism2 b soon] or lat] !y  
bre$ rebellion & are ca/ aside4 ,on !   
o!r h&1 m rational codes promote peace &
 security1 bani% fe> & hatr$1 & make =  
all ! b5efits ( civilization4 ,su* codes
 are 9 relatively m /able equilibrium & 
gradually t5d to replace ! o!rs4 ,all   
morality is1 ( c\rse1 9 "o aspect1 a    
re/ra9t ^u desire1 a *eck ^u impulse2   
rebelli\sness aga9/ its decrees w be    
p]petually recurr5t until human nature  
itself is completely refa%ion$ & m5 h no
 inord9ate & dang]\s desires4 ,b :ile   
all codes ( conduct are repressive at ! 
mom5t ( passion1 !y v>y widely 9 !      
degree 9 :i* !y satisfy or ?w>t man's   
deep] ne$s4 ,su* in/itutions z !        

gladiatorial games ( ,rome1 human       
sacrifice1 or slav]y1 7 fruitful ( s mu*
 pa9 t !y 7 b\nd 9 "t to p]i%4 ,9       
contra/ ) ^! cruel cu/oms1 !            
prohibitions ( ! ,jewi% law1 ! ,t5      
,comm&m5ts1 = example1 7 s humane1 s    
productive ( security & concord & a     
deep-root$ & la/+ satisfaction1 t !y    
p]si/$ & became ! p>5t ( mu* ( our      
pres5t day morality4 ,an increas+ "p 9  
?is progress has be5 play$ by ! consci\s
 recognition ( ! advantages ( code ov]  
code2 b long be=e su* explicit p]ception
 ( advantage1 ! bl9d in/9cts & emotions 
( m5 7 mak+ = ! gradual humaniz+ (      
morals1 ! selection ( ideals & laws t   
make = human happ9ess4 ,z civilization  
advances1 ! consid]ation ( m]e          
pres]vation c\nts = less1 & t ( happ9ess
 = m2 ! m>g91 ! brea?+ space1 = lib]al  
int]e/s1 gr[s4 ,m5 become int]e/$ 9     
causes = :i* !y will+ly risk _! lives4  
,b1 except z ^! causes are fanatical1 (f
 ! real track ( moral progress1 !y make 
= human happ9ess4 ,& ! c5t] ( int]e/ c  

nev] %ift too f>4 ,= n only is premature
 dea?1 an evil 9 itself1 x precludes !  
cultivation ( ! humane pursuits t life  
might h all[$4  ,m5 h to le>n to f9d _! 
happ9ess n 9 :at saps heal? or invites  
dea?1 b 9 :at makes = heal? & life4 ,:at
 def9ition ( morality em]ges f ?is8 ,!  
=ego+ summ>y p]mits u to =mulate a      
def9ition ( morality4 ,hi/orically1 !re 
has be5 a gradual1 ?\gh n cont9u\s1     
progress t[>d ,,codes ,,( ,,conduct     
,,:i* ,,make ,,= ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,(  
,,life ,,& ,,= ,,happ9ess4 ,^! codes h  
receiv$ an imag9ative consecration1 &   
all sorts ( second>y sanctions2 b x is  
_! und]ly+ utility t is ( ultimate      
importance4 ,v simple & obvi\s causes h 
cont9ually t5d$ to de/roy cu/oms :i*    
made 9 ! contr>y direction & to select  
^? :i*1 h[ev] orig9at+1 made = ei!r or  
bo? ( ^! two ends4 ,x is ^! cu/oms1     
important = ! welf>e ( ! individual or  
tribe1 :i* we call morality4 ,if !      
orig9al in/9cts ( mank9d _h be5         
delicately en\gh adju/$ to _! ne$s1 !re 

w\ld h be5 no ne$ ( ^! second>y &       
ov]rul+ impulses1 & ! diff]5tiation (   
impulse & duty1 ( ! natural & !         
spiritual man1 w\ld nev] h aris54 ,b    
actually1 mank9d inh]it$ f its brute    
ance/ry in/9cts :i*1 unguid$1 wr\ght    
great h>m4 ,)\t ! developm5t ( "s sy/em 
( *ecks m5 w\ld =ev] h be5 ! prey (     
ov]9dulg5ce1 sexual wantonness1 civil   
/rife1 & apa?y4 ,!y w\ld h rema9$ bea/s 
& nev] won _! dom9ance on ! e>?4 ,ev5   
rudim5t>y moral codes came z an         
amelioration ( ?is dang]\s & unhappy    
situation2 !y enabl$ m51 by ab/5tion f  
dang]\s passions & f idl5ess1 to make _!
 lives effici5t1 int]e/+1 & comp>atively
 free f pa92 by coop]ation & mutual     
s]vice to resi/ _! enemies & develop a  
civilization4 ,morality ?us has be5 !   
greate/ in/rum5t ( progress1 ! mo/      
fundam5tal ( man's a*ievem5ts1 ! mo/    
important "p ( ! wisdom ( ! race4  ,is  
moral progress c]ta98  ,a measure (     
hopefulness is to be won f ! obs]vation 
t1 q ap>t f ! consci\s ef=t ( m51       

natural laws h be5 mak+ = moral         
progress4 ,& unque/ionably !re has be5 a
 great advance 9 morality )9 hi/oric    
times4 ,we are =ev] pa/ ! age (         
cannibalism1 ( human torture1 ( slav]y1 
( widespread infanticide4 ,w> is on !   
wane & may vani% )9 a few g5]ations4    
,nev] be=e 0 !re s mu* sympa?y1 s mu*   
consci\s d$ication to human s]vice1 9 ! 
_w4 ,we are apt to idealize ! pa/2 we   
sigh = a return to nature1 or to ! gold5
 age ( ,greece4 ,& !re is "s            
ju/ification 9 our regrets4 ,simplicity 
( liv+1 hospitality1 c\rage1 patriotism 
"o virtue or ano!r has be5 m conspicu\s 
9 "s p>ticul> age ?an ev] be=e or s9ce4 
,moral progress wav]s1 & n all t is won 
is reta9$4 ,b on ! :ole !re c be no d\bt
 t we /& on a high] level morally ?an ! 
,greeks :o _h vices & s9s t we sc>cely  
he> ( today & incomp>ably high] ?an     
savage races4 ,ev5 )9 a lifetime "o c   
see ! wave ( moral advance pu% =w>d4    
,yet ?is obs]vable progress is n s c]ta9
 ( cont9uance t we c lapse into in]tia &

 tru/ x to g on ( itself4 ,) ! s(t5+ ( !
 /ruggle = exi/5ce among m51 ) !        
disappe>ance ( dang] f wild animals1 & !
 increas+ conque/ ov] nature1 ! *ief    
means ( moral progress hi!rto are be+   
remov$4 ,m & m we mu/ rely on man's     
consci\s ef=ts on p]sonal consecration &
 self-ma/]y1 on improv$ & ext5d$        
legislation1 on ! gr[? ( a moraliz$     
public op9ion1 on organizations &       
in/itutions t %all "w = specific causes4
 ,moreov]1 ) ! *ang+ situations 9 :i*   
man f9ds himself1 & especially ) ! gr[+ 
complexification ( society1 new         
opportunities = s9 & new temptations    
cont9ually arise4 ,no soon] is "o       
immoral habit /amp$ out ?an ano!r beg9s 
insidi\sly1 & p]haps unnotic$1 to =m4 ,!
 battle-l9e moves on1 b new foes        
con/antly appe>2 x w n be an easy road  
to ! mill5nium4 ,on ! :ole1 our mat]ial 
& intellectual advance has outrun our   
moral progress2 at pres5t our *ief ne$  
is to cat* up morally4 ,footnote3 ,cf4  
,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace1 9 8 la/ book1  

,social ,environm5t & ,moral ,progress  
7p4 #ej73 ,?is rapid gr[? ( weal? &     
increase ( our p[] ov] ,nature put too  
great a /ra9 ^u our crude civilization &
 our sup]ficial ,*ri/ianity2 & x 0      
accompani$ by v>i\s =ms ( social        
immorality1 almo/ z amaz+ & unprec$5t$4 
,we may note sev]al reasons = ?is eddy 9
 ! moraliz+ process1 ?is c\nt]-movem5t  
t[>d ! developm5t ( new s9s & ! r5asc5ce
 ( old ones4  7#a7 ,) ! gr[? ( l>ge     
cities & ! developm5t ( individual      
int]e/s we come to live less & less 9 "o
 ano!r's eyes4 ,9 primitive life x is   
almo/ impossible = a man to indulge 9   
any vice or s9 )\t its be+ imm$iately   
kn[n to 8 fell[s2 b today millions live 
su* isolat$ lives 9 ! mid/ ( cr[d$      
communities t all sorts ( immorality may
 fl\ri% )\t detection4 ,"u e>ly         
conditions food/uffs or o!r goods 7     
consum$ if n by ! produc]1 at lea/ by 8 
neighbors2 & any adult]ation or %am 0 a 
dang]\s matt]4 ,today we seldom "k :o   
slaught]$ ! meat or cann$ ! fruit we    

eat1 :o made ! clo?+ or ut5sils we use2 
%oddy articles & un:olesome food c be   
sold 9 quantity ) little fe> ( !        
consum]'s ang]4 ,all sorts ( intangible 
& h>dly traceable injuries c be wr\ght  
today by malici\s or c>eless m5 injuries
 to reputation1 to cr$it1 to success4 ,9
 a city ! crim9al c hide & escape f> m  
easily1 c associate ) 8 own k9d1 h a    
c]ta9 code ( 8 own 7cf4 honor among     
?ieves71 & m completely escape ! pangs (
 consci5ce1 ?an "u ! surveillance (     
village life4 ,9 a hundr$ ways !re are  
increas$ opportunities = do+ evil )     
impunity4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,e4 ,a4 ,ross1
 ,s9 & ,society1 pp4 #cb3 ,! popul>     
symbol = ! crim9al is a rav5+ wolf2 b   
alas1 few latt] day crimes c be         
dramatiz$ ) a wolf & a lamb z ! ca/6    
,y\r up-to-date crim9al presses ! button
 ( a social me*anism1 & at ! o!r end ( !
 l& or ! ye> innoc5t lives are snuff$   
out4 ,z society gr[s complex1 x c be    
h>m$ 9 m ways4 ,ea* advance to high]    
organization runs u into a fre% zone (  

dang]1 s !re is m ?an ev] ne$ to be     
quick to detect & foil ! new public     
enemies t pres5t !mselves4 ,! public    
ne$s a victim to h>r[ up its feel+s4 ,! 
injury t is problematic1 or g5]al1 or t 
falls 9 undef9$ ways ^u unkn[n p]sons1  
is res5t$ feebly1 or n at all4 ,! fi5d  
:o %\ld rack 8 victim ) torm5ts su* z   
typhoid inflicts w\ld be torn to pieces4
 ,! villa9 :o %\ld ta9t 8 enemy's cup ) 
fev] g]ms w\ld /ret* ,footnote cont9u$ f
 previ\s page3 hemp4 ,b ?9k ( x6-!      
corrupt boss :o1 9 ord] to extort fat   
contracts = 8 firm1 holds up = a ye> !  
build+ ( a filtration plant design$ to  
deliv] 8 city f ! typhoid sc\rge1 &     
!reby dooms twelve hundr$ ( 8 t[nspeople
 to s9k to ! tomb ?r\gh ! flam+ abyss ( 
fev]1 comes (f sca!less4  7#b7 ,) !     
g5tl] conditions ( civiliz$ life !re is 
a g5]al t5d5cy t[>d ! relax+ ( social   
re/ra9ts4 ,! h>% p5alties ( e>ly days   
w\ld %ock u by _! cruelty2 & e>ly codes 
are full ( prohibitions & injunctions on
 matt]s :i* are n[ left to ! individual 

consci5ce4 ,ne$lessly cramp+ & cruel z  
^! primitive laws (t5 71 !y 7 p[]ful    
det]r5ts1 & _! lapse has (t5 be5 foll[$ 
by great] moral laxity4 ,! passionate   
pursuit ( lib]ty1 :i* has be5 s prom95t 
9 mod]n times1 ?\gh on ! :ole ( great   
advantage to man1 has n be5 )\t its ill 
effects4  7#c7 ,! monoton\sly specializ$
 & unnatural "w1 :i* conf9es a l>ge     
proportion ( our m51 wom51 & y\?s today1
 promotes re/lessness & ! crav+ =       
excitem5t4 ,! normal all-r\nd           
occupations ( primitive m5 t5d$ to "w (f
 _! en]gies & satisfy _! natural        
impulses4 ,b ! dull$ & tir$ work]       
releas$ f eight or t5 h\rs' drudg]y 9 a 
factory is apt to be 9 a psy*ological   
/ate t dem&s v>iety1 excitem5t1 pleasure
 at any co/4 ,x does n pay to repress   
human nature too mu*1 or to try to make 
out ( a r$-blood$ "y man or woman a m]e 
ma*9e4 ,gambl+1 drunk5ness1 pro/itution1
 & all sorts ( pa?ological vices fl\ri% 
l>gely z a reaction f ! dullness &      
monotony ( ! day's "w4 ,we are pay+ ?is 

heavy p5alty = our increase ( mat]ial   
effici5cy at ! exp5se ( normal human    
liv+4  7#d7 ,) ! increas$ possibilities 
( undetect$ s91 above m5tion$1 & !      
opportunity :i* crim9als n[ h ( =m+ )9 a
 city a little community ( _! own :i*   
p]mits !m fell[%ip )\t rebuke = _! s9s1 
!re h aris5 :ole classes ( vice-cat]]s4 
,^! m5 & wom5 make _! liv+ by tempt+    
o!rs to s92 ! allurem5ts :i* !y set be=e
 ! "y con/itute a great *eck to moral   
advance1 & ev5 ?reat5 cont9ually a s]i\s
 moral deg5]ation4 ,! keep]s ( gambl+   
h\ses1 saloons1 & h\ses ( pro/itution1 !
 v5d]s ( vile pictures & excit+ read+   
matt]1 ! proprietors ( indec5t          
dance-halls & !at]s1 ( ! %[s ( all sorts
 t fl\ri% *iefly ?r\gh _! (f]+ ( sexual 
/imulation ^! are ! wor/ s9n]s ( our    
times1 = !y cause ?\s&s ( o!rs to s91 & 
delib]ately und]m9e ! moral /ructure s  
labori\sly re>$1 & at su* heavy co/4    
,conspicu\s 9 comm]cializ$ vice-cat]+ is
 ! ,cas9o ( ,monte ,c>lo1 :]e ?\s&s (   
lives h be5 ru9$4 ,! bus9ess ( s$uc+ &  

kidnapp+ girls-! :ite slave trade       
fl\ri%es secretly 9 our great cities4   
,associations ( liquor produc]s & sell]s
 are v p[]ful social & political =ces4  
,"o ( ! greate/ problems be=e ! race is 
h[ to ext]m9ate ^! human bea/s ( prey t 
live at ! exp5se ( ! moral det]ioration 
& (t5 utt] ru9 ( _! victims4  7#e7 ,:ile
 ! old] racial & national b>ri]s betwe5 
peoples are break+ d[n1 s t !           
possibilities ( human bro!rhood &       
coop]ation are lat]ally increas+1 & !   
wret*$ fratricidal w>s betwe5 peoples   
com+ t[>d an end1 ,footnote3 ,z ,i read 
! pro( %eets ( ?is book 7,augu/1 #aiad71
 news comes ( ! outbreak ( :at may prove
 ! co/lie/ & "o ( ! lea/ excusable w>s (
 hi/ory4 ,nev]!less1 ! end (            
int]national w>s draws ne>4 ,o!r b>ri]s1
 betwe5 upp] & l[] classes1 are ?ick5+1 
new antagonisms & antipa?ies t ?reat5   
yet mu* friction & unhapp9ess & a       
ret>dation ( moral progress4 ,ri* are   
becom+ f>!r & f>!r consci\sness is on ! 
increase1 class-w>s 9 ! =m ( /rikes1    

riots1 & sabotage1 are om9\s symptoms4  
,masses ( ! labor+ class believe t a    
great class-w> is n only inevitable b   
desirable4 ,su* conflicts1 h[ev]1       
besides _! mat]ial losses1 eng5d] hatr$1
 cruelty1 lu/1 gre$1 & all sorts ( o!r  
=ms ( immorality4 ,no "o c pr$ict h[ f> 
su* /ruggles may g 9 ! future t[>d undo+
 ! socializ+ process :i* at be/ has s _m
 ob/acles to meet & moves s sl[ly4 ,_m  
=ces are at "w1 h[ev]1 = moral uplift4  
,! spread ( education1 tea*+ m5 to ?9k1 
to disc]n evils1 & to compreh5d !       
reasons = "r conduct1 ! increas+        
influ5ce ( public op9ion ?r\gh newspap]s
 & magaz9es1 ! gr[+ numb] (             
organizations work+ to eradicate evils1 
! gradual increase ( wise legislation1 !
 reviv+ moral pressure ( ! ,*ri/ian     
,*ur* su* signs ( ! times %\ld give u   
c\rage z well z %[ u :]e we c take hold 
to help4 ,morality is n /atic1 a        
cut-&-dri$ sy/em to be obey$ or         
neglect$1 b a set ( exp]im5ts1 be+      
gradually work$ out by mank9d1 a        

dynamic1 progressive in/rum5t :i* we c  
help ourselves to =ge4 ,!re is room yet 
= moral g5ius2 we are yet 9 ! e>ly &    
=mative /age ( human morality4 ,we %\ld 
n be cont5t ) pa/ a*ievem5t1 ) !        
contempor>y /&>ds ( our fell[s4 ,if we  
give our ke5e/ ?\ght & our e>ne/ ef=t1  
!re is no kn[+ :at noble heights (      
morality we may be help+ ! future to    
atta94  ,dewey & ,tufts1 ,e?ics1 *ap4   
,,iv4 ,hobh\se1 op4 cit1 "p ,,ii1 *aps4 
,,ii1 ,,viii4 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit1 *ap4  
,,vii4 ,su!rl&1 op4 cit1 vol4 ,,ii1     
*aps4 ,,xix-,,xxi4 ,w4 ,g4 ,sumn]1      
,folkways1 *aps4 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,xi4 ,sir   
,h4 ,ma9e1 ,village ,communities4 ,c4   
,d>w91 ,desc5t ( ,man1 "p  ,i1 *ap4 v4  
,j4 ,g4 ,s*urman1 ,e?ical ,import (     
,d>w9ism4 ,w4 ,i4 ,?omas1 ,s\rce ,book =
 ,social ,orig9s1 "p  ,,vii4 ,c4 ,read1 
,natural & ,social ,morals1 *ap4 ,,vi4  
,i4 ,k+1 ,developm5t ( ,religion1 *ap4  
,,xi4 ,on ! "q ( moral progress3 ,dewey 
& ,tufts1 ,e?ics1 pp4 #ahg-ib4 ,w4      
,bagehot1 ,physics & ,politics1 *ap4    

,,vi4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 ,new ,worlds =    
,old1 *ap4,i1 secs4 #b-d4 ,j4 ,bryce1 9 
! ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 vol4 #ajj1 p4 #ade4
 ,e4 ,root1 ,! ,citiz5's ,"p 9          
,gov]nm5t1 pp4 #if-abc4 ,j4 ,s4         
,mack5zie1 ,manual ( ,e?ics 7#b;d ed471 
*ap4 ,,xv4 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 ,social    
,environm5t & ,moral ,progress4         
,,*apt] ,,iv   ,,inw>d                  
,,developm5t--,,consci5ce  ,:at are !   
/ages 9 ! hi/ory ( moral guidance8      
,,!re may be said to be five /ages 9 !  
hi/ory ( moral guidance3 guidance by    
in/9ct1 by cu/om1 by law & precept1 by  
consci5ce1 & by insight4 ,no "o ( ^!    
guides is disc>d$ ) ! developm5t ( !    
o!rs2 we rely today ^u all ( !m 9 v>y+  
degree4 ,_! evolution ov]laps2 !        
alt]ation ( in/9ct /ill goes on1 *ang+  
laws & cu/oms /ill br+ _! pressure to   
be> f )\t ^u ! individual2 :ile our     
consci5ce & our insight h _! roots f>   
back 9 ! pa/4 ,yet ! prom95ce ( ea* ( ^!
 factors 9 turn m>ks a successive /age 9
 ! evolution ( moral control4 ,inh]it$  

in/9ct1 & !n cu/om1 unconsci\sly pass$  
on by imitation & to "s ext5t taught ) a
 dimly consci\s purpose1 %ape ! crude   
morality ( ! animals ?\gh ! o!r means ( 
guidance are n :olly abs5t ev5 9 !m4    
,among savages legal codes1 unwritt5 &  
p]haps n ev5 cle>ly =mulat$1 yet exact+ 
& /rictly en=c$ by p5alties1 come to =m 
an important supplem5t to in/9ct1 cu/om1
 & prov]bial wisdom4 ,b q z important is
 ! gradual developm5t ( an inw>d        
guide--^? v v>i\s second>y impulses &   
inhibitions :i* we hump toge!r because (
 _! common function & call ! moral s5se 
or consci5ce4 ,we %all n[ consid]       
briefly ! orig9 ( ?is int]nal           
/e]+-app>atus4 ,! late/ & mo/ mature    
guide ( all1 reflective insight1 arises 
9 m>k$ degree only :5 ab/raction &      
analysis4 ,!re is no problem connect$ ) 
its orig9 except ! g5]al problems ( !   
developm5t ( human reason4 ,h[ moral    
insight may be tra9$ & br\ght to be> ^u 
conduct w1 x is hop$1 be cle> to ! /ud5t
 :o pati5tly /udies ?is volume4  ,out ( 

:at has consci5ce develop$8  ,!         
consci5ce ( our moraliz+ & religi\s     
lit]ature figures z a %>ply def9$ &     
easily recognizable faculty1 l w or     
reason4 ,b ?is classification1 ?\gh     
useful1 is mislead+ by its simplicity4  
,if we obs]ve by introspection :at goes 
on 9 our m9ds :5 we w or reason or li/5 
to consci5ce1 we %all f9d all sorts (   
emotions1 ideas1 impulses1 surg+ back & 
=?1 alt]+ f mom5t to mom5t1 nev] twice !
 same4 ,at ano!r p]iod ( our lives1 or 9
 ano!r man's m9d1 ! psy*ological /uff   
pigeonhol$ "u ^! names may be almo/     
entirely diff]5t4 ,a great _m div]se    
m5tal elem5ts h at "o "t or o!r tak5 !  
role (1 or =m$ an +r$i5t 91 ! function  
we label consci5ce4 ,we w enum]ate ! m  
important3  7#a7 ,exp]i5ce quickly      
tea*es h] pupils t c]ta9 acts to :i* !y 
feel a /rong impulse w lead to an       
aft]ma? ( pa9 or we>9ess1 or w /& 9 !   
way ( o!r goods :i* !y m la/+ly desire  
or m deeply ne$4 ,! memory ( ^!         
consequ5ces ( acts rema9s z a guide =   

future conduct1 n s (t5 9 ! =m ( a      
cle>ly recogniz$ memory z 9 a dim       
realization t ! dang]\s act mu/ be      
avoid$1 a vague pressure aga9/ ! pull ( 
mom5t>y incl9ation1 or an uncompreh5d$  
feel+ ( impulsion t[>d ! less invit+    
pa?4 ,?is residuum ( ! moral exp]i5ce ( 
! individual is "o +r$i5t 9 :at we call 
8 consci5ce4  7#b7 ,b !re is mu* m ?an  
?is4 ,! individual is a memb] ( a gr\p4 
,! cu/oms & expectations ( ?is gr\p n   
only be> ^u him f )\t b f9d a reflection
 9 8 own motor me*anism4 ,he he>s !     
voice ( ! community 9 8 he>t1 an e*o ( !
 g5]al condemnation & approval4 ,?is    
acquir$ response1 ! rev]b]ation ( ! gr\p
 judgm5t1 may easily supplant 8 p]sonal 
incl9ations4 ,primitive man is s5sitive 
to ! judgm5ts & emotional reactions ( 8 
fell[s2 ! tribal po9t ( view is         
unque/ion$ & au?oritative ov] him4 ,s   
important is ?is pressure 9 8 m5tal     
life1 ?\gh n und]/ood or recogniz$ = :at
 x is1 t consci5ce is d5n$ by _m        
morali/s z ! pressure ( ! judgm5t ( !   

tribe 9 ! m5tal life ( its memb]s1 or 9 
simil> t]ms4 ,pauls5 calls x ! exi/5ce (
 cu/om 9 ! consci\sness ( ! individual4 
,?is is to neglect unju/ly ! o!r s\rces 
( ! s5se ( duty2 b c]ta9ly ! pulls &    
pu%es aris+ f ^! two s\rces1 :i* we may 
call ! inn] aspect ( individual moral   
exp]i5ce & ( loyalty to !               
community-morals1 re9=c+ "o ano!r z !y  
g5]ally d1 produce a v p[]ful =m (      
consci5ce4  7#c7 ,a numb] ( primitive   
emotions jo9 =ces ) !m4 ,sympa?y is     
g5]ally on _! side1 & ! in/9ctive gl[ ( 
patriotism or pride 9 ! tribe's success4
 ,! %r9k+ f disapproval1 ! crav+ =      
e/eem1 ! v e>ly emotions ( %ame &       
vanity1 help to pull away f !           
self-indulg5t or selfi% impulse4 ,!     
spontane\s admiration ( o!rs = _!       
virtues & ang] at !m = _! s9s is appli$ 
involunt>ily by a man to himself2       
contempt = 8 own weakness & joy 9 8     
sup]iority accord+ to ! g5]ally accept$ 
code are p[]ful det]r5ts4 ,!            
consci\sness ( ! res5tm5t t o!rs w feel 

if he does evil1 ! in/9ctive application
 to himself ( a trace ( ! res5tm5t he   
w\ld feel t[>d him or t[>d ^! fell[     
tribesm5 ( is-su* complex /ates ( m9d   
complicate 8 m5tal processes & help *eck
 8 prim>y in/9cts4  7#d7 ,to ^! +r$i5ts 
we mu/ e>ly add ! m or less consci\s fe>
 ( ! p5alties ( ! tribal law1 ( !       
v5geance ( *iefs or p[]ful memb]s ( !   
tribe1 ( ! tribal gods & _! jeal\s      
prie/s4 ,^! fe>s may be b dimly felt & n
 cle>ly discrim9at$2 b h[ev] subconsci\s
 !y may be 9 a giv5 case ( moral        
conflict1 !y play a l>ge "p4 ,! peace ( 
m9d t accompanies a s5se ( con=mity to !
 w ( rul]s or ( gods1 contra/$ ) !      
anxiety t foll[s infraction1 gives a    
greatly increas$ weight to t gr[+       
pressure ( c\nt] in/9cts :i* comes s    
l>gely to ov]ride a man's animal nature4
 ,mo/ ( ! s\rces ( consci5ce ?us date f>
 back beyond ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,b !y c be
 pretty safely inf]r$ f ! e>lie/        
records1 f a /udy ( exi/+ savage races1 
& f ! /udy ( *ildhood4 ,! def9ite       

conception ( consci5ce is v late1       
sc>cely appe>+ until v mod]n times4 ,& !
 fact t consci5ce itself1 ev5 9 its     
rudim5t>y =ms1 0 mu* lat] 9 gr[? ?an !  
und]ly+ animal in/9cts :i* x develop$ to
 control & guide1 is %[n by its late    
developm5t 9 ! *ild-n1 normally1 until !
 beg9n+ ( ! ?ird ye>4 ,! e>ly life ( !  
individual p>allels ! evolution ( !     
race2 & ! lat]-develop$ faculties 9 !   
*ild are ^? :i* arose 9 ! lat] /ages (  
human progress4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( our      
well-def9$ moral s5se1 ) its significant
 role 9 mod]n life1 ne$s no sup]natural 
explanation4 ,x has gr[n up & come to be
 :at x is z naturally z h our language1 
our cu/oms1 & our physical organs4  ,:at
 is consci5ce n[8 ,x is a valuable      
ex]cise 9 introspection to obs]ve a case
 ( consci5ce 9 "o's own life & note (   
:at m5tal /uff x is made4 ,:5 a numb]   
write d[n _! f9d+s )\t mutual sugge/ion1
 ! results are usually widely div]g5t4  
,any ( ! orig9al +r$i5ts hi!rto m5tion$ 
may be discov]$1 or o!r p]sonal factors4

 ,!re may be pres5t to consci\sness only
 a vague uneas9ess or re/lessness1 or   
!re may be a sophi/icat$ recurr5ce ( !  
concepts ( consci5ce1 duty1 etc4 ,! "o  
univ]sal fact is t !re is a conflict    
betwe5 "s primitive impulse or passion &
 "s matur] m5tal *ecks4 ,any sort (     
m5tal /uff t s]ves ! purpose ( controll+
 desire w d2 we mu/ def9e consci5ce 9   
t]ms n ( cont5t b ( function4 ,!re is no
 su* unity 9 ! mat]ial z ! s+le "n seems
 to imply2 & :e!r or n t "n %all be giv5
 to a giv5 psy*ological /ate is a matt] 
( usage 9 :i* !re is consid]able        
v>iation4  ,9 g5]al1 we res]ve ! "n     
consci5ce = ! vagu] & m elusive re/ra9ts
 & lead+s1 ! s5se ( reluctant necessity 
^: purpose we d n cle>ly see al?\gh we  
feel its pressure1 ! accumulat$ residuum
 ( long inn] exp]i5ce & _m influ5ces f  
)\t4 ,our m9ds reta9 _m creases ^: orig9
 we h =gott52 we ve] away f _m a        
pleasant incl9ation )\t kn[+ :y4 ,^!    
unanalyz$ & residual inhibitions t grip 
u & w n let u g1 =m a contra/+ backgr\nd

 to our m explicit motives & (t5 c\nt = 
m 9 our conduct4 ,! v lack (            
compreh5sion s]ves 9 less rational m9ds 
to enhance _! pre/ige ) an atmosph]e (  
awe & my/]y4 ,^! /range *ecks & prompt+s
 t well up 9 a man's he>t are :i* he mu/
 n d>e to disobey4 ,! voice ( ,god 9 our
 he>ts we may1 inde$1 well conceive !m  
to be4 ,! attempt to analyze into its   
psy*ological elem5ts & trace ! natural  
g5esis ( consci5ce1 z ( morality 9 g5]al
 mu/ n be tak5 z an attempt to discr$it 
x or to read ,god out ( ! _w4 ,= ,god   
works usually1 if n univ]sally1 ?r\gh   
natural laws2 & ! hi/orical viewpo9t1 t 
sees ev]y?+ 9 our develop$ life z !     
outcome ( ages ( natural evolution1 is n
 only ri* 9 fruitful insight1 b entirely
 consi/5t ) a deep religi\s feel+4 ,=   
hortatory or inspirational purposes we d
 n ne$ to make ?is analysis2 x has1     
inde$1 its practical dang]s4 ,x t5ds to 
rob ! glory f any?+ to analyze x into   
its p>ts & /udy ! natural causes t      
produc$ x4 ,! lovelie/ pa9t+ is b a mess

 ( pigm5ts to ! microscope1 ! lovelie/  
face b a mess ( cells & hairs & blood   
vessels4 ,!re is some?+ gruesome &      
inhuman ab\t embryology & all o!r /udies
 ( orig9s4  ,:ile we are analyz+ an     
object1 or trac+ its g5esis1 we are n   
respond+ to x z a :ole or feel+ its     
beauty & p[]4 ,! my/]y1 ! spell1        
vani%es2 we cease to ?rill :5 we        
dissect4 ,b k proce$s by analysis1 &    
ga9s by a /udy ( orig9s & causes4 ,& !  
tempor>y emotional loss %\ld be m ?an   
balanc$ by ! value ( ! insight won4 ,we 
ne$ n l+] too long at our dissect+4 ,!  
discov]y t consci5ce is an explicable & 
natural developm5t does n preclude a    
realization ( ! awfulness ( obligation1 
! sacr$ness ( duty1 any m ?an a geologi/
 mu/ cease to ?rill at ! gr&eur & beauty
 ( ! ,gr& ,canyon because he has /udi$ !
 composition ( ! rocks & und]/&s !      
causes t h sl[ly1 ?r\gh ! ages1 wr\ght  
?is miracle4 ,s we ne$ feel no s5se (   
duty is n some?+ impos$ ^u human nature 
f )\t2 x is ( its v sub/ance1 x has     

develop$ /ep by /ep ) our o!r faculties1
 sl[ly cry/alliz+ ?r\gh mill5niums (    
human & pre-human exp]i5ce4 ,9 !        
ab/ract1 !n1 we may say t consci5ce is a
 "n = ,,any ,,second>y ,,impulses ,,or  
,,inhibitions ,,:i* ,,*eck ,,& ,,r$irect
 ,,man',s ,,prim>y ,,impulses1 ,,= ,a   
,,great] ,,good2 any lat] develop$      
av]sions or incl9ations1 judgm5ts (     
value or feel+s ( con/ra9t1 :i* guide a 
man 9 ! tee? ( 8 animal nature t[>d a   
bett] way ( life ,,provid$ ,,t ,,^!     
,,sup]impos$ ,,impulses ,,are ,,n       
,,explicit ,,en\gh ,,to ,,be ,,classifi$
 ,,"u ,,"s ,,o!r ,,head4 ,= example1 we 
may be pull$ up %>ply f a c\rse (       
self-indulg5ce by a consci\s realization
 ( ! h>m we are do+ to o!rs !reby2 ?is  
bridl+ /ate ( m9d1 :e!r *iefly emotional
 or m intellectual1 we may call sympa?y1
 or an altrui/ic in/9ct1 or love4 ,b :5 
we feel ! pressure f ^! same m5tal /ates
 incipi5tly ar\s$1 :5 our motor-me*anism
 half automatically /e]s u away f !     
selfi% act1 )\t our consci\sly =mulat+ a

 specific "n = ! new impulse or         
recogniz+ any articulate motive1 we are 
apt to give ?is m5tal pu% ! m g5]al "n (
 consci5ce4 ,s if we consci\sly reckon  
up1 balance advantages1 & decide on !   
less invit+ act 9 recognition ( its     
really great] wor? to u1 we say we act f
 prud5ce or insight1 we are reasonable  
ab\t x2 :ile if ! grumbl+ ( ! prud5tial 
motives rema9 subt]ranean1 subconsci\s1 
!y play ! role ( consci5ce4 ,consci5ce  
is1 on su* occasions1 b in>ticulate     
common s5se4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 prud5tial 
& altrui/ic motives w\ld bo? be discov]$
 if ! dumb driv+ ( consci5ce 7 to be    
made articulate4 ,! rev]b]ation ( p>5tal
 tea*+s1 ( s]mons he>d & books read1 ( !
 op9ions & emotions ( our fell[s1 might 
be f\nd1 all b5t & fus$ into a comb9$   
sugge/ion1 a m5tal pu%1 a mu/ or ought1 
f ^: influ5ce we f9d x difficult to     
escape4  ,! detail$ psy*ological        
analysis ( cases ( consci5ce & ! /udy ( 
its g5esis are ( no ess5tial e?ical     
int]e/1 except z !y %[ u t ! s5se ( duty

 is n an ultimate1 irr$ucible elem5t 9  
our consci\sness1 or make cle>] to u its
 function & value4 ,consci5ce is ! g5]al
 "n = co]cion ^u conduct f )9 ! m9d4 ,! 
important ?+ to note is ! useful        
purpose1 :i*1 9 its s widely v>y+ =ms1 x
 s]ves4 ,:atev] its s\rces or its exact 
nature 9 contempor>y man1 x is "o ( !   
mo/ valuable ( our assets4 ,to a m      
explicit /atem5t ( its value we mu/ n[  
turn4 ,:at is ! value ( consci5ce8  ,x  
w\ld seem1 at fir/ glance1 z if !       
developm5t ( reason %\ld make consci5ce 
unnecess>y4 ,:5 we are able to disc]n ! 
consequ5ces ( our acts1 =mulate & weigh 
our motives & aims1 :at ne$ ( ^! vague  
pre-rational prompt+s & inhibitions8 ,:y
 n tra9 m5 to supplant a bl9d s5se (    
duty by a consci\s insight1 a rational  
valuation ( ends & means8 ,is n reason1 
z x has be5 rec5tly call$1 ! ultimate   
consci5ce8 ,footnote3 ,g4 ,santayana1   
,reason 9 ,sci5ce1 p4 #bcb2 :]e also !  
foll[+3 ,s soon z consci5ce summons its 
own dicta = revision 9 ! light (        

exp]i5ce & ( univ]sal sympa?y1 x is no  
long] call$ consci5ce1 b reason4  7#a7  
,consci5ce is valuable on acc\nt ( our  
ignorance4 ,individually we h n _h      
exp]i5ce en\gh to guide u 9 our crises2 
consci5ce is ! repres5tative 9 u ( !    
wisdom ( ! race4 ,9 _m cases we %\ld    
nev] reason out ! "r solution ( a       
problem2 we lack ! data4 ,b we c lean ^u
 ! racial exp]i5ce4 ,_m pa/ exp]i5ces1  
n[ =gott51 h gone to ! mold+ ( ?is      
faculty4 ,! ne$ ( action is (t5 imm95t1 
!re is no "t = ! long /udy ( ! situation
 :i* alone c\ld =m a sure insight into !
 conduct x dem&s4 ,we ne$ readymade     
morals4 ,moreov]1 we are subject to     
bias1 to individual "o sid$ness1 & to ! 
di/ortion ( passion2 9 ! /ress (        
temptation we are n 9 a mood to reason  
judicially1 ev5 if we h ! necess>y data4
 ,altoge!r1 insight1 ?\gh 9 ! long run !
 critic ( consci5ce1 is n a practical   
sub/itute4 ,:at consci5ce tells u is m  
apt to be true ?an :at at ! mom5t seems 
a rational judgm5t4  7#b7 ,consci5ce is 

also valuable 9 view ( our              
rebelli\sness4 ,conv5tional morality is 
ext]nal1 & w\ld cont9ually ar\se revolt1
 7 x n re9=c$ by an inw>d prompt+4 ,if  
ext]nal motives & p5alties alone bore ^u
 u we %\ld *afe "u !m1 & "u ! /ress (   
passion or long+ ?r[ !m aside4 ,ev5 if  
^! ext]nal sanctions 7 re9=c$ by insight
 into ! rationality ( morality1 t       
insight might /ill leave u rebelli\s &  
unp]suad$4 ,k alone is feeble1 m>g9al 9 
our lives4 ,we (t5 s9 9 ! full k ( !    
p5alties await+ u4 ,we ne$ some?+ m     
dynamic1 pressure z well z in=mation4   
,consci5ce is su* a driv]4 ,its comm&s  
weigh ^u u1 & w n be /ill$4 ,reason     
plays b a weak "p 9 ! be/ ( u2 & to     
c\nt]act our incurable wayw>dness1 our  
recurr5t long+s = :at _c be _h )\t too  
great a co/1 we ne$ n only ! pres5ce (  
law & conv5tion1 n only ! weak voice (  
k1 b ! /]n summons ( ?is p[]ful         
psy*ological response4 ,nature 0 wise :5
 %e evolv$ ?is function z a bulw>k aga9/
 our weakness1 a bit betwe5 our because 

( our =getfulness4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 we   
say1 ,i didn't /op to ?9k4 ,if our      
consci5ce _h be5 prop]ly acute1 x w\ld h
 made u /op4 ,insight1 h[ev]            
compreh5sive & cle>1 is apt to rema9    
some:]e 9 a lock$ draw] 9 our m9ds :5 ! 
hot blood$ impulse appe>s4 ,if we 7 b to
 pause & reflect1 we %\ld be s5sible &  
k9d4 ,b our intellect is dull$ by our   
emotions1 x does n get work+4 ,we ne$ a 
m in/9ctive1 a deep]-root$ me*anism1 an 
imp]i\s ,halt6 at ! brief mom5t betwe5 !
 ?\ght ( s9 & ! act4 ,consci5ce is n    
only a tea*] & a driv]1 x is a s5t9el4  
,its r$ flag /ops u at ! br9k ( _m a    
disa/]1 & we h x to ?ank = _m an o!rwise
 =gott5 duty p]=m$4  ,to sum up3 ,in/9ct
 & desire are lack+ 9 prop] adju/m5t to 
! ne$s ( life4 ,society seeks to control
 !m by ! pressure ( law & cu/om4 ,^!    
p[]ful =ces1 h[ev]1 are ext]nal1 &1     
savor+ m or less ( tyranny1 t5d at times
 to awak5 a rebelli\s _s 9 ! ho!ad$4 ,s 
a p]petual ant9omy w\ld exi/ betwe5     
int]nal impulse & ext]nal con/ra9t1 7 x 

n t t ext]nal con/ra9t is reflect$ )9 ! 
individual m9d by a second>y & ov]ly+   
set ( inhibitions & prompt+s :i* we call
 v>i\sly ! moral s5se1 ! s5se ( duty1 or
 consci5ce4 ,we (t5 d n "k or rememb]   
consci\sly at ! mom5t ( decision :at !  
law orda9s or ! wisdom ( ! race tea*es4 
,b we h an inw>d monitor4 ,we (t5 hang  
back f a recogniz$ duty4 ,b we feel an  
inw>d pu%4 ,:5 ! wrong impulse is pung5t
 & entic+1 & ! "r "o insipid & tame1 :5 
we w\ld =get if we c\ld ! p]ils ( s91   
consci5ce surges up 9 u & saves u f     
ourselves4 ,x is a me*anism ( extreme   
value1 :i* nature has evolv$ 9 u =      
impos+ on our weak & vacillat+ wills    
action t makes = a tru] good ?an we %\ld
 o!rwise *oose4 ,no wond]1 !n1 if we    
rev]5ce ?is sav+ p[] )9 u1 & cr[n x ) a 
halo z ! div9e sp>k 9 ! mid/ ( our      
gross] nature4 ,! m we rev]e x1 !       
bright] ! glam\r x has = u1 ! /rong] x  
gr[s & ! m x helps u4 ,! apo!osis (     
consci5ce has be5 ( imm5se use 9 lead+  
m5 to he$ its voice & obey its lead+4   

,yet ?is bl9d allegiance has its dang]s2
 consci5ce has (t5 be5 a cruel tyrant4  
,x is by no means an always-safe guide1 
z we %all pres5tly note4 ,& z m5 gr[ m &
 m adju/$ by in/9ct & tra9+ to _! real  
ne$s1 !y w h less & less ne$ ( ?is      
helmsman4 ,aft] all1 !re is some?+ wrong
 ) a life t ne$s consci5ce2 x is a      
transition help = ! long p]iod ( man's  
maladju/m5t4 ,sp5c] looks =w>d1 a little
 too hopefully1 p]haps1 to a "t 9 !     
measurable future :5 we %all h outgr[n !
 ne$ ( x1 :5 we %all wi% to d "r & ne$  
no compulsion1 out] or inn]4 ,& ,em]son1
 9 a well kn[n passage1 writes3 ,we love
 *>act]s 9 proportion z !y are impulsive
 & spontane\s4 ,:5 we see a s\l ^: acts 
are all regal1 graceful1 & pleasant z   
roses1 we mu/ ?ank ,god t su* ?+s c be &
 are1 & n turn s\rly on ! angel & say1  
',crump is a bett] man ) 8 grunt+       
resi/ance to all 8 native devils4' ,a   
,*9ese prov]b says1 ,he :o f9ds pleasure
 9 vice & pa9 9 virtue is /ill a novice 
9 bo?4 ,! sa9t is he :o has le>n$ really

 to love virtue1 9 its concrete duties1 
bett] ?an all ! allurem5ts ( s92 to him 
we may say1 z ,virgil said to ,dante1   
,take ?9e own pleasure = ?y guide       
h5ce=?4 ,b until we are sa9ts x is wise 
= u to cultivate consci5ti\sness1 !     
habit ( ob$i5ce1 ev5 :5 x co/s1 to t    
inw>d urg+ :i* is1 on ! :ole1 = mo/ ( u1
 our safe/ guide4  ,f4 ,pauls51 ,sy/em (
 ,e?ics1 book ,,ii1 *ap4 ,v1 secs4 #a1  
#b1 #e4 ,h4 ,sp5c]1 ,,data ,,( ,,e?ics1 
*ap4 ,,vii1 secs4 #dd-df4 ,s4 ,e4       
,mezes1 ,,e?ics1 ,,descriptive ,,&      
,,explanatory1 *aps4 ,v1 ,,viii4        
,su!rl&1 op4 cit1 *ap4 ,,xv4 ,f4 ,?illy1
 ,,introduction ,,to ,,e?ics1 *ap4      
,,iii4 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit1 *ap4 ,v4     
,d>w91 ,,desc5t ,,( ,,man1 p>tt4 ,i1    
*ap4 ,,iii4 ,j4 ,h4 ,hyslop1 ,,elem5ts  
,,( ,,e?ics1 *aps4 ,,vi1 ,,vii4 ,j4 ,s4 
,mill1 ,,utilit>ianism1 *ap4 v4 ,h4 ,w4 
,wright1 ,,self-,,realization1 "p4 ,i1  
*ap4 ,,iv4     ,,*apt] ,v  ,,!          
,,individualiz+ ,,( ,,consci5ce         
,consci5ce z we h se51 is ! result ( a  

fusion ( elem5ts com+ f p]sonal exp]i5ce
 & tribal judgm5t4 ,9 its e>ly phases ! 
latt] elem5ts pr$om9ate2 consci5ce may  
be fairly call$ ! inn] side ( cu/om4    
,primitive m5 h little individuality &  
involunt>ily reflect ! g5]al attitude4  
,b ) wid5+ exp]i5ce & gr[+ m5tal        
maturity1 consci5ce1 l man's o!r        
faculties1 t5ds to become m individual &
 div]g5t1 until we f9d1 9 civiliz$ life1
 a man /&+ out = consci5ce' sake aga9/ !
 op9ion ( ! _w4 ,! individualization (  
consci5ce1 ) ! consequ5t cla% ( ideals1 
gives ! /udy ( morality mu* ( its int]e/
 & difficulty2 x w be wor?:ile to note  
"s ( its causes4 ,:y did n !            
individualiz+ ( consci5ce occur e>li]8  
7#a7 ,9 primitive man !re is n mu*      
opportunity = ! developm5t (            
individuality4 ,!re are few p]sonal     
possessions1 !re is little scope = !    
ex]cise ( peculi> tal5ts1 !re is little 
p[] ( reflection1 to develop /rongly    
individual ideas4 ,! self-ass]tive      
in/9cts are to consid]able ext5t /ill   

dormant = lack ( /imulus to call !m =?4 
,! individual is cont5t to take 8 place 
9 ! gr\p life1 & x seldom occurs to him 
to "q ! gr\p- judgm5t4  7#b7 ,9         
primitive life !re is a dra/ic          
repression ( any incipi5t rebelli\sness1
 ?r\gh ! en=cem5t ( cu/om or explicit   
law 9 ! ways we h indicat$2 ! fe> ( a   
heavy disc\ragem5t to any innovator4 ,if
 m5 d>$ to defy ! community morals1 !y 7
 v likely to be put to dea? be=e ! habit
 ( free judgm5t _h mu* "t to spread4    
,!re 0 ?us a sort ( artificial selection
 = survival ( ! conv5tional type1 &     
we$+-out ( ! free?9k] & moral g5ius4    
,ev5 9 hi/oric times ?is process has    
cont9u$ & be5 an enorm\s clog on human  
progress4 ,! man ( revolution>y moral   
insight has _h to pay ! p5alty1 if n (  
dea? z 9 ! case ( ,socrates or (        
,jesus-at lea/ ( ridicule & o/racism1 ( 
excommunication & isolation z1 9 our own
 day1 ) ,tol/oy4 ,_m & _m a sa9t :o     
might h be5 a beacon-light to mank9d has
 liv$ "u ! curses or sne]s ( 8 fell[s & 

di$ 9 lonel9ess1 to be soon =gott54 ,a  
few h1 aft] ye>s ( opposition1 obta9$ a 
foll[+ & accompli%$ great re=ms1 z did  
,buddha1 ,mohamm$1 ,/4 ,francis1 &      
,lu!r4 ,b none c c\nt ! pot5tial re=m]s1
 ! m5 ( new insight1 ( individual moral 
judgm5t1 :o h be5 cru%$ by ! weight (   
gr\p-opposition4 ,man has be5 ! wor/    
enemy ( 8 own progress4  7#c7 ,!re is   
ano!r aspect to ?is selective process1  
not$ be=e 9 ano!r context- ! /ruggle =  
exi/5ce betwe5 gr\ps4 ,s int5se are ^!  
tribal /ruggles 9 e>ly society t h>mony 
)9 a gr\p is absolutely necess>y4       
,individualization means                
disorganization2 & :atev] communities   
develop$ free ?\ght & div]g5t ideas 7 at
 a disadvantage :5 x came to action4 ,_m
 su* gr\ps1 ahead ( _! rivals 9         
individual moral developm5t1 7 wip$ out 
by b>b>ic armies t gave unque/ion+      
ob$i5ce to ! tribal w & work$ toge!r l a
 ma*9e4 ,up to a c]ta9 /age 9 human     
developm5t individuality 0 an           
undesirable v>iation & 0 ru?lessly      

repress$1 sometimes by ! execution ( !  
p>ticul> (f5d]s1 sometimes by !         
de/ruction ( ! gr\p to :i* !y belong$ & 
:i* !y by _! div]g5ce weak5$4 ,:at =ces 
made aga9/ cu/om-morality8 ,aga9/ ^!    
repressive =ces1 h[ev]1 o!r =ces 7 f    
e>ly times urg+ m5 on to reject !       
tyranny ( cu/om4 ,^? inw>d prompt+s t we
 call consci5ce 7 cont9ually t5d+ to    
become less ! e*o ( ! gr\p conv5tions & 
m ! expression ( ! individual's ne$s &  
deepe/ desires4  7#a7 ,at bottom1 (     
c\rse1 lay ! natural re/lessness &      
passions ( m51 ! impati5ce ( control1 ! 
long+ = lib]ty1 & ! crav+ =             
self-expression4 ,! combative in/9ct1   
pride1 ob/9acy1 & notably ! sex-in/9ct1 
7 f e>lie/ times spurr+ m5 on to a      
disreg>d ( ! conv5tional & ! =mation (  
individual /&>ds4  7#b7 ,we may make    
special m5tion ( ! love ( p[] ov] o!rs1 
:i* has be5 "o ( ! deep roots ( !       
p]petual int]nec9e /ruggles ( man4 ,!re 
is a ne$ ( lead]%ip 9 e gr\p2 & ?is ne$ 
is felt m & m ke5ly z ! gr\ps increase 9

 size4 ,at fir/ ! au?ority ( ! eld]s    
suffices1 or ( /rong m5 :o pu% to ! =e  
at times ( crisis1 z 9 ! case ( ! s     
call$ judges1 ! milit>y dictators1 z we 
might bett] call !m1 ( e>ly ,israel4 ,b 
z ,israel1 gr[n 9 numb]s1 & feel+ ! ne$ 
( great] unity & read9ess1 clamor$ = a  
k+1 s g5]ally1 at a c]ta9 /age (        
culture1 p]man5t *iefs ( "s sort become 
necess>y4 ,n[ ! *ief1 enjoy+ 8 s5se (   
p[]1 usually impos$ 8 w ^u ! p2 8       
individuality1 at lea/1 _h m or less    
free play4 ,& ?us1 ?r\gh ! *ang+ decrees
 ( successive rul]s1 all sorts ( v>y+   
/&>ds became realiz$1 & ! rigidity (    
e>ly cu/om 0 /eadily loos5$4  7#c7 ,9 ! 
hunt+ /age ( primitive life1 & ev5 9 !  
pa/oral /age1 !re 0 little private      
prop]ty1 & h5ce little opportunity = !  
developm5t ( ! acquisitive in/9ct4 ,b ) 
! transition to an agricultural life1 & 
/ill m ) ! gr[? ( comm]ce & ! arts1     
private accumulation became possible4   
,individual initiative began to pay2 !  
sm>t] & m +5i\s c\ld out/rip _! fell[s  

by break+ ?r\gh ! cru/ ( cu/om1 :ile ^? 
:o 7 hideb\nd by a conv5tional consci5ce
 7 at a disadvantage4 ,to a l>ge ext5t  
?is lawlessness or innovation 9 conduct 
came into conflict ) ! individual's     
consci5ce4 ,b ! "q ,:y n8 w\ld at once  
arise2 if possible1 a man w\ld ju/ify 8 
act to himself4 ,& to "s degree ^? new  
ways ( act+ w\ld sw+ consci5ce ov] to _!
 side4  7#d7 ,9 e>lie/ times ea* tribe  
liv$1 v1 mu* to itself & develop$ its   
own morals1 "u ! /ress ( simil> =ces1 b 
)\t mu* influ5ce f ! exp]i5ce ( o!r     
gr\ps4 ,x 0 ?us exce$+ly difficult = x  
to conceive ( any o!r ways ( do+ ?+s2 ! 
ance/ral cu/oms 7 accept$ z inevitable1 
l ! sun & ! ra94 ,int]-tribal conflicts 
fir/ gave1 p]haps1 a vantage po9t =     
mutual criticism4 ,a clan t by "s cu/om 
_h an obvi\s advantage ov] its neighbors
 w\ld naturally be imitat$ z soon z m5  
became quick-witt$ en\gh to und]/& its  
sup]iority4 ,! tak+ ( prison]s1 !       
ex*ange ( ho/ages or envoys1 fri5dly    
missions & j\rneys1 w\ld give insight   

into "o ano!r's life4 ,) ! developm5t ( 
comm]ce1 ?is mutual criticism ( morals  
w\ld be greatly accel]at$4 ,s ! au?ority
 ( local conv5tions & /&>ds w\ld be     
discr$it$1 cu/om w\ld become m fluid1 & 
individual judgm5t f9d fre] play4       
,especially w\ld ! m obs]vant1 ! m      
travel$1 ! m reflective1 t5d to v>y f ! 
ideals ( _! neighbors4  7#e7 ,9 v>i\s   
o!r ways1 ap>t f ! mutual influ5ce (    
div]g5t gr\p-cu/oms1 ! progress (       
civilization t5ds to produce v>iations 9
 ideals4 ,! increase ( k1 ! developm5t (
 sci5ce & philosophy1 br+ floods ( new  
ideas to bur/ ! old dams2 deep5+ insight
 reveals ! irrationality ( old ideas to 
! lead]s ( ?\ght4 ,! progress ( ! arts  
gives new int]e/s & valuations4 ,!      
spiritual se]s & prophets see visions ( 
a bett] ord] & proclaim new gospels4 ,! 
developm5t ( classes & ca/es all[s to ! 
ari/ocracy m leisure to ?9k & criticize2
 ! in/itution ( slav]y1 9 p>ticul>1     
produc$ a class ( slave-own]s ) ample "t
 to dissect _! inh]it$ conceptions4     

7#f7 ,f9ally1 :]e1 "u favor+ conditions1
 ! dang] ( w> 9 :i* man has = ! mo/ "p  
liv$ became less acute1 cu/om g5]ally   
grew lax]4 ,x is ! imp]i\s necessity (  
selfpres]vation t has be5 ! greate/     
cons]vative =ce2 w>like /ates h dem&$   
/rict allegiance & look$ ) suspicion ^u 
deviations f ! gr\p ideals4 ,b peoples  
t1 :e!r f a =tunate geographical        
situation or because ( _! m>k$          
sup]iority 9 numb]s & p[] ov] _!        
neighbors h escap$ ?is ne$ ( p]petual   
self-def5se c\ld af=d to relax _!       
vigilance = con=mity4 ,& ! v notable    
increase 9 individual v>iations 9       
conduct & ideal dur+ ! pa/ c5tury has   
be5 l>gely ow+ to ! era ( comp>ative    
peace4 ,we seem to be rea*+ ! age :5 !  
advantage is to lie n ) ! nation t has !
 mo/ rigid cu/oms1 b ) ! nation t %[s ! 
mo/ individual initiative & progress4   
,cons]vatism vs4 radicalism  ,we h      
become =ev] emancipat$ f ! tyranny (    
cu/om morality "u :i* ! majority ( m5 h 
liv$4 ,legislation is1 to be sure1      

cont9ually on ! increase1 %utt+ m5 out f
 ! ev]-new ways !y discov] to prey ^u _!
 fell[s4 ,b nev]!less1 ! fre$om ) :i* m5
 may n[ live _! own lives accord+ to _! 
own ideas is almo/ a new ph5om5on ^u !  
e>?4 ,:5 we comp>e ! free range t our   
individuality has ) ! tyranny ( public  
op9ion ev5 s rec5tly z ! lifetime ( our 
,puritan gr&p>5ts1 :5 we see ! new      
exp]im5ts 9 p]sonal life & social       
legislation :i* are be+ tri$ on e h&1 :5
 we read a few ( ! ?\s&s ( books &      
magaz9es & newspap]s t are p\r+ a       
cont9ual flood ( new ideas into ! _w1 we
 mu/ realize ! imm5se *ange f ! /]eotyp$
 cu/oms ( ne>ly all pa/ epo*s4 ,9 ea* ( 
our =ty eight ,/ates diff]5t codes are  
%[+ _! relative advantages2 "h woman's  
suffrage is on trial1 !re ! initiative &
 ref]5dum1 !re ! recall4 ,almo/ e sort (
 possible m>riage law1 x w\ld seem1 is  
be+ tri$ some:]e4 ,x is a "t ( moral    
confusion1 ( ! unsettl+ ( old           
conceptions & a grop+1 /umbl+ progress  
t[>d ! new4  ,9 su* a situation x is no 

wond] t we h two types ( ?\ght1 two sets
 ( =ces1 at "w4 ,on ! "o h& we h !      
cons]vatives1 ! /&-patt]s1 ! ma9ta9]s ( 
! exi/+ ord]2 on ! o!r h& are !         
progressives1 ! radicals1 ! re=m]s ( !  
exi/+ ord]4 ,= ! =m] ! moral /&>ds ( _! 
p>ticul> age & c\ntry t5d to h an       
absolute & unconditional wor?1 :i* mu/ n
 be criticiz$ or que/ion$4 ,! necessity 
( allegiance to morality has be5 s      
deeply /amp$ ^u _! m9ds t x has become a
 loyalty to ! p>ticul> br& ( morality !y
 h gr[n up 91 h[ev] flagrantly          
inadequate or tyrann\s x may be4 ,= !   
latt] a comm5dable impati5ce ) !        
imp]fect is apt to fo/] a bl9dness to ! 
value t almo/ always lies 9 anci5t      
cu/oms & a lack ( reg>d = ! ne$ (       
/ability & common agreem5t on "s plane4 
,^! iconocla/s1 vocif]\s 9 condemnation1
 are (t5 mo/ empty h&$1 giv+ u no?+ wis]
 or m advantage\s :]e) to replace !     
conv5tions !y disc>d4 ,s x is difficult 
to say :e!r humanity is m 9 dang] f !   
r$-h&$ radicalism :i* de/roys ! preci\s 

fruit ( long exp]i5ce1 or f ! ob/9ate   
ob/ructioni/s :o by ! dead weight ( _!  
apa?y or ! positive pull-back ( _!      
antagonism delay ! rem$y+ ( exi/+ evils4
 ,! ideal lies 9 keep+ morality pla/ic  
:ile giv+ its approv$ =ms our he>ty     
allegiance4 ,widely diff]5t ideals are  
!oretically conceivable2 b we live 9 a  
specific "t & place & mu/ def] to ! code
 ( our fell[s2 x is along ^! l9es1 & by 
gradual /eps1 t progress mu/ be made4   
,we mu/ be on ! al]t = new sugge/ions1 b
 sl[ to te> d[n till we c build bett]4  
,! greate/ ( prophets1 ke5ly z he saw ! 
flaws 9 exi/+ /&>ds1 proclaim$ t he came
 n to de/roy b to fulfill4 ,x is evid5t 
en\gh to ! imp>tial obs]v] t our pres5t 
*aos & mutual antagonism ( conflict+    
view-po9ts is n ideal2 we ne$ to "w out 
( ?is disord] into "s sane & /able ord]2
 :5 we c f9d ! be/ way ( life we mu/    
disc>d ^! manifold v>iations1 mo/ ( :i* 
are fooli% & ill-advis$4 ,!             
undesirability ( ?is contempor>y        
disagreem5t1 :i* 9 "s matt]s am\nts to  

almo/ a complete moral an>*y1 is en\gh  
to expla9 ! pull back ( ! cons]vatives4 
,& x is precisely ! purpose ( su* a     
volume z ?is to help 9 ! cry/alliz+ (   
def9ite & univ]sally accept$ moral      
pr9ciples = p]sonal & social life4 ,b1  
on ! o!r h&1 ?is tempor>y *aos is m     
pregnant ) promise ?an ! old] bl9d      
acquiesc5ce 9 full light ( criticism &  
exp]im5t to be> ^u ! laws & cu/oms ( !  
pa/4  ,new occasions tea* new duties1   
,"t makes anci5t good unc\?4  ,we %\ld  
rev]5ce ! great se]s & lawmak]s ( ! pa/2
 b _! true disciples are n ^? :o        
slavi%ly accept _! dicta1 !y are r ^? :o
 ?9k = !mselves1 z !y did1 & contribute1
 z !y did1 t[>d ! sl[ progress ( man4   
,:at are ! dang]s ( conv5tional         
morality8  ,! reasons :y we _c be cont5t
 ) our fa!rs' cons]vatism 9 morals1 &   
our fa!rs' cu/om-b\nd consci5ce1 may be 
summ>iz$ z foll[s3  7#a7 ,conv5tional   
morality is almo/ necess>ily too g5]al2 
x is n ela/ic en\gh to fit ! inf9ite    
v>iations 9 specific cases1 n detail$   

en\gh to fit all ne$s4 ,x !re=e (t5     
causes ne$less & cruel repression2 ! mo/
 s5sitive & aspir+ spirits h (t5 revolt$
 f ! morality ( _! times because ( its  
h>%ness4 ,x is well = ! m>riage-tie to  
be b9d+2 divorce has g5]ally be5 deem$  
un*ri/ian4 ,b if ?is judgm5t is rigidly 
en=c$1 special cases arise1 v pite\s1 v 
pa!tic1 cry+ out = a m discrim9at+ rule4
 ,our =ebe>s1 ) _! grave realization ( !
 dang]s ( frivol\sness1 =bade by law & a
 /]n public op9ion _m innoc5t & :olesome
 div]sions4 ,su* inju/ices are          
inevitable :]e cu/om has un*eck$ sway4  
,! g5]al aim & result may be v salut>y1 
b ! application is too sweep+1 & br+s   
suff]+ to _m un=tunate individuals1 or  
to ! community z a :ole1 by its         
indiscrim9ation4  7#b7 ,b ev5 9 its     
g5]al result cu/om may be h>mful4       
,morals h develop$ bl9dly1 z we h se51  
?r\gh all sorts ( irrational influ5ces1 
sway$ ?is way by class int]e/1 by rul]s 
or prie/s1 ve]$ t way by sup]/ition1    
passion1 & /upidity4 ,morality has n    

und]/ood itself2 & ! natural =ces :i* h 
develop$ x into its enorm\s usefulness h
 n always we$$ out ! baneful elem5ts4 ,!
 p]secution ( h]etics 0 %e] mi/ake1 b x 
0 acc$$ to by practically ! entire ,*ur*
 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & practic$ ) utt]   
consci5ti\sness4 ,! ho/ility ( !        
,puritans to music & art 0 pure folly1  
?\gh x seem$ to !m _! grim duty4  7#c7  
,new situations are cont9ually aris+1   
new s9s appe>+4 ,conv5tional morality1  
:ile sometimes ov]-sev]e aga9/ old &    
well-recogniz$ s9s1 lags f> beh9d 9 its 
br&+ ( ! new] =ms4 ,! evils aris+ f !   
mod]n conge/ion ( population1 !         
unscrupul\sness ( mod]n bus9ess1 !      
selfi%ness ( politicians1 ! s]vility (  
newspap]s to ! int]e/s & to adv]tis]s1 =
 example1 f9d too little reprobation 9  
our e/abli%$ moral codes4 ,bus9ess is   
bus9ess has be5 said by respectable     
*ur*-memb]s4 ,a successful ,am]ican     
boss1 :5 ask$ if he 0 n 9 politics = 8  
pocketbook1 said1 ,( c\rse6 ,ar5't y8 ) 
no s5se ( %ame4 ,probably he 0 v moral  

along ! old l9es1 an excell5t fa!r1 a   
k9d husb&1 an agreeable neighbor2 b 8   
conv5tional code1 %>$ by mo/ ( 8        
contempor>ies1 did n include !          
reprobation ( ! practice ( politics =   
private ga94 ,9 ! upp] classes are _m p 
:o are good by ! old /&>ds1 b :o are    
unhelpful & trivial-m9d$1 m]e p>asites  
devot$ to sport or society1 ) nev] a    
qualm ( consci5ce = _! selfi%ness4 ,!   
old /&>ds ne$ ! con/ant infusion ( new  
blood2 our consci5ces ne$ to be adju/$  
to our new relations & deep] insight4   
,footnote3 ,cf4 ,rosa1 ,s9 & ,society1  
p4 #ad3 ,"o might suppose t an exasp]at$
 public w\ld /]nly ca/igate ^! mod]n    
s9s4 ,b ! fact is1 ! v qualities t lull 
! consci5ce ( ! s9n] bl9d ! eyes ( !    
onlook]s4 ,p are s5tim5tal2 & ba/9ado   
wrongdo+ n accord+ to its h>mfulness1 b 
accord+ to ! infamy t has come to atta* 
to x4 ,undisc]n+1 !y *a/ise ) scorpions 
! old au!ntic s9s1 b sp>e ! new4 ,!y d n
 see t blackmail is piracy1 t           
embezzlem5t is !ft1 t speculation is    

gambl+ t delet]i\s adult]ation is murd]4
 ,! clov5 ho( hides 9 pat5t lea!r2 &    
today1 z 9 ,hosea's "t1 ! p 'are de/roy$
 = lack ( k4'  7#d7 ,cu/om-morality t5ds
 to lit]alism1 a m]e =mal obs]vance (   
law or cu/om )\t ! true _s ( s]vice1 )\t
 any inw>d sweetness or p[]4 ,*ri/'s    
condemnation ( ! ,ph>isees w occur to e 
"o2 ! p>able ( ! ,ph>isee & publican1 & 
t ( ! wid['s mite1 among o!rs1 are      
classic illu/rations ( a cut-& dri$     
=malism 9 morality4 ,su* a legalism     
,paul f\nd c\ld n save him4 ,& =ev] !   
prophets & spiritual lead]s ( m5 h _h to
 bur/ ! bonds ( tradition to awak5 a    
real love ( & devotion to ! good4 ,!    
lett] kille?1 & a punctili\s obs]vance (
 rules may *oke out ! aspirations ( !   
s\l4  7#e7 ,f9ally1 conflicts betwe5    
cu/oms inevitably arise4 ,:i* %all a man
 obey8 ,! moral p]plexity ?us caus$     
gives a great deal ( its poignancy to ! 
trag$y ( life4 ,:5 "o accept$ ideal     
pulls u "o way1 & ano!r /&>d1 to :i* we 
h giv5 allegiance1 calls u ! o!r1 :5 we 

cry out ) ,desdemona1 ,i d p]ceive "h a 
divid$ duty1 ! only solution lies 9 !   
developm5t ( insight & a recognition ( !
 transition-nature ( mu* ( our accept$  
code4 ,if = no o!r reason1 to avoid ^!  
conflicts ( ideals we mu/ compreh5d !   
ultimate aims ( morality & take exi/+   
/&>ds ) a sort ( t5tative allegiance4 ,x
 %\ld be cle>1 !n1 t ! individualiz+ (  
consci5ce1 :i* has be5 go+ on obs]vably 
9 rec5t times1 is1 9 spite ( its dang]s1
 a necess>y & desirable process4 ,dewey 
& ,tufts1 ,,e?ics1 *aps1 ,v4 ,,ix4 ,w4  
,bagehot1 ,,physics ,,& ,,politics1     
*aps4 ,,ii1 ,,vi4 ,f4 ,pauls51 ,,sy/em  
,,( ,,e?ics1 "p ,,ii1 *ap4 ,v1 sec4 #f4 
,s4 ,e4 ,mezes1 ,,e?ics1 *ap1 ,,vii1 pp4
 #afd-hc4 ,j4 ,h4 ,c(f91 ,,! ,,socializ$
 ,,consci5ce1 pp4 #ab-bc4     ,,*apt]   
,,vi   ,,c ,,we ,,base ,,morality ,,^u  
,,consci5ce8  ,:at is ! mean+ ( moral   
intuitionism8  ,) ! gr[? ( individualism
 9 morals1 ! relax+ ( ! con/ra9t (      
publicly accept$ /&>ds1 !re is1 ( c\rse1
 a dang]\s drift t[>d self-indulg5ce &  

moral nihilism4 ,x becomes all ! m      
necess>y t consci5ce be /rong &         
s5sitive1 t inn] re/ra9ts take ! place (
 out]4 ,9 ! lack ( a mature moral       
insight1 :i* is "o ( ! late/ ( m5tal    
developm5ts1 & inde$1 :]e x exi/s1 to   
re9=ce its pale affirmations ) great]   
impulsive p[]1 a /]n s5se ( duty is a   
v]itable rock ( salvation4 ,_m a p h    
p]i%$1 _m a brilliant hope (            
civilization be5 lo/1 because ( its     
lack4 ,s we _c wond] :5 morali/s put x  
=w>d z ! f\ndation- /one ( all morality 
& seek to build _! sy/ems ^u x4 ,to a   
man :o has be5 br$ to obey ! inn] voice1
 x seems ! v s\rce & basis ( ! "r2 x is 
s inescapable1 s au?oritative1 t x _c be
 deem$ d]iv$1 or evolv$ by a me*anical  
process ( selection4 ,x figures z some?+
 ultimate & unanalyzable1 if n frankly  
sup]natural2 t x is a m]e in/rum5t 9 !  
atta9m5t ( an ult]ior end1 to be us$ or 
reject$ accord+ to its obs]v$ usefulness
 is an abhorr5t ?\ght4  ,!re has ?us    
aris5 a s*ool ( philosoph]s :o base _!  

ju/ification ( morality entirely ^u !   
deliv]ances ( consci5ce4 ,_! !ories v>y 
9 detail & h receiv$ sundry names2 we w 
gr\p !m "h = conv5i5ce "u ! g5]al       
caption moral intuitionism4 ,z a rule !y
 /e] cle> ( ! hi/oric po9t ( view2 !y   
refuse to believe t consci5ce has a     
natural hi/ory4 ,nor are !y usually ke5 
at psy*ological analysis2 ! numb]less   
v>iations 9 =m :i* consci5ce assumes 9  
diff]5t individuals are1 = _! purposes1 
bett] ignor$4 ,in/ead ( analyz+ ! moral 
s5se into its compon5ts & describ+ !    
m5tal /uff ( :i* x is compos$1 in/ead ( 
trac+ its g5esis & /udy+ ! =ces t h     
produc$ x1 !y wax eloqu5t ov] its       
importance & univ]sality4 ,z prea*]s !y 
are admirable4 ,b ! f\ndation !y provide
 = morality is slipp]y4 ,x am\nts to    
say+1 ,we ought to d "r because we "k we
 ought6 ,:5 we ask h[ we c be sure1 9   
view ( ! g5]al fallibility ( human      
conviction1 t we are n mi/ak5 9 our     
assurance1 & foll[+ a false light1 !y c 
b reit]ate 9 alt]$ phraseology t we "k  

because we "k4  ,to ^! intuitioni/s1 &  
to ! popul> m9d v (t51 ! approval or    
disapproval ( consci5ce is imm$iate1    
intuitive1 & un]r+4 ,its au?ority is    
absolute & n to be que/ion$4 ,we h ?is  
faculty )9 u t tells u z surely :at is  
"r & :at wrong z our color-s5se tells u 
:at is r$ & :at gre54 ,"s p may1 to be  
sure1 be color-bl9d1 or h defective     
consci5ces2 b ! great mass (            
unsophi/icat$ p possess ?is innate guide
 & comm&m5t1 a q suffici5t w>rant = all 
our di/9ctions ( good & evil4 ,hone/ m5 
d n really diff] 9 _! moral judgm5ts4   
,!y may misund]/& "o ano!r's concepts & 
engage 9 v]bal disputes2 b at bottom _! 
moral s5se approves & disapproves ! same
 acts4 ,our moral diff]5ces come ma9ly f
 ! delud+ effects ( passion & !         
sophi/icat$ +5uities ( ! intellect4 ,we 
%\ld return to nature1 g by ourselves   
alone1 & li/5 to ! inn] voice4 ,if we   
s9c]ely li/5 & obey we %all always d "r4
 ,footnote3 ,b tru? & "r1 f\nd$ 9 !     
et]nal &1 is :at e man c judge (1 :5    

laid be=e him4 ',t is necess>ily "o & ! 
same to e man's und]/&+1 j z light is ! 
same1 to e man's eyes4 7,s4 ,cl>ke1     
,disc\rse ^u ,natural ,religion1 #agjf47
  ,we _c b recognize a c]ta9 am\nt (    
practical tru? 9 ?is picture4 ,b x is   
ov]-simplifi$1 & x is fundam5tally      
unsatisfactory to ! intellect4 ,we %all 
n[ pass 9 review its mo/ obvi\s         
inadequacies4  ,d ! deliv]ances (       
diff]5t p's consci5ces agree8  ,no?+ is 
m notori\s to an unbias$ obs]v] ?an !   
consci5ti\s diff]5ces betwe5 m54 ,ev5   
among memb]s ( a s+le community1 )      
closely simil> inh]itance & environm5t1 
we f9d m>k$ div]g5ce 9 moral judgm5t4 ,&
 :5 we comp>e widely diff]5t times &    
places we are apt to wond] if !re is any
 common gr\nd4 ,x is only a v smug      
prov9cialism t c attribute ! ali5 /&>ds 
( o!r races & nations to a disreg>d ( ! 
light4 ,mohamm$ans & ,buddhi/s h believ$
 z firmly 91 & f\ght z passionately =1  
_! moral convictions z ,*ri/ians h =    
!irs4 ,:5 we survey ! va/ am\nt (       

mat]ial amass$ by an?ropologi/s1 we f9d 
t1 z has be5 (t5 said1 !re is h>dly a   
vice t has n some:]e be5 deem$ a virtue1
 & h>dly a virtue b has be5 br&$ z a    
vice4 ,hi/ory is full ( ! pa?os ( havoc 
wr\ght by consci5ti\s m51 ( fooli% &    
ru9\s acts :i* !y h brac$ !mselves to d 
= consci5ce' sake4 ,"o has b to ?9k ( ! 
e>ne/ & pray]ful inquisitors &          
p]secutors 9 ! m$iaeval ,*ur*1 ( !      
,puritans de/roy+ ! /a9$-glass w9d[s &  
pa9t+s ( ! ,madonna1 ( ! caliph :o      
de/roy$ ! great ,alex&rian libr>y1      
b]eav+ ! _w at "o bl[ ( t priceless     
culture-inh]itance4 ,writt5 biography1  
fiction :i* truly repres5ts life1 &     
individual memory are full ( consci5ce h
 sund]$ ^? :o truly lov$ & wr\ght       
irrem$iable pa9 & loss4 ,lately !       
newspap]s told u ( ! h]oic suicide (    
,g5]al ,nogi & 8 wife1 :o felt x _! duty
 n to survive _! emp]or4 ,to a ,ca?olic 
,*ri/ian ?is imp]i\s dictate ( !        
,japanese consci5ce w\ld be a deadly s94
 ,& s x goes4 ,!re is no ne$ to multiply

 in/ances ( :at c be obs]v$ on e h&4    
,consci5ce reflects ! traditions &      
influ5ces amid :i* a man gr[s up4  ,b if
 ! deliv]ances ( diff]5t m5's consci5ces
 conflict1 h[ %all we "k :i* to tru/8   
,if any p>ticul> comm& ( ! inn] voice   
may be morally wrong1 h[ c we tru/ x at 
all8 ,!re are obvi\sly morbid & p]v]t$  
consci5ces2 b if consci5ce itself is !  
ultimate au?ority1 & is n to be ju/ifi$ 
& criticiz$ by "s deep] te/1 :at "r h we
 to call any ( its manife/ations morbid 
or p]v]t$8 ,is x n a species ( egotism  
to hold "o's own moral disc]nm5t z      
sup]ior to ano!r's2 & if s1 d we n ne$  
"s crit]ion by :i* to judge betwe5 !m8  
,surely ! div]sity ( its judgm5ts makes 
consci5ce an impossible f\ndation =     
morality2 we %\ld h z _m codes z        
consci5ces & fall into a hopeless       
confusion4 ,if consci5ce ev]y:]e agre$ 9
 its dictates1 c\ld we base morality ^u 
x8 ,ev51 h[ev]1 if consci5ce l$ u all 9 
! same direction1 w\ld t prove its      
au?ority8 ,p]haps we %\ld all be foll[+ 

a w o' ! wisp1 & fooli%ly sacrific+ our 
desires to an idol ( ! tribe1 a univ]sal
 sup]/ition4 ,mu/ x n %[ its cr$5tials  
be=e x c legitimately comm& our         
allegiance8 ,x is b "o specific type (  
impulse among _m2 :y %\ld x be giv5 !   
re9s1 ! control ov] all8 ,d we say1     
because consci5ce makes = our be/       
welf>e8 ,! answ] w\ld1 9 g5]al1 be true2
 b we %\ld !n be putt+ z our te/ &      
ultimate au?ority ! atta9m5t ( our      
welf>e1 :i* w\ld be to ab&on ! po9t (   
view we are discuss+4 ,consci5ce claims 
au?ority4 ,b t might conceivably be m]e 
impud5ce & tyranny4 ,moreov]1 !re are ^?
 :o feel no call to foll[ consci5ce2 h[ 
c\ld we prove to !m t !y ought8 ,is x n 
! height ( irrationality to b[ d[n be=e 
an unexpla9$ & my/]i\s impulse & all[ x 
to sway our conduct )\t kn[+ :y8 ,if !  
ought is really %ot out ( ! blue at u1  
if !re is no ju/ification1 no imp]i\s   
dem& = morality b ! exi/5ce ( ?is inn]  
pu%1 :y might we n raise our heads1     
refuse to be dom9at$ by x1 & live ! life

 ( free m51 foll[+ ! happy breezes ( our
 desires8 ,t is precisely :at _m h done1
 m5 :o h rea*$ maturity en\gh ( m9d to  
see ! empt9ess ( foll[+ an +ra9$ impulse
 simply because x exi/s1 b n a full     
en\gh maturity to see beyond to ! real  
ju/ification & significance ( consci5ce4
  ,a fur!r realization ( ! inadequacy ( 
! intuitive !ory comes :5 we obs]ve t   
consci5ce is by no means always cle> 9  
its dictates4 ,x (t5 leaves u 9 ! lur*4 
,develop$ 9 u z x has be5 by circum/ance
 & sugge/ion1 x helps u usually only 9  
c]ta9 recogniz$ types ( situation4 ,:5  
new cases arise1 x is hopelessly at sea4
 ,z a practical work+ pr9ciple1         
consci5ti\sness is n only apt to be a   
p]v]t$ & prov9cial guide1 x is          
insuffici5t = ! solv+ ( fre% & difficult
 problems4 ,! sci5ce casni/ry has be5   
develop$ 9 great detail to supply ?is   
lack1 to apply ! well-recogniz$         
deliv]ances ( a c]ta9 accept$ type (    
consci5ce to ! v>i\s possibilities (    
situation4 ,^! sy/ems1 h[ev]1 reflect ! 

idiosyncrasies ( _! mak]s1 & h nev] won 
wide approbation4 ,morality mu/ rema9   
l>gely exp]im5tal1 individual4          
,consci5ce w play a v useful role 9     
spurr+ u to our recogniz$ duty 9 !      
common] situations1 b = all ! m delicate
 decisions we ne$ a m ultimate t\*/one4 
,we mu/ grasp ! und]ly+ pr9ciples ( "r  
conduct1 & weigh ! relative goods       
atta9able by ea* possible act4 ,a       
well-balanc$ & normal consci5ce w save u
 ! recurr5t reason+ out ( typical       
p]plexities1 b x mu/ be supplem5t$ by an
 insight into ! ends to be aim$ = & kept
 r /rictly 9 its place4  ,:at is !      
plausibility ( moral intuitionism8  ,x  
is nev] :olly satisfactory m]ely to     
refute a !ory2 we mu/ see its           
plausibility & und]/& its appeal if we  
are to be sure ( do+ x ju/ice4 ,9 ! case
 ( ! intuition-!ory x is easy to disc]n 
! reasons t h kept x alive8 ?\gh x has  
nev] be5 at all widespread among ?9k+   
m58 9 spite ( ! obvi\s objections t c be
 rais$ to x4  7#a7 ,p]haps ! orig9al    

s\rce ( ! doctr9e 0 a c]ta9 sort (      
religi\s fai?2 x foll[s easily z a      
coroll>y to ! belief 9 ,god4 ,if ,god   
comm&s u to d "r1 x is felt1 ,he mu/ h  
giv5 u "s way to "k :at is "r4 ,! inn]  
voice ( consci5ce may be j su* a        
,god-giv5 guide2 !re=e x is su* a guide2
 !re=e x is infallible4 ,a natural piece
 ( a priori reason+1 on a p> ) !        
,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/'s syllogism3 ,god is  
good2 a good ,god w\ld n p]mit evil to  
exi/2 !re=e !re is no evil4 ,un=tunately
 a priori reason+ has to yield to actual
 exp]i5ce4 ,s9ce we see t consci5ce is n
 infallible & evil does exi/1 !re mu/ be
 "s fallacy 9 ! argum5ts4  7#b7 ,ano!r  
s\rce ( ! doctr9e's /r5g? lies 9 its    
simplicity4 ,x is a great m5tal relief  
to drop ! tangle ( confus+              
consid]ations1 to /op try+ to reason out
 "o's c\rse ( action1 & foll[ a         
suppos$ly reliable guide4 ,!            
intuition-!ory goes naturally ) a moral 
cons]vatism :i* dreads ! *aos &         
unc]ta9ty t foll[ ^u ! d\bt ( e/abli%$  

moral habits4 ,x is s mu* m com=table to
 feel t "o has already ! "o div9e &     
ultimate code1 t "o has always done "r  
because "o has /eadily obey$ ! inn]     
light6 ,x is reassur+ to divide ! _w    
into ! %eep & ! goats8 if "o c believe  
"o's self a %eep4 ,b :at ,o dismay6 :at 
if "o 7 aft] all a goat6 ,a great deal (
 m5tal angui% has be5 caus$ by !        
pseudo-simplicity ( ?is di*otomy4 ,!re  
is no su* clean-cut & cle>ly visible l9e
 betwe5 "r & wrong2 !re is in/ead a     
bewild]+ maze ( goods4 ,h>dly any *oice 
b involves a sacrifice1 h>dly any ideal 
b has its disadvantages4 ,"o le>ns )    
exp]i5ce to be w>y ( ^! simple !ories1  
^! closet !ories :i* collapse :5 !y are 
br\ght out into ! light ( day4  7#c7 ,we
 mu/1 h[ev]1 be j4 ,! fact ( !          
reliability ( consci5ce1 & ! wisdom (   
foll[+ its guidance1 holds ov] a wide   
range ( human exp]i5ce & ! exp]i5ce :i* 
is mo/ app>5t ^u ! surface4 ,= all      
ord9>y cases we ( ,*ri/5dom agree )\t   
hesitation t murd] is wrong1 & ly+1 &   

/eal+4 ,x seems a wa/e ( "t to try to   
ju/ify our in/9ctive v]dict1 & ! attempt
 w\ld only be bewild]+ to mo/ m54 ,x is 
only :5 br\ght face to face ) "s ali5   
code t we see ! ne$ ( digg+ bel[        
intuition4 ,a mission>y to ! ,s\? ,seas 
may be confront$ ) m5 to :om ! kill+ (  
o!r tribesm5 & ! accumulation ( skulls  
is a glori\s & honorable feat1 or to :om
 skillful ly+ is an enviable & pr\d     
accompli%m5t4 ,b mo/ ( u live among     
neighbors ^: consci5ce is com=tably l   
our own1 & only occasionally become     
s]i\sly p]plex$4 ,9 ! great mass (      
ev]yday occasions we d "k our duty      
intuitively1 & we d agree ) "o ano!r4   
,we recognize a duty at sight )\t       
realiz+ its teleology4 ,x is n1 inde$1  
an innate faculty2 x 0 acquir$ dur+ our 
=mative ye>s2 x is n infallible4 ,b !   
=ces :i* h gone to ! mak+ ( x are simil>
 9 all our lives1 & ! products are m    
alike ?an unlike4  7#d7 ,f9ally1 x is   
true t to obey consci5ce is1 9 a s5se1  
to d "r1 to be moral1 no matt] h[       

di/ort$ consci5ce may be4               
,consci5ti\sness is 9 itself a virtue4  
,to ?is po9t we %all lat] return4 ,we   
ne$ only say "h t consci5ti\sness is n  
en\gh4 ,life is n s simple a matt] z t4 
,we ne$ judgm5t1 sanity1 insight1 z well
 z a /rong s5se ( duty4 ,we ne$ to      
correct & tra9 consci5ce1 to adju/ x to 
our real ne$s1 to recognize t x is a    
means1 n an end4  ,our discussion1 ?\gh 
rapid1 %\ld %[ t we _c />t ) ! ought (  
our consci5ce1 or moral s5se1 & erect   
our moral !ory ^u t4 ,consci5ce itself  
ne$s to be expla9$4 ,its comm&s ne$ to  
be ju/ifi$ by ref]5ce to "s m ultimate  
crit]ion4 ,x ne$s to be prun$ ( its     
fanaticism1 develop$ :]e x is weak1 &   
kept 9 l9e ) our gr[+ insight into :at  
is be/ 9 conduct4 ,rusk9 once summ$ !   
matt] up by say+1 ,obey ?y consci5ce6 ,b
 fir/ be sure x is n ! consci5ce ( an   
ass6 ,consci5ce may be a v dang]\s      
guide4 ,& ev5 :]e x is normal & useful x
 mu/ n be inve/$ ) any absolute &       
irrational au?ority4  ,hi/orical /udy1  

!n1 reveals ! gr[? ( p]sonal & social   
morality ?r\gh ! action ( =ces1 :i* t5d 
to drive m5 into conduct t makes = _!   
welf>e m surely ?an did _! primitive    
animal impulses4 ,consci5ce arises ?r\gh
 ^! same =ces4 ,?\gh subject to p]v]sion
 & inf9itely v>iant 9 detail1           
community-morals & individual consci5ce 
h be5 ! *ief means ( mak+ man's life    
safe & wisely direct$4 ,! crit]ion t    
em]ges f su* a /udy is n1 h[ev]1 ! bald 
exi/5ce ( codes ( morals1 or (          
consci5ce1 b ! human welf>e :i* ^? codes
 & t consci5ce exi/ to s]ve4 ,to an     
exposition ( ! ways 9 :i* morality s]ves
 & %\ld increas+ly s]ve human welf>e1 we
 n[ turn4  ,classic intuitional !ories w
 be f\nd develop$ 93 ,price1 ,review ( !
 ,*ief ,que/ions & ,difficulties (      
,morals 7#ageg71 ,%aftesbury1 ,an       
,inquiry ,conc]n+ ,virtue or ,m]it      
7#afii74 ,f4 ,hut*eson1 ,an ,inquiry    
,conc]n+ ,moral ,good & ,evil 7#agbe74  
,joseph ,butl]1 ,fifte5 ,s]mons ^u      
,human ,nature1 ,,ii1 ,,iii 7#agbf74 ,j4

 ,m>t9eau1 ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory       
7#ahhe74  ,criticisms ( ! intuitional   
!ories w be f\nd 93 ,s4 ,e4 ,mezes1     
,e?ics1 *ap4 ,,iii2 ,dewey & ,tufts1    
,e?ics1 *ap4 ,,xvi1 sec4 #c2 ,f4        
,pauls51 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 "p ,,ii1 *ap4 
,v1 sec4 #d2 ,h4 ,sp5c]1 ,data ( ,e?ics1
 *ap4 ,,ii1 sec4 #ad2 *ap4 ,,iv1 sec4   
#bj2 ,muirhead1 ,elem5ts ( ,e?ics1 secs4
 #cb-ce4 ,h4 ,ra%dall1 ,! ,!ory ( ,good 
& ,evil1 book ,i1 *ap4 ,,iv4 ,w4 ,fite1 
,introductory ,/udy ( ,e?ics1    ,,"p   
,,ii   ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,morality        
,,*apt] ,,vii   ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,"r ,,&
 ,,wrong  ,,hi/orical k )\t critical    
insight leads to moral nihilism1 !      
conviction ( ! pre-,socratic ,sophi/s t1
 s9ce e "t & p has its own /&>ds1 !re is
 no real objective "r & wrong4 ,morality
 is se5 to be n a fix$ code s5t         
readymade f heav51 b a set ( habits &   
intuitions t h _h a natural orig9 &     
developm5t4 ,our p>ticul> moral code is 
p]ceiv$ to be b "o out ( _m1 our type ( 
consci5ce psy*ologically on ! same level

 ) ! /range1 & to u p]v]t$1 s5se ( duty 
( ali5 races4 ,h[ c we judge imp>tially 
betwe5 our /&>ds & ^? ( ! ,fiji ,isl&]s8
 ,:at w>rant h we = say+ t our code is a
 bett] "o ?an !irs8 ,or h[ d we "k t !  
:ole ?+ is n sup]/ition8  ,:at is !     
nature ( t intr9sic goodness ^u :i*     
ultimately all valuations re/8  ,z a    
matt] ( fact1 und]nea? ! manifold       
disagreem5ts z to good & bad1 !re is a  
deep /ratum ( absolute c]ta9ty4 ,x is   
only 9 ! m complex & delicate matt]s t  
d\bt arises2 all m5 %>e 9 ^? elem5t>y   
p]ceptions ( good & bad t make up ! bulk
 ( human valuation4 ,to m5 ev]y:]e x is 
an evil to be 9 sev]e physical pa9 or to
 be maim$ 9 body1 to be %ut away f air1 
f food1 f o!r p4 ,x is a good to ta/e an
 appetiz+ di%1 to ex]cise :5 well &     
re/$1 to he> h>moni\s music1 to feel !  
sweet emotion ( love4 ,! fact t m5 agree
 ^u judgm5ts does n prove !m true2 b ^! 
are n judgm5ts1 !y are p]ceptions4      
,footnote3 ,or affections4 ,let no "o   
qu>rel ab\t ! psy*ological t]ms us$2 !  

only important matt] is to note ! fact1 
h[ev] x be phras$1 t good & bad 9 _!    
basic usage are ,,descriptive t]ms4 ,a  
too?a*e is bad j z indisputably z ! sky 
is blue4 ,! ^w bad has a def9ite mean+1 
j z ! ^w blue has2 & ! too?a*e is1 among
 o!r ?+s1 precisely :at we mean by bad1 
j z ! look ( ! cl\dless sky by daylight 
is :at we mean by blue4 ,to call love   
good is n to give an op9ion1 x is to    
describe a fact4 ,x is a matt] ( direct 
fir/-h& feel+1 ^: reality consi/s 9 its 
be+ felt4 ,to say t ^! exp]i5ces are    
good or bad is equival5t to say+ t !y   
,,feel good or bad2 !re c be no dispute 
ab\t x4 ,?is is ! bottom fact ( e?ics4  
,diff]5t exp]i5ces h diff]5t intr9sic   
wor? z !y pass4 ,!re is a *i>oscuro (   
consci\sness1 a light & %ade ( imm$iate 
goodness & badness ov] all our v>iegat$ 
mom5ts4 ,! good mom5ts are _! own excuse
 = be+1 a "p ( ! brightness & wor? (    
life4 ,!y ne$ no?+ ult]ior to ju/ify !m4
 ,! bad mom5ts feel bad1 & t is ! end ( 
x2 !y are bad-feel+ mom5ts1 & no        

sophi/ication c d5y x4 ,consci\s life   
look$ at f ?is po9t ( view1 & ab/ract$ f
 all its o!r aspects1 is a flux ( plus &
 m9us values4 ,c]ta9 ( its mom5ts h a   
great] felt wor? ?an o!rs2 "s exp]i5ces 
are intr9sically undesirable1 ! %ad[s ( 
life2 o!rs1 intr9sically sweet1 a "p (  
its sun%9e4 ,9 ! la/ analysis1 all      
diff]5ces 9 value1 includ+ all moral    
di/9ctions1 re/ ^u ?is disp>ity 9 !     
imm$iate wor? ( consci\s /ates4         
,footnote3 ,cf4 ,g4 ,santayana1 ,! ,s5se
 ( ,beauty1 p4 #ajd3 ,all wor? leads u  
back to actual feel+ some:]e1 or else   
evaporates into no?+-into a ^w & a      
sup]/ition4 ,i _c b feel t contempor>y  
def9itions ( value t omit ref]5ce to    
h$onic diff]5ces e4g4 t ( ,pr(essor     
,br[n 7,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1           
,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 vol4  
,,ii1 p4 #cb73 ,value is degree (       
adequacy ( a pot5tiality to !           
realization ( ! effect by virtue ( :i* x
 is a pot5tiality-miss ! real mean+ (   
value4 ,we d1 inde$1 speak occasionally 

( x z hav+ value z a means to y1 :5 y is
 n good or a means to a good4 ,b t seems
 to me a misuse ( ! ^w4 ,we may say     
absolutely t if x 7 n = ?is fundam5tal  
diff]5ce 9 feel+ !re w\ld be no su* ?+ z
 morality4 ,!re might conceivably be a  
_w 9 :i* consci\sness %\ld exi/ )\t any 
agreeable or disagreeable qualities2 9  
su* a _w no?+ w\ld matt]2 all acts w\ld 
be equally indiff]5t4 ,or !re might be a
 _w 9 :i* all exp]i5ces 7 equally       
pleasurable or pa9ful2 9 su* a case all 
acts w\ld be equally good or equally    
sad2 !re w\ld be no gr\nd = *oice4 ,"o  
might 9 any ( ^! hypo!tical worlds be   
driv5 by me*anical impulse or fitful :im
 to d ?is or t1 b !re w\ld be no        
rational basis = pref]5ce4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 
is n ! case4 ,comp>ative valuation is   
possible2 all second>y goods & evils    
arise1 all morality1 all art & religion 
& sci5ce h _! wellspr+ 9 ?is brute fact1
 ?is primordial p>t+ ( ! ways betwe5 ! m
 & ! less desirable phases ( possible   
consci\s life4 ,morality ( an elem5t>y  

type w\ld exi/ on ?is level ev5 )\t !   
fur!r complications ( actual life4 ,at  
lea/ a v important art w\ld arise2 :e!r 
or n we %\ld call x morality is a m]e   
matt] ( def9ition4 ,= a *oice betwe5    
alt]natives imm$iately felt goods w\ld  
arise1 & ! problem ( h[ to get ! bett]  
k9ds ( exp]i5ce & avoid ! worse w\ld    
dem& solution4 ,e bit ( plus value add$ 
to exp]i5ce w\ld make ! _w s mu* !      
bright]1 z w\ld e bit ( pa9 avoid$4 ,!re
 are1 to be sure1 ! my/ical optimisms & 
pessimisms to be reckon$ )1 ! sweep+    
ass]tions ( c]ta9 s*ools & individuals t
 ev]y?+ is equally good or equally bad4 
,su* undiscrim9at+ =mulas are ei!r ! m]e
 objectification ( a mood1 ( "s unusual 
p]iod ( ec/asy or sorr[1 a bl9d outcry (
 ?anksgiv+ or ( bitt]ness1 or !y are !  
clumsy expression ( "s practical tru?1  
z1 ! wisdom ( acquiesc5ce1 & ! futility 
( preoccupation ) evil4 ,b tak5 s]i\sly 
& lit]ally su* /atem5ts are simply      
untrue to ! facts & blur our fundam5tal 
p]ceptions4 ,if actually accr$it$1 ei!r 

w\ld lead to quiesc5ce2 if ev]y?+ 7     
equally good or evil all /riv+ w\ld be  
mean+less1 "o might z well jump f a     
h\setop or walk into ! fire4 ,b z a     
matt] ( fact su* my/ical ass]tions are  
indulg$ 9 only 9 ! inactive mom5ts (    
life1 & mean no m ?an a lyric poem or a 
bur/ ( music4 ,e "o 9 8 practical mom5ts
 ackn[l$ges tacitly1 at lea/1 ! diff]5ce
 betwe5 ! intr9sic goodness & badness ( 
exp]i5ces4 ,a life ( ev5 delight or ev5 
wret*$ness1 or ( colorless indiff]5ce1  
is n inconceivable1 b x is n ! lot ( any
 actual human be+s4  ,! l>g] qu>rel     
betwe5 optimi/s & pessimi/s ne$ n1 = our
 purposes1 be settl$4 ,life may be a v  
good ?+1 on ! :ole1 or a v bad ?+4 ,!   
only po9t we ne$ to note is t x is at   
any rate a v>y+ ?+4 ,"s exp]i5ces are m 
wor? hav+ ?an o!rs4 ,moral !ory ne$s no 
fur!r admission to f9d its foo?old4 ,nor
 d we ne$ to discuss ! problem ( evil4  
,x may be t all pa9 has its ultimate    
uses t no?+ is really bad1 if we take t 
to mean t all evil has a necess>y       

exi/5ce z a means to a good o!rwise     
unatta9able & wor? ! co/4 ,b h[ev]      
useful z a means evil may be1 x is      
none!less evil & regrettable4 ,x is n   
good qua pa94 ,if ! same am\nt ( good   
c\ld be obta9$ )\t ! prelim9>y evil1 x 7
 bett] to skip x4 ,9 %ort1 ! exi/5ce (  
diff]5t values 9 imm$iate exp]i5ce is   
indisputable2 we may call !m = conv5i5ce
 intr9sic goodness & badness4  ,:at is  
extr9sic goodness8  ,b !re is a         
radically diff]5t s5se ( ! words good & 
bad2 namely1 t 9 :i* we say t a ?+ is   
good ,,= ?is or t4 ,?is is ! k9d (      
goodness ! ,,?+s ab\t u h2 !y are good =
 ! production ( intr9sic goodness 7z we 
are us+ t phrase71 :i* is always 7s f> z
 we "k7 some?+ produc$ 9 liv+ organisms4
 ,footnote3 ,we also occasionally speak 
( ?+s z be+ good = some?+ else :5 t     
some?+ else is n a good or a means to a 
good 7see prec$+ footnote72 z1 sun%9e is
 good = we$s4 ,b z appli$ to evils1 !   
phrase good = m (t5 means good to       
aboli%2 z1 hellebore is good = we$s4 ,^!

 usages illu/rate ! ambiguity ( all our 
common e?ical t]ms4 ,to consid] !m "h   
w\ld be1 h[ev]1 ne$lessly confus+4 ,!   
two s5ses ( ! t]m good m5tion$ 9 ! text 
are ! only s5ses we ne$ to be> 9 m9d = !
 purposes ( e?ics4 ,to put ! same tru? 9
 o!r t]ms1 ?+s are good or bad only )   
respect to _! effect ^u our consci\s    
exp]i5ce4 ,footnote3 ,i am fully aw>e ( 
! widespread curr5t di/a/e = ! ^w       
consci\sness1 ) its ideali/ic           
associations4 ,! t]m seems to me too    
useful to disc>d2 b ,i wi% to po9t out  
t1 z ,i use x1 x involves no            
metaphysical viewpo9t1 b is equally     
consonant ) idealism or realism ( any   
sort4 ,primitive man1 inde$1 imag9es    
inanimate ?+s z hav+ intr9sic goodness  
or badness1 i4e41 z feel+ happy or      
unhappy1 b5evol5t or malignant4 ,we /ill
 speak ( a s]5e sky1 an angry /orm cl\d1
 a c>ess+ breeze1 & 9 a hundr$ ways read
 our affective life into mat]ial        
objects4 ,b we n[ recognize all ^!      
ascriptions z cases ( ! pa!tic fallacy1 

poetically significant b lit]ally       
untrue4 ,animism1 :i* looms s l>ge 9    
primitive religion1 consi/s 9 ?us       
objectify+ into ?+s ! emotions !y ar\se 
9 u4 ,9 reality all ( ^! affective      
qualities exi/ 9 u1 n 9 ! out] objects2 
s f> z our epi!ts h an objective tru? !y
 describe n ! cont5t ( ! objects1 b _!  
function 9 our lives4 ,:5 we speak (    
delici\s food1 beautiful pictures1 ugly 
colors1 we mean /rictly t ^! objects are
 su* z to ar\se 9 u c]ta9 peculi>       
pleasant or unpleasant feel+s4 ,s t ap>t
 f ! exi/5ce ( consci\sness !re w\ld be 
no goodness or badness at all4          
,footnote3 ,! neo-reali/s w\ld pref] to 
say1 p]haps1 ap>t f ! exi/5ce (         
organisms1 & ?is may be an exact]       
phrase2 we f previ\s page ,footnote3    
pleasures & pa9s t rema9 out (          
connection ) t int]relat$ /ream (       
exp]i5ce to :i* we usually limit ! t]m  
consci\sness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,,may x n be
 t ,god1 & angels1 or o!r disembodi$    
be+s1 h consci\sness1 & intr9sic        

goodness1 )\t hav+ organisms8 ,( c\rse1 
= all we "k1 ! _w ab\t u may be *ock    
full ( pleasures & pa9s4 ,b = practical 
purposes1 & s f> z our morality is      
conc]n$1 ei!r ! /atem5t 9 ! text or !   
sugge/$ equival5t is true4 ,! po9t is1 t
 ! f\ndation ( morality is 9 ,,u--:e!r y
 call ,,u 9 ! la/ analysis              
consci\snesses or organisms  ,x is !    
exi/5ce ( felt goodness1 intr9sic       
goodness1 & its opposite1 t all[s u to  
attribute to objects ano!r k9d (        
goodness or badness1 accord+ z !y are   
calculat$ to produce 9 u ! =m] k9d4 ,?is
 k9d ( goodness & badness we may call   
extr9sic4 ,x is only by ?us attribut+ a 
sort ( goodness & badness to s5seless   
objects t we c aim = & avoid ! good &   
bad phases ( consci\s life4 ,9 !mselves 
^! consci\s mom5ts are l>gely unnamable 
& inexpressible4 ,!re are1 z x is1 dumb 
objectless ec/asies t are ( transc5d5t  
sweetness2 b we d n usually "k h[ to    
reproduce !m1 & = ! mo/ "p we h to      
ov]look ^! goods 9 our ideals & aim only

 = ^? t we c associate ) recogniz$ out] 
/imuli4 ,= practical purposes we ?9k r 9
 t]ms ( out] objects ?an ( our /ates (  
exp]i5ce2 nature has _h ne$ to make m5 b
 v slightly introspective4 ,& s x is t  
?is d]iv$ use ( our eulogi/ic & disp>ag+
 t]ms plays a l>g] "p ?an its prim>y    
application4 ,b ! ess5tial po9t to note 
is t goodness & badness 9 ! fir/ in/ance
 ref] to ! fundam5tal cleavage betwe5 ! 
affective qualities ( exp]i5ce1 & only  
second>ily & by metonymy apply to       
objects 9 ! physical _w :i* affect our  
consci\s /ates4 ,! next po9t to note is 
t our consci\s exp]i5ces & activities   
!mselves h n only _! intr9sic value1 z  
!y pass1 b an extr9sic value1 z means   
t[>d future intr9sic values4 ,ea* phase 
( exp]i5ce has its own wor?1 :ile x     
la/s1 & also has its results 9 det]m9+  
future phases ) _! v>y+ degrees ( wor?4 
,our rev]ies1 our debau*es1 our         
sacrifices are good or bad 9 _! effects 
z well z 9 !mselves4 ,?us all exp]i5ce  
has a d\ble rat+2 acts are n only       

pleasant1 agreeable1 intr9sically       
desirable1 b also wise1 prud5t1 useful1 
virtu\s1 i4e41 extr9sically desirable4  
,^! extr9sic values usually bulk mu*    
l>g] 9 ! end ?an ! fir/ transitory      
intr9sic value2 b our natural t5d5cy is 
to =get !m & guide our action by        
imm$iate values4 ,h5ce ! ne$ ( a        
cont9ual disp>agem5t ( ! latt]1 & ! _m  
means m5 h adopt$ ( emphasiz+ !         
importance ( ! =m]4 ,yet1 aft] all1 our 
conc]n = ! extr9sic value ( acts has to 
d only ) means to ends2 & unless acts   
t5d to produce intr9sic goodness some:]e
 !y are n extr9sically good4 ,!re is no 
s5se 9 sacrific+ an imm$iate good unless
 ! alt]native act w t5d 9 its ultimate  
effects to produce a great] good1 or    
unless ! act sacrific$ w\ld h br\ght1   
aft] its pres5t intr9sic good1 "s great]
 intr9sic evil4 ,! sacrifice ( a good = 
no great] good is asceticism or         
fanaticism4 ,f ?is !re is no ultimate   
salvation b by ref]r+ all acts to ! f9al
 t\*/one--ask+ :i* w produce 9 ! end !  

greate/ am\nt ( intr9sic good & ! lea/  
intr9sic evil4 ,:at sort ( conduct1 !n1 
is good8 ,& h[ %all we def9e virtue8 ,we
 are br\ght ?us to ! conception ( an art
 :i* %all n only tea* u :i* ( two       
imm$iate1 intr9sic1 goods is ! bett]1 b 
%all consid] all ! ne> & remote         
consequ5ces ( acts1 & direct u to t     
conduct :i* w produce mo/ good 9 ! end4 
,footnote3 ,! impossibility ( f9d+ any  
o!r ultimate basis = our conception (   
moral good or bad is well express$ by   
,socrates 9 ,plato's ,protagoras 7p4    
#ced73 ,!n y ?9k t pa9 is an evil &     
pleasure is a good1 & ev5 pleasure y    
deem an evil1 :5 x robs y ( great]      
pleasure ?an x gives1 or causes pa9     
great] ?an ! pleasure4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y    
call pleasure an evil 9 reg>d to "s o!r 
end or /&>d1 y w be able to %[ u t /&>d4
 ,,b ,,y ,,h ,,none ,,to ,,%[444 ,& h y 
n a simil> way ( speak+ ab\t pa98 ,y    
call pa9 a good :5 x takes away great]  
pa9s ?an ^? :i* x has1 or gives         
pleasures great] ?an ! pa9s4 ,he !n goes

 on to expla9 ! ne$ ( morality1-to guide
 u1 9 ! face ( ! =e%ort5+ effects ( our 
p>ticul> situation1 to :at w make = !   
greate/ happ9ess 9 ! long run 7p4 #cef73
 ,d n ! same magnitudes appe> l>g] to   
y\r sight :5 ne>1 & small] :5 at a      
di/ance8 ,n[ suppose happ9ess to consi/ 
9 do+ or *oos+ ! great]1 & 9 n do+ or   
avoid+ ! less1 :at w\ld be ! sav+       
pr9ciple ( human life8 ,w\ld n ! ,,act  
,,( ,,measur+ be ! sav+ pr9ciple8 is be/
 :i* w 9 ! long run br+ into be+ !      
greate/ possible am\nt ( intr9sic       
goodness & ! lea/ intr9sic evil4 ,=     
goodness ( conduct we commonly use ! t]m
 virtue2 & = intr9sic good ! mo/ widely 
accept$ "n-?\gh "o :i* is mislead+ to _m
 is happ9ess4 ,s we may say1 9 sum1 t   
virtue is t mann] ( life t t5ds to      
happ9ess4 ,objection is occasionally    
made t happ9ess is too vague a t]m1 too 
elusive a concept1 to be set =? z !     
ultimate aim ( conduct4 ,alas6 says     
,bradley1 ! "o "q :i* no "o c answ] is1 
:at is happ9ess8 ,b ?is is a palpable   

confusion ( ?\ght4 ,if we mean by ! "q1 
,:]e9 is happ9ess to be f\nd1 by do+ :at
 c we atta9 x8 !n ! answ] is1 inde$1    
unc]ta9 9 its complet5ess2 x is         
precisely to answ] x t we /udy e?ics4   
,or if we mean1 ,:at is ! psy*ology (   
happ9ess8 ! answ] is z yet dubi\s2 b x  
is irrelevant4 ,:atev] its psy*ological 
conditions & ! means to atta9 x1 we "k  
happ9ess :5 we h x4 ,! puzzle is n to   
recognize x1 b to get x4 ,by happ9ess we
 mean ! /eady pres5ce ( :at we h call$  
intr9sic goodness & ! abs5ce ( intr9sic 
badness2 x is z indef9able z any        
ultimate elem5t ( exp]i5ce1 b z well    
kn[n to u z blackness & :it5ess or light
 & d>k4 ,take1 z a typical moral        
situation1 a case 9 :i* a ?ir/y man     
dr9ks pollut$ wat]4 ,9 ! diagram ! arr[ 
repres5ts ! direction ( ! fl[ ( "t1 &   
ea* ( ! ribbons bel[ repres5ts ! /ream (
 consci\sness ( an individual conc]n$-! 
upp]mo/ be+ t ( ! ?ir/y man himself1 !  
o!rs ^? ( 8 wife1 *ildr51 or fri5ds4 ,! 
plus sign e>ly 9 ! dr9k]'s /ream (      

exp]i5ce /&s = ! plus value :i* dr9k+ ! 
wat] effects-! gratify+ ta/e ( ! wat] & 
! allay+ ( ! discom=t ( ?ir/-real       
values1 ^: wor? _c be ga9said4 ,foll[+1 
9 8 own /ream ( exp]i5ce1 are a r[ (    
m9us signs1 indicat+ ! undesirable      
p5alties 9 8 own life :i* foll[-disease1
 pa91 deprivation ( o!r goods4 ,no good 
accrues to o!rs1 unless ! slight        
pleasure ( see+ 8 ?ir/ allay$4 ,b evils 
foll[ 9 _! exp]i5ce3 worry1 sympa!tic   
pa9 at 8 suff]+1 exp5se ( doctor's      
bills1 p]haps 7:i* means deprivation (  
o!r possible goods71 etc4 ,x is cle> at 
a glance t ! positive good atta9$ is n  
wor? ! l+]+ & widespread evils2 & ! act 
( dr9k+ ! pollut$ wat]1 ?\gh to a v     
?ir/y man a ke5 temptation1 is immoral4 
,morality is ?us an act+ ^u a "r        
p]spective ( life4 ,p]sonal morality    
consid]s ! goods & evils 9 ! "o /ream ( 
consci\sness1 social morality ! goods & 
evils 9 o!r consci\s lives conc]n$4     
,betwe5 !m !y sum up ! law & ! prophets4
  ,! be/ life = humanity is t :i* is1 on

 ! :ole1 felt be/2 n necess>ily t :i* is
 judg$ be/ by ?is man or t1 = our       
judgm5ts are n>r[ & misrepres5t actual  
values1-b t :i* has _h f beg9n+ to end !
 greate/ total ( happ9ess4 ,no o!r      
ultimate crit]ion = conduct c ev] ju/ify
 itself1 & mo/ !oretical /atem5ts r$uce 
to ?is4 ,to be virtu\s is to be a       
virtuoso 9 life4 ,all sorts ( objections
 h be5 rais$ to ?is simple1 & app>5tly  
pagan1 way ( /at+ ! case2 !y w be       
consid]$ 9 due "t4 ,! read] is ask$ to  
refra9 f p>t+ company ) ! writ]1 if 8   
prejudices are ar\s$1 until ! consonance
 ( ?is sket*y acc\nt ( ! basis (        
morality ) ,*ri/ianity & all idealism c 
be demon/rat$4  ,h4 ,sp5c]1 ,data (     
,e?ics1 *ap4 ,,iii4 ,s4 ,e4 ,mezes1     
,e?ics1 *ap ,,ix4 ,leslie ,/eph51       
,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 *aps4 ,,ii1 ,,ix4 ,f4 
,?illy1 ,introduction to ,e?ics1 *aps4  
,,iv1 ,v4 ,f4 ,pauls51 book ,,ii1 *ap4  
,i4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,utilit>ianism4 ,b4  
,p4 ,b[ne1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 *ap4    
,,ii4 ,! classic acc\nts ( a rational   

f\ndation ( e?ics are to be f\nd by !   
disc]n+ read] 9 ,plato's ,protagoras1   
,gorgias1 & ,republic 7esp4 books4 ,i1  
,,ii1 ,,iv71 & ,ari/otle's ,e?ics 7esp4 
books4 ,i & ,,ii74 ,= ref9em5ts 9 !     
def9ition ( "r & wrong1 see ,g4 ,e4     
,moore1 ,e?ics1 *aps4 ,i-,v2 ,b4        
,russell1 ,philosophical ,essays1 ,i1   
secs4 ,,ii1 ,,iii4 ,int]national ,j\rnal
 ( ,e?ics1 vol4 #bd1 p4 #bic4           
,def9itions ( value )\t ref]5ce to      
pleasure or pa9 w be f\nd 9 ,j\rnal (   
,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific   
,me?ods1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bi1 #aac1 #ada4
 ,an elaborate & c>eful discussion w be 
f\nd 9 ,g4 ,h4 ,palm]'s ,nature (       
,goodness4     ,,*apt] ,,viii   ,,!     
,,mean+ ,,( ,,duty  ,:y are !re         
conflicts betwe5 duty & incl9ation8     
,,if virtue is simply conduct t makes   
mo/ truly = happ9ess1 :y are n all b    
fools virtu\s8 ,! answ] is1 9 a ^w1     
because :at w br+ ab\t ! greate/ good 9 
! long run1 & to ! mo/ p1 is n always   
:at ! individual desires at ! mom5t4 ,! 

two great temptations are ! lure ( !    
selfi% & ! lure ( ! imm$iate4 ,to       
pur*ase "o's own happ9ess at ! exp5se ( 
o!rs1 & to pur*ase pres5t satisfaction  
by an act :i* w br+ less good 9 ! end-^!
 are ! c>d9al s9s1 & "u ^! two heads e  
specific s9 c be put4 ,! root ( ! tr\ble
 is t1 9 spite ( ! sup]position (       
consci5ce ^u _! primitive impulses1     
human organisms h n yet motor-me*anisms 
fully adju/$ to _! individual or comb9$ 
ne$s4 ,"s in/9cts are ov]-/rong1 o!rs   
"u-develop$1 none is delicately en\gh   
attun$ to ! *ang+ possibilities ( !     
situation4 ,our desires tug t[>d all    
sorts ( acts :i* w\ld prove disa/r\s    
ei!r to ourselves or o!rs4 ,_m ( our    
faults we commit )\t realiz+ x2 we foll[
 our impulses bl9dly1 unconsci\s ( _!   
trea*]y4 ,o!r s9s we commit kn[+ly1     
because 9 spite ( w>n+ voices we _c     
resi/ ! mom5t>y desire4 ,readju/m5t (   
our impulses is always pa9ful2 x is     
easi] & pleasant] to yield ?an to       
control4  ,duty is ! "n we give virtue  

:5 %e is oppos$ to incl9ation4 ,%e is ! 
repres5tative at ! helm ( our conduct ( 
all abs5t or undevelop$ impulses4 ,!    
sa9ts h no ne$ ( ! concept2 virtue to !m
 is easy & agreeable2 !y h le>n$ !      
beauty ( hol9ess & h no unruly long+s4  
,sometimes ?is happy adju/m5t ( desire  
to ne$ has be5 won by sev]e /ruggle2 !  
dang]\s impulses h be5 tra9$ to come to 
heel ?r\gh _m a pa9ful sacrifice4 ,9 o!r
 cases an approximation to ?is ideal    
/ate is ! result ( e>ly tra9+2 by       
skillful guidance ! gr[+ boy or girl has
 _h 8 safe impulses fo/]$ & 8 p]il\s    
desires atrophi$ ) disuse4 ,! prov]b1   
,br+ up a *ild 9 ! way he %\ld g1 & :5  
he is old he w n dep>t !re f1 has mu*   
tru? 9 x4 ,b no p>5t & no man himself c 
ev] brea! q safe2 we c nev] tell :5 "s  
subm]g$ animal in/9ct w rise up 9 u1 /un
 all our labori\sly acquir$ morality    
into inactivity1 & br+ on consequ5ces t 
9 any cool head$ mom5t we %\ld h kn[n   
en\gh to avoid4 ,?us duty1 al?\gh %e is 
! true/ fri5d & s]vant ( happ9ess1      

figures z h] foe4 ,& "s morali/s1       
realiz+ vividly ! frequ5t ne$ ( oppos+  
incl9ation1 h g5]aliz$ ! situation by   
say+ t happ9ess _c be our end4 ,fooli%  
,^w-mong] & ,motive gr9d]1 %\ts ,c>lyle1
 :o 9 ?y ,logic-mill ha/ an e>?ly       
me*anism = ! ,godlike itself1 & w\ld/   
fa9 gr9d me out ,virtuefrom ! husks (   
,pleasure1 ,i tell !e1 ,nay6 ,is ! h]oic
 inspiration we "n ,virtue b "s         
,passion1 "s bubble ( ! blood1 bubbl+ 9 
! direction o!rs ,,pr(it by8 ,i "k n2   
only ?is ,i "k1 ,if :at ?\ name/        
,happ9ess be our true aim1 !n are we all
 a/ray4 ',happy1' my bro!r8 ,fir/ ( all1
 :at diff]5ce is x :e!r ?\ art happy or 
n6 ',happ9ess our be+'s end & aim1' all 
t v paltry speculation is at bottom1 if 
we w c\nt well1 n yet two c5turies old 9
 ! _w ,footnote3 ,s>tor ,res>tus3 ,!    
,ev]la/+ ,no ,pa/ & ,pres5t3 ,happy     
,leav+ aside ?is la/ /atem5t1 :i* is an 
irrelevant untru?1 we probably feel an  
in/9ctive sympa?y ) ,c>lyle1 & a sort ( 
%ame t we %\ld h ?\ght ( happ9ess z !   

goal ( conduct4 ,c>lyle goes s f> 9 8   
tirades z to call our happ9ess-morality 
a pig philosophy1 :i* makes ! univ]se   
out to be a huge sw9e's tr\gh f :i*     
mank9d is try+ to get ! maximum pigs    
wa%4 ,aga9 he calls x a ,me*anical      
,pr(it-&-,loss !ory ,9 su* picturesque  
language he embodies a po9t ( view :i* 9
 mild] t]ms has be5 express$ by _m4 ,b  
to say t we mu/ (t5 oppose incl9ation 9 
! "n ( duty is by no means to say t we  
mu/ d :at 9 ! end w make aga9/ happ9ess4
 ,! tr\ble ) incl9ation & passion is    
precisely t !y are (t5 ru9]s ( happ9ess4
 ,! v real & frequ5t opposition ( desire
 & duty is no support ( ! view t duty is
 irrelevant to happ9ess1 b q consi/5t ) 
! rational acc\nt ( morality-t dates at 
lea/ back to ! anci5t ,greeks-:i* %[s x 
to be ! means to man's mo/ la/+ &       
widespread happ9ess4  ,mu/ we d5y t duty
 is ! s]vant ( happ9ess8  ,we may g on  
to po9t out v>i\s flaws 9 ! doctr9e1 (  
:i* ,c>lyle is "o ( ! extreme           
repres5tatives1 t ! acc\nt ( morality z 

a means to happ9ess is immoral & leads  
to %ock+ results4  7#a7 ,! plausibility 
( ! doctr9e re/s l>gely on its confusion
 ) ! v diff]5t tru? t we %\ld n make    
happ9ess our consci\s aim4 ,x is "o ( ! 
sure/ fruits ( exp]i5ce t happ9ess is   
be/ won by =gett+ x2 he t loses 8 life  
%all truly f9d x4 ,to ?9k mu* ( happ9ess
 slides inevitably ov] into ?9k+ too mu*
 ( pres5t happ9ess1 & m ( "o's own ?an  
o!rs' happ9ess2 x leads to :at ,sp5c]   
prop]ly dubs ! pursuit ( happ9ess )\t   
reg>d to ! conditions by fulfillm5t (   
:i* happ9ess is to be a*iev$4 ,c>lyle is
 practically on ! "r track 9 bidd+ u ?9k
 r ( duty1 ( "w1 ( accompli%m5t4 ,b t is
 f> f d5y+ t ^! aims h _! ultimate      
ju/ification 9 ! happ9ess !y =w>d4 ,9   
ord] t remote ends may be atta9$1 x is  
(t5 necess>y to cease ?9k+ ( !m &       
conc5trate ! m9d ^u imm$iate means4 ,to 
acquire unconsci\sness ( mann]1 ! la/ ?+
 to d is to aim directly = x2 to acquire
 happ9ess1 ! wor/ proc$ure is to make x 
"o's consci\s que/4 ,yet 9 ! =m] case ! 

atta9m5t ( ! ease ( mann] s\ght1 & 9 !  
latt] case ! atta9m5t ( ! happie/ life =
 "o's self & ^? :om "o's action affects 
is ! t\*/one :i* at bottom det]m9es !   
me?od to be adopt$4 ,! prop] me?od1 we  
cont5d1 is-morality4 ,x is ! me?od t    
,c>lyle recomm5ds4 ,s t 9 practice we   
agree ) him1 :ile p>t+ ) him 9 !ory4    
7#b7 ,c>lyle evid5tly has 9 m9d usually 
! ?\ght t x is "o's own happ9ess only t 
is put up z ! end by ! morali/s he      
opposes4 ,?is 0 pure misund]/&+1 h[ev]1 
or p]v]sity4 ,o!r m5's happ9ess has     
intr9sic wor? 7or ,,is intr9sic wor?1 = 
! ^w & ! phrase are synonym\s7 z truly z
 m9e2 & morality is conc]n$ q z mu* )   
guid+ ! individual t[>d ! g5]al good z  
t[>d 8 own ultimate welf>e4 ,to ?is po9t
 we mu/ return1 m]ely m5tion+ "h ! fact 
t no reputable morali/ n[ prea*es !     
selfi% !ory4  7#c7 ,a "p ( ,c>lyle's    
ammunition consi/s 9 ! slurr+           
connotations :i* h gr[n up ab\t ! ^w    
pleasure1 & ev5 ! ^w happ9ess4 ,because 
( ! practical ne$ ( oppos+ imm$iate 9 ! 

int]e/s ( remot] good1 ! v>i\s words t  
designate intr9sic & imm$iate value h   
come to h a less wor?y s\nd 9 our e>s   
?an ^? words :i* indicate control = !   
sake ( m widespread or la/+ int]e/s-su* 
z prud5ce1 duty1 & virtue4 ,moreov]1 !  
^w pleasures commonly connotes ! m9or   
goods ( life 9 contra/ ) ! great joys1  
su* z ! accompli%m5t ( "s wor?y task or 
! s]vice ( ^? we love4 ,aga91 x commonly
 connotes ?+s passively enjoy$1 r ?an ! 
active joys ( life1 :i* are practically 
m important4 ,s t to condemn pleasure z 
an end ar\ses our in/9ctive sympa?y4 ,a 
pleasure is any bit ( imm$iate good1    
h[ev] involv$ ) pa91 h[ev] transitory1 &
 dang]\s 9 its effects4 ,happ9ess       
g5]ally ref]s to a m p]man5t /ate (     
satisfaction1 includ+ comp>ative fre$om 
f pa92 a /able & assur$ /ate ( intr9sic 
wor?1 good to reflection z well z to    
s5se4 ,pleasures are easy en\gh to get1 
b ?is safe /ate ( happ9ess1 full ( ri*  
positive wor?1 & immune f pa9 bo? 9     
action & 9 mom5ts ( retrospect1 is f> f 

easy4 ,h5ce x is bett] to use ! ^w      
happ9ess = our goal ?an ! ^w pleasure4  
,c>lyle1 h[ev]1 takes happ9ess 9 ! l[]  
s5se & rejects x 9 favor ( :at he calls 
bless$ness4 ,?is gives him ! advantage (
 seem+ to h a new & sup]ior !ory4 ,b :5 
we ask :at bless$ness is1 x is app>5t t 
x c be no?+ b :at we call happ9ess or ! 
liv+ ( life 9 su* a way z to lead to    
happ9ess4  7#d7 ,!re is ano!r important 
practical insight und]ly+ ! prote/s (   
,c>lyle & ^? ( 8 ilk1 namely1 t x pays  
to disreg>d ! m9or ills & discom=ts (   
life & keep our ?\ghts fix$ on ! big    
?+s4 ,^! m9or ills d n matt] mu* z !y   
pass2 !y are transi5t1 & usually leave  
little pa9 = reflection4 ,x is ! fe> (  
!m1 ! compla9+ ab\t !m1 ! %r9k+ f !m1 ! 
att5d+ to !m1 t con/itutes ! great] "p (
 _! badness4 ,c>lyle has ! same         
practical common s5se t ! ,*ri/ian      
,sci5ti/s %[2 b1 z 9 _! case1 he lets 8 
practical wisdom confuse 8 !oretical    
insight4  ,sympa?ize1 !n1 z we all mu/ )
 ^! anti-happ9ess prea*]s1 we may po9t  

out t _! intuitions are q compatible ) a
 sane view ( ! ultimate mean+ (         
morality4 ,if morality does n exi/ =    
human welf>e1 :at is x good =8 ,& :at   
else c welf>e ultimately be b happ9ess8 
,o!r propos$ ends we %all pres5tly      
consid]4 ,b ! happ9ess-acc\nt ( morality
 leads to no dang]\s laxity4 ,if any    
eudemoni/ic morali/s h liv$ loosely1 x 0
 because !y did n realize :at really    
makes = happ9ess or _h n /r5g? ( w to   
cleave to x1 n because !y saw happ9ess z
 ! crit]ion4 ,an immature p]ception (   
?is z ! crit]ion )\t a full recognition 
( its be>+s may h misl$ "s2 x is        
possible to see a g5]al tru? cle>ly &   
yet evaluate wrongly 9 concrete         
situations4 ,b ! conv]se ( ! tru? t     
morality makes = happ9ess is ! tru? t ! 
way to atta9 happ9ess is morality4 ,no  
lesson c\ld be m salut>y4 ,correct      
concrete evaluations are m important ?an
 correct ab/ract g5]alizations1 &       
,c>lyle is ne>ly always on ! "r side 9 !
 =m]4 ,b 8 influ5ce w\ld h be5 /ill m   

:olesome if he _h add$ to 8 s\nd        
s]moniz+ a sane & cle>ly analyz$ !ory4  
,does ! end ju/ify ! means8  ,our acc\nt
 ( morality may be call$ ! eudemoni/ic  
acc\nt1 f ! ,greek eudemonia1 happ9ess1 
or ! teleological acc\nt1 f telos1 an   
end4 ,x ass]ts1 t is1 t morality is to  
be judg$ by ! end x subs]ves2 t end is  
happ9ess4 ,we h se5 ! sort ( prote/ t   
arises ) respect to ! ^w happ9ess4 ,we  
may n[ note a dang] t arises f ! use ( !
 concept end2 x f9ds expression 9 !     
famili> prov]b1 ,! end ju/ifies ! means4
 ,conduct is to be judg$ by ! end x     
subs]ves2 !re=e1 if ! end is good any   
means may be us$ to atta9 x4 ,?is has   
be5 ! def5se ( mu* wrongdo+4 ,! ,jesuits
 :o li$1 sl&]$1 *eat$1 & murd]$1 to     
promote ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ur*1 !          
,mc,namara bro!rs1 :o dynamit$ build+s &
 bridges z a means t[>d ! f9al end (    
atta9+ = labor]s a j %>e ( ! fruits ( _!
 labor1 ! suffragettes :o h be5 burn+   
private h\ses1 /ick+ up mail-boxes1 &   
break+ w9d[s1 h ju/ifi$ _! crimes by    

ref]5ce to ! great ends !y expect$ !reby
 to atta94 ,:at %all we say to ?is plea8
  7#a7 ,! motto means3 ,conduct 9 itself
 undesirable may be ju/ifi$ ,,if ! end  
atta9$ is important en\gh to w>rant x4  
,9 e case1 !n1 ! "q mu/ arise3 ,is ! end
 to be atta9$ wor? ! co/8 ,to ju/ify    
means t are intr9sically bad1 x mu/ be  
%[n t ! end atta9$ is s good z to       
ov]balance ?is evil4 ,,0 ! advancem5t ( 
! ,*ur* wor? ! co/ 9 human suff]+1      
e/rangem5t1 & bitt]ness t ! ,jesuits    
exact$8 ,,is ! advancem5t ( labor       
int]e/s wor? ! de/ruction ( prop]ty &   
life1 ! fo/]+ ( class-enmity & ( moral  
an>*ism t ! crim9al w+ ( ! ,i4 ,w4 ,w4  
/&s =8 ,,are votes = wom5 wor? ! simil> 
evils :i* ,briti% suffragettes are      
drift+ into8 ,sometimes a cause is s    
important t almo/ any act is ju/ifi$ 9  
its advancem5t4 ,b su* cases are r>e1 at
 lea/ 9 mod]n life4 ,always !re mu/ be a
 balanc+ ( good & evil4 ,& ! tr\ble ) ! 
attitude ( m9d :i* we h illu/rat$ is t !
 end s\ght is usually n s all-important 

z to w>rant ! grave evils :i* its seek]s
 cause4 ,:5 ! ,titanic 0 s9k+1 ! boat's 
(fic]s %ot sev]al m5 :o tri$ to jump    
into ! lifeboats ahead ( ! wom5 &       
*ildr54 ,x 0 probably ! only way to /op 
a mad panic /rick5 ru%1 :i* w\ld h      
endang]$ ! lives ( all z well z brok5 ! 
*ivalr\s code :i* is wor? s mu*         
sacrifice4 ,! evil ( %oot+ d[n un>m$ &  
fright5$ m5 0 great2 b x 0 und\bt$ly    
ju/ifi$ by ! end atta9$4 ,:e!r any ( !  
o!r in/ances m5tion$ are cases :]e !    
evil done w\ld be simil>ly ju/ifi$ by ! 
end1 if !reby atta9$1 we %all n "h      
discuss4 ,b ! pr9ciple is evid5t4 ,! end
 ju/ifies evil means only if x is s     
supremely good z to ov]balance t evil4  
7#b7 ,x is p]t95t1 h[ev]1 to add two    
consid]ations4 ,fir/1 we mu/ feel sure t
 no less h>mful means are available4 ,& 
secondly1 we mu/ feel sure t ^! evil    
means are really adapt$ to atta9 !      
purpose4 ,is !re no o!r way ( secur+    
votes = wom5 ?an by ! hy/]ical & crim9al
 pranks our ,briti% si/]s h be5 play+8  

,& w ^? irritat+ acts actually =w>d _!  
cause1 or t5d to br+ ab\t a revulsion ( 
feel+8 ,did ! crimes ( ! ,jesuits make !
 ,*ur* triumphant8 ,n 9 ! long run4     
,imm$iate ga9s may (t5 be won by        
unpleasant me?ods1 z 9 ! case ( !       
,titanic4 ,b :5 ! /ruggle is b\nd to be 
a long "o1 z 9 ! case ( woman's suffrage
 & indu/rial ju/ice1 me?ods :i* 7n to   
beg ! "q7 w\ld ord9>ily be crim9al are  
seldom 9 ! end advantage\s4 ,!          
,mc,namara case hurt ! ,i4 ,w4 ,w4      
sorely4 ,suffrage legislation has       
possibly be5 ret>d$ 9 ,brita94 ,& 9 bo? 
cases !re are probably m efficaci\s1 z  
well z less h>mful1 ways ( atta9+ !     
desir$ end4  7#c7 ,x is /rictly true t  
,,! end1 human welf>e1 ju/ifies any     
means necess>y to atta9 x4 ,:atev] pa9  
mu/ be caus$ to br+ ab\t ! greate/      
possible human happ9ess is !reby exempt 
f reprobation4 ,:atev] conduct is       
necess>y = t supreme end ,,becomes      
morality1 or virtue2 = t is precisely   
:at morality ,,is4 ,= example1 x is     

und\bt$ly necess>y at times to murd]1 to
 /eal1 & to lie = ! sake ( human welf>e2
 9 su* cases ^! acts are univ]sally     
approv$4 ,only1 we give ! acts 9 su*    
cases new names1 t ! words murd]1 etc1  
may reta9 _! air ( reprobation4 ,we call
 murd] ( :i* we approve capital puni%m5t
 or ju/ifiable homicide or patriotic    
c\rage4 ,if tak+ a man's prop]ty )\t 8  
cons5t is /eal+1 !n ! ,/ate /eals2 b1   
approv+ ! act1 we call x em95t doma94   
7#d7 ,! motto has its *ief dang]1       
p]haps1 9 ! t5d5cy x enc\rages to ignore
 remot] consequ5ces = ! sake ( imm$iate 
ga94 ,?is po9t we w consid] "u ! foll[+ 
topic4  ,:at is ! ju/ification ( ju/ice 
& *ivalry8  ,if ! greate/ total ( human 
happ9ess is ! supreme end ( conduct1 0 n
 ,caiaphas "r 9 deem+ x exp$i5t t "o man
 %\ld die = ! p1 ev5 ?\gh he 7 innoc5t (
 all s98 ,7 n ! ,fr5* army (fic]s sane 9
 pref]r+ to make ,dreyfus _! scapegoat r
 ?an br+ di%onor & %ame ^u _! army8 ,= t
 matt]1 does n ! aggregate ( enjoym5t ( 
a score ( cannibals outweigh ! suff]+ ( 

! "o man :om !y h sacrific$ to _!       
appetite1 or ! deliri\s excitem5t ) :i* 
a brutal cr[d witnesses a lyn*+         
ov]balance ! pa9 ( _! solit>y victim8   
,yet our s\ls revolt aga9/ su* ?+s4 ,we 
cry1 ruat caelum1 fiat ju/itia6 ,ju/ice 
is prior to all exp$i5cy6 ,is ?is       
irrational1 or c x be %[n to be         
teleologically ju/ifiable8  ,ju/ice is  
und\bt$ly ju/ifiable2 & ! only reason t 
we ev] hesitate to ackn[l$ge x 9 any    
concrete case is t we t5d to ov]look    
indirect & remote results & see only !  
imm$iate effect ( action4 ,! h>m done by
 inju/ice consi/s n m]ely 9 ! pa9       
inflict$ ^u ! victim4 ,!re is !         
sympa!tic pa9 caus$ 9 all ^? :o are at  
all t5d] he>t$4 ,!re is ! s5se (        
insecurity caus$ 9 ea* by ! realization 
t he too might "s day be a victim2 :5   
ju/ice is n en=c$ no man is safe4 ,!re  
is ! /imulation giv5 to human passions  
by "o indulg5ce :i* w bre$ a :ole crop (
 pa94 ,!re is ! dang] t if inju/ice is  
all[$ 9 "o case :]e a great good seems  

to w>rant x1 x w be practic$ 9 o!r cases
 :]e no su* necessity exi/s4 ,m5 are n  
to be tru/$ to judge cle>ly ( relative  
advantages :]e _! passions are conc]n$2 
!y mu/ b9d !mselves by an inflexible    
code4 ,! cases cit$ are comp>atively    
cle>4 ,no "o w\ld s]i\sly cont5d t      
cannibalism or lyn*+1 ! execution (     
,*ri/1 or ! bani%m5t ( ,dreyfus1 made 9 
! direction ( ! greate/ happ9ess (      
mank9d4 ,b x has be5 s]i\sly urg$ t !   
insane & ! feeble & ! morally wor?less  
%\ld be kill$ (f1 z !y 7 9 "s /]n]      
anci5t /ates4 ,:y %\ld we gu>antee life 
& lib]ty to su* z are a useless drag ^u 
! community1 sp5d ^u !m millions :i*    
might be sp5t = br++ joy & recreation to
 ! re/ ( u8 ,or aga91 if m$ical m5 ne$ a
 liv+ human victim to exp]im5t ^u1 9    
ord] to conqu] "s deva/at+ disease1 :y n
 p\nce ^u "s good-=-no?+ memb] ( !      
community & =ce him to und]go ! pa98 ,! 
consid]ations enum]at$ 9 ! prec$+       
p>agraph1 h[ev]1 bid u halt4 ,imag9e !  
anxiety & ! angui% t w\ld be caus$ if "s

 commission 7 free to det]m9e :o 7      
insane or feeble or wor?less en\gh to be
 put out ( ! way6 ,or free to select a  
human victim = vivisection :5ev] exp]ts 
deem$ x wise6 ,! widespread horror &    
uneas9ess ( su* a regime1 ! call\sness  
to suff]+ x w\ld eng5d]1 ! private      
rev5ges & crimes t might insidi\sly     
creep 9 "u ! guise ( public good1 are   
alone en\gh to r5d] vici\s su* a        
proc$ure4  ,x is true t "o p]son's      
suff]+ is less ( an evil ?an ! suff]+ ( 
_m4 ,! ,/ate1 by univ]sal cons5t1       
inflicts undes]v$ suff]+ ^u individuals 
:5 ! social welf>e seems to require x2 z
 :5 x takes away a man's belov$ acre to 
built a railroad or highway1 or :5 x    
compels vacc9ation1 or :5 x drafts      
soldi]s = ! national def5se & s5ds !m to
 _! dea?4 ,:5 a man volunte]s to risk 8 
life or to endure pa9 = 8 fell[s we     
rightly applaud 8 act4 ,9 su* a case !  
ill effects above-m5tion$ d n foll[1 & !
 ga9 is cle>2 9 addition1 ! /imulat+    
value ( ! volunt>y self-sacrifice is    

great4 ,! ,am]ican soldi]s1 :o risk$ _! 
lives to rid ,cuba & ! _w ( yell[ fev]1 
by (f]+ !mselves = inoculation ) !      
disease1 /& among ! _w's h]oes4  ,x is  
also true t rights are n primitive &    
transc5d5t2 _! exi/5ce re/s ^u purely   
utilit>ian gr\nds4 ,! "r to lib]ty &    
life is limit$ by ! community's welf>e4 
,s is ! "r to prop]ty4 ,b 9 e/imat+     
advantage we mu/ bew>e ( a sup]ficial   
calculation4 ,! concept ( ju/ice1 & !   
en?usiasm = x1 h be5 ( enorm\s value to 
man's happ9ess4 ,x is ( extreme         
importance1 f a eudaemoni/ic /&po9t1 to 
*]i% t ideal4 ,ev5 if 9 "s individual   
case a great] g5]al happ9ess w\ld result
 f infr++ ^u x1 we _c af=d to d s2 we   
%\ld f9d ourselves laps+ into less      
advantage\s habits & incurr+ un=ese5    
p5alties4  ,*ivalry is 9 l case )       
ju/ice4 ,x might h seem$ bett] = ! _w t 
! able & di/+ui%$ m5 %\ld h be5 sav$ f !
 ,titanic-"s ( !m 7 m5 ( consid]able    
importance 9 v>i\s l9es ( "w-r ?an      
less-ne$$ wom54 ,b ! effect ( ! noble   

example 9 /r5g!n+ ! w to sacrifice self 
= o!rs1 & 9 ma9ta9+ our beautiful       
devotion to woman1 0 wor? ! co/4 ,fox 0 
"r :5 he said1 ,example avails t5 times 
m ?an precept4 ,ev5 if ! loss _h be5    
great] ?an x 01 x w\ld h be5 bett] to   
incur x ?an to all[ an exception to !   
code ( *ivalry4 ,su* codes are =m$ )    
inf9ite pa9s & are v easily %att]$2 a   
little laxity "h1 a tol]at$ exception   
!re1 & ! selfi%ness & passions ( m5 rise
 to ! surface & undo ! "w ( ye>s4 ,,at  
,,all ,,co/s ,,we ,,mu/ ,,ma9ta9 ,,!    
,,code4 ,9 ! end x pays4 ,! greate/     
g5ius mu/ run ! risk ( dr[n+ 9 !        
endeavor to save ! life ( "s unkn[n     
p]son :o may be a wor?less scamp4 ,he   
may die & ! scamp live1 a great loss to 
! _w4 ,b only s c ! code ( honor be     
ma9ta9$ :i* 9 ! long run adds s mu*     
positive joy to man & saves him f s mu* 
pa94  ,9 mo/ in/ances1 ?\gh n 9 "s ( ^? 
cit$1 ! rew>d ( ju/ice & *ivalry is     
suffici5t = ! individual himself4 ,z    
,socrates said to ,!odoras1 ,footnote3  

,plato1 ,!oetetus1 #agf4 ,! p5alty (    
inju/ice _c be escap$4 ,!y d n see1 9 _!
 infatuation1 t !y are gr[+ l ! "o &    
unlike ! o!r1 by reason ( _! evil de$s2 
& ! p5alty is1 t !y lead a life answ]+  
to ! patt]n :i* !y resemble4 ,on ! o!r  
h&1-to supplem5t ,plato ) ,em]son1      
,footnote3 ,essays1 ,fir/ ,s]ies3       
,spiritual ,laws4 ,cf4 ,george ,eliot1 9
 ,romola3 ,! contam9at+ effect ( de$s   
(t5 lies less 9 ! commission ?an ! h]o !
 av[al ( a j & brave act1 x w g         
unwitness$ & unlov$4 ,"o kn[s x himself 
& is pl$g$ by x to sweetness ( peace &  
to nobl5ess ( aim1 :i* w prove 9 ! end a
 bett] proclamation ( x ?an ! relat+ ( !
 incid5t4 ,&1 we may add1 a great] joy4 
,b ev5 9 view ( ! cases :]e no app>5t   
comp5sation comes to ! individual1 !    
ideals ( ju/ice & *ivalry1 l ! m g5]al  
concept ( duty1 are among ! mo/ valuable
 possessions ( man's fa%ion+4 ,cross our
 incl9ations z !y (t5 d1 co/ de>ly z !y 
sometimes w1 ! habit ( unque/ion+       
allegiance to !m is "o ( ! greate/ ( all

 ga9s z means to ! atta9m5t by mank9d ( 
a /able & assur$ happ9ess4  ,a brief    
discussion ( ! conflict ( duty &        
incl9ation w be f\nd 9 ,dewey & ,tufts1 
,e?ics1 *ap4 ,,xvii1 fir/ few pages4    
,c>lyle's declamations aga9/ happ9ess   
are too scatt]$ & unsy/ematic to make   
ref]5ce to specific *apt]s useful4 ,!   
g5]al po9t ( view may be f\nd1 m        
temp]ately /at$1 9 ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley's   
,e?ical ,/udies1 ! *apt] entitl$ ,:y    
,%\ld ,i be ,moral8 ,contempor>y acc\nts
 ( ! nature ( obligation w be f\nd 9 !  
,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 vol4    
#bb1 p4 #bhb2 vol4 #bc1 pp4 #adc1 #cbc4 
,a discussion ( ! motto1 ,! end ju/ifies
 ! means w be f\nd 9 ,f4 ,pauls5's      
,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 book ,,ii1 & *ap4 ,i1  
sec4 #d4 ,! ju/ification ( ju/ice is    
treat$ 9 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill's ,utilit>ianism1
 *ap4 ,v4 9 ! consequ5t adju/m5t ( our  
desires1 ! enli/m5t ( our self-int]e/ on
 ! side ( falsity4 ,! purify+ influ5ce (
 public confession spr+s f ! fact t by x
 ! hope 9 lies is =ev] swept away1 & !  

s\l recov]s ! noble attitude (          
simplicity4     ,,*apt] ,,ix   ,,!      
,,judgm5t ,,( ,,"*  ,:]e9 consi/s       
goodness ( "*8  ,"* is ! sum ( a man's  
t5d5cies to conduct4 ,our e/imate ( a   
man's "* is a sort ( wea!r =eca/ ( :at  
he w d 9 v>i\s situations4 ,goodness (  
"* consi/s1 !n1 ( su* an organization ( 
impulses z w lead to good acts-to acts  
productive ultimately ( a prepond]ance (
 intr9sic good1 or happ9ess4 ,! blame & 
approval t atta*es 9 our m9ds to c]ta9  
acts becomes atta*$ also to !           
disposition t is fruitful ( su* acts4 ,a
 good man is he ^: m9d is s set & adju/$
 t x w turn away f evil de$s & esp\se ! 
"r4 ,we c say1 !n1 ) ,dewey & ,tufts1   
,goodness consi/s 9 active int]e/ 9 ^?  
?+s :i* really br+ happ9ess4 ,footnote3 
,e?ics1 p4 #cif4 ,simil>ly1 ,pauls5     
writes1 ,virtues may be def9$ z habits (
 ! w & modes ( conduct :i* t5d to       
promote ! welf>e ( individual &         
collective life4 ,footnote3 ,sy/em (    
,e?ics1 ,eng4 p4 #dge4 ,& ,santayana    

puts x m t]sely 9 ! /atem5t1 ,goodness  
is t disposition t is fruitful 9        
happ9ess4 ,footnote3 ,reason 9 ,common  
,s5se1 p4 #add4 ,x is easy1 !n1 to      
und]/& ! en?usiasm t m5 feel = goodness2
 x is ! resultant ( ! passionate long+  
to be deliv]$ f ! dom9ation ( evil      
impulses1 ! in/9ctive joy 9 spl5did &   
unselfi% acts1 ! s5se ( relief &        
gratitude felt t[>d ^? f :om "o has no?+
 to fe>4 ,contr>iwise1 ! %r9k+ f a bad  
man spr+s prim>ily f ! dread ( :at he   
may d1 f ! disgu/ :i* ! sight ( 8 fooli%
 & ru9\s acts inspires & f v>i\s o!r    
reactions ( ! spectator :i* we ne$ n    
enum]ate4 ,if "* 7 a sort ( m]ely inw>d 
possession1 unconnect$ ) conduct1 we    
%\ld n ,jeel ?us t[>d x4 ,m]ely to      
,,feel virtu\s is pleasant1 b x is n    
important4 ,imput$ goodness mu/ be judg$
 by ! k9d ( conduct x yields1 & t       
conduct 9 turn by its consequ5ces4 ,by  
_! fruits ye %all "k !m4 ,b ?is inw>d   
disposition1 ?\gh important *iefly = its
 effects1 is m important !re=e ?an we   

are apt to realize4 ,z a man ?9ke? 9 8  
he>t1 s he is4 ,! sci5tific /udy (      
psy*ology has emphasiz$ ! fact1 :i* is  
op5 to ev]yday obs]vation1 t ev5 secret 
?\ghts & moods influ5ce inevitably a    
man's outw>d acts4 ,:at we d dep5ds ^u  
:at we h be5 ?9k+ & imag9+ & feel+4 ,!  
,great ,tea*] 0 "r :5 he bade m5 refra9 
n m]ely f murd]1 b f angry ?\ghts2 n    
m]ely f adult]y1 b f lu/ful glances2 n  
m]ely f p]jury1 b f ! desire to deceive4
 ,epictetus puts x1 ,:at we ought n to d
 we %\ld n ev5 ?9k ( do+4 ,& ,m>cus     
,aurelius writes1 ,we %\ld accu/om      
ourselves to ?9k ^u o?+ t we %\ld       
hesitate to reveal to o!rs if !y ask$ to
 "k x4 ,?is is s\nd advice4 ,)\t        
attempt+ to settle ! problem ( det]m9ism
 or indet]m9ism1 :i* falls prop]ly )9 ! 
sph]e ( natural r ?an ( moral           
philosophy1 x is evid5t t our conduct is
 l>gely ! result ( t set ( pot5tialities
 :i* we call "*1 t our happ9ess is 9    
great degree %ap$ by our inw>d m5tal    
/ates4  ,h5ce ! l>ge role ( motive &    

int5t 9 e?ical !ory4 ,high motives &    
good int5tions lead-sometimes to        
disa/r\s1 acts we "k :at place is pav$  
!re)4 ,we ne$ ! wisdom ( ! s]p5t z well 
z ! innoc5ce ( ! dove4 ,b o!r ?+s be+   
equal1 pure desires t5d to "r conduct4  
,a man ^: m9d dwells ^u ! good side ( 8 
neighbors1 :o loves & sympa?izes1 &     
enjoys _! fri5d%ip1 w be f> less likely 
to give v5t to acts ( cruelty or malice 
?an "o :o indulges 9 spiteful feel+s1   
fault f9d+1 & res5tm5t4 ,our habitual   
?\ghts & desires make u responsive to   
c]ta9 /imuli & indiff]5t to o!rs4 ,!    
words ( our m\? & ! m$itations ( our    
he>t1 z well z ! trifl+ acts t we p]=m1 
9 !mselves h[ev] unimportant1 h _!      
subtle & accumulative influ5ce 9 det]m9+
 our mom5t\s acts4 ,! famili> case ( !  
dr9k] :o says1 ,?is glass doesn't c\nt c
 be p>allel$ 9 e field ( life4 ,x pays  
to keep 9 moral tra9+1 to cultivate     
k9dly & discipl9$ ?\ghts1 to =bid ill   
natur$ & unwor?y feel+s1 & self-indulg5t
 dreams4 ,o!rwise be=e we "k x ! b>ri]s 

( resi/ance w crumble & we %all d :at we
 _h nev] suppos$ we %\ld d1 "s act t is 
! fruit ( our unregulat$ inn] life4     
,footnote3 ,cf4 ,george ,eliot 9        
,romola3 ,tito 7:o1 hav+ pos$ z a ri* & 
noble g5tleman1 be+ unexpect$ly         
confront$ ) 8 plebeian fa!r1 on ! spur (
 ! mom5t dis[n$ him ) ! m]ciless words1 
,"s madman1 surely67 ,0 exp]i5c+ t      
inexorable law ( human s\ls1 t we prep>e
 ourselves = sudd5 de$s by ! reit]at$   
*oice ( good or evil t gradually        
det]m9es "*4 ,c we say1 ) ,kant1 t !    
only good is ! ,good ,w8 ,x is n        
uncommon = in/rum5tal goods to come to  
receive a homage great] ?an t :i* is    
paid to ! ends !y s]ve4 ,x is notably & 
necess>ily s ) ! v>i\s aspects ( !      
concept ( morality2 virtue1 consci5ce1  
goodness ( "* are actually m important =
 u to ?9k ab\t & aim = ?an ! happ9ess to
 :i* !y ultimately m9i/]4 ,b ?is        
apo!osis d5ial ( its fundam5tally       
in/rum5tal value4 ,z ) ! mis] :o rates 8
 bank notes m highly ?an ! goods he c\ld

 pur*ase ) !m1 an ab/ract morali/       
occasionally exalts ! means at ! exp5se 
( ! end4 ,we are told t only goodness   
c\nts2 t its wor? has no?+ to d ) its   
relation to happ9ess2 t goodness w\ld   
comm& our allegiance ev5 if x br\ght    
no?+ b mis]y 9 its tra94  ,! be/-kn[n   
expon5t ( ?is bl9d wor%ip ( goodness is 
,kant4 ,he writes1 ,a ,good ,w is good1 
n because ( :at x p]=ms or effects1 n by
 its aptness = ! atta9m5t ( "s propos$  
end1 b simply by virtue ( ! volition2 t 
is1 x is good 9 itself ,its fruitfulness
 or fruitlessness c nei!r add nor take  
away any?+ f ?is value 444 ,moral wor?  
444 _c lie any:]e b 9 ! pr9ciple ( ! ,w1
 )\t reg>d to ! ends :i* c be atta9$ by 
! action4 ,footnote3 ,! ,metaphysic (   
,morality4 ,to be f\nd 9 ,kant's ,!ory (
 ,e?ics1 trans4 by ,abbott1 pp4 #aj1    
#af4  ,s f> does ,kant c>ry ?is wor%ip (
 ! idea ( goodness t he sep>ates x f !  
sev]al virtues t make up goodness 9 !   
concrete & b[s d[n be=e ! result+ b>e   
ab/raction ,good ,w1 ! w to d good4 ,?is

 leads him to a curi\sly dehumaniz$     
position4 ,prud5tial acts1 he decl>es1  
are obvi\sly good 9 _! consequ5ces2 !y  
!re=e des]ve no praise2 :atev] "o does  
calculat+ly1 ) view to future results1  
has no moral wor?4 ,& on ! o!r h&1      
:atev] good acts "o does in/9ctively1   
pu%$ on by animal impulses1 includ+ love
 & sympa?y1 des]ve no praise & h no     
moral wor?4 ,x is only :at "o does f !  
s+le motive ( desir+ to d ! "r t awak5s 
,kant's en?usiasm4 ,! pres]vation ( "o's
 own life1 = in/ance1 is a duty2 b1 z e 
"o has a natural incl9ation to :i* mo/  
m5 usually devote to ?is object has no  
intr9sic value1 nor ! maxim f :i* !y act
 any moral import4 ,footnote3 ,!        
,metaphysic ( ,morality1 sec4 ,i4 ,:at  
%all we say to ?is8  7#a7 ,kant's       
/atem5ts are a m]e cry/allization ( an  
unanalyz$ feel+2 _! plausibility re/s ^u
 our +ra9$ en?usiasm = goodness4 ,b if t
 en?usiasm be *all5g$1 h[ %all we ju/ify
 x8 ,h[ d we "k t good w is good1 unless
 we c see ,,:y x is good8 ,_m o!r ?+s   

appeal to our in/9cts z good2 may n ?is 
p>ticul> judgm5t be mi/ak51 or may n all
 ^! o!r ?+s be equally good ) good w8   
,kant's ,hebraic tra9+ is cle>ly reveal$
 9 8 exaltation ( good w2 x reflects !  
practical ,leb5swei%eit we h le>n$ f !  
,bible4 ,to ! ,greek x w\ld h be5       
fooli%ness1 fanaticism4 ,we want n only 
good w1 b wisdom1 sympa?y1 skill1 common
 s5se4 ,also we want heal?1 love1 wives 
& *ildr51 fri5ds1 & cong5ial "w4 ,all ( 
^! ?+s are "p ( ! wor? ( life4 ,:at w\ld
 x pr(it u if we lo/ all ^! & _h only   
our good w6 ,footnote3 ,a r$uction ad   
absurdum ( ! ,kantian view may be f\nd 9
 ,c>d9al ,newman's /atem5t ( ! ,ca?olic 
,*ri/ian view4 ,! ,*ur* holds t x 7     
bett] = sun & moon to drop f heav51 = ! 
e>? to fall1 & = all ! _m millions :o   
are ^u x to die ( />vation 9 extremi/   
agony1 s f> z temporal affliction goes1 
?an t "o s\l1 ,i w n say %\ld be lo/1 b 
%\ld commit "o s+le v5ial s91 %\ld tell 
"o willful untru?1 ?\gh x h>m$ no "o1 or
 /eal "o poor f>?+ )\t excuse4          

7,anglican ,difficulties1 p4 #aij47 ,!  
valuation t ignores all natural goods b 
"o is unreal1 inhuman1 fanatical2 x     
leads :5 un*eck$ to ! emasculat$ life ( 
! anaemic m$iaeval sa9t or an*orite4    
,kant's eloqu5t eulogy ( good w appeals 
to "o ( our noble/ impulses2 b t impulse
 is z mu* 9 ne$ ( ju/ification to !     
reason z any o!r1 & x is only "o ( a    
numb] ( equally heal?y & ju/ifiable     
natural pref]5ces4 ,good w1 ! desire to 
d "r1 is p]haps1 on ! :ole1 ,,9 ,,!     
,,em]g5cy1 a saf] guide to tru/ ?an     
w>m-blood$ impulse or reason$           
calculation4 ,moreov]1 x has a ?91      
prec>i\s exi/5ce 9 mo/ ( u at be/1 &    
ne$s all ! enc\ragem5t x c get4         
,practically1 we ne$ ,kant's k9d (      
s]moniz+2 we ne$ to exalt ab/ract       
goodness & resi/ ! appeal ( imm$iate &  
s5su\s goods4 ,s ,kant has be5 popul> ) 
e>ne/ m5 m int]e/$ 9 "r liv+ ?an 9 !ory4
 ,b z a !ori/ he is hopelessly          
inadequate4  7#b7 ,x is true t we admire
 good w )\t consid]ation ( ! effects x  

produces1 & ev5 :5 x leads to disa/]4 ,b
 if good w ,,usually l$ to disa/] we    
%\ld nev] h come to admire x4 ,*ance    
ent]s into ?is _w's happ5+s & (t5 upsets
 ! normal t5d5cies ( acts4 ,b we h to   
act 9 ways t may normally be expect$ to 
produce good results4 ,& we h to admire 
& *]i% t sort ( action1 9 spite ( ! m>g9
 ( loss4 ,! admiration t we h come to   
feel = goodness is p>tly ! result (     
social tradition1 buttress+ ! code t 9 !
 long run works out to be/ advantage2 & 
p>tly1 ( c\rse1 ! spontane\s emotion t  
rises 9 u at ! sight ( c\rage1 h]oism1  
self-sacrifice1 & ! o!r spectacul>      
virtues4 ,b h[ev] naive or sophi/icat$ a
 reaction x may be1 its psy*og5esis is  
p]fectly intelligible1 ,u & its exi/5ce 
is no pro( ( ! sup]nal nature ( !       
goodness ( good w4  7#c7 ,kant argues z 
foll[s3 ,no?+ c possibly be conceiv$1 9 
! _w or out ( x1 :i* c be call$ good    
,,)\t ,,qualification1 except a good w4 
,footnote3 ,op4 cit1 sec4 ,i4 ,he goes  
on to %[ t wit1 c\rage1 p]sev]ance1 etc1

 are all bad if ! w t makes use ( !m is 
bad z 9 ! case ( a crim9al2 :ile heal?1 
ri*es1 honor1 etc1 may inspire pride or 
presumption1 & s n be unmitigat$ ?+ t c 
9 e case be call$ good4  ,b is ?is s8   
,may n a man h good w & yet d mu*       
mis*ief8 ,if c\rage1 wit1 etc1 ne$ to be
 employ$ by good w1 s does good w ne$ to
 be jo9$ ) common s5se1 k1 tact1 & _m   
o!r help]s4 ,good w is good only if x is
 sanely & wisely direct$2 else x may g )
 all sorts ( fanaticism4 ,if "o says1 ,x
 is /ill good qua good w1 we may reply1 
,yes1 b s are all goods2 c\rage is      
always good qua c\rage1 k qua k1 etc4   
,all h>mless joys are good )\t          
qualification1 & all goods :atev] are   
good except z !y get 9 ! way ( "s great]
 good or lead to tr\ble4  7#d7 ,kant's  
=mula good w is ambigu\s4 ,,( ,,c\rse a 
,,good act ( w is good2 t is a m]e      
tautology1 & gives u no guidance :atev]4
 ,:i* acts ( w ,,are good is our        
problem4 ,kant1 h[ev]1 work$ out 8 empty
 =mula into a concrete maxim1 ,act z if 

! maxim ( ?y action 7 to become by ?y w 
a univ]sal law ( nature4 ,b h[ %\ld we  
,,wi% o!rs to act 9 ! giv5 situation8 ,x
 w\ld be q possible = a lu/ful man to be
 will+ t unre/ra9$ lu/ %\ld be ! g5]al  
rule2 he w\ld be mu* m com=table & fre] 
if x 74 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! law ( consi/5cy
 to direct him2 m5 might be consi/5tly  
bad z well z consi/5tly good4 ,we h /ill
 no crit]ion1 only an appeal to         
coolness1 to deta*m5t f hot impulses &  
selfi%ness4  ,practically1 :at !        
,kantian viewpo9t am\nts to is an       
exaltation ( consci5ce-a mu* m concrete 
7& v>iable7 ?+ ?an ?is ab/ract =mula4 ,d
 y\r duty1 at any co/6 ,our he>ts       
respond to su* prea*+1 b our intellects 
rema9 p]plex$1 if ! practical apo!osis (
 goodness is n supplem5t$ by an adequate
 !oretic ju/ification !re(4  ,:at evils 
may g ) consci5ti\sness8  ,at ?is po9t x
 may repay u to note m c>efully !       
inadequacy ( t m]e bl9d consci5ti\sness 
:i* is ! practical burd5 ( ! ,kantian   
tea*+4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t ! only s\rce ( our

 tr\bles lay 9 our lack ( desire to d   
"r6 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re is a va/     
am\nt ( good w 9 ! _w :i* effects no    
good1 or does s]i\s h>m1 = want ( wise  
direction4 ,mu* ( ! trag$y ( life       
consi/s ( ! cla%es betwe5 wills equally 
consecrat$ & pure4 ,consci5ti\s cranks &
 blund]]s are p]haps ev5 m ( a nuisance 
?an out-&-out villa9s2 !y hurt e good   
cause !y esp\se & br+ noble ideals into 
ridicule2 !y provoke disc\ragem5t &     
cynicism4 ,!re is h>dly a folly or a    
crime t has n be5 committ$ pray]fully & 
) a cle> consci5ce2 ! sa9t & ! crim9al  
are sometimes psy*ologically            
indi/+ui%able inde$1 by :i* "n we call a
 fanatic may dep5d ^u :i* side we are   
on4 ,we may discrim9ate among ! types ( 
p]v]t$ consci5ce3  7#a7 ,! fanatical    
consci5ce1 ! m$dl+ consci5ce1 t feels a 
mission to /ir up tr\ble4 ,"u ?is head  
come ! p>5ts :o int]f]e ne$lessly ) _!  
*ildr5's ways :5 diff]5t f _! own1 !    
break]s-up ( love-affairs1 !            
fault-f9d]s1 ! militantly religi\s1 all 

t great multitude ( m5 :o ) pray] & te>s
 h felt x _! duty to ov]ride o!rs' wills
 & impose _! codes ^u ! _w4  7#b7 ,!    
ob/ructive consci5ce1 t has become set &
 w n suff] *ange4 ,"h we c put all !    
e>ne/ /&-patt]s1 :o resi/ innovation ( e
 sort4 ,slaves ( ! p>ticul> /&>ds t !y  
happ5 to h gr[n up 91 unable to conceive
 t _! individual br& ( religion may n be
 ! ultimate tru?1 horror-/ruck at !     
sugge/ion t we %\ld =sake ! ways ( our  
fa!rs1 _! consci5ti\s cons]vatism /&s l 
a rock 9 ! way ( progress4  7#c7 ,!     
ascetic consci5ce1 t ov]emphasizes ! ne$
 ( sacrifice1 & deletes all ! positive  
joy ( life = ! sake ( fre$om f possible 
pa94 ,?is p>ticul> misdirection (       
consci5ce is n prom95t 9 contempor>y    
life2 b at c]ta9 p]iods1 z among "s ( ! 
m$iaeval sa9ts1 or ! e>ly ,puritans1 ?is
 hyp]trophy ( consci5ce has be5 a s]i\s 
blight4  7#d7 ,! anxi\s consci5ce1 t    
magnifies trifles & gives u no re/ ) its
 incessant sugge/ions1 le/ we =get1 le/ 
we =get4 ,?is type ( ov] consci5ti\sness

 is a =m ( unheal?y self consci\sness1 a
 bane to its possessor & a nuisance to e
 "o )9 range4  ,^! famili> evils t may g
 ) ! utmo/ good w %[ u t good w or      
consci5ti\sness is n en\gh4 ,!          
consci5ti\s man may n only leave undone 
important duties2 8 good w may lead him 
to pu% 9 exactly ! wrong direction & d  
great h>m4 ,!re are ?us two ways ( judg+
 a man4 ,fir/1 did he d ! be/ he knew8  
,did he live up to 8 consci5ce8         
,secondly1 did he d :at 0 really be/8 ,0
 8 consci5ce prop]ly develop$ & direct$8
 ,our approval mu/ (t5 be divid$2 we may
 rate him high by ! /&>d (              
consci5ti\sness1 b l[ 9 8 /&>d (        
morality4 ,?is is ! famili> di/9ction   
betwe5 :at is objectively "r & :at is   
subjectively "r4 ,an objectively "r     
action is "o su* t1 if x be done1 !     
total value ( ! univ]se w be at lea/ z  
great z if any o!r possible alt]native  
_h be5 done by ! ag5t2 :]eas x is       
subjectively "r = ! ag5t to d :at he    
judges to be mo/ probably objectively "r

 on 8 in=mation-:e!r he judges correctly
 or n4 ,footnote3 ,c4 ,d4 ,broad 9      
,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 vol4    
#bd1 pp4 #caf1 #cbj4 ,x may !n be "r 79 
"o s5se7 = a man to d an act :i* is     
wrong 79 ! o!r s5se7 ,footnote3 ,/rictly
 speak+1 !re are f\r possible usages ( !
 ^w "r3 ,an act is "r :i* 7a7 is        
actually go+ to h ! be/ consequ5ces2 :i*
 7b7 might be expect$1 on our be/ human 
k1 to h ! be/ consequ5ces2 :i* 7c7 !    
actor1 on 8 p>tial in=mation1 & ) 8     
p>tial p[]s ( judgm5t1 expects to h !   
be/ consequ5ces2 or :i* 7d7 8 consci5ce 
approves1 )\t ref]5ce to consequ5ces4   
,:at is ! ju/ification ( praise & blame8
 ,kant 0 express+ a famili> ?\ght :5 he 
wrote t a man des]v$ no praise = ei!r   
in/9ctive or calculat+ acts4 ,:y %\ld we
 praise a man = do+ :at he wants to d1  
:at is ! mo/ natural & easy ?+ = him to 
d1 or :at he c =esee w br+ ab\t         
desirable consequ5ces8 ,%\ld we n praise
 only ! man :o fights 8 incl9ations1    
does "r :5 he does n want to1 & )\t     

=esight ( ultimate ga98  ,z a matt] (   
fact1 h[ev]1 we d praise & admire & love
 ! sa9ts :o d "r easily & graci\sly4 ,we
 d n refuse our admiration to ,*ri/     
because x 0 8 meat & dr9k1 8 deepe/ joy1
 to d 8 ,fa!r's "w2 nor d we imag9e him 
z hav+ to wre/le ) inn] devils (        
spitefulness & ill-temp]4 ,! type ( "*  
we rate highe/ is t f :i* all ^! l[]    
impulses h be5 f9ally bani%$1 ! "* t    
inevitably seeks ! pure & ! good4 ,& on 
! o!r h&1 z we h j se51 we (t5 blame !  
man :o1 ) ! noble/ int5tions1 & at great
 co/ to himself1 does :at we consid]    
wrong4  ,x is ?us true t our reactions (
 praise & blame are complicat$ &        
inconsi/5t4 ,we (t5 praise a man & blame
 him at ! same "t2 praise him = foll[+ 8
 consci5ce1 & blame him = hav+ a n>r[ & 
di/ort$ consci5ce to foll[4 ,diff]5t p 9
 a community w praise or blame him      
accord+ z !y consid] ?is or t aspect ( 8
 conduct4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! rationale ( ^! 
emotion-reactions8  ,obvi\sly1 ! same   
natural =ces :i* h produc$ morality h1  

p>i passu1 produc$ ^! emotions2 !y are  
"o ( ! great means by :i* m5 h be5 pu%$ 
into be+ moral4 ,we praise p1           
ultimately1 because x is socially useful
 to praise !m2 ! approbation ( "o's     
fell[s is "o ( ! greate/ possible       
inc5tives to "r conduct4 ,we blame p t  
!y & o!rs may be !reby det]r$ f         
wrongdo+4 ,= ages ^! emotions h be5     
aris+ 9 m5's he>ts1 ve]+ _! fell[s t[>d 
moral action4 ,nei!r blam] nor blam$ has
 realiz$ ! purpose nature may be said to
 h _h 9 view2 ! emotional reaction has  
be5 in/9ctive1 l sneez+4 ,b if x _h n   
be5 = its em95t usefulness x w\ld nev] h
 develop$ & become s deep-root$ 9 u4 ,if
 blame did no good1 if x did n t5d to   
correct evildo+1 x w\ld be an unhappy & 
undesirable /ate ( m9d1 to be we$$ out1 
l malice or disc\ragem5t4 ,praise might 
be kept = its intr9sic wor?1 its        
agreeabl5ess1 l sweet odors & pleasant  
colors4 ,b actually we ne$ to cons]ve ^!
 reactions = _! extr9sic value1 z spurs 
& correctives4  ,! man :o acts ^u a     

calculat$ expectation ( consequ5ces is1 
inde$1 to be prais$1 if ! ends he has   
s\ght are good & 8 calculation correct4 
,prud5ce1 =esight1 ?\ghtfulness are     
among ! mo/ important virtues4 ,on ! o!r
 h&1 ! man :o does "r in/9ctively is to 
be mo/ admir$2 = to rea* t goal is ! aim
 ( mu* ( our inn] /ruggle4 ,!           
approbation we heap ^u him1 if n ne$$ to
 keep him up to 8 be/1 at lea/ is       
b5eficial to o!rs1 :o !reby may be      
/imulat$ to imitate 8 goodness4 ,any    
sort ( conduct t is 9 l9e ) human welf>e
 is to be prais$ & lov$ & sung1 & kept  
be=e ! m9ds ( ! "y & pla/ic4  ,m deeply 
root$1 p]haps1 ?an ! disp>agem5t (      
praise1 is ! compassionate revulsion f  
blame4 ,he meant well2 ,8 consci5ce is  
cle>2 ,h[ c\ld he help s9n+ ) su* a     
br++-up6 su* pleas pull u up 9 ! mid/ ( 
our condemnation4 ,& !y mu/ h _! weight4
 ,consci5ti\sness mu/ be prais$1 :ile 9 
! same brea? we blame ! folly or        
fanaticism x l$ to4 ,& ! visibly degrad+
 effects ( environm5t %\ld make u t5d]  

t[>d ! err+1 ev5 :ile1 = _! own sakes & 
! sake ( o!rs1 we cont9ue to blame ! s94
 ,society _c af=d to ov]look s9 because 
x sees provocation = x4 ,!re is always  
provocation1 !re are always causes      
outside ! s9n]'s he>t4 ,b !re is also   
always a cause )9 ! he>t1 an op5ness to 
temptation1 & acquiesc5ce 9 ! evil      
impulse1 :i* we mu/ try to rea* &       
influ5ce by our blame & condemnation4   
,no d\bt 9 l circum/ances we %\ld d z   
badly1 or worse4 ,b to blame does n mean
 t we set ourselves up z ( f9] clay2 x  
means only t we cont9ue to use a weapon 
( great value = ! advancem5t ( human    
welf>e4 ,a man always c\ld h help$ x he 
c\ld h if 8 inw>d av]sion to ! s9 _h be5
 /rong en\gh2 & x is precisely because  
blame t5ds to make t av]sion /rong] 9 ! 
s9n] & 9 all :o are aw>e ( x1 t we mu/  
employ x4 ,rew>d & puni%m5t are !       
mat]ialization ( praise & blame & h !   
same uses4 ,we rew>d & puni% m5 n       
because 9 "s unanalyzable s5se !y des]ve
 x1 b ultimately 9 ord] to fo/] noble & 

h]oic acts & det] m5 f crime4 ,! giv+ ( 
rew>ds = good conduct has nev] be5      
sy/ematiz$ 7except = ,c>negie m$als1    
s*ool prizes1 & a few o!r cases71 & !   
practical difficulties 9 ! way are      
probably insup]able4 ,inde$1 ! natural  
outw>d rew>ds ( fame1 position1 increas$
 sal>y1 etc1 w\ld be spur en\gh1 if !y  
c\ld be made less caprici\s & m c]ta94  
,b to re/ra9 its memb]s f injury to "o  
ano!r is s necess>y to society1 & s     
difficult1 t elaborate sy/ems ( puni%m5t
 h be5 us$ s9ce prehi/oric times4 ,to a 
consid]ation ( ! contempor>y problems   
conc]n+ puni%m5t we %all return at a    
lat] /age 9 our /udy4  ,:at is          
responsibility8  ,!re is "o plea :i*    
exempts a p]son f blame- :5 we say he 0 
n responsible4 ,responsibility means    
acc\ntability1 liability to blame &     
puni%m5t4 ,we d n hold acc\ntable ^?    
classes :om x w\ld d no good to blame or
 puni%4 ,babies1 ! feeble m9d$1 !       
insane1 are n det]r$ by blame2 h5ce we d
 n hold !m responsible4 ,beyond ^!      

obvi\s exemptions !re are all sorts (   
degrees ( responsibility1 c>efully work$
 out 9 t bran* ( ! law kn[n z torts4 ,! 
pr9ciple ^u :i* man has in/9ctively     
gone1 & :i* ! law n[ recognizes1 9 hold+
 m5 acc\ntable or1 9 o!r words1 imput+  
responsibility-is ! degree 9 :i* !y     
might h be5 expect$ to =esee !          
consequ5ces ( _! acts4 ,! foll[+ set (  
cases w illu/rate ! pr9ciple3  7#a7 ,we 
d n hold a man responsible at all =     
un=eseeable results ( 8 action4 ,if     
because ( turn+ 8 c[s into pa/ure a     
pass+ dog gets excit$ & tramples a      
neighbor's fl[]-b$1 ! own] ( ! c[s is n 
responsible = ! damage2 x w\ld d no good
 to exact puni%m5t = :at 0 s indirectly 
& unexpect$ly due to 8 action4  7#b7 ,b 
if 8 c[s got ov] ! wall & trampl$ ! b$s1
 he w\ld be held responsible1 9 diff]5t 
degrees1 accord+ to ! circum/ances4 ,if 
he _h inspect$ ! wall ) eyes ( exp]i5ce 
& hone/ly ?\ght x w\ld keep ! c[s 91 we 
deem him only slightly responsible4 ,he 
c\ld h done no?+ m2 yet he mu/ le>n m   

accurately to di/+ui% safe walls f      
unsafe4 ,x is fair] = him to pay = !    
damage ?an = ! own] ( ! fl[]- b$ to     
suff] ! loss2 su* risks mu/ be assum$ z 
a "p ( ! bus9ess ( keep+ c[s4  7#c7 ,if 
he 0 ignorant ( ! necess>y height or    
/r5g? ( wall1 we blame him m4 ,he has no
 bus9ess-keep+ c[s until he kn[s all    
aspects ( ! bus9ess4  7#d7 ,if !re 0 a  
gap 9 ! wall :i* he w\ld h notic$ if he 
_h tak5 ord9>y c>e1 we hold him /ill    
fur!r to blame1 & 8 puni%m5t mu/ be     
sev]]4  7#e7 ,if he rememb]$ ! gap 9 !  
wall & did n take ! tr\ble to repair x1 
!reby cons5t+ to ! damage 8 c[s might d1
 8 case is /ill worse4  7#f7 ,f9ally1 if
 he delib]ately turn$ ! c[s into 8 field
 ) ! hope t !y w\ld g ?r\gh ! gap &     
damage 8 neighbor's fl[]-b$s1 he is !   
mo/ dang]\s type ( crim9al1 ( malice    
a=e?\ght1 & 8 puni%m5t mu/ be sev]e/ (  
all4  ,9 su* ways d we di/+ui% betwe5   
traits ( "* m & m dang]\s to society1 & 
adju/ our blame & puni%m5t to _! diff]5t
 degrees ( dang]1 & ! diff]+ degrees (  

efficacy t ! blame & puni%m5t may h4 ,b 
?r\gh\t ^! are purely utilit>ian1 an    
unhappy necessity = ! pres]vation (     
human welf>e4  ,on goodness ( "*3 ,dewey
 & ,tufts1 ,e?ics1 *ap4 ,,xii4 ,f4      
,pauls51 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 book ,,ii1    
*ap1 ,i1 secs4 #c1 #e4 ,leslie ,/eph51  
,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 *ap4 ,,vii4  ,!       
,kantian !ory3 ,kant's ,metaphysic (    
,morality4 ,a good edition 9 ,engli% is 
,abbott's ,kant's ,!ory ( ,e?ics4 ,!re  
are _m discussions ( 8 !ory4 ,an int]e/+
 rec5t "o is ,felix ,adl]'s1 9 ,essays  
,philosophical & ,psy*ological 9 ,honor 
( ,william ,james2 see also ! *apt] (   
,dewey & ,tufts1 ,e?ics1 above m5tion$2 
,pauls51 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 book ,,ii1    
*ap4 ,v1 secs4 #c1 #d2 ,am]ican ,j\rnal 
( ,psy*ology1 vol4 #h1 p4 #ebh4 ,on     
responsibility3 ,mezes1 op4 cit1 pp4    
#bi-ce4 ,su!rl&1 op4 cit1 vol4 ,,ii1    
*ap4 ,,xviii4 ,alex&]1 ,moral ,ord] &   
,progress1 book ,,iii1 *ap1 ,,iii1 sec4 
,,*apt] ,x   ,,! ,,solution ,,(         
,,p]sonal ,,problems  ,,p]sonal morality

 is ! way to live ! mo/ desirable1 ! mo/
 intr9sically valuable1 life-9 ! long   
run1 & 9 view ( ! inescapable ne$s &    
conditions ( human welf>e2 ! way to     
avoid ! sn>es & pitfalls ( impulse &    
atta9 ^? sweete/ goods t come only ?r\gh
 ef=t & sacrifice ( less] goods4 ,t is  
:at morality is1 ) ref]5ce to ! s+le    
individual alone1 & t is ample          
ju/ification = x4 ,a rec5t writ] phrases
 x z foll[s3 ,i w\ld def9e goodness z   
do+ :at "o w\ld wi% "o _h done 9 tw5ty  
ye>s-tw5ty ye>s1 tw5ty days1 tw5ty      
m9utes1 tw5ty seconds1 accord+ to ! "t !
 action takes to get ripe ,p]haps :5 we 
/op teas+ p & take goodness s]i\sly4 &  
calmly1 & see t goodness is ess5tially  
imag9ation t x is bra9s1 t x is ?9k+ d[n
 ?r\gh to :at "o really wants goodness w
 beg9 to be m covet$4 ,except among p ) 
almo/ no bra9s or imag9ation at all1 x w
 be popul>4 ,footnote3 ,g]ald ,/anley   
,lee4 ,cf4 also ,g4 ,l[es ,dick9son1 ,! 
,mean+ ( ,good1 p4 #ada4 ,( morality he 
says3 ,its specific quality consi/s 9 ! 

refusal to seize "s imm$iate & inf]ior  
good ) a view to ! atta9m5t ( "o t is   
remot] b high]4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !    
moral & ! immoral man is n t ! latt]    
all[s himself to enjoy pleasant & excit+
 phases ( exp]i5ce :i* ! =m] d5ies      
himself = ! sake ( "s good ly+ outside (
 exp]i5ce1 b t ! latt] indulges himself 
9 any agreeable s5sation t he *ances to 
desire1 :ile ! =m] conflict ) great]1   
be+ cont5t n ) any goods t may come to  
h&1 b only ) ! atta9able be/4 ,footnote3
 ,cf4 ,g4 ,santayana1 ,reason 9 ,sci5ce1
 pp4 #beb-ec3 ,happ9ess is hidd5 f a    
free & casual w2 x belongs r to "o *a/5$
 by a long education & unfold$ 9 an     
atmosph]e ( sacr$ & p]fect$ in/itutions4
 ,x is discipl9e t r5d]s m5 rational &  
capable ( happ9ess1 by suppress+ )\t    
hatr$ :at ne$s to be suppress$ to atta9 
a beautiful naturalness4 ,:at are !     
inadequacies ( in/9ct & impulse t       
necessitate morality8 ,x w\ld seem z if 
! be/ way to live %\ld be obvi\s &      
irresi/ible 9 its appeal4 ,b 9 tru? we  

are commonly v bl9d & fooli% ab\t ?is   
bus9ess ( liv+2 we lack wisdom1 & we    
lack motive-p[] at ! "r place4 ,in/9ct  
is altoge!r too clumsy & impulse too    
unc]ta94 ,we ne$ a m delicate adju/m5t2 
= ?is1 intellig5ce & consci5ce h be5    
develop$4 ,morality is ! way ( life t   
intellig5ce & consci5ce oppose to in/9ct
 & impulse4 ,n to be guid$ by _! wisdom 
is to =feit our bir?right1 l ,esau1 = a 
m]e mess ( pottage4 ,"s ( ! ma9 types ( 
difficulty t necessitate _! ov]rul+     
guidance we may n[ note4  7#a7 ,our     
impulses are (t5 deceptive4 ,:at        
promises ke5 pleasure turns flat 9 !    
ta/+2 :at ?reat5s pa9 may prove our     
greate/ joy4 ,mo/ m5 are l$ a/ray at "o 
"t or o!r by "s delusory good1 "s ignis 
fatuus-:or+1 money-mak+1 fame are among 
! commone/ :i* has fasc9at$ !m1 f !     
?\ght ( :i* !y _c te> !mselves away1 b  
:i* br+s no proportionate pleasure 9    
realization1 or an evanesc5t pleasure   
foll[$ by la/+ regret4 ,pleasures are l 
poppies spread1 ,y seize ! fl['r1 its   

bloom is %$4  ,all sorts ( insidi\s     
consequ5ces foll[ secretly 9 ! tra9 (   
innoc5t-seem+ acts2 ! value ( foll[+ a  
giv5 impulse is complicat$ 9 _m ways (  
:i* ! impulse itself does n in=m u4 ,we 
are ! frequ5t victims ( a sort ( inw>d  
mirage1 & h to le>n to disc\nt our hopes
 & fe>s4 ,morality is ! corrector ( ^!  
false valuati5s2 x discrim9ates = u     
betwe5 real & c\nt]feit goods1 tea*es u 
to disc\nt ! pictures ( our imag9ation &
 see ! gnaw$ bones on ! bea* :]e ! sir5s
 s+4  7#b7 ,our impulses (t5 cla%4 ,&   
s9ce1 z we h j said1 ! relative wor? to 
u ( ! acts is n always accurately       
repres5t$ by ! impulses1 we ne$ to /& (f
 & comp>e !m imp>tially4 ,no s+le       
passion mu/ be all[$ to run amuck2 !    
oppos+ voices1 h[ev] feeble1 mu/ be     
he>d4 ,:5 desires are at logg]heads1 :5 
a deadlock ( int]e/s arises-an almo/    
daily occurr5ce :5 life' is kept at a   
:ite heat-!re mu/ be "s mod]ator1 "s    
gov]n+ p[]4 ,morality is ! pr9ciple (   
coord9ation1 ! h>moniz]1 ! arbitrator ( 

conflict+ claims4  7#c7 ,we (t5 lack    
impulses :i* w\ld add mu* to ! wor? (   
our lives2 we are bl9d to all sorts (   
opportunities = ri* & joy\s liv+4 ,we   
ne$ to develop our lat5t ne$s1 to exp&  
our natures to _! full pot5tiality1 to  
le>n to love _m ?+s we h n c>$ =4 ,9    
g5]al we ignore ! joys t we h n         
ourselves exp]i5c$ or imag9$1 & ^? :i*  
belong to a diff]5t realm f t ( our     
tempor>y en?usiasms4 ,a lovesick swa91  
an opium fi5d1 are utt]ly unable to     
respond to ! lure ( outdoor sport or !  
joy ( ! well-do+ ( "w2 ^! joys1 ?\gh    
p]haps ackn[l$g$ z real possibilities = 
!m1 fail to attract _! wills1 t\* no    
*ord 9 !m1 h no influ5ce on _! *oices4  
,morality is ! great eye-op5] & insi/5t 
rem9d] ( ignor$ goods4  7#d7 ,we (t5 h  
p]v]t$ impulses4 ,we inh]it di%>monies f
 o!r conditions ( life1 l ! v]mi=m      
app5dix & ! _m o!r ve/igial organs :i* h
 come d[n to u only = h>m4 ,9 g5]al we  
inh]it bodies & bra9s fairly well       
organiz$ = our welf>e2 b !re are /ill   

atavisms to be ru?lessly /amp$ out4 ,!  
crav+ = /imulants or drugs1 sexual      
p]v]sions1 kleptomania1 pyromania1 & !  
o!r manias1 bad temp]1 jeal\sy- !re is a
 good deal ( ! old ,adam 9 u :i* is j   
:olly bad & to be utt]ly done away )2   
rebelli\s impulses t are hopelessly at  
w> ) our own good & mu/ g ! way (       
cannibalism & polygamy4 ,morality is !  
/]n ext]m9ator ( all su* enemies ( human
 welf>e4  ,:at factors are to be        
consid]$ 9 e/imat+ ! wor? ( p]sonal     
moral ideals8  ,?is summ>y consid]ation 
( ! ob/acles t block ! pa? to happ9ess  
?r\gh ! he$less foll[+ ( impulse1 %[s ! 
necessity ( moral ideals2 t is to say1 (
 directive codes :i* %all /e] ! w ?r\gh 
! tumultu\s seas ( haphaz>d desire into 
! h>bor ( its true welf>e4 ,h[1 !n1 c we
 decide betwe5 conflict+ ideals &       
e/imate _! relative value8 ,x c only be 
by judg+ ?r\gh exp]i5ce ! degree (      
happ9ess :i* !y sev]ally effect 9 !     
situations to :i* !y are to be appli$4  
,b !re are _m factors :i* contribute to 

or detract f t happ9ess 9 its totality2 
& a prop] e/imation ( ideals mu/ note ! 
degree 9 :i* !y provide = ea* possible  
elem5t ( satisfaction4  7#a7 ,9 ! fir/  
place1 ! m]e fact ( yield+ to an        
impulse1 ( :atev] sort1 br+s a relief f 
crav+1 & a mom5t>y satisfaction4 ,j to d
 :at we wi% to d is1 negatively at lea/1
 a good2 & 9 s f> e act desir$ is really
 desirable4 ,an ideal :i* crosses       
incl9ation mu/ h ?is initial price      
debit$ aga9/ x4 ,at times ! re/lessness 
( p5t-up long+ is s great t x pays to   
gratify x ev5 at "s co/ ( pa9 or loss4  
,b 9 g5]al1 desire c be modifi$ to fit  
ne$2 & rational ideals r ?an silly wi%es
 mu/ guide u4 ,x is dang]\s to lay mu*  
/ress on ! urg5cy ( desire1 & almo/     
always possible ) a little firmness to  
hu% ! bl9d ye>n+ & replace x ) m        
ultimately satisfy+ desires4  7#b7      
,normally1 h[ev]1 our desires repres5t  
real goods1 :i* mu/ bulk mu* l>g] 9 our 
calculation ?an ! m]e relief ( yield+ to
 ! impulse4 ,n only is x ipso facto good

 to h :at we want1 b :at we want is     
usually some?+ t c directly or          
indirectly give u pleasure4 ,! pleasure1
 !n1 to be atta9$ ?r\gh foll[+ ?is or t 
impulse is to be e/imat$1 bo? 9 its     
int5sity & its duration4 ,! c]ta9ty or  
unc]ta9ty ( its atta9m5t may also       
legitimately be consid]$4 ,& ?is        
pleasure1 ?\gh x is b "o phase ( ! total
 situation1 mu/ be tak5 s]i\sly into    
acc\nt 9 our appraisal ( ideals :i*     
p]mit or =bid x4  7#c7 ,a fur!r "q is z 
to ! purity ( ?is pleasure1 i4e1 its    
fre$om f mixture ) pa94 ,mo/ selfi% &   
s5sual pleasures1 h[ev] ke51 are s      
int]wov5 ) re/lessness1 %ame1 or        
dissatisfaction1 or s inevitably        
accompani$ by a revulsion ( feel+1      
disgu/ or loa?+1 t !y mu/ be %>ply      
disc\nt$ 9 our calculus4 ,:]eas         
intellectual1 ae/hetic1 religi\s        
pleasures are g5]ally free f su*        
int]mixture ( pa91 & s1 ?\gh mild]1 on !
 :ole pref]able ev5 9 _! imm$iacy & ap>t
 f ultimate consequ5ces4  7#d7 ,b ! mo/ 

imp]i\s ne$ ( life lies 9 ! trac+-out & 
pay+ he$ to ^! extr9sic values1 ^! aft] 
effects ( conduct4 ,! dr9k+ ( alcoholic 
liquors1 = example1 n only /ills a crav+
 t arises 9 a man's m9d1 n only br+s    
pleasure ( ta/e & com=t ( oblivion1 n   
only br+s ! quick revulsion ( emotional 
/al5ess & heada*e1 b has its gradual &  
inevitable effects 9 und]m9+ !          
con/itution1 less5+ ! p[] ( resi/ance to
 disease1 & decreas+ ! vitality (       
(fspr+4 ,q commonly ^! ultimate         
consequ5ces are ! mo/ important1 & s !  
det]m9+1 factors 9 decid+ our ideals4   
,among !m may be includ$ ! influ5ce (   
s+le acts 9 increas+ or decreas+ ! p[]  
to resi/ future temptations1 & ! gradual
 p>alysis ( ! w ?r\gh un*eck$           
self-indulg5ce4  7#e7 ,ano!r important  
aspect ( any moral situation lies 9 !   
rejection :i* e *oice involves4 ,n only 
mu/ we ask :at a giv5 impulse has to (f]
 u1 9 imm$iate & remote satisfaction2 we
 mu/ consid] :at alt]native goods its   
adoption precludes4 ,:at might we h be5 

do+ ) our "t & /r5g? or money8 ,is ?is  
act n only a good "o1 is x ! be/ "o = t 
mom5t ( our lives8 ,an important        
function ( ideals is to po9t u to realms
 ( happ9ess into :i* our preexi/+       
impulses might nev] h l$ u1 & ^: exi/5ce
 we might sc>cely h suspect$4  7#f7     
,f9ally1 we may ask ( e propos$ l9e (   
conduct1 :at w be its wor? to u 9       
memory8 ,n only 9 our leisure h\rs1 b 9 
a curr5t ( subconsci\s reflection t     
accompanies our active life1 we         
con/antly live 9 ! pres5ce ( our pa/4 ,&
 ! nature ( memory is su* t x _c well   
reta9 ! traces ( c]ta9 ( our ke5e/      
pleasures1 b c cont9ually fe$ u ^u o!r  
joys ( our pa/4 ,x is imp]ative1 !n1 = a
 happy life1 s to live t ! ye>s are     
pleasant to look back ^u4 ,vici\s       
self-indulg5ce & selfi%ness are r>ely   
satisfy+ 9 retrospection1 :]eas all     
c\rage & h]oism & t5d]ness are a s\rce (
 un5d+ com=t4 ,= bett] or worse1 we are1
 & _c %irk be+1 judges ( our own        
conduct4 ,we may be prejudic$1 & may    

prop]ly try to correct our prejudices2  
we may disc\nt our own disapprovals1 &  
seek to escape f our own self-          
condemnation4 ,b aft] all1 we mu/ live )
 ourselves2 & x pays to aim to please n 
only ! evanesc5t impulses ^: disapproval
 w soon be =gott51 b t m deeply root$ & 
insi/5t judgm5t t _c :olly be /ill$4    
,regret & remorse are among ! greate/   
poison]s ( happ9ess1 & prospective      
ideals mu/ be> t tru? 9 m9d4 ,no matt]  
:at o!r elem5ts 9 any mom5t (           
consci\sness may t5d to give x agreeable
 tone1 if !re is n ! elem5t ( approval1 
!re is n yet any deep1 wide1 & la/+     
pleasantness = consci\sness4 ,a fla% (  
light "h1 a casual ^w !re1 & x is gone4 
,j :5 we are safe/1 !re's a sunset- t\*2
 ,a fancy f a fl[]-bell1 "s "o's dea?1  
,a *orus end+ f ,euripides1 ,& t's en\gh
 to br+ ! %ock ( disapproval1 & ) x     
disagreeable feel+- tone cont9ues till  
disapproval is remov$ or approval is    
won4 ,if !re be won ?is approval1 o!r   
elem5ts ( disagreeabl5ess1 h[ev] great1 

c be endur$4 ,! massive movem5t ( !     
complex unifi$ consci\sness ( a         
,socrates dr9k+ hemlock1 ( a ,jesus dy+ 
on ! cross1 :atev] /rong eddies ( pa9   
!re be 9 x1 is /ill ton$ agreeably1 z x 
makes head conqu]+ly t[>d t end :i* ea* 
has ideally con/ruct$ z fit4 ,footnote3 
,h4 ,g4 ,"l1 9 ,essays ,philosophical & 
,psy*ological 9 ,honor ( ,william       
,james1 p4 #chh-hi4 ,no ref]5ce has be5 
made1 9 ?is summ>y ( ! factors :i*      
det]m9e our e/imate ( ! wor? ( p]sonal  
ideals1 to ! be>+ ( ^! ideals ^u o!r p's
 lives4 ,actually1 ( c\rse1 ! social    
values ( ev5 prim>ily p]sonal ideals are
 impossible to ov]look1 & (t5 bulk l>g] 
?an ! m]ely p]sonal values4 ,?is :ole   
side ( ! matt] w be left = conv5i5ce1   
h[ev]1 to ! foll[+ *apt]4  ,epicureanism
 vs4 ,puritanism4  ,p]sonal ideals h    
swung hi/orically betwe5 two magnets1   
ri*ness & purity1 self-expression &     
self-repression1 indulg5ce & asceticism4
 ,! crux ( ! individual's problem is !  
"q h[ mu* repression is necess>y2 &     

man's answ] has wav]$ some:]e betwe5 ^! 
extremes1 :i* we may designate by !     
names ( _! be/-kn[n exempl>s1           
,epicureanism & ,puritanism4 ,_m        
diff]5ces 9 degree or detail !re h be51 
( c\rse1 9 ! v>i\s hi/oric embodim5ts ( 
^! ideals2 b = ! sake ( mak+ cle> !     
fundam5tal contra/ we may neglect ^!    
individual div]g5ces & gr\p toge!r ^? on
 ! "o h& :o h call$ m5 to a full]1      
complet] life & ^? :o h summon$ !m to an
 au/]] & pur] life1 free f ta9t ( s9 &  
regret4 ,we %all !n put 9 ! fir/ gr\p   
su* well-kn[n se]s & poets z ,epicurus1 
,lucretius1 ,horace1 ,goe!1 ,%elley1    
,byron1 ,walt] ,pat]1 ,walt ,:itman2 we 
%all ?9k ( ! ,greek gods1 ( !           
,r5aissance arti/s1 ! ,engli% cavali]s4 
,we %all ?9k ( ! motto1 ,c>pe diem1 &   
,ga!r ye rosebuds :ile ye may2 & p]haps 
( ,/ev5son's  ,! _w is s full ( a numb] 
( ?+s1 ,i'm sure we %\ld all be z happy 
z k+s4 ,footnote3 ,an excell5t brief    
plea = ?is ideal ( ! life t %all be ri* 
9 exp]i5ce c be f\nd 9 ,walt] ,pat]'s   

,r5aissance1 ! ,conclusion4 ,9 contra/  
to ^! foll[]s are afraid ( impulse1 ^?  
:o w>n & rebuke & seek to save life f   
its pitfalls4 ,we %all ?9k ( ,buddha1 ! 
,/oics1 ! ,hebrew prophets1 ! m$iaeval  
sa9ts1 ,dante & ,savon>ola1 ! ,engli% & 
,am]ican ,puritans1 or1 9 mod]n times1 (
 ,tol/oy4 ,! ideal ( su* m5 is express$ 
n by ! :olesomely happy & c>efree ,greek
 gods1 b by halo$ sa9t1 by ! calm-ey$   
,buddha ( ,ea/]n l&s1 by ! figure (     
,*ri/ on ! cross4 ,! answ] to !         
,epicurean's he$lessness is express$ 9  
su* l9es z ,:at is ?is _w's delight8    
,lightn+ t mocks ! night1 ,brief ev5 z  
bright4  ,x is cond5s$ 9 ! famili>      
,respice f9em2 ! peace ( its self- d5ial
 %9es out 9 ,*ri/'s ,n my w b ?9e1 & 9  
,dante's ,9 ,8 w is our peace4 ,meag] & 
cold & repell5t z ?is ideal 9 its       
extreme expressions (t5 seems1 x appeals
 to u z ! s(t] & irresponsible ideal ( !
 ,epicureans _c4 ,b obvi\sly our way    
lies betwe5 ! extremes4 ,& aft] all t   
has n[ be5 said1 our summ>y ( ! dang]s  

inh]5t 9 ea* ideal may be v brief4  ,:at
 are ! evils 9 undue self-indulg5ce8    
,ap>t f ! selfi%ness ( self-indulg5ce1  
:i* is obvi\s ^u ! surface1 b ) :i* we  
are n n[ conc]n$1  7#a7 ,self-indulg5ce1
 if unbridl$1 leads almo/ inevitably to 
pa91 disease1 & premature dea?4 ,= 9 !  
majority ( m5 !re are c]ta9 in/9cts s   
/rong & s dang]\s -z1 ! sex-in/9ct1 !   
crav+ = /imulants & excitem5t-t :]e no  
repressive pr9ciple exi/s !y t5d to     
ov]ride ! grumbl+s ( prud5ce & drag _!  
possessor to disa/]4 ,x is impossible = 
mo/ m51 if !y give !mselves ov] to !    
pursuit ( p]sonal pleasure1 to keep to !
 quiet1 ref9$1 heal?ful pleasures :i*   
,epicurus advocat$4 ,_! feet g d[n to   
dea?4  7#b7 ,b ev5 if ! wor/ p5alties   
are escap$1 indulg5ce br+s at lea/      
satiety1 ! he>t high cloy$1 a blunt$    
capacity = enjoym5t1 ennui1 re/lessness1
 & depression ( _s4 ,ke5 z its ze/ may  
be at ! outset1 x is %ort-liv$ at be/2 &
 ) ! ensu+ emotional fatigue1 pleasures 
pall1 life seems empty1 robb$ ( its     

mean+ & glory4  7#c7 ,moreov]1          
pleasure-seek+ is curs$ ) ! spect] (    
aimlessness2 x entirely misses ! deepe/ 
& mo/ satisfy+ joys ( life1 ! joy (     
heal?y1 unsp5t =ces & desires1 ! joy (  
purpose & a*ievem5t1 ! joy ( ! pure1    
discipl9$1 loyal life4 ,x r5d]s ^! joys 
unatta9able2 we _c s]ve ,god & s5se1    
ideals & lu/s ( ! fle%4 ,! p>t+ ( ! ways
 lies be=e e man2 & x is ! p]5nial      
trag$y ( life t s _m1 misl$ by impulse &
 bl9d$ by desire1 fail to see ! beauty (
 hol9ess & *oose ! less] good4  7#d7    
,especially z we gr[ old] does x matt]  
less & less :at evanesc5t enjoym5ts we h
 _h1 & m & m :at we h accompli%$4 ,our  
happ9ess lies increas+ly ) ! ye>s 9 !   
memory1 subconsci\s mo/ ( ! "t b        
con/antly pot5t 9 its influ5ce1 ( our   
pa/4 ,to h gratifi$ ! s5ses1 to h ta/$ !
 sup]ficial delights ( life1 to h yield$
 to ! tug ( desire1 leaves little 9 !   
way ( satisfaction beh9d2 b to h done   
some?+ wor?y1 to h liv$ nobly1 ev5 to h 
f\ght & fail$1 is a la/+ honor & joy4   

,:at are ! evils 9 undue                
self-repression8  ,asceticism1 l        
self-indulg5ce1 is selfi%4 ,x asks1 ,:at
 %all ,i d to be sav$8 r ?an ,:at %all  
,i d to s]ve8 ,endlessly preoccupi$ ) ! 
endeavor n to d wrong1 ! ascetics h     
fail$ to d ! positive good !y ought4 ,! 
grime t comes ?r\gh lov+ s]vice is bett]
 ?an ! /a9lessness ( inactivity2 z !    
poet ,sp5s] puts x1 ,entire affection   
hate? nic] h&s4 ,& ! emphasis ^u fre$om 
f ta9t ( s9 t5ds to produce a scorn (   
o!rs :o d n ?us d5y !mselves1 a         
self-righte\sness & ,ph>isaism1 a       
call\sness to o!rs1 :i* di/orts !       
judgm5t z well z dries up ! sympa?ies4  
,b ap>t f ^! dang]s1 & f a purely       
p]sonal po9t ( view1 asceticism has its 
evil side4  7#a7 ,an ov]emphasis ^u     
self-d5ial sacrifices unnecess>ily !    
sweetness & ri*ness ( life1 /unts x1    
di/orts x1 robs x ( its natural         
fruition4 ,! d5ial ( any satisfaction is
 cruel except z x is necess>y4 ,purity1 
c>ri$ to a ne$less extreme1 became      

celibacy2 ! virtue ( frugality became ! 
vice ( a />vation diet1 produc+ !       
emaciat$ & weak5$ sa9ts2 ! unworldl9ess 
:i* c be 9 ! _w b n ( x 0 trans=m$ into 
! morbidly lonely & futile isolation ( !
 h]mits4 ,^! are abnormal & undesirable 
p]v]sions ( human nature4  7#b7 ,a      
reaction f ne$less repression is almo/  
inevitable4 ,! attempt radically to alt]
 & repress human nature is ne>ly always 
disa/r\s4 ,mo/ ( ! ascetics _h to pass  
_! days 9 con/ant /ruggles aga9/ _!     
temptations1 & _m ( !m recurr5tly laps$ 
into wild orgies ( s91 ! result ( p5t-up
 impulses d5i$ _! natural *annels4      
,morality %\ld be r directive ?an       
repressive1 us+ all ( our en]gies = wise
 & noble ends1 & ov]com+ evil ) good4 ,a
 m]ely negative morality implies !      
cont9ual dwell+ ( att5tion ^u s9 & !    
cont9ual rebellion ( desire4 ,x keeps ! 
s\l 9 a /ate ( un/able equilibrium1 &   
defeats its own ends4  ,r4 ,b4 ,p]ry1   
,moral ,economy1 *ap1 ,,ii1 secs1 ,,ii1 
,,iii2 *ap1 ,,iii1 secs1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1   

,,iv4 ,f4 ,pauls51 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 book
 ,,iii1 *ap4 ,,ii4 ,s4 ,e4 ,mezes1      
,e?ics1 *ap1 ,x1 ,,xi1 ,dewey & ,tufts1 
,e?ics1 *ap1 ,,xviii1 secs4 #a1 #b1 #d2 
*ap1 ,,xix1 sees4 #a1 #b1 #d4 ,mat!w    
,arnold1 ,culture & ,an>*y1 *ap4 ,,iv4  
,h4 ,c4 ,k+1 ,rational ,liv+1 pp4       
#ic-ajb4 ,w4 dew4 ,hyde1 ,! ,five ,great
 ,philosophies ( ,life1 *aps1 ,i-,,iv4  
,h4 ,ba%dall1 ,!ory ( ,good & ,evil1    
book ,,ii1 *ap4 ,,iii4     ,,*apt] ,,xi 
,,! ,,solution ,,op ,,social ,,problems 
,,duty1 l *>ity1 beg9s at home2 & we ne$
 to take ! motes out ( our own eyes be=e
 we c see cle>ly h[ to help our fell[s4 
,to keep physically well1 pure1 &       
prud5t1 foll[+ wor?y purposes & smo!r+  
unruly desires1 is our fir/ bus9ess2 &  
!re w\ld be mu* less to d = "o ano!r if 
e "o did 8 duty by himself4  ,b ev5 )   
our be/ endeavors we ne$ a help+ h& n[ &
 !n1 &1 inde$1 are cont9u\sly dep5d5t ^u
 ! "w & k9dness ( o!rs = all t makes    
life tol]able1 or ev5 possible4 ,& ! o!r
 side to ?is tru? is t we are nev] free 

f ! obligation ( do+ our duty squ>ely by
 ^? ^: welf>e is 9 "s degree dep5d5t ^u 
u4 ,no man c1 if he w\ld1 live to       
himself alone2 life is necess>ily &     
ess5tially social4 ,p]sonal & social    
duties are s inextricably int]wov5 t x  
is impossible except by an artificial   
ab/raction to sep>ate !m4 ,! cultivation
 ( "o's own heal?1 = example1 is a boon 
to ! community2 & to c>e = ! community's
 heal? is to safegu>d "o's own4 ,e      
advance 9 p]sonal purity1 culture1 or   
self-control increases ! individual's   
value & dim9i%es 8 m5ace to 8 fell[s2   
:ile e /ep 9 social amelioration makes  
life fre] & m com=table = him4 ,s close-
 knit is society today t an indiff]5ce  
to sanitation 9 ,asia or a religi\s     
p]secution 9 ,russia may produce        
disa/r\s results to "s innoc5t & utt]ly 
indiff]5t individual 9 ,massa*usetts or 
,cali=nia4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no vice 
s solit>y & s c widespread social       
results4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,george ,eliot 
9 ,adam ,b$e3 ,!re is no sort ( wrong   

de$ ( :i* a man c be> ! puni%m5t alone4 
,m5's lives are z ?or\ghly bl5d$ z ! air
 !y brea!2 evil spreads z necess>ily z  
disease4 ,society has a vital int]e/ 9 !
 p]sonal life ( its memb]s1 & e memb]1  
h[ev] self- conta9$ he may be1 has a    
vital int]e/ 9 ! g5]al /&>ds ( morality4
 ,= purposes ( analysis1 h[ev]1 x is    
conv5i5t to make ! di/9ction betwe5 !   
two aspects ( morality1 ! gov]nance (   
intra-human & ( int]-human relations2 ! 
ord]+ ( ! s+le life & ! ord]+ ( !       
community life4 ,( ! two ! latt] is ev5 
m imp]ative ?an ! =m]1 ! arbitration (  
cla%es betwe5 individuals ev5 m         
difficult ?an ! gov]n+ ( ! impulses )9 a
 s+le he>t4 ,we turn1 !re=e1 to consid] 
! problems involv$ 9 ! g5]al conception 
( social morality1 :i* we may def9e z ! 
direction ( ! action ( ea* t[>d !       
greate/ atta9able welf>e ( all4 ,:y %\ld
 we be altrui/ic8 ,t altruism 7action   
direct$ t[>d o!rs' welf>e7 is be/ = !   
community z a :ole is obvi\s4 ,9 ord] to
 ma9ta9 8 life 9 ! face ( ! _m ob/acles 

t ?w>t & dang]s t ?reat5 him1 man mu/   
pres5t a solid front to ! univ]se4 ,all 
cla%es ( int]e/1 friction1 & civil      
/rife1 all )hold+ ( help1 means a weak5+
 ( 8 unit$ =ces1 an invitation to       
disa/]4 ,& ev5 :]e life becomes         
relatively secure & individualism       
possible1 ! greate/ good = ! greate/    
numb] is atta9able only by cont9ual     
coop]ation & mutual sacrifice4 ,s vital 
is x to ea* memb] ( ! community t       
selfi%ness & cruelty 9 o!rs be repress$1
 t society _c af=d to leave at lea/ !   
gross] =ms ( egoism unpuni%$4 ,m5 mu/   
en=ce ^u "o ano!r t mutual reg>d :i*    
individuals are con/antly tempt$ to     
ignore1 b )\t :i* no man's life c f9d   
its adequate fulfillm5t or security4 ,no
 man1 !n1 c be call$ moral1 c be said to
 h f\nd a compreh5sive solution ( life1 
h[ev] self-controll$ & pure he may be1  
if he is cruel1 or ev5 lack+ 9          
consid]ation = o!rs4 ,?is is ! mo/ gl>+ 
defect 9 bo? ,epicureanism & asceticism2
 bo? are fundam5tally selfi%4 ,= ! prop]

 adju/m5t ( life to its ne$s we mu/ turn
 r to ,*ri/ianity1 or to ,buddhism1 ) _!
 ideals ( s]vice2 to ! patriotic ideals 
( ! noble/ ,greeks2 to ,kant1 ) 8 ,s act
 z to treat humanity1 :e!r 9 _! own     
p]son or 9 t ( any o!r1 z an end1 nev] z
 a means only2 or to ! ,briti%          
utilit>ians ) _! ,e "o to c\nt = "o1 &  
only "o4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 p]si/5tly recurs1
 ,:y %\ld ! ,,individual be altrui/ic8  
,:at does ,,he get out ( x8 ,to ?is we  
may reply3  7#a7 ,! life ( s]vice is1 9 
normal cases1 a happi] life 9 itself ?an
 ! life t is preoccupi$ ) self4 ,x is   
ri*]1 full] 9 pot5tialities ( joy2 x is 
fre] f regrets & ! ev5tual empt9ess ( ! 
self-c5t]$ life4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,mill1 
,utilit>ianism1 *ap4 #b3 ,:5 p :o are   
tol]ably =tunate 9 _! outw>d lot d n f9d
 9 life suffici5t enjoym5t to make x    
valuable to !m1 ! cause g5]ally is1 c>+ 
= nobody b !mselves4 ,x is san]1 less   
likely to be ve]$ (f on "s tang5t (     
morbid & ultimately disa/r\s indulg5ce  
7#b7 ,! altrui/ic life e>ns ! gratitude 

& love ( o!rs1 :ile ! selfi% life rema9s
 isolat$1 unlov$1 )\t _! /imulus & help4
 ,+ratitude !re is1 ( c\rse1 & ! return+
 ( evil = good2 on ! o!r h&1 ! selfi%   
man may hope = undes]v$ =giv5ess & ev5  
love f 8 fell[s4 ,b 9 ! long run x pays 
to be good to o!rs2 bread ca/ ^u ! wat]s
 does return aft] _m days2 normally     
unk9dness provokes dislike1 contempt1   
op5 ho/ility1 retaliation1 :ile k9dness 
f9ds a natural & prop] rew>d 9 return   
favors1 e/eem1 & affection4 ,no man c   
tell :5 he w be 9 ne$ ( sympa?y or (    
aid2 x is folly s to live z to =feit our
 fell[s' good w4 ,& f9ally1 selfi%ness  
c>ri$ beyond a c]ta9 po9t br+s ! p5alty 
n only ( ! unfavorable op9ion & private 
retaliations ( o!rs1 b ( ! publicly     
en=c$ law4 ,9 normal cases1 we h said4  
,& we mu/ add t !re are cases ?\gh !y   
are less common ?an we are apt to       
suppose 9 :i* ! good ( ! individual is  
hopelessly at v>iance ) t ( ! community4
 ,if our fell[s c\ld be c\nt$ on = a    
fair reciprocity ( self-d5ial & s]vice1 

we %\ld n begrudge ^! necess>y          
sacrifices4 ,! /+ lies n s mu* 9 ! loss 
( p]sonal pleasures z 9 ! lack (        
appreciation & return2 to d our "p :5   
o!rs are n do+ !irs takes1 inde$1 a t\* 
( sa9tl9ess4 ,socrates dr9k+ ! hemlock1 
,jesus dy+ 9 agony on ! cross1 ,regulus 
return+ to be tortur$ at ,c>?age1 7     
delib]ately sacrific+ _! p]sonal welf>e 
= ! good ( o!r m54 ,& 9 numb]less ways a
 ho/ ( h]oic m5 & wom5 h practic$ & are 
daily practic+ unrew>d$ self-d5ial 9 !  
"n ( love & s]vice1 self-d5ial :i* by no
 means always br+s a joy comm5surate ) !
 pa94 ,^! are ! abnormal cases2 b !     
abnormal is1 aft] all1 n s v uncommon4  
,& = ^! m5 & wom5 we mu/ grieve1 :ile we
 honor & admire !m & hold !m up =       
imitation4 ,society mu/ insi/ on j su*  
sacrifices :5 !y are necess>y = ! good (
 ! :ole1 & mu/ s tra9 its y\? t !y w be 
will+ to make !m :5 ne$ful4  ,:at is !  
exact mean+ ( selfi%ness & unselfi%ness8
  ,selfi%ness is ! pursuance ( "o's own 
good at ! exp5se ( o!rs4 ,a mi/ak5 idea1

 :i* x is necess>y to gu>d aga9/1 is t  
selfi%ness mu/ be consci\s1 delib]ate4  
,x is n uncommon = a p]son accus$ (     
selfi%ness to say1 or ?9k1 ,?is is an   
unju/ accusation2 ,i h n _h a selfi%    
?\ght6 ,b unconsci\s selfi%ness is by f>
 ! common] sort2 millions ( ess5tially  
good- he>t$ p are guilty ( selfi% acts  
?r\gh ?\ghtlessness & /agnant sympa?y4  
,consci\s cruelty is r>e comp>$ ) moral 
ins5sibility4 ,x _c be too (t5 repeat$ t
 selfi%ness is n a way ( feel+ ab\t p1 x
 is a way ( act+ t[>d !m4 ,to be :olly  
free f selfi% conduct necessitates      
insight into ! ne$s & feel+s ( o!rs z   
well z a vague good w t[>d !m4 ,! girl  
:o all[s h] "m to drudge t %e may h     
immaculate clo!s1 ! "m :o keeps h] son  
at home :5 he ought to be giv5 !        
opportunity ( a wid] life1 is consci\s  
only ( love2 b %e is really putt+ h] own
 happ9ess be=e t ( ! lov$ "o4 ,! own] ( 
! vile/ t5em5t h\ses is sometimes a     
g5]\s & b5evol5t-m9d$ man1 ! luxuri\sly 
ri* are (t5 hone/ & glad to conf]       

favors1 ! political boss is full ( !    
milk ( human k9dness2 b ! sup]ficial or 
adv5titi\s altruism ( su* m5 %\ld n bl9d
 u to _! fundam5tal1 ?\gh (t5 entirely  
unrealiz$1 selfi%ness4 ,a complem5t>y   
fallacy is t :i* d5ies ! epi!t unselfi% 
to a man :o enjoys help+ o!rs4 ,:o has n
 he>d ! cynical rem>k1 ,!re's no?+      
unselfi% ab\t ,s-&-,s's b5evol5ce t is 8
 enjoym5t 9 life6 ,su* a comm5t ignores 
! fact t ! goal ( moral progress lies   
precisely at ! po9t :]e we %all all     
enjoy do+ :at x is our duty to d4       
,altrui/ic impulses are our own         
impulses1 z well z egoi/ic ones2 !      
di/9ction betwe5 !m lies n 9 ! pleasure 
!y may give to _! possessor1 or !       
sacrifice !y may dem&1 b 9 ! objective  
results !y t5d to atta94 ,happy is ! man
 ^: ,,delight is 9 ! law ( ! ,"l6       
,unselfi% action is1 9 ! broad] s5se1   
all action t is n selfi%2 9 ! n>r[] &   
positive s5se1 x is all action t t5ds to
 ! welf>e ( o!rs at ! exp5se ( ! n>r[]  
int]e/s ( ! individual4  ,are altrui/ic 

impulses always "r8  ,x w\ld be an easy 
solution = our problems if we c\ld say1 
,9 e case foll[ ! altrui/ic impulse4 ,b 
?is simplification is impossible2 !     
ideal ( s]vice is n su* an ,op5 ,sesame 
to our duty4 ,& ?is = sev]al reasons3   
7#a7 ,!re are frequ5tly cla%es betwe5   
altrui/ic impulses4 ,9 fact1 almo/ all  
moral errors h "s unselfi% impulse on _!
 side :i* helps to ju/ify !m 9 ! eyes ( 
! s9n] & 8 fri5ds4 ,! politician :o gets
 ! be/ jobs = 8 support]s1 ! legislator 
:o puts ?r\gh a special /atute to favor 
8 con/itu5ts1 ! j+o :o helps pu% 8      
c\ntry into w> = its honor or glory-^! &
 a ho/ ( o!r wrongdo]s are consci\s ( a 
g5u9e altrui/ic gl[4 ,!y ignore ! fact t
 !y are do+1 on ! :ole1 m h>m ?an good  
to o!rs1 because ! small] gr\p t is     
app>5tly b5efit$ looms l>g] to ! eye ?an
 ! m widely di/ribut$ & less directly   
affect$ suff]]s4  ,all ( our mo/ vex+   
moral problems are ^? 9 :i* b5efit to "s
 mu/ be weigh$ aga9/ b5efit to o!rs4    
,%all a man :o is ne$$ by 8 family risk 

8 life to save a ne'er-d-well8 ,%all we 
insi/ t p unhappily m>ri$ %all endure _!
 wret*$ness & =ego ! possibility ( a    
happi] union 9 ord] t he$lessness &     
lic5se may n be enc\rag$ 9 ! lives (    
o!rs8 ,life is full ( su* two- sid$     
problems2 x is n en\gh t an act may br+ 
good to "s1 x mu/ be ! act t br+s mo/   
good to mo/4  7#b7 ,an app>5tly         
altrui/ic act1 dictat$ by sympa?y1 &    
productive ( happ9ess1 may n be = !     
ultimate good ( ! v p]son made happy4   
,to give ev]y?+ !y want to *ildr5 is    
inevitably to spoil !m1 z we rightly    
say2 to spoil _! own happ9ess 9 ! long  
run z well z _! usefulness to o!rs4 ,to 
condone ano!r's s9 & save him !         
unpleasantness ( rebuke or ! inflict+ ( 
a p5alty is (t5 ! wor/ ?+ t c\ld be done
 to him4 ,to give alms to a begg> may   
mean to assi/ 8 moral deg5]ation & 9 !  
long run increase 8 mis]y4  7#c7 ,ev5 :5
 an act sup]ficially egoi/ic conflicts )
 "o t seems altrui/ic1 ! greate/ good ( 
! community (t5 dictates ! =m]4 ,!re is1

 z ,trumbull us$ to put x1 a duty (     
refus+ to d good4 ,a man :o c be/ s]ve !
 common good by conc5trat+ 8 /r5g? on t 
"w :]e 8 p>ticul> ability or tra9+ makes
 him mo/ effective1 may be ju/ifi$ 9    
refus+ o!r calls ^u 8 en]gies1 h[ev]    
intr9sically wor?y4 ,an ,edison w\ld be 
do+ wrong to sp5d 8 aft]noons 9 social  
s]vice1 a ,burbank has no "r to dim9i% 8
 res\rces by giv+ a public libr>y4      
,em]son des]ves our comm5dation = refus+
 to be inveigl$ into ! v>i\s causes t   
w\ld h draft$ 8 "t & /r5g?4 ,ev5 to !   
anti-slav]y agitation he refus$ 8       
s]vices1 say+1 ,i h q o!r slaves to free
 ?an ^? ,negroes1 to wit1 imprison$     
?\ghts f> back 9 ! bra9 ( man1 :i* h no 
wat*man or lov] or def5d] b me4 ,?is    
br+s u to ! "q h[ f> a man may          
legitimately live a self- conta9$ life4 
,c]ta9ly !re is a measure ( tru? 9      
,goe!'s say+1 ,no man c he isolates     
himself2 9 ,ibs5's ,! mo/ p[]ful man is 
he :o is mo/ alone2 & 9 ,mat!w ,arnold's
  ,alone ! sun rises1 & alone ,spr+ !   

great /reams4  ,a multiplicity ( int]e/s
 di/racts ! s\l & (t5 confuses our      
ideals4 ,by keep+ free f social burd5s  
"s m51 l ,kant1 h accompli%$ tasks (    
unusual magnitude4  ,on ! o!r h&1 we c  
mat* ,goe!'s ass]tion ) ano!r ( 8 own3  
,a tal5t =ms itself 9 solitude1 a "* 9 !
 /ream ( ! _w4 ,isolation t5ds almo/    
inevitably to n>r[ness1 to an abnormal &
 cramp$ outlook1 to willfulness or      
,ph>isaism1 & usually to lonel9ess &    
depression4 ,! only p]vasively happy    
life = man is ! life ( coop]ation &     
loyalty4 ,we may well )draw into !      
sil5ce1 take our daily communion ) ,god 
9 our closets1 or our =ty days 9 !      
wild]ness1 to w9 cle>] vision & /eadi]  
purpose4 ,b solitude %\ld1 9 normal     
cases1 be only an int]lude ( re/1 or a  
quiet matur+ = s]vice4 ,! ideal is      
p]haps express$ 9 ,wordswor?'s sonnet on
 ,milton3  ,?y s\l 0 l a /> & dwelt     
ap>t4 4444 ,& yet ?y he>t ,! l[lie/     
duties on h]self did lay4  ,!           
organization ( life implies a criticism 

( & control ov] altrui/ic z well z      
egoi/ic impulses4 ,!re is no?+ inh]5t 9 
! fact ( a good be+ ,,o!rs' good to make
 x necess>ily ! greate/ good 9 a giv5   
situation4 ,! ultimate crit]ion mu/     
always be ! greate/ good ( ! greate/    
numb]2 b an altrui/ic z well z an       
egoi/ic impulse may /& 9 ! way ( t end4 
,our altrui/ic incl9ations are (t5      
p]v]t$1 non-repres5tative1 a matt] (    
in/9ctive & irrational sympa?y or       
%ortsight$ impulse4 ,& s1 :ile "o ( !   
great tasks ( moral education is to make
 m5 unselfi%1 t alone is n en\gh2       
unselfi%ness mu/ be direct$ by reason & 
tact1 r5d]$ f>-sight$ & intellig5t4     
,:at m5tal & moral ob/acles h9d]        
altrui/ic action8  ,al?\gh an altrui/ic 
impulse is n necess>ily a "r impulse to 
foll[1 !re are a great _m altrui/ic     
duties :i* are cle> & summon+2 & x is a 
nev] end+ disappo9tm5t to ! man ( social
 consci5ce to behold ! apa?y :]e) obvi\s
 social duties are reg>d$4 ,x w be      
wor?:ile to pause & note ! *ief m5tal & 

moral ob/acles t prev5t a m g5]al       
devotion to social bett]m5t4  7#a7 ,!   
mo/ =midable ob/acle1 p]haps1 is !      
selfi%ness ( ^? :o are !mselves 4well   
en\gh (f4 ,our cities1 & ev51 to "s     
ext5t1 our small t[ns1 gr[ up 9 qu>t]s2 
! ri* liv+ 9 "o di/rict & ! poor 9      
ano!r4 ,?is p]mits ! suff]+ ( ! latt] to
 g unkn[n or only half-realiz$ by ! =m]4
 ,! well-to- d h _m int]e/s & _m        
pleasant uses = _! money2 ! call ( !    
un=tunate-,come ov] & help u6- r+s fa9t 
& f> away 9 _! e>s4 ,or !y may excuse _!
 call\sness by ! ass]tion t ! poor are  
us$ to _! evil liv+ conditions1 d n m9d 
!m1 & are z cont5t$1 on ! :ole1 z ! ri*2
 complac5tly ignor+ ! fact t be+ us$ to 
conditions is n ! same z enjoy+ or      
pr(it+ by !m1 & t cont5tm5t by no means 
implies a useful or desirable life4 ,x  
is true t ! ne$y are (t5 b dimly        
consci\s ( _! ne$s2 9 t v fact lies a   
reason :y ! favor$ classes %\ld r\se !m 
out ( _! dullness1 save !m f ! physical 
& moral deg5]ation into :i* !y s        

unconsci\sly & helplessly drift4 ,!     
indiff]5ce ( ! =tunate comes n s (t5 f a
 delib]ate h>d5+ ( ! he>t z f a lack (  
contact ) ! ne$y or imag9ation to       
picture _! de/itution4 ,b blame mu/ re/ 
^u all com=table citiz5s :o d n be/ir   
!mselves to help 9 social bett]m5t      
because x is too mu* tr\ble or requires 
a sacrifice !y are n will+ to make4     
7#b7 ,ano!r s]i\s ob/acle lies 9 !      
di/ru/ ) :i* _m p reg>d any duty :i* !y 
h n be5 accu/om$ to reg>d z a duty4 ,?is
 may take ! =m ( an ov]develop$ loyalty1
 t b[s be=e ! sacr$ness ( exi/+         
in/itutions & labels any re=m z         
uncon/itutional1 a dep>ture f ! ways t 7
 good en\gh = our fa!rs4 ,x may we> !   
guise ( a lazy piety t w\ld leave ev]y?+
 ) ,god1 accept+ social ills z          
manife/ations ( 8 w1 & int]f]5ce z a    
sort ( arrogant presumption6 ,x may be a
 m]e m5tal apa?y1 an in]tia ( habit1 t  
sees no call = a bett] wat] supply or   
bo!rsome laws ab\t ! purity ( milk4 ,or 
x may def5d itself by po9t+ out !       

unc]ta9ties t att5d untri$ ways & w>n+  
aga9/ ! dang] ( exp]im5tation4 ,to ^!   
w>n+s we may reply t our altrui/ic zeal 
mu/1 inde$1 be c\pl$ ) accurate ?9k+2   
unless we h bas$ our proposals on wide  
obs]vation & cauti\s inf]5ce we may f9d 
unexpect$ & baneful results 9 ! place ( 
our sangu9e expectations4 ,b we may po9t
 out t x is no?+ v5ture no?+ h2 we _c "w
 out our social salvation )\t exp]im5t+2
 &1 aft] all1 ways t d n "w well c      
readily be discont9u$4 ,:at is vital is 
to keep alive an intol]ance ( apa?y &   
cont5tm5t1 to realize t we are h>dly m  
?an on ! ?re%old ( a rational           
civilization1 to recognize evils1 *]i%  
ideals1 & ma9ta9 our det]m9ation 9 "s   
way to actualize !m4  7#c7 ,a fur!r     
/eady damp] ^u our altrui/ic zeal is !  
dread ( rais+ ! taxes4 ,humanit>ian     
movem5ts are well en\gh1 b !y co/ s mu*6
 ,:at is ne$ful is to po9t out t pov]ty1
 unemploym5t1 disease1 & ! o!r social   
ills are also co/ly2 inde$1 !y co/ !    
public 9 ! long run f> m ?an !          

exp5diture necess>y = _! abolition or   
alleviation4 ,x pays 9 doll>s & c5ts1 )9
 a g5]ation or two at lea/1 to make &   
keep ! social organism s\nd4 ,a wise    
altruism is n m]ely a matt] (           
philan?ropy2 x is also a matt] (        
economy2 a means ( sav+ individuals f   
suff]+1 b at ! same "t a means (        
safegu>d+ ! public treasury4 ,if !      
community does n pay = ! cur+ ( ^! evils
 x w h to pay = _! results4 ,x seems to 
me ess5tially fallaci\s to look ^u su*  
exp5ditures z indulg5ces to be all[$ r  
sp>+ly to su* communities z are ri*     
en\gh to af=d !m4 ,!y are lit]ally a    
husb&+ ( res\rces1 a safegu>d aga9/ lat]
 unpr(itable b compulsory exp5diture1 a 
repair 9 ! social organism :i*1 l !     
repair ( a leaky ro(1 may av]t disa/]4  
,footnote3 ,e4 ,t4 ,dev9e1 ,mis]y & its 
,causes1 p4 #bgb4 ,! public mu/ be      
educat$ to see ! wisdom ( inve/+ heavily
 9 long-neglect$ social repairs &       
recon/ruction1 :i* 9 ! end w f> m ?an   
pay = itself 9 ! l[]+ ( exp5ses =       

police1 c\rts1 prisons1 hospitals1      
asylums1 & alm%\ses1 9 ! l[]$ dea?-rate1
 immunity f co/ly disease1 & increas$   
work+ capacity ( ! p4  7#d7 ,f9ally1 a  
hopelessness ( accompli%+ any?+ (t5     
p>alyzes our zeal4 ,?is sometimes takes 
! =m ( a m or less hone/ conviction t   
pov]ty1 unemploym5t1 & o!r maladju/m5ts 
are simply ! result ( moral deg5]ation-(
 ! laz9ess1 extravagance1 dr9k+1 or o!r 
wrongdo+ ( ! poor2 _! suff]+ is _! own  
fault1 & !y mu/ be left to endure x4 ,( 
c\rse su* factors (t5-?\gh by no means  
always-ent] 94 ,"o may well say1 ,:o are
 we ( ! upp] classes to ?r[ ! fir/ /one8
 ,"u l conditions mo/ ( u w\ld h become 
z disc\rag$ or demoraliz$1 yield$ to !  
consolation ( "s vice1 or balk$ at !    
monoton\s gr9d ( factory labor4 ,b h[ev]
 t may be1 9 s f> z social evils are due
 to ^! faults1 ! faults mu/ be attack$1 
n accept$ z inevitable & incurable4 ,!  
pressure t pu%es m5 into !m mu/ be eas$1
 ! ignorance & fooli%ness t fo/] !m mu/ 
be dissipat$ by education & moral tra9+4

 ,& = all ! social maladju/m5ts t are   
,,n due to vice & s91 o!r rem$ies mu/ be
 f\nd4 ,! road to social salvation is   
long & beset ) _m difficulties1 b ! goal
 is n hopeless ( atta9m5t2 & e /ep t[>d 
! goal is s mu* ga94 ,because we _c n[  
see h[ to rem$y all evils mu/ n be a    
pretext = refus+ to l5d a h& to movem5ts
 t are ( prov$ value4  ,h[ c we         
reconcile egoism & altruism8  ,al?\gh   
altruism is usually wise f !            
individual's own /&po9t1 x does n always
 seem s4 ,! commone/ moral cla% is      
betwe5 ! individual's app>5t good & t ( 
o!rs2 ! cases 9 :i* "o man's position1  
weal?1 success precludes ano!r's are    
ev]yday occurr5ces4 ,mu/ ?is conflict be
 et]nal8 ,is !re any way ( reconcil+ ^! 
oppos+ int]e/s except by an unhappy &   
regrettable sacrifice8 ,mu/ life be a   
p]petual compromise1 a social contract1 
a treaty to make reciprocal concessions1
 ) e "o's real int]e/s at w> ) e "o     
else's8 ,c]ta9ly ! altrui/ic summons _c 
be ignor$2 we _c all foll[ our egoi/ic  

impulses2 9 ! common disa/] we %\ld be  
individually involv$4 ,&1 inde$1 !      
altrui/ic impulses h become s deeply    
root$ 9 our natures t1 turn away f !m z 
we might1 !y w\ld yet p]si/ 9 ! =m ( an 
und]curr5t ( dissatisfaction & remorse4 
,! only possible solution ( ! deadlock  
lies 9 ! kill+-(f ( ! selfi% impulses4  
,?is is n a fanta/ic dream4 ,we see 9 ! 
ideal "m1 fa!r1 husb&1 wife1 9 ! ard5t  
patriot & religi\s devotee1 ?is         
sl\gh+-(f ( ! egoi/ic nature already    
accompli%$4 ,love1 & joy 9 s]vice1 are n
 ali5 to u2 !y are z in/9ctive z self-  
seek+2 ! hope ( ultimate peace lies 9 ! 
/r5g!n+ ( ^! impulses till !y s dom9ate 
u t we no long] c>e = ! selfi% & n>r[   
aims4 ,we mu/ cultivate ! mascul9e      
aspect ( unselfi%ness1 ! loyalty ( !    
,greeks1 ! impulse to /& by & fight =   
o!rs2 & we mu/ cultivate its m fem99e   
side1 ! c>itas ( ,i ,cor9?ians ,,xiii1 !
 love t suff]e? long & is k9d1 ! sympa?y
 & t5d]ness infus$ into a r\gh & rugg$  
_w by ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ?is highe/        

develop$ life !re w !n be no dualism (  
motive2 at ! top ( ! ladd] ( moral      
progress individual & social goods      
co9cide4 ,x is joy to ! righte\s to d   
righte\sness2 x is ! ke5e/ delight 9    
life = ! lov] ( m5 to s]ve4  ,! unselfi%
 impulse has ?us a d\ble value2 x       
blesse? him t gives & him t takes4 ,x is
 m bless$ to give ?an to receive1 :5 !  
giv] has rea*$ ! moral level :]e giv+ is
 8 greate/ joy4 ,! developm5t ( sympa?y 
& ! _s ( s]vice 9 mod]n times gives     
great hope t ! "t w come :5 m5 w        
univ]sally f9d a ri* & satisfy+ life 9  
ways :i* br+ no h>m b only good to o!rs4
  ,h4 ,sp5c]1 ,data ( ,e?ics1 *aps1     
,,xi-,,xiv4 ,r4 ,b4 ,p]ry1 ,moral       
,economy1 *ap1 ,,ii1 secs1 ,,iv1 ,v42   
*ap1 ,,iii1 secs1 ,v1 ,,vi4 ,f4 ,pauls51
 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 book ,,ii1 *ap4 ,i1   
sec4 #f2 *ap1 ,,vi2 book ,,iii1 *ap1 ,x1
 sec4 #a4 ,dewey & ,tufts1 ,e?ics1 *ap1 
,,xviii1 sec4 e4 ,w4 ,k4 ,clif=d1 ,"r & 
,wrong1 ,on ! ,sci5tific ,basis (       
,morals1 9 ,lectures & ,essays1 vol4    

,,ii4 ,r4 ,m4 ,mc,connell1 ,duty (      
,altruism4 ,b4 ,russell1 ,philosophical 
,essays1 *ap4 ,i1 sec4 ,v4 ,j4 ,royce1  
,problem ( ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 ,i1 *ap4   
,,iii4     ,,*apt] ,,xii   ,,objections 
,,& ,,misund]/&+s  ,,hav+ n[ outl9$ !   
eudfemoni/ic acc\nt ( morality1 we may  
note c]ta9 objections t are commonly    
rais$ to x1 & c]ta9 is und]/&+s t       
con/antly recur4  ,d m5 always act =    
pleasure or to avoid pa98  ,_m ( ! e>li]
 !ori/s1 n cont5t ) %[+ t ! good consi/s
 ultimately 9 a quality ( consci\s      
/ates1 ass]t$ t all ( m5's actions are  
actually ,,direct$ ,,t[>d ! atta9m5t (  
agreeable /ates ( exp]i5ce or avoidance 
( disagreeable /ates4 ,!re is no act b  
is aim$ = pleasure ( "s sort or away f  
pa92 m5 diff]1 !n1 only 9 _! wisdom 9   
select+ ! m important pleasures & _!    
skill 9 atta9+ :at !y aim =4 ,?is       
ass]tion1 easily refut$1 has seem$ to "s
 oppon5ts ( ! eudemoni/ic acc\nt (      
morality s b\nd up ) x z to involve its 
d[nfall4  ,! classic /atem5t ( ?is      

errone\s psy*ology1 :i* has be5 ! s\rce 
( mu* satisfaction to anti-eudemoni/ic  
philosoph]s1 is to be f\nd 9 ! f\r?     
*apt] ( ,mill's ,utilit>ianism4 ,!re is 
9 reality no?+ desir$ except happ9ess4  
,:atev] is desir$ o!rwise ?an z a means 
to "s end beyond itself1 & ultimately to
 happ9ess1 is desir$ z itself a "p (    
happ9ess1 & is n desir$ = itself until x
 has become s4 ,human nature is s       
con/itut$ z to desire no?+ :i* is n ei!r
 a "p ( happ9ess or a means to happ9ess 
,a c>eful read+ ( ,mill %[s t he did n  
mean ^! /atem5ts )\t qualification4 ,b  
s9ce !y1 & simil> sweep+ ass]tions1     
,footnote3 ,cf4 ,leslie ,/eph51 ,sci5ce 
( ,e?ics1 p4 #dd3 ,! love ( happ9ess mu/
 express ! sole possible motive ( ,judas
 ,isc>iot & ( 8 ,ma/]2 x mu/ expla9 !   
conduct ( ,/ylites on 8 pill> or        
,tib]ius at ,caprae or ,a ,kempis 9 8   
cell or ( ,nelson 9 ! cockpit ( !       
,victory4 h be5 a /umbl+-block to _m1 we
 mu/ pause to note _! inaccuracy1 :ile  
insi/+ t !y are no "p ( a s\nd          

utilit>ian1 or eudemoni/ic1 !ory4 ,f> f 
! desire = happ9ess be+ ! univ]sal      
motive1 x is "o ( ! less common spr+s ( 
conduct4 ,habit1 in]tia1 in/9ct1 ideals 
drive u ?is way & t2 we d a ?\s& ?+s    
daily )\t any ?\ght ( happ9ess1 because 
our m9ds are s made t !y naturally run  
(f into su* action4 ,we desire concrete 
,,?+s1 )\t ref]5ce to _! be>+ on our    
happ9ess4 ,we ev5 g directly &          
consci\sly c\nt] to our happ9ess at     
times1 delib]ately sacrifice x1 p]haps =
 "s fooli% fancy4 ,! ideali/ 9 politics 
expects to get no pleasure out ( :at 8  
associates deem 8 pighead$ness2 b he has
 se5 a vision & he keeps true to x4     
,regulus did n g back to ,c>?age to be  
tortur$ to dea? = ! pleasure ( x1 or to 
avoid ! great] pa9 ( an uneasy          
consci5ce2 he w5t 9 spite ( =ese5 pa9 & 
! allurem5t ( possible pleasure4 ,:5 a  
man endures privations = ! sake (       
po/hum\s fame1 x is n t he expects to   
enjoy t fame :5 x comes1 or expects o!rs
 to enjoy x2 he is simply s made t he _c

 resi/ ! sway ( t ambition :i* w br+ him
 no good4 ,! pursuit ( pleasure is a    
sophi/icat$ impulse :i* appe>s 9 m>k$   
degree only 9 a few self-consci\s & idle
 individuals4 ,william ,james gave !    
dea?bl[ to ?is pleasure-seek+ psy*ology4
 ,important z is ! influ5ce ( pleasures 
& pa9s ^u our movem5ts1 !y are f> f be+ 
our only /imuli4 ,) ! manife/ations (   
in/9ct & emotional expression1 =        
example1 !y h absolutely no?+ to d4 ,:o 
smiles = ! pleasure ( smil+1 or fr[ns = 
! pleasure ( ! fr[n8 ,:o blu%es to      
escape ! discom=t ( n blu%+8 ,or :o 9   
ang]1 grief1 or fe> is actuat$ to !     
movem5ts :i* he makes by ! pleasures :i*
 !y yield8 ,9 all ^! cases ! movem5ts   
are dis*>g$ fatally by ! vis a t]go :i* 
! /imulus ex]ts ^u a n]v\s sy/em fram$  
to respond 9 j t way4 ,! ,,impulsive    
,,quality ( m5tal /ates is an attribute 
beh9d :i* we _c g4 ,footnote3 ,w4       
,james1 ,psy*ology1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #eej4 
,x is n true1 !n1 t love ( pleasure &   
fe> ( pa9 are ! univ]sal motives4 ,x is 

n true t we inevitably act along ! l9e (
 lea/ h$onic resi/ance1 t pa9 necess>ily
 ve]s u (f & pleasure irresi/ibly       
attracts4 ,by =ce ( w1 by sugge/ion or  
tra9+1 we c g directly c\nt] to ! pull (
 pleasure4 ,x is true t we %\ld n h !   
in/9cts & habits & impulses t we d 7 !y 
n 9 g5]al useful = our exi/5ce or       
happ9ess4 ,b ! evolution>y process has  
be5 clumsy2 we are n prop]ly adju/$2 we 
become ! victims ( ideas fixes2 ideas & 
activities obsess u q )\t relation to _!
 h$onic value4 ,s pleasure & pa9 are n  
usually ! impell+ =ce or consci\s motive
 beh9d conduct4 ,:at !y are is-!        
t\*/one1 ! crit]ion1 ! ju/ification4    
,we d n act 9 ways t br+ ! greate/      
happ9ess1 b we ought to4 ,we d n        
consci\sly seek happ9ess1 & we ought n  
to4 ,we ought to cont9ue to c>e = ,,?+s 
& = ,,ideals2 b ! ?+s & ideals we c>e & 
"w = ought to be su* t ?r\gh !m man's   
welf>e is advanc$4  ,are pleasures &    
pa9s incomm5surable8  ,an objection     
commonly rais$ is t pleasures & pa9s (  

v>i\s sorts are incomm5surable2 t !re=e 
no calculation ( relative advantage is  
possible2 & t ! eudaemoni/ie crit]ion = 
action is !reby made impracticable &    
useless4  7#a7 ,to ?is we may reply t ! 
e/imation ( ! relative wor? ( diff]5t   
k9ds ( exp]i5ce is1 inde$1 (t5 v        
difficult4 ,b on any !ory ! decision z  
to ! "r is equally complicat$ & puzzl+4 
,! fact t ! crit]ion is difficult to use
 is no evid5ce t x is n ! "r crit]ion4  
,:i* set ( consequ5ces w be ( mo/       
intr9sic wor?1 x is sometimes impossible
 to "k4 ,b "o set is1 nev]!less1 ( m    
intr9sic wor?1 & ! act t secures !m is !
 be/ act1 ev5 ?\gh we d n recognize x z 
su*4 ,!re w cont9ue to be1 _m diff]5ces 
( judgm5t z to :i* ( alt]native possible
 exp]i5ces is ! m desirable4 ,b t       
unc]ta9ty does n alt] ! fundam5tal fact 
t "s exp]i5ces ,,are intr9sically m     
desirable ?an o!rs & m des]v+ ( pursuit4
  ,a debtor :o _c pay me (f]s to comp\nd
 = 8 debt by mak+ ov] "o ( sundry ?+s he
 possesses- a diamond ornam5t1 a silv]  

vase1 a picture1 a c>riage4 ,o!r        
que/ions be+ set aside1 ,i ass]t x to be
 my pecuni>y int]e/ to *oose ! mo/      
valuable ( ^!1 b ,i _c say :i* is ! mo/ 
valuable4 ,does ! proposition t x is my 
pecuni>y int]e/ to *oose ! mo/ valuable1
 !re=e1 become d\btful8 ,mu/ ,i n *oose 
z well z ,i c1 & if ,i *oose wrongly1   
mu/ ,i give up my gr\nd ( *oice8 ,mu/ ,i
 inf] t 9 matt]s ( bus9ess ,i may n act 
on ! pr9ciple t1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! m     
pr(itable transaction is to be pref]r$1 
because1 9 _m cases1 ,i _c say :i* is ! 
m pr(itable & h (t5 *os5 ! less         
pr(itable8 ,because ,i believe t ( _m   
dang]\s c\rses ,i ought to take ! lea/  
dang]\s1 d ,i make '! fundam5tal        
assumption' t c\rses c be arrang$       
accord+ to a scale ( dang]\sness1 & mu/ 
,i ab&on my belief if ,i _c s arrange   
!m8 ,footnote3 ,h4 ,sp5c]1 ,data (      
,e?ics1 *ap4 ,,ix4  7#b7 ,if x is       
practically impossible to calculate !   
relative wor? ( consequ5ces 9 _m cases1 
x is yet easy en\gh to d s 9 ! great    

majority ( moral situations4 ,9 mo/     
cases ! prepond]ance ( value is cle>4 ,t
 selfi%ness & self-indulg5ce are n wor? 
:ile2 t ab/95ce f pleasure-giv+ drugs & 
intoxicat+ liquors is wor? ! sacrifice2 
t tru? & hone/y1 ! law-abid+ _s1 ! _s ( 
s]vice1 fri5dl9ess & c\rtesy1 sanit>y   
measures1 incorruptible c\rts1 & a ?\s& 
o!r ?+s are wor? ! ef=t & co/ ( acquir+ 
!m1 is indisputable4 ,x is only 9 "s    
peculi>ly balanc$ situations t we f9d   
practical difficulty 9 decid+4 ,if      
morality 7 limit$ to ! cases :]e we c be
 sure on :i* side ! great] good or less]
 evil lies1 we %\ld n be %orn ( mu* (   
our pres5t code4  7#c7 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1
 be impracticable to /op & calculate at 
! mom5t :5 action is ne$$4 ,b su*       
cont9ual recalculation is unnecess>y4   
,our ance/ors1 aft] _m exp]im5ts1 h f\nd
 solutions = all ! famili> types (      
situation2 ! results ( _! ?\ght are     
cry/alliz$ = u 9 ! ideals t press ^u u f
 )\t & ! voice ( consci5ce t calls to u 
)94 ,=ces beyond ! individual human m9d 

h tak5 c>e ( ^! ?+s & sl[ly /e]$ man1 ) 
all 8 passions & caprices1 t[>d 8 own   
bett] welf>e4 ,x is only 9 mom5ts :5 we 
long to und]/& & ju/ify our ideals1 or  
:5 "s unusually baffl+ problem arises1 t
 we ne$ to calculate & weigh relative   
advantage & disadvantage4 ,& t is :at1 9
 su* situations1 mo/ p d4  ,are "s      
pleasures wor?i] ?an o!rs8              
,undiscrim9at+ critics h (t5 condemn$ ! 
eudsemoni/ic crit]ion on ! gr\nd t any  
sort ( pleasure is rat$ equally high on 
its scale s long z x is pleasure4 ,pu%p9
 z good z poetry6 seems to "s ! height (
 s>casm4 ,socrates says 9 ! ,philebus1  
,d we n say t ! intemp]ate has pleasure1
 & t ! temp]ate has pleasure 9 8 v      
temp]ance1 & t ! fool is pleas$ :5 he is
 full ( fooli% fancies & hopes1 & t !   
wise man has pleasure 9 8 wisdom8 ,& may
 n he be ju/ly deem$ a fool :o says t ^!
 pairs ( pleasures are respectively     
alike8  ,:y1 h[ev]1 d we rate !         
pleasures ( temp]ance & wisdom above ^? 
( intemp]ance & folly8 ,simply because (

 _! respective ,,effects4 ,,intr9sically
 !y may be equally desirable1 or ! latt]
 may ev5 be ke5] pleasures8 t dep5ds ^u 
! individual circum/ances2 b !re is no  
"q ab\t _! relative ,,extr9sic value4   
,!re is always ! devil to pay =         
intemp]ance & folly2 :ile temp]ance &   
wisdom lead to heal?1 love1 honor1      
a*ievem5t1 & _m ano!r good4 ,z to pu%-  
p9-or let u say baseball-,,v]sus poetry1
 x is only prejudice t makes u say we   
rate ! latt] high]4 ,outdoor games are n
 only productive ( a ke5] delight to mo/
 p1 !y are extr9sically good z well1    
conduc+ to heal?1 quickness ( wit1      
self-control1 & o!r goods4 ,!y ,,are1 9 
_! "t & place1 z good z poetry4 ,!      
reason = ! great] rev]5ce we feel1 or   
feel we ought to feel1 = poetry lies 9 !
 fact t x takes mu* m m5tal cultivation 
to acquire ! ta/e = x2 ! love ( poetry  
is a sort ( patrician di/9ction4 ,x is  
also true t poetry op5s up to its lov] a
 mu* wid] range ( enjoym5ts2 x op5s 8   
eyes to ! beauty & significance & pa?os 

9 ! _w2 x is imm5sely educative1 &      
inspir+ to ! spiritual life4 ,! love (  
broad5+ & inspir+ ?+s requires          
cultivation 9 mo/ ( u2 s t we praise &  
honor su* ?+s & urge p t[>d !m4 ,pu%p91 
or baseball1 ,,ne$s no apo!osis4 ,b if  
we ev] develop into a race ( anaemic    
bookworms1 we %all h to glorify sport & 
le>n to %rug our %\ld]s at ! s(t & easy 
enjoym5ts ( poetry4 ,no?+ is m obvi\s   
?an ! utilit>ian nature ( su* habitual  
judgm5ts & attitudes4  ,"o ( ! ,platonic
 illu/rations1 (t5 br\ght up1 is t ( !  
happy oy/]4 ,footnote3 ,philebus1 #bb4  
,is su* a life eligible8 asks ,socrates4
 ,lat] 7#dj71 he agrees t a man mu/ be  
admitt$ to h real pleasure :o is pleas$ 
) any?+ or anyh[1 b asks if x is n true 
t "s pleasures are false4 ,prot>*us hits
 ! nail on ! head by reply+1 ,no "o w\ld
 call pleasures bad because !y are      
'false1' b ,,by ,,rason ,,( ,,"s ,,o!r  
,,great ,,evil ,,to ,,:i* ,,!y ,,are    
,,liable1 i4e1 because ( _!             
aft]-effects4 ,:o w\ld wi%1 h[ev]       

mis]able1 to ex*ange places ) x6 ,are   
!re n o!r ?+s to be consid]$ besides    
happ9ess8 ,x is bett] to be a ,socrates 
dissatisfi$ ?an a fool satisfi$4 ,& :y8 
,9 ! fir/ place1 we suspect t ! oy/]'s1 
or ev5 ! fool's1 range ( happ9ess is v  
limit$4 ,we %\ld hesitate to =ego su*   
joys z we d h1 ev5 if sorr[ att5ds !m1  
at s great a sacrifice4 ,9 ! second     
place1 ea* ( u has a deep-root$ love ( 8
 own p]sonal memories & expectations2 & 
except 9 cases ( unusual depression (   
spirits few ( u w\ld wi% to lose our    
id5tity & become "s o!r p]son or ?+ ev5 
if we knew t o!r be+ to be happi]4 ,9 ! 
?ird place1 a man kn[s ,,he c\ld ,,n be 
happi] z an oy/]2 an oy/]'s joys 7:atev]
 !y may be7 w\ld n satisfy him2 he has  
o!r ne$s & desires4 ,he mu/ f9d         
happ9ess1 if at all1 9 ! satisfaction ( 
8 human crav+s4 ,! oy/]'s life1 h[ev]   
satisfactory to ! oy/]1 w\ld leave him  
re/less & bor$4 ,if y are a ,socrates1 y
 realize simil>ly t y c\ld n ,,f9d      
satisfaction 9 ! fool's life4 ,y "k t   

al?\gh y h sorr[s ! fool wots n (1 y    
also h a :ole range ( joys beyond 8 k52 
& ^? joys are p>ticul>ly preci\s to y4  
,9 ! f\r? place1 ! v words oy/] & fool  
beg ! "q4 ,fool means by v def9ition a  
sort ( p]son "o w\ld ,,n *oose to be2 & 
! v visualization ( an oy/] is repell5t4
 ,7 "o to (f] z ! alt]native a happy    
lion or eagle2 or a happy1 free- he>t$  
savage su* z ,*ateaubri& & ,r\sseau     
pa9t$1 "o suspects t n a few suff]+ m5 &
 wom5 w\ld jump at ! *ance4  ,x is n    
really important to decide1 h[ev]1 :at  
any "o w\ld *oose4 ,our *oices are bias$
 & (t5 fooli%4 ,! actual "q is1 ,is !   
happ9ess ( a fool1 or ( an oy/] 7if     
happ9ess x has7 z wor?y1 z objectively  
desirable1 z t ( a wise man8 ,& "h aga9 
we h to say1 n ,,extr9sically s         
desirable4 ,! wise man is he :o f9ds 8  
happ9ess 9 activities t conduce to 8    
ultimate welf>e & t ( o!rs4 ,! happ9ess 
( fool or oy/] is transitory1 bl9d1 &   
fraught ) unse5 dang]s2 x is ( no value 
to ! community 9 :i* !y live4 ,b        

,,intr9sically1 j qua happ9ess1 x is-if 
x is-z good4 ,:at makes "o =m ( happ9ess
 m wor?y ?an ano!r is simply1 9 ! fir/  
place1 its great] ke5ness or ext5t or   
fre$om f pa91 & 9 ! second place its    
pot5tialities ( future happ9ess or pa9 =
 self & o!rs4 ,:5 ,mill wrote1 !re=e1 9 
8 classic treatise1 t "s ,,k9ds (       
pleasure are m desirable & valuable ?an 
o!rs1 he %[$ a-= him unusual-failure to 
analyze4 ,"s k9ds ( ,,pleasures are m   
desirable1 = ! reasons summ>iz$ above4  
,b ,,pleasure1 9 ! ab/ract1             
pleasantness1 agreeabl5ess1 intr9sic    
wor?1 :atev] y *oose to call x1 is      
itself a quality2 !re c be m or less ( x
 9 a concrete exp]i5ce1 t is all4 ,to   
speak ( ,,k9ds ( pleasure is to mean    
,,k9ds ,,( ,,exp]i5ce :i* h ! common    
attribute ( pleasantness4 ,9 !mselves   
all k9ds ( exp]i5ce t are equally       
pleasant are equally wor?y2 !re is no   
mean+ to t adjective z appli$ to        
intr9sic imm$iate good4 ,wor?y & unwor?y
 apply to exp]i5ce only :5 we beg9 to   

consid] _! consequ5ces4  ,is morality   
m]ely subjective & relative8  ,diff]5t p
 f9d happ9ess 9 diff]5t ways2 if        
morality is simply ! means to happ9ess1 
is x n relative to _! v>y+ desires2 is x
 n a purely subjective matt] & )\t a    
fix$ objective nature8  ,we mu/         
discrim9ate4 ,morality is n relative to 
our incl9ations & desires1 because ^?   
(t5 d n rightly repres5t our own true   
welf>e1 /ill less ! g5]al welf>e4       
,happ9ess is desirable :e!r our impulses
 are adju/$ s z to aim = x or n4 ,nor is
 morality relative to our op9ions2 an   
act may be wrong ?\gh ! :ole _w proclaim
 x "r4 ,x is a matt] n ( op9ion b ( fact
 :e!r an act is go+ to br+ ! greate/    
atta9able welf>e or n4 ,h[ev] bias$ &   
%ortsight$ we may4 be1 ! consequ5ces (  
acts w be :at !y w be4 ,9 a v real s5se1
 !n1 morality is objective2 x is valid  
:e!r we recognize its validity & want x 
or n4 ,x repres5ts our ne$s m truly ?an 
our own wills1 & ?us has a great]       
au?ority1 j z ! rules ( dietetics are n 

a matt] ( appetite or :im1 b h a        
rational au?ority ov] our caprices4     
,morality is n1 l imag9ation1 some?+ we 
c %ape at w2 x is impos$ ^u u f )\t1 l  
s5sation4 ,its developm5t is pr$et]m9$  
by ! /ructure ( human nature & its      
environm5t2 we d n inv5t x1 we accept x4
 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,cudwor? 7ca4 #afhh71  
,treatise1 *ap1 n1 sec4 #c3 ,x is s f> f
 be+ true t all moral good & evil1 j &  
unju/1 are m]e arbitr>y & factiti\s ?+s1
 t are creat$ :olly by w1 t 7if we w\ld 
speak prop]ly7 we mu/ ne$s say t no?+ is
 morally good or evil1 j or unju/1 by   
m]e w )\t nature1 because ev]y?+ is :at 
x is by nature1 & n by w4 ,a good rec5t 
discussion be>+ ^u ! "q ( ! relativity (
 morality w be f\nd 9 ,santayana's ,w9ds
 ( ,doctr9e1 pp4 #ach-aed4 ,b al?\gh    
impos$ ^u our re/ive impulses1 x is n   
impos$ by any ali5 & arbitr>y w4 ,x is  
impos$ by ! same cosmos t set our       
consci\sness into relation ) a giv5 k9d 
( body 9 a giv5 _w4 ,submission to x is 
simply submission to ! laws ( our own   

natures4 ,la/+ happ9ess c be f\nd only 9
 c]ta9 ways2 we mu/ make ! be/ ( x1 b x 
is = our own good t we obey4 ,morality  
is relative to our organic ne$s &       
p>ticul> environm5t4 ,x is a function ( 
human nature1 v>y+ ) its v>iations4 ,a  
diff]5t race ( be+s on ano!r planet     
might h to h a v radically diff]5t code4
 ,ours is a di/9ctively human code1 be>+
 ! e>m>ks ( our humanity & /amp$ ) !    
p>ticul> nature ( our e>?-life4  ,to say
 ?is is to admit t morality v>ies )     
diff]5t temp]am5ts & diff]5t ne$s4 ,:at 
is be/ = "o p]son is n necess>ily be/ = 
ano!r2 :at is "r = an e>ly /age (       
civilization is n always "r = a lat]4 ,!
 patri>*al family 0 a s\rce ( /r5g? 9   
primitive society2 today x w\ld be a    
ne$less tyranny4 ,life 9 a tropical isle
 frees man f ! necessity ( _m virtues   
:i* a m rigor\s climate entails4 ,! poet
 ne$s to live 9 a diff]5t way f !       
coal-heav]4 ,j s f> z our individual &  
racial ne$s v>y-our real ne$s1 n our    
suppos$ ne$s & pa?ological desires 7&   

always be>+ 9 m9d ! ne$s ( o!rs7-j s f> 
is :at is "r = "o diff]5t f :at is "r = 
ano!r4 ,?is is no condemnation (        
eudsemoni/ic morality4 ,on ! contr>y1 a 
cle> recognition ( ?is tru? w\ld happily
 relax ! sometimes ov]-rigid conv5tions 
( society1 its cut-&- dri$-             
made-on-"o-patt]n code1 & make x m      
ela/ic & suitable to individual ne$s4   
,h[ev]1 we are n s diff]5t f "o ano!r z 
we are apt to ?9k4 ,! ext5uation ( s9 on
 ! plea t ! arti/ic temp]am5t dem&s ?is1
 or a s5sitive nature ne$s t1 is mu*    
ov]done4 ,diff]5ces 9 temp]am5t are     
sup]ficial comp>$ ) ! miles ( und]ly+   
/rata ( pla9 human nature4 ,a man's a   
man = a' t1 & mu/ submit to ! rules =   
human life4 ,! man ( arti/ic temp]am5t  
does n "k himself well en\gh4 ,he feels 
sup]ficial & transi5t crav+s2 he ignores
 8 und]ly+ ne$s1 & ! fundam5tal duties  
:i*1 9 common ) all o!r m51 he owes to 8
 fell[s4  ,! /&>d ( morality is absolute
 & objective1 !n1 = ea* individual1 &   
approximately ! same = all human be+s4  

,he is wise :o seeks n to m\ld 8 life   
accord+ to 8 long+s1 b :o accepts !     
rules ( ! game & foll[s ! pa?s blaz$ by 
! se]s & do]s be=e him4 ,only ^?        
individuals & ^? nations h a*iev$       
success t h be5 will+ to le>n & foll[ ! 
ideals :i* life itself imposes1 ! et]nal
 laws :i* religi\s m5 call ! w ( ,god4  
,= criticisms ( ! acc\nt ( morality "h  
def5d$3 ,f4 ,pauls51 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1   
book ,,ii1 *ap4 ,,ii4 ,j4 ,m>t9eau1     
,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 book ,,ii1 *aps1
 ,i1 ,,ii4 ,t4 ,h4 ,gre51 ,prolegom5a to
 ,e?ics1 book 91 *ap4 ,i1 fir/ half1    
book ,,iv1 *ap4 ,,iii4 ,dewey & ,tufts1 
,e?ics1 *ap4 ,,xiv4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mack5zie1  
,manual ( ,e?ics1 #b;d ed1 *ap4 vi4 ,h4 
,ra%dall1 ,!ory ( ,good & ,evil1 book   
,i1 *ap1 ,,iii2 book ,,ii1 *aps1 ,i1    
,,ii4 ,w4 ,fite1 ,introductory ,/udy (  
,e?ics1 "p ,i4 ,g4 ,e4 ,moore1 ,e?ics1  
*ap4 ,,vii4 ,9 rebuttal ( "s ( ^!       
argum5ts3 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,utilit>ianism1
 *aps1 ,,ii & ,,iv4 ,h4 ,sp5c]1 ,data ( 
,e?ics1 *aps1 ,,ix1 ,x4 ,leslie ,/eph51 

,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 *ap4 ,x4     ,,*apt]  
,,xiii   ,,alt]native ,,!ories  ,,aft]  
?is summ>y answ] to ! common] objections
 to our acc\nt ( morality1 we %\ld      
notice a few ( ! m p]si/5tly recurr5t   
=mulas t seem inconsi/5t ) ?is          
explanation ( its fundam5tal nature4    
,is morality categorical1 beyond ne$ (  
ju/ification8  ,to ,kant & 8 foll[]s1 z 
well z to _m less philosophical m9ds1 ! 
ju/ification ( morality by its utility  
has seem$ unwor?y4 ,morality is mu* m   
ultimate & imp]i\s4 ,! pursuit (        
happ9ess is n b9d+2 morality is4 ,! way 
to atta9 happ9ess is dubi\s & v>iable2 !
 comm&m5ts ( morality are cle>-cut &    
c]ta94 ,diff]5t p f9d happ9ess 9 diff]5t
 activities2 ! laws ( morality are      
univ]sal & *angeless4 ,morality1 !re=e1 
is prior to ! pursuit ( happ9ess2 its   
dictates are kn[n by an indep5d5t       
faculty4 ,!re is 9 u all an unanalyzable
 & unavoidable ought2 ours n to reason  
:y2 ours b to d-& die1 if ne$ be4       
,morality is n a means to employ ,,if we

 wi% happ9ess2 9 t case its precepts    
w\ld be b hypo!tical1 if y wi% happ9ess1
 d s & s4 ,no1 its comm&s are           
categorical4 ,! inescapable fact (      
oughtness is ! bottom fact ^u :i* our   
e?ics mu/ be built4 ,to ! tru? 9 ?is    
mann] ( spee* we mu/ all respond4 ,z we 
h se51 morality is n purely subjective &
 relative2 x c>ries ! au?ority n (      
op9ion b ( fact4 ,! "r1 ! be/ way1 ,,is 
unconditionally be/1 :e!r we are wise   
en\gh to desire x or no4 ,! greate/ good
 ,,is ! greate/ good1 h[ev] n>r[ or     
%ort- sight$ our impulses4 ,kant        
expresses eloqu5tly ! absolute &        
inescapable nature ( duty 9 its p]5nial 
opposition to our transitory & nick]+   
desires4  7#a7 ,b ,kant is unfair 9 8   
picturesque contra/ betwe5 ! p]plexities
 att5d+ ! pursuit ( happ9ess & ! c]ta9ty
 atta*able to morality4 ,z a matt] (    
obs]vation1 moral codes h v>i$ q z mu* z
 man's diff]5t ways ( f9d+ happ9ess4    
,cases ( moral p]plexity are z common z 
cases ( unc]ta9ty ) reg>d to ! road to  

happ9ess2 !re is no su* univ]sality &   
*angelessness ab\t morality z he        
assumes4 ,if a c]ta9 code seems fix$ &  
indubitable to u1 x is 9 l>ge degree    
because we h become accu/om$ to x & giv5
 x our allegiance2 a wid] acqua9tance ) 
o!r codes1 contempor>y or pa/1 w\ld %ake
 our confid5ce4 ,"s fundam5tal rules are
 unque/ionable-rules aga9/ murd]1 rape1 
etc42 b j z unque/ionable is ! fact t ^!
 acts make aga9/ human happ9ess4  7#b7  
,only a man ) an ,hebraic tra9+ &       
rigori/ic temp] c\ld ?9k ( morality 9   
?is awe/ruck & unque/ion+ way4 ,m       
,bohemian p feel no su* categorical     
ought 9 _! brea/s4 ,& if a man feels no 
su* categorical imp]ative1 h[ c y prove 
to him x is !re8 ,kant's !ory is at     
bottom m]e ass]tion2 if because ( y\r   
tra9+ & temp]am5t y respond to x1 & if y
 are cont5t n to analyze & expla9 !     
exi/5ce ( ?is imp]i\s pressure ^u y\r w1
 y are trem5d\sly impress$4 ,o!rwise !  
:ole elaborate ,kantian sy/em probably  
seems to y an unreal bra9-spun /ructure4

  ,kant1 ?\gh a man ( extraord9>y m5tal 
p[]s1 _h b a n>r[ range ( exp]i5ce to   
base 8 !ories ^u1 & liv$ too e>ly to    
cat* ! g5etic viewpo9t4 ,h5ce !re is a  
c]ta9 p$antic naivete 9 8 con/ructions4 
,no man ) any mod]n psy*ological or     
hi/orical tra9+ ought to be cont5t to   
leave ?is extraord9>y categorical       
imp]ative unexpla9$4 ,x is q possible to
 trace its orig9 & und]/& its function2 
!re is no?+ unique or my/]i\s ab\t x4   
,:y %\ld we b[ d[n to a comm& %ot at u  
out ( ! air1 a comm& irrelevant to our  
actual int]e/s8 ,*ildr5 h to d s1 & !   
majority ( ! human race are /ill *ildr51
 :o may prop]ly acquiesce 9 ! rules (   
morality )\t cle>ly realiz+ :y4 ,b !    
reflective man %\ld n be cont5t to yield
 himself to ! yoke unless he c see its  
necessity & value4 ,! ought1 ! k ( :at  
is "r1 ant$ates ! individual's exp]i5ce 
( :at is be/1 & s seems my/]i\s & a     
priori to him2 b x does n ant$ate !     
racial exp]i5ce2 x is r its fruit4 ,!   
teleology ( consci5ce is v simple1 & its

 g5esis & developm5t purely natural4    
7#c7 ,! ought seems m objective ?an     
consci5ce1 m imp]sonal4 ,j s does beauty
 seem m imp]sonal & objective ?an our   
pleasure 9 contemplat+ nature & art4 ,x 
is a con/ant t5d5cy ( ! m9d to project  
its values out ( itself2 to create      
univ]ses ( disc\rse t seem m /able &    
real ?an its own fleet+ /ates4 ,all t   
exi/s psy*ologically is a s5se (        
pleasure at look+ at c]ta9 comb9ations (
 out] objects2 b t pleasure is con/antly
 evok$ by t peculi> comb9ation1 bo? 9   
our own m9d & 9 o!rs'4 ,s we objectify t
 pleasure & call x ! beauty ( ! object4 
,simil>ly1 all t exi/s psy*ologically is
 a c]ta9 felt pressure1 c]ta9 emotions &
 ideas & pu%es ^: teleology is n        
realiz$4 ,b we objectify t con/antly &  
pretty univ]sally felt pressure & ?9k ( 
an imp]sonal1 objective ought4 ,all !   
arts are expressible 9 oughts2 & if !re 
is a m au?oritative & categorical nature
 to moral laws ?an !re is1 = example1 to
 ! ae/hetic laws t art-/udy reveals1 x  

is because ae/hetics deals ) only "o    
aspect ( human good & e?ics ) its       
totality4 ,inde$1 e impulse is1 9 its   
initial pu%1 categorical1 (f]+ no       
reasons1 simply press+ ^u u ) its       
requirem5ts4 ,hung] & ?ir/ & sex-desire 
d n say to u1 ,if y desire to be happy1 
eat1 dr9k1 & gratify y\r passion2 !y    
call to u ) an imp]i\s & imm$iate dem&4 
,! dem& ( ! moral law is m insi/5t & m  
au?oritative simply because x repres5ts 
a f> m widespread & la/+ ne$4  7#d7     
,kant's categorical imp]ative is purely 
=mal & empty4 ,we ,,ought1 we ,,ought-b 
:at8 ,x leads1 if to any?+1 to a m]e    
emotional re9=cem5t ( our preexi/+ moral
 conceptions1 to t canonization ( good w
 z ! "o & only good1 :i* is ,kant's own 
position1 b :i* we h f\nd inadequate &  
mislead+4 ,:5 we come to new situations 
x has no clue to (f]4 ,h[ d we actually 
decide 9 su* cases8 ,by imag9+ !        
consequ5ces ( acts & see+ _! relative   
productiv5ess ( happ9ess & pa94 ,or else
 by f9d+ "s already decid$ case "u :i*  

we c put ! new in/ance4 ,we are tempt$  
to an act t promises pr(it1 b some?+    
*ecks u4 ,ought we to d ?is8 ,gradually 
x comes ov] u t ?is w\ld be /eal+2 &    
/eal+ we h already decid$1 or ! race has
 decid$ = u1 is wrong4  ,we h to decide 
?+s 9 t]ms ( our welf>e1 or ( ^? already
 /]eotyp$ decisions :i* repres5t !      
half-consci\s /riv+s ( pa/ g5]ations =  
human welf>e4 ,!re is no o!r way2 !     
conception ( an imp]i\s imp]sonal ought 
be>+ ru?lessly d[n ^u u gives no help   
:atsoev]4  ,a lat] & ,engli% expression 
( ! feel+ t morality ne$s no            
ju/ification may be f\nd 9 ,bradley's   
,,e?ical ,,/udies4 ,footnote3 ,pages    
#ef-eg4 ,to take virtue z a m]e means to
 an ult]ior end is 9 direct antagonism  
to ! voice ( moral consci\sness4 ,t     
consci\sness1 :5 unw>p$ by selfi%ness & 
n bl9d$ by sophi/ry1 is conv9c$ t to ask
 = ! ,:y is simple immorality2 to d good
 = its own sake is virtue1 to d x = "s  
ult]ior end or object444is nev]         
virtue444,virtue n only does seem to be1

 b is1 an end 9 itself4 ,aga9/ ! base   
me*anical :i* meets u on all sides1 )   
its ',:at is ! use' ( goodness1 or      
beauty1 or tru?1 !re is b "o fitt+ answ]
 f ! fri5ds ( sci5ce1 or art1 or        
religion & virtue1 ',we d n "k & we d n 
c>e4'  7#a7 ,b morality w\ld !n be a m]e
 arbitr>y tyranny2 if x 7 ( no use1 !   
sacrifices x dem&s w\ld be %e] cruelty4 
,a moral law irrelevant to human int]e/s
 w\ld h no possible au?ority ov] u2 x   
w\ld n be a moral1 i4e14 a "r1 law = u4 
7#b7 ,& :at crit]ion %\ld we h to judge 
:at is virtu\s8 ,virtue = virtue's sake 
is equival5t to ! be/ way because x is !
 be/ way4 ,b :at makes x ! be/ way8 ,&  
h[ %all we decide :at is ! be/ way8     
7#c7 ,we mu/ be bl9d n to see ! use (   
morality1 ev5 if we feel t usefulness   
degrades x4 ,all morali/s agree t virtue
 does actually lead to happ9ess4 ,b is t
 connection a m]e accid5t8 ,is x n      
likely t ! usefulness ( virtue has      
some?+ to d ) its orig9 & exi/5ce8  7#d7
 ,a real practical value ( ! motto      

,virtue = virtue's sake lies 9 ! impli$ 
rejection ( virtue = ,,individual pr(it 
m]ely4 ,! morali/ rightly feels t su*   
prov]bs z ,hone/y is ! be/ policy1      
,ill-gott5 ga9s d n prosp]1 d n /rike   
deep en\gh4 ,ev5 if ill-gott5 ga9 %\ld  
prosp]1 x w\ld be wrong4 ,b x w\ld be   
wrong simply because ( ! damage to o!rs'
 welf>e1 n = any transc5d5tal reason4 ,!
 oppon5t ( ! eudaemoni/ic acc\nt (      
morality ne>ly always id5tifies x ) a   
selfi% pursuit1 by ea* individual1 ( 8  
own p]sonal happ9ess4 ,b t is1 ( c\rse1 
a v n>r[ & unju/ifiable int]pretation ( 
x4  7#e7 ,ano!r practical value ( !     
motto lies 9 ! impli$ contra/ ( virtue )
 exp$i5cy4 ,que/ions ( exp$i5cy are     
que/ions ( ! be/ means to a giv5 end2   
que/ions ( virtue ask :i* ends are to be
 s\ght4 ,exp$i5cy asks1 ,h[ %all ,i d   
?is8 ,virtue asks1 ,%all ,i d ?is or t8 
,! c\nsels ( exp$i5cy are ?us always    
relative to ! value ( ! end1 9 itself   
unque/ion$2 ?is is ! ?+ to d ,,if su* & 
su* an end is "r to seek4 ,! c\nsels (  

virtue are absolute-,?is is ! be/ ?+ to 
d4 ,x is rightly felt t 9 matt]s ( "r & 
wrong !re is no if ab\t x2 y act n )    
relation to an end :i* may be *os5 or   
reject$1 on ult]ior gr\nds4 ,! only end 
to :i* virtue is ! means is-! liv+ ( !  
be/ life4 ,virtue is ! ultimate         
exp$i5cy4 ,b x is well contra/$ ) all ^?
 second>y matt]s ( debate = :i* we      
res]ve ! "n exp$i5cy4  7#f7 ,f9ally1 !  
motto is practically useful 9 advis+ u n
 to rely ^u calculation 9 ! concrete    
em]g5cy1 b to fall back ^u an already   
adopt$ code1 to love virtue z "o does ! 
flag1 & foll[ x unque/ion+ly1 z ! soldi]
 does 8 g5]al4 ,we mu/ be will+ to      
accept guidance & lead]%ip4 ,b e "o kn[s
 t ! flag is b a symbol2 t ! g5]al's ^w 
is au?oritative because x s]ves ! be/   
int]e/s ( ! c\ntry4 ,& our impulsive    
allegiance to virtue1 & love ( x1 w\ld  
be a m]e silly daydream & empty         
sacrifice 7 x n = its loyal safegu>d+ ( 
human int]e/s4  ,%\ld we live accord+ to
 nature1 & adju/ ourselves to !         

evolution>y process8  ,accord+ to !     
,/oic philosophy1 ! crit]ion = conduct 0
 to live accord+ to nature4 ,:at is     
meant by 'rationally'8 asks ,epictetus1 
& answ]s1 ,con=mably to nature4 ,conv9ce
 me t y act$ naturally1 & ,i w conv9ce y
 t ev]y?+ :i* takes place accord+ to    
nature takes place rightly4 ,footnote3  
,book ,,iii1 *ap1 ,i2 book ,i1 *ap4     
,,xi4 ,& ,m>cus ,aurelius writes1 ,d n  
?9k any ^w or action b5ea? y :i* is 9   
accordance ) nature2 & nev] be misl$ by 
! appreh5sion ( c5sure or reproa*4 ,i w 
m>* on 9 ! pa? ( nature till my legs s9k
 "u me4 ,philosophy w put y ^u no?+ b   
:at y\r nature wi%es & calls =4         
,footnote3 ,book ,v4 ,( ?is prea*+      
,bi%op ,butl] says t x is a mann] (     
speak+1 n loose & indet]m9ate1 b cle> & 
di/9ct1 /rictly j & true4 ,footnote3    
,preface to ,s]mons4 ,9 mod]n times ?is 
doctr9e has tak5 ! =m ( exhortation to  
take our place 9 ! evolution>y process4 
,x is ?\ght by "s t to grasp ! tr5d (   
exi/+ natural =ces is to "k ! direction 

( duty4 ,we h only to keep 9 ! curr5t1  
to esp\se he>tily ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & 
rejoice 9 ! survival ( ! fitte/1 because
 x is nature's way4 ,9 a rec5t book by a
 ,h>v>d pr(essor we read1 ,:atev] ! ord]
 ( ! univ]se is1 t is ! moral ord]444,! 
laws ( natural selection are m]ely      
,god's regul> me?ods ( express+ 8 *oice 
& approval4 ,! naturally select$ are !  
*os5 ( ,god444,! :ole life ( moral p w  
consi/ 9 an intellig5t ef=t to adju/    
!mselves to ! w ?us express$4 ,footnote3
 ,t4 ,n4 ,c>v]1 ,! ,religion ,wor?      
,hav+1 pp4 #hd-hi4 ,x is easy en\gh to  
po9t out1 h[ev]1 t nature man to foll[4 
,9 sob] tru?1 ne>ly all ! ?+s :i* m5 are
 hang$ or imprison$ = do+ to "o ano!r1  
are nature's ev]yday p]=mances4 ,nature 
impales m51 breaks !m z if on ! :eel1   
ca/s !m to be dev\r$ by wild bea/s1     
cru%es !m ) /ones l ! fir/ ,*ri/ian     
m>tyr1 />ves !m ) hung]1 freezes !m )   
cold1 poisons !m by ! quick or sl[ v5om 
( h] exhalations4 ,footnote3 ,j4 ,s4    
,mill1 ,?ree ,essays on ,religion3      

,nature1 p4 #bh4 ,! evolution>y process 
is cruel & m]ciless2 multitudes p]i% = e
 "o t survives1 & ! survivor is n ! mo/ 
des]v+1 b ! /ronge/ or swifte/ or       
clev]e/4 ,:y %\ld we imitate su* ru?less
 ways8 ,nature is to be n foll[$ b      
improv$ ^u4 ,n only morality1 b mo/ (   
man's activity1 consi/s 9 mak+ nature   
ov] to suit 8 ne$s4 ,if nature & man are
 bo? ! works ( a ,be+ ( p]fect goodness1
 t ,be+ int5d$ nature z a s*eme to be   
am5d$1 n imitat$1 by man4 ,footnote3    
,ibid1 p4 #da4  7#b7 ,n only is !re no  
reason ,,:y we %\ld foll[ nature1 b !   
result ( s do+ w\ld be any ?+ b :at we  
agree is moral4 ,h>dly a s9 is committ$ 
b 0 natural to ! s9n]4 ,x is natural to 
lose our temp]s2 to be va91 selfi%1     
gre$y1 lu/ful4 ,no?+ c\ld be practically
 m p]nici\s ?an ! idea t an impulse is  
"r because x is natural2 t is1 because x
 is common to mo/ m54 ,foll[+ nature    
naturally means foll[+ our incl9ations2 
no?+ is m disa/r\s4 ,virtue necessitates
 self d5ial1 ef=t1 liv+ by ideals1 :i*  

are late & artificial products4 ,x is   
actually true1 9 its metaphorical way1 t
 we ne$ to be born aga91 to be turn$    
ab\t1 conv]t$1 sav$ f ourselves4 ,!     
natural man is ! c>nal man2 ! spiritual 
man1 :ile pot5tial 9 u all1 ne$s to be  
fo/]$ & /imulat$ by e possible means if 
life is to be s]5e & full & beautiful4  
,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! natural man & !    
moral man is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! untra9$
 *ild1 caprici\s1 ! victim ( a ?\s& :ims
 & long+s1 & ! man ( =m$ "* :om we      
respect & tru/4 ,morality is1 ( c\rse1 9
 a s5se1 natural too-ev]y?+ t exi/s is  
natural2 b 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w has a    
specific mean+1 x is flatly oppos$ to t 
mak+-ov]1 t readju/m5t ( our impulses1  
:i* is ! v diff]5tia ( morality4 ,!re   
is1 inde$1 a eulogi/ic s5se ( ! ^w      
natural2 to ,r\sseau ! return to nature 
meant ! ab&onm5t ( ne$less artificiality
 & silly conv5tion4 ,b except 9 ?is     
s5se1 :at is natural has no p>ticul>    
m]it4 ,! great a*ievem5ts ( man h       
consi/$ n 9 foll[+ natural1 primitive   

in/9cts1 b 9 controll+ & discipl9+ ^?   
in/9cts4  ,if we 7 to imitate nature 9  
mak+ ! survival ( ! fitte/ our aim1 we  
%\ld return to ! b>b>ic ru?lessness (   
anci5t ,sp>ta or ,rome1 expos+ infants1 
kill+ ! feeble & insane1 & becom+ j su* 
cold-blood$ pursu]s ( effici5cy z       
,nietzs*e admires4 ,t su* pitiless      
competition is moral1 or desirable1 no  
"o b a few cranks w\ld on exam9ation    
ma9ta94 ,let u und]/& once = all1 says  
,huxley1 t ! e?ical progress ( society  
dep5ds n on imitat+ ! cosmic process1   
/ill less 9 runn+ away f x1 b 9 combat+ 
x4 ,footnote3 ,evolution & ,e?ics1 title
 essay4  7#c7 ,?is cosmic defiance (    
,huxley's comm&s our approval2 if       
morality int]f]es ) ! evolution>y       
process1 let x int]f]e2 ! soon] an      
immoral process is /opp$ ! bett]4 ,b1   
aft] all1 ,huxley unnecess>ily limits ! 
mean+ ( ! phrase ! cosmic process1      
apply+ x only to t /age :i* ant$ates !  
developm5t ( morality4 ,t developm5t1   
h[ev]1 is itself natural selection1 :i* 

9 its e>li] /ages selects m]ely ! /rong 
& swift & clev]1 9 its lat] /ages       
selects also ! moral races &            
individuals4 ,s t to foll[ out !        
evolution>y process is1 = man1 aft] all1
 to foll[ morality z well z to cultivate
 spe$ & /r5g? & wit4  ,!re is1 inde$1 a 
dang] to ! race f ! developm5t ( ! t5d]]
 side ( morality1 9 ! c>e = ! feeble &  
deg5]ate :i* p]mits !m to live & produce
 (fspr+1 in/ead ( be+ ru?lessly         
ext]m9at$1 z 9 rud] days4 ,b ?is dang]  
c1 & w1 be met by measures :i*1 :ile    
p]mitt+ life &1 s f> z possible1        
happ9ess1 to ^! un=tunates1 w prev5t !m 
f hav+ *ildr54 ,except = ?is removable  
dang]1 ! developm5t ( sympa?y & t5d]ness
 by no means involves a less5+ (        
virility1 b is r its necess>y complem5t 
& *eck4  ,is self-developm5t or         
self-realization ! ultimate end8  ,x is 
no ju/ification ( morality to say t x is
 9 h>mony ) nature4 ,is x an adequate   
ju/ification to say t morality is :at   
makes = self-developm5t or              

self-realization8 ,a numb] ( classic &  
contempor>y morali/s1 fight+ %y ( !     
ackn[l$gm5t ( happ9ess z ! ultimate end1
 h re/$ cont5t ) su* expressions4 ,d>w9 
wrote1 ,! t]m 'g5]al good' may be def9$ 
z ! re>+ ( ! greate/ numb] ( individuals
 9 full vigor & heal?1 ) all _!         
faculties p]fect1 "u ! conditions to :i*
 !y are subject$4 ,footnote3 ,desc5t (  
,man1 *ap1 iv4 ,pauls5 writes1 ,! value 
( virtue consi/s 9 its favorable effects
 ^u ! developm5t ( life444,! value (    
life consi/s 9 ! normal p]=mance ( all  
functions1 or 9 ! ex]cise ( capacities &
 virtues444,a p]fect human life is an   
end 9 itself4 ,! /&>d is :at has be5    
call$ ! normal type1 or ! idea1 ( human 
life4 ,footnote3 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 book  
,,ii1 *ap4 ,,ii4  7#a7 ,su* a po9t (    
view gives opportunity = /imulat+ words4
 ,b x gives no guidance4 ,obs]vation c  
tea* u1 sl[ly1 :at conduct makes =      
happ9ess2 b :at conduct makes =         
self-developm5t8 ,! fact is1 !          
cultivation ( any impulse w develop u 9 

its direction & preclude our developm5t 
9 o!r directions2 along :i* pa? %all we 
let ourselves develop8 ,e *oice involves
 rejection2 inf9ite possibilities div]ge
 be=e u2 :i* among ! myriad impulses t  
call ^u u %all we foll[8 ,:ile /ill "y &
 pla/ic1 we may develop ourselves into  
poets or philosoph]s or lawy]s or       
bus9essm54 ,9 :i* ( ^! ways %all we     
realize ourselves8 ,footnote3 ,cf4      
,william ,james1 ,psy*ology1 vol4 ,i1 p4
 #cji3 ,i am (t5 confront$ by !         
necessity ( /&+ by "o ( my empirical    
selves & rel9qui%+ ! re/4 ,n t ,i w\ld  
n1 if ,i c\ld1 be bo? h&some & fat &    
well dress$1 & a great a?lete1 & make a 
million a ye>1 be a wit1 a bon-vivant1 &
 a lady-kill]1 z well z a philosoph]2 a 
philan?ropi/1 /atesman1 w>rior1 &       
,african explor]1 z well z a 'tone-poet'
 & sa9t4 ,b ! ?+ is simply impossible4  
,! millionaire's "w w\ld run c\nt] to ! 
sa9t's2 ! bon vivant & ! philan?ropi/   
w\ld trip ea* o!r up2 ! philosoph] & !  
lady-kill] c\ld n well keep h\se 9 !    

same t5em5t ( clay4 ,su* diff]5t *>act]s
 may conceivably at ! outset ( life be  
alike possible to a man4 ,b to make any 
"o ( !m actual1 ! re/ mu/ m or less be  
suppress$4 ,x is evid5t t we ne$ "s     
deep] gr\nd ( *oice4 ,may x n ev5 be    
bett] dra/ically to *oke our natures1   
bett] to get a new nature ?an to realize
 ! old8 ,surely !re are p]v]t$ natures1 
:i* ought n to be develop$4 ,9 ! "n (   
happ9ess we c decide on developm5t or   
non-developm5t1 z ! ne$ may be4 ,b !    
ideal ( self developm5t gives u no      
crit]ion4 ,x is too sweep+1 too         
indiscrim9ate4  7#b7 ,aga91 we may ask  
,,:y we %\ld develop ourselves4 ,?is    
ideal is 9 ne$ ( ju/ification to ! has a
 eulogi/ic connotation 9 our e>s2 b to  
rely ^u t is to beg ! "q4 ,/rictly1 x   
means only ! actualiz+ ( pot5tiality1   
:i* may be pot5tiality = evil z well z =
 good4 ,concretely1 if develop+ our     
natures l$ to pa9 & sorr[ we %\ld d well
 to resi/ su* developm5t4 ,!            
plausibility ( ! =mula lies 9 ! fact t !

 developm5t ( "o's self along any l9e is
 normally pleasant & normally conduces  
to ultimate happ9ess4 ,! idea ( x       
attracts u1 & x is well t x %\ld2 x is  
intr9sically & extr9sically good4 ,b x  
is ! fact ( possess+ t intr9sic &       
extr9sic goodness t makes x a legitimate
 ideal4 ,9 sum1 x is good to develop    
"o's p[]s only because & 9 s f> z su*   
developm5t makes = happ9ess or is itself
 an aspect ( happ9ess4 ,= happ9ess is ! 
only sort ( ?+ t is 9 itself            
intr9sically & obvi\sly desirable1 )\t  
ne$ ( pro(4  7#c7 ,practically1 ?is     
ideal-t5ds to selfi%ness2 x does n po9t 
to ! fact t ! be/ developm5t ( self lies
 9 s]vice4 ,! ideal is capable ( ?is    
int]pretation1 b its emphasis is 9 !    
wrong direction4 ,x is ess5tially a     
pagan conception1 & practically inf]ior 
to ! ,*ri/ian ideal ( s]vice4 ,s]vice _c
 be ! ultimate ideal1 any m ?an ! ,*9ese
 9 ! /ory c\ld support !mselves by tak+ 
9 "o ano!r's wa%+2 & x ne$s to be       
ju/ifi$1 l self-developm5t1 by !        

happ9ess x br+s4 ,b = a work+ conception
 x is f> bett]4 ,self-realization has   
nev] be5 ! aim ( ! sa9ts & h]oes4       
,imag9e a patriot dy+ = 8 c\ntry's      
fre$om1 or a "m giv+ ye>s ( sacrific+   
toil = h] *ild1 on ! gr\nd (            
self-developm5t6 ,! patriot may feel t  
?r\gh 8 sacrifice & t ( 8 comrades 8    
c\ntrym5 w be fre] or m unit$ or rid (  
"s curse i4e41 ultimately1 happi]4 ,! "m
 ?9ks consci\sly ( ! happ9ess ( ! *ild  
%e s]ves4 ,b except = ! "y man or       
prop]ly be = ! "t self-c5t]$1           
self-developm5t makes b a sorry ideal4  
,we may admire a ,goe! :o c>es prim>ily 
= ! developm5t & p]fection ( 8 own      
p[]s-if he is h&some & clev] & ( a w9n+ 
p]sonality4 ,b ! m5 we really love &    
rev]5ce are ^? :o =get !mselves & pref] 
to g1 if necess>y1 ) _! arti/ic s5se    
undevelop$ or _! sci5tific s5se untra9$1
 s !y may br+ help & peace to _! fell[s4
 ,footnote3 ,cf4 a rec5t /ory writ]1    
,nalbro ,h>tley1 9 ,a9slee's 7a         
m\nta9-:ite is speak+73 ,i reckon ! be/ 

way to get on 9 ?is _w is to le>n j     
en\gh to make y all always want to "k m 
b to be s busy us9' :at y-all has le>n$ 
t !re a9't no "t to le>n ! re/6 ,goe!1 )
 all 8 g5ius1 encyclop$ic k1 &          
univ]sality ( exp]i5ce1 8 wit & en]gy & 
p[] ( expression1 /&s on a l[] moral    
level ?an ,buddha1 ,/4 ,francis1 ,*ri/4 
7#d7 ,f9ally1 ! !ory1 if tak5 /rictly1  
is immoral4 ,to set up self- realization
 z ! crit]ion is to say t ! self-realiz+
 act is to be *os5 ,,ev5 ,,if ,,x ,,%\ld
 ,,produce ,,less ,,?an ,,! ,,greate/   
,,atta9able ,,total ,,good4 ,t su* cases
 d n occur1 no "o c prove2 9 fact1      
obs]vation t5ds to ! belief t !y d4 ,?is
 crit]ion is1 !n1 n only practically b  
!oretically selfi%4 ,p]fection ( "* %\ld
 be our aim1 yes4 ,b p]fection ( "* is n
 to be f\nd 9 a m]e indiscrim9ate       
cultivation ( :atev] faculties we may h4
 ,x means ! sup]position ( a sev]e      
discipl9e ^u our faculties1 a           
purification ( ! w1 direct$ by m        
ultimate consid]ations4 ,is ! s\rce (   

duty ! w ( ,god8 ,ob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god 
describes ! highe/ morality1 z does !   
phrase p]fection ( "*4 ,b is x1 any m   
?an t1 ! ,,ultimate ,,ju/ification (    
morality8 ,is ! w ( ,god ! ,,s\rce (    
morality8 ,an adequate discussion ( ?is 
"q w\ld involve a philosophy ( religion1
 b a few consid]ations may be useful1 & 
x is hop$1 n mislead+4  7#a7 ,h[ c we "k
 :at is ! w ( ,god except by consid]+   
:at makes = human welf>e8 ,our ,bible is
 b "o ( a numb] ( holy books :i* are    
held to be a revelation ( ,god's w4 ,ev5
 if we grant ! sup]ior au?ority ( !     
,hebrew- ,*ri/ian ,bible1 c we rely on  
its tea*+s implicitly8 ,h[ d we "k t x  
is a revelation ( ,god except by our    
exp]i5ce ( ! b5efic5ce ( its tea*+s8 ,z 
a matt] ( fact1 !re is wide disagreem5t1
 among ^? :o accept ! ,bible z          
au?oritative1 ov] its real tea*+s4 ,a   
text is available = e v>iety ( belief4  
,*ri/ians usually emphasize ^? texts t  
make = :at !y hold true1 & slur ov]     
o!rs4 ,look n on ! w9e :5 x is r$ is    

prea*$ 9 e ,sunday ,s*ool1 :ile ,take a 
little w9e = ?y /oma*'s sake is seldom  
quot$ save by brew]s4 ,! ,bible1 ! "w ( 
a hundr$ h&s dur+ a span ( a ?\s& ye>s1 
repres5ts a great v>iety ( views4 ,x is 
c]ta9ly an inspir$ book if !re ev] 0 "o2
 s mu* inspiration c\ld n h come f x if 
none _h gone into x4 ,b to extract a    
satisfactory e?ical code f x is possible
 only by a process ( judici\s selection 
& +5i\s inf]5ce4 ,! ,mosaic code is held
 by ,*ri/ians to be n[ abrogat$2 !      
record$ tea*+s ( ,*ri/ are fragm5t>y &  
t\* only a few fundam5tal matt]s4 ,h[1 =
 example1 %all we asc]ta9 f ! ,bible ! w
 ( ,god ) respect to ! tru/ problem1 or 
curr5cy re=m1 or p5al legislation8      
,times h *ang$1 our problems are no     
long] ^? ( ! anci5t ,jews2 a hundr$     
delicate que/ions arise to :i* no answ]s
 c be w ( ,god to be cle>ly &           
unque/ionably kn[n1 :y %\ld we obey x8  
,because he is /rong]1 & c rew>d or     
puni%8 ,if t is ! reason1 ! freehe>t$   
man w\ld defy ,him4 ,might does n make  

"r4 ,if ,god 7 to comm& u to s91 x w\ld 
n be "r to obey ,him4 ,on ! contr>y1 we 
%\ld sympa?ize ) ,mill 9 8 outbur/3     
,:atev] p[] su* a be+ may h ov] me1 !re 
is "o ?+ :i* he %all n d3 he %all n     
compel me to wor%ip him4 ,i w call no   
be+ good1 :o is n :at ,i mean :5 ,i     
apply t epi!t to my fell[ creatures2 &  
if su* a be+ c s5t5ce me to hell = n s  
call+ him1 to hell ,i w g4 ,footnote3   
,an ,exam9ation ( ,sir ,william         
,hamilton's ,philosophy1 *ap4 ,,vi4 ,x  
is cle> t ,god is to be obey$ only      
because ,he is good & 8 w "r4 ,n !      
exi/5ce ( a w1 b its goodness makes x   
au?oritative4 ,b h[ d we "k t x is good 
unless we h "s deep] crit]ion to judge x
 by8 ,h[ d we "k t ,god is n an arbitr>y
 tyrant8 ,! answ] mu/ be t we judge !   
,*ri/ian tea*+s to be a revelation (    
,god because we "k on o!r gr\nds :at we 
mean by "r & good1 & see t ^! tea*+s fit
 t conception4 ,if ! tea*+s 7 co>se &   
l[1 no prodigies or miracles w\ld       
suffice to atte/ !m z ,god-giv52 x w\ld 

be sup]/ition to obey !m4 ,exp]i5ce     
alone c be judge2 ! exp]i5ce ( !        
b5efic5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian ideal4 ,! ,way ( 
,life t ,*ri/ taught v]ifies itself :5  
tri$2 t x is ! supreme ideal = man is   
prov$ by ! transfiguration ( life x     
effects4 ,*ri/ & ! ,bible des]ve our    
allegiance because !y are wor?y ( x2 f  
!m we c le>n ! secrets ( man's true     
welf>e4 ,morality is1 inde$1 old] ?an   
religion4 ,x develops to a c]ta9 po9t1 &
 9 "s cases v highly1 )\t ! concept (   
,god4 ,x has an & ne$s no sup]natural   
prop4 ,religion is n ! root ( morality1 
b its fl[] & consummation4 ,! f9e/      
ideals1 ! l(tie/ heights ( morality1    
m]ge into religion2 b ev5 ^! spiritual  
ideals h _! ultimate root 9 ! common    
soil ( human welf>e1 & are rational     
ideals because !y m9i/] to human ne$4   
,= ! categorical !ory ( morality1 see   
,kant's ,!ory ( ,e?ics1 trans4 ,abbott2 
,f4 ,h4 ,bradley1 ,e?ical ,/udies2 ,f4  
,pauls51 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 book ,,ii1    
*ap1 ,v1 secs4 #c & #d2 ,dewey & ,tufts1

 ,e?ics1 *ap1 ,,xvi1 sec4 #b2 ,h4       
,sp5c]1 ,data ( ,e?ics1 *ap1 ,,iii1     
sees4 #ab1 #ac4 ,w4 ,fite1 ,introductory
 ,/udy ( ,e?ics1 *ap4 ,x4 ,h4 ,ra%dall1 
,!ory ( ,good & ,evil1 book ,i1 *ap4 ,v4
 ,= ! accord+ to nature !ory1 see       
,epictetus & ,m>cus ,aurelius1 passim2  
,r\sseau1 ,disc\rse on ,sci5ce & ,art1  
etc42 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,nature 9 ,?ree    
,essays on ,religion2 ,t4,h4 ,huxley1   
,evolution & ,e?ics4 ,t4 ,n4 ,c>v]1 ,!  
,religion ,wor? ,hav+4 ,= !             
self-realization !ory1 see ,t4 ,h4      
,gre51 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics2 ,f4       
,pauls51 op4 cit1 esp4 book ,,ii1 *ap1  
,,ii1 secs4 #e-h2 ,h4 ,w4 ,wright1      
,self-,realization2 ,j4 ,s4 ,mack5zie1  
,manual ( ,e?ics1 #b;d ed1 *aps1 ,,vi & 
,,vii4 ,w4 ,fite1 op4 cit1 *ap4 ,,xi4 ,=
 !ological e?ics1 see any ( ! old]      
!ological books4 ,a brief comm5t may be 
f\nd 9 ,h4 ,sp5c]'s ,data ( ,e?ics1 *ap1
 ,,iv1 sec4 #ah4     ,,*apt] ,,xiv   ,,!
 ,,wor? ,,( ,,morality  ,,be=e proce$+  
to a m concrete unfold+ ( ! difficulties

 & problems ( morality1 x w be well to  
=mulate our !ory 9 t]ms ( mod]n biology1
 & !n1 f9ally1 to answ] ^? mod]n critics
 :o reject n m]ely ! rational           
explanation ( morality b morality       
itself4  ,morality z ! organization (   
human int]e/s4  ,! wor? ( morality is   
mo/ commonly def5d$ today1 9 biological 
t]ms1 by describ+ x z a syn!sis ( human 
int]e/s2 x is valuable because x is :at 
we really want & ne$4 ,x does1 inde$1   
=bid ! c>ry+-out ( any impulse :i* r5d]s
 impossible great] goods2 x flatly      
opposes t unre/ra9$ satisfy+ ( a "p (   
our natures :i* we call self-indulg5ce1 
or ( "o nature at ! exp5se ( o!rs :i* we
 call selfi%ness4 ,b x /ifles desire    
only = a great] ultimate good2 x rejects
 t ne$less repression ( a "p ( ! self   
:i* we call asceticism1 & an undue      
subord9ation ( self to o!rs4 ,x is1 !n !
 organiz+ or h>moniz+ pr9ciple1         
subord9at+ ! int]e/s ( ea* aspect ( !   
self1 & ( ! _m conflict+ selves1 to !   
total welf>e ( ! individual & ( !       

community4 ,z ,plato po9t$ out1         
,footnote3 ,republic1 books4 ,i-,,iv2   
e4g4 7#ddd73 ,is n ! creation (         
righte\sness ! creation ( a natural ord]
 & gov]nm5t ( "o ano!r 9 ! p>ts ( ! s\l1
 & ! creation ( unrighte\sness !        
opposite8 & 7#ceb73 ,is n unrighte\sness
 equally suicidal :5 exi/+ 9 an         
individual z x is :5 x exi/s 9 ! ,/ate1 
r5d]+ him incapable ( action because he 
is n at unity ) himself1 mak+ him an    
enemy to himself8 & 7#ddc73 ,! righte\s 
man does n p]mit ! sev]al elem5ts )9 him
 to m$dle ) "o ano!r1 or any ( !m to d !
 "w ( o!rs2 b he sets 9 ord] 8 own inn] 
life1 & is 8 own ma/]1 & at peace )     
himself2 & :5 444 he is no long] _m1 b  
has become "o entirely temp]ate &       
p]fectly adju/$ nature1 !n he w ?9k &   
call "r & good action t :i* pres]ves &  
coop]ates ) ?is condition4 7,9 quot+    
,plato ,i h us$ ,j[ett's translation1 ) 
an occasional sub/itution2 z1 above1 9 !
 use ( righte\sness & "r in/ead ( ju/ice
 & j47 repres5tative ( all o!r int]e/s1 

! cons5sus ( int]e/4 ,su* a def9ition1  
we mu/ admit1 happily describes         
morality1 %[+ u t if we w\ld f9d its    
lead+ we mu/ "k ourselves2 we mu/ exam9e
 our actual exi/+ ne$s & consid] h[ be/ 
to atta9 !m4 ,! direction ( morality is 
t ( a c>efully prun$ & we$$ human       
nature4 ,b !re are c]ta9 dang]s inh]5t 9
 ?is =m ( def9ition :i* we mu/ note3    
7#a7 ,we mu/ n be satisfi$ ) ! syn!sis (
 consci\sly felt desires4 ,_m ( our     
deepe/ ne$s fail to come to ! surface & 
embody !mselves 9 impulses2 we d n "k or
 seek :at is really be/ = ourselves4    
,!re are possibilities ( h>mony & peace 
^u l[ levels4 ,we mu/ be prick$ into    
desire = new =ms ( life & n all[$ to    
/agnate 9 a condition :i*1 h[ev] well   
organiz$ & cont5t$1 is lack+ 9 ! ri*ness
 & joy we might atta94 ,we mu/ include 9
 ! int]e/s to be organiz$ all our dumb &
 unrealiz$ ne$s1 all pot5tial & lat5t   
impulses1 z well z our articulate       
desires4  7#b7 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are    
p]v]se & pa?ological impulses :i* are   

des]v+ ( no reg>d & mu/ be simply ca/   
aside 9 ! organiz+ process1 because !y  
lead only to unhapp9ess4 ,!re is a      
diff]5ce betwe5 ! desirable & ! desir$2 
morality is n m]ely an organiz+ b a     
corrective =ce1 br++ sometimes n peace b
 a sword4 ,a tru] figure w\ld be to     
repres5t x z a fl[]s & ru?lessly prun+  
or we$+ out o!rs1 t ! g>d5 may be ! mo/ 
beautiful place4  7#c7 ,moreov]1 ?is    
def9ition1 :ile an excell5t             
,,descriptiontion ( :at morality 9 g5]al
 is1 is n a ,,ju/ification ( morality1  
does n po9t to its ultimate raison      
d'etre4 ,to all ?is organiz+ activity we
 might say1 ,cui bono1 = :at good8 ,,:y 
%\ld we organize our int]e/s2 :y n d5y  
!m l ! ascetics8 ,! m]e exi/5ce ( pu%es1
 9 ?is direction & t1 af=ds no mat]ial =
 moral judgm5t2 a h>moniz+ ( !m w\ld    
make a ma!matical resultant1 b x w\ld be
 ( no sup]ior ,,wor?4 ,if !re 7 no      
pleasure & pa9 9 life1 x w\ld n ,,matt] 
9 ! lea/ :e!r ! v>i\s life =ces 7       
organiz$ or n4 ,9 su* a colorless _w a  

unison ( human impulses w\ld be z       
morally indiff]5t z ! conv]g5ce (       
tribut>y riv]s or ! =mation ( an        
organiz$ sol> sy/em4 ,x is only1 z we   
long ago po9t$ out1 ,footnote3 ,cf4     
ante1 p4 #gd  :5 consci\sness           
diff]5tiates into its plus & m9us       
values1 pleasure & pa91 t a reason      
arises :y any =ces 9 ! cosmos %\ld be   
?w>t$ or all[$ free play4 ,) ! em]g5ce (
 ^? values1 h[ev]1 ev]y?+ t affects !m  
becomes significant4 ,if ! complete     
trans=mation ( our int]e/s w\ld make    
human life bright]1 full] ( plus values1
 su* a radical alt]ation1 r ?an a       
h>monization1 w\ld be our ideal4 ,z x   
is1 desire po9ts normally t[>d ! really 
desirable2 ! direction ( human welf>e   
lies1 9 g5]al1 along ! l9e ( our organic
 ne$s1 ( ! avoidance ( cla%es1 ( !      
mutual subord9ation & coop]ation (      
natural impulses4 ,! pr9ciple ( reason1 
( intellig5ce1 is necess>y 9 morality to
 f9d ?is way ( coop]ation1 ?is ultimate 
drift ( ne$2 b )\t ! pot5tiality (      

happ9ess *aos w\ld be z good z ord]1 bo?
 )9 ! individual s\l & )9 ! social gr\p4
 ,footnote3 ,plato realiz$ ?is1 & 9 !   
,philebus po9ts out t we _c completely  
describe morality ei!r 9 t]ms (         
pleasure-pa9 or 9 t]ms ( reason 7or     
wisdom71 ! organiz+ pr9ciple4 ,bo?      
aspects ( morality are important4 ,cf1  
along ?is l9e1 ,h4 ,g4 ,"l1 ,! ,abuse ( 
,ab/raction 9 ,e?ics1 9 ! ,james        
memorial volume4 ,d moral acts always   
br+ happ9ess some:]e8 ,! ultimate       
ju/ification ( morality ! value (       
syn!siz+ our int]e/s1 lies 9 ! happ9ess 
m5 !reby atta94 ,b !re is "o fundam5tal 
d\bt t ev] & anon recurs ! d\bt :e!r1   
aft] all1 actions t we agree 9 call+    
virtu\s always ,,br+ happ9ess4 ,if n1   
ei!r our def9ition ( morality1 or our   
univ]sal judgm5t z to :at is moral1 w\ld
 seem to be 9 error4 ,p]haps morality   
is1 aft] all1 (f ! track1 & to be       
disc>d$4  7#a7 ,we mu/ fir/ lay aside   
cases ( p]v]t$ consci5ce1 acts :i* are  
subjectively moral1 or consci5ti\s1 b n 

objectively be/4 ,^! cases we h already 
glanc$ at2 !y ne$ be no /umbl+ block4   
7#b7 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! types ( conduct
 :i* we h glorifi$ by ! concepts virtue1
 duty1 etc1 are ^? :i* ,,t5d to produce 
happ9ess4 ,we h to frame our judgm5ts & 
pigeonhole acts accord+ to _! normal    
results4 ,b x happ5s n infrequ5tly t    
accid5ts upset ^! natural t5d5cies4 ,=  
^! un=eseeable ev5tualities ! actor is n
 responsible2 if 8 act 0 ! be/ t c\ld h 
be5 plann$1 9 consid]ation ( all kn[n   
factors1 x rema9s ! ideal = future      
cases1 x /ill reta9s ! halo ( virtue :i*
 mu/ attract o!rs to x4 ,good acts may  
lead1 by unexpect$ *ance1 to evil       
consequ5ces2 bad acts may result1 by "s 
accid5t1 9 good4 ,b to ! int]f]+ factor 
belongs ! cr$it or blame2 ! act t w\ld  
normally h l$ to good or to evil rema9s 
"r or wrong4 ,to rescue a dr[n+ man is  
"r1 = su* action normally t5ds to human 
welf>e2 if ! rescu$ man turns out a     
great crim9al1 or escapes ?is dea? to   
suff] a worse1 ! act ( rescu+ ! dr[n+   

rema9s a desirable & !re=e moral act4   
,on ! o!r h&1 if "o man sl&]s ano!r1 ) !
 result t ! latt]1 refut+ ! sl&]1 !reby 
atta9s prom95ce & position1 ! act (     
sl&]1 normally h>mful1 rema9s an immoral
 act4  ,x is a failure to recognize ?is 
necess>ily g5]al "* ( our moral judgm5ts
 t raises ! problem ( ,job4 ,! anci5t   
,israelites saw cle>ly t righte\sness 0 
! road to happ9ess2 ,footnote3 ,cf4 =   
example1 ,righte\sness t5de? to life2 he
 t pursue? evil pursue? x to 8 own dea?4
 ,bless$ is e "o t fe>e? ! ,"l1 t walke?
 9 8 ways4 ,happy %alt ?\ be1 & x %all  
be well ) !e4 & :5 a righte\s man l ,job
 fell into mis=tune1 !y accus$ him (    
secret s94 ,job is consci\s ( 8         
innoc5ce1 ( hav+ done 8 "p aright1 & _c 
und]/& h[ he has come to su* an evil    
pass4 ,x w\ld h br\ght him no mat]ial   
alleviation1 b x might h sav$ him "s    
m5tal *af+1 to recognize t morality is  
simply do+ our "p4 ,:5 we h done our be/
 we are /ill at ! m]cy ( =tune4         
,happ9ess1 z ,ari/otle po9t$ out1 is !  

result ( two coop]at+ factors1 morality 
& good =tune4 ,footnote3 ,ni*oma*ean    
,e?ics1 book ,i1 sev]al places3 e4g1 9  
*ap4 ,,vii1 ,to con/itute happ9ess !re  
mu/ be1 z we h said1 complete virtue &  
fit ext]nal conditions4 ,if ei!r is     
lack+1 evil w ensue4 ,if all m5 7       
p]fectly virtu\s1 we %\ld /ill be at !  
m]cy ( flood & lightn+1 poison\s snakes1
 iceb]gs & fog at sea1 a ?\s& =ms (     
accid5t & disease1 old age & dea?4 ,!   
mill5nium w n br+ pure happ9ess to man2 
he is too feeble a creature 9 ! pres5ce 
( =ces ) :i* he _c cope4 ,morality is   
j-! be/ man c d2 & x is n to be blam$ = 
! twi/s ( fate t make futile its ef=ts4 
7#c7 ,are !re n1 h[ev]1 cases :]e       
conduct :i* we agree is "r is n ev5     
likely to br+ ! greate/ happ9ess        
atta9able2 :]e n only imm$iate b la/+   
happ9ess is to be delib]ately sacrific$ 
9 ! "n ( morality8 ,suppose1 = example1 
a politician :o becomes conv9c$ ( !     
evils ( ! liquor trade ru9s 8 c>e] 9 a  
hopeless fight aga9/ ! saloons4 ,he     

loses 8 (fice1 8 income1 8 honor 9 !    
sight ( 8 associates2 he br+s suff]+ ^u 
8 innoc5t wife & *ildr52 & all = no     
good1 s9ce 8 fight is futile &          
ineffective4 ,surely any "o c\ld =esee t
 su* action w\ld make only = unhapp9ess1
 or = no happ9ess comm5surable ) !      
sacrifice4 ,yet if we agree ) 8 premise1
 t ! liquor trade is a curse to         
humanity1 we deem 8 conduct n only      
consci5ti\s b objectively noble & "r4   
,h[ c we ju/ify t judgm5t8  ,9 ! fir/   
place1 we _c be sure1 be=eh&1 t su* a   
fight w n be successful4 ,=lorn hopes   
sometimes w94 ,we mu/ enc\rage m5 to    
v5ture1 to take *ances2 only s c ! great
 evils t ride mank9d be bani%$4 ,if !re 
is a fight+ *ance ( accompli%+ a great  
good x is contemptible n to try2 society
 mu/ ma9ta9 a code t leads at times to  
quixotic acts4  ,9 ! second place1 !    
fight1 ev5 if 9 itself hopeless1 is sure
 to h valuable indirect results4 ,x     
ar\ses o!rs to ! ne$2 x /imulates 9 o!rs
 ! will+ness to sacrifice self-int]e/ & 

"w = ! g5]al good4 ,e su* honorable     
defeat has its %>e 9 ! f9al victory4 ,! 
subtle b5efits t result f su* moral     
gallantry are n evid5t on ! surface1 b  
!y are !re4 ,no pu% = ! "r is :olly     
wa/$4 ,x pays mank9d to let its h]oes   
lavi% _! lives 9 app>5tly ineffective   
/ruggles2 ?r\gh _! example ! apa!tic    
masses are /irr$ & mov$ a little f>!r   
t[>d _! goal4  ,9 g5]al1 we may say t ! 
belief t virtue is n ! "r road to       
happ9ess betrays inexp]i5ce & immaturity
 ( judgm5t4 ,a mod]ate degree ( morality
 saves man f _m pitfalls into :i* 8     
unre/ra9$ impulses w\ld lead him4 ,!    
highe/ levels ( morality br+ a degree ( 
happ9ess unkn[n to ! natural man4 ,:o   
are ! happie/ p 9 ! _w8 ,! sa9ts2 ^? :o 
are inw>dly at peace1 :o play _! "p )   
absolute loyalty4 ,ev5 ! irrem$iable    
mis=tunes ( life d n affect !m z !y d ! 
worldly man2 !y h le>n$ ! luxury ( do+  
good4 ,( morality a rec5t writ] says1   
,its di/ribution ( felicity is ideally  
j4 ,to him :o is mo/ unselfi%1 :o s9ks  

mo/ ?or\ghly 8 own int]e/s 9 ^? ( ! race
 ( :i* he is a unit1 x aw>ds ! mo/      
complete beatitude4 ,footnote3 ,j4 ,h4  
,levy1 ( ,london1 9 a fun]al oration4   
,to him :o compla9s t he is moral b n   
happy1 ! answ] is1 ,be m moral6 ,a high 
en\gh morality1 a complete en\gh        
consecration1 w lead1 9 all b v abnormal
 cases1 to happ9ess 9 ! individual life1
 z well z make its due contribution to !
 happ9ess ( o!rs4  ,is !re any?+ bett]  
?an morality8  ,x is ?is lack ( vision1 
?is immature skepticism z to ! s]vice ( 
morality to human welf>e1 t has fir$ a  
flame ( revolt 9 c]ta9 m9ds1 a revolt n 
m]ely aga9/ incid5tal defects & outworn 
conceptions ( morality1 b aga9/ morality
 ub]haupt4 ,! declamations ( ^!         
,prome!an rebels make x cle>1 h[ev]1 t  
_! prote/ is b ! old fault ( condemn+ a 
necess>y in/itution altoge!r = its      
imp]fections or its abuses4 ,morality   
has be5 bl5d$ ) sup]/ition & tyranny1   
has be5 (t5 bl9d1 p]v]t$1 n>r[1 *eck+   
noble impulses & *ok+ ! ri* & happy     

developm5t ( life4 ,b x is "o ?+ to     
arraign ^! accid5ts & corruptions (     
morality2 x is q ano!r to disc>d ! :ole 
sy/em ( guidance ( :i* !y are b !       
excresc5ces & mi/akes4 ,?is usurp+ is1 (
 c\rse1 also 9 l>ge "p a ?ir/ = novelty1
 a love ( p>adox1 ( practic+ +5uity 9   
mak+ ! bett] appe> ! worse2 x is 9 "p a 
volcanic eruption ( suppress$ long+s & a
 prote/ aga9/ ! inadequacy ( our pres5t 
code to provide opportunity & happ9ess =
 ! masses4 ,! motives v>y ) ! individual
 rebels4  ,x mu/ suffice1 h[ev]1 f among
 ! _m lead]s ( ?is revolt1 to quote t   
clev] b unbalanc$ ,g]man iconocla/1     
,nietzs*e4 ,typical ( 8 doctr9e is !    
foll[+3 ,footnote3 ,g5ealogy ( ,morals  
7ed4 ,alex4 ,tille71 ,=eword1 p4 #i4    
,nev] until n[ 0 !re ! lea/ d\bt or     
hesitation to set d[n ! 'good' man z (  
high] value ?an ! 'evil' man-( high]    
value 9 ! s5se ( fur!rance1 utility1    
prosp]ity1 z reg>ds ,,man 9 g5]al 7!    
future ( man includ$74 ,:at if ! rev]se 
7 true8 ,:at if 91 ! 'good' "o also a   

symptom ( decl9e 7 conta9$1 & a dang]1 a
 s$uction1 a poison1 a n>cotic by :i* ! 
pres5t might live ,,at ,,! ,,exp5se ,,( 
,,! ,,future8 ,p]haps m com=tably1 less 
dang]\sly1 b also 9 humbl] /yle- m      
meanly8 ,s t j morality 7 to blame1 if a
 ,,highe/ ,,might9ess ,,& ,,spl5dor (   
type ( man-possible 9 itself 7 nev]     
atta9$8 ,& t1 !re=e1 morality itself    
w\ld be ! dang] ( dang]s8  ,! po9t ( ?is
 tirade is t morality puts a wet blanket
 ov] human p[]s2 x is a b\rgeois ideal1 
sav+ m51 inde$1 f pa91 b also robb+ life
 ( its picturesqu5ess & glory4 ,_m p    
frankly pref] int]e/+ to good p2        
,nietzs*e g5]alizes ?is feel+4 ,morality
 is to him un9t]e/+1 dull1 a code =     
slaves1 = ! cla% ( combat1 ! tang (     
cruelty & lu/1 ! t+le ( unre/ra9$ p[]4  
,e man = himself !n1 & ! ,devil take !  
h9dmo/4 ,%ock$ z we are by ?is brutal   
plat=m1 !re is some?+ 9 x t appeals to !
 r$ blood & adv5tur\s _s 9 u2 aft] all1 
we are n f> remov$ f ! savage1 & ! ?\ght
 ( a psalm-s++1 tea-dr9k+1 tamely good  

_w is abhorr5t to ! m>r[ ( u4 ,/ev5son1 
) 8 delightfully irresponsible audacity1
 sighs = an occasional furl\gh f ! moral
 law2 & !re are times = mo/ ( u :5 x    
seems z if we %\ld *oke & smo!r "u !    
ev]la/+ ,?\ %alt n6 ,b ! d>+ rebel1 !   
defiant ,titan1 comes creep+ back to !  
%elt] ( morality ) a heada*e or some?+  
worse1 & discov]s t 8 ,prome!an boldness
 0 b *ildi% petulance2 t x is futile &  
fooli% to try to escape ! inexorable    
laws ( human life4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 two
 adequate answ]s t c be made to !       
despis] ( morality3  7#a7 ,dull or n1   
repressive or n1 morality is absolutely 
necess>y4 ,x is bett] ?an ! pa91 !      
insecurity1 ! relapse into b>b>ism1 t   
immorality implies4 ,our :ole           
civilization1 ev]y?+ t makes human life 
bett] ?an t ( ! bea/s ( prey1 w\ld      
collapse )\t its f\ndation ( moral      
ob$i5ce4 ,! regime ( sla%+ individualism
 w\ld kill (f _m ( ! weak] :o are       
preci\s to humanity-a ,hom] 7if he 0    
bl9d71 a ,keats1 a ,/ev5son2 nay1 if    

c>ri$ to extreme1 x w\ld put an end to !
 race4 ,= :o are ! weake/1 ! h9dmo/1 b !
 babies6 ,sympa?y & love & self         
sacrifice1 at lea/ 9 p>5ts1 are necess>y
 if ! race is to endure a g5]ation4 ,b  
ev5 = ! individual1 ! p5alties (        
immorality are too obvi\s to ne$        
recapitulation4 ,if morality is         
repression1 x is ! m9imal repression    
consi/5t ) ! ma9t5ance ( successful &   
happy life4 ,its real aim is to br+     
life1 & life m abundantly4  7#b7 ,b if  
we are look+ = some?+ great1 = adv5ture 
& excitem5t & battle aga9/ odds1 we c   
f9d x mu* bett] ?an 9 brutally sla%+ at 
our fell[s1 or runn+ amuck at ! beck (  
our impulses1 by putt+ our valor at !   
s]vice ( "s really great human endeavor4
 ,if we want to get into ! big game1 !  
great adv5ture1 we mu/ pit ourselves1 ) 
! lead]s ( mank9d1 aga9/ ! ho/ile       
univ]se4 ,! m5 & wom5 :o set our blood  
t+l+ & our he>ts beat+ fa/e/ are-,d>w91 
discov]] by pati5t labor ( a great      
cosmic law2 ,pa/eur1 conqu]or at la/ ov]

 a t]rible human disease2 ,pe>y1 fir/ to
 plant foot ^u ! axis ( ! _w2 ,goe?als1 
build] ( a canal t l9ks ! oceans4 ,!    
/eady m>* ( a moraliz$ civilization1    
pres5t+ unit$ front to ! cosmos1 is     
inf9itely m glori\s ?an ! futile1       
aimless1 & petty /ruggles ( an an>*ic   
immorality4 ,our half-discipl9$ life is 
already f> ri*] & m romantic ?an ! life 
( ,nietzs*e's sup]m5 c\ld be2 & we are  
only a little way along ! road ( moral  
progress4 ,! real sup]man w be a ,,bett]
 man1 a man ( t5d]ness & *ivalry1 (     
loyalty & self-control1 a man (         
discipl9$ he>t & purifi$ w2 to atta9 to 
su* a sup]manl9ess is1 inde$1 a h]oic & 
spl5did a*ievem5t1 wor?y ( our utmo/    
endeavor1 & call+ into play all our     
noble/ p[]s4  ,"s !re are1 accu/om$ to !
 vision ( tables ( /one engrav$ by ! h& 
( ,god & set up = man's ob$i5ce amid    
,s9aitic ?und]s1 = :om ! discov]y ( !   
humble human & prehuman orig91 & !      
/umbl+ hit-or-miss evolution1 ( morality
 dulls its sanctity4 ,b any "o :o is    

tempt$ = ?is reason to d]ide morality   
may console himself ) ! reflection t    
ev]y?+ else ( supreme importance 9 human
 life is ( plebeian ance/ry4 ,reason1   
art1 gov]nm5t1 religion1 _h _! crude &  
sup]/ition-ridd5 beg9n+s4 ,man himself 0
 once h>dly diff]5t f a monkey4 ,yet !re
 is a sp>k ( ! div9e 9 him & 9 all ^!   
arts & in/itutions :i* he ) ! aid ( !   
cosmic =ces has evolv$4 ,surely a ju/]  
judgm5t may f9d a sublimity 9 ?is       
age-long m>* f ! clod t[>d ! mill5nium t
 c\ld nev] belong to ! spectacul> b v   
prov9cial my?s ( ! ,semites4 ,! emotions
 ev] lag beh9d ! intellect2 & our he>ts 
may /ill ye>n = ! neighborly &          
passionate battle-god ( ! ,p5tateu*4    
,moreov]1 we %all cont9ue to recognize a
 va/ fund ( tru? & insight 9 ^? e>ly    
folk tales & primitive codes4 ,b !re    
comes a deep] brea? to ! man :o realizes
 t morality & religion long ant$ate !   
,jewi% revelation1 & comes to see ,god 9
 ! t5s & hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s ( sl[ b 
spl5did human progress4 ,hi/orical codes

 ( morals are1 inde$1 seam$ ) sup]/ition
 & are progressively displac$2 b        
morality p]si/s4 ,at no "t has man :olly
 solv$ ! problem ( life1 b he mu/ ev]   
live by ! be/ solution he has f\nd4 ,!  
innum]able codes are s _m exp]im5ts1 _! 
v diff]5ces be>+ witness to ! ne$ ( "s  
set ( guid+ pr9ciples = conduct4  ,x is 
sometimes said t morality1 be+ a m]ely  
human inv5tion1 may be disc>d$ :5 we    
*oose4 ,to ?is we may reply t morality  
be>s1 inde$1 ! indisputable m>ks ( human
 in/9ct1 w1 & reason2 b x is n an       
inv5tion2 x is a lesson1 sl[ly le>n$4 ,9
 its humanness lies its value4 ,x is n  
an ali5 code1 irrelevant to human       
nature2 x is a natural function2 x is ! 
greate/ ( human in/itutions unless t be 
religion1 :i* is its fl[] &             
consummation4 ,morality is made = man1 =
 8 use & guidance2 :at c\ld possibly h  
great] sanctity or au?ority = him8      
,rebel z he may1 & *afe "u its re/ra9ts1
 he always comes back to morality2      
p]haps to a revis$ code1 b to ess5tially

 ! same control2 = he _c d )\t x4 ,our  
morality has its defects1 b x is on ! "r
 track4 ,a cle>] insight into its       
teleological necessity1 ! purpose x     
exi/s to s]ve1 w direct u 9 our ef=ts to
 revise x1 s to fa%ion x z to make x    
productive ( /ill great] good 9 ! "t to 
come4 ,b if we disc>d x altoge!r1 we are
 l ! base ,indian :o ?rew a pe>l away1  
,ri*] ?an all 8 tribe4  ,:at we ne$ is n
 to ab&on b to /eadily improve our code2
 & :]eas any "o c pick flaws1 only ! man
 ( tra9$ m9d & controll$ desire c       
discov] feasible l9es ( advance4 ,:5 all
 is said1 !re is no?+ z yet to be *ang$ 
9 our old ,aryan ideal ( ju/ice1        
consci5ti\sness1 c\rage1 k9dness1 &     
honor4 ,we h only to draw ne>] to x1 to 
clasp x m closely1 to realize x m       
effectively2 &1 be=e go+ beyond x1 we h 
/ill a long & noble road to travel b5ea?
 ! />s4 ,footnote3 ,maet]l9ck1 ,our     
,anxi\s ,morality1 9 ,! ,measure ( !    
,h\rs4 ,! conception ( morality z !     
organization ( int]e/s w be f\nd 9      

,plato's ,republic & ,ari/otle's ,e?ics1
 & 9 _m rec5t e?ical books & pap]s4     
,among !m are ,r4 ,b4 ,p]ry's ,moral    
,economy1 ,g4 ,santayana's ,reason 9    
,sci5ce 7*ap4 ,,ix72 ,william ,james1 ,!
 ,moral ,philosoph] & ! ,moral ,life 79 
! ,w to ,believe & ,o!r ,essays74  ,a   
discussion ( :e!r morality really makes 
= happ9ess w be f\nd 9 ,leslie ,/eph51  
,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 *ap4 ,x2 ,w4 ,l4       
,%eldon1 ,an ,e?ical ,movem5t1 *ap4     
,,viii4 ,= ,nietzs*e's !ory1 see 8      
,beyond ,good & ,evil4 ,!re are _m      
excell5t replies2 a brief b adequate "o 
w be f\nd 9 ,p]ry1 op4 cit1 *ap4 ,i4    
,,"p ,,iii   ,,p]sonal ,,morality       
,,*apt] ,,xv   ,,heal? ,,& ,,effici5cy  
,) ! g5]al nature & ju/ification (      
morality 9 our m9ds1 we may n[ seek to  
apply our crit]ia ( conduct to !        
concrete problems t confront u1 fir/    
tak+ up ^? problems :i*1 h[ev] important
 _! social be>+s1 are prim>ily problems 
( private life1 problems = ! individual 
to settle1 & !n turn+ to ^? wid]        

problems :i* ! community z a :ole mu/   
grapple ) & solve by public action4     
,bodily heal? is ! f\ndation ( p]sonal  
morality2 to act at all !re mu/ be      
physical en]gy available2 &1 o!r ?+s    
equal1 ! man ) ! greate/ /ore ( vitality
 w live ! happie/ & mo/ useful life4    
,*ri/ianity has too (t5 =gott5 ?is      
fundam5tal tru?1 :i* ne$s emphasis at ! 
v outset ( our concrete /udies 9        
morality4  ,:at is ! moral importance ( 
heal?8  7#a7 ,heal? is 9 itself a great 
contribution to ! intr9sic wor? ( life4 
,to awake 9 ! morn+ ) r$ blood /irr+ 9 !
 ve9s1 to come to ! table ) he>ty       
appetite1 to g ab\t ! day's "w ) ! spr++
 /ep ( ab\nd+ en]gy1 & to rea* ! close (
 day ) t heal?y fatigue t quiets re/less
 desire & betok5s ! bless$ boon ( s\nd &
 dreamless sleep-?is is to be a long way
 on ! road to cont5tm5t4 ,heal? _c 9    
itself gu>antee happ9ess if o!r evils   
obtrude2 b x removes _m ( ! commone/    
imp$im5ts !reto1 & normally produces an 
increase 9 all o!r values4 ,height5$    

vitality means an increas$ s5se ( p[]1 a
 ke5] ze/ 9 ev]y?+2 tr\bles slide (f !  
heal?y man t w\ld /ick to ! less        
vigor\s4 ,bodily depression almo/ always
 involves m5tal depression2 our blues   
usually h an organic basis4 ,x 0 n a    
sup]/ition t evolv$ our ^w melan*oly f !
 ,greek black 7i4e41 disord]$7 liv] nor 
is x a m]e pun or p>adox to say t :e!r  
life is wor? liv+ dep5ds ^u ! liv]4  ,m 
?an ?is1 heal? is opportunity4 ,! man ( 
abundant en]gy c ta/e m ( ! joys ( life1
 c enl>ge ! b\nds ( 8 exp]i5ce1 c use   
preci\s h\rs ( our brief span :i* !     
weakl+ mu/ devote to re/1 c le>n m1 c   
range f>!r1 c v5ture all sorts (        
und]tak+s f :i* ! o!r is preclud$ by 8  
lack ( /r5g?4 ,all ^! exp]i5ces1 if !y  
are guid$ by prud5ce & self-control1 br+
 _! me$ ( insight & skill & "*4 ,x is   
only ?r\gh liv+ t we gr[1 & heal? means 
! pot5tiality ( life4  7#b7 ,heal? means
 effici5cy1 m "w done1 great] usefulness
 to society4 ,soon] or lat] e man :o is 
wor? 8 salt f9ds "s task ! do+ ( :i*    

ar\ses 8 ambition & becomes 8 p>ticul>  
contribution to ! _w4 ,h[ bitt]ly w he  
!n regret ! h]itage d5i$ him or fooli%ly
 squ&]$1 ! h&icap ( quiv]+ n]ves1       
muscul> flabb9ess1 w&]+ m9d1 t imp$es   
its accompli%m5t6 ,det]m9ation &        
p]si/5ce may1 inde$1 use a frail        
physique = spl5did s]vice2 su* names z  
,d>w91 ,sp5c]1 ,prescott1 rem9d u ( !   
/r5g? ( human w t c ov]ride physical    
ob/acles & by long ef=t produce a great 
a*ievem5t4 ,b = "o victor 9 ?is /ruggle 
( w aga9/ body !re are a hundr$         
vanqui%$2 & ev5 ^! m5 ( g5ius & grit    
c\ld h accompli%$ f> m if !y _h _h      
normally s]viceable bodies4  7#c7 ,heal?
 makes morality easi] & likeli]4 ,!     
p]nici\s influ5ce ( bodily frailty &    
abnormality ^u m9d & morals has always  
be5 recogniz$ 7cf4 ! m5s sana 9 corpore 
sano ( ! anci5ts71 b 0 nev] s cle>ly se5
 z today4 ,! lack ( prop] nutrition or  
circulation1 ! /ate ( depress$ vitality 
result+ f want ( fre% air1 ex]cise1 or  
sleep1 are important factors 9 !        

production ( insanity & crime4 ,ov]     
fatigue means a weak5+ ( ! p[] (        
att5tion1 & h5ce ( w1 a p>alyz+ ( !     
highe/ bra9 c5t]s1 a l[]$ resi/ance to !
 m primitive in/9cts & passions4 ,*ronic
 irritability1 moros5ess1 pa?ological   
impulses ( all sorts1 g5]ally betok5s   
eye/ra91 dyspepsia1 con/ipation1 or "s  
o!r bodily d]angem5t4 ,) ! rega9+ (     
normal heal? ! unruly impulses usually  
become quiet]1 sympa?y fl[s m freely1 ! 
man becomes k9d]1 m tol]ant1 & morally  
sane4 ,pr(essor ,*itt5d5 ( ,yale is     
quot$ z say+ t lack ( prop] physical    
condition is responsible = m moral 444  
ills ?an any o!r factor4 ,c]ta9         
temptations1 at lea/1 be> m h>dly ^u !  
man ( weak & un/rung n]ves2 9 ,r\sseau's
 well kn[n words1 ,! weak] ! body1 ! m x
 comm&s4 ,& 9 g5]al1 abnormal organic   
conditions involve a w>p+ ( ! judgm5t1 a
 twi/$ or unbalanc$ view ( life 7e4g4   
,wordswor?'s ,spontane\s reason brea!d  
by heal?71 :i* leads away f ! pa? (     
virtue4 ,all honor1 !n1 to ! m5 :o h    

kept clean & true & *e]ful ?r\gh ye>s ( 
bodily depression2 su* conque/ ov] evil 
conditions is "o ( ! f9e/ ?+s 9 life4 ,b
 nobility ( "* is h>d en\gh to atta9 )\t
 add+ ! ob/acle ( a reluctant body2 &   
al?\gh "s virtues are easi] to !        
invalid1 & "s temptations remov$ f 8    
circumscrib$ field ( activity1 x rema9s 
true 9 g5]al t heal? is ! great fir/ aid
 to morality4  ,c we atta9 to great]    
heal? & effici5cy8 ,if heal? is1 !n1 s  
important to ! individual & society1 its
 pursuit is n a selfi% or a trivial     
matt]2 x is r a s]i\s & unavoidable     
duty4 ,! gospel ( heal? is sorely ne$$ 9
 our mod]n _w4 ,"y m5 & wom5 use up _!  
app>5tly limitless capital ) he$less    
wa/e2 ^? :o />t ) a less] inh]itance    
neglect ! means at _! comm& = increas+  
_! /ock ( /r5g? & w9n+ ! p[] & exub]ance
 ( life t might be !irs4 ,!re are1 (    
c\rse1 _m cases ( undes]v$ ill heal?2 we
 ill und]/& z yet ! causes & enemies (  
bodily vigor1 & _m a gallant fight =    
heal? has gone unrew>d$4 ,b 9 ! great   

majority ( cases a wise conduct ( life  
w\ld reta9 robu/ /r5g? = ! ?reescore or 
m ye>s ( our allott$ c\rse1 increase x =
 ^? :o />t poorly equipp$1 & rega9 x =  
^? :o by mis*ance1 blund]1 or imprud5ce 
h lo/ _! h]itage4 ,yet half ! _w h>dly  
kn[s :at real heal? is4 ,our hospitals &
 sanit>iums are cr[d$1 our /reets are   
full ( half-sick p-holl[ *e/s1 sall[    
faces1 d>k-rimm$ eyes1 n]v\s1 run-d[n1  
worn-out1 bra9-fagg$1 dragg+ on _!      
exi/5ce1 or dy+ be=e _! "t1 robb$ by    
/upidity & ignorance ( _! bir?right (   
full-brea!d rosy-*eek$ heal?1 & robb+ ! 
society t has re>$ !m ( ! full quota (  
_! s]vice4 ,heal? is n m]ely fre$om f   
disease2 we h a "r to :at ,em]son call$ 
plus heal?4 ,& among ! m5 :o rightly    
awak5 our en?usiasm are ^? :o out ( a   
frail *ildhood h built up = !mselves by 
p]sev]ance & w a manhood ( physical p[]1
 endurance1 & effici5cy4  ,! pr9ciples (
 heal? = ! normal man are few & simple1 
! rew>d great2 :at /&s 9 ! way is p>tly 
our apa?y & indiff]5ce1 p>tly our       

incont95t appetites1 p>tly ! un:olesome 
& dead5+ social influ5ces 9 :i* we f9d  
ourselves enme%$4 ,= ^? :o c>e en\gh1   
almo/ unlimit$ vi/as op5 up2 z ,sp9oza  
has x1 ,no "o has yet f\nd ! limits (   
:at ! body c d4 ,william ,james 0       
conv9c$ ,footnote3 ,see 8 essay1 ,!     
,en]gies ( ,man1 9 ,memories & ,/udies4 
t ! pot5tialities ( human en]gy &       
effici5cy are b half realiz$ by ! be/ ( 
u4 ,we mu/ le>n bett] to run ! human    
ma*9e4 ,our preval5t disreg>d ( !       
conditions ( bodily vigor1 our p]si/5t  
c>elessness 9 ! elem5t>y matt]s ( hygi5e
 & heal?1 is no?+ %ort ( crim9al4  ,we  
w\ld h heal?1 & yet /ill use our bodies 
ill2 ,baffl]s ( our own pray]s f y\? to 
life's la/ sc5es4  ,happ9ess t impairs  
heal? seldom pays4 ,:]e x is a "q (     
useful "w done at ! exp5se ( our        
fatigue1 !re may be m "q2 normally su*  
sacrifices are undesirable2 b :at seems 
ov] fatigue may n really be s1 & ! e>ne/
 man w err on ?is side r ?an run risk ( 
pusillanim\s %irk+4 ,moreov]1 "s "w     

practically requires an ov] ef=t = its  
accompli%m5t2 & no man ( mettle w       
begrudge 8 v life-blood :5 necess>y4    
,ov]work is ! la/ infirmity ( noble     
m9ds4 ,yet :5 n really necess>y1 x mu/  
be rank$ z a s91 & n too g5]\sly        
condon$4 ,! int5se competition ( mod]n  
indu/ry1 ! complexity ( our economic    
ma*9]y1 ! colossal accumulation ( facts 
:i* mu/ be ma/]$ = success1 br+ heavy   
pressure to be> ^u ^? :o h _! way to    
make 9 ! _w4 ,! pace is fa/1 & _m !re   
are t die or break f ov]/ra9 :5 at !    
height ( _! usefulness4 ,su*1           
ov]pressure does n pay2 x means t less  
"w w 9 ! end get done4 ,:5 we consid]   
also ! moral dang]s x involves1 !       
glumness or irritability ( taut n]ves1 !
 unheal?y t5sion t dem&s /rong          
excitem5ts & does n "k h[ to re/ or     
enjoy quiet & re/orative pleasures2 :5  
we consid] ! brok5 m5 & wom5 t h to be  
tak5 c>e (1 ! wid[s & *ildr5 ( ! work]s 
:o h di$ be=e _! "t1 ! *ildr5 p]haps    
weak5$ = life because ( ! tir$ condition

 ( _! p>5ts at bir?2 :5 we consid] !    
numb] ( defective *ildr5 born to su*    
ov]work$ p>5ts1 we realize t x is n     
prim>ily a "q ( enjoy+ life m or less1 x
 is a matt] ( grave economic & moral    
import4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,m4 ,g4 ,s*lapp1
 9 ! ,outlook1 vol4 #ajj1 p4 #ghb4 ,:e!r
 we actually "w h>d]1 on ! :ole1 ?an our
 =ebe>s1 & :e!r !re is actually a       
decrease 9 ! heal? & endurance ( ! y\ng]
 g5]ation today ow+ to ! ov]/ra9 ( _!   
p>5ts1 is op5 to dispute4 ,c]ta9ly :5 "o
 comp>es a portrait ( ,reynolds1        
,ga9sbor\gh1 or ,/u>t ) "o by ,s>g5t1   
,?ay]1 or ,alex&]1 !re is a noticeable  
diff]5ce ( type1 indicative ( a diff]5t 
ideal ( life 9 ! upp] /ratum ( society1 
an ideal ( ef=t & effici5cy1 :i* is f>  
bett] ?an a patrician dilettantism1 b   
has 9 turn its dang]s4,we ne$ to recall 
! l9e ( ,a,eschylus1 ,all ! gods' "w is 
ef=tless & calm4 ,or ,mat!w ,arnold's   
sonnet on ,quiet ,"w3  ,"o lesson1      
,nature1 let me le>n ( !e1 ,a lesson t  
on e w9d is borne1 ,a lesson ( two      

duties kept at "o ,?\gh ! l\d _w        
proclaim _! enmity3 ,( toil unsev]$ f   
tranquility1 ,( labor t 9 la/+ fruit    
outgr[s ,f> noisi] s*emes1 accompli%$ 9 
repose1 ,too great = ha/e1 too high =   
rivalry444  ,mo/ ( u w\ld f9d our p[]s  
adequate to our duties if we le>n$ to   
re/ :5 we are n work+1 & sp5d no en]gy 9
 worry & fretfulness4 ,footnote3 ,cf4   
,w4 ,james's essay on ,! ,gospel (      
,relaxation1 9 ,talks to ,tea*]s &      
,/ud5ts1 or ,annie ,payson ,call's      
books1 ( :i* ! be/ kn[n is ,p[] ,?r\gh  
,repose4 ,?is n]v\s leakage is a        
notori\sly ,am]ican ailm5t2 we knit our 
br[s1 we "w our f+]s1 we fidget1 we rock
 9 our *airs1 we talk explosively1 we   
live 9 a quiv] ( excitem5t & hurry1 9 a 
*ronic /ate ( t5sion4 ,we ne$ to foll[  
,/4 ,paul's exhortation to ,/udy to be  
quiet2 to le>n :at ,c>lyle call$ ! great
 art ( sitt+ /ill4 ,we mu/ n l[] our    
,am]ican ideal ( effici5cy1 ( ! /r5u\s  
life2 b x is precisely ?r\gh t          
self-control t is will+ to live )9      

necess>y limitations1 & able to cut (f !
 wa/e ( fruitless activity ( m9d & body1
 t our national effici5cy c be ma9ta9$  
at its highe/4  ,is cont9u$ idl5ess ev] 
ju/ifiable8  ,we d n ne$ ,/ev5son's *>m+
 ,apology = ,idl]s1 to "k t re/ &       
recreation are z :olesome & necess>y z  
"w4 ,b idl5ess is only pr(itable &      
really enjoyable :5 x comes z an        
int]lude 9 ! mid/ ( activity4 ,!re is   
mu* to be done1 & no "o is free to %irk 
8 %>e ( ! _w's "w2 we may enjoy our     
vacations only z we h e>n$ ! "r to !m4  
,except = invalids & idiots1 cont9u$    
idl5ess nev] ju/ifiable4 ,clo!s we mu/  
h1 & food1 & %elt]1 & mu* else2 if a man
 does n produce ^! ?+s = himself1 or "s 
equival5t :i* he c fairly ex*ange = !m1 
he is a p>asite ^u o!r m5's labor4 ,six 
days %alt ?\ labor is ! univ]sal        
comm&m5t1 & ,9 ! sweat ( ?y br[ %alt ?\ 
eat bread4 ,an old ,*9ese prov]b runs1  
,if !re is "o idle man1 !re is ano!r :o 
is />v+4 ,c]ta9ly a /ate 9 :i* ! masses 
w h _! drudg]y light5$ = !m &           

opportunity = a well r\nd$ human life   
giv51 w be atta9$ only 9 a society :]e  
!re are no drones2 & no man or woman    
wor?y ( ! "n w be cont5t to live idly on
 ! labor ( o!rs4 ,o!rs h labor$1 & we h 
ent]$ into _! labors2 x is n fair to    
accept s mu* )\t giv+ :at we c 9 return4
  ,= mo/ m5 & wom5 !re is1 ( c\rse2 no  
alt]ative2 !y mu/ "w or live a wret*$1  
com=tless life1 ) ! actual risk (       
/>vation4 ,a few may pref] ! prec>i\s   
exi/5ce ( ! tramp1 or paup]2 b !y mu/   
pay ! price 9 homelessness & haz>d4     
,except = abnormal social conditions1 ! 
vile h\s+ ( ! poor1 ! hopeless monotony 
& ov]long h\rs ( mo/ =ms ( unskill$     
labor1 ! lure ( dr9k1 & ! deprivation ( 
! natural joys ( life1 !re w\ld be few (
 ^! volunt>y idl]s among ! poor4 ,!     
av]sion to "w1 :5 x is dec5tly          
agreeable1 9 dec5t surr\nd+s1 & n c>ri$ 
to ! po9t ( fatigue1 is abnormal2 & x is
 by ! improvem5t ( ! conditions &       
remun]ation ( labor t we mu/ seek to    
cure t unwill+ness to "w1 9 ! poor1 :i* 

,tol/oy came to believe 0 _! greate/    
curse4 ,footnote3 ,see 8 ,:at ,%all ,we 
,d ,!n8 7or ,:at to ,d87  ,mu* m        
difficult to cure is ! curse ( idl5ess  
among ! ri*4 ,! abs5ce ( ! ne$ ( work+1 
& ! possibilities ( pleasure seek+ :i*  
money af=ds1 are a con/ant temptation to
 !m to live a life ( ease4 ,! spectacle 
is n unfamili> ( ri* "y m5 travel+ ab\t 
! _w1 liv+ at _! clubs1 sp5d+ _! en]gies
 9 gayeties & sports1 ) h>dly a s5se ( !
 responsibilities :i* _! privileges     
entail4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 !re is1 9    
,am]ica at lea/1 a pretty widespread    
s5se ( %ame among m5 ab\t su* %irk+1 & !
 idl] has to face a c]ta9 am\nt ( mild  
contempt4 ,^u wom5 ! pressure ( public  
op9ion has n yet become no?+ upp]-class 
ladies :o sp5d _! "t at c>ds1 at teas1  
at ! !at]1 :o ?9k ( little b dress &    
gossip1 or ( ! late/ novels & music1 :o 
evade _! natural duties ( mo!rhood or   
give ov] c>e ( home & *ildr5 to hir$    
s]vants1 t !y may be fre] to live !     
butt]fly life1 are /ill too little      

rebuk$ by _! h>d-work+ si/]s & by m54   
,we mu/ impress x ^u all t ! inh]itance 
( money does n excuse laz9ess2 if !     
pressure to e>n a liv+ is remov$1 !re   
are numb]less ways 9 :i* ! ri* c s]ve1  
privileg$ ways1 happy ways1 :i* !re is  
f> less pretext = avoid+ ?an ! poor h = 
hat+ _! grim toil4 ,9 ,c>lyle's words1  
,if ! poor & humble toil t we h food1   
mu/ n ! high & glori\s toil = him 9     
return1 t he may h light1 h guidance1   
fre$om1 immortality8 ,! ri* commonly    
po9t ! f+] ( scorn at ! poor :o turn    
away f hone/ "w2 we may well wond] if !y
 w\ld "w !mselves at su* dirty & dang]\s
 occupations4 ,_m a *>ity visitor :o    
prea*es ! gospel ( toil is h]self1      
except = "s fitful & ineffective social 
"w1 a useless ornam5t to society :o     
h>dly kn[s ! mean+ ( toil4 ,if idl5ess  
is a mote 9 ! eyes ( ! poor1 x is a beam
 9 ! eyes ( ! ri*4 ,nei!r blood nor rank
 nor sex excuses f ! univ]sal duty4 ,we 
mu/ all toil or /eal 7h[soev] we "n our 
/eal+71 :i* is worse4 ,footnote3        

,c>lyle's writ+s are full ( su* :olesome
 decl>ations4 ,& cf4 ,w4 ,dew4 ,hyde3   
,an able-bodi$ man :o does n contribute 
to ! _w at lea/ z mu* z he takes out ( x
 is a begg> & a ?ief2 :e!r he %irks !   
duty ( "w "u ! pretext ( pov]ty or      
ri*es4 ,cf4 also ,tol/oy1 9 ,:at to ,d8 
,= example 7f *ap4 ,,xxvi71 ,h[ c a man 
:o consid]s himself to be1 we w n say a 
,*ri/ian1 or an educat$ & humane man1 b 
simply a man n entirely devoid ( reason 
& ( consci5ce1 h[ c he1 ,i say1 live 9  
su* a way t1 n tak+ "p 9 ! /ruggle ( all
 mank9d = life1 he only swall[s up !    
labor ( o!rs1 /ruggl+ = exi/5ce1 & by 8 
own claims increases ! labor ( ^? :o    
/ruggle1 & ! numb] ( ^? :o p]i% 9       
/ruggle8 reliev$ f ! necessity ( e>n+ a 
liv+ 7unless "o int5ds to use t fre$om =
 unpaid s]vice71 an ideal dang]\s to    
social welf>e1 & %ortsight$ = !         
individual4 ,"w makes up a l>ge "p ( !  
wor? ( life4 ,drudg]y x may be at ! "t1 
a we>y r\nd1 ) no comp5sation app>5t2 b 
x is ( j su* /uff t real life is made4  

,:at ennobles x1 :at gives x mean+1 is !
 c\rage\s attack1 ! putt+ ( he>t into   
"w1 ! fac+ ( monotony1 ! f9d+ ( ! ze/ ( 
accompli%m5t4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z m5ial 
"w2 ! wa%+ ( di%es & ! c>t+ away (      
g>bage are j z necess>y & important z ! 
runn+ ( a railway or ! mak+ ( laws4 ,!  
real horror is ! dead weight ( ennui1 ! 
aimlessness & fruitlessness ( a life t  
has done no?+ & has no?+ to d4 ,if !    
?\ght ( ! day's "w depresses1 x is      
probably because ( ill heal?1 ov]       
fatigue1 unpleasant surr\nd+s or        
companions1 because ( worry1 or because 
! p>ticul> "w is n cong5ial4 ,! f9d+ ( !
 "r "w = ! "r man & woman is "o ( !     
great problems :i* we h h>dly begun to  
solve4 ,b all ( ^! s\rces ( ! di/a/e =  
"w c normally1 or ev5tually1 be rea*$ & 
! evil rem$i$4 ,9 spite ( ! burd5 & !   
/ra91 if we c\ld h our way ) ! ord] (   
?+s1 "o ( ! mo/ fooli% ?+s we c\ld d    
w\ld be to take away ! necessity ( "w4  
,"h1 z usual1 p]sonal & social ne$s     
co9cide2 9 ! work+ life alone c be f\nd 

a la/+ satisfaction = ! s\l & ! hope (  
salvation = society4 ,are competitive   
a?letics desirable8 ,z samples ( !      
concrete problems involv$ 9 ! ideal (   
heal? & effici5cy1 we may briefly       
discuss two que/ions t confront         
p>ticul>ly ! "y man4 ,& fir/1 t conc]n+ 
a?letic sports are ( m>k$ value3  7#a7  
,!y are to any normal man or woman1 &   
especially to ! "y :o h n yet become    
imm]s$ 9 ! m s]i\s game ( life1 "o ( !  
greate/ & mo/ tonic joys4 ,! /ret*+ &   
t5sion ( heal?y muscles1 ! deep draughts
 ( out-(-door air1 ! excitem5t (        
rivalry1 ! comrade%ip ( coop]ative      
endeavor1 ! ,,ab&on ( ef=t1 ! gl[ (     
a*ievem5t1 contribute mu* 9 imm$iate &  
retrospective pleasure to ! wor? ( liv+4
  7#b7 ,:5 n c>ri$ too f>1 ! physical   
ga9 is cle>4 ,regul> ex]cise is necess>y
 = abundant heal?2 & ( all =ms ( ex]cise
 ! happie/ is1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! be/4    
7#c7 ,9 _m ways !re are pot5tialities ( 
moral ga9 9 a?letics :i* d n result f   
ord9>y ex]cise4 ,!re is ! /imulus to    

int5se ef=t1 ! awak5+ ( /r5u\sness :i*  
may c>ry ov] into o!r fields ( activity4
 ,"h1 at lea/1 indol5ce is impossible1  
al]tness is dem&$1 & ! will+ness to     
/rive aga9/ ob/acles4 ,to put "o's :ole 
s\l into any?+ is :olesome1 ev5 if x be 
b a game2 & ! man :o bucks ! l9e h>d on 
! gridiron has begun a habit :i* may    
s]ve him well :5 he meets m dang]\s     
ob/acles & m d\ghty oppon5ts on a l>g]  
field4  7#d7 ,! lesson ( coop]ation     
taught by teamwork ( any sort is a      
valuable s*ool+4 ,"o ( ! prime ne$s (   
our day is ! developm5t ( ! _s (        
loyalty1 ! will+ness to subord9ate      
individual welf>e to t ( a gr\p1 & to   
look ^u "o's own "w z "p ( a l>g]       
endeavor4 ,! man :o has le>n$ to take   
pride 9 mak+ sacrifice hits is ripe to  
respond to ! gr[+ s5se ( !              
di%onorabl5ess ( mak+ p]sonal pr(it !   
aim ( bus9ess or ( politics4  7#e7      
,a?letic games1 :]e prop]ly sup]vis$1   
inculcate ! _s ( sportsman%ip4 ,to keep 
to ! rules ( long+1 to re/ra9 temp] &   

accept ! decisions ( ! umpire )\t       
compla9t1 to take no unfair advantage & 
indulge 9 no f\l play1 to give a squ>e  
deal to oppon5ts & ask no m = "o's own  
side1 to endure defeat ) a smile & )\t  
disc\ragem5t- surely ?is is j ! _s we   
ne$ 9 ev]y?+4 ,x is vitally important t 
unsportsmanlike conduct %\ld be         
ru?lessly /amp$ out 9 all competitive   
sports1 & t e team %\ld pref] to lose   
honorably ?an to w9 unfairly4 ,footnote3
 ,!re has be5 a good deal ( criticism ( 
,am]ican int]collegiate a?letics on !   
gr\nd ( _! fo/]+ unsportsmanlike        
conduct4 ,a rec5t pap] 9 ! ,atlantic    
,mon?ly 7by ,c4 ,a4 ,/ew>t1 vol4 #aac1  
p4 #aec7 concludes ) ?is recomm5dation3 
,a =ceful pres5tation ( ! facts ( !     
situation1 ) an appeal to ! innate s5se 
( honor ( ! und]graduates2 su* a        
revision ( ! rules z w reta9 only ^?    
bas$ ^u ess5tial fairness2 & a /rict    
sup]vision by ! faculty2-^u ! success ( 
^! ?ree measures re/s ! hope t college  
a?letics may be purg$ ( trick]y & ! _s (

 'get away ) x4' 444 ,a few m5 expell$ =
 ly+ ab\t eligibility1 & a few teams    
disb&$ because ( unfair play1 w\ld ar\se
 und]graduates ) a :olesome jolt4  7#f7 
,:]ev] !y are tak5 s]i\sly a?letic      
conte/s require a prelim9>y p]iod (     
tra9+1 :i* includes ab/95ce f sex       
incont95ce1 f alcohol1 smok+1 ov]eat+1 &
 late h\rs4 ,! discipl9e :i* ?is        
involves is an object lesson 9 !        
requirem5ts = effici5cy 9 any und]tak+1 
& excell5t practice 9 _! fulfillm5t4 ,h[
 f> a?letes le>n ?is lesson & apply x to
 wid] sph]es ( activity1 x w\ld be      
int]e/+ to discov]4 ,9 any case1 !y h   
prov$ 9 !mselves ! ability to repress   
incl9ation & f9d satisfaction 9 :at     
makes = heal? & effici5cy2 & all :o "k !
 implications ( tra9+ h receiv$ a       
subconsci\s sugge/ion 9 ! "r direction4 
,! o!r side ( ! problem is ?is3  7#a7   
,competitive a?letics1 if tak5 s]i\sly  
conte/s1inevitably take m "t & en]gy ?an
 _! importance 4w>rants4 ,a memb] ( a   
college football or baseball team c d   

little else dur+ ! season4 ,/udies are  
neglect$1 intellectual int]e/s are      
subord9at$1 college figures ess5tially z
 a gr\p ( m5 endeavor+ to beat ano!r    
college on ! field4 ,if a man is bright 
he may keep up ) 8 /udies1 b 8          
intellectual pr(it is meag]2 8 en]gies  
are be+ absorb$ else:]e4 ,?is ph5om5on  
has giv5 rise to mu* satire & to mu*    
p]plexity on ! "p ( college             
adm9i/rations4 ,a few h gone s f> z to  
bani% int]collegiate conte/s1 ass]t+    
?at! purpose ( com+ to college is       
prim>ily to le>n to use ! bra91 n !     
muscles4  7#b7 ,! /ra9 ( int5se rivalry 
is too sev]e on ! body4 ,x is n[ kn[n t 
! int]collegiate a?lete is v probably   
sacrific+ "s ( 8 life :5 he ?r[s 8 utmo/
 ef=t into ! game or ! race4 ,! l5g? (  
life ( ! big a?letes av]ages consid]ably
 %ort] ?an t ( ! m mod]ate ex]cis]s4 ,f 
! physical po9t ( view1 int]class or    
int]frat]nity conte/s1 n tak5 too       
e>ne/ly1 are4 f> bett] ?an !            
int]collegiate /ruggles4 ,!y also h !   

advantage t f> m c p>ticipate4 ,!       
problem be=e our college au?orities &   
lead]s ( /ud5t s5tim5t is h[ to *eck !  
fi]c5ess ( ! big conte/s-%ort5+ !m1     
p]haps1 possibly =bidd+ entirely ! m    
/r5u\s & h[ to provide sports = all     
memb]s ( ! college2 s t1 in/ead ( a few 
ov]/ra9$ a?letes & a lot ( fell[s :o "u 
ex]cise1 we %all see e man out on !     
field daily1 & no "o ov]do+4 ,?is ideal 
necessitates f> l>g] a?letic gr\nds ?an 
mo/ ( our colleges h res]v$4 ,x may     
necessitate ! abolition ( "s ( ! big    
conte/s t h be5 ! excitem5t ( _m ?\s&s4 
,b x mu/ n be =gott5 prelude &          
prep>ation = life2 !y mu/ n be all[$ to 
usurp ! *ief place 9 a man's ?\ghts or  
to unfit him = 8 greate/                
aft]-usefulness4 ,footnote3 ,cf4        
,atlantic ,mon?ly1 vol4 #ij1 p4 #ecd2   
,outlook1 vol4 #ih1 p4 #eig4 ,is x wrong
 to smoke8 ,/ati/ics tak5 ) c>e at _m   
,am]ican colleges %[ ) app>5t           
conclusiv5ess t ! use ( tobacco is      
physically & m5tally delet]i\s to "y m54

 ,footnote3 ,see1 e4g41 9 ! ,popul>     
,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,octob]1 #aiab1 a     
summ>y by ,dr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,pack ( an       
inve/igation cov]+ f\rte5 colleges4     
,simil> inve/igations h be5 made by     
sev]al o!rs1 ) g5]ally simil> results4  
,x seems t smok]s lose 9 lung capacity1 
are /unt$ slightly 9 _! gr[?1 are less5$
 9 _! endurance1 develop f> m ?an _!    
proportion ( eye & n]ve tr\bles1 furni% 
f> less ?an _! proportion ( ! a?letes :o
 w9 positions on college teams1 furni%  
f> less ?an _! proportion ( s*ol>%ip m51
 & f> m ?an _! proportion ( conditions &
 failures4 ,x is p]haps too e>ly to be q
 sure ( ^! results2 b 9 all probability 
fur!r exp]im5t w confirm !m1 & make x   
c]ta9 t tobacco is physically h>mful z  
has long be5 recogniz$ by tra9]s =      
a?letic conte/s4 ,! h>m to adults seems 
to be less m>k$2 p]haps to "s x is      
inappreciable4 ,& if !re is appreciable 
h>m1 :e!r x is great en\gh to           
c\nt]balance ! satisfaction :i* a       
confirm$ smok] takes 9 8 cig> or pipe1  

or any worse ?an ! re/lessness :i* !    
sacrifice ( x might eng5d]1 is "o ( ^?  
delicate p]sonal problems t "o c h>dly  
solve = ano!r4 ,b c]ta9ly :]e ! habit is
 n =m$1 ! loss ( tobacco involves no    
important deprivation2 its use is *iefly
 a social cu/om :i* c be discont9u$ )\t 
ill effects4 ,ef=t %\ld be made to keep 
! "y f =m+ ! habit2 college smok]s1 :]e 
free cig>ettes & cig>s are furni%$1 %\ld
 be sup]s$$ by rallies1 :]e ! same am\nt
 ( money c\ld provide "s light & h>mless
 refre%m5t4 ,?is is n "o ( ! important  
problems4 ,b1 aft] all1 ev]y?+ is       
important2 & m5 mu/1 & ultimately w1    
le>n to f9d _! happ9ess 9 ?+s t =w>d1   
in/ead ( ?w>t+1 _! great int]e/s2 :at   
makes at all aga9/ heal? & effici5cy-:5 
x is s ne$less & artificial a habit z   
smok+1 s mildly pleasant & s purely     
selfi%-mu/ be root$ out ( desire4 ,!    
great am\nt ( money wa/$ on tobacco c\ld
 be f> m wisely & fruitfully exp5d$4 ,we
 %all n br& smok+ z a s91 h>dly z a     
vice2 b ! man :o wi%es to make ! mo/ ( 8

 life w avoid x himself1 & ! man :o     
wi%es to "w = ! g5]al welf>e w put 8    
influ5ce & example aga9/ x4  ,h4 ,s4    
,k+1 ,rational ,liv+1 *ap4 ,,vi1 secs4  
,i1 ,,ii4 ,j4 ,payot1 ,! ,education ( ! 
,w1 book ,,iii1 sec4 ,,iv4 ,j4          
,mac,cunn1 ,! ,mak+ ( ,"*1 "p ,,ii1 *ap4
 ,,ii4 ,w4 ,hut*9son1 ,h&book ( ,heal?4 
,l4 ,h4 ,gulick1 ,! ,effici5t ,life4 ,f4
 ,pauls51 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 book ,,iii1  
*ap4 ,,iii4 ,t4 ,roosevelt1 ,! ,/r5u\s  
,life4 ,p4 ,g4 ,ham]ton1 ,!             
,intellectual ,life1 "p ,i4     ,,*apt] 
,,xvi   ,,! ,,alcohol ,,problem  ,,( all
 ! problems relat+ to heal? & effici5cy 
!re is none grav] ?an t ( !             
n>cotic-/imulants4 ,) ! exception (     
tobacco1 :i* is probably1 = adults1 b   
mildly delet]i\s1 _! use is fraught )   
dang]1 bo? physical & moral2 beyond !   
n>r[e/ limits x is c]ta9ly baneful1 :ile
 x is z yet an op5 "q :e!r ev5 a v      
slight use is n di/9ctly h>mful4 ,!     
exact physiological effects ( ! sev]al  
n>cotic-/imulants are diff]5t1 b !y are 

alike 9 /imulat+ c]ta9 activities &     
depress+ o!rs2 & _! attraction = m5 is  
simil>4 ,opium1 morph9e1 & coca9e are m 
p[]ful drugs1 & m inh]5tly dang]\s2 b   
alcohol is mu* ! mo/ widely us$ & s mo/ 
productive ( evil4 ,! hypod]mically us$ 
n>cotics ne$ n be "h discuss$2 = al?\gh 
!y c give a f> ke5] pleasure ?an        
alcohol1 ! p5alty !y inflict is m       
evid5t4 ,moreov]1 s9ce _! sale is n pu%$
 by su* p[]ful int]e/s z cont9ually     
/imulate ! use ( alcohol1 !y c1 by !    
vigilant en=cem5t ( exi/+ laws1 be      
readily remov$ f any g5]al use4 ,we     
turn1 !n1 to ! consid]ation ( ! "o :i*  
has got a univ]sal hold on ! imag9ation 
& social habits ( m51 ! only "o t       
con/itutes at pres5t a s]i\s &          
complicat$ problem4  ,:at are ! causes (
 ! use ( alcoholic dr9ks8  7#a7 ,we may 
dismiss at once ! sugge/ion t alcoholic 
liquors are drunk = ! pleasantness ( _! 
ta/e or = _! food value4 ,to "s slight  
ext5t ^! factors ent] 92 b nei!r is     
important4 ,! ta/e = !m is = mo/ m5 an  

acquir$ ta/e2 & ) s _m o!r delici\s     
dr9ks to be _h1 especially 9 rec5t ye>s1
 dr9ks t are f> less exp5sive & )\t _!  
poison\s effects1 x is safe to say t !  
m]e ta/e ( !m w\ld n g f> t[>d expla9+ !
 lure !y h = m54 ,z to _! food value1   
!re are ^? :o ju/ify !mselves on ! score
 ( ! nutrition !y are gett+ f _! w9e or 
be]4 ,b c>eful exp]im5ts h %[n t ! food 
value ( alcohol is slight2 & c]ta9ly1 = 
nutrition receiv$1 ^! are among ! mo/   
exp5sive foods1 to be rank$ ) cavi> &   
pate de foie gras4 ,be] is ! mo/        
nutriti\s ( ! alcoholic dr9ks2 b ! same 
am\nt ( money sp5t on bread w\ld give   
ab\t ?irty times ! nutrition1 & a m     
all-r\nd nutrition at t4 ,alcoholic     
liquors z food are1 z has be5 said1 l   
gunp[d] z fuel v co/ly & v dang]\s4     
,footnote3 ,see ,h4 ,s4 ,williams1      
,alcohol1 p4 #acc2 ,h4 ,s4 ,w>n]1       
,social ,welf>e & ! ,liquor ,problem1 p4
 #hj1 & bibliography1 p4 #ie4  7#b7 ,a  
mu* common] plea = dr9k+ re/s ^u its    
sociability4 ,b ?is is a matt] (        

conv5tion :i* c readily en\gh be alt]$4 
,!re is no?+ inh]5tly m sociable 9 !    
dr9k+ ( w9e ?an 9 ! dr9k+ ( grape-juice1
 or c(fee1 or *ocolate1 or tea4 ,inde$1 
"o may well ask :y ! *ief social bond   
betwe5 m5 %\ld consi/ 9 dr9k+ liquids   
side by side6 ,games & sports1 9 :i* wit
 is pitt$ aga9/ wit1 or :i* br+ m5      
toge!r 9 happy coop]ation1 toge!r ) !   
great res\rce ( conv]sation1 are m      
socially b9d+ ?an any dr9ks4 ,!re w1    
inde$1 be a tempor>y social h>d%ip = _m 
ab/a9]s until ! cu/om is g5]ally brok5  
up2 "o runs ! risk ( be+ ?\ght by !     
he$less a prig & a ,puritan4 ,b t is a  
small price to pay = "o's heal? & "o's  
influ5ce on o!rs4  7#c7 ,m important ?an
 any ( ^! causes is ! crav+ = a         
/imulant4 ,! monotony ( "w1 ! fatigue   
t[>d ! end ( ! day1 ! sev]ity ( our     
,nor!rn climate1 ! long+ = int5s] liv+1 
lead m5 to seek to apply ! :ip to _!    
flagg+ en]gies4 ,?is /imulus to ! body  
is1 h[ev]1 l>gely if n :olly1 illusory4 
,! m5tal-emotional effects1 not$ 9 !    

foll[+ p>agraph1 give ! dr9k] !         
impression t he is physically =tifi$2 b 
objective te/s %[ t1 aft] a v brief     
p]iod1 ! dom9ant effect ^u ! organism is
 depressant4 ,! app>5t increase 9 bodily
 w>m?1 s (t5 exp]i5c$1 is a subjective  
illusion2 9 reality alcohol l[]s !      
temp]ature & dim9i%es resi/ance to cold4
 ,arctic explor]s h to disc>d x         
entirely4 ,! old idea ( help+ to cure   
snake bite1 hydrophobia1 etc1 by :iskey 
0 %e] mi/ake2 ! pati5t has actually mu* 
less ( a *ance if s drugg$4 ,only = an  
imm$iate & transitory ne$1 su* z        
fa9tness or %ock1 is ! quickly pass+    
/imulat+ p[] ( alcohol useful2 & ev5 =  
su* purposes o!r /imulants are m        
valuable4 ,reputable physicians h almo/ 
:olly ceas$ to use x4 ,footnote3 ,see   
,h4 ,s4 ,williams1 op4 cit1 p4 #d1      
#abd-abg2 ,h4 ,s4 ,w>n]1 op4 cit1 pp4   
#hg  7#d7 ,! "o real value ( alcohol to 
man has be5 ! boon ( /imulat+ 8         
emotional & impulsive life1 br++ him an 
elevation ( spirits1 dr[n+ 8 sorr[s1    

help+ him to =get1 help+ to free 8 m9d f
 ! burd5 ( c>e1 anxiety1 & regret4 ,z   
,william ,james1 ) 8 un]r+ disc]nm5t1   
wrote tw5ty-five ye>s ago3 ,! reason =  
crav+ alcohol is t x is an unae/hetic1  
ev5 9 mod]ate quantities4 ,x oblit]ates 
a "p ( ! field ( consci\sness & aboli%es
 collat]al tra9s ( ?\ght4 ,footnote3    
,tol/oy also hit ! nail on ! head 9 8   
little essay1 ,:y d ,m5 ,/upefy         
,!mselves8 ,?is use1 9 reliev+          
bra9-t5sion1 9 br++ a transi5t *e] &    
com=t to poor1 ov]work$1 worri$1        
remorseful m51 is n to be despis$4 ,dull
 lives are vivifi$ by x1 a fleet+       
ane/hesia ( unhappy memories & long+s is
 effect$1 & = ! mom5t life seems wor?   
liv+4  ,)\t consid]+ yet ! physical     
p5alty t mu/ be paid = ?is evanesc5t    
fre$om1 we may make ! obvi\s rem>k t x  
is a morally dang]\s fre$om4 ,z !       
,odyssey has x1 ,w9e leads to folly1    
mak+ ev5 ! wise to love immod]ately1 to 
dance1 & to utt] :at _h bett] h be5 kept
 sil5t4 ,alcohol slack5s ! high]1 m     

complicat$1 m5tal functions-our         
consci5ce1 our scruples1 our reason- &  
leaves fre] f inhibition our l[]        
passions & in/9cts4 ,we _c af=d ?us to  
subm]ge our bett] natures1 & leave !    
field to our l[] selves2 x is a dang]\s 
%ort cut to happ9ess4 ,a f> saf] & m    
p]man5tly useful proc$ure = ! individual
 w\ld be s to live by 8 reason & 8      
consci5ce t he w\ld n ne$ to /upefy !m1 
to =get 8 life z he is %ap+ x f day     
today4 ,& ! lesson to ! community is s  
to bright5 ! lives ( ! poor ) normal1   
:olesome pleasures & recreations1 s to  
lift f !m ! burd5s ( pov]ty & social    
inju/ice1 t !y w n s mu* ne$ to plunge  
into ! grateful oblivion ( ! w9e-cup4   
7#e7 ,! mo/ t5aci\s hold ( ! alcohol    
trade lies1 h[ev]1 9 two ?+s n yet      
enum]at$4 ,! "o is1 t mu* use ( alcohol 
creates a pa?ological crav+ = x2 ! man  
:o is accu/om$ to 8 be] or :iskey is    
re/less & depress$ if he _c get x1 & w  
sacrifice mu* to /ill = ! nonce t       
insatiable long+4 ,! o!r & ev5 m        

important fact is1 t ! sale ( liquor is 
imm5sely pr(itable to ! manufactur]s &  
sell]s4 ,! fight]s = prohibition h to   
enc\nt] ! desp]ate opposition ( ^? :o h 
become slaves to ! drug-_m ( :om may    
nev] get intoxicat$1 & w\ld res5t ! t]m 
slaves1 b :o h =m$ ! abnormal habit & _c
 )\t discom=t get rid ( x4 ,!y h to meet
 ! /ill fi]c] ho/ility ( ^? :o are mak+ 
money f ! sale ( liquor & d n int5d to  
let g _! opportunity4 ,:at are ! evils t
 result f alcoholic liquors8  ,! "o real
 value ( alcohol1 we h said1 lies 9 its 
tempor>y m5tal effects4 ,x raises !     
h$onic tone ( consci\sness2 x br+s ab\t1
 :5 tak5 9 prop] am\nts1 ! well-kn[n    
happy-g-lucky1 scruple-free1 expansive  
/ate ( m9d4 ,:at n[ is ! price t mu/ be 
paid = its use8  7#a7 ,! physical       
h>mfulness ( ev5 light dr9k+ is         
consid]able4  7a7 ,alcohol1 ev5 9 slight
 doses1 z 9 a glass ( w9e or be]1 has   
poison\s effects ^u "s ( ! bodily       
functions1 :i* are cle>ly reveal$ by    
sci5tific exp]im5t4 ,footnote3 ,see1 =  

"o te/imony out ( v _m 9 m$ical         
lit]ature1 an article by ,dr4 ,h]b]t    
,mc,intosh 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,advanc$       
,!rapeutics = ,april1 #aiab1 p4 #afg3   
,alcohol & e!r are ! two great enemies (
 ! electro*emical prop]ties ( ! salts   
necess>y to organic life4 ,he speaks (  
p>alysis ( ! vaso-con/rictor n]ves1     
inhibition ( ! cortical c5t]s1 etc4     
,h5ce ! tempor>y *e] mu/ be paid = )    
usury by a mu* long] depression1 result+
 f ! poison\s effects ( alcohol ^u !    
body4 ,a jolly ev5+ is foll[$ by !      
famili> symptoms ( ! morn+ aft]4 ,!     
ext5t ( ! physical & m5tal depression   
caus$ is n always realiz$1 because x is 
spread out ov] a consid]able p]iod ( "t 
& may n be acute2 a heal?y p]son c /& a 
good deal )\t be+ consci\s ( ! ill      
effects4 ,b !y are !re4 ,9 bodily vigor1
 & s 9 m5tal buoyancy1 ! ab/a9] is ,,9  
,,! ,,end bett] (f ?an if he drank ev5 a
 little1 or seldom4  7b7 ,c>eful &      
repeat$ exp]im5ts seem to %[ t ev5 a v  
little dr9k+-a glass ( be] or w9e a day-

 decreases ! capacity = bo? muscul> &   
m5tal "w4 ,?is loss ( ability is n      
usually p]ceptible to ! dr9k]2 he (t5   
feels an illusory gl[ ( p[]2 b he _c d z
 mu*4 ,a bottle ( be] a day means an    
appreciable loss 9 work+ effici5cy4     
,footnote3 ,acc\nts ( ! exp]im5ts w be  
f\nd 9 ,h4 ,s4 ,williams1 op4 cit1 pp4  
#e-bc1 #abh1 #acg2 ,h4 ,s4 ,w>n]1 op4   
cit1 p4 #aaf4 ,!y _h "s realization (   
?is tru? ev5 9 ! days ( ! ,iliad4       
,hector says1 ,br+ me lusci\s w9es1 le/ 
!y unn]ve my limbs & make me lose my    
wont$ p[]s & /r5g?4  7c7 ,ev5 a mod]ate 
use ( alcohol increases liability to    
disease & %ort5s ! *ances ( life4 ,9 any
 case ( exposure to or contraction (    
disease1 ! total ab/a9] has a prov$     
advantage ov] ev5 ! light dr9k]4 ,!     
,briti% life insurance companies reckon 
t at ! age ( tw5ty a total ab/a9] has an
 av]age prospect ( life ( =ty-f\r ye>s1 
a temp]ate regul> dr9k] a prospect (    
?irty-"o ye>s1 & a heavy dr9k] ( fifte5 
ye>s4 ,_m o!r factors ent] into !       

individual situation1 ( c\rse2 we "k _m 
cases :]e invet]ate dr9k]s h liv$ to a  
ripe old age2 x takes a great deal to   
break ! iron con/itutions ( "s m54 ,b   
av]ages tell ! /ory4 ,an au?ority on    
tub]culosis /ates t if = no o!r reason  
?an ! prev5tion ( tub]culosis1 /ate     
prohibition w\ld be ju/ifi$ ,! use (    
alcohol pr$isposes ! body to _m k9ds (  
disease2 & accord+ to cons]vative       
figures1 approximately sev5ty ?\s& dea?s
 ye>ly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are caus$ by   
alcoholism & diseases t owe _! grip to !
 use ( alcohol4 ,besides ?is1 a great   
deal ( insanity & *ronic invalidism1 & a
 l>ge proportion ( dea?s aft] op]ations1
 are due to ?is cause4 ,footnote3 ,see  
,h4 ,s4 ,williams1 op4 cit1 pp4 #be-    
#dc1 #adi1 #aej2 ,h4 ,s4 ,w>n]1 op4 cit1
 *ap4 ,,iv1 & bibliography at end4  7d7 
,! *ances ( los+ *ildr5 at *ances (     
begett+ feeble-m9d$ or deg5]ate *ildr51 
are m>k$ly great] = ev5 mod]ate dr9k]s  
?an = ab/a9]s4 ,*ildr5 ( total ab/a9]s h
 a great advantage1 on ! av]age1 9 size1

 /ature1 bodily vigor1 intellectual p[]2
 !y /&1 on ! av]age1 betwe5 a ye> & two 
ye>s ahead 9 class ( ! *ildr5 ( mod]ate 
dr9k]s1 !y h less ?an half z _m eye1 e>1
 & o!r physical defects4 ,?is prov$     
influ5ce ( ev5 light dr9k+ ^u ! vitality
 & normality transmitt$ to *ildr5 %\ld  
be ! mo/ s]i\s ( indictm5ts aga9/       
self-indulg5ce4 ,truly ! s9s ( ! fa!rs  
are visit$ ^u ! second & ?ird g5]ation4 
,footnote3 ,see ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1  
,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 vol4  
,,ix1 p4 #bcd2 ,h4 ,s4 ,williams1 op4   
cit1 pp4 #dd-dg4  7#b7 ,! economic wa/e 
is enorm\s3  7a7 ,ne>ly1 if n q1 two    
billion doll>s a ye> are sp5t by ! p ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates = intoxicat+ bev]ages4   
,betwe5 fifty & sev5ty-five million     
bu%els ( gra9 are consum$ annually 9 _! 
production1 besides ! grapes us$ = w9es4
 ,nor does ! money sp5t = liquors g 9   
any appreciable degree into ! pockets ( 
! f>m]s :o raise ! gra9s2 less ?an a    
?irtie? "p f9ds its way to !m1 ! brew]s1
 di/ill]s1 & retail]s gett+ ab\t two    

?irds4 ,! money inve/$ 9 ! be] indu/ry  
alone 0 9 #aiji ov] #eej1jjj1jjj4       
,footnote3 ,see ,indep5d5t1 vol4 #fg1 p4
 #acbf2 ,ye>-,books ( ! ,anti-,saloon   
,league4 ,= ?is :ole subject ( ! co/ ( !
 liquor trade1 see *ap4 ,v1 9 ,h4 ,s4   
,w>n]1 op4 cit1 & ! bibliography app5d$4
 ,! importance ( ! national liquor bill 
c be realiz$ by a simple computation2 x 
w\ld suffice to pay two million m5 ?ree 
doll>s a day1 six days 9 ! week1 ye> 9 &
 ye> out2 x w\ld suffice to build f\r or
 five ,panama ,canals 7at #djj1jjj1jjj7 
a ye>4 ,:5 we reckon up ! total liquor  
bill ( ! _w1 a sum _m times ?is1 we c   
see :at a frightful wa/e ( man's        
res\rces is go+ on2 = n only is !re no a
 trem5d\s additional dra9 ( weal? caus$ 
indirectly !reby4  7b7 ,among ! factors 
9 ?is additional dra9 ( weal?1 :i* mu/  
be add$ to ! figures giv5 above 9       
e/imat+ ! total f9ancial loss to !      
community1 are3 ! loss 9 effici5cy (    
work]s ?r\gh !- usually unrealiz$- toxic
 effects ( alcohol2 ! loss ( ! lives (  

adult work]s due to alcoholic poison+-an
 annual loss great] ?an t ( ! :ole      
,civil ,w>2 ! support by ! ,/ate (      
paup]s1 two fif?s ( :om1 x is e/imat$1  
owe _! /atus to alcoholism2 ,footnote3  
,see ,h4 ,s4 ,williams1 op4 cit1 p4 #he 
! support by ! ,/ate ( ! insane1 f a    
qu>t] to a half ( :om owe _! insanity   
directly or indirectly to alcohol2      
,footnote3 ,ibid1 p4 #fc ! support (    
de/itute & des]t$ *ildr52 ,footnote3    
,ibid1 p4 #hi  ! ma9t5ance ( prisons1 ( 
c\rts1 & police - ! ,massa*usetts       
,bureau ( ,labor ,/ati/ics has %[n t    
eighty-f\r p] c5t ( all crim9als "u     
conviction 9 ! correctional in/itutions 
( t ,/ate committ$ _! crimes "u !       
influ5ce ( alcohol4 ,footnote3 ,ibid1 p4
 #gb ,:5 we add to ?is ! /ill great]    
numb]s ( incapables support$ by _!      
families & fri5ds1 we realize t !       
national dr9k bill is really v mu*      
great] ?an ! m]e sums sp5t = liquor4    
,comp>ative /ati/ics %[ graphically h[  
/rik+ly paup]ism1 crime1 & de/itution   

are dim9i%$ by prohibition4 ,x is       
v>i\sly e/imat$ t a f\r? or a ?ird or m 
( all acute pov]ty is due directly or   
indirectly to alcohol4 ,our             
municipalities are always poor2 all     
sorts ( ne$$ improvem5ts are block$ =   
lack ( funds4 ,if ?is leakage ( !       
national weal? c be /opp$ we %all be    
able ) ! money sav$ to create a         
radically diff]5t & high] civilization4 
7#c7 ,! moral h>m ( alcohol is comp>able
 to its physical & economic h>m4  7a7 ,z
 we not$ :5 consid]+ ! value ( alcohol1 
! high] nature is /upefi$1 leav+ !      
emotions less controll$4 ,! sill9ess1 ! 
irritability1 ! glumness1 ! viol5ce1 !  
lu/ ( m5 are giv5 fre] re94 ,! effect ( 
alcohol is co>s5+1 brutaliz+2 we are n  
our be/ selves "u its influ5ce4 ,!      
judgm5t is dull$1 ! _s ( recklessness is
 /imulat$-an impati5ce ( re/ra9t & a    
crav+ = fur!r excitem5t4 ,ev5 aft] !    
palpable effects ( a potation h         
disappe>$1 a p]man5t alt]ation 9 ! bra9 
rema9s1 :i* makes x likely t ! dr9k] w g

 f>!r next "t or ! "t aft]4 ,!          
accumulation ( su* effects leads f9ally 
to ! complete demoralization ( "*1 to ! 
po9t :]e a man's high] nature c no long]
 keep control ov] 8 conduct4 ,?is is :at
 is meant by say+ t alcohol und]m9es ! w
 p[]4 ,footnote3 ,see ,h4 ,s4 ,williams1
 op4 cit1 p4 #ef ,9 p>ticul>1 mo/ sexual
 s9s are committ$ aft] dr9k+2 & !       
gravity ( ! sex problem is s great t ?is
 fact alone w\ld ju/ify ! bani%m5t (    
alcohol1 ! greate/ ( sexual /imulants4  
,footnote3 ,cf4 ,jane ,addams1 ,a ,new  
,consci5ce & an ,anci5t ,evil1 p4 #ahi3 
,ev5 a slight exhil>ation f alcohol     
relaxes ! moral s5se & ?r[s a s5tim5tal 
or adv5tur\s glam\r ov] an aspect ( life
 f :i* a dec5t "y man w\ld ord9>ily     
recoil2 & its cont9u$ use /imulates !   
s5ses at ! v mom5t :5 ! intellectual &  
moral inhibitions are less5$4  7b7 ,a v 
l>ge proportion ( ! crimes committ$ are 
committ$ "u ! influ5ce ( alcohol4 ,9    
,massa*usetts1 = example 79 #ahie71 only
 five p] c5t ( convictions = crime 7 (  

ab/a9]s4 ,9 g5]al1 /ati/ics %[ t f a    
half to ?ree qu>t]s ( ! total am\nt (   
crime has dr9k+ = a direct contribut+   
cause4 ,:5 we add to ?is ! crime-induc+ 
influ5ce ( ! pov]ty1 ill heal?1 &       
immoral social conditions caus$ by dr9k2
 we c =m "s idea ( ! moral indictm5t    
aga9/ alcohol4 ,footnote3 ,h4 ,s4 ,w>n]1
 op4 cit1 p4 #bfa4  7c7 ,! liquor trade 
is ! mo/ p[]ful ( all int]e/s 9 !       
corruption ( politics1 "o ( ! mo/       
demoraliz+ phases ( our ,am]ican life4  
,footnote3 ,h4 ,s4 ,w>n]1 op4 cit1 *ap4 
,,xi4 ,! saloon p[] is 9 politics ) a   
grim det]m9ation to keep its bus9ess f  
ext]m9ation4 ,x is able to ?r[ ! votes (
 a l>ge body ( m5 z x wills4 ,x ma9ta9s 
a p[]ful lobby at ,wa%+ton & at ! /ate  
capitals4 ,9 _m places x has _h a       
/rangle hold on legislation4 ,! trade   
naturally t5ds to ally itself ) ! o!r   
vici\s int]e/s t live by exploit+ human 
weakness-! gambl]s1 ! fo/]]s (          
pro/itution1 ! keep]s ( vile %[s2 x has 
a va/ rev5ue = ! pur*as+ ( votes1 &1 9 !

 saloon1 ! easie/ ( *annels = rea*+ !   
bribable vot]4 ,corrupt political ma*9es
 h be5 glad to use its support1 & h     
d]iv$ a l>ge measure ( _! /r5g? !re f4  
,7 ! liquor trade de/roy$1 ! greate/    
ob/acle 9 ! way ( political re=m w\ld be
 remov$4 ,9 sum1 we c say t ! evils     
caus$ by alcohol1 in/ead ( hav+ be5     
exagg]at$1 h nev] until v rec5tly be5   
suffici5tly realiz$4 ,! half ha? n be5  
told4  ,:at %\ld be ! attitude ( !      
individual t[>d alcoholic liquors8  ,9 !
 light ( our pres5t k1 ! attitude t[>d  
liquor dem&$ by morality ( ! individual 
admits ( no debate4 ,he may love de>ly 8
 w9es or 8 be]1 b 8 enjoym5t is won at  
too de> a co/ to himself & o!rs2 8      
support ( ! liquor trade is v selfi%4   
,he has no "r to poison himself1 to     
impair 8 heal? & effici5cy1 z ev5 a     
little dr9k+ w d4 ,he has no "r to run !
 risk ( becom+ ! slave ( alcohol1 z s _m
 ( ! mo/ promis+ m5 h become2 ! effect (
 ! drug is insidi\s1 & no man c be sure 
t he w be able to resi/ x4 ,he has no "r

 to sp5d 9 h>mful self-indulg5ce money t
 might be sp5t = useful ends4 ,he has no
 "r to incur !1 h[ev] immeasurable1     
moral & intellectual impairm5t :i* is   
effect$ by ev5 r mod]ate dr9k+4 ,he has 
no "r to bequea? to 8 *ildr5 a weak5$   
h]itage ( vitality4 ,he has no "r1 by 8 
example1 to enc\rage o!rs1 :o may be f> 
m deeply h>m$ ?an he1 9 ! use ( ! drug2 
let no man put a /umbl+-block or an     
occasion to fall 9 8 bro!r's way4 ,!    
influ5ce ( e man :o is am5able to       
altrui/ic motives is ne$$ aga9/ liquor1 
to c\nt]act its lure2 we mu/ create a   
/rong public s5tim5t & make x           
unfa%ionable & disreputable to dr9k4    
,happily ! tide ( liquor-dr9k+1 :i* has 
be5 ris+ rapidly 9 ! la/ half- c5tury1  
ow+ to ! increase 9 prosp]ity1 ! great  
influx ( immigrants f liquor-dr9k+      
c\ntries1 & ! /imulation ( ! trade by ! 
highly organiz$ liquor indu/ry1 has at  
la/1 by ! e>ne/ ef=ts ( enlight5$       
work]s1 be5 turn$4 ,m5 ( influ5ce are   
/&+ out publicly aga9/ x4 ,grape-juice  

has be5 sub/itut$ = w9e 9 ! ,:ite ,h\se2
 ,kais] ,wilhelm has become an ab/a9]1 )
 a decl>ation t 9 ! pres5t era ( fi]ce  
competition ! nations t triumph w be ^? 
t h lea/ to d ) liquor4 ,s cons]vative &
 cauti\s a ?9k] z ex-,presid5t ,eliot ( 
,h>v>d has rec5tly become an ab/a9]1    
say+1 ,! rec5t progress ( sci5ce has    
satisfi$ me t ! mod]ate use ( alcohol is
 objectionable4 ,! ye>ly p] capita      
consumption ( alcoholic liquors1 :i*    
rose f #h4gi gallons 9 #ahhj to #ag4gf 9
 #aijj & #bb4gi 9 #aiaa1 fell 9 #aiab to
 #ba4ih4 ,x is to be dev\tly hop$ t !   
tide w ebb z rapidly z x rose4 ,:at %\ld
 be our attitude t[>d ! use ( alcoholic 
liquors by o!rs8 ,! consid]ation ( ?is  
"q falls prop]ly "u ! head ( ,public    
,morality4 ,b x w be m conv5i5t to treat
 x "h1 foll[+ ! pres5tation ( ! facts   
conc]n+ alcohol4 ,! "r ( ! community to 
int]f]e ) ! conduct ( its memb]s w be   
discuss$ 9 *apt] xxviii1 & we mu/ assume
 "h ! result !re9 rea*$1 t :atev] is    
deem$ necess>y = ! greate/ welf>e ( !   

community z a :ole may legitimately be  
requir$ ( its individual memb]s1 h[ev] x
 may cross _! desires or h[ev] !y may   
consid] ! matt] _! private conc]n4 ,!   
argum5t aga9/ prohibition on ! gr\nd t x
 int]f]es ) individual rights w\ld apply
 also to *ild-labor legislation1 to     
legislation aga9/ /reet solicit+ by     
pro/itutes or ! sale ( indec5t pictures1
 &1 m obvi\sly /ill1 aga9/ anti-opium & 
anti-coca9e legislation4 ,z a matt] (   
fact1 ! old] individuali/ic po9t ( view 
has be5 g5]ally ab&on$ n[1 & we are free
 to discuss :at is desirable = ! g5]al  
welf>e4 ,we may at once say t :atev]    
me?od w mo/ quickly & ?or\ghly root out 
! evil %\ld be adopt$4 ,diff]5t me?ods  
may be m or less efficaci\s 9 diff]5t   
places2 x is a matt] = legitimate       
opportunism4 ,b ! goal to be kept 9     
sight c only be absolute prohibition ( !
 manufacture1 sale1 & importation ( all 
alcoholic liquors = bev]ages4 ,education
 on ! matt]1 & exhortation to p]sonal   
ab/95ce1 mu/ be cont9u$4 ,b education & 

exhortation are n alone suffici5t2      
self-re/ra9t _c be c\nt$ on1 con/ra9t   
mu/ be employ$4  ,high ,lic5se &        
,regulation h be5 ?or\ghly tri$ & h n   
*eck$ ! evil2 moreov]1 x has be5 a s]i\s
 blund] to make ! ,/ate or municipality 
dep5d5t ^u ! liquor trade = rev5ue1 &   
!re=e eag] to reta9 x4 ,! ,/ate         
,monopoly sy/em has n prov$ a success 9 
?is c\ntry 9 less5+ ! evil2 x made !    
liquor p[] a m s9i/] influ5ce ?an ev] 9 
politics4 ,if liquor mu/ be sold1 !     
,company1 or ,sc&9avian sy/em1 :i*      
elim9ates ! factor ( private pr(its1 )\t
 fo/]+ political corruption1 is probably
 ! lea/ h>mful me?od ( sell+4 ,b no     
me?od ( sell+ liquor c be m ?an a       
tempor>y exp$i5t4 ,we mu/ "w in* by in* 
to ext5d ! b\nd>ies ( absolutely dry    
t]ritory4 ,local ,option has be5 ( v    
great value 9 ?is movem5t1 & may /ill 9 
"s ,/ates be ! be/ atta9able /atus4     
,option by c\nties1 ) a prohibition ( ! 
%ipm5t ( liquor f wet to dry c\nties1 is
 ! pref]able =m4 ,/atewide prohibition1 

= a :ile 9 disrepute because ( op5      
violation ( ! law1 is aga9 ga9+ gr\nd1  
t5 ( ! =ty-eight ,/ates be+ entirely dry
 at "t ( writ+4 ,! ultimate solution c  
only be ! adoption ( an am5dm5t to !    
,national ,con/itution en=c+ nation-wide
 prohibition2 ! agitation = su* an      
am5dm5t is already acute1 & ! promise ( 
its passage )9 a g5]ation bright4 ,!    
argum5ts aga9/ prohibition are n /rong4 
,t ! law is poorly en=c$ 9 localities   
:]e public s5tim5t is aga9/ x is        
natural2 b no law is univ]sally obey$1 &
 t a law is brok5 is a poor reason =    
remov+ x f ! /atute books4 ,no "o w\ld  
sugge/ repeal+ ! laws aga9/ burgl>y or  
s$uction because !y are daily disobey$4 
,?is pseudo-conc]n = ! dignity ( ! law  
is simply a speci\s argum5t advanc$ by  
^? :o h an int]e/ 9 ! trade1 & accept$  
by ^? :o suppose liquor dr9k+ to be     
wrong only 9 excess & h>mless 9         
mod]ation4 ,! reply is to %[ t alcohol1 
practice t is always h>mful mu/ be f\ght
 by ! law z well z by moral suasion4    

,public s5tim5t mu/ be educat$ up to !  
law2 & ! exi/5ce ( ! law is itself (    
educative value4 ,moreov]1 ! old        
obs]vations ( non-en=cem5t mu/ n[ be    
modifi$2 rec5t exp]i5ce %[s t !         
prohibition ,/ates are on ! :ole        
increas+ly successful 9 en=c+ _! laws4  
,! new national law prohibit+           
importations f wet to dry ,/ates helps  
imm5sely2 & ) ! =bidd+ ( importations f 
abroad & ( ! manufacture ( liquor any:]e
 9 ! c\ntry1 ! problem ( en=cem5t w     
settle itself4 ,except = ! prec>i\s     
exi/5ce ( moon-%9]s1 & = :at individuals
 may make = !mselves1 ! /uff w n be     
obta9able4 ,footnote3 ,= ! argum5ts =   
prohibition1 see ,h4 ,s4 ,w>n]1 op4 cit1
 *aps4 ,,ix1 ,,xii4 ,artman1 ,!         
,legaliz$ ,outlaw4 ,fehl&t1 ,a ,c5tury (
 ,dr9k ,re=m4 ,:eel]1 ,prohibition4 ,t  
prohibition involves ! ru9 ( a great    
indu/ry is true2 ^! millions ( work]s w 
be free to give _! /r5g? to productive  
labor1 ^! millions ( doll>s c be inve/$ 
9 "s indu/ry useful to mank9d4          

,confiscation w "w h>d%ip to ! brew]s & 
di/ill]s2 s x does to ! opium-gr[]s1 !  
mak]s ( indec5t pictures1 & c\nt]feit   
money4 ,a trade s inimical to ! g5]al   
int]e/ des]ves no m]cy4 ,! ,/ates t h   
unwisely us$ ! ta9t$ money drawn f !    
indu/ry by lic5se w h a f> ri*]         
community to tax 9 o!r ways2 = e doll>  
got 9 liquor-lic5se fees1 _m doll>s h   
be5 lo/ to ! ,/ate4 ,z ,glad/one said1  
,give me a sob] population1 n wa/+ _!   
e>n+s 9 /rong dr9k1 & ,i %all "k :]e to 
obta9 ! rev5ue4 ,p5d+ ! enactm5t ( legal
 prohibition1 :at is call$ indu/rial    
prohibition is prov+ widely efficaci\s4 
,gr[+ numb]s ( manufactur]s1 railway    
manag]s1 & /orekeep]s are refus+ to     
employ m5 :o dr9k at all4 ,! ,unit$     
,/ates ,commission] ( ,labor reports t  
n9ety p] c5t ( ! railways1 eighty-eight 
p] c5t ( ! trades1 & sev5ty-n9e p] c5t (
 ! manufactur]s ( ! c\ntry discrim9ate  
already aga9/ dr9k]s4 ,! only o!r po9t  
to be not$ is t ! saloon-! public h\se1 
! poor man's salon-mu/ be replac$ by o!r

 social c5t]s1 t give opportunities =   
recreation1 *e]1 & social int]c\rse4 ,! 
"q ( sub/itutes = ! saloon w be allud$  
to aga91 9 *apt] xxx4 ,footnote3 ,see   
,raymond ,calk9s1 ,sub/itutes = !       
,saloon4 ,h4 ,s4 ,w>n]1 op4 cit1 *ap4   
,,viii4 ,=um1 vol4 #ba1 p4 #eie4 ,!     
nation-wide campaign aga9/ alcohol is   
on1 ! area ( its legaliz$ sale is       
/eadily dim9i%+4 ,we :o n[ discuss x may
 live to see x swept (f ! face ( ! e>?2 
if n we1 our *ildr5 or *ildr5's *ildr54 
,& we mu/ see to x t no o!r drug opium1 
morph9e1 or ! l gets a simil> grip on   
humanity4 ,our desc5dants w look ) z    
great horror ^u ! alcohol indulg5ce (   
our times z mo/ ( u n[ d ^u opium smok+4
 ,o ,god1 t m5 %\ld put an enemy into _!
 m\?s to /eal away _! bra9s6 t we %\ld1 
) joy1 pleasance1 revel1 & applause1    
trans=m ourselves into bea/s6  ,! be/   
book = practical use is ,h4 ,s4 ,w>n]'s 
,social ,welf>e & ! ,liquor ,problem    
7revis$ edition1 #aiac71 :]e ext5sive   
ref]5ces to ! au?orities w be f\nd4 ,two

 o!r excell5t popul> books are ,h4 ,s4  
,williams1 ,alcohol 7#aiji71 & ,horsley 
& ,/urge1 ,alcohol & ! ,human ,body     
7#aiaa74 ,see also ,rosan(f1 9          
,mc,clure's ,magaz9e1 vol4 #cb1 p4 #eeg2
 ,r\ntree & ,%]well1 ,! ,temp]ance      
,problem & ,social ,re=m2 ,t4 ,n4       
,kelynack1 ,! ,dr9k ,problem3 ,sci5tific
 ,conclusions conc]n+ ! ,alcohol        
,problem 7,s5ate ,docum5t #dh1 #fa/     
,congress1 #aiji72 & ! five volumes (   
conclusions ( ! ,committee ( ,fifty1    
publi%$ by ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co1 "u !  
g5]al title1 ,aspects ( ! ,liquor       
,problem2 a summ>y ( ^! conclusions is  
publi%$ ) ! title ,! ,liquor ,problem1  
ed4 ,f4 ,j4 ,peabody4 ,b>k]1 ,! ,saloon 
,problem & ,social ,re=m4 ,fan%awe1     
,liquor ,legislation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates &
 ,canada4 ,c4 ,b4 ,h5d]son1 ,! ,social  
,_s 9 ,am]ica1 *ap4 ,,xvi4 ,! be/       
available data1 to date1 on !           
physiological que/ions und]ly+ ! moral  
que/ions may be f\nd 9 ,g4 ,ros5feld1   
,d] ,e9fluss des ,alkohols auf d5       

,organismus 7#aija7 ,a4,b4,cu%ney1 ,!   
,action ( ,alcohol 7#aijg7-pap] read    
be=e ! ,briti% ,association2 ,mey] &    
,gottlieb1 ,ph>macology 7#aiad74        
,,*apt] ,,xvii   ,,*a/ity ,,& ,,m>riage 
,,temp]ance  ,9 ! indulg5ce ( !         
appetites is a manife/ necessity = heal?
 & effici5cy-temp]ance 9 "w & play1 9   
eat+ & dr9k+1 9 novel read+ & !at] go+1 
9 :atev] activity desire may sugge/4 ,b 
two appetites /& on a diff]5t foot+ f ! 
o!rs1 & dem& m ?an temp]ance4 ,! love ( 
alcohol & ! o!r n>cotics1 be+1 z we h   
se51 a pa?ological & highly dang]\s     
appetite1 productive ( sc>cely any real 
good1 mu/ be completely root$ out (     
human nature1 z x readily c be1 to !    
great advantage ( mank9d4 ,! o!r great  
appetite1 t ( sex1 _c be treat$ s       
cavali]ly2 to eradicate x or d5y its    
fulfillm5t w\ld be to put a spe$y end to
 ! human race4 ,! solution ( ! problems 
( sex is !re=e n s simple1 ! rem$y+ ( ! 
evils ( :i* sexual passion is ! s\rce n 
s feasible4 ,on ! "o h&1 we h to        

recognize ! sex in/9ct z normal &       
necess>y1 ! s\rce ( ! ke5e/1 &1         
indirectly1 ( "s ( ! mo/ la/+1 pleasures
 ( life2 ! d5ial ( its enticem5ts to !  
ext5t :i* our ,*ri/ian ideal dem&s      
provokes p]5nial res5tm5t & rebellion4  
,on ! o!r h&1 we are confront$ by !     
incalculable evils :i* unre/ra9$ lu/    
produces1 & =c$ to admit ! imp]i\s      
necessity ( "s /rictly repressive code4 
,to _m1 ! grave/ dang]s 9 life lie "h2 !
 sex in/9ct is ! great rebel1 promis+ a 
glori\s lib]ty1 a melt+ ( ! b>ri]s      
betwe5 human bodies & s\ls1 an ec/asy ( 
mutual happ9ess t no?+ else c (f]4 ,yet 
beyond ^! transi5t excitem5ts lie !     
sadde/ trag$ies-disease & suff]+1 unwi%$
 *ildbir?1 he>tbreak & dea?4 ,desire s+s
 a sir5 music 9 our e>s2 b ! bones ( ^? 
:o h surr5d]$ to ! song lie blea*+ on ! 
rocks4 ,^! sweet anticipations presage  
sorr[ & ru92 !re is no heavi] sight ?an 
to see happy1 he$less y\? caught by !   
lure ( ?is /range1 my/]i\s ?rill &      
drift+ to _! de/ruction-,z a bird ha/e? 

to ! sn>e1 ,& "k n t x is = 8 life4 ,s  
mu* is at /ake "h t we mu/ be m ?an     
ord9>ily sure t we are n bias$1 t we are
 n b9d+ ourselves by ne$less            
re/rictions4 ,b aft] :atev] d\bts &     
w&]+s1 ! man ( mature exp]i5ce comes    
back to ! monogam\s ideal ) ! conviction
 t 9 x lies n only our salvation b our  
true/ happ9ess4 ,a ?\s& pities t s _m   
le>n ! lesson too late6 ,no?+ 9 ! :ole  
field ( e?ics is m important ?an = ea*  
g5]ation1 z x /&s on ! ?re%old (        
temptation & opportunity1 to see cle>ly 
! basic reasons = our h>d-won & b>ely   
ma9ta9$ code ( *a/ity4 ,a rev]5ce =     
au?ority1 a deep- implant$ s5tim5t1 a   
recurr5t emotional appeal1 & a b>ri] (  
scruples & pl$ges may keep _m )9 ! l9es 
( safety4 ,b ! morality ( s5tim5t &     
au?ority mu/ always be bas$ on a        
morality ( reason & exp]i5ce4 ,we mu/   
!re=e beg9 by recapitulat+ ! fundam5tal 
reasons = our monogam\s ideal4  ,:at are
 ! reasons = *a/ity be=e & fidelity aft]
 m>riage8  7#a7 ,! mo/ gl>+ dang] = a   

man 9 un*a/ity is disease4 ,! v5]eal    
diseases are among ! mo/ t]rible kn[n to
 man2 !y are highly contagi\s-"o        
contact1 & t n necess>ily actual        
int]c\rse1 suffic+ = infection-& at     
pres5t only v p>tially curable4         
,practically all pro/itutes become      
infect$ be=e long2 ! y\nge/ & prettie/  
are usually diseas$2 ! *ance ( indulg+ 9
 promiscu\s intimacies )\t cat*+ "s =m (
 infection is slight4 ,! only sure way (
 escape f ?is imm95t dang] is by !      
exclusive love ( "o man & "o woman4     
,moreov]1 ^! diseases are1 9 _! effects1
 transmissible f husb& to wife & f wife 
to *ildr54 ,_m wom5's diseases1 a l>ge  
"p ( _! /]ility1 ( misc>riages & infant 
dea?s1 a l>ge proportion ( ! p>alysis1  
insanity1 & bl9dness 9 ! _w1 are due to 
! s9s ( a husb& or p>5t4 ,?us ! p5alty =
 a s+le mis/ep may be v grim2 & ! wor/ (
 x is t x mu/ (t5 be %>$ by ! innoc5t4  
,footnote3 ,see ,pr9ce ,morr[1 ,social  
,diseases & ,m>riage4 ,w4 ,l4 ,h[>d1    
,pla9 ,facts on ,sex ,hygi5e4  7#b7 ,= a

 girl ! dang] ( disease is n all4 ,!re  
is ! additional dang] ( pregnancy1 :i*  
means1 & mu/ mean1 = h] n only pa9 &    
risk ( life1 b la/+ %ame & disgrace4    
,ev5 paid pro/itutes1 :o are will+ to   
employ dang]\s me?ods to prev5t         
conception1 & soon become ne>ly /]ile   
?r\gh disease or ov]9dulg5ce1 (t5 h to  
resort to illegal op]ations1 at ! risk (
 _! lives1 & n infrequ5tly come to      
*ildbir?4 ,! virg9 :o gives h]self to h]
 lov] "u ! spell ( 8 ard5t woo+ is v mu*
 m likely to conceive4 ,x _c be too     
bluntly /at$ t ! b>e/ contact may       
suffice = conception2 = a mom5t>y       
intimacy two lives1 or ?ree1 h (t5 be5  
ru9$4  7#c7 ,! reason :y society _c af=d
 to be l5i5t ) illegitimacy is t !re is 
no prop] provision = re>+ *ildr5 born   
out ( w$lock4 ,! woman & ! *ild usually 
ne$ ! f9ancial support ( ! man2 !y      
always ne$ 8 love & c>e4 ,if ! man      
m>ries ! girl he has wrong$1 !re is n   
only ! disgrace /ill atta*+ to h] 7&    
rightly to him1 /ill m71 b ! fact ( a   

ha/y & un9t5d$ & probably m or less     
unhappy m>riage4 ,c]ta9ly 9 e su* case !
 girl has a "r to dem& t ! man %all m>ry
 h]2 :e!r or no %e w wi% him to1 or w   
pref] to be> h] burd5 & disgrace alone1 
is = h] to det]m9e4 ,b ?is is sure t any
 man :o takes ! *ance ( ru9+ a fooli% & 
ignorant or ov]susceptible girl & all = 
a bit ( pleasure1 z1 if he _h a man's   
he>t 9 him1 he 'd ha' cut 8 h& (f soon] 
?an he'd ha' tak5 x ,footnote3 ,george  
,eliot's ,adam ,b$e1 f :i* ^! words are 
tak51 ought to be read by e boy & girl4-
 ought to be despis$ & socially o/raciz$
 by 8 fell[s4 ,except = ! p5alty (      
disease1 wom5 h always borne ! brunt (  
sexual follies1 ?\gh m5 h be5 ! m to    
blame4 ,x is high "t t ?is inju/ice 7   
rem$i$ to su* ext5t z law & public      
op9ion c d x4  7#d7 ,! employm5t ( paid 
pro/itutes = man's gratification keeps 9
 exi/5ce ! unhappie/ & mo/ degrad$ class
 9 ! _w4 ,brutaliz$ & worn by _!        
abnormal life1 treat$ ) co>se           
indignities :i* !y _c res5t1 depriv$ (  

_! bir?right ( g5u9e love1 ( wifehood & 
mo!rhood1 /rick5 ) disease & doom$ to an
 e>ly dea?1 ?\s&s ( ! prettie/1         
r$de/-blood$1 mo/ promis+ "y girls ( our
 l&1 ! girls :o ought to be be>+ heal?y 
*ildr5 & re>+ ! future citiz5s ( !      
,/ate1 n[ walk ! /reets pa9t$ & gaudily 
b$eck$1 seek+ _! mis]able livelihood1 & 
sn>+ ! he$less & re/less y\? ( ! cities1
 ! "y m5 void ( und]/&+1 to _! common   
degradation4 ,?is human wa/age is worse 
^u ! race ?an w>2 & all ! m pa!tic      
because x consi/s ( girls sc>cely pa/ ! 
?re%old ( _! maid5hood4 ,:5 we consid]  
fur!r ! indescribably horrible cruelty (
 ! :ite-slave trade1 :i* ! insatiable   
lu/ ( m5 has br\ght into be+1 we may    
beg9 to realize to :at ! abs5ce (       
re/ra9t ^u ?is appetite has l$4  ,x is q
 conceivable t )9 ! ne> future ! v5]eal 
diseases w be r5d]$ entirely curable by 
! progress ( m$ic9e4 ,x is possible t "s
 c]ta9 & h>mless me?od ( prev5t+        
conception w be f\nd & become s         
univ]sally kn[n t ! dang] ( un9t5tional 

*ildbir? w become practically nonexi/5t4
 ,su* a situation w\ld remove ! mo/     
obvi\s reasons = *a/ity1 & w\ld insure a
 rapid gr[? ( free-love s5tim5t4 ,x w\ld
 be po9t$ out t free love w\ld d away ) 
! %ameful exi/5ce ( ! paid pro/itutes1 &
 t ?us all f\r ( ! basic reasons above  
giv5 = *a/ity w\ld no long] exi/4 ,to   
discuss su* possibilities may seem      
premature4 ,b z a matt] ( fact1 ev5 n[ e
 "o :o indulges 9 free love hopes to    
escape disease & conception4 ,& !re is  
an increas+ propag&a insi/+ on ! removal
 ( ! old conv5tions & ! p]mission (     
promiscu\s love4 ,! _s ( adv5ture is 9 !
 air2 & ) ev5 a good *ance ( escap+ !   
p5alties1 !re are _m :o w seize _!      
opportunities = enjoym5t1 pref]r+ a     
pres5t pleasure ) its spice ( risk to a 
dull negation ( desire4 ,we mu/ !n g on 
) ! argum5t & po9t out t ev5 :]e ^!     
t]rible results are escap$1 ! way ( free
 love is n ! happie/ way4  7#e7 ,fre$om 
f re/ra9t 9 int]-sex relations          
inevitably leads1 9 ! majority ( m5 &   

wom51 to an ov]9dulg5ce :i* s]i\sly     
impairs heal? & effici5cy4 ,! "o sali5t 
motive = ! opposition ( anci5t codes to 
sex lic5se 0 ! necessity ( pres]v+ !    
virility ( ! "y m5 = w>4 ,today a?letes 
are enjo9$ to *a/ity4 ,b1 inde$1 if a   
man w\ld succe$ 9 any?+1 he mu/ *eck ?is
 s easily ov]develop$ impulse4          
,promiscuity means a cont9ually r5ew$   
/imulus2 ! passion1 :i* quickly becomes 
normal & int]mitt5t :5 x sp5ds itself ^u
 "o object1 is apt to become an abnormal
 & almo/ cont9u\s crav+ :5 x is solicit$
 by a succession ( novel & piquant      
attractions4 ,! advocates ( free love   
ass]t t x is unnatural repression t     
creates an undue & morbid long+2 t      
fre$om to satisfy ! in/9ct w\ld t5d to  
keep x 9 its prop]ly subord9ate place4  
,b ! contr>y is1 9 reality1 true4 ,m    
usually1 z ,rabelais has x1 ! appetite  
comes dur+ ! eat+4 ,! abs5ce (          
temptation w leave an in/9ct dormant :i*
 free opportunity to indulge w develop  
into a dom9ant appetite4 ,& no?+ m      

quickly drafts /r5g? or ambition ?an    
absorption 9 sex pleasures2 we ne$ to   
put our en]gies into some?+ t in/ead (  
be+ inimical is =w>d+ to ! re/ ( our    
int]e/s4  7#f7 ,sexual intemp]ance      
co>s5s1 blunts delight 9 ! less viol5t &
 m delicate emotions4 ,! pleasures (    
sex1 ?\gh ( ! ke5e/1 are n la/+1 l ^? ( 
! intellect1 ( religion1 art1 & manly   
a*ievem5t4 ,b if recklessly indulg$ 91  
!y inevitably sap our int]e/ 9 ^! o!r   
ideals4 ,except :]e !y spr+ f & re9=ce  
true affection1 !y are an opiate1 tak+ u
 into a dream _w t makes actual life    
/ale & ta/eless4 ,hold (f f s5suality1  
says ,cic]o2 = if y give y\rself up to  
x1 y w be unable to ?9k ( any?+ else4   
,!re is s mu* else t is wor?:ile1 life  
has s _m possible values1 t = our own   
f9al happ9ess1 we _c af=d to let ?is    
in/9ct usurp too great a place4 ,!      
vision ( ,god is wor? _m h\rs ( transi5t
 & %all[ excitem5t2 & t vision comes    
only to ! pure 9 he>t4  7#g7 ,b ev5 = ! 
greate/ pleasure 9 sex itself1          

incont95ce is a blund]4 ,! "o tell+     
argum5t = free love is ! sweetness ( !  
delights t ! *a/e mu/ miss2 ! bodily    
intimacy t soo!s ! lonely he>t1 !       
adv5tur\s excitem5t ( break+ d[n b>ri]s1
 ( dom9ance & surr5d]1 ) its quick5$    
brea?+ & height5$ s5se ( liv+4 ,b ! plea
 comes usually f ! inexp]i5c$2 x is !   
ye>n+ ( y\? t[>d ! lure ( ! untri$ ways1
 ( ! unta/$ joys4 ,actually1 :]e passion
 is unbridl$1 ! halo & ! vision quickly 
vani%2 ! sat$ impulse becomes a re/less 
crav+ = m viol5t /imulation1 a ?ir/ t no
 m]e physical intimacy c ev] assuage2 or
 x leaves ! he>t cloy$ & despond5t &    
res\rceless4 ,?is is ! natural hi/ory ( 
undiscipl9$ passion2 x *eap5s love1 x   
robs x quickly ( its exquisit5ess & *>m4
 ,! fai?ful lov]1 on ! o!r h&1 by *eck+ 
premature intimacies1 & keep+ true to ! 
"o woman :o calls or w "s day call out  
all 8 love1 kn[s a /eady joy t bulks 9 !
 end f> great] ?an ! fl>+ & fitful &    
quickly disillusion$ passions ( une>n$  
love4 ,:]e ! veil ( my/]y is n too      

rudely drawn aside1 ! ability to respond
 to ! *>m ( girlhood & ( ripe womanhood 
may be long reta9$2 ! pleasures ( sex t 
c\nt = mo/ 9 ! end are n ! mom5ts (     
passion1 b ! daily enjoym5t (           
companion%ip ) ! opposite sex1 !        
assurance & com=t ( mutual fidelity1 !  
love t fe$s on daily c>esses1 ende>+    
words1 & acts ( t5d] s]vice4 ,& ^! la/+ 
joys d n accrue to ! man or woman :o is 
n will+ to wait1 or :o squ&]s 8         
pot5tialities ( love 9 reckless &       
fundam5tally unsatisfy+ debau*]y4 ,?is  
is ! p>adox ( love2 :oso w\ld f9d its   
be/ gifts mu/ be will+ to d5y himself   
its gaudie/4 ,! old love ( twos1 !      
loyalty ( man & wife t br+ to ea* o!r   
pure he>ts & bodies1 is be/4  7#h7 ,!re 
are1 besides1 c]ta9 practical           
consequ5ces ( :i* exp]i5ce w>ns4 ,free  
love w\ld mean t ! pretty & well-       
develop$ girls1 ! h&som] & physically   
/rong] m51 w\ld be besieg$ )            
solicitations & almo/ inevitably debau*$
 by excess ( temptation1 :ile ! less    

attractive w\ld />ve = love4 ,x w\ld    
mean jeal\sies1 des]t$ lov]s1 & brok5   
he>ts4 ,free love is especially h>d on a
 woman2 %e readily becomes atta*$1 &    
craves loyalty4 ,incon/ancy1 ?\gh x is s
 natural to man z (t5 to ne$ ! pressure 
( law & conv5tion = its repression1 is n
 only ! wor/ enemy ( 8 own happ9ess1 b !
 inevitable s\rce ( friction & cla%     
betwe5 m5 & betwe5 wom54 ,if fre$om to  
break ! tro? t love in/9ctively plights 
is all[$1 ! *ances are num]\s t "o or ! 
o!r w "s day discov] ano!r aff9ity t1 at
 lea/ = ! "t1 seems clos] & bett] suit$ 
to him2 unless a /]n loyalty prev5ts1 "o
 or two or ?ree he>ts may be brok54 ,our
 monogam\s code-^: iological value is   
cle>ly indicat$ by its adoption by mo/ (
 ! high] animals 7n c\nt+ ! dome/icat$  
animals1 ^: morals h be5 hopelessly     
ru9$7-/&s among ! wise/ ( our ideals4   
,:at safegu>ds aga9/ un*a/ity are       
necess>y8  ,ov]:elm+ z is ! argum5t =   
monogamy1 x runs c\nt] to su* viol5t    
impulses t x ne$s e prop & sanction t c 

be giv5 x4 ,x mu/ %elt] itself "u ! law1
 keep on its side ! consci5ce ( m51 & be
 hall[$ by alliance ) religion4 ,all ?is
 is p>tially atta9$ by ! social-religi\s
 in/itution ( m>riage4 ,! w$d+ c]emony  
itself1 add+ z x does dignity &         
symbolism1 ! memory ( a beautiful       
occasion1 & ! witness ( fri5ds to !     
plight+ ( mutual v[s1 is ( appreciable  
value4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! practical "q
 h[1 9 ! face ( almo/ inevitable        
temptation1 ! "y man & woman may keep   
*a/e dur+ ! ye>s prior to m>riage4 ,if  
pre-m>ital *a/ity is ma9ta9$1 !re is    
comp>atively little dang] ( infidelity  
:5 *os5 love & loyalty to v[s come to   
re9=ce ! e>li] motives4  7#a7 ,c]ta9    
ab/95ces1 t might n seem 9 !mselves     
important1 are necess>y4 ,little        
famili>ities1 kisses & c>esses1 mu/ be  
avoid$2 !y are a play+ ) fire2 & ! y\?  
nev] kn[s :5 ! electric ?rill w vibrate 
?r\gh 8 be+1 awak5$ by a t\*1 t w summon
 him to a new _w :]e9 he mu/ n yet ent]4
 ,! f9e/ m5 d n take ^! lib]ties1 nor d 

well-br$ girls p]mit !m or respect ^? :o
 seek !m4 ,vulg> jokes & /ories mu/ be  
despis$1 z well z all allusions to vice 
z a natural or amus+ ?+4 ,alcohol1      
gambl+1 & all unheal?y excitem5ts mu/ be
 %unn$4 ,above all1 ! imag9ation mu/ be 
controll$2 no?+ is m dang]\s ?an !      
indulg5ce 9 voluptu\s dreams4 ,long+s s 
fo/]$1 s p5t up )\t outlet1 are too apt 
to break out1 9 despite ( scruples &    
resolves1 if a favorable & allur+       
opportunity occurs4 ,! battle aga9/ s9  
is won m 9 private ?an 9 ! actual mom5ts
 ( temptation4  7#b7 ,b 9 ?is matt]1 z  
always1 we mu/ n m]ely avoid evil1 we   
mu/ ov]come evil ) good2 we c be/ hope  
to escape ! sir5s n z ,ulysses did1 by  
hav+ himself b\nd to ! ma/1 b z ,orpheus
 did1 by play+ a sweet] music /ill ?an  
!y4 ,! be/ antidote to impurity is a    
pure love1 ! next be/ ! d$ication to a  
love yet to be f\nd4 ,! passionate y\?  
mu/ speak 9 ! ve9 ( ! ,knight 9         
,santayana's poem3  ,z ! gaudy %ad[s    
,/alk$ by me :i* m5 take = beaute\s ?+s1

 ,i laugh$ to scorn ea* feeble          
c\nt]feit1 ,& cri$ to ! sweet image 9 my
 s\l1 ,h[ mu* m bright ?\ wa/ &         
beautiful4  ,normal fri5d%ips ) pure    
girls are vitally necess>y = a man1 &   
comrade%ip ) m5 important = wom54       
,normal int]e/s ( all sorts are         
necess>y2 ! man or woman :o has a full1 
all-r\nd life1 :o cultivates :olesome   
intellectual1 ae/hetic1 religi\s        
activities1 is 9 f> less dang] ( an     
unregulat$ passion4 ,human en]gy mu/ f9d
 "s happy outlets1 or x w t5d to run    
amuck2 :at we become dep5ds l>gely on   
:at we get int]e/$ 94 ,9 p>ticul>1 !    
abundant physical activity ( robu/ heal?
 makes x mu* easi] to bani% immod]ate   
desires4  7#c7 ,!re are c]ta9 safegu>ds 
t ! community %\ld erect4 7a7 ,among ^! 
are ! conv5tions t control intimacy     
betwe5 ! sexes4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! :olesome 
comrade%ip ( boys & girls1 above        
desid]at$1 mu/ be enc\rag$1 n only = !  
removal ( t lonel9ess & morbid curiosity
 :i* are among ! greate/ ( sex          

irritants1 b 9 ord] t husb& & wife may  
be wisely *os54 ,on ! o!r h&1 !         
attractiv5ess ( ! o!r sex may easily    
draw too mu* att5tion f ! /udies &      
sports t ought to make up ! bulk ( !    
activity ( y\?2 & too great fre$om (    
companion%ip leads to an unnecess>y     
am\nt ( temptation4 ,! fe>less1 he>t-   
free fri5d%ip ( *a/e y\?s & maid5s is a 
priceless boon4 ,b close l9es mu/ be    
drawn1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( wise *ap]onage 
is necess>y4 ,too free a physical       
intimacy betwe5 ! sexes leads almo/     
irresi/ibly on1 ) _m1 to actual         
int]c\rse2 ! in/9ct is too imp]i\s to be
 )/ood :5 opportunity is too easy1 if   
!re are n _m b>ri]s to be brok5 fir/4   
7b7 ,ano!r duty ( ! community lies 9 !  
fight aga9/ ! public s\rces ( s5sual    
appeal n m]ely ! h\ses ( pro/itution &  
/reet solicitation1 b ! vile %[s1       
indec5t pictures & books1 & o!r means by
 :i* ! gre$ ( money p&]s to ! sex       
in/9ct4 ,! que/ions conc]n+ ! drama1 !  
ballet1 & ! nude 9 art w recur :5 we    

come to discuss ! g5]al relations ( art 
& morality4 ,closely p>allel are !      
problems conc]n+ ! co/ume ( wom52 ^! are
 phases ( ! et]nal conflict betwe5      
beauty & morality4 ,:at is pretty is    
tempt+4 ,h[ c we h enjoym5t )\t be+     
wreck$ by x2 h[ c we make life ri* & yet
 keep x pure8 ,"s l9e mu/ be drawn2 j   
:]e1 we h n space to discuss4  7c7      
,education on matt]s ( sex mu/ probably 
be att5d$ to 9 ! public s*ools4 ,x 7    
bett] done by p>5ts1 p]haps2 b p>5ts _c 
be dep5d$ ^u to d x4 ,! dang]s t await  
indulg5ce1 ! cruelty & brutality (      
pro/itution1 %\ld be univ]sally b       
cauti\sly taught2 too _m boys & girls   
wreck _! lives = l ack ( su* k4 ,x is   
inde$ a delicate task to in/ruct        
adolesc5ts 9 ^! matt]s2 !re is1 z       
,pr(essor ,mun/]b]g has well po9t$ out1 
a grave dang] ( /imulat+1 by call+      
att5tion to x1 ! v impulse :i* x is     
desir$ to curb1 ( dissipat+ ! fe> ( !   
unkn[n :i* may be great] ?an t ( cle>ly 
und]/ood1 & !reby1 p]haps1 avoidable    

dang]s1 & ( break+ d[n b>ri]s ( %yness &
 retic5ce1 :i* =m "o ( ! mo/ effective (
 safegu>ds4 ,p]sonal att5tion to !      
individual ne$s ( boys & girls ( widely 
diff]+ temp]am5ts & m5tal condition is  
imp]ative4 ,b 9 g5]al1 x is to be       
rememb]$ t almo/ e boy & girl le>ns1    
someh[1 long be=e m>riage1 ! ma9 facts  
conc]n+ sex-relations4 ,& x is f> bett] 
t t k %\ld be imp>t$ rev]5tly1          
accurately1 unemotionally1 & ) due      
emphasis ^u p]ils & p5alties1 ?an t x   
%\ld be ga9$  9 co>se & excit+ ways1 or 
rema9 half und]/ood & ) a glam\r ( my/]y
 ab\t x4  ,:at are ! factors 9 an ideal 
m>riage8  ,celibacy is nei!r natural nor
 desirable2 a happy m>riage %\ld be !   
goal ( e heal?y man's & woman's ?\ght4  
,! economic situation t prev5ts s _m f  
m>ry+ till ne>ly or q ?irty is ?or\ghly 
un:olesome & mu/ 9 "s way be rem$i$4    
,m>riage 9 ! e>ly tw5ties is n only an  
important safegu>d aga9/ un*a/ity2 x is 
physiologically bett] = ! woman & h]    
(fspr+4 ,! dang] & pa9 9 *ildbir? to a  

woman ( tw5ty or tw5ty-five are less ?an
 9 lat] life1 & ! *ildr5 h a bett] *ance
 ( heal?4 ,moreov]1 "y p are m5tally &  
morally m pla/ic2 !y h n yet become s   
set 9 _! ways z !y w lat] become1 & are 
m likely to gr[ toge!r & make easily ^? 
little compromises & adju/m5ts :i* !    
fus+ ( two lives necessitates4 ,& x is  
always a pity t ! two :o are to be life 
comrades %\ld fail to h ^! ye>s1 9 "s   
ways ! be/ ( _! lives1 toge!r4  ,yet ?is
 sacr$ & exact+ relation%ip mu/ n be    
ha/ily ent]$1 = no?+ m surely ?an       
m>riage makes or m>s "* & happ9ess4 ,too
 e>ly m>riage is apt to be impulsive &  
?\ghtless4 ,x is true t _m confirm$     
ba*elors & maid5 ladies lose ?r\gh an   
excess ( timidity ! great exp]i5ces &   
joys :i* a little boldness1 a little    
will+ness to take a risk & put up ) !   
imp]fect w\ld h br\ght !m4 ,no man or   
woman is p]fect2 no "o c expect to f9d a
 :olly ideal mate2 x is fooli% to be too
 exact+1 & x is conceit$1 imply+ t "o is
 flawless "o's self4 ,nev]!less1 !      

c\nsel ( caution is m commonly ne$$4    
,happily we h pretty g5]ally got away f 
m>iages de conv5ance1 m>riages = money1 
or title1 or o!r extrane\s advantages4  
,& we h recogniz$ ! "r ( ! two :o are   
prim>ily conc]n$ to make _! own *oice   
)\t int]f]5ce1 o!r ?an fri5dly c\nsel & 
w>n+1 f o!rs4 ,b we /ill h _m m>riages f
 :i* ! basic desid]ata are 9 too great  
degree abs5t4  7#a7 ,!re %\ld be g5u9e  
sex attraction2 n necess>ily a viol5t   
passion1 or love at fir/ sight1 b "s    
measure ( t in/9ctive organic           
attraction1 t unpr$ictable & irrational 
emotional satisfaction 9 physical       
proximity1 :i* diff]5tiates sex love f !
 love ( m5 or wom5 = "o ano!r4 ,n t     
platonic relations betwe5 husb& & wife  
are n possible or p]missible2 b if a "y 
c\ple are n l9k$ by ?is sweete/ ( bonds1
 !y n only miss mu* ( ! *>m & mutual    
draw+- toge!r ( m>riage1 b !y /& 9      
grave/ dang] ( an ev5tual ar\s+ ( !     
in/9ct by ano!r-& t means ei!r a bitt]  
fight = loyalty or actual trag$y4 ,x is 

nev] to be =gott5 t husb& & wife h to   
sp5d a great "p ( _! life 9 ! same h\se1
 9 ! same room4 ,no degree ( simil>ity (
 int]e/s c take ! place ( t m]e         
in/9ctive lik+1 t p]vasive cont5t at ea*
 o!r's pres5ce1 t enjoym5t 9 see+ ea*   
o!r ab\t1 & 9 ! daily c>esses & ende>+  
words t rightly mat$ c\ples "k4  7#b7 ,b
 ?is und]ly+ physical attraction1 h[ev] 
ke5 at fir/ is n ( gu>ante$ p]man5ce2 x 
mu/ be buttress$ by common ta/es &      
sympa?ies4 ,to l ! same p1 to enjoy do+ 
! same ?+s1 to judge problems f ! same  
angle1 to cleave to simil> moral1       
ae/hetic1 religi\s canons is ( great    
importance4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( contra/ 9  
ideas & ideals is1 inde$1 piquant &     
/imulat+2 & :]e m>riage is e>ly !re is  
likelihood ( an adequate conv]g5ce 9    
,weltans*auung4 ,b too radically diff]5t
 an outlook ^u life may lead to cont9ual
 friction1 to lonel9ess1 & mutual       
antagonism4 ,! two :o are to be comrades
 9 ! great exp]im5t ( life mu/ be able  
to help ea* o!r1 /r5g!n ea* o!r's       

weaknesses1 & admire ea* o!r's aims &   
a*ievem5ts4 ,9 p>ticul>1 religi\s       
fanaticism is an intractable enemy (    
m>ital happ9ess4 ,z ,/ev5son puts x1    
,!re are diff]5ces :i* no habit nor     
affection c reconcile1 & ! ,bohemian mu/
 n nt]m>ry ) ! ,ph>isee4 ,! be/ ( m5 & !
 be/ ( wom5 may sometimes live toge!r   
all _! lives1 &1 = want ( "s cons5t on  
fundam5tal que/ions1 hold ea* o!r lo/   
spirits to ! end4  7#c7 ,x sc>cely ne$s 
to be add$ t !re mu/ be on bo? sides a  
high /&>d ( morality4 ,tru?fulness1     
s9c]ity1 self-control1 ! will+ness to   
"w1 to sacrifice p]sonal desires & pull 
toge!r = ! common welf>e ( ! h\se1 are  
ess5tial1 z well z fidelity to m>riage  
v[s & ab/95ce f all intemp]ance &       
lawbreak+4 ,common ta/es c be =m$ aft]  
m>riage2 ev5 ! organic attraction is    
pretty sure to be awak5$ 9 "s degree if 
! pair are n actually repulsive to ea*  
o!r2 b l[ moral ideals at ! age (       
m>riage are seldom radically trans=m$   
aft]w>d & r5d] any happ9ess 9 home-mak+ 

insecure4  7#d7 ,p]haps "s day x may    
become incumb5t ^u ! suitor to weigh !  
matt] ( ! h]$ity back ( ! lady ( 8      
*oice1 & consid] :e!r %e is be/ adapt$1 
by mat+ ) him1 to give bir? to normal & 
heal?y *ildr52 or = ! maid5 s\ght to    
reg>d ) equal c>e ! antec$5ts ( !       
suitor4 ,b-=tunately = lov]s'           
consci5ces-we "k too little at pres5t   
ab\t h]$ity & ! bre$+ ( human be+s to   
give mu* useful advice or make any dem&s
 ( ! prospective c\ple1 except to insi/ 
t ^? :o are ta9t$ ) h]$it>y disease or  
feeble-m9d$ness %all refra9 f m>riage4  
,to ?is subject we %all recur 9 *apt]   
,,xxx4  ,is divorce morally ju/ifiable8 
,if m>riage 7 always und]tak5 ) adequate
 caution1 !re w\ld seldom be ne$ (      
annull+ x4 ,b s9ce mi/akes are b\nd to  
be made & unhappy unions result2 s9ce1  
fur!r1 matt]s aris+ aft] m>riage (t5 t5d
 to pu% c\ples ap>t & eng5d] a /ate (   
friction or absolute antagonism1 a      
necess>y po/script to ! que/ions conc]n+
 m>riage mu/ be t conc]n+ divorce4 ,x is

 matt] ( common k t !re is a m>k$ t5d5cy
 9 rec5t ye>s t[>d a loos5+ ( ! m>riage 
bond2 ! ease ) :i* divorces are grant$ 9
 "s ,/ates has become a national sc&al4 
,among ! causes = ?is are ! less5+ (    
allegiance to religi\s au?ority1 ! loss 
( ! old] fe>s & re/ra9ts1 ! gr[+ _s (   
adv5ture & iconoclasm4 ,) ! break+-up ( 
traditions1 ! lure ( fre$om has be5     
/rong1 especially ^u ! s-long- dom9at$ &
 docile sex4 ,wom5 are becom+ bett]     
educat$ & ass]t+ _! rights ev]y:]e2 !y  
are n[ able to e>n _! liv+ 9 _m         
indep5d5t ways1 & are 9 a position to   
break loose2 ! era ( ! subjection ( wom5
 is ov]1 & x is natural t _m1 p>ticul>ly
 ( ! idle & frivol\s1 %\ld turn ?is     
new-won lib]ty into lic5se4  ,b1 inde$1 
human nature be+ z x is1 !re w\ld       
inevitably arise1 & h always aris51 _m  
cases ( /ra9 & friction 9 m>riage       
relations4 ,z ,*e/]ton says1 a man & a  
woman are1 9 ! nature ( ! case1         
incompatible2 & t und]ly+               
incomm5surability ( viewpo9t easily     

results 9 cla% :]e a deep-root$         
affection & a habit ( self-control are  
abs5t4 ,innum]able c\ples h suff]$ &    
hat$ ea* o!r & made ! be/ ( x2 n[adays  
!y are deem+ x bett] frankly to admit & 
end ! discord4 ,& ! problem1 ,:i*       
solutionis bett]8 is by no means an easy
 "o4 ,we c b make "h a few g5]al        
sugge/ions4  7#a7 ,divorce mu/ c]ta9ly n
 be s easy z to enc\rage ha/y &         
unconsid]$ m>riage1 or to turn ?is mo/  
sacr$ ( relation%ips into a m]e         
exp]im5tal & provisional alliance4      
,trial m>riage is a palpably            
repreh5sible s*eme1 involv+ an          
unw>rantable /imulus to ! sex appetite2 
_m m5 w\ld enjoy tak+ "o woman aft]     
ano!r1 until _! passion 9 ea* case _h   
exhau/$ its =ce ) ! lapse ( novelty2    
wom51 :o are n s naturally promiscu\s1  
w\ld suff] mo/4 ,:at w\ld become ( !    
*ildr5 is a "q ^: v pos+ condemns !     
proposal4 ,b a lax divorce law provides 
practically = trial m>riage2 "o or ! o!r
 p>ty may ent] into ! contract &        

pron\nce ! solemn v[s )\t any int5tion (
 keep+ !m :5 x %all cease to be = 8 or  
h] pleasure4 ,n 9 ?is way is to be got !
 real wor? ( m>riage2 ! consci\s & e>ne/
 ef=t1 at lea/1 mu/ be to keep to x =   
life4 ,an easy %ort cut to fre$om w\ld  
tempt too _m f ! h>d] b nobl] way (     
compromise1 conciliation1 &             
self-subord9ation4 ,if "o is weak &     
err+1 or petulant & unk9d1 ! o!r mu/    
pati5tly & lov+ly seek to help1 to      
educate1 to uplift2 sev5ty times sev5   
times is n too (t5 = =giv5ess2 & _m a   
m>riage t seem$ hopelessly wreck$ has   
be5 sav$ by magnanimity & tactful       
affection4 ,!re is a f9e discipl9>y     
value 9 ^! =be>ances1 & mu* opportunity 
= spiritual gr[? 9 ! p]sev]+ endeavor   
t[>d h>mony & mutual und]/&+4 ,_m a man 
& woman :o might h be5 lo/ if divorc$1  
has be5 sav$ = a bett] life by !        
unwill+ness ( wife or husb& to des]t "u 
griev\s provocation4 ,!re comes an ebb  
to mo/ conjugal disputes2 m5 & wom5 gr[ 
wis]1 & (t5 g5tl]1 ) age2 :ile !re is   

any hope = readju/m5t & revival ( love x
 is wrong to break m>ital v[s4 ,_m a    
divorce has be5 z ha/y & ill consid]$ z 
! m>riage x end$1 & has left ! c\ple 9 !
 end less happy & useful memb]s ( !     
community4 ,p>ticul>ly :5 !re are *ildr5
 %\ld ! p>5ts sacrifice mu* = ! sake (  
giv+ !m a real home1 ) bo? "m- &        
fa!r-love4  7#b7 ,yet !re are cases :]e 
love is hopelessly kill$ & h>mony is    
impossible2 cases :]e mu* suff]+1 & ev5 
moral deg5]ation1 w\ld result f         
cont9uance ( ! m>ri$ life4 ,:]e a man   
transf]s 8 love to ano!r or indulges 9  
infidelity to 8 v[s2 :]e he crazes      
himself ) liquor or "s o!r n>cotic1 & w 
n give x up2 :]e he treats 8 wife )     
cruelty or contempt1 or ?r\gh selfi%ness
 or laz9ess des]ts or refuses to support
 h]2 :]e %e refuses to p]=m h] wifely   
duties1 gives h]self to o!r m51 makes   
home intol]able = him--9 %ort1 9 any    
case :]e mutual loyalty & coop]ation are
 hopeless ( atta9m5t1 x is surely be/ t 
!re %\ld be sep>ation4 ,x does n make = 

! welf>e ( ! *ildr51 or = ! sanctity (  
m>riage1 t su* wret*$ trave/ies ( x %\ld
 cont9ue4 ,moreov]1 = eug5ic reasons1 we
 mu/ urge ! free+ ( wives f husb&s :o h 
transmissible diseases1 inh]itable      
defects1 or *ronic alcoholism4 ,nor %\ld
 ! fact ( "o mi/ake preclude ! injur$   
p>ty f ano!r opportunity = happ9ess &   
usefulness4 ,:e!r ! guilty man or woman1
 ! "o :olly or *iefly to blame = !      
failure1 %\ld be p]mitt$ to rem>ry is   
ano!r matt]2 b probably1 on ! :ole1 x is
 bett] ?an ! alt]native enc\ragem5t (   
immorality & illegitimacy4  7#c7 ,!     
community %\ld ex]t its influ5ce t[>d ! 
rem$y+ ( ! pres5t anomalies &           
unc]ta9ties by mak+ bo? m>riage laws &  
divorce laws m /r+5t1 & uni=m ?r\gh\t ! 
c\ntry4 ,/atutes t w r5d] impulsive     
m>riage impossible1 by requir+ an       
int]val to elapse aft] /atem5t (        
int5tion to m>ry1 & mak+ a clean bill ( 
heal? necess>y2 divorce laws t %all     
refuse to p&] to caprice & willfulness1 
b %all make x easy1 )\t sc&al or ne$less

 publicity1 to deliv] a woman or a man f
 an intol]able & irrem$iable situation1 
& t %all n be appreciably m l5i5t 9 "o  
,/ate ?an 9 ano!r1 w g f> t[>d cur+     
contempor>y evils4 ,x may yet be t !    
,con/itution w be s am5d$ z to p]mit !  
,national ,gov]nm5t to control ^! matt]s
 & ?us replace our pres5t *aos ) ord]4  
,dewey & ,tufts1 ,e?ics1 *ap4 ,,xxvi4   
,s*>lieb & ,silby1 ,y\? & ,sex4 ,c4     
,read1 ,natural & ,social ,morals1 *ap4 
,,vii4 ,anon1 ,life1 ,love1 & ,light    
7,macmillan71 pp4 #hd-if4 ,r4 ,c4       
,cabot1 ,:at ,m5 ,live ,by1 *aps4       
,,xxiv-,,xxix4 ,w4 ,l4 ,%eldon1 ,an     
,e?ical ,movem5t1 *aps4 ,,xi1 ,,xii4 ,c4
 ,f4 ,dole1 ,e?ics ( ,progress1 "p      
,,vii1 *ap4 ,,iii4 ,felix ,adl]1        
,m>riage & ,divorce1 ,! ,spiritual      
,mean+ ( ,m>riage4 ,n4 ,smy?1 ,*ri/ian  
,e?ics1 pp4 #dje-ae4 ,b4 ,p4 ,b[ne1     
,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 "p ,,iii1 *aps4    
,,viii1 ,,ix4 ,w4 ,e4 ,h4 ,lecky1 ,!    
,map ( ,life1 *ap4 ,,xiv4 ,/ev5son1     
,virg9ibus ,pu]isque4 ,g4 ,e4 ,c4 ,gray1

 ,husb& & ,wife4 ,j4 ,rus1 ,! ,p]il &   
,pres]vation ( ! ,home4 ,?ompson &      
,g$des1 ,problems ( ,sex4 ,h4 ,mun/]b]g1
 ,sex-,education 79 ,psy*ology & ,social
 ,sanity74 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 ,divorce 79  
,social ,=ces 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica74 ,c4  
,j4 ,hawk9s1 ,w ! ,home ,survive8       
,biblical ,_w1 vol4 #dc1 p4 #cc4        
,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 vol4    
#ag1 p4 #aha4 ,= ! data3 ,unit$ ,/ates  
,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce & ,labor1 ,reports 
on ,m>riage & ,divorce4 ,publications ( 
! ,national ,league = ! ,protection ( ! 
,family 7,secret>y ,s4 ,w4 ,dike1       
,auburndale1 ,massa*usetts7 & ( !       
,society ( ,sanit>y & ,moral            
,prophylaxis 7#aje ,we/ #dj? ,/reet1    
,new ,york74 ,h[>d1 ,,matrimonial       
,,in/itutions4 ,su!rl&1 ,,orig9 ,,&     
,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,in/9ct ( !     
,moral ,in/9ct1 *aps4 vii1 ix4          
,le/\rneaux1 ,,evolution ,,( ,,m>riage4 
,,*apt] ,,xviii   ,,fell[%ip1 ,,loyalty1
 ,,& ,,luxury  ,,e man has to solve !   
problem ( h[ f> he w live = 8 small]1   

p]sonal self1 & h[ f> = t l>g] self t   
includes ! int]e/s ( o!rs4 ,! g5]al     
pr9ciples involv$ we h discuss$ 9 *apt] 
,,xi2 we may n[ proce$ to consid] _!    
application to ! concrete situations 9  
:i* we f9d ourselves4 ,:at social       
relation%ips impose claims ^u u8  7#a7  
,! relations ( husb& & wife & ( p>5?ood 
are mo/ sacr$ & exact+1 because !y are  
volunt>ily assum$1 & because ! ne$ &    
possibilities ( help are "h greate/4 ,a 
man or woman may )\t odium rema9 free f 
^! obligations2 b once !y h made ! v[s t
 initiate ! dual life1 once !y h br\ght 
a helpless *ild into ! _w1 nei!r may    
evade ! consequ5t responsibilities4 ,if 
und]tak5 at all1 ^! duties mu/ be       
consci5ti\sly fulfill$2 & :atev]        
sacrifices are necess>y mu/1 z a matt] (
 c\rse1 & ungrudg+ly1 be made4  7#b7    
,next 9 inviolability to ^! claims are  
^? ( fa!r & "m1 bro!r & si/]1 & o!r ne> 
relatives4 ,involunt>y z ^! relations   
are1 ! natural piety t accepts ! burd5s 
!y entail mu/ n be all[$ to gr[ dim4 ,^?

 ne>e/ ( k9 are ! natural supports &    
help]s ( ! weak & dep5d5t2 & ?\gh       
pati5ce & res\rces be sev]ely tax$1 x is
 bett] to let blood ties cont9ue to     
involve obligation ?an to p]mit ! selfi%
 irresponsibility ( a fre] & m          
individuali/ic society4 ,mu* provocation
 c be borne by rememb]+ ,%e is my "m2   
,he is my bro!r2 aft] all1 _! int]e/s   
are ours1 & our lives are impov]i%$1 z  
well z !irs1 if we ignore !m4  7#c7 ,!  
volunt>y bonds ( fri5d%ip entail some:at
 vagu] obligations1 s9ce ! clos5ess ( ! 
tie is n cle>ly fix$1 z x is 9 ! case ( 
blood relation%ip4 ,b once a fri5d      
always a fri5d is ! truehe>t$ man's     
motto4 ,assure !e1 says "o (            
,%akespe>e's h]o9es1 if ,i d v[ a       
fri5d%ip1 ,i'll p]=m x to ! la/ article4
 ,no "o :o has won ano!r's fri5d%ip1 &1 
h[ev] tacitly1 pl$g$ 8 own1 is !nce=?   
free to ignore ! bond4 ,"h are = mo/ m5 
! happie/ opportunities = fell[%ip1 =   
inw>d gr[?1 & = s]vice2 = if ! love (   
wife surpasses t ( fri5ds1 x is n only  

on acc\nt ( ! fasc9ation ( sex1 b       
because m>riage may be ! supreme        
fri5d%ip4 ,em]son decl>$ t e man passes 
8 life 9 ! se>* aft] fri5d%ip2 & !      
greate/ ( ,/ev5son's ?ree desid]ata =   
happ9ess 0 - ,a*1 ,du lieb] ,gott1      
fri5ds6 ,human be+s1 ev5 :5 br\ght up 9 
a simil> environm5t1 are s inf9itely    
div]g5t 9 temp]am5t & ideal1 t ! ne> (  
k9 seldom meet a man's deepe/ ne$s1 & he
 mu/ wait & wat* to f9d "o "h & !re )   
:om he c clasp h&s 9 real mutual        
compreh5sion & accord4 ,want ( ?is      
spontane\s comrade%ip sadly limits a    
life2 no?+ pays m 9 joy ?an ! circle (  
fri5ds t a man c draw ab\t him4 ,no?+1  
likewise1 is m morally /imulat+4 ,:at a 
fri5d ?9ks me to be1 t mu/ ,i be4 ,?is  
l9k+ ( our lives to o!rs draws u out (  
ourselves1 corrects our cramp$ & di/ort$
 vision1 & re9=ces our wav]+            
aspirations4 ,h5ce ^? :o are s critical 
& fa/idi\s z to make few fri5ds ill s]ve
 _! own int]e/s4 ,a c]ta9 he>t9ess &    
fe>lessness ( tru/ is necess>y2         

reproa*es & suspicions1 accusations &   
dem&s = explanations1 mu/ n be indulg$  
91 ev5 if wrong is actually done4 ,a    
presumption ( good int5tions mu/ always 
be ma9ta9$1 ev5 if appe>ances are black4
 ,x is m %ameful1 z ,la ,ro*ef\cauld    
said1 to di/ru/ a fri5d ?an to be       
deceiv$ by him4 ,inde$1 ^! deceptions & 
disillusions are (t5e/ ! result ( our   
own mi/ak5 idealization2 we mu/ expect  
nei!r p]fection nor ^? p>ticul> virtues 
9 :i* we ourselves are especially       
punctili\s1 & und]take to love & cleave 
to a mortal1 n an angel4 ,fri5d%ip      
requires n only t we l5d a h& :5 help is
 ne$$2 x implies pati5ce & tact & !     
endeavor to und]/&4 ,?r\gh common       
exp]i5ces1 repeat$ int]*ange ( ?\ght &  
obs]vation1 mutual enjoym5t ( beauty &  
fun1 p>ticul>ly 9 express+ common ideals
 & work+ toge!r = common causes1 !re    
gr[s to maturity ?is wond]ful           
relation%ip ! sl[e/ fruit 9 ! :ole g>d5 
( ,god1 :i* _m summ]s & _m w9t]s mu/    
rip54  7#d7 ,beyond ! b\nd>ies ( blood &

 fri5d%ip lie a :ole hi]>*y ( less]     
relation%ips-to neighbors1 to employees1
 to fell[ t[nsm51 to human be+s ! _w    
ov]4 ,m]e proximity con/itutes a claim t
 is n commonly ackn[l$g$ :5 di/ance     
int]poses2 mo/ m5 w\ld be mortally a%am$
 to let a next-door neighbor />ve1      
al?\gh !y may feel no call to less5 _!  
luxuries :5 ?\s&s1 :om !y c\ld z easily 
succor1 are p]i%+ 9 ! antipodes4 ,& !re 
is a measure ( necessity 9 ?is2 to burd5
 our m9ds ) ! ?\ght ( ! suff]+ 9 ,india1
 9 ,russia1 9 ,japan1 leads to a p>alyz+
 s5se ( impot5ce4 ,if we conf9e our     
?\ght to ! dwell]s on our /reet or 9 our
 t[n1 x may n seem utt]ly hopeless to   
try to rem$y _! di/ress2 to improve !   
situation ( ! labor]s 9 "o's own %op or 
factory lies )9 ! limits (              
practicability4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( 
! univ]sal bro!rhood ( man is becom+ a  
work+ pr9ciple at la/2 & millions (     
doll>s & ?\s&s ( our able/ "y m5 & wom5 
are cross+ ! oceans to uplift & civilize
 ! m backw>d nations1 9 def]5ce to !    

admonition t we are our bro!rs' keep]s4 
,at home ?is recognition ( ! basic human
 relation%ip ( liv+ toge!r on ?is little
 sph]e1 t is plung+ ) u all ?r\gh !     
great deeps ( space1 %\ld help to       
oblit]ate class l9es & snobbi%ness & br+
 ab\t a real democracy ( fell[%ip4  7#e7
 ,f9ally1 we h a duty to ^? dumb bro!rs 
( ours1 ! animal species t %>e ) u !    
e>?4 ,= !y1 too1 feel pa9 & pleasure1 & 
are mu* at our m]cy4 ,we mu/ le>n ,nev] 
to bl5d our pleasure or our pride ,)    
sorr[ ( ! meane/ ?+ t feels4  ,all      
ne$less hurt+ ( s5ti5t creatures is     
cruelty1 :e!r ( ! boy :o tortures frogs 
& flies1 or ( ! gr[n man :o takes 8     
pleasure 9 hunt+ to dea? a fright5$ de]4
 ,bea/s ( prey mu/1 inde$1 be ru?lessly 
put to dea?1 j z we execute murd]]s2    
among !m are to be c\nt$ flies1         
mosquitoes1 rats1 & ! o!r pe/s s deadly 
to ! human race & to o!r animals4 ,b    
dea? %\ld be inflict$ z pa9lessly z     
possible2 no humane man w prolong !     
suff]+ ( ! humble/ creature = ! sake (  

sport or take pleasure 9 ! kill+4 ,we   
mu/ say ) ,c[p] ,i w\ld n ent] on my li/
 ( fri5ds1 7,?\gh grac$ ) poli%$ mann]s 
& f9e s5se1 ,yet want+ s5sibility7 ! man
 ,:o ne$lessly sets foot ^u a worm4     
,?is does n necess>ily imply t we may n 
re> & kill animals = food4 ,:5 prop]ly  
slaught]$1 !y suff] inappreciably-no m1 
& probably less1 ?an !y w\ld o!rwise    
suff] be=e dea?2 ! fe> ( ! hunt$ animal 
is n pres5t1 & !re is no dang] ( leav+  
mate & (fspr+ to suff]4 ,inde$1 !       
animals t are br$ = food w\ld n h _!    
*ance to live at all b = s]v+ t end2 &  
_! exi/5ce is ord9>ily1 )\t d\bt1 ( "s  
positive balance ( wor? to !m4 ,c]ta9ly 
! re>+ ( cattle & %eep & *ick5s adds    
appreciably to ! picturesqu5ess &       
ri*ness ( human life2 & if dieticians   
are to be believ$1 _! food value c\ld   
h>dly be replac$ by sub/itutes4  ,! "q (
 vivisection is n a difficult "o4       
,c]ta9ly exp]im5tation on liv+ animals  
%\ld be %>ply controll$1 ane/hetics %\ld
 be us$ :5ev] possible1 & ! ne$less     

repetition ( op]ations = illu/rative    
purposes %\ld be =bidd54 ,b x is f>     
bett] = ! g5]al good t necess>y         
exp]im5tation %\ld be p]=m$ ^u animals  
?an ^u human be+s2 n at all z a p>tisan 
judgm5t1 to %ift suff]+ f ourselves to  
o!rs1 :i* w\ld be unju/ifiable1 b       
because animals are less s5sitive to    
pa91 & unable to =esee & fe> x z human  
be+s w\ld4 ,! human lives sav$ h be5 (  
f> great] wor? n only to !mselves b     
objectively ?an ! animal lives          
sacrific$4 ,moreov]1 except = a few gl>+
 in/ances1 vivisection has involv$      
little cruelty2 & ! crusade aga9/ x1    
?\gh actuat$ by a noble impulse1 has    
re/$ ^u misrepres5tation ( facts &      
exagg]ation ( evils4  ,:at g5]al duties 
d we owe our fell[s8  7#a7 ,! ab/ract   
duty to refra9 f hurt+ our fell[s1 & to 
give positive help1 to :omev] we c1 w   
f9d con/ant application 9 connection )  
ea* specific problem we are to /udy4 ,b 
a few g5]al rem>ks may be p]t95tly made 
"h4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we ne$ to be rem9d$

 t to help requires insight & tact &    
+5uity2 x is n en\gh to respond to      
obvi\s ne$s or actual reque/s2 we mu/   
le>n to und]/& our fell[s' wants1       
rememb] _! ta/es1 seek out ways to add  
to _! happ9ess or light5 _! burd5s4 ,=  
ano!r mu/ realize ! importance ( mann]s1
 cultivate k9dl9ess ( voice & phrase1   
c\rtesy1 *e]fulness1 & good humor4      
,surl9ess & ill temp]1 glumness1        
t\*9ess1 are inexcusable2 nor may we    
ne$lessly burd5 o!rs ) our tr\bles &    
disappo9tm5ts - ! motto1 ,burn y\r own  
smoke1 voices an important duty4 ,aga91 
we mu/ rememb] t p g5]ally are lonely & 
9 ne$ ( love2 we mu/ be g5]\s 9 our     
affection4 ,x is sometimes said t love  
giv5 z a duty is a mock]y2 & d\btless   
spontane\s & irresi/ible love is be/4 ,b
 x is possible to cultivate love4 ,if we
 ?9k ( o!rs n z rivals or enemies1 b z  
fell[s ^: int]e/s we ourselves h at     
he>t1 if we try to put ourselves 9 _!   
place1 see ?r\gh _! eyes1 & enjoy _!    
pleasures & successes1 we %all f9d      

ourselves com+ to want happ9ess = !m &  
!n feel+ "s measure ( affection4 ,m5 &  
wom5 d n h to be p]fect to be lov$2 all 
or ne>ly all are love wor?y1 if we h x 9
 u to love4 7#b7 ,! "q h[ f> we %\ld    
tol]ate :at we believe to be wrong 9    
o!rs1 & h[ f> we %\ld "w to re=m !m1 is 
( ! mo/ difficult4 ,c]ta9ly moral evil  
mu/ be f\ght2 ! c\nsel to resi/ n evil  
_c be tak5 too sweep+ly4 ,no "o c sit   
/ill :ile a big boy is bully+ a small]1 
:ile vice cat]]s are ply+ _! trades1    
:ile cruelty & inju/ice ( any sort are  
be+ p]petrat$4 ,9 less] matt]s1 too1 we 
mu/ n be inactive1 b use our influ5ce & 
p]suasion to call our fell[s to bett]   
?+s4 ,!y may well at "s lat] day reproa*
 u if we %irk our duty to help !m see & 
correct _! faults2 /ill m may we be     
reproa*$ by o!rs :o h be5 h>m$ by faults
 t we might h done some?+ t[>d cur+4    
,(t5 a s+le g5tle & tactful admonition  
has turn$ ! :ole curr5t ( a man's life4 
,! true/ fri5d%ip is n too easy- go+2 x 
/imulates & *ecks z well z com=ts4      

,em]son happily phrases ?is aspect ( !  
matt]3 ,i hate1 :5 ,i look$ = a manly   
fur!rance1 or at lea/ a manly resi/ance1
 to f9d a mu% ( concession4 ,bett] be a 
nettle 9 ! side ( y\r fri5d ?an 8 e*o4  
,?is is1 h[ev]1 only half ! tru?4 ,:at  
,/ev5son calls ! passion ( int]f]5ce )  
o!rs is "o ( ! wret*$e/ poison]s ( human
 happ9ess4 ,p are1 aft] all1 hopelessly 
at v>iance 9 ideals1 & we mu/ be cont5t 
to let o!rs live 9 _! own way & accord+ 
to _! own inn] light1 z we live by ours4
 ,probably nei!r is ! light ( p]fect    
day4 ,p>5ts are p>ticul>ly at fault 9   
?is respect2 r>e is ! fa!r or "m :o is  
will+ t son & daught] %\ld leave !      
p>5tal pa?s & foll[ _! own ideals4      
,incalculable is ! am\nt ( ne$less      
suff]+ caus$ by ! consci5ti\s attempt to
 make o!rs ov] into our own image4 ,z   
,c>lyle wrote1 ,! fri5dlie/ voice mu/   
speak f )\t2 & a man's ultimate monition
 comes only f )94 ,we ne$ n only a      
%rugg+ tol]ance1 b a will+ness to admit 
t ^? :o diff] f u may aft] all be 9 ! "r

 ( x4 ,x (t5 happ5s t z we live our     
/&>ds *ange1 & we come to see t ^? :om  
we 7 anxi\s to re=m 7 less 9 ne$ (      
re=mation ?an we2 & v likely :ile we 7  
blam+ o!rs1 !y 9 _! he>ts 7 blam+ u4 ,! 
old] we gr[ ! less we feel ourselves    
qualifi$ = ! (fice ( c5sor4  ,c]ta9     
practical c\nsels may p]haps be n too   
imp]t95t3 ,be sure y c take advice      
y\rself )\t (f5se or irritation be=e y  
pr(f] x to o!rs2 !re may be beams 9 y\r 
own eyes z well z motes 9 y\r           
neighbors'4 ,be sure y see ?r\gh ! o!r's
 eyes1 & get 8 po9t ( view2 only s c y  
feel reasonably confid5t t y are "r 9   
y\r advice or repro(4,footnote3 ,cf4 ,w4
 ,e4 ,h4 ,lecky1 ,! ,map ( ,life1 p4    
#fh3 ,few m5 h en\gh imag9ation to      
realize types ( excell5ce altoge!r      
diff]+ f _! own4 ,x is ?is1 mu* m ?an   
vanity1 t leads !m to e/eem ! types (   
excell5ce to :i* !y !mselves approximate
 z ! be/1 & ta/es & habits t are        
altoge!r incongru\s ) _! own z futile & 
contemptible4 ,be sure t y are say+ :at 

y are say+ = ! o!r's good1 & n to give  
v5t to y\r own irritability or          
selfi%ness or s5se ( sup]iority2 say :at
 mu/ be said sweetly or gravely1 nev]   
patroniz+ly or %>ply1 ) res5tfulness or 
petulance4 ,be sure y *oose y\r occasion
 tactfully1 & above all ?+s d n nag2 x  
is bett] to h x out once & = all ?an to 
be =ev] h9t+ & compla9+ & reprov+4      
,praise :5 y c1 temp] advice )          
complim5ts1 make x app>5t t y\r _s is   
fri5dly & y\r mood good-temp]$4 ,talk & 
?9k z little z possible ( o!rs' faults2 
he :o is above do+ a l[ act is above    
talk+ ab\t ano!r's fail+s4 ,! only "r   
gossip is t :i* dwells ^u ! pleasant    
side ( our neighbors' do+s4 ,avoid all  
impati5ce1 contempt1 & ang]2 !y poison  
no "o s mu* z him :o feels !m4          
,cultivate k9dl9ess & sympa?y2 love op5s
 bl9d eyes1 helps u to und]/& our       
neighbor1 & to help him 9 ! be/ way4    
,are ! ri* ju/ifi$ 9 liv+ 9 luxury8 ,(  
all ! problems t loyalty to our fell[s  
involves1 none is acut]1 to !           

consci5ti\s man1 ?an t conc]n+ ! degree 
( luxury he may all[ himself4 ,x is     
/rictly ?+s 9 ! _w is limit$2 ! m ,i h1 
! less o!rs h4 ,h[ c a good man be      
cont5t to sp5d unnecess>y sums ^u       
himself & 8 own family1 :5 )9 arm's rea*
 m5 & wom5 & *ildr5 are be+ /unt$       
m5tally & morally1 are liv+ 9 dirt &    
squalor1 are succumb+ to disease1 are   
actually dy+1 = lack ( ! com=t &        
opportunity t 8 sup]flu\s weal? c\ld    
give8 ,:]ev] we may live1 if we draw a  
circle ar\nd u ( a hundr$ ?\s& sic1 or a
 ?\s&1 or ev5 ( t5 miles' circumf]5ce1 &
 look at ! lives ( ^? m5 & wom5 :o are  
inside our circle1 we %all f9d half-    
/>v$ *ildr51 old p1 pregnant wom51 sick 
& weak p]sons1 all work+ beyond _!      
/r5g?1 ) nei!r food nor re/ en\gh to    
support !m1 & s dy+ be=e _!             
"t4,footnote3 ,tol/oy1 ,:at ,%all ,we ,d
 ,!n8 *ap4 xxvi4 ,x is only a lack (    
imag9ation & sympa?y1 or an actual      
ignorance ( conditions1 t c p]mit s _m  
really k9d-he>t$ p to sp5d s mu* money  

^u clo!s1 amusem5ts1 elaborate d9n]s1 & 
a lot ( o!r sup]fluities1 9 a _w s full 
( desp]ate ne$4 ,x w\ld be well if e    
citiz5 c\ld be compell$ to d a little   
*>ity-visit+1 or some?+ ( ! sort1 t he  
might see ) 8 own eyes ! cramp+ &       
demoraliz+ conditions "u :i*1 = %e] lack
 ( money1 s _m wor?y poor1 "u ! pres5t  
crude social organization1 mu/ live4 ,x 
is ! segregation ( ! well to d 9 _!     
sep>ate qu>t]s t fo/]s _! %ameless      
call\sness1 & leads1 9 ! ri*1 to t      
flagrant exhibition ( great weal? :i*   
almo/ fright5s ^? :o "k ! de/itution ( !
 poor4  ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a gr[+ uneas9ess
 among ^? :o h1 an increas+ s5se (      
responsibility t[>d ^? :o h n2 !re are  
hopeful signs ( a return to ! sane ideal
 ( ! ,greeks1 :o deem$ x vulg> & b>b>ic 
to sp5d money lavi%ly on self4 ,!       
compunctions ( ! ri* are indicat$1 on ! 
"o h&1 by g5]\s donations made to all   
sorts ( causes1 & on ! o!r h&1 by !     
argum5ts :i* are n[ ?\ght necess>y to   
ju/ify ! selfi% use ( money4 ,^!        

argum5ts we may cursorily discuss4  7#a7
 ,a clev] writ] 9 a rec5t magaz9e       
,footnote3 ,ka!r9e ,full]ton ,g]\ld1 9 !
 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 vol4 #aji1 p4 #ace4 
speaks ( factiti\s altruism2 ) ?is      
altruism ( ! ,procru/eans :o w\ld r$uce 
e "o to ! simple life-%e has little     
pati5ce4 ,?\s&s ( p seem to be infect$ )
 ! idea t by do+ m !mselves !y be/[     
leisure on o!rs2 t by we>+ %abby clo!s  
!y someh[ make x possible = o!rs to     
dress bett]- ?\gh !y ?us admit tacitly t
 leisure & elegance are n evil ?+s4 ,or 
p]haps-?\gh ,heav5 =bid !y %\ld be      
"r6-!y m]ely ?9k t by refus+ night+ales'
 tongues !y make e "o m cont5t )        
porridge4 ,let u be gallant ab\t !      
porridge t we mu/ eat2 b let u nev] =get
 t !re are bett] ?+s to eat ?an         
porridge4  ,?is philosophy1 less        
gracefully express$1 is n uncommon4     
,luxury is1 o!r ?+s equal1 bett] ?an    
simplicity4 ,b o!r ?+s are n equal :5   
our neighbors are cold & sick & hungry4 
,:at self- respect+ man c eat cavi> on  

pr9ciple :5 ano!r has n ev5 bread8 ,by  
we>+ pla9] clo!s we c make x possible = 
o!rs to dress bett]1 by d5y+ ourselves  
night+ales' tongues we c buy porridge = 
! poor4 ,x surely betok5s a l[ moral    
/age ( civilization t s _m1 nev]!less1  
*oose ! ,paqu9 g[ns & ! six-c\rse d9n]s4
 ,luxury is bett] ?an simplicity if x c 
be ! luxury ( all4 ,if n1 x means       
selfi%ness1 call\sness1 & brok5 bonds ( 
bro!rhood4 ,moreov]1 x has p]sonal      
dang]s2 x t5ds to bre$ s(tness &        
laz9ess1 an inability to endure h>d%ip1 
:at ,agnes ,reppli] calls loss ( n]ve4  
,x t5ds to *oke ! s\l1 to cru% x by !   
weight ( worldly ?+s1 z ,t>peia 0 cru%$ 
by ! ,sab9e %ields4 ,h>dly c a ri* man  
ent] ! k+dom ( heav54 ,simple liv+1 )   
occasional luxuries1 f> m appreciat$ =  
_! r>ity1 is heal?i] & saf]1 & 9 ! end  
p]haps z happy4 ,c]ta9ly ! luxury ( !   
upp] classes has usually port5d$ !      
d[nfall ( nations4 ,x is luxury :i*     
upholds /ates8 asks ,laveleye2 yes1 j z 
! execution] upholds ! hang$ man4 ,ill  

f>es ! l&1 to ha/5+ ills a prey1 ,:]e   
weal? accumulates & m5 decay4  7#b7 ,!re
 is a patrician illusion preval5t among 
! ri*1 to ! effect t !y are m s5sitive  
?an ! poor1 h high] natures :i* dem& m  
to satisfy !m2 t ! l[] classes d n ne$ &
 w\ld n appreciate ! luxuries :i* are   
necess>y to _! exi/5ce4 ,to ?is ! reply 
is1 ,g & get acqua9t$ ) !m2 y w f9d t !y
 are j ! same sort ( p t y & y\r fri5ds 
are-n s educat$1 v likely1 nor s ref9$ (
 spee* & mann]1 b ) ! same long+s &     
capacities = enjoym5t4 ,( c\rse1 !y     
become us$ to discom=t & deprivation1   
se>$ by suff]+2 s w\ld y 9 _! place4    
,human nature has a =tunate ability to  
adju/ itself to its environm5t4 ,b ev5  
if ! poor d n realize :at !y are miss+1 
t is scant excuse = n br++ to !m1 z we  
c1 new com=ts & opportunities4  7#c7 ,! 
commone/ fallacy lies 9 ! argum5t t by  
lavi% consumption ! ri* provide         
employm5t = ! poor4 ,!y provide         
employm5t1 yes1 9 s]v+ !m4 ,!y create   
ne$less "w1 :]e !re is s mu* "w cry+ to 

be done4 ,if t money is put into ! bank1
 in/ead1 or into /ocks & bonds1 x w     
employ m5 & wom5 9 really useful tasks4 
,if x is giv5 to "s ( ! wor?y causes :i*
 are always h&icapp$ = lack ( funds1 x w
 employ m5 9 c>+ = ! sick1 9 educat+ !  
ignorant1 9 fe$+ ! hungry1 or 9 br++    
recreation & relief to ! worn4 ,e man or
 woman ^: "t & /r5g? we buy = our       
p]sonal s]vice-valet1 maid1 g>d5]1      
dressmak]1 *ef1 or :at n-is tak5 away f 
! o!r "w ( ! _w4  7#d7 ,a c]ta9         
hopelessness ( effect+ any good (t5     
p>alyzes good w4 ,! help a little money 
c give seems l a drop 9 ! bucket2 its   
assi/ance is b = a day1 & ! ne$ rema9s z
 great z ev]4 ,x may ev5 be worse ?an   
wa/$2 x may enc\rage %iftlessness1 x may
 paup]ize4 ,!re is no d\bt t            
indiscrim9ate & ?\ghtless *>ity is      
dang]\s2 ! crude l>gesse ( a few ri*    
,romans ( ! ,empire br$ va/ corruption &
 paup]ism4 ,b !re is mu* t c safely be  
done2 !re are _m wise & cauti\s ag5cies 
at "w = aid & uplift2 & e little1 if    

giv5 to "o ( !m1 is ( real help4  7#e7  
,x is sometimes said t if society       
disc\nt5ances luxury1 ! motive = h>d &  
effici5t "w w be too mu* r$uc$2 we ne$  
?is extra spur to ex]tion4 ,b ! e>n+ (  
:at may p]missibly be sp5t on self is   
spur en\gh2 !re is no ne$ ( inord9ate   
luxury to fo/] fai?fulness & ex]tion4 ,!
 praise ( sup]iors & equals1 a mod]ate  
rise 9 scale ( liv+1 ! %ame ( %irk+1 !  
in/9ctive glory 9 a*ievem5t1 & ! joy (  
help+ o!rs1 are /imuli en\gh4  7#f7     
,f9ally1 ! la/ argum5t ( ! selfi% man is
 t he has e>n$ 8 money2 x is 82 he has a
 "r to d ) x z he pleases ,?is we _c    
admit4 ,legally he is z yet free s      
backw>d is our social ord]-to accumulate
 & sp5d ^u himself va/ sums4 ,b x is n  
be/ = society t he %\ld1 & s he is n    
morally ju/ifi$ !re94 ,we mu/ agree )   
,c>negie t :atev] surplus weal? comes to
 him 7beyond 8 ne$s & ^? ( 8 family7 is 
to be reg>d$ z a social tru/1 :i* he is 
b\nd to adm9i/] = ! good ( 8 fell[s2 & )
 ,pr(essor ,sag]1 t ! g5]al int]e/      

requires acceptance ( ! maxim3 !        
consumption ( luxuries %\ld be def]r$   
until all are provid$ ) necess>ies4 ,?is
 does n mean t we ne$ live l peasants1 z
 ,tol/oy advis$1 make our own %oes1 &   
till our own plot ( gr\nd2 nor t we mu/ 
come d[n to ! level ( ! l[e/4 ,by do+ t 
we %\ld lose ! great advantages ( our   
mat]ial progress1 :i* re/s ^u ! high    
specialization ( labor & reciprocal     
s]vice4 ,we %\ld lose ! *>m &           
picturesqu5ess ( highly diff]5tiat$     
lives1 & s9k into ! dull1 monoton\s     
democracy :i* ,mat!w ,arnold s dread$4  
,we mu/ "w :]e we c be/ s]ve2 we mu/ try
 to make our lives & _! surr\nd+s       
beautiful1 s f> z beauty does n require 
too great co/4 ,we mu/ save up = a ra9y 
day1 = insurance aga9/ illness & old    
age1 = wife & *ildr54 ,we may prop]ly   
inve/ money1 :]e x w be us$ to good ends
 - s t we bew>e ( sp5d?rift or lazy     
heirs4 ,we mu/ keep up a reasonably     
com=table & beautiful /&>d ( liv+1 su* a
 /&>d z ! majority c\ld hope to atta9 to

 by h>d "w & ab/95ce & ?rift4 ,b all !  
money "o c e>n beyond ?is ought to be   
us$ = s]vice4 ,! extravagance &         
o/5tation & wa/e ( _m ev5 mod]ately well
 to d are a blot ^u our civilization4 ,!
 insane ideal ( lavi% adornm5t1 (       
fa%ionable clo!s & co/ly furni%+s1 ( m]e
 va9 display & wanton luxury1 infects   
ri* & poor alike1 isolat+ ! =m] f !     
great univ]sal curr5t ( life1 & provok+ 
9 ! latt] bitt]ness & an>*ism4 ,let u   
ask 9 e case1 ,does ?is exp5diture br+  
use1 heal?1 joy comm5surate ) ! labor x 
repres5ts8 ,a great deal ( curr5t exp5se
 9 dress+1 9 ent]ta9+1 9 eat+1 c\ld be  
sav$ by a s5sible economy1 ) no         
appreciable loss 9 enjoym5t4 ,we mu/ n  
=get t ev]y?+ we consume has be5 produc$
 by ! labor & "t ( o!rs4 ,:at =tune1 or 
our own clev]ness1 has put into our h&s 
t we d n ne$ = mak+ fair & free our own 
lives1 & ! lives ( ^? dep5d5t ^u u1 we  
%\ld pass on to ^? ^: ne$ is great] ?an 
ours4 ,is x wrong to gamble1 bet1 or    
speculate8 ,a coroll>y to our discussion

 ( ! duties app]ta9+ to ! use ( money   
mu/ be a condemnation ( gambl+4 ,its mo/
 obvi\s evil is ! dang] ( loss ( ne$$   
money2 mo/ gambl]s _c rightly af=d to   
?r[ away :at ought to be us$ = _! real  
ne$s & ^? ( _! families4 ,notably is ?is
 ! case ) college /ud5ts1 support$ by _!
 p>5ts1 :o he$lessly wa/e ! money t o!rs
 h work$ h>d to save4 ,b ev5 if a man be
 ri*1 he %\ld /ew>d 8 weal? = purposes  
useful to society4 ,& he mu/ rememb] t  
if he c af=d to lose1 p]haps 8 oppon5t  
_c4 ,moreov]1 if _m _c af=d to lose1 no 
"o c af=d to w94 ,insidi\sly ?is gett+ (
 une>n$ money promotes laz9ess1 & !     
desire to acquire m money )\t "w4 ,x    
makes aga9/ lov+ relations ) o!rs1 s9ce 
"o always ga9s at ano!r's exp5se4 ,x    
quickly becomes a morbid passion1 an    
unheal?y excitem5t1 :i* absorbs too mu* 
en]gy & kills m natural enjoym5ts4 ,!   
gambl+ mania1 l any o!r reckless        
dissipation1 easily leads to o!r        
dissipations1 su* z dr9k+ & sex         
indulg5ce4 ,^! disa/r\s consequ5ces are1

 ( c\rse1 by no means always incurr$4 ,b
 9 ord] t ! weak] may be sav$ f !m1 x   
behooves ! /rong] to ab/a94 ,all bett+1 
all play+ games = money1 all gambl+ 9   
/ocks is wrong 9 pr9ciple1 liable to br+
 ne$less unhapp9ess4 ,! honorable man w 
hate to take money :i* has n be5 fairly 
e>n$2 he w wi% to help protect ^? :o are
 prone to run useless risks aga9/       
!mselves4 ,! safe/ place to draw ! l9e  
is on ! ne> side ( all gambl+1 h[ev]    
trivial4,footnote3 ,see ,h4 ,jeffs1     
,conc]n+ ,consci5ce1 ,app5dix4 ,r4 ,e4  
,spe]1 ,a ,"y ,man's ,que/ions1 *ap4 xi 
,b4 ,s4 ,r[ntree1 ,bett+ & ,gambl+4     
,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 vol4    
#ah1 p4 #gf4 ,g5]al relations to o!rs3  
,f4 ,pauls51 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 book      
,,iii1 *ap4 ,,ix1 sec4 #f2 *ap4 ,x1     
secs4 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,g4 ,santayana1       
,reason 9 ,society4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mack5zie1  
,manual ( ,e?ics1 #b;d ed1 *ap4 ,,ix4   
,em]son1 ,society & ,solitude title     
essay4 ,p4 ,g4 ,ham]ton1 ,!             
,intellectual ,life1 "p ,,ix4 ,fri5d%ip3

 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ics1 books4 ,,viii1 ,,ix4
 ,em]son1 ,fri5d%ip 79 ,essays1 vol4    
,i74 ,h4 ,c4 ,trumbull1 ,fri5d%ip !     
,ma/] ,passion4 ,r&olph ,b\rne1 9       
,atlantic ,mon?ly1 vol4 #aaj1 p4 #gie4  
,luxury3 ,e4 de ,laveleye1 ,luxury4 ,e4 
,j4 ,urwick1 ,luxury & ,wa/e ( ,life4   
,tol/oy1 ,:at ,%all ,we ,d ,!n8 7or1    
,:at ,to ,d87 ,maet]l9ck1 ,our ,social  
,duty 79 ,measure ( ! ,h\rs74 ,f4       
,pauls51 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 book ,,iii1   
*ap4 ,,iv1 secs4 #c1 #d4 ,t4 ,w4        
,higg9son1 9 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 vol4    
#ajg1 p4 #cja4 ,h4 ,sidgwick1 ,practical
 ,e?ics1 *ap4 ,,vii4 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1   
vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ci4 ,h4 ,r4 ,seag]1      
,introduction to ,economics1 *ap4 ,,iv1 
secs4 #dc-de4     ,,*apt] ,,xix         
,,tru?fulness ,,& ,,its ,,problems  ,s9s
 ( untru?fulness are n s s$uctive or1   
usually1 s s]i\s z ^? we h be5 consid]+2
 b = t reason !y are p]haps m p]vasive -
 we are less on our gu>d aga9/ !m4 ,:at 
are ! reasons = ! obligation (          
tru?fulness8 ,tru?fulness means         

tru/wor?9ess4 ,! organization ( society 
c\ld n be ma9ta9$ )\t mutual confid5ce4 
,?is g5]al ne$ & ! specific h>m done to 
! individual li$ to1 if he is !reby     
misl$1 are suffici5tly pla94 ,footnote3 
,i w cont5t myself ) quot+ "o s5t5ce f  
,mill 7,utilit>ianism1 *ap4 ,,ii71 w>n+ 
! read] to take a deep brea? be=e he    
plunges 93 ,inasmu* z ! cultivation 9   
ourselves ( a s5sitive feel+ on !       
subject ( v]acity is "o ( ! mo/ useful1 
& ! enfeeblem5t ( t feel+ "o ( ! mo/    
hurtful1 ?+s to :i* our conduct c be    
in/rum5tal2 & inasmu* z any1 ev5        
un9t5tional1 deviation f tru? does t mu*
 t[>ds weak5+ ! tru/wor?9ess ( human    
ass]tion1 :i* is n only ! pr9cipal      
support ( all pres5t social well-be+1 b 
! insuffici5cy ( :i* does m ?an any "o  
o!r ?+ t c be nam$ to keep back         
civilization1 virtue1 ev]y?+ on :i*     
human happ9ess on ! l>ge/ scale dep5ds1 
- we feel t ! violation1 = a pres5t     
advantage1 ( a rule ( su* transc5d5t    
exp$i5cy1 is n exp$i5t1 & t he :o1 = !  

sake ( a conv5i5ce to himself or to "s  
o!r individual1 does :at dep5ds on him  
to deprive mank9d ( ! good1 & inflict ^u
 !m ! evil1 involv$ 9 ! great] or less  
reliance :i* !y c place 9 ea* o!rs'     
words1 acts ! "p ( "o ( _! wor/ enemies4
 ,! evil result+ to ! man :o lies is    
less g5]ally recogniz$4 ,we may summ>ize
 x "u ?ree heads3  7#a7 ,x is mu* simpl]
 & less worrisome1 usually1 to tell !   
tru?4 ,a lie is apt to be scantly on our
 gu>d2 & "o lie is v likely to ne$      
propp+ by o!rs4 ,we are l$ easily into  
deep wat]s1 & discov] :at a tangl$ web  
we weave ,:5 fir/ we practice to        
deceive4 ,b :5 we tell ! tru?1 we h no  
ne$ to rememb] :at we said2 !re is a    
c>efree he>t9ess ab\t ! life t is op5 & 
abovebo>d t ! li>1 unless he has giv5 up
 try+ to ma9ta9 a reputation1 nev] kn[s4
  7#b7 ,ly+ is usually a ,,symptom - (  
selfi%ness1 vanity1 gre$1 slov5l9ess1 or
 "s o!r vici\s t5d5cy :i* a man _c af=d 
to tol]ate4 ,refus+ to give v5t 9 spee* 
to ^! undesirable /ates ( m9d helps to  

atrophy !m1 :ile e expression ( !m      
insures !m a deep] hold4 ,untru?fulness 
is ! great ally ( all =ms ( di%one/y2 & 
/rict scruples aga9/ ly+ make x mu*     
easi] to cle> !m f ! s\l4 ,?is is ! be/ 
vantage po9t f :i* to attack !          
half-consci\s egotism :i* seeks to      
create a false impression ( "o's virtues
 or p[]s1 ! insidi\sly gr[+ av>ice t    
in/9ctively ov]values goods = sale &    
disp>ages :at is (f]$4 ,x is a good     
vantage po9t f :i* to attack            
c>elessness1 inaccuracy1 & neglig5ce2 ! 
man :o has tra9$ himself to precision ( 
spee*1 :o is pa9/ak+ly hone/ 9 8        
/atem5ts1 :o qualifies & discrim9ates1 &
 hits ! bull's eye 9 8 descriptions (   
fact1 c be pretty safely dep5d$ ^u to d 
?+s rightly z well4 ,! selfi% lie is    
nev] ju/ifiable1 because selfi%ness is  
nev] ju/ifiable2 ! c[>dly lie - ly+ out 
( unpleasant consequ5ces - is wrong1    
because c[>dice is wrong4 ,to bani% !   
symptoms may n :olly bani% ! und]ly+    
causes1 b x is "o good way to g ab\t x4 

,at lea/1 ! lies are dang] signals4     
7#c7 ,! habit ( ly+ is v easily acquir$2
 & ! habitual li> is sure1 soon] or     
lat]1 to be caught & to be despis$4 ,he 
has =feit$ ! confid5ce ( m5 & w f9d x   
almo/ impossible to rega9 x or to w9 a  
position ( tru/4 ,if "o mu/ lie1 !n1 x  
pays to lie boldly1 z a def9ite &       
au?oriz$ exception to "o's g5]al rule2 9
 ?is way "o may keep f slid+ unaw>es    
into ! habit4 ,all equivocations &      
dissimulations1 all lit]al tru?s t are  
really deceptions1 all attempts to salve
 "o's own consci5ce by mak+ "o's        
/atem5ts true 9 a s5se1 & yet ga9 !     
advantage ( an out-&- out lie1 are      
mis]able make-%ifts & utt]ly demoraliz+4
 ,!re is n mu* 9 a tru?fulness :i* is   
only phrase-deep4 ,:e!r we deceive o!rs 
or no1 we _c af=d to deceive ourselves2 
we %\ld nev] deviate a hair's bread? f !
 tru? )\t ackn[l$g+ ! deviation to      
ourselves z a necess>y b un=tunate evil4
 ,a man may say no?+ b :at is true1 &   
yet int5tionally give a wrong           

impression2 tru? 9 _s1 n tru? to !      
lett]1 is ! true v]acity4 ,a lie may be 
told by a tru?1 or a tru? convey$ by a  
lie4 ,a man may h sat 9 a room = h\rs & 
n op5$ 8 tee?1 & yet come out ( t room a
 disloyal fri5d or a vile               
calumniator4,footnote3 ,/ev5son1        
,virg9ibus ,pu]isque1 *ap4 ,,iv4 ,if a  
man lies delib]ately & regretfully1 = an
 end t seems to him to require x1 he may
 be mak+ a mi/ake2 b he is escap+ ! wor/
 dang] ( ly+4 ,he is n corrupt+ 8 s\l1  
blurr+ 8 vision ( ! l9e betwe5 s9c]ity &
 ins9c]ity1 & numb+ 8 consci5ce s t     
pres5tly he w lie z a matt] ( c\rse - & 
be univ]sally di/ru/$4 ,all ( ?is is v  
cle>1 & suffici5tly expla9s our ideal ( 
v]acity4 ,b x is n en\gh = morali/s to  
dwell ^u ! g5]al necessity (            
tru?fulness2 ! problems connect$ !re)   
arise :5 "o asks1 ,are !re n legitimate 
or ev5 obligatory exceptions to ! rule8 
,except = a few !ori/s :o are m attract$
 by unity & simplicity ?an by ! concrete
 complexities ( life1 practically all   

agree t !re are occasions :5 ly+ is     
necess>y1 occasions :5 ! confid5ce ( m5 
w\ld n be de/roy$ by a lie because ( !  
cle>ly exceptional nature ( ! case4 ,c  
we lay d[n any useful rules 9 ! matt]1  
indicat+ :at types ( cases require      
untru?fulness8 ,:at exceptions are      
all[able to ! duty ( tru?fulness8 ,love 
und\bt$ly sometimes requires1 & (t5]    
/ill excuses1 a lie4  7#a7 ,!re are !   
trite cases :]e by mis9=mation a        
prospective murd]] is misl$ & 8 pot5tial
 victim sav$2,footnote3 ,cf4 ! some:at  
simil> situation 9 ,victor ,hugo's ,les 
,mis]ables 7,fant9e1 la/ *apt]7 :]e     
,soeur ,simplice lies to ,jav]t ab\t    
,jean ,valjean4 ,hugo applauds ! lie    
p]haps too extravagantly 7,o sa9te      
fille6 que ce m5songe v\s soit compte   
dans le p>adis672 b few probably w\ld   
condemn x4 ,ano!r int]e/+ case is t ( a 
,fr5* girl 9 ! days ( ! ,commune4 ,on h]
 way to execution h] fiance tri$ to     
int]f]e2 b %e1 realiz+ t if he 7 kn[n to
 be h] lov] he w\ld likewise be execut$1

 look$ coldly ^u him & said1 ,sir1 ,i   
nev] knew y6 :]e a sick man1 :o w\ld h  
less *ance ( recov]y if he realiz$ 8    
dang]\s condition1 is *e]$ & c>ri$ ov] !
 critical po9t by lov+ deception2 :]e a 
!at] cat*es fire & a disa/r\s panic is  
av]t$ by a /atem5t to ! audi5ce t "o ( !
 actors has fall5 ill1 & ! p]=mance mu/ 
be end$4 ,9 su* cases x is fooli% to    
talk ( ! possibility ( evasion2 x is    
direct mis/atem5t t is necess>y to      
prev5t ! great evil t k1 or ev5         
suspicion ( ! tru?1 might entail4       
,tru?fulness "u su* circum/ances1 or ev5
 ! tak+ ( a *ance by attempt+ to effect 
deception )\t lit]al untru?1 w\ld be    
brutal & inexcusable4 ,z ,saleeby puts  
x1 ,:5 ! *oice is betwe5 be+ a li> or a 
brute1 only brutal p c tell ! tru? or   
hesitate to lie - & t "r                
r\ndly4,footnote3 ,e?ics1 p4 #ajc4 ,9   
su* cases ! public1 includ+ ! v p       
deceiv$ 7except ! murd]]1 :o des]ves no 
consid]ation71 applaud ! lie2 no lack ( 
confid5ce is eng5d]$4 ,o!r cases1 less  

commonly discuss$1 are equally cle>4 ,a 
"m has j lo/ a son :om %e has idealiz$ &
 believ$ to be pure2 8 classmates "k him
 to h be5 a rake4 ,if %e asks !m ab\t 8 
"*1 w n all feel call$ ^u to deceive h]1
 & leave h] 9 h] b]eavem5t at lea/ free 
f t wor/ /+8 ,:5 a timid woman or a     
s5sitive *ild is al>m$1 say1 = example1 
at sea 9 a fog1 w n a consid]ate        
companion reit]ate assurance t !re is   
little or no dang]1 ev5 :5 he himself   
believes ! risk may be great8 ,:5 a man 
is ask$ ab\t "s matt] :i* he has promis$
 to keep secret1 if ! attempt to evade !
 "q 9 ! nature ( ! case is practically a
 lett+-out ( ! secret1 !re seems        
sometimes to be h>dly an alt]native to  
ly+4 ,mrs4 ,g]\ld puts x ?us3 ,a "q put 
by "s "o :o has no "r to ! in=mation    
dem&$1 des]ves no tru?4 ,if a casual    
gossip %\ld ask me :e!r my unm>ri$      
great-aunt liv$ beyond h] means1 ,i %\ld
 feel ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t %e did n al?\gh x
 might be ! private family sc&al t %e   
did4 ,!re are inquiries :i* are a sort (

 moral burgl>y ,footnote3 ,9 ! ,atlantic
 essay ref]r$ to at ! end ( ?is *apt]4  
,! unassign$ quotations foll[+ are f t  
pap]1 :i* ,i am p>ticul>ly glad to      
comm5d aft] r curtly criticiz+ t o!r    
essay ( h]s 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4  7#b7 ,9  
reg>d to ! little lies :i* =m a "p ( !  
conv5tions ( polite society1 !re may be 
diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,_! aim is to obviate
 hurt+ p's feel+s1 to oil ! :eels (     
social misl$ by !m4 ,:5 ask$ by "o's    
ho/ess if "o likes :at is app>5tly !    
only di% provid$1 or if "o has _h en\gh 
:5 "o is really /ill hungry1 ! av]age   
c\rte\s man w murmur a gallant          
falsehood4 ,:at h>m c be done !reby1 &  
:y cause h] useless emb>rassm5t8 ,we    
simply h to be polite z our race & clime
 und]/& polit5ess1 & no "o except a     
naive is really go+ to take ?is sort (  
?+ s]i\sly4 ,to ?ank a /upid ho/ess = ! 
pleasure %e has n giv51 is lov+ "o's    
neighbor z "o's self4 ,i "k only "o     
p]son :om ,i c\ld c\nt on n to indulge  
h]self 9 ^! conv5tional falsehoods1 & %e

 has nev] be5 able1 s f> z ,i "k1 to    
keep a fri5d4 ,! habit ( lit]al         
tru?-tell+1 frankly1 is self-indulg5ce (
 ! wor/4 ,9 "s circles1 at lea/1 !      
phrase n at home is g5]ally und]/ood z a
 polit] =m ( n see+ visitors4 ,x mu/ be 
admitt$1 h[ev]1 t !re is dang] 9 ^!     
c\rte\s untru?s4 ,if ! visitor does n   
und]/& ! n at home 9 ! conv5tional s5se1
 %e may be deeply hurt & lose h] tru/ 9 
h] fri5d1 if %e by *ance discov]s h] to 
h be5 9 ! h\se at ! "t4 ,nor is x always
 wise to truckle to s5sibilities t may  
be fooli%2 blunt tru?fulness1 ev5 if    
unpalatable1 is (t5 9 ! end ! be/       
s]vice4 ,!re are cases :]e untru?fulness
 is %irk+ "o's duty1 j z !re are cases  
:]e tru?fulness is mean or brutal4  ,to 
tell :at we hone/ly ?9k ( a p]son1 or 8 
"w1 may mean to disc\rage him & invite  
demoralization or failure2 to attribute 
virtues or p[]s to him :i* he actually  
does n possess may be to fo/] ^? virtues
 or p[]s 9 him4 ,or ! rev]se may be !   
case2 8 individual ne$ may be ( frank   

criticism or rebuke4 ,! concrete        
decision c only be rea*$ by foll[+ !    
guidance ( ! law ( k9dness1 ! ,apo/le's 
c\nsel ( speak+ tru? 9 love4  7#c7 ,9   
?is connection x may be well to g fur!r 
& emphasize ! fact t !re are _m cases1 n
 necessitat+ a lie1 :]e ! tru? is n to  
be ?ru/ at p4 ,fri5d1 ?\gh ?y s\l %\ld  
burn !e1 yet be /ill4 ,?\ghts 7 n meant 
= /rife1 nor tongues = swords1 ,he t    
sees cle> is g5tle/ ( 8 words1 ,& t's n 
tru? t ha? ! he>t to kill4 ,!re are     
usually pleasant en\gh ?+s t "o ,,c say 
- ?\gh "o may be h>d put to x2 & if !   
tru? mu/ be told1 x may (t5 be          
sug>coat$4 ,presid5t ,hadley1 :5 a "y   
man1 0 receiv+ in/ructions = a delicate 
negotiation4 ,if ! issue is =c$ ^u u1 he
 int]rupt$1 !re is1 ,i ?9k1 no?+ to d b 
to tell ! tru?4 ,ev5 !n1 repli$ 8 *ief1 
n butt end =emo/4 ,cases ( religi\s     
disbelief w occur to e "o4 ,:ile all    
hypocrisy & truckl+ to ! majority op9ion
 is ignoble1 ! blunt ann\ncem5t (       
disbelief may d mu* m h>m ?an good4     

,tru? is n ! only ideal2 m5 live by _!  
beliefs1 & "o :o _c accept a doctr9e :i*
 is preci\s & inspir+ to o!rs %\ld ?9k  
twice be=e help+ to de/roy x4 ,n only   
may he1 aft] all1 be 9 ! wrong1 or b    
half "r2 ev5 if he is :olly "r1 x may n 
be wise to ?ru/ 8 tru? ^u ^? :om x may  
disc\rage or morally p>alyze4 ,footnote3
 ,on ! e?ics ( outspok5ness 9 religi\s  
matt]s1 see ,h4 ,sidgwick1 ,practical   
,e?ics1 *ap4 ,,vi2 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1       
,inaugural ,address at ,/4 ,&rews2      
,mat!w ,arnold1 ,prefaces to ,lit]ature 
& ,dogma & ,god & ! ,bible ,f4 ,pauls51 
,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 book ,,iii1 ,*ap4 ,,xi1
 sec4 #aj4 ,9 :at directions are our    
/&>ds ( tru?fulness l[8 ,tru?fulness 9  
private affairs av]ages fairly high 9   
our times4 ,_m p w1 inde$1 lie ab\t !   
age ( a *ild = ! sake ( pay+ ! half- f>e
 rate1 use ! return half ( a r\nd-trip  
ticket sold only = ! orig9al pur*as]'s  
use1 or look unconc]n$ly out ( ! w9d[ if
 !y ?9k ! conductor w pass !m by )\t    
collect+ f>e4 ,c]ta9 =ms ( su* oral or  

tacit ly+ are s common t p ( loos] /&>ds
 adopt !m ) ! excuse t e "o does x1 or t
 ! company c af=d to lose x4 ,b 9 m     
public matt]s ! preval5ce (             
untru?fulness is mu* m %ock+4 ,/&>ds are
 l[ or un=mulat$1 & x is (t5 extremely  
difficult = ! honorable man to "k :at to
 d2 /rict tru?fulness w\ld deprive him (
 8 position4 ,we may b>ely h9t at "s (  
^! situations4  7#a7 ,9 bus9ess1        
mis/atem5t is g5]ally expect$ ( a       
salesman4 ,adv]tisem5ts ( b>ga9s1 =     
example1 h to be disc\nt$ by ! w>y      
%opp]4 #aj value1 r$uc$ to #c4ih1 may   
mean some?+ wor? really #c4 ,f9e/       
quality may mean av]age quality2 goods  
pass$ (f z fir/-class may be %oddy or   
adult]at$4 ,labels on food/uffs & drugs 
are1 happily1 controll$ to "s degree by 
! national gov]nm5t2 !re ought to be a  
simil> control ov] all adv]tis+4 ,mu* is
 be+ done by ! bett] magaz9es 9         
inve/igat+ goods & refus+ untru?ful     
adv]tis+2 & _m h\ses h built up a des]v$
 reputation = reliability4 ,b /ill !    

economical h\sehold] has to sp5d mu* "t 
9 comp>+ prices & /udy+ values1 t he may
 be sure he is n be+ *eat$4  7#b7 ,9    
politics1 frank tru? tell+ is almo/ r>e4
 ,x is deem$ necess>y to suppress :at   
s\nds unfavorable to a c&idate's *ances1
 to make unfair ins9uations aga9/       
oppon5ts1 to juggle /ati/ics1 emphasize 
half-tru?s1 & "w g5]ally = ! p>ty by    
fair means or f\l4 ,too great c&or 9    
admitt+ ! tru? 9 oppon5ts' argum5ts or !
 wor? ( _! c&idates w\ld be %>ply       
reprim&$ by p>ty lead]s4 ,especially 9  
int]national diplomacy is tru?fulness f>
 to seek4 ,secret>y ,hay1 inde$1 /at$ 9 
! foll[+ words3 ,! pr9ciples :i* h guid$
 u h be5 ( limpid simplicity4 ,we h set 
no traps2 we h wa/$ no "t 9 evad+ !     
imag9>y traps ( o!rs4 ,!re might be     
worse reputations = a c\ntry to acquire 
?an t ( always speak+ ! tru?1 & always  
expect+ x f o!rs4 ,9 b>ga9+ we h tri$ n 
to get ! wor/ ( ! deal1 alway rememb]+1 
h[ev]1 t ! be/ b>ga9s are ^? t satisfy  
bo? sides4 ,let u hope we may nev] be   

big en\gh to outgr[ our consci5ce4 ,o!r 
,am]ican diplomats h foll[$ ! same      
ideal4 ,b ,am]ican diplomacy has be5    
label$ abroad z crude1 & is p]petually 9
 dang] ( laps+ f ?is moral level4   7#c7
 ,! pr(ession ( ! lawy] pres5ts         
peculi>ly difficult problems4 ,may he s 
manipulate ! facts 9 8 plea z to conv9ce
 a jury ( :at he is himself n conv9c$8  
,may he by use ( ! argum5tum ad populum1
 by 8 eloqu5ce & skill1 w9 a case :i* he
 does n believe 9 at he>t8 ,9 "s anci5t 
codes lawy]s _h to swe> n to def5d      
causes :i* !y believ$ unju/4 ,b ?is is  
h>dly fair to a cli5t1 s9ce1 ev5 ?\gh   
appe>ances are aga9/ him1 he may be     
innoc5t2 :atev] c be said = him %\ld be 
discov]$ & pres5t$ to ! tribunal4 ,dr4  
,johnson said3 ,y are n to deceive y\r  
cli5t ) false repres5tations ( y\r      
op9ion1 y are n to tell lies to ! judge1
 b y ne$ h no scruple ab\t tak+ up a    
case :i* y believe to be bad1 or affect+
 a w>m? :i* y d n feel4 ,y d n "k y\r   
cause to be bad till ! judge det]m9es x4

 ,an argum5t :i* does n conv9ce y may   
conv9ce ! judge1 &1 if x does conv9ce   
him1 y are wrong & he is "r4 ,footnote3 
,quot$ by ,w4 ,e4 ,h4 ,lecky1 ,! ,map ( 
,life1 p4 #aaj4 ,! *apt] :i* conta9s ?is
 quotation gives an int]e/+ discussion (
 ! e?ics ( ! lawy] & "s fur!r ref]5ces  
on ! subject4 ,?is dilemma ( ! lawy]    
c\ld be mat*$ by equally d\btful        
situations t confront ! physician1      
,footnote3 ,see1 = a discussion ( !     
e?ics ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 ,g4 ,b]n>d  
,%aw1 ,preface to ,! ,doctor's ,dilemma1
 & ,b4 ,j4 ,h5drick1 ,! ,new ,m$ical    
,e?ics1 9 ,mc,clure's ,magaz9e1 vol4    
#db1 p4 #aag4 & memb]s ( ! o!r          
pr(essions4 ,!re is ne$ ( ackn[l$g$     
pr(essional codes1 drawn up by          
repres5tative memb]s1 & en=c$ by public 
op9ion )9 ! pr(ession & p]haps by !     
dang] ( expulsion f memb]%ip 9 !        
pr(essional associations4 ,x is l>gely !
 v>iation 9 practice betwe5 equally     
consci5ti\s memb]s t causes ! di/ru/ &  
disord] ( our pres5t situation4         

,tru?fulness mu/ be /&>diz$ = !         
pr(essions4 ,footnote3 ,on pr(essional  
codes1 see ,h4 ,jeffs1 ,conc]n+         
,consci5ce1 *ap4 ,,viii4  7#d7 ,! au?or1
 :e!r ( books or essays or reviews1 has 
to face p>ticul>ly p[]ful temptations4  
,x is s easy to ov]/ate 8 case1 to omit 
facts t make aga9/ 8 conclusions1 to use
 color$ words1 to beg ! "q adroitly1 to 
create prejudice by unfair epi!ts1 to   
evade difficult que/ions1 to take !     
popul> side ( a debat$ matt] at ! co/ ( 
loyalty to tru?4 ,controv]sy almo/      
inevitably bre$s inaccuracy2 !re are few
 writ]s :o fight fair4 ,quotations1 torn
 f _! context1 mislead2 c>efully *os5   
figures give a wrong impression2 !      
review] is tempt$ to pick out passages t
 support only 8 cont5tion1 :e!r         
eulogi/ic or depreciatory4 ,leslie      
,/eph5 speaks ( ! ease ) :i* a man end[$
 ) a gift ( popul> rhetoric1 & a        
facility = cat*+ at ! curr5t phrases1 c 
set up z tea*]1 h[ev] palpable to !     
initiat$ may be 8 ignorance4 ,a l>g]    

proportion ( ! great mass ( books ye>ly 
publi%$ are m]e tra%1 appeal+ to untra9$
 read]s1 & only confirm+ !m 9 unw>rant$ 
beliefs & op9ions4 ,few !re are :o are  
really fit to tea* ! public2 & ( ^? !re 
are few] /ill :o love tru? m ?an !      
triumph ( _! op9ion1 :o are c&id1       
scrupul\s1 & exact 9 _! /atem5ts4 ,!re  
is d\btless little consci\s deception2 b
 !re is a great deal ( mis/atem5t :i* is
 inexcusable1 & due ei!r to slov5l9ess1 
lack ( prop] tra9+1 or p>tisan%ip4  ,?is
 br+s u to ! simil> & ev5 grav] evils 9 
our mod]n newspap]s1 :i* we mu/ pause to
 /udy 9 some:at great] detail4 ,= n[h]e 
is untru?fulness s rampant & s %ameless 
z 9 contempor>y j\rnalism4 ,! e?ics (   
j\rnalism4  7#a7 ,! grave/ evil1 p]haps1
 9 j\rnali/ic practice is ! suppression 
or di/ortion ( news 9 ! int]e/ (        
political p>ties & big bus9ess4 ,x is   
impossible to rely on ! political       
in=mation giv5 9 mo/ ( our newspap]s2 !y
 are dom9at$ by a p>ty1 subs]vi5t to !  
int]e/s1 afraid to publi% any?+ t w (f5d

 !m4 ,!y misrepres5t facts1 give        
prejudic$ acc\nts ( ev5ts1 gloss ov]    
occurr5ces unfavorable to _! ends1      
circulate unf\nd$ rumors to create      
op9ion1 p\nce ^u e flaw 9 ! records (   
oppon5ts1- go+ (t5 to ! po9t ( %ameless 
libel1- :ile eulogiz+ indiscrim9ately ! 
politicians ( _! own p>ty4 ,_m ( !m _c  
be c\nt$ on to attack corruption or     
politically protect$ vice4 ,!y are      
organs nei!r ( an imp>tial tru? seek+   
nor ( public s]vice4 ,h[ev] consci5ti\s 
! report]s & editors might wi% to be1 !y
 are b\nd1 by ! fe> ( dismissal1 to     
foll[ ! policy ( ! own]s4  7#b7 ,no less
 repreh5sible1 ?\gh some:at less        
important1 is ! toady+ ( ! newspap]s to 
_! adv]tis]s4 ,! av]age pap] c\ld n exi/
 7 x n = ?is s\rce ( income1 & x _c af=d
 to refuse ! big adv]tisem5ts ev5 :5 !y 
are p]nici\s to ! morals or heal? ( !   
community4 ,s we are confront$ daily by 
! prem$ic9e fakirs1 :o injure ! heal? & 
dra9 ! pocketbooks ( ! guileless4 ,s we 
are expos$ to ! plausible sugge/ions ( !

 sw9dl]s1 fea/$ ) gl[+ prospectuses (   
m9es t w nev] yield a divid5d1 or       
eulogi/ic descriptions ( h\se lots to be
 sacrific$ at a price t is really d\ble 
_! wor?4 ,9 a rec5t po/al raid !        
f9ancial frauds expos$ _h fleec$ !      
public ( ne>ly eighty million doll>s1   
ab\t a ?ird ( :i* _h be5 sp5t 9         
adv]tis+4  ,n only d ! newspap]s accept 
su* adv]tisem5ts1 & ^? ( ! brew]s1 !    
cig>ette-mak]s1 & ! proprietors ( vile  
!at]s1 b !y d n d>e 9 _! columns to     
d5\nce ^! frauds or undesirable trades4 
,!y are muzzl$ because !y _c af=d to    
tell ! tru? :5 x w (f5d ^? :o supply _! 
rev5ue4  7#c7 ,less h>mful1 b m         
sup]ficially conspicu\s1 is ! t5d5cy    
t[>d ! fabrication ( imag9>y news1 to   
attract att5tion & sell ! pap]4 ,huge   
headl9es ann\nce "s excit+ ev5t1 :i*    
bel[ is inconspicu\sly ackn[l$g$ to be b
 a rumor4 ,x w be d5i$ ! next day 9 an  
obscure corn]1 :ile ! front page is     
devot$ to "s new s5sation4 ,?is yell[   
j\rnalism is v irritat+ to "o :o c>es m 

= facts ?an = ?rills2 & ! m reputable   
newspap]s h /ood out aga9/ ?is          
disgraceful habit ( _! less scrupul\s   
rivals4 ,mr4 ,pulitz]1 ! son ( ! fam\s  
editor ( ! ,new ,york ,_w1 9 an address 
at ! op5+ ( ! ,columbia ,univ]sity      
,s*ool ( ,j\rnalism1 spoke vehem5tly    
aga9/ ?is evil3 ,! newspap] :i* sells ! 
public delib]ate fakes in/ead ( facts is
 sell+ adult]at$ goods j z surely z does
 ! rascal :o puts salicylic acid 9 cann$
 meats or ars5ical color+ 9 pres]ves2 & 
x ought to be subject to ! same p5alties
 = adult]ation z are ^! o!r adult]ators4
 ,! fakir is a li> if he is guilty ( a  
fake t injures p1 he is n only a vici\s 
li> b (t5 a moral assass9 z well2 b 9   
ei!r ev5t he is a li>1 & x is only by   
treat+ him uncompromis+ly z su* t he may
 be correct$ if he is n yet a confirm$  
fakir1 or root$ out if he is an         
invet]ate fakir4 ,!re is surely en\gh1 =
 ^? :o h eyes to see1 t is dramatic &   
excit+ 9 actual life )\t dep5d+ ^u      
fictiti\s news4 ,*e/]ton b]ates !       

contempor>y press = fail+ to give u !   
?rill ( reality4 ,x (f5ds z be+ n       
s5sational or viol5t en\gh2 4 4 4 does n
 m]ely fail to exagg]ate life-x         
positively und]rates x4 ,) ! :ole _w    
full ( big & dubi\s in/itutions1 ) !    
:ole wick$ness ( civilization />+ !m 9 !
 face1 _! idea ( be+ bold & bright is to
 attack ! ,w> ,(fice4 4 4 4 ,some?+ :i* 
is an old joke 9 f\r?-rate comic pap]s4 
,footnote3 ,! ,mildness ( ! ,yell[      
,press1 *ap4 ,,viii ( ,h]etics4  7#d7   
,ano!r dang] ( our irresponsible        
j\rnalism lies 9 p&]+ to prejudices &   
antipa?ies1 9 /irr+ up class hatr$ or   
national j+oism4 ,evil motives are      
attribut$ to =eign p[]s2 ! ,g]man       
,emp]or has designs ^u ,s\? ,am]ica2 !  
,japanese are prep>+ to invade our      
,pacific ,coa/4 ,insignificant words (  
individuals are headl9$ & treat$ z      
port5t\s2 =eign peoples are c>icatur$2  
our national honor is held to be 9 dang]
 daily4 ,or ! capitali/s are pictur$ z  
univ]sally fat & gre$y & unscrupul\s2   

an>*ism is enc\rag$-z 9 ! case ( !      
murd]] ( ,mc,kinley1 :o 0 directly      
incit$ to 8 de$ by ! viol5t diatribes ( 
a contempor>y newspap]4 ,su* demagogu]y 
might fl\ri% ev5 ) /rict reg>d =        
tru?fulness2 b x becomes f> worse :51 z 
usual1 9 its appeal to popul>           
prejudices1 x exagg]ates & inv5ts &     
suppresses facts4  7#e7 ,! notori\s     
emphasis ^u crime & summ>y ( j\rnali/ic 
evils4 ,e unpleasant fact t ought1 f    
k9dness to ^? conc]n$ & f reg>d to !    
morals ( ! read]s1 to be ignor$ or pass$
 lightly ov]1 is in/ead dragg$ out into 
! light4 ,! delight 9 besmir*+ suppos$ly
 respectable citiz5s1 ! brutal intrusion
 into private unhapp9ess1 ! detail$     
description ( dome/ic trag$y1 is no?+   
%ort ( outrage\s4 ,pictures ( adult]]s &
 murd]]s1 ( ! in/rum5ts & sc5es (       
crimes1 precise in/ructions to !        
un9itiat$ = _! commission1 explanations 
( ! success ( burgl>y or tra9-wreck]s1  
help m>vel\sly to sell a pap]1 b d n    
help ! morals ( ! y\ng] g5]ation4 ,no "o

 c e/imate ! am\nt ( sexual /imulation1 
( sugge/ion to s9 & vice1 = :i* our     
newspap]s are responsible4  7#f7 ,9     
conclusion1 we may m5tion a trivial     
matt] :i*1 h[ev]1 br+s our newspap]s    
into des]v$ disrepute-_! self-laudation 
ad boa/+4 ,h[ _m greate/ ,am]ican       
newspap]s are !re8 ,!re are ev51 9 ?is  
c\ntry alone1 m ?an "o ,_w's greate/    
newspap]6 ,f ?is pr9ciple ( conceit !re 
are all gradations d[n to ! humble/     
village pap] t lies ab\t its circulation
 & extols itself z ! necess>y adjunct ( 
e home4 ,^! ov]/atem5ts are p]nici\s 9  
_! influ5ce ^u public /&>ds ( accuracy &
 hone/y4  ,! newspap] is pot5tially an  
in/rum5t ( incalculable good4 ,no o!r   
influ5ce ^u ! m9ds & morals ( ! p is s  
cont9u\s & univ]sal4 ,?r\gh ! newspap]s 
k is dissem9at$1 judgm5t & outlook ^u   
life are cry/alliz$1 political & social 
beliefs are %ap$4 ,!y might be ! means (
 great social & moral re=ms4 ,b s long z
 !y are subject to ! /ruggle = exi/5ce  
:i*1 necessitates _! truckl+ to p>ties1 

to adv]tis]s1 & to public prejudices &  
passions1 s long _! influ5ce w be l>gely
 un:olesome4 ,if public op9ion _c =ce !m
 to a high] moral level 9 _! pres5t     
/atus z s\rces ( private pr(it1 !y mu/  
be publi%$ by ! ,/ate or by tru/ees ( an
 end[m5t fund4 ,municipally own$ pap]s  
are liable to p>tisan%ip & corruption1 9
 _! way1 & end[$ pap]s to an undue reg>d
 = ! int]e/s ( ! class to :i* ! majority
 ( ! tru/ees may belong4 ,b ! dang]s    
w\ld probably be f> less ?an are inh]5t 
9 our pres5t sy/em1 :]e morals h to def]
 to pocketbooks2 & :5 municipal gov]nm5t
 9 ?is c\ntry is f9ally ord]$ 9 a       
s5sible way1 s t corruption is mu* m    
difficult & easily detect$1 ! municipal 
newspap]1 run aft] ! city manag] plan1 w
 probably become univ]sal4  ,f4 ,pauls51
 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 book ,,iii1 *ap4 ,,xi4
 ,l4 ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 *ap1 ,v1 
sec4 ,,iv4 ,c4 ,f4 ,dole1 ,e?ics (      
,progress1 "p ,,vii1 *aps1 ,i1 ,,ii4 ,e4
 ,l4 ,cabot1 ,ev]yday ,e?ics1 *aps4     
,,xix1 ,,xx4 ,t4 ,k4 ,abbott1 ,kant's   

,!ory ( ,e?ics1 ,app5dix ,i4 ,/ev5son1  
,virg9ibus ,pu]isque1 *ap4 ,,iv4 ,e4    
,we/]m>ck1 ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,moral
 ,ideas1 *ap4 ,,xxxi4 ,k4 ,f4 ,g]\ld1 9 
,atlantic ,mon?ly1 vol4 #aab1 p4 #ded4  
,e?ics ( ,j\rnalism3 ,h4 ,holt1         
,comm]cialism & ,j\rnalism4 ,h4 ,george1
 ,jr1 ,! ,m5ace ( ,privilege1 book      
,,vii1 *ap4 ,i4 ,w4 ,e4 ,weyl1 ,! ,new  
,democracy1 *ap4 ,,ix4 ,educational     
,review1 vol4 #cf1 p4 #aba4 ,atlantic   
,mon?ly1 vol4 #ajb1 p4 #dda2 vol4 #aje1 
p4 #cjc2 vol4 #ajf1 p4 #dj2 vol4 #aac1  
p4 #bhi4 ,=um1 vol4 #ea1 p4 #efe4 ,e4   
,a4 ,ross1 ,*ang+ ,am]ica1 *ap4 ,,vii4  
,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 vol4 #aij1 p4   
#ehg4      ,,*apt] ,,xx   ,,culture ,,& 
,,art  ,,! function ( ! newspap]1 :i* we
 h be5 discuss+1 is1 to a consid]able   
ext5t1 to wid5 our horizon1 to give u   
new ideas & sympa?ies1 to enri* &       
bright5 our lives2 9 great] degree1 t is
 ! role ( ! f9e arts1 & ( t wide        
conv]sance ) beauty & tru? t we call    
culture4 ,man is n a m]e work]1 &       

effici5cy is n ! only te/ ( value2 !    
pursuit ( tru? & beauty = its own sake  
is a legitimate human ideal4 ,b beauty1 
z we h se51 br+s temptations2 & ev5 !   
se>* = tru? may lure a man away f 8     
duty4 ,we mu/ consid]1 !n1 h[ f>        
culture1 & its outw>d expression 9 art1 
may rightly claim ! "t & en]gies ( man4 
,:at is ! value ( culture & art8  7#a7  
,culture1 accord+ to ,mat!w ,arnold1    
,footnote3 ,culture & ,an>*y1 ,preface1 
& *ap4 ,i4 is ! dis9t]e/$ endeavor aft] 
man's p]fection 4 4 4 4 ,x is 9 endless 
additions to itself1 9 ! endless        
expansion ( its p[]s1 9 endless gr[? 9  
wisdom & beauty t ! _s ( ! human race   
f9ds its ideal4 ,?is wisdom1 ?is beauty 
t culture (f]s u1 does n ne$ extr9sic   
ju/ification2 x is1 z ,em]son s happily 
said1 its own excuse = be+2 x is a      
fragm5t ( ! ideal2 & x means t life has 
9 s f> be5 solv$1 its goal atta9$4 ,x is
 9 itself a great addition to ! wor?1 ! 
ri*ness & joy1 ( life1 & x is a pl$ge to
 ! he>t ( ! possibility ( ! ideal1 a    

realization ( t p]fection = :i* we long 
& /rive4  ,x means a multiplication (   
int]e/s1 a p>ticipation by proxy 9 !    
?robb+ life ( mank9d1 :i* lifts u above 
! disappo9tm5ts ( our p]sonal =tunes1   
helps u to id5tify ourselves ) ! l>g]   
curr5ts ( life1 & to live z citiz5s ( ! 
_w4 ,a limitless res\rce aga9/ ennui1 x 
refre%es1 re/s1 & recreates1 relieves ! 
t5sion ( our work+ h\rs1 makes = heal? &
 sanity4 ,if a man f9d himself ) bread 9
 bo? h&s1 said ,mohamm$1 he %\ld ex*ange
 "o loaf = "s fl[]s ( ! n>cissus1 s9ce !
 loaf fe$s ! body1 inde$1 b ! fl[]s fe$ 
! s\l4  ,!re is 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s a t5d5cy 
to disp>age culture z n practical- a _s 
( cultivat$ inaction -unwor?y ( !       
att5tion ( s]i\s m54 ,! ^w connotes1    
p]haps1 to ^! critics c]ta9 sup]ficial  
polite accompli%m5ts1 m]e frills &      
decorations1 :i* fritt] away our "t &   
dissipate our ambitions4 ,b 9 its prop] 
s5se1 culture is f> m ?an t2 x is !     
compreh5sion ( ! mean+ ( life & !       
appreciation ( its beauty4 ,& grim z is 

! age-long /ruggle ) evil1 insi/5t z is 
! duty to toil & suff] & a*ieve1 x 7 a  
h>% taskma/] :o %\ld refuse to poor     
driv5 m5 & wom5 ! "r to snat* su*       
innoc5t joys z !y c by ! way1 to try to 
und]/& ! :irl ( exi/5ce 9 :i* !y are    
caught2 9 %ort1 to really live1 z well z
 to e>n a liv+4 ,x w\ld be a sorry      
outcome if :5 we rea*$ ! age ( complete 
me*anical effici5cy1 ) all ! ma*9]y ( a 
complex indu/rial life well oil$ &      
p]fect$1 we %\ld f9d ourselves          
imag9atively /]ile1 hopelessly          
utilit>ian1 e>?b\nd 9 our vision4  7#b7 
,b ! morali/ ne$ n re/ ) ?is apology =  
culture4 ,by help+ u to und]/& ! life   
ab\t u1 culture %[s u ! bett] h[ to     
solve our own problems1 & saves u f !   
trag$y ( putt+ our en]gies into fiction1
 poetry1 & ! drama give u an insight    
into ! long+s1 ! temptations1 ! ideals (
 o!rs1 & s indirectly into our own      
he>ts4 ,?us a normal p]spective ( values
 is fo/]$2 we come to le>n :at is base &
 :at is excell5t1 & h our eyes op5$ to !

 inf]ior nature ( t ) :i* we _h be=e be5
 cont5t4 ,!re is a pa?os 9 ! ignorance (
 ! uncultivat$ man z to :at is good4    
,give him money to sp5d & he w buy      
tawdry furniture & imitation jewelry1 he
 w g to vulg> %[s & read *eap & silly   
tra%4 ,he is unaw>e ( :at ! be/ ?+s are1
 & unable to sp5d 8 money 9 su* a way z 
really to improve 8 m9d1 8 heal?1 or 8  
happ9ess4 ,ev5 9 8 vocation he c\ld be  
help$ by a backgr\nd ( culture2 !       
college graduate out/rips ! un$ucat$ man
 :o has _h sev]al ye>s ! />t ( him4 ,&  
no "o c tell h[ _m an undevelop$ g5ius  
!re may be1 n[ work+ at "s humble &     
r\t9e task1 :o might h contribut$ mu* to
 ! _w if 8 m5tal horizon _h be5 wid5$ & 
8 lat5t p[]s unfold$4 ,k is p[]2 we nev]
 "k :at bit ( app>5tly useless insight  
may f9d application 9 our own lives &   
help u to solve our p]sonal problems4   
7#c7 ,moreov]1 culture is n only        
in=mative1 x is inspirational4 ,hi/ory &
 biography fire ! y\? ) a noble _s (    
emulation2 poetry1 fiction1 & ! drama1 &

 to "s ext5t music1 pa9t+1 & sculpture1 
ar\se ! emotions & direct !m-if ! art is
 good-into prop] *annels4 ,meuni]'s     
sculptur$ figures1 ,millet's ,angelus or
 ,man ) ! ,hoe1 ! oratorio ( ! ,messiah 
or a national song l ! ,m>seillaise1 h a
 /irr+ & ennobl+ effect ^u ! s\l2 :ile  
su* a poem z ,moody's ,ode 9 ,"t (      
,hesitation1 a /ory l ,dick5s's ,*ri/mas
 ,c>ol1 or a play l ,! ,s]vant 9        
efficaci\s ?an _m a s]mon4 ,! /udy ( any
 art has a ref9+ influ5ce1 tea*+        
exactness & re/ra9t1 proportion1        
measure1 discipl9e4 ,& 9 any case1 if no
 m c\ld be said1 art & culture sub/itute
 innoc5t joys & excitem5ts = dang]\s    
ones1 satisfy ! crav+ = s5se-enjoym5t by
 provid+ natural outlets & develop+     
normal p[]s1 ?us t5d+ to *eck its crude 
& un:olesome manife/ations4 ,9 ^! ways  
!y are valuable moral =ces1 ^:          
usefulness we ought n to neglect4  7#d7 
,culture socializes4 ,x adds to our     
competitive life1 to our p]sonal        
ambitions & self-seek+1 an unselfi%     

pleasure1 a pleasure :i* we c %>e ) all1
 & :i* ne$s to be %>$ to be be/ enjoy$4 
,no?+ b9ds m5 toge!r m joy\sly & ) less 
likelihood ( friction ?an _! common love
 ( ! beautiful4 ,all classes & all      
peoples1 m5 ( :atev] trade or int]e/s1  
may le>n to love ! same sc>let ( dawn1 !
 same /ir & heave ( ! sea1 t ,hom] lov$ 
& fix$ 9 w+$ words = all m5 ( all "t4 ,f
 :atev] l& we come we may ?rill to !    
words ( ,engli% ,%akespe>e or ,flor5t9e 
,dante1 to ! *ords ( ,g]man ,wagn] &    
,italian ,v]di1 to ! colors ( ,raphael &
 ,murillo1 to ! noble ?\ghts ( ,a!nian  
,plato1 ,roman ,m>cus ,aurelius1 &      
,russian ,tol/oy4 ,our op9ions diff]1   
our int]e/s div]ge1 our aims (t5 cross2 
b 9 ! pres5ce ( high tru? & beauty1     
fitly express$1 our diff]5ces are =gott5
 & we are consci\s ( our ess5tial unity4
 ,prejudices & prov9cialisms crumble1   
p]sonal ecc5tricities fade1 b>ri]s are  
brok51 all sorts ( fanaticisms &        
frictions are *ok$ (f1 "u ! influ5ce ( a
 widespread cultural education4 ,:at is 

mo/ important 9 cultural education8     
,wisdom & beauty are vague words2 & to  
make our discussion practical we mu/    
indicate :at 9 ! ideal curriculum4 ,x is
 a matt] ( relative values1 s9ce ne>ly e
 /udy is ( "s wor?2 & ! detail$ decision
 z to subjects & me?ods mu/ be left to !
 exp]t on p$agogy4 ,b to pres5t ! g5]al 
ne$s t education mu/ meet falls )9 our  
prov9ce4 ,9 addition1 !n1 to ! p>ticul> 
vocational education :i* is to fit ea*  
man = 8 specific task1 9 addition to t  
physical developm5t :i* mu/ always g h& 
9 h& ) intellectual gr[?1 9 addition to 
t moral-religi\s tra9+ & t prep>ation = 
p>5?ood1 ( :i* we %all lat] speak1 we   
may m5tion ?ree important ideals to be  
gr\p$ "u our g5]al conception ( culture4
  7#a7 ,fir/1 we mu/ h ,,k ( ! _w we    
live 9 -n s mu* masses ( facts z a      
compreh5sion ( pr9ciples1 insight into  
relations & t5d5cies4 ,a man %\ld be at 
home ^u ! e>?2 he %\ld be able to call !
 />s by "n1 to realize some?+ ( !       
imm5sities by :i* ?is sp9n+ planet is   

surr\nd$1 & to see 9 e l&scape a portion
 ( ! wr9kl$1 wat]-erod$ surface ( !     
globe4 ,he %\ld see ?is app>5tly solid  
sph]e z a :irl ( atoms1 & come face to  
face ) ! old puzzles ( matt] & m9d4 ,he 
%\ld be able to trace 9 imag9ation !    
gr[? ( /ell> sy/ems2 ! hi/ory ( our own 
e>?2 ! evolution ( plant & animal life1 
f ! fir/ protoplasmic nuclei to ! mammo?
 & ma/odon2 ! em]g5ce ( man f brute hood
 into self-consci\sness1 8 triumph ov]  
nature & ! o!r animals1 & 8 a*ievem5t ( 
civilization4 ,he %\ld wat* primitive   
man wre/l+ ) problems z yet p>tly       
unsolv$1 see him gradually e/abli%+ law 
& ord]1 inv5t+ & discov]+1 ma/]+ 8 fate4
 ,he %\ld foll[ ! floods & ebbs (       
progress1 ! rise & fall ( nations1 "k ! 
great names ( hi/ory & h = fri5ds       
humanity's sa9ts & h]oes4 ,he %\ld be at
 home 9 anci5t ,israel1 9 classic       
,greece1 9 ,rome ( ! ,republic1 9 ,italy
 ( ! ,r5aissance1 especially 9 ! e>ly   
days ( our own l&1 le>n+ to compreh5d & 
sympa?ize ) ! /ruggles & ideals t h made

 our nation :at x is4 ,he %\ld und]/& ! 
cla% ( cre$s & codes1 foll[ ! ?\ghts (  
,plato1 ( ,bacon1 ( ,em]son1 & grasp !  
ess5ce ( ! problems t n[ confront u4    
,:at dang]s lie be=e u1 :at ! great     
/atesm5 & re=m]s are aim+ at1 :at are ! 
mean+ & use ( our in/itutions1 our      
gov]nm5t1 our laws1 our morals1 our     
religion - "h is a h9t ( ! k t e man :o 
comes into ! _w %\ld amass4 ,to "k less 
?an ?is is to be only half alive1 &     
unable to fulfill prop]ly ! duties (    
citiz5%ip4 ,widespread ignorance ( !    
l>g] social1 moral1 political1 religi\s 
problems ( ! day1 is om9\s to !         
,republic2 & x is impossible to und]/&  
aright )\t a backgr\nd ( hi/ory & !ory4 
,! aim ( ! s*ools %\ld be to give n only
 "s detail$ in=mation b a /ructural s5se
 ( life z a :ole1 a sane p]spective2 &  
to inspire an en?usiasm = intellectual  
?+s :i* %all outla/ ! e>ly ye>s (       
s*ool+4 ,! few facts imp>t$ %\ld sugge/ 
! va/ fields beyond1 & /ir y\? to t     
passion = tru? :i* %all lead to ev]-new 

vi/as & f>!r horizons4  7#b7 ,b ! mo/   
encyclop$ic acqua9tance ) facts1 or ev5 
) pr9ciples1 is n en\gh2 ,,tra9+ ,,to   
,,?9k ,,accurately1 to reason logically1
 s z to arrive at valid conclusions & be
 able to discrim9ate s\nd f uns\nd      
argum5ts 9 o!rs1 is vitally necess>y4 ,)
 new & intricate problems cont9ually    
confront+ u1 we ne$ ! temp] t obs]ves ) 
exactness1 & )\t prejudice or passion1 t
 judges truly1 t ?9ks cle>ly1 & =ms     
indep5d5t convictions4 ,!re has be5 9   
our educational sy/em an ov]emphasis on 
! acquirem5t ( facts1 a natural result (
 our mod]n dep5d5ce ^u books2 too mu* is
 accept$ on au?ority1 too little ?\ght  
out at fir/ h&4 ,we mu/ bani% ! idolatry
 ( k1 z ,rusk9 exhort$1 & realize t     
call+ out ?\ght & /r5g!n+ ! m9d are an  
entirely diff]5t & high] process f !    
putt+ 9 ( k & ! heap+ up ( facts4 ,we h 
_m well-in=m$ s*ol>s to "o cle> &       
reliable ?9k]2 ! _w is full ( books1    
widely read & applaud$1 9 :i* ! tra9$   
m9d detects false premises1 fallaci\s   

reason+1 unw>rant$ conclusions4 ,:5 !   
public is really educat$1 ^!            
sup]ficially plausible argum5ts w n be  
he$$1 ^! appeals to ! prejudices &      
emotions ( ! read] w n be tol]at$2 a    
/rict] /&>d ( logic w be dem&$1 & we    
%all be by s mu* ! ne>] a solution ( our
 p]plex+ problems4,footnote3 ,?is m5tal 
tra9+ c be giv5 n m]ely by a specific   
c\rse 9 logic1 b by an insi/5ce on      
exactness & ! critical _s 9 e /udy4 ,x  
is p>ticul>ly easy to cultivate ?is     
temp] 9 sci5tific /udy4 ,s ,k>l ,pe>son1
 = example1 pleads = m sci5ce 9 our     
s*ools3 ,x is ! want ( imp]sonal        
judgm5t1 ( sci5tific me?od1 & ( accurate
 insight into facts1 a want l>gely due  
to a non-sci5tific tra9+1 :i* r5d]s cle>
 ?9k+ s r>e1 & r&om & irresponsible     
judgm5ts s common 9 ! mass ( our citiz5s
 today4 7,gramm> ( ,sci5ce1             
,introductory47 ,cf4 ,em]son1           
,education1 9 ,lectures & ,biographies3 
,x is bett] to tea* ! *ild ari?metic &  
,lat9 gramm> ?an rhetoric or moral      

philosophy1 because !y require          
exactitude ( p]=mance2 x is made c]ta9 t
 ! lesson is ma/]$1 & t p[] ( p]=mance  
is wor? m ?an ! k4 ,!re is 9 our mod]n  
get-k-easy me?ods a grave dang] ( lett+ 
! *ild absorb wisdom s com=tably1 s     
almo/ unconsci\sly1 t its wits %all n be
 %>p5$ to grapple ) fallacies1 to refute
 speci\s argum5ts1 & to f9d _! way ?r\gh
 a *aos ( facts to a correct conclusion4
 ,by way ( contra/ ) ^! pleas = sci5ce1 
! /ud5t %\ld read ,arnold's argum5t = ! 
sup]iority ( lit]ature1 9 ! address on  
,lit]ature & ,sci5ce includ$ 9          
,disc\rses 9 ,am]ica4 ,we may include "u
 our ideal ( cle> ?\ght1 ! ability to   
use cle>ly & effici5tly ! language by   
:i* ! /eps & conclusions ( ?\ght are    
=mulat$ & express$4 ,?\ght proce$s1 :]e 
x is precise & logical1 by words2 unless
 a man's vocabul>y is wide1 unless 8    
und]/&+ ( ! language is exact1 8 ?\ghts 
mu/ inevitably be vague & muddl$4       
,moreov]1 he w be unable to transmit 8  
?\ghts cle>ly & readily to o!rs4 ,! mo/ 

important tool = ! c>ry+ on ( life is-  
language2 ! slov5l9ess & inadequacy ( ! 
av]age man's spee* is a sad comm5t>y on 
our boa/$ educational sy/em4  7#c7 ,wide
 in=mation & a tra9$ m9d mu/ be         
supplem5t$ by a ,,s\nd ,,ta/e4 ,to love 
excell5ce ev]y:]e1 to appreciate ! good 
& ! beautiful 9 e phase ( life1 %\ld be 
! ?ird1 & possibly mo/ important1 aim ( 
cultural education4 ,x is1 at lea/1 !   
prime function ( art4 ,art in=ms u (    
life1 its pursuit tra9s 9 precision &   
judgm5t2 b above all1 x op5s our eyes to
 beauty4 ,! man :o is v]s$ 9 ! "w ( !   
ma/]s c nev] aft] be cont5t ) ! ugl9ess 
& squalor t our indu/rial civilization  
cont9ually t5ds to increase4 ,he has    
caught ! vision ( beauty1 & mu/ /rive to
 %ape 8 environm5t t[>d t high ideal4 ,!
 arti/ sees :at we _h n le>n$ to see2 by
 isolat+ & p]fect+ ?is bit ( ! ideal1 he
 directs our att5tion to x & tea*es u to
 love x4 ,no "o c feel ! spell ( a      
l&scape by ,corot or ,innes )\t delight+
 m deeply 9 su* sc5es 9 ! outdoor _w2 no

 "o c live long 9 ! atmosph]e ( ,greek  
art )\t long+ = su* a body & su* a poise
 ( _s4 ,we are n accu/om$ to look at    
nature1 or at man1 ) obs]v+ eyes1 to see
 ! ri*ness ( color 9 sun-kiss$ mead[s or
 humm+ city /reets1 ! inf9ite v>iations 
( light & %ade1 ! dep? ( di/ance1 ! *>m 
( l9e & composition4 ,! picturesque is  
ev]y:]e ab\t u1 undisc]n$ & unlov$4 ,s u
 ! m>vel\s v>ieties 9 human "* &        
circum/ance1 ! humor & dignity & pa?os (
 life4 ,lit]ature & art1 by reveal+ to u
 unsuspect$ possibilities ( beauty1 bre$
 a heal?y discont5t ) ugl9ess & urge u  
on to its bani%m5t4 ,! ultimate aim (   
art %\ld be to make life beautiful 9 e  
nook & corn]1 to elevate ! humdrum work+
 days ( common m5 by fair & sunny       
surr\nd+s1 to make mann]s g5tle &       
graci\s1 spee* melodi\s & ref9$1 homes1 
pleasant & re/ful4  ,b art has a fur!r  
function4 ,h[ev] beautiful & h>moni\s   
our lives1 !y are at be/ conf9$ )9 n>r[ 
b\nd>ies2 & ! lov] ( beauty w always    
rejoice 9 ! glimpses :i* art af=ds into 

an ideal realm beyond 8 daily horizon4  
,he w gaze eag]ly at ! ma/]pieces (     
color & =m t he _c h =ev] ab\t him1 he w
 enri* 8 imag9ation ) ! great sc5es (   
drama1 he w solace 8 s\l ) ! cad5c$ l9es
 ( poetry & ! melody ( music1 he w live 
) ! h]oes ( fiction = a day1 & return to
 8 "w ennobl$ & sweet5$ by ! contact )  
^! =ms ( excell5ce :i* lie beyond !     
b\nds ( 8 own outw>d life4 ,9 two ways !
 f9e arts add to ! preexi/+ beauty 9 a  
man's life3 by repres5t+ to him         
beautiful sc5es & objects :i* he _c     
enjoy 9 !mselves1 because he _c g :]e !y
 are1 & by creat+ f ! arti/'s imag9ation
 a new univ]se ( emotions &             
satisfactions1 cong5ial to ! human _s & 
full ( a ref9$ & pure joy4  ,:at dang]s 
are !re 9 culture & art = life8  ,we mu/
 n[ glance at ! o!r side ( ! picture4   
,enorm\s z are ! pot5tialities = good 9 
culture & art1 !y also h _! p]ils4  7#a7
 ,culture & art mu/ n take "t1 en]gy1 or
 money t is ne$$ = "w4 ,a*ievem5t       
necessitates conc5tration & sacrifice2  

beauty mu/ n beguile m5 away f s]vice4  
,footnote3 ,cf4 :at ,pat] says (        
,w9ckelmann 7,! ,r5aissance1 p4 #aie73  
,! developm5t ( 8 =ce 0 ! s+le int]e/ ( 
,w9ckelmann1 unemb>rass$ by any?+ else 9
 him4 ,o!r int]e/s1 practical or        
intellectual1 ^? slight] motives &      
tal5ts n supreme1 :i* 9 mo/ m5 are !    
wa/e "p ( nature1 & dra9 away _!        
vitality1 he pluck$ out & ca/ f him4 ,! 
boys & girls :o squ&] heal? 9 _!        
eag]ness to explore ! new worlds op5+   
be=e !m1 ! old] folk :o give a          
disproportionate %>e ( _! "t & money to 
music or ! !at]1 ! voraci\s read]s :o   
pore ov] e new novel & magaz9e )\t      
really assimilat+ & us+ :at !y read1 are
 turn+ :at ought to be recreation or    
inspiration into dissipation1 & !reby   
s]i\sly impair+ _! effici5cy4 ,x is s   
mu* easi] to read some?+ new ?an to     
m$itate fruitfully ^u :at "o has read1  
to pass f picture to picture 9 a gall]y 
& w9 no g5u9e insight f any4 ,a s+le    
great book ?or\ghly ma/]$-! ,bible1     

,hom]1 ,%akespe>e-7 bett] = a man ?an ! 
sup]ficial skimm+ ( _m1 "o beautiful    
picture well lov$ ?an a hundr$ idly     
glanc$ at & label$ ) "s trite comm5t4   
,too _m ( ! upp] class1 = :om limitless 
cultural opportunities are op51 dabble 9
 ev]y?+1 "k names & s*ools1 repeat      
glibly ! curr5t phrases ( criticism1 b  
miss ! lesson1 ! cl>ification ( insight1
 ! vision ( ! au?or or arti/4 ,su*      
sup]ficial culture is a futile          
exp5diture ( "t & money4 ,footnote3 ,=  
an arraignm5t ( ! money ?r[n away on    
mod]n decad5t art1 see ,tol/oy's ,:at is
 ,art8 *apt] ,i4  ,9 ?is connection we  
mu/ m5tion ! wa/e ( "t ov] :at ,arnold  
call$ in/rum5t k4 ,ye>s are sp5t by mo/ 
upp]-class boys & girls 9 half-le>n+    
sev]al languages :i* !y w nev] use1 9   
acquir+ ! te*nique ( ! piano1 or ( "s   
o!r art :i* !y w nev] le>n to practice )
 pr(ici5cy4 ,!re is1 to be sure1 a c]ta9
 m5tal tra9+ 9 all ?is1 b no m ?an c be 
f\nd 9 m useful /udies4 ,a =eign        
language is ess5tially a tool = c>ry+ on

 conv]sation ) its us]s1 or = utiliz+ ! 
lit]ature writt5 !re92 ! te*nique ( an  
art is a tool = produc+ or copy+        
beautiful =ms ( t art4 ,& except z ^!   
tools are actually s utiliz$1 ! "t sp5t 
on le>n+ to h&le !m might bett] be      
o!rwise occupi$4  7#b7 ,m ?an ?is1      
cultural int]e/s may fritt] away 9      
passive & useless ?rills ! emotions &   
en]gies t ought to /imulate moral &     
practical activity4 ,x is s easy1 :]e   
!re is money en\gh to live on1 to let   
"o's faculties become absorb$ 9 !       
fasc9ations ( /udy1 )\t apply+ x to     
practice2 to enjoy ! relatively complete
 atta9m5t possible 9 ! f9e arts1 & keep 
out ( ! du/ & *aos & ugl9ess ( real     
life4 ,or1 :5 ! /ud5t or art-lov] does  
return to realities1 aft] 8 absorption 9
 "s dream-_w1 !re is dang] t he c>ry ov]
 into actual moral situations 8 habit ( 
passive contemplation1 t he be cont5t to
 rema9 a spectator in/ead ( plung+ 9 &  
tak+ sides4 ,he has le>n$ to enjoy !    
spectacle-s91 suff]+1 & all-& lo/ !     

primitive reaction ( prote/ aga9/ evils1
 ( practical response to ne$s1 & !      
impulse to realize ideals 9 conduct4    
,?us culture & art may relax human en]gy
 or scatt] x 9 trivial accompli%m5ts2 ! 
dilettante sp5ds 8 days 9 dream+ r ?an 9
 do+4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,william ,james1  
,psy*ology1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #abe-bf3 ,e "t 
a f9e gl[ ( feel+ evaporates )\t be>+   
practical fruit is worse ?an a *ance    
lo/2 x works s z positively to h9d]     
future emotions f tak+ ! normal pa? (   
dis*>ge4 ,!re is no m contemptible type 
( human ,footnote cont9u$ f ,page #bfi  
"* ?an t ( ! n]veless s5tim5tali/ &     
dream]1 :o sp5ds 8 life 9 a welt]+ sea (
 s5sibility & emotion1 b :o nev] does a 
manly concrete de$4 4 4 4 ,! habit (    
excessive novel read+ & !at] go+ w      
produce true mon/]s 9 ?is l9e4 ,! weep+ 
( a ,russian lady ov] ! fictiti\s       
p]sonages 9 ! play1 :ile h] coa*man is  
freez+ to dea? on 8 seat outside1 is !  
sort ( ?+ t ev]y:]e happ5s on a less    
gl>+ scale4 ,ev5 ! habit ( excessive    

indulg5ce 9 music1 = ^? :o are nei!r    
p]=m]s !mselves nor musically gift$     
en\gh to take x 9 a purely intellectual 
way1 has probably a relax+ effect ^u !  
"*4 ,"o becomes fill$ ) emotions :i*    
habitually pass )\t prompt+ to any de$1 
& s ! in]tly s5tim5tal condition is kept
 up4 ,! rem$y w\ld be1 nev] to suff]    
"o's self to h an emotion at a conc]t1  
)\t express+ x aft]w>d 9 "s active way4 
,let ! expression be ! lea/ ?+ 9 !      
_w-speak+ g5ially to "o's aunt1 or giv+ 
up "o's seat 9 a horse-c>1 if no?+ m    
h]oic (f]s-b let x n fail to take place4
 ,pr(essor ,james also ref]s 9 ?is      
connection to an int]e/+ pap] by ,vida  
,scudd] 9 ! ,&ov] ,review = ,janu>y1    
#ahhg1 on ,musical ,devotees & ,morals4 
7#c7 ,grav] /ill1 h[ev]1 is ! risk ( !  
ov]/imulation ( c]ta9 dang]\s emotions4 
,! arti/ic temp]am5t is notori\sly prone
 to reckless self- indulg5ce2 ! cont9ual
 seek+ ( ! imm$iately satisfy+ t5ds to  
weak5 ! p[]s ( re/ra9t4 ,arti/s & poets1
 & ^? :o imm]se !mselves con/antly 9 !  

pleasures ( s5se1 t5d to *afe "u ! dull 
repressions ( morality & crave ev]-new  
=ms ( excitem5t4 ,art is an emotional   
/imulant2 & unless ! emotions ar\s$ are 
h>ness$ 9 ! s]vice ( morality1 !y are   
apt to run amuck4 ,arti/s & au?ors (t5  
take to dr9k1 & almo/ always h to meet  
exceptional sexual temptations4 ,! mo/  
beautiful =ms ( art are ^? :i* h !      
elem5t ( sex int]e/1 & ! g5]al emotional
 susceptibility ( ! creator or lov] (   
beauty makes ! sex emotion p>ticul>ly   
inflammable4 ,o!r emotions also may be  
unwisely /imulat$ by art4 ,9 times (    
int]national friction1 w>-songs1        
patriotic spee*es1 or m>tial processions
 may ar\se an unreason+ j+o _s4 ,! love 
( deviltry is fo/]$ 9 boys by _m ( !    
p5ny novels1 by s5sational movies &     
newspap] /ories2 a fam\s detective has  
said t sev5ty p] c5t ( ! crimes committ$
 by boys "u tw5ty are traceable to      
sugge/ions receiv$ f ^! s\rces4 ,%\ld   
art be c5sor$ 9 ! int]e/s ( morality8   
,art1 !n1 ) its va/ pot5tialities ( bo? 

good & h>m1 ne$s sup]vision 9 ! int]e/s 
( human welf>e4 ,! motto1 ,art = art's  
sake1 %\ld n be tak5 to mean t :at is   
detrim5tal to human life mu/ be tol]at$1
 j because x is art4 ,!re is1 inde$1 ?is
 tru? 9 ! adage1 t art does n ne$ to h a
 moral or practical use to ju/ify its   
exi/5ce4 ,x may be m]ely pleasant1 s]v+ 
no end beyond ! enjoym5t ( ! mom5t4 ,b x
 mu/ n be h>mful4 ,x is b "o ( ! _m     
int]e/s 9 life1 & mu/ be judg$1 l any   
o!r int]e/1 9 ! light ( ! greate/ total 
good4 ,we _c say1 ,"w = "w's sake1      
,education = education's sake2 n ev51   
,morality = morality's sake2 x is "w1   
education1 morality1 = ! sake ( !       
ultimately happie/ human life4 ,!       
morali/ mu/ n despise =ms ( art :i* h no
 ult]ior1 utilit>ian value2 b he mu/    
insi/ t no enjoym5t ( art is really1 9 !
 long run1 good = man :i* influ5ces 8   
life 9 ! un:olesome ways we h indicat$4 
,s9ce morality is t way ( life t gives x
 its greate/ wor?1 indulg5ce 9 art at ! 
exp5se ( morality is seiz+ an imm$iate b

 less] good at ! exp5se ( an ultimately 
great] good4 ,practically1 h[ev]1 !     
c5sor%ip ( art is ! mo/ delicate (      
matt]s1 because ! influ5ce ( ! same "w (
 art on "o p]son may be widely diff]5t f
 its effect ^u ano!r4 ,a play or a      
picture t pleases or ev5 inspires "o    
spectator may be disa/r\s to 8 neighbor4
 ,& x is always difficult to decide     
betwe5 ! claims ( an imm$iate good & !  
w>n+s ( dang]s t may lurk !re94 ,b we   
univ]sally ackn[l$ge ! duty ( "s        
c5sor%ip1 by prohibit+ ! mo/ op5ly      
tempt+ pictures1 plays1 & lit]ature4 ,& 
!re c be no d\bt t ?is sup]vision %\ld  
be c>ri$ fur!r ?an x n[ is4  ,! mo/     
press+ contempor>y problem is t conc]n+ 
! /age4 ,footnote3 ,see ,j4 ,addams1 ,! 
,_s ( ,y\? & ! ,city ,/reets1 *ap4 ,,iv4
 ,p4 ,mac,kaye1 ,! ,civic ,!atre 9      
,relation to ! ,r$emption ( ,leisure4   
,h4 ,mun/]b]g1 ,psy*ology & ,social     
,sanity1 pp4 #bg-dc4 ,j4 ,h4 ,c(f91 ,!  
,socializ$ ,consci5ce1 pp4 #acj-da4     
,outlook1 vol4 #ib1 p4 #aaj2 vol4 #aja1 

p4 #dib2 vol4 #ajg1 p4 #dab4 ,atlantic  
,mon?ly1 vol4 #hi1 p4 #dig2 vol4 #ajg1  
p4 #cej4 ,any numb] ( boys & girls owe  
_! undo+ to ! influ5ces ( ! !at]4 ,no   
o!r =m ( art n[ tol]at$ s frequ5tly     
ov]/imulates ! sex in/9ct4 ,! scant     
co/umes p]mitt$1 ) _! consci\s endeavor 
to reveal ! fem99e =m z allur+ly z      
possible1 ! voluptu\s dances & ballets1 
! jokes1 /ories1 & sugge/ive ge/ures1 & 
(t5 ! l[ moral tone ( ! play1 mak+ light
 ( sacr$ matt]s & enc\rag+ lax ideas on 
sex relations1 are p[]ful excitants4 ,_m
 !at]s frankly p&] to ! desire = su*    
/imulation2 & !y are cr[d$4 ,= :ile     
human nature rema9s z x is1 ! "y w flock
 :i!r !y c f9d sex excitem5t4 ,sc>cely  
less dang]\s are ! magaz9es & books t by
 _! pictures & _! /ories play up to ?is 
et]nal in/9ct4 ,ev5 pa9t]s 9 oils (t5   
use ?is draw+ c>d2 ! ,p>is salons h     
always a consid]able spr9kl+ ( nudes1 9 
all sorts ( voluptu\s attitudes1 mak+ a 
frank appeal to desire4 ,fr5* lit]ature 
ab\nds 9 books1 "s ( great lit]>y m]it1 

t exploit ?is aspect ( human nature2 b 9
 e tongue !re are ! ,boccaccios & !     
,byrons4  ,plato f\nd ?is problem 9     
plann+ 8 ideal republic1 & decre$ t all 
voluptu\s & tempt+ art mu/ be bani%$4   
,we are rightly unwill+ to sacrifice    
beauty & enjoym5t to s great an ext5t2  
su* ,puritanism inevitably provokes     
reaction1 besides sadly impov]i%+ life4 
,! fem99e =m1 at its be/1 is exquisitely
 lovely2 & a p]fect nude is "o ( ! mo/  
beautiful ?+s 9 ! _w4 ,footnote3 ,on !  
moral problem ( ! nude 9 art1 see       
,atlantic ,mon?ly1 vol4 #hh1 pp4 #bhf1  
#heh4 ,h[ we %all reta9 ?is beauty to   
enri* our lives :ile avoid+ !           
ov]/imulation ( an already dang]\sly    
dom9ant in/9ct1 is a problem ^: gravity 
we c b indicate )\t presum+ to (f] a    
satisfactory solution4  ,:at c          
emphatically be said is t arti/s mu/    
subord9ate !mselves to ! welf>e ( life z
 a :ole4 ,& ?is is n s great a loss1 =  
only t art is ( ! deepe/ beauty :i*     
expresses noble & :olesome feel+s4 ,!   

tr\ble ) ! arti/ is apt to be t he      
becomes s absorb$ 9 ! solution ( !      
practical difficulties att5dant ^u 8 art
 t he c>es prim>ily = triumphs (        
te*nique1 irrespective ( ! wor? ( !     
feel+s :i* t te*nique is to express4    
,inde$1 !re is actually a sort ( scorn (
 beauty 9 c]ta9 /udies & /udios2 !      
lit]>y or arti/ic po9t ( view is tak5 to
 mean a reg>d only = skill ( execution1 
r ?an = t beauty ( ^: realization !     
skill %\ld be b ! means4 ,!re is1 inde$1
 a beauty ( words & rhy?ms1 ( bru%work1 
( model+2 b if ! poet does n love       
beautiful ?\ghts & acts1 no v]bal p[] c 
make 8 product great2 & if ! arti/ pa9ts
 trivial or vulg> subjects he wa/es 8   
g5ius4 ,too mu* poetry t is s5sual1     
flippant1 dre>ily pessimi/ic1 morbid1 or
 obscure1 is includ$ 9 an?ologies       
because clev]ly wr\ght1 ) a s5se = =m & 
cad5ce4 ,too _m /ories1 too _m pictures1
 are applaud$ by critics1 ?\gh 9 subject
 & tone !y are contemptible4 ,z pro(s ( 
human skill ^! works may excite su*     

admiration z we give to a juggl]'s      
feats2 z practice 9 h&l+ a /ubborn m$ium
 !y may be valuable4 ,b ! arti/ :o does 
n h a sane & high s5se ( :at is really  
noble & beautiful 9 life pro/itutes !   
tal5ts by :i* he ought to s]ve ! _w4    
,(t5 "o feels z ,em]son felt :5 he wrote
 ( ano!r1 ,i say to him1 if ,i c\ld     
write z well z y1 ,i w\ld write a good  
deal bett]4 ,! bald tru? is t arti/s are
 seldom compet5t to be f9al judges (    
art2 !y are too mu* beh9d ! sc5es1      
conc]n$ too con/antly ) problems (      
me?od4 ,! f9al judgm5t z to beauty c    
come only f "o :o comb9es a delicate    
appreciation ( te*nique ) a wide insight
 into life & a sane p]spective ( its    
values4 ,= lack ( su* a criticism ( art1
 ! av]age man w&]s di/ract$ ?r\gh our   
art-museums1 ) _! hodge-podge (         
beautiful & ugly pictures1 wades ?r\gh !
 +5i\sly clev] /ories & s5sationally    
orig9al b (t5 mean+less or trivial v]ses
 9 ! magaz9es1 goes to a conc]t & jo9s  
o!rs 9 applaud+ "s brilliant display (  

vocal gymna/ics1 "s in/rum5tal          
pyrote*nics1 :ile 8 he>t is ?ir/+ = high
 & noble feel+s1 = some?+ to elevate &  
inspire 8 life4 ,! great poets1 ! great 
pa9t]s1 ! great dramati/s & noveli/s1 h 
be5 high-s\l$ m5 z well z arti/s1 lov]s 
( ! really beautiful 9 life z well z    
ma/]s ( _! m$ium4 ,_! art has no        
conflict ) morality2 x is r its greate/ 
/imulus & /ay4 ,to ! less] brood ) !    
gift ( melody1 ( rhy?m1 ) an eye = color
 or =m1 b )\t a true p]spective ( human 
values1 we mu/ repeat sadly1 or ev5     
/]nly1 ! poet's repro(3 ,c'/ ?\ f heav51
 ,o *ild ,( light1 b ?is to decl>e8  ,on
 culture3 ,mat!w ,arnold1 ,culture &    
,an>*y2 ,lit]ature & ,sci5ce 79         
,disc\rses 9 ,am]ica74 ,f4 ,pauls51     
,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 book ,,iii1 *ap4 ,v4   
,h4 ,sp5c]1 ,education4 ,h4 ,sidgwick1  
,practical ,e?ics1 *ap4 ,,viii4         
,atlantic ,mon?ly1 vol4 #ij1 p4 #ehi2   
vol4 #ig1 p4 #dcc2 vol4 #aji1 p4 #aaa4  
,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 vol4    
#bc1 p4 #a4 ,on ! moral c5sor%ip ( art3 

,plato1 ,republic1 books4 ,i1 ,,iii1 ,x4
 ,ari/otle1 ,poetics4 ,rusk91 ,lectures 
on ,art4 ,tol/oy1 ,:at is ,art8 ,g4     
,santayana1 ,reason 9 ,art1 *aps4 ,,ix1 
,,xi4 ,r4 ,b4 ,p]ry1 ,moral ,economy1   
*ap4 ,v4 ,h4 ,r4 ,haweis1 ,music &      
,morals4 ,mack5zie1 ,manual ( ,e?ics1   
*ap4 ,,xvi4 ,c4 ,read1 ,natural &       
,social ,morals1 *ap4 ,x4 ,=um1 vol4    
#ej1 p4 #ehh4 ,outlook1 vol4 #ajg1 p4   
#dab4     ,,*apt] ,,xxi   ,,! ,,me*anism
 ,,( ,,self-,,control  ,to discuss1 z we
 h be5 do+1 ! v>i\s duties :i* are !    
unavoidable pre-conditions ( a la/+ &   
widespread welf>e = m51 w\ld be futile1 
if we _h n ! ability to fulfill !m4 ,!  
p[] ( self-control is ! s9e qua non ( a 
secure morality1 & !re=e ( a secure     
happ9ess4 ,b ?is p[] seems (t5 baffl+ly 
abs5t4 ,h>d z x is to "k :at is "r to d1
 x is h>d] yet = _m ( u to make         
ourselves d :at we "k is "r4 ,life = !  
av]age consci5ti\s man is a p]petual    
battle betwe5 two oppos+ t5d5cies1 t :i*
 8 bett] self endorses1 & t :i* is      

easie/ or mo/ allur+ at ! mom5t (       
action4 ,! latt] c\rse too (t5 s$uces 8 
w2 & = ! e>ne/ & aspir+ ?is cont9ual    
moral failure con/itutes "o ( ! mo/     
tragic aspects ( life4 ,footnote3 ,cf4  
,ovid's ,video meliora proboque1        
det]iora sequor4 ,& ,/4 ,paul's ,to w is
 pres5t ) me1 b h[ to p]=m t :i* is good
 ,i f9d n4 ,= ! good t ,i w\ld ,i d n1 b
 ! evil :i* ,i w\ld n1 t ,i d4 ,f pagan 
& ,*ri/ian p5 alike !re comes te/imony  
to ?is univ]sal & di%e>t5+ exp]i5ce4    
,!re is no great] ne$ = mo/ m5 ?an t (  
"s wis] & m effective me?od :]eby ^? :o 
h ideals beyond _! practice may regul>ly
 & consi/5tly realize !m4  ,:at are our 
pot5tialities ( great] self-control8  ,!
 enc\rag+ side ( ! matt] is t !re h be5 
_m1 ( v v>i\s codes & cre$s1 :o h atta9$
 to a ne>ly p]fect self-control1 :o     
easily & almo/ inevitably gov]n _!      
conduct by _! ideals4 ,puritans ) _!    
p]sonal ,devil1 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/s :o   
believe t !re is no evil at             
all-,*ri/ians1 ,buddhi/s1 a!i/s-!re h   

be5 sa9ts 9 all ! folds4 ,! fact seems  
to be t ! p>ticul> =m :i* our moral     
ideas take matt]s mu* less ?an !        
complet5ess ) :i* !y possess ! m9d4     
,almo/ any ( ! _m motives to "r conduct 
w re=m a "* if x be s /amp$ into ! m9d z
 to become ! dom9ant idea4 ,:at is      
necess>y is "s vivid & dom9at+ anti-s9n+
 idea ramm$ deep into ! bra94 ,!        
religions h be5 ! *ief means ( effect+  
?is2 & ! ,*ur*1 t draws m5 toge!r1 &    
into ! pres5ce ( ,god1 = ! re9=c+ ( _!  
bett] selves1 is ! mo/ efficaci\s (     
in/rum5ts = ! control ( s94 ,b ! exi/5ce
 ( a va/1 & by mo/ m5 h>dly tapp$1      
res]voir ( p[] = righte\sness 7:e!r or n
 x is ?\ght ( z ,god7 is recogniz$ today
 by sci5ce z well z by religion2 & we   
mu/ "h discuss ! matt] 9 a purely secul>
 way4 ,we c control our conduct if we   
c>e en\gh to set ab\t us+ ! =ces at our 
disposal4 ,! v>i\s religions h f\nd &   
us$ !m2 mod]n psy*ology1 analyz+ _!     
success1 %[s u cle>ly & exactly h[ to   
succe$1 ev5 if we /& alo( f religion    

altoge!r4  ,psy*ologically consid]$1 ?is
 :ole affair ( sa9tl9ess or s9fulness is
 a matt] ( ! prepond]ant idea4 ,to h    
m]ely resolv$ is n en\gh2 our moral =ces
 mu/ be drill$ & made ready be=e !      
battle4 ,?is =tify+ process we n[adays  
call sugge/ion4 ,by x we c s set our    
m9ds1 s deep5 ! *annels t fl[ t[>d ! "r 
actions1 t :5 ! "t ( conflict comes our 
m9ds w "w along ^? grooves4 ,habit1 to  
be sure1 means a deep-cut *annel 9 !    
m9d2 x may require mu* ef=t to dig a    
deep] "o to take its place4 ,unless ! "w
 is p]si/5tly c>ri$ ?r\gh1 ! m5tal      
curr5ts1 div]t$ tempor>ily into ! new   
c\rse1 w soak ?r\gh ! b>ri]s & f9d _!   
old b$ aga94 ,moreov]1 diff]5t m9ds     
diff] greatly 9 _! pla/icity1 _!        
susceptibility to sugge/ion4 ,b ! great 
fact rema9s t habits c be made ov]1     
temptations r5d]$ h>mless1 & "* =m$1 by 
?is simple means4  ,x may be wor?:ile to
 rem9d ourselves ( ! rem>kable p[] (    
sugge/ion4 ,x is mo/ /rik+ly se5 at "w 9
 ! ph5om5a ( hypnotism1 because a p]son 

:o is hypnotiz$ is 9 a peculi>ly        
susceptible /ate2 he is asleep to ev]y?+
 b ! words ( ! hypnoti/1 :i* ?us h full 
influ5ce ov] him1 except z *eck$ &      
balanc$ by ! preexi/+ bias ( 8 m9d4     
,hypnotism is simply ! p]fect case (    
sugge/ion1 isolat$ f di/urb+ factors4 ,!
 hypnotiz+ process itself1 ! putt+ to   
sleep1 is only prelim9>y to ! sugge/ion2
 & to pati5ts :o are difficult to       
hypnotize1 wak+ sugge/ion is giv51 ) !  
pati5t 9 z relax$ & empty a /ate ( m9d z
 possible4 ,! popul> notion t heal+     
?r\gh hypnotism is uncanny & dang]\s is1
 ( c\rse1 entirely errone\s4 ,to be     
sure1 e great p[] has its dang]s f      
misuse1 & hypnotism is n to be us$      
except = prop] ends2 b !re is no?+      
occult ab\t x4 ,x simply uses !         
psy*ological tru? t ! m9d acts on !     
pr$om9at+ idea1 by lull+ to sleep all   
ideas b ! "o want$ & impress+ t ^u !    
m9d4 ,imm$iate & la/+ moral *anges are  
daily be+ effect$ ?r\gh sugge/ion by    
pr(essional hypnoti/s4  ,b ?\gh ! p[] ( 

sugge/ion is mo/ obvi\s :5 employ$ by ! 
sci5tifically tra9$ physician ( today1 x
 has be5 successfully1 ?\gh (t5         
unconsci\sly1 us$ 9 all times4 ,prophets
 & sa9ts ( old1 ! t\* ( a k+'s h&1 !    
sight ( relics or images1 h wr\ght /rik+
 moral & physical cures ?r\gh ?is same  
m5tal law4 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/s & m5tal   
heal]s ( v>i\s sorts are cur+ p daily   
?r\gh !m4 ,cases ( religi\s conv]sion1  
:]e a man's :ole inn] life is turn$ ab\t
 ?r\gh a p[]ful emotional appeal1 %[ be/
 ( all ! possibilities ( sugge/ion 9 !  
moral field4 ,^! are ! extreme cases4   
,b1 inde$1 all our moral education is1 9
 psy*ological language1 b s mu*         
sugge/ion4 ,! imp]i\s necessity = man ( 
prea*+1 ( ritual & liturgy1 ( pray] &   
praise1 is to drive home ! high & noble 
?\ghts :i* 9 8 sane/ mom5ts he          
recognizes to be :at he ne$s4 ,! aim ( !
 prea*] is to br+ to 8 he>]s ideals ( "r
 liv+ & to make !m z appeal+ & vivid z  
possible4 ,yet ev5 ! be/ prea*+ comes   
only on ,sundays1 & !re are six days    

betwe5 ( o!r sorts ( sugge/ion1 :i* are 
(t5 c\nt]- sugge/ions1 s t x is no wond]
 we lag s f> beh9d our ,sabba?- day     
ideals4 ,9 subtle & unrealiz$ ways all !
 factors ( our environm5t are s _m      
s\rces ( sugge/ion1 con/antly work+ ^u  
our m9ds4 ,c\ld we always comm& p[]ful &
 inspir+ moral influ5ces1 & keep out (  
range ( evil ones1 our morals w\ld      
p]haps take c>e ( !mselves4 ,b :ile     
seek+ s f> z possible ^! ext]nal props1 
& if necess>y hav+ rec\rse to ! /ill m  
effective help ( ! pr(essional          
hypnoti/s1 !re rema9s a va/ deal t we   
mu/ d = ourselves if we are to resi/    
successfully ! d[nw>d pull ( evil       
influ5ces1 solve our own individual     
problems1 conqu] our own peculi>        
temptations1 & atta9 our ideals4 ,we mu/
 practice autosugge/ion4 ,x is notewor?y
 t ! l(tie/ spirits h always practic$ x1
 9 _! habit ( daily pray]4 ,= :atev]    
else pray] accompli%es1 x c]ta9ly br+s !
 m9d back to its ideals1 conc5trates x  
e>ne/ly engag$ 91 is ! be/ possible =m (

 sugge/ion4 ,! lapse ( ?is habit helps  
to expla9 :y unbeliev]s s (t5 deg5]ate  
morally4 ,comte1 t positive disbeliev] 9
 sup]natural dogmas1 cle>ly recogniz$   
?is dang]1 & enjo9$ ^u 8 foll[]s a      
consecration pray] ?ree times a day4 ,9 
rec5t ye>s ! writ]s :o call _! doctr9e  
by ! "n ( ,! ,new ,?\ght - & o!r k9dr$  
?9k]s h call$ att5tion to !             
possibilities ( self- help1 direct+ u to
 retire into ! sil5ce1 !re to conc5trate
 our m9ds ^u ^? beliefs t are com=t+ &  
inspir+ to u2 & h help$ _m !reby to     
atta9 peace & self-possession4 ,b /ill !
 consci\s use ( autosugge/ion = !       
atta9m5t ( p]sonal ideals has be5 v     
little discuss$1 & 9 ! employm5t ( ?is  
great p[] we are a/oni%+ly backw>d4  ,a 
practicable me*anism ( self-control4    
,let u1 !n1 outl9e briefly ! *ief po9ts 
necess>y to note 9 us+ ?is =ce = our own
 b5efit4 ,a necess>y prelim9>y is to    
/udy our problems1 analyze our          
difficulties1 make sure exactly :at we  
want to d & :]e9 we fail2 & !reby to p9 

our aspirations d[n to def9ite resolves 
to act 9 c]ta9 ways r ?an 9 c]ta9 o!r   
ways4 ,our ideals are apt to be vague & 
ev5 conflict+1 or else s ab/ract & g5]al
 z to fail to direct u ) precision to   
any concrete act4 ,we realize dumbly t  
we are n :at we %\ld be1 & we grope =   
bett] ?+s2 b j :]e9 ! diff]5ce consi/s1 
j :]e is ! po9t :]e we g (f ! track1 is 
unc]ta9 9 our m9ds4 ,z 9 physical       
a*ievem5t1 half ! success lies 9 apply+ 
! ef=t at j ! "r place4 ,! m5 :o h      
accompli%$ mu* are ^? :o h kn[n exactly 
:at !y want$ to d & h conc5trat$ _!     
en]gies ^u t4 ,if we h s mu*            
self-re=mation to accompli% z to        
dissipate our att5tion1 x may be wise to
 decide :i* *anges are mo/ imm$iately   
important & to limit our endeavors at   
fir/ to ^?4  ,includ$ 9 ?is prelim9>y   
task is ! fixation 9 our m9ds ( !       
reasons = ! l9es ( conduct we int5d to  
foll[1 all ! motives t draw u t[>d !m4  
,?is w %[ u :e!r we1 i4e41 our bett]    
selves1 really wi% to acquire ^! new    

habits1 are really conv9c$ t !y are "r1 
or :e!r we are m]ely putt+ be=e         
ourselves "s "o else's ideal :i* we     
vaguely feel we ought or are expect$ to 
foll[4 ,"o c (t5 conv9ce "o's self q    
?or\ghly ( ideas "o did n really believe
 9 by ?is me?od ( sugge/ion2 b if we are
 to control our own morals we wi% to    
control !m n by "s "o else's ideals b by
 our own4 ,if a ?+ is really "r to d !re
 mu/ be def9ite & legitimate reasons = !
 do+ :i* c appeal to our intellig5ce &  
our emotions2 ^! we %\ld br+ into !     
=egr\nd ( our ?\ght & express z cle>ly &
 =cibly z possible4  ,we h n[ ! mat]ial 
= our "w4 ,we mu/ s hamm] ^! resolutions
 & ! motives to !m into our heads t !y w
 be vividly consci\s to u :5 !y are     
ne$$4 ,9 ?is process !re are ?ree ma9   
po9ts to be rememb]$ - ,conc5tration1   
,it]ation1 & ,ass]tion4  7#a7           
,conc5tration4 ,! m completely ! m9d c  
be conc5trat$ ^u ! resolution & its     
motives ! deep] w !y p5etrate into x1 to
 lie !re ready = use at ! mom5t (       

action4 ,a def9ite "t %\ld be set ap>t  
:5 ! m9d c be )drawn f o!r ?\ghts &     
compell$ to give all its att5tion to ?is
 matt]4 ,on fir/ wak+1 or j be=e go+ to 
sleep4 ,if "o is n too tir$-"o c usually
 be/ get away f ! di/ract+ details (    
life4 ,! resolutions %\ld be writt5 d[n1
 ) ! mo/ important words or phrases     
und]l9$1 to s]ve z cat*words & mottoes4 
,!y %\ld be read al\d & repeat$ f       
memory1 z well z ?\ght ov] sil5tly1 ?us 
add+ visual & auditory images to ! m5tal
 concepts4 ,9 m$itat+ ^u !m "o's ?\ghts 
%\ld n be all[$ to w&] too f>1 b mu/ be 
con/antly ref]r$ to ! def9ite numb]$    
resolutions4 ,! use ( symbols1 ( colors1
 etc1 w readily occur to any "o :o goes 
into ?is matt] ) lively int]e/4 ,always 
repeat ! resolutions ) ! greate/        
possible emphasis & en?usiasm1 s z to   
c>ry !m away r++ 9 ! m9d4 ,rememb] t !  
a/oni%+ results ( hypnotism & m5tal     
heal+ are due simply to ! complete      
possession ( ! m9d by ! new idea4  7#b7 
,,it]ation4 ,! (t5] ! m9d is fix$ ^u !  

resolution & its motives1 ! m deeply w  
!y become engrav$ 9 x4 ,sometimes "o    
det]m9$ conc5tration w c>ry ! day2 b if 
?is quick assault does n w9 ! victory a 
long-cont9u$ siege c d x4 ,by hamm]+    
away cont9ually at ! same spot !        
requisite impression w f9ally be made4  
,a mom5t>y rehe>sal ( ! resolutions may 
be made a hundr$ times a day1 9 pass+2 &
 imm$iately be=e ! "t = execution1 if x 
c be =ese51 =ces %\ld be ralli$1 ev5 if 
only by an in/antane\s fla% (           
det]m9ation4 ,above all1 "o %\ld n be   
disc\rag$ & /op try+2 = e r5ew$ ef=t1   
ev5 if %[+ no rew>d 9 success1 produces 
its exact & unfail+ effect4 ,keep+      
ev]la/+ly at x is z necess>y = success 9
 morals z 9 ev]y?+ else4  7#c7          
,,ass]tion4 ,! m vigor\sly we ass]t our 
p[] to keep our resolutions ! m likely  
we are to d s4 ,x is l>gely lack (      
confid5ce 9 ourselves t p>alyzes u4 ,!  
religions h realiz$ ! ne$ ( inspir+ hope
 & confid5ce 9 _! conv]ts by prea*+ !   
necessity ( fai?4  ,! fai? we ne$ is n  

necess>ily fai? 9 any sup]natural help1 
b only 9 ! demon/rat$ fact ( !          
possibility ( controll+ our own m9ds &  
morals by go+ at x 9 ! "r way4 ,b we mu/
 n passively wait = fai? to possess u1  
we mu/ grasp x1 cleave to x1 ass]t x4   
,we mu/ repeat our resolutions always ) 
! conviction t we are really go+ to c>ry
 !m out4 ,we mu/ picture ourselves at ! 
"t ( temptation1 ) ! triumphant ?\ght ( 
h[ spl5didly we are go+ to wor/ !       
,devil1 & nev] = a mom5t ?9k or talk (  
ourselves z likely to =get or yield4    
,su* p]si/5t ass]tion1 ev5 if !re is a  
backgr\nd ( di/ru/ t we _c :olly bani% f
 our m9ds1 w greatly help4 ,:atev] we   
may ?9k ab\t ! e?ics ( belief z appli$  
to sup]natural ?+s1 ! w to believe 9 our
 own p[] is c]ta9ly legitimate &        
important4 ,footnote3 ,! important      
problem ( ! e?ics ( belief1 z appli$ to 
religi\s matt]s1 has n be5 discuss$ 9   
?is volume4 ,! pres5t writ] hopes to    
discuss x fully 9 a lat] volume1 to be  
call$ ,problems ( ,religion4 ,v>i\s     

accessories& safegu>ds4 ,! dogg$ & he>ty
 practice ( auto-sugge/ion1 :e!r 9 !    
secul> =m above outl9$1 or 9 ! w>m] & m 
satisfy+ =m ( pray]1 is suffici5t to    
keep a man ma/] ( himself & above ! rea*
 ( :atev] temptations he recognizes &   
*ooses to resi/4 ,b !re are v>i\s o!r   
fur!rances to self- control t may be    
briefly sugge/$4  7#a7 ,! me?od ( turn+ 
ov] a new leaf is ( ! utmo/ value to    
m9ds ( a c]ta9 type4 ,to decl>e a       
def9ite break ) ! old life1 a fre%      
beg9n+1 un/a9$ & full ( hope1 (t5 gives 
j ! extra impetus t 0 ne$$4 ,we are     
weight$ by ! memory ( our failures1 we  
live 9 ! %ad[ ( ! pa/1 & easily slide   
into a hopelessness & s5se ( impot5ce   
:i* a m]e dogg$ p]si/5ce _c ov]come4    
,new ,ye>'s ,day1 a bir?day1 any *ange 9
 place or mann] ( life1 may well be made
 ! occasion = a b\t ( moral h\se-clean+1
 :i* w give a new en?usiasm & vitality  
to our bett] natures4 ,! ess5tial ?+ 9  
su* cases is to look out = ! fir/ te/s1 
& n all[ a s+le exception to ! new      

resolutions4 ,a slight lapse1 t seems   
inconsequ5tial1 may s]ve to *eck ! new  
mom5tum2 z ,la ,ro*ef\cauld says1 ,x is 
f> easi] to ext+ui% a fir/ desire ?an to
 satisfy all ^? t foll[ 9 its tra94     
,!re is1 h[ev]1 a real dang] 9 ?is      
me?od1 ( a disc\ragem5t & demoralization
 result+ f ! collapse ( en?usia/ic      
hopes4 ,& !re is ! fur!r dang] t a man w
 excuse indulg5ce 9 su* h\rs (          
disc\ragem5t1 on ! gr\nd t he is go+ to 
turn ov] ano!r new leaf to-morr[ & might
 z well h a good fl+ to- day4 ,x is well
 to rememb] ! tru? t ,m>t9eau express$  
by 8 apt phrase1 ! tides ( ! _s4 ,b1    
alas1 ,/ev5son puts x1 by plant+ a /ake 
at ! top ( ! flood1 y c nei!r prev5t nor
 delay ! inevitable ebb4 ,aft] all1 9   
mo/ ( our moral w>f>e1 x's dogg$ z does 
x4 ,he t /umbles & picks himself up is z
 if he _h nev] fall54  ,we _c k9dle :5  
we w ,! fire :i* 9 ! he>t resides2 ,! _s
 bl[e? & is /ill1 ,9 my/]y our s\l      
abides4 ,b tasks 9 h\rs ( insight w'd ,c
 be ?r\gh h\rs ( gloom fulfill'd4  ,if  

we d try ! abrupt break1 x is ( ! utmo/ 
importance to utilize e opportunity = ! 
c>ry+ out ( ! new program1 to hunt up   
occasions :ile ! w is /rong & ! c\rage  
high4 ,"o actual fulfillm5t ( a         
resolution is wor? _m m5tal rehe>sals4  
,& :5 ! enemy is repuls$ by ?is *>ge ) !
 bayonet1 vigilance mu/ n be relax$1 le/
 he return to take u unaw>es4 ,footnote3
 ,i _c =be> includ+1 9 ?is connection1 !
 admirable rem>ks ( ,william ,james     
7,psy*ology1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #abc-bd73 ,!  
fir/ maxim is t 9 ! acquisition ( a new 
habit1 or ! leav+ (f ( an old "o1 we mu/
 take c>e to ,,laun* ,,ourselves ,,) ,,z
 ,,/rong ,,& ,,decid$ ,,an ,,initiative 
,,z ,,possible4 ,accumulate all !       
possible circum/ances :i* %all re9=ce ! 
"r motives2 put y\rself assidu\sly 9    
conditions t enc\rage ! new way2 make   
engagem5ts incompatible ) ! old2 take a 
public pl$ge1 if ! case all[s2 9 %ort1  
envelop y\r resolution ) e aid y "k4    
,?is w give y\r new beg9n+ su* a mom5tum
 t ! temptation to break d[n w n occur z

 soon z x o!rwise might2 & e day dur+   
:i* a breakd[n is po/pon$ adds to !     
*ances ( its n occurr+ at all4 ,! second
 maxim is3 ,,nev] ,,suff] ,,an          
,,exception ,,to ,,occur ,,till ,,!     
,,new ,,habit ,,is ,,securely ,,root$   
,,9 ,,y\r ,,life4 ,ea* lapse is l !     
lett+ fall ( a ball ( /r+ :i* "o is     
c>efully w9d+ up2 a s+le slip undoes m  
?an a great _m turns w w9d aga94 ,! ne$ 
( secur+ success at ! ,,outset is       
imp]ative4 ,failure at fir/ is apt to   
damp5 ! en]gy ( all future attempts1    
:]eas pa/ exp]i5ce ( success n]ves "o to
 future vigor4 ,x is surpris+ h[ soon a 
desire w die ( inanition if x be ,,nev] 
f$4 ,a ?ird maxim may be add$ to !      
prec$+ pair3 ,,seize ,,! ,,v ,,fir/     
,,possible ,,opportunity ,,to ,,act ,,on
 ,,e ,,resolution ,,y ,,make1 ,,& ,,on  
,,e ,,emotional ,,prompt+ ,,y ,,may     
,,exp]i5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,!  
,,habits ,,y ,,aspire ,,to ,,ga94 ,x is 
n 9 ! mom5t ( _! =m+1 b 9 ! mom5t ( _!  
produc+ ,,motor ,,effects t resolves &  

aspirations communicate ! new 'set' to !
 bra94  7#b7 ,x is an excell5t ?+ to d a
 little gratuit\s spiritual ex]cise e   
day1 j to keep 9 tra9+1 to get ! habit (
 conqu]+ impulse1 ( do+ disagreeable    
?+s4 ,no?+ is m useful to a man ?an t   
p[]4 ,we mu/ n let our lives get too    
easy & our wills too s(t4 ,to jump out (
 b$ :5 ! :i/le bl[s1 in/ead ( dawdl+ j =
 a m9ute m 9 indol5t com=t1 to make "o's
 self take ! cold ba? t is abhorr5t to !
 fle%1 to d5y "o's self ! cig> or ! c&y 
t may n be 9 itself p>ticul>ly h>mful-by
 "s means or o!r to keep "o's self 9 !  
saddle & rid+ "o's desires1 may enable  
"o :5 "s crisis comes to ?ru/ aside a   
man too fatally accu/om$ to do+ ?+s 9 ! 
easie/ way4  7#c7 ,discretion is        
sometimes ! bett] "p ( valor4 ,besides  
/r5g!n+ our own wills1 x is wise to seek
 9 e way to remove temptation f our pa?1
 &1 if ne$ be1 to run away f x4 ,we mu/ 
keep away f situations t exp]i5ce w>ns  
are dang]\s = u1 h[ev] innoc5t !y may be
 to o!rs4 ,if a man f9d t danc+1 or !   

!at]1 ar\ses 8 passionate nature1 x may 
be bett] to avoid x entirely till 8     
hyp]s5sitive /ate is normaliz$4 ,always 
alcoholic liquors are to be avoid$2 !y  
cl\d ! reason & ! w1 & let impulse      
loose4 ,always ov]excitem5t & ov]fatigue
 are to be avoid$4 ,! p[] to ov]come    
temptation1 ,jane ,addams writes1 rea*es
 its limit almo/ automatically ) t (    
physical resi/ance4  7#d7 ,we mu/ foll[ 
,bossuet's advice n to combat passions  
directly s mu* z to turn !m aside by    
apply+ !m to o!r objects4 ,our emotional
 nature is a gift ( ! gods2 ! s9n] might
 h be5 a sa9t if 8 emotions _h only be5 
enli/$ "u ! "r bann]4 ,some?+ good to   
love1 to "w =1 & ?9k ab\t1 some?+ t c   
ar\se our :ole nature & relieve x f     
suppression1 is ! be/ antidote to morbid
 desire4 ,x is sometimes alleg$ t x is  
bett] to satisfy a passion ?an to keep x
 p5t up )9 ! organism4 ,b satisfy+ a    
wrong passion n only br+s its inevitable
 unhappy consequ5ces1 to "o's self & to 
o!rs1 x makes x f> h>d] to resi/ !      

passion aga91 :5 x recurs4 ,! only safe 
outlet is "o t leads into "r conduct2 "u
 skilful guidance all passions c be     
transmut$ into valuable driv+ =ces &    
allies ( morality4  7#e7 ,ev5 if "o     
seems to be play+ a los+ game1 "o c /ill
 keep up ! fight4 ,"o c spoil "o's      
enjoym5t 9 self-indulg5ce or selfi%ness2
 "o c refuse to give 9 all ov]4 ,?is    
m9ority repres5tation ( ! bett] impulse 
w suffice to keep x alive 9 u2 & :5 !   
revulsion f s9 comes we %all be 9 bett] 
%ape to make ! fight next "t4 ,a hundr$ 
failures ne$ n disc\rage2 "s ( ! greate/
 m5 h ga9$ ! f9al asc5dancy ov] _!      
weaknesses only aft] a long & (t5 los+  
/ruggle4 ,! case is hopeless only = !   
man :o /ops fight+4  ,self-control is ! 
measure ( manhood4 ,x is ! mo/ important
 ?+ 9 ! p]sonal life4 ,& x is )9 ! rea* 
( any man :o c be br\ght to und]/& !    
me*anism :]e ?r\gh x c be atta9$4 ,x    
rema9s true t x is be/ atta9$ ?r\gh     
religion1 :i* utilizes ! p[] ( pray]1 ( 
fai?1 ! en?usiasm ( a great cause &     

motive1 & ! comrade%ip & help ( o!rs    
engag$ 9 ! same et]nal w> ) s94 ,b      
religion1 to be efficaci\s1 mu/ be n    
passively accept$1 b ,,us$4 ,its help   
comes n to him :o sai? ,"l1 ,"l6 b to   
him :o e>ne/ly seeks to d ! w ( ! ,fa!r4
 ,j4 ,payot1 ,education ( ! ,w4 ,h4 ,c4 
,k+1 ,rational ,liv+1 *ap4 ,,vi1 sec4   
,,iii2 *ap4 ,x4 ,w4 ,james1 ,psy*ology1 
vol4 ,i1 pp4 #abb-bg2 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4    
#efa-gi4 ,w4 ,e4 ,h4 ,lecky1 ,map (     
,life1 *ap4 ,,xii4 ,a4 ,ba91 ,!         
,emotions & ! ,w1 "p ,,ii1 *ap4 ,,ix4   
,l4 ,h4 ,gulick1 9 ,_w's ,"w1 vol4 #ae1 
p4 #igig4 ,bossuet1 ,connaissance de    
,dieu et de ,soi meme1 *ap4 ,,iii1 sec4 
#ai4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,confessions1 book   
,,viii1 *ap4 ,v4 ,janet1 ,elem5ts de    
,morale1 *ap4 ,x1 sec4 #c4 ,w4 ,l4      
,%eldon1 ,an ,e?ical ,movem5t1 *ap4 ,x4 
,a4 ,b5nett1 ,! ,human ,ma*9e1 *aps4    
,i-,v4 ,o4 ,s4 ,m>d51 ,e ,man a ,k+4    
,,*apt] ,,xxii   ,,! ,,atta9ability ,,( 
,,happ9ess  ,,we h n[ discuss$ ! m      
recurr5t problems ( ! individual1 &     

po9t$ out ! sali5t duties t private life
 entails4 ,b !re rema9s some?+ to be    
add$ be=e we %all h cle>ly po9t$ ! way  
to p]sonal happ9ess4 ,m]e morality1 ev5 
:5 c\pl$ ) good =tune1 is n en\gh2 a    
s9less man1 scrupul\s to fulfill ! lea/ 
comm& ( ! law1 may yet be anxi\s1       
re/less1 depress$1 unsatisfi$4 ,we ne$ m
 ?an morality1 z ! ^w is commonly us$2  
we ne$ religion - or some?+ ( ! sort4   
,!re is no d\bt t = ! atta9m5t ( a      
p]vasive & /able happ9ess !re is no?+ s 
good z ! be/ sort ( religion2 b1 z 9    
discuss+ self- control1 we mu/ "h /e]   
cle> ( religi\s controv]sy & phrase :at 
we h to say 9 ! cold] t]ms ( m]e        
morality4 ,& ?\gh !re w be a great loss 
9 feel+1 9 p]suasiv5ess & unction !reby1
 !re w be ga9 9 cle>ness4 ,x is possible
 to express 9 ! drab tones ( morality ! 
pr(\nd insights :i* h made religion !   
great guide to happ9ess2 & ev5 ! man :o 
deems himself irreligi\s may1 if he     
takes to he>t ^! m prosaic c\nsels1 f9d 
some?+ ( ! peace t has be5 ! boon ( true

 believ]s4  ,! ?reefold key to happ9ess3
  ,i4 ,,he>ty ,,allegiance ,,to ,,duty4 
,! "o ?+ above all o!rs t makes life    
wor? liv+ is ! utt] devotion ( ! he>t & 
w to ! comm&s ( morality4 ,to ?r[ "o's  
self :ole-he>t$ly into ! game1 to play  
"o's "p = all x is wor?1 trans=ms :at 7 
else a grim & unhappy necessity into a  
glori\s opportunity4 ,! happy man is !  
loyal man1 ! man :o has tak5 sides1 :o  
has enroll$ himself def9itely on ! side 
( "r & ta/es ! ze/ ( battle4 ,he has    
some?+ to live =1 & some?+ la/+4 ,he has
 put 8 he>t into a cause t ! limitations
 & accid5ts ( life _c take f him1 he has
 laid up 8 treasure 9 heav51 :]e mo? &  
ru/ do? n corrupt or ?ieves break ?r\gh 
& /eal4  ,any cause1 any ambition1 any  
great endeavor t c /ir ! blood1 & give a
 life direction1 purpose1 & cont9uity ( 
a*ievem5t1 has ! p[] to rescue life f   
ennui1 f empt9ess1 & give x positive    
wor?4 ,b mo/ ambitions pall 9 "t1 & _m a
 cause t has tak5 a man's be/ en]gies   
has come to seem mi/ak5 or futile ) !   

ye>s4 ,!re is only "o great campaign :i*
 is s et]nal1 s surely necess>y1 s cle> 
9 its summons to all m51 t ! he>t c re/ 
9 x z 9 some?+ great en\gh to ennoble a 
:ole life4 ,t is ! age-long w> aga9/    
evil1 ! un5d+ summons to duty1 ! s]vice 
( ,god4 ,once a man le>ns ?is deepe/ (  
joys1 no?+ c take x f him2 :atev] 8     
limitations1 h[ev] n>r[ 8 sph]e1 !re w n
 fail to be a "r way1 a brave way1 a    
beautiful way to live4 ,!re is          
comrade%ip 9 x2 9 ?is common s]vice (   
,god - or ( good1 if we mu/ avoid       
religi\s t]ms - we /& %\ld] to %\ld] ) !
 sa9ts & h]oes ( all races & times1 )   
all1 ( :atev] l& or tongue1 :o are /riv+
 to pu% =w>d ! l9e1 to make ! "r prevail
 & bani% evil4 ,e ef=t1 e sacrifice1 has
 its inext+ui%able effect2 9 8 moral    
conque/s a man is no long] an           
individual1 he is a "p ( ! great tide t 
is resi/lessly mak+ t[>d ! bett] _w ( ! 
future1 ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,! great ,p[] 9
 ! _w t makes = righte\sness is back (  
him1 & 9 him2 9 no loyal mom5t is he    

alone4 4 4 4 ,inevitably ! tongue slips 
into religi\s language 9 deal+ ) ^! high
 tru?s2 b none!less are !y sci5tific    
tru?s1 matt]s ( pla9 e day obs]vation4  
,! ess5tial po9t is1 t x is n en\gh to  
obey ! ,law2 we mu/ ,,esp\se ! ,law1    
clasp x to our bosoms1 love x1 & give   
ourselves to x utt]ly4 ,we mu/ - to use 
! pregnant words ( ,james base our lives
 on do+ & be+1 n on hav+2 base our lives
 solidly ^u x1 s t ev]y?+ else is       
second>y4 ,! pleasures ( life are well  
en\gh 9 _! "t1 b !y mu/ n usurp ! *ief  
place 9 a man's ?\ght4,footnote3 ,cf4   
,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,autobiography1 p4 #adb3 
,! enjoym5ts ( life are suffici5t to    
make x a pleasant ?+1 :5 !y are tak5 en 
passant1 )\t be+ made a pr9cipal object4
 ,! only *ance is to treat1 n happ9ess1 
b "s end ext]nal to x1 z ! purpose (    
life4 ,8 fir/ conc]n mu/ be to keep     
true1 to play ! game2 he mu/ seek fir/ !
 ,k+dom ( ,god & ,8 righte\sness1 if he 
w\ld h ^! o!r ?+s add$ unto him4 ,he mu/
 lose 8 life 8 worldly int]e/s1 8       

dep5d5ce ^u ease & luxury1 & ev5 love if
 he w\ld truly f9d x4 ,9 a hundr$ su*   
phrases f ! ,great ,tea*]'s lips "o f9ds
 ! secret4 ,m baldly express$1 x comes  
to ?is1 t only ?r\gh putt+ ! ma9        
emphasis ^u do+ ! "r1 obey+ ! call (    
duty1 only ?r\gh ! c\rage\s attack & !  
giv+ ( our utmo/ allegiance1 c we keep a
 positive ze/ 9 liv+1 exorcise ! spect] 
( aimlessness & depression1 & lift      
ord9>y commonplace life to ! level (    
h]oism4 ,bless$ is ! man ^: ,,delight is
 9 ! law ( ! ,"l4  ,,ii4 ,,he>ty        
,,acquiesc5ce ,,9 ,,our ,,lot4  ,!      
fight]1 = :atev] cause1 c be> ! bl[s t  
come z a "p ( ! battle2 if a man has put
 8 he>t into liv+ by 8 ideal1 he is     
immune f ! disappo9tm5ts & irritations t
 beset man ^u a l[] level4 ,b x is well 
to take ?\ght also = ?is side ( ! matt]1
 to cultivate delib]ately ! _s (        
acquiesc5ce 9 ! inevitable pa9 & losses 
( life4 ,_m ( ! sweete/ pleasures are by
 _! nature unc]ta9 or transi5t2 ^! we   
mu/ hold s loosely t1 :ile n refus+ to  

enjoy _! sweetness1 we are ot dep5d5t ^u
 !m & c let !m g )\t los+ sight ( !     
/eady gleam t we foll[4 ,h[ev] de> to u 
are ! p we love1 & ! mat]ial ?+s we own1
 we mu/ keep ! und]ly+ assurance t if !y
 be tak5 f u life w /ill br+ u 9 o!r    
ways r5ew$ opportunities = t loyalty to 
duty1 t fai?ful liv+1 :i* is aft] all ! 
end = :i* we live4 ,we mu/ c\nt :atev]  
comes to u1 :e!r sweet or bitt]1 z !    
conditions "u :i* we s]ve1 ! mat]ial )  
:i* we h to "w1 ! /uff :i* we h to try !
 s\l's /r5g? on4 ,= !re is no way to be 
armor-pro( aga9/ unhapp9ess b by see+ to
 x t our he>ts are n set on any?+ b do+ 
or be+2 no?+ else is reliably p]man5t   
amid ! fitful sun%9e & %ad[ ( human     
life4 ,make hy claim ( wages a z]o2 !n  
ha/ ?\ ! _w at ?y feet4 ,footnote3 ,9   
,maet]l9ck's ,measure ( ! ,h\rs1 he     
speaks ( a sundial f\nd ne> ,v5ice by   
,hazlitt ) ! inscription1 ,horas non    
num]o nisi s]5as & quotes ,hazlitt's    
rem>ks !reon3 ,:at a f9e lesson is      
convey$ to ! m9d to take no note ( "t b 

by its b5efits1 to wat* only = ! smiles 
& neglect ! fr[ns ( fate1 to compose our
 lives ( bright & g5tle mom5ts1 turn+   
always to ! sunny side ( ?+s & lett+ !  
re/ slip f our imag9ations1 unhe$$ or   
=gott54 ,?is necessity ( deta*+ ! he>t f
 dep5d5ce ^u unc]ta9ties f\nd extreme   
expression 9 ! v>i\s hi/oric =ms (      
asceticism & mona/icism4 ,su* a runn+   
away f ! _w does n satisfy our age1 )   
its eag]ness = life & life m abundantly2
 if x escapes ! poignant sorr[s x _c    
happ9ess1 or make life bett] = o!rs4 ,b 
we may well take to he>t ! half-tru?    
taught by ! h]mits & monks ( ! pa/4 ,we 
may be 9 ! _w1 inde$1 b n ( x2 we1 too1 
may make no claims ^u life1 :ile putt+  
our he>ts into play+ our own "p 9 x     
well4 ,! writ+s ( ,epictetus & ,m>cus   
,aurelius are full ( passages t express 
! gi/ ( ! matt]1 su* z ! foll[+3 ,x is  
?y duty to ord] ?y life well 9 e s+le   
act2 & if e act does its duty z f> z is 
possible1 be cont5t2 no "o is able to   
h9d] !e s t ea* act %all n d its duty4  

,b some?+ ext]nal w /& 9 ! way8 ,no?+ w 
/& 9 ! way ( ?y act+ ju/ly & sob]ly &   
consid]ately4 ,b p]haps "s ( ?y active  
p[]s w be h9d]$8 ,well1 by acquiesc+ 9 !
 h9drance1 & be+ cont5t to transf] ?y   
ef=ts to t :i* is all[$1 ano!r          
opportunity ( action is imm$iately put  
be=e !e 9 place ( t :i* 0 h9d]$4 ,:at is
 ?is b say+ 9 o!r words t n 9 hav+ lies 
our life1 b 9 do+ & be+4 ,n ev5 9       
succe$+1 we mu/ rememb]2 & ?is is p]haps
 ! h>de/ "p ( our lesson4 ,x is "o ?+ to
 be> ) s]5ity ^? bl[s ( =tune aga9/ :i* 
we are obvi\sly def5seless2 x is ano!r  
?+1 :5 !re seems a *ance = av]t+ !      
disa/]1 :5 our :ole he>t & s\l are ?r[n 
into t ef=t1 to await ! outcome )       
tranquility1 to be> failure )\t         
compla9t4 ,! might h be5's & ! p]haps   
may yet be's are ! greate/ di/urb]s (   
our peace4 ,to use our ke5e/ wits =     
atta9+ :at seems be/1 to use our utmo/  
p]suasion = protect+ ourselves f !      
selfi%ness & /upidity ( o!rs1 & !n if we
 fail1 if ! fair hope slips f our grasp1

 if ! ?\ghtlessness or cruelty ( m5     
prevails aga9/ u1 to smile & attack !   
next problem ) undaunt$ *e]fulness1     
requires1 inde$1 to atta9 to t level may
 well be call$ ! la/ infirmity ( noble  
m9ds4 ,= ! v conc5tration ( life ^u do+ 
& be+ c>ries ) x ! dang] ( /ak+ happ9ess
 ^u ! success ( ! do+1 ! atta9m5t ( !   
ideals4 ,we mu/ c\nt ev5 ! /upidity &   
impulsiv5ess ( our own m5tal make-up z  
among ! mat]ials we h to "w )1 & n all[ 
remorse = our own "p 9 pa/ failures to  
int]f]e ) ! joyful e>ne/ness ) :i* we   
attack ! problems ( ! et]nal pres5t4 ,we
 may1 inde$1 (t5 succe$1 & t may be a v 
great & pure joy to u2 b we are n to    
c\nt ^u success2 or1 to put x ano!r way1
 we are to ?9k ( ! real success z ly+ 9 
! dauntless r5ewal ( ! ef=t r ?an 9 ! %[
 ( outw>d result4 ,to h (t5 resi/$ !    
diabolic1 & at ! end to be /ill resi/+  
x1 is = ! poor human soldi] to h done "r
 well4 ,to ask to see "s fruit ( our    
endeavor is b a transc5d5tal way ( s]v+ 
= rew>d4 ,?is is n pessimism1 x is !    

fir/ /ep t[>d a s\nd & invuln]able      
optimism4 ,we mu/ recognize once = all t
 ?is _w is n ! _w ( our dreams1 & cease 
to be s pa!tically surpris$ & hurt :5 x 
falls %ort ( !m4 ,7 we to be rebelli\s  
at life = n be+ built aft] ! patt]n (   
our ideals !re w\ld be no limit to our  
faultf9d+4 ,we may1 inde$1 long 9 our   
idle h\rs ) ,om> ,to grasp ?is sorry    
s*eme ( ?+s entire1 %att] x to bits-& !n
 ,rem\ld x ne>] to ! he>t's desire6 ,b 9
 our daily life a brav] & san] attitude 
befits u2 = x is n 9 su* an ideal _w b 9
 ! actual _w t we h to live4 ,evils !re 
are 9 x & w yet be-:y we _c tell & ne$ n
 "k2 ! only alt]native we h is to take  
!m *e]fully or gloomily1 to rebel or to 
accept ! situation4 ,our duty !n is     
cle>4 ,to face ! ev5ts ( life z !y come 
to u1 )\t disc\ragem5t or dismay1 to    
laugh at !m a little & le>n to c>ry on  
our lives ?r\gh !m ) /eadfa/ he>t &     
smil+ face- surely t is ! "p ( wisdom & 
( true manl9ess4 ,! ugly ?+s 9 life seem
 mu* less =midable :5 ?us boldly fac$   

?an :5 we try to %ut our eyes to !m1 ) !
 consequ5t disillusion at _! cont9ual   
reappe>ance4 ,confess frankly ! faults (
 life & x becomes tol]able1 is ev5 9 a  
fair way to become lovable4 ,= aft] all1
 :5 its obvi\s imp]fections d n bl9d u  
to its good po9ts1 x is a de> old _w we 
live 91 & ! heal?y m9d$ man loves x1 z  
he loves 8 fri5ds 9 spite ( _! faults   
loves x1 & f9ds x a _w glori\sly wor?   
liv+ 94  ,,iii4 ,,he>ty ,,appreciation  
,,( ,,! ,,wond] ,,& ,,beauty ,,9 ,,life4
  ,f9ally1 :5 we h our great purpose 9  
life1 & h ov]come ! fe> ( pa9 & loss1 we
 mu/ le>n to see & appreciate ! beauty (
 ! _w we live 94 ,! man :o refuses to be
 d[n$ by tr\ble is 9 a condition to     
enjoy ea* bit ( good =tune t comes to   
him1 to welcome ea* z a pure gift or    
addition to life1 & to "k t gifts ( "s  
sort or o!r w always come4 ,hold+ all   
?+s ) t loos] grasp t is ready to let !m
 g if g !y mu/1 he c reli% ! good ?+s ( 
life ! m freely = n hav+ c\nt$ on !m1 z 
he c ! m freely admire ! virtues ( 8    

fri5ds = n hav+ expect$ !m to be p]fect4
 ,he c feel ! beauty ( ! _w )\t be+     
dep5d5t ^u x1 n look+ = mortal ?+s to be
 immortal or human ?+s to be ideal1 b   
:ole-he>t$ly enjoy+ today :at he has    
today & tomorr[ :at he %all h to-morr[4 
,! ?+s he _c h at all1 in/ead ( spoil+ 8
 happ9ess 9 :at he has1 w r add to x by 
=m+ ano!r dim5sion ( ! actual1 full (   
beautiful visions & glori\s             
possibilities4 ,& meantime ! real _w1 ( 
ev5ts t actually occur1 w n fail1 9     
spite ( its flaws & rebuffs1 to br+ him 
ev]-fre% delights4 ,let no "o m9imize ^!
 delights4 ,!re is m beauty1 m int]e/ "h
 9 ?is mundane exi/5ce ( ours1 m        
inspiration1 m inexhau/ible possibility 
( enjoym5t ?an ! ke5e/ ( u has dream$ (4
 ,we ne$ "s sort ( %ak+ up to r\se u to 
! beauty ( common ?+s- ! fre%ness ( !   
air we brea!1 ! w>m? ( sun%9e1 ! gre5 ( 
trees & fields & ! blue ( ! sky1 ! joy 9
 ex]cise ( bra9 & muscle1 9 read+ &     
talk+ & %>+ 9 ! life ( ! _w2 & 9 su*    
daily ?+s z eat+ at ! family table :5 we

 are hungry1 or a good night's sleep :5 
we are tir$4 ,we ne$ "s tea*] l ,:itman 
to op5 our eyes to ! beauty n only (    
fl[]s b ( leaves ( grass1 to !          
picturesqu5ess & significance ( s dull a
 ?+ z a f]ryboat2 or l ,wordswor?1 ) 8  
pictur+ ( homely c\ntry sc5es & ev5ts1 )
 8 emotion at ! sight ( ! sleep+ city- a
 sight s t\*+ 9 its maje/y4 ,?is s5se ( 
! mean+ ( common ?+s floods mo/ ( u at  
"o "t or ano!r1 & we see :at 9 our      
bl9dness we h be5 ov]look+4 ,g )\t y\r  
com=table b$ = a :ile1 y\r well-cook$   
food1 y\r home1 fri5ds1 neighbors1 & y w
 discov] h[ ri* y h be54 ,y\r "m's face 
h9t$ by "s /rang] 9 a =eign l& w "s day 
ov]come y ) ! realization ( ! com=t ( h]
 love2 & unless y are a crabb$ egoti/ ! 
life ( y\r fell[s c furni% y ) endless  
pleasures4 ,x is n necess>y to own ?+s  
to enjoy !m2 our int]e/s & enjoym5ts may
 well ov]lap & include ^? ( our fri5ds &
 neighbors1 & ev5 ^? ( /rang]s4 ,! smile
 ( a happy *ild1 a fri5d's good =tune a 
sunrise or moonlit cl\d-/rewn sky1 %\ld 

br+ a pure gladness to any "o :o has    
eyes to see & he>t to feel4 ,we mu/     
,le>n to love ! morn1 ,love ! lovely    
work+ light1 ,love ! miracle ( sight1   
,love ! ?\s& ?+s to d4 ,footnote3 ,^!   
l9es are ,ri*>d ,le ,galli5ne's4 ,cf4   
also ,mat!w ,arnold's l9es3 ,is x s     
small a ?+ ,to h enjoy$ ! sun1 ,to h    
liv$ light 9 ! spr+1 ,to h lov$1 to h   
?\ght1 to h done1 ,to h advanc$ true    
fri5ds & beat d[n baffl+ foes8 ,! sports
 ( ! c\ntry p1 ,a flute note f ! woods1 
,sunset ov] ! sea2 ,se$-"t & h>ve/1 ,!  
reap]s 9 ! corn1 ,! v9$ress] 9 8 v9ey>d1
 ,! village girl at h] :eel4 4 4 ,! true
 lov] ( beauty w n ne$ to seek =ev]-new 
sc5es & objects to admire4 ,he w f9d t  
:i* c fe$ 8 he>t 9 ! cl\ds ( morn+1 !   
blue ( noon1 or ! />s ( night4 ,"o      
graceful vase ) a fl[]-/alk b5d+ ov] to 
display its droop+ blossoms1 w fill him 
) a quiet happ9ess2 ! m]ry laught] ( a  
*ild1 ! t5d] smile ( a lov]1 ! rugg$    
features ( a wea!r beat5 labor]1 w /ir 8
 s\l to response2 a few l9es ( poetry   

rememb]$ 9 ! mid/ ( "w1 a simple song   
sung 9 ! twilight1 a pr9t ( "s old ma/] 
hang+ by 8 b$side1 a bird-call he>d at  
sunset or ! sc5t ( ev5+ air aft] ra91   
may s speak to 8 _s t he w say1 ,x is   
en\gh6 ,x is n ! numb] ( beautiful ?+s t
 we h t matt]s1 b ! degree 9 :i* we are 
op5 to _! influ5ce1 ! atmosph]e into :i*
 we let !m lead u4 ,our he>ts mu/ be    
free f self-seek+1 f regret1 f ang]1 f  
re/lessness4 ,! vision comes n always to
 ! connoisseur1 comes to him ^: life is 
simple1 e>ne/1 op5-ey$ & op5he>t$4 ,9 ! 
pauses ( 8 fai?ful "w he w refre% 8 s\l 
) "s bit ( beauty t tells ( atta9m5t1 ( 
peace1 ( p]fection4 ,t is a pro( to him 
( ! beauty 9 ! mid/ ( :i* he lives1     
inexhau/ible1 h>dly disc]n$2 x c>ries   
him beyond itself into ! ideal _w ( :i* 
x is a sample & illu/ration2            
unconsci\sly dur+ ! duties ( ! day he   
lives 9 ! light ( t vision1 & ev]y?+ is 
sweet5$ & bless$ !reby4  ,c we ma9ta9 a 
/eady "u gl[ ( happ9ess8                
,happ9ess--happ9ess suffici5t to make   

life well wor? liv+ is1 = mo/ m5 at     
lea/1 at mo/ times1 a real possibility4 
,to be won x has b to be s\ght vigor\sly
 en\gh4 ,x is to be s\ght1 h[ev]1 n     
prim>ily by *ang+ "o's environm5t b by  
*ang+ "o's self2 n by acquir+ new ?+s1 b
 by acquir+ a new attitude t[>d ?+s2 n  
by gett+ :at c\ld make "o happy1 b by   
le>n+ to be happy ) :at "o c get4 ,,!   
,,k+dom ,,( ,,heav5 ,,is ,,)9 ,,y6 ,?is 
is n m]ely a morali/'s !ory1 or an      
empirical obs]vation2 x is a sci5tific  
fact4 ,we may re/ate ! matt] 9          
psy*ological language by say+ t happ9ess
 & unhapp9ess are responses ( ! organism
 to its environm5t1 reactions ^u a      
/imulus1 our attitude ( welcome or      
dissatisfaction t[>d ! v>i\s matt]s (   
our exp]i5ce4 ,true1 we (t5 ?9k ( !     
quality ( pleasantness z inh]+ 9 ! ?+s  
we enjoy1 & speak ( tr\bles & sorr[s z  
objective4 ,b ?is is only a %or?& way ( 
describ+ exp]i5ce4 ,9 reality ! pleasure
 we feel 9 eat+ :5 we are hungry or 9   
see+ a fri5d we love is some?+ add$ to &

 diff]5t f ! ta/e s5sations1 or !       
complex visual p]ceptions & memory      
images ! fri5d ar\ses 9 u4 ,s a cutt+ or
 burn+ s5sation1 ! ?\ght ( a fri5d's    
dea?1 or ( our failure1 on ! "o h&1 &   
our unhapp9ess !reat on ! o!r h&1 are   
two di/9ct ?+s1 closely b\nd toge!r 9   
our m9ds b sep>able4  ,! sep>ation is1  
inde$1 difficult to br+ ab\t1 because ! 
age long /ruggle = exi/5ce has made     
unhapp9ess at physical pa9 & pleasure at
 ! heal?y ex]cise ( our organs or       
satisfy+ ( our appetite in/9ctive &     
imm$iate1 t we may avoid :at is h>mful  
to life & pursue :at is useful4 ,all our
 crav+s & long+s & regrets h ?is        
biological value2 !y are ! ma*9]y by :i*
 nature spurs u on to bett] adju/m5t to 
! conditions ( life4 ,& 9 le>n+ to d )\t
 ! spur we mu/ le>n n to ne$ x4         
,discont5t is bett] ?an laz9ess1 remorse
 bett] ?an call\s selfi%ness1 suff]+ "u 
extreme cold bett] ?an recklessly expos+
 ! body till x is weak5$4 ,b z soon z we
 h rea*$ t /age ( rationality :]e we c  

*oose ! bett] way & /ick to x )\t ! /++ 
goad ( pa91 ! pa9 is no long] necess>y &
 we may safely le>n to we$ x out4  ,a   
few bless$ s\ls we "k :o h le>n$ !      
secret1 :o g ab\t ) p]petually radiant  
face & take smil+ly ! v mi%aps t worry &
 sadd5 ! re/ ( u4 ,to "s ext5t ?is may  
be m]ely a matt] ( bett] n]ves1 ( less  
s5sitive temp]am5t1 ( m ab\nd+ vitality2
 b !re are _m ( ! weake/ & mo/ s5sitive 
among ^? :o h le>n$ t bett] way2 !y c   
turn ev]y?+ into happ9ess z ,midas turn$
 ev]y?+ into gold4 ,x is surpris+1 look+
 ?r\gh su* a "o's eyes1 to see h[ full  
life is ( delight4 ,yet 9 ! same        
situations !re may be room = endless    
compla9t if e grief is ent]ta9$ t's     
(f]$4 ,x all dep5ds on ! attitude tak54 
,9 tr\ble "o man w fall to frett+1 :ile 
ano!r does :at c be done & !n turns 8   
?\ghts to some?+ else2 9 discom=t "o w  
l[] ! corn]s ( 8 m\? & feel wret*$1 :ile
 ! o!r f9ds x all va/ly amus+2 "o w h 8 
day q spoil$ by "s disappo9tm5t :i* !   
o!r takes z a m]e incid5t2 "o w f9d !   

same environm5t dull & /upid :i* ! o!r  
f9ds full ( int]e/ & opportunity2 & s   
out ( l conditions "o w make an unhappy1
 ! o!r a happy life4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,9 
j\rney+ (t51 9 p]ils ( wat]s1 9 p]ils ( 
robb]s1 9 p]ils by m9e own c\ntrym51 9  
p]ils by ! hea!n1 9 p]ils 9 ! city1 9   
p]ils 9 ! wild]ness1 9 p]ils 9 ! sea1 9 
p]ils among false bre?r51 9 we>9ess &   
pa9fulness1 9 wat*+ (t51 9 hung] & ?ir/1
 9 fa/+ (t51 9 cold & nak$ness 4 4 4 yet
 always rejoic+6 ,rejoic+ 9 tribulation 
ev51 because to ! brave man e ob/acle & 
failure is s mu* fur!r opportunity =    
c\rage & contrivance1 = mat*+ himself   
aga9/ ?+s4 ,human joy1 writes ! au?or ( 
! ,simple ,life1 has celebrat$ its f9e/ 
triumphs "u ! greate/ te/s ( endurance4 
,! ,apo/le ,paul is b "o ( _m :o h      
welcom$ ea* rebuff1 & prov$ t if rightly
 tak5 life almo/ at its wor/ c be       
transmut$ by c\rage into happ9ess4 ,?is1
 !n1 is ! philosophy ( happ9ess 9 a     
nut%ell3 ,,put ,,y\r ,,he>t ,,into ,,do+
 ,,y\r ,,duty2 ,,dem& ,,no?+ ,,else ,,( 

,,life ,,?an ,,! ,,opportunity ,,to ,,d 
,,y\r ,,duty2 ,,enjoy ,,freely ,,& ,,)\t
 ,,fe> ,,ev]y?+ ,,good ,,& ,,beautiful  
,,t ,,comes ,,9 ,,y\r ,,way4  ,to       
acquire & keep ?is attitude ( m9d       
requires ( c\rse resolution & p]si/5ce4 
,we mu/ r\se ourselves & take sides4 ,we
 mu/ def9itely pl$ge ourselves once & = 
all to happ9ess2 & if we _c at a leap   
atta9 to x1 we mu/ /ill rememb] t we h  
committ$ ourselves to t side4 ,we mu/   
pret5d to be happy1 ?r[ aside all       
compla9+ & sighs & long faces2 :atev]   
comes1 we mu/ rememb] t we are on trial 
to pres]ve our buoyancy1 our p[] n to be
 d[nca/4 ,we %all n be able to disuse   
our habit ( unhapp9ess at once4 ,b if we
 /ick to our colors & refuse to add to  
:atev] depression ma/]s u by brood+ ^u x
 & giv+ x "r ( way2 if we rememb] !     
conditions ( happ9ess /at$ above1 & ?ru/
 resolutely f u all ?\ghts & words      
incompatible ) liv+ accord+ to !m1 !    
unhapp9ess w be gone be=e we "k x4 ,x is
 a well-kn[n psy*ological law t if we   

*oke ! expression ( an emotion1 we %all 
pres5tly f9d t we h smo!r$ ! emotion    
itself4 ,x may seem l holl[ pret5se at  
fir/1 b x w pay to pret5d h>d2 :5 we h  
pret5d$ long en\gh1 we %all f9d we no   
long] ne$ to pret5d4 ,!re w always be   
^?1 no d\bt1 :o w decl>e x impossible1 &
 !y w cont9ue to be unhappy2 !re w be _m
 o!rs :o w conc$e ! possibility ( x1 b w
 n h ! det]m9ation & p]si/5ce to effect 
x2 b !re w always be "s :o w say1       
,happ9ess is possible6 :o w set out to  
get x1 & :o w get x1 z !y w des]ve to4  
,"s m5 are born happy1 "s seem to h     
happ9ess ?ru/ ^u !m1 b "s a*ieve        
happ9ess4 ,x w n be ! same k9d (        
happ9ess t we _h z *ildr51 be=e ! %ocks 
( life awoke u4 ,x w be a happ9ess t    
meets & rises above pa94 ,life w always 
h its trag$ies1 sickness & sep>ation1   
pa9 & sudd5 dea?4 ,!y are ! common      
inh]itance ( mank9d4 ,b x is n ^! ?+s 9 
!mselves t make life un5durable1 x is ! 
way we take !m1 our fe> ( !m1 our worry 
ov] !m1 our long+s & rebelli\sness1 our 

magnify+ & brood+ ov] & %r9k+ f !m2 :5  
we resolve to lift our heads & ass]t our
 p[]1 we %all f9d life tragic1 yes1 b   
endurable1 & full ( a deep joy4 ,!      
little worries & disappo9tm5ts w cease  
to tr\ble u4 ,& ! same attitude t       
enables u to rise above !m w1 :5 m      
/aun*ly held1 lift u ov] ! great sorr[s 
also1 & keep alive 9 u an "u gl[ ( joy4 
,an "u gl[ ( joy-t is :at c be f\nd 9   
life 9 any b its highly abnormal phases1
 by con=m+ to its conditions & tak+ x = 
:at x is1 /uff :i*1 we h to %ape into   
s]vice to ! ideal4 ,x %\ld be recogniz$ 
z ! f9al ^w ( p]sonal morality t a man  
mu/ tra9 himself to a happ9ess t is     
indep5d5t ( circum/ances4 ,we ne$ no    
my/ical pa9t+ out ( ! %ad[s1 no bl9dness
 to facts1 only a w to s]ve ! "r1 a     
read9ess to accept ! imp]fect1 & eyes to
 see ! beauty t surr\nds u4 ,if ,i h    
falt]$ m or less ,9 my great task (     
happ9ess1 ,if ,i h mov$ among my race ,&
 %[n no glori\s morn+ face1 ,if beams f 
happy human eyes ,h mov$ me n2 if morn+ 

skies1 ,books & my food1 & summ] ra91   
,knock$ on my sull5 he>t 9 va94 ,if1 9  
%ort1 we h n discipl9$ ourselves to     
happ9ess1 x may well be ma9ta9$ t we h  
left undone our highe/ duty to our      
neighbor & ourselves4 ,& he may ) good  
reason decl>e t he has solv$ ! greate/  
problem ( life :o c proclaim ) ,tol/oy1 
,i rejoice 9 hav+ taught myself n to be 
sad6 or ) ! ,apo/le ,paul1 ,i h le>n$ 9 
:atsoev] /ate ,i am !re9 to be cont5t4  
,mu* ( ! secret ( happ9ess is to be f\nd
 9 ,epictetus & ,m>cus ,aurelius  &1 (  
c\rse1 9 ! ,gospels4 ,( mod]n writ]s1   
among ! mo/ useful are ,/ev5son &       
,*e/]ton4 ,see1 = example1 ,/ev5son's   
,*ri/mas ,s]mon1 & ,j4 ,f4 ,g5ung's     
,/ev5son's ,attitude t[>d ,life4        
,*e/]ton's c\nsels are too satt]$ to    
make ref]5ce practicable4  ,see also ,c4
 ,w4 ,eliot1 ,! ,happy ,life4 ,c4       
,hilty1 ,happ9ess4 ,p4 ,g4 ,ham]ton1 ,! 
,que/ ( ,happ9ess4 ,p4 ,pauls51 ,sy/em (
 ,e?ics1 book m1 *ap1 n1 sees4 #c1 #f2  
*ap1 iv1 sees4 #a1 #b4 ,h4 ,c4 ,k+1     

,rational ,liv+1 *ap1 x1 sec4 iv4 ,j4   
,payot1 ,education ( ! ,w1 book iv1 *ap4
 iv4 ,a4 ,b5nett1 ,! ,human ,ma*9e1     
*aps1 ,,vi2 ,m5tal ,effici5cy1 *ap4 ix4 
,9 ,royce's ,philosophy ( ,loyalty1     
,roosevelt's ,/r5u\s ,life1 & ,gannett's
 ,bless$ be ,drudg]y1 we get valuable   
notes2 & ,c>lyle has _m1 especially ,,id
 ! latt] *apt]s ( ,s>tor ,res>tm4       
,,"p ,,iv   ,,public ,,morality         
,,*apt] ,,xxiii   ,,patriotism ,,&      
,,_w-,,peace  ,,! goal ( p]sonal        
morality is rea*$ ) ! adoption ( t mode 
( life t leads to ! /able & la/+        
happ9ess ( ! individual4 ,su* a happ9ess
 necess>ily presupposes relations (     
k9dness & coop]ation ) ^? o!r p]sons t  
=m ! imm$iate environm5t4 ,b x is q     
compatible ) a neglect ( ^? wid] aspects
 ( duty t we call public morality4 ,!   
,/oics1 ! an*orites1 "s communities (   
monks1 & _m a well-to-d recluse today1  
are examples ( ^? :o h f\nd a selfi%    
happ9ess = !mselves )\t tak+ any h& 9   
=w>d+ ! g5]al welf>e4 ,yet ! greate/    

total good is n to be atta9$ 9 any su*  
way2 if man is to w9 9 8 inexorable w> )
 a ho/ile & grudg+ environm5t1 m5 mu/   
m>* ,,en ,,masse1 mu/ "w = ends t lie f>
 beyond _! p]sonal satisfactions1 = !   
welf>e ( ! ,/ate & po/]ity4 ,x is ^!    
l>g]1 public duties t we mu/ n[ consid]4
 ,& x is "h t our greate/ /ress mu/ be  
laid2 = ^! obligations are too easily   
ov]look$1 & t[>d !m ! contempor>y       
consci5ce ne$s mo/ %>ply to be ar\s$4 ,!
 fir/ great public problem1 hi/orically1
 is t ( w>4 ,& !oretically x may well   
come fir/1 s9ce ! atta9m5t ( peace is ! 
pr]equisite ( all o!r social advance4   
,:ile a nation's en]gies are absorb$ 9  
w>1 no?+1 or ne>ly no?+ else c be done4 
,s we turn to a consid]ation ( w>2 &    
fir/1 ( t emotion1 patriotism1 ^: tra9+ 
& r$irection mu/ und]lie ! movem5t t[>d 
univ]sal peace4  ,:at is ! mean+ & value
 ( patriotism8  ,mat!w ,arnold began 8  
fam\s ,am]ican address on ,numb]s by    
quot+ ,dr4 ,johnson's say+1 ,patriotism 
is ! la/ refuge ( a sc\ndrel4 ,we mu/   

admit t to c]ta9 =ms ( x ! gibe is      
p]t95t4 ,b 9 its ess5ce1 patriotism is t
 mo/ useful ( human possessions1 an     
emotion t turns a duty into a joy4 ,x is
 necess>y = m51 h[ev] burd5some !y may  
f9d ! obligation1 to be loyal to !      
int]e/s ( ! ,/ate ( :i* !y are memb]s4  
,b ! patriot feels x noburd52 he loves 8
 c\ntry1 & s]ves h] will+ly1 z 8        
privilege & glad desire4 ,to be consci\s
 ( belong+ to a social gr\p1 ^: int]e/s 
are reg>d$ z "o's own1 to m\rn its      
disa/]s & rejoice 9 its successes1 &    
give "o's h&s & bra9s )\t reluctance1 :5
 ne$$1 to its s]vice- t is patriotism4  
,= ! individual1 its value is t x wid5s 
8 sympa?ies1 gives him new int]e/s1     
/imulates 8 ambition1 w>ms 8 he>t ) a   
s5se ( bro!rhood 9 common hopes & fe>s2 
! man )\t a c\ntry is1 z ,dr4 ,bale's   
/ory graphically depict$1 l a man )\t a 
home2 ! citiz5s ( ! _w1 :o volunt>ily   
expatriate !mselves1 miss mu* ( ! tang (
 life t is ta/$ by him :o keeps 8 local 
atta*m5ts & national loyalty4 ,= !      

,/ate1 its value is t x welds m5 toge!r1
 s(t5s _! civil /rife1 lifts !m above   
petty jeal\sies1 r\ses !m to ma9ta9 !   
common weal aga9/ all dang]s1 ext]nal & 
int]nal4 ,especially 9 view ( our hybrid
 population is x necess>y to /imulate   
patriotism1 by ! celebration ( national 
anniv]s>ies1 ! salutation ( ! flag 9 !  
public s*ools1 & :atev] o!r means help  
to enli/ ! emotions on ! side ( civic   
consci\sness4 ,b :ile seek+ to fo/]     
patriotism1 = its great pot5tialities ( 
good1 we mu/ gu>d dilig5tly aga9/ its   
lapse into =ms t are really h>mful to ! 
community :i* x av[$ly s]ves4 ,l e o!r  
great emotion1 x ne$s to be controll$1  
develop$ along ! l9es ( greate/         
usefulness1 direct$ into prop] *annels4 
,h[ %\ld patriotism be direct$ &        
qualifi$8  7#a7 ,patriotism mu/ be      
rationaliz$1 s z to be an en?usiasm = ! 
really great & admirable phases ( !     
national life4 ,in/ead ( a pride 9 !    
pr[ess ( army & navy1 ( ya*ts or        
a?letes1 x %\ld become a pride 9        

national effici5cy & heal?1 9 ! national
 art1 lit]ature1 /atesman%ip1 &         
educational sy/em1 9 ! beauty ( public  
build+s & ! /&>ds ( public mann]s &     
morals4 ,x %\ld ?9k n s mu* ( def5d+ by 
=ce ! national honor1 z ( ma9ta9+ /&>ds 
( honor t %all be wor? def5d+4 ,!re may1
 inde$1 /ill be occasions :5 we c le>n !
 tru? ( ! old ,roman v]se1 ,dulce et    
decorum e/ pro patria mori2 b ! new]    
patriotism consi/s n s mu* 9 will+ness  
to die z 9 will+ness to live1 = "o's    
c\ntry-to take ! tr\ble to /udy         
conditions1 to vote1 & to "w = !        
improvem5t ( conditions & ! invigorat+ (
 ! national life4 ,! real anti-patriots 
are n ! peace-m51 b ! selfi% &          
unscrupul\s money-mak]s1 ! idle ri*1 !  
dissolute1 ! ill-mann]$1 all ^? :o put  
private int]e/ or passion above ! public
 weal1 help to weak5 national /r5g? &   
solid>ity1 & br+ our c\ntry's "n into   
disrepute4  7#b7 ,patriotism mu/ n m]ge 
into conceit & bl9d self-satisfaction4  
,! sup]ior1 patroniz+ air ( _m          

,am]icans1 _! insuff]able boa/+ &       
dogmatism1 does m1 p]haps1 to prejudice 
=eign]s aga9/ u ?an any o!r ?+4 ,we mu/ 
tea* int]national good mann]s1 a becom+ 
mode/y1 a g5]osity t[>d ! prejudices (  
o!rs1 & a recognition ( our own         
%ortcom+s4 ,! bl9d patriotism t w n     
confess to any fault1 t %\ts1 ,our      
c\ntry1 "r or wrong1 leads 9 ! direction
 ( arrogance1 wrongdo+1 & di%onor4 ,we  
mu/ be free to criticize our own        
gov]nm5t2 we mu/ h no false notions ab\t
 national honor su* z 7 once held       
conc]n+ p]sonal honor 9 ! days ( duel+4 
,we %all d\btless be 9 ! wrong          
sometimes2 we mu/ welcome enlight5m5t & 
try to le>n ! bett] way4 ,apologiz+ is  
sometimes nobl] ?an blu/]2 & he is no   
true lov] ( 8 c\ntry :o seeks to        
condone1 & s p]petuate1 h] errors4  7#c7
 ,patriotism mu/ n imply a hatr$ (1 or  
desire to hurt1 o!r c\ntries4 ,! sight (
 "o great civilization seek+ to injure  
ano!r is ! %ame ( humanity4 ,= 9 ! end  
our int]e/s are ! same2 we %\ld n pr(it 

by ,g]many's loss any m ?an ,connecticut
 w\ld ga9 by injury to ,v]mont4 ,j+oism1
 contempt ( o!r peoples1 & purely selfi%
 diplomacy1 are s9ful outgr[?s (        
patriotism4 ,we mu/ le>n to be fair &   
good-temp]$1 to appreciate ! admirable 9
 o!r nations1 to ?rill to _! ideals1 &  
bani% all suspici\s1 sne]+1 or          
hyp]critical attitudes t[>d !m4 ,x is a 
pity t ! mass ( our p get _! conceptions
 ( =eign peoples & rul]s s l>gely ?r\gh 
newspap] c>toons & c>icatures1 :i*      
emphasize & exagg]ate _! po9ts (        
diff]5ce & inf]iority in/ead ( reveal+  
_! p[] & excell5ce4 ,x is a /upid       
prov9ciality t conceives a di/a/e =     
=eign]s because ( _! ali5 mann]s & to u 
unc\? language1 _! diff]5t dress &      
habits4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !y feel z    
sup]ior to u z we to !m1 & on ! :ole1   
p]haps1 ) z good a "r4 ,no "o ( !       
nations b has "s noble ideals &         
a*ievem5ts to its cr$it2 if we d n      
appreciate !m1 we are !reby prov$ to be 
9 ne$ ( :at !y h to give4 ,& und]nea? ^!

 usually sup]ficial diff]5ces1 we are   
all j m5 & wom51 ) ! same loves &       
hatr$s1 ! same ne$s1 ! same weaknesses &
 rep5tances & aspirations4 ,if we       
realiz$ our common humanity1 we %\ld try
 to treat !m z we %\ld wi% to be treat$ 
by !m2 ! ,gold5 ,rule1 ! ,*ri/ian _s1 ! 
me?od ( reason & k9dness1 is z          
applicable to int]national z to         
int]-p]sonal relations4 ,we %\ld n be   
too s5sitive to ! trivial brea*es (     
mann]s1 ! intemp]ate words & selfi% acts
 ( neighbor-nations1 b make all[ances & 
pres]ve our good-fell[%ip1 z we d 9 our 
p]sonal life4 ,we %\ld bew>e ( lett+ our
 own patriotism lead u into l           
misconduct4 ,above all1 we mu/ refuse to
 let x lead u into ! lu/ ( conque/2 we  
mu/ respect ! rights & lib]ties ( o!r   
peoples1 keep /rictly to our treaty     
obligations1 honor less ! patriots :o h 
inflam$ national hatr$s & l$ u to battle
 aga9/ o!r peoples ?an ^? :o h wr\ght = 
_! c\ntry's righte\sness & true honor1 &
 let x be our pride to /& = int]national

 comity & good w4 ,a "q t may prop]ly be
 discuss$ "h is :e!r x is p]missible to 
%ift patriotism f "o c\ntry to ano!r4   
,su* a *ange ( loyalty is1 9 times ( w>1
 call$ treason1 & naturally evokes !    
res5tm5t ( ! des]t$ side4 ,ev5 z        
imp>tial judges1 we are prop]ly         
suspici\s ( su* action1 z d5ot+ a       
vacillat+ nature1 devoid ( ! true _s (  
loyalty1 or z indicative ( a selfi%ness 
t foll[s its own p]sonal advantage4 ,& s
 f> z t suspicion is well f\nd$1 we mu/ 
condemn ! traitor4 ,b c]ta9ly1 if a man 
exp]i5ces a s9c]e *ange ( conviction1 he
 %\ld n be requir$ to cont9ue to s]ve ! 
side t he n[ feels to be 9 ! wrong2 e   
man mu/ be free to foll[ 8 consci5ce1   
ev5 if x leads him to disav[ 8 own e>li]
 allegiance4 ,suppose ,b5$ict ,arnold to
 h develop$ a s9c]e conviction t !      
,am]ican revolutioni/s 7 9 ! wrong1 & t 
! true welf>e ( bo? ,am]ica & ,brita9   
lay 9 _! cont9u$ union4 ,9 su* a case he
 mu/1 z a consci5ti\s man1 h transf]r$ 8
 allegiance to ! ,tory side4 ,s a man :o

 has be5 a work] = ! saloon int]e/s1 :o 
%\ld become conv9c$ ( ! anti-social     
influ5ce ( ! liquor trade1 w\ld d "r to 
come ov] to ! anti- saloon side & "w    
aga9/ 8 =m] associates4 ,! really       
difficult "q lies r "h3 may su* a man   
use = ! advantage ( ! cause he n[ s]ves 
! k he ga9$1 ! secrets entru/$ to him1 !
 p[] he won1 z a work] = ! opposite     
cause8 ,if ,b5$ict ,arnold 0 a s9c]e    
conv]t to ! ,briti% cause1 did he d "r 9
 try+ to deliv] ,we/ ,po9t into _! h&s8 
,or are we "r 9 execrat+ him = 8        
attempt$ brea* ( tru/8 ,may ! =m]       
saloon-work] use 8 inside k ( ! saloon  
m5's plans1 & 8 famili>ity ) ! bus9ess1 
to help ! cause to :i* he has transf]r$ 
8 allegiance8 ,! two cases may be       
closely p>allel2 b ea* w probably be    
decid$ by mo/ p accord+ to ! side ^u :i*
 !y /&4 ,an imp>tial judgm5t w1 p]haps1 
condemn all brea*es ( fai?1 all use (   
delegat$ p[] = ends contr>y to ^? = :i* 
! p[] 0 delegat$1 includ+ secrets       
delib]ately entru/$1 b w n condemn ! use

 = ! new cause ( k ga9$ by !            
individual's own obs]vation1 or influ5ce
 won ?r\gh ! p[] ( 8 own p]sonality4    
,:at h be5 ! b5efits ( w>8  ,w> has n   
be5 an unmitigat$ evil4 ,9 fairness we  
mu/ note ! foll[+ po9ts3  7#a7 ,9 spite 
( its dang]1 & its pa91 w> has be5 a    
great excitem5t & joy to m54 ,t5nyson is
 d\btless true to life 9 mak+ ,ulysses  
exclaim ,all times ,i h enjoy$ ,greatly1
 h suff]$ greatly4 4 4 ,& drunk delight 
( battle ) my pe]s1 ,f> on ! r++ pla9s (
 w9dy ,troy4 ,h[ dull x is to pause1 to 
make an end1 ,z ?\gh to brea! 7 life6   
,9 ! ,iliad1 inde$1 we read3 ,) ev]y?+  
man is satiat$1 sleep1 sweet s++1 & !   
joy\s dance2 ( all ^! man gets soon]    
tir$ ?an ( w>4 ,9 primitive times1 &    
ev51 ?\gh decreas+ly1 9 mod]n times1 !  
cause ( w> has la9 n m]ely 9 ! ends to  
be atta9$ !reby1 b 9 ! %e] love ( w> =  
its own sake-! quick5$ he>tbeats1 ! s5se
 ( p[] & d>+ & a*ievem5t1 ! joy 9 m>tial
 music & uni=ms1 9 ! rhy?mic foot/eps ( 
m>*+ m51 9 ! awak5$ ?rill ( patriotism1 

! love ( ef=t & sacrifice = a *]i%$     
cause4  ,to "s ext5t ?is primitive lure 
( w> /ill p]si/s4 ,b1 =tunately1 ! glory
 & excitem5t ( h&-to-h& conflict1 !     
picturesque valor & visible a*ievem5t ( 
e>li] battles1 are n[ gone4 ,! soldi] is
 b a cog 9 a ma*9e1 usually at a        
consid]able di/ance f 8 enemy4 ,he does 
n "k :e!r 8 %ot has hit or n2 if he is  
w\nd$ x is by an invisible h&4 ,all !   
/ra9 & fatigue & pa9 ( w> rema91 b      
little ( its glory & delight4 ,moreov]1 
:atev] normal satisfaction has be5 f\nd 
9 w> c be _h1 z we %all pres5tly note1 9
 o!r ways- 9 all sorts ( g5]\s rivalries
 & useful z well z excit+ endeavors t   
are op5 to ! mod]n man4  7#b7 ,w> has   
necessitat$ discipl9e1 organization1    
c\rage1 self- sacrifice1 & has ?us be5 a
 great /imulus to virtues :i* to "s     
ext5t h c>ri$ ov] into o!r fields4 ,x   
has kept m5 f s9k+ into in]tia or m]e   
pleasure seek+1 fo/]$ en]gy & h>dihood1 
quiet$ civil /rife1 taught ! necessity (
 union & ju/ice at home4 ,! patriotism  

awak5$ by /ruggle aga9/ a common enemy  
has (t5 p]si/$ :5 ! conflict 0 ov]1 giv5
 bir? to art & hi/ory1 & _m an act (    
devotion to ! ,/ate4 ,b national        
solid>ity & a regime ( ju/ice )9 ! ,/ate
 are n[ our /able possession1 :ile !    
h>di] & h]oic virtues c be awak5$ 9 o!r 
& less disa/r\s ways4 ,w> has ceas$ to h
 its =m] usefulness z a spur to p]sonal 
& social morality4  7#c7 ,w>s (         
self-def5se h (t5 be5 necess>y1 to      
pres]ve goods t w\ld h be5 lo/ by       
conque/2 z :5 ! ,greeks at ,m>a?on      
repell$ ! b>b>ic hordes ( ,asia1 or :5  
,*>les ,m>tel & ! ,franks *eck$ !       
advance ( ! ,s>ac5s at ,t\rs4 ,(f5sive  
w>s1 ev51 may h be5 necess>y to wipe out
 evils1 su* z slav]y or ! oppression (  
neighbor+ peoples4 ,b 9 mod]n times !   
moral ju/ification ( w> on su* gr\nds   
has usually be5 a flimsy pretext2 &     
c]ta9ly ! occasion = legitimate w>f>e is
 becom+ /eadily r>]4 ,ne>ly always !    
good aim$ at c\ld h be5 atta9$ )\t !    
evils ( w>4 ,if ! ,am]ican colonies _h  

_h a little m pati5ce1 !y c\ld h won !  
lib]ty !y crav$ )\t w> & sep>ation f !  
"m c\ntry-z ,canada & ,au/ralia h done4 
,if ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h _h a little m    
pati5ce & tact & diplomacy1 x is        
probable t ,cuba c\ld h be5 sav$ f !    
intol]able oppression ( ,spa9 )\t w>4   
,n[ t ! moral pressure ( ! _w's op9ion  
is becom+ s /rong1 & ! ,hague tribunal  
/&s ready to adju/ difficulties1 !re is 
seldom excuse = rec\rse to brute /r5g?4 
,! real cause ( w> lies f> less (t5 9 ! 
moral dem& t pref]s righte\sness to     
peace ?an 9 ! t\*9ess1 selfi%ness1 &    
res5tm5ts ( nations1 or _! desire =     
glory & conque/4  7#d7 ,w> has1 directly
 or indirectly1 be5 ! means ( spread+ ! 
bless+s ( civilization4 ,alex&]'s       
campaigns br\ght ,greek culture to !    
,ea/]n _w1 ! ,roman conque/s civiliz$ ! 
,we/1 ! fam\s ,corni*e ,road 0 built by 
,napoleon to get 8 troops into ,italy1 !
 trans-,sib]ian railway1 ! subsidiz$    
/eam%ip l9es ( mod]n nations1 ! ,panama 
,canal1 owe _! exi/5ce prim>ily to ! fe>

 ( w>4 ,b today all l&s are op5 to      
peaceful p5etration2 mission>ies &      
trad]s d m to civilize ?an armies4 ,& if
 ! build+ ( c]ta9 roads & railways &    
canals might h be5 some:at po/pon$ 9 an 
era ( /able peace1 _m m mat]ial         
improvem5ts1 actually m imp]ative if    
less spectacul>1 w\ld c]ta9ly h be5     
c>ri$ out ) ! va/ sums ( money sav$ f w>
 exp5ditures4 ,:atev] good ends1 !n1 w> 
may h s]v$ 9 ! pa/1 x is n[ sup]flu\s1 a
 m]e survival ( savag]y1 a relic ( our  
b>b>ic pa/1 a cle> injury to man1 9 ways
 :i* we %all next consid]4  ,:at are !  
evils ( w>8  7#a7 ,we ne$ n dwell on !  
physical & m5tal suff]+ caus$ by w>2    
,g5]al ,%]man's fam\s decl>ation1 ,w> is
 hell6 sums ! matt] up4 ,agoniz+ w\nds1 
pitiless disease1 ! p]man5t crippl+1    
enfeeblem5t1 or dea? ( vigor\s m5 9 !   
prime ( life1 ! angui% ( wives &        
swee!>ts1 ! lonel9ess ( wid[s1 ! lack ( 
c>e = orphans-x is impossible = ^? :o h 
n liv$ ?r\gh a great w> to realize !    
horror ( x1 ! cruel pa9 suff]$ by ^? on 

! field1 ! tortur+ susp5se ( ^? left    
beh9d4 ,x is1 inde$1 a sad comm5t>y on  
man's wisdom t1 ) all ! di/ress t       
inevitably inh]es 9 human life1 he %\ld 
h volunt>ily br\ght ^u himself /ill     
great] suff]+ & premature dea?4  7#b7 ,b
 ! moral h>m ( w> is no less conspicu\s 
?an ! physical4 ,x fo/]s cruelty1       
call\sness1 contempt ( life2 x kills    
sympa?y & ! g5tl] virtues2 x co>s5s &   
leads almo/ inevitably to s5suality4    
,aft] a w> !re is always a m>k$ increase
 9 crime & sexual vice2 ex-soldi]s are  
re/less1 & f9d x h>d to settle d[n to a 
normal life4 ,!re is a p]man5t co>s5+ ( 
fib]4 ,ev5 ! ma9t5ance ( armies 9 "t (  
peace is a great moral dang]4 ,!        
unnatural b>rack-life1 ! requisite      
po/ponem5t ( m>riage1 ! opportunity =   
physical & moral contagion1 make milit>y
 po/s commonly s\rces ( moral           
contam9ation4 ,pro/itution fl\ri%es &   
illegitimacy increases :]e soldi]s are  
qu>t]$2 ! army is a bad s*ool ( morals4 
,add to ?is indictm5t ! /imulus to      

national hatr$s caus$ by w>1 ! inflam+ (
 res5tm5ts & *eck+ ( int]national good  
w4 ,fr5*m5 /ill n\ri% a bitt] animosity 
aga9/ ! ,g]mans = ! possession ( ,alsace
 & ! occupation ( ,p>is4 ,! in/9ctive   
racial antipa?ies ( ! ,balkan peoples h 
be5 immeasurably deep5$ by ! rec5t w>s  
on ! p59sula4 ,! ev5tual bro!rhood ( man
 is indef9itely po/pon$ by e w> & by e  
rumor ( w>4  ,! int]e/ 9 w> also takes  
att5tion & ef=t away f ! rem$y+ ( social
 & moral evils2 x is useless to attempt 
any moral campaign :ile a w> is on4     
,jane ,addams tells u1 9 ,tw5ty ,ye>s at
 ,hull ,h\se1 t :5 %e visit$ ,engl& 9   
#ahif %e f\nd x full ( social en?usiasm1
 sci5tific rese>*1 s*ol>%ip1 & public   
_s2 :ile on a second visit1 9 #aijj1 all
 en?usiasm & en]gy seem$ to be absorb$  
by ! ,bo] ,w>1 leav+ little =           
humanit>ian und]tak+s4  7#c7 ,a less    
obvi\s1 b ev5 m la/+1 evil is t caus$ by
 ! loss ( ! be/ blood ( a nation4 ,9    
g5]al1 ! /ronge/ & be/ m5 g to ! field2 
! weakl+s & c[>ds are left to produce ! 

next g5]ation4 ,! inevitable result is  
racial deg5]ation4 ,! decl9e ( ! ,greek 
& ,roman civilizations 0 d\btless 9 l>ge
 "p due to ! cont9ual kill+ (f ( ! be/  
/ocks1 until ! e>li] & nobl] bre$ ( m5  
almo/ ceas$ to exi/4 ,! effect ( mod]n  
w> is ! exact opposite ( t ( primitive  
w>1 :]e all ! m5 _h to fight1 & !       
/ronge/ or brave/ or swifte/ surviv$2   
/r5g? & valor & spe$ avail no?+ aga9/   
mod]n projectiles1 & x is ! /ay-at-homes
 :o are select$ = survival1 9 g5]al !   
weake/ & lea/ wor?y4 ,w> is ! greate/ ( 
dysg5ic =ces1 & undoes ! effect ( a     
hundr$ eug5ic laws4  7#d7 ,! va/ &      
increas+ exp5se ( w> is a v s]i\s matt] 
= ! morali/1 because x means a dra9 ( ! 
res\rces t might o!rwise be utiliz$ = ! 
advance ( civilization4 ,! co/ ( a mod]n
 w> goes at lea/ into ! hundr$s (       
millions ( doll>s1 & any great w> w\ld  
co/ billions4 ,e %ot f a mod]n sixte5   
in* gun co/s approximately a ?\s&       
doll>s6 ,add to ?is direct co/ !        
indirect co/s ( w>1 n reckon$ 9 ! usual 

figures-! loss ( ! "t & "w ( ! hundr$s (
 ?\s&s ( able-bodi$ m51 ! economic loss 
( _! illness & dea?1 ! de/ruction (     
build+s1 bridges1 railways1 etc1 !      
ob/ruction ( comm]ce1 ! p>alysis (      
indu/ry & agriculture1 ! ravages & loot+
 ( armies1 ! ma9t5ance ( hospitals &    
nurses1 & !n1 f9ally1 ! money giv5 9    
p5sions4,footnote3 ,! rec5t ,balkan w>  
is reckon$ to h co/ ne>ly half a million
 m5 kill$ or p]man5tly disabl$1 a       
billion & a half doll>s ( direct ,add   
fur!r ! co/ ( ! exp5diture1 besides _m  
billions ( indirect exp5se4 ,! colossal 
,european w> j beg9n+ z ^! pages g to   
press bids fair to co/ immeasurably m   
a9t5ance ( armies ^u a peace-foot+-!    
fe$+ & clo?+ ( ! m51 ! build+ &         
ma9t5ance ( b>racks & =ts1 ( battle%ips 
& torp$o boats1 ( guns & ammunition1    
automobiles1 a]oplanes1 & ! increas+ li/
 ( exp5sive mod]n milit>y appurt5ances4 
,europe sp5ds ne>ly two billion doll>s a
 ye> 9 times ( peace on its armies &    
navies-money en\gh to build f\r or five 

,panama canals annually4 ,! entire      
m]*ant m>9e ( ! _w is wor? b ?ree       
billion doll>s4 ,m ?an ?is1 ov] f\r     
million /rong "y m5 are kept "u arms 9  
,europe1 a million m work]s are engag$ 9
 mak+ %ips1 weapons1 gunp[d]1 milit>y   
/ores4 ,ov] a million horses are kept = 
army use4 ,?is money & ^! m51 if us$ 9 !
 true int]e/s ( humanity1 c\ld quickly  
provide adequate & com=table h\s+ = e   
,european1 adequate s*ool+1 clo?+1 &    
food = e "o4 ,"h is ! great crim9al wa/e
 ( our times4 ,9 ,am]ica our wa/e is    
less flagrant1 b x is /eadily increas+4 
,we ?r[ away money en\gh 9 ^!           
fratricidal prep>ations to cov] ! c\ntry
 ) excell5t roads 9 %ort ord]1 or give e
 *ild a high s*ool education4  ,9 a way1
 h[ev]1 ! rapidly gr[+ co/ ( w> &       
prep>ation = w> is to be welcom$4 ,= x  
is ?is t is creat+1 m ?an all our moral 
propag&a1 a ris+ s5tim5t aga9/ w>1 & w  
pres5tly make x impossible4 ,:5 ! ,g]man
 milit>i/s became excit$ ov] ! ,morocco 
incid5t 9 #aiaa1 a f9ancial panic ensu$1

 cr$it 0 )drawn1 pockets 7 t\*$1 & a    
great prote/ arose :i* did mu* to qu5* !
 j+o _s4 ,japan 0 induc$ to sign h]     
treaty ( peace ) ,russia because h]     
money 0 giv+ out4 ,turkey 0 unable1 9 ! 
w9t] ( #aiac-ad1 to r5ew w> ) ,greece = 
! ,aegean ,isl&s1 because %e c\ld n     
raise a loan till %e promis$ peace4 ,!  
gr[+ int]national f9ancial network1 & ! 
revolt ( ! taxpay]s aga9/ ! incessant   
dra9+ ( _! pocketbooks1 promise a *ange 
= ! bett] 9 ,european milit>ism be=e v  
long4  ,:at c we d to ha/5 _w-peace8    
,!re are p[]ful =ces1 :i* )\t our       
consci\s ef=t are mak+ = ! abolition (  
w>3 its gr[+ co/2 ! ext5sion ( mutual k1
 ?r\gh ! newspap]s & magaz9es1 ?r\gh    
travel1 ?r\gh ex*ange pr(essor%ips &    
,rhodes s*ol>%ips & all int]national    
associations2 ! gr[+ s5sitiv5ess to     
suff]+2 ! spread ( eug5ic ideals2 & !   
increas+ int]e/ 9 worldwide social1     
moral1 & mat]ial problems4 ,b ! epo* (  
f9al peace = man c be greatly accel]at$ 
by means :i* we may n[ note4  7#a7 ,we  

may /imulate c\nt]-en?usiasms to take ! 
place ( ! passion = w>4 ,aft] all1 !    
great w> ( mank9d is ! w> aga9/ pa91    
disease1 pov]ty1 & s92 ! real h]oes are 
n ^? :o squ&] human /r5g? & c\rage 9    
fight+ "o ano!r1 b ^? :o fight = man    
aga9/ 8 et]nal foes4 ,! w> ( man aga9/  
man is diss5sion 9 ! ranks4 ,we mu/ make
 x seem m glori\s to m5 to enli/ 9 ^!   
humanit>ian campaigns ?an 9 ! mis]able  
civil w>s t imp$e our common triumphs4  
,footnote3 ,cf4 ,p]ry1 ,moral ,economy1 
p4 #cb2 ,w> betwe5 man & man is an      
obsolesc5t =m ( h]oism4 4 4 4 ,! g5]al  
battle ( life1 ! fir/ & la/ battle1 is  
/ill on2 & x has t 9 x ( dang] &        
resi/ance1 ( comrade%ip & ( triumph1 t c
 /ir ! blood4 ,& cf4 ,presid5t ,eliot's 
f9e eulogy ( ,dr4 ,laze>1 :o di$ ( yell[
 fev] aft] volunt>ily und]go+           
inoculation by a mosquito1 9 ! attempt  
to le>n h[ to /ay ! disease3  ,) m ?an !
 c\rage & ,fur!r1 we %\ld awak5 int]e/ 9
 innoc5t devotion ( ! soldi]1 he risk$ &
 lo/ 8 life to %[ h[ a fe>ful pe/il5ce  

is communicat$ & h[ its ravages may be  
prev5t$4 excitem5ts & rivalries-9       
sports1 9 indu/rial competition1 9      
mission>y ent]prise4 ,a _w's s]ies 9    
baseball1 or an int]collegiate football 
season1 c "w (f ! re/less en]gies ( _m  
?\s&s :o 9 e>li] days w\ld h lu/$ = w>4 
,! revival ( ! ,olympic games 0         
def9itely plann$ z a sub/itute = w>4 ,& 
m5 mu/ h n only excitem5ts & rivalries1 
b real difficulties & dang]s-some?+ to  
try _! c\rage & endurance & tra9 !m 9   
h>dihood4 ,= ?is we h exploration &     
m\nta9e]+1 ! prosecution ( difficult    
eng9e]+ und]tak+s1 ! attack+ (          
corruption & ! a*ievem5t ( political &  
social re=ms4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,w4       
,james1 ,! ,moral ,equival5t ( ,w> 79   
,memories & ,/udies71 p4 #bhg3 ,we mu/  
make new en]gies & h>dihood's cont9ue ! 
manl9ess to :i* ! milit>y m9d s         
fai?fully cl+s4 ,m>tial virtues mu/ be !
 endur+ cem5t1 intrepidity1 contempt (  
s(tness1 surr5d] ( private int]e/1      
ob$i5ce to comm&1 mu/ /ill rema9 ! rock 

^u :i* /ates are built4 ,! m>tial type (
 "* c be br$ )\t w>4 ,! only ?+ ne$$    
h5ce=w>d is to inflame ! civic temp] z  
pa/ hi/ory has inflam$ ! milit>y temp]4 
7#b7 ,we may spread popul> k ( ! evils (
 w>4 ,x is incr$ible t ?is b>b>\s me?od 
( decid+ disputes c\ld be cont9u$ if ! p
 g5]ally _h a lively realization ( its  
co/ 9 pa91 money1 & degradation4        
,already _m societies exi/ = ! diffusion
 ( lit]ature on ! matt]1 ,footnote3 ,& (
 c\rse = o!r "w 9 ! direction ( peace4  
,! olde/ su* organization 9 ?is c\ntry  
is ! ,am]ican ,peace ,society4 ,!       
,association = ,int]national            
,conciliation1 f\nd$ 9 ,p>is by ,b>on d'
 ,e/\rnelles de ,con/ant1 9 #ahii1 has  
bran*es n[ 9 all ! important c\ntries4  
,lately we h ,mr4 ,c>negie's end[m5ts = 
int]national peace consci5ti\s editors (
 j\rnals & newspap]s use _! columns =   
peace propag&a1 public s*ools tea*      
*ildr5 ! evils ( w>1 m9i/]s use _!      
pulpits to d5\nce x4 ,all ?is1 ef=t mu/ 
be pu%$ 9 great] degree until a g5]al   

public s5tim5t is ar\s$ t w insi/ on !  
peaceful settlem5t ( all int]national   
difficulties4  7#c7 ,indirectly1 too1   
education & association c make w> m & m 
unlikely4 ,we c create a great] k ( &   
sympa?y ) o!r nations4 ,we c to         
consid]able ext5t tra9 out pugnacity1   
quick temp]1 res5tfulness1 & tra9 9     
s5sitiv5ess to suff]+1 sympa?y1 bread? (
 view4 ,all su* moral progress helps 9 !
 w> aga9/ w>4 ,we c enc\rage ! int]*ange
 ( pr(essors & sci5ti/s betwe5 c\ntries1
 increase ! numb] ( pr(essional &       
indu/rial int]national organizations4 ,!
 ,int]national ,sociali/ p>ty1 ) its    
?reat5$ weapon ( ! g5]al /rike aga9/ w>1
 may actually prove to be- :e!r we l x  
or n ! mo/ effici5t ( all =ces4 ,!      
,int]national ,f$]ation ( ,/ud5ts       
7,corda ratres71 f\nd$ at ,tur9 9 #ahih1
 ) its bran*es 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries1 
may be ( great use4 ,a c5sor%ip ( !     
press to exclude all j+oi/ic &          
inflammatory utt]ances may at times be  
necess>y4 ,x is ev5 que/ionable :e!r    

uni=ms & m>tial music ought n to be     
bani%$ = a :ile1 until ! habit (        
peaceful settlem5t becomes fix$4  7#d7  
,politically1 we mu/ make our public    
policies s high & unselfi% t o!r nations
 _c ju/ly take (f5se4 ,mo/ w>s are      
provok$ by national gre$ or selfi%ness1 
lack ( mann]s1 or ! break+ ( treaty     
obligations4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x mu/ be 
confess$1 has to "s ext5t lo/ ! respect 
& tru/ ( o!r nations = its high- h&$    
me?ods & disreg>d ( treaties4 ,congress 
is all[$ to modify or abrogate any      
treaty )\t consultation ) ! o!r nation  
involv$2 & we h :at _m critics deem acts
 ( grave di%onor ^u our record4         
,footnote3 ,= example1 ! rec5t          
abrogation ( our long-/&+ treaty )      
,russia1 )\t h] cons5t1 :i* has =feit$  
h] fri5d%ip2 or :at seem$ to _m !       
violation ( our treaty-promise to ,engl&
 by ,congress 9 its exemption1 n[       
repeal$1 ( ,am]ican coa/wise %ipp+ f    
canal tolls4 ,x w\ld be well to engrave 
ov] ! entrance to ! ,capitol !          

,psalmi/'s words3 ,he t swe>e? to 8 own 
hurt & *ange? n4 ways we h ne$lessly    
(f5d$ & insult$ o!r nations4 ,! vot] mu/
 wat* ! conduct ( p>ties & "w to elect  
m5 :o1 refra9+ f provok+ o!r nations1 w 
aim = peace4  7#e7 ,practical /eps 9 !  
direction ( peace may be m5tion$4 ,mo/  
important are arbitration treaties4 ,!y 
mu/ be made b9d+1 & made to apply to all
 matt]s2 ! loophole :i* p]mits a nation 
to refuse to arbitrate a matt] :i* x    
believes to involve its honor           
practically invalidates ! treaty        
altoge!r1 z e matt] 9 dispute may be s  
con/ru$4 ,alliances 9 :i* "o c\ntry     
agrees to help ano!r if ! latt] has     
agre$ to arbitrate a matt] & its enemy  
has refus$1 may be ( great value4       
,treaties t gu>antee exi/+ b\nd>ies &   
b9d a nation n to ext5d its t]ritory are
 useful1 ev5 if !re is no adequate me?od
 z yet ( en=c+ su* gu>anties4 ,! "q :e!r
 we %all increase or decrease our army &
 navy is hotly disput$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates
 might well lead ! way 9 dis>mam5t1 s9ce

 ! oceans t sep>ate u f ,europe & ,asia 
are a bett] protection ?an =ts or       
fleets1 & no nation has en\gh to ga9 by 
fight+ u to make x wor? ! co/4 ,) !     
great ,european nations ! case is       
diff]5t1 & dis>mam5t w probably h to    
come by mutual agreem5t4 ,! only valid  
reason = an ,am]ican army & navy lies 9 
! p[] !y give u to protect our citiz5s  
abroad1 or to protect our weak]         
neighbors aga9/ =eign aggression4       
,p]haps until !re is =m$ an int]national
 army & navy1 x w be necess>y = ! mo/   
civiliz$ & pacific nations to keep arm$1
 s9ce ! less scrupul\s nations w\ld     
rema9 arm$ & acquire ! balance ( p[]4 ,b
 ! cont5tion t a great armam5t is ! be/ 
gu>anty ( peace is untrue1 = two        
reasons3 x is an inevitable provocation 
to o!r nations to mat* x ) o!r great    
armam5ts2 & ! v exi/5ce ( battle%ips &  
weapons creates a temptation to use !m4 
,! pr(essional soldi] is always eag] to 
see active s]vice1 to prove 8 effici5cy1
 h excitem5t1 w9 glory & advancem5t4 ,z 

! ,odyssey puts x1 ,! /eel blade itself 
(t5 incites to de$s ( viol5ce4  7#f7 ,! 
ultimate solution = int]national        
difficulties mu/1 ( c\rse1 be _w        
organization4 ,! beg9n+s ( an           
int]national c\rt we h already1 !       
outcome ( ! fir/ two ,hague ,conf]5ces1 
9 #ahii & #aijg4 ,x mu/ be giv5 great]  
p[]s1 & back$ up by an int]national     
executive1 legislature1 & police4       
,p]haps ! police w be ! comb9$ armies ( 
! _w put at ! s]vice ( int]national     
ju/ice4 ,?is p>liam5t ( nations1        
f$]ation ( ! _w is n a ,utopian dream2 x
 is h>dly a great] /ep ?an t by :i*     
savage tribes1 or ! ?irte5 ,/ates (     
,nor? ,am]ica1 or ! ,s\? ,african &     
,au/ralian ,/ates1 became weld$ into    
nations4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ! wag] (
 battle 0 ! orig9al me?od ( settl+      
private disputes2 & ev5 :5 trial by jury
 0 au?oriz$1 ! old] =m ( settlem5t      
p]si/$ long-be+ legally aboli%$ 9 ,engl&
 only z late z #ahai4 ,simil>ly1 !      
peaceful settlem5t ( int]national       

disputes w d\btless be=e _m g5]ations   
become s univ]sal t x w be difficult =  
our gr&*ildr5 or great- gr&*ildr5 to    
realize t z late z e>ly 9 ! tw5tie?     
c5tury ! mo/ civiliz$ nations /ill _h   
rec\rse to ! old & b>b>\s wag] ( battle4
  ,h4 ,sp5c]1 ,patriotism11             
,reb>b>ization 79 ,facts & ,comm5ts74   
,g4 ,k4 ,*e/]ton1 ,patriotism 79 ,!     
,def5dant74 ,g4 ,santayana1 ,reason 9   
,society1 *ap4 ,,vii4 ,outlook1 vol4    
#ib1 p4 #cag2 vol4 #ij1 p4 #ecd4        
,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 vol4    
#af1 p4 #dgb4 ,! ,am]ican ,association =
 ,int]national ,conciliation            
7,sub-,/ation #hd1 ,new ,york ,city7    
s5ds free lit]ature on reque/4 ,a       
bibliography ( peace lit]ature w be f\nd
 9 _! pamphlet ,no4 #fd4 ,e4 ,l4 ,godk91
 ,peace 79 ,reflections & ,comm5ts74 ,w4
 ,james1 ,spee* at ! ,peace ,banquet1 & 
,! ,moral ,equival5t ( ,w> 79 ,memories 
& ,/udies'74 ,jane ,addams1 ,new]       
,ideals ( ,peace1 *aps4 ,i1 ,,vii2 ,!   
,arbit] 9 ,c\ncil4 ,j4 ,novic[1 ,w> &   

its ,alleg$ ,b5efits4 ,n4 ,angell1 ,!   
,great ,illusion4 ,w4 ,j4 ,tuck]1 ,!    
,new ,movem5t ( ,humanity4 ,v4 ,l4      
,kellogg1 ,beyond ,w>1 *ap4 ,i4 ,d4 ,s4 
,jordan1 ,w> & ,wa/e4 ,r4 ,c4 ,morris1  
,int]national ,arbitration & ,proc$ure4 
,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 vol4    
#bb1 p4 #abg4 ,_w's ,"w1 vol4 #bj1 p4   
#accah2 vol4 #ba1 p4 #adabh4 ,indep5d5t1
 vol4 #gg1 p4 #cif4 ,outlook1 vol4 #hf1 
pp4 #acg1 #ade2 vol4 #hc1 p4 #cgf2 vol4 
#hd1 p4 #bi2 vol4 #ih1 p4 #ei4 ,hibb]t  
,j\rnal1 vol4 #ab1 p4 #aje4     ,,*apt] 
,,xxiv   ,,political ,,purity  ,,&      
,,effici5cy ,,! atta9m5t ( a /able peace
 is ! fir/ public duty2 ! second is !   
a*ievem5t ( an effici5t gov]nm5t4 ,:]e  
politics are corrupt & ineffici5t all   
social progress is ob/ruct$2 & all su*  
ideals ( a re%ap$ human society z !     
,sociali/s ye>n t[>d mu/ be po/pon$     
until we h le>n$ to run ! ma*9]y (      
gov]nm5t smoo?ly & effectively4 ,!      
backw>d condition ( peoples ^: gov]nm5t 
is un9tellig5t ne$s no examples4 ,!     

,russo-,japanese ,w> br\ght into %>p    
contra/ a nation ( limitless res\rces & 
f9e human /ock h&icapp$ & crippl$ by a  
selfi% bureaucracy1 & a mu* small]      
nation1 inexp]i5c$ & remote f ! great _w
 curr5ts1 b /r5g!n$ & made effici5t by  
an intellig5t & patriotic adm9i/ration4 
,9 ,p]sia & ,mesopotamia we f9d pov]ty1 
ignorance1 des]t1 :]e once fl\ri%$      
mighty empires3 bad gov]nm5t is ! cause4
 ,greece & ,italy & ,egypt are /ruggl+  
to recov] f c5turies ( misgov]nm5t4 ,9  
?is c\ntry gov]nm5t has be5 f> wis] & m 
responsive to ! community's ne$s2 & yet 
! apa?y ( ! intellig5t public & !       
intrusion ( private gre$ h di/ort$ &    
ob/ruct$ legislation until social re=m]s
 ?r[ up _! h&s 9 despair4 ,b !re are    
hopeful signs4 ,! causes ( ?is political
 mismanagem5t are be+ m g5]ally         
recogniz$ today1 & x is probable t !    
next few decades w witness great /rides 
t[>d improv+ ! me*anism ( ,am]ican      
gov]nm5t & bani%+ corruption4  ,:at are 
! =ces mak+ = corruption 9 politics8    

7#a7 ,by "o means or o!r1 unscrupul\s   
rul]s & (ficehold]s h always be5 able to
 repl5i% _! private income by misuse (  
_! (ficial p[]s4 ,s9ce popul> gov]nm5t 0
 fir/ tri$ !re has exi/$ a class (      
pr(essional politicians ) little reg>d =
 ! public welf>e & ready to d any?+ to  
keep !mselves 9 p[] & fatt5 _!          
pocketbooks4 ,we h 9 ,am]ica ! well-kn[n
 ph5om5a ( ! ma*9e1 ! r+1 & ! boss1 ^:  
motto is ,politics is politics1 & :o are
 una%am$ to put _! int]e/s above ^? ( ! 
p at l>ge4 ,_! control ( ! ma*9]y (     
gov]nm5t enables !m1 unless +5i\s       
provisions prev5t1 to w9k at illegal    
vot+ & fraudul5t c\nt+ ( votes1 to get !
 dregs ( ! population out to ! polls1 & 
p]haps intimidate _! oppon5ts f vot+4 ,!
 police p[] has (t5 be5 misus$ = su*    
purposes2 ! g]rym&] is ano!r clev] me?od
 ( manipulat+ ! results ( elections4    
,su* means1 toge!r ) ! use z bribe money
 ( funds deflect$ f ! public treasury1 !
 blackmail ( vice1 & ! acceptance (     
contributions f favor$ p>ties1 create a 

vici\s circle :i* t5ds to keep 9 p[]    
corrupt (ficials :o h once got hold4    
7#b7 ,b ! p[] ( unscrupul\s politicians 
is made f> great] by ! support ( ^? ^:  
p]sonal int]e/s !y make a bus9ess (     
fur!r+4 ,:ole sections ( ! p are pleas$ 
& placat$ & brib$ by special legislation
 9 _! favor1 & z _m individuals z       
possible are giv5 positions4 ,beh9d e   
boss !re are always hundr$s ( m5 :o owe 
_! jobs to him1 & _m o!rs :o *]i%       
promises & hopes = p]sonal favors4 ,jane
 ,addams tells u t ^u "o occasion :5 !  
re=m]s 9 ,*icago tri$ to ou/ a corrupt  
ald]man !y soon discov]$ t approximately
 "o out ( e five vot]s 9 ! n9ete5? w>d  
at t "t held a job dep5d5t ^u ! good w (
 ! ald]man4 ,footnote3 ,tw5ty ,ye>s at  
,hull ,h\se1 p4 #caf4  7#c7 ,( especial 
importance are ! great int]e/s t are    
always to be f\nd beh9d a corrupt       
adm9i/ration4 ,^! corporations are s    
dep5d5t ^u ! good w ( ! ,gov]nm5t = _!  
prosp]ity1 & ev5 = _! v exi/5ce1 t f !  
primitive in/9ct ( self-pres]vation z   

well z f ! gre$ ( exorbitant pr(its1 !y 
/& ready to give lib]al bribes1 or at   
lea/ to back ) money & moral support !  
p>ty ma*9e t promises to favor !m4 ,!y  
control a l>ge proportion ( ! newspap]s 
& magaz9es1 & are ?us able to di/ort    
facts1 protect !mselves f attack1 & ev5 
/ir up a factiti\s di/ru/ ( w\ld-be     
re=m]s4 ,z e little contractor naturally
 favors ! r+ t aw>ds contracts to him1 s
 ! great corporations publicly or       
secretly support x4 ,! liquor trade & ! 
vice cat]]s-! keep]s ( gambl+ d5s1      
illegal %[s1 & disord]ly h\ses-back by  
_! money & votes ! ma*9e t !y "k w let  
!m alone4 ,b1 inde$1 ! mo/ respectable  
tru/s & public-s]vice corporations are  
(t5 mo/ culpable1 & ! greate/ p[] beh9d 
! ?rone4 ,_! int]e/ 9 ! p]sonnel ( !    
,gov]nm5t is f> ke5] ?an t ( ! av]age   
citiz52 !y c usually succe$1 by clev]ly 
speci\s pres5tations ( ! situation1 9   
divid+ ! =ces aga9/ !m1 & (t51 by deals1
 9 effect+ secret alliances ( ! r+s 9   
control ( suppos$ly oppos+ p>ties4 ,!   

poor are "r 9 suppos+ t ^! p[]ful       
int]e/s are _! greate/ enemy2 z t ke5   
obs]v] ( our national life1 ,mr4 ,bryce1
 has put x1 ! p[] ( money is = popul>   
gov]nm5ts ! mo/ con/ant s\rce ( dang]4  
7#d7 ,b1 aft] all1 ?is comb9ation ( =ces
 9 defiance ( ! common weal w\ld n be   
effective b = ! comp>ative indiff]5ce ( 
! p1 :i* may ?us be call$ a contribut+  
factor4 ,! av]age vot] feels no /imulus 
( self-int]e/ 9 ! matt]2 :at is         
ev]ybody's bus9ess is nobody's bus9ess1 
& ! individual f9ds 8 p]sonal influ5ce s
 slight t x seems h>dly wor? 8 pa9s to d
 any?+ ab\t x4 ,occasionally popul>     
passions become ar\s$ & re=m movem5ts   
make a clean sweep2 b ! result is       
usually tempor>y1 & :5 ! g5]al att5tion 
is turn$ else:]e ! bosses creep back to 
p[]4 ,mod]n life has s _m m p]sonal     
int]e/s 9 x ?an ! anci5t republics _h1 t
 public affairs seldom become s big &   
absorb+ an int]e/4 ,& ! m public affairs
 become ! conc]n ( a special gr\p ( m5 )
 dubi\s reputations1 ! m politics are   

%unn$ by ! av]age citiz54 ,home life &  
bus9ess1 social life & amusem5ts1       
ae/hetic1 intellectual1 & religi\s      
int]e/s1 are s mu* m attractive to him1 
t he gives little he$ to political      
conditions1 lets himself be dup$ by     
newspap] talk1 & votes bl9dly "s p>ty   
ticket1 )\t realiz+ 8 gullibility & 8   
poor citiz5%ip4  ,:at are ! evil results
 ( political corruption8  7#a7 ,! obvi\s
 result ( ^! conditions is ineffici5cy (
 adm9i/ration & wa/e ( ! public moneys4 
,! real int]e/s ( city or ,/ate are     
neglect$4 ,/reets become fil?y1         
unsanit>y t5em5ts are built1 firetrap   
factories & !at]s all[$2 e ef=t to      
improve public heal? is sidetrack$1 & ! 
w ( ! p is subord9at$ to ! w ( ! gang4  
,(ficials are nom9at$ or appo9t$ n = _! 
compet5ce b = _! subs]vi5ce to !        
organization2 ! boss himself1 inexp]t 9 
adm9i/ration1 responsible to no "o1 &   
usually bribable1 dictates public       
policy4 ,! public funds disappe> z 9 a  
quicks&2 extravagant prices are paid =  

build+ lots & contracts1 9 return =     
political support or a %>e ( ! loot4    
,philadelphia be=e ! re=m movem5t (     
#aiaa borr[$ fifty-"o million doll>s 9  
f\r ye>s1 & at ! end _h practically no?+
 to %[ = x1 ) ! city dirty1 build+s out 
( repair1 & ev]y?+ important neglect$4  
,"o contractor 9 ! r+ 0 paid #ebj1jjj a 
ye> to remove ! city g>bage-a privilege 
:i* is actually paid = 9 "s cities1 !   
value ( ! g>bage = f]tiliz] & !         
manufacture ( o!r products mak+ !       
collection ( x a pr(itable bus9ess4     
7#b7 ,ano!r evil result lies 9 !        
subord9ation ( g5]al to local int]e/s4  
,! scatt]$ & ineffective pork-b>rel     
appropriations ( ,congress are dictat$ n
 by intellig5t consid]ation = ! public  
weal1 b by ! desire to ?r[ a sop to ?is 
& t section ( ! c\ntry1 & !reby w9      
votes4 ,co/ly build+s are au?oriz$ 9 _m 
t[ns :]e !y are n ne$$1 riv] & h>bor    
improvem5ts proce$ at a halt+ pace 9 a  
hundr$ places at once1 unnecess>y navy  
y>ds & cu/om h\ses are ma9ta9$ at heavy 

co/1 ! army is scatt]$ at _m small &    
exp5sive po/s4 ,ev5 ! t>iff is l>gely a 
deal betwe5 v>i\s manufactur+ int]e/s1 r
 ?an an in/rum5t ( ! public good4 ,mo/  
(ficials consid] !mselves b\nd to ex]t  
all _! influ5ce 9 favor ( _! p>ticul>   
con/itu5cy's desires2 if !y cross ^?    
wi%es !y w probably n be reelect$1 :ile 
if !y sacrifice ! int]e/s ( ! p z a :ole
 !y w be immune f puni%m5t4 ,mo/ ( !    
/ate univ]sities1 normal s*ools1        
asylums1 & o!r in/itutions h be5 locat$ 
:]e !y are z ! result ( a deal betwe5   
diff]5t sections r ?an ) a view to ! mo/
 advantage\s site4  7#c7 ,to ^! grave   
evils we mu/ add ! moral h>m ( selfi% & 
corrupt politics4 ,/&>ds ( honor are    
blurr$1 ! _s ( public s]vice is almo/   
lo/ sight (1 & ! *eap mat]ialism to :i* 
our prosp]\s age is too easily prone    
fl\ri%es apace4 ,! man :o w\ld succe$ 9 
politics-unless he is a man (           
extraord9>y p]sonality & favor$ by good 
=tune-mu/ be dis+5u\s & a "t-s]v]1 mu/  
truckle to bosses & d favors = ! r+2 he 

mu/ appeal to prejudice & passion & put 
8 p]sonal advancem5t be=e 8 ideals4 ,no 
"o c e/imate ! evil effect t corruption 
9 politics has _h ^u ! national "*4 ,:5 
we add ! indirect effects- ! di/ortion (
 ! public news-s]vice1 ! protection (   
vice1 ! insecurity ( ju/ice-! moral     
evils ( political corruption are se5 to 
be ( grave/ importance4  ,:at is !      
political duty ( ! citiz58  7#a7 ,9 !   
pres5t *aotic /ate ( our ma*9]y (       
gov]nm5t1 :]e corruption is s easy &    
effici5cy s difficult to obta91 ! burd5 
mu/ re/ ^u e consci5ti\s vot] to play 8 
"p ) intellig5ce4 ,he mu/ /udy !        
situation1 keep himself in=m$ z to      
c&idates & issues1 wat* ! conduct (     
(ficials1 vote at prim>ies & elections1 
h[ev] irksome & fruitless ?is ef=t may  
seem4 ,above all1 he mu/ use indep5d5ce 
( judgm5t1 & n let himself be dup$ by   
dis+5u\s appeals to p>ty loyalty2 :]e   
bl9d p>ty vot+ is preval5t !re is little
 /imulus to p>ty manag]s to nom9ate able
 & honorable m5 or to promote ne$$      

legislation4 ,public op9ion mu/ be kept 
ar\s$1 ! s5se ( individual              
responsibility awak5$1 & political      
matt]s kept 9 ! gl>e ( publicity4 ,at   
election times :oev] c sp>e ! "t %\ld1  
aft] le>n+ ! local situation1 take "s "p
 9 ! campaign1 by public speak+1 p]sonal
 solicit+ ( is a %ame t ! peaceable     
home-lov+ citiz5 %\ld h to be dragg$    
into ?is bus9ess ( politics1 :i* ought  
to be left to exp]ts to manage2 b at    
pres5t !re seems no help = x 9 mo/      
communities4  7#b7 ,an important s]vice 
lies 9 jo9+ or =m+ local bran*es ( !    
leagues :i* n[ exi/ = ! pu%+ ( specific 
political measures1 = ! inve/igation &  
publication ( imp>tial records (        
c&idates1 or = ! inve/igation ( !       
exp5ditures & results ( adm9i/rations4  
,"u ! fir/ head we may classify1 =      
example1 ! ,national ,%ort ,ballot      
,organization2 "u ! second head ! ,good 
,gov]nm5t ,association1 t makes x its   
bus9ess to s5d to ea* vot] 9 a community
 a pr9t$ /atem5t ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ea*   

c&idate = (fice1 includ+ ! record ( 8   
vote on important matt]s2 "u ! ?ird head
 !re are ! ,bureaus ( ,municipal        
,rese>*4 ,! ,new ,york ,bureau1         
incorporat$ 9 #aijg1 conducts a ye>ly   
budget exhibit t %[s graphically :at is 
be+ done ) ! money rais$ by taxation4   
,ineffici5cy & corruption are f]ret$    
out1 wa/e is demon/rat$1 sugge/ions are 
made = economy1 = ! improvem5t (        
adm9i/ration 9 e detail1 & !            
amelioration ( evil social conditions4  
,by its det]m9$ publicity x c d mu* to  
en]gize & mod]nize city gov]nm5t4       
,footnote3 ,cf4 ,_w's ,"w1 vol4 #bc1 p4 
#fhc4 ,national ,municipal ,review1 vol4
 #b4 p4 #dh4  7#c7 ,! outlook = clean & 
public-spirit$ "y m51 ) exp]t k &       
ideals1 :o wi% to ent] a political c>e]1
 is gradually becom+ m enc\rag+4 ,!     
re=m] 9 politics mu/ be n m]ely an      
ideali/1 b a man :o c d ?+s4 ,he mu/ %[ 
8 con/itu5ts t re=m gov]nm5t s]ves !m   
bett] ?an ! r+/]s4 ,re=m tactics h too  
(t5 be5 negative2 /opp$1 b no positive  

measures = social welf>e h be5 pass$4   
,to be successful1 a politician mu/ %[ !
 p t he und]/&s & is able to satisfy _! 
ne$s4 ,m effective ?an any moral h\se-  
clean+ 9 secur+ ! t5ure ( an            
adm9i/ration is its effici5cy 9 promot+ 
bett] liv+ & work+ conditions1 improv+  
opportunities = recreation & education1 
or loos5+ ! clut* ( ! pr$atory int]e/s4 
,moreov]1 ! politician mu/ be a good    
mix]1 will+ to "w ) ^? :o d n %>e 8     
idealism1 good- natur$ & conciliatory1  
ready to po/pone ! accompli%m5t ( mu* t 
he has at he>t 9 ord] to get some?+     
done4 ,z organization is 9 mo/ matt]s   
necess>y = effectiv5ess1 he mu/ usually 
"w ) a p>ty1 d a lot ( di/a/eful detail 
"w1 & make compromises = ! sake (       
agreem5ts4 ,happily1 ! ,progressive p>ty
 has made an out- &-out /& = !          
application ( morals to politics2 & !   
gr[+ movem5t 9 ! cities t[>d seek+      
exp]ts to manage _! affairs gives hope t
 ! way w soon be g5]ally op5 = m5 (     
sci5tific tra9+ & high ideals 9         

political life4  ,:at legislative *ecks 
to corruption are possible8  ,x is1 (   
c\rse1 an unnatural situation :5 !      
ord9>y citiz5 has to sp5d a lot ( "t &  
ef=t if he w\ld gu>d aga9/ be+          
misgov]n$4 ,he ought to be able to t5d  
to 8 own affairs & leave ! ma*9]y (     
gov]nm5t to ^? :o h be5 tra9$ to x & ^: 
bus9ess x is4 ,& :ile no political      
me*anism w ev] :olly run itself1 )\t    
wat*fulness on ! "p ( ! p1 exp]i5ce %[s 
cle>ly t x is possible by a wise sy/em  
to make corruption mu* m difficult & m  
easily *eck$4 ,we ,am]icans are beg9n+  
to awake f our complac5t                
self-gratulation & realize t our        
political ma*9]y is clumsy & antiquat$ &
 a /&+ invitation to ineffici5cy4 ,!    
discussion ( ! relative advantages (    
legislative s*emes belongs to ! sci5ce (
 gov]nm5t r ?an to e?ics2 b _! be>+ ^u  
public morality is s important t c]ta9  
typical movem5ts mu/ be expla9$4 ,!     
/ages by :i* ! advanc$ =m ( popul>      
gov]nm5t :i* we h n[ atta9$ has be5     

rea*$ ne$ n1 = our purposes1 be         
consid]$-! ext5sion ( suffrage to !     
masses1 gov]nm5t by repres5tatives1     
regi/ration laws1 ! secret ballot1 & !  
l4 ,we ne$ only discuss sev]al re=ms n[ 
be+ agitat$ & tri$1 ^: aim is to make   
gov]nm5t m responsive to ! real wi%es & 
ne$s ( ! p1 & m difficult ( usurpation  
by selfi% int]e/s4  ,i4 ,we may fir/    
speak ( sev]al re=ms ^: aim is to       
improve our me*anism ( election1 9 ord] 
t m]it1 r ?an pull1 %all lead to (fice1 
& t (ficials %all repres5t ! p r ?an !  
political r+s4 ,x is n g5]ally true t   
good & able m5 are unwill+ to accept    
public (fice2 :at !y are unwill+ to d is
 to truckle to bosses1 to d all !       
que/ionable ?+s t w keep !m 9 ) ! r+1 or
 to sp5d l>ge sums ( money 9 adv]tis+ _!
 claims to ! public4 ,s ?or\ghly h      
political ma*9es entr5*$ !mselves t x is
 (t5 practically useless = any "o to    
oppose ! ma*9e c&idate4 ,appo9tees      
receive _! positions = political s]vices
 r5d]$1 or 9 return = a campaign        

contribution = :i* !y may hope to rec\p 
!mselves :5 9 (fice4 ,to de/roy utt]ly  
?is political graft w be impossible     
until human nature becomes m g5]ally    
moraliz$2 b to r5d] x m difficult & less
 common is ! purpose ( a numb] (        
measures1 ( :i* we may m5tion ! foll[+3 
7#a7 ,,civil ,,s]vice ,,laws4 ,^!       
require appo9tm5ts to (fice1 made by    
(ficials1 to be made on ! basis (       
competitive exam9ations :i* %all te/ !  
ability & k ( ! applicants4 ,by ?is     
means1 )9 a g5]ation1 t5s ( ?\s&s (     
positions h be5 put beyond ! rea* (     
spoilsm51 & m5 ( wor? h replac$         
political h5*m54 ,in/ead ( a great      
ov]turn ) e new political regime1 ! man 
:o has n[ fairly won 8 position reta9s x
 = life1 except 9 case ( prov$          
ineffici5cy4 ,! quality ( ! public      
s]vice has be5 immeasurably improv$1 !  
subs]vi5ce ( (fice-hold]s to political  
*iefs aboli%$4 ,footnote3 ,see ,atlantic
 ,mon?ly1 vol4 #aac1 p4 #bgj4 ,national 
,municipal ,review1 vol4 #a1 p4 #fed2   

vol4 #c1 p4 #caf4 ,b !re are /ill _m    
?\s&s ( (fices t h n be5 br\ght )9 !    
civil s]vice1 & !re are cont9ual        
attempts on ! "p ( politicians to )draw 
f x ?is or t class ( appo9tm5ts1 t !y   
may h plums to (f] _! con/itu5ts4 ,to ! 
mo/ important positions ! civil s]vice  
me?od is1 h[ev]1 inapplicable2 imag9e a 
,presid5t hav+ to appo9t z 8 ,secret>y (
 ,/ate ! man :o pass$ ! be/ exam9ation 9
 diplomacy6 ,s _m o!r consid]ations     
affect ! availability ( a man = su* po/s
 t ! elect$ (ficials mu/ be giv5 a free 
h& 9 _! *oice & held responsible !re=e  
to ! p4 ,^! important appo9tees w be    
en\gh 9 ! public eye to make x usually  
exp$i5t = ! c>e] ( ! appo9t]s t !y pick 
reasonably hone/ & able m5-especially if
 ! recall 7( :i* we %all pres5tly speak7
 is 9 op]ation4  7#b7 ,! %ort ballot4 ,z
 our gov]nm5t has gr[n m & m complex1 ! 
numb] ( (ficials = :om ! citiz5 mu/ vote
 has increas$1 ) ! result t he has to   
decide 9 _m cases among rival c&idates  
ab\t none ( :om he kn[s any?+ def9itely4

 ,= f\r or five (fices he c be fairly   
expect$ ! m]its ( ! c&idates 9 ! field2 
b to inve/igate or rememb] ! relative   
m]its & dem]its ( a score or m is m ?an 
! av]age vot] w d4 ,s he may scrat* 8   
p>ty's c&idate = gov]nor or mayor1 b    
usually votes ! /raight ticket = ! m9or 
(ficials4 ,?is works too well into ! h&s
 ( ! political ma*9es4 ,! obvi\s rem$y  
is to give him only a few (fic]s to vote
 = & to require ! rema9+ (fices to be   
fill$ by appo9tm5t in/ead ( election4   
,by ?is me?od1 n only is ! vot] sav$ f  
ne$less confusion & enabl$ to conc5trate
 8 att5tion ^u ! few big (fices1 b !    
responsibility = misgov]nm5t is f> m    
cle>ly fix$1 & ! possibility ( rem$y+ x 
made mu* easi]4 ,if a doz5 /ate (ficials
 are elect$1 ! av]age citiz5 is unc]ta9 
:o is to blame = ineffici5cy2 ea*       
(ficial %oves ! responsibility on to !  
o!rs' %\ld]s1 & x is n pla9 :at c be    
done except to depose !m all1 "o by "o4 
,if a gov]nor only is elect$1 & is      
requir$ to appo9t 8 subord9ates1 !      

entire blame re/s ^u 8 %\ld]s4 ,if      
di%one/y or misadm9i/ration is discov]$1
 he mu/ take ! %ame2 he may be recall$ f
 (fice if he is n quick en\gh 9 remov+ !
 guilty man & rem$y+ ! evil4  ,fur!r1 ! 
"r to *oose 8 own subord9ates makes ! "w
 ( ! *ief mu* easi]1 br+s a unity (     
purpose into an adm9i/ration :i* is     
likely to be abs5t :5 a numb] ( diff]5t 
m51 simultane\sly elect$1 p]haps        
repres5t+ diff]5t p>ties1 h to "w       
toge!r4 ,! increas$ p[] & responsibility
 ( ! *ief (fices attract able m51 m5 (  
ideals & tra9+1 :o d n c>e = an (fice ^:
 p[] is limit$ by t ( v>i\s ma*9e       
politicians :o1 !y "k1 w hamp] !m on e  
side 9 _! ef=ts = effici5t adm9i/ration4
 ,&1 ap>t f ?is consid]ation1 a man able
 en\gh to w9 election z gov]nor is a f> 
bett] judge ( ! m5 be/ fitt$ = ! v>i\s  
te*nical duties t fall to 8 subord9ates 
?an is ! g5]al public4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t !
 m5 *os5 by *iefs :o are elect$ & held  
responsible to ! p are g5]ally abl] ?an 
^? elect$ to ! same positions by popul> 

vote4  ,! pres5t movem5t t[>d a %ort    
ballot1 ) responsibility cle>ly d5n$ &  
conc5trat$1 w d\btless d away ultimately
 ) ! clumsy sy/ems by :i* bo? ,/ates &  
cities 9 ?is c\ntry are n[ gov]n$-!     
two-*amb]$ legislatures1 ) _! inevitable
 friction betwixt !mselves & ) !        
executive4 ,?is me?od ( *ecks &         
c\nt]-*ecks 0 ?\ght necess>y z a        
safegu>d aga9/ tyranny1 ! bugbe> ( our  
=efa!rs1 b is n[ ! enemy ( effici5cy & !
 haunt ( corruption4 ,! mu* simpl]      
commission =m ( gov]nm5t1 :i*1 orig9at+ 
9 ,galve/on & ,des ,mo9es a few ye>s    
ago1 has already1 at date ( writ+1 be5  
adopt$ by ov] ?ree hundr$ cities1       
sub/itutes = ! usual executive &        
legislative bran*es a small gr\p (      
elect$ (ficials - commonly five-:o1 ) ! 
aid ( appo9t$ subord9ates1 c>ry on !    
:ole bus9ess ( ! city4 ,"s su* plan may 
ev5tually be adopt$ = /ates1 & ev5 = !  
national gov]nm5t4 ,footnote3 ,r4 ,s4   
,*ilds1 ,%ort ,ballot ,pr9ciples1 ,/ory 
( ! ,%ort ,ballot ,cities4 ,c4 ,a4      

,be>d1 ,loose ,leaf ,dige/ ( ,%ort      
,ballot ,*>t]s4 ,free lit]ature ( !     
,national ,%ort ,ballot ,organization   
7#chc ,f\r? ,av5ue1 ,new ,york ,city74  
,c4 ,r4 ,woodruff1 ,city ,gov]nm5t by   
,commission4 ,e4 ,s4 ,brad=d1 ,com-     
mission ,gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ican ,cities4   
,national ,municipal ,review1 vol4 #a1  
pp4 #dj1 #agj1 #cgb1 #efb2 vol4 #b1 p4  
#ffa4 ,! ,am]ican ,city1 vol4 #i1 p4    
#bcf4 ,outlook1 vol4 #ib1 pp4 #fce1     
#hbi2 vol4 #ii1 p4 #cfb4 ,=um1 vol4 #ea1
 p4 #ced4  7#c7 ,direct prim>ies4       
,exp]i5ce has conclusively %[n t !      
caucus sy/em ( mak+ nom9ations = (fice  
plays directly into ! h&s ( ! ma*9e2 its
 practical result has be5 t ! vot] is   
usually re/rict$ 9 8 nom9ees ( ! bosses 
& ! int]e/s4 ,! direct prim>y gives !   
indep5d5t c&idate 8 opportunity1 & makes
 x m practicable = hone/ citiz5s to     
det]m9e betwe5 :at c&idates ! f9al *oice
 %all lie4 ,x implies ef=t on ! "p ( !  
c&idate to make himself kn[n to ! vot]s2
 b su* ef=t !re mu/ always be1 unless ! 

c&idate is already a conspicu\s figure1 
9 ord] t ! citiz5 may h gr\nds = 8      
decision4 ,x has 9 "s places l$ to an   
exorbitant exp5diture =                 
self-adv]tisem5t2 b ?is exp5diture c be 
pretty well controll$ by legislation4 ,!
 argum5t t x does away ) ! delib]ation  
possible 9 a caucus we>s ! aspect ( a   
joke1 9 view ( ! sort ( delib]ation !   
caucus has 9 practice enc\rag$2 &       
discussion does1 ( c\rse1 take place 9 !
 public press1 :i* is ! mod]n =um4 ,x is
 possible1 h[ev]1 t "s modifi$ =m ( !   
direct prim>y plan may be bett] /ill1   
su* z ! ,hughes plan1 :i* provid$ = !   
election at ea* prim>y ( a p>ty         
committee to pres5t c>efully discuss$   
nom9ations = ! foll[+ ye>'s prim>y to   
approve or reject4,footnote3 ,see       
,outlook1 vol4 #ij1 p4 #chb2 vol4 #ie1  
p3 #ejg4 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 vol4   
#aij1 p4 #a ,ar5a1 vol4 #ce1 p4 #ehg2   
vol4 #cf1 p4 #eb2 vol4 #da1 p4 #eej4    
,=um1 vol4 #db1 p4 #dic4 ,atlantic      
,mon?ly1 vol4 #aaj1 p4 #da4  7#d7       

,,pref]5tial ,,vot+4 ,a m radical       
movem5t w\ld aboli% prim>ies altoge!r & 
settle elections ^u "o day by pref]5tial
 vot+4 ,! vot] indicates 8 second       
*oices1 & any fur!r *oices he may c>e to
 indicate4 ,if no c&idate receives a    
majority ( fir/ *oices1 ! fir/ & second 
*oices are add$ toge!r2 if necess>y1 !  
?ird *oices4 ,9 ?is way ! dang]1 s (t5  
realiz$1 ( a split vote & ! election ( a
 m9ority c&idate1 w be bani%$2 x w no   
long] be possible = a ma*9e c&idate1    
actually ! lea/ majority ( ! p1 to w9 a 
plurality ov] ! divid$ =ces (           
opposition4 ,! real wi%es ( ! vot] c be 
discov]$ & obey$ m readily ?an ) our    
pres5t tr\blesome & exp5sive sy/em (    
d\ble elections4 ,footnote3 ,national   
,municipal ,review1 vol4 #a1 p4 #chf2   
vol4 #c1 pp4 #di1 #hc4  7#e7            
,,proportional ,,repres5tation4 ,by     
means ( pref]5tial vot+ x is possible to
 make repres5tative bodies a mirror n ( 
! majority p>ty1 b ( ! real divisions ( 
op9ion 9 a community4 ,"o ( ! great     

evils 9 our pres5t sy/em ( majority rule
 is ! suppression ( ! wi%es ( !         
m9ority-:i* may am\nt to ne>ly half !   
community4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,unpopul>    
,review1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bb4 ,/rong p>ties 
may g = _m ye>s )\t any repres5tation1  
or ) repres5tation q disproportionate to
 _! numb]s4 ,by ! me?od ( proportional  
repres5tation1 e man's vote c\nts1 & e  
consid]able body ( op9ion c s5d its     
repres5tative to c\ncil4 ,m5 ( m>k$     
p]sonality1 :o h ar\s$ too great        
ho/ility to make !m safe c&idates z we  
vote today1 because !y w\ld be unlikely 
to w9 a majority1 c get a con/itu5cy    
suffici5t to elect !m1 :ile ! h>mless   
nobody1 elect$ today only to avoid a    
fe>$ rival1 w h less *ance4 ,! evil     
g]rym&] w be aboli%$1 & repres5tative   
bodies w be divid$ along p>ty l9es 9 ! v
 proportions 9 :i* ! p are divid$4      
,moreov]1 s9ce on ?is plan e vote c\nts1
 ! greate/ s\rce ( political apa?y w be 
remov$-t s5se ( hopelessness :i*        
p>alyzes ! ef=ts ( ! memb]s ( a m9ority 

p>ty4 ,corruption w h>dly pay2 = :]eas  
at pres5t ! boss has b to w9 !          
comp>atively few votes necess>y to sw+ !
 balance t[>d a b>e majority1 9 ord] to 
h complete control1 he w ^u ?is plan    
secure control only 9 actual proportion 
to ! numb] ( votes he c secure4  ,ano!r 
advantage ( ! sy/em lies 9 ! /abl]      
policy x w ensure4 ,our pres5t sy/em    
results 9 frequ5t %>p ov]turns1 accord+ 
z ?is p>ty or t may get a tempor>y      
majority4 ,b ?is battl$ore & %uttlecock 
( legislation does n repres5t ! f> m    
gradual *anges 9 public op9ion4 ,a sy/em
 :]eby ! numb] ( repres5tatives ( ea*   
p>ty is always directly proportion$ to !
 numb] ( votes ca/ = t p>ty w\ld make x 
possible to evolve a c>eful ma*9]y (    
gov]nm5t1 z is n possible ) our p]iodic 
upheavals & rev]sals ( p]sonnel &       
policy4,footnote3 ,see publications ( ! 
,am]ican ,proportional ,repres5tation   
,league 7,secret>y ,c4 ,g4 ,hoag1       
,hav]=d1 ,p5nsylvania74 ,national       
,municipal ,review1 vol4 #c1 p4 #ib4    

,am]ican ,city1 vol4 #aj1 p4 #cai4      
,?omas ,h>e1 ,repres5tation4 ,j4 ,s4    
,mill1 ,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t1 *ap4   
,,vii4 ,political ,sci5ce ,qu>t]ly1 vol4
 #bi1 p4 #aaa4 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 vol4  
#aab1 p4 #faj4  7#f7 ,,! ,,sep>ation ,,(
 ,,national1 ,,/ate1 ,,& ,,local        
,,issues4 ,! obtrusion ( national p>ty  
l9es into /ate & municipal affairs has  
cont9ually confus$ issues & block$ re=ms
 9 ! n>r[] sph]es4 ,masses ( vot]s w    
support a c&idate = gov]nor or mayor    
simply because he is a ,republican or   
,democrat1 al?\gh ! national p>ty issues
 9 no way ent] into ! campaign4 ,bosses 
skillfully play on ?is bl9d p>ty        
allegiance1 & _m a sc\ndrel or          
incompet5t has ridd5 into (fice "u !    
p>ty bann]4 ,! sep>ation ( local f      
national elections has prov$ itself a   
necessity2 9 ! mo/ advanc$ communities  
!y are n[ put 9 diff]5t ye>s1 t !       
loyalties evok$ by "o campaign may n    
c>ry ov] bl9dly into ano!r4 ,! direct   
election ( ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ators has   

?is great advantage1 among o!rs1 (      
sep>at+ issues2 9 =m] days ! alt]native 
0 (t5 =c$ ^u ! citiz5 ( vot+ = a /ate   
legislator :o /ood = measures ( :i* he  
disapprov$1 or ( vot+ = a bett]         
legislator :o w\ld n vote = ! ,unit$    
,/ates ,s5ator he wi%$ to see elect$4   
7#g7 ,space =bids ! fur!r discussion (  
re=ms t aim at improv+ ! ma*9]y (       
election4 ,! value ( anti-brib]y laws is
 obvi\s1 z ( ! laws t require publicity 
( campaign acc\nts1 =bid campaign       
contributions by corporations1 & limit !
 legal exp5ditures ( individuals4       
,footnote3 ,cf4 ,outlook1 vol4 #ha1 p4  
#edi4 ,! publication at public exp5se & 
s5d+ to e vot] ( a pamphlet giv+ 9 8 own
 words ! argum5ts on ! /r5g? ( :i* ea*  
c&idate seeks election has rec5tly be5  
tri$ 9 ! ,we/4 ,b ?is is sure1 t 9 "o   
way or o!r ! ,am]ican p w evolve a      
me*anism :i* w make x easi] = able &    
hone/ m5 to atta9 (fice ?an = ! rogues &
 _! incompet5t h5*m54  ,,ii4 ,a second  
set ( re=ms be>s r ^u ! quality (       

legislation ?an ^u ! selection ( m5 =   
(fice4 ,x is n en\gh t ! way be made    
easy = good m5 to atta9 (fice2 !y mu/1  
:5 elect$1 be fre$ f ne$less temptations
 & giv5 e inducem5t to "w = ! int]e/s ( 
! community !y repres5t4 ,e possible    
pressure is valuable t c c\nt]act ! pull
 ( sectional int]e/s1 p>ty int]e/s1 or !
 int]e/s ( ! great corporations1 away f 
! g5]al welf>e4 ,= ev5 ! be/ int5tion$  
(ficials may yield to ! insi/5ce ( local
 or p>tisan wi%es1 to ! argum5ts ( big  
bus9ess1 or to ! lure ( p]sonal         
advantage4  7#a7 ,,repres5tation ,,at   
,,l>ge4 ,! me?od ( legislation by       
repres5tatives ( local di/ricts leads   
inevitably to laws t are a compromise or
 b>ga9 betwe5 ! int]e/s ( ! sev]al      
di/ricts1 r ?an ! result ( a desire to  
fur!r ! be/ int]e/s ( ! entire          
community4 ,congressm5 are cont9ually   
beset by _! con/itu5ts to secure special
 favors = !m1 ald]m5 are expect$ to pu% 
! int]e/s ( _! respective w>ds4 ,ea*    
repres5tative /&s 9 dang] ( political   

suicide if he refuses to use 8 influ5ce 
= ^! (t5 improp] ends2 & legislation    
takes ! =m ( a quid pro quo3-,y vote =  
?is bill :i* my section desires1 & ,i'll
 vote = ! bill y\rs dem&s4 ,?is evil is 
s great t x may be necess>y ev5tually to
 d away entirely ) di/rict              
repres5tation4,footnote3 ,see ,outlook1 
vol4 #ie1 p4 #gei4  7#b7 ,,delegat$     
,,gov]nm5t4 ,ano!r plan1 :i* evades !   
pressure ( local int]e/s :ile all[+     
di/rict repres5tation1 also avoids !    
friction & deadlocks :i* result f       
gov]nm5t by a gr\p ( repres5tatives (   
%>ply oppos$ p>ties or pr9ciples4 ,by   
?is plan1 a repres5tative body is       
elect$1 by di/ricts1 or at l>ge1 by     
proportional repres5tation2 b ?is body1 
in/ead ( itself decid+ or execut+ ! /ate
 or municipal policy1 s]ves m]ely to    
select & wat* exp]ts1 :o c>ry on ! v>i\s
 phases ( gov]nm5t4 ,^! exp]ts rema9    
responsible to ! repres5tatives1 :o 9   
turn are responsible to ! p4 ,?is me?od 
promises to comb9e conc5tration (       

responsibility1 effici5cy1 & bus9ess-l  
gov]nm5t1 ) democracy1 t is1            
responsiv5ess to popul> control4 ,!     
national ,congress may1 = example1      
appo9t a commission ( exp]ts on ! t>iff1
 agree+ to consid] no t>iff legislation 
except su* z !y recomm5d2 9 ?is way !y  
are fre$ f all reque/s to propose ?is or
 t alt]ation 9 ! int]e/s ( _! ,/ate or  
"o ( its indu/ries1 :ile ! commission]s1
 n be+ responsible to any localities1   
are "u no pressure to yield to su*      
reque/s4 ,simil>ly1 ! "r to recomm5d-or 
ev5 to enact-legislation on p5sions1 on 
riv] & h>bor appropriations1 or :at n1  
may be delegat$ to an appo9t$ body      
responsible only to ! ,congress at l>ge2
 & all ! pork-b>rel legislation1 :i* !  
bett] class ( legislators hate1 b :i* is
 =c$ ^u !m by ! ?reat ( political ru91  
may be obviat$4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ! new   
7#aiad7 ,public ,heal? ,c\ncil ( six    
memb]s1 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 to :om has  
be5 delegat$ all p[] to make & en=ce    
laws be>+ ^u ! public heal? ?r\gh\t !   

,/ate 7except 9 ,new ,york ,city74 ,see 
,_w's ,"w1 vol4 #bg1 p4 #die4 ,! plan ( 
delegat+ p[] to appo9t$ exp]ts has v    
rec5tly be5 w9n+ approval 9 municipal   
gov]nm5t1 :]e x is commonly call$ !     
,city ,manag]  plan4 ,a small body (    
commission]s are elect$ & held          
responsible = ! city gov]nm5t2 ^! m5 may
 rema9 9 _! private vocations1 & draw a 
comp>atively small sal>y f ! city4 ,_!  
duty is to select an exp]t city manag]  
:o w receive a high sal>y1 & conduct    
p]sonally & ?r\gh 8 appo9tees ! :ole    
bus9ess ( ! city4 ,! commission]s may   
dismiss him if 8 "w is n satisfactory & 
engage ano!r to take 8 place4           
,responsibility is conc5trat$2          
mismanagem5t c be /opp$ at once1 m      
readily ev5 ?an by ! recall2 unity &    
cont9uity ( policy become possible2 9   
%ort1 ! same successful me?ods t h made 
,am]ican bus9ess ! admiration ( ! _w c  
be appli$ to politics4 ,if ?is plan     
becomes widely adopt$1 z x bids fair to 
be1 politics c become a tra9$ pr(ession1

 & we c be gov]n$ by exp]ts in/ead ( by 
politicians4 ,footnote3 ,see ,! ,city   
,manag] ,plan ( ,municipal ,gov]nm5t    
7pr9t$ by ! ,national ,%ort ,ballot     
,organization7 ,national ,municipal     
,review1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #cc1 #edi2 vol4   
#b1 pp4 #gf1 #fci2 vol4 #c1 p4 #dd4     
,outlook1 vol4 #ajd1 p4 #hhg4  7#c7 ,,! 
,,recall4 ,_m ( ! new] plans = gov]nm5t 
include a me?od by :i* an ineffici5t or 
di%one/ (ficial c be remov$ f (fice by !
 p1 )\t ! cumb]some process ( an        
impea*m5t4 ,x w\ld n be wise to apply ! 
recall to local repres5tatives1 :o w\ld 
!n be /ill m at ! m]cy ( local wi%es2 b 
) a %ort ballot & ! conc5tration (      
responsibility ^u executives or small   
commissions :o repres5t ! community z a 
:ole1 x is highly desirable to h a me?od
 available = quickly rem$y+ mi/akes4 ,! 
dang] ( be+ recall$ f (fice is a salut>y
 influ5ce ^u a weak or a self-will$ man4
 ,& ! possibility ( x all[s ! election (
 (ficials = long] t]ms1 :i* are         
desirable f sev]al po9ts ( view3 !y br+ 

a m /able gov]nm5t1 fre$ f too frequ5t  
breaks or rev]sals ( policy2 !y p]mit ! 
acquir+ ( a long] political exp]i5ce1 & 
/imulate abl] m5 to run = (fice2 !y save
 ! public ! bo!r & exp5se ( too frequ5t 
elections4 ,footnote3 ,see ,national    
,municipal ,review1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bjd4   
,=um1 vol4 #dg1 p4 #aeg4 ,nor? ,am]ican 
,review1 vol4 #aih1 p4 #ade4  7#d7 ,,!  
,,ref]5dum4 ,a less dra/ic in/rum5t (   
popul> control ov] legislation is !     
ref]5dum1 :i* ref]s individual measures 
back to ! p = approval or rejection4 ,an
 (ficial may be effici5t & free f       
corruption1 yet oppos$ to ! g5]al wi% on
 "s p>ticul> matt]4 ,9 ?is1 !n1 he may  
be ov]rul$ by ! ref]5dum )\t be+        
humiliat$ or requir$ to resign 8 (fice4 
,?us n only ! improp] influ5ce ( ! ma*9e
 or ! int]e/s may be gu>d$ aga9/ by !   
public1 b ! unconsci\s prejudices (     
g5]ally effici5t (ficials4 ,( c\rse !re 
is1 9 ! case ( bo? recall & ref]5dum1 ! 
possibility t ! (ficial may be "r & ! p 
wrong4 ,b t dang] is inh]5t 9 democratic

 gov]nm5t4 ,! be/ t c be done is to make
 gov]nm5t responsive to ! sob] judgm5t (
 ! majority2 if t is mi/ak51 no?+ b "t &
 education c correct x4 ,footnote3 ,see 
,w4 ,b4 ,munro1 ,! ,initiative1         
,ref]5dum & ,recall2 ,! ,gov]nm5t (     
,am]ican ,cities1 p4 #cba4 ,political   
,sci5ce ,qu>t]ly1 vol4 #bf1 p4 #dae2    
vol4 #bh1 p4 #bjg4 ,national ,municipal 
,review1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ehf4 ,nation1 vol4
 #ie1 p4 #cbd4  ,! air is full (        
sugge/ions1 & exp]im5ts are be+ tri$ 9 e
 direction4 ,!re is e hope t ,am]ica may
 yet le>n by h] failures & evolve a     
sy/em ( gov]nm5t t %all be h] pride r   
?an h] %ame4 ,our ,national ,gov]nm5t   
has work$ f> bett] ?an our /ate & local 
gov]nm5t1 b ev5 t c be fur!r fre$ f !   
pull ( improp] motives1 made mu* m      
effici5t & responsive to ! g5]al w4 ,we 
are 9 a peculi> degree on trial to %[   
:at popul> gov]nm5t c accompli%4 ,! ,old
 ,_w looks to u ) di/ru/1 b ) hope4 ,&  
?\gh ! solution ( our political problem 
involves _m te*nical matt]s1 x has deep 

und]ly+ moral be>+s1 & affects pr(\ndly 
! success ( e great moral campaign4  ,r4
 ,c4 ,brooks1 ,corruption 9 ,am]ican    
,politics & ,life4 ,l4 ,/eff5s1 ,! ,%ame
 ( ! ,cities4 ,j4 ,bryce1 ,! ,h9drances 
to ,good ,gov]nm5t4 ,w4 ,e4 ,weyl1 ,!   
,new ,democracy1 *aps4 ,,viii1 ,,ix4    
,jane ,addams1 ,democracy & ,social     
,e?ics1 *ap4 ,,vii4 ,a4 ,t4 ,hadley1    
,/&>ds ( ,public ,morality1 *aps4 ,,iv1 
,v4 ,t4 ,roosevelt1 ,am]ican ,ideals4   
,c4 ,r4 ,h5d]son1 ,! ,social ,_s 9      
,am]ica1 *ap4 ,,xi4 ,edmond ,kelly1     
,evolution & ,ef=t1 *ap4 ,,ix4 ,w4 ,h4  
,taft1 ,f\r ,aspects ( ,civic ,duty4 ,e4
 ,root1 ,! ,citiz5's ,"p 9 ,gov]nm5t4   
,d4 ,f4 ,wilcox1 ,gov]nm5t by ,all ! ,p4
 ,l4 ,s4 ,r[e1 ,problems ( ,city        
,gov]nm5t4 ,h4 ,e4 ,dem+1 ,! ,gov]nm5t (
 ,am]ican ,cities4 ,publications ( !    
,national ,municipal ,league 7#gjc ,nor?
 ,am]ican ,build+1 ,philadelphia74      
,political ,sci5ce ,qu>t]ly1 vol4 #ah1  
p4 #ahh2 vol4 #ai1 p4 #fgc2     ,,*apt] 
,,xxv   ,,social ,,alleviation  ,,:5 !  

security ( peace & an effici5t gov]nm5t 
are atta9$1 ! way lies op5 = !          
amelioration ( social evils4 ,fre$om f  
w> & f political corruption are b !     
pre-conditions ( social advance1 :i* mu/
 consi/ 9 ?ree ?+s3 ! heal+ ( exi/+     
ills1 ! reorganization ( society to     
prev5t ! recurr5ce ( simil> ills1 & !   
br++ ( new opportunities & joys to ! p4 
,our fir/ /ep1 !n1 is to consid] social 
!rapeutics-! palliation ( pres5t suff]+1
 ! r$ress+ ( exi/+ wrongs2 h[ev] we may 
seek1 by radical readju/m5ts1 to /rike  
at ! roots ( ^! evils1 we mu/ n fail to 
mitigate1 z be/ we c1 ! lot ( ^? :o are 
! un=tunate victims ( our /ill crude    
social organization4 ,! detail$ /udy (  
social ills & _! rem$ies has come to be 
a sci5ce by itself1 & a sci5ce t calls =
 close att5tion2 = !re is m good w ?an  
insight a field1 & no?+ dem&s m wisdom &
 exp]i5ce ?an ! p]man5t cur+ ( social   
sores4 ,b x falls to e?ics to note !    
g5]al duties & opportunities1 to po9t   
out ! responsibility ( ! individual     

citiz5 = wrongs :i* he is n help+ to "r1
 & to direct him to ! great moral causes
 9 "o or m ( :i* an increas+ numb] ( our
 educat$ m5 & wom5 are enroll+ !mselves4
 ,a que/ionnaire rec5tly s5t out by !   
au?or ( ?is book discloses ! fact t ov] 
half ! college graduates ( ?is c\ntry h 
giv5 "t & money to "o or m ( ! campaigns
 :i* are be+ wag$ = social bett]m5t4    
,footnote3 ,"s ( ! results ( ?is        
que/ionnaire 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,indep5d5t = 
,augu/ #e1 #aiac1 vol4 #ge1 p4 #cdh4 ,^!
 evils :i* x is ! duty ( ! ,/ate to try 
to rem$y we %all n[ consid]4  ,:at is ! 
duty ( ! ,/ate 9 reg>d to3  ,i4         
,,sickness ,,& ,,prev5table ,,dea?8     
,physical ills are ! unavoidable lot ( !
 human race2 b by no means to ! ext5t to
 :i* !y n[ prevail4 ,a v l>ge p]c5tage (
 exi/+ sickness & infirmity c\ld h be5  
prev5t$ by a timely application ( su* k 
z ! intellig5t already possess4 ,x is ! 
pov]ty1 ! cr[d$ & unsanit>y liv+        
conditions1 ! ignorance & helplessness (
 ! masses1 t p]petuate all ?is          

unnecess>y suff]+1 ?is economic wa/e1   
?is drag on human effici5cy & happ9ess4 
,n only f humanit>ian motives1 b also f 
reg>d = national prosp]ity & virility1 x
 behooves ! ,/ate to wage w> aga9/      
prev5table illness & safegu>d ! g5]al   
heal?4  ,h[ %ock+ conditions are1 9 view
 ( ! sanit>y & m$ical k we n[ possess1  
we are n apt to realize4 ,x is e/imat$ t
 ( ! ?ree million or s :o are s]i\sly   
ill 9 ?is c\ntry on any av]age day1 m   
?an half might h be5 kept well by !     
en=cem5t ( prop] precautions2 t ( !     
#a1ejj1jjj dea?s t occur annually 9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates1 ne>ly half c\ld h be5    
po/pon$4 ,tub]culosis1 = example1 is n a
 highly contagi\s or rapid disease2 x is
 absolutely prev5table by measures n[   
und]/ood1 & almo/ always curable 9 its  
e>lie/ /ages4 ,yet half a million p 9   
our c\ntry are suff]+ f x1 & ab\t       
#acj1jjj die ( x annually4 ,typhoid1 :i*
 c\ld readily be z ne>ly eradicat$ z    
smallpox has be51 claims "s #cj1jjj     
victims annually4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ by 

v>i\s /ati/icians t ! nation c\ld save a
 billion doll>s a ye> ?r\gh po/pon+     
dea?s1 & at lea/ half z mu* aga9 by     
prev5t+ illness t does n result fatally4
 ,tub]culosis alone is said to co/ !    
c\ntry half a billion annually1 typhoid 
ov] ?ree hundr$ million1 & s on4 ,! co/ 
9 suff]+1 brok5 lives1 & brok5 he>ts is 
beyond computation4  ,!re are _m diff]5t
 ways 9 :i* ! campaign = public heal? c 
be simultane\sly wag$3  7#a7 ,! en=cem5t
 ( qu>ant9e laws1 vacc9ation1 &         
fumigation1 %\ld be mu* /rict] ?an x is 
9 _m p>ts ( ! nation4 ,by su* means !   
*ol]a1 bubonic plague1 & o!r t]rible    
diseases h be5 practically kept out ( ! 
c\ntry1 & smallpox has become1 f "o ( ! 
mo/ dread$ sc\rges1 an almo/ negligible 
p]il4 ,exp]i5ce %[s /rik+ly ! advantage 
( isolat+ pati5ts suff]+ f contagi\s    
diseases2 "h at lea/ ! ,/ate1 9 ! int]e/
 ( ! community z a :ole1 mu/ /]nly limit
 individual lib]ty4 ,& x looks z if we 7
 at ! ?re%old ( an era ( vacc9ation =   
o!r diseases besides smallpox2 typhoid  

is n[ absolutely prev5table by t means1 
& ! numb] ( diseases am5able to         
prev5tion or mitigation by simil> me?ods
 is ye>ly increas+4 ,9 "s or all ( ^!   
cases !re is a slight risk to ! pati5t1 
9 view ( :i* compulsory vacc9ation is 9 
"s qu>t]s /r5u\sly oppos$4 ,leav+ !     
discussion ( ! pr9ciple "h involv$ to   
*apt] ,,xxviii1 we may confid5tly say1  
at lea/1 t volunt>y inoculation aga9/   
diseases is an increas+ly valuable      
safegu>d n only = ! individual 9 "q b = 
! :ole community4  7#b7 ,ap>t f /ate    
action1 volunt>y organizations =m$ to   
attack specific diseases1 by spread+    
popul> k ( prev5tive measures1 & pu%+   
legislation = _! en=cem5t1 (f] mu*      
promise4 ,! ,anti-,tub]culosis ,league c
 already po9t to a t5 p] c5t decl9e 9 ! 
dea? rate f t plague 9 ! decade f #aijj 
to #aiaj4 ,footnote3 ,= me?ods & results
 consult ! ,secret>y ( ! ,national      
,association = ! ,/udy & ,prev5tion (   
,tub]culosis1 #aje ,ea/ ,tw5ty-second   
,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,free         

lit]ature is s5t1 & in=mation furni%$ on
 reque/4 ,b :ile 9 ,new ,york ,city     
alone ne>ly ?irty ?\s& fre% victims are 
seiz$ by ! disease e ye>1 a volunt>y    
organization _c hope to cope ) !        
situation2 ! p[] & res\rces ( ! ,/ate   
are ne$$4 ,! conge/ion ( population1 & !
 lack ( prop] light & air1 :i* are !    
greate/ factors1 p]haps1 9 ! spread ( ! 
sc\rge1 mu/ be attack$ by legislation4  
,s typhoid mu/ be f\ght n only by       
vacc9ation1 b by legislation insur+ a   
pure wat] supply1 prop] sewage disposal1
 & ! protection ( food f contam9ation4  
,measures necess>y to eradicate t pe/1 !
 h\se fly1 mu/ be en=c$1 ! mosquito mu/ 
be z ne>ly z possible ext]m9at$1 /reets 
& y>ds mu/ be kept clean1 ! smoke       
nuisance abat$1 ! slaught]+ ( animals & 
cann+ ( food %>ply regulat$1 sanit>y    
conditions en=c$ 9 homes & factories4   
,"o ( ! pr]equisites to any m>k$        
improvem5t w be ! tak+ out ( politics ( 
! public heal? s]vice & mak+ x an exp]t 
pr(ession4  7#c7 ,ano!r s]vice t !      

community mu/ ev5tually1 9 its own      
int]e/s1 provide1 is free m$ical        
att5dance1 by really compet5t           
physicians1 :]ev] !re is ne$4 ,)\t      
ref]r+ to ! suff]+ & anxiety sp>$1 !    
exp5se ( ?is s]vice w f> m ?an be sav$ !
 ,/ate 9 ! prev5tion ( illness &        
premature dea?4 ,! mo/ c>eful m$ical    
inspection ( s*ool *ildr51 includ+      
att5tion by exp]ts to eyes1 e>s1 & tee?1
 is ( utmo/ importance2 all sorts ( ills
 c ?us be av]t$ :i* ! p>5ts are too     
ignorant or c>eless to =e/all4          
,footnote3 ,consult ! lit]ature ( !     
,am]ican ,s*ool ,hygi5e ,association    
7,secret>y ,t4 ,a4 ,/orey1 ,college ( ! 
,city ( ,new ,york74 ,l4 ,d4            
,cruick%ank1 ,s*ool ,cl9ics at ,home &  
,abroad4 ,outlook1 vol4 #hd1 p4 #ffb4 ,x
 is e>ne/ly to be hop$ t ! pres5t *aos (
 m$ical education & practice w be soon  
r$uc$ to a bett] ord]2 t practition]s :o
 pref] manipulation or m5tal heal+1 =   
example1 w1 in/ead ( =m+ sep>ate &      
antagoni/ic s*ools1 unite _! insight &  

exp]i5ce ) ! ma9 /ream ( sci5tific      
!rapeutic ef=t4 ,! quacks :o delude &   
murd] hordes ( ignorant victims mu/ be1 
s f> z is practicable1 sev]ely puni%$2 &
 adequate physiological & m$ical        
education %\ld be requir$ = all practic+
 heal]s1 :atev] me?ods !y may !n *oose  
to employ4  7#d7 ,besides free m$ical   
att5dance1 ! ,/ate mu/ pro- vide free   
hospitals = ! sick1 nurses = ! poor1    
asylums = ^? :o are incapacitat$ by     
infirmity f self-support4 ,! c>e &      
treatm5t ( ! feeble-m9d$1 ! insane1 !   
deaf1 ! bl9d1 ! crippl$1 %\ld always be 
9 ! h&s ( exp]ts2 &1 s f> z possible1 "w
 t !y c d mu/ be provid$4 ,) ! en=cem5t 
( ! measures we h enum]at$1 ! ne$ ( su* 
in/itutions w become mu* less2 b at     
pres5t !y are inadequate 9 numb] &      
equipm5t1 too (t5 manag$ by incompet5t  
(ficials1 & n always free f sc&al4      
,footnote3 ,cf4 ,c4 ,r1 ,h5d]son1       
,social ,_s 9 ,am]ica1 *ap4 ,,xv4  7#e7 
,mo/ important ( all1 p]haps1 is ! "w t 
mu/ be done to save ! babies4           

,approximately a ?ird ( ! babies born 9 
?is c\ntry die be=e !y are f\r ye>s old2
 half or two ?irds ( ^! c\ld be sav$4   
,wond]ful results 9 baby sav+ h foll[$  
/rict control ( ! milk supply & ! bani%+
 ( ! fly4 ,besides ?is1 mo!rs mu/ 9 "s  
way be giv5 in/ruction 9 ! v difficult &
 complicat$ art ( re>+ infants2 = _m ( !
 dea?s are due to simple                
ignorance4,footnote3 ,= me?ods & results
 9 baby-sav+1 consult ! ,secret>y ( !   
,national ,association = ! ,/udy &      
,prev5tion ( ,infant ,mortality1 #abaa  
,ca!dral ,/reet1 ,baltimore1 ,m>yl&4    
,also ,outlook1 vol4 #aja1 p4 #aij4 ,j4 
,s4 ,gibbon1 ,infant ,welf>e ,c5t]s4    
,pov]ty1 ! necessity ( self- support on 
! "p ( mo!rs1 also plays a l>ge "p2 we  
%all consid] 9 *apt] xxx ! possibility (
 /ate c>e ( mo!rs dur+ ! infancy ( _!   
*ildr54 ,,ii4 ,pov]ty & inadequate liv+ 
conditions8 ,if human illness c be 9    
l>ge measure av]t$ by /ate action1      
pov]ty c be practically aboli%$4 ,! poor
 we h always _h ) u1 inde$2 b we ne$ n  

=ev] h !m4 ,!re is no excuse = our      
tol]ance ( ! suff]+ & degradation ( !   
subm]g$ classes2 ! causes ( ?is         
wret*$ness are 9 ! ma9 removable4 ,!    
initial co/ w be great1 b 9 ! long run !
 sav+ to ! community w be enorm\s4      
,individual ef=t c only a*ieve a        
sup]ficial & tempor>y relief2 & ev5 !   
two or ?ree hundr$ *>ity organization   
societies 9 ! c\ntry are impot5t1 = lack
 ( funds & ( p[]1 to /em ! =ces t make =
 pov]ty4 ,to dole out *>ity to ?is      
family & to t is unhappily necess>y 9   
our pres5t crude social situation2 b x  
is n a solution4 ,x n only runs !       
cont9ual risk ( enc\rag+ %iftlessness & 
dep5d5ce1 b x does n g to ! root ( !    
matt]4 ,!re w always be inequalities 9  
weal? & room = p]sonal gifts f ! m to ! 
less =tunate2 b ! ,/ate mu/ n be cont5t 
) su* pat*+ & palliat+1 b mu/ /rike at !
 roots ( ! evil4 ,we w consid] ! *ief   
causes ( pov]ty & _! cure4  7#a7 ,!     
cause t bulks l>ge/ is ! inadequate     
wages ( a consid]able portion ( ! l[e/  

class4 ,x is obvi\sly impossible to     
support ! av]age family ( five 9 dec5cy1
 n to say 9 heal?1 effici5cy1 or com=t1 
) an income (1 say1 less ?an a ?\s&     
doll>s a ye>1 z prices g at "t ( writ+  
7#aiad74 ,yet great numb]s ( families at
 pres5t h to exi/ someh[ ^u less1 ev5   
mu* less4 ,five million adult male      
work]s 9 ?is c\ntry receive less ?an six
 hundr$ doll>s a ye> = _! "w4,footnote3 
,cf4 ,pr(essor ,fair*ild's comm5ts 9    
,=um1 vol4 #eb1 p4 #di 7,july1 #aiad74  
,ev5 :5 mo!rs "w :o ought to be at home 
t5d+ ! *ildr51 ev5 :5 *ildr5 "w :o ought
 to be 9 s*ool1 ! total income is (t5   
mis]ably inadequate4 ,yet !re is ample  
weal? 9 ! c\ntry1 if x 7 bett]          
di/ribut$1 to pay a liv+ wage to e      
labor]4 ,by "s "o ( ! means :i* we %all 
pres5tly discuss1 ! ,/ate mu/ see t all 
labor]s are well en\gh paid to enable   
!m1 :ile !y "w1 to support 9 com=t a    
mod]ate family4  7#b7 ,involunt>y       
unemploym5t is ! next s\rce ( pov]ty4   
,?is is due to _m causes3 ! p]iodic     

depressions & failures ( indu/ries2 !   
introduction ( new ma*9]y1 ?r[+ out :ole
 classes ( labor]s2 ! enorm\s influx (  
immigrants & consequ5t conge/ion 9 !    
cities ( unskill$ labor2 lack (         
education1 or natural /upidity1 :i* r5d]
 "s m5 too incompet5t to reta9          
positions4 ,ignorance c be ov]come by   
prop] compulsory education laws2 all b !
 actually feeble-m9d$ 7:o mu/ be c>$ = 9
 in/itutions7 c1 by skillful att5tion1  
be taught pr(ici5cy 9 "s trade4 ,& ) a m
 widespread education ! "w t requires no
 skill c be left to ! hopelessly /upid4 
,! conge/ion ( labor 9 ! cities         
,footnote3 ,9 ,febru>y1 #aiad1 !re 7    
report$ to be #cej1jjj m5 out ( "w 9    
,new ,york ,city 7,outlook1 ,m>* #ad1   
#aiad74 c be l>gely rem$i$ by free /ate 
employm5t bureaus :i* %all s]ve z       
di/ribut+ ag5cies2 !re is almo/ always  
"w en\gh & to sp>e 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1
 & usually n f> away4 ,b m ?an ?is is   
necess>y2 ! ,/ate mu/ see t "w is (f]$ e
 man :o is able to "w4 ,all sorts (     

public works ne$ unskill$ labor]s 9 e   
city ( ! c\ntry2 !re is digg+ to be     
done1 %ovel+ & sweep+ & c>t+4 ,!re are  
roads to be built1 riv]s to be dr$g$1   
p>ks to be grad$1 build+s to be erect$1 
a ?\s& ?+s to be done4 ,x w be q        
feasible1 :5 wages are g5]ally adequate1
 = ! cities1 by g5]al agreem5t1 to (f]  
"w to all applicants at a wage s l[ z n 
to attract m5 away f o!r employm5ts1 &  
yet to enable !m to support _! families 
dec5tly4 ,! l[ wages giv5 w save ! city 
mu* money directly1 z well z sav+ x !   
c>e ( ! indig5t4 ,b x w be a feasible   
plan only :5 ! city's jobs cease to be  
us$ z a means ( vote-buy+ by politicians
 & are (f]$ :]e !y are ne$$4 ,footnote3 
#a ,see ,w4,h4 ,bev]idge1 ,unemploym5t4 
,j4,a4 ,hobson1 ,! ,problem ( !         
,unemploy$4 ,ald5 & ,hayw>d1 ,!         
,unemployable & ! ,unemploy$4 ,c4 ,s4   
,lo*1 ,me?ods ( ,social ,advance1 *ap4  
,,ix4 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,economics1    
vol4 #h1 pp4 #afh1 #dec1 #dii4 ,review (
 ,reviews1 vol4 #i1 pp4 #bi1 #agi4      

,*>ities ,review1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #bba1    
#cbc4 ,indep5d5t1 vol4 #gg1 p4#cfc4     
,national ,municipal ,review1 vol4 #c1  
p4#cff4 ,! unemploym5t :i* is ! result (
 laz9ess mu/ be cur$ by compulsory "w z 
9 f>mcolonies1 :i* h be5 successful 9   
,europe4 ,cf4 ,edmond ,kelly1 ,!        
,elim9ation ( ! ,tramp4  7#c7 ,! ?ird   
important cause ( pov]ty is sickness & !
 dea? ( wage e>n]s4 ,"h ! way is cle>4  
,:5 ! ,/ate has tak5 ! measures we h    
enum]at$ = ! public heal?1 :5 x provides
 compet5t doctors & nurses1 & be>s ! co/
 ( illness1 we %all h only ! loss (     
wages dur+ ! illness or aft] ! dea? (   
wage e>n]s to consid]4 ,& "h "s =m (    
univ]sal insurance w probably be !      
solution2 ?is is pref]able to /ate c>e (
 dep5d5ts1 z x c>ries no ta9t ( *>ity4  
,?is solves e problem b ! delicate "o1  
:i* mu/ be entru/$ to exp]t             
diagno/icians1 ( det]m9+ to "w is caus$ 
by physical weakness or m]e laz9ess4    
7#d7 ,! f\r? great cause ( pov]ty1 dr9k1
 c & mu/ be aboli%$ 9 ! ne> future1 by !

 means already consid]$4  7#e7 ,!re     
rema9 ?ree p]sonal causes :i* ne$ be !  
only p]man5tly tr\blesome factors-      
-laz9ess1 self-indulg5ce1 & ! incont95ce
 :i* results 9 ov]- l>ge families4 ,!   
laz9ess :i* pref]s *ronic inactivity to 
"w is n normal to human nature1 & w be  
l>gely bani%$ by education1 ! improvem5t
 ( heal?1 & ! improvem5t ( ! conditions 
& h\rs ( labor4 ,! ob/9ate cases (      
unwill+ness to "w mu/ be cur$ by        
compulsory labor 9 f>m colonies or on   
public works2 mo/ su* cases respond to  
intellig5t treatm5t & cease to be       
tr\blesome :5 "s physical or moral twi/ 
has be5 rem$i$4 ,! wa/e ( income 9      
self-indulg5ce ( "o =m or o!r is m      
difficult to deal )2 b ! law c ju/ly    
=bid ! wage-e>n] f squ&]+ ^u himself    
money ne$$ by wife & *ildr51 & direct t 
a due proportion ( 8 wages be paid      
directly to ! wife4 ,if nei!r fa!r nor  
"m w use _! money = ! prop] welf>e ( !  
*ildr51 ! ,/ate mu/ take ! *ildr5 f !m  
?\gh t /ep %\ld only be a la/ & desp]ate

 resort4 ,f9ally1 !re is ! t5d5cy1      
un=tunately mo/ preval5t among ! l[e/   
classes1 to h m *ildr5 ?an c be dec5tly 
c>$ =4 ,to "s ext5t ?is evil c be rem$i$
 by ! dissem9ation ( in=mation conc]n+  
prop] me?ods ( prev5t+ conception       
,footnote3 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a dang] 9 !  
g5]al dissem9ation ( su* in=mation- !   
dang] ( increas+ pro/itution by less5+  
"o ( ! *ief det]r5ts !re f42 to "s ext5t
 by moral tra9+ to self-control & a s5se
 ( responsibility4 ,or ! ,/ate may      
und]take ! c\nt5ance l>ge families2 if  
?is is done 7see *apt] xxx71 /eps mu/ ( 
c\rse be tak5 to prev5t ! m>ry+ ( !     
unfit-or1 at lea/1 _! bre$+4 ,) our     
rapidly decreas+ bir? rate1 & ! spread (
 education1 :i* w d away ) l[] classes &
 fit e "o 9 "s dec5t degree to be a     
p>5t1 ?is w probably be ! ultimate      
solution4 ,) ! disappe>ance ( pov]ty1 ! 
mis]able liv+ conditions ( s l>ge a     
proportion ( our population w           
automatically improve4 ,b mu* %\ld be   
done directly by ! ,/ate to prev5t su*  

h\s+ conditions z make = physical or    
moral deg5]ation4 ,we are f> beh9d      
,europe 9 h\s+-legislation1 & conditions
 9 mo/ ( our cities are go+ f bad to    
worse4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no ne$ :atev] (  
unsanit>y h\s+2 x is m]ely ! selfi%ness 
( own]s & ! apa?y ( ! public t p]mits   
its exi/5ce4 ,! cr[d+-:i* 9 ,new ,york  
,city runs up to "s ?irte5 hundr$ p]    
acre-c be /opp$ by simple legislation4  
,! lack ( prop] light or v5tilation1 (  
prop] wat] supply1 plumb+1 or sew]age1 (
 prop] removal ( a%es1 g>bage1 or       
rubbi%1 is inexcusable4 ,! results (    
liv+ 9 ! d>k1 f\l-air$1 unsanit>y       
t5em5ts ( our slums are3 a great        
increase 9 sickness & premature dea?2 a 
/unt+ ( gr[?1 physical & m5tal1 & an    
increase 9 numb]s ( backw>d & del9qu5t  
*ildr52 ! spread ( vici\s & crim9al     
habits ?r\gh ! lack ( privacy &         
contagion ( close contact ) ! vici\s4   
,we are bre$+ 9 our slums a deg5]ate    
race1-boys :o gr[ up us$ to vice1 &     
girls t drift naturally into            

pro/itution2 we are all[+ disease to    
spread f !m1 ?r\gh ! *ildr5 t g to !    
public s*ools1 ! %op-girls we buy f 9 ! 
/ores1 ! s]vants t ent] our h\ses1 ! m5 
we rub elb[s ) on ! /reet or 9 !        
/reet-c>s4 ,v salut>y are ! laws t      
require ! "n ( ! own] to be plac$ on all
 build+s2 %ame be=e ! public may wr+    
improvem5ts f _m a l&lord :o n[ takes   
pr(its f t5em5ts unfit = habitation4 ,b 
x ought n to be left to ! consci5ce ( ! 
individual own]2 ! ,/ate mu/ ex]cise its
 prim>y "r to =bid ! cr[d+ ( t5ants into
 h\ses :i* d n af=d sanit>y qu>t]s &    
p]mit a dec5t degree ( privacy4   ,,iii4
 ,,comm]cializ$ ,,vice8  ,! duty ( !    
,/ate 9 reg>d to ! vice cat]]s is       
obvi\s2 ! comm]cializ+ ( vice mu/ be    
/rictly prohibit$ by law & en=c$ by     
:atev] means exp]i5ce proves mo/        
effective4 ,we mu/ le>n to include 9 ?is
 class ( enemies ( society !            
manufactur]s & sell]s ( alcoholic       
liquors1 z well z ( ! less g5]ally us$  
arcotics2 b ?is matt] has be5 already   

discuss$ 9 connection ) our /udy ( !    
individual's duty 9 relation to alcohol4
 ,( ! proprietors ( gambl+ d5s1 indec5t 
%[s1 etc1 we ne$ n fur!r speak1         
conc5trat+ our att5tion in/ead ^u ! wor/
 species ( vice cat]+1 ! comm]cializ+ ( 
pro/itution4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! sale (   
woman's virtue prevails 9 our cities is 
sc>cely believable4 ,! rec5t commission 
( :i* ,mr4 ,rockefell] 0 *airman        
actually c\nt$ #ad1ibf pr(essional      
pro/itutes 9 ,manhattan alone1 9 #aiab2 
:ile p]sonal visitation e/abli%$ !      
exi/5ce ( ov] sixte5 hundr$ h\ses :]e ! 
gratification ( lu/ c\ld be b\ght4 ,n   
all1 c]ta9ly1 7 c\nt$2 & ?is li/ is1 (  
c\rse1 entirely exclusive ( ! great     
numb] ( girls occasionally & secretly   
sell+ !mselves to fri5ds1 acqua9tances1 
& employ]s4 ,_m hundr$s ( m5 & wom51    
keep]s ( h\ses1 procur]s1 & ! l1 live on
 ! proce$s ( ?is great und]gr\nd        
indu/ry2 & to "s ext5t-?\gh to :at ext5t
 x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to asc]ta9 ! 
=cible ret5tion ( "y girls is exi/ 9 mo/

 ( ! _w's cities4 ,:at is be+ done to   
aboli% ?is gha/lie/ ( evils8 ,9 mo/     
great cities1 sc>cely any?+1 = two      
reasons3 ! "o be+ t s _m m51 p]haps !   
majority1 secretly wi% to reta9 an      
opportunity = pur*as+ sex gratification1
 ! o!r t ! police g5]ally f9d !         
protection ( illegal vice an easy s\rce 
( rev5ue4 ,if ! police are hone/1 !y    
break up a disord]ly h\se-& let !       
inmates c>ry ! lure ( _! trade else:]e4 
,! magi/rates f9e !m1 or give !m s5t5ces
 j long en\gh to br+ !m ne$$ re/ &      
nutrition1 & s5d !m back to _! bus9ess4 
,or !y drive !m out ( t[n-to swell !    
numb]s 9 ! next t[n4 ,attempts at       
legalization & localization are frank   
admissions ( inability or lack ( desire 
to fight ! evil2 _! effect is to make ! 
way ( temptation easi] = ! y\?4         
,compulsory m$ical inspection gives a   
promise ( immunity f disease :i* is     
l>gely illusory1 & entices m5 :o are n[ 
re/ra9$ by prud5tial motives4 ,!re are1 
h[ev]1 _m promis+ l9es ( attack3  7#a7  

,:5 wom5 ga9 ! vote1 !y c be c\nt$ on to
 fight ! evil4 ,! pro/itutes !mselves1  
be+ mo/ly m9ors1 &1 9 any case1 anxi\s  
to conceal _! id5tity1 seldom vote2 & ! 
rema9+ wom5 are almo/ en masse bitt]ly  
oppos$ to ! trade4 ,) wom5 vot+1 & an   
effici5t political adm9i/ration         
inaugurat$ 9 our cities1 we %all hope to
 witness ! end ( ! sc&al\s non5=cem5t ( 
exi/+ laws4  7#b7 ,! aboli%+ ( ! liquor 
trade w take away ! great political ally
 ( ! trade 9 girlhood2 & )\t !          
demoraliz+ influ5ce ( alcohol few] m5 w 
yield to _! passions & few] girls be    
pliant !reto4  7#c7 ,! ,rockefell]      
,commission disclos$ majority (         
pro/itutes are almo/ :olly un$ucat$-ab\t
 half ( ^? que/ion$ _h n ev5 gone ?r\gh 
! prim>y s*ool1 & only sev5 p] c5t _h   
f9i%$ ! gramm>-s*ool "w4 ,compulsory    
education1 vigilantly en=c$1 w greatly  
less5 ! numb] ( girls :o w be will+ to  
take up ! life ( degradation1 suff]+1 & 
premature dea?2 especially w ?is be !   
case if sex hygi5e is prop]ly taught4   

,approximately a qu>t] ( ! girls /udi$ 7
 m5tally defective2 ^! %\ld h be5       
detect$ 9 ! s*ools & remov$ to ! prop]  
in/itutions be=e !y fell prey to ! clev]
 s*emes ( ! procur]4,footnote3 ,( #fdg  
wayw>d girls rec5tly at ! ,b$=d         
,re=matory1 ov] #cjj 7 acc\nt$ m5tally  
defici5t4 ,= a fall+-(f 9 ?is al>m+     
numb] ( m5tal defectives we mu/ await   
sci5tific eug5ic laws to be discuss$ 9  
*apt] xxx4  7#d7 ,x is a %ameful fact t 
?\s&s ( girls1 dep5d5t ^u _! own e>n+s =
 support1 receive less ?an en\gh to     
enable !m to live 9 dec5t com=t1 n to   
say ) any enjoym5t ( life4 ,_m1 ( c\rse1
 wa/e _! e>n+s on ne$lessly f9e clo!s1  
or at ! %[s2 ! ,am]ican fa%ion (        
extravagant dress & ! crav+ = amusem5t  
are factors ( importance 9 ! ru9 ( "y   
girls4 ,b five doll>s1 or ev5 sev5      
doll>s1 a week is n en\gh to live on 9 !
 cities2 & _m girls are paid no m1 ev5  
less4 ,! ,/ate1 9 fram+ its m9imum wage 
laws1 or o!r legislation1 mu/ take      
cognizance ( ?is />tl+ & intol]able     

situation4  7#e7 ,provision %\ld be made
 = ! c>e ( girls :o come alone to !     
cities4 ,dormitories ) clean & airy     
b$rooms at m9imum co/1 & attractive     
read+- & social-rooms1 (f]+ provision = 
normal social life & amusem5t1 c d mu*  
to keep lonely & re/less girls out ( !  
clut*es ( ! vici\s provision = "y m5 :o 
live alone might avail to less5 to "s   
ext5t _! patronage ( h\ses ( vice4  7#f7
 ,! model injunction acts ( a few ( our 
m advanc$ ,/ates ve/ ! p[] 9 any citiz51
 :e!r he or %e is p]sonally damag$ by   
su* e/abli%m5t1 to in/itute legal       
proce$+s aga9/ all conc]n$2 to secure ! 
abatem5t ( ! nuisance1 & p]petual       
injunction aga9/ its ree/abli%m5t4 ,x is
 too e>ly yet to speak ) assurance ( !  
practical work+ ( ?is me?od2 b x bids   
fair to make ! bro!l bus9ess m prec>i\s4
 ,if1 9 addition1 laws aga9/ /reet      
solicit+ are /rictly en=c$1 ! fir/ /eps 
( "y m5 into vice w be made mu* less    
allur+ly easy ?an at pres5t4  7#g7 ,!   
mo/ radical & effective measure ( all w 

be to arre/ ! pr(essional pro/itutes1   
segregate !m1 & keep !m segregat$ dur+ !
 dang]\s ye>s1 except z g5u9e signs (   
int5tion to re=m appe>1 9 :i* case !y   
may be releas$ ^u probation4 ,! exp5se w
 be1 at ! outset1 consid]able4 ,b !     
girls w be taught trades1 & kept at "w  
:i* w 9 mo/ cases m ?an pay = _!        
support4 ,moreov]1 ! community w1 (     
c\rse1 save ! va/ sums n[ pass$ ov] by  
its lu/ful m5 to ^! wom54 ,! sav+ (     
heal? & life w be incalculable4 ,!      
girls1 al?\gh "u re/ra9t1 w be inf9itely
 bett] (f ?an !y 71 & c 9 mo/ cases1 )  
pati5ce & education1 be made ultimately 
to realize _! ga92 z !y gr[ old] & =get 
_! e>ly ye>s ( %ame1 !y c be set free   
aga91 ) "s skill$ trade le>n$1 & "s     
accumulat$ e>n+s4 ,pr(essional          
pro/itution w1 ( c\rse1 /ill fl\ri% to a
 degree und]gr\nd2 b x w be a highly    
risky bus9ess1 attract+ f> few] girls1 &
 difficult = ! un9itiat$ "y man to      
discov]4 ,) ?is outlet = lu/ p>tially   
clos$1 !re w\ld no d\bt t5d to be an    

increase 9 solit>y & homosexual vice1 & 
9 ! s$uction ( innoc5t girls4 ,b ! latt]
 outlet c be *eck$ by rais+ ! age (     
cons5t to tw5ty or tw5ty-"o1 & puni%+ ! 
s$uction ( y\ng] girls z rape4 ,& ! =m] 
evils1 s]i\s z !y are1 are f> less ( an 
evil ?an ! creation ( our pres5t wret*$ 
class ( pr(essional pro/itutes4 ,z a    
matt] ( fact1 !re w\ld1 beyond all "q1  
be a great dim9ution 9 sexual vice1 !   
pres5t am\nt ( x be+ due by no means    
:olly to desire t is naturally imp]i\s1 
b to ! artificial fo/]+ ( t desire by ^?
 :o hope to pr(it f9ancially !reby4     
,,iv4 ,crime8  ,! grave/ ( all social   
ills is-crime4 ,its treatm5t may be     
consid]$ "u ! ?ree heads ( prev5tion1   
conviction1 & ! treatm5t ( convict$     
crim9als4  7#a7 ,to "s ext5t1 n yet     
cle>ly det]m9$1 ! causes ( crime are    
temp]am5tal1 due to cong5ital defects or
 ov]excitable impulses4 ,! inh]it$      
effects ( insanity1 alcoholism1 & o!r   
pa?ological conditions1 make            
self-control f> m difficult = "s        

un=tunates4 ,su* baneful inh]itances w  
"s day be m9imiz$ by eug5ic laws2 &     
individuals ^: abnormal m5tal condition 
makes !m dang]\s to society w be kept "u
 p]man5t re/ra9t4 ,! causes ( crime are1
 h[ev]1 to a f> great] degree           
environm5tal4 ,und]nutrition1 ov]work1  
worry1 & v>i\s o!r s\rces ( poor heal?1 
create a condition ( l[]$ resi/ance to  
impulse4 ,! h]d+ ( ! poor into cr[d$    
t5em5ts1 ! inability to f9d "w1 ! lack (
 :olesome int]e/s & excitem5ts to       
provide a normal outlet = en]gy ( body &
 m9d1 ! daily sight ( ! luxury ( ! ri* &
 ! bitt]ness ( its contra/ ) _! own ne$1
 awak5 dang]\s passions & reckless      
defiance ( law4 ,! lack ( education1    
contact ) absorption ( law-defy+        
philosophies ( life1 t5d to make crime  
appe> natural & ju/ifi$4 ,all ( ^!      
unheal?y conditions are be+ attack$ "u !
 spur ( our new social consci5ce2 & ) e 
/ep 9 social alleviation crime dim9i%es4
 ,crim9als are1 9 g5]al1 j su* m5 & wom5
 z we2 9 l situations we too %\ld be    

tempt$ to crime4 ,we might all repeat ) 
,bunyan3 ,!re1 b = ! grace ( ,god1 g ,i6
 ,give e man & woman a fair *ance =     
happ9ess 9 normal ways1 & ! lure ( crime
 w l>gely vani%4,footnote3 ,cf4 ,an ,op5
 ,lett] to ,society f ,convict #aggf    
7,f4 ,h4 ,revell ,co474 ,yet human      
nature 9 its mo/ favorable circum/ances 
& 9 its mo/ favor$ individuals has its  
twi/s & its anti-social impulses4 ,= !  
pot5tial crim9al-& t means = e "o (     
u-!re mu/ be elaborat$ also a sy/em (   
moral or religi\s tra9+ :i* %all seek to
 develop ! bett] nature t is 9 e man &  
en*a9 ! brute4 ,) su* a discipl9e impos$
 ^u ea* g5]ation !re w\ld be a f> great]
 hope = ! repression ( evil t5d5cies1   
:e!r due to temp]am5tal p]v]sion or     
provocative environm5t4  7#b7 ,if !re is
 mu* to be done 9 ! prev5tion ( crime1  
!re is also mu* to be done 9 insur+ !   
prompt conviction ( (f5d]s4 ,! legal    
delays & obtrusion ( ! te*nicalities :i*
 n[ s (t5 ob/ruct ! adm9i/ration (      
ju/ice1 hold out a means to ! crim9al ( 

escap+ puni%m5t1 "w h>d%ip to ! poor1 :o
 _c af=d to employ ! %>pe/ lawy]s1 &    
ne$lessly ret>d ! cle>+ ( ! reputation (
 ! innoc5t4 ,! ov]use ( ! plea (        
insanity has become latt]ly a public    
sc&al4 ,9 c]ta9 c\rts x has sometimes   
seem$ impossible to convict a crim9al :o
 has pl5ty ( money or /rong political   
influ5ce4 ,9 o!r cases su* m5 h be5 set 
free on bail & proce$$ to fur!r may h to
 wait ye>s = comp5sation2 if !y are     
poor1 !y may hesitate to set out on !   
long & dubi\s c\rse ( a lawsuit2 or1 if 
!y emb>k ^u x1 x is only by an agreem5t 
:]e9 ! speculator- lawy] takes ! lion's 
%>e ( ! comp5sation4 ,! result ( all ?is
 friction 9 ! ma*9]y ( ! c\rts is an    
increase 9 crime1 & an increase 9 !     
illegal puni%m5t ( crime4 ,lyn*+1 :i*   
are su* a disgrace to ?is c\ntry1 are   
due prim>ily to indignation at crime :i*
 bids fair to be inadequately puni%$2 !y
 w occur1 9 spite ( _! inju/ice &       
brutality1 until ! p5alties ( ! law are 
made univ]sally prompt & sure &         

fair4,footnote3 ,see ,j4 ,e4 ,cutl]1    
,lyn* ,law4 ,outlook1 vol4 #ii1 p4 #gjf4
 ,a :olesome disreg>d ( te*nicalities1 &
 an int]pretation ( ! law 9 ! l9e (     
equity1 a rigid exclusion ( irrelevant  
evid5ce & argum5t1 ! provision ( an     
adequate numb] ( c\rts to prev5t ! pil+ 
up ( cases1 & ( a public def5d]1 ( skill
 & tra9+1 to look aft] ! int]e/s ( !    
poor1 ! removal ( judge%ips f politics  
by ! g5]al improvem5t ( our political   
sy/em1 & ! adjudgm5t ( insanity only by 
imp>tial1 /ate-hir$ ali5i/s-^! are "s ( 
! re=ms t e?ical consid]ations          
sugge/4,footnote3 ,cf4 ,w4 ,h4 ,taft1   
,f\r ,aspects ( ,civic ,duty1 ,,ii4     
,outlook1 vol4 #ib1 p4 #cei2 vol4 #ih1  
p4 #hhd4  7#c7 ,! ends to be borne 9 m9d
 9 ! treatm5t ( ! convict$ ,crim9al are 
f\r3 ,fir/1 rep>ation to ! injur$ p>ty  
mu/ be dem&$ ( him1 s f> z money w      
con/itute rep>ation2 if he has n !      
money1 8 future "w mu/ g = its          
accumulation1 s f> z t is compatible ) !
 support ( 8 infant *ildr54 ,secondly1  

he mu/ be puni%$ sev]ely en\gh to s]ve z
 a w>n+ to o!r pot5tial (f5d]s &1 s f> z
 !y are am5able to su* fe>s1 det] !m f  
simil> crimes4 ,capital puni%m5t = !    
wor/ crimes is %[n det]r5t ?an          
conf9em5t2 :e!r ! dang] ( execut+ an    
innoc5t man is grave en\gh to (fset ?is 
public ga9 is an op5 "q4,footnote3 ,see 
,a4 ,j4 ,palm1 ,! ,dea? ,p5alty4        
,?irdly1 he mu/ be prev5t$ f do+ any m  
h>m2 ?is means conf9em5t j s long z     
exp]t crim9ologi/s deem him dang]\s1    
:e!r n at all 7unless to det] o!rs7 or =
 life4 ,! old sy/em ( giv+ a fix$ s5t5ce
 is :olly unju/ifiable2 "s are !reby    
kept imprison$ :5 !re is e reason to    
believe !m capable ( liv+ honorably &   
s]v+ ! community z free m51 o!rs are let
 loose1 aft] a t]m1 m dang]\s to !      
community ?an ev]4 ,! habitual crim9al1 
:o alt]nates betwe5 p]iods ( crime &    
p]iods ( imprisonm5t1 %\ld be an unkn[n 
ph5om5on4 ,! judge %\ld be oblig$ to    
pron\nce an indet]m9ate s5t5ce1 & leave 
x to ! exp]t prison (ficials to decide  

if1 or :51 x is safe to release !       
prison] on p>ole4 ,exp]i5ce has already 
%[n t few mi/akes are made 7:]e prison  
managem5t is kept out ( ma*9e politics72
 & z ! releas$ prison] is "u            
surveillance1 & may be return$ to !     
prison )\t trial = disord]l9ess1        
drunk5ness1 or o!r anti-social conduct1 
he is n likely to d mu* damage4 ,a      
second (f5se w\ld be likely to br+ ^u   
him imprisonm5t = life1 :i* w\ld be )9 !
 discretion ( ! prison (ficials4 ,?is   
me?od provides a spur to good behavior1 
&1 :5 us$ 9 conjunction ) ! re=m+       
influ5ces we are ab\t to consid]1 works 
admirably 9 aboli%+ ! crim9al class2    
:atev] crim9al class p]si/s-^? :o _c or 
w n re=m are kept "u re/ra9t = life1 :]e
 !y c d no h>m4 ,f\r?ly1 & mo/ important
 ( all1 a pa9/ak+ attempt mu/ be made to
 re=m ! crim9al1 to make him a normal1  
socially useful man4 ,at pres5t our     
prisons are r s*ools ( corruption ?an ( 
uplift2 too (t5 fir/ (f5d]s are ?r[n    
into association ) h>d5$ crim9als1 &    

come out aft] _! t]m ( ye>s ) _! m9ds   
full ( crim9al sugge/ions1 & less able  
?an be=e to live a normal life4 ,!      
prison %\ld be a tra9+ s*ool = ! morally
 p]v]t$4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! prison] %\ld be 
taught a trade1 if he kn[s none1 & made 
compet5t to e>n an hone/ liv+4 ,he %\ld 
be kept at regul> "w1 & 8 wages us$     
p>tly to reimburse society = 8 keep1 &  
p>tly to support 8 family1 or1 if he has
 none1 to give him a new />t :5 he      
leaves prison4 ,rec5t exp]i5ce %[s t !  
great majority ( prison]s c be tru/$ to 
"w outside ! prison1 at any ord9>y      
labor1 )\t gu>ds-return+ to ! prison ea*
 ev5+4,footnote3 ,see ,c5tury1 vol4 #hg1
 p4 #gdf4 ,regul> h\rs1 & :olesome liv+ 
9 e way1 are1 ( c\rse1 en=c$2 sports are
 enc\rag$ 9 leisure h\rs1 & physical    
developm5t ensur$4 ,educational         
influ5ces are br\ght to be>1 ?r\gh      
class-in/ruction1 books1 s]mons1 private
 talks4 ,! individual's m9d is /udi$ & e
 ef=t made to supplant morbid &         
anti-social by normal & moral ideas4    

,few crim9als b are am5able to skillful 
guidance2 mo/ ( !m1 c\ld1 if pa9s 7     
tak51 be trans=m$ into useful citiz5s4  
,all ?is application ( mod]n p5ological 
ideas means a greatly increas$ exp5se p]
 capita2 b ?is w be l>gely (fset by ! "w
 requir$ ( all heal?y prison]s1 & 9 any 
case is ! be/ sort ( an inve/m5t4 ,!    
prev5tion ( crime is1 9 ! long run1 mu* 
less co/ly1 ev5 f a purely f9ancial     
/&po9t1 ?an crime itself4 ,on           
pa?ological social conditions 9 g5]al3  
,smi?1 ,social ,pa?ology4 ,e4 ,t4       
,dev9e1 ,mis]y & its ,causes4 ,m4       
,conyngton1 ,h[ to ,help4 ,c4           
,aronovici1 ,kn[+ ,"o's ,own ,community4
 ,jane ,addams1 ,tw5ty ,ye>s at ,hull   
,h\se4 ,s4 ,ne>+1 ,social ,adju/m5t4    
,*>les ,boo?1 ,life & ,labor ( ! ,p (   
,london4 ,hall1 ,social ,solutions4 ,c4 
,r4 ,h5d]son1 ,social ,duties4 ,w4      
,gladd51 ,social ,salvation4 ,public    
heal?3 ,h4 ,ellis1 ,! ,task ( ,social   
,hygi5e1 ,! ,nationalization ( ,heal?4  
,outlook1 vol4 #ih1 p4 #fc2 vol4 #ajb1  

p4 #gfd4 ,lit]ature publi%$ by ,!       
,committee ( ,"o ,hundr$ on ,national   
,heal? 7#aje ,ea/ ,tw5ty-second ,/reet1 
,new ,york ,city74 ,c4 ,r4 ,h5d]son1 ,! 
,social ,_s 9 ,am]ica1 *ap4 ,v4 ,_w's   
,"w1 vol4 #ag1 p4 #aacba2 vol4 #ba1 p4  
#achha2 vol4 #bc1 p4 #fib4 ,w4 ,h4      
,all51 ,civics & ,heal?4 ,pov]ty & liv+ 
conditions3 ,r4 ,hunt]1 ,pov]ty4 ,b4 ,s4
 ,r[ntree1 ,pov]ty1 ,a ,/udy ( ,t[n     
,life4 ,adams & ,sumn]1 ,labor          
,problems1 *ap4 ,v4 ,a4 ,s4 ,w>n]1      
,am]ican ,*>ities4 ,e4 ,t4 ,dev9e1      
,pr9ciples ( ,relief4 ,s4 ,webb1        
,prev5tion ( ,de/itution4 ,lit]ature ( !
 ,am]ican ,association ( ,societies =   
,organiz+ ,*>ity1 & ( ! ,*>ity          
,organization ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,russell    
,sage ,f\ndation 7bo? at #aje ,ea/      
,tw5ty-second ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city74
 ,l4 ,veill]1 ,h\s+ ,re=m4 ,de=e/ &     
,veill]1 ,! ,t5em5t-,h\se ,problem4 ,j4 
,lee1 ,con/ructive & ,prev5tive         
,philan?ropy4 ,ald5 & ,hayw>d1 ,h\s+4   
,j4 ,a4 ,riis1 ,! ,battle ) ! ,slum4    

,national ,municipal ,review1 vol4 #b1  
p4 #baj4 ,comm]cializ$ vice3 ,jane      
,addams1 ,a ,new ,consci5ce & an ,anci5t
 ,evil4 ,report ( ! ,*icago ,vice       
,commission3 ,! ,social ,evil 9 ,*icago4
 ,g4 ,j4 ,kneel&1 ,comm]cializ$         
,pro/itution 9 ,new ,york ,city4        
,outlook1 vol4 #id1 p4 #cjc2 vol4 #aja1 
p4 #bde2 vol4 #ajd1 p4 #aja4 ,crime3 ,f4
 ,h4 ,w9es1 ,puni%m5t & ,re=mation4 ,e4 
,a4 ,ross1 ,social ,control1 *ap4 ,,xi4 
,r4 ,m4 ,mc,connell1 ,crim9al           
,responsibility & ,social ,con/ra9t4 ,h4
 ,ellis1 ,! ,crim9al4 ,a4 ,h4 ,curri]1  
,! ,pres5t- ,day ,problem ( ,crime4 ,p4 
,a4 ,p>sons1 ,responsibility = ,crime4  
,e4 ,f]ri1 ,! ,positive ,s*ool (        
,crim9ology4 ,w4 ,tallack1 ,p5ological &
 ,prev5tive ,pr9ciples4 ,e4 ,c>p5t]1    
,prisons1 ,police1 & ,puni%m5t4         
,outlook1 vol4 #id1 p4 #beb2 vol4 #ig1  
p4 #djc4 ,_w's ,"w1 vol4 #ba1 p4 #adbed4
 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 vol4 #ach1 p4  
#bed4 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1   
vol4 #bj1 p4 #bha4     ,,*apt] ,,xxvi   

,,indu/rial ,,wrongs  ,,we h be5        
discuss+ ! treatm5t ( recogniz$ crime4  
,b beyond ! b\nd>ies ( conduct          
univ]sally label$ z crim9al1 !re is a   
:ole realm ( anti-social action to :i* !
 public consci5ce is only beg9n+ to be  
s5sitive1 al?\gh x is (t5 f> m h>mful to
 ! g5]al welf>e ?an t = :i* m5 are      
imprison$4 ,especially is ?is true ( !  
wrongs connect$ ) mod]n indu/ry4 ,z     
,pr(essor ,ross puts x1 ,footnote3 ,s9 &
 ,society1 p4 #ig4 ! ma/] iniquities (  
our "t are connect$ ) money-mak+2 & s   
our moral pace-sett]s1 :o are1 = ! mo/  
"p1 conf9+ _! attacks to ! "t-worn &    
famili> s9s1 d n get into ! big fight at
 all4 ,! root ( ! tr\ble is t great p[] 
ov] ! lives & happ9ess ( o!rs has be5   
acquir$ by a small class ( irresponsible
 m51 _m ( :om fail to recognize _!      
privileg$ position z a public tru/ & c>e
 only = enri*+ !mselves4 ,z we not$ 9   
*apt] 91 ! complexification ( our       
indu/rial life is mak+ possible a :ole  
new range ( :at mu/ be br&$ z crimes2   

endless opportunities h be5 op5$ up (   
money-mak+ at ! co/ ( o!rs' suff]+4 ,(t5
 t suff]+1 or loss1 is s remote f ! pa? 
( ! gre$y bus9ess man t he does n see   
himself1 & o!rs fail to see him1 z !    
pr$atory money-grabb] t he is4 ,! _m :o 
h be5 ru9$ by unscrupul\s competitors   
are (t5 embitt]$1 ! repress$ capitalism2
 b ! public z a :ole has n be5 ar\s$ to 
rebuke ?is new] unrighte\sness4 ,we mu/ 
proce$ to note its commone/ contempor>y 
=ms4 ,9 our pres5t organization (       
indu/ry1 :at are ! duties ( bus9essm53  
,i4 ,to ! public8  7#a7 ,! fir/ duty (  
bus9essm5 is to supply hone/ goods1 9   
hone/ measure4 ,und]weight1 und]measure1
 d\ble- bottom$ b]ry-boxes1 bottles s   
%ap$ z to appe> to conta9 m ?an _!      
actual cont5ts1 are obvi\sly *eat+4     
,misbr&+ ( goods is n[ regulat$1 s f> z 
int]/ate trade goes1 by ! ,f$]al ,pure  
,food & ,drugs ,act2 & mo/ ,/ates h     
simil> legislation4 ,misrepres5tation 9 
adv]tisem5t %\ld be sev]ely puni%$2 !   
sell+ ( cold /orage = fre% products1 (  

"p-cotton = all-wool clo?+1 ( less = m  
exp5sive woods1 & ! ?\s& o!r ways (     
pann+ inf]ior goods ^u an inexp]t public
 = high-grade articles4 ,at pres5t !re  
is little rec\rse b to c>ry di/ru/ into 
all pur*as+1 le>n to be canny1 & to     
recognize diff]5ces 9 quality 9 all     
articles ne$$4 ,b ! av]age man _c become
 an exp]t pur*as]2 he buys furniture :i*
 breaks d[n prematurely2 he pays a high 
price = clo?+ :i* proves to h no we>+   
quality2 he buys pat5t m$ic9es :i*      
promise to cure 8 physical ills1 & is   
lucky if !y d n leave him worse 9 heal? 
?an be=e4 ,j]ry- build+1 & ! do+ ( fake 
jobs by contractors1 especially =       
municipalities1 is "o ( ! sc&als ( our  
times4 ,footnote3 ,see ,encyclop$ia     
,britannica1 article1 ,adult]ation4 ,e4 
,kelly ,tw5tie? ,c5tury ,socialism1 book
 ii1 *ap4 i4 ,= a notori\s case ( tamp]+
 ) weights1 see ,outlook1 vol4 #ib1 p4  
#be2 vol4 #ic1 p4 #haa4 ,= cases (      
adult]ation1 ,good ,h\sekeep+ ,magaz9e1 
vol4 #ed1 p4 #eic4 ,f4 ,w4 ,taussig1    

,pr9ciples ( ,economics1 *ap4 #de4  7#b7
 ,ano!r duty1 less g5]ally recogniz$ by 
ev5 ! m honorable bus9essm51 is to sell 
_! goods at fair prices4 ,! /rangulation
 ( competition by mutual agreem5ts or ! 
=mation ( tru/s1 aid$ (t5 by an         
iniquit\sly high t>iff1 has put _m a    
bus9ess = a "t on a p> ) ^? natural     
monopolies :i*1 if unregulat$1 c always 
exact exorbitant prices = :at ! public  
ne$s4 ,ri* pr(its h be5 made by ! tuck+ 
( a few c5ts on to ! price ( gas1 or    
coal1 or /eel1 or oil1 or telephone     
s]vice4 ,enorm\s =tunes h be5 made1 at !
 public exp5se1 by ! practical corn]+ ( 
/aple commodities4 ,^! hold-up prices   
%\ld be cle>ly recogniz$ = :at !y are-a 
=m ( mod]n piracy4 ,no bus9ess man or   
corporation is entitl$ 9 ju/ice to m ?an
 a mod]ate rew>d = ! m5tal & physical   
labor exp5d$2 ! excessive incomes (     
monopoly are l>gely at ! exp5se ( !     
public1 :o1 by "o means or o!r1 are be+ 
compell$ to pay m ?an a fair price = !  
article4 ,footnote3 ,= cases1 see ,c4   

,r4 ,van ,hise1 ,conc5tration &         
,control1 pp4 #aji1ade1 #adi4  7#c7     
,f9ally1 all bus9ess mu/ be look$ ^u z a
 =m ( public s]vice1 & ! conv5i5ce (    
cu/om]s scrupul\sly consult$4 ,:]e !re  
is competition ?is t5ds to regulate     
itself2 b our public- s]vice monopolies 
h too (t5 foll[$ ! public- be-damn$     
policy4 ,! long-suff]+ community puts up
 ) inadequate & cr[d$ /reetc>s1         
inconv5i5t tra9 s]vice1 a bungl$ & high-
 h&$ telephone sy/em4 ,railway          
managem5ts h sometimes be5 crim9ally    
indiff]5t to public safety1 f9d+ x less 
exp5sive to lose occasional damage suits
 ?an to in/all safety appliances4       
,effici5cy 9 s]v+ ! public has likewise 
be5 sacrific$ to divid5ds2 & c\rtesy1   
:]e x is n recogniz$ to h a ca% value1  
t5ds to disappe>4 ,su* indictm5ts po9t  
to ! widespread exi/5ce ( ! idea t m5 & 
corporations are 9 bus9ess = !mselves   
only1 & n z fulfill+ a public           
ne$4,footnote3 ,= concrete illu/rations1
 see ,outlook1 vol4 #ia1 p4 #hfa2 vol4  

#ie1 p4 #eae4 ,_w's ,"w1 vol4 #bc1 p4   
#egi4   ,,ii4 ,,to ,,inv5tors8  ,x has n
 be5 g5]ally en\gh recogniz$ t bus9ess  
m5 owe x to inve/ors to d _! be/ to see 
to x t !y get fair returns on _! money  
inve/$ -& only fair returns4 ,!re are a 
numb] ( ways 9 :i*1 on ! "o h&1 ! inve/+
 public is sk9n$1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 /ock 9
 a bus9ess1 l>gely own$ by ! managem5t  
itself1 has be5 rew>d$ ) undes]v$       
divid5ds at ! exp5se ( ! public4  7#a7  
,!re are1 9 ! fir/ place1 !             
get-ri*-quick sw9dles1 ! out-&-out      
impo/ures1 :i* h deceiv$ ! cr$ul\s into 
inve/m5ts t nev] c\ld pay4 ,bonanza     
m9es1 impractical inv5tions1 t[n lots   
laid out on ! prairie1 orange groves t  
exi/$ only on pap]-su* bogus hopes h    
entic$ _m an hone/ man & woman1 :o c\ld 
ill af=d to lose1 into turn+ ov] _!     
small e>n+s to ! braz5                  
exploit]s4,footnote3 ,= cases1 see ,_w's
 ,"w1 vol4 #ba1 p4 #adaab4  7#b7 ,b su* 
arrant deception is n ! commone/ =m (   
wrong4 ,a m usual practice1 & m dang]\s-

 because x deceives ev5 ! intellig5t-is 
to ov]capitalize an hone/ bus9ess1 to   
issue wat]$ /ock-t is1 /ock 9 excess ( !
 actual value ( plant1 pat5ts1 & o!r    
assets4 ,^! /ocks are issu$ m]ely to    
sell4 ,if ! bus9ess is v successful1 its
 pr(its may pay a fair return on all ?is
 capital2 if n1 l[ divid5ds or none c be
 paid until ! bus9ess sl[ly cat*es up ) 
its ov]capitalization4 ,9 all inve/m5t-z
 our indu/rial organization at pres5t   
goes-!re is risk2 b to create a ne$less 
risk & deceive ! public into tak+ x is  
pla9 di%one/y4 ,! extra money ?us suck$ 
f ! public goes sometimes to pay        
excessive sal>ies to ! (ficials ( !     
company1 sometimes to pay excessive     
prices = pat5ts or plants pur*as$2 !re  
are _m subtle ways1 kn[n to high f9ance1
 ( misappropriat+ /ockhold]s' money &   
div]t+ x to ! pockets ( ! promot]s4 ,_m 
great =tunes h be5 made 9 ?is way2 su*  
exploitation is s new to society t x has
 n yet awak5$ to its ess5tially crim9al 
nature4 ,ev5 if ! bus9ess is able to pay

 good divid5ds on wat]$ /ock1 ! crime ( 
ov]capitalization is n less5$1 ?\gh !   
h>m done is n[ n to ! inve/or b to !    
public4 ,/ocks %\ld repres5t only !     
actual value ( ! prop]ty1 s t divid5ds  
may be only a fair return = capital     
really inve/$ 9 ! bus9ess4 ,:]e !re is  
%>p competition1 ! possibility ( ov]*>g+
 ! public to make returns on wat]$ /ock 
is cut out1 & ! loss falls ^u ! inve/or4
 ,b 9 ! case ( monopolies1 su* z        
railways1 or ( comb9ations :i*          
practically /ifle competition1 ! public 
may be *>g$ en\gh to pay a fair divid5d 
to inve/ors1 al?\gh ! money ^u :i*      
divid5ds are be+ made w5t n into improv+
 ! s]vice1 b into fatt5+ ! promot]s'    
purses4 ,footnote3 ,on /ock wat]+1 see  
,dewey & ,tufts1 ,e?ics1 pp4 #efa-fd4   
,outlook1 vol4 #he1 p4 #efb4 ,political 
,sci5ce ,qu>t]ly1 vol4 #bf1 p4 #hh4     
,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 vol4    
#ah1 p4 #aea4 ,c4 ,r4 ,van ,hise1       
,conc5tration & ,control1 pp4 #aae1     
#adb1 etc4  7#c7 ,a ?ird me?od ( fleec+ 

inve/ors lies 9 skillful manipulation ( 
! /ock m>ket4 ,9 ways :i* are kn[n to ! 
initiat$1 x is (t5 possible artificially
 to raise or l[] ! m>ket value ( /ocks4 
,unw>y inve/ors are lur$ 92 timid       
inve/ors are fright5$ out2 ?r\gh all    
tick] fluctuations ! brok]s w9 _!       
commissions2 ! skill$ f9anci]s &        
organiz]s ( comb9ations rake 9 une>n$   
sums t are sometimes imm5se1 :ile !     
losses fall mo/ly to ! lot ( ! are      
hone/ly seek+ to put _! sav+s into solid
 inve/m5ts4 ,! e?ics ( ! /ock m>ket has 
n yet be5 cle>ly decid$1 & ! subject is 
too big to discuss "h4 ,x is m5tion$    
only to po9t out "o m =m ( social s9n+1 
z yet inadequately puni%$ or rebuk$1    
:]eby m5 ( capital & bra9s h be5 able to
 pocket money = :i* !y h giv5 no return 
to society4 ,footnote3 ,= cases1 see ,c4
 ,norman ,fay1 ,big ,bus9ess &          
,gov]nm5t4 ,outlook1 vol4 #ia1 pp4 #eia1
 #fcf4  ,,iii4 ,,to ,,competitors8  7#a7
 ,! mo/ conspicu\s =m ( wrongdo+1       
p]haps1 to be *>g$ to mod]n bus9ess is !

 attempt to get monopoly by f\l means4  
,! /ory ( too _m ( our great tru/s is a 
/ory ( competitors ru9$ by ru?less &    
unscrupul\s me?ods4 ,! competitor may be
 hurt by ! circulation ( falsehoods     
conc]n+ 8 bus9ess1 8 "r to pat5ts1 or ! 
wor? ( 8 goods4 ,he may be d5i$ outlet  
to m>kets by control ( ! railway ^u :i* 
he mu/ dep5d4 ,if ! capital ( ! conc]n t
 is seek+ monopoly p]mits1 ! price ( !  
article manufactur$ may be l[]$ until   
rivals ) less f9ancial back+ are =c$ out
 ( bus9ess-aft] :i* ! price c be rais$ &
 losses rec\p$4 ,) skill & =esight wor?y
 ( a bett] cause1 "s ( ! great indu/rial
 lead]s ( our day h elim9at$ "o rival   
aft] ano!r & atta9$ t unification ( a   
bus9ess :i* has1 inde$1 its great       
economic advantages1 b is n to be won at
 su* a bitt] co/4 ,footnote3 ,see1 =    
example1 ,i4 ,t>bell1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,/&>d 
,oil ,company4  7#b7 ,ev5 :]e monopoly  
is n s\ght1 !re are _m unfair me?ods (  
competition-unfair to competitors & to !
 public t bo? %\ld s]ve4 ,"o me?od1 mu* 

discuss$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 is t ( railway   
rebates4 ,by ?is is meant favoritism 9  
freight rates betwe5 %ipp]s & betwe5    
localities4 ,"o manufactur]1 :o is 9 a  
position to %ip 8 goods by ei!r ( two   
railways1 p]haps by a wat] r\te1 is giv5
 a l[ rate to get 8 freight2 ano!r      
manufactur] ( simil> goods1 n s         
favorably situat$1 is made to pay a     
high] rate4 ,rates f seabo>d or riv]    
cities1 :]e wat] competition exi/s1 h   
(t5 be5 consid]ably l[] ?an rates f inl&
 t[ns on ! same l9e1 ) a v mu* %ort]    
haul4 ,9 su* ways ! railway squeezes ^? 
:om x c squeeze & is cont5t ) a b>e     
pr(it :]e x c d no bett]4 ,:]e ! railway
 is controll$ by ! same int]e/s t       
control "s indu/rial comb9ation1 !      
favoritism may g ev5 f>!r1 & ! railway's
 pr(its be sacrific$ entirely = ! *eap] 
m>ket+ ( t p>ticul> tru/'s article4     
,aga9/ all su* inequalities 9 ! treatm5t
 ( %ipp]s ! public consci5ce has lately 
prote/$2 ! railways are recogniz$ z a   
public in/rum5t ( transportation1 :i*   

%\ld be op5 to use by all ^u equal t]ms1
 at a price :i* w repay ! co/ ( c>riage 
plus a fair pr(it4 ,footnote3 ,on       
railway rebates1 see ,h4 ,r4 ,seag]1    
,introduction to ,economics1 *ap4       
,,xxiv1 secs #bfj-fc4 ,f4 ,w4 ,taussig1 
,pr9ciples ( ,economics1 *ap4 #fj1 secs4
 #g1 #h4 ,outlook1 vol4 #ha1 p4 #hjc2   
vol4 #he1 p4 #afa4 ,,iv4 ,,to           
,,employees8  7#a7 ,! fir/ duty (       
employ]s is to give to all employees a  
fair wage4 ,if ! bus9ess does n pay     
en\gh to all[ ?is1 x has no "r to exi/2 
if ! own]s are pocket+ l>ge sal>ies1 or 
giv+ divid5ds to /ockhold]s1 ?is money  
%\ld be us$ fir/ = a prop] paym5t ( !   
work]s4 ,s _m labor]s are at ! m]cy ( ! 
employ+ class1 because ( _! ignorance1  
_! lack ( capital & necessity ( "w at   
any wage1 & (t5 _! unfamili>ity ) !     
language & cu/oms ( ! c\ntry1 t x has   
become possible 9 _m cases to treat !m l
 animals & give !m less ?an en\gh to    
su/a9 life 9 dec5cy1 n to say 9 com=t4  
,su* a case z t ( our b5evol5t ,mr4     

,c>negie1 :o million doll>s 9 "o ye>'s  
e>n+s ( 8 /eel tru/1 :ile _m hundr$s ( 8
 employees 7 gett+ b a mis]able pittance
 & liv+ 9 vile surr\nd+s1 is            
exceptionally gl>+2 b 9 less] degree !  
same inju/ice is be+ wr\ght 9 _m        
indu/ries4 ,wages h1 inde$1 be5 rais$   
gradually1 "h & !re2 b n usually by !   
free w ( employ]s4 ,! call\sness ( "s ( 
! privileg$ classes t[>d ! und]paym5t ( 
! l[] classes is almo/ on a p> ) !      
attitude ( ! nobility be=e ! ,fr5*      
,revolution4,footnote3 ,see1 = example1 
,outlook1 vol4 #aja1 p4 #cde4           
,=tunately1 ! public is com+ to see n   
only ! wrong done to ! helpless poor1 b 
! co/ to ! community 9 bre$+ und]f$1    
ill- h\s$1 crim9ally tempt$ classes1 & !
 dang] t lies ahead if ^! classes       
realize _! p[] be=e amelioration is     
effect$ f above4 ,z a rec5t writ] has   
put x1 ,addition ,division,revolution4  
,footnote3 ,s4 ,he>+1 ,wages 9 ! ,unit$ 
,/ates2 ,social ,adju/m5t1 *ap4 ,,iv4   
,ryan1  ,a ,liv+ ,wage4  7#b7 ,ano!r    

phase ( mod]n indu/rial inju/ice is !   
ov]long h\rs ( "w /ill requir$ 9 _m     
indu/ries4 ,! race = *eapness ( product 
has bl9d$ manufactur]s & ! public to !  
co/ 9 t]ms ( human happ9ess4 ,an        
eight-h\r day is q long en\gh to produce
 all t is necess>y1 ) ! aid ( mod]n     
ma*9]y2 e man %\ld be giv5 a m>g9 (     
leisure = education1 recreation1 &      
social life4 ,& e man %\ld be giv5 !    
b5efit ( t "o day's re/ out ( sev5 :i*  
is s preci\s a legacy to u f ! ,jewi%   
religion4,footnote3 ,a jo9t legislative 
committee 9 ,massa*usetts 9 #aijg       
e/imat$ t #bbb1jjj p]sons 9 t ,/ate 7   
work+ sev5 days 9 ! week4 ,simil>1 or   
worse1 conditions exi/ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4
 ,^? indu/ries t require cont9u\s use ( 
ma*9]y %\ld employ ?ree complete %ifts (
 workm52 & ^? t mu/ be run e day 9 !    
week %\ld h en\gh extra help]s man4 ,?is
 humaniz+ ( h\rs _c be done by          
individual action1 :]e competition is   
%>p2 b by legislation t be>s equally ^u 
all1 a g5]\s /&>d-! eight-h\r day &     

six-day week -c be ma9ta9$1 ) h>d%ip to 
none & a great increase 9 ! heal? &     
happ9ess ( ! masses4 ,especially jeal\s 
%\ld ! law be = ! welf>e ( wom5 work]s4 
,9 cotton mills 9 ! ,s\? wom5 "w t5 &   
twelve h\rs a day2 9 cann]ies 9 ! ,nor? 
!y "w1 dur+ ! %ort season1 fifte5 &     
eighte5 h\rs a day1 eighty or ev5 n9ety 
h\rs a week4 ,p>ticul>ly %\ld wom5 be   
protect$ dur+ ! weeks be=e & aft]       
*ildbir?2 z x is1 wom5 work]s are (t5   
ru9$ 9 heal? = life1 ! rate ( infant    
mortality is %ock+ly high1 & ! *ildr5 t 
survive are usually subnormal4 ,girls   
?r\gh ov]work are weak5$ too s]i\sly to 
be> /rong *ildr5- :i*1 9 any case1 !y h 
_h no "t or opportunity to le>n h[ to   
nurture & re>4 ,no d\bt wom5 %\ld "w1 z 
well z m52 if n 9 ! home1 !n outside !  
home4 ,b ! contempor>y economic pressure
 t be>s s h>d on s _m girls & wom5 mu/  
be eas$ n only = _! sakes b = t ( com+  
g5]ations4 ,footnote3 ,doro?y ,ri*>dson1
 ,! ,long ,day4 ,s4 ,ne>+1 ,social      
,adju/m5t1 *ap4 ,x4 ,j4 ,rae1 ,eight    

,h\rs = ,"w4  7#c7 ,! mo/ pite\s =m (   
indu/rial slav]y is t ( "y *ildr51 :o   
%\ld be 9 s*ool or out ( doors1 develop+
 _! m9ds & bodies into "s measure (     
read9ess = adult "w & responsibility1   
in/ead ( prematurely los+ ! joy ( life &
 /unt+ _! m5tal & physical gr[?4 ,9     
#aiaj "s two million *ildr5 "u sixte5 7 
e>n+ _! liv+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,ev5 _m ?\s&s
 ( *ildr5 ( twelve ye>s or less are set 
to "w 9 our factories & cann]ies4 ,^!   
*ildr5 get almo/ no developm5t &        
:olesome recreation2 9 great numb]s !y  
die e>ly1 & if !y live x is commonly to 
fall into "s =m ( vice or crime1 & to   
bre$ an inf]ior race4 ,no?+ is m        
inhumane or m mad ?an = ! community to  
p]mit *eapness ( goods at su* a price4  
,inde$1 *ild labor means1 9 ! end1      
economic wa/e2 ! ultimate loss 9        
effici5cy on ! "p ( ^! undevelop$1      
un$ucat$ *ildr51 f> m ?an ov]balances ! 
tempor>y indu/rial ga94 ,! situation has
 be5 incr$ibly %ock+2 ! employ]s :o seek
 su* an advantage ov] _! human] rivals1 

& ! legislators :o h w9k$ at _!         
inhumanity1 des]ve no mild reprobation4 
,b legislation alone is n adequate to   
meet ! situation2 ! und]ly+ cause is !  
insuffici5t paym5t ( adult work]s1 :i*  
practically necessitates supplem5tation 
by :at ! *ildr5 c add to ! family       
income4 ,?is is "o illu/ration ( ! way 9
 :i* all our social problems are tangl$ 
toge!r s t x is impossible fully to     
solve any "o )\t solv+ ! o!rs4 ,:5 e    
adult receives wages en\gh to support a 
normal family-& :5 he is cont5t to      
re/rict 8 family to normal size2 :5 !   
public s*ools are made effici5t en\gh to
 %[ _! evid5t wor? to p>5ts & to attract
 ! *ildr5 !mselves1 & a /rict truant    
sy/em takes c>e t ! law is really obey$2
 :5 ! sick & defective & ag$ among !    
poor are c>$ = at public exp5se z a     
matt] ( c\rse1 !re w be no ne$ = *ildr5 
to "w to help support ! family2 & we mu/
 endeavor1 by ! ar\sal ( public op9ion &
 by nationwide legislation1 to keep     
*ildr5 out ( ! factories1 ! %ops1 & !   

m9es1 till !y are full-gr[n & educat$4  
,footnote3 ,s4 ,ne>+1 ,! ,solution ( !  
,*ild-,labor ,problem4 ,j4 ,sp>go1 ,!   
,bitt] ,cry ( ! ,*ildr54 ,e4 ,n4        
,clopp]1 ,*ild ,labor 9 ,city ,/reets4  
,reports ( ,annual ,meet+s ( ! ,national
 ,*ild ,labor ,committee4 7,free        
lit]ature4 #aje ,ea/ ,tw5ty-second      
,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city47  7#d7 ,a less
 appall+1 b /ill suffici5tly s]i\s2     
aspect ( indu/rial unrighte\sness is !  
dirty1 cr[d$1 ugly1 unsanit>y1 &        
sometimes indec5t conditions "u :i* _m  
work]s 9 our prosp]\s age h to c>ry on  
_! "w4 ,lack ( prop] light+1 space1 &   
v5tilation1 unnecess>y noises1 & g5]al  
untid9ess1 und]m9e ! heal? & morals (   
labor]s2 :ile insuffici5t fire-         
protection causes int]mitt5tly "o trag$y
 aft] ano!r4 ,mu* has be5 done 9 _m     
qu>t]s to improve su* conditions2 n a   
few up-to- date factories are models (  
cleanl9ess & sanitation1 spaci\s1       
reasonably quiet1 & altoge!r pleasant   
places 9 :i* to sp5d ! work+ day4 ,!y   

po9t ! way :i* all mu/ 9 "t foll[4 ,9   
addition1 ! provision ( read+-rooms1    
ba?s1 re/- & recreation- rooms1         
lun*-rooms1 a?letic fields1 & ! l1 give 
augury ( t happy future :5 "w %all be   
divorc$ f ugl9ess & free f unnecess>y   
physical /ra94,footnote3 ,sir ,t4       
,oliv]1 ,diseases ( ,occupation4 ,w4 ,h4
 ,tolman1 ,social ,eng9e]+1 *aps4 ,,iii1
 ,x1 ,,xi4 ,_w's ,"w1 vol4 #ae1 p4      
#iecd2 vol4 #bc1 p4 #bid4 ,outlook1 vol4
 #ig1 p4 #hag2 vol4 #ajj1 p4 #cec4  7#e7
 ,f9ally1 ! call\sness to injuries      
incurr$ by employees mu/ be %>ply *eck$4
 ,well ov] a hundr$ ?\s& m51 wom51 &    
*ildr5 are kill$ or injur$ e ye> 9 !    
v>i\s indu/ries ( ?is c\ntry4 ,our      
proportion ( accid5ts is f> great] ?an 9
 ,europe2 ! great majority are          
prev5table by ! adoption ( kn[n         
safegu>ds4 ,:at /&s 9 ! way is1 p>tly1  
ignorance & he$lessness on ! "p (       
employ]s1 &1 /ill m1 ! initial co/ (    
in/all+ safety appliances4 ,x is (t5    
*eap] to lose an occasional damage suit 

?an to =e/all accid5ts4 ,9 coal m9es    
alone we h let ?irty ?\s& m5 be kill$ & 
sev5ty-five ?\s& be m or less s]i\sly   
maim$1 9 a decade2 proportionately ab\t 
twice z _m z 9 ,european m9es-:i* are f>
 f ideally safegu>d$4 ,!re are two ways 
to *eck ?is wa/e & crippl+ ( human life2
 "o is to keep our legislation up to    
date1 & require ! in/allation ( e       
effective safety device1 no matt] if !  
co/ to ! public has to be increas$4 ,!  
o!r is to make accid5ts s exp5sive to   
employ]s t !y w h a great] int]e/ 9 tak+
 measures to prev5t !m4  ,c]ta9ly all   
dea?s or injuries 9 any indu/ry :]e     
prop] precautions h be5 neglect$ mu/ be 
a crim9al matt] = ! employ]4 ,footnote3 
,outlook1 vol4 #ib1 p4 #aga2 vol4 #ic1  
p4 #aif2 vol4 #ii1 p4 #bjb4 ,_w's ,"w1  
vol4 #bb1 p4 #acfjb2 vol4 #bc1 p4 #gac4 
,we mu/ d entirely away ) ! sy/em :]eby 
accid5ts to work+m5 be> s heavily ^u _! 
families4 ,?\gh x is true t !y are      
commonly due1 9 "s measure1 to !        
c>elessness ( ! work]1 8 puni%m5t1 9 !  

loss ( life or limb1 is great en\gh2 &  
if he dies or is incapacitat$ f support+
 wife & *ildr51 ! burd5 %\ld fall ^u !  
community1 :i* is able to be> x4 ,x %\ld
 n be necess>y to br+ a damage suit     
aga9/ ! employ]2 t me?od is sl[1 dubi\s1
 & exp5sive2 ! corporation1 ) its exp]t 
lawy]s1 has too great an advantage ov] !
 helpless & sorr[-/ruck poor4 ,9 "s =m1 
automatic comp5sation = injuries is     
de/9$ to become univ]sal2 ! co/ w fall  
^u ! indu/ry1 :]e x belongs1 bad feel+  
betwe5 employ] & employee w cease1 !    
c\rts w be fre$ f a good deal ( "w1 &   
relief w foll[ injury ) promptness &    
c]ta9ty4 ,footnote3 ,h4 ,r4 ,seag]1     
,social ,insurance4 ,outlook1 vol4 #he1 
p4 #ejh2 vol4 #ib1 p4 #cai2 vol4 #ih1 p4
 #di4 ,s4 ,ne>+1 ,social ,adju/m5t1 *ap4
 ,,xii4 ,:at g5]al rem$ies = indu/rial  
wrongs are feasible8  7#a7 ,! fir/ /ep  
t[>d an amelioration ( our crude & unju/
 indu/rial code is to awak5 ! public    
consci5ce to prote/ aga9/ ! evils we h  
enum]at$4 ,publicity1 pitiless          

publicity1 alone c lead to r$ress4 ,^!  
l>ge- scale1 imp]sonal s9s mu/ n be s   
non*alantly tol]at$2 in/ead ( applaud+ &
 envy+ ! %rewd f9anci] :o rakes 9 une>n$
 pr(its by clev] manipulation1 by       
unscrupul\s use ( inside in=mation1 &   
disreg>d ( ! welf>e ( work]s1           
competitors1 & public1 we mu/ br& him z 
a selfi% sc\ndrel1 turn him out ( !     
*ur*1 o/racize him 9 society4 ,su* a man
 mu/ n be look$ ^u z a successful       
bus9essman any m ?an a pirate is a      
successful trad]2 success mu/ cle>ly    
imply ob$i5ce to ! rules ( ! game4 ,tak+
 all t "o c grab )\t puni%m5t is a      
rev]sion to b>b>ism2 ! unscrupul\s      
magnate is morally no bett] ?an a       
pickpocket4 ,& ^! m5 are1 9 g5]al1      
responsive to public op9ion2 x has      
effect$ rapid improvem5t 9 "s po9ts 9 ! 
pa/ few ye>s4 ,j s soon z ! community   
consci5ce is ar\s$ to ! po9t ( a g5]al  
condemnation ( indu/rial robb]y1 x w    
cease to flaunt itself s boldly1 & lurk 
only und]gr\nd ) ! o!r furtive s9s4     

7#b7 ,we _c rely :olly ^u ! =ce ( public
 op9ion1 h[ev]2 ! law mu/ be ready to   
*eck ^? :o are ins5sitive to moral      
re/ra9ts4 ,"o by "o1 ! pa?s ( evildo+   
mu/ be block$4 ,especially mu/ ! law    
le>n h[ to puni% corporations1 :i* h be5
 ! greate/ (f5d]s4 ,at pres5t !         
/ockhold]s ?r[ responsibility ^u !      
directors1 ! directors ^u _! manag]s1 & 
!y ^u ! subord9ates :o h p]sonally c>ri$
 ?r\gh ! evil practices4 ,b to puni% ^! 
subord9ates is ineffective1 because !y  
h1 9 g5]al1 little money :]e) to pay    
f9es1 & w be ready to run ! risk (      
imprisonm5t = ! sake ( pleas+ _!        
sup]iors & e>n+ promotion4 ,if !y are   
imprison$1 o!rs c readily be f\nd to /ep
 into _! places & high] up4 ,x is ^!    
sup]iors :o mu/ be held responsible =   
acts done by _! subord9ates4 ,if !y     
realize ! risk ( puni%m5t fall+ ^u _!   
own heads1 !y w see to x t illegal      
practices are discont9u$4 ,x w probably 
be necess>y to hold directors           
responsible = ! conduct ( _! manag]s1 & 

/ockhold]s = ! "* ( _! directors4 ,x w  
!n become ! bus9ess ( own]s & directors 
to wat* out = lawbreak+ & to put m5 9   
control :o w keep to fair deal+4 ,?is w 
put an end to ! easy assumption ( !     
director%ip ( sev]al corporations at    
once by m5 ^: names are want$2          
director%ip w be made to imply actual   
att5tion to ! affairs ( ! bus9ess4 ,& ! 
/ockhold]s w take pa9s to elect su*     
directors z w n incur f9es = !          
corporation t w less5 _! divid5ds4      
,footnote3 ,= comm5t on ?is matt]1 see  
,outlook1 vol4 #hh1 p4 #hfb4  7#c7      
,?r\gh ^! two means1 public op9ion & !  
law1 we mu/ "w t[>d ! ultimate solution1
 ! e/abli%m5t ( codes ( honor 9 !       
pr(essions & indu/ries4 ,canons (       
pr(essional e?ics h be5 adopt$ by lawy]s
 & doctors2 any memb] ( ^! pr(essions :o
 is guilty ( break+ ^! canons suff]s    
loss ( pre/ige &1 almo/ inevitably1     
f9ancial loss4 ,s mu/ x be 9 e indu/ry2 
ea* mu/ be organiz$ & mu/ =mulate =     
itself its code2 s t pressure f )9 w    

supplem5t pressure f )\t4 ,!re is pl5ty 
( capacity = loyalty1 self-d5ial1 &     
discipl9e 9 m51 ev5 9 capta9s ( indu/ry2
 x ne$s only to be ar\s$1 cry/alliz$1   
direct$4 ,we may prev5t c]ta9 specific  
practices by /atutes :i* make !m        
misdemeanors2 b 9 s do+ we h simply cut 
(f "o way ( rea*+ an end4 ,m5 w get !   
same result by ano!r r\te4 obta9+ money 
or (fice 9 c]ta9 specifi$ ways4 ,we mu/ 
s %ape _! ambitions t !y d n wi% to     
obta9 money or (fice by means t injure !
 community4 ,we mu/ get !m to consid]   
public selfi%ness z di%onorable a ?+ z  
we n[ consid] private selfi%ness4 ,if a 
man today cr[ds himself out ( a !at]1   
leav+ beh9d him a trail ( bruis$ wom5 & 
*ildr51 ! v newsboy 9 ! /reet w hiss him
 :5 he gets to ! door4 ,su* a man w be  
despis$ by ! public1 & 9 8 he>t he w    
despise himself1 = tak+ advantage ( 8   
/r5g? to cru% o!rs4 ,b if a man gets    
money or (fice by analog\s processes1 ! 
_w is incl9$ to admire ! result & =give 
! means2 & ! man1 in/ead ( despis+      

himself = 8 selfi%ness1 applauds himself
 = 8 success4,footnote3 ,a4 ,t4 ,hadley1
 ,/&>ds ( ,public ,morality1 p4 #h4     
,c]ta9ly1 unless 9 ^! peaceful ways we c
 trans=m our pres5t sy/em (             
grab-z-grab-c into a fair & rational    
indu/rial ord]1 *anges w come by viol5ce
 & revolution4 ,!re are volcanic        
passions slumb]+ b5ea? ! prosp]ity ( our
 trade & manufacture2 !re is b a brief  
respite be=e society :]e9 to evolve a   
measure ( social ju/ice4 ,! l[] classes 
are awak5+ to _! p[]2 unless society &  
gov]nm5t grant !m _! fair %>e ( ! fruits
 ( indu/ry1 !y w take !m ?r\gh ! wreck (
 society & gov]nm5t4 ,!re is no moral   
problem m press+ ?an ! f9d+ ( peaceful  
rem$ies = indu/rial wrongs4  ,e4 ,a4    
,ross1 ,s9 & ,society4 ,h4 ,r4 ,seag]1  
,introduction to ,economics1 *ap4       
,,xxii4 ,c4 ,r4 ,van ,hise1             
,conc5tration & ,control1 *ap4 ,,ii4 ,a4
 ,t4 ,hadley1 ,/&>ds ( ,public          
,morality4 ,h4 ,c4 ,pott]1 ,! ,citiz5 9 
8 ,relation to ! ,indu/rial ,situation4 

,w4 ,gladd51 ,! ,new ,idolatry4 ,r4 ,c4 
,brooks1 ,corruption 9 ,am]ican         
,politics & ,life4 ,h4 ,jeffs1 ,conc]n+ 
,consci5ce1 *aps4 ,,xxii1 ,,xxiii4 ,c4  
,r4 ,h5d]son1 ,! ,social ,_s 9 ,am]ica1 
*aps4 ,,vii1 ,,ix4 ,j4 ,s4 ,brooks1 ,!  
,social ,unre/4 ,jane ,addams1          
,democracy & ,social ,e?ics1 *ap4 ,v4   
,busk91 ,unto ?is ,la/4 ,int]national   
,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 vol4 #bc1 p4 #dee4 ,= 
specific ref]5ces1 see footnotes4       
,,*apt] ,,xxvii   ,,indu/rial           
,,recon/ruction  ,,our mod]n indu/rial  
evils are s grave & s deep-root$ t x is 
highly que/ionable :e!r ! pressure (    
public op9ion1 piecemeal legislation1 & 
! developm5t ( codes ( honor c /rike    
deep en\gh to eradicate !m4 ,is n1      
p]haps1 ! :ole sy/em morally wrong8     
,in/ead ( ^! endless attempts to cure ! 
natural results ( ! sy/em1 is !re n ne$ 
( a radical recon/ruction8 ,v>i\s       
attempts h be5 made1 div]s proposals are
 (f]$1 9 ! hope ( cur+ ! causes ( pres5t
 maladies & devis+ a ju/] sy/em4 ,_m (  

^! are d\btless impracticable1 or t5d to
 "w m h>d%ip ?an amelioration4 ,b ea*   
proposal1 ( any plausibility1 has a "r  
to a he>+ if x (f]s to end ! great      
wrongs ( contempor>y indu/ry2 we mu/ be 
v confid5t t x w n "w be=e we reject x4 
,= "s way mu/ be f\nd to "r ^! wrongs1  
or our :ole indu/rial ord] w g to sma%4 
,we mu/ n condemn too ha/ily a me?od :i*
 has n _h a ?or\gh trial1 or ^: defects 
"t & exp]i5ce might rem$y4 ,= mi/ak5    
exp]im5ts c be discont9u$2 & great z is 
! dang] 9 incauti\s radicalism1 ! dang] 
9 /&+ pat is great]4  ,ought ! tru/s to 
be brok5 up or regulat$8  ,! greate/    
s9n]s are1 c]ta9ly1 to speak g5]ally1 ! 
great corporations t we call tru/s-?\gh 
! ^w di/ru/ w\ld bett] express          
contempor>y feel+6 ,s great has popul>  
ho/ility to !m become t ! ,democratic   
p>ty plat=m ( ,july1 #aiab1 decl>$ t a  
private monopoly is indef5sible &       
intol]able1 & dem&$ ! enactm5t ( su*    
additional legislation z may be necess>y
 to make x impossible = a private       

monopoly to exi/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1     
i4e41 ! control by any "o corporation ( 
s l>ge a proportion ( any indu/ry z to  
make x a m5ace to competitive           
conditions4 ,b is x necess>y to de/roy  
?is spl5didly effici5t conc5tration (   
indu/ry 9 ord] to avoid its evils8 ,!   
proposal to rev]t to ! old] competitive 
plan is rem9isc5t ( ! outcry aga9/ ma*9e
 production a c5tury e>li]1 & ! e>ne/   
pleas !n made to return to ! h&-tool    
me?od4 ,big bus9ess con/itutes "o ( !   
greate/ advances 9 human indu/ry1 &     
!re=e has surely come to /ay4 ,f ! era (
 individual work]s own+ _! tools1 mank9d
 advanc$ to ! age ( competition betwe5  
small conc]ns us+ ma*9es2 no less m>k$  
an advance is t to ! age ( l>ge-scale   
production & unifi$ indu/ry4 ,its       
advantages may be briefly summ>iz$3     
7#a7 ,! competitive sy/em involves      
ne$less duplications ( plant1 ma*9]y1 & 
work]s2 cl]ks /& idly 9 rival /ores1    
wait+ = trade1 drumm]s sp5d _! "t 9     
gett+ trade away f "o ano!r1 great sums 

h to be sp5t on adv]tis+4 ,monopoly     
means a sav+ ( all ?is wa/$ "t1 labor1 &
 money4  7#b7 ,! competitive sy/em means
 great fluctuations 9 indu/ry1 con/ant  
anxiety1 =c$ cut prices1 & frequ5t      
failures1 ) _! f9ancial ru9 & he>tbreak 
to employ]s & loss ( "w to employees4   
,monopoly means /ability1 comp>ative    
fre$om f anxiety1 & a sav+ ( ! economic 
confusion & loss ( bankruptcies4  7#c7  
,! great scale ( monopoli/ic production 
t5ds to /ill fur!r economies4 ,raw port$
 9 l>g] quantities1 & s at l[] co/2 less
 ne$ be kept on h& at a giv5 "t4 ,!     
utilization ( by-products1 made feasible
 by l>ge-scale production1 has prov$1 9 
_m cases1 a /rik+ addition to human     
weal?4  7#d7 ,monopoli/ic production    
means t m money c be put into improv$   
processes1 into plant & ma*9]y1 into    
mak+ factories sanit>y1 & work+         
conditions pleasant4 ,! conspicu\sness (
 ! plant makes x m op5 to public        
criticism & m likely to awak5 a s5se (  
pride 9 ! own]s4 ,conditions are seldom 

tol]at$ 9 ! big conc]ns t g unhe$$ 9 !  
little %ops4  ,surely our attempt1 !n1  
mu/ be to reta9 big bus9ess1 & cure its 
evils1 r ?an to turn ! h&s ( ! clock    
backw>d by rev]t+ to ! wa/eful          
competitive sy/em4 ,if ?is proves       
possible1 we %\ld "w = ! organiz+ ( ! z 
yet unorganiz$ indu/ries4 ,half ( human 
ef=t is /ill wa/$1 ?r\gh lack ( su*     
organization4 ,if ! innum]able but*]    
%ops1 groc]y /ores1 apo!c>y %ops1 dry   
goods /ores1 etc1 ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 7   
consolidat$ locally1 & !n = "s          
consid]able section ( ! c\ntry1 we c\ld 
h greatly r$uc$ prices & greatly improv$
 %ops4 ,mr4 ,woolwor?'s *a9 ( five- &   
t5-c5t /ores (f]s a famili> contempor>y 
example ( ! effici5cy & sav+ to !       
consum] ( su* consolidation4  ,:at are !
 e?ics ( ! foll[+ s*emes3  ,i4 ,,trade  
,,unions ,,& ,,/rikes8 ,we mu/1 !n1     
consid] :at me?ods ( regulat+1 )\t      
de/roy+1 monopoly are effici5t & morally
 def5sible2 &1 fir/1 ! me?od into :i* ! 
work+ classes h put mo/ ( _! ef=t &     

en?usiasm4 ,! labor-unions h1 z a matt] 
( fact1 actually effect$ c]ta9 results1 
:i* we may rapidly review3-  7#a7 ,_!   
*ief accompli%m5t1 & inde$ ef=t1 has be5
 ! rais+ ( wages & %ort5+ ( h\rs =      
labor4 ,_! success1 h[ev]1 has fall5 f> 
%ort ( _! hopes2 & x is impossible to   
say h[ mu* m !y h accompli%$ 9 ?is      
direction ?an w\ld h be5 effect$ by o!r 
causes )\t _! ef=ts4 ,z a :ole1 !       
employ+ class disbelieves 9 ! unions &  
is /r5u\sly dis9cl9$ to yield to _!     
desires4 ,& at pres5t ! employ]s are    
usually /rong] ?an _! employees1 unless 
public op9ion or legislation =ces !m to 
surr5d] _! position4  7#b7 ,to "s slight
 ext5t1 b only to a slight ext5t1 !y h  
effect$ amelioration 9 o!r matt]s h fre$
 labor f ! tyranny ( company /ores1     
decreas$ *ild labor1 secur$ !           
in/allation ( safety appliances1 sanit>y
 conditions1 & o!r ne$$ improvem5ts4    
7#c7 ,_! social effect has be5 greate/4 
,!y h amalgamat$ our /ream ( het]og5e\s 
immigrants & fir$ !m ) common und]/&+ & 

purpose2 !y h taught ! ignorant to      
coop]ate1 made !m ?9k1 fr[n$ to "s      
degree ^u vice1 insur$ _! memb]s to4 "s 
ext5t aga9/ illness & dea?1 & promot$   
g5]al fri5dl9ess among ! labor+ classes4
  ,on ! o!r h&1 _! me?ods h be5         
productive ( mu* h>m3  7#a7 ,! economic 
loss due to /rikes has be5 enorm\s2 !   
employ]s h suff]$ heavily1 ! public has 
suff]$ heavily2 ! labor]s h suff]$ mo/ (
 all4 ,social amelioration c]ta9ly ought
 n to h to come ab\t ?r\gh su* wa/eful  
me?ods & su* bitt] privation4  7#b7 ,!  
inconv5i5ce caus$ ! public by /rikes has
 (t5 be5 v great1 especially :]e !      
coalm9es or railways h be5 affect$4     
,only a few ye>s ago a v]itable trag$y 0
 b>ely av]t$1 :5 ,presid5t ,roosevelt   
succe$$1 aft] ! mo/ /r5u\s ef=ts1 9 end+
 ! g5]al coal /rike 9 ! w9t] season4 ,a 
/rike ( locomotive eng9e]s means        
obvi\sly a great p]il to ! travel+      
public4  7#c7 ,! antagonisms & class    
hatr$s eng5d]$ by ?is sort ( indu/rial  
w>f>e d inf9ite moral h>m1 & ret>d      

heavily ! peaceful solution ( !         
problems4 ,! class organs always d5\nce 
9 bitt]e/ t]ms ! oppos+ class1 &        
lawlessness always lurks 9 ! backgr\nd4 
7#d7 ,ap>t f _! conduct ( /rikes1 !     
labor unions mu/ answ] to _m s]i\s      
indictm5ts4 ,!y h endeavor$ to re/rict  
output1 9 ord] to raise prices4 ,!y h   
s\ght to re/rict ! numb] ( appr5tices 9 
a trade1 & h oppos$ trade s*ools1 9 ord]
 to keep d[n ! competition = positions4 
,!y h insi/$ on a uni=m wage )\t reg>d  
to effici5cy4 ,!y h oppos$ sci5tific    
managem5t & ! increase ( effici5cy 9    
v>i\s indu/ries1 9 ord] to reta9 m      
work]s !re94 ,!y h insi/$ ^u ! ret5tion 
( incompet5t employees1 !reby directly  
caus+ railway accid5ts & o!r evils4 ,!y 
h (t5 antagoniz$ su* o!r ameliorative   
me?ods z pr(it %>+ & gov]nm5t           
regulation1 & h reject$ ov]tures f      
employ]s1 because ^!-to quote f a union 
pamphlet-remove ! scope & field (       
trade-unionism4 ,!y h at times be5 run 9
 ! int]e/s ( selfi% lead]s & seem$      

*iefly a moneymak+ s*eme ( a few        
graft]s4  ,!re c be no "q1 on a         
dispassionate consid]ation1 t ! militant
 me?ods ( ! trade unions are an         
un=tunate & tempor>y exp$i5t4 ,!        
grievances :i* !y h s\ght to rem$y are v
 real & v bitt]2 & p]haps1 on ! :ole1 ! 
unions h done m good ?an h>m1 &         
accompli%$ results t w\ld n s soon h be5
 effect$ 9 any o!r way4 ,b !y h be5 r   
/rik+ly unsuccessful4 ,aft] fifty ye>s (
 propag&a1 sev5ty p] c5t ( all indu/rial
 work]s rema9 non-unioniz$2 & !re has   
be5 a relative loss 9 _! numb]s dur+ !  
pa/ decade4 ,!y h nev] succe$$ 9 corn]+ 
! labor m>ket1 & !re seems to be no     
prospect ( _! succe$+4 ,9 all ev5ts1 = a
 p]man5t & ?or\ghgo+ solution ( labor   
tr\bles we mu/ turn to "s o!r me?od4    
,,ii4 ,,pr(it ,,%>+1 ,,coop]ation1 ,,&  
,,consum]s' ,,leagues8  7#a7 ,! usual   
me?od ( pr(it-%>+ is = ! employ] to set 
aside volunt>ily a c]ta9 proportion ( ! 
pr(its ( successful ye>s1 to be         
di/ribut$ among ! employees 9 addition  

to _! regul> wages1 ! di/ribution be+   
made proportionate to ! am\nt ( ea*     
man's wages4 ,x is ?us prop]ly call$ a  
divid5d to wages1 & is equival5t to a   
small own]%ip ( ! /ock ( ! bus9ess by   
ea* work]4 ,! advantage lies n only 9 ! 
fair] di/ribution ( ! pr(its ( a        
bus9ess1 b 9 ! int]e/1 cont5tm5t1 &     
increas$ effici5cy ( ! employees4 ,!    
self-int]e/ ( ! labor]s is enli/$ to    
prev5t /rikes1 & a feel+ ( good w t5ds  
to prevail4 ,n a few employ]s are giv+ a
 degree ( pr(it %>+ z a m]e bus9ess     
proposition2 & ! results h be5 g5]ally  
successful4 ,b ! me?od is only a sop4 ,x
 t\*es only "o ( ! evils above m5tion$1 
t ( und]paym5t ( work]s4 ,&1 = t matt]1 
x is (t5e/ introduc$ :]e ! work]s are   
already well paid4 ,x is possible only 9
 successful & firmly e/abli%$ indu/ries2
 & ev5 9 !m1 bad ye>s may necessitate a 
tempor>y cessation ( divid5ds to wages1 
& g5]ate res5tm5t 9 ! m9ds ( ! labor]s1 
:o d n "k ! precise /atus ( ! bus9ess4  
,moreov]1 s9ce ! work]s _c be expect$ to

 rev]se ! proc$ure 9 lean ye>s &        
contribute to ! ma9t5ance ( ! bus9ess1 x
 is necess>y1 9 mo/ indu/ries1 to res]ve
 a consid]able sum f ! pr(its ( fat ye>s
 to tide ov] possible p]iods ( lean     
ye>s4 ,x might be possible to en=ce by  
law ! accumulation ( su* a res]ve fund1 
& !n ! di/ribution ( a fix$ p]c5tage ( !
 net pr(its ( ! bus9ess to labor-in/ead 
( p]mitt+ all ! pr(its to g into !      
pockets ( own]s or /ockhold]s4 ,b su* a 
plan w probably be sup]s$$ by or        
incorporat$ into "s m compreh5sive      
solution = indu/rial evils1 a s*eme t c 
rem$y o!r wrongs besides t ( inadequate 
wages4  7#b7 ,coop]ation 9 production   
involves democratic managem5t ( a       
bus9ess z well z a m radical %>+ ( its  
pr(its4 ,! work]s !mselves contribute ! 
capital1 elect ! manag]s1 & divide !    
pr(its4 ,by _! votes !y c det]m9e h\rs (
 "w1 & arrange conditions to suit       
!mselves1 s f> z _! capital all[s4      
,coop]ation-:5 fully c>ri$ out-is       
socialism on a small scale introduc$    

into ! mid/ ( a capitali/ic regime4 ,its
 defects are1 fir/1 t x is difficult    
:ile t regime la/s to f9d capital       
en\gh-s9ce ^? :o h capital to inve/     
usually pref] to manage ! bus9ess       
!mselves or to entru/ _! money to a     
bus9ess conduct$ on ord9>y l9es2        
secondly1 t failure means ! loss ( !    
h>d-e>n$ sav+s ( work+m52 ?irdly1 t x is
 difficult to reta9 skillful manag]s1   
s9ce su* m5 usually pref] !             
opportunities :i* individuali/ic bus9ess
 (f]s ( mak+ a l>g] income2 & f\r?ly1 t 
x is difficult = a democratically manag$
 conc]n to compete successfully )       
autocratic bus9ess4 ,political          
democracies are at a disadvantage 9 a   
/ruggle ) tyrannies1 if ! latt] are     
gov]n$ by able m54 ,a "o- man policy is 
m /able1 p]mits ( quick] action & a m   
consi/5t policy ?an is possible to a    
democracy4 ,exactly s 9 bus9ess1 our    
dictatorial capta9s ( indu/ry h an      
advantage ov] _! usually less skill$ &  
always less p[]ful heads1 & _! small]   

capital4 ,! millionaire c cut prices &  
/& losses :i* w\ld ru9 a coop]ative body
 ( work+m54 ,s t coop]ative production  
has n g5]ally prov$ successful4 ,9 any  
case1 !re seems to be no probability (  
societies ( produc]s be+ able to        
supplant ! capitali/ic conc]ns2 we mu/  
turn else:]e = ! solution ( our         
problems4  7#c7 ,consum]s' coop]ation   
has be5 m widely successful4 ,on ?is    
plan a numb] ( p contribute ! capital ( 
a bus9ess 9 equal small am\nts & %>e !  
pr(its 9 proportion to _! pur*ases4 ,!  
possibility ( excessive pr(its to a s+le
 own] or a small gr\p ( own]s is ?us    
aboli%$4 ,b ! o!r evils ( autocratic    
indu/ry rema92 labor]s are hir$ = curr5t
 wages1 z by ! capitali/s1 & !          
temptations to unfair treatm5t (        
employees & ( competitors rema94  7#d7  
,consum]s' ,leagues1 s call$1 h made a  
bus9ess ( asc]ta9+ ! conditions "u :i*  
goods are produc$1 & exhort+ _! memb]s  
to pur*ase only ^? :i* h involv$ fair   
treatm5t to ! work]s4 ,! und]tak+ is    

praisewor?y1 & has accompli%$ "s good4  
,b its effects are limit$ by obvi\s     
causes4 ,x is extremely difficult 9 _m  
cases = ! consum] to discov] !          
conditions ( production ( :at he wi%es  
to buy4 ,x is a nuisance to h to burd5  
himself ) su* p]plex+ consid]ations4 ,& 
x is impossible to ma9ta9 public        
allegiance to a :ite li/ 9 face ( !     
temptation ( b>ga9 sales4 ,evils mu/ be 
attack$ at _! s\rce2 !y _c be           
effectively controll$ f ! consum]'s end4
 ,,iii4 ,gov]nm5t regulation ( prices1  
pr(its1 & wages8 ,!re are two proposals 
t promise ?or\ghgo+ cure = indu/rial    
evils gov]nm5t regulation ( bus9ess1    
leav+ x ^u its pres5t capitali/ic basis1
 & socialism1 ! complete democratiz+ (  
indu/ry4 ,x seems t "o or ! o!r         
alt]native mu/ ultimately be accept$4   
,accord+ to ! =m]1 & less radical1 plan1
 publicity ( acc\nts w\ld be requir$ 9 e
 indu/ry2 & /ate or national commissions
 w\ld h full p[] to sup]vise !          
conditions ( production1 to set a m9imum

 /&>d bel[ :i* wages mu/ n fall1 to fix 
maximum prices above :i* ! products mu/ 
n be sold1 to prev5t /ock- wat]+1 to    
en=ce /&>ds ( hone/y & good workman%ip 9
 goods1 to see to x t all competition is
 c>ri$ on fairly1 & to =bid excessive   
sal>ies to manag]s4 ,equal /&>ds w\ld be
 exact$ ?r\gh\t an indu/ry1 & any       
increas$ co/ ( production w\ld result 9 
! rais+ ( prices 7except :]e pr(its _h  
previ\sly be5 exorbitant72 ?us !re w\ld 
be no real h>d%ip ^u employ]s4 ,! m9imum
 wage %\ld n1 ( c\rse1 be set above !   
actual productive p[] ( labor2 & !      
ineffici5t labor]s :o w\ld be ?r[n out (
 employm5t z n wor? ! /&>d wage mu/ be  
look$ aft] by ! provision ( free        
vocational education & /ate employm5t4  
,appr5tices1 cripples1 defectives1 &    
p]sons giv+ only "p "t1 w\ld be p]mitt$ 
to receive p>tial wages2 & above !      
m9imum wage1 diff]5ces 9 /ip5d w\ld /ill
 exi/1 z n[1 to /imulate indu/ry &      
skill4 ,) su* provision = safe- gu>d+ ! 
rights ( labor1 ( competitors1 & ( !    

public1 pr(its w\ld n be directly       
regulat$2 if !y became excessive1 !y    
w\ld be clipp$ by ! requirem5t ( a l[]  
price = ! product1 or ( m sanit>y or    
saf] conditions ( production4 ,b !      
initiative & en]gy ( ! own]s w\ld be    
reta9$ by p]mitt+ a slid+ scale (       
pr(its2 ! high] ! wages paid1 or ! l[] !
 price set ^u products1 ! great] !      
pr(its !y c\ld be all[$4 ,?us a premium 
w\ld /ill be set ^u effici5cy4 ,"u ?is  
plan monopoly c\ld be c>ri$ to any      
ext5t2 /rikes c\ld be absolutely =bidd51
 & all dissatisfaction settl$ by !      
arbitration ( ! imp>tial gov]nm5t       
commission4 ,monopoly might ev5 be      
legally ma9ta9$ by a refusal ( *>t]s to 
w\ld-be competitors1 ?us insur+ to !    
public ! advantages ( a completely      
organiz$ bus9ess )\t leav+ ! public at  
its m]cy4 ,! natural monopolies1 su* z  
railways1 telephones1 light+-s]vice1 f  
:i* private =tunes h (t5 be5 made at    
public exp5se1 c easily be regulat$ by  
c>efully consid]$ & %ort-t]m fran*ises4 

,up to date1 ! p>tial & t5tative trials 
( ?is plan h be5 enc\rag+ly successful4 
,b !re are obvi\s defects 9 x1 :i* we   
mu/ notice3  7#a7 ,! dang] ( failures 9 
bus9ess w\ld /ill exi/4 ,"s factors w\ld
 t5d to less5 ?is dang] z1 ! prev5tion (
 /ock- wat]+1 misappropriation ( funds1 
excessive sal>ies1 & ! unfair           
competition ( rivals4 ,b failures c\ld  
no long] be av]t$ by squeez+ wages1     
neglect+ conditions ( production1 or    
l[]+ ! quality ( goods4 ,! employ]s may 
well ask1 9 bitt]ness1 :at "r !         
,gov]nm5t has to close _! *ances ( high 
pr(its :5 x leaves ! *ance ( total loss4
 ,private own]%ip ( bus9ess1 /ill reta9$
 on ! plan we are consid]+1 mu/ involve 
risk ( bankruptcy1 ) its economic wa/e &
 its suff]+4  7#b7 ,! plant1 capital1 & 
managem5t ( a bus9ess w\ld /ill be      
entirely at ! disposal ( ! own]1 & h&$  
d[n 9 8 family or to p>tn]s volunt>ily  
tak5 94 ,! son ( a capitali/1 :o inh]its
 ! bus9ess1 may be by no means ! mo/    
des]v+ or effici5t p]son to c>ry x on4  

,indu/ry is n democratic "u ?is plan2   
ju/ice is atta9$ z a compromise betwe5 !
 int]e/s ( capitali/s & labor]s4 ,class 
antagonisms are /ill fo/]$2 di/ru/ ( !  
imp>tiality ( ! gov]nm5t commission w\ld
 cont9ually be pres5t1 & might at any "t
 lead to actual rebellion & viol5ce4    
7#c7 ,! temptations to corruption w\ld  
be enorm\s4 ,! capitali/s1 ) _! res]ve  
funds1 w\ld be 9 a position to bribe or 
unfairly influ5ce any susceptible memb]s
 ( ! commissions2 & ) ! dang] (         
bankruptcy on ! "o h&1 & ! great prizes 
to be won on ! o!r1 !re w\ld inevitably 
result 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! av]age human 
consci5ce-a great deal ( f\l play4      
,commission]s w\ld h an unlimit$        
opportunity ( blackmail+ employ]s4      
,labor memb]s w\ld pull 9 "o direction1 
& upp]-class memb]s 9 ano!r4 ,! /ra9 ^u 
public morality w\ld be sev]e4  ,,iv4   
,,socialism8 ,socialism promises1       
accord+ to its adh]5ts1 to accompli% all
 ! good results ( gov]nm5t regulation1  
:ile obviat+ its defects4 ,x behooves u1

 !n1 to give x c>eful & unbias$         
att5tion4 ,! movem5t t[>d x is1 at lea/1
 "o ( ! mo/ significant & widespread    
movem5ts ( our times1 evok+ on ! "o h&  
extraord9>y en?usiasm & loyalty1 s t to 
millions ( m5 x is almo/ a religion1 &  
on ! o!r h& deep di/ru/1 impati5t       
contempt1 or bitt] ho/ility4 ,moreov]1 !
 movem5t is /eadily gr[+2 we mu/        
recognize t x is n a fad1 b a deep      
curr5t1 an int]national bro!rhood t     
numb]s 9 its ranks _m able &            
intellectual m54 ,we may "h disreg>d !  
inadequate economic !ories t h hamp]$   
its e>li] ye>s1 & ! ,utopian dreams t h 
be5 publi%$ "u its "n1 & consid] x only 
z a practical program = rem$y+ our      
ackn[l$g$ & s]i\s indu/rial evils4  ,!  
gi/ ( ! sociali/ proposal is t all      
indu/ry %all be made democratic1 z      
gov]nm5t is n[ becom+ democratic all ov]
 ! e>?4 ,all plants & all capital are to
 be own$ by ! ,/ate1 & all bus9ess run z
 ! ,po/-,(fice is run1 or z ! ,panama   
,canal 0 built4 ,! manag]s ( ea* indu/ry

 are to be *os5 f ! ranks1 accord+ to _!
 fitness1 = prov$ effici5cy & k ( !     
bus9ess4 ,ev]ybody w be ^u a sal>y1 & ! 
opportunity ( increas+ p]sonal pr(its by
 l[]+ wages1 *eat+ ! public1 neglect+   
evil conditions ( production1 or damag+ 
rivals1 w be abs5t4 ,?us1 in/ead ( try+ 
by an elaborate sy/em ( *ecks to keep )9
 due b\nds ! gre$ ( man1 ! possibility (
 satisfy+ t gre$ is def9itely remov$1 & 
all e>n+s made proportionate to         
indu/ri\sness & skill4 ,we proce$ to    
summ>ize ! advantages t1 x is urg$1 w\ld
 foll[ ! inauguration ( ?is indu/rial   
democracy3  7#a7 ,all indu/ries c\ld be 
organiz$ & c5traliz$4 ,a va/ am\nt (    
human ef=t c\ld be sav$1 & wa/e         
elim9at$4 ,bus9ess w\ld no long]1 z s   
(t5 n[1 be hamp]$ = lack ( funds to c>ry
 out plans4 ,a special /aff c\ld be     
reta9$ to inv5t & apply new ideas4 ,9   
%ort1 j z ! tru/s n[ are mu* m effici5t 
& economical ?an ! small conc]ns !y h   
sup]s$$1 s ! completely organiz$        
indu/ries ( a sociali/ic regime w\ld be1

 we are told1 9 a position to d\ble     
human effici5cy4 ,if ! po/al bus9ess 7  
op5 to competition1 !re c be no d\bt t  
we %\ld be pay+ high] rates today = a   
mu* less effici5t s]vice4 ,if x 7 a     
private monopoly1 "s "o w\ld probably be
 gett+ enorm\s pr(its out ( x pr(its :i*
 n[ g back into ext5d+ ! s]vice4 ,!     
labor sav$ by indu/rial unification w\ld
 be available = a ?\s& o!r und]tak+s t  
cry to be c>ri$ out4  7#b7 ,all !       
indu/rial wrongs enum]at$ 9 ! prec$+    
*apt] c\ld1 x is ass]t$1 be rem$i$1 &   
all problems adju/$1 ) comp>atively     
little friction1 because x w\ld be to no
 "o's p>ticul> advantage to ret>d su*   
bett]m5t4 ,^? 9 control ( e bus9ess1 be+
 ^u a fix$ sal>y1 & hav+ no?+ to ga9 by 
squeez+ labor]s or public1 w\ld be      
am5able to a s5se ( pride 9 ! hone/y1   
cleanl9ess1 & effici5cy ( _! bus9ess1 & 
! cont5tm5t ( _! employees4 ,if !y 7 too
 lazy or /upid to respond to su*        
motives1 !y c\ld quickly be sup]s$$ 9   
(fice by m5 :o 7 m ambiti\s = ! fair %[+

 ( _! bran* ( ! public s]vice4  7#c7    
,opportunity to rise to ! control ( a   
bus9ess w\ld be op5 to e labor] 9 x4 ,! 
sons ( ri* m5 c\ld no long] /ep easily  
into ! s(t b]?s1 :e!r !y 7 des]v+ or n4 
,prov$ effici5cy1 plus popul>ity1 w\ld  
be ! road to success4 ,) ! high] wages  
paid to labor 7made possible p>tly by ! 
economic sav+ ?r\gh organization1 &     
p>tly by cutt+ out ! private =tunes n[  
made out ( indu/ry71 e boy w\ld be able 
to get a ?or\gh vocational education1 & 
be 9 a position to /rive1 if he is      
ambiti\s1 = lead]%ip4 ,indu/rial p[]    
w\ld be conf]r$1 directly or indirectly1
 by popul> vote2 bus9ess w\ld be        
recogniz$ z a public affair1 & nepotism 
& h]$it>y advantage bani%$ f x z !y h   
be5 f politics4  7#d7 ,! risk (         
bankruptcies1 ) all _! att5dant evils1  
w\ld be done away ) entirely4 ,bus9ess  
w\ld h a /ability unkn[n to our pres5t  
individuali/ic indu/ry1 & bus9essm5 w\ld
 be fre$ f t anxiety t drives s _m today
 to a premature grave4  7#e7 ,all       

speculation 9 /ocks w\ld be likewise    
elim9at$4 ,! necess>y capital = any new 
und]tak+ w\ld be provid$ by ! indu/rial 
,/ate1 & ! undes]v$ ga9s & losses ( our 
pres5t sy/em ( private inve/m5t w\ld    
come to an end4  7#f7 ,morally1 !re w\ld
 be a probable ga9 9 sev]al ways4 ,!    
elim9ation ( private pr(it f bus9ess    
w\ld give fre] room = ! developm5t ( a  
social _s :i* is n[ *ok$ out by !       
temptation t ea* own] ( a bus9ess is "u 
to grab all t he c = himself4 ,!re w\ld 
be no motive1 & no =tunes available1 =1 
at lea/1 ! mo/ /rik+ =ms ( t corruption 
( ! press :i* is su* a grave problem    
today4 ,municipal !at]s w\ld be "u no   
temptation to produce na/y plays4 ,all  
?is exploitation ( human weakness &     
passion is done because x ,,pays2 if !  
m5 at ! top 7 on a sal>y !re w\ld be no 
su* inducem5t to cat] to vici\s in/9cts4
 ,! economic pressure t n[ pu%es s _m   
girls 9 ! direction ( pro/itution w\ld  
be reliev$4 ,! p g5]ally w\ld be        
dignifi$ & educat$ by _! p>ticipation 9 

indu/rial1 z n[ 9 political decisions4  
,if "s ( ! t\gh] /ra9s ( "*1 grit1 pu%1 
endurance1 etc4 w\ld be less fo/]$1 !   
g5tl] & m social aspects ( "* w\ld f9d  
bett] soil4  ,:e!r all ^! advantages    
w\ld actually accrue1 9 ! degree hop$ =1
 x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to "k4 ,!re  
are1 h[ev]1 at lea/ two grave dang]s 9  
socialism :i* mu/ be squ>ely fac$3  7#a7
 ,a c]ta9 degree ( slackness & consequ5t
 ineffici5cy w\ld almo/ inevitably      
result f ! relax+ ( ! pressure (        
competition & ! removal ( ! opportunity 
= unlimit$ p]sonal pr(it4 ,employees &  
manag]s ( /ate & municipal und]tak+s are
 apt to take ?+s easily2 & !re h be5    
usually wa/e & in]tia & extravagance 9  
su* ent]prises4 ,! probable loss 9 grit1
 pu%1 & endurance1 m5tion$ above1 might 
prove s]i\s4 ,we mu/ admit t1 on ! :ole1
 private bus9ess has be5 manag$ mu*     
bett] ?an public bus9ess1 bo? 9 ?is     
c\ntry & abroad4 ,to a consid]able      
ext5t1 h[ev]1 ! ineffici5cy ( municipal 
& /ate und]tak+s has be5 due to !       

clums9ess & corruption ( political      
sy/ems1 & c be cur$ by political re=m4  
,t public affairs c be manag$ z         
successfully z private bus9ess has be5  
demon/rat$ on _m occasions4 ,! p>cel po/
 (f]s a mu* m economical s]vice ?an !   
express companies ev] gave4 ,! mo/      
effici5t & successful eng9e]+ und]tak+  
ev] accompli%$ by man ! con/ruction ( ! 
,panama ,canal 0 a ?or\ghgo+ sociali/ic 
a*ievem5t4 ,moreov]1 9 our criticism (  
public und]tak+s1 we are apt to =get h[ 
slack & ineffici5t ! great bulk (       
private bus9ess has be52 our att5tion is
 caught by ! few conc]ns t h made a     
/rik+ success1 & we ov]look ! va/ numb]s
 t h fail$ or b>ely kept alive4 ,look+  
at ! matt] psy*ologically1 obs]vation   
does n altoge!r confirm ! /atem5t t m5  
ne$ an unlimit$ possibility ( f9ancial  
rew>d to "w h>d4 ,! va/ majority (      
work]s today are on sal>y2 & on ! :ole  
!y probably "w z fai?fully z ! few at ! 
top 7cont9ually becom+ few]7 :o h ! spur
 ( private pr(it4,footnote3 #a ,cf4 ?is 

te/imony 9 reg>d to =m] own]s ( /ores 9 
,m9nesota & ,wiscons9 :o h be5 b\ght out
 & reta9$ z manag]s by coop]ative       
societies3 !y "w = mod]ate sal>ies1 & 9 
almo/ all cases are work+ z ard5tly =   
success z !y ev] did = _! own ga94 ,n4  
,o4 ,nelson1 9 ,outlook1 vol4 #hi1 p4   
#ebg4 ,n all capitali/s are h>d work]s2 
mu* ( ! real "w is done = !m by sal>i$  
manag]s4 ,x is v que/ionable if doctors 
& lawy]s1 :o "w = pr(its1 give any m    
loyal s]vice to ! community ?an tea*]s1 
m9i/]s1 or nurses1 :o "w on sal>y4 ,!re 
w\ld /ill be ! ne$ ( e>n+ "o's liv+1 & !
 inc5tive ( ris+ to positions ( high]   
sal>y1 great] au?ority1 & wid] int]e/4  
,&1 aft] all1 mo/ ( ! really good "w ( !
 _w is done on honor1 f ! normal human  
pleasure 9 do+ ?+s well1 & pride 9 be+  
kn[n to d ?+s well4 ,:5 fre$ f ! private
 gre$ & antisocial class feel+s :i* n[  
inhibit x1 ?is ze/ 9 effici5t "w & loyal
 s]vice might receive a new impetus4 ,a 
sociali/ic regime w\ld surely make a    
bus9ess ( inculcat+ 9 its public s*ools 

! conception ( all "w z public s]vice2 &
 ! pressure ( public op9ion w\ld be> m  
heavily ^u work]s-z !re is today mu*    
fre] criticism ( public ?an ( private   
und]tak+s4 ,b ev5 if !re %\ld be a      
consid]able increase 9 slackness & a    
decrease 9 ,,p] ,,capita production1 t  
economic loss might be m ?an made up by 
! sav+ ( labor ?r\gh organization4 ,& if
 n1 x is true t effici5cy is n ! only   
good4 ,consid]ations ( humanity %\ld    
weigh ) u z well z consid]ations (      
moneymak+2 if socialism c cure !        
intol]able evils 9 our pres5t selfi% &  
*aotic sy/em1 a c]ta9 decrease 9        
production might n be too great a price 
to pay4  7#b7 ,! runn+ ( ! complicat$   
sociali/ic ma*9e w\ld involve a great   
deal ( friction1 ) consequ5t            
dissatisfaction & diss5sion4 ,problems  
w\ld arise on all h&s3 ,on :at basis    
%\ld ! wage-rate 9 ?is indu/ry & 9 t be 
det]m9$8 ,h[ mu* ( ! public moneys %\ld 
be put into ?is & h[ mu* into t         
und]tak+8 ,0 ?is dep>tm5t head fair 9   

dis*>g+ ?is man & promot+ t man8        
,suspicion ( brib]y & graft w\ld        
cont9ually recur4 ,bad seasons w\ld be  
enc\nt]$1 blund]s w\ld be made1         
ov]production w\ld occur1 m5 w\ld be    
?r[n out ( employm5t 9 ! "w !y _h *os51 
floods1 fires1 plagues1 & o!r disa/]s   
w\ld sweep away pr(its2 ! adju/m5t ( ^! 
losses w\ld be an enorm\sly delicate    
matt]4 ,at pres5t1 ! poor are apt to    
feel t prosp]ity = !m is hopeless2 "u a 
sociali/ic regime !y w\ld expect x1 & be
 loa? to see _! incomes dim9i%$ :5 ?+s  
w5t wrong4 ,socialism w\ld require a    
great deal ( good temp] & will+ness to  
submit to decisions :i* seem$ unwise or 
unfair4 ,x is highly d\btful if human   
nature is yet good en\gh to fit ! sy/em4
  7#c7 ,a ?ird objection to socialism1 t
 corruption w\ld be increas$1 is a      
mu*-debat$ po9t4 ,!re w\ld be1 z n[1    
opportunity = falsification ( acc\nts & 
embezzlem5t4 ,individual promotions w\ld
 too (t5 h+e ^u p]sonal fri5d%ip or     
favors receiv$4 ,! enorm\s adm9i/rative 

ma*9]y w\ld op5 up all sorts ( new      
av5ues to p]sonal ga9 at ! exp5se (     
o!rs1 :i* unpr9cipl$ m5 w\ld be quick to
 take advantage (4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 no  
great private =tunes or weal?y          
corporations w\ld exi/ to bribe1 & no   
su* money-prizes w\ld exi/ to be won by 
brib]y z are common 9 our pres5t sy/em4 
,!re w\ld be no temptation to adult]ate 
goods1 & less ( a temptation to aw>d    
contracts or fran*ises to fri5ds -s9ce  
!re w\ld be no private pr(it 9 x4 ,:at  
supports our political r+s today is1    
above all1 ! exi/5ce ( ! int]e/s weal?y 
corporations t are mak+ pr(its en\gh to 
sp>e l>ge sums = influ5c+ legislation2  
^! int]e/s w\ld no long] exi/4 ,on !    
:ole1 !n1 ! am\nt & direction (         
corruption "u socialism is unpr$ictable2
 b its possibility %\ld give u pause4 ,!
 o!r g5]al objections to socialism are  
probably less s]i\s2 "s ( !m complete   
misappreh5sions4 ,x is c]ta9ly n        
anti-,*ri/ian2 on ! contr>y1 !re are ^? 
:o believe t x is ! necess>y ! ,*ri/ian 

_s4,footnote3 ,cf1 = example1 ,w4       
,raus*5bus*1 ,*ri/ianity & ! ,social    
,crisis4 ,x is n mat]iali/ic any m ?an  
any indu/rial sy/em mu/ necess>ily be4  
,x w\ld n necess>ily de/roy private     
prop]ty or less5 human fre$om1 except 9 
! "o matt] t x w\ld prev5t private      
own]%ip ( ! in/rum5ts ( indu/rial       
production & de/roy ! fre$om to conduct 
bus9ess to private advantage4 ,b x is   
cle> t x w\ld involve u 9 all sorts (   
complicat$ & delicate problems ( detail 
:i* w\ld require g5]ations =            
satisfactory solution & :i* might nev]  
be satisfactorily solv$4 ,& x might1 (  
c\rse1 lead to o!r difficulties n[      
un=ese51 grav] & m difficult to meet ?an
 we n[ realize4 ,surely1 !n1 x is n to  
be lightly und]tak51 & n to be und]tak5 
z a m]e revolt ( ! l[] classes aga9/ _! 
indu/rial ma/]s4 ,x mu/ be work$ out 9  
great detail1 & contra/$ ) e possible   
alt]native1 be=e cauti\s /atesm5 w      
cons5t to its adoption4 ,= x w\ld mean a
 revolution>y *ange ( enorm\s           

proportions2 & x w\ld n be easy to rev]t
 to ! e>li] ord]4 ,our political ma*9]y1
 "u :i* ! va/ indu/rial sy/em w\ld come1
 mu/ fir/ be recon/ruct$ & made         
effici5t4 ,religion & public education  
mu/ be /r5g!n$ to meet ! new dem&s ^u "*
 & intellig5ce4 ,x is e>ne/ly to be hop$
 t if socialism comes1 x w come n by    
revolution1 z ! result ( a class        
/ruggle1 b by evolution & a g5]al       
cons5t1 ! result ( long & c>eful public 
discussion4 ,9 ! writ]'s op9ion1 pres5t 
/eps mu/ be along ! l9e ( gov]nm5t      
regulation1 ) socialism z ! possible1 b 
z yet by no means c]ta91 ev5tual        
outcome4 ,9 any case1 !re is no simple &
 sweep+ panacea = our indu/rial ills2 ! 
pati5t ?\ght & exp]im5tation & ef=t (   
g5]ations w be requir$ be=e a           
satisfactory & /able equilibrium is     
atta9$4  ,competition ,,vs4             
conc5tration3 ,c4 ,r4 ,van ,hise1       
,,conc5tration ,,& ,,control1 *ap4 ,i4  
,j4 ,w4 ,j5ks1 ,,! ,,tru/ ,,problem4 ,e4
 von ,halle1 ,,tru/s ,,& ,,indu/rial    

,,comb9ations4 ,f4 ,c4 ,mc,vey1 ,,mod]n 
,,indu/rialism4 ,s4 ,c4 ,t4 ,dodd1      
,,comb9ations1 ,,_! ,,use ,,& ,,abuse4  
,r4 ,t4 ,ely1 ,,monopolies ,,& ,,tru/s4 
,c4 ,n4 ,fay1 ,,big ,,bus9ess ,,&       
,,gov]nm5t4 ,edmond ,kelly1 ,,tw5tie?   
,,c5tury ,,socialism1 book ,,ii1 *ap1   
,,ii2 book ,,iii1 *ap4 ,i4 ,a4 ,j4      
,eddy1 ,,! ,,new ,,competition4         
,atlantic ,mon?ly1 vol4 #gi1 p4 #cgg4   
,,=um1 vol4 #h1 p4 #fa4 ,,j\rnal ,,(    
,,political ,,economy1 vol4 #bj1 p4     
#ceh4 ,labor unions & /rikes3 ,j4 ,r4   
,commons1 ,,trade-,,unionism ,,& ,,labor
 ,,problems4 ,c>lton1 ,,hi/ory ,,&      
,,problems ,,( ,,organiz$ ,,labor4 ,s4 &
 ,b4 ,webb1 ,,indu/rial ,,democracy2    
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,trade ,,unionism4 ,j4    
,mit*ell1 ,,organiz$ ,,labor4 ,c4 ,r4   
,h5d]son1 ,,social ,,_s ,,9 ,,am]ica1   
*ap4 ix4 ,jane ,addams1 ,,new] ,,ideals 
,,( ,,peace1 *ap4 v4 ,,atlantic         
,,mon?ly1 vol4 #aji1 p4 #geh4 ,h4 ,r4   
,seag]1 ,i ,,ntroduction ,,to           
,,economics1 *ap4 xxi4 ,f4 ,w4 ,taussig1

 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,economics1 *ap4 #ee4 
,pr(it %>+3 ,w4 ,h4 ,tolman1 ,,social   
,,eng9e]+1 *ap4 vii4 ,seag]1 ,,op4      
,,cit1 *ap1 xxvi1 sec4 #bha4 ,adams &   
,sumn]1 ,,labor ,,problems1 *ap4 ,x4 ,n4
 ,p4 ,gilman1 ,,pr(it ,,%>+2 ,a         
,,divid5d ,,to ,,labor4 ,outlook1 vol4  
#ajf1 p4 #fbg4 ,,qu>t]ly ,,review1 vol4 
#bai1 p4 #eji4 ,coop]ation3 ,g4 ,j4     
,holyoake1 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,coop]ation4   
,c4 ,r4 ,fay1 ,,coop]ation ,,at ,,home  
,,& ,,abroad4 ,adams & ,sumn]1 ,,labor  
,,problems1 *ap4 x4 ,,ar5a1 vol4 #cf1 p4
 #bjj2 vol4 #dj1 p4 #fcb4 ,h4 ,r4       
,seag]1 ,,op4 ,,cit1 sec4 #bhb4 ,f4 ,w4 
,taussig1 ,,op4 ,,cit1 *ap4 #ei4        
,consum]s' leagues3 ,publications ( !   
,national ,consum]s' ,league 7#ajf ,ea/ 
,n9ete5? ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city74     
,gov]nm5t regulation3 ,j4 ,w4 ,j5ks1    
,,op4 ,,cit1 ,app5dices4 ,c4 ,r4 ,van   
,hise1 ,,op4 ,,cit1 *aps1 iii-v4 ,f4 ,w4
 ,taussig1 ,,op4 ,,cit1 *aps4 #fb1fc4   
,h4 ,r4 ,seag]1 ,,op4 ,,cit1 *ap4 xxv4  
,c4 ,l4 ,k+1 ,,regulation ,,(           

,,municipal ,,utilities4 ,j4 ,b4 & ,j4  
,m4 ,cl>k1 ,,control ,,( ,,! ,,tru/s4   
,e4 ,m4 ,phelps1 ,,f$]al ,,control ,,(  
,,int]/ate ,,corporations4 ,,atlantic   
,,mon?ly1 vol4 iii1 p4 #dcc4 ,,outlook1 
vol4 #ii1 p4 #fdi2 vol4 #ajj1 pp4 #egd1 
#fij2 vol4 #aja1 p4 #cec2 vol4 #ajc1 p4 
#dgf4 ,,nor? ,,am]ican ,,review1 vol4   
#aig1 pp4 #fb1 #bbb1 #cej4              
,,int]national ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,e?ics1    
vol4 #bc1 p4 #aeh4 ,,j\rnal  ,,(        
,,political ,,economy1 vol4 #bj1 pp4    
#cji1 #egd4 ,socialism3 ,edmond ,kelly1 
,,tw5tie? ,,c5tury ,,socialism4 ,h4 ,g4 
,wells1 ,,new ,,worlds ,,= ,,old4 ,j4   
,sp>go1 ,,socialism4 ,m4 ,hillquit1     
,,socialism ,,9 ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice4  
,a4 ,s*affle1 ,,! ,,qu9tess5ce ,,(      
,,socialism4 ,f4 ,w4 ,taussig1 ,,op4    
,,cit1 *aps4 #fd1 #fe4 ,j4 ,rae1 ! roman
 num]als are bo? upp] & l[] case did n  
/&>dize ,,por>y ,,socialism4 ,r4 ,t4    
,ely1 ,,socialism4 ,w4 ,g4 ,t[l]1       
,,socialism ,,9 ,,local ,,goiv]nemnt4   
,h4 ,r4 ,,seag]1 ,,op4 ,,cit1 sec4 #bhb4

 ,n4 ,p4 ,gilman1 ,,socialism ,,& ,,!   
,,am]ican ,,_s4 ,r4 ,hunt]1 ,,sociali/s 
,,at ,,"w4 ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,political     
,,economy1 vol4 #ad1 p4 #beg4 ,,outlook1
 vol4 #ia1 pp4 #fah1 #ffb2 vol4 #ie1 pp4
 #hca1 #hgf4     ,,*apt] ,,xxviii       
,,lib]ty ,,& ,,law  ,,we h spok5 ( !    
practical defects & dang]s inh]5t 9 !   
v>i\s proposals t look to !             
rectification ( indu/rial wrongs4 ,b !re
 is "o s\rce ( opposition to ^!         
proposals t requires m ext5d$           
consid]ation-! fe> t !y-& especially    
socialism-unduly ?reat5 t ideal (       
p]sonal lib]ty :i* our fa!rs s          
passionately s]v$ & we h come to look ^u
 z ! corn]/one ( our prosp]ity4 ,:at is 
?is ideal ( lib]ty1 & h[ %\ld x affect  
our ef=ts at indu/rial reg5]ation8 ,:at 
are ! ess5tial aspects ( ! ideal (      
lib]ty8 ,?r\gh\t a long /ret* ( human   
hi/ory "o ( ! mo/ vex+ ob/acles to g5]al
 happ9ess & progress has be5 !          
irresponsible p[] ( sov]eigns &         
olig>*ies4 ,to g5]ations x has seem$ t  

if fre$om f selfi% tyranny c\ld b be    
won1 ! mill5nium w\ld be at h&4 ,our    
h]oes h be5 ^? :o f\ght aga9/ despots = 
! rights ( ! p2 we measure progress by  
su* mile/ones z ! ,magna ,*>ta1 ! ,fr5* 
,revolution1 ! ,am]ican ,decl>ation (   
,indep5d5ce4 ,to ?is day we engrave ! ^w
 lib]ty on our co9s2 & ! conv]g+        
multitudes f ,europe look up eag]ly to !
 great /atue t welcomes !m 9 ,new ,york 
,h>bor & symbolizes = !m ! fre$om t !y h
 (t5 suff]$ s mu* to ga94 ,9 ,mrs4      
,hemans's hymn1 9 ,patrick ,h5ry's fam\s
 spee*1 9 ,m>y ,ant9's wond]ful         
autobiography1 ,! ,promis$ ,l&1 we cat* 
glimpses ( t devotion to lib]ty :i*1 x  
is n[ said1 we are jeop>diz+ by our     
increas+ mass ( legislative re/ra9ts &  
propose to bani% = good & all by an     
indef9ite increase 9 ! p[]s ( ! ,/ate4  
,m ?an a g5]ation ago ,mill wrote3 ,!re 
is 9 ! _w at l>ge an increas+ incl9ation
 to /ret* unduly ! p[]s ( society ov] ! 
individual1 bo? by ! =ce ( op9ion & ev5 
by t ( legislation2 & z ! t5d5cy ( all !

 *anges tak+ place 9 ! _w is to /r5g!n  
society1 & dim9i% ! p[] ( ! individual1 
?is encroa*m5t is n "o ( ! evils :i* t5d
 spontane\sly to disappe>1 b1 on !      
contr>y1 to gr[ m & m                   
=midable4,footnote3 ,essay on ,lib]ty1  
,introductory4 ,n a few obs]v]s today   
are reit]at+ ?is note ( al>m ) increas+ 
emphasis4 ,are _! fe>s well f\nd$8 ,we  
may at once agree 9 applaud+ ! lib]ty   
wor%ip ( our fa!rs & ( our contempor>ies
 9 ! m backw>d c\ntries4 ,no secure /eps
 9 civilization c be tak5 until lib]ty (
 body1 ( movem5t1 & ( possession are    
gu>ante$2 !re mu/ be no fe> ( arbitr>y  
execution1 arre/1 or confiscation4 ,to  
?is mu/ be add$ lib]ty ( consci5ce1 (   
spee*1 & ( wor%ip2 ! "r ( free assembly1
 a free press1 & t fre$om to wor%ip ,god
 t ! ,pilgrims s\ght4 ,:]ev] ^! rights1 
s fundam5tal to human happ9ess1 are     
impugn$1 ,lib]ty6 is /ill ! fitt+       
rally+-cry4,footnote3 ,! exact limits )9
 :i* fre$om ( spee* mu/ be all[$ are    
debatable1 7a7 ,spee* :i* incites to    

crime1 to lawbreak+1 to sexual & o!r    
vice1 mu/ be prev5t$2 & 7b7 sl&]1 !     
public utt]ance ( grossly disp>ag+      
/atem5ts conc]n+ any p]son1 )\t         
reasonable evid5ce ( _! tru?4 ,may we   
attempt to /ifle ! utt]ance ( 7c7 su*   
o!r untru?s z are inexcusable 9 ! light 
( our common k8 ,!re are c]ta9ly _m     
matt]s :]e !re is no long] room =       
legitimate diff]5ce ( op9ion2 & ! g5]al 
diffusion ( correct k is greatly ret>d$ 
by ! silly utt]ances ( un9=m$ p4 ,yet to
 draw ! l9e "h is s difficult t we mu/  
probably tol]ate ?is evil =ev] r ?an run
 ! risk ( /ifl+ "s g5]ally unsuspect$   
tru?4 rights are safely won2 ! dang] n[ 
is r ( abus+ !m4 ,we mu/ n =get t lib]ty
 is only a means1 n an end 9 itself1 to 
be re/rict$ 9 s f> z may be necess>y = !
 greate/ happ9ess4 ,f our discussion 9  
,"p ,,ii x %\ld be cle> t !re are no    
natural rights :i* ! community is b\nd  
to respect2 lib]ty mu/ be grant$ !      
individual s f>1 & only s f>1 z x does n
 imp$e ! g5]al welf>e4 ,we d n hesitate 

to end ! lib]ty1 or ev5 to take ! life1 
( ^? we deem dang]\s to society4 ,we d n
 hesitate to confiscate ! l& :i* we deem
 necess>y = a highway or railroad or    
public build+4 ,inde$1 we h$ge p]sonal  
lib]ty ab\t ) a ?\s& re/rictions by     
g5]al cons5t1 9 ! realization t public  
int]e/s mu/ come be=e private4 ,we h no 
ne$ to discuss ! doctr9e ( an>*ism      
,footnote3 ,= an eloqu5t def5se (       
an>*ism see ,tol/oy's writ+s2 "h is a   
sample /atem5t3 ,= a ,*ri/ian to promise
 to subject himself to any gov]nm5t     
:atsoev]-a subjection :i* may be        
consid]$ ! f\ndation ( /ate life-is a   
direct negation ( ,*ri/ianity4 7,k+dom (
 ,god1 *ap4 ,,ix47 ,cf4 ?is utt]ance (  
"o ( ! ,*icago an>*i/s ( #ahhf4 ,:oev]  
prescribes a rule ( action = ano!r to   
obey is a tyrant3 usurp]1 & an enemy (  
lib]ty4- unre/rict$ lib]ty s9ce ! g5]al 
*aos t w\ld result !re f1 9 ! pres5t    
/age ( human nature1 is suffici5tly     
app>5t4 ,lib]ty c nev] be absolute4     
,inde$1 !re has be5 a curi\s rev]sal (  

situation4 ,! old] cry ( lib]ty t /irs u
 0 a cry ( ! oppress$ masses aga9/ _!   
ma/]s2 n[ x is a slogan ( ! privileg$   
upp] classes aga9/ t increas+ popul>    
legislation :i* re/ricts _! p[]s4 ,k+s  
are n[ b figureheads1 if !y l+] at all1 
9 our mod]n democracies2 gov]nm5ts are n
 irresponsible ma/]s ( ! p1 !y are      
in/rum5ts = c>ry+ out ! popul> w4 ,!    
real tyrants n[1 ^? ^: irresponsible    
au?ority is dang]\s to ! masses1 are !  
k+s ( indu/ry2 if ! cry ( lib]ty is to  
be rais$ aga91 x %\ld be rais$1 accord+ 
to all hi/orical prec$5t1 9 behalf ( !  
slaves ( mod]n indu/ry r ?an 9 behalf ( 
! =tunate few :o give up s grudg+ly !   
practical p[]s !y h usurp$4 ,!re 7 ^?1  
inde$1 :o f\ght passionately = ! div9e  
"r ( k+s1 ^? :o di$ to ma9ta9 ! "r ( a  
:ite man to hold ,negroes z slaves2 !re 
are ^? today :o ) a truly religi\s f]vor
 uphold ! "r ( ! capitali/ic class to   
manage ! indu/ries ( ! c\ntry at _! own 
sweet w1 unhamp]$ by su* legislative    
re/rictions z ! majority may deem       

exp$i5t = ! g5]al welf>e4 ,b x is a     
trave/y on ! sacr$ ^w lib]ty t x %\ld be
 ?us invok$ to uphold ! pr]ogatives ( ! 
favor$ few4 ,lib]ty1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is
 prop]ly an ideal = man1 connotes ! "r  
to all su* =ms ( activity z are         
consonant ) ! greate/ g5]al happ9ess1 & 
to no o!rs4 ,x implies ! "r n to be     
oppress$1 n ! "r to oppress4 ,m]e fre$om
 ( contract is n real fre$om1 if !      
alt]native be to />ve2 su* =mal fre$om  
may be practical slav]y4 ,! real fre$om 
is fre$om to live z befits a man2 & x is
 precisely because su* fre$om is beyond 
! grasp ( multitudes today t our sy/em (
 free contract is discr$it$2 x (f]s ! "n
 ( lib]ty )\t ! reality4 ,b ap>t f ?is  
que/ionable appeal to ! ideal ( lib]ty1 
!re are n a few :o s9c]ely believe1 on  
gr\nds ( practical exp$i5cy1 t          
legislation ought n to int]f]e any m ?an
 proves absolutely necess>y ) ! conduct 
( indu/ry4 ,?is s*eme ( individualism we
 w n[ consid]4  ,! ideal (              
individualism4 ,! individuali/ic1 or    

laissez-faire1 ideal dates p]haps f     
,r\sseau & ! ,fr5* doctr9aires2 its     
be/-kn[n repres5tatives 9 ,engli% spee* 
are ,mill & ,sp5c]4 ,dewey & ,tufts h   
pi?ily express$ x z foll[s3 ,! moral end
 ( political in/itutions & measures is !
 maximum possible fre$om ( ! individual 
consi/5t ) 8 n int]f]+ ) l fre$om on !  
"p ( o!r individuals4,footnote3 ,e?ics1 
p4 #dhc4 ,its lead+ argum5ts may be     
pres5t$ & answ]$1 summ>ily1 z foll[s3   
7#a7 ,legislation has s (t5 be5         
mis*iev\s t x is well to h z little ( x 
z possible4 ,! masses are un$ucat$1 !   
prey ( impulse & passion2 politics are  
corrupt2 to submit ! g5ius ( free       
,,entrepr5eurs to ! clumsy & ill-fitt$  
yoke ( a popul>ly wr\ght legal control  
is to /ifle _! ent]prise & int]f]e ) _! 
*ances ( success4 ,aft] all1 e "o kn[s 8
 own ne$s be/2 & if we leave p alone1 !y
 w secure _! own welf>e bett] ?an if we 
try to dictate to !m h[ !y %all seek x4 
,out ( ! f\rte5 ?\s& odd acts :i*1 9 our
 own c\ntry1 h be5 repeal$1 f ! date ( !

 ,/atute ( ,m]ton d[n to #ahgb 4 4 4 h[ 
_m h be5 repeal$ because !y 7 mis*iev\s8
 4 4 4 ,suppose t only ?ree ?\s& ( ^!   
acts 7 aboli%$ aft] prov$ injuries _h   
be5 caus$1 :i* is a l[ e/imate4 ,:at    
%all we say ( ^! ?ree ?\s& acts :i* h   
be5 h9d]+ human happ9ess & increas+     
human mis]y2 n[ = ye>s1 n[ = g5]ations1 
n[ = c5turies8,footnote3 ,h4 ,sp5c]1    
,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 "p ,,iv1 sec4 #aca4
 ,b to admit t mu* legislation has be5  
blund]+ is n to admit t ! pr9ciple (    
social control is wrong4 ,our political 
sy/em mu/1 inde$1 be made mu/ be plac$ 9
 ! way ( ov]ha/y & ill-consid]$ lawmak+4
 ,b x is n always true t ! individual is
 ! be/ judge ( 8 own ultimate int]e/s2 &
 x is demon/rably untrue t ! pursuit by 
ea* ( :at he deems be/ = himself w br+ !
 greate/ happ9ess = all4 ,! /rong] & m  
favorably situat$ w take advantage ( _! 
position & res\rces2 ! weak]1 ?\gh      
!oretically free1 w 9 reality be "u !   
h&icap ( pov]ty1 ignorance1 hung]4 ,su* 
a sy/em is inevitably vici\s 9 its moral

 effects4 ,to say t 9 a popul> gov]nm5t 
legislation _c prop]ly /&>dize practice1
 _c =mulate a high] code ( public       
morality ?an m5 c be dep5d$ ^u to atta9 
if unre/ra9$1 is unw>rantably to        
discr$it democracy4 ,if ! laws are bad1 
improve !m4 ,if ! public is un$ucat$1   
educate x4 ,if our sy/em gives u poor   
lawmak]s1 *ange ! sy/em4 ,b to give up !
 attempt at legal control1 to leave ?+s 
z !y are or r1 to leave !m to g f bad to
 worse1 is un?9kable4  7#b7 ,too mu*    
legislation /ifles individuality1 drags 
g5ius d[n to ! dead level ( av]age      
ideas1 t5ds to produce an unprogressive 
uni=mity ( practice4 ,x imposes !       
conceptions ( ! pa/ ^u ! future4 ,if !  
measures h any effect at all1 ! effect  
mu/ 9 "p be t ( caus+ "s lik5ess among !
 individuals2 to d5y ?is is to d5y t !  
process ( mold+ is op]ative4 ,b 9 s f> z
 uni=mity results advance is ret>d$4 ,e 
"o :o has /udi$ ! ord] ( nature kn[s t  
)\t v>iety !re c be no                  
progress4,footnote3 ,h4 ,sp5c]1 op4 cit1

 sec4 #ach4 ,p]sons ( g5ius1 x is true1 
are1 & are always likely to be1 a small 
m9ority2 b 9 ord] to h !m x is necess>y 
to pres]ve ! soil 9 :i* !y gr[4 ,g5ius c
 only brea! freely 9 an atmosph]e (     
fre$om4 444 ,x is important to give !   
free/ scope possible to uncu/om>y ?+s1 9
 ord] t x may 9 "t appe> :i* ( ^! are   
fit to be conv]t$ into cu/oms4          
,footnote3 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,on ,lib]ty1  
*ap4 ,,iii4 ,b ! int5tion ( social      
legislation is to *eck only su*         
individual action z is demon/rably      
detrim5tal2 ! uni=mity produc$ w be only
 a uni=m abs5ce ( flagrant wrongs &     
adoption ( su* positive precautions z w 
make ! detection & *eck+ ( ^! h>mful    
acts easy4 ,beyond ?is m9imum uni=mity  
7:i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ include an enorm\s     
numb] ( details1 s manifold h !         
possibilities ( wrongdo+ become7 !re w  
on any sy/em be ample range = !         
developm5t ( new me?ods & processes4    
,:atev] dang] !re once 0 9 *ok+         
individual initiative by ne$lessly      

p>alyz+ re/rictions1 w be1 9 ! long run1
 negligible 9 an age ( omnivor\s read+ &
 free discussion1 & 9 a l& ^: consci\s  
ideal is improvem5t1 new inv5tion1      
progress4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is *iefly
 ?r\gh legislation t new me?ods ( social
 practice become diffus$4 ,ea* ( our    
=ty-eight ,/ates is exp]im5t+ 9 social  
guidance1 try+ to ?w>t ?is or t s91 to  
rem$y ?is or t wrong1 to "w out a plan  
by :i* m5 c happily coop]ate 9 our      
complex public life4 ,! process ( evolv+
 an effici5t & frictionless social      
ma*9e1 in/ead ( be+ ret>d$ by ?is       
activity ( lawmak+1 is actually         
accel]at$ !reby4 ,private bus9ess t5ds  
to fall into ruts2 & "o man's ideals are
 block$ by lack ( coop]ation f o!rs4    
,legislation t5ds n only to pres]ve !   
be/ ( pa/ exp]im5ts2 b1 goad$ by ! zeal 
( re=m]s1 & pu%$ by political p>ties1 to
 drag complac5t & in]t individuals along
 new & untri$ pa?s4 ,! greate/ field =  
g5ius lies today 9 devis+ successful    
con/ructive legislation2 & ! greate/    

hope = progress 9 ?is era ( mutual      
dep5d5ce lies 9 ! w9n+ ( a majority = "s
 social s*eme t mu/ be g5]ally adopt$ if
 at all4  7#c7 ,laws1 h[ev] b5efic5t1   
:i* rise above ! g5]al consci5ce ( ! p  
are undesirable2 "* %\ld prec$e         
legislation4 ,to con=m to cu/om1 m]ely z
 cu/om1 does n educate or develop 9 a   
man any ( ! qualities :i* are !         
di/9ctive end[m5t ( a human be+4 4 4 4  
,he :o does any?+ because x is ! cu/om  
makes no *oice4 ,he ga9s no practice    
ei!r 9 disc]n+ or 9 desir+ :at is be/4  
,! m5tal & moral1 l ! muscul> p[]s1 are 
improv$ only by be+ us$4 4 4 4 ,x is    
possible t he might be guid$ 9 "s good  
pa?1 & kept out ( h>m's way1 )\t us+ 8  
own judgm5t1 p[]s ( decision1 self      
control1 etc4 ,b :at w be 8 comp>ative  
wor? z a human be+8 ,x really is (      
importance1 n only :at m5 d1 b also :at 
mann] ( m5 !y are t d x4 ,footnote3 ,j4 
,s4 ,mill1 op4 cit1 *ap4 ,,iii4 ,a      
little common s5se w %[ u1 h[ev]1 t !re 
are1 & always w be1 pl5ty ( occasions = 

ex]cis+ our moral muscle1 h[ev] closely 
we h$ge 9 ! field ( legitimate activity4
 ,prone to temptation z m5 are1 & beset 
by a ?\s& wrong impulses1 we may well   
seek to block ?is & t pa? ( possible    
wrongdo+ )\t fe> ( turn+ !m me*anically 
into sa9ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 we %\ld ha/5 
to use ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ to av]t       
ne$less temptations f ! m5 ( ! future4  
,our exp]i5ce has be5 co/ly en\gh2 & if 
x has reveal$ its lessons too late to   
save contempor>y social life1 at lea/ x 
%\ld s]ve z w>n+ = our sons4 ,to        
sacrifice "r conduct to moral gymna/ics 
is to set up ! means z m important ?an !
 end2 e good act t c be lift$ f ! plane 
( moral /ruggle & put securely on !     
plane ( habit is a /ep 9 human progress1
 & leaves m5 fre] to grapple ) ! rema9+ 
temptations4 ,if y wi% to educate m5 up 
to a law1 put x ^u ! /atute books if y  
c1 compel att5tion to x & discussion ( !
 reasons pro & con1 %[ its practical    
work+s2 x is f> easi] to educate        
consci5ce up to an exi/+ law ?an beyond 

x4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be said t ^? :o pref]
 to see m5 left to ?9k ?+s out anew =   
!mselves1 )\t ! re/ra9t & guidance ( !  
law1 %[ a s+ul> call\sness t[>d ^? :om  
_! action1 if !y *oose wrongly1 w hurt4 
,if we c\ld tru/ m5 to *oose aright-b we
 _c2 & m5 mu/ be protect$ aga9/ _! own  
/upidity & weakness1 & t ( o!rs1 by !   
collective wisdom & w4  7#d7            
,individualism makes = prosp]ity4 ,(f]+ 
a fair *ance to all1 x br+s ! be/ to !  
top2 ! fitte/ survive1 & w9 ! positions 
( p[]2 ! community z a :ole is1 !n1 9 ! 
end advantag$4 ,free competition 9      
pr(its coord9ates indu/rial effici5cy & 
indu/rial rew>d4,?is is equality (      
opportunity1 ?r\gh :i* e man is rew>d$  
accord+ to 8 wor? to ! consum]4         
,footnote3 ,f4 ,y4 ,gladney1 9 !        
,outlook1 vol4 #aja1 p4 #bfa4           
,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 x is ^? :o are     
fitte/ to s]ve n ! community b _! own   
int]e/s t h ! be/ *ance to survive-!    
clev]1 ! privileg$1 ! unscrupul\s4 ,nor 
is !re equality ( opportunity :]e "s w n

 play fair & o!rs h a long />t4 ,!      
individuali/ic /ruggle makes = !        
selection ( a type ( gre$y1 self-c5t]$  
man1 ) little s5se ( social             
responsibility4 ,ev5 grant$ t ! m5 :o   
rea* ! top are ! m5 be/ fitt$ to manage 
! indu/ries ( ! c\ntry1 ?is me?od (     
selection ( lead]s is too wa/eful (     
/r5g?1 too h>d on ! unsuccessful1 to be 
g5]ally pr(itable4 ,! prosp]ity ( mod]n 
indu/ry is due n prim>ily to its *aotic 
plan ( individual ef=t & cross-purposes1
 b to ! measure ( coop]ation we h       
nev]!less atta9$1 ) its consequ5t       
division & specialization ( labor &     
l>ge-scale production1 aid$ by !        
extraord9>y developm5t ( inv5tion &     
ma*9]y4 ,! ideal ( legal control4 ,!    
epo* ( ultra individualism1 ( :at       
,huxley call$ adm9i/rative nihilism1 is 
rapidly pass+4 ,jane ,addams speaks ( ! 
inadequacy ( ^? eighte5?-c5tury ideals !
 breakd[n ( ! ma*9]y :i* !y provid$1    
po9t+ out t t worldly wisdom :i* c\nsels
 u to "k life z x is disc\nts !         

assumption t if only ! p _h fre$om !y   
w\ld walk cont9u\sly 9 ! pa?s ( ju/ice &
 righte\sness4 ,footnote3 ,new] ,ideals 
( ,peace1 pp4 #ca-cb4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells    
rem>ks1 ,we d b em]ge n[ f a p]iod (    
delib]ate happy- g-lucky & ! influ5ce ( 
,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 :o came ne> rais+ public 
%iftlessness to ! dignity ( a natural   
philosophy4 ,ev]y?+ w\ld adju/ itself-if
 only x 0 left alone4 ,footnote3 ,social
 ,=ces 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 p4 #hj4 ,x is
 becom+ cle> t we _c tru/ to education &
 ! consci5ce ( individuals to "r matt]s1
 n only because z yet we provide no     
moral education ( any consequ5ce = our  
y\?1 b because1 if we did1 ! temptations
 9 a _w :]e e man is free to grab =     
himself w\ld /ill be almo/ irresi/ible4 
,b !re are two positive argum5ts = !    
ext5sion ( legal control t cl9* ! matt]3
  7#a7 ,)\t ! support ( ! law x is (t5  
impossible = ! consci5ti\s man to act 9 
a purely social _s4 ,! competition ( ^? 
:o are less answ]able to moral motives  
=ces him to l[] 8 own ideals if he w\ld 

n see 8 bus9ess ru9$4 ,! employ] ( *ild 
labor 9 "o factory _c af=d to hire      
adults1 at _! high] wage1 until all !   
o!r factories give up ! *eap] labor     
also4 ,:]e sweat%op labor produces *eap 
clo?+ = "s manufactur]s1 ! m scrupul\s  
are und]sold4 ,"o employ] _c1 unless he 
is unusually prosp]\s1 raise ! wages ( 8
 employees or %ort5 _! h\rs until 8     
competitors d likewise4 ,improvem5t (   
conditions mu/ take place all along !   
l9e or n at all4 ,& s9ce unanim\s       
volunt>y cons5t is practically          
impossible to obta91 & ( prec>i\s       
duration if obta9$1 ! legal en=cem5t (  
common /&>ds is necessitat$4  7#b7 ,m5  
g5]ally are will+ to b9d !mselves by law
 to high] codes ?an !y w live up to if n
 b\nd4 ,9 _! reflective mom5ts1 :5 !y   
are decid+ h[ to vote1 temptations are  
less insi/5t & ideals /rong] ?an :5 !y  
are confront+ concrete situations4 ,to  
vote = a law :i* w re/ra9 o!rs1 &       
incid5tally "o's self1 comes easi] ?an  
to make a purely p]sonal sacrifice t    

leaves g5]al practice unalt]$4 ,to      
realize t ?is is true1 we ne$ b look at 
! rem>kable e?ical ga9s made n[ ye> by  
ye> ?r\gh laws vot$ = by _m ( ! v m5 ^: 
practice _h hi!rto be5 ^u a l[] moral   
level4 ,v _m evils t once seem$ fa/5$ ^u
 society h be5 ?us legislat$ out (      
exi/5ce4,footnote3 ,= a vivid picture ( 
e>li] indu/rial conditions :i* w\ld n n[
 be tol]at$1 see ,*>les ,reade's ,put   
,y\rself 9 ,8 ,place4 ,& if ! indu/rial 
situation /ill seems wret*$1 x is       
because1 9 our swift advance1 new evils 
are aris+ ab\t z fa/ z old] evils are   
eradicat$4 ,! law necess>ily lags beh9d 
! spread ( abuses1 s t !re w probably   
always be a runn+ duel betwe5           
anti-social action & legislation design$
 to *eck x4 ,novel me?ods ( corruption w
 con/antly require novel me?ods (       
correction 4 4 ,b ?is con/ant developm5t
 ( ! law %\ld make corrupt practices    
increas+ly difficult = ! less gift$     
rascals :o mu/ always con/itute ! great 
majority ( w\ld-be (f5d]s4 ,footnote3   

,r4 ,c4 ,brooks1 ,corruption 9 ,am]ican 
,politics & ,life1 p4 #ii4 ,! law c     
nev]1 ( c\rse1 cov] ! :ole field ( human
 conduct2 x repres5ts1 9 ,/ev5son's     
phrase1 t modicum ( morality :i* c be   
squeez$ out ( ! rock ( mank9d4          
,unnecess>y ext5sion ( ! law is         
cumb]some1 exp5sive1 & provocative (    
impati5ce & rebellion4 ,moreov]1 !re is 
always "s m9imum ( dang] ( inju/ice 9   
attempt+ legal con/ra9t2 ! law itself1 z
 approv$ by ! majority1 may be unfair1  
or its application to ! concrete case   
may be unfair4 ,! individuali/s are "r 9
 feel+ t m5 mu/ be left alone1 :]ev] !  
possible results are n too dang]\s4 ,b  
no h>d-&-fa/ l9e c be drawn betwe5      
activities t mu/ be left free & ^? :i*  
mu/ be regulat$4 ,su* app>5tly p]sonal  
matt]s z ! use ( opium or alcohol mu/ be
 *eck$ because ! g5]al happ9ess is1 9 ! 
end1 greatly & obvi\sly enhanc$ by su*  
re/ra9t4 ,b !re w always be1 beyond !   
law1 a wide field = ! satisfaction (    
p]sonal ta/es & ! practice ( g5]osity4  

,!re is no d\ble /&>d2 if an act is     
legally "r & morally wrong1 t simply    
means t x lies beyond ! b\nd>ies ( !    
limit$ field :i* ! law cov]s4 ,!        
ext5sion ( t field is a matt] (         
practical exp$i5cy 9 ea* type (         
situation2 beyond t field1 b work+ to ! 
same ends1 ! =ces ( education & public  
op9ion are alone available4 ,footnote3  
,= a discussion ( ?is po9t1 see ,f4     
,pauls51 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 book ,,iii1   
*ap4 ,,ix1 sec4 #i4 ,int]national       
,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 vol4 #ah1 p4 #ah4     
,%\ld exi/+ laws always be obey$8 ,ye>  
by ye> we are ext5d+ our network ( laws 
ov] human conduct2 m & m p]t95t becomes 
! !m8 & ! fur!r "q1 ,are !re times :5 ! 
law may be rightly disobey$8 ,we %all   
discuss ! second "q fir/4 ,x is obvi\s t
 our :ole social /ructure re/s ^u !     
will+ness ( ! p to obey ! law4 ,!       
wat*word ( republics %\ld be1 n lib]ty1 
b ob$i5ce2 _! grave/ dang] n[ is n      
tyranny1 b an>*y4 ,we mu/ individually  
submit ) pati5ce & good temp] to !      

decisions ( ! majority1 ev5 if we       
disapprove ^? decisions4 ,we mu/ abide  
by ! rules ( ! game until we c get !    
rules *ang$4 ,& all *anges mu/ be       
effect$ accord+ to ! rules agre$ ^u =   
effect+ *anges4 ,?is law-abid+ _s is !  
great triumph ( democracy2 only s long z
 x exi/s c popul> gov]nm5t /&4 ,?\gh x  
be sl[] & exact+ ( great] ef=t & skill1 
evolution1 n revolution1 is ! me?od (   
p]man5t progress4 ,we mu/1 !n1 b& toge!r
 aga9/ any gr\ps t1 9 _! impati5ce (    
re=m or opposition to ! common w1 ca/   
aside ! re/ra9ts ( law4 ,h[ev] de>ly we 
may long = woman's suffrage1 we mu/     
/]nly repress ^? excit$ suffragettes :o 
w\ld ga9 ?is end by defiance ( law &    
de/ruction ( prop]ty2 ev5 if !y fur!r _!
 p>ticul> cause by _! viol5ce-:i* is    
highly d\btful-!y d x at ! exp5se (     
some?+ /ill m preci\s1 ! pres]vation ( !
 law-abid+ _s4 ,o!r organizations w n be
 sl[ to pr(it by ! lesson ( _! success2 
& we %all h ,heav5 kn[s h[ _m causes    
seek+ to atta9 _! ends by de/ructiv5ess 

& resi/ance4 ,simil>ly1 ! m s]i\s &     
m5ac+ rebellion ( labor aga9/ law mu/ be
 firmly controll$2 mu* z we may         
sympa?ize ) _! grievances1 we _c        
c\nt5ance ! attempt to rem$y !m by      
viol5ce4 ,! ,indu/rial ,work]s ( ! ,_w1 
) action1 ,footnote3 ,cf1 9 a pamphlet  
issu$ by !m3 ,! ,i4,w4,w4 w get !       
results s\ght ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( "t &
 en]gy4 ,! tactics us$ are det]m9$      
solely by ! p[] ( ! organization to make
 good 9 _! use4 ,! "q ( '"r' & 'wrong'  
does n conc]n u4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,i4,w4,w4   
advocates ! use ( militant 'direct      
action' tactics to ! full ext5t ( our   
p[] to make !m4 7,quot$ 9 ,atlantic     
,mon?ly1 vol4 #aji1 p4 #gjc47 h made    
!mselves enemies ( society4 ,! advocates
 ( sabotage1 ! r$s 9 ! sociali/ camp1 ! 
prea*]s ( practical an>*ism1 mu/ be     
treat$ z among ! mo/ dang]\s ( crim9als4
 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! spread ( ! _s (        
lawlessness among ! l[] classes %\ld    
s]ve to w>n ! upp] classes t pres5t     
social conditions w n mu* long] be      

endur$4,footnote3 ,cf4 ,ettor 7quot$ 9  
,outlook1 vol4 #aja1 p4 #cdj73 ,!y tell 
u to get :at we want by ! ballot4 ,!y   
want u to play ! game accord+ to !      
e/abli%$ rules4 ,b ! rules 7 made by !  
capitali/s4 ,,!y h laid d[n ! laws ( !  
game4 ,,!y hold ! pick ( ! c>ds4 ,we    
nev] c w9 by political me?ods4 ,! "r (  
suffrage is ! greate/ hoax ( hi/ory4    
,direct action is ! only way4 ,!re is a 
great deal ( idealism among ! advocates 
( viol5ce2,footnote3 ,cf1 = example1    
,giovannitti's poem1 ,! ,cage1 9 !      
,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,june1 #aiac4 !re is 
a great deal ( sympa?y on ! "p ( !      
public ) lawless /rik]s1 ) ! ,i4,w4,w4  
gangs t h rec5tly invad$ city *ur*es1 ) 
all ^? "u-dogs :o are n[ det]m9+ to h a 
%>e 9 ! good ?+s ( life4 ,unless !      
employ+ & gov]n+ classes meet _! dem&s  
halfway1 gunp[d] & dynamite pretty      
surely lie ahead4 ,w ! _s ( lawlessness 
spread8 ,ought we to slack5 our process 
( lawmak+ le/ we make ! yoke too h>d to 
be>8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is ?r\gh m    

laws1 bett] laws1 & a bett] me*anism =  
puni%+ infraction ( laws1 t we c hope to
 *eck lawlessness4 ,lyn*+-z we not$ 9   
*apt] ,,xxv-h be5 ! product ( inadequate
 legislation & judicial proc$ure2 z our 
laws aga9/ ! wor/ crimes become %>p]1   
our police =ces m effici5t1 & our c\rt  
trials quick] & less hamp]$ by          
te*nicalities1 !y decrease 9 numb]4 ,z  
education on ! liquor "q spreads1       
violations ( prohibition laws become    
few]4 ,! k9d ( lawlessness t is on !    
increase is t :i* exi/s z a prote/ aga9/
 & a means ( rem$y+ evils t ! laws h n  
yet prop]ly dealt )4 ,give u by law an  
indu/rial code t w m9imize !            
exploitation ( ! weak by ! /rong1 br++ a
 good measure ( security & com=t to all1
 & su* outrages z ^? ( ! ,mc,namara     
bro!rs w cease1 or at wor/ w be m]ely   
sporadic & g5]ally condemn$4 ,all[      
pres5t conditions to drift on )\t %>p   
legal guidance1 & su* outrages w c]ta9ly
 become m & m num]\s4 ,! alt]native t   
confronts ! mod]n _w is pla9ly evolution

 by law or revolution by viol5ce4       
,individualism3 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,on      
,lib]ty4 ,h4 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples (       
,e?ics1 "p iv1 *aps1 ,,xxv-,,xxix2      
,social ,/atics2 & _m o!r writ+s4 ,j4   
,h4 ,levy1 ,! ,outcome ( ,individualism4
 ,v>i\s publications ( ! ,briti%        
,p]sonal ,rights ,association4 ,w4      
,doni/horpe1 ,individualism4 ,w4 ,fite1 
,individualism1 lect4 ,,iv4 ,legal      
control3 ,flor5ce ,kelley1 ,"s ,e?ical  
,ga9s ?r\gh ,legislation4 ,jane ,addams1
 ,new] ,ideals ( ,peace4 ,e4 ,a4 ,ross1 
,social ,control1 *ap4 ,,xxxi4 ,d4 ,s4  
,rit*ie1 ,pr9ciples ( ,/ate ,int]f]5ce4 
,j4 ,w4 ,j5ks1 ,gov]nm5t ,action =      
,social ,welf>e4 ,a4 ,v4 ,dicey1 ,law & 
,op9ion4 ,j4 ,se?1 ,/udy ( ,e?ical      
,pr9ciples1 pp4 #big-cca4 ,h4 ,c4       
,pott]1 ,relation ( ! ,individual to !  
,indu/rial ,situation1 *ap4 ,,vi4 ,w4   
,j4 ,br[n1 ,und]ly+ ,pr9ciples ( ,mod]n 
,legislation4 ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1    
,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 vol4  
#aj1 p4 #aac4 ,a4 ,t4 ,hadley1 ,fre$om &

 ,responsibility4 ,j4 ,w4 ,g>n]1        
,introduction to ,political ,sci5ce1    
*aps1 ,,ix1 ,x4 ,edmond ,kelly1         
,evolution & ,ef=t4 ,lawlessness3       
,atlantic ,mon?ly1 vol4 #aji1 p4 #dda4  
,outlook1 vol4 #ih1 p4 #ab2 vol4 #ii1 p4
 #ija2 vol4 #ajj1 p4 #cei4 ,j4 ,g4      
,brooks1 ,am]ican ,syndicalism4         
,,*apt] ,,xxix   ,,equality ,,&         
,,privilege  ,all m51 our ,decl>ation ( 
,indep5d5ce tells u1 are creat$ free &  
equal-t is1 ) a "r to fre$om & equality4
 ,!y are n actually equal 9 natural     
gifts1 b !y ought1 s f> z possible1 to  
be made equal 9 opportunity2 equality is
 n a fact1 b an ideal4 ,& z an ideal x  
comes sometimes into conflict ) its tw9 
ideal ( lib]ty2 ! fre$om ( ! /rong] mu/ 
be curtail$ :5 x robs ! weak] ( _! fair 
%>e ( happ9ess2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 a dead  
level ( equality mu/ n be s\ght at !    
sacrifice ( ! pot5tialities = ! g5]al   
good t lie 9 ! free play (              
individuality4 ,! v>i\s projects =      
secur+ a great] equality among m5 mu/ be

 scrut9iz$ ) an eye to _! total effects 
^u human happ9ess4  ,:at flagrant =ms ( 
inequality exi/ 9 our society8          
,equality is a mod]n ideal2 9 =m] times 
x 0 g5]ally assum$ t m5 inevitably      
belong to classes or ca/es2 t "s mu/ h  
luxury & o!rs pov]ty1 "s mu/ rule & o!rs
 obey4 ,plato1 9 con/ruct+ 8 ideal /ate1
 reta9s ! walls betwe5 ! small gov]n+   
class1 ! w>riors1 & ! mass ( artisans1  
:o are ( no p>ticul> acc\nt b to get !  
"w done4 ,ca/iglione1 9 8 ,book ( !     
,c\rti]1 decl>es t !re are _m m5 :o1    
al?\gh !y are rational creatures1 h only
 su* %>e ( reason z to recognize x1 b n 
to possess or pr(it by x4 ,^!1 !re=e1   
are naturally slaves1 & x is bett] & m  
pr(itable = !m to obey ?an to comm&4  ,b
 ! inv5tion ( ! pr9t+ press br\ght ideas
 to ! masses1 ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]      
br\ght !m p[]2 ! colonization ( new     
cont95ts level$ old di/9ctions ( rank2 !
 developm5t ( manufacture & comm]ce     
br\ght =tune & p[] to m5 ( humble orig94
 ,! =ces ?us set 9 motion h result$ 9   

our day 9 ! g5]al acceptance ( political
 democracy witness 9 contempor>y affairs
 ! inception ( ! ,portuguese ,republic1 
! ,*9ese ,republic1 ! abolition ( !     
veto-p[] ( ! ,briti% ,h\se ( ,lords-&   
are creat+ a widespread belief 9        
indu/rial democracy4 ,s complete is our 
,am]ican acquiesc5ce 9 ! pr9ciple (     
equality 9 ! ab/ract t x is difficult = 
u to realize ! burn+ passions t und]lay 
su* famili> words z ,don ,quixote's1    
,"k1 ,san*o1 t "o man is no m ?an ano!r 
unless he does m ?an ano!r2 or ,burns's 
,a man's a man = a' t2 or ,t5nyson's    
',tis only noble to be good4  ,yet1 =   
all our ab/ract belief 9 equality1 we h 
n become equal 9 opportunity1 & 9 "s    
ways are actually becom+ less s4 ,l&1 = 
example1 :i* 0 once to be _h = ! tak+1  
is /eadily ris+ 9 price1 & is n[1 9 mo/ 
p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 gett+ beyond ! rea* ( !
 poor4 ,=eign obs]v]s agree t !re is no 
o!r exi/+ nation s plutocratic z our    
own2 & weal? "h is probably ?\gh ! matt]
 is 9 d\bt becom+ m & m conc5trat$4     

,footnote3 ,= a rec5t & cauti\s         
discussion ( ?is po9t see ,f4 ,w4       
,taussig1 ,pr9ciples ( ,economics1 *ap4 
#ed1 sec4 #c4 ,!re is really no accurate
 in=mation available to settle ! "q :e!r
 weal? is becom+ m or less conc5trat$4  
,c]ta9ly ! numb] ( ! ri* has rapidly    
increas$1 & v _m ( ! poor h ris5 into ! 
class ( ! well to d4 ,wages & ! scale ( 
liv+ ( ! poor h ris51 b n 9 proportion  
to ! total increase 9 weal?4 ,! ri* seem
 to be n only gett+ ri*]1 b gett+ a l>g]
 ,,%>e ( ! national weal?4 ,x is e/imat$
 t "o p] c5t ( ! inhabitants ( our      
c\ntry n[ own m prop]ty ?an ! rema9+    
n9ety-n9e p] c5t4  ,! natural res\rces (
 ! c\ntry h be5 to a consid]able ext5t  
su* natural monopolies z railways1      
telegraph & telephone s]vice1 gas &     
electric light+1 are controll$ by1 &    
l>gely 9 ! int]e/s (1 a small own+      
class4 ,! ,a/ors h become enorm\sly ri* 
because "o ( _! prog5itors b\ght = an   
inconsid]able sum f>m l& on ,manhattan  
,isl& :i* is n[ wor? s _m doll>s a squ>e

 foot4 ,o!rs h made gigantic =tunes out 
( ! c\ntry's =e/s1 its coal deposits1   
its copp]1 its wat]p[]1 its oil4 ,a     
c]ta9 upp] /ratum ( society is fre$ f ! 
necessity ( "w1 c ex]cise va/ p[] ov] ! 
lives ( ! poor1 & use its great         
accumulations = p]sonal luxury or at its
 caprice1 9 defiance ( ! g5]al welf>e4  
,su* conge/ion ( weal? involves pov]ty  
on ! "p ( masses ( ! less =tunate4 ,) no
 capital1 ! poor man _c compete 9 !     
indu/rial game2 he has no money to      
inve/1 no res]ve to fall back ^u2 he mu/
 accept employ]s' t]ms or />ve4 ,he _c  
pause to educate himself1 to get ! skill
 & k t might enable him to "w up !      
ladd]4 ,8 p[] 9 politics is ov]%ad[$ by 
t ( ! great corporations ) _! funds & _!
 control ( legal skill4 ,he _c af=d     
exp]t m$ical c>e1 or prop] hygi5ic      
conditions ( life2 he is lucky if he c  
get a measure ( ju/ice 9 ! c\rts4 ,to   
call su* a situation "o ( equality is   
irony4 ,x is c]ta9 t1 f> z we are yet f 
f9al solution ( ! problems ( production1

 we are /ill f>!r f a solution ( !      
problems ( ! di/ribution ( weal?4 ,a new
 & fair division ( ! goods & rights (   
?is _w %\ld be1 ,de ,tocqueville long   
ago decl>$1 ! ma9 object ( all :o       
conduct human affairs4 ,:at me?ods (    
equaliz+ opportunity are possible8      
,?ree plans = a fair] di/ribution (     
weal? h be5 propos$4 ,accord+ to "o1 !  
pr(its f indu/ry w\ld be divid$ among ! 
population on a basis ( _! ,,ne$s4 ,?is 
is1 h[ev]1 cle>ly impracticable2 e "o1  
w\ld discov] unlimit$ ne$s1 & no "o w\ld
 be fit to make ! apportionm5t4 ,!      
second s*eme is t all m5 %\ld be paid   
alike = equal h\rs ( "w1 or1 r1 9       
proportion to ! disagreeabl5ess ( ! "w1 
! am\nt ( ,,sacrifice made4 ,?is s*eme  
is t usually advocat$ by ,sociali/s4 ,! 
objection to x is t equal pay = e man   
w\ld take away ! *ief /imulus to        
initiative1 skill1 en]gy1 effici5cy2 x  
w\ld take ! ze/ & excitem5t out ( ! game
 ( life1 make liv+ too monoton\s2 !re   
mu/ be rew>ds = ! ambiti\s y\?1 prizes  

to be won4 ,! ?ird plan proportions     
rew>d to effici5cy4 ,& on ! :ole1 z m5  
are con/itut$1 x seems desirable to     
rew>d m5 f9ancially accord+ to _!       
effici5cy1 s f> z t c be                
measur$4,footnote3 ,f4 ,w4 ,taussig1    
,pr9ciples ( ,economics1 *ap4 #fd1 sec4 
#c4 ,?is does n mean to leave ?+s z !y  
are4 ,= at pres5t ! %rewd1 if also      
=tunate1 are rew>d$ out ( all proportion
 to _! effici5cy2 & _m :o are n effici5t
 at all1 :o ev5 d no "w at all t is     
socially useful1 are among ! weal?ie/4  
,moreov]1 effici5cy itself is only p>tly
 due to ! individual's w & ef=t2 x is   
due to ! physique & gifts & =tune he has
 inh]it$1 ! education & environm5t t h  
mold$ him1 ! social situation 9 :i* he  
f9ds himself1 ! will+ness ( o!rs to     
coop]ate ) him1 & 8 good luck 9 e>ly    
v5tures4 ,x seems unfair t to him t ha? 
s mu*1 s mu* m %\ld be giv54 ,or at lea/
 x seems fair t he t ha? less %\ld be   
giv5 m favorable opportunity4 ,x is n   
en\gh1 z ,pr(essor ,gidd+s says1 to     

rew>d e man accord+ to 8 p]=mance2 we   
mu/ f9d a way to enable e man to a*ieve 
8 pot5tial p]=mance4 ,! plan (          
proportion+ rew>ds to effici5cy mu/ be  
modifi$ by m]cy = ! weak-m9d$ &         
weak-bodi$4 ,x mu/ be supplem5t$ by     
e>ne/ ef=ts to provide heal?1 education1
 & favorable environm5t = all1 &1 by !  
limitation ( ! "r ( inh]itance1 t all   
may h1 s f> z possible1 approximately   
equal opportunity4 ,x mu/ bew>e ( judg+ 
effici5cy by imm$iate & obvi\s results1 
mu/ enc\rage inv5tions t rip5 sl[ly1    
g5ius t /umbles & blund]s be=e succe$+1 
"w t contributes to o!rs' results &     
makes no %[+ = itself4 ,x mu/ involve a 
re/riction ( ! "r to une>n$ incomes4 ,to
 put ^! necess>y coroll>ies to !        
effici5cy- rew>d plan into concrete =m3 
7#a7 ,! h&icap ( ignorance mu/ be remov$
 by provid+ free education = all1 to !  
po9t ( enabl+ e "o to develop effici5cy 
9 "s vocation4 ,s*ol>%ips = ! ne$y1 !   
prohibition ( *ild labor1 & a high en\gh
 wage scale = adults to p]mit ! y\? (   

all classes to complete _! education1   
are indisp5sable4  7#b7 ,! h&icap (     
ill-heal? mu/ be1 s f> z possible1      
remov$ by /ate support ( mo!rs-s t      
*ildr5 ne$ n inh]it a weak5$ con/itution
 f ov]tir$ mo!rs1 or suff] f want ( c>e 
9 infancy2 by free m$ical aid to all2 by
 /rict legislation = sanit>y h\s+1 pure 
food1 etc2 by ! provision ( public p>ks 
& playgr\nds4  7#c7 ,! possibility (    
exorbitant pr(its f indu/ry 7pr(its out 
( proportion to ! actual contribution ( 
! individual 9 skillful "w1 m5tal or    
manual7 mu/ be aboli%$1 by "o ( ! plans 
discuss$ 9 *apt] ,,xxvii4  7#d7 ,!re mu/
 be abolition or %>p limitation ( une>n$
 incomes i4e41 incomes = :i* a return to
 society 9 s]vice has n be5 made by !   
gett]4 ,?is is ! /ep t is cle>e/ ( all  
!oretically1 b ! wor/ /ick+ po9t 9      
practice4 ,if we c\ld p]suade m5 t !y   
%\ld n reap :]e !y h n s[n1 ! grave/    
inequities ( our pres5t ord] w\ld       
disappe>4 ,! s\rces ( une>n$ incomes    
are1 fir/1 ! une>n$ increm5t 9 l&       

values2 secondly1 ! une>n$ increm5t 9 ! 
value ( natural res\rces2 ?irdly1 all   
int]e/ on inve/m5t2 f\r?ly1 all weal?   
inh]it$ or obta9$ by legacy or gift4    
7a7 ,l& 9 ! he>t ( ,new ,york or ,london
 sells at fifte5 million doll>s or s an 
acre4 ,! l& value ( ,manhattan ,isl&    
alone1 ! c5tral "p ( ,new ,york ,city1  
is 9 ! neighborhood ( #c1ejj1jjj1jjj1 & 
rapidly increas+4 ,a few g5]ations ago x
 0 all b\ght f ! ,indians = #bd4 ,x is  
e/imat$ t ! une>n$ increm5t ( l& values 
9 ,b]l9 dur+ fifty ye>s has be5 betwe5  
#ejj1jjj1jjj & #gej1jjj1jjj4 ,:at is    
true s /rik+ly 9 ! case ( ^! great      
cities is true1 9 less] degree1 ( all   
cities & t[ns & villages t h gr[n 9     
population4 ,! total increase 9 l&      
values 9 ,am]ica s9ce ! days ( ! pione]s
 equals1 ( c\rse1 ! pres5t value ( its  
l&1 s9ce x 0 acquir$ by our =efa!rs )\t 
paym5t1 or ) only a nom9al fee to !     
,indians4 ,almo/ all ( ?is enorm\s      
increase 9 weal? has gone into ! pockets
 ( ! =tunate individuals :o got         

possession2 v little into ! public      
treasury4 ,our cities h rema9$ t]ribly  
poor1 always 9 debt1 oblig$ to pass by  
_m ne$$ improvem5ts & to impose heavy   
taxes on _! citiz5s4 ,yet all ?is weal? 
7n c\nt+ improvem5ts made by ! possessor
 ^u 8 l&7 has be5 socially creat$4 ,o!rs
 h mov$ into ! neighborhood1 factories h
 be5 built ne> by1 roads & railways &   
sew]s & wat] sy/ems & light+-sy/ems &   
police protection1 & a hundr$ o!r ?+s1 h
 made ! individual's l& m & m salable4  
,if our fa!rs _h be5 wise en\gh to div]t
 a l>ge p]c5tage ( ?is increase 9 value 
into ! public c(f]s1 no "o w\ld h be5   
wrong$1 b _m private =tunes w\ld today  
be small]1 & ! entire population c\ld h 
be5 free f taxation f ! beg9n+1 ) pl5ty 
( money = all ne$$ public works1 includ+
 _m t we c n[ only dream ab\t4  ,x is   
easy to see :at c\ld h be5 done2 to     
det]m9e :at %\ld n[ be done is f> m     
difficult4 ,to try to rega9 = ! public !
 une>n$ increm5ts ( pa/ ye>s w\ld be an 
inju/ice to ^? :o h pur*as$ l&s rec5tly1

 at ! increas$ prices1 & ev51 p]haps1 to
 ^? :o h b5efit$ by ! increas+ values1  
s9ce !y h reg>d$ ! increase z !irs &    
adju/$ _! exp5ditures to ?is add$       
income4 ,! be/ t c\ld be done w\ld be to
 take an inv5tory ( all l& values n[1 & 
provide = a recurr5t reappraisal2 !n to 
take all1 or a l>ge p]c5tage1 ( !       
increas$ value f n[ on4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 
be dang]\s to attempt to take x all1 on 
acc\nt ( ! extreme difficulty ( draw+ ! 
l9e betwe5 e>n$ & une>n$ increm5ts2 ev5 
! mo/ pa9/ak+ & imp>tial decisions w\ld 
be sometimes unju/4 ,b to take half or  
two ?irds ( :at %\ld be deem$ une>n$    
w\ld be practicable4 ,sev]al mod]n      
,/ates n[ take f t5 to fifty p] c5t2 & !
 p]c5tage tak5 w d\btless increase4 ,!  
objections to su* a c\rse are tw(old4 ,9
 ! fir/ place1 x is po9t$ out t if !    
une>n$ increm5t ( value is appropriat$  
by ! ,/ate1 ! ,/ate %\ld rec\p l&[n]s = 
all undes]v$ decrem5ts ( value2 x is n  
fair to take away ! possibility ( ga9 & 
leave ! possibility ( loss4 ,s long1    

h[ev]1 z our population gr[s1 ! ,/ate   
c\ld af=d to make good ! comp>atively   
few cases ( decreas$ value & yet get a  
big income4 ,! o!r objection is t ! hope
 ( w9n+ ! increas$ l& values has be5 a  
great & ne$$ inc5tive to ! developm5t ( 
! c\ntry1 & a legitimate comp5sation = !
 h>d%ips ( pione]+4 ,b :ile ?is is true 
( ! e>li] days1 x applies less & less to
 pres5t conditions1 & is h>dly at all   
applicable to ! pr(its made 9 city l&s4 
,on ! :ole1 !re seems little objection  
to ! appropriation by ! ,/ate h5ce=? ( !
 une>n$ increm5ts ( l& value4 ,b ! days 
( enorm\s increm5ts are pass+1 & l& w   
pres5tly rea* a comp>atively /able      
value4 ,s t ?is me?od ( prev5t+ inflat$ 
=tunes mu/ be c\nt$1 on ! :ole except = 
new & rapidly gr[+ communities a lo/    
opportunity4 ,footnote3 ,h4 ,j4         
,dav5port1 ,/ate & ,local ,taxation1 pp4
 #bid-cjc4 ,f4 ,c4 ,h[e1 ,european      
,cities at ,"w1 pp4 #ahi-bjg4 ,qu>t]ly  
,j\rnal ( ,economics1 vol4 #bb1 p4 #hc2 
vol4 #be1 p4 #fhb2 vol4 #bg1 p4 #eci4   

,political ,sci5ce ,qu>t]ly1 vol4 #bg1  
p4 #ehf4 ,national ,municipal ,review1  
vol4 #c1 p4 #ced4 ,f4 ,w4 ,taussig1     
,pr9ciples ( ,economics1 *ap4 #dd1 sec4 
#e4  7b7 ,:at is true ( l& is true ( !  
natural res\rces ( ! c\ntry-coal1       
m9]als1 oil1 gas1 wat]p[]1 =e/s4 ,^! 7  
seiz$1 ) a small paym5t or none1 by !   
e>ly com]s1 & sold lat] at a great      
advance1 or work$ = an increas+ pr(it by
 ! own]4 ,"h1 aga91 if ! nation _h      
ma9ta9$ an inv5tory ( ^! values &       
appropriat$ to itself all or a p]c5tage 
( ! increase 9 value 7:i* results f !   
increas+ public ne$ ( ! res\rces & !    
limit$ supply1 toge!r ) ! increase 9    
facilities = transportation1 etc1 r ?an 
f ! own]'s labor or skill71 _m ( our    
pres5t gross inequalities 9 weal? w\ld h
 be5 =e/all$1 & ! community w\ld be f>  
ri*] 9 its common weal?4 ,add to !      
realization ( ?is fact ! sight ( !      
reckless wa/e by private own]s ( su*    
res\rces z c be wa/$1 & ! pres5t        
cons]vation movem5t is fully expla9$4 ,!

 be/ t c n[ be done is to reta9 "u      
gov]nm5t own]%ip su* natural res\rces z 
h n yet pass$ into private h&s1 & to    
appropriate fur!r increases 9 value ( ^?
 t are privately own$4 ,footnote3 ,c4   
,r4 ,van ,hise1 ,conc5tration &         
,control1 pp4 #aed-ff4 ,outlook1 vol4   
#he1 p4 #dbf2 vol4 #hf1 p4 #gaf2 vol4   
#ic1 p4 #ggj2 vol4 #ie1 p4 #ba4  7c7    
,practically all ( ! upp] classes add to
 ! incomes !y e>n by labor ( h&s or bra9
 an une>n$ income d]iv$ f inve/m5t2     
i4e41 f ! will+ness ( o!rs to pay = !   
use ( _! accumulat$ weal? or l&s4 ,a    
consid]able class is ?us enabl$1 if x   
*ooses1 to live )\t work+4 ,a great     
proportion ( ?is weal? t draws int]e/ 0 
nev] itself e>n$ by ! possessors1 9 !   
/rict] s5se ( ! ^w e>n$2 x has come to  
!m by inh]itance1 by ! increase ( value 
( l& or natural res\rces1 or squeez$ out
 ( labor & ! public by ! unregulat$     
pr(its ( "s autocratically manag$       
indu/ry or fran*ise4 ,is x exp$i5t to   
all[ ?is accumulat$ weal? to br+ an     

income to its possessors8 ,!re are two  
possibilities3 "o goes ) gov]nm5t       
control ( private indu/ry1 ! o!r )      
indu/rial socialism4  ,accord+ to ! fir/
 plan1 income might /ill be d]iv$ f     
money 9 sav+s banks1 f /ocks & bonds1 & 
f ! r5t ( l& & build+s4 ,b x w\ld cease 
to be a s]i\s s\rce ( inequality4 ,= if 
! une>n$ increm5t ( l& values & natural 
res\rces 7 deflect$ to ! ,/ate1 if none 
b mod]ate pr(its 7 all[$ f indu/ry2 &   
if1 9 addition1 ! "r ( inh]itance & gift
 7 %>ply curtail$1 !re w\ld be1 aft] a  
g5]ation1 no l>ge =tunes left or !reaft]
 possible4 ,a man might receive by      
legacy a mod]ate am\nt ( money1 a little
 l& or prop]ty2 by work+ effici5tly &   
liv+ simply he might add cont9ually to 8
 inve/m5ts & s come to h an income      
measurably beyond 8 e>n+s4 ,b he c\ld n 
get weal? en\gh = inve/m5t to be fre$ 9 
p]petuity f ! necessity ( e>n+ 8 liv+2 &
 inequalities ( weal? c\ld n become v   
great2 no great]1 p]haps1 ?an w\ld be   
consi/5t ) ! greate/ happ9ess4  ,accord+

 to ! sociali/ic plan1 s9ce all indu/ry 
w\ld be run by ! ,/ate1 on /ate provid$ 
capital1 !re w\ld be no dem& = a man's  
sav+s except = purely p]sonal uses1 no  
/ocks & no bonds1 no sav+s banks1 except
 = ! safe deposit ( money & valuables4  
,all int]e/ might !n be =bidd52 & a man 
w\ld save m]ely = future use1 or to pass
 on to o!rs1 n = ! sake ( draw+ a fur!r 
income f 8 sav+s4 ,all r5t mu/ !n 9     
fairness be =bidd5 also1 except su*     
paym5ts z w\ld be a fair return =       
improvem5ts made1 build+s con/ruct$1 ) !
 co/ ( repairs1 insurance1 etc4 ,?is    
w\ld result 9 all l& be+ own$ by ! us]s1
 & d away ) l&lordism4 ,! une>n$        
increm5t w\ld be s widely di/ribut$ t x 
w\ld be ne$less1 = purposes ( equaliz+  
di/ribution1 to bo!r ) x1 ?\gh x might  
/ill be appropriat$ by ! ,/ate z a means
 ( increas+ its rev5ue4 ,?is s*eme w\ld 
make x impossible = any "o to live )\t  
e>n+ 8 livelihood1 except dur+ su*      
p]iods z 8 accumulat$ e>n+s w\ld tide   
him ov]4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 less5 !        

inc5tive to sav+2 b if x 7 buttress$ by 
! provision ( fair sal>ies = all & by   
univ]sal insurance aga9/ illness1       
accid5t1 old age1 & dea?1 !re w\ld no   
long] be mu* ne$ ( sav+4 ,?is social    
ord] w\ld be em95tly j1 leav+ only su*  
inequalities 9 weal? z w\ld result f !  
diff]5ces 9 productive effici5cy (      
diff]5t m51 c\pl$ ) a mod]ate "r (      
inh]itance4 ,its practicability1 h[ev]1 
h+es ^u ! g5]al practicability (        
socialism1 :i* mu/ rema9 = ! pres5t an  
op5 "q4 ,footnote3 ,f4 ,w4 ,taussig1    
,pr9ciples ( ,economics1 *ap4 #df2 *ap4 
#ff1 sec4 #e2 *ap4 #fd1 radical *ange z 
?is lies beyond ! range ( imm$iate      
possibilities  7d7 ,! "r ( inh]itance & 
gift1 :i* we h _h to m5tion z aggravat+ 
o!r s\rces ( inequality1 ne$s1 z matt]s 
are at pres5t1 dra/ic curtailm5t4 ,! tax
 mu/ n1 inde$1 be heavy en\gh to        
enc\rage sp5d?rift liv+ & less5 ?rift1  
or to cut too deeply into ! capital     
necess>y = c>ry+ on bus9ess4 ,b a       
c>efully devis$ tax c escape ^! dang]s2 

& x is pla9ly n be/ = society1 or = !   
heirs !mselves 9 mo/ cases1 t !y %\ld h 
irresponsible use ( l>ge sums ( money   
:i* !y h n e>n$ 9 a _w :]e millions are 
/>v+1 physically1 m5tally1 &            
spiritually1 = lack ( :at money c       
provide4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! plan la/ outl9$  
is ev] c>ri$ into effect1 !re w be no   
ne$ ( re/rict+ ! "r ( inh]itance2 ev5 ! 
alt]native plan w\ld require little     
att5tion to inh]itance aft] pres5t      
inequalities _h be5 approximately       
level$1 z !re w\ld !n be little         
opportunity = l>ge accumulations4 ,a    
%>ply grad$ inh]itance tax may !re=e be 
look$ ^u z a n[ necess>y b tempor>y     
exp$i5t4,footnote3 ,f4 ,w4 ,taussig1    
,pr9ciples ( ,economics1 *ap4 #ed1 sec4 
#e2 *ap4 #fg4 secs4 #e1 #f4 ,we may     
conclude ) ! consid]ation ( f\r special 
problems t are relat$1 9 "s aspect1 to !
 conceptions ( equality & privilege4    
,:at are ! e?ics (3  ,i4 ,! s+le tax8 ,!
 s+le-tax idea is t all ! public rev5ue 
%\ld be rais$ by a l& tax4 ,! pu% beh9d 

! movem5t comes f ! sight ( ! une>n$    
=tunes t h be5 made out ( l&4 ,! t]m is 
us$ loosely by "s to mean m]ely ! tak+  
or tax+ by ! ,/ate1 z we h already      
sugge/$1 ( all future une>n$ increm5ts (
 l& value1 s f> z !y c be comput$4 ,b1  
?is w\ld n n[ provide en\gh rev5ue = mo/
 communities1 & s w\ld n really make    
possible a s+le tax4 ,! real s+le tax   
w\ld involve tak+ 9 taxation n only     
future ,,increases 9 values1 b ,,all !  
r5tal value ( l&4 ,ev5 ?is w\ld n always
 produce rev5ue en\gh1 z ! ne$s ( public
 rev5ue be> no relation to ! l& values 9
 a giv5 area4 ,b x w\ld 9 mo/ places    
produce consid]ably m ?an en\gh rev5ue4 
,l& taxes 9 ,new ,york ,city1 = example1
 if trebl$1 w\ld supply all ! rev5ue2 !y
 w\ld h to be qu9tupl$ to absorb !      
entire r5tal value ( ! l& ! city /&s on4
 ,! simplicity ( ! s*eme appeals to     
_m-especially to ^? :o own no l&4 ,b x  
am\nts to a confiscation ( l& values by 
! ,/ate1 :i* w\ld be unju/ to l&-own]s1 
h[ev] advantage\s to ! re/ ( !          

community4 ,x means *>g+ ev]ybody r5t = 
! l& he n[ owns4 ,pres5t t5ants w\ld be 
no worse (f1 b pres5t own]s ( ! l& !y   
use1 z well z l&lords1 w\ld be h>d hit4 
,let u consid] ea* 9 turn4  ,a          
consid]able proportion ( ! l& is own$ by
 ! us]s1 ! majority ( :om are memb]s ( !
 middle class & b mod]ately well to d4  
,^u !m ! burd5 ( support+ our increas+  
public und]tak+s w\ld l>gely fall4 ,b   
:y8 ,,!y are n gett+ any une>n$ income4 
,,!y h1 9 mo/ cases1 paid pretty ne>ly  
full value = _! l&1 ev5 ?\gh t l& 0     
orig9ally acquir$ = little or no?+4 ,!y 
h put _! e>n+s into l& 9 good fai?1 :5  
!y might h put x into indu/ry or enjoy$ 
its use4 ,! s+le tax w\ld "w grave      
inju/ice to !m4 ,x w\ld also be         
practically inexp$i5t1 9 draw+ ! public 
rev5ue l>gely f a class t c less af=d x1
 :ile leav+ h>dly t\*$ mo/ ( ! bigg]    
=tunes1 :i* consi/ seldom *iefly ( l&   
old+s4 ,b ev5 z to t "p ( ! l& t is br++
 une>n$ income to l&lords is x fair to  
/op t income unless we /op all o!r =ms (

 income on inve/m5t8 ,"o man has put 8  
=tune into /ocks or bonds2 he draws 8   
five p] c5t 9 security ) no fur!r tr\ble
 ?an clipp+ c\pons2 ano!r1 hav+ put an  
equal =tune into l&1 f9ds 8 five p] c5t 
income entirely confiscat$4 ,n by su*   
class legislation c ju/ice be s]v$ or   
equality produc$4 ,! l&lord class       
des]ves no worse ?an ! /ockhold] class  
or ! inve/or 9 a sav+s bank4 ,x is fair1
 z we sugge/$ above1 to put an end to   
,,all incomes f inve/m5t1 & make e man  
live on 8 e>n+s2 x is n fair to pick out
 l&lords = exploitation4  ,,ii4 ,free   
trade & protection8  ,free trade is     
und\bt$ly ! ultimate indu/rial ideal2 n 
z a natural "r1 b z a matt] ( mutual    
advantage1 t ev]y?+ may be manufactur$ 9
 ! mo/ economical place & way4 ,!       
geographical division ( labor is z      
g5]ally advantage\s z ! assignm5t (     
highly specializ$ tasks )9 a community4 
,import duties result 9 div]t+ labor    
into less economical *annels1 & h5ce    
entail a loss to ! community z a :ole4  

,! prosp]ity ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 9
 consid]able measure ! result ( its     
complete int]nal free trade4 ,on ?is    
g5]al tru? ! be/ economi/s are pretty   
univ]sally agre$4 ,! argum5t t a t>iff  
wall is necess>y to ma9ta9 our g5]ally  
high] /&>d ( wages & liv+ is pure       
fallacy1 z1 inde$1 c be se5 9 ! fact t  
wages 9 free-trade ,engl& are high] ?an 
9 protectioni/ ,g]many4 ,! only         
legitimate economic "q is :e!r special  
advantages may accrue f protect+ c]ta9  
indu/ries "u c]ta9 peculi> conditions4  
,= example1 a new indu/ry1 9 ! conduct (
 :i* skill has n yet be5 acquir$1 may   
ne$ nurs+ :ile x is gr[+ /rong en\gh to 
produce z *eaply z =eign competitors4   
,aga91 :5 =eign nations impose a tax ^u 
our products1 x may be politically      
exp$i5t to impose a c\nt]-t>iff1 z a    
means t[>d reciprocity & ev5tual free   
trade4 ,b ! discussion ( su* situations 
involves no e?ical pr9ciples1 & may be  
left to ! economi/s & /atesm54  ,!      
consid]ations t conc]n ! morali/ are r  

su* z ^!3 ,is x advisable to keep our   
own p self-suffic+1 produc+ all !y ne$  
to consume8 ,is x p]missible to protect 
7by a subsidy1 :i* is equival5t to an   
import duty 9 o!r matt]s7 our =eign     
m]*ant m>9e1 s z to h ! satisfaction (  
see+ our flag fly+ 9 =eign ports & !    
assurance ( pl5ty ( transports1 colli]s1
 etc1 9 case ( w>8 ,or is x bett] =     
humanity t ! nations %\ld become        
mutually int]dep5d5t1 requir+ "o ano!r's
 products & some:at at "o ano!r's m]cy 9
 case ( w>8 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! n>r[]1
 patriotic view ret>ds ! deepe/ int]e/s 
( humanity1 & t free trade is to be     
s\ght n only z a means t[>d economic    
prosp]ity1 b z an av5ue t[>d univ]sal   
peace4  ,! o!r dom9ant e?ical aspect ( !
 situation lies 9 ! fact t ! t>iff plays
 into ! h&s ( c]ta9 monopolies1 enables 
!m to ma9ta9 high prices & make         
excessive pr(its1 :i* int]national      
competition w\ld r$uce4 ,z actually us$1
 ! ,am]ican t>iff is l>gely an in/rum5t 
= favor+ special classes ( manufactur]s 

at ! g5]al exp5se1 & s is to be         
condemn$4  ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e            
manufactur]s are enabl$ by ! t>iff m]ely
 to make fair pr(its1 & economic        
consid]ations w\ld dictate a removal ( !
 duty & ! %ift+ ( labor to indu/ries :]e
 x c\ld be m reg>d = ve/$ int]e/s %\ld  
make u pause4 ,to ru9 an indu/ry 9 :i*  
capitali/s h inve/$ _! =tunes & labor]s 
h acquir$ skill1 al?\gh x w\ld be 9 !   
end = ! g5]al good1 w\ld "w unju/ h>d%ip
 to !m2 9 su* cases1 !n1 a t>iff %\ld be
 l[]$ only ) great caution1 or "s       
comp5sation %\ld be made to !           
individuals :o suff] loss !reby4  ,,iii4
 ,! control ( immigration8 ,ano!r       
contempor>y "q is :e!r discrim9ation may
 rightfully be ex]cis$ 9 ! admission (  
ali5s to resid5ce 9 our c\ntry4 ,ab/ract
 consid]ations w\ld sugge/ !            
desirability ( equal treatm5t to all    
com]s4 ,b c]ta9 practical effects mu/ be
 consid]$4  7#a7 ,! admission ( hordes (
 ill-educat$ & ill-discipl9$ immigrants 
f c\ntries l[] 9 ! scale ( progress ?an 

our own is a s]i\s m5ace to ! ideals &  
/&>ds ( liv+ t we h at great co/ evolv$4
 ,our own morals & mann]s are n firmly  
en\gh fix$ to be sure ( )/&+ ! d[nw>d   
pull ( m primitive conceptions & habits4
 ,_! will+ness to "w = small wages l[]s 
! remun]ation ( ,am]icans2 _! cont5tm5t 
) wret*$ liv+ conditions blocks our     
attempts to raise ! g5]al /&>d ( life4  
,_m ( !m are unappreciative ( ,am]ican  
ideals1 easily misl$ by corrupt         
politicians1 & ?us a deadweight aga9/   
political & social advance4 ,we may1    
p]haps1 disreg>d ! pov]ty ( ! immigrant1
 if he is 9 good heal? & able to "w2 we 
may ev5 disreg>d 8 lack ( education1 if 
he is m5tally s\nd & reasonably         
intellig5t4 ,b if "s practicable me?od  
c\ld be devis$ to less5 radically !     
incom+ /ream ( ^? :o are l[ 9 _! /&>ds (
 liv+1 we %\ld be sp>$ ! social         
indige/ion f :i* we n[ suff]4 ,"o       
feasible sugge/ion is to limit ! numb] (
 immigrants annually admitt$ f ea*      
c\ntry to a c]ta9 small p]c5tage ( !    

numb] ( natives ( t c\ntry already      
resid5t "h4 ,9 t way ! total numb] c\ld 
be re/rict$ )\t (f5se to any nation1 &  
^? peoples mo/ easily assimilat$ w\ld be
 admitt$ 9 greate/ proportions4 ,9      
addition1 naturalization %\ld be p]mitt$
 only aft] a numb] ( ye>s1 dur+ :i* !   
immigrant w\ld be 9 dang] ( deportation 
= prov$ crim9ality1 vici\s indulg5ce1   
intemp]ance1 %iftlessness1 tr\blesome   
agitation1 & o!r undesirable traits4    
7#b7 ,! admission ( peoples ( v ali5    
race to resid5ce side by side ) our own 
inevitably gives rise to friction &     
unpleasantness4 ,h[ev] irrational x may 
be1 !re are in/9ctive antipa?ies &      
di/ru/s betwe5 ! diff]5t racial /ocks4  
,! importation ( ! ,negroes br\ght u a  
t]rible racial problem1 "o = :i* !re    
seems no satisfactory solution4 ,:ite m5
 z a class dislike liv+ side by side )  
!m1 & fi]cely res5t int]m>riage1 :i*    
might ultimately m]ge ! races1 z x seems
 to be do+ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,a g5]al     
feel+ ( bro!rhood & social democracy is 

greatly ret>d$ by ?is racial            
*asm4,footnote3 ,cf4 ,j4 ,m4 ,meckl91   
,democracy & ,race ,friction4 ,x is     
e>ne/ly to be hop$ t ,*9ese1 ,japanese1 
,h9dus1 & o!r non-,european races may n 
be admitt$ to resid5ce "h 9 any great   
degree2 simil> antipa?ies & res5tm5ts   
w\ld be add$ to our exi/+ discords4 ,x  
is n t ^! races are inf]ior to our own1 
!y are simply diff]5t2 & h[ev]          
sup]ficial ! diff]5ces1 !y are j ! sort 
( diff]5ces t cause social friction4    
,precisely ! same argum5t w\ld apply to 
! exodus ( ,am]icans & ,europeans to    
,asiatic c\ntries4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt (     
int]m+l+ ( /ud5ts1 travel]s1            
mission>ies1 trad]s1 is highly          
b5eficial1 9 ! ex*ange ( ideas & mann]s 
x /imulates2 t ! ma9 racial /ocks %\ld  
rema9 ap>t1 on _! sev]al cont95ts1 9 t  
mutual respect & bro!rhood t !          
sup]ficial repugnancies ( too close     
contact t5d to de/roy4 ,! plan sugge/$  
at ! close ( ! prec$+ p>agraph w\ld     
suffici5tly av]t ^! undesirable racial  

migrations4  ,,iv4 ,! woman-movem5t8 ,! 
dem& ( wom5 = a l>g] life & a           
recognition f m5 ( _! full equality has 
f\nd expression rec5tly1 n only 9 !     
hy/]ical & crim9al acts ( ,briti%       
suffragettes1 b 9 _m sob]] revolts aga9/
 ! traditional assignm5t ( duties &     
privileges4 ,we may agree at once 9     
deplor+ ! exclusion ( wom5 f any rights 
& opportunities :i* are n inconsi/5t ) a
 wise division ( labor1 & t patroniz+   
air ( sup]iority %[n t[>d !m by s _m    
m5-a condesc5sion n incompatible )      
t5d]ness & *ivalry4 ,!irs has be5 !     
repress$ & pett$ sex4 ,yet !re are no   
adequate gr\nds = suppos+ t m5 are1 on  
an av]age1 really abl] or san] or m     
reasonable naturally ?an wom52 t !y are1
 inde$1 9 any ess5tial s5se diff]5t1    
except = ! results ( _! diff]5t         
education & life1 & su* div]g5ces z !   
diff]5tiation ( sex itself involves     
includ+ an av]age great] physical       
/r5g?4,footnote3 ,b cf4 ,mun/]b]g1      
,psy*ology & ,social ,sanity1 p4 #aie   

,m5 & wom5 are naturally equals2 )      
equally good tra9+ !y c contribute almo/
 equally to ! _w's "w2 !y h an equal "r 
to education1 a useful vocation1 & !    
free pursuit ( happ9ess4 ,b equal rights
 d n necess>ily imply id5tical duties2  
!re is a c]ta9 division ( labor laid d[n
 by nature4 ,wom5 alone c be> *ildr51   
mo!rs alone c prop]ly re> !m2 no        
incubators & in/itutions c supply ?is   
fundam5tal ne$4 ,if wom51 9 _! eag]ness 
to compete ) m5 9 o!r occupations1      
neglect 9 any great numb]s ?is mo/      
difficult & honorable ( all vocations1  
!re w be a dang]\s decl9e 9 ! numb]s & !
 nurture ( com+ g5]ations4 ,moreov]1 if 
homes are n to be supplant$ by bo>d+    
h\ses & hotels1 ! great majority ( wom5 
mu/ /ay at home & d ! "w :i* makes a    
home possible4 ,home mak+ & *ild re>+   
are ! duties t always h be5 & always w  
be ! lot ( mo/ wom52 & !y are duties too
 exact+ to p]mit ( be+ conjo9$ ) any o!r
 vocation4  ,on ! o!r h&1 ! woman :o has
 s]vants & re>s no *ildr5 %\ld be pu%$  

by public op9ion into "s outside        
occupation2 wom5 h no m "r to idle ?an  
m54 ,all unm>ri$ wom51 :5 pa/ ! ye>s t  
may prop]ly be devot$ to education1 %\ld
 c]ta9ly ent] ^u "s useful vocation2 &  
!re is no reason :y 7) a few obvi\s     
exceptions7 any occupation save ! m     
physically ardu\s %\ld be clos$ to su*4 
,e girl %\ld be prep>$ = "s remun]ative 
"w1 9 case %e does n m>ry or h] husb&   
dies leav+ h] *ildless4 ,su* economic   
indep5d5ce w\ld1 fur!r1 h ! ine/imable  
value t %e w\ld be "u no pressure to    
m>ry 9 ord] to be support$ & h an       
honorable place 9 ! _w2 if %e is tra9$  
to e>n h] liv+ %e w be free to m>ry only
 = love4 ,if %e does m>ry1 & gives up h]
 prior vocation to be h\sekeep] &       
*ild-re>]1 %e %\ld be legally entitl$ to
 half h] husb&'s e>n+s4 ,! grave        
difficulty is t a woman ne$s to prep>e  
h]self bo? = h] probable duties z       
h\sekeep] & "m1 & also = h] possible ne$
 ( e>n+ a liv+ o!rwise4 ,education 9 !  
=m] duties1 t mu/ fall to ! great       

majority ( wom51 _c safely be neglect$1 
z x is s l>gely today2 ! only g5]al     
solution w be = unm>ri$ wom5 to adopt1 z
 a class1 ! vocations = :i* less c>eful 
prep>ation is necess>y4  ,! "q ( !      
ballot is n practically ( great         
importance1 fir/1 because equal suffrage
 is com+ v fa/1 :atev] we may say1 &1   
secondly1 because x w make no great     
diff]5ce :5 x comes4 ,!re is no natural 
"r 9 ! matt]2 ! decision 9 political    
affairs might well be left to half !    
population-:5 t half cuts s completely  
?r\gh all classes & sections-if ! sav+ 9
 exp5se or tr\ble seem$ to make x       
exp$i5t4 ,! int]e/s ( wom5 are id5tical 
) ^? ( m54 ,wom5 are1 9 mo/ p>ts ( ?is  
c\ntry1 z well (f be=e ! law z m52 !y d 
n ne$ ! ballot to rem$y any unju/       
discrim9ations4 ,moreov]1 ! ballot w    
mean ! necessity ( %>+ ! burd5 (        
political responsibility4 ,! wom5 :o    
look ^u ! "r to vote z a plum to be     
grasp$ =1 a some?+ :i* !y want because  
m5 h x1 ) no conception ( ! tra9+       

necess>y to ex]cise t "r responsibly1   
are n fit to be tru/$ ) x4 ,x (t5 seems 
t x 7 bett] to re/rict our pres5t       
tru/ful & g5]\s "r ( suffrage to ^? :o c
 %[ evid5ce ( intellig5ce &             
responsibility1 r ?an to d\ble ! numb] (
 %all[ & untra9$ vot]s4  ,b1 on ! o!r   
h&1 !re is reason to suppose t wom51    
?r\gh _! great] int]e/ 9 c]ta9 goods1 w 
mat]ially accel]ate "s re=ms-z1 !       
sanitation ( cities1 ! improvem5t (     
education1 *ild-welf>e legislation1 !   
w>f>e aga9/ alcohol & pro/itution4 ,!   
actual results already atta9$ :]e wom5  
vote are1 on ! :ole1 important en\gh to 
w>rant ! ext5sion ( ! "r1 z a matt] (   
social exp$i5cy4 ,moreov]1 ! v increase 
9 ! numb] ( vot]s makes ! secur+ ( p[]  
?r\gh brib]y m difficult2 & ! entrance (
 wom5 into politics w probably ha/5 _!  
purification 9 _m places4 ,at any rate1 
! necessity ( vot+ w t5d to develop a   
l>g] int]e/ among wom5 9 public affairs1
 to fit !m bett] = ! education ( _!     
*ildr51 & to d away ) ! l+]+ s5se ( !   

inf]iority ( wom54 ,c]ta9 x is1 f9ally1 
t an increas+ numb] ( wom5 want ! vote1 
& w n re/ till !y get x4  ,g5]al3 ,f4   
,w4 ,taussig1 ,pr9ciples ( ,economics1  
*ap4 #ed4 ,w4 ,e4 ,weyl1 ,! ,new        
,democracy1 book ,i4 ,adams & ,sumn]1   
,labor ,problems1 *ap4 ,,xiii4 ,c4 ,b4  
,spahr1 ,! ,pres5t ,di/ribution ( ,weal?
 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,dewey & ,tufts1    
,e?ics1 *ap4 ,,xxv1 secs4 #f1 #g4       
,atlantic ,mon?ly1 vol4 #aab1 pp4 #dhj1 
#fgi4 ,! s+le tax3 ,h5ry ,george1       
,progress & ,pov]ty2 ,social ,problems4 
,r4 ,c4 ,fillebr[n1 ,! ,a4,b4,c4 (      
,taxation4 ,outlook1 vol4 #id1 p4 #caa4 
,%e>man1 ,natural ,taxation4 ,atlantic  
,mon?ly1 vol4 #aab1 p4 #gcg2 vol4 #aac1 
pp4 #bg1 #ede4 ,h4 ,r4 ,seag]1          
,introduction to ,economics1 *ap1       
,,xxvi1 secs4 #bhc-hh4 ,f4 ,w4 ,taussig1
 op4 cit1 *ap4 #db1 sec4 #g4 ,ar5a1 vol4
 #cd1 p4 #ejj2 vol4 #ce1 p4 #cff4 ,new  
,_w1 vol4 #g1 p4 #hg4 ,free trade3 ,nor?
 ,am]ican ,review1 vol4 #ahi1 p4 #aid4  
,qu>t]ly ,review1 vol4 #bjb1 p4 #bej4   

,h4 ,fawcett1 ,free ,trade &            
,protection4 ,w4 ,j4 ,a%ley1 ,! ,t>iff  
,problem4 ,h4 ,r4 ,seag]1 op4 cit1 *ap4 
,,xx1 secs4 #baa-ag4 ,f4 ,w4 ,taussig1  
op4 cit1 *aps4 #cf1 #cg4 ,immigration3  
,j5ks & ,lauck1 ,! ,immigration         
,problem4 ,h4 ,p4 ,fair*ild1            
,immigration4 ,adams & ,sumn]1 ,labor   
,problems1 *ap4 ,,iii4 ,f4 ,j4 ,w>ne1 ,!
 ,immigrant ,invasion4 ,a4 ,%aw1        
,political ,problems1 pp4 #fb-hf4 ,nor? 
,am]ican ,review1 vol4 #aii1 p4 #hff4   
,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 vol4 #eg1 p4 #bid4    
,educational ,review1 vol4 #bi1 p4 #bde4
 ,=um1 vol4 #db1 p4 #eeb4 ,*>ities1 vol4
 #ab1 p4 #abi4 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal (       
,economics1 vol4 #af1 pp4 #a1 #ada4 ,!  
woman "q3 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,! ,subjection 
( ,wom54 ,c4 ,p4 ,gilman1 ,wom5 &       
,economics4 ,o4 ,s*re9]1 ,woman &       
,labor4 ,k4 ,s*irma*]1 ,! ,mod]n        
,woman's ,rights ,movem5t4 ,jane        
,addams1 ,new] ,ideals ( ,peace1 *ap4   
,,vii4 ,f4 ,kelley1 ,"s ,e?ical ,ga9s   
?r\gh ,legislation1 *ap4 ,v4 ,outlook1  

vol4 #hb1 p4 #afg2 vol4 #ia1 pp4 #ghj1  
#ghd1 #hcf2 vol4 #ie1 p4 #aag2 vol4     
#aja1 pp4 #ged1 #gfg4 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1
 vol4 #aab1 pp4 #dh1 #aia1 #gba4        
,c5tury1 vol4 #hg1 pp4 #a1 #ffc4        
,national ,municipal ,review1 vol4 #a1  
p4 #fbj4     ,,*apt] ,,xxx   ,,!        
,,future ,,( ,,! ,,race  ,9 proportion z
 fair means are f\nd & utiliz$ = rem$y+ 
! gross inequalities 9 ! pres5t         
di/ribution ( weal?1 & big =tunes       
disappe>1 x w become necess>y = ! ,/ate 
to und]take m & m g5]ally ! functions t 
h1 dur+ ! la/ few g5]ations1 be5 l>gely 
dep5d5t ^u private philan?ropy4 ,?is w  
be an advantage n m]ely 9 putt+ ?is     
welf>e "w ^u a secur] basis1 b 9 enli/+ 
! loyalty ( ! masses to ! ,gov]nm5t4    
,mu* ( ! en]gy & devotion :i* are n[    
giv5 to ! labor-unions1 because 9 !m    
alone ! work]s see hope ( help1 might be
 giv5 to ! ,/ate if x %\ld take ^u      
itself m adequately to m9i/] to ! p's   
ne$s4 ,! ri* c get heal? & beauty =     
!mselves2 b ! poor are l>gely dep5d5t ^u

 public provision = a :olesome & *e]ful 
exi/5ce4 ,laissez-faire individualism   
has provid$ !m ) saloons2 9 ! new age ! 
,/ate mu/ provide !m ) some?+ bett] ?an 
saloons4 ,fl[]s & sun%9e = all1 9 ,ri*>d
 ,jeff]ies' wi/ful phrase-! ,/ate %\ld  
make a det]m9$ & ?or\ghgo+ ef=t1 n m]ely
 to repress1 to puni%1 to palliate      
conditions1 b 9 e positive way t exp]t  
?\ght c devise & ! p w vote to support1 
to add to ! wor? ( human life4 ,we may  
consid] ^! pat]nal functions ( gov]nm5t 
"u ?ree heads3 ! improvem5t ( human     
environm5t1 to make x m beautiful &     
conv5i5t2 ! developm5t1 ?r\gh           
educational ag5cies1 ( ! m5tal & moral  
life ( ! p2 & ! improvem5t1 by v>i\s    
means1 ( ! human /ock itself4  ,9 :at   
ways %\ld ! ,/ate seek to bett] human   
environm5t8  7#a7 ,municipal gov]nm5ts  
%\ld sup]vise t[n & village plann+4 ,!  
riot\s individualism ( our ,am]ican p   
has result$ 9 ! haphaz>d gr[? ( c\ntless
 dre>y t[ns & an ar*itectural an>*y t   
resembles no?+ m ?an an or*e/ra play+ ) 

e in/rum5t tun$ to a diff]5t key4 ,!    
/amp ( public control is to be se51 if  
at all1 9 an inconv5i5t & monoton\s     
*essbo>d plan = /reets4 ,conge/ion (    
traffic at ! busy po9ts2 wide /ret*es ( 
empty pavem5t on /reets little us$2     
h\ses ( e /yle & no /yle1 imbu$ ) all ! 
colors ( ! spectrum2 we$-gr[n vacant    
lots1 unkempt y>ds1 "s f5c$1 "s unf5c$2 
po/]-b$eck$ billbo>ds-v]ily1 ! av]age   
,am]ican t[n is n a ?+ ( beauty4 ,mat!w 
,arnold's judgm5t is corroborat$ by e   
travel]4 ,evid5tly1 he wrote1 ?is is t  
civilization's weak side4 ,!re is little
 to n\ri% & delight ! s5se ( beauty !re4
 ,a c]ta9 crud5ess is inevitable 9 a new
 c\ntry1 & w be outgr[n2 age is a great 
arti/4 ,man usually m>s ) 8 fir/ /rokes2
 & x is only :5 he has met 8 practical  
ne$s t he w dally ) ae/hetic            
consid]ations4 ,_m ( our old] cities &  
villages h p>tly outgr[n ! awkw>d age1  
become dignifi$ 9 ! %ade ( spread+      
trees1 & fall5 someh[ into a k9d (      
unity2 a few ( !m1 especially ne> !     

,atlantic seabo>d1 :]e ! /upid          
rectangul>ity ( ! t[ns f>!r we/ 0 nev]  
impos$1 are among ! lovelie/ 9 ! _w4 ,b 
9 g5]al1 9 spite ( _m co/ly1 & "s really
 beautiful1 build+s1 & ackn[l$g+ !      
individual *>m ( _m ( ! wide piazza$    
%+l$ h\ses ( ! well-to-d1 & ! g5]al     
effect ( spaci\sness1 our t[ns &        
villages are %ock+ly1 depress+ly ugly4  
,money en\gh has be5 sp5t to create a   
beautiful effect2 ! failure lies 9 t    
unre/ra9$ individualism t p]mits ea*    
own] to build any sort ( a /ructure1 &  
to color x any hue1 t appeals to 8      
fancy1 )\t reg>d to its effect ^u       
neighbor+ build+s or ^u ! eyes (        
pass]s-by4 ,all sorts ( ar*itectural    
atrocities are committ$-curi\s false    
fronts1 fancy %+les1 scroll-"w          
balu/rades1 & ! l2-9 ! t[n :]e ^! words 
are writt51 a build] ( a numb] ( h\ses  
has satisfi$ a :im to give eyebr[s to 8 
w9d[s1 9 ! %ape ( flat ar*es ( alt]nate 
r$ & :ite bricks1 ) an extraord9>ily    
grotesque & discom=t+ effect4 ,b ev5 :]e

 ! build+s are good sep>ately1 ! g5]al  
effect is1 unless by co9cid5ce1 a sad   
*aos4  ,9 ! m progressive c\ntries (    
,europe matt]s are n left ?us to !      
caprice ( individuals2 9 "s ,g]man t[ns1
 & ! s-call$ g>d5 cities ( ,engl&1 we h 
excell5t examples ( sci5tific t[n       
plann+1 conduc+ to homog5eity1          
conv5i5ce1 & beauty4 ,! awak5+ social   
s5se 9 ?is c\ntry w surely lead soon to 
a g5]al conviction ( ! duty ( an        
ov]sight ( /reet plann+ & build+ 9 !    
int]e/s ( ! community z a :ole4 ,!re is 
no reason :y our t[ns %\ld n be s5sibly 
laid out1 accord+ to a pre>rang$ &      
rational plan2 !y might h individuality1
 picturesqu5ess1 *>m2 be full ( int]e/+ 
sep>ate notes1 yet h>moni\s 9 design1   
mak+ a s+le composition1 l a great      
mosaic4 ,su* an environm5t w\ld h its   
subconsci\s effects ^u ! morals ( ! p1  
w\ld awak5 a new s5se ( community       
loyalty1 & drive home ! lesson ( !      
necessity & beauty ( ! coop]ative _s4   
,among ! features ( ?is t[n plann+ are  

^!3  ,/reets mu/ be laid out 9 con=mity 
) ! topography ( ! neighborhood & !     
direction ( traffic4 ,g5tle curves1 or  
frequ5t circles1 z 9 ,wa%+ton1 mu/ break
 ! monotony ( /raight l9es2 ! natural   
features ( ! l&scape1 hills1 bluffs1 a  
riv]1 mu/ be utiliz$ to give "* to !    
t[n4 ,! height ( build+s mu/ be regulat$
 9 relation to ! wid? ( ! /reets1 & !   
p]c5tage ( gr\nd space t may be built ^u
 det]m9$4 ,all designs = build+s mu/ be 
approv$ by ! community ar*itects )      
consid]ation ( _! h>mony ) neighbor+    
build+s4 ,a public l&scape ar*itect %\ld
 h sup]vision ov] & give exp]t advice = 
! plant+ ( trees & %rubb]y & ! beautify+
 ( y>ds back z well z front4 ,factories 
& %ops %\ld be conf9$ to c]ta9 designat$
 portions ( a t[n 7& ! smoke nuisance   
/rictly controll$72 disfigur+ billbo>ds 
& ov]head wires done away )2 p>ks laid  
out & kept intact f intrusion ( /reets  
or build+s4 ,=tunately1 ! majority ( our
 ,am]ican h\ses1 built ( wood1 are      
tempor>y 9 "*2 & mo/ city build+s at    

pres5t h a life ( b a g5]ation or two4  
,9 ?is evanesc5ce ( our contempor>y     
ar*itecture lies ! hope = an ev5tual    
reg5]ation ( ,am]ican t[ns4 ,9 ! city & 
village ( ! future1 life w be s bosom$ 9
 beauty t !re w be less ne$ ( artificial
 beauty-seek+ & gaslight pleasures4 ,a  
heal?y local pride w be fo/]$ &         
community life come into its own aga94  
7#b7 ,municipalities %\ld provide       
facilities = :olesome recreation out (  
doors4 ,*ildr51 9 p>ticul>1 ought n to  
be oblig$1 = lack ( o!r space1 to play  
^u city /reets1 :]e !y imp$e traffic &  
run s]i\s risks4 ,footnote3 ,on ,new    
,york ,city /reets two hundr$ & ?irty-"o
 *ildr5 7 kill$ 9 tw5ty-"o mon?s1       
accord+ to rec5t figures4 ,s*ooly>ds    
%\ld be l>g] ?an !y g5]ally are1 &      
b$time2 9 ! big cities ! ro(s %\ld be   
utiliz$ also4 ,e neighborhood %\ld h its
 ample playgr\nds4 ,= want ( su*        
provision *ildr5 ( ! poor gr[ up pale & 
p9*$1 )\t ! normaliz+ & educative       
influ5ce ( heal?y play1 & ) no prop]    

outlet = _! en]gies1 s t crime & vice   
fl\ri% prematurely4 ,) prop] =esight op5
 spaces c be reta9$ z a city gr[s1 )\t  
great exp5se2 ! economic ga91 9 a r$uc$ 
dea?-rate1 r$uc$ co/ = doctors & nurses1
 police1 c\rts1 & prisons1 & increas$   
effici5cy ( ! next g5]ation ( work]s1 w 
easily balance ! outlay1 )\t weigh+ !   
ga9 9 happ9ess & morality4,footnote3    
,see on ?is po9t1 ! lit]ature ( !       
,division ( ,recreation ( ! ,russell    
,sage ,f\ndation1 & ( ! ,playgr\nd &    
,recreation ,association ( ,am]ica 7#a  
,madison ,av5ue1 ,new ,york ,city74     
,jane ,addams1 ,! ,_s ( ,y\? & ! ,city  
,/reets4 ,c4 ,zuebl91 ,am]ican          
,municipal ,progress1 *ap ,,ix4 ,j4     
,lee1 ,con/ructive & ,prev5tive         
,philan?ropy1 *aps4 ,,viii-,,xii4       
,outlook1 vol4 #hg1 p4 #gge2 vol4 #ie1  
p4 #eaa2 vol4 #if1 p4 #ddc4 ,b1 inde$1  
adults /& also 9 ne$ ( outdoor life4    
,gr\nds = ball games1 b[ls1 & all sorts 
( sports %\ld be g5]\sly provid$ if     
human life is n to lose "o ( its        

pleasante/ & mo/ useful aspects4 ,=     
ev5+s !re %\ld be attractive social     
meet+-places1 neighborhood clubs1       
sup]vis$ dance halls1 & ! l1 su* z !    
social settlem5ts n[ to a slight ext5t  
provide1 ) notably b5eficial results4 ,z
 ! poor] classes come m & m into _!     
inh]itance ( ! fruits ( indu/ry1 ^!     
desid]ata may p]haps be aga9 left to    
private initiative2 b at pres5t !re is a
 l>ge class too press$ by pov]ty to get 
= itself ^! necessities ( a normal life2
 & ! ne$ ( ! p makes ! duty ( !         
,/ate4,footnote3 ,cf4 ,c4 ,r4 ,h5d]son1 
,! ,social ,_s 9 ,am]ica1 *ap4 ,,xiv4   
7#c7 ,! ,/ates & ! ,nation mu/ be c>eful
 to cons]ve ! natural res\rces ( !      
c\ntry f wa/e1 & advantage ( ! p4 ,!    
=e/s1 /ill s recklessly fell$1 mu/ be   
gu>d$1 n only = ! sake ( ! future timb] 
supply1 b to prev5t floods1 ensure a    
prop] supply ( wat] 9 times ( dr\ght1 & 
pres]ve ! soil f be+ wa%$ away4 ,!      
sci5tific practice ( =e/ry1 ! ma9t5ance 
( an effici5t fire patrol1 & !          

re=e/ation ( d5ud$ areas t c be/ be     
utiliz$ = ! gr[? ( timb]1 mu/ be        
und]tak5 or sup]vis$ by gov]nm5t exp]ts4
 ,! v limit$ supplies ( coal1 oil1 &    
natural gas mu/ be protect$ f wa/e4     
,arid l&s mu/ be br\ght into use :]e    
irrigation is possible1 swamp l&s dra9$1
 wat]ways & h>bors improv$ to _! full   
usefulness4,footnote3 ,on national      
cons]vation1 see ,c4 ,r4 ,van ,hise1 ,! 
,cons]vation ( ,natural ,res\rces4      
,outlook1 vol4 #ic1 p4 #ggj4 ,atlantic  
,mon?ly1 vol4 #aja1 p4 #fid4 ,review (  
,reviews1 vol4 #cg1 p4 #ehe4            
,*autauquan1 vol4 #ee1 pp4 #ba1 #cc1    
#aab4 ,national & /ate highways mu/ be  
built z object-lessons to ! t[ns &      
c\nties t /ill leave _! roads a /ret* ( 
mud or s&4,footnote3 ,x is e/imat$ t    
n9ety p] c5t ( ! public roads 9 ! ,unit$
 ,/ates are /ill unimprov$2 t ! av]age  
co/ ( haul+ produce is tw5ty-five c5ts a
 mile-ton1 z aga9/ twelve c5ts 9        
,france2 t #cjj1jjj1jjj a ye> w\ld be   
sav$ 9 haul+ exp5ses if our roads 7 z   

good z ^? ( we/]n ,europe4 ,all ( ^!    
mat]ial improvem5ts h _! civiliz+       
influ5ce1 _! moral significance2 z      
,edmond ,kelly put x1 ,by con/ruct+ our 
environm5t ) intellig5ce we c det]m9e ! 
direction ( our own developm5t4 ,s x is 
( no small consequ5ce :at sort ( homes &
 cities we live 94 ,dur+ ! next g5]ation
 or s1 :ile ! ,/ate is sl[ly be/irr+    
itself to und]take ^! duties1 !re w be  
great ne$ ( civic & village improvem5t  
associations1 wom5's clubs1 m]*ants'    
associations1 etc1 to ar\se public      
int]e/1 demon/rate possibilities1 & /ir 
up municipal holidays1 ,memorial ,day1  
,indep5d5ce ,day1 ,arbor ,day1          
,?anksgiv+ ,day1 etc1 %\ld be us$ to    
/imulate civic pride 9 ^! matt]s2 pulpit
 & press %\ld be br\ght into l9e4 ,x w  
be a sl[ & disc\rag+1 b necess>y1 task  
to awak5 ! p to a realization ( !       
pot5tialities = a bett] civilization t  
lie 9 ! utilization ( gov]nm5t p[]s4    
,:at %\ld be done 9 ! way ( public      
education8 ,! pr9ciple ( /ate support ( 

education has1 happily1 be5 pretty fully
 accept$  9 ?is c\ntry1 al?\gh 9 ! ,ea/ 
! univ]sities /ill h to dep5d ^u private
 b5efactions4 ,! public-s*ool sy/em  is 
excell5t 9 plant & pr9ciple2 ! next /ep 
is to "w out a rational curriculum4 ,!  
av]age high-s*ool graduate today has    
le>n$ little ( :at he mo/ ne$s to "k h[ 
to e>n 8 liv+1 h[ to sp5d 8 money       
wisely1 h[ to live4 ,! av]age girl kn[s 
little ( h\sekeep+1 less ( ! duties (   
mo!rhood4,footnote3 ,cf4 ,h4 ,sp5c]1    
,education1 *ap4 ,i3 ,is x n an a/oni%+ 
fact t ?\gh on ! treatm5t ( (fspr+ dep5d
 _! lives or dea?s1 & _! moral value or 
ru91 yet n "o ^w ( in/ruction on !      
treatm5t ( (fspr+ is ev] giv5 to ^? :o w
 h]eaft] be p>5ts8 ,is x n mon/r\s t !  
fate ( a new g5]ation %\ld be left to ! 
*ances ( unreason+ cu/om1 impulse1 fancy
 4 4 4 8 ,! :ole *apt] is wor? read+2 ! 
neglect ( :i* ,sp5c] compla9$ /ill      
p]si/s4 ,! dang]s ( sex indulg5ce-!     
greate/ ( all p]ils to y\?1 ! poison\s  
effects ( alcohol1 ! necessities (      

bodily hygi5e1 are seldom effectively   
taught4 ,moral & religi\s education is1 
ow+ to our sect>ianism1 almo/ absolutely
 neglect$4 ,! evils ( political         
corruption & unscrupul\sness 9 bus9ess1 
! social problems t s insi/5tly beset u1
 are little discuss$ 9 s*ool4 ,yet "h is
 an enorm\s opportunity = ! awak5+ (    
moral idealism & ! social _s4 ,boys &   
girls 9 _! te5s c be br\ght to an eag]  
int]e/ 9 moral & social problems2 class 
aft] class c\ld be s5t out fir$ )       
en?usiasm to rem$y wrongs & pu% = a     
high] civilization4 ,! failure to awak5 
m ( ?is dormant good w & en]gy1 & to    
direct x = ! elevation ( community /&>ds
 & ! solution ( community problems1 is a
 grave indictm5t aga9/ our complac5t    
/&-pat educational sy/em4 ,religi\s     
in/ruction w be a delicate matt] = !    
indef9ite future2 b inspirational talks 
on non-controv]sial !mes %\ld f9d place1
 & p]haps a pres5tation ( diff]5t       
religi\s views 9 rotation by            
repres5tatives ( diff]5t communions4 ,9 

"s way1 at lea/1 recognition %\ld be    
made ( ! important role play$ by        
religion 9 life4 ,besides ! s*ool sy/em1
 o!r means ( public education mu/ be    
ext5d$4 ,! libr>ies & art museums mu/   
rea* a wid] public4 ,! doc5t-"w 9 !     
museums is a rec5t und]tak+ (           
consid]able importance4 ,free public    
lectures1 free mo!rs' s*ools1 city      
k9d]g>t5s1 municipal conc]ts1 univ]sity 
ext5sion c\rses-su* ent]prises w        
d\btless become univ]sal4 ,! "w ( !     
,national ,gov]nm5t 9 spread+ k (       
sci5tific me?ods ( agriculture & (      
practicable me?ods ( improv+ c\ntry     
life- in=mation ab\t ! in/allation (    
plumb+ sy/ems1 wat] supply1 sewage      
sy/ems1 electric lights1 etc4- is ( wide
 educational value4 ,9 #aiaa ! av]age   
s*ool+ ( ,am]icans 0 five ye>s apiece4  
,su* inadequate prep>ation = life is a  
disgrace to our prosp]\s age4 ,education
 %\ld be univ]sally compulsory until !  
late te5s at lea/2 x %\ld be reg>d$ n z 
a luxury1 l kid gloves & cavi>1 b z !   

normal developm5t ( a human be+ & !     
common h]itage4 ,x ought n to be !      
exclusive privilege ( g5tlem5- ( c]ta9  
select1 upp]- class individuals2 z      
economic conditions are /raight5$ out1  
univ]sal education w become practically 
feasible4 ,x is n only z a matt] (      
ju/ice1 b 9 ! int]e/s ( public welf>e1 t
 education %\ld be giv5 to all4 ,x w    
actually pay 9 doll>s & c5ts1 9 increas$
 effici5cy1 m intellig5t vot+1 decreas$ 
crime1 decreas$ comm]cial pro/itution1 &
 crazy propag&a ( all sorts4 ,! city (  
,bo/on 0 "r 9 inscrib+ on its public    
libr>y ! motto3 ,! commonweal? requires 
! education ( ! p z ! safegu>d ( ord] & 
lib]ty4 ,:at c be done by eug5ics8      
,environm5t & education are ( enorm\s   
importance 9 det]m9+ :at ! mature       
individual %all be4 ,b ! result is      
/rictly limit$ by ! mat]ial !y h to "w  
^u2 ! individual :o is h&icapp$ by      
h]$ity _c expect to cat* up ) him :o    
/>ts ! race ( life bett] equipp$1 if bo?
 h equally favorable influ5ces &        

opportunities4 ,^! influ5ces c effect   
little p]man5t improvem5t 9 ! human     
/ock2 t c only be radically bett]$ by   
see+ to x t individuals ( sup]ior /ock h
 *ildr5 & ^? ( inf]ior /ock d n4 ,we h  
h>ness$ h]$ity to produce bett] types ( 
:eat & roses & cattle & horses & dogs2  
:y n produce bett] types ( m58 ,! /udy (
 ^! possibilities con/itutes ! new      
sci5ce ( eug5ics1 :i* its f\nd]1        
,francis ,galton1 def9$ z ! /udy ( ^?   
ag5cies :i* humanity ?r\gh social       
control may use = ! improvem5t or !     
impairm5t ( ! racial qualities ( future 
g5]ations4 ,dr4 ,kellogg def9es x z tak+
 advantage ( ! facts ( h]$ity to make ! 
human race bett]4 ,good bre$+ ( ! human 
species4 ,we may fir/ ask :at duties !  
disclosures ( ?is new sci5ce lay ^u !   
individual4  7#a7 ,! con/itutional heal?
 ( *ildr5 is p>tly det] p>5ts at ! "t ( 
conception & bir?4 ,mo/ dea?s ( newborn 
infants are due to pr5atal influ5ces4   
,ov]/ra91 malnutrition1 alcoholism1 &   
all physical excesses t5d to cause      

physical deg5]acy 9 ! (fspr+4 ,x is     
obvi\sly ! duty ( prospective p>5ts- & t
 means practically all heal?y "y p-to   
keep !mselves well & /rong1 s z to give 
a good end[m5t ( heal? to _! *ildr54    
7#b7 ,feeble-m9d$ness1 epilepsy1 "s =ms 
( insanity1 & "s v5]eal diseases are    
inh]itable defects2 ^? :o suff] f !m mu/
 refra9 f hav+ *ildr54 ,/udies ( !      
,jukes family & ! ,kallikak family1 &   
o!rs1 %[ conv9c+ly ! spread ( ^! defects
 :]e defectives m>ry4 ,to br+ *ildr5    
into ! _w to be> su* burd5s-& to co/ !  
,/ate1 z !y are almo/ sure to1 = _!     
support ,footnote3 ,! desc5dants ( !    
orig9al deg5]ate c\ple ( ,jukes co/ ,new
 ,york ,/ate 9 sev5ty-five ye>s         
#a1cjj1jjj4 ,see ,r4 ,l4 ,dugdale1 ,!   
,jukes4 ,h4 ,h4 ,godd>d1 ,! ,kallikak   
,family-ought to be reg>d$ z a grave s94
  7#c7 ,little positive advice c yet be 
giv5 z to ^? :o are ,,be/ fitt$ to h    
*ildr51 except 9 ! matt] ( heal? &      
fre$om f inh]itable defects4 ,accord+ to
 ,pr(essor ,boaz1,footnote3 ,f4 ,boaz1  

,! ,m9d ( ,primitive ,man4 "o racial    
/ock is ab\t z good z ano!r2 s :atev]   
selection is to be made may be betwe5   
individual /ra9s4 ,b to bre$ ! human    
/ock = beauty1 en]gy1 m5tal ability1    
immunity to disease1 sanity1 or :at n1  
is a task f> beyond our pres5t k4       
,p]sonal value & reproductive value are 
n closely correlative2 & ! factors t    
det]m9e a good inh]itance are highly    
complex4 ,s t ! *oice ( wife & husb& may
 be left to ^? in/9ctive aff9ities &    
pref]5ces :i* w 9 any case cont9ue to be
 ! decid+ causes = ! /rong & educat$ &  
well-to-d to beget & re> *ildr52 !      
t5d5cy to race-suicide among ! upp]     
classes is a matt] = s]i\s al>m4 ,t     
portion ( ! population t is lea/ able to
 give prop] nurture to *ildr51 & to tra9
 !m up to ,am]ican ideals1 is produc+ !m
 9 ov]:elm+ly greate/ numb]s4 ,! old]   
/ocks 9 ?is c\ntry are dy+ out & be+    
replac$ by ! l>ge families ( ! ea/ & s\?
 ,european immigrants4 ,9 ,engl& also1  
we are told1 "o six? ( ! population1 &  

?is ! lea/ desirable six?1 is produc+   
half ( ! com+ g5]ation4 ,9 #agij !      
,am]ican family av]ag$ #e4h p]sons2 9   
#aijj ! av]age 0 #d4f4 ,among native    
,am]icans ! av]age is l[] /ill4 ,college
 graduates are fail+ to reproduce _! own
 numb]s4 ,ev]y:]e ! ,we/]n peoples are  
bre$+ m & m sl[ly1 :ile ! ,ori5tals1    
,negroes1 &1 9 g5]al1 ! less civiliz$   
peoples1 are multiply+ rapidly4 ,unless 
! upp] classes 9 we/]n ,europe & ,am]ica
 cease _! selfi% refusal to re> citiz5s1
 ! e>? w be inh]it$ by ! m backw>d      
peoples4 ,?is means1 pla9ly1 a p]petual 
clog ^u progress4 ,we may n[ ask :at !  
,/ate %\ld dem& 9 ! int]e/s ( race-     
improvem5t4  7#a7 ,heal? c]tificates may
 be requir$ f bo? p>ties at m>riage     
i4e41 m>riage may be prohibit$ )\t a    
gu>antee f a lic5s$ physician ( fre$om f
 communicable or inh]itable disease1 or 
inh]itable defects4 ,?is seems ! m9imum 
( protection due ! contract+ p>ties     
!mselves1 z well z due ! next g5]ation4 
7#b7 ,m>riage re/rictions are easily    

evad$1 h[ev]2 unscrupul\s physicians c  
usually be f\nd to sign c]tificates4 ,& 
:]e m>riage is prohibit$1 illegitimacy  
is sure to fl\ri%4 ,h5ce ! segregation  
7) prop] c>e7 ( ^? obvi\sly unfit to    
become p>5ts seems necess>y4 ,great z   
w\ld be ! initial exp5se1 ! rapid       
r$uction 9 ! numb] ( idiots1 epileptics1
 etc1 w\ld 9 a g5]ation or two          
c\nt]balance x & greatly dim9i% !       
problem4 ,x is e/imat$ t !re are "s ?ree
 hundr$ ?\s& feeble- m9d$ p]sons 9 !    
,unit$ ,/ates1 only tw5ty ?\s& ( :om are
 segregat$ 9 in/itutions1 ! re/ be+ free
 to propagate-:i* !y d ) notori\s       
rapidity4 ,mo/ ( !m c be made           
self-support+2 & real z ! h>d%ip to "s (
 !m may be 9 conf9+ !m f sex relations1 
! sacrifice seems dem&$ by ! welf>e (   
com+ g5]ations4  7#c7 ,an alt]native to 
segregation 7= inh]itable1 b n =        
communicable1 diseases7 is /]ilization4 
,! op]ation :5 p]=m$ on adults seems to 
h no effects ^u "* or ! enjoym5t ( life1
 n ev5 int]f]+ ) ord9>y sex             

gratification4 ,x is n pa9ful1 &        
p]fectly h>mless1 to man2 = wom5 !re is 
a risk1 :i* is said1 h[ev]1 to be       
slight4,footnote3 ,cf4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,c4     
,jones1 9 ,woman's ,m$ical ,j\rnal1     
,decemb]1 #aiab4 ,/]ilization p]mits !  
unfit to be entirely at lib]ty1 to m>ry1
 if !y c f9d mates1 & to h all !        
pleasures ( life except t ( p>5?ood4 ,a 
numb] ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates h pass$ laws  
p]mitt+ ! compulsory /]ilization ( c]ta9
 v re/rict$ classes ( p undesirable z   
p>5ts1 at ! discretion ( ! prop]        
au?orities2 & ?is seems1 on ! :ole1 at  
lea/ 9 ! case ( m51 ! be/ solution4     
7#d7 ,( an entirely diff]5t nature is ! 
movem5t to secure /ate support = mo!rs2 
a movem5t1 h[ev]1 :i* is also eug5ic 9  
its int5t4 ,at pres5t ^? p>5ts :o are   
zeal\s to ma9ta9 a high /&>d ( liv+1 ^? 
) tal5ts :i* !y are ambiti\s to develop1
 & ^? :o realize ke5ly ! c>e & exp5se t 
*ildr5 ne$1 are det]r$ f hav+ _m1 or    
any2 :ile ! %iftless & happy-g-lucky    
propagate )\t scruple4 ,!re is1 = all   

except ! ri*1 a premium on *ildlessness1
 :i* ! natural desire = p>5?ood _c :olly
 disc\nt4 ,b ?is ought n to be s4       
,*ildbe>+ & re>+ is a v necess>y &      
ardu\s vocation1 9 :i* all ! be/ wom5   
%\ld be enli/$4 ,9 a sociali/ic regime !
 ,/ate w\ld z a matt] ( c\rse pay = ?is 
"w z well z = all o!r productive "w4 ,b 
/ate end[m5t ( mo!rhood1 ! paym5t (     
mat]nity b5efits1 may be practic$ ap>t f
 indu/rial socialism4 ,x may be object$ 
t ! removal ( economic pressure w\ld br+
 an undue increase 9 population & !     
evils t ,mal?us fe>$4 ,b ! t5d5cy (     
advanc+ civilization seems to be s      
/rik+ly t[>d a decl9+ bir?-rate-a       
ph5om5on unrecogniz$ 9 ?is c\ntry       
because ( ! tide ( immigration1 b app>5t
 9 we/]n ,europe-t ! net outcome may be 
atta9$ ( a /ation>y population4         
,moreov]1 ! s*eme 9 "q w\ld n only t5d  
to increase ! numb] ( *ildr5 born to !  
prud5t among ! middle classes1 x w\ld   
enable mo!rs & prospective mo!rs to save
 !mselves f t ov]work :i* enfeebles s _m

 *ildr5 today2 x w\ld insure !m ! means 
to c>e prop]ly = ! *ildr54 ,/ate        
inspectors w\ld visit homes & exam9e !  
*ildr5 ( /ate support$ mo!rs2 ! am\nt   
grant$ might v>y 9 proportion to ! c>e  
app>5tly giv5 to ! *ildr51 _!           
cleanl9ess1 heal?1 progress 9 education1
 ! clo?+1 food1 air1 & space provid$ =  
!m2 if ! nurture ( a *ild 0 judg$ too   
inadequate1 x might1 aft] w>n+1 be      
remov$ to an in/itution & ! p>5ts       
puni%$4,footnote3 ,see1 besides ! books 
ref]r$ to lat]1 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 ,!      
,end[m5t ( ,mo!rhood 79 ,social ,=ces 9 
,engl& & ,am]ica72 or1 ,new ,worlds =   
,old1 *ap4 ,,iii4 ,f4 ,w4 ,taussig1     
,pr9ciples ( ,economics1 *ap4 #fe1 sec4 
#a4 ,survey1 vols4 #bi & #cj1 _m        
articles4 recruit+ ( com+ g5]ations f ! 
diseas$ & feeble-m9d$1 to prev5t !      
h&icapp+ ( poor *ildr5 ?r\gh ! ov]work &
 pov]ty ( _! p>5ts1 & gradually to raise
 ! level ( inh]it$ human nature4 ,:5    
c\pl$ ) improv$ environm5t & ) univ]sal 
& rational education1 x w surely mean ! 

exi/5ce ( a happi] race ( m5-:i* %\ld be
 ! ultimate goal ( all human endeavor4  
,:at are ! grave/ moral dang]s ( our    
times8 ,9 conclusion1 we may v5ture a   
judgm5t z to :i*1 out ( ! _m evils we h 
not$ 9 contempor>y life1 are mo/ s]i\s1 
& :]e our moral en]gies %\ld mo/ e>ne/ly
 be direct$4  ,! mo/ prom95t ( preval5t 
vices are c]ta9ly sex incont95ce & ! use
 ( alcohol2 ! lure ( w9e & ! lure ( wom5
 h f "t immemorial be5 man's undo+4     
,alcohol is be+ vigor\sly f\ght1 & is   
probably doom$ to g5]al prohibition1    
toge!r ) opium & morph9e & ! o!r        
n>cotics4 ,! sex dang]s are n to be s   
easily ov]come1 & we are probably 9 = an
 increase ( lic5se & its inevitable     
evils4 ,!re w be ne$ = e f>sight$ &     
e>ne/ man & woman to /& firm1 9 spite ( 
entic+ promises ( lib]ty1 = ! great     
ideal ( fai?ful m>riage t makes 9 ! end 
= man's deepe/ happ9ess4  ,! mo/ prom95t
 s9s ( today are1 selfi% moneymak+1     
selfi% money sp5d+1 selfi% idl5ess2 !   
*ief s9n]s we may label pirates1        

prodigals1 p>asites4 ,by pirates are    
meant ! di%one/ deal]s1 ! graft]s1 !    
vice cat]]s1 ! unscrupul\s competitors1 
! pil]s-up ( exorbitant pr(its at !     
exp5se ( employees & public2 by         
prodigals1 ! sp5d?rift ri*1 ! wa/]s (   
weal?1 ^? :o lavi% 9 luxury or o/5tation
 money t is sorely ne$$ by o!rs2 by     
p>asites1 ! idle ri*1 ! lazy poor1 !    
tramps1 all :o take1 b d n give a return
 ( hone/ "w4 ,!re are also ! j+oes1 !   
prea*]s ( lawlessness1 ! demagogues1 &  
_m less common types ( s9n]s4 ,b !      
p>ticul>ly flagrant wrongs ( our day h  
to d ) ! gett+ & sp5d+ ( money2 & ! p]il
 ( ! ne> future :i* looms n[ mo/ m5ac+ly
 on ! horizon is ! irritation ( ! wrong$
 classes to ! po9t ( civil w>f>e &      
revolution4 ,su* a calamity might1 (    
c\rse1 be ultimately a means ( great    
social advance2 b x is a highly dang]\s 
& unc]ta9 me?od1 involv+ great moral    
damage z well z great individual suff]+1
 & to be av]t$ by e possible means4 ,!  
hope = av]t+ x lies n only 9 ! gr[? (   

public condemnation ( lawlessness1 b 9 !
 sub/itution ( an ideal ( s]vice = !    
ideal ( p]sonal ga91 & 9 ! gr[+         
will+ness ( ! community to *eck by      
progressive legislative measures ! v>i\s
 means :i* res\rceful m5 h discov]$ =   
advantag+ !mselves at ! exp5se (        
society4 ,necess>y initial /eps are !   
secur+ ( int]national peace & !         
con/ruction ( an effici5t political     
sy/em4 ,:5 ^! ends h be5 atta9$ & a j   
indu/rial ord] evolv$1 ! citiz5s ( !    
future w take pride 9 us+ ! p[]s ( !    
,/ate to br+ ! greate/ possible heal? & 
happ9ess to all4  ,our =efa!rs _h great 
wrongs to "r-political tyranny to       
ov]?r[1 human slav]y to eradicate1 civil
 & religi\s lib]ty to w91 a sy/em (     
popul> education to inaugurate1 & ) x   
all ! wild]ness to tame & a new l& to   
develop4 ,= ^! ends !y sacrific$ mu*4 ,x
 is = u to attack ) equal c\rage ! evils
 ( ! pres5t4 ,life has outw>dly become  
easy = _m ( u2 our spiritual muscle     
easily becomes flabby4 ,b !re are new   

tasks equally importunate1 equally wor?y
 ( our loyalty & sacrifice1 h>d en\gh to
 /ir our blood4 ,! times call = new     
idealism1 new c\rage1 new ef=t2 !       
purpose ( ?is book w n be atta9$ unless 
! read] c>ries away f its p]usal "s new 
realization ( ! moral dang]s t confront 
our civilization1 & "s new det]m9ation  
to h a h& 9 meet+ !m4  ,environm5t3 ,j4 
,nol51 ,replann+ ,small ,cities4 ,t4 ,c4
 ,horsfelt1 ,! ,improvem5t ( ! ,dwell+s 
& ,surr\nd+s ( ! ,p4 ,e4 ,h[>d1 ,g>d5   
,cities ( ,to-,morr[4 ,! ,city          
,beautiful 7magaz9e74 ,lit]ature ( !    
,national ,league ( ,improvem5t         
,associations1 ! ,am]ican ,civic        
,association 7#iad ,union ,tru/ ,build+1
 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c471 ! ,city ,club ( ,new
 ,york1 ,metropolitan ,improvem5t       
,league ( ,bo/on1 etc4 ,! ,civic        
,f$]ation ( ,*icago1 ,:at x has         
,accompli%$ 7,holli/]1 ,*icago1 #ahii74 
,atlantic ,mon?ly1 vol4 #aac1 p4 #hbc4  
,_w's ,"w1 vol4 #ae1 p4 #ajjbb4         
,outlook1 vol4 #ib1 p4 #cgc2 vol4 #ig1  

p4 #cic2 vol4 #ajc1 p4 #bjc4 ,national  
,municipal ,review1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bcf4   
,education3 ,h4 ,home1 ,idealism 9      
,education4 ,g4 ,spill]1 ,moral         
,education 9 ,eighte5 ,c\ntries4        
,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 vol4    
#bj1 p4 #ded2 vol4 #bb1 pp4 #adf1 #cce4 
,i4 ,k+1 ,social ,aspects ( ,education4 
,e4 ,b\tr\x1 ,education & ,e?ics4       
,proce$+s ( ! ,national ,education      
,association1 ,religi\s ,education      
,association1 ,int]national ,moral      
,education ,congresses4 ,c4 ,r4         
,h5d]son1 ,! ,social ,_s 9 ,am]ica1 *ap1
 xn1 xm4 ,s4 ,ne>+1 ,social ,adju/m5t1  
*aps1 91 xv4 ,_w's ,"w1 vol4 #ae1 p4    
#ajaje4 ,outlook1 vol4 #he1 pp4 #ffd1   
#idc2 vol4 #hi1 p4 #ghi2 vol4 #id1 p4   
#gja4  ,eug5ics3 ,c4 ,b4 ,dav5port1     
,eug5ics2 ,h]$ity 9 ,relation to        
,eug5ics4 ,w4 ,d4 ,mc,kim1 ,h]$ity &    
,human ,progress4 ,e4 ,s*u/]1 ,eug5ics4 
,c4 ,w4 ,saleeby1 ,p>5?ood & ,race      
,culture4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 ,mank9d 9 !   
,mak+1 *ap4 94 ,new ,tracts = ! ,times  

7v>i\s au?ors1 ,m(fat1 ,y>d ,co474      
,reports ( ,int]national ,eug5ic        
,congresses4 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 vol4    
#aaj1 p4 #hja4 ,=um1 vol4 #ea1 p4 #edb4 
,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,economics1 vol4 #bf1
 p4 #a4