,note3 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are    
available ?r\gh       ! ,google ,books  
,libr>y ,project4 ,see                  
https3_/_/books4google4com_/books8idp,v#
i;,,haqaamaajhlen      ,am]ican ,home   
,s]ies ,norman ,e4 ,ri*>dson1 ,editor   
,,! ,,puni%m5t ,,( ,,*ildr5  by  ,,felix
 ,,adl]   ,illu/ration3 ,logo       ,!  
,ab+don ,press ,new ,york      ,c9c9nati
     ,,editorial ,,note   ,! mat]ial    
conta9$ 9 ?is pamphlet 0 orig9ally      
deliv]$ 9 ?ree addresses be=e ! ,e?ical 
,culture ,society ( ,new ,york ,city4   
,special p]mission has be5 giv5 to h x  
repr9t$ 9 ?is =m4  ,! e?ical nurture ( !
 *ild is a di/9ct responsibility :i* no 
p>5t c neglect ) impunity4 ,:5 ignorant 
( ! m elem5t>y pr9ciples ( puni%m5t1    
p>5ts easily fall into "o ( two s]i\s   
errors4 ,! use ( h>% & sev]ely arbitr>y 
me?ods causes ! *ild's f9e e?ical       
s5sibilities to become dull4 ,?r\gh     
indiff]5ce or c>eless neglect1 ! *ild   
becomes willful1 erratic1 or            
self-indulg5t4 ,9 ?is /udy ,dr4 ,adl]1 )

 rem>kable skill1 guides ! p>5t betwe5  
^! two extremes4 ,he %[s t x is possible
 to be consi/5t )\t be+ h>%1 g5tle )\t  
be+ vacillat+4  ,! ma/]y ( ! art (      
puni%m5t is also "o ( ! mo/ direct means
 ( e?ical self-culture4 ,x is to be hop$
 t a c>eful /udy ( ?is subject may      
result 9 a ref9em5t ( ! attitude ( p>5ts
 t[>d ea* o!r1 z well z t[>d _! *ildr54 
,,norman ,e4 ,,ri*>dson4   ,pr9t$ 9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica  ,fir/ ,edition 
,pr9t$ ,april1 #aibj ,repr9t$ ,july1    
#aibj2 ,m>*1 #aibb     ,,! ,,puni%m5t   
,,( ,,*ildr5     ,i   ,x is man's moral 
duty to act z ! physician ( 8 enemies & 
seek to cure !m ( _! wrongdo+4 ,h[ mu*  
m1 !n1 %\ld ?is attitude be tak5 t[>d ^?
 :om we love--t[>d our *ildr51 if we f9d
 _! *>act]s m>r$ by s]i\s faults8  ,9   
discuss+ ! subject ( puni%m5t ,i d n = a
 mom5t ?9k ( cov]+ ! innum]able problems
 :i* x sugge/s4 ,_m books h be5 writt5  
on ?is subject2 prolong$ /udy & !       
exp]i5ce ( a lifetime are b>ely         
suffici5t = a ma/]y ( its details4 ,i   

%all cont5t myself ) sugge/+ a few      
simple rules & pr9ciples1 & %all consid]
 my object ga9$ if ,i induce my he>]s to
 ent] ^u a clos] inve/igation ( !       
delicate & manifold que/ions involv$4   
#a4 ,,nev] ,,adm9i/] ,,puni%m5t ,,9     
,,ang]  ,! fir/ g5]al rule to :i* ,i    
w\ld ref] is1 nev] adm9i/] puni%m5t 9   
ang]4 ,a say+ ( ,socrates des]ves to be 
c>efully borne 9 m9d4 ,turn+ "o day ^u 8
 insol5t s]vant1 ,speucippus1 :o _h     
subject$ him to great annoyance1 he     
exclaim$1 ,i %\ld beat y n[1 sirrah1 7  
,i n s angry ) y4 ,! practice ( mo/ m5  
is ! v opposite2 !y beat & puni% because
 !y are angry4  ,b x is cle> t we _c    
tru/ ourselves to correct ano!r :ile we 
are enrag$4 ,! int5sity ( our ang] is   
proportional to ! degree ( annoyance :i*
 we h exp]i5c$1 b x happ5s q frequ5tly t
 a great annoyance may be caus$ by a    
slight fault1 j z1 conv]sely1 ! greate/ 
fault may cause u only slight annoyance1
 or may ev5 contribute to our pleasure4 
,we %\ld adm9i/] s]i\s puni%m5t :]e !   

fault is s]i\s1 & slight puni%m5t :]e ! 
fault is slight4 ,b1 z ,i h j said1 a   
slight fault may sometimes cause s]i\s  
annoyance1 j z a slight sp>k ?r[n into a
 p[d] magaz9e may cause a de/ructive    
explosion4 ,& we d (t5 resemble a p[d]  
magaz9e1 be+ fill$ ) suppress$          
inflammable irritations1 s t a trivial  
naught9ess on ! "p ( a *ild may cause a 
mo/ absurd display ( temp]4  ,b is x !  
*ild's fault t we are 9 ?is irascible   
condition8 ,to %[ h[ a slight fault may 
sometimes cause a mo/ s]i\s annoyance1  
let me rem9d y ( ! /ory ( ,v$ius        
,pollio1 ! ,roman4 ,he 0 "o day ent]ta9+
 ! ,emp]or ,augu/us at d9n]4 ,dur+ !    
banquet a slave :o 0 c>ry+ "o ( ! cry/al
 goblets by :i* 8 ma/] set great /ore1 9
 8 n]v\sness suff]$ ! goblet to fall f 8
 h& s t x broke into a ?\s& pieces on ! 
floor4 ,pollio 0 s infuriat$ t he ord]$ 
! slave to be b\nd & ?r[n into a        
neighbor+ fi%pond1 to be dev\r$ by !    
lampreys4 ,! ,emp]or int]f]$ to save !  
slave's life1 b ,pollio 0 too mu* enrag$

 to def] ev5 to ! ,emp]or's wi%4        
,!reupon ,augu/us ord]$ t e cry/al      
goblet 9 ! h\se %\ld be brok5 9 8       
pres5ce1 t ! slave %\ld be set free1 & t
 ! obnoxi\s fi%pond %\ld be clos$4  ,!  
break+ ( a goblet or vase is a good     
in/ance ( h[ a slight fault1 a m]e      
inadv]t5cy1 may cause s]i\s damage &    
great *agr94 ,9 ! same way an           
unseasonable ^w1 l\d conv]sation1 a bit 
( p>donable mis*ief1 :i* we %\ld ov]look
 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 may ?r[ u into 
a fury :5 we are out ( sorts4 ,:5 we h  
urg5t bus9ess & are kept wait+1 we are  
apt1 unless we keep a curb on our       
temp]s1 to break =? into viol5t         
compla9ts1 :i* inde$ are q proportional 
to ! am\nt ( annoyance we exp]i5ce1 b n 
necess>ily to ! fault ( ! p]son :o      
occasions x4  ,our bus9ess is to cure   
faults1 & 9 ord] to accompli% ?is end ! 
puni%m5t %\ld be met$ out 9 due         
proportion to ! fault4 ,in/ead ( foll[+ 
?is pr9ciple1 ! great majority ( m5 :5  
!y puni% are n l reasonable be+s1       

select+ "r means t[>d a true end1 b l   
hot spr+s :i* boil ov] because !y _c    
conta9 !mselves4  ,we ought nev] to     
puni% 9 ang]4 ,no "o c tru/ himself :5 9
 t /ate2 an angry man is always liable  
to ov]%oot ! m>k2 we mu/ wait until our 
angry feel+ has _h "t to cool4  ,d ,i !n
 advise t we adm9i/] puni%m5t 9 cold    
blood8 ,no1 we ought to correct ! faults
 ( o!rs ) a c]ta9 moral w>m? express$ 9 
our words & mann]1 a w>m? :i* is produc$
 by our repreh5sion ( ! fault1 n by !   
annoyance :i* x causes u4 ,?is1 !n1 is !
 fir/ rule3 ,nev] puni% 9 ang]4   #b4   
,,di/+ui% ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,*ild ,,& ,,!   
,,fault  ,! second rule is t 9 correct+ 
a *ild we %\ld be c>eful to di/+ui%     
betwe5 ! *ild & its fault2 we %\ld n    
all[ ! %ad[ ( ! fault to d>k5 ! :ole    
nature ( ! *ild4 ,we %\ld treat ! fault 
z some?+ accid5tal :i* c be remov$4     
,vulg> p]sons1 :5 a *ild has told a     
falsehood1 say1 ,y li>4 ,!y id5tify !   
*ild ) ! fault ( ly+1 & !reby imply t   
?is vice is +ra9$ 9 its nature4 ,!y d n 

say or imply1 ,y h told a falsehood1 b y
 w surely n d s aga92 h]eaft] y w tell !
 tru?2 !y say1 ,y are a li>2 :i* is     
equival5t to say+1 ,ly+ has become "p & 
p>cel ( y\r nature4 ,9 ! same way :5 a  
*ild has prov$ itself incapable ( ma/]+ 
a c]ta9 task1 ! ?\ghtless p>5t or tea*] 
may exclaim1 impati5tly1 ,y are a dunce2
 t is to say1 ,y are a hopeless case2   
no?+ b /upidity is to be expect$ ( y4   
,all opprobri\s epi!ts ( ?is sort are to
 be mo/ scrupul\sly avoid$4 ,ev5 to !   
wor/ (f5d] "o %\ld say3 ,y h act$ ?us 9 
"o case1 p]haps 9 _m cases1 b y c act   
o!rwise2 ! evil has n eat5 into ! core (
 y\r nature4 ,!re is /ill a s\nd "p 9 y2
 !re is good at ! bottom ( y\r s\l1 & if
 y w only ass]t y\r bett] nature1 y c d 
well4 ,we are b\nd to %[ confid5ce 9 !  
transgressor4 ,our confid5ce may be     
disappo9t$ a hundr$ times1 b x mu/ nev] 
be :olly de/roy$1 = x is ! crut* on :i* 
! weak lean 9 _! feeble ef=ts to walk4  
,n[1 su* language z ,y are a dunce1 ,y  
are a li>1 is1 to be sure1 us$ only by !

 vulg>2 b _m p>5ts :o w\ld n use su*    
words imply z mu* by _! attitude t[>d _!
 *ild2 !y indicate by _! mann]1 ,well1  
no?+ good is to be expect$ ( y4 ,?is    
attitude ( ! p>5ts is born ( selfi%ness2
 ! *ild has disappo9t$ _! expectations1 
& ! disappo9tm5t1 in/ead ( mak+ !m m    
t5d] t[>d ! *ild1 makes !m impati5t4 ,b 
?is is n ! attitude ( ! physician ^:    
bus9ess x is to cure evil4 ,we mu/ give 
! *ild to und]/& t we /ill h hope ( 8   
am5dm5t2 ! slighte/ improvem5t %\ld be  
welcom$ ) an expression ( satisfaction4 
,we %\ld nev] atta* absolute blame to a 
*ild1 nev] ov]:elm x ) a g5]al          
condemnation4 ,& 9 l mann] we %\ld nev] 
give absolute praise1 nev] injure a *ild
 by unlimit$ approbation4 ,! words1     
excell5t1 p]fect1 :i* are sometimes us$ 
9 s*ool reports1 are inexcusable4 ,i h  
se5 ! object ( education ?w>t$ 9 ! case 
( p>ticul>ly promis+ pupils by su*      
unqualifi$ admiration4 ,no human be+ is 
e?ically p]fect1 & to tell a *ild t he  
is p]fect is to enc\rage a sup]ficial   

way ( look+ ^u life & to pamp] 8        
conceit4  ,! "r attitude is to say or to
 imply by our mann]1 ,y h done well ?us 
f>2 g on z y h begun & try h]eaft] to d 
/ill bett]4 ,su* words z ^! fall l      
sun%9e into ! s\l1 w>m+ & fructify+ e   
good se$4  ,on ! o!r h&1 to tell a *ild 
t he is p]fect may induce him to relax 8
 ef=t1 = hav+ rea*$ ! summit he does n  
feel ! ne$ ( fur!r ex]tion4 ,we %\ld    
correct faults 9 su* a way z to imply t 
n ev]y?+ is lo/4 ,& we %\ld praise m]it 
9 su* a way z to imply t n ev]y?+ is yet
 a*iev$2 t1 on ! contr>y1 ! goal is /ill
 f>1 f> 9 ! di/ance4  ,ev]y?+1 z ,i h   
said1 dep5ds ^u ! attitude ( ! p>5t or  
in/ructor4 ,^? :o possess educational   
tact--a v r>e & preci\s quality--adopt !
 "r attitude by a sort ( in/9ct4 ,b ^?  
:o d n possess x naturally c acquire x1 
at lea/ to a c]ta9 degree1 by reflect+  
^u ! und]ly+ pr9ciples ( puni%m5t4   #c4
 ,,d ,,n ,,lecture ,,*ildr5  ,! ?ird    
rule is1 ,d n lecture *ildr54 ,"o feels 
tempt$ to say to "s p>5ts3 ,y d n succe$

 z well z y might 9 ! tra9+ ( y\r *ildr5
 because y talk too mu*4 ,! less y say !
 m effective w y\r discipl9e be4 ,let   
y\r measures speak = y4  ,:5 puni%m5t is
 necess>y let x come ^u ! *ild l !      
action ( a natural law--calm1 unsw]v+1  
inevitable4 ,d n attempt to give reasons
 or to argue ) ! *ild conc]n+ ! puni%m5t
 y are ab\t to inflict4 ,if ! *ild is 9 
dang] ( ?9k+ y\r puni%m5t unju/1 x may  
be exp$i5t to expla9 ! reasons ( y\r    
action1 b d s aft] ! puni%m5t has be5   
inflict$4  ,!re are p>5ts :o are        
p]petually scold+ _! *ildr54 ,! fact t  
!y scold s mu* is pro( ( _! educational 
helplessness4 ,!y d n "k :at measures ( 
discipl9e to apply1 h5ce !y scold4 ,(t5 
_! scold+ is due to mom5t>y passion1 & !
 *ild intuitively detects t ?is is s4   
,if ! p>5t is 9 ill humor1 a mis*iev\s  
prank1 a naughty ^w1 an act ( disob$i5ce
 sometimes puts him into a t[]+ passion2
 at o!r times ! same (f5se may be       
lightly consid]$1 or ev5 worse (f5ses   
pass$ ov] ) mean+less ,don't d t aga94  

,! *ild p]ceives ?is vacillation1 &     
le>ns to look ^u a scold+ z a m]e pass+ 
%[]1 hid+ its head "u %elt] until ! /orm
 has bl[n ov]4  ,o!r p>5ts are giv5 to  
deliv]+ l5g?y homilies to _! *ildr51 &  
!n (t5 express surprise t all _! s\nd   
doctr9e1 all _! beautiful s]mons1 h no  
effect :atev]4 ,if !y w\ld pause to     
consid] = a mom5t1 !y c\ld easily see :y
 _! lectures h no effect1 :y !y pass 9  
at "o e> & out at ! o!r4 ,_! lectures on
 "r & wrong are g5]ally too ab/ract = ! 
*ild's compreh5sion1 & (t5 d n t\* its  
case at all4 ,moreov]1 ! it]ation ( !   
same d+dong has ! effect ( blunt+ !     
*ild's appreh5sion4 ,a /]n rebuke is    
occasionally necess>y & does good1 b x  
%\ld be %ort1 cle>1 incisive4  ,a       
moraliz+ talk ) an old] *ild sometimes  
does good4 ,! p>5t %\ld n1 h[ev]1       
indulge 9 g5]alities1 b1 look+ ov] !    
record ( ! *ild = ! pa/ weeks or mon?s1 
%\ld pick out ! def9ite po9ts 9 :i* x   
has transgress$1 ?us hold+ up a picture 
( ! *ild's life to its own eyes to      

re5=ce ! memory ( its faults & /imulate 
its consci5ce4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t
 ! less ! p>5t talks ab\t moral         
del9qu5cies ! bett]4 ,on ?is rule (     
p>simony 9 respect to words p>ticul>    
/ress is to be laid4   #d4 ,,undeviat+  
,,consi/5cy  ,! next rule is q z        
important z ! prec$+ ones4 ,x is t (    
undeviat+ consi/5cy4 ,7 n ! subject     
altoge!r too pa9ful1 x w\ld be amus+ to 
obs]ve h[ weak mo!rs--& weak fa!rs      
too--con/antly eat _! own words4  ,h[   
(t5 h ,i told y n to d ?is ?+1 b n[ y h 
done x aga94 ,well1 :at is to foll[8    
secretly asks ! *ild4 ,! next "t y d x  
,i %all surely puni% y4 ,! next "t !    
/ory repeats itself2 & s x is always !  
next "t4 ,v (t5 fooli% ?reats are made1 
:i* ! p>5ts "k !y _c & w n c>ry out2 & d
 y suppose t ! *ildr5 d n "k z well z y 
t ! ?reat y h be5 utt]+ is an idle "o8  
,we %\ld be extremely c>eful 9 decid+   
:at to dem& ( a *ild4 ,our dem&s %\ld be
 det]m9$ by a scrupul\s reg>d = ! *ild's
 own good1 b :5 ! ^w has gone =?1       

especially 9 ! case ( "y *ildr51 we %\ld
 insi/ on unque/ion+ ob$i5ce4 ,our w mu/
 be recogniz$ by ! *ild z its law2 x mu/
 n suspect t we are gov]n$ by passion or
 caprice4  ,!re are ^? t prote/ t ?is is
 too /]n a me?od1 t g5tle treatm5t1     
p]suasion1 & love ought to suffice to   
induce ! *ild to obey4 ,love & p]suasion
 d suffice 9 _m cases1 b !y d n answ] 9 
all2 &1 besides1 ,i hold x to be        
important t ! *ild %\ld sometimes be    
br\ght face to face ) a law :i* is      
sup]ior to ! law ( its own w1 & %\ld be 
compell$ to b5d to ! high] law1 z       
express$ 9 its p>5t's wi%es1 m]ely      
because x is a high] law4  ,& s f> f    
believ+ ?is is to be a cruel me?od1 ,i  
believe t ! opposite me?od ( always     
:e$l+ & coax+ *ildr5 into ob$i5ce is    
really cruel4 ,_m a "t lat] on 9 life   
its self-love w beat 9 va9 aga9/ !      
immutable b>ri]s ( law1 & if ! *ild has 
n le>n$ to yield to rightful au?ority 9 
y\?1 ! necessity ( do+ s lat] on w only 
be ! m bitt]ly felt4 ,! *ild %\ld       

sometimes be compell$ to yield to !     
p>5t's au?ority simply because ! p>5tal 
au?ority expresses a high] law ?an t (  
its own w4  ,& ?is leads me to speak    
incid5tally ( a subject :i* is ne>ly    
alli$ to ! "o we are n[ discuss+4  ,x is
 a well-kn[n trick ( ! nurs]y to div]t !
 *ild f "s object :i* x is n to h by    
quickly direct+ its att5tion to ano!r   
object4 ,if a *ild cries = ! moon1 amuse
 x ) ! light ( a c&le2 if x insi/s ^u   
h&l+ a fragile vase1 attract its        
att5tion to ! doll2 if x dem&s a knife )
 :i* x might injure itself1 call 9 !    
rattle to ! rescue4  ,?is me?od is q    
prop] = baby *ildr51 b x is (t5 cont9u$ 
to a mu* lat] age ) h>mful results4 ,z  
soon z ! self-consci\sness ( ! *ild is  
fairly develop$1 t is1 ab\t ! ?ird ye>1 
?is me?od %\ld no long] be employ$4 ,x  
is important t ! w p[] ( ! "y be        
/r5g!n$4 ,n[1 ! m ! w is accu/om$ to    
fa/5 ^u ! objects ( desire ! /rong] does
 x become1 :ile1 by rapidly introduc+   
new objects ! w is di/ract$ & a c]ta9   

%iftlessness is induc$1 ! w be+ made to 
glide f "o object to ano!r )\t fix+     
itself def9itely ^u any "o4 ,x is f>    
bett] to all[ a *ild to develop a w (   
its own1 b to make x und]/& t x mu/ at  
times yield ?is w to ! w ( ! p>5t1 ?an  
?us to di/ract its att5tion4 ,if x wants
 a knife :i* x ought n to h1 make x     
und]/& firmly1 ?\gh nev] h>%ly1 t x _c h
 :at x wants1 t x mu/ yield its wi% to !
 p>5t's wi%4 ,nor is x at all necess>y e
 "t to give ! reasons :y4 ,! fact t !   
p>5t comm&s is a suffici5t reason4  ,!  
rules ?us f> m5tion$ are1 t we %all n   
puni% 9 ang]1 t we %all n id5tify ! *ild
 ) its fault1 t we %all be sp>+ )       
admonitions & let positive discipl9e    
speak = itself1 & t1 :ile dem&+ no?+ :i*
 is unreasonable1 we %\ld insi/ on      
implicit ob$i5ce4   #e4 ,,physical      
,,pleasure ,,z ,a ,,rew>d ,,( ,,virtue  
,!re is "o "q t t\*es ! g5]al subject ( 
puni%m5t & rew>d :i* is 9 "s s5se ! mo/ 
important & vital ( all ! que/ions we   
are consid]+4 ,x ?r[s a bright light or 

a deep %ad[ on ! :ole !ory ( life1      
accord+ to ! po9t ( view we take4  ,i   
allude to ! "q :e!r ! pleasures ( !     
s5ses %\ld be treat$ z a rew>d = !      
p]=mance ( duty4 ,a p>5t says to 8 *ild3
 ,y h be5 good to-day2 y h /udi$ y\r    
lessons2 y\r deportm5t has be5          
satisfactory3 ,i w rew>d y by giv+ y    
sweetmeats1 or by tak+ y on a holiday   
into ! c\ntry4 ,b :at connection c !re  
possibly be betwe5 ! p]=mance ( duty & !
 physical pleasure enjoy$ 9 eat+        
sweetmeats8 ,is n ! connection a purely 
arbitr>y "o8 ,does x n dep5d ^u ! notion
 t !re is no intr9sic satisfaction 9 a  
moral act8 ,we ought to see t x is      
radically wrong to make su* enjoym5ts ! 
rew>d ( virtue2 we ought to h ! c\rage  
to make application ( our bett] !ories  
to ! education ( our *ildr5 if we w\ld  
develop 9 !m ! g]ms ( a nobl]1 fre]     
manhood & womanhood4 ,i admit1 inde$1 t 
a *ild is n yet suffici5tly develop$ to 
/& on its own feet morally1 & t its     
virtu\s incl9ations ne$ to be support$ &

 assi/$2 b we c give x ?is assi/ance by 
means ( our approbation or              
disapprobation4  ,to be 9 disgrace ) its
 p>5ts ought to be = a *ild ! heavie/   
p5alty4 ,to h _! favor %\ld be its      
highe/ rew>d4 ,b simply because a *ild  
is mo/ easily tak5 on ! side ( its      
animal in/9cts1 are we to appeal to x on
 t side8 ,%\ld x n be our aim to raise !
 "y *ild above ! m]e desire = physical  
gratification1 to prev5t x f atta*+ too 
mu* importance to su* pleasures8  ,!    
conduct ( _m p>5ts1 h[ev]1 ,i fe>1 t5ds 
to fo/] artificially t l[] nature 9 _!  
(fspr+ :i* x %\ld r be _! aim to        
repress4 ,by _! me?od ( be/[+ extrane\s 
rew>ds1 p>5ts contribute to p]v]t ! "* (
 _! *ildr5 9 e>lie/ infancy1 giv+ x a   
wrong direction f ! />t4  ,b1 x may be  
object$1 is !re n a :olesome tru?       
conta9$ 9 ,sa9t ,paul's say+ t he :o w n
 "w1 nei!r %all he eat8 ,is n our       
consci5ce (f5d$ :5 we see a p]son enjoy+
 ! pleasures ( life :o w p]=m none ( its
 m s]i\s duties8 ,& %\ld we n all agree 

t1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 virtue entitles "o to
 pleasure1 & ! abs5ce ( virtue ought to 
preclude "o f pleasure8  ,to meet ?is   
po9t let u dwell = a mom5t on ! foll[+  
consid]ations4 ,man is end[$ ) a v>iety 
( faculties1 & a diff]5t type ( pleasure
 or satisfaction arises f ! ex]cise (   
ea*4 ,pleasure1 9 g5]al1 may be def9$ z 
! feel+ :i* results f successful ex]cise
 ( any ( our faculties--physical1 m5tal 
or moral4 ,a successful rid] takes      
pleasure 9 horseman%ip1 an a?lete 9 !   
lift+ ( weights4 ,! great] an arti/'s   
ma/]y ov] 8 art1 ! great] ! pleasure he 
d]ives f x4 ,! m complex & difficult !  
problems :i* a s*ol> is able to resolve1
 ! m delight does he f9d 9 /udy4 ,! same
 is true ( ! moral nature4 ,! m a man   
succe$s 9 h>moniz+ 8 inn] life1 & 9     
help+ to make ! pr9ciples ( social      
h>mony prevail 9 ! _w ab\t him1 ! m     
satisfaction w he d]ive f ! ex]cise (   
virtue4  ,b ! ma9 fact :i* we are b\nd  
to rememb] is t x is impossible to pay =
 ! ex]cise ( any "o faculty by !        

pleasure d]iv$ f ! ex]cise ( ano!r2 t   
ea* faculty is legitimately paid only 9 
its own co94 ,if y ask a horseman :o has
 j return$ f an exhil>at+ ride :at      
comp5sation he expects to receive = !   
ex]cise he has tak51 he w probably look 
at y 9 blank amazem5t1 ) grave misgiv+s 
z to y\r sanity4 ,if y ask a sci5ti/ :at
 rew>d he expects to receive = ! pursuit
 ( k1 he w answ] y1 if he is an exp]t 9 
! use ( 8 intellect1 t he expects no    
ult]ior rew>d ( any k9d2 t n positive k 
s mu* z ! s5se ( gr[? 9 ! atta9m5t ( k  
is ! highe/ rew>d :i* he c imag9e4 ,& ! 
same answ] y w get f a p]son :o is exp]t
 9 ! use ( 8 moral faculty1 namely1 t n 
virtue s mu* z gr[? 9 virtue1 n !       
results a*iev$ by ! ex]cise ( ! faculty1
 b ! successful ex]cise itself is !     
supreme comp5sation4  ,i h us$ ! ^w     
exp]t 9 all ^! cases1 & precisely !re's 
! rub4 ,! reason :y _m p]sons _c get    
!mselves to believe t ! ex]cise ( !     
m5tal & moral faculties is a suffici5t  
rew>d is because !y are n exp]t1 because

 !y h n p5etrat$ f> en\gh along ! l9es (
 k & virtue to obta9 ! satisfactions (  
!m4 ,b ! same applies to ! tyro 9 any   
pursuit4 ,a rid] :o has n yet acquir$ a 
firm seat 9 ! saddle w h>dly d]ive mu*  
pleasure f horseback ex]cise4 ,an       
awkw>d1 clumsy danc]1 :o _c keep /ep1 w 
get no pleasure f danc+4 ,!re is no help
 = ! tyro1 no matt] 9 :at direction he  
aims at excell5ce1 except to g on try+  
until he becomes exp]t4  ,i h said t ea*
 faculty is sov]eign 9 its own sph]e1 t 
ea* provides its prop] satisfactions )9 
itself & does n borr[ !m f ! doma9 ( any
 ( ! o!rs4 ,nev]!less we are con/ra9$ to
 admit ! important tru? t is conta9$ 9 !
 say+ ( ,sa9t ,paul4 ,& ?is tru?1 x     
seems to me1 may be =mulat$ 9 ! words t1
 :ile physical pleasure is n ! rew>d (  
virtue1 virtue ought to be reg>d$ z !   
condition s9e qua non ( ! enjoym5t (    
physical pleasures--at lea/1 s f> z !   
di/ribution ( su* pleasures is )9 ! p[] 
( ! educator or ( society4  ,?is        
proposition dep5ds on ! diff]5ce 9 rank 

t subsi/s betwe5 our faculties1 ( :i* "s
 are sup]ior & o!rs inf]ior1 ! moral &  
intellectual faculties rightfully       
occupy+ ! top ( ! scale4 ,we inw>dly    
rebel :5 we see ! indol5t &             
self-indulg5t liv+ 9 luxury & afflu5ce4 
,& ?is n because ! enjoym5ts :i* su*    
p]sons comm& are ! prop] comp5sations ( 
virtue1 or because physical pa9 w\ld be 
! prop] puni%m5t ( _! moral faults1 b   
because we dem& t ! l[] faculties %all n
 be ex]cis$ at ! exp5se & to ! neglect (
 ! high]1 t ! legitimate rank & ord] (  
our faculties %all n be subv]t$4        
,apply+ ?is idea to ! case ( *ildr51 ,i 
?9k x w\ld be p]fectly prop] to d5y a   
*ild t has fail$ to /udy its lessons or 
has giv5 o!r occasion = s]i\s           
displeasure1 ! privilege ( go+ on a     
holiday to ! c\ntry or enjoy+ its       
favorite sports4 ,ev]y?+1 h[ev]1 w      
dep5d--z s mu* 9 education does         
dep5d--on ! mann]2 9 ?is in/ance on :at 
we imply 9 our d5ial r ?an on :at we    
expressly /ate4  ,! d5ial1 x seems to   

me1 %\ld be made on ! gr\nd t !re is a  
prop] ord] 9 :i* ! faculties are to be  
ex]cis$2 t ! high]1 ! m5tal1 faculties  
%\ld be ex]cis$ fir/1 & t he :o w n aim 
at ! high] satisfactions1 nei!r %all he1
 s f> z we c prev5t1 enjoy ! l[]4 ,on ! 
o!r h&1 by mak+ physical                
pleasures--sports1 games & ! l--! rew>d 
( /udy1 we exalt ^! satisfactions s z to
 make !m seem ! high]1 s z to make !    
satisfactions ( k appe> ( less] value   
comp>$ ) ! satisfactions ( ! s5ses4  ,9 
an ideal community e "o ( our faculties 
w\ld be br\ght into play 9 turn1 )\t our
 ev] be+ tempt$ to reg>d ! pleasures ( !
 "o z comp5sation = ! ex]cise ( ! o!r4  
,! human s\l has (t5 be5 comp>$ to an   
in/rum5t ) _m /r+s4 ,p]haps x may n be  
amiss to comp>e x to an or*e/ra4 ,9 ?is 
or*e/ra ! viol9s repres5t ! intellectual
 faculties4 ,!y lead ! re/4 ,!n !re are 
! flute-notes ( love1 ! trumpet tones ( 
ambition1 ! rattl+ drums & cymbals ( !  
passions & appetites4 ,ea* ( ^!         
in/rum5ts is to come 9 its prop] place1 

:ile ! moral plan ( life is ! musical   
composition :i* !y all assi/ 9 r5d]+4   
,:at we %\ld try to bani% is ! vici\s   
idea ( extrane\s rew>d1 ! notion t man  
is an animal ^: object 9 life is to eat 
& dr9k1 to possess gold & f9e g>m5ts1 & 
to gratify e l[] desire1 & t he c be    
br\ght to labor only on condition t he  
may obta9 su* pleasures4 ,:at we %\ld   
impress in/ead is ! notion t labor      
itself is satisfy+--manual labor1 m5tal 
labor1 moral labor--& t ! m difficult ! 
labor1 ! high] ! comp5sat+              
satisfactions4     ,,ii   ,i h ?us f>   
endeavor$ to combat ! notion t physical 
pleasure %\ld be (f]$ z a rew>d =       
virtue1 & physical pa9 inflict$ z a     
puni%m5t = moral faults4 ,n[ we are 9 a 
position to apply ?is conclusion to "s  
special que/ions :i* x is propos$ to    
take up = consid]ation4 ,! fir/ ( ^!    
relates to corporal puni%m5t4   #a4     
,,corporal ,,puni%m5t  ,x 0 9 t p]iod ( 
hi/ory :i* is s ju/ly call$ ! ,d>k ,ages
 t ! lurid doctr9e ( hell z a place = ! 

et]nal bodily torture ( ! wick$ haunt$  
m5's m9ds1 & ! same m$ival p]iod        
witness$ ! mo/ horrible examples (      
corporal puni%m5t 9 ! s*ools & 9 !      
homes4  ,?is 0 no m]e co9cid5ce4 ,z !   
mann]s ( ! p are s w _! religion be4    
,savage p>5ts :o treat _! *ildr5 9 a    
cruel1 passionate way naturally ent]ta9 
! idea ( a god :o treats 8 human *ildr5 
9 ! same way4 ,if we wi% to purify !    
religi\s beliefs ( m51 we mu/ fir/      
ameliorate _! daily life4  ,!re 0 once a
 s*oolma/] :o boa/$ t dur+ 8 long &     
int]e/+ c>e] he _h inflict$ corporal    
puni%m5t m ?an a million times4 ,9 mod]n
 days ! tide ( public op9ion has set    
/rongly aga9/ corporal puni%m5t4 ,x is  
be+ aboli%$ 9 _m ( our public           
in/itutions1 & ! majority ( cultivat$   
p>5ts h a decid$ feel+ aga9/ avail+     
!mselves ( ?is me?od ( discipl9e4  ,b ! 
m]e s5tim5t aga9/ x is n suffici5t4 ,is 
! opposition to x ! result possibly ( t 
increas$ s5sitiv5ess to pa9 :i* we      
obs]ve 9 ! mod]n man1 ( ! indisposition 

to inflict or to witness suff]+8 ,!n "s 
/]n tea*] might tell u t to inflict     
suff]+ is sometimes necess>y1 t x is a  
sign ( weakness to %r9k f x1 t z !      
surgeon mu/ sometimes apply ! knife 9   
ord] to effect a radical cure1 s !      
consci5ti\s p>5t %\ld sometimes inflict 
physical pa9 9 ord] to eradicate griev\s
 faults4 ,! /]n tea*] might w>n u aga9/ 
sp>+ ! rod & spoil+ ! *ild4  ,we mu/ n1 
!re=e1 base our opposition to corporal  
puni%m5t m]ely on s5tim5tal gr\nds4 ,&  
!re is no ne$ = do+ s1 = !re are s\nd   
pr9ciples on :i* ! argum5t may be made  
to re/4 ,corporal puni%m5t does n m]ely 
conflict ) our t5d]] sympa?ies1 x ?w>ts 
& defeats ! purpose ( moral re=mation4  
,9 ! fir/ place x brutalizes ! *ild2    
secondly1 9 _m cases x breaks ! *ild's  
_s1 mak+ x a moral c[>d2 &1 ?irdly1 x   
t5ds to weak5 ! s5se ( %ame1 on :i* !   
hope ( moral improvem5t dep5ds4         
,corporal puni%m5t brutalizes ! *ild4   
,we may be ju/ifi$ 9 beat+ a brute1     
?\gh1 ( c\rse1 nev] 9 a cruel1 m]ciless 

way4 ,a lazy bea/ ( burd5 may be /irr$  
up to "w2 an ob/9ate mule mu/ feel ! t\*
 ( ! :ip4 ,corporal puni%m5t implies t a
 rational human be+ is on ! level ( an  
animal4#a ,its und]ly+ ?\ght is3 y c be 
controll$ only ?r\gh y\r animal in/9cts2
 y c be mov$ only by an appeal to y\r   
bodily feel+s4 ,x is a practical d5ial (
 t high] nature :i* exi/s 9 e human be+1
 & ?is is a degrad+ view ( human "*4 ,a 
*ild :i* is accu/om$ to be treat$ l an  
animal is apt to behave l an animal4    
,?us corporal puni%m5t in/ead ( moraliz+
 s]ves to demoralize ! "*4  ,9 ! next   
place corporal puni%m5t (t5 breaks ! _s 
( a *ild4 ,h y ev] obs]v$ h[ "s *ildr5 t
 h be5 (t5 :ipp$ w :9e & beg (f :5 !    
angry p>5t is ab\t to take out ! rattan3
 ,o1 ,i w nev] d x aga92 ,o1 let me (f  
?is "t4 ,:at an abject sight x is--a    
*ild fawn+ & entreat+ & grovel+ l a dog6
 ,& mu/ n ! p>5t too feel humiliat$ 9   
su* a situation6 ,c\rage is "o ( !      
noble/ ( ! manly virtues4 ,we %\ld tra9 
our *ildr5 to be> unavoidable pa9 )\t   

fl9*+1 b s5sitive natures c only be     
sl[ly accu/om$ to endure suff]+2 &      
*a/isem5t1 :5 x is frequ5t & sev]e1     
results 9 mak+ a s5sitive *ild m & m    
c[>dly1 m & m afraid ( ! bl[s4 ,9 su*   
cases x is ! p>5ts !mselves1 by _!      
b>b>\s discipl9e1 :o /amp ! ugly vice ( 
c[>dice ^u _! *ildr54  ,ev5 m disa/r\s  
is ! ?ird effect ( corporal puni%m5t1 t 
( blunt+ ! s5se ( %ame4 ,"s *ildr5 quail
 be=e a bl[1 b o!rs1 ( a m ob/9ate      
disposition1 assume an attitude ( dogg$ 
indiff]5ce4 ,!y hold out ! h&1 !y take !
 /++ bl[s1 !y utt] no cry1 !y nev] w9ce2
 !y w n let ! tea*] or fa!r triumph ov] 
!m to t ext5t2 !y walk (f 9 /olid       
indiff]5ce4  ,n[1 a bl[ is an invasion (
 p]sonal lib]ty4 ,e "o :o receives a bl[
 feels a natural impulse to res5t x4 ,b 
boys :o are compell$ by ^? 9 au?ority   
ov] !m to submit (t5 to su* humiliation 
are liable to lose ! f9] feel+ = :at is 
humiliat+4 ,!y become1 z ! popul> phrase
 puts x1 h>d5$4 ,_! s5se ( %ame is      
dead5$4  ,b s5sitiv5ess to %ame is t    

quality ( our nature on :i*1 above all  
o!rs1 moral progress dep5ds4 ,! /igma ( 
public disgrace is "o ( ! mo/ pot5t     
safegu>ds ( virtue4 ,! _w cries ,%ame ^u
 ! ?ief1 & ! dread ( ! disgrace :i* is  
impli$ 9 be+ call$ a ?ief acts z "o ( ! 
/ronge/ prev5tives ^u ^? :om hung] &    
pov]ty might tempt to /eal4 ,! _w cries 
,%ame ^u ! lawbreak] 9 g5]al1 b ^? :o 9 
_! y\? are accu/om$ to be put to %ame by
 corporal puni%m5t are likely to become 
obtuse to o!r =ms ( disgrace z well4 ,! 
same criticism applies to ^? means (    
publicly disgrac+ *ildr5 :i* h be5 9    
vogue s long--! fool's cap1 ! awkw>d    
squad1 ! bad boy's b5*1 & ! l4 ,:5 a    
*ild f9ds itself frequ5tly expos$ to    
ignom9y x becomes indiff]5t to ignom9y1 
& ?us ! door is op5$ = ! entrance ( !   
wor/ vices4  ,!re is "o excell5ce1      
inde$1 :i* ,i p]ceive 9 corporal        
puni%m5t2 x is an excell5t means ( bre$+
 crim9als4 ,p>5ts :o inflict frequ5t    
corporal puni%m5t1 ,i make bold to say1 
are help+ to prep>e _! *ildr5 = a life (

 crime2 !y put !m on a level ) ! brute1 
break _! _s & weak5 _! s5se ( %ame4     
#b4 ,,! ,,evil ,,( ,,! ,,m>k ,,sy/em  ,!
 second special "q :i* we h to consid]  
relates to ! m>k sy/em4 ,z ?is sy/em is 
appli$ to hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( s*ool       
*ildr51 ! "q :e!r t influ5ce is good or 
evil conc]ns u closely4 ,i am ( ! op9ion
 t x is evil4 ,! true aim ( e s*ool %\ld
 be to lead ! pupils to pursue k = !    
sake ( k1 & to pres]ve a correct        
deportm5t 9 ord] to ga9 ! approbation ( 
consci5ce & ( ! tea*] ^: judgm5t        
repres5ts ! v]dict ( consci5ce4  ,i     
object to ! m>k sy/em because x         
introduces a k9d ( outw>d paym5t =      
progress 9 /udy & good conduct4 ,! m>ks 
:i* ! pupil receives /& = ! doll>s &    
c5ts :i* ! man w receive lat] on = 8 "w4
 ,s mu* s*ool "w p]=m$1 s _m m>ks 9     
return4 ,b a *ild %\ld be taught to /udy
 = ! pleasure :i* /udy gives1 & = !     
improvem5t ( ! m9d :i* is its happy     
result4  ,i "k ( a s*ool :]e ! =feiture 
( twelve m>ks 0 made ! p5alty = a c]ta9 

misdemeanor4 ,"o day a pupil1 be+       
detect$ 9 a =bidd5 act1 turn$ to ! tea*]
 & said1 ,i agree to ! =feit1 y c /rike 
(f my twelve m>ks1 & !n w5t on op5ly    
transgress+ ! rule1 z if he _h paid out 
s _m %ill+s = an enjoym5t :i* he 0      
det]m9$ to h2 z if ! outw>d =feit c\ld  
atone = ! antimoral _s by :i* ! act 0   
inspir$4 ,b h[ is x possible by any     
ext]nal sy/em ( m>ks to *ange !         
antimoral _s ( an (f5d]8  ,i object1    
fur!rmore1 to ! m>k+ sy/em because !    
discrim9ation to :i* x leads c nev] be  
really j4 ,"o boy receives an av]age (  
n9ety-sev5 & "o half p] c5t1 & ano!r (  
n9ety-five4 ,! "o :o receives n9ety-sev5
 & "o half ?9ks himself sup]ior to1 & is
 rank$ z ! sup]ior ( ! "o :o has receiv$
 only n9ety-five4 ,b is x possible to   
rate m5tal & moral diff]5ces betwe5     
*ildr5 9 ?is ari?metical fa%ion8  ,above
 all1 ,i object to ?is sy/em because x  
appeals to a l[ _s ( competition among !
 "y 9 ord] to incite !m to /udy4        
,ambition is av>ice on /ilts1 z ,l&or   

puts x4 ,( c\rse x is bett] to try to   
out%9e o!rs 9 :at is excell5t ?an 9 :at 
is vici\s2 b if ! object be t ( out%9+  
o!rs at all1 ( ga9+ sup]iority ov] o!rs1
 no matt] h[ high ! faculties may be :i*
 are call$ into ex]cise1 ! motive is    
impure & ought to be condemn$4 ,!re is a
 g5]al impression abroad t m5 are n yet 
good en\gh to make x practicable to     
appeal to _! bett] nature4 ,b x is      
=gott5 t by con/antly appeal+ to ! bas] 
impulses we give ^! undue prom95ce1 &   
/>ve out & weak5 ! nobl] in/9cts4       
,:atev] ! tru? may be 9 reg>d to lat]   
life1 x seems to me culpable to fo/] ?is
 sort ( competition 9 "y *ildr54  ,n[1 !
 m>k _s does fo/] su* a _s 9 our s*ools4
 ,x tea*es ! pupils to "w = di/9ction r 
?an = ! solid satisfaction ( gr[? 9     
intellig5ce & m5tal p[]4 ,d\btless1 :]e 
! me?od ( in/ruction is me*anical1 :]e !
 atmosph]e ( ! classroom is dull &      
lifeless1 & ! tasks are un9t]e/+1 x is  
necess>y to use artificial means 9 ord] 
to keep ! pupils to _! "w2 x is necess>y

 to give !m ! sweet wat]s ( flatt]$     
self-e/eem 9 ord] to induce !m to swall[
 ! dry-z-du/ cont5ts ( a b>r5 s*ool     
le>n+4  ,b is x n possible to h s*ools 9
 :i* e subject taught %all be made      
int]e/+ to ! s*ol>s1 9 :i* ! ways ( k   
%all become ! ways ( pleasantness1 9 :i*
 !re %all be suffici5t v>iety 9 !       
program ( lessons to keep ! m9ds ( !    
pupils con/antly fre% & vigor\s1 9 :i* !
 pupils %all n be rew>d$ by be+ dismiss$
 at an e>li] h\r ?an usual f ! s*ool1 b 
9 :i* possibly !y %all consid] x rew>d  
to be all[$ to rema9 long] ?an usual8   
,&1 inde$1 reque/s ( ?is sort are (t5   
made 9 s*ools ( ! bett] k9d1 & 9 su*    
s*ools !re is no ne$ ( an artificial m>k
 sy/em1 no ne$ to /imulate ! un:olesome 
ambition ( ! pupils1 no ne$ to bribe !m 
to p]=m _! tasks4 ,r d su* pupils look )
 affection ^u _! s*ool2 & ! daily task  
itself is a delight & a suffici5t rew>d4
  ,i d n1 ( c\rse1 oppose ! giv+ (      
reports to *ildr54 ,su* expressions z   
good1 fair & poor1 :i* =mulate ! tea*]'s

 op9ion ( ! pupil f "t to "t1 are       
indisp5sable1 inasmu* z !y acqua9t !    
p>5ts & ! pupil himself ) ! in/ructor's 
g5]al approval or disapprobation4 ,i    
only oppose ! num]ical calculation (    
m]it & dem]it1 & ! vulg> me?od ( det]m9+
 ! pupil's rank 9 ! class accord+ to    
p]c5tages4 ,"u t me?od ! pupils1 hav+   
pursu$ k only z a means to ! end (      
satisfy+ _! pride & vanity1 relax _!    
ef=ts :5 !y h ga9$ ?is ambiti\s aim4 ,!y
 cease to take any deep] int]e/ 9 !     
pursuit ( k ! mom5t !y h a*iev$ _!      
purpose4 ,! notori\s failure ( ! sy/em1 
despite all its artificial /imulants1 to
 create la/+ atta*m5t & devotion to     
intellectual pursuits condemns ! :ole   
idea ( m>ks1 to my m9d1 beyond appeal4  
#c4 ,,natural ,,p5alties  ,we pass next 
to ! me?od = correct+ ! faults ( *ildr5 
:i* has be5 propos$ by ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 9 8
 collect$ essays on education4 ,^!      
essays h attract$ great att5tion1 z     
any?+ w\ld be sure to d :i* comes f s   
di/+ui%$ a s\rce4 ,i h he>d p :o are    

ard5t admir]s ( ,sp5c] say1 ,we base !  
education ( our *ildr5 entirely on ,mr4 
,sp5c]'s book4 ,all ! m necess>y is x to
 exam9e :e!r ! recomm5dations ( 8 book w
 :olly be> criticism4  ,i _c help feel+ 
t if ,mr4 ,sp5c] _h be5 m ?or\ghly at   
home 9 ! be/ educational lit]ature he   
w\ld n h pres5t$ to u an old me?od z if 
x 7 new1 & w\ld n h describ$ t :i* is at
 be/ b a second- or ?ird-rate help 9    
moral education z ! c5tral pr9ciple ( x 
all1 ! keynote ( ! :ole !ory ( ! moral  
tra9+ ( ! "y4  ,! me?od :i* he advises u
 to adopt is t ( visit+ ^u ! *ild !     
natural p5alties ( its transgression1 ( 
caus+ x to exp]i5ce ! inevitable        
consequ5ces ( evil acts 9 ord] t x may  
avoid evil1 ( build+ up ! moral nature (
 ! *ild1 by lead+ x to obs]ve ! outw>d  
results ( its acts4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] po9ts   
out t :5 a *ild puts its f+] into !     
flame1 or :5 x incauti\sly t\*es a hot  
/ove1 x is burn$2 a burnt *ild %uns !   
fire4 ,:5 a *ild c>elessly h&les a %>p  
knife x is apt to cut its f+]s4 ,?is is 

a salut>y lesson2 x w be m c>eful       
!reaft]2 ?is is ! me?od ( nature1       
namely1 ( tea*+ by exp]i5ce4 ,& ?is is a
 k9d ( cure-all :i* he (f]s = g5]al     
application4 ,he does1 inde$1 admit at !
 close ( 8 essay1 t1 9 c]ta9 cases1 :]e 
! evil consequ5ces are out ( all        
proportion to ! fault1 "s o!r me?od ?an 
t ( exp]i5ce mu/ be adopt$4 ,b1 9 g5]al1
 he recomm5ds ?is me?od ( nature1 z he  
calls x4  ,= in/ance1 a *ild 9 ! nurs]y 
has litt]$ ! floor ) its toys1 & aft]   
f9i%+ its play refuses to put !m away4  
,:5 next ! *ild asks = its toy box !    
reply ( its "m %\ld be3 ,! la/ "t y _h  
y\r toys y left !m ly+ on ! floor &     
,jane _h to pick !m up4 ,jane is too    
busy to pick up e "t ! ?+s y leave ab\t1
 & ,i _c d x myself1 s t1 z y w n put   
away y\r toys :5 y h done ) !m1 ,i _c   
let y h !m4 ,?is is obvi\sly a natural  
consequ5ce & mu/ be s recogniz$ by !    
*ild4  ,or a little girl1 ,con/ance by  
"n1 is sc>cely ev] ready 9 "t = ! daily 
walk4 ,! gov]ness & ! o!r *ildr5 are    

almo/ inv>iably compell$ to wait4 ,9 !  
_w ! p5alty ( be+ beh9d "t is ! loss (  
"s advantage t "o w\ld o!rwise h ga9$4  
,! tra9 is gone1 or ! /eamboat is j     
leav+ its moor+s1 or ! good seats 9 !   
conc]t room are fill$2 & e "o may see t 
x is ! prospective deprivation entail$  
by be+ late :i* prev5ts p f be+         
unpunctual4 ,%\ld n ?is prospective     
deprivation control ! *ild's conduct    
also8 ,if ,con/ance is n ready at !     
appo9t$ "t ! natural result %\ld be t %e
 is left beh9d & loses h] walk4  ,or1   
aga91 a boy is 9 ! habit ( recklessly   
soil+ & te>+ 8 clo!s4 ,he %\ld be       
compell$ to clean !m & to m5d ! te> z   
well z he c4 ,& if hav+ no dec5t clo!s  
to we>1 ! boy is ev] prev5t$ f jo9+ !   
re/ ( ! family on a holiday excursion & 
! l1 x is manife/ t he w ke5ly feel !   
puni%m5t & p]ceive t 8 own c>elessness  
is ! cause ( x4  ,b ,i ?9k x c easily be
 made cle> t ?is me?od ( moral discipl9e
 %\ld be an exceptional & n a g5]al "o1 
& t !re are n a few b _m occasions :5 x 

becomes simply impossible to visit ^u   
*ildr5 ! natural p5alties ( _!          
transgressions4 ,9 ^! cases ! evil      
consequ5ces are too great or too remote 
= u to all[ ! *ild to le>n f exp]i5ce4  
,a boy is lean+ too f> out ( ! w9d[2    
%all we let him take ! natural p5alty ( 
8 folly8 ,! natural p5alty w\ld be to   
fall & break 8 neck4 ,or a *ild is ab\t 
to ru% f a heat$ room into ! cold /reet 
) insuffici5t cov]+2 %all we let ! *ild 
take ! natural p5alty ( its he$lessness8
 ,! natural p5alty might be an attack ( 
pneumonia4 ,or1 aga91 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( !  
c\ntry x is imprud5t to be out on ! wat]
 aft] nightfall ow+ to ! dang] ( mal>ia4
 ,a boy :o is fond ( r[+ insi/s ^u go+  
out 9 8 boat aft] d>k2 %all we all[ him 
to le>n by exp]i5ce ! evil consequ5ces (
 8 act & ga9 wisdom by suff]+ ! natural 
p5alty8 ,! natural p5alty might be t he 
w\ld come home 9 a viol5t fev]4  ,to %[ 
h[ mu* mis*ief ! application ( !        
,sp5c]ian me?od might "w1 let me m5tion 
a case :i* came "u my obs]vation4 ,a    

c]ta9 tea*] _h be5 /udy+ ,h]b]t ,sp5c] &
 0 mu* impress$ ) 8 ideas4 ,"o wet1 ra9y
 day a numb] ( *ildr5 came to s*ool )\t 
ov]%oes4 ,! tea*] _h (t5 told !m t !y   
mu/ we> _! ov]%oes :5 x ra9$2 hav+      
neglect$ to d s1 _! feet 7 wet4 ,n[ came
 ! application ( ! natural p5alty !ory4 
,in/ead ( keep+ ! *ildr5 ne> ! fire :ile
 _! %oes 7 be+ dri$ 9 ! kit*51 !y 7     
all[$ to run ab\t 9 _! /ock+ feet 9 !   
l>ge s*ool hall 9 ord] to fix 9 _! m9ds 
! idea t1 z !y _h made _! %oes unfit to 
we>1 !y mu/ n[ g )\t !m4 ,?is 0 9 tru?  
moral discipl9e ) a v5geance4  ,x is1 9 
_m in/ances1 impossible to let ! natural
 p5alties ( _! transgressions fall ^u   
*ildr52 x w\ld be dang]\s to heal?1 to  
life & limb1 & also to "*1 to d s4  ,let
 me be p]fectly und]/ood j "h3 ,i d n   
d5y t ! me?od ( natural p5alties is     
capable ( be+ appli$ to advantage 9 !   
moral tra9+ ( *ildr54 ,x is a           
philosophic conclusion t x c be us$ z a 
means ( build+ up ! confid5ce ( *ildr5 9
 ! au?ority ( _! p>5ts & educators4  ,! 

fa!r says to 8 *ild3 ,y mu/ n t\* ! /ove
 or y w be burn$4 ,! *ild disobeys 8    
comm& & is burn$4 ,did ,i n w>n y8 says 
! fa!r4 ,d y n see t ,i 0 "r8 ,h]eaft]  
believe my words & d n wait to te/ !m 9 
y\r exp]i5ce4 ,! comp>atively few cases 
9 :i* ! *ild may )\t injury be made to  
exp]i5ce ! consequ5ces ( 8 acts %\ld be 
utiliz$ to /r5g!n its belief 9 ! wisdom 
& goodness ( its p>5ts1 s t 9 an        
inf9itely great] numb] ( cases _!       
au?ority w act ^u ! m9d ( ! *ild almo/ z
 p[]fully z ! actual exp]i5ce ( ! evil  
consequ5ces w\ld act4  ,mr4 ,sp5c]      
himself admits1 z ,i h said1 t !re are  
:at he calls extreme cases to :i* !     
sy/em he recomm5ds does n apply4 ,9 ^!  
he falls back ^u p>5tal displeasure z ! 
prop] p5alty4 ,b p>5tal displeasure1    
accord+ to 8 view1 is an indirect & n a 
direct p5alty1 & to use 8 own words1 !  
error :i* we h be5 combat+ is t (       
sub/itut+ p>5tal displeasure = !        
p5alties :i* nature has e/abli%$4 ,yet  
he himself 9 reg>d to ! grav] (f5ses    

does sub/itute p>5tal displeasure1 & ?us
 ab&ons 8 own position4  ,!re is1       
moreov]1 a second gr\nd on :i* ,i w\ld  
re/ my criticism4 ,! art ( ! educator   
sometimes consi/s 9 delib]ately w>d+ (f 
! natural p5alties1 ?\gh ! *ild kn[s :at
 !y are & p]haps expects to pay !m4 ,s  
f> is ! me?od ( ,sp5c] f be>+ ! te/ (   
application t ! v opposite ( :at he     
recomm5ds is "r 9 "s ( ! mo/ important  
in/ances4  ,take ! case ( ly+1 =        
in/ance4 ,! natural p5alty = tell+ a    
falsehood is n to be believ$ ! next "t1 
b ! real secret ( moral r$emption       
consi/s 9 n inflict+ ?is p5alty4 ,we    
emphasize our belief 9 ! (f5d] despite !
 fact t he has told a falsehood1 we %[ t
 we expect him nev] to tell a falsehood 
aga91 we seek to drive ! _s (           
untru?fulness out ( him--by believ+ 9   
him we /r5g!n him to ov]come temptation4
 ,& s 9 _m o!r in/ances we rescue1 we   
r$eem1 by n inflict+ ! natural p5alty4  
,! task ( moral education is laid ^u u4 
,x is n a task t c be le>n$ by read+ a  

few scatt]$ essays2 x is (t5 a heavy    
burd5 & involves a con/ant              
responsibility4 ,i "k x is n "r always  
to make p>5ts responsible = ! faults :i*
 appe> 9 _! *ildr54 ,i am well aw>e t ! 
wor/ fruit sometimes comes f ! be/ /ock1
 & t black %eep are sometimes to be f\nd
 9 ! be/ families4 ,b ,i _c help ?9k+ t 
if ^! black %eep 7 tak5 *>ge ( 9 ! "r   
way 9 e>ly *ildhood1 ! results might    
turn out diff]5tly f :at !y (t5 d4 ,!   
picture ( ,jesus on :i* ! e>ly *ur* lov$
 to dwell is ! picture ( ! good %eph]d  
:o foll[s aft] ! lamb t has /ray$ f !   
fold1 &1 c>ry+ x t5d]ly 9 8 arms1 br+s x
 back4 ,i ?9k if p>5ts 7 m fai?ful      
%eph]ds1 & c>$ = _! wayw>d *ildr5 )     
deep] solicitude & t5d]ness1 !y might   
(t5 succe$ 9 w9n+ !m back4  ,b ev5 ap>t 
f ^! exceptional cases ! task ( tra9+   
*ildr5 morally is "o ( imm5se gravity & 
difficulty4 ,& h[ are mo/ p>5ts prep>$ =
 ! dis*>ge ( ?is task8 ,:y1 !y are n at 
all prep>$4 ,!y rely m]ely ^u impulse1 &
 ^u traditions :i* (t5 are altoge!r     

wrong & h>mful4 ,!y d z !y h se5 o!r    
fa!rs & mo!rs d1 & ?us ! same mi/akes   
are p]petuat$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4   
,su* p>5ts1 if !y 7 ask$ to repair a    
clock1 w\ld say1 ,no1 we mu/ fir/ le>n  
ab\t ! me*anism ( a clock be=e we       
und]take to repair x4 ,b ! delicate &   
complex me*anism ( a *ild's s\l !y      
und]take to repair )\t any adequate k ( 
! spr+s by :i* x is mov$1 or ( ! sy/em (
 adju/m5ts by :i* x is enabl$ to p]=m   
its highe/ "w4 ,!y ?ru/ _! crude h&s    
into ! me*anism & (t5 damage or break x 
altoge!r4  ,i d n pret5d = a mom5t t    
education is z yet a p]fect sci5ce2 ,i  
"k x is n4 ,i d n pret5d t x c give u a 
great deal ( light2 b su* light z x c   
give we ought to be all ! m anxi\s to   
obta9 on acc\nt ( ! prevail+ d>kness4 ,!
 "t w d\btless come :5 ! sci5ce (       
education w be ackn[l$g$ to be1 9 "s    
s5se1 ! greate/ ( all ! sci5ces2 :51    
among ! b5efactors ( ! race1 ! great    
/atesm51 ! great inv5tors1 & ev5 ! great
 re=m]s w n be rank$ z high z ! great   

educators4  ,,footnote3  #a ,x is an op5
 "q :e!r light corporal puni%m5t %\ld n 
occasionally be p]mitt$ 9 ! case ( v "y 
*ildr5 :o h n yet arriv$ at ! age (     
reason4 ,9 ?is case1 at all ev5ts1 !re  
is no dang] t ! p]mission w be abus$4   
,no "o w\ld ?9k ( s]i\sly hurt+ a v "y  
*ild4     ,,iii   ,9 ord] t a p>5t %all 
prop]ly influ5ce a *ild's "*1 x is      
necess>y = him to "k :at t "* is1 & :at 
! nature is ( ea* fault ) :i* he is     
deal+4 ,i feel almo/ l ask+ p>don = say+
 any?+ s self-evid5t4 ,x seems l say+ t 
a physician :o is call$ to a sick-b$1   
be=e beg9n+ to prescribe1 %\ld "k !     
nature ( ! disease = :i* he is          
prescrib+1 %\ld n prescribe = "o disease
 :5 he is deal+ ) ano!r4  ,i d n "k     
en\gh ab\t physicians to say :e!r su*   
mi/akes ev] happ5 among !m2 b t su*     
egregi\s mi/akes d occur among p>5ts all
 ! "t1 ,i am sure4 ,!re are _m p>5ts :o 
nev] /op to ask be=e !y puni%--t is1    
be=e !y prescribe _! moral rem$ies--:at 
! nature ( ! disease is ) :i* _! *ild is

 afflict$4 ,!y nev] take ! tr\ble to    
make a diagnosis ( ! case 9 ord] to     
treat x correctly4 ,!re is p]haps n "o  
p>5t 9 a ?\s& :o has a cle> idea ( ! "* 
( 8 *ild1 or to :om x ev5 s mu* z occurs
 t he ought to h a cle> conception ( t  
"*1 a map ( x1 a *>t ( x1 laid out1 z x 
71 9 8 m9d4 ,! tr\ble is t att5tion is n
 usually call$ to ?is important matt]1 &
 ,i purpose to make x ! special subject 
( ?is address4   #a4 ,,ob/9acy  ,i am   
prep>$ at ! outset = ! objection t !    
case aga9/ p>5ts has be5 ov]/at$4 ,!re  
are p>5ts :o freely ackn[l$ge1 ,my *ild 
is ob/9ate2 ,i "k x has an ob/9ate "*4  
,o!rs say1 ,my *ild1 alas6 is untru?ful4
 ,o!rs aga9 decl>e1 ,my *ild is indol5t4
  ,b ^! symptoms are f> too indet]m9ate 
to base ^u !m a correct re=matory       
treatm5t4 ,su* symptoms may be due to a 
v>iety ( causes1 & n until we h discov]$
 ! und]ly+ cause 9 any giv5 case c we be
 sure t we are foll[+ ! "r me?od4  ,take
 ! case1 = in/ance1 ( ob/9acy2 a *ild is
 told to d a c]ta9 ?+ & x refuses4 ,n[1 

"h is a dilemma4 ,h[ %all we act8 ,!re  
are ^? :o say3 ,9 su* cases a *ild mu/  
be *a/is$ until x does :at x is told4 ,a
 g5tleman :o 0 pres5t "h la/ ,sunday _h 
! k9dness to s5d me dur+ ! week an      
edition ( ,john ,wesley's s]mons1 & 9   
?is volume1 9 ! s]mon on ,ob$i5ce to    
,p>5ts1 ,i read ! foll[+ words3 ,break !
 w if y w\ld n damn ! *ild4 ,i conjure y
 n to neglect1 n to delay ?is6 ,!re=e   
7#a7 ,let a *ild f a ye> old be taught  
to fe> ! rod & to cry s(tly4 ,9 ord] to 
d ?is 7#b7 ,let him h no?+ he cries =1  
absolutely no?+1 great or small1 else y 
undo y\r own "w4 ,at all ev5ts1 f t age 
make him d z he is bid1 if y :ip him t5 
times runn+ to effect x4 ,let none      
p]suade y x is cruelty to d ?is3 x is   
cruelty n to d x4 ,break 8 w n[1 & 8 s\l
 w live1 & he w probably bless y to all 
et]nity4  ,b by foll[+ ?is l9e (        
treatm5t we may obta9 a result ! v      
opposite ( t :i* we int5d$4 ,ob/9acy 9  
_m cases is due to s5sitiv5ess4 ,!re are
 "s *ildr5 z s5sitive to impressions z  

is t well-kn[n fl[] :i* closes its      
quiv]+ leaves at ! slighte/ t\*4 ,^!    
s5sitive *ildr5 retreat into !mselves at
 ! fir/ sign ( unfri5dl9ess or          
aggression f )\t4 ,! reason :y su* a    
*ild does n obey its fa!r's comm& is n1 
p]haps1 because x is unwill+ to d z x is
 told1 b because ( ! /]n face1 !        
impati5t ge/ure1 ! rais$ voice ) :i* !  
p>5t accompanies ! comm&1 & :i* j>s ^u !
 *ild's feel+s4  ,if su* a p>5t1 inc5s$ 
at ! *ild's disob$i5ce1 becomes /ill m  
sev]e1 raises 8 voice /ill m1 he w only 
make matt]s worse4 ,! *ild w %r9k f him 
/ill m & cont9ue its passive resi/ance4 
,9 ?is mann] ob/9acy1 :i* 0 at fir/ only
 a pass+ spell1 may become a fix$ trait 
9 ! *ild's "*4  ,to be sure1 we %\ld n1 
on ! o!r h&1 treat ^! s5sitive *ildr5   
only ) c>esses4 ,9 ?is way we enc\rage  
_! s5sitiv5ess1 :]eas we %\ld reg>d x z 
a weakness t requires to be gradually b 
/eadily ov]come4  ,! middle way seems ! 
be/4 ,let ! p>5t exact ob$i5ce f ! *ild 
by g5tle firmness1 by a firmness 9 :i*  

!re %all be no trace ( passion1 no      
height5$ feel+1 & ) a g5tl5ess :i*1     
g5tle z x may be1 %all be at ! same "t  
unyield+4 ,b :ile ob/9acy is sometimes  
due to s(tness ( nature1 x is at o!r    
times due to ! opposite--to h>dness (   
nature1 & accord+ to ! case we %\ld v>y 
our treatm5t4  ,!re are p]sons :o1 hav+ 
once made up _! m9ds to d a ?+1 _c be   
mov$ f _! resolution by any am\nt (     
p]suasion4 ,^! h>d natures1 ^!          
conc5trat$ wills1 are b\nd to h _! way1 
no matt] :om !y injure1 no matt] :at /&s
 9 ! way4 ,su* p]sons--& we notice !    
beg9n+s ( ?is trait 9 *ildr5--ne$ to be 
taught to respect ! rights ( o!rs4 ,_!  
wills %\ld occasionally be all[$ to     
collide ) ! wills ( o!rs1 9 ord] t !y   
may discov] t !re are o!r wills limit+  
!irs1 & may le>n ! necess>y lesson (    
submission4  ,9 yet o!r cases ob/9acy is
 due to /upidity4 ,p]sons ( weak        
intellig5ce are apt to be suspici\s4 ,n 
und]/&+ ! motives ( o!rs1 !y di/ru/ !m2 
unwill+ to foll[ ! guidance ( o!rs1 !y  

cl+ ) a sort ( desp]ation to _! own     
purpose4 ,^! cases may be treat$ by     
remov+ ! cause ( suspicion1 by pati5tly 
expla9+ "o's motives :]e x is possible  
to d s1 by awak5+ confid5ce4   #b4      
,,untru?fulness  ,aga91 let u take !    
fault ( untru?fulness4 ,"o _c           
suffici5tly comm5d ! wat*fulness ( ^?   
p>5ts :o take al>m at ! slighte/ sign ( 
falsehood 9 a *ild4 ,a lie %\ld always  
put u on our gu>d4 ,! ar* fi5d is ju/ly 
call$ ! fa!r ( lies4 ,! habit (         
falsehood1 :5 x has become settl$1 is ! 
sure inlet to worse vices4  ,at ! same  
"t n all falsehoods are equally culpable
 or equally indicative ( evil t5d5cy1 & 
we %\ld h a c>e to discrim9ate betwe5 ! 
diff]5t causes ( falsehood 9 ! "y *ild1 
9 ord] t we may pursue ! prop] treatm5t4
 ,sometimes falsehood is due to r$undant
 imag9ation1 especially 9 "y *ildr5 :o h
 n yet le>n$ to di/+ui% betwe5 fact &   
fancy4 ,9 su* cases we may re/ra9 !     
*ild's imag9ation by direct+ its        
att5tion to ! _w ( fact1 by try+ to     

int]e/ x 9 natural hi/ory & ! l4  ,we   
%\ld especially set ! example ( /rict   
accuracy ourselves 9 all our /atem5ts1  
no matt] h[ unimportant !y may be4 ,=   
in/ance1 if we n>rate c]ta9 occurr5ces 9
 ! pres5ce ( ! *ild1 we %\ld be c>eful  
to obs]ve ! exact ord] 9 :i* ! ev5ts    
occurr$1 & if we h made a mi/ake we %\ld
 take pa9s to correct ourselves1 ?\gh ! 
ord] ( occurr5ce is really immat]ial4   
,precisely because x is immat]ial we %[ 
by ?is means h[ mu* we value accuracy   
ev5 9 little ?+s4  ,!n1 aga91 falsehood 
is (t5 due to ! desire = ga94 ,or x may 
be due to fe>4 ,! *ild is afraid ( !    
sev]ity ( ! p>5t's discipl9e4 ,9 t case 
we are to blame2 we mu/ relax our       
discipl9e4 ,we h no bus9ess to tempt !  
*ild into falsehood4 ,aga91             
untru?fulness is (t5 due to mi/ak5      
sympa?y1 z we see 9 ! case ( pupils 9   
s*ool1 :o w tell a falsehood to %ield a 
fell[ pupil4 ,9 ! wor/ cases falsehood  
is inspir$ by malice4  ,x may be said t 
! prop] positive treatm5t = ?is fault is

 to set ! example ( ! /ricte/           
tru?fulness ourselves1 to avoid ! little
 falsehoods :i* we sometimes all[       
ourselves )\t compunction1 to %[ our    
disgu/ at a lie1 to fill ! *ild ) a s5se
 ( ! bas5ess ( ly+1 & above all to f9d  
out ! direct cause :i* has tempt$ ! *ild
 9 any giv5 case4 ,z a rule1 falsehood  
is only a means to an end2 *ildr5 d n   
tell untru?s because !y l to tell !m1 b 
because !y h "s ult]ior end 9 view4 ,f9d
 out :at t ult]ior end is1 & in/ead (   
direct+ y\r att5tion only to ! lie1     
p5etrate to ! motive t has l$ ! *ild    
into falsehood1 & try to div]t x f ! bad
 end4 ,?us y may extract ! cause ( its  
wrongdo+4   #c4 ,,laz9ess  ,?irdly1 let 
u consid] ! fault ( laz9ess4 ,laz9ess is
 sometimes due to physical causes4 ,no?+
 may be necess>y b a *ange ( diet1      
ex]cise 9 ! fre% air1 etc41 to cure !   
evil4 ,sometimes x is ! sign ( a c]ta9  
sl[ gr[? ( ! m9d4 ,!re are fruits 9 !   
g>d5 ( ! gods t rip5 sl[ly1 & ^! fruits 
are (t5 n ! lea/ preci\s or ! lea/      

beautiful :5 !y f9ally h matur$4 ,sir   
,isaac ,newton's m9d 0 "o ( ^! sl[ly    
rip5+ fruits4 ,9 s*ool he 0 reg>d$ z a  
dull>d & 8 tea*]s _h small hopes ( him4 
,laz9ess1 l o!r faults ( "*1 sometimes  
disappe>s 9 ! process ( gr[?4 ,j z at a 
c]ta9 p]iod 9 ! life ( a y\? or maid5   
new faculties seem to develop1 new      
passions arise1 a new life beg9s to /ir 
9 ! he>t1 s at a c]ta9 p]iod qualities )
 :i* we _h long be5 famili>1 disappe> ( 
!mselves4  ,we h v little light ^u ?is  
subject1 b ! fact t a great trans=mation
 ( "* sometimes does take place 9 *ildr5
 )\t any p]ceptible cause is q c]ta91 & 
x may be (f]$ z a com=t+ reflection to  
^? p>5ts :o are ov]-anxi\s on acc\nt ( !
 faults !y detect 9 _! *ildr54 ,b aga91 
on ! o!r h&1 laz9ess or untru?fulness or
 ob/9acy may be a black /reak1 com+ to !
 surface out ( ! ne!rmo/ /rata ( moral  
depravity1 &1 tak5 9 connection ) o!r   
traits1 may ju/ify ! mo/ s]i\s          
appreh5sion1 & %\ld !n be a signal =    
imm$iate measures ( ! mo/ /r+5t sort4   

#d4 ,,discov]+ ,,causes  ,i am ?us l$ to
 ! second bran* ( my subject4 ,i h tri$ 
to meet ! objection ( ! p>5t :o says1 ,i
 "k ! "* ( my *ild2 ,i "k my *ild is    
ob/9ate1 by reply+1 ,if y only "k t y\r 
*ild is ob/9ate y "k v little2 y ne$ to 
"k :at are ! causes ( 8 ob/9acy1 & v>y  
y\r treatm5t accord+ly4 ,or if any "o   
says1 ,my *ild is untru?ful1 ,i reply1  
,y ne$ to f9d out :at ! cause is ( ?is  
untru?fulness & v>y y\r treatm5t        
accord+ly4 ,or aga91 9 ! case :i* we h j
 consid]$1 ,i h po9t$ out t laz9ess 9 a 
*ild may h no s]i\s mean+ :atev] or may 
give j cause = ! mo/ s]i\s al>m1 accord+
 to ! gr\p ( *>act]i/ic traits ( :i* x  
is "o4 ,on ?is po9t ,i wi% to lay /ress4
 ,if y desire to obta9 a correct        
impression ( a human face1 y d n look at
 ! eye by itself1 !n at ! nose1 !n fix  
y\r att5tion on ! *eeks & ! *9 & ! br[1 
b y reg>d all ^! features toge!r & view 
!m 9 _! relations to "o ano!r4 ,or let u
 recur to ! simile ( ! physician4 ,:at  
w\ld y ?9k ( ! doctor :o %\ld judge !   

nature ( a disease by "s "o symptom :i* 
happ5$ to obtrude itself1 or %\ld treat 
ea* symptom z x appe>s sep>ately1 )\t   
endeavor+ to rea* ! occult cause :i* has
 giv5 rise to ! symptoms1 ( :i* !y are  
all b ! outw>d manife/ation8  ,& yet t  
is precisely ! incr$ible mi/ake :i* e "o
 ( u1 ,i v5ture to say1 is apt to make 9
 ! treatm5t ( *ildr5's *>act]s4 ,we     
judge ( !m by "s "o trait1 z ob/9acy1   
:i* happ5s to obtrude itself on our     
att5tion1 & we prescribe = ea* symptom z
 x arises2 we treat ob/9acy by itself1 &
 untru?fulness & indol5ce sep>ately1 )\t
 endeavor+ to get at ! und]ly+ cause (  
all ^! symptoms4 ,! po9t ,i desire to   
make is t 9 ! education ( our *ildr5 x  
is necess>y n only to /udy individual   
traits1 b ea* trait 9 connection ) !    
gr\p to :i* x belongs4  ,take = an      
illu/ration ! case la/ m5tion$--t (     
laz9ess4 ,!re is a well-kn[n type gr\p  
or gr\p ( *>act]i/ic traits1 ( :i*      
laz9ess is "o4 ,! *ief compon5ts ( ?is  
gr\p are ! foll[+3 ,! s5se ( %ame is    

want+1 t is "o trait4 ,! w is "u !      
control ( r&om impulses1 good impulses  
m+le helt]-skelt] ) bad4 ,!re is an     
indisposition on ! "p ( su* a *ild to   
prolong$ ex]tion 9 any direction1 ev5 9 
! direction ( pleasure4 ,t is p]haps !  
mo/ dang]\s trait ( all4  ,if y try to  
deal1 z p actually d1 ) ea* ( ^! traits 
sep>ately1 y w fail4 ,if y try to       
influ5ce ! s5se ( %ame1 y w meet ) no   
response2 if y disgrace su* a *ild1 y w 
make x worse2 if y :ip x1 y w h>d5 x4   
,if y attempt to ov]come indol5ce by !  
promise ( rew>ds1 t w be useless4 ,!    
*ild =gets promis$ rew>ds j z quickly z 
x =gets ?reat5$ puni%m5t4  ,?is         
=getfulness1 ?is lack ( coh]5cy 9 its   
ideas1 is p>ticul>ly *>act]i/ic4 ,!     
ideas ( su* a *ild are imp]fectly       
connect$4 ,! ties betwe5 causes & _!    
effects are feeble4 ,! cont5ts ( !      
*ild's m9d are 9 a /ate ( un/able       
equilibrium4 ,!re is no po9t ( fixity 9 
its m5tal realm4 ,& ! cure = su* a      
condition is to e/abli% fixity 9 !      

?\ghts1 to induce habits ( indu/ry &    
application by /eady1 unrelax+          
discipl9e1 & especially by means (      
manual tra9+4  ,! imm5se value (        
me*anical labor z a means ( moral       
improvem5t has be5 appreciat$ until n[  
only to a v imp]fect ext5t4 ,me*anical  
labor wisely direct$ secures m5tal      
fixity because x conc5trates ! *ild's   
att5tion = days & (t5 = weeks ^u a s+le 
task4 ,me*anical labor /imulates moral  
pride by enabl+ ! pupil to produce      
articles ( value & giv+ him 9 ?is way ! 
s5se ( a*ievem5t4 ,me*anical labor also 
ov]comes indol5ce by compell+ settl$    
habits ( indu/ry1 :]eby ! r&om impulses 
( ! w are br\ght "u control4  ,! type   
gr\p :i* we h j consid]$ is "o ( ! mo/  
cle>ly m>k$ & easily recogniz$4 ,x is a 
type :i* we (t5 meet ) among ! s-call$  
crim9al classes1 :]e its *>act]i/ic     
features c be se5 9 exagg]at$           
proportions4 ,)\t attempt+ to analyze   
any additional types 7a task ( great    
delicacy & difficulty71 ! tru? t !      

und]ly+ fault ( "* is (t5 unlike !      
symptoms :i* appe> mo/ conspicu\sly on !
 surface may be fur!r illu/rat$ by !    
foll[+ example4 ,i h kn[n ( a p]son :o  
made himself obnoxi\s to 8 fri5ds by 8  
ov]be>+ mann]s & app>5t arrogance4      
,casual obs]v]s condemn$ him on acc\nt (
 :at !y believ$ to be 8 ov]we5+         
self-confid5ce1 & express$ ! op9ion t 8 
self-conceit ought to be brok5 d[n4 ,b !
 real tr\ble ) him 0 n t he 0 too       
self-confid5t1 b t he _h n              
self-confid5ce en\gh4 ,8 self-confid5ce 
ne$$ to be built up4 ,he 0 ov]be>+ 9    
society because he did n tru/ himself1  
because he 0 always afraid ( n be+ able 
to hold 8 own1 & h5ce he exagg]at$ on ! 
o!r side4 ,^? :o take su* a p]son to be 
9 reality :at he seems to be w nev] be  
able to influ5ce him4 ,if we f9d su* a  
trait 9 a *ild1 & simply treat x z if x 
7 arrogant1 we %all miss ! m>k entirely4
 ,we mu/ f9d ! und]ly+ pr9ciple ( ! "* !
 occult cause ( :i* ! surface symptoms  
are ! effects4  ,our k ( ! great type   

gr\ps is z yet extremely meag]4         
,psy*ology has yet to d its "w 9 ?is    
direction1 & books on education give u b
 little help4 ,b !re are c]ta9 means by 
:i* ! task ( inve/igation may possibly  
be assi/$4 ,"o means is ! /udy ( ! plays
 ( ,%akespe>e4 ,t ma/] m9d has creat$   
c]ta9 types ( "* :i* repay ! close/     
analysis4 ,! /udy ( ! be/ biographies is
 a second means4 ,! /udy ( ! moral      
*>act]i/ics ( ! primitive races--a /udy 
:i* has be5 begun by ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 9 8  
"w on ,descriptive ,sociology1 & by     
,waitz 9 8 ,an?ropologie d]             
,naturvlk]--is p]haps ano!r means2 &    
hone/ introspection1 :5 x %all h become 
! rule among intellig5t p]sons1 in/ead (
 be+ ! exception1 w probably be ! be/   
means4  ,i am afraid t "s ( my he>]s1 f 
hav+ be5 ov]-confid5t z educators 9 !   
beg9n+1 may n[ h become ov]-timid2 f    
hav+ said to !mselves1 ,:y1 ( c\rse we  
"k ! *>act]i/ics ( our *ildr51 may n[1  
s9ce ! difficulties ( /udy+ "* h be5    
expla9$1 be dispos$ to exclaim 9 a k9d (

 despair1 ,:o c ev] und]/& ! "* ( a s+le
 human be+8 ,a p]fect und]/&+ ( any     
human be+ is inde$ impossible4 ,we d n  
p]fectly "k ev5 ^? :o are ne>e/ & de>e/ 
to u4 ,b !re are means ( rea*+ at lea/  
approximate results1 s f> z *ildr5 are  
conc]n$1 & a few ( ^! p]mit me to       
briefly summ>ize4  ,try to w9 !         
confid5ce ( ! *ild s t x may disclose   
its inn] life to y4 ,*ildr5 accept !    
b5efactions ( _! p>5ts z un?9k+ly z !y  
brea! ! air ar\nd !m4 ,%[ !m t y\r c>e &
 untir+ devotion mu/ be des]v$1 n tak5 z
 a matt] ( c\rse4 ,9 ?is way y w deep5  
_! atta*m5t & lead !m to will+ly op5 _! 
he>ts to y4 ,at ! same "t ent] into !   
less] conc]ns ( _! life4 ,be _!         
comrades1 _! c\nselors2 /oop to !m1 let 
!m cl+ to y4  ,obs]ve y\r *ildr5 :5 !y  
are at play1 = x is !n t !y ?r[ (f _!   
res]ve & %[ !mselves z !y are4 ,"s      
*ildr51 = in/ance1 w n jo9 a game unless
 !y c be lead]s2 is n t a sign ( "*8 ,"s
 *ildr5 w take an unfair advantage at   
play1 & ju/ify !mselves by say+1 ,x is  

only 9 play4 ,"s are p]si/5t 9 a game   
:ile o!rs tire ( any game aft] a little 
:ile4 ,o!rs are /ickl]s = a /rict       
obs]vance ( ! rules4 ,obs]ve h[ y\r sons
 or daught]s are reg>d$ by _!           
companions2 *ildr5 are (t5 wond]fully   
quick to detect "o ano!r's faults4  ,try
 to f9d out :at ! favorite pursuits &   
/udies ( y\r *ild are1 by :at x is      
repell$1 by :at attract$1 & to :at x is 
indiff]5t4 ,above all1 keep a record (  
y\r *ild's developm5t4 ,d n %un ! labor 
involv$ 9 ?is4 ,y "k v well t no?+ wor? 
hav+ c be obta9$ )\t labor1 yet mo/     
p>5ts are unwill+ to give suffici5t "t &
 att5tion to ! education ( _! *ildr54   
,keep a record ( ! mo/ significant words
 & acts ( ! *ild4 ,?us aft] a :ile y may
 h a picture ( ! *ild's inw>d condition 
be=e y1 an assemblage ( *>act]i/ic      
traits1 & by comp>+ "o trait ) ano!r1 y 
may f9d ! clue to a deep] und]/&+ ( its 
nature4  ,:at ,i h said ab\t *ildr5     
applies equally to ourselves4 ,i />t$   
out by say+ t n "o p>5t 9 a ?\s& kn[s 8 

*ild's "*4 ,i conclude by say+ t n "o   
man or woman 9 a ?\s& kn[s 8 or h] own  
"*4 ,we g ?r\gh life *]i%+ an unreal    
conception ( ourselves :i* is (t5       
inspir$ by vanity4  ,i am well aw>e t x 
is difficult to "k oneself1 b !re are   
helps 9 ?is direction also4 ,we c look  
ov] our own pa/ record1 we c hone/ly    
exam9e h[ we h act$ 9 ! lead+ crises (  
our lives1 we c summon our own          
*>act]i/ic traits be=e our m9ds--! ?+s t
 we l to dwell ^u1 & ! ?+s :i* we w\ld  
gladly blot out ( our memories if we    
c\ld--& by comp>+ ?is trait ) t1 we may 
discov] ! spr+s by :i* we h be5 mov$4 ,x
 is difficult to atta9 self-k1 b x is   
imp]ative t we %\ld try to atta9 x4 ,!  
aim ( our exi/5ce is to improve our     
*>act]s1 & cle>ly we _c improve !m      
unless we "k !m4  ,i h und]tak5 to      
grapple ) a mo/ difficult subject1 b ,i 
%all h accompli%$ ! purpose :i* ,i _h 9 
m9d if ,i h awak5$ 9 y a deep] desire to
 ask y\rselves1 fir/1 ,:at is ! "* ( my 
*ild8 &1 second1 ,:at is my own "*8 ,!  

mo/ s]i\s bus9ess ( our lives is to try 
to f9d ! answ]s to ^! two que/ions4     
,,! ,,am]ican ,,home ,,s]ies  ,,norman  
,b4 ,,ri*>dson1 ,editor   #a4 ,,!       
,,nation',s ,,*all5ge ,,to ,,! ,,home   
#b4 ,,h[ ,,"o ,,real ,,"m ,,lives ,,)   
,,h] ,,*ildr5  #c4 ,,p>5?ood ,,&        
,,h]$ity  #d4 ,,! ,,roots ,,(           
,,disposition ,,& ,,"*  #e4 ,,! ,,fir/  
,,ye> ,,9 ,a ,,baby',s ,,life  #f4      
,,?umb-,,suck+  #g4 ,,! ,,education ,,( 
,,! ,,baby ,,until ,,x ,,is ,,"o ,,ye>  
,,old  #h4 ,,fir/ ,,/eps ,,t[>ds ,,"*   
#i4 ,,! ,,second ,,& ,,?ird ,,ye>s  #aj4
 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,*ild ,,dur+  
,,! ,,second ,,& ,,?ird ,,ye>s  #aa4 ,,!
 ,,"m ,,z ,,playfell[ 7,,ye>s ,,"o1     
,,two1 ,,& ,,?ree7  #ab4 ,,! ,,problems 
,,( ,,temp]  #ac4 ,,! ,,problems ,,(    
,,fight+  #ad4 ,,! ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,"y  
,,*ildr5  #ae4 ,,! ,,puni%m5t ,,(       
,,*ildr5  #af4 ,,! ,,home ,,k9d]g>t5    
#ag4 ,,! ,,religi\s ,,nurture ,,( ,a    
,,little ,,*ild 7,,ye>s ,,f\r ,,&       
,,five7  #ah4 ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,*ild  #ai4  

,,on ,,tru? ,,tell+ ,,& ,,! ,,problem   
,,( ,,*ildr5',s ,,lies  #bj4 ,,!        
,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,,betwe5 ,,six  
,,& ,,twelve  #ba4 ,,! ,,dramatic       
,,in/9ct ,,9 ,,*ildr5  #bb4 ,,dramatics 
,,9 ,,! ,,home  #bc4 ,,table ,,talk ,,9 
,,! ,,home  #bd4 ,,sunday ,,9 ,,! ,,home
  #be4 ,a ,,ye> ,,( ,,good ,,sundays    
#bf4 ,,! ,,picture-,,h\r ,,9 ,,! ,,home 
#bg4 ,,/ory-,,tell+ ,,9 ,,! ,,home  #bh4
 ,,music ,,9 ,,! ,,home  #bi4 ,,tra9+   
,,9 ,,?rift  #cj4 ,,:at ,,to ,,say ,,9  
,,tell+ ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,life',s        
,,r5ewal  #ca4 ,,sex ,,discipl9e ,,=    
,,boys ,,9 ,,! ,,home  #cb4 ,,y\?',s    
,,outlook ,,^u ,,life  #cc4 ,,build+ ,,=
 ,,womanhood  #cd4 ,,rhy?m ,,&          
,,recreation  #ce4 ,,! ,,home ,,& ,,mov+
 ,,pictures4  #cf4 ,,wor%ip ,,9 ,,!     
,,home4  #cg4 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,dolls ,,9 
,,*ild-,,tra9+4   ,,prices ,,w ,,be     
,,furni%$ ,,on ,,application