,copyright 7,c7 #bjjb by ,sam ,williams4 ,free ,z 9 ,fre$om3 ,ri*>d ,/allman's ,crusade = ,free ,s(tw>e4 ,by ,sam ,williams ,available on ! web at3 http3_/_/www4faifzilla4org_/ ,produc$ "u ! ,free ,docum5tation ,lic5se ,table ( ,cont5ts ,*apt] #a ,= ,want ( a ,pr9t] ,*apt] #b #bjja3 ,a ,hack]'s ,odyssey ,*apt] #c ,a ,portrait ( ! ,hack] z a ,"y ,man ,*apt] #d ,impea* ,god ,*apt] #e ,small ,puddle ( ,fre$om ,*apt] #f ,! ,emacs ,commune ,*apt] #g ,a ,/>k ,moral ,*oice ,*apt] #h ,/4 ,ignucius ,*apt] #i ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se ,*apt] #aj ,,gnu_/,l9ux ,*apt] #aa ,op5 ,s\rce ,*apt] #ab ,a ,brief ,j\rney ,?r\gh ,hack] ,hell ,*apt] #ac ,cont9u+ ! ,fight ,*apt] #ad ,epilogue3 ,*apt] #ae ,app5dix ,a 3 ,t]m9ology ,*apt] #af ,app5dix ,b ,hack1 ,hack]s1 & ,hack+ ,*apt] #ag ,app5dix ,c ,,gnu ,free ,docum5tation ,lic5se 7,,gfdl7 ,preface ,! "w ( ,ri*>d ,m4 ,/allman lit]ally speaks = itself4 ,f ! docum5t$ s\rce code to ! publi%$ pap]s to ! record$ spee*es1 few p h express$ z mu* will+ness to lay _! ?\ghts & _! "w on ! l9e4 ,su* op5ness-if "o c p>don a mom5t>y un-,/allman adjective-is refre%+4 ,aft] all1 we live 9 a society t treats in=mation1 especially p]sonal in=mation1 z a valuable commodity4 ,! "q quickly arises4 ,:y w\ld anybody want to "p ) s mu* in=mation & yet appe> to dem& no?+ 9 return8 ,z we %all see 9 lat] *apt]s1 ,/allman does n "p ) 8 words or 8 "w altrui/ically4 ,e program1 spee*1 & on-!-record bon mot comes ) a price1 albeit n ! k9d ( price mo/ p are us$ to pay+4 ,i br+ ?is up n z a w>n+1 b z an admission4 ,z a p]son :o has sp5t ! la/ ye> digg+ up facts on ,/allman's p]sonal hi/ory1 x's m ?an a little intimidat+ go+ up aga9/ ! ,/allman oeuvre4 ,nev] pick a fight ) a man :o buys 8 ink by ! b>rel1 goes ! old ,m>k ,twa9 adage4 ,9 ! case ( ,/allman1 nev] attempt ! def9itive biography ( a man :o tru/s 8 e ?\ght to ! public record4 ,= ! read]s :o h decid$ to tru/ a few h\rs ( _! "t to explor+ ?is book1 ,i c confid5tly /ate t !re are facts & quotes 9 "h t "o won't f9d 9 any ,sla%dot /ory or ,google se>*4 ,ga9+ access to ^! facts involves pay+ a price1 h[ev]4 ,9 ! case ( ! book v]sion1 y c pay = ^! facts ! traditional mann]1 i4e41 by pur*as+ ! book4 ,9 ! case ( ! electronic v]sions1 y c pay = ^! facts 9 ! free s(tw>e mann]4 ,?anks to ! folks at ,o',reilly ,associates1 ?is book is be+ di/ribut$ "u ! ,,gnu ,free ,docum5tation ,lic5se1 mean+ y c help to improve ! "w or create a p]sonaliz$ v]sion & release t v]sion "u ! same lic5se4 ,if y are read+ an electronic v]sion & pref] to accept ! latt] paym5t option1 t is1 if y want to improve or exp& ?is book = future read]s1 ,i welcome y\r input4 ,/>t+ 9 ,june1 #bjjb1 ,i w be publi%+ a b>e bones ,,html v]sion ( ! book on ! web site1 http3_/_/www4faifzilla4org4 ,my aim is to update x regul>ly & exp& ! ,free z 9 ,fre$om /ory z ev5ts w>rant4 ,if y *oose to take ! latt] c\rse1 please review ,app5dix ,c ( ?is book4 ,x provides a copy ( y\r rights "u ! ,,gnu ,free ,docum5tation ,lic5se4 ,= ^? :o j plan to sit back & read1 onl9e or else:]e1 ,i consid] y\r att5tion an equally valuable =m ( paym5t4 ,don't be surpris$1 ?\gh1 if y1 too1 f9d y\rself look+ = o!r ways to rew>d ! good w t made ?is "w possible4 ,"o f9al note3 ?is is a "w ( j\rnalism1 b x is also a "w ( te*nical docum5tation4 ,9 ! process ( writ+ & edit+ ?is book1 ! editors & ,i h weigh$ ! comm5ts & factual input ( v>i\s p>ticipants 9 ! /ory1 includ+ ,ri*>d ,/allman himself4 ,we realize !re are _m te*nical details 9 ?is /ory t may b5efit f additional or ref9$ in=mation4 ,z ?is book is releas$ "u ! ,,gfdl1 we are accept+ pat*es j l we w\ld ) any free s(tw>e program4 ,accept$ *anges w be po/$ electronically & w ev5tually be incorporat$ into future pr9t$ v]sions ( ?is "w4 ,if y w\ld l to contribute to ! fur!r improvem5t ( ?is book1 y c rea* me at samin[4com4 ,comm5ts & ,que/ions ,please address comm5ts & que/ions conc]n+ ?is book to ! publi%]3 ,o',reilly ,associates1 ,inc4 #ajje ,grav5/e9 ,highway ,nor? ,seba/opol1 ,,ca #iedgb 7#hjj7 #iih-iich 79 ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada7 7#gjg7 #hbi-jeae 7int]national_/local7 7#gjg7 #hbi-jajd 7fax7 ,!re is a web page = ?is book1 :i* li/s errata1 examples1 or any additional in=mation4 ,! site also includes a l9k to a =um :]e y c discuss ! book ) ! au?or & o!r read]s4 ,y c access ?is site at3 http3_/_/www4oreilly4com_/catalog_/fre$o m_/ ,to comm5t or ask te*nical que/ions ab\t ?is book1 s5d email to3 bookque/ionsoreilly4com ,= m in=mation ab\t books1 conf]5ces1 ,res\rce ,c5t]s1 & ! ,o',reilly ,network1 see ! ,o',reilly web site at3 http3_/_/www4oreilly4com ,ackn[l$gm5ts ,special ?anks to ,h5n+ ,gutmann = /ick+ by ?is book4 ,special ?anks to ,a>on ,oas = sugge/+ ! idea to ,tracy 9 ! fir/ place4 ,?anks to ,laurie ,petrycki1 ,jeffrey ,holcomb1 & all ! o!rs at ,o',reilly ,associates4 ,?anks to ,tim ,o',reilly = back+ ?is book4 ,?anks to all ! fir/-draft review]s3 ,bruce ,p]5s1 ,eric ,raymond1 ,eric ,allman1 ,jon ,orwant1 ,julie & ,g]ald ,jay ,sussman1 ,hal ,abelson1 & ,guy ,/eele4 ,i hope y enjoy ?is typo-free v]sion4 ,?anks to ,alice ,lippman = ! int]views1 cookies1 & photographs4 ,?anks to my family1 ,/eve1 ,jane1 ,ti%1 & ,dave4 ,& f9ally1 la/ b n lea/3 ?anks to ,ri*>d ,/allman = hav+ ! guts & endurance to %[ u ! code4 ,sam ,williams ,= ,want ( a ,pr9t] ,i fe> ! ,greeks4 ,ev5 :5 !y br+ gifts4 ---,virgil ,! ,a5eid ,! new pr9t] 0 jamm$1 aga94 ,ri*>d ,m4 ,/allman1 a /aff s(tw>e programm] at ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology's ,artificial ,intellig5ce ,laboratory 7,,ai ,lab71 discov]$ ! malfunction ! h>d way4 ,an h\r aft] s5d+ (f a #ej-page file to ! (fice las] pr9t]1 ,/allman1 #bg1 broke (f a productive "w session to retrieve 8 docum5ts4 ,^u arrival1 he f\nd only f\r pages 9 ! pr9t]'s tray4 ,to make matt]s ev5 m fru/rat+1 ! f\r pages belong$ to ano!r us]1 mean+ t ,/allman's pr9t job & ! unf9i%$ portion ( somebody else's pr9t job 7 /ill trapp$ some:]e )9 ! electrical plumb+ ( ! lab's comput] network4 ,wait+ = ma*9es is an occupational haz>d :5 y're a s(tw>e programm]1 s ,/allman took 8 fru/ration ) a gra9 ( salt4 ,/ill1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 wait+ = a ma*9e & wait+ on a ma*9e is a sizable "o4 ,x wasn't ! fir/ "t he'd be5 =c$ to /& ov] ! pr9t]1 wat*+ pages pr9t out "o by "o4 ,z a p]son :o sp5t ! bulk ( 8 days & nights improv+ ! effici5cy ( ma*9es & ! s(tw>e programs t controll$ !m1 ,/allman felt a natural urge to op5 up ! ma*9e1 look at ! guts1 & seek out ! root ( ! problem4 ,un=tunately1 ,/allman's skills z a comput] programm] did n ext5d to ! me*anical-eng9e]+ realm4 ,z fre%ly pr9t$ docum5ts p\r$ out ( ! ma*9e1 ,/allman _h a *ance to reflect on o!r ways to circumv5t ! pr9t+ jam problem4 ,h[ long ago _h x be5 t ! /aff memb]s at ! ,,ai ,lab _h welcom$ ! new pr9t] ) op5 arms8 ,/allman wond]$4 ,! ma*9e _h be5 a donation f ! ,x]ox ,corporation4 ,a cutt+ edge prototype1 x 0 a modifi$ v]sion ( ! popul> ,x]ox photocopi]4 ,only in/ead ( mak+ copies1 x reli$ on s(tw>e data pip$ 9 ov] a comput] network to turn t data into pr(essional-look+ docum5ts4 ,creat$ by eng9e]s at ! _w-fam\s ,x]ox ,palo ,alto ,rese>* ,facility1 x 01 q simply1 an e>ly ta/e ( ! desktop-pr9t+ revolution t w\ld seize ! re/ ( ! comput+ indu/ry by ! end ( ! decade4 ,driv5 by an in/9ctual urge to play ) ! be/ new equipm5t1 programm]s at ! ,,ai ,lab promptly integrat$ ! new ma*9e into ! lab's sophi/icat$ comput+ infra/ructure4 ,! results _h be5 imm$iately pleas+4 ,unlike ! lab's old las] pr9t]1 ! new ,x]ox ma*9e 0 fa/4 ,pages came fly+ out at a rate ( "o p] second1 turn+ a #bj-m9ute pr9t job into a #b-m9ute pr9t job4 ,! new ma*9e 0 also m precise4 ,circles came out look+ l circles1 n ovals4 ,/raight l9es came out look+ l /raight l9es1 n l[-amplitude s9e waves4 ,x 01 = all int5ts & purposes1 a gift too good to refuse4 ,x wasn't until a few weeks aft] its arrival t ! ma*9e's flaws began to surface4 ,*ief among ! drawbacks 0 ! ma*9e's inh]5t susceptibility to pap] jams4 ,eng9e]+-m9d$ programm]s quickly und]/ood ! reason beh9d ! flaw4 ,z a photocopi]1 ! ma*9e g5]ally requir$ ! direct ov]sight ( a human op]ator4 ,figur+ t ^! human op]ators w\ld always be on h& to fix a pap] jam1 if x occurr$1 ,x]ox eng9e]s _h devot$ _! "t & en]gies to elim9at+ o!r pesky problems4 ,9 eng9e]+ t]ms1 us] dilig5ce 0 built into ! sy/em4 ,9 modify+ ! ma*9e = pr9t] use1 ,x]ox eng9e]s _h *ang$ ! us]-ma*9e relation%ip 9 a subtle b pr(\nd way4 ,in/ead ( mak+ ! ma*9e subs]vi5t to an individual human op]ator1 !y made x subs]vi5t to an entire network$ population ( human op]ators4 ,in/ead ( /&+ directly ov] ! ma*9e1 a human us] on "o end ( ! network s5t 8 pr9t comm& ?r\gh an ext5d$ bucket-brigade ( ma*9es1 expect+ ! desir$ cont5t to arrive at ! t>get$ de/9ation & 9 prop] =m4 ,x wasn't until he f9ally w5t to *eck up on ! f9al output t he realiz$ h[ little ( ! desir$ cont5t _h made x ?r\gh4 ,/allman himself _h be5 ( ! fir/ to id5tify ! problem & ! fir/ to sugge/ a rem$y4 ,ye>s be=e1 :5 ! lab 0 /ill us+ its old pr9t]1 ,/allman _h solv$ a simil> problem by op5+ up ! s(tw>e program t regulat$ ! pr9t] on ! lab's ,,pdp-#aa ma*9e4 ,/allman c\ldn't elim9ate pap] jams1 b he c\ld ins]t a s(tw>e comm& t ord]$ ! ,,pdp-#aa to *eck ! pr9t] p]iodically & report back to ! ,,pdp-#aj1 ! lab's c5tral comput]4 ,to ensure t "o us]'s neglig5ce didn't bog d[n an entire l9e ( pr9t jobs1 ,/allman also ins]t$ a s(tw>e comm& t in/ruct$ ! ,,pdp-#aj to notify e us] ) a wait+ pr9t job t ! pr9t] 0 jamm$4 ,! notice 0 simple1 some?+ along ! l9es ( ,! pr9t] is jamm$1 please fix x1 & because x w5t out to ! p ) ! mo/ press+ ne$ to fix ! problem1 *ances 7 high] t ! problem got fix$ 9 due "t4 ,z fixes g1 ,/allman's 0 oblique b elegant4 ,x didn't fix ! me*anical side ( ! problem1 b x did ! next be/ ?+ by clos+ ! in=mation loop betwe5 us] & ma*9e4 ,?anks to a few additional l9es ( s(tw>e code1 ,,ai ,lab employees c\ld elim9ate ! #aj or #ae m9utes wa/$ ea* week 9 runn+ back & =? to *eck on ! pr9t]4 ,9 programm+ t]ms1 ,/allman's fix took advantage ( ! amplifi$ intellig5ce ( ! ov]all network4 ,if y got t message1 y c\ldn't assume somebody else w\ld fix x1 says ,/allman1 recall+ ! logic4 ,y _h to g to ! pr9t]4 ,a m9ute or two aft] ! pr9t] got 9 tr\ble1 ! two or ?ree p :o got messages arrive to fix ! ma*9e4 ,( ^? two or ?ree p1 "o ( !m1 at lea/1 w\ld usually "k h[ to fix ! problem4 ,su* clev] fixes 7 a tradem>k ( ! ,,ai ,lab & its indig5\s population ( programm]s4 ,inde$1 ! be/ programm]s at ! ,,ai ,lab disda9$ ! t]m programm]1 pref]r+ ! m slangy occupational title ( hack] in/ead4 ,! job title cov]$ a ho/ ( activities-ev]y?+ f creative mir? mak+ to ! improvem5t ( exi/+ s(tw>e & comput] sy/ems4 ,implicit )9 ! title1 h[ev]1 0 ! old-fa%ion$ notion ( ,yankee +5uity4 ,to be a hack]1 "o _h to accept ! philosophy t writ+ a s(tw>e program 0 only ! beg9n+4 ,improv+ a program 0 ! true te/ ( a hack]'s skills4,= m on ! t]m hack]1 see ,app5dix ,b4 ,su* a philosophy 0 a major reason :y companies l ,x]ox made x a policy to donate _! ma*9es & s(tw>e programs to places :]e hack]s typically congregat$4 ,if hack]s improv$ ! s(tw>e1 companies c\ld borr[ back ! improvem5ts1 incorporat+ !m into update v]sions = ! comm]cial m>ketplace4 ,9 corporate t]ms1 hack]s 7 a lev]agable community asset1 an auxili>y rese>*-&-developm5t division available at m9imal co/4 ,x 0 because ( ?is give-&-take philosophy t :5 ,/allman spott$ ! pr9t-jam defect 9 ! ,x]ox las] pr9t]1 he didn't panic4 ,he simply look$ = a way to update ! old fix or hack = ! new sy/em4 ,9 ! c\rse ( look+ up ! ,x]ox las]-pr9t] s(tw>e1 h[ev]1 ,/allman made a tr\bl+ discov]y4 ,! pr9t] didn't h any s(tw>e1 at lea/ no?+ ,/allman or a fell[ programm] c\ld read4 ,until !n1 mo/ companies _h made x a =m ( c\rtesy to publi% s\rce-code files-readable text files t docum5t$ ! individual s(tw>e comm&s t told a ma*9e :at to d4 ,x]ox1 9 ?is in/ance1 _h provid$ s(tw>e files 9 precompil$1 or b9>y1 =m4 ,programm]s 7 free to op5 ! files up if !y want$ to1 b unless !y 7 an exp]t 9 deciph]+ an endless /ream ( ones & z]oes1 ! result+ text 0 pure gibb]i%4 ,al?\gh ,/allman knew pl5ty ab\t comput]s1 he 0 n an exp]t 9 translat+ b9>y files4 ,z a hack]1 h[ev]1 he _h o!r res\rces at 8 disposal4 ,! notion ( in=mation %>+ 0 s c5tral to ! hack] culture t ,/allman knew x 0 only a matt] ( "t be=e "s hack] 9 "s univ]sity lab or corporate comput] room pr(f]$ a v]sion ( ! las]-pr9t] s\rce code ) ! desir$ s\rce-code files4 ,aft] ! fir/ few pr9t] jams1 ,/allman com=t$ himself ) ! memory ( a simil> situation ye>s be=e4 ,! lab _h ne$$ a cross-network program to help ! ,,pdp-#aa "w m effici5tly ) ! ,,pdp-#aj4 ,! lab's hack]s 7 m ?an up to ! task1 b ,/allman1 a ,h>v>d alumnus1 recall$ a simil> program writt5 by programm]s at ! ,h>v>d comput]-sci5ce dep>tm5t4 ,! ,h>v>d comput] lab us$ ! same model comput]1 ! ,,pdp-#aj1 albeit ) a diff]5t op]at+ sy/em4 ,! ,h>v>d comput] lab also _h a policy requir+ t all programs in/all$ on ! ,,pdp-#aj _h to come ) publi%$ s\rce-code files4 ,tak+ advantage ( 8 access to ! ,h>v>d comput] lab1 ,/allman dropp$ 91 made a copy ( ! cross-network s\rce code1 & br\ght x back to ! ,,ai ,lab4 ,he !n rewrote ! s\rce code to make x m suitable = ! ,,ai ,lab's op]at+ sy/em4 ,) no muss & little fuss1 ! ,,ai ,lab %or$ up a major gap 9 its s(tw>e infra/ructure4 ,/allman ev5 add$ a few features n f\nd 9 ! orig9al ,h>v>d program1 mak+ ! program ev5 m useful4 ,we w\nd up us+ x = sev]al ye>s1 ,/allman says4 ,f ! p]spective ( a #aigjs-era programm]1 ! transaction 0 ! s(tw>e equival5t ( a neighbor /opp+ by to borr[ a p[] tool or a cup ( sug> f a neighbor4 ,! only diff]5ce 0 t 9 borr[+ a copy ( ! s(tw>e = ! ,,ai ,lab1 ,/allman _h done no?+ to deprive ,h>v>d hack]s ! use ( _! orig9al program4 ,if any?+1 ,h>v>d hack]s ga9$ 9 ! process1 because ,/allman _h introduc$ 8 own additional features to ! program1 features t hack]s at ,h>v>d 7 p]fectly free to borr[ 9 return4 ,al?\gh nobody at ,h>v>d ev] came ov] to borr[ ! program back1 ,/allman does recall a programm] at ! private eng9e]+ firm1 ,bolt1 ,b]anek ,newman1 borr[+ ! program & add+ a few additional features1 :i* ,/allman ev5tually re9tegrat$ into ! ,,ai ,lab's own s\rce-code ar*ive4 ,a program w\ld develop ! way a city develops1 says ,/allman1 recall+ ! s(tw>e infra/ructure ( ! ,,ai ,lab4 ,p>ts w\ld get replac$ & rebuilt4 ,new ?+s w\ld get add$ on4 ,b y c\ld always look at a c]ta9 "p & say1 ,hmm1 by ! /yle1 ,i see ?is "p 0 writt5 back 9 ! e>ly #fjs & ?is "p 0 writt5 9 ! mid-#aigjs4' ,?r\gh ?is simple sy/em ( intellectual accretion1 hack]s at ! ,,ai ,lab & o!r places built up robu/ creations4 ,on ! we/ coa/1 comput] sci5ti/s at ,,uc ,b]keley1 work+ 9 coop]ation ) a few l[-level eng9e]s at ,,at,t1 _h built up an entire op]at+ sy/em us+ ?is sy/em4 ,dubb$ ,unix1 a play on an old]1 m academically respectable op]at+ sy/em call$ ,multics1 ! s(tw>e sy/em 0 available to any programm] will+ to pay = ! co/ ( copy+ ! program onto a new magnetic tape & %ipp+ x4 ,n e programm] p>ticipat+ 9 ?is culture describ$ himself z a hack]1 b mo/ %>$ ! s5tim5ts ( ,ri*>d ,m4 ,/allman4 ,if a program or s(tw>e fix 0 good en\gh to solve y\r problems1 x 0 good en\gh to solve somebody else's problems4 ,:y n %>e x out ( a simple desire = good k>ma8 ,! fact t ,x]ox _h be5 unwill+ to %>e its s\rce-code files seem$ a m9or annoyance at fir/4 ,9 track+ d[n a copy ( ! s\rce-code files1 ,/allman says he didn't ev5 bo!r contact+ ,x]ox4 ,!y _h already giv5 u ! las] pr9t]1 ,/allman says4 ,:y %\ld ,i bug !m = m8 ,:5 ! desir$ files fail$ to surface1 h[ev]1 ,/allman began to gr[ suspici\s4 ,! ye> be=e1 ,/allman _h exp]i5c$ a bl[ up ) a doctoral /ud5t at ,c>negie ,mellon ,univ]sity4 ,! /ud5t1 ,brian ,reid1 0 ! au?or ( a useful text-=matt+ program dubb$ ,scribe4 ,"o ( ! fir/ programs t gave a us] ! p[] to def9e fonts & type /yles :5 s5d+ a docum5t ov] a comput] network1 ! program 0 an e>ly h>b+] ( ,,html1 ! l+ua franca ( ! ,_w ,wide ,web4 ,9 #aigi1 ,reid made ! decision to sell ,scribe to a ,pittsburgh-area s(tw>e company call$ ,unilogic4 ,8 graduate-/ud5t c>e] end+1 ,reid says he simply 0 look+ = a way to unload ! program on a set ( develop]s t w\ld take pa9s to keep x f slipp+ into ! public doma94 ,to sweet5 ! deal1 ,reid also agre$ to ins]t a set ( "t-dep5d5t functions- "t bombs 9 s(tw>e-programm] p>lance-t deactivat$ freely copi$ v]sions ( ! program aft] a #ij-;day expiration date4 ,to avoid deactivation1 us]s paid ! s(tw>e company1 :i* !n issu$ a code t defus$ ! int]nal "t-bomb feature4 ,= ,reid1 ! deal 0 a w9-w94 ,scribe didn't fall into ! public doma91 & ,unilogic rec\p$ on its inve/m5t4 ,= ,/allman1 x 0 a betrayal ( ! programm] e?os1 pure & simple4 ,in/ead ( honor+ ! notion ( %>e-&-%>e alike1 ,reid _h ins]t$ a way = companies to compel programm]s to pay = in=mation access4 ,z ! weeks pass$ & 8 attempts to track d[n ,x]ox las]-pr9t] s\rce code hit a brick wall1 ,/allman began to s5se a simil> money-=-code sc5>io at "w4 ,be=e ,/allman c\ld d or say any?+ ab\t x1 h[ev]1 good news f9ally trickl$ 9 via ! programm] grapev9e4 ,^w _h x t a sci5ti/ at ! comput]-sci5ce dep>tm5t at ,c>negie ,mellon ,univ]sity _h j dep>t$ a job at ! ,x]ox ,palo ,alto ,rese>* ,c5t]4 ,n only _h ! sci5ti/ work$ on ! las] pr9t] 9 "q1 b accord+ to rumor1 he 0 /ill work+ on x z "p ( 8 rese>* duties at ,c>negie ,mellon4 ,ca/+ aside 8 initial suspicion1 ,/allman made a firm resolution to seek out ! p]son 9 "q dur+ 8 next visit to ! ,c>negie ,mellon campus4 ,he didn't h to wait long4 ,c>negie ,mellon also _h a lab specializ+ 9 artificial-intellig5ce rese>*1 & )9 a few mon?s1 ,/allman _h a bus9ess-relat$ reason to visit ! ,c>negie ,mellon campus4 ,dur+ t visit1 he made sure to /op by ! comput]-sci5ce dep>tm5t4 ,dep>tm5t employees direct$ him to ! (fice ( ! faculty memb] lead+ ! ,x]ox project4 ,:5 ,/allman rea*$ ! (fice1 he f\nd ! pr(essor work+ !re4 ,9 true eng9e]-to-eng9e] fa%ion1 ! conv]sation 0 cordial b blunt4 ,aft] briefly introduc+ himself z a visitor f ,,mit1 ,/allman reque/$ a copy ( ! las]-pr9t] s\rce code s t he c\ld port x to ! ,,pdp-#aa4 ,to 8 surprise1 ! pr(essor refus$ to grant 8 reque/4 ,he told me t he _h promis$ n to give me a copy1 ,/allman says4 ,memory is a funny ?+4 ,tw5ty ye>s aft] ! fact1 ,/allman's m5tal hi/ory tape is notori\sly blank 9 places4 ,n only does he n rememb] ! motivat+ reason = ! trip or ev5 ! "t ( ye> dur+ :i* he took x1 he also has no recollection ( ! pr(essor or doctoral /ud5t on ! o!r end ( ! conv]sation4 ,accord+ to ,reid1 ! p]son mo/ likely to h field$ ,/allman's reque/ is ,rob]t ,spr\ll1 a =m] ,x]ox ,,p>c rese>*] & curr5t director ( ,sun ,laboratories1 a rese>* division ( ! comput]-te*nology conglom]ate ,sun ,microsy/ems4 ,dur+ ! #aigjs1 ,spr\ll _h be5 ! prim>y develop] ( ! las]-pr9t] s(tw>e 9 "q :ile at ,x]ox ,,p>c4 ,ar\nd #aihj1 ,spr\ll took a faculty rese>* position at ,c>negie ,mellon :]e he cont9u$ 8 las]-pr9t] "w amid o!r projects4 ,! code t ,/allman 0 ask+ = 0 lead+-edge /ate-(-!-art code t ,spr\ll _h writt5 9 ! ye> or s be=e go+ to ,c>negie ,mellon1 recalls ,reid4 ,i suspect t ,spr\ll _h be5 at ,c>negie ,mellon less ?an a mon? be=e ?is reque/ came 94 ,:5 ask$ directly ab\t ! reque/1 h[ev]1 ,spr\ll draws a blank4 ,i c't make a factual comm5t1 writes ,spr\ll via email4 ,i h absolutely no recollection ( ! incid5t4 ,) bo? p>ticipants 9 ! brief conv]sation /ruggl+ to recall key details-includ+ :e!r ! conv]sation ev5 took place-x's h>d to gauge ! bluntness ( ,spr\ll's refusal1 at lea/ z recall$ by ,/allman4 ,9 talk+ to audi5ces1 ,/allman has made repeat$ ref]5ce to ! incid5t1 not+ t ,spr\ll's unwill+ness to h& ov] ! s\rce code /emm$ f a nondisclosure agreem5t1 a contractual agreem5t betwe5 ,spr\ll & ! ,x]ox ,corporation giv+ ,spr\ll1 or any o!r signatory1 access ! s(tw>e s\rce code 9 ex*ange = a promise ( secrecy4 ,n[ a /&>d item ( bus9ess 9 ! s(tw>e indu/ry1 ! nondisclosure agreem5t1 or ,,nda1 0 a novel developm5t at ! "t1 a reflection ( bo? ! comm]cial value ( ! las] pr9t] to ,x]ox & ! in=mation ne$$ to run x4 ,x]ox 0 at ! "t try+ to make a comm]cial product out ( ! las] pr9t]1 recalls ,reid4 ,!y w\ld h be5 insane to give away ! s\rce code4 ,= ,/allman1 h[ev]1 ! ,,nda 0 some?+ else entirely4 ,x 0 a refusal on ! "p ( ,x]ox & ,spr\ll1 or :omev] ! p]son 0 t turn$ d[n 8 s\rce-code reque/ t day1 to p>ticipate 9 a sy/em t1 until !n1 _h enc\rag$ s(tw>e programm]s to reg>d programs z communal res\rces4 ,l a peasant ^: c5turies-old irrigation dit* _h gr[n sudd5ly dry1 ,/allman _h foll[$ ! dit* to its s\rce only to f9d a br&-spank+-new hydroelectric dam be>+ ! ,x]ox logo4 ,= ,/allman1 ! realization t ,x]ox _h compell$ a fell[ programm] to p>ticipate 9 ?is newfangl$ sy/em ( compell$ secrecy took a :ile to s9k 94 ,at fir/1 all he c\ld focus on 0 ! p]sonal nature ( ! refusal4 ,z a p]son :o felt awkw>d & out ( sync 9 mo/ face-to-face enc\nt]s1 ,/allman's attempt to drop 9 on a fell[ programm] unann\nc$ _h be5 int5d$ z a demon/ration ( neighborl9ess4 ,n[ t ! reque/ _h be5 refus$1 x felt l a major blund]4 ,i 0 s angry ,i c\ldn't ?9k ( a way to express x4 ,s ,i j turn$ away & walk$ out )\t ano!r ^w1 ,/allman recalls4 ,i might h slamm$ ! door4 ,:o kn[s8 ,all ,i rememb] is want+ to get out ( !re4 ,tw5ty ye>s aft] ! fact1 ! ang] /ill l+]s1 s mu* s t ,/allman has elevat$ ! ev5t into a major turn+ po9t4 ,)9 ! next few mon?s1 a s]ies ( ev5ts w\ld befall bo? ,/allman & ! ,,ai ,lab hack] community t w\ld make #cj seconds wor? ( t5sion 9 a remote ,c>negie ,mellon (fice seem trivial by comp>ison4 ,nev]!less1 :5 x comes "t to sort out ! ev5ts t w\ld trans=m ,/allman f a lone hack]1 in/9ctively suspici\s ( c5traliz$ au?ority1 to a crusad+ activi/ apply+ traditional notions ( lib]ty1 equality1 & frat]nity to ! _w ( s(tw>e developm5t1 ,/allman s+les out ! ,c>negie ,mellon enc\nt] = special att5tion4 ,x enc\rag$ me to ?9k ab\t some?+ t ,i'd already be5 ?9k+ ab\t1 says ,/allman4 ,i already _h an idea t s(tw>e %\ld be %>$1 b ,i wasn't sure h[ to ?9k ab\t t4 ,my ?\ghts w]5't cle> & organiz$ to ! po9t :]e ,i c\ld express !m 9 a concise fa%ion to ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,al?\gh previ\s ev5ts _h rais$ ,/allman's ire1 he says x wasn't until 8 ,c>negie ,mellon enc\nt] t he realiz$ ! ev5ts 7 beg9n+ to intrude on a culture he _h long consid]$ sacrosanct4 ,z an elite programm] at "o ( ! _w's elite in/itutions1 ,/allman _h be5 p]fectly will+ to ignore ! compromises & b>ga9s ( 8 fell[ programm]s j s long z !y didn't int]f]e ) 8 own "w4 ,until ! arrival ( ! ,x]ox las] pr9t]1 ,/allman _h be5 cont5t to look d[n on ! ma*9es & programs o!r comput] us]s grimly tol]at$4 ,on ! r>e occasion t su* a program brea*$ ! ,,ai ,lab's walls-:5 ! lab replac$ its v5]able ,incompatible ,"t ,%>+ op]at+ sy/em ) a comm]cial v>iant1 ! ,,tops #bj1 = example-,/allman & 8 hack] colleagues _h be5 free to rewrite1 re%ape1 & r5ame ! s(tw>e accord+ to p]sonal ta/e4 ,n[ t ! las] pr9t] _h ins9uat$ itself )9 ! ,,ai ,lab's network1 h[ev]1 some?+ _h *ang$4 ,! ma*9e work$ f9e1 b>r+ ! occasional pap] jam1 b ! ability to modify accord+ to p]sonal ta/e _h disappe>$4 ,f ! viewpo9t ( ! entire s(tw>e indu/ry1 ! pr9t] 0 a wake-up call4 ,s(tw>e _h become su* a valuable asset t companies no long] felt ! ne$ to publicize s\rce code1 especially :5 publication meant giv+ pot5tial competitors a *ance to duplicate some?+ *eaply4 ,f ,/allman's viewpo9t1 ! pr9t] 0 a ,trojan ,horse4 ,aft] a decade ( failure1 privately own$ s(tw>e-future hack]s w\ld use ! t]m propriet>y s(tw>e-_h ga9$ a foo?old inside ! ,,ai ,lab ?r\gh ! sneakie/ ( me?ods4 ,x _h come disguis$ z a gift4 ,t ,x]ox _h (f]$ "s programm]s access to additional gifts 9 ex*ange = secrecy 0 also gall+1 b ,/allman takes pa9s to note t1 if pres5t$ ) su* a quid pro quo b>ga9 at a y\ng] age1 he j might h tak5 ! ,x]ox ,corporation up on its (f]4 ,! awkw>dness ( ! ,c>negie ,mellon enc\nt]1 h[ev]1 _h a firm+ effect on ,/allman's own moral lassitude4 ,n only did x give him ! necess>y ang] to view all future entreaties ) suspicion1 x also =c$ him to ask ! uncom=table "q3 :at if a fell[ hack] dropp$ into ,/allman's (fice som$ay & x sudd5ly became ,/allman's job to refuse ! hack]'s reque/ = s\rce code8 ,x 0 my fir/ enc\nt] ) a nondisclosure agreem5t1 & x imm$iately taught me t nondisclosure agreem5ts h victims1 says ,/allman1 firmly4 ,9 ?is case ,i 0 ! victim4 ,my lab & ,i 7 victims4 ,x 0 a lesson ,/allman w\ld c>ry ) him ?r\gh ! tumultu\s ye>s ( ! #aihjs1 a decade dur+ :i* _m ( 8 ,,mit colleagues w\ld dep>t ! ,,ai ,lab & sign nondisclosure agreem5ts ( _! own4 ,because mo/ nondisclosure aggreem5ts 7,n,d,as7 _h expiration dates1 few hack]s :o did sign !m saw little ne$ = p]sonal introspection4 ,soon] or lat]1 !y reason$1 ! s(tw>e w\ld become public k4 ,9 ! meantime1 promis+ to keep ! s(tw>e secret dur+ its e>lie/ developm5t /ages 0 all a "p ( ! compromise deal t all[$ hack]s to "w on ! be/ projects4 ,= ,/allman1 h[ev]1 x 0 ! fir/ /ep d[n a slipp]y slope4 ,:5 somebody invit$ me to betray all my colleagues 9 t way1 ,i rememb]$ h[ angry ,i 0 :5 somebody else _h done t to me & my :ole lab1 ,/allman says4 ,s ,i said1 ,?ank y v mu* = (f]+ me ?is nice s(tw>e package1 b ,i c't accept x on ! conditions t y're ask+ =1 s ,i'm go+ to d )\t x4' ,z ,/allman w\ld quickly le>n1 refus+ su* reque/s involv$ m ?an p]sonal sacrifice4 ,x involv$ segregat+ himself f fell[ hack]s :o1 ?\gh %>+ a simil> di/a/e = secrecy1 t5d$ to express t di/a/e 9 a m morally flexible fa%ion4 ,x wasn't long be=e ,/allman1 increas+ly an outca/ ev5 )9 ! ,,ai ,lab1 began bill+ himself z ! la/ true hack]1 isolat+ himself fur!r & fur!r f a m>ketplace dom9at$ by propriet>y s(tw>e4 ,refus+ ano!r's reque/ = s\rce code1 ,/allman decid$1 0 n only a betrayal ( ! sci5tific mission t _h nurtur$ s(tw>e developm5t s9ce ! end ( ,_w ,w> ,,ii1 x 0 a violation ( ! ,gold5 ,rule1 ! basel9e moral dictate to d unto o!rs z y w\ld h !m d unto y4 ,h5ce ! importance ( ! las] pr9t] & ! enc\nt] t result$ f x4 ,)\t x1 ,/allman says1 8 life might h foll[$ a m ord9>y pa?1 "o balanc+ ! ri*es ( a comm]cial programm] ) ! ultimate fru/ration ( a life sp5t writ+ invisible s(tw>e code4 ,!re w\ld h be5 no s5se ( cl>ity1 no urg5cy to address a problem o!rs w]5't address+4 ,mo/ importantly1 !re w\ld h be5 no righte\s ang]1 an emotion t1 z we soon %all see1 has propell$ ,/allman's c>e] z surely z any political ideology or e?ical belief4 ,f t day =w>d1 ,i decid$ ?is 0 some?+ ,i c\ld nev] p>ticipate 91 says ,/allman1 allud+ to ! practice ( trad+ p]sonal lib]ty = ! sake ( conv5i5ce-,/allman's description ( ! ,,nda b>ga9-z well z ! ov]all culture t enc\rag$ su* e?ically suspect deal-mak+ 9 ! fir/ place4 ,i decid$ nev] to make o!r p victims j l ,i _h be5 a victim4 #bjja3 ,a ,hack]'s ,odyssey ,! ,new ,york ,univ]sity comput]-sci5ce dep>tm5t sits inside ,w>r5 ,weav] ,hall1 a =tress-l build+ locat$ two blocks ea/ ( ,wa%+ton ,squ>e ,p>k4 ,indu/rial-/r5g? air-condition+ v5ts create a surr\nd+ moat ( hot air1 disc\rag+ loit]]s & solicitors alike4 ,visitors :o brea* ! moat enc\nt] ano!r =midable b>ri]1 a security *eck-9 c\nt] imm$iately inside ! build+'s s+le entryway4 ,beyond ! security *eckpo9t1 ! atmosph]e relaxes some:at4 ,/ill1 num]\s signs scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! fir/ floor prea* ! dang]s ( unsecur$ doors & propp$-op5 fire exits4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ! signs (f] a rem9d]3 ev5 9 ! relatively tranquil conf9es ( pre-,septemb] #aa1 #bjja1 ,new ,york1 "o c nev] be too c>eful or too suspici\s4 ,! signs (f] an int]e/+ !matic c\nt]po9t to ! gr[+ numb] ( visitors ga!r+ 9 ! hall's int]ior atrium4 ,a few look l ,,nyu /ud5ts4 ,mo/ look l %aggy-air$ conc]t-go]s mill+ outside a music hall 9 anticipation ( ! ma9 act4 ,= "o brief morn+1 ! masses h tak5 ov] ,w>r5 ,weav] ,hall1 leav+ ! ne>by security att5dant ) no?+ bett] to d b wat* ,ricki ,lake on ,,tv & %rug h] %\ld]s t[>d ! ne>by auditorium :5ev] visitors ask ab\t ! spee*4 ,once inside ! auditorium1 a visitor f9ds ! p]son :o has =c$ ?is tempor>y %utd[n ( build+ security proc$ures4 ,! p]son is ,ri*>d ,m4 ,/allman1 f\nd] ( ! ,,gnu ,project1 orig9al presid5t ( ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation1 w9n] ( ! #aiij ,mac,arthur ,fell[%ip1 w9n] ( ! ,association ( ,comput+ ,ma*9]y's ,grace ,murray ,hopp] ,aw>d 7also 9 #aiij71 corecipi5t ( ! ,tak$a ,f\ndation's #bjja ,tak$a ,aw>d1 & =m] ,,ai ,lab hack]4 ,z ann\nc$ ov] a ho/ ( hack]-relat$ web sites1 includ+ ! ,,gnu ,project's own http3_/_/www4gnu4org site1 ,/allman is 9 ,manhattan1 8 =m] homet[n1 to deliv] a mu* anticipat$ spee* 9 rebuttal to ! ,micros(t ,corporation's rec5t campaign aga9/ ! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se4 ,! subject ( ,/allman's spee* is ! hi/ory & future ( ! free s(tw>e movem5t4 ,! location is significant4 ,less ?an a mon? be=e1 ,micros(t s5ior vice presid5t ,craig ,mundie appe>$ at ! ne>by ,,nyu ,/]n ,s*ool ( ,bus9ess1 deliv]+ a spee* bla/+ ! ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se1 or ,,gpl1 a legal device orig9ally conceiv$ by ,/allman #af ye>s be=e4 ,built to c\nt]act ! gr[+ wave ( s(tw>e secrecy ov]tak+ ! comput] indu/ry-a wave fir/ notic$ by ,/allman dur+ 8 #aihj tr\bles ) ! ,x]ox las] pr9t]-! ,,gpl has evolv$ into a c5tral tool ( ! free s(tw>e community4 ,9 simple/ t]ms1 ! ,,gpl locks s(tw>e programs into a =m ( communal own]%ip-:at today's legal s*ol>s n[ call ! digital commons-?r\gh ! legal weight ( copyright4 ,once lock$1 programs rema9 unremovable4 ,d]ivative v]sions mu/ c>ry ! same copyright protection-ev5 d]ivative v]sions t be> only a small snippet ( ! orig9al s\rce code4 ,= ?is reason1 "s )9 ! s(tw>e indu/ry h tak5 to call+ ! ,,gpl a viral lic5se1 because x spreads itself to e s(tw>e program x t\*es4 ,actually1 ! ,,gpl's p[]s are n q t pot5t4 ,accord+ to section #aj ( ! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se1 ,v]sion #b 7#aiia71 ! viral nature ( ! lic5se dep5ds heavily on ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation's will+ness to view a program z a d]ivative "w1 n to m5tion ! exi/+ lic5se ! ,,gpl w\ld replace4 ,if y wi% to incorporate p>ts ( ! ,program into o!r free programs ^: di/ribution conditions are diff]5t1 write to ! au?or to ask = p]mission4 ,= s(tw>e t is copyright$ by ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation1 write to ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation2 we sometimes make exceptions = ?is4 ,our decision w be guid$ by ! two goals ( pres]v+ ! free /atus ( all d]ivatives ( our free s(tw>e & ( promot+ ! %>+ & reuse ( s(tw>e g5]ally4 ,to comp>e some?+ to a virus is v h>%1 says ,/allman4 ,a spid] plant is a m accurate comp>ison2 x goes to ano!r place if y actively take a cutt+4 ,= m in=mation on ! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se1 visit http3_/_/www4gnu4org_/copyleft_/gpl4html 4 ,9 an in=mation economy increas+ly dep5d5t on s(tw>e & increas+ly behold5 to s(tw>e /&>ds1 ! ,,gpl has become ! prov]bial big /ick4 ,ev5 companies t once laugh$ x (f z s(tw>e socialism h come ar\nd to recognize ! b5efits4 ,l9ux1 ! ,unix-l k]nel develop$ by ,f9ni% college /ud5t ,l9us ,torvalds 9 #aiia1 is lic5s$ "u ! ,,gpl1 z are _m ( ! _w's mo/ popul> programm+ tools3 ,,gnu ,emacs1 ! ,,gnu ,debugg]1 ! ,,gnu ,c ,compil]1 etc4 ,toge!r1 ^! tools =m ! compon5ts ( a free s(tw>e op]at+ sy/em develop$1 nurtur$1 & own$ by ! worldwide hack] community4 ,in/ead ( view+ ?is community z a ?reat1 high-te* companies l ,,ibm1 ,hewlett ,pack>d1 & ,sun ,microsy/ems h come to rely ^u x1 sell+ s(tw>e applications & s]vices built to ride atop ! ev]-gr[+ free s(tw>e infra/ructure4 ,!y've also come to rely ^u x z a /rategic weapon 9 ! hack] community's p]5nial w> aga9/ ,micros(t1 ! ,r$mond1 ,wa%+ton-bas$ company t1 = bett] or worse1 has dom9at$ ! ,,pc-s(tw>e m>ketplace s9ce ! late #aihjs4 ,z own] ( ! popul> ,w9d[s op]at+ sy/em1 ,micros(t /&s to lose ! mo/ 9 an indu/ry-wide %ift to ! ,,gpl lic5se4 ,almo/ e l9e ( s\rce code 9 ! ,w9d[s colossus is protect$ by copyrights reaffirm+ ! private nature ( ! und]ly+ s\rce code or1 at ! v lea/1 reaffirm+ ,micros(t's legal ability to treat x z su*4 ,f ! ,micros(t viewpo9t1 incorporat+ programs protect$ by ! viral ,,gpl into ! ,w9d[s colossus w\ld be ! s(tw>e equival5t ( ,sup]man d[n+ a bottle ( ,kryptonite pills4 ,rival companies c\ld sudd5ly copy1 modify1 & sell improv$ v]sions ( ,w9d[s1 r5d]+ ! company's indomitable position z ! ,no4 #a provid] ( consum]-ori5t$ s(tw>e in/antly vuln]able4 ,h5ce ! company's gr[+ conc]n ov] ! ,,gpl's rate ( adoption4 ,h5ce ! rec5t ,mundie spee* bla/+ ! ,,gpl & ! op5 s\rce approa* to s(tw>e developm5t & sales4 ,& h5ce ,/allman's decision to deliv] a public rebuttal to t spee* on ! same campus "h today4 #bj ye>s is a long "t 9 ! s(tw>e indu/ry4 ,consid] ?is3 9 #aihj1 :5 ,ri*>d ,/allman 0 curs+ ! ,,ai ,lab's ,x]ox las] pr9t]1 ,micros(t1 ! company mod]n hack]s view z ! mo/ p[]ful =ce 9 ! worldwide s(tw>e indu/ry1 0 /ill a privately held />tup4 ,,ibm1 ! company hack]s us$ to reg>d z ! mo/ p[]ful =ce 9 ! worldwide s(tw>e indu/ry1 _h yet to to introduce its fir/ p]sonal comput]1 !reby ignit+ ! curr5t l[-co/ ,,pc m>ket4 ,_m ( ! te*nologies we n[ take = grant$-! ,_w ,wide ,web1 satellite television1 #cb-;bit video-game consoles-didn't ev5 exi/4 ,! same goes = _m ( ! companies t n[ fill ! upp] e*elons ( ! corporate e/abli%m5t1 companies l ,,aol1 ,sun ,microsy/ems1 ,amazon4com1 ,compaq1 & ,dell4 ,! li/ goes on & on4 ,! fact t ! high-te*nology m>ketplace has come s f> 9 su* little "t is fuel = bo? sides ( ! ,,gpl debate4 ,,gpl-propon5ts po9t to ! %ort lifespan ( mo/ comput] h>dw>e plat=ms4 ,fac+ ! risk ( buy+ an obsolete product1 consum]s t5d to flock to companies ) ! be/ long-t]m survival4 ,z a result1 ! s(tw>e m>ketplace has become a w9n]-take-all ar5a4,see ,%ubha ,gho%1 ,reveal+ ! ,micros(t ,w9d[s ,s\rce ,code1 ,gigalaw4com 7,janu>y1 #bjjj74 http3_/_/www4gigalaw4com_/articles_/gho% -#bjjj-ja-p#a4;html ,! curr5t1 privately own$ s(tw>e environm5t1 ,,gpl-propon5ts say1 leads to monopoly abuse & /agnation4 ,/rong companies suck all ! oxyg5 out ( ! m>ketplace = rival competitors & innovative />tups4 ,,gpl-oppon5ts argue j ! opposite4 ,sell+ s(tw>e is j z risky1 if n m risky1 ?an buy+ s(tw>e1 !y say4 ,)\t ! legal gu>antees provid$ by private s(tw>e lic5ses1 n to m5tion ! economic prospects ( a privately own$ kill] app 7i4e41 a break?r\gh te*nology t laun*es an entirely new m>ket71,kill] apps don't h to be propriet>y4 ,witness1 ( c\rse1 ! leg5d>y ,mosaic br[s]1 a program ^: copyright p]mits noncomm]cial d]ivatives ) c]ta9 re/rictions4 ,/ill1 ,i ?9k ! read] gets ! po9t3 ! s(tw>e m>ketplace is l ! lott]y4 ,! bigg] ! pot5tial pay(f1 ! m p want to p>ticipate4 ,= a good summ>y ( ! kill]-app ph5om5on1 see ,philip ,b5-,david1 ,:atev] ,happ5$ to ! ,kill] ,app'8 e-,comm]ce ,news 7,decemb] #g1 #bjjj74 companies lose ! inc5tive to p>ticipate4 ,once aga91 ! m>ket /agnates & innovation decl9es4 ,z ,mundie himself not$ 9 8 ,may #c address on ! same campus1 ! ,,gpl's viral nature poses a ?reat to any company t relies on ! uniqu5ess ( its s(tw>e z a competitive asset4 ,add$ ,mundie3 ,x also fundam5tally und]m9es ! indep5d5t comm]cial s(tw>e sector because x effectively makes x impossible to di/ribute s(tw>e on a basis :]e recipi5ts pay = ! product r ?an j ! co/ ( distribution,see ,craig ,mundie1 ,! ,comm]cial ,s(tw>e ,model1 s5ior vice presid5t1 ,micros(t ,corp4 ,exc]pt$ f an onl9e transcript ( ,mundie's ,may #c1spee* to ! ,new ,york ,univ]sity ,/]n ,s*ool ( ,bus9ess4 http3_/_/www4ecomm]cetimes4com_/p]l_//or y_/#ehic4;html #jja1 http3_/_/www4micros(t4com_/presspass_/ex ec_/craig_/#je-jc%>$s\rce4asp ,! mutual success ( ,,gnu_/ ,linux,the acronym ,,gnu /&s = ,,gnu's n ,unix4 ,9 ano!r portion ( ! ,may #bi1 #bjja1 ,,nyu spee*1 ,/allman summ$ up ! acronym's orig93 ,we hack]s always look = a funny or naughty "n = a program1 because nam+ a program is half ! fun ( writ+ ! program4 ,we also _h a tradition ( recursive acronyms1 to say t ! program t y're writ+ is simil> to "s exi/+ program 4 4 4 ,i look$ = a recursive acronym = ,some?+ ,is ,n ,,unix4 ,& ,i tri$ all #bf lett]s & discov]$ t none ( !m 0 a ^w4 ,i decid$ to make x a contraction4 ,t way ,i c\ld h a ?ree-lett] acronym1 = ,some?+'s ,n ,,unix4 ,& ,i tri$ lett]s1 & ,i came across ! ^w ,,gnu4 ,t 0 x4 ,al?\gh a fan ( puns1 ,/allman recomm5ds t s(tw>e us]s pron\nce ! g at ! beg9n+ ( ! acronym 7i4e41 gah-new74 ,n only does ?is avoid confusion ) ! ^w gnu1 ! "n ( ! ,african antelope1 ,conno*aetes gn\ 1 x also avoids confusion ) ! adjective new4 ,we've be5 work+ on x = #ag ye>s n[1 s x is n exactly new any m1 ,/allman says4 ,s\rce3 au?or notes & onl9e transcript ( ,free ,s(tw>e3 ,fre$om & ,coop]ation1 ,ri*>d ,/allman's ,may #bi1 #bjja1 spee* at ,new ,york ,univ]sity4 http3_/_/www4gnu4org_/ev5ts_/rms-nyu-#bj ja-transcript4txt 1 ! amalgamat$ op]at+ sy/em built ar\nd ! ,,gpl-protect$ ,l9ux k]nel1 & ,w9d[s ov] ! la/ #aj ye>s reveals ! wisdom ( bo? p]spectives4 ,nev]!less1 ! battle = mom5tum is an important "o 9 ! s(tw>e indu/ry4 ,ev5 p[]ful v5dors su* z ,micros(t rely on ! support ( ?ird-p>ty s(tw>e develop]s ^: tools1 programs1 & comput] games make an und]ly+ s(tw>e plat=m su* z ,w9d[s m attractive to ! ma9/ream consum]4 ,cit+ ! rapid evolution ( ! te*nology m>ketplace ov] ! la/ #bj ye>s1 n to m5tion 8 own company's admirable track record dur+ t p]iod1 ,mundie advis$ li/5]s to n get too c>ri$ away by ! free s(tw>e movem5t's rec5t mom5tum3 ,two decades ( exp]i5ce h %[n t an economic model t protects intellectual prop]ty & a bus9ess model t rec\ps rese>* & developm5t co/s c create impressive economic b5efits & di/ribute !m v broadly4 ,su* admonitions s]ve z ! backdrop = ,/allman's spee* today4 ,less ?an a mon? aft] _! utt]ance1 ,/allman /&s ) 8 back to "o ( ! *alk bo>ds at ! front ( ! room1 edgy to beg94 ,if ! la/ two decades h br\ght dramatic *anges to ! s(tw>e m>ketplace1 !y h br\ght ev5 m dramatic *anges to ,/allman himself4 ,gone is ! sk9ny1 clean-%av5 hack] :o once sp5t 8 entire days commun+ ) 8 belov$ ,,pdp-#aj4 ,9 8 place /&s a heavy-set middle-ag$ man ) long hair & rabb9ical be>d1 a man :o n[ sp5ds ! bulk ( 8 "t writ+ & answ]+ email1 h>angu+ fell[ programm]s1 & giv+ spee*es l ! "o today4 ,dress$ 9 an aqua-color$ ,t-%irt & br[n polye/] pants1 ,/allman looks l a des]t h]mit :o j /epp$ out ( a ,salvation ,army dress+ room4 ,! cr[d is fill$ ) visitors :o %>e ,/allman's fa%ion & groom+ ta/es4 ,_m come be>+ laptop comput]s & cellul> modems1 all ! bett] to record & transmit ,/allman's words to a wait+ ,int]net audi5ce4 ,! g5d] ratio is r\ghly #ae males to #a female1 & #a ( ! #g or #h females 9 ! room comes 9 be>+ a /uff$ p5gu91 ! (ficial ,l9ux mascot1 :ile ano!r c>ries a /uff$ t$dy be>4 ,graphic file3_/home_/craigm_/books_/free#jbja4pn g ,ri*>d ,/allman1 circa #bjjj4 ,i decid$ ,i w\ld develop a free s(tw>e op]at+ sy/em or die try+ 4 4 ( old age ( c\rse4 ,photo c\rtesy ( http3_/_/www4/allman4org4 ,agitat$1 ,/allman leaves 8 po/ at ! front ( ! room & takes a seat 9 a front-r[ *air1 tapp+ a few comm&s into an already-op5$ laptop4 ,= ! next #aj m9utes ,/allman is oblivi\s to ! gr[+ numb] ( /ud5ts1 pr(essors1 & fans circulat+ 9 front ( him at ! foot ( ! auditorium /age4 ,be=e ! spee* c beg91 ! b>oque rituals ( academic =mality mu/ be obs]v$4 ,/allman's appe>ance m]its n "o b two introductions4 ,mike ,uretsky1 codirector ( ! ,/]n ,s*ool's ,c5t] = ,advanc$ ,te*nology1 provides ! fir/4 ,! role ( a univ]sity is to fo/] debate & to h int]e/+ discussions1 ,uretsky says4 ,?is p>ticul> pres5tation1 ?is sem9> falls "r into t mold4 ,i f9d ! discussion ( op5 s\rce p>ticul>ly int]e/+4 ,be=e ,uretsky c get ano!r s5t5ce out1 ,/allman is on 8 feet wav+ him d[n l a /r&$ motori/4 ,i d free s(tw>e1 ,/allman says to ris+ laught]4 ,op5 s\rce is a diff]5t movem5t4 ,! laught] gives way to applause4 ,! room is /ock$ ) ,/allman p>tisans1 p :o "k ( 8 reputation = v]bal exactitude1 n to m5tion 8 mu* publiciz$ #aiih fall+ out ) ! op5 s\rce s(tw>e propon5ts4 ,mo/ h come to anticipate su* outbur/s ! same way radio fans once wait$ = ,jack ,b5ny's tradem>k1 ,n[ cut t out6 phrase dur+ ea* radio program4 ,uretsky ha/ily f9i%es 8 introduction & c$es ! /age to ,edmond ,s*onb]g1 a pr(essor 9 ! ,,nyu comput]-sci5ce dep>tm5t4 ,z a comput] programm] & ,,gnu ,project contributor1 ,s*onb]g kn[s :i* l+ui/ic l& m9es to avoid4 ,he deftly summ>izes ,/allman's c>e] f ! p]spective ( a mod]n-day programm]4 ,ri*>d is ! p]fect example ( somebody :o1 by act+ locally1 />t$ ?9k+ globally ab\t problems conc]n+ ! unavailability ( s\rce code1 says ,s*onb]g4 ,he has develop$ a coh]5t philosophy t has =c$ all ( u to reexam9e our ideas ( h[ s(tw>e is produc$1 ( :at intellectual prop]ty means1 & ( :at ! s(tw>e community actually repres5ts4 ,s*onb]g welcomes ,/allman to m applause4 ,/allman takes a mom5t to %ut (f 8 laptop1 rises out ( 8 *air1 & takes ! /age4 ,at fir/1 ,/allman's address seems m ,catskills com$y r\t9e ?an political spee*4 ,i'd l to ?ank ,micros(t = provid+ me ! opportunity to be on ?is plat=m1 ,/allman wisecracks4 ,= ! pa/ few weeks1 ,i h felt l an au?or ^: book 0 =tuit\sly bann$ some:]e4 ,= ! un9itiat$1 ,/allman dives into a quick free s(tw>e w>m-up analogy4 ,he lik5s a s(tw>e program to a cook+ recipe4 ,bo? provide useful /ep-by-/ep in/ructions on h[ to complete a desir$ task & c be easily modifi$ if a us] has special desires or circum/ances4 ,y don't h to foll[ a recipe exactly1 ,/allman notes4 ,y c leave out "s +r$i5ts4 ,add "s mu%rooms1 'cause y l mu%rooms4 ,put 9 less salt because y\r doctor said y %\ld cut d[n on salt-:atev]4 ,mo/ importantly1 ,/allman says1 s(tw>e programs & recipes are bo? easy to %>e4 ,9 giv+ a recipe to a d9n] gue/1 a cook loses little m ?an "t & ! co/ ( ! pap] ! recipe 0 writt5 on4 ,s(tw>e programs require ev5 less1 usually a few m\se-clicks & a modicum ( electricity4 ,9 bo? in/ances1 h[ev]1 ! p]son giv+ ! in=mation ga9s two ?+s3 increas$ fri5d%ip & ! ability to borr[ int]e/+ recipes 9 return4 ,imag9e :at x w\ld be l if recipes 7 packag$ inside black boxes1 ,/allman says1 %ift+ ge>s4 ,y c\ldn't see :at +r$i5ts !y're us+1 let alone *ange !m1 & imag9e if y made a copy = a fri5d4 ,!y w\ld call y a pirate & try to put y 9 prison = ye>s4 ,t _w w\ld create trem5d\s outrage f all ! p :o are us$ to %>+ recipes4 ,b t is exactly :at ! _w ( propriet>y s(tw>e is l4 ,a _w 9 :i* common dec5cy t[>ds o!r p is prohibit$ or prev5t$4 ,) ?is introductory analogy out ( ! way1 ,/allman laun*es into a retell+ ( ! ,x]ox las]-pr9t] episode4 ,l ! recipe analogy1 ! las]-pr9t] /ory is a useful rhetorical device4 ,) its p>able-l /ructure1 x dramatizes j h[ quickly ?+s c *ange 9 ! s(tw>e _w4 ,draw+ li/5]s back to an era be=e ,amazon4com "o-click %opp+1 ,micros(t ,w9d[s1 & ,oracle databases1 x asks ! li/5] to exam9e ! notion ( s(tw>e own]%ip free ( its curr5t corporate logos4 ,/allman deliv]s ! /ory ) all ! poli% & practice ( a local di/rict attorney conduct+ a clos+ argum5t4 ,:5 he gets to ! "p ab\t ! ,c>negie ,mellon pr(essor refus+ to l5d him a copy ( ! pr9t] s\rce code1 ,/allman pauses4 ,he _h betray$ u1 ,/allman says4 ,b he didn't j d x to u4 ,*ances are he did x to y4 ,on ! ^w y1 ,/allman po9ts 8 index f+] accus+ly at an unsuspect+ memb] ( ! audi5ce4 ,! t>get$ audi5ce memb]'s eyebr[s fl9* slightly1 b ,/allman's own eyes h mov$ on4 ,sl[ly & delib]ately1 ,/allman picks out a second li/5] to n]v\s titt]s f ! cr[d4 ,& ,i ?9k1 mo/ly likely1 he did x to y1 too1 he says1 po9t+ at an audi5ce memb] ?ree r[s beh9d ! fir/4 ,by ! "t ,/allman has a ?ird audi5ce memb] pick$ out1 ! titt]s h giv5 away to g5]al laught]4 ,! ge/ure seems a bit /ag$1 because x is4 ,/ill1 :5 x comes "t to wrap up ! ,x]ox las]-pr9t] /ory1 ,/allman does s ) a %[man's fl\ri%4 ,he probably did x to mo/ ( ! p "h 9 ?is room-except a few1 maybe1 :o w]5't born yet 9 #aihj1 ,/allman says1 draw+ m laughs4 ,t's because he _h promis$ to refuse to coop]ate ) j ab\t ! entire population ( ! planet ,e>?4 ,/allman lets ! comm5t s9k 9 = a half-beat4 ,he _h sign$ a nondisclosure agreem5t1 ,/allman adds4 ,ri*>d ,mat!w ,/allman's rise f fru/rat$ academic to political lead] ov] ! la/ #bj ye>s speaks to _m ?+s4 ,x speaks to ,/allman's /ubborn nature & prodigi\s w4 ,x speaks to ! cle>ly articulat$ vision & values ( ! free s(tw>e movem5t ,/allman help$ build4 ,x speaks to ! high-quality s(tw>e programs ,/allman has built1 programs t h cem5t$ ,/allman's reputation z a programm+ leg5d4 ,x speaks to ! gr[+ mom5tum ( ! ,,gpl1 a legal innovation t _m ,/allman obs]v]s see z 8 mo/ mom5t\s accompli%m5t4 ,mo/ importantly1 x speaks to ! *ang+ nature ( political p[] 9 a _w increas+ly behold5 to comput] te*nology & ! s(tw>e programs t p[] t te*nology4 ,maybe t's :y1 ev5 at a "t :5 mo/ high-te*nology />s are on ! wane1 ,/allman's /> has gr[n4 ,s9ce laun*+ ! ,,gnu ,project 9 #aihd1e ,/allman has be5 at turns ignor$1 satiriz$1 vilifi$1 & attack$-bo? f )9 & )\t ! free s(tw>e movem5t4 ,?r\gh x all1 ! ,,gnu ,project has manag$ to meet its mile/ones1 albeit ) a few notori\s delays1 & /ay relevant 9 a s(tw>e m>ketplace sev]al ord]s ( magnitude m complex ?an ! "o x ent]$ #ah ye>s ago4 ,s too has ! free s(tw>e ideology1 an ideology meticul\sly groom$ by ,/allman himself4 ,to und]/& ! reasons beh9d ?is curr5cy1 x helps to exam9e ,ri*>d ,/allman bo? 9 8 own words & 9 ! words ( ! p :o h collaborat$ & battl$ ) him along ! way4 ,! ,ri*>d ,/allman "* sket* is n a complicat$ "o4 ,if any p]son exemplifies ! old adage :at y see is :at y get1 x's ,/allman4 ,i ?9k if y want to und]/& ,ri*>d ,/allman ! human be+1 y really ne$ to see all ( ! p>ts z a consi/5t :ole1 advises ,eb5 ,mogl51 legal c\nsel to ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation & pr(essor ( law at ,columbia ,univ]sity ,law ,s*ool4 ,all ^? p]sonal ecc5tricities t lots ( p see z ob/acles to gett+ to "k ,/allman really are ,/allman3 ,ri*>d's /rong s5se ( p]sonal fru/ration1 8 enorm\s s5se ( pr9cipl$ e?ical commitm5t1 8 inability to compromise1 especially on issues he consid]s fundam5tal4 ,^! are all ! v reasons ,ri*>d did :at he did :5 he did4 ,expla9+ h[ a j\rney t />t$ ) a las] pr9t] w\ld ev5tually lead to a sp>r+ mat* ) ! _w's ri*e/ corporation is no easy task4 ,x requires a ?\ghtful exam9ation ( ! =ces t h made s(tw>e own]%ip s important 9 today's society4 ,x also requires a ?\ghtful exam9ation ( a man :o1 l _m political lead]s be=e him1 und]/&s ! malleability ( human memory4 ,x requires an ability to int]pret ! my?s & politically lad5 code words t h built up ar\nd ,/allman ov] "t4 ,f9ally1 x requires an und]/&+ ( ,/allman's g5ius z a programm] & 8 failures & successes 9 translat+ t g5ius to o!r pursuits4 ,:5 x comes to (f]+ 8 own summ>y ( ! j\rney1 ,/allman ackn[l$ges ! fusion ( p]sonality & pr9ciple obs]v$ by ,mogl54 ,/ubbornness is my /rong suit1 he says4 ,mo/ p :o attempt to d any?+ ( any great difficulty ev5tually get disc\rag$ & give up4 ,i nev] gave up4 ,he also cr$its bl9d *ance4 ,_h x n be5 = t run-9 ov] ! ,x]ox las] pr9t]1 _h x n be5 = ! p]sonal & political conflicts t clos$ out 8 c>e] z an ,,mit employee1 _h x n be5 = a half doz5 o!r timely factors1 ,/allman f9ds x v easy to picture 8 life foll[+ a diff]5t c>e] pa?4 ,t be+ said1 ,/allman gives ?anks to ! =ces & circum/ances t put him 9 ! position to make a diff]5ce4 ,i _h j ! "r skills1 says ,/allman1 summ+ up 8 decision = laun*+ ! ,,gnu ,project to ! audi5ce4 ,nobody 0 !re b me1 s ,i felt l1 ,i'm elect$4 ,i h to "w on ?is4 ,if n me 1 :o8' ,endnotes #a4 ,actually1 ! ,,gpl's p[]s are n q t pot5t4 ,accord+ to section #aj ( ! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se1 ,v]sion #b 7#aiia71 ! viral nature ( ! lic5se dep5ds heavily on ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation's will+ness to view a program z a d]ivative "w1 n to m5tion ! exi/+ lic5se ! ,,gpl w\ld replace4 ,if y wi% to incorporate p>ts ( ! ,program into o!r free programs ^: di/ribution conditions are diff]5t1 write to ! au?or to ask = p]mission4 ,= s(tw>e t is copyright$ by ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation1 write to ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation2 we sometimes make exceptions = ?is4 ,our decision w be guid$ by ! two goals ( pres]v+ ! free /atus ( all d]ivatives ( our free s(tw>e & ( promot+ ! %>+ & reuse ( s(tw>e g5]ally4 ,to comp>e some?+ to a virus is v h>%1 says ,/allman4 ,a spid] plant is a m accurate comp>ison2 x goes to ano!r place if y actively take a cutt+4 ,= m in=mation on ! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se1 visit http3_/_/www4gnu4org_/copyleft_/gpl4html 4 ,a ,portrait ( ! ,hack] z a ,"y ,man ,ri*>d ,/allman's "m1 ,alice ,lippman1 /ill rememb]s ! mom5t %e realiz$ h] son _h a special gift4 ,i ?9k x 0 :5 he 0 eight1 ,lippman recalls4 ,! ye> 0 #aifa1 & ,lippman1 a rec5tly divorc$ s+le "m1 0 wil+ away a week5d aft]noon )9 ! family's t9y "o-b$room ap>tm5t on ,manhattan's ,upp] ,we/ ,side4 ,leaf+ ?r\gh a copy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,lippman came ^u h] favorite section1 ! ,m>t9 ,g>dn]-au?or$ column titl$ ,ma!matical ,games4 ,a sub/itute art tea*]1 ,lippman always enjoy$ ,g>dn]'s column = ! bra9-teas]s x provid$4 ,) h] son already ensconc$ 9 a book on ! ne>by s(a1 ,lippman decid$ to take a crack at solv+ ! week's feature puzzle4 ,i wasn't ! be/ p]son :5 x came to solv+ ! puzzles1 %e admits4 ,b z an arti/1 ,i f\nd !y really help$ me "w ?r\gh conceptual b>ri]s4 ,lippman says h] attempt to solve ! puzzle met an imm$iate brick wall4 ,ab\t to ?r[ ! magaz9e d[n 9 disgu/1 ,lippman 0 surpris$ by a g5tle tug on h] %irt sleeve4 ,x 0 ,ri*>d1 %e recalls1 ,he want$ to "k if ,i ne$$ any help4 ,look+ back & =?1 betwe5 ! puzzle & h] son1 ,lippman says %e initially reg>d$ ! (f] ) skepticism4 ,i ask$ ,ri*>d if he'd read ! magaz9e1 %e says4 ,he told me t1 yes1 he _h & :at's m he'd already solv$ ! puzzle4 ,! next ?+ ,i "k1 he />ts expla9+ to me h[ to solve x4 ,he>+ ! logic ( h] son's approa*1 ,lippman's skepticism quickly gave way to incr$ulity4 ,i mean1 ,i always knew he 0 a bright boy1 %e says1 b ?is 0 ! fir/ "t ,i'd se5 any?+ t sugge/$ h[ advanc$ he really 04 ,?irty ye>s aft] ! fact1 ,lippman punctuates ! memory ) a laugh4 ,to tell y ! tru?1 ,i don't ?9k ,i ev] figur$ out h[ to solve t puzzle1 %e says4 ,all ,i rememb] is be+ amaz$ he knew ! answ]4 ,seat$ at ! d9+-room table ( h] second ,manhattan ap>tm5t-! same spaci\s ?ree-b$room complex %e & h] son mov$ to foll[+ h] #aifg m>riage to ,maurice ,lippman1 n[ deceas$-,alice ,lippman exudes a ,jewi% "m's mixture ( pride & bemusem5t :5 recall+ h] son's e>ly ye>s4 ,! ne>by d9+-room cr$5za (f]s an eight-by-t5 photo ( ,/allman gl[]+ 9 full be>d & doctoral robes4 ,! image dw>fs accompany+ photos ( ,lippman's nieces & nephews1 b be=e a visitor c make too mu* ( x1 ,lippman makes sure to balance its prom95t placem5t ) an ironic wisecrack4 ,ri*>d insi/$ ,i h x aft] he receiv$ 8 honor>y doctorate at ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 says ,lippman4 ,he said to me1 ,guess :at1 mom8 ,x's ! fir/ graduation ,i ev] att5d$4'#a ,su* comm5ts reflect ! s5se ( humor t comes ) rais+ a *ild prodigy4 ,make no mi/ake1 = e /ory ,lippman he>s & reads ab\t h] son's /ubbornness & unusual behavior1 %e c deliv] at lea/ a doz5 9 return4 ,he us$ to be s cons]vative1 %e says1 ?r[+ up h] h&s 9 mock exasp]ation4 ,we us$ to h ! wor/ argum5ts "r "h at ?is table4 ,i 0 "p ( ! fir/ gr\p ( public city s*ool tea*]s t /ruck to =m a union1 & ,ri*>d 0 v angry ) me4 ,he saw unions z corrupt4 ,he 0 also v oppos$ to social security4 ,he ?\ght p c\ld make mu* m money inve/+ x on _! own4 ,:o knew t )9 #aj ye>s he w\ld become s ideali/ic8 ,all ,i rememb] is 8 /epsi/] com+ to me & say+1 ,:at is he go+ to be :5 he gr[s up8 ,a fasci/8' ,z a s+le p>5t = ne>ly a decade-%e & ,ri*>d's fa!r1 ,daniel ,/allman1 7 m>ri$ 9 #aidh1 divorc$ 9 #aieh1 & split cu/ody ( _! son aft]w>ds-,lippman c atte/ to h] son's av]sion to au?ority4 ,%e c also atte/ to h] son's lu/ = k4 ,x 0 dur+ ! times :5 ! two =ces int]tw9$1 ,lippman says1 t %e & h] son exp]i5c$ _! bigge/ battles4 ,x 0 l he nev] want$ to eat1 says ,lippman1 recall+ ! behavior patt]n t set 9 ar\nd age eight & didn't let up until h] son's high-s*ool graduation 9 #aigj4 ,i'd call him = d9n]1 & he'd nev] he> me4 ,i'd h to call him #i or #aj times j to get 8 att5tion4 ,he 0 totally imm]s$4 ,/allman1 = 8 "p1 rememb]s ?+s 9 a simil> fa%ion1 albeit ) a political twi/4 ,i enjoy$ read+1 he says4 ,if ,i want$ to read1 & my "m told me to g to ! kit*5 & eat or g to sleep1 ,i wasn't go+ to li/54 ,i saw no reason :y ,i c\ldn't read4 ,no reason :y %e %\ld be able to tell me :at to d1 p]iod4 ,ess5tially1 :at ,i _h read ab\t1 ideas su* z democracy & individual fre$om1 ,i appli$ to myself4 ,i didn't see any reason to exclude *ildr5 f ^! pr9ciples4 ,! belief 9 individual fre$om ov] arbitr>y au?ority ext5d$ to s*ool z well4 ,two ye>s ahead ( 8 classmates by age #aa1 ,/allman endur$ all ! usual fru/rations ( a gift$ public-s*ool /ud5t4 ,x wasn't long aft] ! puzzle incid5t t 8 "m att5d$ ! fir/ 9 :at w\ld become a long /r+ ( p>5t-tea*] conf]5ces4 ,he absolutely refus$ to write pap]s1 says ,lippman1 recall+ an e>ly controv]sy4 ,i ?9k ! la/ pap] he wrote be=e 8 s5ior ye> 9 high s*ool 0 an essay on ! hi/ory ( ! numb] sy/em 9 ! we/ = a f\r?-grade tea*]4 ,gift$ 9 any?+ t requir$ analytical ?9k+1 ,/allman gravitat$ t[>d ma? & sci5ce at ! exp5se ( 8 o!r /udies4 ,:at "s tea*]s saw z s+le-m9d$ness1 h[ev]1 ,lippman saw z impati5ce4 ,ma? & sci5ce (f]$ simply too mu* opportunity to le>n1 especially 9 comp>ison to subjects & pursuits = :i* h] son seem$ less naturally incl9$4 ,ar\nd age #aj or #aa1 :5 ! boys 9 ,/allman's class began play+ a regul> game ( t\* football1 %e rememb]s h] son com+ home 9 a rage4 ,he want$ to play s badly1 b he j didn't h ! coord9ation skills1 ,lippman recalls4 ,x made him s angry4 ,! ang] ev5tually drove h] son to focus on ma? & sci5ce all ! m4 ,ev5 9 ! realm ( sci5ce1 h[ev]1 h] son's impati5ce c\ld be problematic4 ,por+ ?r\gh calculus textbooks by age sev51 ,/allman saw little ne$ to dumb d[n 8 disc\rse = adults4 ,sometime1 dur+ 8 middle-s*ool ye>s1 ,lippman hir$ a /ud5t f ne>by ,columbia ,univ]sity to play big bro!r to h] son4 ,! /ud5t left ! family's ap>tm5t aft] ! fir/ session & nev] came back4 ,i ?9k :at ,ri*>d 0 talk+ ab\t w5t ov] 8 head1 ,lippman speculates4 ,ano!r favorite mat]nal anecdote dates back to ! e>ly #aifjs1 %ortly aft] ! puzzle incid5t4 ,ar\nd age sev51 two ye>s aft] ! divorce & relocation f ,que5s1 ,ri*>d took up ! hobby ( laun*+ model rockets 9 ne>by ,riv]side ,drive ,p>k4 ,:at />t$ z aimless fun soon took on an e>ne/ edge z h] son began record+ ! data f ea* laun*4 ,l ! int]e/ 9 ma!matical games1 ! pursuit drew little att5tion until "o day1 j be=e a major ,,nasa laun*1 ,lippman *eck$ 9 on h] son to see if he want$ to wat*4 ,he 0 fum+1 ,lippman says4 ,all he c\ld say to me 01 ,b ,i'm n publi%$ yet4' ,app>5tly he _h some?+ t he really want$ to %[ ,,nasa4 ,su* anecdotes (f] e>ly evid5ce ( ! int5sity t w\ld become ,/allman's *ief tradem>k ?r\gh\t life4 ,:5 o!r kids came to ! table1 ,/allman /ay$ 9 8 room & read4 ,:5 o!r kids play$ ,johnny ,unitas1 ,/allman play$ ,w]n] von ,braun4 ,i 0 weird1 ,/allman says1 summ+ up 8 e>ly ye>s succ9ctly 9 a #aiii int]view4 ,aft] a c]ta9 age1 ! only fri5ds ,i _h 7 tea*]s4,see ,mi*ael ,gross1 ,ri*>d ,/allman3 ,high ,s*ool ,misfit1 ,symbol ( ,free ,s(tw>e1 ,mac,arthur-c]tifi$ ,g5ius 7#aiii74 ,?is int]view is "o ( ! mo/ c&id ,/allman int]views on ! record4 ,i recomm5d x highly4 http3_/_/www4mgross4com_/int]views_//all man#a4;html ,al?\gh x meant c\rt+ m run-ins at s*ool1 ,lippman decid$ to indulge h] son's passion4 ,by age #ab1 ,ri*>d 0 att5d+ sci5ce camps dur+ ! summ] & private s*ool dur+ ! s*ool ye>4 ,:5 a tea*] recomm5d$ h] son enroll 9 ! ,columbia ,sci5ce ,honors ,program1 a po/-,sputnik program design$ = gift$ middle- & high-s*ool /ud5ts 9 ,new ,york ,city1 ,/allman add$ to 8 extracurricul>s & 0 soon commut+ upt[n to ! ,columbia ,univ]sity campus on ,saturdays4 ,dan ,*ess1 a fell[ classmate 9 ! ,columbia ,sci5ce ,honors ,program1 recalls ,ri*>d ,/allman seem+ a bit weird ev5 among ! /ud5ts :o %>$ a simil> lu/ = ma? & sci5ce4 ,we 7 all geeks & n]ds1 b he 0 unusually poorly adju/$1 recalls ,*ess1 n[ a ma!matics pr(essor at ,hunt] ,college4 ,he 0 also sm>t z %it4 ,i've kn[n a lot ( sm>t p1 b ,i ?9k he 0 ! sm>te/ p]son ,i've ev] kn[n4 ,se? ,breidb>t1 a fell[ ,columbia ,sci5ce ,honors ,program alumnus1 (f]s bol/]+ te/imony4 ,a comput] programm] :o has kept 9 t\* ) ,/allman ?anks to a %>$ passion = sci5ce fiction & sci5ce-fiction conv5tions1 he recalls ! #ae-ye>-old1 buzz-cut-we>+ ,/allman z sc>y1 especially to a fell[ #ae-ye>-old4 ,x's h>d to describe1 ,breidb>t says4 ,x wasn't l he 0 unapproa*able4 ,he 0 j v int5se4 ,he 0 v kn[l$geable b also v h>dhead$ 9 "s ways4 ,su* descriptions give rise to speculation3 are judgm5t-lad5 adjectives l int5se & h>dhead$ simply a way to describe traits t today might be categoriz$ "u juv5ile behavioral disord]8 ,a ,decemb]1 #bjja1 ,wir$ magaz9e article titl$ ,! ,geek ,syndrome pa9ts ! portrait ( sev]al sci5tifically gift$ *ildr5 diagnos$ ) high-function+ autism or ,asp]g] ,syndrome4 ,9 _m ways1 ! p>5tal recollections record$ 9 ! ,wir$ article are e]ily simil> to ! ones (f]$ by ,lippman4 ,ev5 ,/allman has indulg$ 9 psy*iatric revisionism f "t to "t4 ,dur+ a #bjjj pr(ile = ! ,toronto ,/>1 ,/allman describ$ himself to an int]view] z bord]l9e auti/ic1,see ,judy ,/e$1 ,toronto ,/>1 ,,bus9ess1 7,octob] #i1 #bjjj73 ,c#jc4 ,8 vision ( free s(tw>e & social coop]ation /&s 9 />k contra/ to ! isolat$ nature ( 8 private life4 ,a ,gl5n ,g\ld-l ecc5tric1 ! ,canadian piani/ 0 simil>ly brilliant1 articulate1 & lonely4 ,/allman consid]s himself afflict$1 to "s degree1 by autism3 a condition t1 he says1 makes x difficult = him to int]act ) p4 a description t goes a long way t[>d expla9+ a lifelong t5d5cy t[>d social & emotional isolation & ! equally lifelong ef=t to ov]come x4 ,su* speculation b5efits f ! fa/ & loose nature ( mo/ s-call$ behavioral disord]s n[adays1 ( c\rse4 ,z ,/eve ,silb]man1 au?or ( ,! ,geek ,syndrome1 notes1 ,am]ican psy*iatri/s h only rec5tly come to accept ,asp]g] ,syndrome z a valid umbrella t]m cov]+ a wide set ( behavioral traits4 ,! traits range f poor motor skills & poor socialization to high intellig5ce & an almo/ obsessive aff9ity = numb]s1 comput]s1 & ord]$ sy/ems4,see ,/eve ,silb]man1 ,! ,geek ,syndrome1 ,wir$ 7,decemb]1 #bjja74 ,reflect+ on ! broad nature ( ?is umbrella1 ,/allman says its possible t1 if born #dj ye>s lat]1 he might h m]it$ j su* a diagnosis4 ,!n aga91 s w\ld _m ( 8 comput]-_w colleagues4 ,x's possible ,i c\ld h _h some?+ l t1 he says4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o ( ! aspects ( t syndrome is difficulty foll[+ rhy?ms4 ,i c dance4 ,9 fact1 ,i love foll[+ ! mo/ complicat$ rhy?ms4 ,x's n cle> cut en\gh to "k4 ,*ess1 = "o1 rejects su* attempts at back-diagnosis4 ,i nev] ?\ght ( him z hav+ t sort ( ?+1 he says4 ,he 0 j v unsocializ$1 b !n1 we all 74 ,lippman1 on ! o!r h&1 ent]ta9s ! possibility4 ,%e recalls a few /ories f h] son's infancy1 h[ev]1 t provide fodd] = speculation4 ,a prom95t symptom ( autism is an ov]s5sitivity to noises & colors1 & ,lippman recalls two anecdotes t /& out 9 ?is reg>d4 ,:5 ,ri*>d 0 an infant1 we'd take him to ! bea*1 %e says4 ,he w\ld />t scream+ two or ?ree blocks be=e we rea*$ ! surf4 ,x wasn't until ! ?ird "t t we figur$ out :at 0 go+ on3 ! s\nd ( ! surf 0 hurt+ 8 e>s4 ,%e also recalls a simil> scream+ reaction 9 relation to color3 ,my "m _h bright r$ hair1 & e "t %e'd /oop d[n to pick him up1 he'd let out a wail4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 ,lippman says %e has tak5 to read+ books ab\t autism & believes t su* episodes 7 m ?an co9cid5tal4 ,i d feel t ,ri*>d _h "s ( ! qualities ( an auti/ic *ild1 %e says4 ,i regret t s little 0 kn[n ab\t autism back !n4 ,ov] "t1 h[ev]1 ,lippman says h] son le>n$ to adju/4 ,by age sev51 %e says1 h] son _h become fond ( /&+ at ! front w9d[ ( subway tra9s1 mapp+ out & memoriz+ ! labyr9?ian sy/em ( railroad tracks und]nea? ! city4 ,x 0 a hobby t reli$ on an ability to accommodate ! l\d noises t accompani$ ea* tra9 ride4 ,only ! initial noise seem$ to bo!r him1 says ,lippman4 ,x 0 z if he got %ock$ by ! s\nd b 8 n]ves le>n$ h[ to make ! adju/m5t4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ,lippman recalls h] son exhibit+ ! excitem5t1 en]gy1 & social skills ( any normal boy4 ,x wasn't until aft] a s]ies ( traumatic ev5ts batt]$ ! ,/allman h\sehold1 %e says1 t h] son became introv]t$ & emotionally di/ant4 ,! fir/ traumatic ev5t 0 ! divorce ( ,alice & ,daniel ,/allman1 ,ri*>d's fa!r4 ,al?\gh ,lippman says bo? %e & h] ex-husb& tri$ to prep>e _! son = ! bl[1 %e says ! bl[ 0 deva/at+ none!less4 ,he sort ( didn't pay att5tion :5 we fir/ told him :at 0 happ5+1 ,lippman recalls4 ,b ! reality smack$ him 9 ! face :5 he & ,i mov$ into a new ap>tm5t4 ,! fir/ ?+ he said 01 ,:]e's ,dad's furniture8' ,= ! next decade1 ,/allman w\ld sp5d 8 weekdays at 8 "m's ap>tm5t 9 ,manhattan & 8 week5ds at 8 fa!r's home 9 ,que5s4 ,! %uttl+ back & =? gave him a *ance to /udy a pair ( contra/+ p>5t+ /yles t1 to ?is day1 leaves ,/allman firmly oppos$ to ! idea ( rais+ *ildr5 himself4 ,speak+ ab\t 8 fa!r1 a ,_w ,w> ,,ii vet :o pass$ away 9 e>ly #bjja1 ,/allman balances respect ) ang]4 ,on "o h&1 !re is ! man ^: moral commitm5t l$ him to le>n ,fr5* j s he c\ld be m helpful to ,allies :5 !y'd f9ally come4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 ! p>5t :o always knew h[ to craft a put-d[n = cruel effect4,regrettably1 ,i did n get a *ance to int]view ,daniel ,/allman = ?is book4 ,dur+ ! e>ly rese>* = ?is book1 ,/allman in=m$ me t 8 fa!r suff]$ f ,alzheim]'s4 ,:5 ,i resum$ rese>* 9 late #bjja1 ,i le>n$1 sadly1 t ,daniel ,/allman _h di$ e>li] 9 ! ye>4 ,my fa!r _h a horrible temp]1 ,/allman says4 ,he nev] scream$1 b he always f\nd a way to criticize y 9 a cold1 design$-to-cru% way4 ,z = life 9 8 "m's ap>tm5t1 ,/allman is less equivocal4 ,t 0 w>1 he says4 ,i us$ to say 9 my mis]y1 ,i want to g home1' mean+ to ! nonexi/5t place t ,i'll nev] h4 ,= ! fir/ few ye>s aft] ! divorce1 ,/allman f\nd ! tranquility t elud$ him 9 ! home ( 8 pat]nal gr&p>5ts4 ,!n1 ar\nd age #aj 8 gr&p>5ts pass$ away 9 %ort succession4 ,= ,/allman1 ! loss 0 deva/at+4 ,i us$ to g & visit & feel ,i 0 9 a lov+1 g5tle environm5t1 ,/allman recalls4 ,x 0 ! only place ,i ev] f\nd "o1 until ,i w5t away to college4 ,lippman li/s ! dea? ( ,ri*>d's pat]nal gr&p>5ts z ! second traumatic ev5t4 ,x really upset him1 %e says4 ,he 0 v close to bo? 8 gr&p>5ts4 ,be=e !y di$1 he 0 v outgo+1 almo/ a lead]-(-!-pack type ) ! o!r kids4 ,aft] !y di$1 he became mu* m emotionally )drawn4 ,f ,/allman's p]spective1 ! emotional )drawal 0 m]ely an attempt to deal ) ! agony ( adolesc5ce4 ,label+ 8 te5age ye>s a pure horror1 ,/allman says he (t5 felt l a deaf p]son amid a cr[d ( *att]+ music li/5]s4 ,i (t5 _h ! feel+ t ,i c\ldn't und]/& :at o!r p 7 say+1 says ,/allman1 recall+ ! emotional bubble t insulat$ him f ! re/ ( ! adolesc5t & adult _w4 ,i c\ld und]/& ! words1 b some?+ 0 go+ on und]nea? ! conv]sations t ,i didn't und]/&4 ,i c\ldn't und]/& :y p 7 int]e/$ 9 ! ?+s o!r p said4 ,= all ! agony x produc$1 adolesc5ce w\ld h a enc\rag+ effect on ,/allman's s5se ( individuality4 ,at a "t :5 mo/ ( 8 classmates 7 gr[+ _! hair out1 ,/allman pref]r$ to keep 8 %ort4 ,at a "t :5 ! :ole te5age _w 0 li/5+ to rock & roll1 ,/allman pref]r$ classical music4 ,a devot$ fan ( sci5ce fiction1 ,mad magaz9e1 & late-night ,,tv1 ,/allman cultivat$ a di/9ctly (f-!-wall p]sonality t f$ (f ! incompreh5sion ( p>5ts & pe]s alike4 ,oh1 ! puns1 says ,lippman1 /ill exasp]at$ by ! memory ( h] son's te5age p]sonality4 ,!re wasn't a ?+ y c\ld say at ! d9n] table t he c\ldn't ?r[ back at y z a pun4 ,outside ! home1 ,/allman sav$ ! jokes = ! adults :o t5d$ to indulge 8 gift$ nature4 ,"o ( ! fir/ 0 a summ]-camp c\nselor :o h&$ ,/allman a pr9t-out manual = ! ,,ibm #gjid comput] dur+ 8 #ab? ye>4 ,to a prete5ag] fasc9at$ ) numb]s & sci5ce1 ! gift 0 a gods5d4,/allman1 an a!i/1 w\ld probably quibble ) ?is description4 ,suffice x to say1 x 0 some?+ ,/allman welcom$4 ,see previ\s note #a3 ,z soon z ,i he>d ab\t comput]s1 ,i want$ to see "o & play ) "o4 ,by ! end ( summ]1 ,/allman 0 writ+ out pap] programs accord+ to ! #gjid's int]nal specifications1 anxi\sly anticipat+ gett+ a *ance to try !m out on a real ma*9e4 ,) ! fir/ p]sonal comput] /ill a decade away1 ,/allman w\ld be =c$ to wait a few ye>s be=e gett+ access to 8 fir/ comput]4 ,8 fir/ *ance f9ally came dur+ 8 junior ye> ( high s*ool4 ,hir$ on at ! ,,ibm ,new ,york ,sci5tific ,c5t]1 a n[-defunct rese>* facility 9 d[nt[n ,manhattan1 ,/allman sp5t ! summ] aft] high-s*ool graduation writ+ 8 fir/ program1 a pre-processor = ! #gjid writt5 9 ! programm+ language ,,pl_/,i4 ,i fir/ wrote x 9 ,,pl_/,i1 !n />t$ ov] 9 assembl] language :5 ! ,,pl_/,i program 0 too big to fit 9 ! comput]1 he recalls4 ,aft] t job at ! ,,ibm ,sci5tific ,c5t]1 ,/allman _h held a laboratory-assi/ant position 9 ! biology dep>tm5t at ,rockefell] ,univ]sity4 ,al?\gh he 0 already mov+ t[>d a c>e] 9 ma? or physics1 ,/allman's analytical m9d impress$ ! lab director en\gh t a few ye>s aft] ,/allman dep>t$ = college1 ,lippman receiv$ an unexpect$ phone call4 ,x 0 ! pr(essor at ,rockefell]1 ,lippman says4 ,he want$ to "k h[ ,ri*>d 0 do+4 ,he 0 surpris$ to le>n t he 0 work+ 9 comput]s4 ,he'd always ?\ght ,ri*>d _h a great future ahead ( him z a biologi/4 ,/allman's analytical skills impress$ faculty memb]s at ,columbia z well1 ev5 :5 ,/allman himself became a t>get ( _! ire4 ,typically once or twice an h\r ,/allman w\ld cat* "s mi/ake 9 ! lecture1 says ,breidb>t4 ,& he 0 n %y ab\t lett+ ! pr(essors "k x imm$iately4 ,x got him a lot ( respect b n mu* popul>ity4 ,he>+ ,breidb>t's anecdote retold elicits a wry smile f ,/allman4 ,i may h be5 a bit ( a j]k sometimes1 he admits4 ,b ,i f\nd k9dr$ spirits among ! tea*]s1 because !y1 too1 lik$ to le>n4 ,kids1 = ! mo/ "p1 didn't4 ,at lea/ n 9 ! same way4 ,hang+ out ) ! advanc$ kids on ,saturday nev]!less enc\rag$ ,/allman to ?9k m ab\t ! m]its ( increas$ socialization4 ,) college fa/ approa*+1 ,/allman1 l _m 9 8 ,columbia ,sci5ce ,honors ,program1 _h n>r[$ 8 li/ ( desir$ s*ools d[n to two *oices3 ,h>v>d & ,,mit4 ,he>+ ( h] son's desire to move on to ! ,ivy ,league1 ,lippman became conc]n$4 ,z a #ae-ye>-old high-s*ool junior1 ,/allman 0 /ill hav+ run-ins ) tea*]s & adm9i/rators4 ,only ! ye> be=e1 he _h pull$ /raight ,a's 9 ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 ,*emi/ry1 ,fr5*1 & ,algebra1 b a gl>+ ,f 9 ,engli% reflect$ ! ongo+ boycott ( writ+ assignm5ts4 ,su* miscues might draw a kn[+ *uckle at ,,mit1 b at ,h>v>d1 !y 7 a r$ flag4 ,dur+ h] son's junior ye>1 ,lippman says %e s*$ul$ an appo9tm5t ) a !rapi/4 ,! !rapi/ express$ in/ant conc]n ov] ,/allman's unwill+ness to write pap]s & 8 run-ins ) tea*]s4 ,h] son c]ta9ly _h ! intellectual :]e)al to succe$ at ,h>v>d1 b did he h ! pati5ce to sit ?r\gh college classes t requir$ a t]m pap]8 ,! !rapi/ sugge/$ a trial run4 ,if ,/allman c\ld make x ?r\gh a full ye> 9 ,new ,york ,city public s*ools1 includ+ an ,engli% class t requir$ t]m pap]s1 he c\ld probably make x at ,h>v>d4 ,foll[+ ! completion ( 8 junior ye>1 ,/allman promptly enroll$ 9 summ] s*ool at ,l\is ,d4 ,br&eis ,high ,s*ool1 a public s*ool locat$ on #hd? ,/reet1 & began mak+ up ! m&atory art classes he _h %unn$ e>li] 9 8 high-s*ool c>e]4 ,by fall1 ,/allman 0 back )9 ! ma9/ream population ( ,new ,york ,city high-s*ool /ud5ts4 ,x wasn't easy sitt+ ?r\gh classes t seem$ rem$ial 9 comp>ison ) 8 ,saturday /udies at ,columbia1 b ,lippman recalls pr\dly h] son's ability to toe ! l9e4 ,he 0 =c$ to k[t[ to a c]ta9 degree1 b he did x1 ,lippman says4 ,i only got call$ 9 once1 :i* 0 a bit ( a miracle4 ,x 0 ! calculus tea*] compla9+ t ,ri*>d 0 int]rupt+ 8 lesson4 ,i ask$ h[ he 0 int]rupt+4 ,he said ,ri*>d 0 always accus+ ! tea*] ( us+ a false pro(4 ,i said1 ,well1 is he "r8' ,! tea*] said1 ,yeah1 b ,i c't tell t to ! class4 ,!y w\ldn't und]/&4' ,by ! end ( 8 fir/ seme/] at ,br&eis1 ?+s 7 fall+ into place4 ,a #if 9 ,engli% wip$ away mu* ( ! /igma ( ! #fj e>n$ #b ye>s be=e4 ,= good measure1 ,/allman back$ x up ) top m>ks 9 ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 ,advanc$ ,placem5t ,calculus1 & ,microbiology4 ,! cr[n+ t\* 0 a p]fect #ajj 9 ,physics4 ,?\gh /ill a social outca/1 ,/allman f9i%$ 8 #aa mon?s at ,br&eis z ! f\r?-rank$ /ud5t 9 a class ( #ghi4 ,graphic file3_/home_/craigm_/books_/free#jcjf4pn g ,/allman's s5ior-ye> transcript at ,l\is ,d4 ,br&eis ,h4,s41 ,novemb]1 #aifi4 ,note turn>\nd 9 ,engli% class p]=mance4 ,he 0 =c$ to k[t[ to a c]ta9 degree1 says 8 "m1 b he did x4 ,outside ! classroom1 ,/allman pursu$ 8 /udies ) ev5 m dilig5ce1 ru%+ (f to fulfill 8 laboratory-assi/ant duties at ,rockefell] ,univ]sity dur+ ! week & dodg+ ! ,vietnam prote/]s on 8 way to ,saturday s*ool at ,columbia4 ,x 0 !re1 :ile ! re/ ( ! ,sci5ce ,honors ,program /ud5ts sat ar\nd discuss+ _! college *oices1 t ,/allman f9ally took a mom5t to p>ticipate 9 ! preclass bull session4 ,recalls ,breidb>t1 ,mo/ ( ! /ud5ts 7 go+ to ,h>v>d & ,,mit1 ( c\rse1 b y _h a few go+ to o!r ,ivy ,league s*ools4 ,z ! conv]sation circl$ ! room1 x became app>5t t ,ri*>d hadn't said any?+ yet4 ,i don't "k :o x 01 b somebody got up ! c\rage to ask him :at he plann$ to d4 ,?irty ye>s lat]1 ,breidb>t rememb]s ! mom5t cle>ly4 ,z soon z ,/allman broke ! news t he1 too1 w\ld be att5d+ ,h>v>d ,univ]sity 9 ! fall1 an awkw>d sil5ce fill$ ! room4 ,almo/ z if on cue1 ! corn]s ( ,/allman's m\? sl[ly turn$ upw>d into a self-satisfi$ smile4 ,says ,breidb>t1 ,x 0 8 sil5t way ( say+1 ,t's "r4 ,y hav5't got rid ( me yet4' ,impea* ,god ,al?\gh _! relation%ip 0 fraught ) t5sion1 ,ri*>d ,/allman w\ld inh]it "o notewor?y trait f 8 "m3 a passion = progressive politics4 ,x 0 an inh]it$ trait t w\ld take sev]al decades to em]ge1 h[ev]4 ,= ! fir/ few ye>s ( 8 life1 ,/allman liv$ 9 :at he n[ admits 0 a political vacuum4,see ,mi*ael ,gross1 ,ri*>d ,/allman3 ,high ,s*ool ,misfit1 ,symbol ( ,free ,s(tw>e1 ,mac,arthur-c]tifi$ ,g5ius 7#aiii74 ,l mo/ ,am]icans dur+ ! ,eis5h[] age1 ! ,/allman family sp5t ! #ejs try+ to recapture ! normalcy lo/ dur+ ! w>time ye>s ( ! #aidjs4 ,ri*>d's fa!r & ,i 7 ,democrats b happy en\gh to leave x at t1 says ,lippman1 recall+ ! family's ye>s 9 ,que5s4 ,we didn't get involv$ mu* 9 local or national politics4 ,t all began to *ange1 h[ev]1 9 ! late #aiejs :5 ,alice divorc$ ,daniel ,/allman4 ,! move back to ,manhattan repres5t$ m ?an a *ange ( address2 x repres5t$ a new1 indep5d5t id5tity & a j>r+ loss ( tranquility4 ,i ?9k my fir/ ta/e ( political activism came :5 ,i w5t to ! ,que5s public libr>y & discov]$ !re 0 only a s+le book on divorce 9 ! :ole libr>y1 recalls ,lippman4 ,x 0 v controll$ by ! ,ca?olic *ur*1 at lea/ 9 ,elmhur/1 :]e we liv$4 ,i ?9k t 0 ! fir/ inkl+ ,i _h ( ! =ces t quietly control our lives4 ,return+ to h] *ildhood neighborhood1 ,manhattan's ,upp] ,we/ ,side1 ,lippman 0 %ock$ by ! *anges t _h tak5 place s9ce h] dep>ture to ,hunt] ,college a decade & a half be=e4 ,! skyrocket+ dem& = po/w> h\s+ _h turn$ ! neighborhood into a political battlegr\nd4 ,on "o side /ood ! pro-developm5t city-hall politicians & bus9essm5 hop+ to rebuild _m ( ! neighborhood's blocks to accommodate ! gr[+ numb] ( :ite-coll> work]s mov+ into ! city4 ,on ! o!r side /ood ! poor ,iri% & ,pu]to ,rican t5ants :o _h f\nd an af=dable hav5 9 ! neighborhood4 ,at fir/1 ,lippman didn't "k :i* side to *oose4 ,z a new resid5t1 %e felt ! ne$ = new h\s+4 ,z a s+le "m ) m9imal income1 h[ev]1 %e %>$ ! poor] t5ants' conc]n ov] ! gr[+ numb] ( developm5t projects cat]+ ma9ly to weal?y resid5ts4 ,indignant1 ,lippman began look+ = ways to combat ! political ma*9e t 0 attempt+ to turn h] neighborhood into a clone ( ! ,upp] ,ea/ ,side4 ,lippman says h] fir/ visit to ! local ,democratic p>ty headqu>t]s came 9 #aieh4 ,look+ = a day-c>e c5t] to take c>e ( h] son :ile %e work$1 %e _h be5 appall$ by ! conditions enc\nt]$ at "o ( ! city-own$ c5t]s t cat]$ to l[-income resid5ts4 ,all ,i rememb] is ! /5* ( rott5 milk1 ! d>k hallways1 ! paucity ( supplies4 ,i _h be5 a tea*] 9 private nurs]y s*ools4 ,! contra/ 0 s great4 ,we took "o look at t room & left4 ,t /irr$ me up4 ,! visit to ! p>ty headqu>t]s prov$ disappo9t+1 h[ev]4 ,describ+ x z ! prov]bial smoke-fill$ room1 ,lippman says %e became aw>e = ! fir/ "t t corruption )9 ! p>ty might actually be ! reason beh9d ! city's ?9ly disguis$ ho/ility t[>d poor resid5ts4 ,in/ead ( go+ back to ! headqu>t]s1 ,lippman decid$ to jo9 up ) "o ( ! _m clubs aim$ at re=m+ ! ,democratic p>ty & ou/+ ! la/ ve/iges ( ! ,tammany ,hall ma*9e4 ,dubb$ ! ,woodr[ ,wilson_/,,fdr ,re=m ,democratic ,club1 ,lippman & h] club began %[+ up at plann+ & city-c\ncil meet+s1 dem&+ a great] say4 ,our prim>y goal 0 to fight ,tammany ,hall1 ,c>m9e ,de,sapio & 8 h5*man1,c>m9e ,de,sapio holds ! dubi\s di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/ ,italian-,am]ican boss ( ,tammany ,hall1 ! ,new ,york ,city political ma*9e4 ,= m in=mation on ,de,sapio & ! politics ( po/-w> ,new ,york1 see ,john ,dav5port1 ,sk9n+ ! ,tig]3 ,c>m9e ,de,sapio & ! ,end ( ! ,tammany ,era1 ,new ,york ,affairs 7#aige73 #c3a4 says ,lippman4 ,i 0 ! repres5tative to ! city c\ncil & 0 v mu* involv$ 9 creat+ a viable urban-r5ewal plan t w5t beyond simply add+ m luxury h\s+ to ! neighborhood4 ,su* involvem5t w\ld blossom into great] political activity dur+ ! #aifjs4 ,by #aife1 ,lippman _h become an outspok5 support] = political c&idates l ,william ,fitts ,ryan1 a ,democratic elect$ to ,congress ) ! help ( re=m clubs & "o ( ! fir/ ,u4,s4 repres5tatives to speak out aga9/ ! ,vietnam ,w>4 ,x wasn't long be=e ,lippman1 too1 0 an outspok5 oppon5t ( ,u4,s4 involvem5t 9 ,indo*9a4 ,i 0 aga9/ ! ,vietnam w> f ! "t ,k5n$y s5t troops1 %e says4 ,i _h read ! /ories by report]s & j\rnali/s s5t to cov] ! e>ly /ages ( ! conflict4 ,i really believ$ _! =eca/ t x w\ld become a quagmire4 ,su* opposition p]meat$ ! ,/allman-,lippman h\sehold4 ,9 #aifg1 ,lippman rem>ri$4 ,h] new husb&1 ,maurice ,lippman1 a major 9 ! ,air ,national ,gu>d1 resign$ 8 commission to demon/rate 8 opposition to ! w>4 ,lippman's /epson1 ,&rew ,lippman1 0 at ,,mit & tempor>ily eligible = a /ud5t def]m5t4 ,/ill1 ! ?reat ( induction %\ld t def]m5t disappe>1 z x ev5tually did1 made ! risk ( ,u4,s4 escalation all ! m imm$iate4 ,f9ally1 !re 0 ,ri*>d :o1 ?\gh y\ng]1 fac$ ! prospect ( *oos+ betwe5 ,vietnam or ,canada :5 ! w> la/$ into ! #aigjs4 ,vietnam 0 a major issue 9 our h\sehold1 says ,lippman4 ,we talk$ ab\t x con/antly3 :at w\ld we d if ! w> cont9u$1 :at /eps ,ri*>d or 8 /epbro!r w\ld take if !y got draft$4 ,we 7 all oppos$ to ! w> & ! draft4 ,we really ?\ght x 0 immoral4 ,= ,/allman1 ! ,vietnam ,w> elicit$ a complex mixture ( emotions3 confusion1 horror1 &1 ultimately1 a pr(\nd s5se ( political impot5ce4 ,z a kid :o c\ld b>ely cope 9 ! mild au?orit>ian univ]se ( private s*ool1 ,/allman exp]i5c$ a %iv] :5ev] ! ?\ght ( ,army boot camp pres5t$ itself4 ,i 0 deva/at$ by ! fe>1 b ,i c\ldn't imag9e :at to d & didn't h ! guts to g demon/rate1 recalls ,/allman1 ^: ,m>* #ah? bir?day e>n$ him a dread$ l[ numb] 9 ! draft lott]y :5 ! f$]al gov]nm5t f9ally elim9at$ college def]m5ts 9 #aiga4 ,i c\ldn't envision mov+ to ,canada or ,sw$54 ,! idea ( gett+ up by myself & mov+ some:]e4 ,h[ c\ld ,i d t8 ,i didn't "k h[ to live by myself4 ,i wasn't ! k9d ( p]son :o felt confid5t 9 approa*+ ?+s l t4 ,/allman says he 0 bo? impress$ & %am$ by ! family memb]s :o did speak out4 ,recall+ a bump] /ick] on 8 fa!r's c> lik5+ ! ,my ,lai massacre to simil> ,nazi atrocities 9 ,_w ,w> ,,ii1 he says he 0 excit$ by 8 fa!r's ge/ure ( outrage4 ,i admir$ him = do+ x1 ,/allman says4 ,b ,i didn't imag9e t ,i c\ld d any?+4 ,i 0 afraid t ! jugg]naut ( ! draft 0 go+ to de/roy me4 ,al?\gh descriptions ( 8 own unwill+ness to speak out c>ry a t+e ( no/algic regret1 ,/allman says he 0 ultimately turn$ (f by ! tone & direction ( ! anti-w> movem5t4 ,l o!r memb]s ( ! ,sci5ce ,honors ,program1 he saw ! week5d demon/rations at ,columbia z little m ?an a di/ract+ spectacle4,*ess1 ano!r ,columbia ,sci5ce ,honors ,program alum1 describes ! prote/s z backgr\nd noise4 ,we 7 all political1 he says1 b ! ,,%p 0 imporant4 ,we w\ld nev] h skipp$ x = a demon/ration4 ,ultimately1 ,/allman says1 ! irrational =ces driv+ ! anti-w> movem5t became indi/+ui%able f ! irrational =ces driv+ ! re/ ( y\? culture4 ,in/ead ( wor%ip+ ! ,beatles1 girls 9 ,/allman's age gr\p 7 sudd5ly wor%ip+ firebr&s l ,abbie ,h(fman & ,j]ry ,rub94 ,to a kid already /ruggl+ to compreh5d 8 te5age pe]s1 escapi/ slogans l make love n w> _h a taunt+ quality4 ,n only 0 x a rem9d] t ,/allman1 ! %ort-hair$ outsid] :o hat$ rock 'n' roll1 dete/$ drugs1 & didn't p>ticipate 9 campus demon/rations1 wasn't gett+ x politically2 he wasn't gett+ x sexually ei!r4 ,i didn't l ! c\nt] culture mu*1 ,/allman admits4 ,i didn't l ! music4 ,i didn't l ! drugs4 ,i 0 sc>$ ( ! drugs4 ,i especially didn't l ! anti-intellectualism1 & ,i didn't l ! prejudice aga9/ te*nology4 ,aft] all1 ,i lov$ a comput]4 ,& ,i didn't l ! m9dless anti-,am]icanism t ,i (t5 enc\nt]$4 ,!re 7 p ^: ?9k+ 0 s simpli/ic t if !y disapprov$ ( ! conduct ( ! ,u4,s4 9 ! ,vietnam ,w>1 !y _h to support ! ,nor? ,vietnamese4 ,!y c\ldn't imag9e a m complicat$ position1 ,i guess4 ,su* comm5ts alleviate feel+s ( timidity4 ,!y also und]l9e a trait t w\ld become ! key to ,/allman's own political maturation4 ,= ,/allman1 political confid5ce 0 directly proportionate to p]sonal confid5ce4 ,by #aigj1 ,/allman _h become confid5t 9 few ?+s outside ! realm ( ma? & sci5ce4 ,nev]!less1 confid5ce 9 ma? gave him en\gh ( a f\ndation to exam9e ! anti-w> movem5t 9 purely logical t]ms4 ,9 ! process ( do+ s1 ,/allman _h f\nd ! logic want+4 ,al?\gh oppos$ to ! w> 9 ,vietnam1 ,/allman saw no reason to disav[ w> z a means = def5d+ lib]ty or correct+ inju/ice4 ,r ?an wid5 ! brea* betwe5 himself & 8 pe]s1 h[ev]1 ,/allman elect$ to keep ! analysis to himself4 ,9 #aigj1 ,/allman left beh9d ! nightly d9n]time conv]sations ab\t politics & ! ,vietnam ,w> z he dep>t$ = ,h>v>d4 ,look+ back1 ,/allman describes ! transition f 8 "m's ,manhattan ap>tm5t to life 9 a ,cambridge dorm z an escape4 ,pe]s :o wat*$ ,/allman make ! transition1 h[ev]1 saw little to sugge/ a lib]at+ exp]i5ce4 ,he seem$ pretty mis]able = ! fir/ :ile at ,h>v>d1 recalls ,dan ,*ess1 a classmate 9 ! ,sci5ce ,honors ,program :o also matriculat$ at ,h>v>d4 ,y c\ld tell t human int]action 0 really difficult = him1 & !re 0 no way ( avoid+ x at ,h>v>d4 ,h>v>d 0 an int5sely social k9d ( place4 ,to ease ! transition1 ,/allman fell back on 8 /r5g?s3 ma? & sci5ce4 ,l mo/ memb]s ( ! ,sci5ce ,honors ,program1 ,/allman breez$ ?r\gh ! qualify+ exam = ,ma? #ee1 ! leg5d>y boot camp class = fre%man ma!matics conc5trators at ,h>v>d4 ,)9 ! class1 memb]s ( ! ,sci5ce ,honors ,program =m$ a durable unit4 ,we 7 ! ma? mafia1 says ,*ess ) a laugh4 ,h>v>d 0 no?+1 at lea/ comp>$ ) ! ,,%p4 ,to e>n ! "r to boa/1 h[ev]1 ,/allman1 ,*ess1 & ! o!r ,,%p alumni _h to get ?r\gh ,ma? #ee4 ,promis+ f\r ye>s wor? ( ma? 9 two seme/]s1 ! c\rse favor$ only ! truly dev\t4 ,x 0 an amaz+ class1 says ,david ,h>bat]1 a =m] ma? mafia memb] & n[ a pr(essor ( ma!matics at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,x's probably safe to say !re has nev] be5 a class = beg9n+ college /ud5ts t 0 t int5se & t advanc$4 ,! phrase ,i say to p j to get x across is t1 among o!r ?+s1 by ! second seme/] we 7 discuss+ ! diff]5tial geometry ( ,bana* manifolds4 ,t's usually :5 _! eyes bug out1 because mo/ p don't />t talk+ ab\t ,bana* manifolds until _! second ye> ( graduate s*ool4 ,/>t+ ) #ge /ud5ts1 ! class quickly melt$ d[n to #bj by ! end ( ! second seme/]4 ,( t #bj1 says ,h>bat]1 only #aj really knew :at !y 7 do+4 ,( t #aj1 #h w\ld g on to become future ma!matics pr(essors1 #a w\ld g on to tea* physics4 ,! o!r "o1 emphasizes ,h>bat]1 0 ,ri*>d ,/allman4 ,se? ,breidb>t1 a fell[ ,ma? #ee classmate1 rememb]s ,/allman di/+ui%+ himself f 8 pe]s ev5 !n4 ,he 0 a /ickl] 9 "s v /range ways1 says ,breidb>t4 ,!re is a /&>d te*nique 9 ma? :i* ev]ybody does wrong4 ,x's an abuse ( notation :]e y h to def9e a function = some?+ & :at y d is y def9e a function & !n y prove t x's well def9$4 ,except ! fir/ "t he did & pres5t$ x1 he def9$ a relation & prov$ t x's a function4 ,x's ! exact same pro(1 b he us$ ! correct t]m9ology1 :i* no "o else did4 ,t's j ! way he 04 ,x 0 9 ,ma? #ee t ,ri*>d ,/allman began to cultivate a reputation = brilliance4 ,breidb>t agrees1 b ,*ess1 ^: competitive /reak refus$ to yield1 says ! realization t ,/allman might be ! be/ ma!matician 9 ! class didn't set 9 until ! next ye>4 ,x 0 dur+ a class on ,real ,analysis1 :i* ,i took ) ,ri*>d ! next ye>1 says ,*ess1 n[ a ma? pr(essor at ,hunt] ,college4 ,i actually rememb] 9 a pro( ab\t complex valu$ measures t ,ri*>d came up ) an idea t 0 basically a metaphor f ! calculus ( v>iations4 ,x 0 ! fir/ "t ,i ev] saw somebody solve a problem 9 a brilliantly orig9al way4 ,*ess makes no bones ab\t x3 wat*+ ,/allman's solution unfold on ! *alkbo>d 0 a deva/at+ bl[4 ,z a kid :o'd always tak5 pride 9 be+ ! sm>te/ ma!matician ! room1 x 0 l cat*+ a glimpse ( 8 own mortality4 ,ye>s lat]1 z ,*ess sl[ly came to accept ! pr(essional rank ( a good-b-n-great ma!matician1 he _h ,/allman's sophomore-ye> pro( to look back on z a taunt+ e>ly indicator4 ,t's ! ?+ ab\t ma!matics1 says ,*ess4 ,y don't h to be a fir/-rank ma!matician to recognize fir/-rate ma!matical tal5t4 ,i c\ld tell ,i 0 up !re1 b ,i c\ld also tell ,i wasn't at ! fir/ rank4 ,if ,ri*>d _h *os5 to be a ma!matician1 he w\ld h be5 a fir/-rank ma!matician4 ,= ,/allman1 success 9 ! classroom 0 balanc$ by ! same lack ( success 9 ! social ar5a4 ,ev5 z o!r memb]s ( ! ma? mafia ga!r$ to take on ! ,ma? #ee problem sets1 ,/allman pref]r$ to "w alone4 ,! same w5t = liv+ arrangem5ts4 ,on ! h\s+ application = ,h>v>d1 ,/allman cle>ly spell$ out 8 pref]5ces4 ,i said ,i pref]r$ an invisible1 inaudible1 intangible roommate1 he says4 ,9 a r>e /roke ( bureaucratic =esight1 ,h>v>d's h\s+ (fice accept$ ! reque/1 giv+ ,/allman a "o-room s+le = 8 fre%man ye>4 ,breidb>t1 ! only ma?-mafia memb] to %>e a dorm ) ,/allman t fre%man ye>1 says ,/allman sl[ly b surely le>n$ h[ to int]act ) o!r /ud5ts4 ,he recalls h[ o!r dorm mates1 impress$ by ,/allman's logical acum51 began welcom+ 8 input :5ev] an intellectual debate broke out 9 ! d9+ club or dorm commons4 ,we _h ! usual bull sessions ab\t solv+ ! _w's problems or :at w\ld be ! result ( some?+1 recalls ,breidb>t4 ,say somebody discov]s an immortality s]um4 ,:at d y d8 ,:at are ! political results8 ,if y give x to ev]ybody1 ! _w gets ov]cr[d$ & ev]ybody dies4 ,if y limit x1 if y say ev]yone :o's alive n[ c h x b _! *ildr5 c't1 !n y end up ) an und]class ( p )\t x4 ,ri*>d 0 j bett] able ?an mo/ to see ! un=ese5 circum/ances ( any decision4 ,/allman rememb]s ! discussions vividly4 ,i 0 always 9 favor ( immortality1 he says4 ,i 0 %ock$ t mo/ p reg>d$ immortality z a bad ?+4 ,h[ else w\ld we be able to see :at ! _w is l #bjj ye>s f n[8 ,al?\gh a fir/-rank ma!matician & fir/-rate debat]1 ,/allman %i$ away f cle>-cut competitive ev5ts t might h seal$ 8 brilliant reputation4 ,ne> ! end ( fre%man ye> at ,h>v>d1 ,breidb>t recalls h[ ,/allman conspicu\sly duck$ ! ,putnam exam1 a pre/igi\s te/ op5 to ma? /ud5ts ?r\gh\t ! ,u4,s4 & ,canada4 ,9 addition to giv+ /ud5ts a *ance to measure _! k 9 relation to _! pe]s1 ! ,putnam s]v$ z a *ief recruit+ tool = academic ma? dep>tm5ts4 ,accord+ to campus leg5d1 ! top scor] automatically qualifi$ = a graduate fell[%ip at any s*ool ( 8 *oice1 includ+ ,h>v>d4 ,l ,ma? #ee1 ! ,putnam 0 a brutal te/ ( m]it4 ,a six-h\r exam 9 two p>ts1 x seem$ explicitly design$ to sep>ate ! :eat f ! *aff4 ,breidb>t1 a vet]an ( bo? ! ,sci5ce ,honors ,program & ,ma? #ee1 describes x z easily ! mo/ difficult te/ he ev] took4 ,j to give y an idea ( h[ difficult x 01 says ,breidb>t1 ! top score 0 a #abj1 & my score ! fir/ ye> 0 9 ! #cjs4 ,t score 0 /ill good en\gh to place me #aja/ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,surpris$ t ,/allman1 ! be/ /ud5t 9 ! class1 _h pass$ on ! te/1 ,breidb>t says he & a fell[ classmate corn]$ him 9 ! d9+ common & dem&$ an explanation4 ,he said he 0 afraid ( n do+ well1 ,breidb>t recalls4 ,breidb>t & ! fri5d quickly wrote d[n a few problems f memory & gave !m to ,/allman4 ,he solv$ all ( !m1 ,breidb>t says1 lead+ me to conclude t by n do+ well1 he ei!r meant com+ 9 second or gett+ some?+ wrong4 ,/allman rememb]s ! episode a bit diff]5tly4 ,i rememb] t !y did br+ me ! que/ions & x's possible t ,i solv$ "o ( !m1 b ,i'm pretty sure ,i didn't solve !m all1 he says4 ,nev]!less1 ,/allman agrees ) ,breidb>t's recollection t fe> 0 ! prim>y reason = n tak+ ! te/4 ,despite a demon/rat$ will+ness to po9t out ! intellectual weaknesses ( 8 pe]s & pr(essors 9 ! classroom1 ,/allman hat$ ! notion ( head-to-head competition4 ,x's ! same reason ,i nev] lik$ *ess1 says ,/allman4 ,:5ev] ,i'd play1 ,i w\ld become s consum$ by ! fe> ( mak+ a s+le mi/ake t ,i w\ld />t mak+ /upid mi/akes v e>ly 9 ! game4 ,! fe> became a self-fulfill+ prophecy4 ,:e!r su* fe>s ultimately prompt$ ,/allman to %y away f a ma!matical c>e] is a moot issue4 ,by ! end ( 8 fre%man ye> at ,h>v>d1 ,/allman _h o!r int]e/s pull+ him away f ! field4 ,comput] programm+1 a lat5t fasc9ation ?r\gh\t ,/allman's high-s*ool ye>s1 0 becom+ a full-fl$g$ passion4 ,:]e o!r ma? /ud5ts s\ght occasional refuge 9 art & hi/ory classes1 ,/allman s\ght x 9 ! comput]-sci5ce laboratory4 ,= ,/allman1 ! fir/ ta/e ( real comput] programm+ at ! ,,ibm ,new ,york ,sci5tific ,c5t] _h trigg]$ a desire to le>n m4 ,t[>d ! end ( my fir/ ye> at ,h>v>d s*ool1 ,i />t$ to h en\gh c\rage to g visit comput] labs & see :at !y _h4 ,i'd ask !m if !y _h extra copies ( any manuals t ,i c\ld read4 ,tak+ ! manuals home1 ,/allman w\ld exam9e ma*9e specifications1 comp>e !m ) o!r ma*9es he already knew1 & concoct a trial program1 :i* he w\ld !n br+ back to ! lab along ) ! borr[$ manual4 ,al?\gh "s labs balk$ at ! notion ( a /range kid com+ (f ! /reet & work+ on ! lab ma*9]y1 mo/ recogniz$ compet5ce :5 !y saw x & let ,/allman run ! programs he _h creat$4 ,"o day1 ne> ! end ( fre%man ye>1 ,/allman he>d ab\t a special laboratory ne> ,,mit4 ,! laboratory 0 locat$ on ! n9? floor an (f-campus build+ 9 ,te* ,squ>e1 ! newly built facility d$icat$ to advanc$ rese>*4 ,accord+ to ! rumors1 ! lab itself 0 d$icat$ to ! cutt+-edge sci5ce ( artificial intellig5ce & boa/$ ! cutt+-edge ma*9es & s(tw>e programs to mat*4 ,intrigu$1 ,/allman decid$ to pay a visit4 ,! trip 0 %ort1 ab\t #b miles on foot1 #aj m9utes by tra91 b z ,/allman w\ld soon f9d out1 ,,mit & ,h>v>d c feel l opposite poles ( ! same planet4 ,) its maze-l tangle ( int]connect$ (fice build+s1 ! ,in/itute's campus (f]$ an ae/hetic y9 to ,h>v>d's spaci\s colonial-village yang4 ,! same c\ld be said = ! /ud5t body1 a geeky collection ( ex-high s*ool misfits kn[n m = its pr$ilection = pranks ?an its politically p[]ful alumni4 ,! y9-yang relation%ip ext5d$ to ! ,,ai ,lab z well4 ,unlike ,h>v>d comput] labs1 !re 0 no grad-/ud5t gatekeep]1 no clipbo>d wait+ li/ = t]m9al access1 no explicit atmosph]e ( look b don't t\*4 ,in/ead1 ,/allman f\nd only a collection ( op5 t]m9als & robotic arms1 presumably ! artifacts ( "s ,a4,i4 exp]im5t4 ,al?\gh ! rumors said anybody c\ld sit d[n at ! t]m9als1 ,/allman decid$ to /ick ) ! orig9al plan4 ,:5 he enc\nt]$ a lab employee1 he ask$ if ! lab _h any sp>e manuals x c\ld loan to an inquisitive /ud5t4 ,!y _h "s1 b a lot ( ?+s w]5't docum5t$1 ,/allman recalls4 ,!y 7 hack]s aft] all4 ,/allman left ) some?+ ev5 bett] ?an a manual3 a job4 ,al?\gh he doesn't rememb] :at ! fir/ project 01 he does rememb] com+ back to ! ,,ai ,lab ! next week1 grabb+ an op5 t]m9al & writ+ s(tw>e code4 ,look+ back1 ,/allman sees no?+ unusual 9 ! ,,ai ,lab's will+ness to accept an unprov5 outsid] at fir/ glance4 ,t's ! way x 0 back !n1 he says4 ,t's ! way x /ill is n[4 ,i'll hire somebody :5 ,i meet him if ,i see he's good4 ,:y wait8 ,/uffy p :o insi/ on putt+ bureaucracy into ev]y?+ really miss ! po9t4 ,if a p]son is good1 he %\ldn't h to g ?r\gh a long1 detail$ hir+ process2 he %\ld be sitt+ at a comput] writ+ code4 ,to get a ta/e ( bureaucratic & /uffy1 ,/allman ne$ only visit ! comput] labs at ,h>v>d4 ,!re1 access to ! t]m9als 0 dol$ out accord+ to academic rank4 ,z an und]grad1 ,/allman usually _h to sign up or wait until midnight1 ab\t ! "t mo/ pr(essors & grad /ud5ts f9i%$ _! daily "w assignm5ts4 ,! wait+ wasn't difficult1 b x 0 fru/rat+4 ,wait+ = a public t]m9al1 kn[+ all ! :ile t a half doz5 equally usable ma*9es 7 sitt+ idle inside pr(essors' lock$ (fices1 seem$ ! height ( illogic4 ,al?\gh ,/allman paid ! occasional visit to ! ,h>v>d comput] labs1 he pref]r$ ! m egalit>ian policies ( ! ,,ai ,lab4 ,x 0 a brea? ( fre% air1 he says4 ,at ! ,,ai ,lab1 p seem$ m conc]n$ ab\t "w ?an /atus4 ,/allman quickly le>n$ t ! ,,ai ,lab's fir/-come1 fir/-s]v$ policy ow$ mu* to ! ef=ts ( a vigilant few4 ,_m 7 holdov]s f ! days ( ,project ,,mac1 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,def5se-fund$ rese>* program t _h giv5 bir? to ! fir/ "t-%>e op]at+ sy/ems4 ,a few 7 already leg5ds 9 ! comput+ _w4 ,!re 0 ,ri*>d ,gre5blatt1 ! lab's 9-h\se ,lisp exp]t & au?or ( ,mac,hack1 ! comput] *ess program t _h once humbl$ ,a4,i4 critic ,hub]t ,dreyfus4 ,!re 0 ,g]ald ,sussman1 orig9al au?or ( ! robotic block-/ack+ program ,,hack]4 ,& !re 0 ,bill ,gosp]1 ! 9-h\se ma? :iz already 9 ! mid/ ( an #ah-mon? hack+ b5d] trigg]$ by ! philosophical implications ( ! comput] game ,,life4,see ,/ev5 ,levy1 ,hack]s 7,p5gu9 ,,usa pap]back1 #aihd73 #add4 ,levy devotes ab\t five pages to describ+ ,gosp]'s fasc9ation ) ,,life1 a ma?-bas$ s(tw>e game fir/ creat$ by ,briti% ma!matician ,john ,conway4 ,i he>tily recomm5d ?is book z a supplem5t1 p]haps ev5 a pr]equisite1 to ?is "o4 ,memb]s ( ! tight-knit gr\p call$ !mselves hack]s4 ,ov] "t1 !y ext5d$ ! hack] description to ,/allman z well4 ,9 ! process ( do+ s1 !y inculcat$ ,/allman 9 ! e?ical traditions ( ! hack] e?ic 4 ,to be a hack] meant m ?an j writ+ programs1 ,/allman le>n$4 ,x meant writ+ ! be/ possible programs4 ,x meant sitt+ at a t]m9al = #cf h\rs /raight if t's :at x took to write ! be/ possible programs4 ,mo/ importantly1 x meant hav+ access to ! be/ possible ma*9es & ! mo/ useful in=mation at all times4 ,hack]s spoke op5ly ab\t *ang+ ! _w ?r\gh s(tw>e1 & ,/allman le>n$ ! in/9ctual hack] disda9 = any ob/acle t prev5t$ a hack] f fulfill+ ?is noble cause4 ,*ief among ^! ob/acles 7 poor s(tw>e1 academic bureaucracy1 & selfi% behavior4 ,/allman also le>n$ ! lore1 /ories ( h[ hack]s1 :5 pres5t$ ) an ob/acle1 _h circumv5t$ x 9 creative ways4 ,/allman le>n$ ab\t lock hack+1 ! art ( break+ into pr(essors' (fices to lib]ate seque/]$ t]m9als4 ,unlike _! pamp]$ ,h>v>d c\nt]p>ts1 ,,mit faculty memb]s knew bett] ?an to treat ! ,,ai ,lab's t]m9al z private prop]ty4 ,if a faculty memb] made ! mi/ake ( lock+ away a t]m9al = ! night1 hack]s 7 quick to correct ! error4 ,hack]s 7 equally quick to s5d a message if ! mi/ake repeat$ itself4 ,i 0 actually %[n a c>t ) a heavy cyl9d] ( metal on x t _h be5 us$ to break d[n ! door ( "o pr(essor's (fice1,g]ald ,sussman1 an ,,mit faculty memb] & hack] ^: "w at ! ,,ai ,lab pr$ates ,/allman's1 disputes ?is memory4 ,accord+ to ,sussman1 ! hack]s nev] broke any doors to retrieve t]m9als4 ,/allman says4 ,su* me?ods1 :ile lack+ 9 subtlety1 s]v$ a purpose4 ,al?\gh pr(essors & adm9i/rators outnumb]$ hack]s two-to-"o inside ! ,,ai ,lab1 ! hack] e?ic prevail$4 ,inde$1 by ! "t ( ,/allman's arrival at ! ,,ai ,lab1 hack]s & ! ,,ai ,lab adm9i/ration _h coevolv$ into some?+ ( a symbiotic relation%ip4 ,9 ex*ange = fix+ ! ma*9es & keep+ ! s(tw>e up & runn+1 hack]s e>n$ ! "r to "w on favorite pet projects4 ,(t51 ! pet projects revolv$ ar\nd improv+ ! ma*9es & s(tw>e programs ev5 fur!r4 ,l te5age hot-rodd]s1 mo/ hack]s view$ t9k]+ ) ma*9es z its own =m ( ent]ta9m5t4 ,n[h]e 0 ?is t9k]+ impulse bett] reflect$ ?an 9 ! op]at+ sy/em t p[]$ ! lab's c5tral ,,pdp-#f m9i-comput]4 ,dubb$ ,,its1 %ort = ! ,incompatible ,"t ,%>+ sy/em1 ! op]at+ sy/em incorporat$ ! hack+ e?ic into its v design4 ,hack]s _h built x z a prote/ to ,project ,,mac's orig9al op]at+ sy/em1 ! ,compatible ,"t ,%>+ ,sy/em1 ,,ctss1 & nam$ x accord+ly4 ,at ! "t1 hack]s felt ! ,,ctss design too re/rictive1 limit+ programm]s' p[] to modify & improve ! program's own int]nal ar*itecture if ne$$4 ,accord+ to "o leg5d pass$ d[n by hack]s1 ! decision to build ,,its _h political ov]tones z well4 ,unlike ,,ctss1 :i* _h be5 design$ = ! ,,ibm #gjid1 ,,its 0 built specifically = ! ,,pdp-#f4 ,9 lett+ hack]s write ! sy/ems !mselves1 ,,ai ,lab adm9i/rators gu>ante$ t only hack]s w\ld feel com=table us+ ! ,,pdp-#f4 ,9 ! feudal _w ( academic rese>*1 ! gambit work$4 ,al?\gh ! ,,pdp-#f 0 co-own$ 9 conjunction ) o!r dep>tm5ts1 ,a4,i4 rese>*]s soon _h x to !mselves4 ,,its boa/$ features mo/ comm]cial op]at+ sy/ems w\ldn't (f] = ye>s1 features su* z multitask+1 debugg+1 & full-scre5 edit+ capability4 ,us+ x & ! ,,pdp-#f z a f\ndation1 ! ,lab _h be5 able to decl>e indep5d5ce f ,project ,,mac %ortly be=e ,/allman's arrival4,i apologize = ! :irlw9d summ>y ( ,,its' g5esis1 an op]at+ sy/em _m hack]s /ill reg>d z ! epitome ( ! hack] e?os4 ,= m in=mation on ! program's political significance1 see ,simson ,g>f9kel1 ,ar*itects ( ! ,in=mation ,society3 ,?irty-,five ,ye>s ( ! ,laboratory = ,comput] ,sci5ce at ,,mit 7,,mit ,press1 #aiii74 ,z an appr5tice hack]1 ,/allman quickly became enamor$ ) ,,its4 ,al?\gh =bidd+ to mo/ newcom]s1 ! program conta9$ _m built-9 features t provid$ a lesson 9 s(tw>e developm5t to hack] appr5tices su* z himself4 ,,its _h a v elegant int]nal me*anism = "o program to exam9e ano!r1 says ,/allman1 recall+ ! program4 ,y c\ld exam9e all sorts ( /atus ab\t ano!r program 9 a v clean1 well-specifi$ way4 ,us+ ?is feature1 ,/allman 0 able to wat* h[ programs writt5 by hack]s process$ in/ructions z !y ran4 ,ano!r favorite feature w\ld all[ ! monitor+ program to freeze ! monitor$ program's job betwe5 in/ructions4 ,9 o!r op]at+ sy/ems1 su* a comm& w\ld h result$ 9 half-comput$ gibb]i% or an automatic sy/ems cra%4 ,9 ,,its1 x provid$ yet ano!r way to monitor ! /ep-by-/ep p]=mance4 ,if y said1 ,/op ! job1' x w\ld always be /opp$ 9 us] mode4 ,x w\ld be /opp$ betwe5 two us]-mode in/ructions1 & ev]y?+ ab\t ! job w\ld be consi/5t = t po9t1 ,/allman says4 ,if y said1 ,resume ! job1' x w\ld cont9ue prop]ly4 ,n only t1 b if y 7 to *ange ! /atus ( ! job & !n *ange x back1 ev]y?+ w\ld be consi/5t4 ,!re 0 no hidd5 /atus any:]e4 ,by ! end ( #aigj1 hack+ at ! ,,ai ,lab _h become a regul> "p ( ,/allman's weekly s*$ule4 ,f ,monday to ,?ursday1 ,/allman devot$ 8 wak+ h\rs to 8 ,h>v>d classes4 ,z soon z ,friday aft]noon arriv$1 h[ev]1 he 0 on ! ,t1 head+ d[n to ,,mit = ! week5d4 ,/allman usually tim$ 8 arrival to co9cide ) ! ritual food run4 ,jo9+ five or six o!r hack]s 9 _! nightly que/ = ,*9ese food1 he w\ld jump inside a beat-up c> & head across ! ,h>v>d ,bridge into ne>by ,bo/on4 ,= ! next two h\rs1 he & 8 hack] colleagues w\ld discuss ev]y?+ f ,,its to ! int]nal logic ( ! ,*9ese language & pictograph sy/em4 ,foll[+ d9n]1 ! gr\p w\ld return to ,,mit & hack code until dawn4 ,= ! geeky outca/ :o r>ely associat$ ) 8 high-s*ool pe]s1 x 0 a heady exp]i5ce1 sudd5ly hang+ out ) p :o %>$ ! same pr$ilection = comput]s1 sci5ce fiction1 & ,*9ese food4 ,i rememb] _m sunrises se5 f a c> com+ back f ,*9at[n1 ,/allman w\ld recall no/algically1 #ae ye>s aft] ! fact 9 a spee* at ! ,sw$i% ,royal ,te*nical ,in/itute4 ,x 0 actually a v beautiful ?+ to see a sunrise1 'cause t's su* a calm "t ( day4 ,x's a wond]ful "t ( day to get ready to g to b$4 ,x's s nice to walk home ) ! light j bright5+ & ! birds />t+ to *irp2 y c get a real feel+ ( g5tle satisfaction1 ( tranquility ab\t ! "w t y h done t night4,see ,ri*>d ,/allman1 ,,rms lecture at ,,k? 7,sw$571 7,octob] #cj1 #aihf74 http3_/_/www4gnu4org_/philosophy_//allma n-k?4html ,! m ,/allman hung out ) ! hack]s1 ! m he adopt$ ! hack] worldview4 ,already committ$ to ! notion ( p]sonal lib]ty1 ,/allman began to infuse 8 actions ) a s5se ( communal responsibility4 ,:5 o!rs violat$ ! communal code1 ,/allman 0 quick to speak out4 ,)9 a ye> ( 8 fir/ visit1 ,/allman 0 ! "o break+ into lock$ (fices1 try+ to recov] ! seque/]$ t]m9als t belong$ to ! lab community z a :ole4 ,9 true hack] fa%ion1 ,/allman also s\ght to make 8 own p]sonal contribution to ! art ( lock hack+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ artful door-op5+ tricks1 commonly attribut$ to ,gre5blatt1 involv$ b5d+ a /iff wire into a cane & atta*+ a loop ( tape to ! long end4 ,slid+ ! wire "u ! door1 a hack] c\ld twi/ & rotate ! wire s t ! long end t\*$ ! door knob4 ,provid$ ! adhesive on ! tape held1 a hack] c\ld op5 ! doorknob ) a few %>p twi/s4 ,:5 ,/allman tri$ ! trick1 he f\nd x good b want+ 9 a few places4 ,gett+ ! tape to /ick wasn't always easy1 & twi/+ ! wire 9 a way t turn$ ! doorknob 0 simil>ly difficult4 ,/allman rememb]$ t ! hallway ceil+ possess$ tiles t c\ld be slid away4 ,"s hack]s1 9 fact1 _h us$ ! false ceil+ z a way to get ar\nd lock$ doors1 an approa* t g5]ally cov]$ ! p]petrator 9 fib]glass b got ! job done4 ,/allman consid]$ an alt]native approa*4 ,:at if1 in/ead ( slipp+ a wire "u ! door1 a hack] slid away "o ( ! panels & /ood ov] ! door jamb8 ,/allman took x ^u himself to try x out4 ,in/ead ( us+ a wire1 ,/allman drap$ out a long ,u-%ap$ loop ( magnetic tape1 fa/5+ a loop ( adhesive tape at ! base ( ! ,u4 ,/&+ ov] ! door jamb1 he dangl$ ! tape until x loop$ "u ! doorknob4 ,lift+ ! tape until ! adhesive fa/5$1 he !n pull$ on ! left end ( ! tape1 twi/+ ! doorknob c\nt]-clockwise4 ,sure en\gh1 ! door op5$4 ,/allman _h add$ a new twi/ to ! art ( lock hack+4 ,sometimes y _h to kick ! door aft] y turn$ ! door knob1 says ,/allman1 recall+ ! l+]+ bugg9ess ( ! new me?od4 ,x took a little bit ( balance to pull x (f4 ,su* activities reflect$ a gr[+ will+ness on ,/allman's "p to speak & act out 9 def5se ( political beliefs4 ,! ,,ai ,lab's _s ( direct action _h prov$ inspirational en\gh = ,/allman to break out ( ! timid impot5ce ( 8 te5age ye>s4 ,break+ into an (fice to free a t]m9al wasn't ! same z tak+ "p 9 a prote/ m>*1 b x 0 effective 9 ways t mo/ prote/s w]5't4 ,x solv$ ! problem at h&4 ,by ! "t ( 8 la/ ye>s at ,h>v>d1 ,/allman 0 beg9n+ to apply ! :imsical & irrev]5t lessons ( ! ,,ai ,lab back at s*ool4 ,did he tell y ab\t ! snake8 8 "m asks at "o po9t dur+ an int]view4 ,he & 8 dorm mates put a snake up = /ud5t election4 ,app>5tly x got a consid]able numb] ( votes4 ,/allman v]ifies ! snake c&idacy ) a few caveats4 ,! snake 0 a c&idate = election )9 ,curri] ,h\se1 ,/allman's dorm1 n ! campus-wide /ud5t c\ncil4 ,/allman does rememb] ! snake attract+ a fairly significant numb] ( votes1 ?anks 9 l>ge "p to ! fact t bo? ! snake & its own] bo? %>$ ! same la/ "n4 ,p may h vot$ = x1 because !y ?\ght !y 7 vot+ = ! own]1 ,/allman says4 ,campaign po/]s said t ! snake 0 sli!r+ =' ! (fice4 ,we also said x 0 an at l>ge' c&idate1 s9ce x _h climb$ into ! wall ?r\gh ! v5tilat+ unit a few weeks be=e & nobody knew :]e x 04 ,runn+ a snake = dorm c\ncil 0 j "o ( sev]al election-relat$ pranks4 ,9 a lat] election1 ,/allman & 8 dorm mates nom9at$ ! h\se ma/]'s son4 ,8 plat=m 0 m&atory retirem5t at age sev51 ,/allman recalls4 ,su* pranks pal$ 9 comp>ison to ! fake-c&idate pranks on ! ,,mit campus1 h[ev]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ successful fake-c&idate pranks 0 a cat nam$ ,wood/ock1 :i* actually manag$ to outdraw mo/ ( ! human c&idates 9 a campus-wide election4 ,!y nev] ann\nc$ h[ _m votes ,wood/ock got1 & !y treat$ ^? votes z spoil$ ballots1 ,/allman recalls4 ,b ! l>ge numb] ( spoil$ ballots 9 t election sugge/$ t ,wood/ock _h actually won4 ,a c\ple ( ye>s lat]1 ,wood/ock 0 suspici\sly run ov] by a c>4 ,nobody kn[s if ! driv] 0 work+ = ! ,,mit adm9i/ration4 ,/allman says he _h no?+ to d ) ,wood/ock's c&idacy1 b ,i admir$ x4,9 an email %ortly aft] ?is book w5t into its f9al edit cycle1 ,/allman says he drew political inspiration f ! ,h>v>d campus z well4 ,9 my fir/ ye> ( ,h>v>d1 9 a ,*9ese ,hi/ory class1 ,i read ! /ory ( ! fir/ revolt aga9/ ! ,*9 dyna/y1 he says4 ,! /ory is n reliable hi/ory1 b x 0 v mov+4 ,at ! ,,ai ,lab1 ,/allman's political activities _h a %>p]-edg$ tone4 ,dur+ ! #aigjs1 hack]s fac$ ! con/ant *all5ge ( faculty memb]s & adm9i/rators pull+ an end-run ar\nd ,,its & its hack]-fri5dly design4 ,"o ( ! fir/ attempts came 9 ! mid-#aigjs1 z m & m faculty memb]s began call+ = a file security sy/em to protect rese>* data4 ,mo/ o!r comput] labs _h in/all$ su* sy/ems dur+ late #aifjs1 b ! ,,ai ,lab1 ?r\gh ! insi/5ce ( ,/allman & o!r hack]s1 rema9$ a security-free zone4 ,= ,/allman1 ! opposition to security 0 bo? e?ical & practical4 ,on ! e?ical side1 ,/allman po9t$ out t ! entire art ( hack+ reli$ on intellectual op5ness & tru/4 ,on ! practical side1 he po9t$ to ! int]nal /ructure ( ,,its be+ built to fo/] ?is _s ( op5ness1 & any attempt to rev]se t design requir$ a major ov]haul4 ,! hack]s :o wrote ! ,incompatible ,time%>+ ,sy/em decid$ t file protection 0 usually us$ by a self-/yl$ sy/em manag] to get p[] ov] ev]yone else1 ,/allman w\ld lat] expla94 ,!y didn't want anyone to be able to get p[] ov] !m t way1 s !y didn't implem5t t k9d ( a feature4 ,! result 01 t :5ev] some?+ 9 ! sy/em 0 brok51 y c\ld always fix x4,see ,ri*>d ,/allman 7#aihf74 ,?r\gh su* vigilance1 hack]s manag$ to keep ! ,,ai ,lab's ma*9es security-free4 ,ov] at ! ne>by ,,mit ,laboratory = ,comput] ,sci5ces1 h[ev]1 security-m9d$ faculty memb]s won ! day4 ,! ,,lcs in/all$ its fir/ password-bas$ sy/em 9 #aigg4 ,once aga91 ,/allman took x ^u himself to correct :at he saw z e?ical laxity4 ,ga9+ access to ! s(tw>e code t controll$ ! password sy/em1 ,/allman implant$ a s(tw>e comm& t s5t out a message to any ,,lcs us] :o attempt$ to *oose a unique password4 ,if a us] ent]$ />fi%1 = example1 ! message came back some?+ l3 ,i see y *ose ! password />fi%4 ,i sugge/ t y swit* to ! password c>riage return4 ,x's mu* easi] to type1 & also x /&s up to ! pr9ciple t !re %\ld be no passwords4,see ,/ev5 ,levy1 ,hack]s 7,p5gu9 ,,usa pap]back1 #aihd73 #dag4 ,i h modifi$ ?is quote1 :i* ,levy also uses z an exc]pt1 to illu/rate m directly h[ ! program might reveal ! false security ( ! sy/em4 ,levy uses ! placehold] su* & su*4 ,us]s :o did ent] c>riage return-t is1 us]s :o simply press$ ! ,ent] or ,return button1 ent]+ a blank /r+ in/ead ( a unique password-left _! acc\nts accessible to ! _w at l>ge4 ,z sc>y z t might h be5 = "s us]s1 x re9=c$ ! hack] notion t ,in/itute comput]s1 & ev5 ,in/itute comput] files1 belong$ to ! public1 n private individuals4 ,/allman1 speak+ 9 an int]view = ! #aihd book ,hack]s1 pr\dly not$ t "o-fif? ( ! ,,lcs /aff accept$ ?is argum5t & employ$ ! blank-/r+ password4,see ,/ev5 ,levy1 ,hack]s 7,p5gu9 ,,usa pap]back1 #aihd73 #dag4 ,/allman's null-/r+ crusade w\ld prove ultimately futile4 ,by ! e>ly #aihjs1 ev5 ! ,,ai ,lab's ma*9es 7 sport+ password-bas$ security sy/ems4 ,ev5 s1 x repres5ts a major mile/one 9 t]ms ( ,/allman's p]sonal & political maturation4 ,to ! objective obs]v] famili> ) ,/allman's lat] c>e]1 x (f]s a conv5i5t inflection po9t betwe5 ! timid te5ag] afraid to speak out ev5 on issues ( life-?reat5+ importance & ! adult activi/ :o w\ld soon turn ne$l+ & cajol+ into a full-"t occupation4 ,9 voic+ 8 opposition to comput] security1 ,/allman drew on _m ( ! =ces t _h %ap$ 8 e>ly life3 hung] = k1 di/a/e = au?ority1 & fru/ration ov] hidd5 proc$ures & rules t r5d]$ "s p clueless outca/s4 ,he w\ld also draw on ! e?ical concepts t w\ld %ape 8 adult life3 communal responsibility1 tru/1 & ! hack] _s ( direct action4 ,express$ 9 s(tw>e-comput+ t]ms1 ! null /r+ repres5ts ! #a4j v]sion ( ! ,ri*>d ,/allman political worldview-incomplete 9 a few places b1 = ! mo/ "p1 fully mature4 ,look+ back1 ,/allman hesitates to imp>t too mu* significance to an ev5t s e>ly 9 8 hack+ c>e]4 ,9 t e>ly /age !re 7 a lot ( p :o %>$ my feel+s1 he says4 ,! l>ge numb] ( p :o adopt$ ! null /r+ z _! password 0 a sign t _m p agre$ t x 0 ! prop] ?+ to d4 ,i 0 simply incl9$ to be an activi/ ab\t x4 ,/allman does cr$it ! ,,ai ,lab = awak5+ t activi/ _s1 h[ev]4 ,z a te5ag]1 ,/allman _h obs]v$ political ev5ts ) little idea z to h[ a s+le individual c\ld d or say any?+ ( importance4 ,z a "y adult1 ,/allman 0 speak+ out on matt]s 9 :i* he felt supremely confid5t1 matt]s su* z s(tw>e design1 communal responsibility1 & individual fre$om4 ,i jo9$ ?is community :i* _h a way ( life :i* involv$ respect+ ea* o!r's fre$om1 he says4 ,x didn't take me long to figure out t t 0 a good ?+4 ,x took me long] to come to ! conclusion t ?is 0 a moral issue4 ,hack+ at ! ,,ai ,lab wasn't ! only activity help+ to boo/ ,/allman's e/eem4 ,dur+ ! middle ( 8 sophomore ye> at ,h>v>d1 ,/allman _h jo9$ up ) a dance tr\pe t specializ$ 9 folk dances 4 ,:at began z a simple attempt to meet wom5 & exp& 8 social horizons soon exp&$ into yet ano!r passion alongside hack+4 ,danc+ 9 front ( audi5ces dress$ 9 ! native g>b ( a ,balkan peasant1 ,/allman no long] felt l ! awkw>d1 uncoord9at$ #aj-ye>-old ^: attempts to play football _h end$ 9 fru/ration4 ,he felt confid5t1 agile1 & alive4 ,= a brief mom5t1 he ev5 felt a h9t ( emotional connection4 ,he soon f\nd be+ 9 front ( an audi5ce fun1 & x wasn't long !reaft] t he began crav+ ! p]=mance side ( danc+ almo/ z mu* z ! social side4 ,al?\gh ! danc+ & hack+ did little to improve ,/allman's social /&+1 !y help$ him ov]come ! feel+s ( weirdness t _h cl\d$ 8 pre-,h>v>d life4 ,in/ead ( lam5t+ 8 weird nature1 ,/allman f\nd ways to celebrate x4 ,9 #aigg1 :ile att5d+ a sci5ce-fiction conv5tion1 he came across a woman sell+ cu/om-made buttons4 ,excit$1 ,/allman ord]$ a button ) ! words ,impea* ,god emblazon$ on x4 ,= ,/allman1 ! ,impea* ,god message work$ on _m levels4 ,an a!i/ s9ce e>ly *ildhood1 ,/allman fir/ saw x z an attempt to set a second front 9 ! ongo+ debate on religion4 ,back !n ev]ybody 0 argu+ ab\t ,god be+ dead or alive1 ,/allman recalls4 ,impea* ,god' approa*$ ! subject ( ,god f a completely diff]5t viewpo9t4 ,if ,god 0 s p[]ful z to create ! _w & yet d no?+ to correct ! problems 9 x1 :y w\ld we ev] want to wor%ip su* a ,god8 ,w\ldn't x be bett] to put him on trial8 ,at ! same "t1 ,impea* ,god 0 a satirical take on ,am]ica & ! ,am]ican political sy/em4 ,! ,wat]gate sc&al ( ! #aigjs affect$ ,/allman deeply4 ,z a *ild1 ,/allman _h gr[n up mi/ru/+ au?ority4 ,n[1 z an adult1 8 mi/ru/ _h be5 solidifi$ by ! culture ( ! ,,ai ,lab hack] community4 ,to ! hack]s1 ,wat]gate 0 m]ely a ,%akespe>ean r5dition ( ! daily p[] /ruggles t made life su* a hassle = ^? )\t privilege4 ,x 0 an outsiz$ p>able = :at happ5$ :5 p trad$ lib]ty & op5ness = security & conv5i5ce4 ,buoy$ by gr[+ confid5ce1 ,/allman wore ! button pr\dly4 ,p curi\s en\gh to ask him ab\t x receiv$ ! same well-prep>$ spiel4 ,my "n is ,jehovah1 ,/allman w\ld say4 ,i h a special plan to save ! univ]se1 b because ( heav5ly security reasons ,i c't tell y :at t plan is4 ,y're j go+ to h to put y\r fai? 9 me1 because ,i see ! picture & y don't4 ,y "k ,i'm good because ,i told y s4 ,if y don't believe me1 ,i'll ?r[ y on my enemies li/ & ?r[ y 9 a pit :]e ,inf]nal ,rev5ue ,s]vice w audit y\r taxes = et]nity4 ,^? :o int]pret$ ! spiel z a ^w-=-^w p>ody ( ! ,wat]gate he>+s only got half ! message4 ,= ,/allman1 ! o!r half ( ! message 0 some?+ only 8 fell[ hack]s seem$ to be he>+4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s aft] ,"l ,acton w>n$ ab\t absolute p[] corrupt+ absolutely1 ,am]icans seem$ to h =gott5 ! fir/ "p ( ,acton's truism3 p[]1 itself1 corrupts4 ,r ?an po9t out ! num]\s examples ( petty corruption1 ,/allman felt cont5t voic+ 8 outrage t[>d an entire sy/em t tru/$ p[] 9 ! fir/ place4 ,i figur$ :y /op ) ! small fry1 says ,/allman1 recall+ ! button & its message4 ,if we w5t aft] ,nixon1 :y n go+ aft] ,mr4 ,big4 ,! way ,i see x1 any be+ t has p[] & abuses x des]ves to h t p[] tak5 away4 ,small ,puddle ( ,fre$om ,ask anyone :o's sp5t m ?an a m9ute 9 ,ri*>d ,/allman's pres5ce1 & y'll get ! same recollection3 =get ! long hair4 ,=get ! quirky demeanor4 ,! fir/ ?+ y notice is ! gaze4 ,"o look into ,/allman's gre5 eyes1 & y "k y're 9 ! pres5ce ( a true believ]4 ,to call ! ,/allman gaze int5se is an und]/atem5t4 ,/allman's eyes don't j look at y2 !y look ?r\gh y4 ,ev5 :5 y\r own eyes mom5t>ily %ift away out ( simple primate polit5ess1 ,/allman's eyes rema9 lock$-91 sizzl+ away at ! side ( y\r head l tw9 photon beams4 ,maybe t's :y mo/ writ]s1 :5 describ+ ,/allman1 t5d to g = ! religi\s angle4 ,9 a #aiih ,salon4com article titl$ ,! ,sa9t ( ,free ,s(tw>e1 ,&rew ,leon>d describes ,/allman's gre5 eyes z radiat+ ! p[] ( an ,old ,te/am5t prophet4,see ,&rew ,leon>d1 ,! ,sa9t ( ,free ,s(tw>e1 ,salon4com 7,augu/ #aiih74 http3_/_/www4salon4com_/#ba/_/feature_/# aiih_/jh_/;cov#ca;feature4html ,a #aiii ,wir$ magaz9e article describes ! ,/allman be>d z ,rasput9-l1,see ,le&] ,kahney1 ,l9ux's ,=gott5 ,man1 ,wir$ ,news 7,m>* #e1 #aiii74 http3_/_/www4wir$4com_/news_/pr9t_/#j1ab id1ahbia1jj4;html :ile a ,london ,gu>dian pr(ile describes ! ,/allman smile z ! smile ( a disciple see+ ,jesus4,see ,programm] on moral high gr\nd2 ,free s(tw>e is a moral issue = ,ri*>d ,/allman believes 9 fre$om & free s(tw>e4 ,london ,gu>dian 7,novemb] #f1 #aiii74 ,^! are j a small sampl+ ( ! religi\s comp>isons4 ,to date1 ! mo/ extreme comp>ison has to g to ,l9us ,torvalds1 :o1 9 8 autobiography-see ,l9us ,torvalds & ,david ,diamond1 ,j ,= ,fun3 ,! ,/ory ( an ,accid5taly ,revolution>y 7,harper,collins ,publi%]s1 ,inc41 #bjja73 #eh-writes ,ri*>d ,/allman is ! ,god ( ,free ,s(tw>e4 ,honorable m5tion goes to ,l>ry ,lessig1 :o1 9 a footnote description ( ,/allman 9 8 book-see ,l>ry ,lessig1 ,! ,future ( ,ideas 7,r&om ,h\se1 #bjja73 #bgj-lik5s ,/allman to ,moses3 4 4 4 z ) ,moses1 x 0 ano!r lead]1 ,l9us ,torvalds1 :o f9ally c>ri$ ! movem5t into ! promis$ l& by facilitat+ ! developm5t ( ! f9al "p ( ! ,,os puzzle4 ,l ,moses1 too1 ,/allman is bo? respect$ & revil$ by allies )9 ! movem5t4 ,he is an un=giv+1 & h5ce = _m inspir+1 lead] ( a critically important aspect ( mod]n culture4 ,i h deep respect = ! pr9ciple & commitm5t ( ?is extraord9>y individual1 ?\gh ,i also h great respect = ^? :o are c\rage\s en\gh to "q 8 ?9k+ & !n su/a9 8 wra?4 ,9 a f9al int]view ) ,/allman1 ,i ask$ him 8 ?\ghts ab\t ! religi\s comp>isons4 ,"s p d comp>e me ) an ,old ,te/am5t proph5t1 & ! reason is ,old ,te/am5t prophets said c]ta9 social practices 7 wrong4 ,!y w\ldn't compromise on moral issues4 ,!y c\ldn't be b\ght (f1 & !y 7 usually treat$ ) contempt4 ,su* analogies s]ve a purpose1 b !y ultimately fall %ort4 ,t's because !y fail to take into acc\nt ! vuln]able side ( ! ,/allman p]sona4 ,wat* ! ,/allman gaze = an ext5d$ p]iod ( "t1 & y w beg9 to notice a subtle *ange4 ,:at appe>s at fir/ to be an attempt to intimidate or hypnotize reveals itself ^u second & ?ird view+ z a fru/rat$ attempt to build & ma9ta9 contact4 ,if1 z ,/allman himself has suspect$ f "t to "t1 8 p]sonality is ! product ( autism or ,asp]g] ,syndrome1 8 eyes c]ta9ly confirm ! diagnosis4 ,ev5 at _! mo/ high-beam level ( int5sity1 !y h a t5d5cy to gr[ cl\dy & di/ant1 l ! eyes ( a w\nd$ animal prep>+ to give up ! gho/4 ,my own fir/ enc\nt] ) ! leg5d>y ,/allman gaze dates back to ! ,m>*1 #aiii1 ,linux,world ,conv5tion & ,expo 9 ,san ,jose1 ,cali=nia4 ,bill$ z a com+ out p>ty = ! ,l9ux s(tw>e community1 ! conv5tion also /&s out z ! ev5t t re9troduc$ ,/allman to ! te*nology m$ia4 ,det]m9$ to pu% = 8 prop] %>e ( cr$it1 ,/allman us$ ! ev5t to in/ruct spectators & report]s alike on ! hi/ory ( ! ,,gnu ,project & ! project's ov]t political objectives4 ,z a report] s5t to cov] ! ev5t1 ,i receiv$ my own ,/allman tutorial dur+ a press conf]5ce ann\nc+ ! release ( ,,gnome #a4j1 a free s(tw>e graphic us] int]face4 ,unwitt+ly1 ,i pu% an entire bank ( hot buttons :5 ,i ?r[ out my v fir/ "q to ,/allman himself3 d y ?9k ,,gnome's maturity w affect ! comm]cial popul>ity ( ! ,l9ux op]at+ sy/em8 ,i ask t y please /op call+ ! op]at+ sy/em ,l9ux1 ,/allman responds1 eyes imm$iately z]o+ 9 on m9e4 ,! ,l9ux k]nel is j a small "p ( ! op]at+ sy/em4 ,_m ( ! s(tw>e programs t make up ! op]at+ sy/em y call ,l9ux 7 n develop$ by ,l9us ,torvalds at all4 ,!y 7 creat$ by ,,gnu ,project volunte]s1 putt+ 9 _! own p]sonal "t s t us]s might h a free op]at+ sy/em l ! "o we h today4 ,to n ackn[l$ge ! contribution ( ^? programm]s is bo? impolite & a misrepres5tation ( hi/ory4 ,t's :y ,i ask t :5 y ref] to ! op]at+ sy/em1 please call x by its prop] "n1 ,,gnu_/,l9ux4 ,tak+ ! words d[n 9 my report]'s notebook1 ,i notice an e]ie sil5ce 9 ! cr[d$ room4 ,:5 ,i f9ally look up1 ,i f9d ,/allman's unbl9k+ eyes wait+ = me4 ,timidly1 a second report] ?r[s out a "q1 mak+ sure to use ! t]m ,,gnu_/,l9ux in/ead ( ,l9ux4 ,miguel de ,icaza1 lead] ( ! ,,gnome project1 fields ! "q4 ,x isn't until halfway ?r\gh de ,icaza's answ]1 h[ev]1 t ,/allman's eyes f9ally unlock f m9e4 ,z soon z !y d1 a mild %iv] rolls d[n my back4 ,:5 ,/allman />ts lectur+ ano!r report] ov] a p]ceiv$ error 9 diction1 ,i feel a guilty t+e ( relief4 ,at lea/ he isn't look+ at me1 ,i tell myself4 ,= ,/allman1 su* face-to-face mom5ts w\ld s]ve _! purpose4 ,by ! end ( ! fir/ ,linux,world %[1 mo/ report]s "k bett] ?an to use ! t]m ,l9ux 9 8 pres5ce1 & wir$4com is runn+ a /ory comp>+ ,/allman to a pre-,/al9i/ revolution>y eras$ f ! hi/ory books by hack]s & entrepr5eurs eag] to d[nplay ! ,,gnu ,project's ov]ly political objectives4#b ,o!r articles foll[1 & :ile few report]s call ! op]at+ sy/em ,,gnu_/,l9ux 9 pr9t1 mo/ are quick to cr$it ,/allman = laun*+ ! drive to build a free s(tw>e op]at+ sy/em #ae ye>s be=e4 ,i won't meet ,/allman aga9 = ano!r #ag mon?s4 ,dur+ ! int]im1 ,/allman w revisit ,silicon ,valley once m = ! ,augu/1 #aiii ,linux,world %[4 ,al?\gh n invit$ to speak1 ,/allman does manag$ to deliv] ! ev5t's be/ l9e4 ,accept+ ! %['s ,l9us ,torvalds ,aw>d = ,community ,s]vice-an aw>d nam$ aft] ,l9ux creator ,l9us ,torvalds-on behalf ( ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation1 ,/allman wisecracks1 ,giv+ ! ,l9us ,torvalds ,aw>d to ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation is a bit l giv+ ! ,han ,solo ,aw>d to ! ,rebel ,alliance4 ,?is "t ar\nd1 h[ev]1 ! comm5ts fail to make mu* ( a m$ia d5t4 ,midway ?r\gh ! week1 ,r$ ,hat1 ,inc41 a prom95t ,,gnu_/,l9ux v5dor1 goes public4 ,! news m]ely confirms :at _m report]s su* z myself already suspect3 ,l9ux has become a ,wall ,/reet buzzword1 mu* l e-comm]ce & dot-com be=e x4 ,) ! /ock m>ket approa*+ ! ,y#b,k rollov] l a hyp]bola approa*+ its v]tical asymptote1 all talk ( free s(tw>e or op5 s\rce z a political ph5om5on falls by ! wayside4 ,maybe t's :y1 :5 ,linux,world foll[s up its fir/ two %[s ) a ?ird ,linux,world %[ 9 ,augu/1 #bjjj1 ,/allman is conspicu\sly abs5t4 ,my second enc\nt] ) ,/allman & 8 tradem>k gaze comes %ortly aft] t ?ird ,linux,world %[4 ,he>+ t ,/allman is go+ to be 9 ,silicon ,valley1 ,i set up a lun* int]view 9 ,palo ,alto1 ,cali=nia4 ,! meet+ place seems ironic1 n only because ( ! rec5t no-%[ b also because ( ! ov]all backdrop4 ,outside ( ,r$mond1 ,wa%+ton1 few cities (f] a m direct te/am5t to ! economic value ( propriet>y s(tw>e4 ,curi\s to see h[ ,/allman1 a man :o has sp5t ! bett] "p ( 8 life rail+ aga9/ our culture's pr$ilection t[>d gre$ & selfi%ness1 is cop+ 9 a city :]e ev5 g>age-siz$ bungal[s run 9 ! half-million-doll> price range1 ,i make ! drive d[n f ,oakl&4 ,i foll[ ! directions ,/allman has giv5 me1 until ,i rea* ! headqu>t]s ( ,art4net1 a nonpr(it virtual arti/s collective4 ,locat$ 9 a h$ge-%r\d$ h\se 9 ! nor!rn corn] ( ! city1 ! ,art4net headqu>t]s are refre%+ly run-d[n4 ,sudd5ly1 ! idea ( ,/allman lurk+ 9 ! he>t ( ,silicon ,valley doesn't seem s /range aft] all4 ,i f9d ,/allman sitt+ 9 a d>k5$ room1 tapp+ away on 8 gray laptop comput]4 ,he looks up z soon z ,i ent] ! room1 giv+ me a full bla/ ( 8 #bjj-watt gaze4 ,:5 he (f]s a soo?+ ,hello1 ,i (f] a return greet+4 ,be=e ! words come out1 h[ev]1 8 eyes h already %ift$ back to ! laptop scre54 ,i'm j f9i%+ an article on ! _s ( hack+1 ,/allman says1 f+]s /ill tapp+4 ,take a look4 ,i take a look4 ,! room is dimly lit1 & ! text appe>s z gre5i%-:ite lett]s on a black backgr\nd1 a rev]sal ( ! color s*eme us$ by mo/ desktop ^w-process+ programs1 s x takes my eyes a mom5t to adju/4 ,:5 !y d1 ,i f9d myself read+ ,/allman's acc\nt ( a rec5t meal at a ,korean re/aurant4 ,be=e ! meal1 ,/allman makes an int]e/+ discov]y3 ! p]son sett+ ! table has left six *op/icks in/ead ( ! usual two 9 front ( ,/allman's place sett+4 ,:]e mo/ re/aurant go]s w\ld h ignor$ ! r$undant pairs1 ,/allman takes x z *all5ge3 f9d a way to use all six *op/icks at once4 ,l _m s(tw>e hacks1 ! successful solution is bo? clev] & silly at ! same "t4 ,h5ce ,/allman's decision to use x z an illu/ration4 ,z ,i read ! /ory1 ,i feel ,/allman wat*+ me int5tly4 ,i look ov] to notice a pr\d b *ild-l half smile on 8 face4 ,:5 ,i praise ! essay1 my comm5t b>ely m]its a rais$ eyebr[4 ,i'll be ready to g 9 a mom5t1 he says4 ,/allman goes back to tapp+ away at 8 laptop4 ,! laptop is gray & boxy1 n l ! sleek1 mod]n laptops t seem$ to be a programm] favorite at ! rec5t ,linux,world %[4 ,above ! keybo>d rides a small]1 light] keybo>d1 a te/am5t to ,/allman's ag+ h&s4 ,dur+ ! late #aihjs1 :5 ,/allman 0 putt+ 9 #gj- & #hj-;h\r "w weeks writ+ ! fir/ free s(tw>e tools & programs = ! ,,gnu ,project1 ! pa9 9 ,/allman's h&s became s unbe>able t he _h to hire a typi/4 ,today1 ,/allman relies on a keybo>d ^: keys require less pressure ?an a typical comput] keybo>d4 ,/allman has a t5d5cy to block out all ext]nal /imuli :ile work+4 ,wat*+ 8 eyes lock onto ! scre5 & 8 f+]s dance1 "o quickly gets ! s5se ( two old fri5ds lock$ 9 deep conv]sation4 ,! session ends ) a few l\d key/rokes & ! sl[ disassembly ( ! laptop4 ,ready = lun*8 ,/allman asks4 ,we walk to my c>4 ,plead+ a sore ankle1 ,/allman limps along sl[ly4 ,/allman blames ! injury on a t5don 9 8 left foot4 ,! injury is ?ree ye>s old & has gott5 s bad t ,/allman1 a huge fan ( folk danc+1 has be5 =c$ to give up all danc+ activities4 ,i love folk danc+ inh]5tly1 ,/allman lam5ts4 ,n be+ able to dance has be5 a trag$y = me4 ,/allman's body be>s witness to ! trag$y4 ,lack ( ex]cise has left ,/allman ) swoll5 *eeks & a pot belly t 0 mu* less visible ! ye> be=e4 ,y c tell ! weight ga9 has be5 dramatic1 because :5 ,/allman walks1 he ar*es 8 back l a pregnant woman try+ to accommodate an unfamili> load4 ,! walk is fur!r sl[$ by ,/allman's will+ness to /op & smell ! roses1 lit]ally4 ,spott+ a p>ticul>ly beautiful blossom1 he tickles ! inn]mo/ petals ) 8 prodigi\s nose1 takes a deep sniff & /eps back ) a cont5t$ sigh4 ,mmm1 rh9ophytophilia1,at ! "t1 ,i ?\ght ,/allman 0 ref]r+ to ! fl[]'s sci5tific "n4 ,mon?s lat]1 ,i w\ld le>n t rh9ophytophilia 0 9 fact a humor\s ref]5ce to ! activity1 i4e41 ,/allman /ick+ 8 nose into a fl[] & enjoy+ ! mom5t4 ,= ano!r humor\s ,/allman fl[] incid5t1 visit3 http3_/_/www4/allman4org_/texas4html he says1 rubb+ 8 back4 ,! drive to ! re/aurant takes less ?an ?ree m9utes4 ,^u recomm5dation f ,tim ,ney1 =m] executive director ( ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation1 ,i h let ,/allman *oose ! re/aurant4 ,:ile "s report]s z]o 9 on ,/allman's monk-l life/yle1 ! tru? is1 ,/allman is a committ$ epicure :5 x comes to food4 ,"o ( ! fr+e b5efits ( be+ a travel+ mission>y = ! free s(tw>e cause is ! ability to sample delici\s food f ar\nd ! _w4 ,visit almo/ any major city 9 ! _w1 & *ances are ,ri*>d kn[s ! be/ re/aurant 9 t[n1 says ,ney4 ,ri*>d also takes great pride 9 kn[+ :at's on ! m5u & ord]+ = ! entire table4 ,= today's meal1 ,/allman has *os5 a ,cantonese-/yle dim sum re/aurant two blocks (f ,univ]sity ,av5ue1 ,palo ,alto's ma9 drag4 ,! *oice is p>tially inspir$ by ,/allman's rec5t visit to ,*9a1 includ+ a lecture /op 9 ,guangdong prov9ce1 9 addition to ,/allman's p]sonal av]sion to spici] ,hunanese & ,sze*uan cuis9e4 ,i'm n a big fan ( spicy1 ,/allman admits4 ,we arrive a few m9utes aft] #aa a4m4 & f9d ourselves already subject to a #bj-m9ute wait4 ,giv5 ! hack] av]sion to lo/ "t1 ,i hold my brea? mom5t>ily1 fe>+ an outbur/4 ,/allman1 contr>y to expectations1 takes ! news 9 /ride4 ,x's too bad we c\ldn't h f\nd somebody else to jo9 u1 he tells me4 ,x's always m fun to eat ) a gr\p ( p4 ,dur+ ! wait1 ,/allman practices a few dance /eps4 ,8 moves are t5tative b skill$4 ,we discuss curr5t ev5ts4 ,/allman says 8 only regret ab\t n att5d+ ,linux,world 0 miss+ out on a press conf]5ce ann\nc+ ! laun* ( ! ,,gnome ,f\ndation4 ,back$ by ,sun ,microsy/ems & ,,ibm1 ! f\ndation is 9 _m ways a v9dication = ,/allman1 :o has long *ampion$ t free s(tw>e & free-m>ket economics ne$ n be mutually exclusive4 ,nev]!less1 ,/allman rema9s dissatisfi$ by ! message t came out4 ,! way x 0 pres5t$1 ! companies 7 talk+ ab\t ,l9ux ) no m5tion ( ! ,,gnu ,project at all1 ,/allman says4 ,su* disappo9tm5ts m]ely contra/ ! w>m response com+ f ov]seas1 especially ,asia1 ,/allman notes4 ,a quick glance at ! ,/allman #bjjj travel it9]>y bespeaks ! gr[+ popul>ity ( ! free s(tw>e message4 ,betwe5 rec5t visits to ,india1 ,*9a1 & ,brazil1 ,/allman has sp5t #ab ( ! la/ #aae days on ,unit$ ,/ates soil4 ,8 travels h giv5 him an opportunity to see h[ ! free s(tw>e concept translates into diff]5t languages ( cultures4 ,9 ,india _m p are int]e/$ 9 free s(tw>e1 because !y see x z a way to build _! comput+ infra/ructure )\t sp5d+ a lot ( money1 ,/allman says4 ,9 ,*9a1 ! concept has be5 mu* sl[] to cat* on4 ,comp>+ free s(tw>e to free spee* is h>d] to d :5 y don't h any free spee*4 ,/ill1 ! level ( int]e/ 9 free s(tw>e dur+ my la/ visit 0 pr(\nd4 ,! conv]sation %ifts to ,nap/]1 ! ,san ,mateo1 ,cali=nia s(tw>e company1 :i* has become some?+ ( a m$ia cause clbre 9 rec5t mon?s4 ,! company m>kets a controv]sial s(tw>e tool t lets music fans br[se & copy ! music files ( o!r music fans4 ,?anks to ! magnify+ p[]s ( ! ,int]net1 ?is s-call$ pe]-to-pe] program has evolv$ into a de facto onl9e juke box1 giv+ ord9>y music fans a way to li/5 to ,,mp#c music files ov] ! comput] )\t pay+ a royalty or fee1 mu* to record companies' *agr94 ,al?\gh bas$ on propriet>y s(tw>e1 ! ,nap/] sy/em draws inspiration f ! long-held ,/allman cont5tion t once a "w ent]s ! digital realm-9 o!r words1 once mak+ a copy is less a matt] ( duplicat+ s\nds or duplicat+ atoms & m a matt] ( duplicat+ in=mation-! natural human impulse to %>e a "w becomes h>d] to re/rict4 ,r ?an impose additional re/rictions1 ,nap/] execs h decid$ to take advantage ( ! impulse4 ,giv+ music li/5]s a c5tral place to trade music files1 ! company has gambl$ on its ability to /e] ! result+ us] traffic t[>d o!r comm]cial opportunities4 ,! sudd5 success ( ! ,nap/] model has put ! fe> 9 traditional record companies1 ) good reason4 ,j days be=e my ,palo ,alto meet+ ) ,/allman1 ,u4,s4 ,di/rict ,c\rt ,judge ,m>ilyn ,patel grant$ a reque/ fil$ by ! ,record+ ,indu/ry ,association ( ,am]ica = an injunction aga9/ ! file-%>+ s]vice4 ,! injunction 0 subsequ5tly susp5d$ by ! ,u4,s4 ,n9? ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ,appeals1 b by e>ly #bjja1 ! ,c\rt ( ,appeals1 too1 w\ld f9d ! ,san ,mateo-bas$ company 9 brea* ( copyright law1#e a decision ,,riaa spokesp]son ,hill>y ,ros5 w\ld lat] proclaim proclaim a cle> victory = ! creative cont5t community & ! legitimate onl9e m>ketplace4,see ,a ,cle> ,victory = ,record+ ,indu/ry 9 ,nap/] ,case1 ,,riaa press release 7,febru>y #ab1 #bjja74 http3_/_/www4riaa4com_/,,pr/ory4cfm8id#c gb ,= hack]s su* z ,/allman1 ! ,nap/] bus9ess model is sc>y 9 diff]5t ways4 ,! company's eag]ness to appropriate "t-worn hack] pr9ciples su* z file %>+ & communal in=mation own]%ip1 :ile at ! same "t sell+ a s]vice bas$ on propriet>y s(tw>e1 s5ds a di/ress+ mix$ message4 ,z a p]son :o already has a h>d en\gh "t gett+ 8 own c>efully articulat$ message into ! m$ia /ream1 ,/allman is und]/&ably retic5t :5 x comes to speak+ out ab\t ! company4 ,/ill1 ,/allman does admit to le>n+ a ?+ or two f ! social side ( ! ,nap/] ph5om5on4 ,be=e ,nap/]1 ,i ?\ght x might be ,,ok = p to privately r$i/ribute works ( ent]ta9m5t1 ,/allman says4 ,! numb] ( p :o f9d ,nap/] useful1 h[ev]1 tells me t ! "r to r$i/ribute copies n only on a neighbor-to-neighbor basis1 b to ! public at l>ge1 is ess5tial & !re=e may n be tak5 away4 ,no soon] does ,/allman say ?is ?an ! door to ! re/aurant sw+s op5 & we are invit$ back inside by ! ho/4 ,)9 a few seconds1 we are seat$ 9 a side corn] ( ! re/aurant next to a l>ge mirror$ wall4 ,! re/aurant's m5u d\bles z an ord] =m1 & ,/allman is quickly *eck+ (f boxes be=e ! ho/ has ev5 br\ght wat] to ! table4 ,deep-fri$ %rimp roll wrapp$ 9 bean-curd sk91 ,/allman reads4 ,bean-curd sk94 ,x (f]s su* an int]e/+ texture4 ,i ?9k we %\ld get x4 ,?is comm5t leads to an impromptu discussion ( ,*9ese food & ,/allman's rec5t visit to ,*9a4 ,! food 9 ,*9a is utt]ly exquisite1 ,/allman says1 8 voice ga9+ an edge ( emotion = ! fir/ "t ?is morn+4 ,s _m diff]5t ?+s t ,i've nev] se5 9 ! ,u4,s41 local ?+s made f local mu%rooms & local vegetables4 ,x got to ! po9t :]e ,i />t$ keep+ a j\rnal j to keep track ( e wond]ful meal4 ,! conv]sation segues into a discussion ( ,korean cuis9e4 ,dur+ ! same ,june1 #bjjj1 ,asian t\r1 ,/allman paid a visit to ,s\? ,korea4 ,8 arrival ignit$ a m9i-fire/orm 9 ! local m$ia ?anks to a ,korean s(tw>e conf]5ce att5d$ by ,micros(t f\nd] & *airman ,bill ,gates t same week4 ,next to gett+ 8 photo above ,gates's photo on ! front page ( ! top ,se\l newspap]1 ,/allman says ! be/ ?+ ab\t ! trip 0 ! food4 ,i _h a b[l ( na5g myun1 :i* is cold noodles1 says ,/allman4 ,^! 7 a v int]e/+ feel+ noodle4 ,mo/ places don't use q ! same k9d ( noodles = y\r na5g myun1 s ,i c say ) complete c]ta9ty t ?is 0 ! mo/ exquisite na5g myun ,i ev] _h4 ,! t]m exquisite is high praise com+ f ,/allman4 ,i "k ?is1 because a few mom5ts aft] li/5+ to ,/allman rhapsodize ab\t na5g myun1 ,i feel 8 las]-beam eyes s+e+ ! top ( my "r %\ld]4 ,!re is ! mo/ exquisite woman sitt+ j beh9d y1 ,/allman says4 ,i turn to look1 cat*+ a glimpse ( a woman's back4 ,! woman is "y1 some:]e 9 h] mid-#bjs1 & is we>+ a :ite sequ9n$ dress4 ,%e & h] male lun* companion are 9 ! f9al /ages ( pay+ ! *eck4 ,:5 bo? get up f ! table to leave ! re/aurant1 ,i c tell )\t look+1 because ,/allman's eyes sudd5ly dim 9 int5sity4 ,oh1 no1 he says4 ,!y're gone4 ,& to ?9k1 ,i'll probably nev] ev5 get to see h] aga94 ,aft] a brief sigh1 ,/allman recov]s4 ,! mom5t gives me a *ance to discuss ,/allman's reputation vis--vis ! fair] sex4 ,! reputation is a bit contradictory at times4 ,a numb] ( hack]s report ,/allman's pr$ilection = greet+ females ) a kiss on ! back ( ! h&4,see ,mae ,l+ ,mak1 ,mae ,l+'s ,/ory 7,decemb] #ag1 #aiih74 http3_/_/www4crackmonkey4org_/pip]mail_/ crackmonkey_/#aiihq#d_/jjcjjf4;htm ,s f>1 ,mak is ! only p]son ,i've f\nd will+ to speak on ! record 9 reg>d to ?is practice1 al?\gh ,i've he>d ?is f a few o!r female s\rces4 ,mak1 despite express+ initial revulsion at x1 lat] manag$ to put aside h] misgiv+s & dance ) ,/allman at a #aiii ,linux,world %[4 http3_/_/www4l9ux4com_/int]act_/potd4pht ml8potdid#dd ,a ,may #bf1 #bjjj ,salon4com article1 mean:ile1 portrays ,/allman z a bit ( a hack] lo?>io4 ,docum5t+ ! free s(tw>e-free love connection1 report] ,annalee ,newitz pres5ts ,/allman z reject+ traditional family values1 tell+ h]1 ,i believe 9 love1 b n monogamy4,see ,annalee ,newitz1 ,if ,code is ,free ,:y ,n ,me8 ,salon4com 7,may #bf1 #bjjj74 ,/allman lets 8 m5u drop a little :5 ,i br+ ?is up4 ,well1 mo/ m5 seem to want sex & seem to h a r contemptu\s attitude t[>ds wom51 he says4 ,ev5 wom5 !y're involv$ )4 ,i c't und]/& x at all4 ,i m5tion a passage f ! #aiii book ,op5 ,s\rces 9 :i* ,/allman confesses to want+ to "n ! ill-fat$ ,,gnu k]nel aft] a girlfri5d at ! "t4 ,! girlfri5d's "n 0 ,alix1 a "n t fit p]fectly ) ! ,unix develop] conv5tion ( putt+ an x at ! end ( any new k]nel "n-e4g41 ,l9ux4 ,because ! woman 0 a ,unix sy/em adm9i/rator1 ,/allman says x w\ld h be5 an ev5 m t\*+ tribute4 ,un=tunately1 ,/allman notes1 ! k]nel project's ev5tual ma9 develop] r5am$ ! k]nel ,,hurd4,see ,ri*>d ,/allman1 ,! ,,gnu ,op]at+ ,sy/em & ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,movem5t1 ,op5 ,s\rces 7,o',reilly ,associates1 ,inc41 #aiii73 #fe4 ,al?\gh ,/allman & ! girlfri5d lat] broke up1 ! /ory trigg]s an automatic "q3 = all ! m$ia imag]y depict+ him z a wild-ey$ fanatic1 is ,ri*>d ,/allman really j a hopeless romantic1 a w&]+ ,quixote tilt+ at corporate w9dmills 9 an ef=t to impress "s z-yet-unid5tifi$ ,dulc9ea8 ,i wasn't really try+ to be romantic1 ,/allman says1 recall+ ! ,alix /ory4 ,x 0 m ( a teas+ ?+4 ,i mean1 x 0 romantic1 b x 0 also teas+1 y "k8 ,x w\ld h be5 a delightful surprise4 ,= ! fir/ "t all morn+1 ,/allman smiles4 ,i br+ up ! h& kiss+4 ,yes1 ,i d d t1 ,/allman says4 ,i've f\nd x's a way ( (f]+ "s affection t a lot ( wom5 w enjoy4 ,x's a *ance to give "s affection & to be appreciat$ = x4 ,affection is a ?read t runs cle> ?r\gh ,ri*>d ,/allman's life1 & he is pa9fully c&id ab\t x :5 que/ions arise4 ,!re really hasn't be5 mu* affection 9 my life1 except 9 my m9d1 he says4 ,/ill1 ! discussion quickly gr[s awkw>d4 ,aft] a few "o-^w replies1 ,/allman f9ally lifts up 8 m5u1 cutt+ (f ! inquiry4 ,w\ld y l "s %imai8 he asks4 ,:5 ! food comes out1 ! conv]sation slaloms betwe5 ! arriv+ c\rses4 ,we discuss ! (t-not$ hack] affection = ,*9ese food1 ! weekly d9n] runs into ,bo/on's ,*9at[n di/rict dur+ ,/allman's days z a /aff programm] at ! ,,ai ,lab1 & ! und]ly+ logic ( ! ,*9ese language & its associat$ writ+ sy/em4 ,ea* ?ru/ on my "p elicits a well-in=m$ p>ry on ,/allman's "p4 ,i he>d "s p speak+ ,%angha9ese ! la/ "t ,i 0 9 ,*9a1 ,/allman says4 ,x 0 int]e/+ to he>4 ,x s\nd$ q diff]5t f ,m&>94 ,i _h !m tell me "s cognate words 9 ,m&>9 & ,%angha9ese4 ,9 "s cases y c see ! resemblance1 b "o "q ,i 0 wond]+ ab\t 0 :e!r tones w\ld be simil>4 ,!y're n4 ,t's int]e/+ to me1 because !re's a !ory t ! tones evolv$ f additional syllables t got lo/ & replac$4 ,_! effect survives 9 ! tone4 ,if t's true1 & ,i've se5 claims t t happ5$ )9 hi/oric times1 ! dialects mu/ h div]g$ be=e ! loss ( ^! f9al syllables4 ,! fir/ di%1 a plate ( pan-fri$ turnip cakes1 has arriv$4 ,bo? ,/allman & ,i take a mom5t to c>ve up ! l>ge rectangul> cakes1 :i* smell l boil$ cabbage b ta/e l potato latkes fri$ 9 bacon4 ,i decide to br+ up ! outca/ issue aga91 wond]+ if ,/allman's te5age ye>s condition$ him to take unpopul> /&s1 mo/ notably 8 uphill battle s9ce #aiid to get comput] us]s & ! m$ia to replace ! popul> t]m ,l9ux ) ,,gnu_/,l9ux4 ,i believe x did help me1 ,/allman says1 *ew+ on a dumpl+4 ,i h nev] und]/ood :at pe] pressure does to o!r p4 ,i ?9k ! reason is t ,i 0 s hopelessly reject$ t = me1 !re wasn't any?+ to ga9 by try+ to foll[ any ( ! fads4 ,x w\ldn't h made any diff]5ce4 ,i'd /ill be j z reject$1 s ,i didn't try4 ,/allman po9ts to 8 ta/e 9 music z a key example ( 8 contr>ian t5d5cies4 ,z a te5ag]1 :5 mo/ ( 8 high s*ool classmates 7 li/5+ to ,mot[n & acid rock1 ,/allman pref]r$ classical music4 ,! memory leads to a r>e humor\s episode f ,/allman's middle-s*ool ye>s4 ,foll[+ ! ,beatles' #aifd appe>ance on ! ,ed ,sullivan ,%[1 mo/ ( ,/allman's classmates ru%$ out to pur*ase ! late/ ,beatles albums & s+les4 ,"r !n & !re1 ,/allman says1 he made a decision to boycott ! ,fab ,f\r4 ,i lik$ "s ( ! pre-,beatles popul> music1 ,/allman says4 ,b ,i didn't l ! ,beatles4 ,i especially dislik$ ! wild way p react$ to !m4 ,x 0 l3 :o 0 go+ to h a ,beatles assembly to adulate ! ,beatles ! mo/8 ,:5 8 ,beatles boycott fail$ to take hold1 ,/allman look$ = o!r ways to po9t out ! h]d-m5tality ( 8 pe]s4 ,/allman says he briefly consid]$ putt+ toge!r a rock b& himself d$icat$ to satiriz+ ! ,liv]pool gr\p4 ,i want$ to call x ,tokyo ,rose & ! ,japanese ,beetles4 ,giv5 8 curr5t love = int]national folk music1 ,i ask ,/allman if he _h a simil> aff9ity = ,bob ,dylan & ! o!r folk musicians ( ! e>ly #aifjs4 ,/allman %akes 8 head4 ,i did l ,pet]1 ,paul & ,m>y1 he says4 ,t rem9ds me ( a great filk4 ,:5 ,i ask = a def9ition ( filk1 ,/allman expla9s ! concept4 ,a filk1 he says1 is a popul> song ^: lyrics h be5 replac$ ) p>ody lyrics4 ,! process ( writ+ a filk is call$ filk+1 & x is a popul> activity among hack]s & sci5ce-fiction aficionados4 ,classic filks include ,on ,top ( ,spaghetti1 a rewrite ( ,on ,top ( ,old ,smokey1 & ,yoda1 filk-ma/] ,weird ,al ,yankovic's ,/> ,w>s-ori5t$ r5dition ( ! ,k9ks tune1 ,lola4 ,/allman asks me if ,i w\ld be int]e/$ 9 he>+ ! folk filk4 ,z soon z ,i say yes1 ,/allman's voice beg9s s++ 9 an unexpect$ly cle> tone3 ,h[ mu* wood c\ld a wood*uck *uck1,if a wood*uck c\ld *uck wood8,h[ _m poles c\ld a polak lock1,if a polak c\ld lock poles8,h[ _m knees c\ld a negro gr[1,if a negro c\ld gr[ knees8,! answ]1 my de>1 is /ick x 9 y\r e>4,! answ] is to /ick x 9 y\r e>4 ,! s++ ends1 & ,/allman's lips curl into ano!r *ild-l half smile4 ,i glance ar\nd at ! ne>by tables4 ,! ,asian families enjoy+ _! ,sunday lun* pay little att5tion to ! be>d$ alto 9 _! mid/4,= m ,/allman filks1 visit http3_/_/www4/allman4org_/dogg]el4html4 ,to he> ,/allman s++ ,! ,free ,s(tw>e ,song1 visit http3_/_/www4gnu4org_/music_/free-s(tw>e -song4html4 ,aft] a few mom5ts ( hesitation1 ,i f9ally smile too4 ,d y want t la/ cornball8 ,/allman asks1 eyes tw9kl+4 ,be=e ,i c screw up ! pun* l9e1 ,/allman grabs ! corn-encru/$ dumpl+ ) 8 two *op/icks & lifts x pr\dly4 ,maybe ,i'm ! "o :o %\ld get ! cornball1 he says4 ,! food gone1 our conv]sation assumes ! dynamics ( a normal int]view4 ,/allman recl9es 9 8 *air & cradles a cup ( tea 9 8 h&s4 ,we resume talk+ ab\t ,nap/] & its relation to ! free s(tw>e movem5t4 ,%\ld ! pr9ciples ( free s(tw>e be ext5d$ to simil> ar5as su* z music publi%+8 ,i ask4 ,x's a mi/ake to transf] answ]s f "o ?+ to ano!r1 says ,/allman1 contra/+ songs ) s(tw>e programs4 ,! "r approa* is to look at ea* type ( "w & see :at conclusion y get4 ,:5 x comes to copyright$ works1 ,/allman says he divides ! _w into ?ree categories4 ,! fir/ category involves functional works-e4g41 s(tw>e programs1 diction>ies1 & textbooks4 ,! second category involves works t might be/ be describ$ z te/imonial-e4g41 sci5tific pap]s & hi/orical docum5ts4 ,su* works s]ve a purpose t w\ld be und]m9$ if subsequ5t read]s or au?ors 7 free to modify ! "w at w4 ,! f9al category involves works ( p]sonal expression-e4g41 di>ies1 j\rnals1 & autobiographies4 ,to modify su* docum5ts w\ld be to alt] a p]son's recollections or po9t ( view-action ,/allman consid]s e?ically unju/ifiable4 ,( ! ?ree categories1 ! fir/ %\ld give us]s ! unlimit$ "r to make modifi$ v]sions1 :ile ! second & ?ird %\ld regulate t "r accord+ to ! w ( ! orig9al au?or4 ,reg>dless ( category1 h[ev]1 ! fre$om to copy & r$i/ribute noncomm]cially %\ld rema9 unabridg$ at all times1 ,/allman insi/s4 ,if t means giv+ ,int]net us]s ! "r to g5]ate a hundr$ copies ( an article1 image1 song1 or book & !n email ! copies to a hundr$ /rang]s1 s be x4 ,x's cle> t private occasional r$i/ribution mu/ be p]mitt$1 because only a police /ate c /op t1 ,/allman says4 ,x's antisocial to come betwe5 p & _! fri5ds4 ,nap/] has conv9c$ me t we also ne$ to p]mit1 mu/ p]mit1 ev5 noncomm]cial r$i/ribution to ! public = ! fun ( x4 ,because s _m p want to d t & f9d x s useful4 ,:5 ,i ask :e!r ! c\rts w\ld accept su* a p]missive outlook1 ,/allman cuts me (f4 ,t's ! wrong "q1 he says4 ,i mean n[ y've *ang$ ! subject entirely f "o ( e?ics to "o ( int]pret+ laws4 ,& ^? are two totally diff]5t que/ions 9 ! same field4 ,x's useless to jump f "o to ! o!r4 ,h[ ! c\rts w\ld int]pret ! exi/+ laws is ma9ly 9 a h>% way1 because t's ! way ^! laws h be5 b\ght by publi%]s4 ,! comm5t provides an insight into ,/allman's political philosophy3 j because ! legal sy/em curr5tly backs up bus9esses' ability to treat copyright z ! s(tw>e equival5t ( l& title doesn't mean comput] us]s h to play ! game accord+ to ^? rules4 ,fre$om is an e?ical issue1 n a legal issue4 ,i'm look+ beyond :at ! exi/+ laws are to :at !y %\ld be1 ,/allman says4 ,i'm n try+ to draft legislation4 ,i'm ?9k+ ab\t :at %\ld ! law d8 ,i consid] ! law prohibit+ ! %>+ ( copies ) y\r fri5d ! moral equival5t ( ,jim ,cr[4 ,x does n des]ve respect4 ,! invocation ( ,jim ,cr[ prompts ano!r "q4 ,h[ mu* influ5ce or inspiration does ,/allman draw f pa/ political lead]s8 ,l ! civil-rights movem5t ( ! #aiejs & #aifjs1 8 attempt to drive social *ange is bas$ on an appeal to timeless values3 fre$om1 ju/ice1 & fair play4 ,/allman divides 8 att5tion betwe5 my analogy & a p>ticul>ly tangl$ /r& ( hair4 ,:5 ,i /ret* ! analogy to ! po9t :]e ,i'm comp>+ ,/allman ) ,dr4 ,m>t9 ,lu!r ,k+1 ,jr41 ,/allman1 aft] break+ (f a split end & popp+ x into 8 m\?1 cuts me (f4 ,i'm n 9 8 league1 b ,i d play ! same game1 he says1 *ew+4 ,i sugge/ ,malcolm ,x z ano!r po9t ( comp>ison4 ,l ! =m] ,nation ( ,islam spokesp]son1 ,/allman has built up a reputation = c\rt+ controv]sy1 ali5at+ pot5tial allies1 & prea*+ a message favor+ self-suffici5cy ov] cultural integration4 ,*ew+ on ano!r split end1 ,/allman rejects ! comp>ison4 ,my message is clos] to ,k+'s message1 he says4 ,x's a univ]sal message4 ,x's a message ( firm condemnation ( c]ta9 practices t mi/reat o!rs4 ,x's n a message ( hatr$ = anyone4 ,& x's n aim$ at a n>r[ gr\p ( p4 ,i invite anyone to value fre$om & to h fre$om4 ,ev5 s1 a suspici\s attitude t[>d political alliances rema9s a fundam5tal ,/allman "* trait4 ,9 ! case ( 8 well-publiciz$ di/a/e = ! t]m op5 s\rce1 ! unwill+ness to p>ticipate 9 rec5t coalition-build+ projects seems und]/&able4 ,z a man :o has sp5t ! la/ two decades /ump+ on ! behalf ( free s(tw>e1 ,/allman's political capital is deeply inve/$ 9 ! t]m4 ,/ill1 comm5ts su* z ! ,han ,solo wisecrack at ! #aiii ,linux,world h only re9=c$ ! ,/allman's reputation 9 ! s(tw>e indu/ry z a disgrunt$ mossback unwill+ to roll ) political or m>ket+ tr5ds4 ,i admire & respect ,ri*>d = all ! "w he's done1 says ,r$ ,hat presid5t ,rob]t ,"y1 summ+ up ,/allman's p>adoxical political nature4 ,my only critique is t sometimes ,ri*>d treats 8 fri5ds worse ?an 8 enemies4 ,/allman's unwill+ness to seek alliances seems equally p]plex+ :5 y consid] 8 political int]e/s outside ( ! free s(tw>e movem5t4 ,visit ,/allman's (fices at ,,mit1 & y in/antly f9d a cle>+h\se ( left-lean+ news articles cov]+ civil-rights abuses ar\nd ! globe4 ,visit 8 web site1 & y'll f9d diatribes on ! ,digital ,mill5nium ,copyright ,act1 ! ,w> on ,drugs1 & ! ,_w ,trade ,organization4 ,giv5 8 activi/ t5d5cies1 ,i ask1 :y hasn't ,/allman s\ght a l>g] voice8 ,:y hasn't he us$ 8 visibility 9 ! hack] _w z a plat=m to boo/ r ?an r$uce 8 political voice4 ,/allman lets 8 tangl$ hair drop & contemplates ! "q = a mom5t4 ,i hesitate to exagg]ate ! importance ( ?is little puddle ( fre$om1 he says4 ,because ! m well-kn[n & conv5tional areas ( work+ = fre$om & a bett] society are trem5d\sly important4 ,i w\ldn't say t free s(tw>e is z important z !y are4 ,x's ! responsibility ,i und]took1 because x dropp$ 9 my lap & ,i saw a way ,i c\ld d some?+ ab\t x4 ,b1 = example1 to end police brutality1 to end ! w> on drugs1 to end ! k9ds ( racism we /ill h1 to help ev]yone h a com=table life1 to protect ! rights ( p :o d abortions1 to protect u f !ocracy1 ^! are trem5d\sly important issues1 f> m important ?an :at ,i d4 ,i j wi% ,i knew h[ to d some?+ ab\t !m4 ,once aga91 ,/allman pres5ts 8 political activity z a function ( p]sonal confid5ce4 ,giv5 ! am\nt ( "t x has tak5 him to develop & hone ! free s(tw>e movem5t's core t5ets1 ,/allman is hesitant to jump abo>d any issues or tr5ds t might transport him into un*>t$ t]ritory4 ,i wi% ,i knew ,i h[ to make a major diff]5ce on ^? bigg] issues1 because ,i w\ld be trem5d\sly pr\d if ,i c\ld1 b !y're v h>d & lots ( p :o are probably bett] ?an ,i am h be5 work+ on !m & h gott5 only s f>1 he says4 ,b z ,i see x1 :ile o!r p 7 def5d+ aga9/ ^! big visible ?reats1 ,i saw ano!r ?reat t 0 ungu>d$4 ,& s ,i w5t to def5d aga9/ t ?reat4 ,x may n be z big a ?reat1 b ,i 0 ! only "o !re4 ,*ew+ a f9al split end1 ,/allman sugge/s pay+ ! *eck4 ,be=e ! wait] c take x away1 h[ev]1 ,/allman pulls out a :ite-color$ doll> bill & ?r[s x on ! pile4 ,! bill looks s cle>ly c\nt]feit1 ,i c't help b pick x up & read x4 ,sure en\gh1 x is c\nt]feit4 ,in/ead ( be>+ ! image ( a ,george ,wa%+ton or ,abe ,l9coln1 ! bill's front side be>s ! image ( a c>toon pig4 ,in/ead ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ! bann] above ! pig reads ,unit$ ,sw9es ( ,av>ice4 ,! bill is = z]o doll>s1 & :5 ! wait] picks up ! money1 ,/allman makes sure to tug on 8 sleeve4 ,i add$ an extra z]o to y\r tip1 ,/allman says1 yet ano!r half smile creep+ across 8 lips4 ,! wait]1 uncompreh5d+ or fool$ by ! look ( ! bill1 smiles & scurries away4 ,i ?9k t means we're free to g1 ,/allman says4 ,! ,emacs ,commune ,! ,,ai ,lab ( ! #aigjs 0 by all acc\nts a special place4 ,cutt+-edge projects & top-flight rese>*]s gave x an e/eem$ position 9 ! _w ( comput] sci5ce4 ,! int]nal hack] culture & its an>*ic policies l5t a rebelli\s my/ique z well4 ,only lat]1 :5 _m ( ! lab's sci5ti/s & s(tw>e sup]/>s _h dep>t$1 w\ld hack]s fully realize ! unique & ephem]al _w !y _h once inhabit$4 ,x 0 a bit l ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 says ,/allman1 summ+ up ! lab & its s(tw>e-%>+ e?os 9 a #aiih ,=bes article4 ,x hadn't occurr$ to u n to coop]ate4,see ,jo% ,mc,hugh1 ,= ! ,love ( ,hack+1 ,=bes 7,augu/ #aj1 #aiih74 http3_/_/www4=bes4com_/=bes_/#aiih_/jhaj _/fbjcjid;a4html ,su* my?ological descriptions1 :ile extreme1 und]l9e an important fact4 ,! n9? floor ( #ede ,te* ,squ>e 0 m ?an a workplace = _m4 ,= hack]s su* z ,/allman1 x 0 home4 ,! ^w home is a weight$ t]m 9 ! ,/allman lexicon4 ,9 a po9t$ swipe at 8 p>5ts1 ,/allman1 to ?is day1 refuses to ackn[l$ge any home be=e ,curri] ,h\se1 ! dorm he liv$ 9 dur+ 8 days at ,h>v>d4 ,he has also be5 kn[n to describe leav+ t home 9 tragicomic t]ms4 ,once1 :ile describ+ 8 ye>s at ,h>v>d1 ,/allman said 8 only regret 0 gett+ kick$ out4 ,x wasn't until ,i ask$ ,/allman :at precipitat$ 8 ou/]1 t ,i realiz$ ,i _h walk$ into a classic ,/allman setup l9e4 ,at ,h>v>d !y h ?is policy :]e if y pass too _m classes !y ask y to leave1 ,/allman says4 ,) no dorm & no desire to return to ,new ,york1 ,/allman foll[$ a pa? blaz$ by ,gre5blatt1 ,gosp]1 ,sussman1 & ! _m o!r hack]s be=e him4 ,enroll+ at ,,mit z a grad /ud5t1 ,/allman r5t$ an ap>tm5t 9 ne>by ,cambridge b soon view$ ! ,,ai ,lab itself z 8 de facto home4 ,9 a #aihf spee*1 ,/allman recall$ 8 memories ( ! ,,ai ,lab dur+ ?is p]iod3 ,i may h done a little bit m liv+ at ! lab ?an mo/ p1 because e ye> or two = "s reason or o!r ,i'd h no ap>tm5t & ,i w\ld sp5d a few mon?s liv+ at ! lab4 ,& ,i've always f\nd x v com=table1 z well z nice & cool 9 ! summ]4 ,b x 0 n at all uncommon to f9d p fall+ asleep at ! lab1 aga9 because ( _! en?usiasm2 y /ay up z long z y possibly c hack+1 because y j don't want to /op4 ,& !n :5 y're completely exhau/$1 y climb ov] to ! ne>e/ s(t horizontal surface4 ,a v in=mal atmosph]e4,see ,/allman 7#aihf74 ,! lab's home-l atmosph]e c\ld be a problem at times4 ,:at "s saw z a dorm1 o!rs view$ z an electronic opium d54 ,9 ! #aigf book ,comput] ,p[] & ,human ,reason1 ,,mit rese>*] ,joseph ,weiz5baum (f]$ a )]+ critique ( ! comput] bum1 ,weiz5baum's t]m = ! hack]s :o populat$ comput] rooms su* z ! ,,ai ,lab4 ,_! rumpl$ clo!s1 _! unwa%$ hair & un%av$ faces1 & _! uncomb$ hair all te/ify t !y are oblivi\s to _! bodies & to ! _w 9 :i* !y move1 ,weiz5baum wrote4 ,comput] bums exi/1 at lea/ :5 s engag$1 only ?r\gh & = ! comput]s4,see ,joseph ,weiz5baum1 ,comput] ,p[] & ,human ,reason3 ,f ,judgm5t to ,calculation 7,w4 ,h4 ,freeman1 #aigf73 #aaf4 ,almo/ a qu>t] c5tury aft] its publication1 ,/allman /ill bri/les :5 he>+ ,weiz5baum's comput] bum description1 discuss+ x 9 ! pres5t t5se z if ,weiz5baum himself 0 /ill 9 ! room4 ,he wants p to be j pr(essionals1 do+ x = ! money & want+ to get away f x & =get ab\t x z soon z possible1 ,/allman says4 ,:at he sees z a normal /ate ( affairs1 ,i see z a trag$y4 ,hack] life1 h[ev]1 0 n )\t trag$y4 ,/allman *>act]izes 8 transition f week5d hack] to full-"t ,,ai ,lab d5iz5 z a s]ies ( pa9ful mis=tunes t c\ld only be eas$ ?r\gh ! euphoria ( hack+4 ,z ,/allman himself has said1 ! fir/ mis=tune 0 8 graduation f ,h>v>d4 ,eag] to cont9ue 8 /udies 9 physics1 ,/allman enroll$ z a graduate /ud5t at ,,mit4 ,! *oice ( s*ools 0 a natural "o4 ,n only did x give ,/allman ! *ance to foll[ ! foot/eps ( great ,,mit alumni3 ,william ,%ockley 7'#cf71 ,ri*>d ,p4 ,feynman 7'#ci71 & ,murray ,gell-,mann 7'#ea71 x also put him two miles clos] to ! ,,ai ,lab & its new ,,pdp-#aj comput]4 ,my att5tion 0 go+ t[>d programm+1 b ,i /ill ?\ght1 well1 maybe ,i c d bo?1 ,/allman says4 ,toil+ 9 ! fields ( graduate-level sci5ce by day & programm+ 9 ! mona/ic conf9es ( ! ,,ai ,lab by night1 ,/allman tri$ to a*ieve a p]fect balance4 ,! fulcrum ( ?is geek teet]-tott] 0 8 weekly out+ ) ! folk-dance tr\pe1 8 "o social outlet t gu>ante$ at lea/ a modicum ( int]action ) ! opposite sex4 ,ne> ! end ( t fir/ ye> at ,,mit1 h[ev]1 disa/] /ruck4 ,a knee injury =c$ ,/allman to drop out ( ! tr\pe4 ,at fir/1 ,/allman view$ ! injury z a tempor>y problem1 devot+ ! sp>e "t he w\ld h sp5t danc+ to work+ at ! ,,ai ,lab ev5 m4 ,by ! end ( ! summ]1 :5 ! knee /ill a*$ & classes reconv5$1 ,/allman began to worry4 ,my knee wasn't gett+ any bett]1 ,/allman recalls1 :i* meant ,i _h to /op danc+ completely4 ,i 0 he>tbrok54 ,) no dorm & no danc+1 ,/allman's social univ]se implod$4 ,l an a/ronaut exp]i5c+ ! aft]effects ( z]o-gravity1 ,/allman f\nd t 8 ability to int]act ) nonhack]s1 especially female nonhack]s1 _h atrophi$ significantly4 ,aft] #af weeks 9 ! ,,ai ,lab1 ! self confid5ce he'd be5 quietly accumulat+ dur+ 8 #d ye>s at ,h>v>d 0 virtually gone4 ,i felt basically t ,i'd lo/ all my en]gy1 ,/allman recalls4 ,i'd lo/ my en]gy to d any?+ b :at 0 mo/ imm$iately tempt+4 ,! en]gy to d some?+ else 0 gone4 ,i 0 9 total despair4 ,/allman retreat$ f ! _w ev5 fur!r1 focus+ entirely on 8 "w at ! ,,ai ,lab4 ,by ,octob]1 #aige1 he dropp$ out ( ,,mit1 nev] to g back4 ,s(tw>e hack+1 once a hobby1 _h become 8 call+4 ,look+ back on t p]iod1 ,/allman sees ! transition f full-"t /ud5t to full-"t hack] z inevitable4 ,soon] or lat]1 he believes1 ! sir5's call ( comput] hack+ w\ld h ov]p[]$ 8 int]e/ 9 o!r pr(essional pursuits4 ,) physics & ma?1 ,i c\ld nev] figure out a way to contribute1 says ,/allman1 recall+ 8 /ruggles prior to ! knee injury4 ,i w\ld h be5 pr\d to advance ei!r "o ( ^? fields1 b ,i c\ld nev] see a way to d t4 ,i didn't "k :]e to />t4 ,) s(tw>e1 ,i saw "r away h[ to write ?+s t w\ld run & be useful4 ,! pleasure ( t k l$ me to want to d x m4 ,/allman wasn't ! fir/ to equate hack+ ) pleasure4 ,_m ( ! hack]s :o /aff$ ! ,,ai ,lab boa/$ simil>1 incomplete academic rsums4 ,mo/ _h come 9 pursu+ degrees 9 ma? or electrical eng9e]+ only to surr5d] _! academic c>e]s & pr(essional ambitions to ! %e] exhil>ation t came ) solv+ problems nev] be=e address$4 ,l ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ! s*ola/ic kn[n = work+ s long on 8 !ological summae t he sometimes a*iev$ spiritual visions1 hack]s rea*$ transc5d5t int]nal /ates ?r\gh %e] m5tal focus & physical exhau/ion4 ,al?\gh ,/allman %unn$ drugs1 l mo/ hack]s1 he enjoy$ ! high t came ne> ! end ( a #bj-;h\r cod+ b5d]4 ,p]haps ! mo/ enjoyable emotion1 h[ev]1 0 ! s5se ( p]sonal fulfillm5t4 ,:5 x came to hack+1 ,/allman 0 a natural4 ,a *ildhood's wor? ( late-night /udy sessions gave him ! ability to "w long h\rs ) little sleep4 ,z a social outca/ s9ce age #aj1 he _h little difficulty work+ alone4 ,& z a ma!matician ) built-9 gift = logic & =esight1 ,/allman possess$ ! ability to circumv5t design b>ri]s t left mo/ hack]s sp9n+ _! :eels4 ,he 0 special1 recalls ,g]ald ,sussman1 an ,,mit faculty memb] & =m] ,,ai ,lab rese>*]4 ,describ+ ,/allman z a cle> ?9k] & a cle> design]1 ,sussman employ$ ,/allman z a rese>*-project assi/ant beg9n+ 9 #aige4 ,! project 0 complex1 involv+ ! creation ( an ,,ai program t c\ld analyze circuit diagrams4 ,n only did x involve an exp]t's comm& ( ,lisp1 a programm+ language built specifically = ,,ai applications1 b x also requir$ an und]/&+ ( h[ a human might approa* ! same task4 ,:5 he wasn't work+ on (ficial projects su* z ,sussman's automat$ circuit-analysis program1 ,/allman devot$ 8 "t to pet projects4 ,x 0 9 a hack]'s be/ int]e/ to improve ! lab's s(tw>e infra/ructure1 & "o ( ,/allman's bigge/ pet projects dur+ ?is p]iod 0 ! lab's editor program ,,teco4 ,! /ory ( ,/allman's "w on ,,teco dur+ ! #aigjs is inextricably l9k$ ) ,/allman's lat] lead]%ip ( ! free s(tw>e movem5t4 ,x is also a significant /age 9 ! hi/ory ( comput] evolution1 s mu* s t a brief recapitulation ( t evolution is necess>y4 ,dur+ ! #aiejs & #aifjs1 :5 comput]s 7 fir/ appe>+ at univ]sities1 comput] programm+ 0 an incr$ibly ab/ract pursuit4 ,to communicate ) ! ma*9e1 programm]s creat$ a s]ies ( pun* c>ds1 ) ea* c>d repres5t+ an individual s(tw>e comm&4 ,programm]s w\ld !n h& ! c>ds ov] to a c5tral sy/em adm9i/rator :o w\ld !n ins]t !m1 "o by "o1 into ! ma*9e1 wait+ = ! ma*9e to spit out a new set ( pun* c>ds1 :i* ! programm] w\ld !n deciph] z output4 ,?is process1 kn[n z bat* process+1 0 cumb]some & "t consum+4 ,x 0 also prone to abuses ( au?ority4 ,"o ( ! motivat+ factors beh9d hack]s' inbr$ av]sion to c5tralization 0 ! p[] held by e>ly sy/em op]ators 9 dictat+ :i* jobs held top priority4 ,9 #aifb1 comput] sci5ti/s & hack]s involv$ 9 ,,mit's ,project ,,mac1 an e>ly =]unn] ( ! ,,ai ,lab1 took /eps to alleviate ?is fru/ration4 ,"t-%>+1 orig9ally kn[n z "t /eal+1 made x possible = multiple programs to take advantage ( a ma*9e's op]ational capabilities4 ,teletype int]faces also made x possible to communicate ) a ma*9e n ?r\gh a s]ies ( pun*$ holes b ?r\gh actual text4 ,a programm] typ$ 9 comm&s & read ! l9e-by-l9e output g5]at$ by ! ma*9e4 ,dur+ ! late #aifjs1 int]face design made additional leaps4 ,9 a fam\s #aifh lecture1 ,d\g ,engelb>t1 a sci5ti/ !n work+ at ! ,/an=d ,rese>* ,in/itute1 unveil$ a prototype ( ! mod]n graphical int]face4 ,rigg+ up a television set to ! comput] & add+ a po9t] device :i* ,engelb>t dubb$ a m\se1 ! sci5ti/ creat$ a sy/em ev5 m int]active ?an ! "t-%>+ sy/em develop$ a ,,mit4 ,treat+ ! video display l a high-spe$ pr9t]1 ,engelb>t's sy/em gave a us] ! ability to move ! cursor ar\nd ! scre5 & see ! cursor position updat$ by ! comput] 9 real "t4 ,! us] sudd5ly _h ! ability to position text any:]e on ! scre54 ,su* innovations w\ld take ano!r two decades to make _! way into ! comm]cial m>ketplace4 ,/ill1 by ! #aigjs1 video scre5s _h />t$ to replace teletypes z display t]m9als1 creat+ ! pot5tial = full-scre5-z oppos$ to l9e-by-l9e-edit+ capabilities4 ,"o ( ! fir/ programs to take advantage ( ?is full-scre5 capability 0 ! ,,mit ,,ai ,lab's ,,teco4 ,%ort = ,text ,editor & ,c,orrector1 ! program _h be5 upgrad$ by hack]s f an old teletype l9e editor = ! lab's ,,pdp-#f ma*9e4ccord+ to ! ,j>gon ,file1 ,,teco's "n orig9ally /ood = ,tape ,editor & ,corrector4 ,,teco 0 a sub/antial improvem5t ov] old editors1 b x /ill _h its drawbacks4 ,to create & edit a docum5t1 a programm] _h to ent] a s]ies ( s(tw>e comm&s specify+ ea* edit4 ,x 0 an ab/ract process4 ,unlike mod]n ^w processors1 :i* update text ) ea* key/roke1 ,,teco dem&$ t ! us] ent] an ext5d$ s]ies ( edit+ in/ructions foll[$ by an end ( comm& sequ5ce j to *ange ! text4,ov] "t1 a hack] grew pr(ici5t en\gh to write entire docum5ts 9 edit mode1 b z ,/allman himself w\ld lat] po9t out1 ! process requir$ a m5tal skill l t ( bl9dfold *ess4,see ,ri*>d ,/allman1 ,,emacs3 ,! ,ext5sible1 ,cu/omizable1 ,display ,editor1 ,,ai ,lab ,memo 7#aigi74 ,an updat$ ,,html v]sion ( ?is memo1 f :i* ,i am quot+1 is available at http3_/_/www4gnu4org_/s(tw>e_/emacs_/ema cs-pap]4html4 ,to facilitate ! process1 ,,ai ,lab hack]s _h built a sy/em t display$ bo? ! s\rce & display modes on a split scre54 ,despite ?is innovative hack1 swit*+ f mode to mode 0 /ill a nuisance4 ,,teco wasn't ! only full-scre5 editor float+ ar\nd ! comput] _w at ?is "t4 ,dur+ a visit to ! ,/an=d ,artificial ,intellig5ce ,lab 9 #aigf1 ,/allman enc\nt]$ an edit program nam$ ,e4 ,! program conta9$ an int]nal feature1 :i* all[$ a us] to update display text aft] ea* comm& key/roke4 ,9 ! language ( #aigjs programm+1 ,e 0 "o ( ! fir/ rudim5t>y ,,wysiwyg editors4 ,%ort = :at y see is :at y get1 ,,wysiwyg meant t a us] c\ld manipulate ! file by mov+ ?r\gh ! display$ text1 z oppos$ to work+ ?r\gh a back-end editor program4,see ,ri*>d ,/allman1 ,emacs ! ,full ,scre5 ,editor 7#aihg74 http3_/_/www4lysator4liu4se_/hi/ory_/g>b _/txt_/#hg-a-;emacs4txt ,impress$ by ! hack1 ,/allman look$ = ways to exp& ,,teco's functionality 9 simil> fa%ion ^u 8 return to ,,mit4 ,he f\nd a ,,teco feature call$ ,control-,r1 writt5 by ,c>l ,mikkelson & nam$ aft] ! two-key comb9ation t trigg]$ x4 ,mikkelson's hack swit*$ ,,teco f its usual ab/ract comm&-execution mode to a m intuitive key/roke-by-key/roke mode4 ,/allman revis$ ! feature 9 a subtle b significant way4 ,he made x possible to trigg] o!r ,,teco comm& /r+s1 or macros1 us+ o!r1 two-key comb9ations4 ,:]e us]s _h once ent]$ comm& /r+s & disc>d$ !m aft] ent]+ !n1 ,/allman's hack made x possible to save macro tricks on file & call !m up at w4 ,mikkelson's hack _h rais$ ,,teco to ! level ( a ,,wysiwyg editor4 ,/allman's hack _h rais$ x to ! level ( a us]-programmable ,,wysiwyg editor4 ,t 0 ! real break?r\gh1 says ,guy ,/eele1 a fell[ ,,ai ,lab hack] at ! "t4 ,by ,/allman's own recollection1 ! macro hack t\*$ (f an explosion ( fur!r innovation4 ,ev]ybody & 8 bro!r 0 writ+ 8 own collection ( r$ef9$ scre5-editor comm&s1 a comm& = ev]y?+ he typically lik$ to d1 ,/allman w\ld lat] recall4 ,p w\ld pass !m ar\nd & improve !m1 mak+ !m m p[]ful & m g5]al4 ,! collections ( r$ef9itions gradually became sy/em programs 9 _! own "r4 ,s _m p f\nd ! macro innovations useful & _h incorporat$ x into _! own ,,teco programs t ! ,,teco editor _h become second>y to ! macro mania x inspir$4 ,we />t$ to categorize x m5tally z a programm+ language r ?an z an editor1 ,/allman says4 ,us]s 7 exp]i5c+ _! own pleasure tweak+ ! s(tw>e & trad+ new ideas4 ,two ye>s aft] ! explosion1 ! rate ( innovation began to exhibit dang]\s side effects4 ,! explosive gr[? _h provid$ an excit+ validation ( ! collaborative hack] approa*1 b x _h also l$ to ov]-complexity4 ,we _h a ,t[] ( ,babel effect1 says ,guy ,/eele4 ,! effect ?reat5$ to kill ! _s t _h creat$ x1 ,/eele says4 ,hack]s _h design$ ,,its to facilitate programm]s' ability to %>e k & improve ea* o!r's "w4 ,t meant be+ able to sit d[n at ano!r programm]'s desk1 op5 up a programm]'s "w & make comm5ts & modifications directly )9 ! s(tw>e4 ,sometimes ! easie/ way to %[ somebody h[ to program or debug some?+ 0 simply to sit d[n at ! t]m9al & d x = !m1 expla9s ,/eele4 ,! macro feature1 aft] its second ye>1 began to foil ?is capability4 ,9 _! eag]ness to embrace ! new full-scre5 capabilities1 hack]s _h cu/omiz$ _! v]sions ( ,,teco to ! po9t :]e a hack] sitt+ d[n at ano!r hack]'s t]m9al usually _h to sp5d ! fir/ h\r j figur+ out :at macro comm&s did :at4 ,fru/rat$1 ,/eele took x ^u himself to ! solve ! problem4 ,he ga!r$ toge!r ! f\r diff]5t macro packages & began assembl+ a *>t docum5t+ ! mo/ useful macro comm&s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( implem5t+ ! design specifi$ by ! *>t1 ,/eele says he attract$ ,/allman's att5tion4 ,he />t$ look+ ov] my %\ld]1 ask+ me :at ,i 0 do+1 recalls ,/eele4 ,= ,/eele1 a s(t-spok5 hack] :o int]act$ ) ,/allman infrequ5tly1 ! memory /ill /icks out4 ,look+ ov] ano!r hack]'s %\ld] :ile he work$ 0 a common activity at ! ,,ai ,lab4 ,/allman1 ! ,,teco ma9ta9] at ! lab1 deem$ ,/eele's "w int]e/+ & quickly set (f to complete x4 ,z ,i l to say1 ,i did ! fir/ #j4jja p]c5t ( ! implem5tation1 & ,/allman did ! re/1 says ,/eele ) a laugh4 ,! project's new "n1 ,emacs1 came c\rtesy ( ,/allman4 ,%ort = edit+ macros1 x signifi$ ! evolution>y transc5d5ce t _h tak5 place dur+ ! macros explosion two ye>s be=e4 ,x also took advantage ( a gap 9 ! s(tw>e programm+ lexicon4 ,not+ a lack ( programs on ,,its />t+ ) ! lett] ,e1 ,/allman *ose ,emacs1 mak+ x possible to ref]5ce ! program ) a s+le lett]4 ,once aga91 ! hack] lu/ = effici5cy _h left its m>k4 ,9 ! c\rse ( develop+ a /&>d sy/em ( macro comm&s1 ,/allman & ,/eele _h to trav]se a political tightrope4 ,9 creat+ a /&>d program1 ,/allman 0 9 cle> violation ( ! fundam5tal hack] t5et-promote dec5tralization4 ,he 0 also ?reat5+ to hobble ! v flexibility t _h fuel$ ,,teco's explosive innovation 9 ! fir/ place4 ,on ! "o h&1 we 7 try+ to make a uni=m comm& set aga92 on ! o!r h&1 we want$ to keep x op5 end$1 because ! programmability 0 important1 recalls ,/eele4 ,to solve ! problem1 ,/allman1 ,/eele1 & fell[ hack]s ,david ,moon & ,dan ,we9reib limit$ _! /&>dization ef=t to ! ,,wysiwyg comm&s t controll$ h[ text appe>$ on-scre54 ,! re/ ( ! ,emacs ef=t w\ld be devot$ to reta9+ ! program's ,t9k] ,toy-/yle ext5sibility4 ,/allman n[ fac$ ano!r conundrum3 if us]s made *anges b didn't communicate ^? *anges back to ! re/ ( ! community1 ! ,t[] ( ,babel effect w\ld simply em]ge 9 o!r places4 ,fall+ back on ! hack] doctr9e ( %>+ innovation1 ,/allman emb$d$ a /atem5t )9 ! s\rce code t set ! t]ms ( use4 ,us]s 7 free to modify & r$i/ribute ! code on ! condition t !y gave back all ! ext5sions !y made4 ,/allman dubb$ x ! ,emacs ,commune4 ,j z ,,teco _h become m ?an a simple editor1 ,emacs _h become m ?an a simple s(tw>e program4 ,to ,/allman1 x 0 a social contract4 ,9 an e>ly memo docum5t+ ! project1 ,/allman spell$ out ! contract t]ms4 ,,emacs1 he wrote1 0 di/ribut$ on a basis ( communal %>+1 :i* means t all improvem5ts mu/ be giv5 back to me to be incorporat$ & di/ribut$4,see ,/allman 7#aigi73 ,,sec#cd4 ,n ev]ybody accept$ ! contract4 ,! explosive innovation cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! decade1 result+ 9 a ho/ ( ,emacs-l programs ) v>y+ degrees ( cross-compatibility4 ,a few cit$ _! relation to ,/allman's orig9al ,emacs ) humor\sly recursive names3 ,s9e 7,s9e is n ,emacs71 ,e9e 7,e9e is n ,emacs71 & ,zwei 7,zwei 0 ,e9e initially74 ,z a devot$ expon5t ( ! hack] e?ic1 ,/allman saw no reason to halt ?is innovation ?r\gh legal h>assm5t4 ,/ill1 ! fact t "s p w\ld s eag]ly take s(tw>e f ! community *e/1 alt] x1 & slap a new "n on ! result+ s(tw>e display$ a /unn+ lack ( c\rtesy4 ,su* rude behavior 0 reflect$ aga9/ o!r1 unsettl+ developm5ts 9 ! hack] community4 ,brian ,reid's #aigi decision to emb$ "t bombs 9 ,scribe1 mak+ x possible = ,unilogic to limit unpaid us] access to ! s(tw>e1 0 a d>k om5 to ,/allman4 ,he consid]$ x ! mo/ ,nazi ?+ he ev] saw 9 8 life1 recalls ,reid4 ,despite go+ on to lat] ,int]net fame z ! cocreator ( ! ,us5et alt heir>*y1 ,reid says he /ill has yet to live d[n t #aigi decision1 at lea/ 9 ,/allman's eyes4 ,he said t all s(tw>e %\ld be free & ! prospect ( *>g+ money = s(tw>e 0 a crime aga9/ humanity4,9 a #aiif int]view ) onl9e magaz9e ,,meme 1 ,/allman cit$ ,scribe's sale z irksome1 b hesitat$ to m5tion ,reid by "n4 ,! problem 0 nobody c5sur$ or puni%$ ?is /ud5t = :at he did1 ,/allman said4 ,! result 0 o!r p got tempt$ to foll[ 8 example4 ,see ,,meme #b4jd4 http3_/_/memex4org_/meme#b-jd4;html ,al?\gh ,/allman _h be5 p[]less to head (f ,reid's sale1 he did possess ! ability to curtail o!r =ms ( behavior deem$ contr>y to ! hack] e?os4 ,z c5tral s\rce-code ma9ta9] = ! ,emacs commune1 ,/allman began to wield 8 p[] = political effect4 ,dur+ 8 f9al /ages ( conflict ) ! adm9i/rators at ! ,laboratory = ,comput] ,sci5ce ov] password sy/ems1 ,/allman initiat$ a s(tw>e /rike1,see ,/ev5 ,levy1 ,hack]s 7,p5gu9 ,,usa pap]back1 #aihd73 #dai4 refus+ to s5d lab memb]s ! late/ v]sion ( ,emacs until !y reject$ ! security sy/em on ! lab's comput]s4 ,! move did little to improve ,/allman's gr[+ reputation z an extremi/1 b x got ! po9t across3 commune memb]s 7 expect$ to speak up = basic hack] values4 ,a lot ( p 7 angry ) me1 say+ ,i 0 try+ to hold !m ho/age or blackmail !m1 :i* 9 a s5se ,i 01 ,/allman w\ld lat] tell au?or ,/ev5 ,levy4 ,i 0 engag+ 9 viol5ce aga9/ !m because ,i ?\ght !y 7 engag+ 9 viol5ce to ev]yone at l>ge4 ,ov] "t1 ,emacs became a sales tool = ! hack] e?ic4 ,! flexibility ,/allman & built into ! s(tw>e n only enc\rag$ collaboration1 x dem&$ x4 ,us]s :o didn't keep abrea/ ( ! late/ developm5ts 9 ,emacs evolution or didn't contribute _! contributions back to ,/allman ran ! risk ( miss+ out on ! late/ break?r\ghs4 ,& ! break?r\ghs 7 _m4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat]1 us]s _h modifi$ ,emacs = s _m diff]5t uses-us+ x z a spread%eet1 calculator1 database1 & web br[s]-t lat] ,emacs develop]s adopt$ an ov]fl[+ s9k to repres5t its v]satile functionality4 ,t's ! idea t we want$ to convey1 says ,/allman4 ,! am\nt ( /uff x has conta9$ )9 x is bo? wond]ful & awful at ! same "t4 ,/allman's ,,ai ,lab contempor>ies are m *>itable4 ,hal ,abelson1 an ,,mit grad /ud5t :o work$ ) ,/allman dur+ ! #aigjs & w\ld lat] assi/ ,/allman z a *>t] bo>dmemb] ( ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation1 describes ,emacs z an absolutely brilliant creation4 ,9 giv+ programm]s a way to add new s(tw>e libr>ies & features )\t mess+ up ! sy/em1 ,abelson says1 ,/allman pav$ ! way = future l>ge-scale collaborative s(tw>e projects4 ,its /ructure 0 robu/ en\gh t y'd h p all ov] ! _w :o 7 loosely collaborat+ & contribut+ to x1 ,abelson says4 ,i don't "k if t _h be5 done be=e4,9 writ+ ?is *apt]1 ,i've elect$ to focus m on ! social significance ( ,emacs ?an ! s(tw>e significance4 ,to read m ab\t ! s(tw>e side1 ,i recomm5d ,/allman's #aigi memo4 ,i p>ticul>ly recomm5d ! section titl$ ,rese>* ,?r\gh ,developm5t ( ,in/all$ ,tools 7,,sec#bg74 ,n only is x accessible to ! nonte*nical read]1 x also %$s light on h[ closely int]tw9$ ,/allman's political philosophies are ) 8 s(tw>e-design philosophies4 ,a sample exc]pt foll[s3 ,,emacs c\ld n h be5 rea*$ by a process ( c>eful design1 because su* processes arrive only at goals :i* are visible at ! outset1 & ^: desirability is e/abli%$ on ! bottom l9e at ! outset4 ,nei!r ,i nor anyone else visualiz$ an ext5sible editor until ,i _h made "o1 nor appreciat$ its value until he _h exp]i5c$ x4 ,,emacs exi/s because ,i felt free to make individually useful small improvem5ts on a pa? ^: end 0 n 9 sight4 ,guy ,/eele expresses simil> admiration4 ,curr5tly a rese>* sci5ti/ = ,sun ,microsy/ems1 he rememb]s ,/allman prim>ily z a brilliant programm] ) ! ability to g5]ate l>ge quantities ( relatively bug-free code4 ,al?\gh _! p]sonalities didn't exactly me%1 ,/eele & ,/allman collaborat$ long en\gh = ,/eele to get a glimpse ( ,/allman's int5se cod+ /yle4 ,he recalls a notable episode 9 ! late #aigjs :5 ! two programm]s b&$ toge!r to write ! editor's pretty pr9t feature4 ,orig9ally conceiv$ by ,/eele1 pretty pr9t 0 ano!r key/roke-trigg]d feature t re=matt$ ,emacs' s\rce code s t x 0 bo? m readable & took up less space1 fur!r bol/]+ ! program's ,,wysiwig qualities4 ,! feature 0 /rategic en\gh to attract ,/allman's active int]e/1 & x wasn't long be=e ,/eele wrote t he & ,/allman 7 plann+ an improv$ v]sion4 ,we sat d[n "o morn+1 recalls ,/eele4 ,i 0 at ! keybo>d1 & he 0 at my elb[1 says ,/eele4 ,he 0 p]fectly will+ to let me type1 b he 0 also tell+ me :at to type4 ,! programm+ session la/$ #aj h\rs4 ,?r\gh\t t entire "t1 ,/eele says1 nei!r he nor ,/allman took a break or made any small talk4 ,by ! end ( ! session1 !y _h manag$ to hack ! pretty pr9t s\rce code to j "u #ajj l9es4 ,my f+]s 7 on ! keybo>d ! :ole "t1 ,/eele recalls1 b x felt l bo? ( our ideas 7 fl[+ onto ! scre54 ,he told me :at to type1 & ,i typ$ x4 ,! l5g? ( ! session reveal$ itself :5 ,/eele f9ally left ! ,,ai ,lab4 ,/&+ outside ! build+ at #ede ,te* ,squ>e1 he 0 surpris$ to f9d himself surr\nd$ by nighttime d>kness4 ,z a programm]1 ,/eele 0 us$ to m>a?on cod+ sessions4 ,/ill1 some?+ ab\t ?is session 0 diff]5t4 ,work+ ) ,/allman _h =c$ ,/eele to block out all ext]nal /imuli & focus 8 entire m5tal en]gies on ! task at h&4 ,look+ back1 ,/eele says he f\nd ! ,/allman m9d-meld bo? exhil>at+ & sc>y at ! same "t4 ,my fir/ ?\ght aft]w>d 03 x 0 a great exp]i5ce1 v int5se1 & t ,i nev] want$ to d x aga9 9 my life4 ,a ,/>k ,moral ,*oice ,on ,septemb] #bg1 #aihc1 comput] programm]s logg+ on to ! ,us5et newsgr\p net4unix-wiz>ds enc\nt]$ an unusual message4 ,po/$ 9 ! small h\rs ( ! morn+1 #ab3cj a4m4 to be exact1 & sign$ by rmsmit-oz 1 ! message's subject l9e 0 t]se b att5tion-grabb+4 ,new ,,unix implem5tation1 x read4 ,in/ead ( introduc+ a newly releas$ v]sion ( ,unix1 h[ev]1 ! message's op5+ p>agraph issu$ a call to arms3 ,/>t+ ?is ,?anksgiv+ ,i am go+ to write a complete ,unix-compatible s(tw>e sy/em call$ ,,gnu 7= ,gnu's ,n ,unix71 & give x away free to ev]yone :o c use x4 ,contributions ( "t1 money1 programs & equipm5t are greatly ne$$4#a ,to an exp]i5c$ ,unix develop]1 ! message 0 a mixture ( idealism & hubris4 ,n only did ! au?or pl$ge to rebuild ! already mature ,unix op]at+ sy/em f ! gr\nd up1 he also propos$ to improve x 9 places4 ,! new ,,gnu sy/em1 ! au?or pr$ict$1 w\ld c>ry all ! usual compon5ts-a text editor1 a %ell program to run ,unix-compatible applications1 a compil]1 & a few o!r ?+s4,see ,ri*>d ,/allman1 ,initial ,,gnu ,ann\ncem5t 7,septemb] #aihc74 http3_/_/www4gnu4ai4mit4edu_/gnu_/initia l-ann\ncem5t4html ,x w\ld also conta9 _m entic+ features t o!r ,unix sy/ems didn't yet (f]3 a graphic us] int]face bas$ on ! ,lisp programm+ language1 a cra%-pro( file sy/em1 & network+ protocols built accord+ to ,,mit's int]nal network+ sy/em4 ,,gnu w be able to run ,unix programs1 b w n be id5tical to ,unix1 ! au?or wrote4 ,we w make all improvem5ts t are conv5i5t1 bas$ on our exp]i5ce ) o!r op]at+ sy/ems4 ,anticipat+ a skeptical response on "s read]s' "p1 ! au?or made sure to foll[ up 8 op]at+-sy/em outl9e ) a brief biographical sket* titl$1 ,:o am ,i83 ,i am ,ri*>d ,/allman1 inv5tor ( ! orig9al mu*-imitat$ ,,emacs editor1 n[ at ! ,artificial ,intellig5ce ,lab at ,,mit4 ,i h work$ ext5sively on compil]s1 editors1 debugg]s1 comm& int]pret]s1 ! ,incompatible ,time%>+ ,sy/em & ! ,lisp ,ma*9e op]at+ sy/em4 ,i pione]$ t]m9al-indep5d5t display support 9 ,,its4 ,9 addition ,i h implem5t$ "o cra%pro( file sy/em & two w9d[ sy/ems = ,lisp ma*9es4 ,z fate w\ld h x1 ,/allman's fanciful ,,gnu ,project miss$ its ,?anksgiv+ laun* date4 ,by ,janu>y1 #aihd1 h[ev]1 ,/allman made good on 8 promise & fully imm]s$ himself 9 ! _w ( ,unix s(tw>e developm5t4 ,= a s(tw>e ar*itect rais$ on ,,its1 x 0 l design+ suburban %opp+ malls in/ead ( ,moori% palaces4 ,ev5 s1 build+ a ,unix-l op]at+ sy/em _h its hidd5 advantages4 ,,its _h be5 p[]ful1 b x also possess$ an ,a*illes' heel3 ,,mit hack]s _h design$ x to take specific advantage ( ! ,,dec-built ,,pdp l9e4 ,:5 ,,ai ,lab adm9i/rators elect$ to phase out ! lab's p[]ful ,,pdp-#aj ma*9e 9 ! e>ly #aihjs1 ! op]at+ sy/em t hack]s once lik5$ to a vibrant city became an in/ant gho/ t[n4 ,unix1 on ! o!r h&1 0 design$ = mobility & long-t]m survival4 ,orig9ally develop$ by junior sci5ti/s at ,,at,t1 ! program _h slipp$ out "u corporate-managem5t rad>1 f9d+ a happy home 9 ! ca%-/rapp$ _w ( academic comput] sy/ems4 ,) few] res\rces ?an _! ,,mit bre?r51 ,unix develop]s _h cu/omiz$ ! s(tw>e to ride atop a motley assortm5t ( h>dw>e sy/ems3 ev]y?+ f ! #af-;bit ,,pdp-#aa-;a ma*9e consid]$ fit = only small tasks by mo/ ,,ai ,lab hack]s-to #cb-;bit ma9frames su* z ! ,,vax #aa_/ghj4 ,by #aihc1 a few companies1 mo/ notably ,sun ,microsy/ems1 7 ev5 go+ s f> z to develop a new g5]ation ( microcomput]s1 dubb$ work/ations1 to take advantage ( ! increas+ly ubiquit\s op]at+ sy/em4 ,to facilitate ?is process1 ! develop]s 9 *>ge ( design+ ! dom9ant ,unix /ra9s made sure to keep an extra lay] ( ab/raction betwe5 ! s(tw>e & ! ma*9e4 ,in/ead ( tailor+ ! op]at+ sy/em to take advantage ( a specific ma*9e's res\rces-z ! ,,ai ,lab hack]s _h done ) ,,its & ! ,,pdp-#aj-,unix develop]s favor$ a m g5]ic1 (f-!-rack approa*4 ,focus+ m on ! int]lock+ /&>ds & specifications t held ! op]at+ sy/em's _m subcompon5ts toge!r1 r ?an ! actual compon5ts !mselves1 !y creat$ a sy/em t c\ld be quickly modifi$ to suit ! ta/es ( any ma*9e4 ,if a us] quibbl$ ) a c]ta9 portion1 ! /&>ds made x possible to pull out an individual subcompon5t & ei!r fix x or replace x ) some?+ bett]4 ,simply put1 :at ! ,unix approa* lack$ 9 t]ms ( /yle or ae/hetics1 x m ?an made up = 9 t]ms ( flexibility & economy1 h5ce its rapid adoption4,see ,m>%all ,kirk ,mc,kusick1 ,tw5ty ,ye>s ( ,b]keley ,unix1 ,op5 ,s\rces 7,o',reilly ,associates1 ,inc41 #aiii73 #ch4 ,/allman's decision to />t develop+ ! ,,gnu sy/em 0 trigg]$ by ! end ( ! ,,its sy/em t ! ,,ai ,lab hack]s _h nurtur$ = s long4 ,! demise ( ,,its _h be5 a traumatic bl[ to ,/allman4 ,com+ on ! heels ( ! ,x]ox las] pr9t] episode1 x (f]$ fur!r evid5ce t ! ,,ai ,lab hack] culture 0 los+ its immunity to bus9ess practices 9 ! outside _w4 ,l ! s(tw>e code t compos$ x1 ! roots ( ,,its' demise /ret*$ way back4 ,def5se sp5d+1 long a major font = comput]-sci5ce rese>*1 _h dri$ up dur+ ! po/-,vietnam ye>s4 ,9 a desp]ate que/ = new funds1 laboratories & univ]sities turn$ to ! private sector4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,,ai ,lab1 w9n+ ov] private inve/ors 0 an easy sell4 ,home to "s ( ! mo/ ambiti\s comput]-sci5ce projects ( ! po/-w> era1 ! lab became a quick incubator ( te*nology4 ,inde$1 by #aihj1 mo/ ( ! lab's /aff1 includ+ _m hack]s1 7 divid+ its "t betwe5 ,in/itute & comm]cial projects4 ,:at at fir/ seem$ l a w9-w9 deal-hack]s got to "w on ! be/ projects1 giv+ ! lab fir/ look at _m ( ! newe/ comput] te*nologies com+ d[n ! pike-soon reveal$ itself z a ,fau/ian b>ga94 ,! m "t hack]s devot$ to cutt+-edge comm]cial projects1 ! less "t !y _h to devote to g5]al ma9t5ance on ! lab's b>oque s(tw>e infra/ructure4 ,soon1 companies began hir+ away hack]s outright 9 an attempt to monopolize _! "t & att5tion4 ,) few] hack]s to m9d ! %op1 programs & ma*9es took long] to fix4 ,ev5 worse1 ,/allman says1 ! lab began to und]go a demographic *ange4 ,! hack]s :o _h once =m$ a vocal m9ority )9 ! ,,ai ,lab 7 los+ memb]%ip :ile ! pr(essors & ! /ud5ts :o didn't really love ! ,,pdp-#aj 7 j z num]\s z be=e4,see ,ri*>d ,/allman 7#aihf74 ,! break+ po9t came 9 #aihb4 ,t 0 ! ye> ! lab's adm9i/ration decid$ to upgrade its ma9 comput]1 ! ,,pdp-#aj4 ,digital1 ! corporation t manufactur$ ! ,,pdp-#aj1 _h discont9u$ ! l9e4 ,al?\gh ! company /ill (f]$ a high-p[]$ ma9frame1 dubb$ ! ,,kl-#aj1 ! new ma*9e requir$ a dra/ic rewrite or port ( ,,its if hack]s want$ to cont9ue runn+ ! same op]at+ sy/em4 ,fe>ful t ! lab _h lo/ its critical mass ( 9-h\se programm+ tal5t1 ,,ai ,lab faculty memb]s press$ = ,tw5ex1 a comm]cial op]at+ sy/em develop$ by ,digital4 ,outnumb]$1 ! hack]s _h no *oice b to comply4 ,)\t hack]s to ma9ta9 ! sy/em1 faculty memb]s said1 ,we're go+ to h a disa/]2 we mu/ h comm]cial s(tw>e1' ,/allman w\ld recall a few ye>s lat]4 ,!y said1 ,we c expect ! company to ma9ta9 x4' ,x prov$ t !y 7 utt]ly wrong1 b t's :at !y did4 ,at fir/1 hack]s view$ ! ,tw5ex sy/em z yet ano!r au?orit>ian symbol begg+ to be subv]t$4 ,! sy/em's "n itself 0 a prote/4 ,(ficially dubb$ ,,tops-#bj by ,,dec1 x 0 a successor to ,,tops-#aj1 a comm]cial op]at+ sy/em ,,dec m>ket$ = ! ,,pdp-#aj4 ,bolt ,b]anek ,newman _h deveop$ an improv$ v]sion1 dubb$ ,t5ex1 :i* ,,tops-#bj drew ^u4,multiple s\rces3 see ,ri*>d ,/allman int]view1 ,g]ald ,sussman email1 & ,j>gon ,file #c4j4j4 http3_/_/www4clueless4com_/j>gon#c4j4j_/ ,,tw5ex4html ,/allman1 ! hack] :o co9$ ! ,tw5ex t]m1 says he came up ) ! "n z a way to avoid us+ ! ,,tops-#bj "n4 ,! sy/em 0 f> f tops1 s !re 0 no way ,i 0 go+ to call x t1 ,/allman recalls4 ,s ,i decid$ to ins]t a w' 9 ! ,t5ex "n & call x ,tw5ex4 ,! ma*9e t ran ! ,tw5ex_/,,tops-#bj sy/em _h its own d]isive nickname3 ,oz4 ,accord+ to "o hack] leg5d1 ! ma*9e got its nickname because x requir$ a small] ,,pdp-#aa ma*9e to p[] its t]m9al4 ,"o hack]1 ^u view+ ! ,,kl-#aj-,,pdp-#aa setup = ! fir/ "t1 lik5$ x to ! wiz>d's bomba/ic onscre5 introduction 9 ! ,wiz>d ( ,oz4 ,i am ! great & p[]ful ,oz1 ! hack] inton$4 ,pay no att5tion to ! ,,pdp-#aa beh9d t console4,see http3_/_/www4z4cmu4edu_/geek_/humor_/,se e,figure#a4txt ,if hack]s laugh$ :5 !y fir/ enc\nt]$ ! ,,kl-#aj1 _! laught] quickly di$ :5 !y enc\nt]$ ,tw5ex4 ,n only did ,tw5ex boa/ built-9 security1 b ! sy/em's s(tw>e eng9e]s _h design$ ! tools & applications ) ! security sy/em 9 m9d4 ,:at once _h be5 a cat-&-m\se game ov] passwords 9 ! case ( ! ,laboratory = ,comput] ,sci5ce's security sy/em1 n[ became an out-&-out battle ov] sy/em managem5t4 ,sy/em adm9i/rators argu$ t )\t security1 ! ,oz sy/em 0 m prone to accid5tal cra%es4 ,hack]s argu$ t cra%es c\ld be bett] prev5t$ by ov]haul+ ! s\rce code4 ,un=tunately1 ! numb] ( hack]s ) ! "t & incl9ation to p]=m ?is sort ( ov]haul _h dw9dl$ to ! po9t t ! sy/em-adm9i/rator argum5t prevail$4 ,cadg+ passwords & delib]ately cra%+ ! sy/em 9 ord] to glean evid5ce f ! result+ wreckage1 ,/allman successfully foil$ ! sy/em adm9i/rators' attempt to ass]t control4 ,aft] "o foil$ c\p d'etat1 ,/allman issu$ an al]t to ! entire ,,ai /aff4 ,!re has be5 ano!r attempt to seize p[]1 ,/allman wrote4 ,s f>1 ! ari/ocratic =ces h be5 defeat$4 ,to protect 8 id5tity1 ,/allman sign$ ! message ,radio ,free ,,oz4 ,! disguise 0 a ?9 "o at be/4 ,by #aihb1 ,/allman's av]sion to passwords & secrecy _h become s well kn[n t us]s outside ! ,,ai ,laboratory 7 us+ 8 acc\nt z a /epp+ /one to ! ,a,r,p,anet1 ! rese>*-fund$ comput] network t w\ld s]ve z a f\ndation = today's ,int]net4 ,"o su* t\ri/ dur+ ! e>ly #aihjs 0 ,don ,hopk9s1 a ,cali=nia programm] :o le>n$ ?r\gh ! hack+ grapev9e t all an outsid] ne$$ to d to ga9 access to ,,mit's vaunt$ ,,its sy/em 0 to log 9 "u ! initials ,,rms & ent] ! same ?ree-lett] monogram :5 ! sy/em reque/$ a password4 ,i'm et]nally grateful t ,,mit let me & _m o!r p use _! comput]s = free1 says ,hopk9s4 ,x meant a lot to _m p4 ,?is s-call$ t\ri/ policy1 :i* _h be5 op5ly tol]at$ by ,,mit managem5t dur+ ! ,,its ye>s1,see ,,mit ,,ai ,lab ,t\ri/ ,policy4 http3_/_/catalog4com_/hopk9s_/text_/t\ri /-policy4html fell by ! wayside :5 ,oz became ! lab's prim>y l9k to ! ,a,r,p,anet4 ,at fir/1 ,/allman cont9u$ 8 policy ( repeat+ 8 log9 ,,id z a password s outside us]s c\ld foll[ 9 8 foot/eps4 ,ov] "t1 h[ev]1 ! ,oz's fragility prompt$ adm9i/rators to b> outsid]s :o1 ?r\gh %e] accid5t or malici\s int5t1 might br+ d[n ! sy/em4 ,:5 ^? same adm9i/rators ev5tually dem&$ t ,/allman /op publi%+ 8 password1 ,/allman1 cit+ p]sonal e?ics1 refus$ to d s & ceas$ us+ ! ,oz sy/em altoge!r4#c ,:5 passwords fir/ appe>$ at ! ,,mit ,,ai ,lab ,i decid$ to foll[ my belief t !re %\ld be no passwords1 ,/allman w\ld lat] say4 ,because ,i don't believe t x's really desirable to h security on a comput]1 ,i %\ldn't be will+ to help uphold ! security regime4 ,/allman's refusal to b[ be=e ! great & p[]ful ,oz symboliz$ ! gr[+ t5sion betwe5 hack]s & ,,ai ,lab managem5t dur+ ! e>ly #aihjs4 ,?is t5sion pal$ 9 comp>ison to ! conflict t rag$ )9 ! hack] community itself4 ,by ! "t ! ,,kl-#aj arriv$1 ! hack] community _h already divid$ into two camps4 ,! fir/ c5t]$ ar\nd a s(tw>e company call$ ,symbolics1 ,inc4 ,! second c5t]$ ar\nd ,symbolics *ief rival1 ,lisp ,ma*9es1 ,inc4 7,,lmi74 ,bo? companies 7 9 a race to m>ket ! ,lisp ,ma*9e1 a device built to take full advantage ( ! ,lisp programm+ language4 ,creat$ by artificial-intellig5ce rese>* pione] ,john ,mc,carthy1 a ,,mit artificial-intellig5ce rese>*] dur+ ! late #aiejs1 ,lisp is an elegant language well-suit$ = programs *>g$ ) heavy-duty sort+ & process+4 ,! language's "n is a %ort5$ v]sion ( ,l,i,st ,process+4 ,foll[+ ,mc,carthy's dep>ture to ! ,/an=d ,artificial ,intellig5ce ,laboratory1 ,,mit hack]s ref9$ ! language into a local dialect dubb$ ,,maclisp4 ,! ,,mac /ood = ,project ,,mac1 ! ,,d>pa-fund$ rese>* project t gave bir? to ! ,,ai ,lab & ! ,laboratory = ,comput] ,sci5ce4 ,l$ by ,,ai ,lab ar*-hack] ,ri*>d ,gre5blatt1 ,,ai ,lab programm]s dur+ ! #aigjs built up an entire ,lisp-bas$ op]at+ sy/em1 dubb$ ! ,lisp ,ma*9e op]at+ sy/em4 ,by #aihj1 ! ,lisp ,ma*9e project _h g5]at$ two comm]cial sp9-(fs4 ,symbolics 0 head$ by ,russell ,n(tsk]1 a =m] ,,ai ,lab adm9i/rator1 & ,lisp ,ma*9es1 ,inc41 0 head$ by ,gre5blatt4 ,! ,lisp ,ma*9e s(tw>e 0 hack]-built1 mean+ x 0 own$ by ,,mit b available = anyone to copy z p] hack] cu/om4 ,su* a sy/em limit$ ! m>ket+ advantage ( any company hop+ to lic5se ! s(tw>e f ,,mit & m>ket x z unique4 ,to secure an advantage1 & to bol/] ! aspects ( ! op]at+ sy/em t cu/om]s might consid] attractive1 ! companies recruit$ v>i\s ,,ai ,lab hack]s & set !m work+ on v>i\s compon5ts ( ! ,lisp ,ma*9e op]at+ sy/em outside ! auspices ( ! ,,ai ,lab4 ,! mo/ aggressive 9 ?is /rategy 0 ,symbolics4 ,by ! end ( #aihj1 ! company _h hir$ #ad ,,ai ,lab /aff]s z "p-"t consultants to develop its v]sion ( ! ,lisp ,ma*9e4 ,ap>t f ,/allman1 ! re/ sign$ on to help ,,lmi4,see ,h4 ,p4 ,newqui/1 ,! ,bra9 ,mak]s3 ,g5ius1 ,ego1 & ,gre$ 9 ! ,que/ = ,ma*9es t ,?9k 7,sams ,publi%+1 #aiid73 #agb4 ,at fir/1 ,/allman accept$ bo? companies' attempt to comm]cialize ! ,lisp ma*9e1 ev5 ?\gh x meant m "w = him4 ,bo? lic5s$ ! ,lisp ,ma*9e ,,os s\rce code f ,,mit1 & x 0 ,/allman's job to update ! lab's own ,lisp ,ma*9e to keep pace ) ! late/ innovations4 ,al?\gh ,symbolics' lic5se ) ,,mit gave ,/allman ! "r to review1 b n copy1 ,symbolics' s\rce code1 ,/allman says a g5tleman's agreem5t betwe5 ,symbolics managem5t & ! ,,ai ,lab made x possible to borr[ attractive snippets 9 traditional hack] fa%ion4 ,on ,m>* #af1 #aihb1 a date ,/allman rememb]s well because x 0 8 bir?day1 ,symbolics executives decid$ to end ?is g5tlem5's agreem5t4 ,! move 0 l>gely /rategic4 ,,lmi1 ! prim>y competition 9 ! ,lisp ,ma*9e m>ketplace1 0 ess5tially us+ a copy ( ! ,,ai ,lab ,lisp ,ma*9e4 ,r ?an subsidize ! developm5t ( a m>ket rival1 ,symbolics executives elect$ to en=ce ! lett] ( ! lic5se4 ,if ! ,,ai ,lab want$ its op]at+ sy/em to /ay curr5t ) ! ,symbolics op]at+ sy/em1 ! lab w\ld h to swit* ov] to a ,symbolics ma*9e & sev] its connection to ,,lmi4 ,z ! p]son responsible = keep+ up ! lab's ,lisp ,ma*9e1 ,/allman 0 inc5s$4 ,view+ ?is ann\ncem5t z an ultimatum1 he retaliat$ by disconnect+ ,symbolics' micr[ave communications l9k to ! laboratory4 ,he !n v[$ nev] to "w on a ,symbolics ma*9e & pl$g$ 8 imm$iate allegiance to ,,lmi4 ,! way ,i saw x1 ! ,,ai ,lab 0 a neutral c\ntry1 l ,belgium 9 ,_w ,w> ,i1 ,/allman says4 ,if ,g]many invades ,belgium1 ,belgium decl>es w> on ,g]many & sides ) ,brita9 & ,france4 ,! circum/ances ( ! s-call$ ,symbolics ,w> ( #aihb-aihc dep5d heavily on ! s\rce do+ ! tell+4 ,:5 ,symbolics executives notic$ t _! late/ features 7 /ill appe>+ 9 ! ,,ai ,lab ,lisp ,ma*9e &1 by ext5sion1 ! ,,lmi ,lisp ma*9e1 !y in/all$ a spy program on ,/allman's comput] t]m9al4 ,/allman says he 0 rewrit+ ! features f scrat*1 tak+ advantage ( ! lic5se's review clause b also tak+ pa9s to make ! s\rce code z diff]5t z possible4 ,symbolics executives argu$ o!rwise & took _! case to ,,mit adm9i/ration4 ,accord+ to #aiid book1 ,! ,bra9 ,mak]s3 ,g5ius1 ,ego1 & ,gre$1 & ! ,que/ = ,ma*9es ,t ,?9k1 writt5 by ,h>vey ,newqui/1 ! adm9i/ration respond$ ) a w>n+ to ,/allman to /ay away f ! ,lisp ,ma*9e project4,ibid43 #aif4 ,accord+ to ,/allman1 ,,mit adm9i/rators back$ ,/allman up4 ,i 0 nev] ?reat5$1 he says4 ,i did make *anges 9 my practices1 ?\gh4 ,j to be ultra safe1 ,i no long] read _! s\rce code4 ,i us$ only ! docum5tation & wrote ! code f t4 ,:atev] ! outcome1 ! bick]+ solidifi$ ,/allman's resolve4 ,) no s\rce code to review1 ,/allman fill$ 9 ! s(tw>e gaps accord+ to 8 own ta/es & enli/$ memb]s ( ! ,,ai ,lab to provide a cont9u\s /ream ( bug reports4 ,he also made sure ,,lmi programm]s _h direct access to ! *anges4 ,i 0 go+ to puni% ,symbolics if x 0 ! la/ ?+ ,i did1 ,/allman says4 ,su* /atem5ts are reveal+4 ,n only d !y %$ light on ,/allman's nonpacifi/ nature1 !y also reflect ! int5se level ( emotion trigg]$ by ! conflict4 ,accord+ to ano!r ,newqui/-relat$ /ory1 ,/allman became s irate at "o po9t t he issu$ an email ?reat5+ to wrap myself 9 dynamite & walk into ,symbolics' (fices4,ibid4 ,newqui/1 :o says ?is anecdote 0 confirm$ by sev]al ,symbolics executives1 writes1 ,! message caus$ a brief flurry ( excitem5t & speculation on ! "p ( ,symbolics' employees1 b ultimately1 no "o took ,/allman's outbur/ t s]i\sly4 ,al?\gh ,/allman w\ld d5y any memory ( ! email & /ill describes its exi/5ce z a vici\s rumor1 he ackn[l$ges t su* ?\ghts did ent] 8 head4 ,i def9itely did h fantasies ( kill+ myself & de/roy+ _! build+ 9 ! process1 ,/allman says4 ,i ?\ght my life 0 ov]4 ,! level ( despair ow$ mu* to :at ,/allman view$ z ! de/ruction ( 8 home-i4e41 ! demise ( ! ,,ai ,lab's close-knit hack] subculture4 ,9 a lat] email int]view ) ,levy1 ,/allman w\ld lik5 himself to ! hi/orical figure ,i%i1 ! la/ surviv+ memb] ( ! ,yahi1 a ,pacific ,nor?we/ tribe wip$ out dur+ ! ,indian w>s ( ! #ahfjs & #ahgjs4 ,! analogy ca/s ,/allman's survival 9 epic1 almo/ my?ical1 t]ms4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 x glosses ov] ! t5sion betwe5 ,/allman & 8 fell[ ,,ai ,lab hack]s prior to ! ,symbolics-,,lmi s*ism4 ,in/ead ( see+ ,symbolics z an ext]m9at+ =ce1 _m ( ,/allman's colleagues saw x z a belat$ bid = relevance4 ,9 comm]cializ+ ! ,lisp ,ma*9e1 ! company pu%$ hack] pr9ciples ( eng9e]-driv5 s(tw>e design out ( ! ivory-t[] conf9es ( ! ,,ai ,lab & into ! corporate m>ketplace :]e manag]-driv5 design pr9ciples held sway4 ,r ?an view+ ,/allman z a hold\t1 _m hack]s saw him z a tr\bl+ ana*ronism4 ,/allman does n dispute ?is alt]nate view ( hi/orical ev5ts4 ,9 fact1 he says x 0 yet ano!r reason = ! ho/ility trigg]$ by ! ,symbolics ultimatum4 ,ev5 be=e ,symbolics hir$ away mo/ ( ! ,,ai ,lab's hack] /aff1 ,/allman says _m ( ! hack]s :o lat] jo9$ ,symbolics 7 %unn+ him4 ,i 0 no long] gett+ invit$ to g to ,*9at[n1 ,/allman recalls4 ,! cu/om />t$ by ,gre5blatt 0 t if y w5t out to d9n]1 y w5t ar\nd or s5t a message ask+ anybody at ! lab if !y also want$ to g4 ,sometime ar\nd #aihj-aiha1 ,i /opp$ gett+ ask$4 ,!y 7 n only n invit+ me1 b "o p]son lat] confess$ t he _h be5 pressur$ to lie to me to keep _! go+ away to d9n] )\t me a secret4 ,al?\gh ,/allman felt ang] t[>d ! hack]s :o or*e/rat$ ?is petty =m ( o/racism1 ! ,symbolics controv]sy dr$g$ up a new k9d ( ang]1 ! ang] ( a p]son ab\t to lose 8 home4 ,:5 ,symbolics /opp$ s5d+ ov] its s\rce-code *anges1 ,/allman respond$ by hol+ up 9 8 ,,mit (fices & rewrit+ ea* new s(tw>e feature & tool f scrat*4 ,fru/rat+ z x may h be51 x gu>ante$ t future ,lisp ,ma*9e us]s _h unfett]$ access to ! same features z ,symbolics us]s4 ,x also gu>ante$ ,/allman's leg5d>y /atus )9 ! hack] community4 ,already r5[n$ = 8 "w ) ,emacs1 ,/allman's ability to mat* ! output ( an entire team ( ,symbolics programm]s-a team t includ$ m ?an a few leg5d>y hack]s itself-/ill /&s has "o ( ! major human accompli%m5ts ( ! ,in=mation ,age1 or ( any age = t matt]4 ,dubb+ x a ma/] hack & ,/allman himself a virtual ,john ,h5ry ( comput] code1 au?or ,/ev5 ,levy notes t _m ( 8 ,symbolics-employ$ rivals _h no *oice b to pay _! ideali/ic =m] comrade grudg+ respect4 ,levy quotes ,bill ,gosp]1 a hack] :o ev5tually w5t to "w = ,symbolics 9 ! company's ,palo ,alto (fice1 express+ amazem5t ov] ,/allman's output dur+ ?is p]iod3 ,i c see some?+ ,/allman wrote1 & ,i might decide x 0 bad 7probably n1 b somebody c\ld conv9ce me x 0 bad71 & ,i w\ld /ill say1 ,b wait a m9ute-,/allman doesn't h anybody to argue ) all night ov] !re4 ,he's work+ alone6 ,x's incr$ible anyone c\ld d ?is alone6,see ,/ev5 ,levy1 ,hack]s 7,p5gu9 ,,usa pap]back1 #aihd73 #dbf4 ,= ,/allman1 ! mon?s sp5t play+ cat* up ) ,symbolics evoke a mixture ( pride & pr(\nd sadness4 ,z a dy$-9-!-wool lib]al ^: fa!r _h s]v$ 9 ,_w ,w> ,,ii1 ,/allman is no pacifi/4 ,9 _m ways1 ! ,symbolics w> (f]$ ! rite ( passage t[>d :i* ,/allman _h be5 c>e5+ ev] s9ce jo9+ ! ,,ai ,lab /aff a decade be=e4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 x co9cid$ ) ! traumatic de/ruction ( ! ,,ai ,lab hack] culture t _h nurtur$ ,/allman s9ce 8 te5age ye>s4 ,"o day1 :ile tak+ a break f writ+ code1 ,/allman exp]i5c$ a traumatic mom5t pass+ ?r\gh ! lab's equipm5t room4 ,!re1 ,/allman enc\nt]$ ! hulk+1 unus$ frame ( ! ,,pdp-#aj ma*9e4 ,/>tl$ by ! dormant lights1 lights t once actively bl9k$ out a sil5t code indicat+ ! /atus ( ! int]nal program1 ,/allman says ! emotional impact 0 n unlike com+ across a belov$ family memb]'s well-pres]v$ corpse4 ,i />t$ cry+ "r !re 9 ! equipm5t room1 he says4 ,see+ ! ma*9e !re1 dead1 ) nobody left to fix x1 x all drove home h[ completely my community _h be5 de/roy$4 ,/allman w\ld h little opportunity to m\rn4 ,! ,lisp ,ma*9e1 despite all ! furor x invok$ & all ! labor t _h gone into mak+ x1 0 m]ely a side%[ to ! l>ge battles 9 ! te*nology m>ketplace4 ,! rel5tless pace ( comput] m9iaturization 0 br++ 9 new]1 m p[]ful microprocessors t w\ld soon incorporate ! ma*9e's h>dw>e & s(tw>e capabilities l a mod]n metropolis swall[+ up an anci5t des]t village4 ,rid+ atop ?is microprocessor wave 7 hundr$s-?\s&s-( comm]cial s(tw>e programs1 ea* protect$ by a pat*work ( us] lic5ses & nondisclosure agreem5ts t made x impossible = hack]s to review or %>e s\rce code4 ,! lic5ses 7 crude & ill-fitt+1 b by #aihc !y _h become /rong en\gh to satisfy ! c\rts & sc>e away w\ld-be int]lop]s4 ,s(tw>e1 once a =m ( g>ni% mo/ h>dw>e companies gave away to make _! exp5sive comput] sy/ems m flavorful1 0 quickly becom+ ! ma9 di%4 ,9 _! increas+ hung] = new games & features1 us]s 7 putt+ aside ! traditional dem& to review ! recipe aft] e meal4 ,n[h]e 0 ?is /ate ( affairs m evid5t ?an 9 ! realm ( p]sonal comput] sy/ems4 ,companies su* z ,apple ,comput] & ,commodore 7 m9t+ fre% millionaires sell+ ma*9es ) built-9 op]at+ sy/ems4 ,unaw>e ( ! hack] culture & its di/a/e = b9>y-only s(tw>e1 _m ( ^! us]s saw little ne$ to prote/ :5 ^! companies fail$ to atta* ! accompany+ s\rce-code files4 ,a few an>*ic adh]5ts ( ! hack] e?ic help$ propel t e?ic into ?is new m>ketplace1 b = ! mo/ "p1 ! m>ketplace rew>d$ ! programm]s spe$y en\gh to write new programs & savvy en\gh to copyright !m z legally protect$ works4 ,"o ( ! mo/ notori\s ( ^! programm]s 0 ,bill ,gates1 a ,h>v>d drop\t two ye>s ,/allman's junior4 ,al?\gh ,/allman didn't "k x at ! "t1 sev5 ye>s be=e s5d+ out 8 message to ! n et4unix-wiz>ds newsgr\p1 ,gates1 a budd+ entrepr5eur & g5]al p>tn] ) ! ,albuqu]que-bas$ s(tw>e firm ,micro-,s(t1 lat] spell$ z ,micros(t1 _h s5t out 8 own op5 lett] to ! s(tw>e-develop] community4 ,writt5 9 response to ! ,,pc us]s copy+ ,micro-,s(t's s(tw>e programs1 ,gates' ,op5 ,lett] to ,hobbyi/s _h excoriat$ ! notion ( communal s(tw>e developm5t4 ,:o c af=d to d pr(essional "w = no?+8 ask$ ,gates4 ,:at hobbyi/ c put ?ree man-ye>s into programm+1 f9d+ all bugs1 docum5t+ 8 product1 & di/ribut+ x = free8,see ,bill ,gates1 ,an ,op5 ,lett] to ,hobbyi/s 7,febru>y #c1 #aigf74 ,to view an onl9e copy ( ?is lett]1 g to http3_/_/www4bl9k5lights4com_/classiccmp _/gates:9e4html4 ,al?\gh few hack]s at ! ,,ai ,lab saw ! missive1 ,gates' #aigf lett] nev]!less repres5t$ ! *ang+ attitude t[>d s(tw>e bo? among comm]cial s(tw>e companies & comm]cial s(tw>e develop]s4 ,:y treat s(tw>e z a z]o-co/ commodity :5 ! m>ket said o!rwise8 ,z ! #aigjs gave way to ! #aihjs1 sell+ s(tw>e became m ?an a way to rec\p co/s2 x became a political /atem5t4 ,at a "t :5 ! ,reagan ,adm9i/ration 0 ru%+ to dismantle _m ( ! f$]al regulations & sp5d+ programs t _h be5 built up dur+ ! half c5tury foll[+ ! ,great ,depression1 m ?an a few s(tw>e programm]s saw ! hack] e?ic z anticompetitive &1 by ext5sion1 un-,am]ican4 ,at be/1 x 0 a ?r[back to ! anticorporate attitudes ( ! late #aifjs & e>ly #aigjs4 ,l a ,wall ,/reet bank] discov]+ an old tie-dy$ %irt hid+ betwe5 ,fr5*-cuff$ %irts & d\ble-brea/$ suits1 _m comput] programm]s treat$ ! hack] e?ic z an emb>rass+ rem9d] ( an ideali/ic age4 ,= a man :o _h sp5t ! entire #aifjs z an emb>rass+ ?r[back to ! #aiejs1 ,/allman didn't m9d liv+ out ( /ep ) 8 pe]s4 ,z a programm] us$ to work+ ) ! be/ ma*9es & ! be/ s(tw>e1 h[ev]1 ,/allman fac$ :at he c\ld only describe z a />k moral *oice3 ei!r get ov] 8 e?ical objection = propriet>y s(tw>e-! t]m ,/allman & 8 fell[ hack]s us$ to describe any program t c>ri$ private copyright or end-us] lic5se t re/rict$ copy+ & modification-or d$icate 8 life to build+ an alt]nate1 nonpropriet>y sy/em ( s(tw>e programs4 ,giv5 8 rec5t mon?s-long ordeal ) ,symbolics1 ,/allman felt m com=table ) ! latt] option4 ,i suppose ,i c\ld h /opp$ work+ on comput]s altoge!r1 ,/allman says4 ,i _h no special skills1 b ,i'm sure ,i c\ld h become a wait]4 ,n at a fancy re/aurant1 probably1 b ,i c\ld've be5 a wait] some:]e4 ,be+ a wait]-i4e41 dropp+ out ( programm+ altoge!r-w\ld h meant completely giv+ up an activity1 comput] programm+1 t _h giv5 him s mu* pleasure4 ,look+ back on 8 life s9ce mov+ to ,cambridge1 ,/allman f9ds x easy to id5tify l5g?y p]iods :5 s(tw>e programm+ provid$ ! only pleasure4 ,r ?an drop out1 ,/allman decid$ to /ick x out4 ,an a!i/1 ,/allman rejects notions su* z fate1 dh>ma1 or a div9e call+ 9 life4 ,nev]!less1 he does feel t ! decision to %un propriet>y s(tw>e & build an op]at+ sy/em to help o!rs d ! same 0 a natural "o4 ,aft] all1 x 0 ,/allman's own p]sonal comb9ation ( /ubbornness1 =esight1 & cod+ virtuosity t l$ him to consid] a =k 9 ! road mo/ o!rs didn't "k exi/$4 ,9 describ+ ! decision 9 a *apt] = ! #aiii book1 ,op5 ,s\rces1 ,/allman cites ! _s encapsulat$ 9 ! words ( ! ,jewi% sage ,hillel3 ,if ,i am n = myself1 :o w be = me8,if ,i am only = myself1 :at am ,i8,if n n[1 :58,see ,ri*>d ,/allman1 ,op5 ,s\rces 7,o',reilly ,associates1 ,inc41 #aiii73 #ef4 ,/allman adds 8 own footnote to ?is /atem5t1 writ+1 ,z an a!i/1 ,i don't foll[ any religi\s lead]s1 b ,i sometimes f9d ,i admire some?+ "o ( !m has said4 ,speak+ to audi5ces1 ,/allman avoids ! religi\s r\te & expresses ! decision 9 pragmatic t]ms4 ,i ask$ myself3 :at c\ld ,i1 an op]at+-sy/em develop]1 d to improve ! situation8 ,x wasn't until ,i exam9$ ! "q = a :ile t ,i realiz$ an op]at+-sy/em develop] 0 exactly :at 0 ne$$ to solve ! problem4 ,once he rea*$ t decision1 ,/allman says1 ev]y?+ else fell into place4 ,he w\ld ab/a9 f us+ s(tw>e programs t =c$ him to compromise 8 e?ical beliefs1 :ile at ! same "t devot+ 8 life to ! creation ( s(tw>e t w\ld make x easi] = o!rs to foll[ ! same pa?4 ,pl$g+ to build a free s(tw>e op]at+ sy/em or die try+-( old age1 ( c\rse1 ,/allman quips1 he resign$ f ! ,,mit /aff 9 ,janu>y1 #aihd1 to build ,,gnu4 ,! resignation di/anc$ ,/allman's "w f ! legal auspices ( ,,mit4 ,/ill1 ,/allman _h en\gh fri5ds & allies )9 ! ,,ai ,lab to reta9 r5t-free access to 8 ,,mit (fice4 ,he also _h ! ability to secure outside consult+ gigs to und]write ! e>ly /ages ( ! ,,gnu ,project4 ,9 resign+ f ,,mit1 h[ev]1 ,/allman negat$ any debate ab\t conflict ( int]e/ or ,in/itute own]%ip ( ! s(tw>e4 ,! man ^: e>ly adul?ood fe> ( social isolation _h driv5 him deep] & deep] into ! ,,ai ,lab's embrace 0 n[ build+ a legal firewall betwe5 himself & t environm5t4 ,= ! fir/ few mon?s1 ,/allman op]at$ 9 isolation f ! ,unix community z well4 ,al?\gh 8 ann\ncem5t to ! net4unix-wiz>ds gr\p _h attract$ sympa!tic responses1 few volunte]s sign$ on to jo9 ! crusade 9 its e>ly /ages4 ,! community reaction 0 pretty mu* uni=m1 recalls ,ri* ,mor91 lead] ( a ,unix us] gr\p at ! "t4 ,p said1 ,oh1 t's a great idea4 ,%[ u y\r code4 ,%[ u x c be done4' ,9 true hack] fa%ion1 ,/allman began look+ = exi/+ programs & tools t c\ld be conv]t$ into ,,gnu programs & tools4 ,"o ( ! fir/ 0 a compil] nam$ ,,vuck1 :i* conv]t$ programs writt5 9 ! popul> ,c programm+ language into ma*9e-readable code4 ,translat$ f ! ,dut*1 ! program's acronym /ood = ! ,free ,univ]sity ,compil] ,kit4 ,optimi/ic1 ,/allman ask$ ! program's au?or if ! program 0 free4 ,:5 ! au?or in=m$ him t ! words ,free ,univ]sity 7 a ref]5ce to ! ,vrije ,univ]siteit 9 ,am/]dam1 ,/allman 0 *agr9$4 ,he respond$ d]isively1 /at+ t ! univ]sity 0 free b ! compil] 0 n1 recalls ,/allman4 ,i !re=e decid$ t my fir/ program = ! ,,gnu ,project w\ld be a multi-language1 multi-plat=m compil]4 ,ev5tually ,/allman f\nd a ,pa/el language compil] writt5 by programm]s at ,lawr5ce ,liv]more ,national ,lab4 ,accord+ to ,/allman's k at ! "t1 ! compil] 0 free to copy & modify4 ,un=tunately1 ! program possess$ a sizable design flaw3 x sav$ ea* program into core memory1 ty+ up preci\s space = o!r s(tw>e activities4 ,on ma9frame sy/ems ?is design flaw _h be5 =givable4 ,on ,unix sy/ems x 0 a crippl+ b>ri]1 s9ce ! ma*9es t ran ,unix 7 too small to h&le ! l>ge files g5]at$4 ,/allman made sub/antial progress at fir/1 build+ a ,c-compatible front5d to ! compil]4 ,by summ]1 h[ev]1 he _h come to ! conclusion t he w\ld h to build a totally new compil] f scrat*4 ,9 ,septemb] ( #aihd1 ,/allman %elv$ compil] developm5t = ! ne> t]m & began se>*+ = l[]-ly+ fruit4 ,he began developm5t ( a ,,gnu v]sion ( ,emacs1 ! program he himself _h be5 sup]vis+ = a decade4 ,! decision 0 /rategic4 ,)9 ! ,unix community1 ! two native editor programs 7 vi1 writt5 by ,sun ,microsy/ems c(\nd] ,bill ,joy1 & ed1 writt5 by ,bell ,labs sci5ti/ 7& ,unix cocreator7 ,k5 ,?ompson4 ,bo? 7 useful & popul>1 b nei!r (f]$ ! endlessly exp&able nature ( ,emacs4 ,9 rewrit+ ,emacs = ! ,unix audi5ce1 ,/allman /ood a bett] *ance ( %[+ (f 8 skills4 ,x also /ood to reason t ,emacs us]s might be m attun$ to ! ,/allman m5tality4 ,look+ back1 ,/allman says he didn't view ! decision 9 /rategic t]ms4 ,i want$ an ,emacs1 & ,i _h a good opportunity to develop "o4 ,once aga91 ! notion ( re9v5t+ ! :eel grat$ on ,/allman's effici5t hack] s5sibilities4 ,9 writ+ a ,unix v]sion ( ,emacs1 ,/allman 0 soon foll[+ ! foot/eps ( ,c>negie ,mellon graduate /ud5t ,james ,gosl+1 au?or ( a ,c-bas$ v]sion dubb$ ,gosl+ ,emacs or ,,gosmacs4 ,gosl+'s v]sion ( ,emacs includ$ an int]pret] t exploit$ a simplifi$ (f%oot ( ! ,lisp language call$ ,,mocklisp4 ,det]m9$ to build ,,gnu ,emacs on a simil> ,lisp f\ndation1 ,/allman borr[$ copi\sly f ,gosl+'s innovations4 ,al?\gh ,gosl+ _h put ,,gosmacs "u copyright & _h sold ! rights to ,uni,press1 a privately held s(tw>e company1 ,/allman cit$ ! assurances ( a fell[ develop] :o _h p>ticipat$ 9 ! e>ly ,,mocklisp int]pret]4 ,accord+ to ! develop]1 ,gosl+1 :ile a ,ph4,d4 /ud5t at ,c>negie ,mellon1 _h assur$ e>ly collaborators t _! "w w\ld rema9 accessible4 ,:5 ,uni,press caught w9d ( ,/allman's project1 h[ev]1 ! company ?reat5$ to en=ce ! copyright4 ,once aga91 ,/allman fac$ ! prospect ( build+ f ! gr\nd up4 ,9 ! c\rse ( rev]se-eng9e]+ ,gosl+'s int]pret]1 ,/allman w\ld create a fully functional ,lisp int]pret]1 r5d]+ ! ne$ = ,gosl+'s orig9al int]pret] moot4 ,nev]!less1 ! notion ( develop]s sell+ (f s(tw>e rights-inde$1 ! v notion ( develop]s hav+ s(tw>e rights to sell 9 ! fir/ place-rankl$ ,/allman4 ,9 a #aihf spee* at ! ,sw$i% ,royal ,te*nical ,in/itute1 ,/allman cit$ ! ,uni,press incid5t z yet ano!r example ( ! dang]s associat$ ) propriet>y s(tw>e4 ,sometimes ,i ?9k t p]haps "o ( ! be/ ?+s ,i c\ld d ) my life is f9d a gigantic pile ( propriet>y s(tw>e t 0 a trade secret1 & />t h&+ out copies on a /reet corn] s x w\ldn't be a trade secret any m1 said ,/allman4 ,p]haps t w\ld be a mu* m effici5t way = me to give p new free s(tw>e ?an actually writ+ x myself2 b ev]yone is too c[>dly to ev5 take x4 ,despite ! /ress x g5]at$1 ! dispute ov] ,gosl+'s innovations w\ld assi/ bo? ,/allman & ! free s(tw>e movem5t 9 ! long t]m4 ,x w\ld =ce ,/allman to address ! weaknesses ( ! ,emacs ,commune & ! in=mal tru/ sy/em t _h all[$ problematic (f%oots to em]ge4 ,x w\ld also =ce ,/allman to %>p5 ! free s(tw>e movem5t's political objectives4 ,foll[+ ! release ( ,,gnu ,emacs 9 #aihe1 ,/allman issu$ ,! ,,gnu ,manife/o1 an expansion ( ! orig9al ann\ncem5t po/$ 9 ,septemb]1 #aihc4 ,/allman includ$ )9 ! docum5t a l5g?y section devot$ to ! _m argum5ts us$ by comm]cial & academic programm]s to ju/ify ! prolif]ation ( propriet>y s(tw>e programs4 ,"o argum5t1 ,don't programm]s des]ve a rew>d = _! creativity1 e>n$ a response encapsulat+ ,/allman's ang] ov] ! rec5t ,gosl+ ,emacs episode3 ,if any?+ des]ves a rew>d1 x is social contribution1 ,/allman wrote4 ,creativity c be a social contribution1 b only 9 s f> sic z society is free to use ! results4 ,if programm]s des]ve to be rew>d$ = creat+ innovative programs1 by ! same tok5 !y des]ve to be puni%$ if !y re/rict ! use ( ^! programs4,see ,ri*>d ,/allman1 ,! ,,gnu ,manife/o 7#aihe74 http3_/_/www4gnu4org_/manife/o4html ,) ! release ( ,,gnu ,emacs1 ! ,,gnu ,project f9ally _h code to %[4 ,x also _h ! burd5s ( any s(tw>e-bas$ ent]prise4 ,z m & m ,unix develop]s began play+ ) ! s(tw>e1 money1 gifts1 & reque/s = tapes began to p\r 94 ,to address ! bus9ess side ( ! ,,gnu ,project1 ,/allman draft$ a few ( 8 colleagues & =m$ ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation 7,,fsf71 a nonpr(it organization d$icat$ to spe$+ ! ,,gnu ,project t[>ds its goal4 ,) ,/allman z presid5t & v>i\s hack] allies z bo>d memb]s1 ! ,,fsf help$ provide a corporate face = ! ,,gnu ,project4 ,rob]t ,*assell1 a programm] !n work+ at ,lisp ,ma*9es1 ,inc41 became "o ( five *>t] bo>d memb]s at ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation foll[+ a d9n] conv]sation ) ,/allman4 ,*assell also s]v$ z ! organization's treasur]1 a role t />t$ small b quickly grew4 ,i ?9k 9 '#he our total exp5ses & rev5ue 7 some?+ 9 ! ord] ( #bc1jjj1 give or take1 ,*assell recalls4 ,ri*>d _h 8 (fice1 & we borr[$ space4 ,i put all ! /uff1 especially ! tapes1 "u my desk4 ,x wasn't until sometime lat] ,,lmi loan$ u "s space :]e we c\ld /ore tapes & ?+s ( t sort4 ,9 addition to provid+ a face1 ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation provid$ a c5t] ( gravity = o!r dis5*ant$ programm]s4 ,! ,unix m>ket t _h seem$ s collegial ev5 at ! "t ( ,/allman's initial ,,gnu ann\ncem5t 0 becom+ increas+ly competitive4 ,9 an attempt to tight5 _! hold on cu/om]s1 companies 7 />t+ to close (f access to ,unix s\rce code1 a tr5d t only spe$$ ! numb] ( inquiries into ongo+ ,,gnu s(tw>e projects4 ,! ,unix wiz>ds :o once reg>d$ ,/allman z a noisy kook 7 n[ beg9n+ to see him z a s(tw>e ,cass&ra4 ,a lot ( p don't realize1 until !y've _h x happ5 to !m1 h[ fru/rat+ x c be to sp5d a few ye>s work+ on a s(tw>e program only to h x tak5 away1 says ,*assell1 summ>iz+ ! feel+s & op9ions ( ! correspond5ts writ+ 9 to ! ,,fsf dur+ ! e>ly ye>s4 ,aft] t happ5s a c\ple ( times1 y />t to say to y\rself1 ,hey1 wait a m9ute4' ,= ,*assell1 ! decision to p>ticipate 9 ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation came d[n to 8 own p]sonal feel+s ( loss4 ,prior to ,,lmi1 ,*assell _h be5 work+ = hire1 writ+ an introductory book on ,unix = ,cadmus1 ,inc41 a ,cambridge-area s(tw>e company4 ,:5 ,cadmus fold$1 tak+ ! rights to ! book d[n ) x1 ,*assell says he attempt$ to buy ! rights back ) no success4 ,z f> z ,i "k1 t book is /ill sitt+ on %elf some:]e1 unusable1 uncopyable1 j tak5 out ( ! sy/em1 ,*assell says4 ,x 0 q a good introduction if ,i may say s myself4 ,x w\ld h tak5 maybe ?ree or f\r mon?s to conv]t ! book into a p]fectly usable introduction to ,,gnu_/,l9ux today4 ,! :ole exp]i5ce1 aside f :at ,i h 9 my memory1 0 lo/4 ,=c$ to wat* 8 "w s9k into ! mire :ile 8 er/:ile employ] /ruggl$ ?r\gh bankruptcy1 ,*assell says he felt a h9t ( ! ang] t drove ,/allman to fits ( apoplexy4 ,! ma9 cl>ity1 = me1 0 ! s5se t if y want to h a dec5t life1 y don't want to h bits ( x clos$ (f1 ,*assell says4 ,?is :ole idea ( hav+ ! fre$om to g 9 & to fix some?+ & modify x1 :atev] x may be1 x really makes a diff]5ce4 ,x makes "o ?9k happily t aft] y've liv$ a few ye>s t :at y've done is wor?:ile4 ,because o!rwise x j gets tak5 away & ?r[n out or ab&on$ or1 at ! v lea/1 y no long] h any relation to x4 ,x's l los+ a bit ( y\r life4 ,/4 ,ignucius ,! ,maui ,high ,p]=mance ,comput+ ,c5t] is locat$ 9 a s+le-/ory build+ 9 ! du/y r$ hills j above ! t[n ( ,kihei4 ,fram$ by million-doll> views & ! multimillion doll> real e/ate ( ! ,silv]sword ,golf ,c\rse1 ! c5t] seems l ! ultimate sci5tific boondoggle4 ,f> f ! boxy1 /]ile conf9es ( ,te* ,squ>e or ev5 ! sprawl+ rese>* metropolises ( ,argonne1 ,ill9ois & ,los ,alamos1 ,new ,mexico1 ! ,,mhpcc seems l ! k9d ( place :]e sci5ti/s sp5d m "t on _! tans ?an _! po/-doctoral rese>* projects4 ,! image is only half true4 ,al?\gh rese>*]s at ! ,,mhpcc d take advantage ( ! local recreational opportunities1 !y also take _! "w s]i\sly4 ,accord+ to ,top#ejj4org1 a web site t tracks ! mo/ p[]ful sup]comput]s 9 ! _w1 ! ,,ibm ,,sp ,p[]#c sup]comput] h\s$ )9 ! ,,mhpcc clocks 9 at #hcg billion float+-po9t op]ations p] second1 mak+ x "o ( #be mo/ p[]ful comput]s 9 ! _w4 ,co-own$ & op]at$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,hawaii & ! ,u4,s4 ,air ,=ce1 ! ma*9e divides its comput] cycles betwe5 ! numb] crun*+ tasks associat$ ) milit>y logi/ics & high-temp]ature physics rese>*4 ,simply put1 ! ,,mhpcc is a unique place1 a place :]e ! bra9y culture ( sci5ce & eng9e]+ & ! laid-back culture ( ! ,hawaiian isl&s coexi/ 9 peaceful equilibrium4 ,a slogan on ! lab's #bjjj web site sums x up3 ,comput+ 9 p>adise4 ,x's n exactly ! k9d ( place y'd expect to f9d ,ri*>d ,/allman1 a man :o1 :5 tak+ 9 ! beautiful view ( ! ne>by ,maui ,*annel ?r\gh ! picture w9d[s ( a /aff]'s (fice1 mutt]s a t]se critique3 ,too mu* sun4 ,/ill1 z an emiss>y f "o comput+ p>adise to ano!r1 ,/allman has a message to deliv]1 ev5 if x means subject+ 8 pale hack] sk9 to ! haz>ds ( tropical exposure4 ,! conf]5ce room is already full by ! "t ,i arrive to cat* ,/allman's spee*4 ,! g5d] breakd[n is a little bett] ?an at ! ,new ,york spee*1 #he male1 #ae female1 b n by mu*4 ,ab\t half ( ! audi5ce memb]s we> khaki pants & logo-encru/$ golf %irts4 ,! o!r half seems to h gone native4 ,dress$ 9 ! gaudy fl[]-pr9t %irts s popul> 9 ?is corn] ( ! _w1 _! faces are a deep %ade ( o*re4 ,! only residual indication ( geek /atus are ! gadgets3 ,nokia cell phones1 ,palm ,pilots1 & ,sony ,,vaio laptops4 ,ne$less to say1 ,/allman1 :o /&s 9 front ( ! room dress$ 9 pla9 blue ,t-%irt1 br[n polye/] slacks1 & :ite socks1 /icks out l a sore ?umb4 ,! fluoresc5t lights ( ! conf]5ce room help br+ out ! unheal?y color ( 8 sun-/>v$ sk94 ,8 be>d & hair are en\gh to trigg] beads ( sweat on ev5 ! coole/ ,hawaiian neck4 ,%ort ( hav+ ! words ma9l&] tattoo$ on 8 =ehead1 ,/allman c\ldn't look m ali5 if he tri$4 ,z ,/allman putt]s ar\nd ! front ( ! room1 a few audi5ce memb]s we>+ ,t-%irts ) ! logo ( ! ,maui ,free,b,s,d ,us]s ,gr\p 7,,mfug7 race to set up cam]a & audio equipm5t4 ,free,b,s,d1 a free s(tw>e (f%oot ( ! ,b]keley ,s(tw>e ,di/ribution1 ! v5]able #aigjs academic v]sion ( ,unix1 is te*nically a competitor to ! ,,gnu_/,l9ux op]at+ sy/em4 ,/ill1 9 ! hack+ _w1 ,/allman spee*es are docum5t$ ) a f]vor rem9isc5t ( ! ,grateful ,dead & its leg5d>y army ( amateur ar*ivi/s4 ,z ! local free s(tw>e heads1 x's up to ! ,,mfug memb]s to make sure fell[ programm]s 9 ,hamburg1 ,mumbai1 & ,novosibirsk don't miss out on ! late/ pe>ls ( ,,rms wisdom4 ,! analogy to ! ,grateful ,dead is apt4 ,(t51 :5 describ+ ! bus9ess opportunities inh]5t )9 ! free s(tw>e model1 ,/allman has held up ! ,grateful ,dead z an example4 ,9 refus+ to re/rict fans' ability to record live conc]ts1 ! ,grateful ,dead became m ?an a rock gr\p4 ,!y became ! c5t] ( a tribal community d$icat$ to ,grateful ,dead music4 ,ov] "t1 t tribal community became s l>ge & s devot$ t ! b& %unn$ record contracts & support$ itself solely ?r\gh musical t\rs & live appe>ances4 ,9 #aiid1 ! b&'s la/ ye> z a t\r+ act1 ! ,grateful ,dead drew #eb million 9 gate receipts alone4,see ,grateful ,dead ,"t ,capsule3 #aihe-aiie ,nor? ,am]ican ,t\r ,grosses4 http3_/_/www4accessplace4com_/gdtc_/#aai g4;htm ,:ile few s(tw>e companies h be5 able to mat* t success1 ! tribal aspect ( ! free s(tw>e community is "o reason _m 9 ! latt] half ( ! #aiijs />t$ to accept ! notion t publi%+ s(tw>e s\rce code might be a good ?+4 ,hop+ to build _! own loyal foll[+s1 companies su* z ,,ibm1 ,sun ,microsy/ems1 & ,hewlett ,pack>d h come to accept ! lett]1 if n ! _s1 ( ! ,/allman free s(tw>e message4 ,describ+ ! ,,gpl z ! in=mation-te*nology indu/ry's ,magna ,c>ta1 ,z,d,net s(tw>e columni/ ,evan ,leibovit* sees ! gr[+ affection = all ?+s ,,gnu z m ?an j a tr5d4 ,?is societal %ift is lett+ us]s take back control ( _! futures1 ,leibovit* writes4 ,j z ! ,magna ,c>ta gave rights to ,briti% subjects1 ! ,,gpl en=ces consum] rights & fre$oms on behalf ( ! us]s ( comput] s(tw>e4,see ,evan ,leibovit*1 ,:o's ,afraid ( ,big ,bad ,wolves1 ,z,d,net ,te* ,update 7,decemb] #ae1 #bjjj74 http3_/_/te*update4zdnet4com_/te*update_ //ories_/ma9_/#j,y_/,a ,! tribal aspect ( ! free s(tw>e community also helps expla9 :y #dj-odd programm]s1 :o might o!rwise be work+ on physics projects or surf+ ! ,web = w9dsurf+ buoy reports1 h pack$ into a conf]5ce room to he> ,/allman speak4 ,unlike ! ,new ,york spee*1 ,/allman gets no introduction4 ,he also (f]s no self-introduction4 ,:5 ! ,free,b,s,d p f9ally get _! equipm5t up & runn+1 ,/allman simply /eps =w>d1 />ts speak+1 & /eamrolls ov] e o!r voice 9 ! room4 ,mo/ ( ! "t :5 p consid] ! "q ( :at rules society %\ld h = us+ s(tw>e1 ! p consid]+ x are f s(tw>e companies1 & !y consid] ! "q f a self-s]v+ p]spective1 says ,/allman1 op5+ 8 spee*4 ,:at rules c we impose on ev]ybody else s !y h to pay u lots ( money8 ,i _h ! good =tune 9 ! #aigjs to be "p ( a community ( programm]s :o %>$ s(tw>e4 ,& because ( ?is ,i always l to look at ! same issue f a diff]5t direction to ask3 :at k9d ( rules make possible a good society t is good = ! p :o are 9 x8 ,& !re=e ,i rea* completely diff]5t answ]s4 ,once aga91 ,/allman quickly segues into ! p>able ( ! ,x]ox las] pr9t]1 tak+ a mom5t to deliv] ! same dramatic f+]-po9t+ ge/ures to ! cr[d4 ,he also devotes a m9ute or two to ! ,,gnu_/,l9ux "n4 ,"s p say to me1 ,:y make su* a fuss ab\t gett+ cr$it = ?is sy/em8 ,aft] all1 ! important ?+ is ! job is done1 n :e!r y get recognition = x4' ,well1 ?is w\ld be wise advice if x 7 true4 ,b ! job wasn't to build an op]at+ sy/em2 ! job is to spread fre$om to ! us]s ( comput]s4 ,& to d t we h to make x possible to d ev]y?+ ) comput]s 9 fre$om4,= n>rative purposes1 ,i h hesitat$ to g 9-dep? :5 describ+ ,/allman's full def9ition ( s(tw>e fre$om4 ,! ,,gnu ,project web site li/s f\r fundam5tal compon5ts3 ,! fre$om to run a program1 = any purpose 7fre$om #j74 ,! fre$om to /udy h[ a program works1 & adapt x to y\r ne$s 7fre$om #a74 ,! fre$om to r$i/ribute copies ( a program s y c help y\r neighbor 7fre$om #b74 ,! fre$om to improve ! program1 & release y\r improvem5ts to ! public1 s t ! :ole community b5efits 7fre$om #c74 ,= m in=mation1 please visit ,! ,free ,s(tw>e ,def9ition at http3_/_/www4gnu4org_/philosophy_/free-s w4html4 ,adds ,/allman1 ,!re's a lot m "w to d4 ,= "s 9 ! audi5ce1 ?is is old mat]ial4 ,= o!rs1 x's a little arcane4 ,:5 a memb] ( ! golf-%irt cont+5t />ts doz+ (f1 ,/allman /ops ! spee* & asks somebody to wake ! p]son up4 ,somebody once said my voice 0 s soo?+1 he ask$ if ,i 0 "s k9d ( heal]1 says ,/allman1 draw+ a quick laugh f ! cr[d4 ,i guess t probably means ,i c help y drift g5tly into a blissful1 relax+ sleep4 ,& "s ( y might ne$ t4 ,i guess ,i %\ldn't object if y d4 ,if y ne$ to sleep1 by all means d4 ,! spee* ends ) a brief discussion ( s(tw>e pat5ts1 a gr[+ issue ( conc]n bo? )9 ! s(tw>e indu/ry & )9 ! free s(tw>e community4 ,l ,nap/]1 s(tw>e pat5ts reflect ! awkw>d nature ( apply+ laws & concepts writt5 = ! physical _w to ! frictionless univ]se ( in=mation te*nology4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 protect+ a program "u copyright & protect+ a program "u s(tw>e pat5ts is subtle b significant4 ,9 ! case ( copyright1 a s(tw>e creator c re/rict duplication ( ! s\rce code b n duplication ( ! idea or functionality t ! s\rce code addresses4 ,9 o!r words1 if a develop] *ooses n to use a s(tw>e program "u ! orig9al develop]'s t]ms1 t second develop] is /ill free to rev]se-eng9e] ! program-i4e41 duplicate ! s(tw>e program's functionality by rewrit+ ! s\rce code f scrat*4 ,su* duplication ( ideas is common )9 ! comm]cial s(tw>e indu/ry1 :]e companies (t5 isolate rev]se-eng9e]+ teams to head (f accusations ( corporate espionage or develop] hanky-panky4 ,9 ! j>gon ( mod]n s(tw>e developm5t1 companies ref] to ?is te*nique z clean room eng9e]+4 ,s(tw>e pat5ts "w diff]5tly4 ,accord+ to ! ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice1 companies & individuals may secure pat5ts = innovative algori?ms provid$ !y submit _! claims to a public review4 ,9 !ory1 ?is all[s ! pat5t-hold] to trade (f disclosure ( _! inv5tion = a limit$ monopoly ( a m9imum ( #bj ye>s aft] ! pat5t fil+4 ,9 practice1 ! disclosure is ( limit$ value1 s9ce ! op]ation ( ! program is (t5 self-evid5t4 ,unlike copyright1 a pat5t gives its hold] ! ability to head (f ! indep5d5t developm5t ( s(tw>e programs ) ! same or simil> functionality4 ,9 ! s(tw>e indu/ry1 :]e #bj ye>s c cov] ! entire life cycle ( a m>ketplace1 pat5ts take on a /rategic weight4 ,:]e companies su* z ,micros(t & ,apple once battl$ ov] copyright & ! look & feel ( v>i\s te*nologies1 today's ,int]net companies use pat5ts z a way to /ake out individual applications & bus9ess models1 ! mo/ notori\s example be+ ,amazon4com's #bjjj attempt to pat5t ! company's "o-click onl9e %opp+ process4 ,= mo/ companies1 h[ev]1 s(tw>e pat5ts h become a def5sive tool1 ) cross-lic5s+ deals balanc+ "o set ( corporate pat5ts aga9/ ano!r 9 a t5se =m ( corporate det5te4 ,/ill1 9 a few notable cases ( comput] encryption & graphic imag+ algori?ms1 s(tw>e v5dors h successfully /ifl$ rival te*nologies4 ,= ,/allman1 ! s(tw>e-pat5t issue dramatizes ! ne$ = et]nal hack] vigilance4 ,x also und]l9es ! importance ( /ress+ ! political b5efits ( free s(tw>e programs ov] ! competitive b5efits4 ,po9t+ to s(tw>e pat5ts' ability to create %elt]$ regions 9 ! m>ketplace1 ,/allman says competitive p]=mance & price1 two areas :]e free s(tw>e op]at+ sy/ems su* z ,,gnu_/,l9ux & ,free,b,s,d already hold a di/9ct advantage ov] _! propriet>y c\nt]p>ts1 are r$ h]r+s comp>$ to ! l>ge issues ( us] & develop] fre$om4 ,x's n because we don't h ! tal5t to make bett] s(tw>e1 says ,/allman4 ,x's because we don't h ! "r4 ,somebody has prohibit$ u f s]v+ ! public4 ,s :at's go+ to happ5 :5 us]s enc\nt] ^! gaps 9 free s(tw>e8 ,well1 if !y h be5 p]suad$ by ! op5 s\rce movem5t t ^! fre$oms are good because !y lead to m-p[]ful reliable s(tw>e1 !y're likely to say1 ,y didn't deliv] :at y promis$4 ,?is s(tw>e's n m p[]ful4 ,x's miss+ ?is feature4 ,y li$ to me4' ,b if !y h come to agree ) ! free s(tw>e movem5t1 t ! fre$om is important 9 itself1 !n !y w say1 ,h[ d>e ^? p /op me f hav+ ?is feature & my fre$om too4' ,& ) t k9d ( response1 we may survive ! hits t we're go+ to take z ^! pat5ts explode4 ,su* comm5ts involve a hefty dose ( sp91 ( c\rse4 ,mo/ op5 s\rce advocates are equally1 if n m1 vocif]\s z ,/allman :5 x comes to oppos+ s(tw>e pat5ts4 ,/ill1 ! und]ly+ logic ( ,/allman's argum5t-t op5 s\rce advocates emphasize ! utilit>ian advantages ( free s(tw>e ov] ! political advantages-rema9s unconte/$4 ,r ?an /ress ! political significance ( free s(tw>e programs1 op5 s\rce advocates h *os5 to /ress ! eng9e]+ integrity ( ! hack] developm5t model4 ,cit+ ! p[] ( pe] review1 ! op5 s\rce argum5t pa9ts programs su* z ,,gnu_/,l9ux or ,free,b,s,d z bett] built1 bett] inspect$ &1 by ext5sion1 m tru%wor?y to ! av]age us]4 ,t's n to say ! t]m op5 s\rce doesn't h its political implications4 ,= op5 s\rce advocates1 ! t]m op5 s\rce s]ves two purposes4 ,fir/1 x elim9ates ! confusion associat$ ) ! ^w free1 a ^w _m bus9esses int]pret z mean+ z]o co/4 ,second1 x all[s companies to exam9e ! free s(tw>e ph5om5on on a te*nological1 r ?an e?ical1 basis4 ,eric ,raymond1 c(\nd] ( ! ,op5 ,s\rce ,initiative & "o ( ! lead+ hack]s to endorse ! t]m1 effectively summ$ up ! fru/ration ( foll[+ ,/allman d[n ! political pa? 9 a #aiii essay1 titl$ ,%ut ,up & ,%[ ,!m ! ,code3 ,,rms's rhetoric is v s$uctive to ! k9d ( p we are4 ,we hack]s are ?9k]s & ideali/s :o readily resonate ) appeals to pr9ciple & fre$om & rights4 ,ev5 :5 we disagree ) bits ( 8 program1 we want ,,rms's rhetorical /yle to "w2 we ?9k x ought to "w2 we t5d to be puzzl$ & disbeliev+ :5 x fails on ! #ie ( p :o ar5't wir$ l we are4#d ,includ$ among t #ie1 ,raymond writes1 are ! bulk ( bus9ess manag]s1 inve/ors1 & nonhack] comput] us]s :o1 ?r\gh %e] weight ( numb]s1 t5d to decide ! ov]all direction ( ! comm]cial s(tw>e m>ketplace4 ,)\t a way to w9 ^! p ov]1 ,raymond argues1 programm]s are doom$ to pursue _! ideology on ! p]iph]y ( society3 ,:5 ,,rms insi/s t we talk ab\t comput] us]s' rights1 he's issu+ a dang]\sly attractive invitation to u to repeat old failures4 ,x's "o we %\ld reject-n because 8 pr9ciples are wrong1 b because t k9d ( language1 appli$ to s(tw>e1 simply does n p]suade anybody b u4 ,9 fact1 x confuses & repels mo/ p outside our culture4#d ,wat*+ ,/allman deliv] 8 political message 9 p]son1 x is h>d to see any?+ confus+ or repell5t4 ,/allman's appe>ance may seem (f-putt+1 b 8 message is logical4 ,:5 an audi5ce memb] asks if1 9 %unn+ propriet>y s(tw>e1 free s(tw>e propon5ts lose ! ability to keep up ) ! late/ te*nological advancem5ts1 ,/allman answ]s ! "q 9 t]ms ( 8 own p]sonal beliefs4 ,i ?9k t fre$om is m important ?an m]e te*nical advance1 he says4 ,i w\ld always *oose a less advanc$ free program r ?an a m advanc$ nonfree program1 because ,i won't give up my fre$om = some?+ l t4 ,my rule is1 if ,i c't %>e x ) y1 ,i won't take x4 ,su* answ]s1 h[ev]1 re9=ce ! quasi-religi\s nature ( ! ,/allman message4 ,l a ,jew keep+ ko%] or a ,mormon refus+ to dr9k alcohol1 ,/allman pa9ts 8 decision to use free s(tw>e 9 ! place ( propriet>y 9 ! color ( tradition & p]sonal belief4 ,z s(tw>e evangeli/s g1 ,/allman avoids =c+ ^? beliefs d[n li/5]s' ?roats4 ,!n aga91 a li/5] r>ely leaves a ,/allman spee* n kn[+ :]e ! true pa? to s(tw>e righte\sness lies4 ,z if to drive home ?is message1 ,/allman punctuates 8 spee* ) an unusual ritual4 ,pull+ a black robe out ( a pla/ic groc]y bag1 ,/allman puts x on4 ,out ( a second bag1 he pulls a reflective yell[ comput] disk & places x on 8 head4 ,! cr[d lets out a />tl$ laugh4 ,i am ,/4 ,ignucius ( ! ,*ur* ( ,emacs1 says ,/allman1 rais+ 8 "r h& 9 mock-bless+4 ,i bless y\r comput]1 my *ild4 ,graphic file3books_/free#jhja4png ,/allman dress$ z ,/4 ,ignucius4 ,photo by ,w\t] van ,oortm]ss54 ,! laught] turns into full-bl[n applause aft] a few seconds4 ,z audi5ce memb]s clap1 ! comput] disk on ,/allman's head cat*es ! gl>e ( an ov]head light1 elicit+ a p]fect halo effect4 ,9 ! bl9k ( an eye1 ,/allman goes f awkw>d haole to ,russian religi\s icon4 ,emacs 0 initially a text editor1 says ,/allman1 expla9+ ! getup4 ,ev5tually x became a way ( life = _m & a religion = "s4 ,we call ?is religion ! ,*ur* ( ,emacs4 ,! skit is a ligh!>t$ mom5t ( self-p>doy1 a humor\s return-jab at ! _m p :o might see ,/allman's =m ( s(tw>e asceticism z religi\s fanaticism 9 disguise4 ,x is also ! s\nd ( ! o!r %oe dropp+-l\dly4 ,x's z if1 9 donn+ 8 robe & halo1 ,/allman is f9ally lett+ li/5]s ( ! hook1 say+1 ,x's ,,ok to laugh4 ,i "k ,i'm weird4 ,discuss+ ! ,/4 ,ignucius p]sona aft]w>d1 ,/allman says he fir/ came up ) x 9 #aiif1 long aft] ! creation ( ,emacs b well be=e ! em]g5ce ( ! op5 s\rce t]m & ! /ruggle = hack]-community lead]%ip t precipitat$ x4 ,at ! "t1 ,/allman says1 he want$ a way to poke fun at himself1 to rem9d li/5]s t1 ?\gh /ubborn1 ,/allman 0 n ! fanatic "s made him out to be4 ,x 0 only lat]1 ,/allman adds1 t o!rs seiz$ ! p]sona z a conv5i5t way to play up 8 reputation z s(tw>e ideologue1 z ,eric ,raymond did 9 an #aiii int]view ) ! l9ux4com web site3 ,:5 ,i say ,,rms calibrates :at he does1 ,i'm n belittl+ or accus+ him ( ins9c]ity4 ,i'm say+ t l all good communicators he's got a !atrical /reak4 ,sometimes x's consci\s-h y ev] se5 him 9 8 ,/4 ,ignucius drag1 bless+ s(tw>e ) a disk platt] on 8 head8 ,mo/ly x's unconsci\s2 he's j le>n$ ! degree ( irritat+ /imulus t works1 t holds att5tion )\t 7usually7 freak+ p out4,see ,gue/ ,int]view3 ,eric ,s4 ,raymond1 ,l9ux4com 7,may #ah1 #aiii74 http3_/_/www4l9ux4com_/int]views_/#aiiij eah_/h_/ ,/allman takes issue ) ! ,raymond analysis4 ,x's simply my way ( mak+ fun ( myself1 he says4 ,! fact t o!rs see x z any?+ m ?an t is a reflection ( _! ag5da1 n m9e4 ,t said1 ,/allman does admit to be+ a ham4 ,are y kidd+8 he says at "o po9t4 ,i love be+ ! c5t] ( att5tion4 ,to facilitate t process1 ,/allman says he once enroll$ 9 ,toa/ma/]s1 an organization t helps memb]s bol/] _! public-speak+ skills & "o ,/allman recomm5ds highly to o!rs4 ,he possesses a /age pres5ce t w\ld be ! envy ( mo/ !atrical p]=m]s & feels a l9k to vaudevillians ( ye>s pa/4 ,a few days aft] ! ,maui ,high ,p]=mance ,comput+ ,c5t] spee*1 ,i allude to ! #aiii ,linux,world p]=mace & ask ,/allman if he has a ,gr\*o ,m>x complex-i4e41 ! unwill+ness to belong to any club t w\ld h him z a memb]4 ,/allman's response is imm$iate3 ,no1 b ,i admire ,gr\*o ,m>x 9 a lot ( ways & c]ta9ly h be5 9 "s ?+s ,i say inspir$ by him4 ,b !n ,i've also be5 inspir$ 9 "s ways by ,h>po4 ,! ,gr\*o ,m>x influ5ce is c]ta9ly evid5t 9 ,/allman's lifelong fondness = punn+4 ,!n aga91 punn+ & wordplay are common hack] traits4 ,p]haps ! mo/ ,gr\*o-l aspect ( ,/allman's p]sonality1 h[ev]1 is ! deadpan mann] 9 :i* ! puns are deliv]$4 ,mo/ come s /eal?ily-)\t ev5 ! h9t ( a rais$ eyebr[ or upturn$ smile-y almo/ h to wond] if ,/allman's laugh+ at 8 audi5ce m ?an ! audi5ce is laugh+ at him4 ,wat*+ memb]s ( ! ,maui ,high ,p]=mance ,comput] ,c5t] laugh at ! ,/4 ,ignucius p>ody1 su* conc]ns evaporate4 ,:ile n exactly a /&up act1 ,/allman c]ta9ly possesses ! *ops to keep a roomful ( eng9e]s 9 /it*es4 ,to be a sa9t 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,emacs does n require celibacy1 b x does require mak+ a commitm5t to liv+ a life ( moral purity1 he tells ! ,maui audi5ce4 ,y mu/ exorcise ! evil propriet>y op]at+ sy/em f all y\r comput] & !n in/all a :olly holy free op]at+ sy/em4 ,& !n y mu/ in/all only free s(tw>e on top ( t4 ,if y make ?is commitm5t & live by x1 !n y too w be a sa9t 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,emacs1 & y too may h a halo4 ,! ,/4 ,ignucius skit ends ) a brief inside joke4 ,on mo/ ,unix sy/ems & ,unix-relat$ (f%oots1 ! prim>y competitor program to ,emacs is vi1 a text-edit+ program develop$ by =m] ,,uc ,b]keley /ud5t & curr5t ,sun ,microsy/ems *ief sci5ti/1 ,bill ,joy4 ,be=e d(f+ 8 halo1 ,/allman pokes fun at ! rival program4 ,p sometimes ask me if x is a s9 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,emacs to use vi1 he says4 ,us+ a free v]sion ( vi is n a s92 x is a p5ance4 ,s happy hack+4 ,aft] a brief "q-&-answ] session1 audi5ce memb]s ga!r ar\nd ,/allman4 ,a few ask = autographs4 ,i'll sign ?is1 says ,/allman1 hold+ up "o woman's pr9t out ( ! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se1 b only if y promise me to use ! t]m ,,gnu_/,l9ux in/ead ( ,l9ux & tell all y\r fri5ds to d likewise4 ,! comm5t m]ely confirms a private obs]vation4 ,unlike o!r /age p]=m]s & political figures1 ,/allman has no (f mode4 ,aside f ! ,/4 ,ignucius "*1 ! ideologue y see on/age is ! ideologue y meet back/age4 ,lat] t ev5+1 dur+ a d9n] conv]sation 9 :i* a programm] m5tions 8 aff9ity = op5 s\rce programs1 ,/allman1 betwe5 bites1 upbraids 8 tablemate3 ,y mean free s(tw>e4 ,t's ! prop] way to ref] to x4 ,dur+ ! "q-&-answ] session1 ,/allman admits to play+ ! p$agogue at times4 ,!re are _m p :o say1 ,well1 fir/ let's invite p to jo9 ! community1 & !n let's tea* !m ab\t fre$om4' ,& t c\ld be a reasonable /rategy1 b :at we h is almo/ ev]ybody's invit+ p to jo9 ! community1 & h>dly anybody's tea*+ !m ab\t fre$om once !y come 94 ,! result1 ,/allman says1 is some?+ ak9 to a ?ird-_w city4 ,p move 91 hop+ to /rike x ri* or at ! v lea/ to take "p 9 a vibrant1 op5 culture1 & yet ^? :o hold ! true p[] keep evolv+ new tricks & /rategies-i4e41 s(tw>e pat5ts-to keep ! masses out4 ,y h millions ( p mov+ 9 & build+ %antyt[ns1 b nobody's work+ on /ep two3 gett+ !m out ( ^? %antyt[ns4 ,if y ?9k talk+ ab\t s(tw>e fre$om is a good /rategy1 please jo9 9 do+ /ep two4 ,!re are pl5ty work+ on /ep "o4 ,we ne$ m p work+ on /ep two4 ,work+ on /ep two means driv+ home ! issue t fre$om1 n acceptance1 is ! root issue ( ! free s(tw>e movem5t4 ,^? :o hope to re=m ! propriet>y s(tw>e indu/ry f ! inside are on a fool's err&4 ,*ange f ! inside is risky1 ,/allman /ays4 ,unless y're work+ at ! level ( a ,gorba*ev1 y're go+ to be neutraliz$4 ,h&s pop up4 ,/allman po9ts to a memb] ( ! golf %irt-we>+ cont+5t4 ,)\t pat5ts1 h[ w\ld y sugge/ deal+ ) comm]cial espionage8 ,well1 ^? two que/ions h no?+ to d ) ea* o!r1 really1 says ,/allman4 ,b ,i mean if someone wants to /eal ano!r company's piece ( s(tw>e4 ,/allman's recoils z if hit by a poison\s spray4 ,wait a second1 ,/allman says4 ,/eal8 ,i'm sorry1 !re's s mu* prejudice 9 t /atem5t t ! only ?+ ,i c say is t ,i reject t prejudice4 ,companies t develop nonfree s(tw>e & o!r ?+s keep lots & lots ( trade secrets1 & s t's n really likely to *ange4 ,9 ! old days-ev5 9 ! #aihjs-= ! mo/ "p programm]s 7 n aw>e t !re 7 ev5 s(tw>e pat5ts & 7 pay+ no att5tion to !m4 ,:at happ5$ 0 t p publi%$ ! int]e/+ ideas1 & if !y 7 n 9 ! free s(tw>e movem5t1 !y kept secret ! little details4 ,& n[ !y pat5t ^? broad ideas & keep secret ! little details4 ,s z f> z :at y're describ+1 pat5ts really make no diff]5ce to x "o way or ano!r4 ,b if x doesn't affect _! publication1 a new audi5ce memb] jumps 91 8 voice trail+ (f almo/ z soon z he />ts speak+4 ,b x does1 ,/allman says4 ,_! publication is tell+ y t ?is is an idea t's (f limits to ! re/ ( ! community = #bj ye>s4 ,& :at ! hell good is t8 ,besides1 !y've writt5 x 9 su* a h>d way to read1 bo? to obfuscate ! idea & to make ! pat5t z broad z possible1 t x's basically useless look+ at ! publi%$ in=mation to le>n any?+ anyway4 ,! only reason to look at pat5ts is to see ! bad news ( :at y c't d4 ,! audi5ce falls sil5t4 ,! spee*1 :i* began at #c3ae1 is n[ ne>+ ! #e3jj :i/le1 & mo/ li/5]s are already squirm+ 9 _! seats1 antsy to get a jump />t on ! week5d4 ,s5s+ ! fatigue1 ,/allman glances ar\nd ! room & ha/ily %uts ?+s d[n4 ,s x looks l we're done1 he says1 foll[+ ! obs]vation ) an auctione]'s go+1 go+1 gone to flu% out any la/-m9ute que/ion]s4 ,:5 nobody ?r[s _! h& up1 ,/allman signs (f ) a traditional exit l9e4 ,happy hack+1 he says4 ,endnotes #a4 ,see ,grateful ,dead ,"t ,capsule3 #aihe-aiie ,nor? ,am]ican ,t\r ,grosses4 http3_/_/www4accessplace4com_/gdtc_/#aai g4;htm #b4 ,see ,evan ,leibovit*1 ,:o's ,afraid ( ,big ,bad ,wolves1 ,z,d,net ,te* ,update 7,decemb] #ae1 #bjjj74 http3_/_/te*update4zdnet4com_/te*update_ //ories_/ma9_/#j,y_/,a #c4 ,= n>rative purposes1 ,i h hesitat$ to g 9-dep? :5 describ+ ,/allman's full def9ition ( s(tw>e fre$om4 ,! ,,gnu ,project web site li/s f\r fundam5tal compon5ts3 ,! fre$om to run a program1 = any purpose 7fre$om #j74 ,! fre$om to /udy h[ a program works1 & adapt x to y\r ne$s 7fre$om #a74 ,! fre$om to r$i/ribute copies ( a program s y c help y\r neighbor 7fre$om #b74 ,! fre$om to improve ! program1 & release y\r improvem5ts to ! public1 s t ! :ole community b5efits 7fre$om #c74 ,= m in=mation1 please visit ,! ,free ,s(tw>e ,def9ition at http3_/_/www4gnu4org_/philosophy_/free-s w4html4 #d4 ,see ,eric ,raymond1 ,%ut ,up & ,%[ ,!m ! ,code1 onl9e essay1 7,june #bh1 #aiii74 #e4 ,see ,gue/ ,int]view3 ,eric ,s4 ,raymond1 ,l9ux4com 7,may #ah1 #aiii74 http3_/_/www4l9ux4com_/int]views_/#aiiij eah_/h_/ ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se ,by ! spr+ ( #aihe1 ,ri*>d ,/allman _h settl$ on ! ,,gnu ,project's fir/ mile/one-a ,lisp-bas$ free s(tw>e v]sion ( ,emacs4 ,to meet ?is goal1 h[ev]1 he fac$ two *all5ges4 ,fir/1 he _h to rebuild ,emacs 9 a way t made x plat=m indep5d5t4 ,second1 he _h to rebuild ! ,emacs ,commune 9 a simil> fa%ion4 ,! dispute ) ,uni,press _h highlight$ a flaw 9 ! ,emacs ,commune social contract4 ,:]e us]s reli$ on ,/allman's exp]t insight1 ! ,commune's rules held4 ,9 areas :]e ,/allman no long] held ! position ( alpha hack]-pre-#aihd ,unix sy/ems1 = example-individuals & companies 7 free to make _! own rules4 ,! t5sion betwe5 ! fre$om to modify & ! fre$om to ex]t au?orial privilege _h be5 build+ be=e ,,gosmacs4 ,! ,copyright ,act ( #aigf _h ov]haul$ ,u4,s4 copyright law1 ext5d+ ! legal protection ( copyright to s(tw>e programs4 ,accord+ to ,section #ajb7;b7 ( ! ,act1 individuals & companies n[ possess$ ! ability to copyright ! expression ( a s(tw>e program b n ! actual processes or me?ods embodi$ 9 ! program4,see ,hal ,abelson1 ,mike ,fis*]1 & ,joanne ,co/ello1 ,s(tw>e & ,copyright ,law1 updat$ v]sion 7#aiih74 ,translat$1 programm]s & companies _h ! ability to treat s(tw>e programs l a /ory or song4 ,o!r programm]s c\ld take inspiration f ! "w1 b to make a direct copy or nonsatirical d]ivative1 !y fir/ _h to secure p]mission f ! orig9al creator4 ,al?\gh ! new law gu>ante$ t ev5 programs )\t copyright notices c>ri$ copyright protection1 programm]s quickly ass]t$ _! rights1 atta*+ coypright notices to _! s(tw>e programs4 ,at fir/1 ,/allman view$ ^! notices ) al>m4 ,r>e 0 ! s(tw>e program t didn't borr[ s\rce code f pa/ programs1 & yet1 ) a s+le /roke ( ! presid5t's p51 ,congress _h giv5 programm]s & companies ! p[] to ass]t individual au?or%ip ov] communally built programs4 ,x also inject$ a dose ( =mality into :at _h o!rwise be5 an in=mal sy/em4 ,ev5 if hack]s c\ld demon/rate h[ a giv5 program's s\rce-code bloodl9es /ret*$ back ye>s1 if n decades1 ! res\rces & money t w5t into battl+ ea* copyright notice 7 beyond mo/ hack]s' means4 ,simply put1 disputes t _h once be5 settl$ hack]-to-hack] 7 n[ settl$ lawy]-to-lawy]4 ,9 su* a sy/em1 companies1 n hack]s1 held ! automatic advantage4 ,propon5ts ( s(tw>e copyright _h _! c\nt]-argum5ts3 )\t copyright1 works might o!rwise slip into ! public doma94 ,putt+ a copyright notice on a "w also s]v$ z a /atem5t ( quality4 ,programm]s or companies :o atta*$ _! "n to ! copyright atta*$ _! reputations z well4 ,f9ally1 x 0 a contract1 z well z a /atem5t ( own]%ip4 ,us+ copyright z a flexible =m ( lic5se1 an au?or c\ld give away c]ta9 rights 9 ex*ange = c]ta9 =ms ( behavior on ! "p ( ! us]4 ,= example1 an au?or c\ld give away ! "r to suppress unau?oriz$ copies j s long z ! end us] agre$ n to create a comm]cial (f%oot4 ,x 0 ?is la/ argum5t t ev5tually s(t5$ ,/allman's resi/ance to s(tw>e copyright notices4 ,look+ back on ! ye>s lead+ up to ! ,,gnu ,project1 ,/allman says he began to s5se ! b5eficial nature ( copyright sometime ar\nd ! release ( ,emacs #ae4j1 ! la/ significant pre-,,gnu ,project upgrade ( ,emacs4 ,i _h se5 email messages ) copyright notices plus simple v]batim copy+ p]mitt$' lic5ses1 ,/allman recalls4 ,^? def9itely 7 an inspiration4 ,= ,emacs #ae1 ,/allman draft$ a copyright t gave us]s ! "r to make & di/ribute copies4 ,x also gave us]s ! "r to make modifi$ v]sions1 b n ! "r to claim sole own]%ip ( ^? modifi$ v]sions1 z 9 ! case ( ,,gosmacs4 ,al?\gh helpful 9 codify+ ! social contract ( ! ,emacs ,commune1 ! ,emacs #ae lic5se rema9$ too in=mal = ! purposes ( ! ,,gnu ,project1 ,/allman says4 ,soon aft] />t+ "w on a ,,gnu v]sion ( ,emacs1 ,/allman began consult+ ) ! o!r memb]s ( ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation on h[ to %ore up ! lic5se's language4 ,he also consult$ ) ! attorneys :o _h help$ him set up ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation4 ,m>k ,fis*]1 a ,bo/on attorney specializ+ 9 intellectual-prop]ty law1 recalls discuss+ ! lic5se ) ,/allman dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,ri*>d _h v /rong views ab\t h[ x %\ld "w1 ,fis*] says1 ,he _h two pr9ciples4 ,! fir/ 0 to make ! s(tw>e absolutely z op5 z possible4 ,! second 0 to enc\rage o!rs to adopt ! same lic5s+ practices4 ,enc\rag+ o!rs to adopt ! same lic5s+ practices meant clos+ (f ! escape hat* t _h all[$ privately own$ v]sions ( ,emacs to em]ge4 ,to close t escape hat*1 ,/allman & 8 free s(tw>e colleagues came up ) a solution3 us]s w\ld be free to modify ,,gnu ,emacs j s long z !y publi%$ _! modifications4 ,9 addition1 ! result+ d]ivative works w\ld also h c>ry ! same ,,gnu ,emacs ,lic5se4 ,! revolution>y nature ( ?is f9al condition w\ld take a :ile to s9k 94 ,at ! "t1 ,fis*] says1 he simply view$ ! ,,gnu ,emacs ,lic5se z a simple contract4 ,x put a price tag on ,,gnu ,emacs' use4 ,in/ead ( money1 ,/allman 0 *>g+ us]s access to _! own lat] modifications4 ,t said1 ,fis*] does rememb] ! contract t]ms z unique4 ,i ?9k ask+ o!r p to accept ! price 01 if n unique1 highly unusual at t "t1 he says4 ,! ,,gnu ,emacs ,lic5se made its debut :5 ,/allman f9ally releas$ ,,gnu ,emacs 9 #aihe4 ,foll[+ ! release1 ,/allman welcom$ input f ! g5]al hack] community on h[ to improve ! lic5se's language4 ,"o hack] to take up ! (f] 0 future s(tw>e activi/ ,john ,gilmore1 !n work+ z a consultant to ,sun ,microsy/ems4 ,z "p ( 8 consult+ "w1 ,gilmore _h port$ ,emacs ov] to ,sun,o,s1 ! company's 9-h\se v]sion ( ,unix4 ,9 ! process ( do+ s1 ,gilmore _h publi%$ ! *anges z p] ! dem&s ( ! ,,gnu ,emacs ,lic5se4 ,in/ead ( view+ ! lic5se z a liability1 ,gilmore saw x z cle> & concise expression ( ! hack] e?os4 ,up until !n1 mo/ lic5ses 7 v in=mal1 ,gilmore recalls4 ,z an example ( ?is in=mality1 ,gilmore cites a copyright notice = trn1 a ,unix utility4 ,writt5 by ,l>ry ,wall1 future creator ( ! ,p]l programm+ language1 pat* made x simple = ,unix programm]s to ins]t s\rce-code fixes- pat*es 9 hack] j>gon-into any l>ge program4 ,recogniz+ ! utility ( ?is feature1 ,wall put ! foll[+ copyright notice 9 ! program's accompany+ ,,readme file3 ,copyright 7c7 #aihe1 ,l>ry ,wall ,y may copy ! trn kit 9 :ole or 9 "p z long z y don't try to make money (f x1 or pret5d t y wrote x4,see ,trn ,kit ,,readme4 http3_/_/www4za4debian4org_/doc_/trn_/tr n-readme ,su* /atem5ts1 :ile reflective ( ! hack] e?ic1 also reflect$ ! difficulty ( translat+ ! loose1 in=mal nature ( t e?ic into ! rigid1 legal language ( copyright4 ,9 writ+ ! ,,gnu ,emacs ,lic5se1 ,/allman _h done m ?an close up ! escape hat* t p]mitt$ propriet>y (f%oots4 ,he _h express$ ! hack] e?ic 9 a mann] und]/&able to bo? lawy] & hack] alike4 ,x wasn't long1 ,gilmore says1 be=e o!r hack]s began discuss+ ways to port ! ,,gnu ,emacs ,lic5se ov] to _! own programs4 ,prompt$ by a conv]sation on ,us5et1 ,gilmore s5t an email to ,/allman 9 ,novemb]1 #aihf1 sugge/+ modification3 ,y %\ld probably remove ,,emacs f ! lic5se & replace x ) ,,s(tw>e or some?+4 ,soon1 we hope1 ,emacs w n be ! bigge/ "p ( ! ,,gnu sy/em1 & ! lic5se applies to all ( x4,see ,john ,gilmore1 quot$ f email to au?or4 ,gilmore wasn't ! only p]son sugge/+ a m g5]al approa*4 ,by ! end ( #aihf1 ,/allman himself 0 at "w ) ,,gnu ,project's next major mile/one1 a s\rce-code debugg]1 & 0 look+ = ways to revamp ! ,emacs lic5se s t x might apply to bo? programs4 ,/allman's solution3 remove all specific ref]5ces to ,emacs & conv]t ! lic5se into a g5]ic copyright umbrella = ,,gnu ,project s(tw>e4 ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se1 ,,gpl = %ort1 0 born4 ,9 fa%ion+ ! ,,gpl1 ,/allman foll[$ ! s(tw>e conv5tion ( us+ decimal numb]s to indicate prototype v]sions & :ole numb]s to indicate mature v]sions4 ,/allman publi%$ ,v]sion #a4j ( ! ,,gpl 9 #aihi 7a project ,/allman 0 develop+ 9 #aihe71 almo/ a full ye> aft] ! release ( ! ,,gnu ,debugg]1 ,/allman's second major =ay into ! realm ( ,unix programm+4 ,! lic5se conta9$ a preamble spell+ out its political int5tions3 ,! ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se is design$ to make sure t y h ! fre$om to give away or sell copies ( free s(tw>e1 t y receive s\rce code or c get x if y want x1 t y c *ange ! s(tw>e or use pieces ( x 9 new free programs2 & t y "k y c d ^! ?+s4 ,to protect y\r rights1 we ne$ to make re/rictions t =bid anyone to d5y y ^! rights or to ask y to surr5d] ! rights4 ,^! re/rictions translate to c]ta9 responsibilities = y if y di/ribute copies ( ! s(tw>e1 or if y modify x4,see ,ri*>d ,/allman1 et al41 ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se3 ,v]sion #a1 7,febru>y1 #aihi74 http3_/_/www4gnu4org_/copyleft_/copy+-#a 4j4;html ,9 fa%ion+ ! ,,gpl1 ,/allman _h be5 =c$ to make an additional adju/m5t to ! in=mal t5ets ( ! old ,emacs ,commune4 ,:]e he _h once dem&$ t ,commune memb]s publi% any & all *anges1 ,/allman n[ dem&$ publication only 9 in/ances :5 programm]s circulat$ _! d]ivative v]sions 9 ! same public mann] z ,/allman4 ,9 o!r words1 programm]s :o simply modifi$ ,emacs = private use no long] ne$$ to s5d ! s\rce-code *anges back to ,/allman4 ,9 :at w\ld become a r>e compromise ( free s(tw>e doctr9e1 ,/allman sla%$ ! price tag = free s(tw>e4 ,us]s c\ld innovate )\t ,/allman look+ ov] _! %\ld]s j s long z !y didn't b> ,/allman & ! re/ ( ! hack] community f future ex*anges ( ! same program4 ,look+ back1 ,/allman says ! ,,gpl compromise 0 fuel$ by 8 own dissatisfaction ) ! ,big ,bro!r aspect ( ! orig9al ,emacs ,commune social contract4 ,z mu* z he lik$ pe]+ into o!r hack]s' sy/ems1 ! k t "s future s\rce-code ma9ta9] might use t p[] to ill effect =c$ him to temp] ! ,,gpl4 ,x 0 wrong to require p to publi% all *anges1 says ,/allman4 ,x 0 wrong to require !m to be s5t to "o privileg$ develop]4 ,t k9d ( c5tralization & privilege = "o 0 n consi/5t ) a society 9 :i* all _h equal rights4 ,z hacks g1 ! ,,gpl /&s z "o ( ,/allman's be/4 ,x creat$ a sy/em ( communal own]%ip )9 ! normally propriet>y conf9es ( copyright law4 ,m importantly1 x demon/rat$ ! intellectual simil>ity betwe5 legal code & s(tw>e code4 ,implicit )9 ! ,,gpl's preamble 0 a pr(\nd message3 in/ead ( view+ copyright law ) suspicion1 hack]s %\ld view x z yet ano!r sy/em begg+ to be hack$4 ,! ,,gpl develop$ mu* l any piece ( free s(tw>e ) a l>ge community discuss+ its /ructure1 its respect or ! opposite 9 _! obs]vation1 ne$s = tweak+ & ev5 to compromise x mildly = great] acceptance1 says ,j]ry ,coh51 ano!r attorney :o help$ ,/allman ) ! creation ( ! lic5se4 ,! process work$ v well & ,,gpl 9 its sev]al v]sions has gone f widespread skeptical & at times ho/ile response to widespread acceptance4 ,9 a #aihf int]view ) ,byte magaz9e1 ,/allman summ$ up ! ,,gpl 9 colorful t]ms4 ,9 addition to proclaim+ hack] values1 ,/allman said1 read]s %\ld also see x z a =m ( intellectual jujitsu1 us+ ! legal sy/em t s(tw>e ho>d]s h set up aga9/ !m4,see ,david ,betz & ,jon ,edw>ds1 ,ri*>d ,/allman discusses 8 public-doma9 sic ,unix-compatible s(tw>e sy/em ) ,,byte editors1 ,,byte 7,july1 #aiif74 7,repr9t$ on ! ,,gnu ,project web site3 http3_/_/www4gnu4org_/gnu_/byte-int]view 4html47 ,?is int]view (f]s an int]e/+1 n to m5tion c&id1 glimpse at ,/allman's political attitudes dur+ ! e>lie/ days ( ! ,,gnu ,project4 ,x is also helpful 9 trac+ ! evolution ( ,/allman's rhetoric4 ,describ+ ! purpose ( ! ,,gpl1 ,/allman says1 ,i'm try+ to *ange ! way p approa* k & in=mation 9 g5]al4 ,i ?9k t to try to own k1 to try to control :e!r p are all[$ to use x1 or to try to /op o!r p f %>+ x1 is sabotage4 ,contra/ ?is ) a /atem5t to ! au?or 9 ,augu/ #bjjj3 ,i urge y n to use ! t]m intellectual prop]ty' 9 y\r ?9k+4 ,x w lead y to misund]/& ?+s1 because t t]m g5]alizes ab\t copyrights1 pat5ts1 & tradem>ks4 ,& ^? ?+s are s diff]5t 9 _! effects t x is entirely fooli% to try to talk ab\t !m at once4 ,if y he> somebody say+ some?+ ab\t intellectual prop]ty1 )\t quotes1 !n he's n ?9k+ v cle>ly & y %\ldn't jo94 ,ye>s lat]1 ,/allman w\ld describe ! ,,gpl's creation 9 less ho/ile t]ms4 ,i 0 ?9k+ ab\t issues t 7 9 a s5se e?ical & 9 a s5se political & 9 a s5se legal1 he says4 ,i _h to try to d :at c\ld be su/a9$ by ! legal sy/em t we're 94 ,9 _s ! job 0 t ( legislat+ ! basis = a new society1 b s9ce ,i wasn't a gov]nm5t1 ,i c\ldn't actually *ange any laws4 ,i _h to try to d ?is by build+ on top ( ! exi/+ legal sy/em1 :i* _h n be5 design$ = any?+ l ?is4 ,ab\t ! "t ,/allman 0 pond]+ ! e?ical1 political1 & legal issues associat$ ) free s(tw>e1 a ,cali=nia hack] nam$ ,don ,hopk9s mail$ him a manual = ! #fhjjj microprocessor4 ,hopk9s1 a ,unix hack] & fell[ sci5ce-fiction buff1 _h borr[$ ! manual f ,/allman a :ile e>li]4 ,z a display ( gratitude1 ,hopk9s decorat$ ! return envelope ) a numb] ( /ick]s obta9$ at a local sci5ce-fiction conv5tion4 ,"o /ick] 9 p>ticul> caught ,/allman's eye4 ,x read1 ,copyleft 7,l71 ,all ,rights ,rev]s$4 ,foll[+ ! release ( ! fir/ v]sion ( ,,gpl1 ,/allman paid tribute to ! /ick]1 nicknam+ ! free s(tw>e lic5se ,copyleft4 ,ov] "t1 ! nickname & its %or?& symbol1 a backw>ds ,c1 w\ld become an (ficial ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation synonym = ! ,,gpl4 ,! ,g]man sociologi/ ,max ,web] once propos$ t all great religions are built ^u ! r\t9ization or in/itutionalization ( *>isma4 ,e successful religion1 ,web] argu$1 conv]ts ! *>isma or message ( ! orig9al religi\s lead] into a social1 political1 & e?ical app>atus m easily translatable across cultures & "t4 ,:ile n religi\s p] se1 ! ,,gnu ,,gpl c]ta9ly qualifies z an int]e/+ example ( ?is r\t9ization process at "w 9 ! mod]n1 dec5traliz$ _w ( s(tw>e developm5t4 ,s9ce its unveil+1 programm]s & companies :o h o!rwise express$ little loyalty or allegiance to ,/allman h will+ly accept$ ! ,,gpl b>ga9 at face value4 ,a few h ev5 accept$ ! ,,gpl z a preemptive protective me*anism = _! own s(tw>e programs4 ,ev5 ^? :o reject ! ,,gpl contract z too compulsory1 /ill cr$it x z influ5tial4 ,"o hack] fall+ into ?is latt] gr\p 0 ,kei? ,bo/ic1 a ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia employee at ! "t ( ! ,,gpl #a4j release4 ,bo/ic's dep>tm5t1 ! ,comput] ,sy/ems ,rese>* ,gr\p 7,,srg71 _h be5 involv$ 9 ,unix developm5t s9ce ! late #aigjs & 0 responsible = _m key p>ts ( ,unix1 includ+ ! ,,tcp_/,,ip network+ protocol1 ! corn]/one ( mod]n ,int]net communications4 ,by ! late #aihjs1 ,,at,t1 ! orig9al own] ( ! ,unix br& "n1 began to focus on comm]cializ+ ,unix & began look+ to ! ,b]keley ,s(tw>e ,di/ribution1 or ,,bsd1 ! academic v]sion ( ,unix develop$ by ,bo/ic & 8 ,b]keley pe]s1 z a key s\rce ( comm]cial te*nology4 ,al?\gh ! ,b]keley ,,bsd s\rce code 0 %>$ among rese>*]s & comm]cial programm]s ) a s\rce-code lic5se1 ?is comm]cialization pres5t$ a problem4 ,! ,b]keley code 0 int]mix$ ) propriet>y ,,at,t code4 ,z a result1 ,b]keley di/ributions 7 available only to in/itutions t already _h a ,unix s\rce lic5se f ,,at,t4 ,z ,,at,t rais$ its lic5se fees1 ?is arrangem5t1 :i* _h at fir/ seem$ innocu\s1 became increas+ly burd5some4 ,hir$ 9 #aihf1 ,bo/ic _h tak5 on ! p]sonal project ( port+ ,,bsd ov] to ! ,digital ,equipm5t ,corporation's ,,pdp-#aa comput]4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod1 ,bo/ic says1 t he came into close int]action ) ,/allman dur+ ,/allman's occasional =ays out to ! we/ coa/4 ,i rememb] vividly argu+ copyright ) ,/allman :ile he sat at borr[$ work/ations at ,,csrg1 says ,bo/ic4 ,we'd g to d9n] aft]w>d & cont9ue argu+ ab\t copyright ov] d9n]4 ,! argum5ts ev5tually took hold1 al?\gh n 9 ! way ,/allman w\ld h lik$4 ,9 ,june1 #aihi1 ,b]keley sep>at$ its network+ code f ! re/ ( ! ,,at,t-own$ op]at+ sy/em & di/ribut$ x "u a ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia lic5se4 ,! contract t]ms 7 lib]al4 ,all a lic5see _h to d 0 give cr$it to ! univ]sity 9 adv]tisem5ts t\t+ d]ivative programs4,! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia's obnoxi\s adv]tis+ clause w\ld lat] prove to be a problem4 ,look+ = a less re/rictive alt]native to ! ,,gpl1 "s hack]s us$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 replac+ ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ) ! "n ( _! own in/ution4 ,! result3 free s(tw>e programs t borr[$ f doz5s ( o!r programs w\ld h to cite doz5s ( in/itutions 9 adv]tisem5ts4 ,9 #aiii1 aft] a decade ( lobby+ on ,/allman's "p1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia agre$ to drop ?is clause4 ,9 contra/ to ! ,,gpl1 propriet>y (f%oots 7 p]missible4 ,only "o problem hamp]$ ! lic5se's rapid adoption3 ! ,,bsd ,network+ release wasn't a complete op]at+ sy/em4 ,p c\ld /udy ! code1 b x c\ld only be run 9 conjunction ) o!r propriet>y-lic5s$ code4 ,ov] ! next few ye>s1 ,bo/ic & o!r ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia employees work$ to replace ! miss+ compon5ts & turn ,,bsd into a complete1 freely r$i/ributable op]at+ sy/em4 ,al?\gh delay$ by a legal *all5ge f ,unix ,sy/ems ,laboratories-! ,,at,t sp9-(f t reta9$ own]%ip ( ! ,unix br& "n-! ef=t w\ld f9ally be> fruit 9 ! e>ly #aiijs4 ,ev5 be=e !n1 h[ev]1 _m ( ! ,b]keley utilities w\ld make _! way into ,/allman's ,,gnu ,project4 ,i ?9k x's highly unlikely t we ev] w\ld h gone z /rongly z we did )\t ! ,,gnu influ5ce1 says ,bo/ic1 look+ back4 ,x 0 cle>ly some?+ :]e !y 7 pu%+ h>d & we lik$ ! idea4 ,by ! end ( ! #aihjs1 ! ,,gpl 0 beg9n+ to ex]t a gravitational effect on ! free s(tw>e community4 ,a program didn't h to c>ry ! ,,gpl to qualify z free s(tw>e-witness ! case ( ! ,,bsd utilities-b putt+ a program "u ! ,,gpl s5t a def9ite message4 ,i ?9k ! v exi/5ce ( ! ,,gpl inspir$ p to ?9k ?r\gh :e!r !y 7 mak+ free s(tw>e1 & h[ !y w\ld lic5se x1 says ,bruce ,p]5s1 creator ( ,electric ,f5ce1 a popul> ,unix utility1 & future lead] ( ! ,debian ,,gnu_/,l9ux developm5t team4 ,a few ye>s aft] ! release ( ! ,,gpl1 ,p]5s says he decid$ to disc>d ,electric ,f5ce's homegr[n lic5se 9 favor ( ,/allman's lawy]-vett$ copyright4 ,x 0 actually pretty easy to d1 ,p]5s recalls4 ,ri* ,mor91 ! programm] :o _h view$ ,/allman's initial ,,gnu ann\ncem5t ) a degree ( skepticism1 recalls be+ impress$ by ! s(tw>e t began to ga!r "u ! ,,gpl umbrella4 ,z ! lead] ( a ,sun,o,s us] gr\p1 "o ( ,mor9's prim>y duties dur+ ! #aihjs _h be5 to s5d out di/ribution tapes conta9+ ! be/ freew>e or free s(tw>e utilities4 ,! job (t5 m&at$ call+ up orig9al program au?ors to v]ify :e!r _! programs 7 copyright protect$ or :e!r !y _h be5 consign$ to ! public doma94 ,ar\nd #aihi1 ,mor9 says1 he began to notice t ! be/ s(tw>e programs typically fell "u ! ,,gpl lic5se4 ,z a s(tw>e di/ributor1 z soon z ,i saw ! ^w ,,gpl1 ,i knew ,i 0 home free1 recalls ,mor94 ,to comp5sate = ! prior hassles t w5t into compil+ di/ribution tapes to ! ,sun ,us] ,gr\p1 ,mor9 _h *>g$ recipi5ts a conv5i5ce fee4 ,n[1 ) programs mov+ ov] to ! ,,gpl1 ,mor9 0 sudd5ly gett+ 8 tapes put toge!r 9 half ! "t1 turn+ a tidy pr(it 9 ! process4 ,s5s+ a comm]cial opportunity1 ,mor9 re*ri/5$ 8 hobby z a bus9ess3 ,prime ,"t ,freew>e4 ,su* comm]cial exploitation 0 completely )9 ! conf9es ( ! free s(tw>e ag5da4 ,:5 we speak ( free s(tw>e1 we are ref]r+ to fre$om1 n price1 advis$ ,/allman 9 ! ,,gpl's preamble4 ,by ! late #aihjs1 ,/allman _h ref9$ x to a m simple mnemonic3 ,don't ?9k free z 9 free be]2 ?9k free z 9 free spee*4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 bus9esses ignor$ ,/allman's entreaties4 ,/ill1 = a few entrepr5eurs1 ! fre$om associat$ ) free s(tw>e 0 ! same fre$om associat$ ) free m>kets4 ,take s(tw>e own]%ip out ( ! comm]cial equation1 & y _h a situation :]e ev5 ! smalle/ s(tw>e company 0 free to compete aga9/ ! ,i,b,ms & ,d,e,cs ( ! _w4 ,"o ( ! fir/ entrepr5eurs to grasp ?is concept 0 ,mi*ael ,tiemann1 a s(tw>e programm] & graduate /ud5t at ,/an=d ,univ]sity4 ,dur+ ! #aihjs1 ,tiemann _h foll[$ ! ,,gnu ,project l an aspir+ jazz musician foll[+ a favorite arti/4 ,x wasn't until ! release ( ! ,,gnu ,c ,compil] 9 #aihg1 h[ev]1 t he began to grasp ! full pot5tial ( free s(tw>e4 ,dubb+ ,,gcc a bomb%ell1 ,tiemann says ! program's own exi/5ce und]l9$ ,/allman's det]m9ation z a programm]4 ,j z e writ] dreams ( writ+ ! great ,am]ican novel1 e programm] back 9 ! #aihjs talk$ ab\t writ+ ! great ,am]ican compil]1 ,tiemman recalls4 ,sudd5ly ,/allman _h done x4 ,x 0 v humbl+4 ,y talk ab\t s+le po9ts ( failure1 ,,gcc 0 x1 e*oes ,bo/ic4 ,nobody _h a compil] back !n1 until ,,gcc came along4 ,r ?an compete ) ,/allman1 ,tiemann decid$ to build on top ( 8 "w4 ,! orig9al v]sion ( ,,gcc weigh$ 9 at #aaj1jjj l9es ( code1 b ,tiemann recalls ! program z surpris+ly easy to und]/&4 ,s easy 9 fact t ,tiemann says x took less ?an five days to ma/] & ano!r week to port ! s(tw>e to a new h>dw>e plat=m1 ,national ,semiconductor's #cbjcb micro*ip4 ,ov] ! next ye>1 ,tiemann began play+ ar\nd ) ! s\rce code1 creat+ a native compil] = ! ,c programm+ language4 ,"o day1 :ile deliv]+ a lecture on ! program at ,bell ,labs1 ,tiemann ran into "s ,,at,t develop]s /ruggl+ to pull (f ! same ?+4 ,!re 7 ab\t #dj or #ej p 9 ! room1 & ,i ask$ h[ _m p 7 work+ on ! native code compil]1 ,tiemann recalls4 ,my ho/ said ! in=mation 0 confid5tial b add$ t if ,i took a look ar\nd ! room ,i might get a good g5]al idea4 ,x wasn't long aft]1 ,tiemann says1 t ! light bulb w5t (f 9 8 head4 ,i _h be5 work+ on t project = six mon?s1 ,tiemann says4 ,i j ?\ght to myself1 :e!r x's me or ! code ?is is a level ( effici5cy t ! free m>ket %\ld be ready to rew>d4 ,tiemann f\nd add$ inspiration 9 ! ,,gnu ,manife/o1 :i*1 :ile excoriat+ ! gre$ ( "s s(tw>e v5dors1 enc\rages o!r v5dors to consid] ! advantages ( free s(tw>e f a consum] po9t ( view4 ,by remov+ ! p[] ( monopoly f ! comm]ical s(tw>e "q1 ! ,,gpl makes x possible = ! sm>te/ v5dors to compete on ! basis ( s]vice & consult+1 ! two mo/ pr(it-ri* corn]s ( ! s(tw>e m>ketplace4 ,9 a #aiii essay1 ,tiemann recalls ! impact ( ,/allman's ,manife/o4 ,x read l a sociali/ polemic1 b ,i saw some?+ diff]5t4 ,i saw a bus9ess plan 9 disguise4#g4 ,see ,mi*ael ,tiemann1 ,future ( ,cygnus ,solutions3 ,an ,entrepr5eur's ,acc\nt1 ,op5 ,s\rces 7,o',reilly ,associates1 ,inc41 #aiii73 #aci4 ,team+ up ) ,john ,gilmore1 ano!r ,,gnu ,project fan1 ,tiemann laun*$ a s(tw>e consult+ s]vice d$icat$ to cu/omiz+ ,,gnu programs4 ,dubb$ ,cygnus ,support1 ! company sign$ its fir/ developm5t contract 9 ,febru>y1 #aiij4 ,by ! end ( ! ye>1 ! company _h #gbe1jjj wor? ( support & developm5t contracts4 ,,gnu ,emacs1 ,,gdb1 & ,,gcc 7 ! big ?ree ( develop]-ori5t$ tools1 b !y w]5't ! only ones develop$ by ,/allman dur+ ! ,,gnu ,project's fir/ half decade4 ,by #aiij1 ,/allman _h also g5]at$ ,,gnu v]sions ( ! ,b\rne ,%ell 7re*ri/5$ ! ,b\rne ,aga9 ,%ell1 or ,,ba%71 ,,yacc 7re*ri/5$ ,bison71 & awk 7re*ri/5$ gawk74 ,l ,,gcc 1 e ,,gnu program _h to be design$ to run on multiple sy/ems1 n j a s+le v5dor's plat=m4 ,9 ! process ( mak+ programs m flexible1 ,/allman & 8 collaborators (t5 made !m m useful z well4 ,recall+ ! ,,gnu univ]sali/ approa*1 ,prime ,"t ,freew>e's ,mor9 po9ts to a critical1 albeit mundane1 s(tw>e package call$ hello4 ,x's ! hello _w program :i* is five l9es ( ,c1 packag$ up z if x 7 a ,,gnu di/ribution1 ,mor9 says4 ,& s x's got ! ,tex9fo /uff & ! configure /uff4 ,x's got all ! o!r s(tw>e eng9e]+ goo t ! ,,gnu ,project has come up ) to all[ packages to port to all ^! diff]5t environm5ts smoo?ly4 ,t's trem5d\sly important "w1 & x affects n only all ( ,/allman's s(tw>e1 b also all ( ! o!r ,,gnu ,project s(tw>e4 ,accord+ to ,/allman1 improv+ s(tw>e programs 0 second>y to build+ !m 9 ! fir/ place4 ,) ea* piece ,i may or may n f9d a way to improve x1 said ,/allman to ,byte4 ,to "s ext5t ,i am gett+ ! b5efit ( reimplem5tation1 :i* makes _m sy/ems mu* bett]4 ,to "s ext5t x's because ,i h be5 9 ! field a long "t & work$ on _m o!r sy/ems4 ,i !re=e h _m ideas to br+ to be>4,see ,ri*>d ,/allman1 ,,byte 7#aihf74 ,nev]!less1 z ,,gnu tools made _! m>k 9 ! late #aihjs1 ,/allman's ,,ai ,lab-hon$ reputation = design fa/idi\sness soon became leg5d>y ?r\gh\t ! entire s(tw>e-developm5t community4 ,j]emy ,allison1 a ,sun us] dur+ ! late #aihjs & programm] de/9$ to run 8 own free s(tw>e project1 ,samba1 9 ! #aiijs1 recalls t reputation ) a laugh4 ,dur+ ! late #aihjs1 ,allison began us+ ,emacs4 ,inspir$ by ! program's community-developm5t model1 ,allison says he s5t 9 a snippet ( s\rce code only to h x reject$ by ,/allman4 ,x 0 l ! ,onion headl9e1 ,allison says4 ,*ild's pray]s to ,god answ]$3 ,no4' ,/allman's gr[+ /ature z a s(tw>e programm]1 h[ev]1 0 balanc$ by 8 /ruggles z a project manag]4 ,al?\gh ! ,,gnu ,project mov$ f success to success 9 creation ( develop]-ori5t$ tools1 its inability to g5]ate a work+ k]nel-! c5tral traffic cop program 9 all ,unix sy/ems t det]m9es :i* devices & applications get access to ! microprocessor & :5-0 />t+ to elicit grumbles z ! #aihjs came to a close4 ,z ) mo/ ,,gnu ,project ef=ts1 ,/allman _h />t$ k]nel developm5t by look+ = an exi/+ program to modify4 ,accord+ to a ,janu>y #aihg ,gnuslett]1 ,/allman 0 already work+ to ov]haul ,,trix1 a ,unix k]nel develop$ at ,,mit4 ,a review ( ,,gnu ,project ,g,n,usletters ( ! late #aihjs reflects ! managem5t t5sion4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aihg1 ,/allman ann\nc$ to ! _w t ! ,,gnu ,project 0 work+ to ov]haul ,,trix1 a ,unix k]nel develop$ at ,,mit4 ,a ye> lat]1 9 ,febru>y ( #aihh1 ! ,,gnu ,project ann\nc$ t x _h %ift$ its att5tions to ,ma*1 a lightweight micro-k]nel develop$ at ,c>negie ,mellon4 ,all told1 h[ev]1 (ficial ,,gnu ,project k]nel developm5t w\ldn't comm5ce until #aiij4,see ,,hurd ,hi/ory4 http3_/_/www4gnu4org_/s(tw>e_/hurd_/hi/o ry4html ,! delays 9 k]nel developm5t 7 j "o ( _m conc]ns weigh+ on ,/allman dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,9 #aihi1 ,lotus ,developm5t ,corporation fil$ suit aga9/ rival s(tw>e company1 ,pap]back ,s(tw>e ,int]national1 = copy+ m5u comm&s 9 ,lotus' popul> #a-b-c ,spread%eet program4 ,lotus' suit1 c\pl$ ) ! ,apple -,micros(t look & feel battle1 provid$ a tr\blesome backdrop = ! ,,gnu ,project4 ,al?\gh bo? suits fell outside ! scope ( ! ,,gnu ,project1 bo? revolv$ ar\nd op]at+ sy/ems & s(tw>e applications develop$ = ! p]sonal comput]1 n ,unix-compatible h>dw>e sy/ems-!y ?reat5$ to impose a *ill+ effect on ! entire culture ( s(tw>e developm5t4 ,det]m9$ to d some?+1 ,/allman recruit$ a few programm] fri5ds & compos$ a magaz9e ad bla/+ ! lawsuits4 ,he !n foll[$ up ! ad by help+ to organize a gr\p to prote/ ! corporations fil+ ! suit4 ,call+ itself ! ,league ( ,programm+ ,fre$om1 ! gr\p held prote/s outside ! (fices ( ,lotus1 ,inc4 & ! ,bo/on c\rtroom ho/+ ! ,lotus trial4 ,! prote/s 7 notable4,accord+ to a ,league ( ,programm+ ,fre$om ,press1 ! prote/s 7 notable = featur+ ! fir/ hexadecimal prote/ *ant3 #a-b-c-d1 toss ! lawy]s out ! door2 #e-f-g-h1 innovate don't litigate2 #i-;,a-,b-,c1 #a-b-c is n = me2 ,d-,e-,f-,o1 look & feel h got to g http3_/_/lpf4ai4mit4edu_/,l9ks_/prep4ai4 mit4edu_/demo4f9al4release ,!y docum5t ! evolv+ nature ( s(tw>e indu/ry4 ,applications _h quietly replac$ op]at+ sy/ems z ! prim>y corporate battlegr\nd4 ,9 its unfulfill$ que/ to build a free s(tw>e op]at+ sy/em1 ! ,,gnu ,project seem$ hopelessly beh9d ! times4 ,inde$1 ! v fact t ,/allman _h felt x necess>y to put toge!r an entirely new gr\p d$icat$ to battl+ ! look & feel lawsuits re9=c$ t obsolesc5ce 9 ! eyes ( "s obs]v]s4 ,9 #aiij1 ! ,john ,d4 & ,ca!r9e ,t4 ,mac,arthur ,f\ndation c]ifi$ ,/allman's g5ius /atus :5 x grant$ ,/allman a ,mac,arthur fell[%ip1 !re=e mak+ him a recipi5t = ! organization's s-call$ g5ius grant4 ,! grant1 a #bdj1jjj rew>d = laun*+ ! ,,gnu ,project & giv+ voice to ! free s(tw>e philosophy1 reliev$ a numb] ( %ort-t]m conc]ns4 ,fir/ & =emo/1 x gave ,/allman1 a nonsal>i$ employee ( ! ,,fsf :o _h be5 support+ himself ?r\gh consult+ contracts1 ! ability to devote m "t to writ+ ,,gnu code4,i use ! t]m writ+ "h loosely4 ,ab\t ! "t ( ! ,mac,arthur aw>d1 ,/allman began suff]+ *ronic pa9 9 8 h&s & 0 dictat+ 8 "w to ,,fsf-employ$ typi/s4 ,al?\gh "s h speculat$ t ! h& pa9 0 ! result ( repetitive /ress injury1 or ,,rsi1 an injury common among s(tw>e programm]s1 ,/allman is n #ajj sure4 ,x 0 ,,n c>pal tunnel syndrome1 he writes4 ,my h& problem 0 9 ! h&s !mselves1 n 9 ! wri/s4 ,/allman has s9ce le>n$ to "w )\t typi/s aft] swit*+ to a keybo>d ) a light] t\*4 ,ironically1 ! aw>d also made x possible = ,/allman to vote4 ,mon?s be=e ! aw>d1 a fire 9 ,/allman's ap>tm5t h\se _h consum$ 8 few e>?ly possessions4 ,by ! "t ( ! aw>d1 ,/allman 0 li/+ himself z a squatt],see ,reuv5 ,l]n]1 ,/allman w9s #bdj1jjj ,mac,arthur aw>d1 ,,mit1 ,! ,te* 7,july #ah1 #aiij74 http3_/_/!-te*4mit4edu_/,v#aaj_/,n#cj_/r ms4#cjn4html at #ede ,te*nology ,squ>e4 ,! regi/r> ( vot]s didn't want to accept t z my address1 ,/allman w\ld lat] recall4 ,a newspap] article ab\t ! ,mac,arthur grant said t & !n !y let me regi/]4,see ,mi*ael ,gross1 ,ri*>d ,/allman3 ,high ,s*ool ,misfit1 ,symbol ( ,free ,s(tw>e1 ,mac,arthur-c]tifi$ ,g5ius 7#aiii74 ,mo/ importantly1 ! ,mac,arthur money gave ,/allman m fre$om4 ,already d$icat$ to ! issue ( s(tw>e fre$om1 ,/allman *ose to use ! additional fre$om to increase 8 travels 9 support ( ! ,,gnu ,project mission4 ,int]e/+ly1 ! ultimate success ( ! ,,gnu ,project & ! free s(tw>e movem5t 9 g5]al w\ld /em f "o ( ^! trips4 ,9 #aiij1 ,/allman paid a visit to ! ,polyte*nic ,univ]sity 9 ,hels9ki1 ,f9l&4 ,among ! audi5ce memb]s 0 #ba-ye>-old ,l9us ,torvalds1 future develop] ( ! ,l9ux k]nel-! free s(tw>e k]nel de/9$ to fill ! ,,gnu ,project's mo/ sizable gap4 ,a /ud5t at ! ne>by ,univ]sity ( ,hels9ki at ! "t1 ,torvalds reg>d$ ,/allman ) bemusem5t4 ,i saw1 = ! fir/ "t 9 my life1 ! /]eotypical long-hair$1 be>d$ hack] type1 recalls ,torvalds 9 8 #bjja autobiography ,j = ,fun4 ,we don't h mu* ( !m 9 ,hels9ki4,see ,l9us ,torvalds & ,david ,diamond1 ,j ,= ,fun3 ,! ,/ory ( an ,accid5taly ,revolution>y 7,harper,collins ,publi%]s1 ,inc41 #bjja73 #eh-ei4 ,:ile n exactly attun$ to ! sociopolitical side ( ! ,/allman ag5da1 ,torvalds nev]!less appreciat$ ! ag5da's und]ly+ logic3 no programm] writes error-free code4 ,by %>+ s(tw>e1 hack]s put a program's improvem5t ahead ( individual motivations su* z gre$ or ego protection4 ,l _m programm]s ( 8 g5]ation1 ,torvalds _h cut 8 tee? n on ma9frame comput]s l ! ,,ibm #gjid1 b on a motley assortm5t ( home-built comput] sy/ems4 ,z univ]sity /ud5t1 ,torvalds _h made ! /ep up f ,c programm+ to ,unix1 us+ ! univ]sity's ,micro,v,a,x4 ,?is ladd]-l progression _h giv5 ,torvalds a diff]5t p]spective on ! b>ri]s to ma*9e access4 ,= ,/allman1 ! *ief b>ri]s 7 bureaucracy & privilege4 ,= ,torvalds1 ! *ief b>ri]s 7 geography & ! h>% ,hels9ki w9t]4 ,=c$ to trek across ! ,univ]sity ( ,hels9ki j to log 9 to 8 ,unix acc\nt1 ,torvalds quickly began look+ = a way to log 9 f ! w>m conf9es ( 8 (f-campus ap>tm5t4 ,! se>* l$ ,torvalds to ! op]at+ sy/em ,m9ix1 a lightweight v]sion ( ,unix develop$ = in/ructional purposes by ,dut* univ]sity pr(essor ,&rew ,tan5baum4 ,! program fit )9 ! memory conf9es ( a #chf ,,pc1 ! mo/ p[]ful ma*9e ,torvalds c\ld af=d1 b /ill lack$ a few necess>y features4 ,x mo/ notably lack$ t]m9al emulation1 ! feature t all[$ ,torvalds' ma*9e to mimic a univ]sity t]m9al1 mak+ x possible to log 9 to ! ,micro,v,a,x f home4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #aiia1 ,torvalds rewrote ,m9ix f ! gr\nd up1 add+ o!r features z he did s4 ,by ! end ( ! summ]1 ,torvalds 0 ref]r+ to 8 evolv+ "w z ! ,,gnu_/,emacs ( t]m9al emulation programs4,see ,l9us ,torvalds & ,david ,diamond1 ,j ,= ,fun3 ,! ,/ory ( an ,accid5taly ,revolution>y 7,harper,collins ,publi%]s1 ,inc41 #bjja73 #gh4 ,feel+ confid5t1 he solicit$ a ,m9ix newsgr\p = copies ( ! ,,posix /&>ds1 ! s(tw>e blue pr9ts t det]m9$ :e!r a program 0 ,unix compatible4 ,a few weeks lat]1 ,torvalds 0 po/+ a message e]ily rem9isc5t ( ,/allman's orig9al #aihc ,,gnu po/+3 ,hello ev]ybody out !re us+ m9ix- ,i'm do+ a 7free7 op]at+ sy/em 7j a hobby1 won't be big & pr(essional l gnu = #chf 7#dhf7 ,,at clones74 ,?is has be5 brew+ s9ce ,april1 & is />t+ to get ready4 ,i'd l any fe$back on ?+s p l_/dislike 9 m9ix1 z my ,,os resembles x some:at 7same physical lay\t ( ! file-sy/em 7due to practical reasons7 among o!r ?+s74,see ,l9ux #aj? ,anniv]s>y4 http3_/_/www4l9ux#aj4org_/hi/ory_/ ,! po/+ drew a smatt]+ ( responses & )9 a mon?1 ,torvalds _h po/$ a #j4ja v]sion ( ! op]at+ sy/em-i4e41 ! e>lie/ possible v]sion fit = outside review-on an ,int]net ,,ftp site4 ,9 ! c\rse ( do+ s1 ,torvalds _h to come up ) a "n = ! new sy/em4 ,on 8 own ,,pc h>d drive1 ,torvalds _h sav$ ! program z ,l9ux1 a "n t paid its respects to ! s(tw>e conv5tion ( giv+ ea* ,unix v>iant a "n t end$ ) ! lett] ,x4 ,deem+ ! "n too egoti/ical1 ,torvalds *ang$ x to ,freax1 only to h ! ,,ftp site manag] *ange x back4 ,al?\gh ,torvalds _h set out build a full op]at+ sy/em1 bo? he & o!r develop]s knew at ! "t t mo/ ( ! functional tools ne$$ to d s 7 already available1 ?anks to ! "w ( ,,gnu1 ,,bsd1 & o!r free s(tw>e develop]s4 ,"o ( ! fir/ tools ! ,l9ux developm5t team took advantage ( 0 ! ,,gnu ,c ,compil]1 a tool t made x possible to process programs writt5 9 ! ,c programm+ language4 ,integrat+ ,,gcc improv$ ! p]=mance ( ,l9ux4 ,x also rais$ issues4 ,al?\gh ! ,,gpl's viral p[]s didn't apply to ! ,l9ux k]nel1 ,torvald's will+ness to borr[ ,,gcc = ! purposes ( 8 own free s(tw>e op]at+ sy/em indicat$ a c]ta9 obligation to let o!r us]s borr[ back4 ,z ,torvalds w\ld lat] put x3 ,i _h hoi/$ myself up on ! %\ld]s ( giants4,see ,l9us ,torvalds & ,david ,diamond1 ,j ,= ,fun3 ,! ,/ory ( an ,accid5taly ,revolution>y 7,harper,collins ,publi%]s1 ,inc41 #bjja73 #if-ig4 ,n surpris+ly1 he began to ?9k ab\t :at w\ld happ5 :5 o!r p look$ to him = simil> support4 ,a decade aft] ! decision1 ,torvalds e*oes ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation's ,rob]t ,*assel :5 he sums up 8 ?\ghts at ! "t3 ,y put six mon?s ( y\r life into ?is ?+ & y want to make x available & y want to get some?+ out ( x1 b y don't want p to take advantage ( x4 ,i want$ p to be able to see ,l9ux1 & to make *anges & improvem5ts to _! he>ts' cont5t4 ,b ,i also want$ to make sure t :at ,i got out ( x 0 to see :at !y 7 do+4 ,i want$ to always h access to ! s\rces s t if !y made improvem5ts1 ,i c\ld make ^? improvem5ts myself4,see ,l9us ,torvalds & ,david ,diamond1 ,j ,= ,fun3 ,! ,/ory ( an ,accid5taly ,revolution>y 7,harper,collins ,publi%]s1 ,inc41 #bjja73 #id-ie4 ,:5 x 0 "t to release ! #j4ab v]sion ( ,l9ux1 ! fir/ to include a fully integrat$ v]sion ( ,,gcc1 ,torvalds decid$ to voice 8 allegiance ) ! free s(tw>e movem5t4 ,he disc>d$ ! old k]nel lic5se & replac$ x ) ! ,,gpl4 ,! decision trigg]$ a port+ spree1 z ,torvalds & 8 collaborators look$ to o!r ,,gnu programs to fold into ! gr[+ ,l9ux /ew4 ,)9 ?ree ye>s1 ,l9ux develop]s 7 (f]+ _! fir/ production release1 ,l9ux #a4j1 includ+ fully modifi$ v]sions ( ,,gcc1 ,,gdb1 & a ho/ ( ,,bsd tools4 ,by #aiid1 ! amalgamat$ op]at+ sy/em _h e>n$ en\gh respect 9 ! hack] _w to make "s obs]v]s wond] if ,torvalds hadn't giv5 away ! f>m by swit*+ to ! ,,gpl 9 ! project's initial mon?s4 ,9 ! fir/ issue ( ,l9ux ,j\rnal1 publi%] ,rob]t ,"y sat d[n ) ,torvalds = an int]view4 ,:5 ,"y ask$ ! ,f9ni% programm] if he felt regret at giv+ up private own]%ip ( ! ,l9ux s\rce code1 ,torvalds said no4 ,ev5 ) #bj_/bj h9dsight1 ,torvalds said1 he consid]$ ! ,,gpl "o ( ! v be/ design decisions made dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! ,l9ux project4,see ,rob]t ,"y1 ,int]view ) ,l9us1 ! ,au?or ( ,l9ux1 ,l9ux ,j\rnal 7,m>* #a1 #aiid74 http3_/_/www4l9uxj\rnal4com_/article4php 8sid#bgcf ,t ! decision _h be5 made ) z]o appeal or def]5ce to ,/allman & ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation speaks to ! ,,gpl's gr[+ portability4 ,al?\gh x w\ld take a few ye>s to be recogniz$ by ,/allman1 ! explosiv5ess ( ,l9ux developm5t conjur$ fla%backs ( ,emacs4 ,?is "t ar\nd1 h[ev]1 ! innovation trigg]+ ! explosion wasn't a s(tw>e hack l ,control-,r b ! novelty ( runn+ a ,unix-l sy/em on ! ,,pc ar*itecture4 ,! motives may h be5 diff]5t1 b ! end result c]ta9ly fit ! e?ical specifications3 a fully functional op]at+ sy/em compos$ entirely ( free s(tw>e4 ,z 8 initial email message to ! comp4os4m9ix newsgr\p indicates1 x w\ld take a few mon?s be=e ,torvalds saw ,l9ux z any?+ less ?an a holdov] until ! ,,gnu develop]s deliv]$ on ! ,,hurd k]nel4 ,?is initial unwill+ness to see ,l9ux 9 political t]ms w\ld repres5t a major bl[ to ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation4 ,z f> z ,torvalds 0 conc]n$1 he 0 simply ! late/ 9 a long l9e ( kids tak+ ap>t & reassembl+ ?+s j = fun4 ,nev]!less1 :5 summ+ up ! runaway success ( a project t c\ld h j z easily sp5t ! re/ ( its days on an ab&on$ comput] h>d drive1 ,torvalds cr$its 8 y\ng] self = hav+ ! wisdom to give up control & accept ! ,,gpl b>ga94 ,i may n h se5 ! light1 writes ,torvalds1 reflect+ on ,/allman's #aiia ,polyte*nic ,univ]sity spee* & 8 subsequ5t decision to swit* to ! ,,gpl4 ,b ,i guess some?+ f 8 spee* sunk 9 4,see ,l9us ,torvalds & ,david ,diamond1 ,j ,= ,fun3 ,! ,/ory ( an ,accid5taly ,revolution>y 7,harper,collins ,publi%]s1 ,inc41 #bjja73 #ei4 int]view (f]s an int]e/+1 n to m5tion c&id1 glimpse at ,/allman's political attitudes dur+ ! e>lie/ days ( ! ,,gnu ,project4 ,x is also helpful 9 trac+ ! evolution ( ,/allman's rhetoric4 ,describ+ ! purpose ( ! ,,gpl1 ,/allman says1 ,i'm try+ to *ange ! way p approa* k & in=mation 9 g5]al4 ,i ?9k t to try to own k1 to try to control :e!r p are all[$ to use x1 or to try to /op o!r p f %>+ x1 is sabotage4 ,contra/ ?is ) a /atem5t to ! au?or 9 ,augu/ #bjjj3 ,i urge y n to use ! t]m intellectual prop]ty' 9 y\r ?9k+4 ,x w lead y to misund]/& ?+s1 because t t]m g5]alizes ab\t copyrights1 pat5ts1 & tradem>ks4 ,& ^? ?+s are s diff]5t 9 _! effects t x is entirely fooli% to try to talk ab\t !m at once4 ,if y he> somebody say+ some?+ ab\t intellectual prop]ty1 )\t quotes1 !n he's n ?9k+ v cle>ly & y %\ldn't jo94 ,,gnu_/,l9ux ,by #aiic1 ! free s(tw>e movem5t 0 at a crossroads4 ,to ! optimi/ically incl9$1 all signs po9t$ t[>d success = ! hack] cultur4 ,wir$ magaz9e1 a funky1 new publication (f]+ /ories on data encryption1 ,us5et1 & s(tw>e fre$om1 0 fly+ (f magaz9e racks4 ,! ,int]net1 once a slang t]m us$ only by hack]s & rese>* sci5ti/s1 _h f\nd its way into ma9/ream lexicon4 ,ev5 ,presid5t ,cl9ton 0 us+ x4 ,! p]sonal comput]1 once a hobbyi/'s toy1 _h gr[n to full-scale respectability1 giv+ a :ole new g5]ation ( comput] us]s access to hack]-built s(tw>e4 ,& :ile ! ,,gnu ,project _h n yet rea*$ its goal ( a fully intact1 free s(tw>e op]at+ sy/em1 curi\s us]s c\ld /ill try ,l9ux 9 ! int]im4 ,any way y slic$ x1 ! news 0 good1 or s x seem$4 ,aft] a decade ( /ruggle1 hack]s & hack] values 7 f9ally ga9+ acceptance 9 ma9/ream society4 ,p 7 gett+ x4 ,or 7 !y8 ,to ! pessimi/ically incl9$1 ea* sign ( acceptance c>ri$ its own tr\bl+ c\nt]sign4 ,sure1 be+ a hack] 0 sudd5ly cool1 b 0 cool good = a community t ?riv$ on ali5ation8 ,sure1 ! ,:ite ,h\se 0 say+ all ! "r ?+s ab\t ! ,int]net1 ev5 go+ s f> z to regi/] its own doma9 "n1 :iteh\se4gov1 b x 0 also meet+ ) ! companies1 c5sor%ip advocates1 & law-en=cem5t (ficials look+ to tame ! ,int]net's ,wild ,we/ culture4 ,sure1 ,p,cs 7 m p[]ful1 b 9 commoditiz+ ! ,,pc m>ketplace ) its *ips1 ,intel _h creat$ a situation 9 :i* propriet>y s(tw>e v5dors n[ held ! p[]4 ,= e new us] won ov] to ! free s(tw>e cause via ,l9ux1 hundr$s1 p]haps ?\s&s1 7 boot+ up ,micros(t ,w9d[s = ! fir/ "t4 ,f9ally1 !re 0 ! curi\s nature ( ,l9ux itself4 ,unre/rict$ by design bugs 7l ,,gnu7 & legal disputes 7l ,,bsd71 ,l9ux' high-spe$ evolution _h be5 s unplann$1 its success s accid5tal1 t programm]s close/ to ! s(tw>e code itself didn't "k :at to make ( x4 ,m compilation album ?an op]at+ sy/em1 x 0 compris$ ( a hack] m$ley ( greate/ hits3 ev]y?+ f ,,gcc1 ,,gdb1 & glibc 7! ,,gnu ,project's newly develop$ ,c ,libr>y7 to ,x 7a ,unix-bas$ graphic us] int]face develop$ by ,,mit's ,laboratory = ,comput] ,sci5ce7 to ,,bsd-develop$ tools su* z ,,b9d 7! ,b]keley ,int]net ,nam+ ,daemon1 :i* lets us]s sub/itute easy-to-rememb] ,int]net doma9 names = num]ic ,,ip addresses7 & ,,tcp_/,,ip4 ,! ar*'s cap/one1 ( c\rse1 0 ! ,l9ux k]nel-itself a bor$-out1 sup]-*>g$ v]sion ( ,m9ix4 ,r ?an build+ _! op]at+ sy/em f scrat*1 ,torvalds & 8 rapidly exp&+ ,l9ux developm5t team _h foll[$ ! old ,picasso adage1 good arti/s borr[2 great arti/s /eal4 ,or z ,torvalds himself w\ld lat] translate x :5 describ+ ! secret ( 8 success3 ,i'm basically a v lazy p]son :o likes to take cr$it = ?+s o!r p actually d4,torvalds has (f]$ ?is quote 9 _m diff]5t sett+s4 ,to date1 h[ev]1 ! quote's mo/ notable appe>ance is 9 ! ,eric ,raymond essay1 ,! ,ca!dral & ! ,baza> 7,may1 #aiig74 http3_/_/www4tux$o4org_/esr_/writ+s_/ca! dral-baza>_/ca!dral-baza>_/index4html ,su* laz9ess1 :ile admirable f an effici5cy p]spective1 0 tr\bl+ f a political p]spective4 ,= "o ?+1 x und]l9$ ! lack ( an ideological ag5da on ,torvalds' "p4 ,unlike ! ,,gnu develop]s1 ,torvalds hadn't built an op]at+ sy/em out ( a desire to give 8 fell[ hack]s some?+ to "w )2 he'd built x to h some?+ he himself c\ld play )4 ,l ,tom ,sawy] :itewa%+ a f5ce1 ,torvalds' g5ius lay less 9 ! ov]all vision & m 9 8 ability to recruit o!r hack]s to spe$ ! process4 ,t ,torvalds & 8 recruits _h succe$$ :]e o!rs _h n rais$ its own tr\bl+ "q3 :at1 exactly1 0 ,l9ux8 ,0 x a manife/ation ( ! free s(tw>e philosophy fir/ articulat$ by ,/allman 9 ! ,,gnu ,manife/o8 ,or 0 x simply an amalgamation ( nifty s(tw>e tools t any us]1 simil>ly motivat$1 c\ld assemble on 8 own home sy/em8 ,by late #aiic1 a gr[+ numb] ( ,l9ux us]s _h begun to lean t[>d ! latt] def9ition & began brew+ private v>iations on ! ,l9ux !me4 ,!y ev5 became bold en\gh to bottle & sell _! v>iations-or di/ributions-to fell[ ,unix aficionados4 ,! results 7 spotty at be/4 ,?is 0 back be=e ,r$ ,hat & ! o!r comm]cial di/ributions1 rememb]s ,ian ,murdock1 !n a comput] sci5ce /ud5t at ,purdue ,univ]sity4 ,y'd flip ?r\gh ,unix magaz9es & f9d all ^! bus9ess c>d-siz$ ads proclaim+ ,l9ux4' ,mo/ ( ! companies 7 fly-by-night op]ations t saw no?+ wrong ) slipp+ a little ( _! own s\rce code into ! mix4 ,murdock1 a ,unix programm]1 rememb]s be+ swept away by ,l9ux :5 he fir/ d[nload$ & in/all$ x on 8 home ,,pc sy/em4 ,x 0 j a lot ( fun1 he says4 ,x made me want to get involv$4 ,! explosion ( poorly built di/ributions began to damp5 8 e>ly en?usiasm1 h[ev]4 ,decid+ t ! be/ way to get involv$ 0 to build a v]sion ( ,l9ux free ( additives1 ,murdock set ab\t putt+ a li/ ( ! be/ free s(tw>e tools available ) ! int5tion ( fold+ !m into 8 own di/ribution4 ,i want$ some?+ t w\ld live up to ! ,l9ux "n1 ,murdock says4 ,9 a bid to /ir up "s int]e/1 ,murdock po/$ 8 int5tions on ! ,int]net1 includ+ ,us5et's comp4os4l9ux newsgr\p4 ,"o ( ! fir/ respond+ email messages 0 f rmsai4mit4edu 4 ,z a hack]1 ,murdock in/antly recogniz$ ! address4 ,x 0 ,ri*>d ,m4 ,/allman1 f\nd] ( ! ,,gnu ,project & a man ,murdock knew ev5 back !n z ! hack] ( hack]s4 ,see+ ! address 9 8 mail queue1 ,murdock 0 puzzl$4 ,:y on ,e>? w\ld ,/allman1 a p]son lead+ 8 own op]at+-sy/em project1 c>e ab\t ,murdock's gripes ov] ,l9ux8 ,murdock op5$ ! message4 ,he said ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation 0 />t+ to look closely at ,l9ux & t ! ,,fsf 0 int]e/$ 9 possibly do+ a ,l9ux sy/em1 too4 ,basically1 x look$ to ,/allman l our goals 7 9 l9e ) _! philosophy4 ,! message repres5t$ a dramatic ab\t-face on ,/allman's "p4 ,until #aiic1 ,/allman _h be5 cont5t to keep 8 nose out ( ! ,l9ux community's affairs4 ,9 fact1 he _h all b %unn$ ! r5egade op]at+ sy/em :5 x fir/ appe>$ on ! ,unix programm+ l&scape 9 #aiia4 ,aft] receiv+ ! fir/ notification ( a ,unix-l op]at+ sy/em t ran on ,p,cs1 ,/allman says he delegat$ ! task ( exam9+ ! new op]at+ sy/em to a fri5d4 ,recalls ,/allman1 ,he report$ back t ! s(tw>e 0 model$ aft] ,sy/em ,v1 :i* 0 ! inf]ior v]sion ( ,unix4 ,he also told me x wasn't portable4 ,! fri5d's report 0 correct4 ,built to run on #chf-;bas$ ma*9es1 ,l9ux 0 firmly root$ to its l[-co/ h>dw>e plat=m4 ,:at ! fri5d fail$ to report1 h[ev]1 0 ! sizable advantage ,l9ux enjoy$ z ! only freely modifiable op]at+ sy/em 9 ! m>ketplace4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile ,/allman sp5t ! next ?ree ye>s li/5+ to bug reports f 8 ,,hurd team1 ,torvalds 0 w9n+ ov] ! programm]s :o w\ld lat] uproot & replant ! op]at+ sy/em onto new plat=ms4 ,by #aiic1 ! ,,gnu ,project's inability to deliv] a work+ k]nel 0 lead+ to problems bo? )9 ! ,,gnu ,project & )9 ! free s(tw>e movem5t at l>ge4 ,a ,m>*1 #aiic1 a ,wir$ magaz9e article by ,simson ,g>f9kel describ$ ! ,,gnu ,project z bogg$ d[n despite ! success ( ! project's _m tools4,see ,simson ,g>f9kel1 ,is ,/allman ,/all$8 ,wir$ 7,m>*1 #aiic74 ,^? )9 ! project & its nonpr(it adjunct1 ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation1 rememb] ! mood z be+ ev5 worse ?an ,g>f9kel's article let on4 ,x 0 v cle>1 at lea/ to me at ! "t1 t !re 0 a w9d[ ( opportunity to introduce a new op]at+ sy/em1 says ,*assell4 ,& once t w9d[ 0 clos$1 p w\ld become less int]e/$4 ,:i* is 9 fact exactly :at happ5$4,*assel's conc]n ab\t !re be+ a #cf-mon? w9d[ = a new op]at+ sy/em is n unique to ! ,,gnu ,project4 ,dur+ ! e>ly #aiijs1 free s(tw>e v]sions ( ! ,b]keley ,s(tw>e ,di/ribution 7 held up by ,unix ,sy/em ,laboratories' lawsuit re/rict+ ! release ( ,,bsd-d]iv$ s(tw>e4 ,:ile _m us]s consid] ,,bsd (f%oots su* z ,free,b,s,d & ,open,b,s,d to be demon/rably sup]ior to ,,gnu_/,l9ux bo? 9 t]ms ( p]=mance & security1 ! numb] ( ,free,b,s,d & ,open,b,s,d us]s rema9s a fraction ( ! total ,,gnu_/,l9ux us] population4 ,to view a sample analysis ( ! relative success ( ,,gnu_/,l9ux 9 relation to o!r free s(tw>e op]at+ sy/ems1 see ! essay by ,new ,zeal& hack]1 ,liam ,gre5wood1 ,:y is ,l9ux ,successful 7#aiii74 ,mu* has be5 made ab\t ! ,,gnu ,project's /ruggles dur+ ! #aiij-aiic p]iod4 ,:ile "s place ! blame on ,/allman = ^? /ruggles1 ,eric ,raymond1 an e>ly memb] ( ! ,,gnu ,emacs team & lat] ,/allman critic1 says ! problem 0 l>gely in/itutional4 ,! ,,fsf got arrogant1 ,raymond says4 ,!y mov$ away f ! goal ( do+ a production-ready op]at+ sy/em to do+ op]at+-sy/em rese>*4 ,ev5 worse1 ,!y ?\ght no?+ outside ! ,,fsf c\ld affect !m4 ,murdock1 a p]son less privy to ! inn] deal+s ( ! ,,gnu ,project1 adopts a m *>itable view4 ,i ?9k "p ( ! problem is !y 7 a little too ambiti\s & !y ?rew good money aft] bad1 he says4 ,micro-k]nels 9 ! late #hjs & e>ly #ijs 7 a hot topic4 ,un=tunately1 t 0 ab\t ! "t t ! ,,gnu ,project />t$ to design _! k]nel4 ,!y end$ up ) alot ( baggage & x w\ld h tak5 a lot ( backp$al+ to lose x4 ,/allman cites a numb] ( issues :5 expla9+ ! delay4 ,! ,lotus & ,apple lawsuits _h provid$ political di/ractions1 :i*1 c\pl$ ) ,/allman's inability to type1 made x difficult = ,/allman to l5d a help+ h& to ! ,,hurd team4 ,/allman also cites poor communication betwe5 v>i\s portions ( ! ,,gnu ,project4 ,we _h to d a lot ( "w to get ! debugg+ environm5t to "w1 he recalls4 ,& ! p ma9ta9+ ,,gdb at ! "t 7 n t coop]ative4 ,mo/ly1 h[ev]1 ,/allman says he & ! o!r memb]s ( ! ,,gnu ,project team und]e/imat$ ! difficulty ( exp&+ ! ,ma* microk]nal into a full-fl$g$ ,unix k]nel4 ,i figur$1 ,,ok1 ! ,ma* "p t has to talk to ! ma*9e has already be5 debugg$1 ,/allman says1 recall+ ! ,,hurd team's tr\bles 9 a #bjjj spee*4 ,) t head />t1 we %\ld be able to get x done fa/]4 ,b in/ead1 x turn$ out t debugg+ ^! asyn*ron\s multi?read$ programs 0 really h>d4 ,!re 7 tim+ books t w\ld clobb] ! files1 & t's no fun4 ,! end result 0 t x took _m1 _m ye>s to produce a te/ v]sion4,see ,maui ,high ,p]=mance ,comput+ ,c5t] ,spee*4 ,:atev] ! excuse1 or excuses1 ! concurr5t success ( ! ,l9ux-k]nel team creat$ a t5se situation4 ,sure1 ! ,l9ux k]nel _h be5 lic5s$ "u ! ,,gpl1 b z ,murdock himself _h not$1 ! desire to treat ,l9ux z a purely free s(tw>e op]at+ sy/em 0 f> f uni=m4 ,by late #aiic1 ! total ,l9ux us] population _h gr[n f a doz5 or s ,m9ix en?usia/s to some:]e betwe5 #bj1jjj & #ajj1jjj4;,,gnu_/,l9ux us]-population numb]s are sket*y at be/1 :i* is :y ,i've provid$ su* a broad range4 ,! #ajj1jjj total comes f ! ,r$ ,hat ,mile/ones site1 http3_/_/www4r$hat4com_/ab\t_/corporate_ /mile/ones4html4 ,:at _h once be5 a hobby 0 n[ a m>ketplace ripe = exploitation4 ,l ,w9/on ,*ur*ill wat*+ ,soviet troops sweep into ,b]l91 ,/allman felt an und]/&able set ( mix$ emotions :5 x came "t to celebrate ! ,l9ux victory4,i wrote ?is ,w9/on ,*ur*ill analogy be=e ,/allman himself s5t me 8 own unsolicit$ comm5t on ,*ur*ill3 ,_w ,w> ,,ii & ! det]m9ation ne$$ to w9 x 0 a v /rong memory z ,i 0 gr[+ up4 ,/atem5ts su* z ,*ur*ill's1 ,we w fight !m 9 ! l&+ zones1 we w fight !m on ! bea*es 4 4 4 we w nev] surr5d]1 h always resonat$ = me4 ,al?\gh late to ! p>ty1 ,/allman /ill _h cl\t4 ,z soon z ! ,,fsf ann\nc$ t x w\ld l5d its money & moral support to ,murdock's s(tw>e project1 o!r (f]s ( support began roll+ 94 ,murdock dubb$ ! new project ,debian-a compression ( 8 & 8 wife1 ,deborah's1 names-& )9 a few weeks 0 roll+ out ! fir/ di/ribution4 ,ri*>d's support catapult$ ,debian almo/ ov]night f ?is int]e/+ little project to some?+ p )9 ! community _h to pay att5tion to1 ,murdock says4 ,9 ,janu>y ( #aiid1 ,murdock issu$ ! ,debian ,manife/o4 ,writt5 9 ! _s ( ,/allman's ,,gnu ,manife/o f a decade be=e1 x expla9$ ! importance ( work+ closely ) ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation4 ,murdock wrote3 ,! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation plays an extremely important role 9 ! future ( ,debian4 ,by ! simple fact t !y w be di/ribut+ x1 a message is s5t to ! _w t ,l9ux is n a comm]cial product & t x nev] %\ld be1 b t ?is does n mean t ,l9ux w nev] be able to compete comm]cially4 ,= ^? ( y :o disagree1 ,i *all5ge y to rationalize ! success ( ,,gnu ,emacs & ,,gcc1 :i* are n comm]cial s(tw>e b :i* h _h q an impact on ! comm]cial m>ket reg>dless ( t fact4 ,! "t has come to conc5trate on ! future ( ,l9ux r ?an on ! de/ructive goal ( enri*+ oneself at ! exp5se ( ! entire ,l9ux community & its future4 ,! developm5t & di/ribution ( ,debian may n be ! answ] to ! problems t ,i h outl9$ 9 ! ,manife/o1 b ,i hope t x w at lea/ attract en\gh att5tion to ^! problems to all[ !m to be solv$4 ,%ortly aft] ! ,manife/o's release1 ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation made its fir/ major reque/4 ,/allman want$ ,murdock to call its di/ribution ,,gnu_/,l9ux4 ,at fir/1 ,murdock says1 ,/allman _h want$ to use ! t]m ,lignux-z 9 ,l9ux ) ,,gnu at ! he>t ( x-b a sample te/+ ( ! t]m on ,us5et & 9 v>i\s impromptu hack] focus gr\ps _h m]it$ en\gh catcalls to conv9ce ,/allman to g ) ! less awkw>d ,,gnu_/,l9ux4 ,al?\gh "s w\ld dismiss ,/allman's attempt to add ! ,,gnu prefix z a belat$ que/ = cr$it1 ,murdock saw x diff]5tly4 ,look+ back1 ,murdock saw x z an attempt to c\nt]act ! gr[+ t5sion betwe5 ,,gnu ,project & ,l9ux-k]nel develop]s4 ,!re 0 a split em]g+1 ,murdock recalls4 ,ri*>d 0 conc]n$4 ,! deepe/ split1 ,murdock says1 0 ov] glibc4 ,%ort = ,,gnu ,c ,libr>y1 glibc is ! package t lets programm]s make sy/em calls direct$ at ! k]nel4 ,ov] ! c\rse ( #aiic-aiid1 glibc em]g$ z a tr\blesome bottl5eck 9 ,l9ux developm5t4 ,because s _m new us]s 7 add+ new functions to ! ,l9ux k]nel1 ! ,,gnu ,project's glibc ma9ta9]s 7 soon ov]:elm$ ) sugge/$ *anges4 ,fru/rat$ by delays & ! ,,gnu ,project's gr[+ reputation = foot-dragg+1 "s ,l9ux develop]s sugge/$ creat+ a =k-i4e41 a ,l9ux-specific ,c ,libr>y p>allel to glibc4 ,9 ! hack] _w1 =ks are an int]e/+ ph5om5on4 ,al?\gh ! hack] e?ic p]mits a programm] to d any?+ he wants ) a giv5 program's s\rce code1 mo/ hack]s pref] to p\r _! innovations into a c5tral s\rce-code file or tree to ensure compatibility ) o!r p's programs4 ,to =k glibc ?is e>ly 9 ! developm5t ( ,l9ux w\ld h meant los+ ! pot5tial input ( hundr$s1 ev5 ?\s&s1 ( ,l9ux develop]s4 ,x w\ld also mean gr[+ incompatibility betwe5 ,l9ux & ! ,,gnu sy/em t ,/allman & ! ,,gnu team /ill hop$ to develop4 ,z lead] ( ! ,,gnu ,project1 ,/allman _h already exp]i5c$ ! negative effects ( a s(tw>e =k 9 #aiia4 ,a gr\p ( ,emacs develop]s work+ = a s(tw>e company nam$ ,lucid _h a fall+ out ov] ,/allman's unwill+ness to fold *anges back into ! ,,gnu ,emacs code base4 ,! =k _h giv5 bir? to a p>allel v]sion1 ,lucid ,emacs1 & h>d feel+s all ar\nd4,jamie ,zaw9ski1 a =m] ,lucid programm] :o w\ld g on to head ! ,mozilla developm5t team1 has a web site t docum5ts ! ,lucid_/,,gnu ,emacs =k1 titl$1 ,! ,lemacs_/,f,s,fmacs ,s*ism4 http3_/_/www4jwz4org_/doc_/lemacs4html ,murdock says ,debian 0 m\nt+ "w on a simil> =k 9 glibc s\rce code t motivat$ ,/allman to insi/ on add+ ! ,,gnu prefix :5 ,debian roll$ out its s(tw>e di/ribution4 ,! =k has s9ce conv]g$4 ,/ill1 at ! "t1 !re 0 a conc]n t if ! ,l9ux community saw itself z a diff]5t ?+ z ! ,,gnu community1 x might be a =ce = disunity4 ,/allman seconds ,murdock's recollection4 ,9 fact1 he says !re 7 nasc5t =ks appe>+ 9 relation to e major ,,gnu compon5t4 ,at fir/1 ,/allman says he consid]$ ! =ks to be a product ( s\r grapes4 ,9 contra/ to ! fa/ & in=mal dynamics ( ! ,l9ux-k]nel team1 ,,gnu s\rce-code ma9ta9]s t5d$ to be sl[] & m circumspect 9 mak+ *anges t might affect a program's long-t]m viability4 ,!y also 7 unafraid ( h>%ly critiqu+ o!r p's code4 ,ov] "t1 h[ev]1 ,/allman began to s5se t !re 0 an und]ly+ lack ( aw>5ess ( ! ,,gnu ,project & its objectives :5 read+ ,l9ux develop]s' emails4 ,we discov]$ t ! p :o consid]$ !mselves ,l9ux us]s didn't c>e ab\t ! ,,gnu ,project1 ,/allman says4 ,!y said1 ,:y %\ld ,i bo!r do+ ^! ?+s8 ,i don't c>e ab\t ! ,,gnu ,project4 ,x's work+ = me4 ,x's work+ = u ,l9ux us]s1 & no?+ else matt]s to u4' ,& t 0 q surpris+ giv5 t p 7 ess5tially us+ a v>iant ( ! ,,gnu sy/em1 & !y c>$ s little4 ,!y c>$ less ?an anybody else ab\t ,,gnu4 ,:ile "s view$ descriptions ( ,l9ux z a v>iant ( ! ,,gnu ,project z politically grasp+1 ,murdock1 already sympa!tic to ! free s(tw>e cause1 saw ,/allman's reque/ to call ,debian's v]sion ,,gnu_/,l9ux z reasonable4 ,x 0 m = unity ?an = cr$it1 he says4 ,reque/s ( a m te*nical nature quickly foll[$4 ,al?\gh ,murdock _h be5 accommodat+ on political issues1 he /ruck a firm] pose :5 x came to ! design & developm5t model ( ! actual s(tw>e4 ,:at _h begun z a %[ ( solid>ity soon became ( model ( o!r ,,gnu projects4 ,i c tell y t ,i've _h my %>e ( disagreem5ts ) him1 says ,murdock ) a laugh4 ,9 all hone/y ,ri*>d c be a fairly difficult p]son to "w )4 ,9 #aiif1 ,murdock1 foll[+ 8 graduation f ,purdue1 decid$ to h& ov] ! re9s ( ! gr[+ ,debian project4 ,he _h already be5 c$+ managem5t duties to ,bruce ,p]5s1 ! hack] be/ kn[n = 8 "w on ,electric ,f5ce1 a ,unix utility releas$ "u ! ,,gpl4 ,p]5s1 l ,murdock1 0 a ,unix programm] :o _h become enamor$ ( ,,gnu_/,l9ux z soon z ! program's ,unix-l abilities became manife/4 ,l ,murdock1 ,p]5s sympa?iz$ ) ! political ag5da ( ,/allman & ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation1 albeit f af>4 ,i rememb] aft] ,/allman _h already come out ) ! ,,gnu ,manife/o1 ,,gnu ,emacs1 & ,,gcc1 ,i read an article t said he 0 work+ z a consultant = ,intel1 says ,p]5s1 recall+ 8 fir/ bru% ) ,/allman 9 ! late #aihjs4 ,i wrote him ask+ h[ he c\ld be advocat+ free s(tw>e on ! "o h& & work+ = ,intel on ! o!r4 ,he wrote back say+1 ,i "w z a consultant to produce free s(tw>e4' ,he 0 p]fectly polite ab\t x1 & ,i ?\ght 8 answ] made p]fect s5se4 ,z a prom95t ,debian develop]1 h[ev]1 ,p]5s reg>d$ ,murdock's design battles ) ,/allman ) dismay4 ,^u assum+ lead]%ip ( ! developm5t team1 ,p]5s says he made ! comm& decision to di/ance ,debian f ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation4 ,i decid$ we did n want ,ri*>d's /yle ( micro-managem5t1 he says4 ,accord+ to ,p]5s1 ,/allman 0 tak5 aback by ! decision b _h ! wisdom to roll ) x4 ,he gave x "s "t to cool (f & s5t a message t we really ne$$ a relation%ip4 ,he reque/$ t we call x ,,gnu_/,l9ux & left x at t4 ,i decid$ t 0 f9e4 ,i made ! decision unilat]ally4 ,ev]ybody brea!d a sigh ( relief4 ,ov] "t1 ,debian w\ld develop a reputation z ! hack]'s v]sion ( ,l9ux1 alongside ,slackw>e1 ano!r popul> di/ribution f\nd$ dur+ ! same #aiic-aiid p]iod4 ,outside ! realm ( hack]-ori5t$ sy/ems1 h[ev]1 ,l9ux 0 pick+ up /eam 9 ! comm]cial ,unix m>ketplace4 ,9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 a ,unix company bill+ itself z ,r$ ,hat 0 revamp+ its bus9ess to focus on ,l9ux4 ,! *ief executive (fic] 0 ,rob]t ,"y1 ! =m] ,l9ux ,j\rnal editor :o 9 #aiid _h put ! "q to ,l9us ,torvalds1 ask+ :e!r he _h any regrets ab\t putt+ ! k]nel "u ! ,,gpl4 ,to ,"y1 ,torvalds' response _h a pr(\nd impact on 8 own view t[>d ,l9ux4 ,in/ead ( look+ = a way to corn] ! ,,gnu_/,l9ux m>ket via traditional s(tw>e tactics1 ,"y began to consid] :at might happ5 if a company adopt$ ! same approa* z ,debian-i4e41 build+ an op]at+ sy/em completely out ( free s(tw>e p>ts4 ,cygnus ,solutions1 ! company f\nd$ by ,mi*ael ,tiemann & ,john ,gilmore 9 #aiij1 0 already demon/rat+ ! ability to sell free s(tw>e bas$ on quality & cu/omizability4 ,:at if ,r$ ,hat took ! same approa* ) ,,gnu_/,l9ux8 ,9 ! we/]n sci5tific tradition we /& on ! %\ld]s ( giants1 says ,"y1 e*o+ bo? ,torvalds & ,sir ,isaac ,newton be=e him4 ,9 bus9ess1 ?is translates to n hav+ to re9v5t :eels z we g along4 ,! beauty ( ! ,,gpl model is y put y\r code into ! public doma94,"y uses ! t]m public doma9 incorrectly "h4 ,public doma9 means n protect$ by copyright4 ,,gpl-protect$ programs are by def9ition protect$ by copyright4 ,if y're an indep5d5t s(tw>e v5dor & y're try+ to build "s application & y ne$ a modem-dial]1 well1 :y re9v5t modem dial]s8 ,y c j /eal ,,ppp (f ( ,r$ ,hat ,l9ux & use t z ! core ( y\r modem-dial+ tool4 ,if y ne$ a graphic tool set1 y don't h to write y\r own graphic libr>y4 ,j d[nload ,,gtk4 ,sudd5ly y h ! ability to reuse ! be/ ( :at w5t be=e4 ,& sudd5ly y\r focus z an application v5dor is less on s(tw>e managem5t & m on writ+ ! applications specific to y\r cu/om]'s ne$s4 ,"y wasn't ! only s(tw>e executive intrigu$ by ! bus9ess effici5cies ( free s(tw>e4 ,by late #aiif1 mo/ ,unix companies 7 />t+ to wake up & smell ! brew+ s\rce code4 ,! ,l9ux sector 0 /ill a good ye> or two away f full comm]cial break\t mode1 b ^? close en\gh to ! hack] community c\ld feel x3 some?+ big 0 happ5+4 ,! ,intel #chf *ip1 ! ,int]net1 & ! ,_w ,wide ,web _h hit ! m>ketplace l a set ( mon/] waves1 & ,l9ux-& ! ho/ ( s(tw>e programs t e*o$ x 9 t]ms ( s\rce-code accessibility & p]missive lic5s+-seem$ l ! l>ge/ wave yet4 ,= ,ian ,murdock1 ! programm] c\rt$ by ,/allman & !n lat] turn$ (f by ,/allman's micromanagem5t /yle1 ! wave seem$ bo? a fitt+ tribute & a fitt+ puni%m5t = ! man :o _h sp5t s mu* "t giv+ ! free s(tw>e movem5t an id5tity4 ,l _m ,l9ux aficionados1 ,murdock _h se5 ! orig9al po/+s4 ,he'd se5 ,torvalds's orig9al admonition t ,l9ux 0 j a hobby4 ,he'd also se5 ,torvalds's admission to ,m9ix creator ,&rew ,tan5baum3 ,if ! ,,gnu k]nel _h be5 ready la/ spr+1 ,i'd n h bo!r$ to ev5 />t my project4,?is quote is tak5 f ! mu*-publiciz$ ,torvalds-,tan5baum flame w> foll[+ ! initial release ( ,l9ux4 ,9 ! process ( def5d+ 8 *oice ( a nonportable monoli?ic k]nel design1 ,torvalds says he />t$ work+ on ,l9ux z a way to le>n m ab\t 8 new #chf ,,pc4 ,if ! ,,gnu k]nel _h be5 ready la/ spr+1 ,i'd n h bo!r$ to ev5 />t my project4 ,see ,*ris ,di,bona et al41 ,op5 ,s\rces 7,o',reilly ,associates1 ,inc41 #aiii73 #bbd4 ,l _m1 ,murdock knew ! opportunities t _h be5 squ&]$4 ,he also knew ! excitem5t ( wat*+ new opportunities come seep+ out ( ! v fabric ( ! ,int]net4 ,be+ involv$ ) ,l9ux 9 ^? e>ly days 0 fun1 recalls ,murdock4 ,at ! same "t1 x 0 some?+ to d1 some?+ to pass ! "t4 ,if y g back & read ^? old comp4os4m9ix ex*anges1 y'll see ! s5tim5t3 ?is is some?+ we c play ) until ! ,,hurd is ready4 ,p 7 anxi\s4 ,x's funny1 b 9 a lot ( ways1 ,i suspect t ,l9ux w\ld nev] h happ5$ if ! ,,hurd _h come along m quickly4 ,by ! end ( #aiif1 h[ev]1 su* :at if que/ions 7 already moot4 ,call x ,l9ux1 call x ,,gnu_/,l9ux2 ! us]s _h spok54 ,! #cf-mon? w9d[ _h clos$1 mean+ t ev5 if ! ,,gnu ,project _h roll$ out its ,,hurd k]nel1 *ances 7 slim anybody outside ! h>d-core hack] community w\ld h notic$4 ,! fir/ ,unix-l free s(tw>e op]at+ sy/em 0 "h1 & x _h mom5tum4 ,all hack]s _h left to d 0 sit back & wait = ! next major wave to come cra%+ d[n on _! heads4 ,ev5 ! %aggy-hair$ head ( "o ,ri*>d ,m4 ,/allman4 ,ready or n4 ,op5 ,s\rce ,9 ,novemb] 1 #aiie1 ,pet] ,salus1 a memb] ( ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation & au?or ( ! #aiid book1 ,a ,qu>t] ,c5tury ( ,unix 1 issu$ a call = pap]s to memb]s ( ! ,,gnu ,project's sy/em-discuss mail+ li/4 ,salus1 ! conf]5ce's s*$ul$ *airman1 want$ to tip (f fell[ hack]s ab\t ! upcom+ ,conf]5ce on ,freely ,r$i/ributable ,s(tw>e 9 ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts4 ,slat$ = ,febru>y1 #aiif & sponsor$ by ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation1 ! ev5t promis$ to be ! fir/ eng9e]+ conf]5ce solely d$icat$ to free s(tw>e &1 9 a %[ ( unity ) o!r free s(tw>e programm]s1 welcom$ pap]s on any aspect ( ,,gnu1 ,l9ux1 ,net,b,s,d1 #chf;,,bsd1 ,free,b,s,d1 ,p]l1 ,tcl_/tk1 & o!r tools = :i* ! code is accessible & r$i/ributable4 ,salus wrote3 ,ov] ! pa/ #ae ye>s1 free & l[-co/ s(tw>e has become ubiquit\s4 ,?is conf]5ce w br+ toge!r implem5t]s ( sev]al diff]5t types ( freely r$i/ributable s(tw>e & publi%]s ( su* s(tw>e 7on v>i\s m$ia74 ,!re w be tutorials & ref]e$ pap]s1 z well z keynotes by ,l9us ,torvalds & ,ri*>d ,/allman4,see ,pet] ,salus1 ,,fyi-,conf]5ce on ,freely ,r$i/ributable ,s(tw>e1 #b_/b1 ,cambridge 7#aiie7 7ar*iv$ by ,t]ry ,w9ograd74 http3_/_/hci4/an=d4edu_/pcd-ar*ives_/pcd -fyi_/#aiie_/jjgh4;html ,"o ( ! fir/ p to receive ,salus' email 0 conf]5ce committee memb] ,eric ,s4 ,raymond4 ,al?\gh n ! lead] ( a project or company l ! v>i\s o!r memb]s ( ! li/1 ,raymond _h built a tidy reputation )9 ! hack] community z a major contributor to ,,gnu ,emacs & z editor ( ,! ,new ,hack] ,diction>y1 a book v]sion ( ! hack+ community's decade-old ,j>gon ,file4 ,= ,raymond1 ! #aiif conf]5ce 0 a welcome ev5t4 ,active 9 ! ,,gnu ,project dur+ ! #aihjs1 ,raymond _h di/anc$ himself f ! project 9 #aiib1 cit+1 l _m o!rs be=e him1 ,/allman's micro-managem5t /yle4 ,ri*>d kick$ up a fuss ab\t my mak+ unau?oriz$ modifications :5 ,i 0 clean+ up ! ,emacs ,,lisp libr>ies1 ,raymond recalls4 ,x fru/rat$ me s mu* t ,i decid$ ,i didn't want to "w ) him anymore4 ,despite ! fall+ out1 ,raymond rema9$ active 9 ! free s(tw>e community4 ,s mu* s t :5 ,salus sugge/$ a conf]5ce pair+ ,/allman & ,torvalds z keynote speak]s1 ,raymond eag]ly second$ ! idea4 ,) ,/allman repres5t+ ! old]1 wis] cont+5t ( ,,its_/,unix hack]s & ,torvalds repres5t+ ! y\ng]1 m en]getic crop ( ,l9ux hack]s1 ! pair+ indicat$ a symbolic %[ ( unity t c\ld only be b5eficial1 especially to ambiti\s y\ng] 7i4e41 bel[ #dj7 hack]s su* z ,raymond4 ,i sort ( _h a foot 9 bo? camps1 ,raymond says4 ,by ! "t ( ! conf]5ce1 ! t5sion betwe5 ^? two camps _h become palpable4 ,bo? gr\ps _h "o ?+ 9 common1 ?\gh3 ! conf]5ce 0 _! fir/ *ance to meet ! ,f9ni% wund]k9d 9 ! fle%4 ,surpris+ly1 ,torvalds prov$ himself to be a *>m+1 affable speak]4 ,possess+ only a slight ,sw$i% acc5t1 ,torvalds surpris$ audi5ce memb]s ) 8 quick1 self-effac+ wit4,al?\gh ,l9us ,torvalds is ,f9ni%1 8 "m tongue is ,sw$i%4 ,! ,rampantly ,un(ficial ,l9us ,,faq (f]s a brief explanation3 ,f9l& has a significant 7ab\t #f7 ,sw$i%-speak+ m9ority population4 ,!y call !mselves f9l&ssv5sk or f9l&ssv5sk> & consid] !mselves ,f9ns2 _m ( _! families h liv$ 9 ,f9l& = c5turies4 ,sw$i% is "o ( ,f9l&'s two (ficial languages4 http3_/_/tux$o4org_/esr_/faqs_/l9us_/ ,ev5 m surpris+1 says ,raymond1 0 ,torvalds' equal will+ness to take pot%ots at o!r prom95t hack]s1 includ+ ! mo/ prom95t hack] ( all1 ,ri*>d ,/allman4 ,by ! end ( ! conf]5ce1 ,torvalds' half-hack]1 half-slack] mann] 0 w9n+ ov] old] & y\ng] conf]5ce-go]s alike4 ,x 0 a pivotal mom5t1 recalls ,raymond4 ,be=e #aiif1 ,ri*>d 0 ! only cr$ible claimant to be+ ! ideological lead] ( ! entire culture4 ,p :o diss5t$ didn't d s 9 public4 ,! p]son :o broke t taboo 0 ,torvalds4 ,! ultimate brea* ( taboo w\ld come ne> ! end ( ! %[4 ,dur+ a discussion on ! gr[+ m>ket dom9ance ( ,micros(t ,w9d[s or "s simil> topic1 ,torvalds admitt$ to be+ a fan ( ,micros(t's ,power,point slide%[ s(tw>e program4 ,f ! p]spective ( old-l9e s(tw>e puri/s1 x 0 l a ,mormon bragg+ 9 *ur* ab\t 8 fondness ( :iskey4 ,f ! p]spective ( ,torvalds & 8 gr[+ b& ( foll[]s1 x 0 simply common s5se4 ,:y %un wor?y propriet>y s(tw>e programs j to make a po9t8 ,be+ a hack] wasn't ab\t suff]+1 x 0 ab\t gett+ ! job done4 ,t 0 a pretty %ock+ ?+ to say1 ,raymond rememb]s4 ,!n aga91 he 0 able to d t1 because by #aiie & #aiif1 he 0 rapidly acquir+ cl\t4 ,/allman1 = 8 "p1 doesn't rememb] any t5sion at ! #aiif conf]5ce1 b he does rememb] lat] feel+ ! /+ ( ,torvalds' celebrat$ *eek9ess4 ,!re 0 a ?+ 9 ! ,l9ux docum5tation :i* says pr9t out ! ,,gnu cod+ /&>ds & !n te> !m up1 says ,/allman1 recall+ "o example4 ,,ok1 s he disagrees ) "s ( our conv5tions4 ,t's f9e1 b he pick$ a s+ul>ly na/y way ( say+ s4 ,he c\ld h j said ,"h's ! way ,i ?9k y %\ld ind5t y\r code4' ,f9e4 ,!re %\ld be no ho/ility !re4 ,= ,raymond1 ! w>m reception o!r hack]s gave to ,torvalds' comm5ts m]ely confirm$ 8 suspicions4 ,! divid+ l9e sep>at+ ,l9ux develop]s f ,,gnu_/,l9ux develop]s 0 l>gely g5]ational4 ,_m ,l9ux hack]s1 l ,torvalds1 _h gr[n up 9 a _w ( propriet>y s(tw>e4 ,unless a program 0 cle>ly inf]ior1 mo/ saw little reason to rail aga9/ a program on lic5s+ issues alone4 ,some:]e 9 ! univ]se ( free s(tw>e sy/ems lurk$ a program t hack]s might som$ay turn into a free s(tw>e alt]native to ,power,point4 ,until !n1 :y begrudge ,micros(t ! initiative ( develop+ ! program & res]v+ ! rights to x8 ,z a =m] ,,gnu ,project memb]1 ,raymond s5s$ an add$ dynamic to ! t5sion betwe5 ,/allman & ,torvalds4 ,9 ! decade s9ce laun*+ ! ,,gnu ,project1 ,/allman _h built up a fe>some reputation z a programm]4 ,he _h also built up a reputation = intransig5ce bo? 9 t]ms ( s(tw>e design & p managem5t4 ,%ortly be=e ! #aiif conf]5ce1 ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation w\ld exp]i5ce a full-scale /aff defection1 blam$ 9 l>ge "p on ,/allman4 ,brian ,y\mans1 a curr5t ,,fsf /aff] hir$ by ,salus 9 ! wake ( ! resignations1 recalls ! sc5e3 ,at "o po9t1 ,pet] ,salus 0 ! only /aff memb] work+ 9 ! (fice4 ,= ,raymond1 ! defection m]ely confirm$ a gr[+ suspicion3 rec5t delays su* z ! ,,hurd & rec5t tr\bles su* z ! ,lucid-,emacs s*ism reflect$ problems normally associat$ ) s(tw>e project managem5t1 n s(tw>e code developm5t4 ,%ortly aft] ! ,freely ,r$i/ributable ,s(tw>e ,conf]5ce1 ,raymond began work+ on 8 own pet s(tw>e project1 a popmail utility call$ fet*mail4 ,tak+ a cue f ,torvalds1 ,raymond issu$ 8 program ) a tack$-on promise to update ! s\rce code z e>ly & z (t5 z possible4 ,:5 us]s began s5d+ 9 bug reports & feature sugge/ions1 ,raymond1 at fir/ anticipat+ a tangl$ mess1 f\nd ! result+ s(tw>e surpris+ly /urdy4 ,analyz+ ! success ( ! ,torvalds approa*1 ,raymond issu$ a quick analysis3 us+ ! ,int]net z 8 petri di% & ! h>% scrut9y ( ! hack] community z a =m ( natural selection1 ,torvalds _h creat$ an evolution>y model free ( c5tral plann+4 ,:at's m1 ,raymond decid$1 ,torvalds _h f\nd a way ar\nd ,brooks' ,law4 ,fir/ articulat$ by ,fr$ ,p4 ,brooks1 manag] ( ,,ibm's ,,os_/#cfj project & au?or ( ! #aige book1 ,! ,my?ical ,man-,mon? 1 ,brooks' ,law held t add+ develop]s to a project only result$ 9 fur!r project delays4 ,believ+ z mo/ hack]s t s(tw>e1 l s\p1 b5efits f a limit$ numb] ( cooks1 ,raymond s5s$ some?+ revolution>y at "w4 ,9 invit+ m & m cooks into ! kit*51 ,torvalds _h actually f\nd away to make ! result+ s(tw>e bett]4,brooks' ,law is ! %or?& summ>y ( ! foll[+ quote tak5 f ,brooks' book3 ,s9ce s(tw>e con/ruction is inh]5tly a sy/ems ef=t-an ex]cise 9 complex int]relation%ips-communication ef=t is great1 & x quickly dom9ates ! decrease 9 individual task "t br\ght ab\t by p>tition+4 ,add+ m m5 !n l5g!ns1 n %ort5s1 ! s*$ule4 ,see ,fr$ ,p4 ,brooks1 ,! ,my?ical ,man-,mon? 7,addison ,wesley ,publi%+1 #aiie7 ,raymond put 8 obs]vations on pap]4 ,he craft$ !m into a spee*1 :i* he promptly deliv]$ be=e a gr\p ( fri5ds & neighbors 9 ,*e/] ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,dubb$ ,! ,ca!dral & ! ,baza>1 ! spee* contra/$ ! managem5t /yles ( ! ,,gnu ,project ) ! managem5t /yle ( ,torvalds & ! k]nel hack]s4 ,raymond says ! response 0 en?usia/ic1 b n ne>ly z en?usia/ic z ! "o he receiv$ dur+ ! #aiig ,l9ux ,kongress1 a ga!r+ ( ,l9ux us]s 9 ,g]many ! next spr+4 ,at ! ,kongress1 !y gave me a /&+ ovation at ! end ( ! spee*1 ,raymond recalls4 ,i took t z significant = two reasons4 ,= "o ?+1 x meant !y 7 excit$ by :at !y 7 he>+4 ,= ano!r ?+1 x meant !y 7 excit$ ev5 aft] he>+ ! spee* deliv]$ ?r\gh a language b>ri]4 ,ev5tually1 ,raymond w\ld conv]t ! spee* into a pap]1 also titl$ ,! ,ca!dral & ! ,baza>4 ,! pap] drew its "n f ,raymond's c5tral analogy4 ,,gnu programs 7 ca!drals1 impressive1 c5trally plann$ monum5ts to ! hack] e?ic1 built to /& ! te/ ( "t4 ,l9ux1 on ! o!r h&1 0 m l a great babbl+ baza>1 a s(tw>e program develop$ ?r\gh ! loose dec5traliz+ dynamics ( ! ,int]net4 ,implicit )9 ea* analogy 0 a comp>ison ( ,/allman & ,torvalds4 ,:]e ,/allman s]v$ z ! classic model ( ! ca!dral ar*itect-i4e41 a programm+ wiz>d :o c\ld disappe> = #ah mon?s & return ) some?+ l ! ,,gnu ,c ,compil]-,torvalds 0 m l a g5ial d9n]-p>ty ho/4 ,9 lett+ o!rs lead ! ,l9ux design discussion & /epp+ 9 only :5 ! entire table ne$$ a ref]ee1 ,torvalds _h creat$ a developm5t model v mu* reflective ( 8 own laid-back p]sonality4 ,f ! ,torvalds' p]spective1 ! mo/ important manag]ial task 0 n impos+ control b keep+ ! ideas fl[+4 ,summ>iz$ ,raymond1 ,i ?9k ,l9us's clev]e/ & mo/ consequ5tial hack 0 n ! con/ruction ( ! ,l9ux k]nel itself1 b r 8 inv5tion ( ! ,l9ux developm5t model4,see ,eric ,raymond1 ,! ,ca?r$ral & ! ,baza> 7#aiig74 ,9 summ>iz+ ! secrets ( ,torvalds' manag]ial success1 ,raymond himself _h pull$ (f a c\p4 ,"o ( ! audi5ce memb]s at ! ,l9ux ,kongress 0 ,tim ,o',reilly1 publi%] ( ,o',reilly ,associates1 a company specializ+ 9 s(tw>e manuals & s(tw>e-relat$ books 7& ! publi%] ( ?is book74 ,aft] he>+ ,raymond's ,kongress spee*1 ,o',reilly promptly invit$ ,raymond to deliv] x aga9 at ! company's inaugural ,p]l ,conf]5ce lat] t ye> 9 ,mont]ey1 ,cali=nia4 ,al?\gh ! conf]5ce 0 suppos$ to focus on ,p]l1 a script+ language creat$ by ,unix hack] ,l>ry ,wall1 ,o',reilly assur$ ,raymond t ! conf]5ce w\ld address o!r free s(tw>e te*nologies4 ,giv5 ! gr[+ comm]cial int]e/ 9 ,l9ux & ,apa*e1 a popul> free s(tw>e web s]v]1 ,o',reilly hop$ to use ! ev5t to publicize ! role ( free s(tw>e 9 creat+ ! entire infra/ructure ( ! ,int]net4 ,f web-fri5dly languages su* z ,p]l & ,py?on to back-room programs su* z ,,b9d 7! ,b]keley ,int]net ,nam+ ,daemon71 a s(tw>e tool t lets us]s replace arcane ,,ip numb]s ) ! easy-to-rememb] doma9-"n addresses 7e4g41 amazon4com71 & s5dmail1 ! mo/ popul> mail program on ! ,int]net1 free s(tw>e _h become an em]g5t ph5om5on4 ,l a colony ( ants creat+ a beautiful ne/ "o gra9 ( s& at a "t1 ! only ?+ miss+ 0 ! communal self-aw>5ess4 ,o',reilly saw ,raymond's spee* z a good way to inspire t self-aw>5ess1 to drive home ! po9t t free s(tw>e developm5t didn't />t & end ) ! ,,gnu ,project4 ,programm+ languages1 su* z ,p]l & ,py?on1 & ,int]net s(tw>e1 su* z ,,b9d1 s5dmail1 & ,apa*e1 demon/rat$ t free s(tw>e 0 already ubiquit\s & influ5tial4 ,he also assur$ ,raymond an ev5 w>m] reception ?an ! "o at ,l9ux ,kongress4 ,o',reilly 0 "r4 ,?is "t1 ,i got ! /&+ ovation be=e ! spee*1 says ,raymond1 laugh+4 ,z pr$ict$1 ! audi5ce 0 /ock$ n only ) hack]s1 b ) o!r p int]e/$ 9 ! gr[+ p[] ( ! free s(tw>e movem5t4 ,"o cont+5t includ$ a gr\p f ,netscape1 ! ,m\nta9 ,view1 ,cali=nia />tup !n ne>+ ! end game ( its ?ree-ye> battle ) ,micros(t = control ( ! web-br[s] m>ket4 ,intrigu$ by ,raymond's spee* & anxi\s to w9 back lo/ m>ket %>e1 ,netscape executives took ! message back to corporate headqu>t]s4 ,a few mon?s lat]1 9 ,janu>y1 #aiih1 ! company ann\nc$ its plan to publi% ! s\rce code ( its flag%ip ,navigator web br[s] 9 ! hopes ( enli/+ hack] support 9 future developm5t4 ,:5 ,netscape ,,ceo ,jim ,b>ksdale cit$ ,raymond's ,ca!dral & ! ,baza> essay z a major influ5ce ^u ! company's decision1 ! company in/antly elevat$ ,raymond to ! level ( hack] celebrity4 ,det]m9$ n to squ&] ! opportunity1 ,raymond travel$ we/ to deliv] int]views1 advise ,netscape executives1 & take "p 9 ! ev5tual p>ty celebrat+ ! publication ( ,netscape ,navigator's s\rce code4 ,! code "n = ,navigator's s\rce code 0 ,mozilla3 a ref]5ce bo? to ! program's g>gantuan size-#cj million l9es ( code-& to its h]itage4 ,develop$ z a propriet>y (f%oot ( ,mosaic1 ! web br[s] creat$ by ,m>c ,&reess5 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 ,mozilla 0 pro(1 yet aga91 t :5 x came to build+ new programs1 mo/ programm]s pref]r$ to borr[ on old]1 modifiable programs4 ,:ile 9 ,cali=nia1 ,raymond also manag$ to squeeze 9 a visit to ,,va ,rese>*1 a ,santa ,cl>a-bas$ company sell+ work/ations ) ! ,,gnu_/,l9ux op]at+ sy/em pre9/all$4 ,conv5$ by ,raymond1 ! meet+ 0 small4 ,! invite li/ includ$ ,,va f\nd] ,l>ry ,augu/91 a few ,,va employees1 & ,*ri/9e ,pet]son1 presid5t ( ! ,=esight ,in/itute1 a ,silicon ,valley ?9k tank specializ+ 9 nanote*nology4 ,! meet+'s ag5da boil$ d[n to "o item3 h[ to take advantage ( ,netscape's decision s t o!r companies might foll[ suit8 ,raymond doesn't recall ! conv]sation t took place1 b he does rememb] ! fir/ compla9t address$4 ,despite ! be/ ef=ts ( ,/allman & o!r hack]s to rem9d p t ! ^w free 9 free s(tw>e /ood = fre$om & n price1 ! message /ill wasn't gett+ ?r\gh4 ,mo/ bus9ess executives1 ^u he>+ ! t]m = ! fir/ "t1 int]pret$ ! ^w z synonym\s ) z]o co/1 tun+ out any foll[ up messages 9 %ort ord]4 ,until hack]s f\nd a way to get pa/ ?is cognitive dissonance1 ! free s(tw>e movem5t fac$ an uphill climb1 ev5 aft] ,netscape4 ,pet]son1 ^: organization _h tak5 an active int]e/ 9 advanc+ ! free s(tw>e cause1 (f]$ an alt]native3 op5 s\rce4 ,look+ back1 ,pet]son says %e came up ) ! op5 s\rce t]m :ile discuss+ ,netscape's decision ) a fri5d 9 ! public relations indu/ry4 ,%e doesn't rememb] :]e %e came ^u ! t]m or if %e borr[$ x f ano!r field1 b %e does rememb] h] fri5d dislik+ ! t]m4#e ,at ! meet+1 ,pet]son says1 ! response 0 dramatically diff]5t4 ,i 0 hesitant ab\t sugge/+ x1 ,pet]son recalls4 ,i _h no /&+ ) ! gr\p1 s />t$ us+ x casually1 n highlight+ x z a new t]m4 ,to ,pet]son's surprise1 ! t]m caught on4 ,by ! end ( ! meet+1 mo/ ( ! att5dees1 includ+ ,raymond1 seem$ pleas$ by x4 ,raymond says he didn't publicly use ! t]m op5 s\rce z a sub/itute = free s(tw>e until a day or two aft] ! ,mozilla laun* p>ty1 :5 ,o',reilly _h s*$ul$ a meet+ to talk ab\t free s(tw>e4 ,call+ 8 meet+ ! ,freew>e ,summit1 ,o',reilly says he want$ to direct m$ia & community att5tion to ! o!r des]v+ projects t _h also enc\rag$ ,netscape to release ,mozilla4 ,all ^! guys _h s mu* 9 common1 & ,i 0 surpris$ !y didn't all "k ea* o!r1 says ,o',reilly4 ,i also want$ to let ! _w "k j h[ great an impact ! free s(tw>e culture _h already made4 ,p 7 miss+ out on a l>ge "p ( ! free s(tw>e tradition4 ,9 putt+ toge!r ! invite li/1 h[ev]1 ,o',reilly made a decision t w\ld h long-t]m political consequ5ces4 ,he decid$ to limit ! li/ to we/-coa/ develop]s su* z ,wall1 ,eric ,allman1 creator ( s5dmail1 & ,paul ,vixie1 creator ( ,,b9d4 ,!re 7 exceptions1 ( c\rse3 ,p5nsylvania-resid5t ,raymond1 :o 0 already 9 t[n ?anks to ! ,mozilla laun*1 e>n$ a quick invite4 ,s did ,virg9ia-resid5t ,guido van ,rossum1 creator ( ,py?on4 ,frank ,willison1 my editor 9 *ief & *ampion ( ,py?on )9 ! company1 invit$ him )\t fir/ *eck+ 9 ) me1 ,o',reilly recalls4 ,i 0 happy to h him !re1 b :5 ,i />t$1 x really 0 j a local ga!r+4 ,= "s obs]v]s1 ! unwill+ness to include ,/allman's "n on ! li/ qualifi$ z a snub4 ,i decid$ n to g to ! ev5t because ( x1 says ,p]5s1 rememb]+ ! summit4 ,raymond1 :o did g1 says he argu$ = ,/allman's inclusion to no avail4 ,! snub rumor ga9$ additional /r5g? f ! fact t ,o',reilly1 ! ev5t's ho/1 _h feud$ publicly ) ,/allman ov] ! issue ( s(tw>e-manual copyrights4 ,prior to ! meet+1 ,/allman _h argu$ t free s(tw>e manuals %\ld be z freely copyable & modifiable z free s(tw>e programs4 ,o',reilly1 mean:ile1 argu$ t a value-add$ m>ket = nonfree books increas$ ! utility ( free s(tw>e by mak+ x m accessible to a wid] community4 ,! two _h also disput$ ! title ( ! ev5t1 ) ,/allman insi/+ on ,free ,s(tw>e ov] ! less politically lad5 ,freew>e4 ,look+ back1 ,o',reilly doesn't see ! decision to leave ,/allman's "n (f ! invite li/ z a snub4 ,at t "t1 ,i _h nev] met ,ri*>d 9 p]son1 b 9 our email int]actions1 he'd be5 inflexible & unwill+ to engage 9 dialogue4 ,i want$ to make sure ! ,,gnu tradition 0 repres5t$ at ! meet+1 s ,i invit$ ,john ,gilmore & ,mi*ael ,tiemann1 :om ,i knew p]sonally1 & :om ,i knew 7 passionate ab\t ! value ( ! ,,gpl b seem$ m will+ to engage 9 a frank back-&-=? ab\t ! /r5g?s & weaknesses ( ! v>i\s free s(tw>e projects & traditions4 ,giv5 all ! lat] br\haha1 ,i d wi% ,i'd invit$ ,ri*>d z well1 b ,i c]ta9ly don't ?9k t my failure to d s %\ld be int]pret$ z a lack ( respect = ! ,,gnu ,project or = ,ri*>d p]sonally4 ,snub or no snub1 bo? ,o',reilly & ,raymond say ! t]m op5 s\rce won ov] j en\gh summit-go]s to qualify z a success4 ,! att5dees %>$ ideas & exp]i5ces & bra9/orm$ on h[ to improve free s(tw>e's image4 ,( key conc]n 0 h[ to po9t out ! successes ( free s(tw>e1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! realm ( ,int]net infra/ructure1 z oppos$ to play+ up ! ,,gnu_/,l9ux *all5ge to ,micros(t ,w9d[s4 ,b l ! e>li] meet+ at ,,va1 ! discussion soon turn$ to ! problems associat$ ) ! t]m free s(tw>e4 ,o',reilly1 ! summit ho/1 rememb]s a p>ticul>ly insightful comm5t f ,torvalds1 a summit att5dee4 ,l9us _h j mov$ to ,silicon ,valley at t po9t1 & he expla9$ h[ only rec5tly t he _h le>n$ t ! ^w free' _h two mean+s-free z 9 libre' & free z 9 gratis'-9 ,engli%4 ,mi*ael ,tiemann1 f\nd] ( ,cygnus1 propos$ an alt]native to ! tr\blesome free s(tw>e t]m3 s\rcew>e4 ,nobody got too excit$ ab\t x1 ,o',reilly recalls4 ,t's :5 ,eric ?rew out ! t]m op5 s\rce4' ,al?\gh ! t]m appeal$ to "s1 support = a *ange 9 (ficial t]m9ology 0 f> f unanim\s4 ,at ! end ( ! "o-day conf]5ce1 att5dees put ! ?ree t]ms-free s(tw>e1 op5 s\rce1 or s\rcew>e-to a vote4 ,accord+ to ,o',reilly1 #i out ( ! #ae att5dees vot$ = op5 s\rce4 ,al?\gh "s /ill quibbl$ ) ! t]m1 all att5dees agre$ to use x 9 future discussions ) ! press4 ,we want$ to g out ) a solid>ity message1 ,o',reilly says4 ,! t]m didn't take long to ent] ! national lexicon4 ,%ortly aft] ! summit1 ,o',reilly %eph]d$ summit att5dees to a press conf]5ce att5d$ by report]s f ! ,new ,york ,times1 ! ,wall ,/reet ,j\rnal1 & o!r prom95t publications4 ,)9 a few mon?s1 ,torvalds' face 0 appe>+ on ! cov] ( ,=bes magaz9e1 ) ! faces ( ,/allman1 ,p]l creator ,l>ry ,wall1 & ,apa*e team lead] ,brian ,behl5dorf featur$ 9 ! int]ior spread4 ,op5 s\rce 0 op5 = bus9ess4 ,= summit att5dees su* z ,tiemann1 ! solid>ity message 0 ! mo/ important ?+4 ,al?\gh 8 company _h a*iev$ a fair am\nt ( success sell+ free s(tw>e tools & s]vices1 he s5s$ ! difficulty o!r programm]s & entrepr5eurs fac$4 ,!re's no "q t ! use ( ! ^w free 0 confus+ 9 a lot ( situations1 ,tiemann says4 ,op5 s\rce position$ itself z be+ bus9ess fri5dly & bus9ess s5sible4 ,free s(tw>e position$ itself z morally righte\s4 ,= bett] or worse we figur$ x 0 m advantage\s to align ) ! op5 s\rce cr[d4 ,= ,/allman1 ! response to ! new op5 s\rce t]m 0 sl[ 9 com+4 ,raymond says ,/allman briefly consid]$ adopt+ ! t]m1 only to disc>d x4 ,i "k because ,i _h direct p]sonal conv]sations ab\t x1 ,raymond says4 ,by ! end ( #aiih1 ,/allman _h =mulat$ a position3 op5 s\rce1 :ile helpful 9 communicat+ ! te*nical advantages ( free s(tw>e1 also enc\rag$ speak]s to s(t-p$al ! issue ( s(tw>e fre$om4 ,giv5 ?is drawback1 ,/allman w\ld /ick ) ! t]m free s(tw>e4 ,summ+ up 8 position at ! #aiii ,linux,world ,conv5tion & ,expo1 an ev5t bill$ by ,torvalds himself z a com+ out p>ty = ! ,l9ux community1 ,/allman implor$ 8 fell[ hack]s to resi/ ! lure ( easy compromise4 ,because we've %[n h[ mu* we c d1 we don't h to be desp]ate to "w ) companies or compromise our goals1 ,/allman said dur+ a panel discussion4 ,let !m (f] & we'll accept4 ,we don't h to *ange :at we're do+ to get !m to help u4 ,y c take a s+le /ep t[>ds a goal1 !n ano!r & !n m & m & y'll actually rea* y\r goal4 ,or1 y c take a half measure t means y don't ev] take ano!r /ep & y'll nev] get !re4 ,ev5 be=e ! ,linux,world %[1 h[ev]1 ,/allman 0 %[+ an increas$ will+ness to ali5ate 8 m conciliatory pe]s4 ,a few mon?s aft] ! ,freew>e ,summit1 ,o',reilly ho/$ its second annual ,p]l ,conf]5ce4 ,?is "t ar\nd1 ,/allman 0 9 att5dance4 ,dur+ a panel discussion laud+ ,,ibm's decision to employ ! free s(tw>e ,apa*e web s]v] 9 its comm]cial (f]+s1 ,/allman1 tak+ advantage ( an audi5ce microphone1 disrupt$ ! proce$+s ) a tirade aga9/ paneli/ ,john ,ou/]h\t1 creator ( ! ,tcl script+ language4 ,/allman br&$ ,ou/]h\t a p>asite on ! free s(tw>e community = m>ket+ a propriet>y v]sion ( ,tcl via ,ou/]h\t's />tup company1 ,scriptics4 ,i don't ?9k ,scriptics is necess>y = ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ,tcl1 ,/allman said to hisses f ! fell[ audi5ce memb]s4,see ,malcolm ,macla*lan1 ,pr(it ,motive ,splits ,op5 ,s\rce ,movem5t1 ,tech,web ,news 7,augu/ #bf1 #aiih74 http3_/_/cont5t4te*web4com_/wire_//ory_/ ,,twb#aiihjhbd,s#jjab ,x 0 a pretty ugly sc5e1 recalls ,prime ,"t ,freew>e's ,ri* ,mor94 ,john's done "s pretty respectable ?+s3 ,tcl1 ,tk1 ,sprite4 ,he's a real contributor4 ,despite 8 sympa?ies = ,/allman & ,/allman's position1 ,mor9 felt empa?y = ^? tr\bl$ by ,/allman's discordant behavior4 ,/allman's ,p]l ,conf]5ce outbur/ w\ld mom5t>ily *ase (f ano!r pot5tial sympa?iz]1 ,bruce ,p]5s4 ,9 #aiih1 ,eric ,raymond propos$ laun*+ ! ,op5 ,s\rce ,initiative1 or ,,osi1 an organization t w\ld police ! use ( ! t]m op5 s\rce & provide a def9ition = companies int]e/$ 9 mak+ _! own programs4 ,raymond recruit$ ,p]5s to draft ! def9ition4,see ,bruce ,p]5s et al41 ,! ,op5 ,s\rce ,def9ition1 ,! ,op5 ,s\rce ,initiative 7#aiih74 http3_/_/www4op5s\rce4org_/docs_/def9iti on4html ,p]5s w\ld lat] resign f ! ,,osi1 express+ regret t ! organization _h set itself up 9 opposition to ,/allman & ! ,,fsf4 ,/ill1 look+ back on ! ne$ = a free s(tw>e def9ition outside ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation's auspices1 ,p]5s und]/&s :y o!r hack]s might /ill feel ! ne$ = di/ance4 ,i really l & admire ,ri*>d1 says ,p]5s4 ,i d ?9k ,ri*>d w\ld d 8 job bett] if ,ri*>d _h m balance4 ,t includes go+ away f free s(tw>e = a c\ple ( mon?s4 ,/allman's monomaniacal en]gies w\ld d little to c\nt]act ! public-relations mom5tum ( op5 s\rce propon5ts4 ,9 ,augu/ ( #aiih1 :5 *ip-mak] ,intel pur*as$ a /ake 9 ,,gnu_/,l9ux v5dor ,r$ ,hat1 an accompany+ ,new ,york ,times article describ$ ! company z ! product ( a movem5t kn[n alt]natively z free s(tw>e & op5 s\rce4,see ,amy ,h>mon1 ,= ,sale3 ,free ,op]at+ ,sy/em1 ,new ,york ,times 7,septemb] #bh1 #aiih74 http3_/_/www4nytimes4com_/libr>y_/te*_/# ih_/ji_/;bizte*_/articles_/#bhl9ux4html ,six mon?s lat]1 a ,john ,m>k(f article on ,apple ,comput] 0 proclaim+ ! company's adoption ( ! op5 s\rce ,apa*e s]v] 9 ! article headl9e4,see ,john ,m>k(f1 ,apple ,adopts ,op5 ,s\rce' = its ,s]v] ,comput]s1 ,new ,york ,times 7,m>* #ag1 #aiii74 http3_/_/www4nytimes4com_/libr>y_/te*_/# ii_/jc_/;bizte*_/articles_/#ag;apple4htm l ,su* mom5tum w\ld co9cide ) ! gr[+ mom5tum ( companies t actively embrac$ ! op5 s\rce t]m4 ,by ,augu/ ( #aiii1 ,r$ ,hat1 a company t n[ eag]ly bill$ itself z op5 s\rce1 0 sell+ %>es on ,nasdaq4 ,9 ,decemb]1 ,,va ,l9ux-=m]ly ,,va ,rese>*-0 float+ its own ,,ipo to hi/orical effect4 ,op5+ at #cj p] %>e1 ! company's /ock price explod$ pa/ ! #cjj m>k 9 initial trad+ only to settle back d[n to ! #bci level4 ,%>ehold]s lucky en\gh to get 9 at ! bottom & /ay until ! end exp]i5c$ a #fih increase 9 pap] weal?1 a ,nasdaq record4 ,among ^? lucky %>ehold]s 0 ,eric ,raymond1 :o1 z a company bo>d memb] s9ce ! ,mozilla laun*1 _h receiv$ #aej1jjj %>es ( ,,va ,l9ux /ock4 ,/unn$ by ! realization t 8 essay contra/+ ! ,/allman-,torvalds manag]ial /yles _h nett$ him #cf million 9 pot5tial weal?1 ,raymond p5n$ a foll[-up essay4 ,9 x1 ,raymond mus$ on ! relation%ip betwe5 ! hack] e?ic & monet>y weal?3 ,report]s (t5 ask me ^! days if ,i ?9k ! op5-s\rce community w be corrupt$ by ! influx ( big money4 ,i tell !m :at ,i believe1 :i* is ?is3 comm]cial dem& = programm]s has be5 s int5se = s long t anyone :o c be s]i\sly di/ract$ by money is already gone4 ,our community has be5 self-select$ = c>+ ab\t o!r ?+s-accompli%m5t1 pride1 arti/ic passion1 & ea* o!r4,see ,eric ,raymond1 ,surpris$ by ,weal?1 ,l9ux ,today 7,decemb] #aj1 #aiii74 http3_/_/l9uxtoday4com_/news/ory4php#c8l tsn#aiii-ab-aj-jja-je-,,nw-,,lf ,:e!r or n su* comm5ts allay$ suspicions t ,raymond & o!r op5 s\rce propon5ts _h simply be5 9 x = ! money1 !y drove home ! op5 s\rce community's ultimate message3 all y ne$$ to sell ! free s(tw>e concept is a fri5dly face & a s5sible message4 ,in/ead ( fight+ ! m>ketplace head-on z ,/allman _h done1 ,raymond1 ,torvalds1 & o!r new lead]s ( ! hack] community _h adopt$ a m relax$ approa*-ignor+ ! m>ketplace 9 "s areas1 lev]ag+ x 9 o!rs4 ,in/ead ( play+ ! role ( high-s*ool outca/s1 !y _h play$ ! game ( celebrity1 magnify+ _! p[] 9 ! process4 ,on 8 wor/ days ,ri*>d believes t ,l9us ,torvalds & ,i conspir$ to hijack 8 revolution1 ,raymond says4 ,ri*>d's rejection ( ! t]m op5 s\rce & 8 delib]ate creation ( an ideological fissure 9 my view comes f an odd mix ( idealism & t]ritoriality4 ,!re are p out !re :o ?9k x's all ,ri*>d's p]sonal ego4 ,i don't believe t4 ,x's m t he s p]sonally associates himself ) ! free s(tw>e idea t he sees any ?reat to t z a ?reat to himself4 ,ironically1 ! success ( op5 s\rce & op5 s\rce advocates su* z ,raymond w\ld n dim9i% ,/allman's role z a lead]4 ,if any?+1 x gave ,/allman new foll[]s to conv]t4 ,/ill1 ! ,raymond t]ritoriality *>ge is a damn+ "o4 ,!re are num]\s in/ances ( ,/allman /ick+ to 8 guns m out ( habit ?an out ( pr9ciple3 8 initial dismissal ( ! ,l9ux k]nel1 = example1 & 8 curr5t unwill+ness z a political figure to v5ture outside ! realm ( s(tw>e issues4 ,!n aga91 z ! rec5t debate ov] op5 s\rce also %[s1 9 in/ances :5 ,/allman has /uck to 8 guns1 he's usually f\nd a way to ga9 gr\nd because ( x4 ,"o ( ,/allman's prim>y "* traits is ! fact he doesn't budge1 says ,ian ,murdock4 ,he'll wait up to a decade = p to come ar\nd to 8 po9t ( view if t's :at x takes4 ,murdock1 = "o1 f9ds t unbudgeable nature bo? refre%+ & valuable4 ,/allman may no long] be ! solit>y lead] ( ! free s(tw>e movem5t1 b he is /ill ! pole/> ( ! free s(tw>e community4 ,y always "k t he's go+ to be consi/5t 9 8 views1 ,murdock says4 ,mo/ p ar5't l t4 ,:e!r y agree ) him or n1 y really h to respect t4 ,a ,brief ,j\rney ,?r\gh ,hack] ,hell ,ri*>d ,/allman />es1 unbl9k+1 ?r\gh ! w9d%ield ( a r5tal c>1 wait+ = ! light to *ange z we make our way ?r\gh d[nt[n ,kihei4 ,! two ( u are head$ to ! ne>by t[n ( ,pa'ia1 :]e we are s*$ul$ to meet up ) "s s(tw>e programm]s & _! wives = d9n] 9 ab\t an h\r or s4 ,x's ab\t two h\rs aft] ,/allman's spee* at ! ,maui ,high ,p]=mance ,c5t]1 & ,kihei1 a t[n t seem$ s invit+ be=e ! spee*1 n[ seems pr(\ndly uncoop]ative4 ,l mo/ bea* cities1 ,kihei is a "o-dim5sional ex]cise 9 suburban sprawl4 ,driv+ d[n its ma9 drag1 ) its endless succession ( burg] /&s1 realty ag5cies1 & bik9i %ops1 x's h>d n to feel l a /eel-coat$ morsel pass+ ?r\gh ! alim5t>y canal ( a giant comm]cial tapeworm4 ,! feel+ is exac]bat$ by ! lack ( side roads4 ,) n[h]e to g b =w>d1 traffic moves 9 spr+-l lur*es4 #bjj y>ds ahead1 a light turns gre54 ,by ! "t we are mov+1 ! light is yell[ aga94 ,= ,/allman1 a lifetime resid5t ( ! ea/ coa/1 ! prospect ( sp5d+ ! bett] "p ( a sunny ,hawaiian aft]noon trapp$ 9 sl[ traffic is en\gh to trigg] an embolism4 ,ev5 worse is ! k t1 ) j a few quick "r turns a qu>t] mile back1 ?is :ole situation easily c\ld h be5 avoid$4 ,un=tunately1 we are at ! m]cy ( ! driv] ahead ( u1 a programm] f ! lab :o kn[s ! way & :o has decid$ to take u to ,pa'ia via ! sc5ic r\te in/ead ( via ! ne>by ,pilani ,highway4 ,?is is t]rible1 says ,/allman betwe5 fru/rat$ sighs4 ,:y didn't we take ! o!r r\te8 ,aga91 ! light a qu>t] mile ahead ( u turns gre54 ,aga91 we creep =w>d a few m c> l5g?s4 ,?is process cont9ues = ano!r #aj m9utes1 until we f9ally rea* a major crossroad promis+ access to ! adjac5t highway4 ,! driv] ahead ( u ignores x & cont9ues ?r\gh ! int]section4 ,:y isn't he turn+8 moans ,/allman1 ?r[+ up 8 h&s 9 fru/ration4 ,c y believe ?is8 ,i decide n to answ] ei!r4 ,i f9d ! fact t ,i am sitt+ 9 a c> ) ,/allman 9 ! driv] seat1 9 ,maui no less1 unbelievable en\gh4 ,until two h\rs ago1 ,i didn't ev5 "k ,/allman knew h[ to drive4 ,n[1 li/5+ to ,yo-,yo ,ma's cello play+ ! m\rnful bass notes ( ,appala*ian ,j\rney on ! c> /]eo & wat*+ ! sunset pass by on our left1 ,i d my be/ to fade into ! uphol/]y4 ,:5 ! next opportunity to turn f9ally comes up1 ,/allman hits 8 "r turn signal 9 an attempt to cue ! driv] ahead ( u4 ,no su* luck4 ,once aga91 we creep sl[ly ?r\gh ! int]section1 com+ to a /op a good #bjj y>ds be=e ! next light4 ,by n[1 ,/allman is livid4 ,x's l he's delib]ately ignor+ u1 he says1 ge/ur+ & pantomim+ l an air craft c>ri] l&+-signals (fic] 9 a futile attempt to cat* our guide's eye4 ,! guide appe>s unfaz$1 & = ! next five m9utes all we see is a small portion ( 8 head 9 ! re>view mirror4 ,i look out ,/allman's w9d[4 ,ne>by ,kahoolawe & ,lanai ,isl&s provide an ideal frame = ! sett+ sun4 ,x's a brea?tak+ view1 ! k9d t makes mom5ts l ?is a bit m be>able if y're a ,hawaiian native1 ,i suppose4 ,i try to direct ,/allman's att5tion to x1 b ,/allman1 by n[ obsess$ by ! inatt5tiv5ess ( ! driv] ahead ( u1 bl[s me (f4 ,:5 ! driv] passes ?r\gh ano!r gre5 light1 completely ignor+ a ,pilani ,highway ,next ,"r1 ,i grit my tee?4 ,i rememb] an e>ly w>n+ relay$ to me by ,,bsd programm] ,kei? ,bo/ic4 ,/allman does n suff] fools gladly1 ,bo/ic w>n$ me4 ,if somebody says or does some?+ /upid1 he'll look !m 9 ! eye & say1 ,t's /upid4' ,look+ at ! oblivi\s driv] ahead ( u1 ,i realize t x's ! /upidity1 n ! inconv5i5ce1 t's kill+ ,/allman "r n[4 ,x's z if he pick$ ?is r\te ) absolutely no ?\ght on h[ to get !re effici5tly1 ,/allman says4 ,! ^w effici5tly hangs 9 ! air l a bad odor4 ,few ?+s irritate ! hack] m9d m ?an ineffici5cy4 ,x 0 ! ineffici5cy ( *eck+ ! ,x]ox las] pr9t] two or ?ree times a day t trigg]$ ,/allman's initial inquiry into ! pr9t] s\rce code4 ,x 0 ! ineffici5cy ( rewrit+ s(tw>e tools hijack$ by comm]cial s(tw>e v5dors t l$ ,/allman to battle ,symbolics & to laun* ! ,,gnu ,project4 ,if1 z ,jean ,paul ,s>tre once op9$1 hell is o!r p1 hack] hell is duplicat+ o!r p's /upid mi/akes1 & x's no exagg]ation to say t ,/allman's entire life has be5 an attempt to save mank9d f ^! fi]y dep?s4 ,?is hell metaphor becomes all ! m app>5t z we take 9 ! sl[ly pass+ sc5]y4 ,) its multitude ( %ops1 p>k+ lots1 & poorly tim$ /reet lights1 ,kihei seems less l a city & m l a poorly design$ s(tw>e program writ l>ge4 ,in/ead ( r]\t+ traffic & di/ribut+ vehicles ?r\gh side /reets & expressways1 city plann]s h elect$ to run ev]y?+ ?r\gh a s+le ma9 drag4 ,f a hack] p]spective1 sitt+ 9 a c> amid/ all ?is mess is l li/5+ to a ,,cd r5dition ( nails on a *alkbo>d at full volume4 ,imp]fect sy/ems infuriate hack]s1 obs]ves ,/ev5 ,levy1 ano!r w>n+ ,i %\ld h li/5$ to be=e climb+ into ! c> ) ,/allman4 ,?is is "o reason :y hack]s g5]ally hate driv+ c>s-! sy/em ( r&omly programm$ r$ lights & oddly laid out "o-way /reets causes delays :i* are s goddamn unnecess>y ,levy's emphasis t ! impulse is to re>range signs1 op5 up traffic-light control boxes 4 4 4 r$esign ! entire sy/em4,see ,/ev5 ,levy1 ,hack]s 7,p5gu9 ,,usa pap]back1 #aihd73 #dj4 ,m fru/rat+1 h[ev]1 is ! duplicity ( our tru/$ guide4 ,in/ead ( se>*+ out a clev] %ortcut-z any true hack] w\ld d on in/9ct-! driv] ahead ( u has in/ead *os5 to play along ) ! city plann]s' game4 ,l ,virgil 9 ,dante's ,inf]no1 our guide is det]m9$ to give u ! full guid$ t\r ( ?is hack] hell :e!r we want x or n4 ,be=e ,i c make ?is obs]vation to ,/allman1 ! driv] f9ally hits 8 "r turn signal4 ,/allman's hun*$ %\ld]s relax slightly1 & = a mom5t ! air ( t5sion )9 ! c> dissipates4 ,! t5sion comes back1 h[ev]1 z ! driv] 9 front ( u sl[s d[n4 ,con/ruction ,ahead signs l9e bo? sides ( ! /reet1 & ev5 ?\gh ! ,pilani ,highway lies less ?an a qu>t] mile (f 9 ! di/ance1 ! two-lane road betwe5 u & ! highway is block$ by a dormant bulldoz] & two l>ge m\nds ( dirt4 ,x takes ,/allman a few seconds to regi/] :at's go+ on z our guide beg9s execut+ a clumsy five-po9t ,u-turn 9 front ( u4 ,:5 he cat*es a glimpse ( ! bulldoz] & ! ,no ,?r\gh ,access signs j beyond1 ,/allman f9ally boils ov]4 ,:y1 :y1 :y8 he :9es1 ?r[+ 8 head back4 ,y %\ld h kn[n ! road 0 block$4 ,y %\ld h kn[n ?is way w\ldn't "w4 ,y did ?is delib]ately4 ,! driv] f9i%es ! turn & passes u on ! way back t[>d ! ma9 drag4 ,z he does s1 he %akes 8 head & gives u an apologetic %rug4 ,c\pl$ ) a too?y gr91 ! driv]'s ge/ure reveals a t\* ( ma9l&] fru/ration b is temp]$ ) a protective dose ( isl&] fatalism4 ,com+ ?r\gh ! seal$ w9d[s ( our r5tal c>1 x spells out a succ9ct message3 ,hey1 x's ,maui2 :at are y gonna d8 ,/allman c take x no long]4 ,don't y fuck+ smile6 he %\ts1 fogg+ up ! glass z he does s4 ,x's y\r fuck+ fault4 ,?is all c\ld h be5 s mu* easi] if we _h j done x my way4 ,/allman acc5ts ! words my way by gripp+ ! /e]+ :eel & pull+ himself t[>ds x twice4 ,! image ( ,/allman's lur*+ frame is l t ( a *ild ?r[+ a temp] tantrum 9 a c> seat1 an image fur!r und]l9$ by ! tone ( ,/allman's voice4 ,halfway betwe5 ang] & angui%1 ,/allman seems to be on ! v]ge ( te>s4 ,=tunately1 ! te>s d n arrive4 ,l a summ] cl\dbur/1 ! tantrum ends almo/ z soon z x beg9s4 ,aft] a few :9y gasps1 ,/allman %ifts ! c> into rev]se & beg9s execut+ 8 own ,u-turn4 ,by ! "t we are back on ! ma9 drag1 8 face is z impassive z x 0 :5 we left ! hotel #cj m9utes e>li]4 ,x takes less ?an five m9utes to rea* ! next cross-/reet4 ,?is "o (f]s easy highway access1 & )9 seconds1 we are soon spe$+ (f t[>d ,pa'ia at a relax+ rate ( spe$4 ,! sun t once loom$ bright & yell[ ov] ,/allman's left %\ld] is n[ burn+ a cool orange-r$ 9 our re>view mirror4 ,x l5ds its color to ! gauntlet wili wili trees fly+ pa/ u on bo? sides ( ! highway4 ,= ! next #bj m9utes1 ! only s\nd 9 our vehicle1 aside f ! ambi5t hum ( ! c>'s eng9e & tires1 is ! s\nd ( a cello & a viol9 trio play+ ! m\rnful /ra9s ( an ,appala*ian folk tune4 ,endnote ,cont9u+ ! ,fight ,= ,ri*>d ,/allman1 "t may n heal all w\nds1 b x does provide a conv5i5t ally4 ,f\r ye>s aft] ,! ,ca!dral & ! ,baza>1 ,/allman /ill *afes ov] ! ,raymond critique4 ,he also grumbles ov] ,l9us ,torvalds' elevation to ! role ( _w's mo/ fam\s hack]4 ,he recalls a popul> ,t-%irt t began %[+ at ,l9ux trade%[s ar\nd #aiii4 ,design$ to mimic ! orig9al promotional po/] = ,/> ,w>s1 ! %irt depict$ ,torvalds br&i%+ a lightsab] l ,luke ,skywalk]1 :ile ,/allman's face rides atop ,r#b;,d#b4 ,! %irt /ill grates on ,/allmans n]ves n only because x depicts him z a ,torvalds' sidekick1 b also because x elevates ,torvalds to ! lead]%ip role 9 ! free s(tw>e_/op5 s\rce community1 a role ev5 ,torvalds himself is loa? to accept4 ,x's ironic1 says ,/allman m\rnfully4 ,pick+ up t sword is exactly :at ,l9us refuses to d4 ,he gets ev]ybody focus+ on him z ! symbol ( ! movem5t1 & !n he won't fight4 ,:at good is x8 ,!n aga91 x is t same unwill+ness to pick up ! sword1 on ,torvalds "p1 t has left ! door op5 = ,/allman to bol/] 8 reputation z ! hack] community's e?ical arbit]4 ,despite 8 grievances1 ,/allman has to admit t ! la/ few ye>s h be5 q good1 bo? to himself & to 8 organization4 ,relegat$ to ! p]iph]y by ! un=ese5 success ( ,,gnu_/,l9ux1 ,/allman has none!less successfully recaptur$ ! initiative4 ,8 speak+ s*$ule betwe5 ,janu>y #bjjj & ,decemb] #bjja includ$ /ops on six cont95ts & visits to c\ntries :]e ! notion ( s(tw>e fre$om c>ries heavy ov]tones-,*9a & ,india1 = example4 ,outside ! bully pulpit1 ,/allman has also le>n$ h[ to lev]age 8 p[] z co/ew>d ( ! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se 7,,gpl74 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #bjjj1 :ile ! air 0 rapidly leak+ out ( ! #aiii ,l9ux ,,ipo bubble1 ,/allman & ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation scor$ two major victories4 ,9 ,july1 #bjjj1 ,troll ,te*1 a ,norwegian s(tw>e company & develop] ( ,qt1 a valuable suite ( graphics tools = ! ,,gnu_/,l9ux op]at+ sy/em1 ann\nc$ x 0 lic5s+ its s(tw>e "u ! ,,gpl4 ,a few weeks lat]1 ,sun ,microsy/ems1 a company t1 until !n1 _h be5 w>ily try+ to ride ! op5 s\rce b&wagon )\t giv+ up total control ( its s(tw>e prop]ties1 f9ally rel5t$ & ann\nc$ t x1 too1 0 dual lic5s+ its new ,open,office application suite "u ! ,less] ,,gnu ,public ,lic5se 7,,lgpl7 & ! ,sun ,indu/ry ,/&>ds ,s\rce ,lic5se 7,,sissl74 ,und]l9+ ea* victory 0 ! fact t ,/allman _h done little to fight = !m4 ,9 ! case ( ,troll ,te*1 ,/allman _h simply play$ ! role ( free s(tw>e pontiff4 ,9 #aiii1 ! company _h come up ) a lic5se t met ! conditions laid out by ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation1 b 9 exam9+ ! lic5se fur!r1 ,/allman detect$ legal incompatibles t w\ld make x impossible to bundle ,qt ) ,,gpl-protect$ s(tw>e programs4 ,tir$ ( battl+ ,/allman1 ,troll ,te* managem5t f9ally decid$ to split ! ,qt into two v]sions1 "o ,,gpl-protect$ & "o ,,qpl-protect$1 giv+ develop]s a way ar\nd ! compatibility issues cit$ by ,/allman4 ,9 ! case ( ,sun1 !y desir$ to play accord+ to ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation's conditions4 ,at ! #aiii ,o',reilly ,op5 ,s\rce ,conf]5ce1 ,sun ,microsy/ems c(\nd] & *ief sci5ti/ ,bill ,joy def5d$ 8 company's community s\rce lic5se1 ess5tially a wat]$-d[n compromise lett+ us]s copy & modify ,sun-own$ s(tw>e b n *>ge a fee = said s(tw>e )\t negotiat+ a royalty agreem5t ) ,sun4 ,a ye> aft] ,joy's spee*1 ,sun ,microsy/ems vice presid5t ,m>co ,bo]ries 0 appe>+ on ! same /age spell+ out ! company's new lic5s+ compromise 9 ! case ( ,open,office1 an (fice-application suite design$ specifically = ! ,,gnu_/,l9ux op]at+ sy/em4 ,i c spell x out 9 ?ree lett]s1 said ,bo]ries4 ,,gpl4 ,at ! "t1 ,bo]ries said 8 company's decision _h little to d ) ,/allman & m to d ) ! mom5tum ( ,,gpl-protect$ programs4 ,:at basically happ5$ 0 ! recognition t diff]5t products attract$ diff]5t communities1 & ! lic5se y use dep5ds on :at type ( community y want to attract1 said ,bo]ries4 ,) ,open,office1 x 0 cle> we _h ! highe/ correlation ) ! ,,gpl community4,see ,m>co ,bo]ries1 int]view ) au?or 7,july1 #bjjj74 ,su* comm5ts po9t out ! "u-recogniz$ /r5g? ( ! ,,gpl &1 indirectly1 ! political g5ius ( man :o play$ ! l>ge/ role 9 creat+ x4 ,!re isn't a lawy] on e>? :o w\ld h draft$ ! ,,gpl ! way x is1 says ,eb5 ,mogl51 ,columbia ,univ]sity law pr(essor & ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation g5]al c\nsel4 ,b x works4 ,& x works because ( ,ri*>d's philosophy ( design4 ,a =m] pr(essional programm]1 ,mogl5 traces 8 pro bono "w ) ,/allman back to #aiij :5 ,/allman reque/$ ,mogl5's legal assi/ance on a private affair4 ,mogl51 !n work+ ) encryption exp]t ,phillip ,zimm]man dur+ ,zimm]man's legal battles ) ! ,national ,security ,adm9i/ration1 says he 0 honor$ by ! reque/4 ,i told him ,i us$ ,emacs e day ( my life1 & x w\ld take an awful lot ( lawy]+ on my "p to pay (f ! debt4 ,s9ce !n1 ,mogl51 p]haps m ?an any o!r individual1 has _h ! be/ *ance to obs]ve ! crossov] ( ,/allman's hack] philosophies into ! legal realm4 ,mogl5 says ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,/allman's approa* to legal code & s(tw>e code are l>gely ! same4 ,i h to say1 z a lawy]1 ! idea t :at y %\ld d ) a legal docum5t is to take out all ! bugs doesn't make mu* s5se1 ,mogl5 says4 ,!re is unc]ta9ty 9 e legal process1 & :at mo/ lawy]s want to d is to capture ! b5efits ( unc]ta9ty = _! cli5t4 ,ri*>d's goal is ! complete opposite4 ,8 goal is to remove unc]ta9ty1 :i* is inh]5tly impossible4 ,x is inh]5tly impossible to draft "o lic5se to control all circum/ances 9 all legal sy/ems all ov] ! _w4 ,b if y 7 to g at x1 y w\ld h to g at x 8 way4 ,& ! result+ elegance1 ! result+ simplicity 9 design almo/ a*ieves :at x has to a*ieve4 ,& f !re a little lawy]+ w c>ry y q f>4 ,z ! p]son *>g$ ) pu%+ ! ,/allman ag5da1 ,mogl5 und]/&s ! fru/ration ( w\ld-be allies4 ,ri*>d is a man :o does n want to compromise ov] matt]s t he ?9ks ( z fundam5tal1 ,mogl5 says1 & he does n take easily ! twi/+ ( words or ev5 j ! seek+ ( artful ambiguity1 :i* human society (t5 requires f a lot ( p4 ,because ( ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation's unwill+ness to weigh 9 on issues outside ! purview ( ,,gnu developm5t & ,,gpl en=cem5t1 ,mogl5 has tak5 to devot+ 8 excess en]gies to assi/+ ! ,electronic ,fronti] ,f\ndation1 ! organization provid+ legal aid to rec5t copyright def5dants su* z ,dmitri ,skyl>ov4 ,9 #bjjj1 ,mogl5 also s]v$ z direct c\nsel to a collection ( hack]s t 7 jo9$ toge!r f circulat+ ! ,,dvd decryption program de,c,s,s4 ,despite ! sil5ce ( 8 ma9 cli5t 9 bo? cases1 ,mogl5 has le>n$ to appreciate ! value ( ,/allman's /ubbornness4 ,!re h be5 times ov] ! ye>s :]e ,i've gone to ,ri*>d & said1 ,we h to d ?is4 ,we h to d t4 ,"h's ! /rategic situation4 ,"h's ! next move4 ,"h's :at he h to d4' ,& ,ri*>d's response has always be51 ,we don't h to d any?+4' ,j wait4 ,:at ne$s do+ w get done4 ,& y "k :at8 ,mogl5 adds4 ,g5]ally1 he's be5 "r4 ,su* comm5ts disav[ ,/allman's own self-assessm5t3 ,i'm n good at play+ games1 ,/allman says1 address+ ! _m unse5 critics :o see him z a %rewd /rategi/4 ,i'm n good at look+ ahead & anticipat+ :at somebody else might d4 ,my approa* has always be5 to focus on ! f\ndation1 to say ,let's make ! f\ndation z /rong z we c make x4' ,! ,,gpl's exp&+ popul>ity & cont9u+ gravitational /r5g? are ! be/ tributes to ! f\ndation laid by ,/allman & 8 ,,gnu colleagues4 ,:ile no long] capable ( bill+ himself z ! la/ true hack]1 ,/allman nev]!less c take sole cr$it = build+ ! free s(tw>e movem5t's e?ical framework4 ,:e!r or n o!r mod]n programm]s feel com=table work+ inside t framework is immat]ial4 ,! fact t !y ev5 h a *oice at all is ,/allman's greate/ legacy4 ,discuss+ ,/allman's legacy at ?is po9t seems a bit premature4 ,/allman1 #dh at ! "t ( ?is writ+1 /ill has a few ye>s left to add to or subtract f t legacy4 ,/ill1 ! autopilot nature ( ! free s(tw>e movem5t makes x tempt+ to exam9e ,/allman's life outside ! day-to-day battles ( ! s(tw>e indu/ry & )9 a m augu/1 hi/orical sett+4 ,to 8 cr$it1 ,/allman refuses all opportunities to speculate4 ,i've nev] be5 able to "w out detail$ plans ( :at ! future 0 go+ to be l1 says ,/allman1 (f]+ 8 own premature epitaph4 ,i j said ,i'm go+ to fight4 ,:o kn[s :]e ,i'll get8' ,!re's no "q t 9 pick+ 8 fights1 ,/allman has ali5at$ ! v p :o might o!rwise h be5 8 greate/ *ampions4 ,x is also a te/am5t to 8 =?right1 e?ical nature t _m ( ,/allman's er/:ile political oppon5ts /ill manage to put 9 a few good words = him :5 press$4 ,! t5sion betwe5 ,/allman ! ideologue & ,/allman ! hack] g5ius1 h[ev]1 leads a biograph] to wond]3 h[ w p view ,/allman :5 ,/allman's own p]sonality is no long] !re to get 9 ! way8 ,9 e>ly drafts ( ?is book1 ,i dubb$ ?is "q ! #ajj ye> "q4 ,hop+ to /imulate an objective view ( ,/allman & 8 "w1 ,i ask$ v>i\s s(tw>e-indu/ry lum9>ies to take !mselves out ( ! curr5t timeframe & put !mselves 9 a position ( a hi/orian look+ back on ! free s(tw>e movem5t #ajj ye>s 9 ! future4 ,f ! curr5t vantage po9t1 x is easy to see simil>ities betwe5 ,/allman & pa/ ,am]icans :o1 :ile some:at m>g9al dur+ _! lifetime1 h atta9$ height5$ hi/orical importance 9 relation to _! age4 ,easy comp>isons include ,h5ry ,david ,?oreau1 transc5d5tali/ philosoph] & au?or ( ,on ,civil ,disob$i5ce1 & ,john ,muir1 f\nd] ( ! ,si]ra ,club & prog5itor ( ! mod]n environm5tal movem5t4 ,x is also easy to see simil>ities 9 m5 l ,william ,j5n+s ,bryan1 a4k4a4 ,! ,great ,common]1 lead] ( ! populi/ movem5t1 enemy ( monopolies1 & a man :o1 ?\gh p[]ful1 seems to h fad$ into hi/orical insignificance4 ,al?\gh n ! fir/ p]son to view s(tw>e z public prop]ty1 ,/allman is gu>ante$ a footnote 9 future hi/ory books ?anks to ! ,,gpl4 ,giv5 t fact1 x seems wor?:ile to /ep back & exam9e ,ri*>d ,/allman's legacy outside ! curr5t "t frame4 ,w ! ,,gpl /ill be some?+ s(tw>e programm]s use 9 ! ye> #bajb1 or w x h long s9ce fall5 by ! wayside8 ,w ! t]m free s(tw>e seem z politically qua9t z free silv] does today1 or w x seem e]ily presci5t 9 light ( lat] political ev5ts8 ,pr$ict+ ! future is risky sport1 b mo/ p1 :5 pres5t$ ) ! "q1 seem$ eag] to bite4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s f n[1 ,ri*>d & a c\ple ( o!r p are go+ to des]ve m ?an a footnote1 says ,mogl54 ,!y're go+ to be view$ z ! ma9 l9e ( ! /ory4 ,! c\ple o!r p ,mogl5 nom9ates = future textbook *apt]s include ,john ,gilmore1 ,/allman's ,,gpl advisor & future f\nd] ( ! ,electronic ,fronti] ,f\ndation1 & ,!odor ,holm ,nelson1 a4k4a4 ,t$ ,nelson1 au?or ( ! #aihb book1 ,lit]>y ,ma*9es 4 ,mogl5 says ,/allman1 ,nelson1 & ,gilmore ea* /& out 9 hi/orically significant1 nonov]lapp+ ways4 ,he cr$its ,nelson1 commonly consid]$ to h co9$ ! t]m hyp]text1 = id5tify+ ! pr$icam5t ( in=mation own]%ip 9 ! digital age4 ,gilmore & ,/allman1 mean:ile1 e>n notable cr$it = id5tify+ ! negative political effects ( in=mation control & build+ organizations-! ,electronic ,fronti] ,f\ndation 9 ! case ( ,gilmore & ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation 9 ! case ( ,/allman-to c\nt]act ^? effects4 ,( ! two1 h[ev]1 ,mogl5 sees ,/allman's activities z m p]sonal & less political 9 nature4 ,ri*>d 0 unique 9 t ! e?ical implications ( unfree s(tw>e 7 p>ticul>ly cle> to him at an e>ly mom5t1 says ,mogl54 ,?is has a lot to d ) ,ri*>d's p]sonality1 :i* lots ( p w1 :5 writ+ ab\t him1 try to depict z epiph5om5al or ev5 a drawback 9 ,ri*>d ,/allman's own life "w4 ,gilmore1 :o describes 8 inclusion betwe5 ! erratic ,nelson & ! irascible ,/allman z some?+ ( a mix$ honor1 nev]!less seconds ! ,mogl5 argum5t4 ,writes ,gilmore3 ,my guess is t ,/allman's writ+s w /& up z well z ,?omas ,jeff]son's h2 he's a pretty cle> writ] & also cle> on 8 pr9ciples 4 4 4 ,:e!r ,ri*>d w be z influ5tial z ,jeff]son w dep5d on :e!r ! ab/ractions we call civil rights end up m important a hundr$ ye>s f n[ ?an ! ab/ractions t we call s(tw>e or te*nically impos$ re/rictions4 ,ano!r elem5t ( ! ,/allman legacy n to be ov]look$1 ,gilmore writes1 is ! collaborative s(tw>e-developm5t model pione]$ by ! ,,gnu ,project4 ,al?\gh flaw$ at times1 ! model has nev]!less evolv$ into a /&>d )9 ! s(tw>e-developm5t indu/ry4 ,all told1 ,gilmore says1 ?is collaborative s(tw>e-developm5t model may end up be+ ev5 m influ5tial ?an ! ,,gnu ,project1 ! ,,gpl ,lic5se1 or any p>ticul> s(tw>e program develop$ by ,/allman3 ,be=e ! ,int]net1 x 0 q h>d to collaborate ov] di/ance on s(tw>e1 ev5 among teams t "k & tru/ ea* o!r4 ,ri*>d pione]$ collaborative developm5t ( s(tw>e1 p>ticul>ly by disorganiz$ volunte]s :o seldom meet ea* o!r4 ,ri*>d didn't build any ( ! basic tools = do+ ?is 7! ,,tcp protocol1 email li/s1 diff & pat*1 t> files1 ,,rcs or ,,cvs or remote-,,cvs71 b he us$ ! ones t 7 available to =m social gr\ps ( programm]s :o c\ld effectively collaborate4 ,lawr5ce ,lessig1 ,/an=d law pr(essor & au?or ( ! #bjja book1 ,! ,future ( ,ideas 1 is simil>ly bulli%4 ,l _m legal s*ol>s1 ,lessig sees ! ,,gpl z a major bulw>k ( ! curr5t s-call$ digital commons1 ! va/ agglom]ation ( community-own$ s(tw>e programs1 network & telecommunication /&>ds t h trigg]$ ! ,int]net's expon5tial gr[? ov] ! la/ ?ree decades4 ,r ?an connect ,/allman ) o!r ,int]net pione]s1 m5 su* z ,vannev> ,bu%1 ,v9ton ,c]f1 & ,j4 ,c4 ,r4 ,licklid] :o conv9c$ o!rs to see comput] te*nology on a wid] scale1 ,lessig sees ,/allman's impact z m p]sonal1 introspective1 &1 ultimately1 unique3 ,/allman *ang$ ! debate f is to ought4 ,he made p see h[ mu* 0 at /ake1 & he built a device to c>ry ^! ideals =w>d 4 4 4 ,t said1 ,i don't q "k h[ to place him 9 ! context ( ,c]f or ,licklid]4 ,! innovation is diff]5t4 ,x is n j ab\t a c]ta9 k9d ( code1 or enabl+ ! ,int]net4 ,x's mu* m ab\t gett+ p to see ! value 9 a c]ta9 k9d ( ,int]net4 ,i don't ?9k !re is anyone else 9 t class1 be=e or aft]4 ,n ev]ybody sees ! ,/allman legacy z set 9 /one1 ( c\rse4 ,eric ,raymond1 ! op5 s\rce propon5t :o feels t ,/allman's lead]%ip role has dim9i%$ significantly s9ce #aiif1 sees mix$ signals :5 look+ into ! #bajb cry/al ball3 ,i ?9k ,/allman's artifacts 7,,gpl1 ,emacs1 ,,gcc7 w be se5 z revolution>y works1 z f\ndation-/ones ( ! in=mation _w4 ,i ?9k hi/ory w be less k9d to "s ( ! !ories f :i* ,,rms op]at$1 & n k9d at all to 8 p]sonal t5d5cy t[>ds t]ritorial1 cult-lead] behavior4 ,z = ,/allman himself1 he1 too1 sees mix$ signals3 ,:at hi/ory says ab\t ! ,,gnu ,project1 tw5ty ye>s f n[1 w dep5d on :o w9s ! battle ( fre$om to use public k4 ,if we lose1 we w be j a footnote4 ,if we w91 x is unc]ta9 :e!r p w "k ! role ( ! ,,gnu op]at+ sy/em-if !y ?9k ! sy/em is ,l9ux1 !y w build a false picture ( :at happ5$ & :y4 ,b ev5 if we w91 :at hi/ory p le>n a hundr$ ye>s f n[ is likely to dep5d on :o dom9ates politically4 ,se>*+ = 8 own #ai?-c5tury hi/orical analogy1 ,/allman summons ! figure ( ,john ,br[n1 ! militant abolitioni/ reg>d$ z a h]o on "o side ( ! ,mason ,dixon l9e & a madman on ! o!r4 ,john ,br[n's slave revolt nev] got go+1 b dur+ 8 subsequ5t trial he effectively r\s$ national dem& = abolition4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 ,john ,br[n 0 a h]o2 #ajj ye>s aft]1 & = mu* ( ! #aijjs1 hi/ory textbooks taught t he 0 crazy4 ,dur+ ! era ( legal segregation1 :ile bigotry 0 %ameless1 ! ,,u p>tly accept$ ! /ory t ! ,s\? want$ to tell ab\t itself1 & hi/ory textbooks said _m untrue ?+s ab\t ! ,civil ,w> & relat$ ev5ts4 ,su* comp>isons docum5t bo? ! self-p]ceiv$ p]iph]al nature ( ,/allman's curr5t "w & ! b9>y nature ( 8 curr5t reputation4 ,al?\gh x's h>d to see ,/allman's reputation fall+ to ! level ( infamy z ,br[n's did dur+ ! po/-,recon/ruction p]iod-,/allman1 despite 8 occasional w>-l analogies1 has done little to inspire viol5ce-x's easy to envision a future 9 :i* ,/allman's ideas w9d up on ! a%-heap4 ,9 fa%ion+ ! free s(tw>e cause n z a mass movem5t b z a collection ( private battles aga9/ ! =ces ( propriet>y temptation1 ,/allman seems to h creat$ a unw9nable situation1 especially = ! _m acolytes ) ! same /ubborn w4 ,!n aga91 x is t v w t may som$ay prove to be ,/allman's greate/ la/+ legacy4 ,mogl51 a close obs]v] ov] ! la/ decade1 w>ns ^? :o mi/ake ! ,/allman p]sonality z c\nt]-productive or epiph5om5al to ! artifacts ( ,/alllman's life4 ,)\t t p]sonality1 ,mogl5 says1 !re w\ld be preci\s few artifiacts to discuss4 ,says ,mogl51 a =m] ,supreme ,c\rt cl]k3 ,look1 ! greate/ man ,i ev] work$ = 0 ,?urgood ,m>%all4 ,i knew :at made him a great man4 ,i knew :y he _h be5 able to *ange ! _w 9 8 possible way4 ,i w\ld be go+ out on a limb a little bit if ,i 7 to make a comp>ison1 because !y c\ld n be m diff]5t4 ,?urgood ,m>%all 0 a man 9 society1 repres5t+ an outca/ society to ! society t enclos$ x1 b /ill a man 9 society4 ,8 skill 0 social skills4 ,b he 0 all ( a piece1 too4 ,diff]5t z !y 7 9 e o!r respect1 t ! p]son ,i mo/ n[ comp>e him to 9 t s5se1 all ( a piece1 compact1 made ( ! sub/ance t makes />s1 all ! way ?r\gh1 is ,/allman4 ,9 an ef=t to drive t image home1 ,mogl5 reflects on a %>$ mom5t 9 ! spr+ ( #bjjj4 ,! success ( ! ,,va ,l9ux ,,ipo 0 /ill resonat+ 9 ! bus9ess m$ia1 & a half doz5 free s(tw>e-relat$ issues 7 swimm+ ?r\gh ! news4 ,surr\nd$ by a swirl+ hurricane ( issues & /ories ea* begg+ = comm5t1 ,mogl5 recalls sitt+ d[n = lun* ) ,/allman & feel+ l a ca/away dropp$ into ! eye ( ! /orm4 ,= ! next h\r1 he says1 ! conv]sation calmly revolv$ ar\nd a s+le topic3 /r5g!n+ ! ,,gpl4 ,we 7 sitt+ !re talk+ ab\t :at we 7 go+ to d ab\t "s problems 9 ,ea/]n ,europe & :at we 7 go+ to d :5 ! problem ( ! own]%ip ( cont5t began to ?reat5 free s(tw>e1 ,mogl5 recalls4 ,z we 7 talk+1 ,i briefly ?\ght ab\t h[ we mu/ h look$ to p pass+ by4 ,"h we are1 ^! two little be>d$ an>*i/s1 plott+ & plann+ ! next /eps4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 ,ri*>d is pluck+ ! knots f 8 hair & dropp+ !m 9 ! s\p & behav+ 9 8 usual way4 ,anybody li/5+ 9 on our conv]sation w\ld h ?\ght we 7 crazy1 b ,i knew3 ,i knew ! revolution's "r "h at ?is table4 ,?is is :at's mak+ x happ54 ,& ?is man is ! p]son mak+ x happ54 ,mogl5 says t mom5t1 m ?an any o!r1 drove home ! elem5tal simplicity ( ! ,/allman /yle4 ,x 0 funny1 recalls ,mogl54 ,i said to him1 ,ri*>d1 y "k1 y & ,i are ! two guys :o didn't make any money out ( ?is revolution4' ,& !n ,i paid = ! lun*1 because ,i knew he didn't h ! money to pay = x 4' ,endnote ,epilogue3 ,cru%+ ,lonel9ess ,writ+ ! biography ( a liv+ p]son is a bit l produc+ a play4 ,! drama 9 front ( ! curta9 (t5 pales 9 comp>ison to ! drama back/age4 ,9 ,! ,autobiography ( ,malcolm ,x1 ,alex ,haley gives read]s a r>e glimpse ( t back/age drama4 ,/epp+ out ( ! gho/writ] role1 ,haley deliv]s ! book's epilogue 9 8 own voice4 ,! epilogue expla9s h[ a freelance report] orig9ally dismiss$ z a tool & spy by ! ,nation ( ,islam spokesp]son manag$ to "w ?r\gh p]sonal & political b>ri]s to get ,malcolm ,x's life /ory on pap]4 ,:ile ,i hesitate to comp>e ?is book ) ,! ,autobiography ( ,malcolm ,x1 ,i d owe a debt ( gratitude to ,haley = 8 c&id epilogue4 ,ov] ! la/ #ab mon?s1 x has s]v$ z a sort ( in/ruction manual on h[ to deal ) a biographical subject :o has built an entire c>e] on be+ disagreeable4 ,f ! outset1 ,i envision$ clos+ ?is biography ) a simil> epilogue1 bo? z an homage to ,haley & z a way to let read]s "k h[ ?is book came to be4 ,! /ory beh9d ?is /ory />ts 9 an ,oakl& ap>tm5t1 w9d+ its way ?r\gh ! v>i\s locales m5tion$ 9 ! book-,silicon ,valley1 ,maui1 ,bo/on1 & ,cambridge4 ,ultimately1 h[ev]1 x is a tale ( two cities3 ,new ,york1 ,new ,york1 ! book-publi%+ capital ( ! _w1 & ,seba/opol1 ,cali=nia1 ! book-publi%+ capital ( ,sonoma ,c\nty4 ,! /ory />ts 9 ,april1 #bjjj4 ,at ! "t1 ,i 0 writ+ /ories = ! ill-fat$ ,be,open web site 7http3_/_/www4beop54com_/74 ,"o ( my fir/ assignm5ts 0 a phone int]view ) ,ri*>d ,m4 ,/allman4 ,! int]view w5t well1 s well t ,sla%dot 7http3_/_/www4sla%dot4org_/71 ! popul> news = n]ds site own$ by ,,va ,s(tw>e1 ,inc4 7=m]ly ,,va ,l9ux ,sy/ems & be=e t1 ,,va ,rese>*71 gave x a l9k 9 its daily li/ ( feature /ories4 ,)9 h\rs1 ! web s]v]s at ,be,open 7 heat+ up z read]s click$ ov] to ! site4 ,= all int5ts & purposes1 ! /ory %\ld h end$ !re4 ,?ree mon?s aft] ! int]view1 :ile att5d+ ! ,o',reilly ,op5 ,s\rce ,conf]5ce 9 ,mont]ey1 ,cali=nia1 ,i receiv$ ! foll[+ email message f ,tracy ,pattison1 =eign-rights manag] at a l>ge ,new ,york publi%+ h\se3 ,to3 sam,be,open4com ,subject3 ,,rms ,interview,date3 ,mon1 #aj ,jul #bjjj #ae3ef3cg -#jdjj;,de> ,mr4 ,williams1 ,i read y\r int]view ) ,ri*>d ,/allman on ,be,open ) great int]e/4 ,i've be5 intrigu$ by ,,rms & 8 "w = "s "t n[ & 0 delight$ to f9d y\r piece :i* ,i really ?9k y did a great job ( captur+ "s ( ! _s ( :at ,/allman is try+ to d ) ,,gnu-,l9ux & ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation4 ,:at ,i'd love to d1 h[ev]1 is read m - & ,i don't ?9k ,i'm alone4 ,d y ?9k !re is m in=mation &_/or s\rces out !re to exp& & update y\r int]view & adapt x into m ( a pr(ile ( ,/allman8 ,p]haps includ+ "s m anecdotal in=mation ab\t 8 p]sonality & backgr\nd t might really int]e/ & enlight5 read]s outside ! m h>dcore programm+ sc5e8 ,! email ask$ t ,i give ,tracy a call to discuss ! idea fur!r4 ,i did j t4 ,tracy told me h] company 0 laun*+ a new electronic book l9e1 & x want$ /ories t appeal$ to an e>ly-adopt] audi5ce4 ,! e-book =mat 0 #cj1jjj words1 ab\t #ajj pages1 & %e _h pit*$ h] bosses on ! idea ( pr(il+ a major figure 9 ! hack] community4 ,h] bosses lik$ ! idea1 & 9 ! process ( se>*+ = int]e/+ p to pr(ile1 %e _h come across my ,be,open int]view ) ,/allman4 ,h5ce h] email to me4 ,t's :5 ,tracy ask$ me3 w\ld ,i be will+ to exp& ! int]view into a full-l5g? feature pr(ile8 ,my answ] 0 in/ant3 yes4 ,be=e accept+ x1 ,tracy sugge/$ ,i put toge!r a /ory proposal %e c\ld %[ h] sup]iors4 ,two days lat]1 ,i s5t h] a poli%$ proposal4 ,a week lat]1 ,tracy s5t me a foll[ up email4 ,h] bosses _h giv5 x ! gre5 light4 ,i h to admit1 gett+ ,/allman to p>ticipate 9 an e-book project 0 an aft]?\ght on my "p4 ,z a report] :o cov]$ ! op5 s\rce beat1 ,i knew ,/allman 0 a /ickl]4 ,i'd already receiv$ a half doz5 emails at t po9t upbraid+ me = ! use ( ,l9ux in/ead ( ,,gnu_/,l9ux4 ,!n aga91 ,i also knew ,/allman 0 look+ = ways to get 8 message out to ! g5]al public4 ,p]haps if ,i pres5t$ ! project to him t way1 he w\ld be m receptive4 ,if n1 ,i c\ld always rely ^u ! copi\s am\nts ( docum5ts1 int]views1 & record$ onl9e conv]sations ,/allman _h left ly+ ar\nd ! ,int]net & d an unau?oriz$ biography4 ,dur+ my rese>*1 ,i came across an essay titl$ ,fre$om-,or ,copyright8 ,writt5 by ,/allman & publi%$ 9 ! ,june1 #bjjj1 edition ( ! ,,mit ,te*nology ,review1 ! essay bla/$ e-books = an assortm5t ( s(tw>e s9s4 ,n only did read]s h to use propriet>y s(tw>e programs to read !m1 ,/allman lam5t$1 b ! me?ods us$ to prev5t unau?oriz$ copy+ 7 ov]ly h>%4 ,in/ead ( d[nload+ a transf]able ,,html or ,,pdf file1 read]s d[nload$ an encrypt$ file4 ,9 ess5ce1 pur*as+ an e-book meant pur*as+ a nontransf]able key to unscramble ! encrypt$ cont5t4 ,any attempt to op5 a book's cont5t )\t an au?oriz$ key con/itut$ a crim9al violation ( ! ,digital ,mill5nium ,copyright ,act1 ! #aiih law design$ to bol/] copyright en=cem5t on ! ,int]net4 ,simil> p5alties held = read]s :o conv]t$ a book's cont5t into an op5 file =mat1 ev5 if _! only int5tion 0 to read ! book on a diff]5t comput] 9 _! home4 ,unlike a normal book1 ! read] no long] held ! "r to l5d1 copy1 or resell an e-book4 ,!y only _h ! "r to read x on an au?oriz$ ma*9e1 w>n$ ,/allman3 ,we /ill h ! same old fre$oms 9 us+ pap] books4 ,b if e-books replace pr9t$ books1 t exception w d little good4 ,) electronic ink1 :i* makes x possible to d[nload new text onto an app>5tly pr9t$ piece ( pap]1 ev5 newspap]s c\ld become ephem]al4 ,imag9e3 no m us$ book /ores2 no m l5d+ a book to y\r fri5d2 no m borr[+ "o f ! public libr>y-no m leaks t might give someone a *ance to read )\t pay+4 7,& judg+ f ! ads = ,micros(t ,read]1 no m anonym\s pur*as+ ( books ei!r47 ,?is is ! _w publi%]s h 9 m9d = u4,see ,saf>i ,te* ,books ,onl9e2 ,subscrib] ,agreem5t3 ,t]ms ( ,s]vice4 http3_/_/saf>i4oreilly4com_/ma9hlp4asp8h elps]vice ,ne$less to say1 ! essay caus$ "s conc]n4 ,nei!r ,tracy nor ,i _h discuss$ ! s(tw>e h] company w\ld use nor _h we discuss$ ! type ( copyright t w\ld gov]n ! e-book's usage4 ,i m5tion$ ! ,te*nology ,review article & ask$ if %e c\ld give me in=mation on h] company's e-book policies4 ,tracy promis$ to get back to me4 ,eag] to get />t$1 ,i decid$ to call ,/allman anyway & m5tion ! book idea to him4 ,:5 ,i did1 he express$ imm$iate int]e/ & imm$iate conc]n4 ,did y read my essay on e-books8 he ask$4 ,:5 ,i told him1 yes1 ,i _h read ! essay & 0 wait+ to he> back f ! publi%]1 ,/allman laid out two conditions3 he didn't want to l5d support to an e-book lic5s+ me*anism he fundam5tally oppos$1 & he didn't want to come (f z l5d+ support4 ,i don't want to p>ticipate 9 any?+ t makes me look l a hypocrite1 he said4 ,= ,/allman1 ! s(tw>e issue 0 second>y to ! copyright issue4 ,he said he 0 will+ to ignore :atev] s(tw>e ! publi%] or its ?ird-p>ty v5dors employ$ j s long z ! company specifi$ )9 ! copyright t read]s 7 free to make & di/ribute v]batim copies ( ! e-book's cont5t4 ,/allman po9t$ to ,/eph5 ,k+'s ,! ,plant z a possible model4 ,9 ,june1 #bjjj1 ,k+ ann\nc$ on 8 (ficial web site t he 0 self-publi%+ ,! ,plant 9 s]ial =m4 ,accord+ to ! ann\ncem5t1 ! book's total co/ w\ld be #ac1 spread out ov] a s]ies ( #a in/allm5ts4 ,z long z at lea/ #ge ( ! read]s paid = ea* *apt]1 ,k+ promis$ to cont9ue releas+ new in/allm5ts4 ,by ,augu/1 ! plan seem$ to be work+1 z ,k+ _h publi%$ ! fir/ two *apt]s ) a ?ird on ! way4 ,i'd be will+ to accept some?+ l t1 ,/allman said4 ,z long z x also p]mitt$ v]batim copy+4 ,i =w>d$ ! in=mation to ,tracy4 ,feel+ confid5t t %e & ,i might be able to "w out an equitable arrangem5t1 ,i call$ up ,/allman & set up ! fir/ int]view = ! book4 ,/allman agre$ to ! int]view )\t mak+ a second inquiry into ! /atus issue4 ,%ortly aft] ! fir/ int]view1 ,i rac$ to set up a second int]view 7?is "o 9 ,kihei71 squeez+ x 9 be=e ,/allman head$ (f on a #ad-;day vacation to ,tahiti4 ,x 0 dur+ ,/allman's vacation t ! bad news came f ,tracy4 ,h] company's legal dep>tm5t didn't want to adju/ its copyright notice on ! e-books4 ,read]s :o want$ to make _! books transf]able w\ld ei!r h to crack ! encryption code or conv]t ! book to an op5 =mat su* z ,,html4 ,ei!r way1 ! w\ld be break+ ! law & fac+ crim9al p5alties4 ,) two fre% int]views "u my belt1 ,i didn't see any way to write ! book )\t resort+ to ! new mat]ial4 ,i quickly set up a trip to ,new ,york to meet ) my ag5t & ) ,tracy to see if !re 0 a compromise solution4 ,:5 ,i flew to ,new ,york1 ,i met my ag5t1 ,h5n+ ,guttman4 ,x 0 our fir/ face-to-face meet+1 & ,h5n+ seem$ pessimi/ic ab\t our *ances ( =c+ a compromise1 at lea/ on ! publi%]'s end4 ,! l>ge1 e/abli%$ publi%+ h\ses already view$ ! e-book =mat ) en\gh suspicion & w]5't 9 ! mood to exp]im5t ) copyright language t made x easi] = read]s to avoid paym5t4 ,z an ag5t :o specializ$ 9 te*nology books1 h[ev]1 ,h5n+ 0 intrigu$ by ! novel nature ( my pr$icam5t4 ,i told him ab\t ! two int]views ,i'd already ga!r$ & ! promise n to publi% ! book 9 a way t made ,/allman look l a hypocrite4 ,agree+ t ,i 0 9 an e?ical b9d1 ,h5n+ sugge/$ we make t our negotiat+ po9t4 ,b>r+ t1 ,h5n+ said1 we c\ld always take ! c>rot-&-/ick approa*4 ,! c>rot w\ld be ! publicity t came ) publi%+ an e-book t honor$ ! hack] community's int]nal e?ics4 ,! /ick w\ld be ! risks associat$ ) publi%+ an e-book t didn't4 ,n9e mon?s be=e ,dmitri ,skyl>ov became an ,int]net cause celebre1 we knew x 0 only a matt] ( "t be=e an ent]pris+ programm] reveal$ h[ to hack e-books4 ,we also knew t a major publi%+ h\se releas+ an encryption-protect$ e-book on ,ri*>d ,m4 ,/allman 0 ! s(tw>e equival5t ( putt+ ,/eal ,?is ,e-,book on ! cov]4 ,aft] my meet+ ) ,h5n+1 ,i put a call into ,/allman4 ,hop+ to make ! c>rot m entic+1 ,i discuss$ a numb] ( pot5tial compromises4 ,:at if ! publi%] releas$ ! book's cont5t "u a split lic5se1 some?+ simil> to :at ,sun ,microsy/ems _h done ) ,op5 ,(fice1 ! free s(tw>e desktop applications suite8 ,! publi%] c\ld !n release comm]cial v]sions ( ! e-book "u a normal =mat1 tak+ advantage ( all ! bells & :i/les t w5t ) ! e-book s(tw>e1 :ile releas+ ! copyable v]sion "u a less ae/hetically pleas+ ,,html =mat4 ,/allman told me he didn't m9d ! split-lic5se idea1 b he did dislike ! idea ( mak+ ! freely copyable v]sion inf]ior to ! re/rict$ v]sion4 ,besides1 he said1 ! idea 0 too cumb]some4 ,split lic5ses work$ 9 ! case ( ,sun's ,op5 ,(fice only because he _h no control ov] ! decision mak+4 ,9 ?is case1 ,/allman said1 he did h a way to control ! outcome4 ,he c\ld refuse to coop]ate4 ,i made a few m sugge/ions ) little effect4 ,ab\t ! only ?+ ,i c\ld get out ( ,/allman 0 a concession t ! e-book's copyright re/rict all =ms ( file %>+ to noncomm]cial r$i/ribution4 ,be=e ,i sign$ (f1 ,/allman sugge/$ ,i tell ! publi%] t ,i'd promis$ ,/allman t ! "w w\ld be free4 ,i told ,/allman ,i c\ldn't agree to t /atem5t b t ,i did view ! book z unf9i%able )\t 8 coop]ation4 ,seem+ly satisfi$1 ,/allman hung up ) 8 usual sign-(f l9e3 ,happy hack+4 ,h5n+ & ,i met ) ,tracy ! next day4 ,tracy said h] company 0 will+ to publi% copyable exc]pts 9 a un5crypt$ =mat b w\ld limit ! exc]pts to #ejj words4 ,h5n+ in=m$ h] t ?is w\ldn't be en\gh = me to get ar\nd my e?ical obligation to ,/allman4 ,tracy m5tion$ h] own company's contractual obligation to onl9e v5dors su* z ,amazon4com4 ,ev5 if ! company decid$ to op5 up its e-book cont5t ?is "o "t1 x fac$ ! risk ( its p>tn]s call+ x a brea* ( contract4 ,b>r+ a *ange ( he>t 9 ! executive suite or on ! "p ( ,/allman1 ! decision 0 up to me4 ,i c\ld use ! int]views & g aga9/ my e>li] agreem5t ) ,/allman1 or ,i c\ld plead j\rnali/ic e?ics & back out ( ! v]bal agreem5t to d ! book4 ,foll[+ ! meet+1 my ag5t & ,i relocat$ to a pub on ,?ird ,ave4 ,i us$ 8 cell phone to call ,/allman1 leav+ a message :5 nobody answ]$4 ,h5n+ left = a mom5t1 giv+ me "t to collect my ?\ghts4 ,:5 he return$1 he 0 hold+ up ! cell phone4 ,x's ,/allman1 ,h5n+ said4 ,! conv]sation got (f badly f ! />t4 ,i relay$ ,tracy's comm5t ab\t ! publi%]'s contractual obligations4 ,s1 ,/allman said bluntly4 ,:y %\ld ,i give a damn ab\t _! contractual obligations8 ,because ask+ a major publi%+ h\se to risk a legal battle ) its v5dors ov] a #cj1jjj ^w e-book is a tall ord]1 ,i sugge/$4 ,don't y see8 ,/allman said4 ,t's exactly :y ,i'm do+ ?is4 ,i want a signal victory4 ,i want !m to make a *oice betwe5 fre$om & bus9ess z usual4 ,z ! words signal victory e*o$ 9 my head1 ,i felt my att5tion w&] mom5t>ily to ! pass+ foot traffic on ! sidewalk4 ,com+ into ! b>1 ,i _h be5 pleas$ to notice t ! location 0 less ?an half a block away f ! /reet corn] memorializ$ 9 ! #aigf ,ramones song1 #ecrd & #crd1 a song ,i always enjoy$ play+ 9 my days z a musician4 ,l ! p]petually fru/rat$ /reet hu/l] depict$ 9 t song1 ,i c\ld feel ?+s fall+ ap>t z quickly z !y _h come toge!r4 ,! irony 0 palpable4 ,aft] weeks ( gleefully record+ o!r p's lam5ts1 ,i f\nd myself 9 ! position ( try+ to pull (f ! r>e/ ( feats3 a ,ri*>d ,/allman compromise4 ,:5 ,i cont9u$ hemm+ & haw+1 plead+ ! publi%]'s position & reveal+ my gr[+ sympa?y = x1 ,/allman1 l an animal smell+ blood1 attack$4 ,s t's x8 ,y're j go+ to screw me8 ,y're j go+ to b5d to _! w8 ,i br\ght up ! issue ( a dual-copyright aga94 ,y mean lic5se1 ,/allman said curtly4 ,yeah1 lic5se4 ,copyright4 ,:atev]1 ,i said1 feel+ sudd5ly l a w\nd$ tuna trail+ a ri* plume ( plasma 9 ! wat]4 ,aw1 :y didn't y j fuck+ d :at ,i told y to d6 he %\t$4 ,i mu/ h be5 argu+ on behalf ( ! publi%] to ! v end1 because 9 my notes ,i manag$ to save a f9al ,/allman *e/nut3 ,i don't c>e4 ,:at !y're do+ is evil4 ,i c't support evil4 ,good-bye4 ,z soon z ,i put ! phone d[n1 my ag5t slid a fre%ly p\r$ ,gu9ness to me4 ,i figur$ y might ne$ ?is1 he said ) a laugh4 ,i c\ld see y %ak+ !re t[>ds ! end4 ,i 0 inde$ %ak+4 ,! %ak+ w\ldn't /op until ! ,gu9ness 0 m ?an halfway gone4 ,x felt weird1 he>+ myself *>act]iz$ z an emiss>y ( evil4 ,x felt weird] /ill1 kn[+ t ?ree mon?s be=e1 ,i 0 sitt+ 9 an ,oakl& ap>tm5t try+ to come up ) my next /ory idea4 ,n[1 ,i 0 sitt+ 9 a "p ( ! _w ,i'd only kn[n ?r\gh rock songs1 tak+ meet+s ) publi%+ executives & dr9k+ be] ) an ag5t ,i'd nev] ev5 laid eyes on until ! day be=e4 ,x 0 all too surreal1 l wat*+ my life reflect$ back z a movie montage4 ,ab\t t "t1 my int]nal absurdity met] kick$ 94 ,! initial %ak+ gave way to convulsions ( laught]4 ,to my ag5t1 ,i mu/ h look$ l a ano!r fragile au?or und]go+ an untimely emotional breakd[n4 ,to me1 ,i 0 j />t+ to appreciate ! cynical beauty ( my situation4 ,deal or no deal1 ,i already _h ! mak+s ( a pretty good /ory4 ,x 0 only a matt] ( f9d+ a place to tell x4 ,:5 my laugh+ convulsions f9ally subsid$1 ,i held up my dr9k 9 a toa/4 ,welcome to ! front l9es1 my fri5d1 ,i said1 cl9k+ p9ts ) my ag5t4 ,might z well enjoy x4 ,if ?is /ory really 7 a play1 "h's :]e x w\ld take a mom5t>y1 romantic int]lude4 ,di%e>t5$ by ! t5se nature ( our meet+1 ,tracy invit$ ,h5n+ & ,i to g out = dr9ks ) h] & "s ( h] c[ork]s4 ,we left ! b> on ,?ird ,ave41 head$ d[n to ! ,ea/ ,village1 & caught up ) ,tracy & h] fri5ds4 ,once !re1 ,i spoke ) ,tracy1 c>eful to avoid %op talk4 ,our conv]sation 0 pleasant1 relax$4 ,be=e p>t+1 we agre$ to meet ! next night4 ,once aga91 ! conv]sation 0 pleasant1 s pleasant t ! ,/allman e-book became almo/ a di/ant memory4 ,:5 ,i got back to ,oakl&1 ,i call$ ar\nd to v>i\s j\rnali/ fri5ds & acqua9tances4 ,i rec\nt$ my pr$icam5t4 ,mo/ upbraid$ me = giv+ up too mu* gr\nd to ,/allman 9 ! pre9t]view negotiation4 ,a =m] j-s*ool pr(essor sugge/$ ,i ignore ,/allman's hypocrite comm5t & j write ! /ory4 ,report]s :o knew ( ,/allman's m$ia-savv9ess express$ sympa?y b uni=mly (f]$ ! same response3 x's y\r call4 ,i decid$ to put ! book on ! back burn]4 ,ev5 ) ! int]views1 ,i wasn't mak+ mu* progress4 ,besides1 x gave me a *ance to speak ) ,tracy )\t runn+ ?+s pa/ ,h5n+ fir/4 ,by ,*ri/mas we _h trad$ visits3 %e fly+ out to ! we/ coa/ once1 me fly+ out to ,new ,york a second "t4 ,! day be=e ,new ,ye>'s ,eve1 ,i propos$4 ,decid+ :i* coa/ to live on1 ,i pick$ ,new ,york4 ,by ,febru>y1 ,i pack$ up my laptop comput] & all my rese>* notes relat$ to ! ,/allman biography1 & we w+$ our way to ,,jfk ,airport4 ,tracy & ,i 7 m>ri$ on ,may #aa4 ,s mu* = fail$ book deals4 ,dur+ ! summ]1 ,i began to contemplate turn+ my int]view notes into a magaz9e article4 ,e?ically1 ,i felt 9 ! cle> do+ s1 s9ce ! orig9al int]view t]ms said no?+ ab\t traditional pr9t m$ia4 ,to be hone/1 ,i also felt a bit m com=table writ+ ab\t ,/allman aft] eight mon?s ( radio sil5ce4 ,s9ce our telephone conv]sation 9 ,septemb]1 ,i'd only receiv$ two emails f ,/allman4 ,bo? *a/is$ me = us+ ,l9ux in/ead ( ,,gnu_/,l9ux 9 a pair ( articles = ! web magaz9e ,upside ,today4 ,aside f t1 ,i _h enjoy$ ! sil5ce4 ,9 ,june1 ab\t a week aft] ! ,new ,york ,univ]sity spee*1 ,i took a crack at writ+ a #e1jjj-^w magaz9e-l5g? /ory ab\t ,/allman4 ,?is "t1 ! words fl[$4 ,! di/ance _h help$ re/ore my lo/ s5se ( emotional p]spective1 ,i suppose4 ,9 ,july1 a full ye> aft] ! orig9al email f ,tracy1 ,i got a call f ,h5n+4 ,he told me t ,o',reilly ,associates1 a publi%+ h\se out ( ,seba/opol1 ,cali=nia1 0 int]e/$ 9 ! runn+ ! ,/allman /ory z a biography4 ,! news pleas$ me4 ,( all ! publi%+ h\ses 9 ! _w1 ,o',reilly1 ! same company t _h publi%$ ,eric ,raymond's ,! ,ca!dral & ! ,baza>1 seem$ ! mo/ s5sitive to ! issues t _h kill$ ! e>li] e-book4 ,z a report]1 ,i _h reli$ heavily on ! ,o',reilly book ,op5 ,s\rces z a hi/orical ref]5ce4 ,i also knew t v>i\s *apt]s ( ! book1 includ+ a *apt] writt5 by ,/allman1 _h be5 publi%$ ) copyright notices t p]mitt$ r$i/ribution4 ,su* k w\ld come 9 h&y if ! issue ( electronic publication ev] came up aga94 ,sure en\gh1 ! issue did come up4 ,i le>n$ ?r\gh ,h5n+ t ,o',reilly int5d$ to publi% ! biography bo? z a book & z "p ( its new ,saf>i ,te* ,books ,onl9e subscription s]vice4 ,! ,saf>i us] lic5se w\ld involve special re/rictions1#a ,h5n+ w>n$1 b ,o',reilly 0 will+ to all[ = a copyright t p]mitt$ us]s to copy & %>e & ! book's text reg>dless ( m$ium4 ,basically1 z au?or1 ,i _h ! *oice betwe5 two lic5ses3 ! ,op5 ,publication ,lic5se or ! ,,gnu ,free ,docum5tation ,lic5se4 ,i *eck$ out ! cont5ts & backgr\nd ( ea* lic5se4 ,! ,op5 ,publication ,lic5se 7,,opl7,see ,! ,op5 ,publication ,lic5se3 ,draft v#a4j 7,june #h1 #aiii74 http3_/_/op5cont5t4org_/op5pub_/ gives read]s ! "r to reproduce & di/ribute a "w1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 9 any m$ium physical or electronic1 provid$ ! copi$ "w reta9s ! ,op5 ,publication ,lic5se4 ,x also p]mits modification ( a "w1 provid$ c]ta9 conditions are met4 ,f9ally1 ! ,op5 ,publication ,lic5se includes a numb] ( options1 :i*1 if select$ by ! au?or1 c limit ! creation ( sub/antively modifi$ v]sions or book-=m d]ivatives )\t prior au?or approval4 ,! ,,gnu ,free ,docum5tation ,lic5se 7,,gfdl71,see ,! ,,gnu ,free ,docum5tation ,lic5se3 ,v]sion #a4a 7,m>*1 #bjjj74 http3_/_/www4gnu4org_/copyleft_/fdl4html mean:ile1 p]mits ! copy+ & di/ribution ( a docum5t 9 any m$ium1 provid$ ! result+ "w c>ries ! same lic5se4 ,x also p]mits ! modification ( a docum5t provid$ c]ta9 conditions4 ,unlike ! ,,opl1 h[ev]1 x does n give au?ors ! option to re/rict c]ta9 modifications4 ,x also does n give au?ors ! "r to reject modifications t might result 9 a competitive book product4 ,x does require c]ta9 =ms ( front- & back-cov] in=mation if a p>ty o!r ?an ! copyright hold] wi%es to publi% m ?an #ajj copies ( a protect$ "w1 h[ev]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( rese>*+ ! lic5ses1 ,i also made sure to visit ! ,,gnu ,project web page titl$ ,v>i\s ,lic5ses & ,comm5ts ,ab\t ,!m4,see http3_/_/www4gnu4org_/philosophy_/lic5se -li/4html ,on t page1 ,i f\nd a ,/allman critique ( ! ,op5 ,publication ,lic5se4 ,/allman's critique relat$ to ! creation ( modifi$ works & ! ability ( an au?or to select ei!r "o ( ! ,,opl's options to re/rict modification4 ,if an au?or didn't want to select ei!r option1 x 0 bett] to use ! ,,gfdl in/ead1 ,/allman not$1 s9ce x m9imiz$ ! risk ( ! nonselect$ options popp+ up 9 modifi$ v]sions ( a docum5t4 ,! importance ( modification 9 bo? lic5ses 0 a reflection ( _! orig9al purpose-namely1 to give s(tw>e-manual own]s a *ance to improve _! manuals & publicize ^? improvem5ts to ! re/ ( ! community4 ,s9ce my book wasn't a manual1 ,i _h little conc]n ab\t ! modification clause 9 ei!r lic5se4 ,my only conc]n 0 giv+ us]s ! fre$om to ex*ange copies ( ! book or make copies ( ! cont5t1 ! same fre$om !y w\ld h enjoy$ if !y pur*as$ a h>dcov] book4 ,deem+ ei!r lic5se suitable = ?is purpose1 ,i sign$ ! ,o',reilly contract :5 x came to me4 ,/ill1 ! notion ( unre/rict$ modification intrigu$ me4 ,9 my e>ly negotiations ) ,tracy1 ,i _h pit*$ ! m]its ( a ,,gpl-/yle lic5se = ! e-book's cont5t4 ,at wor/1 ,i said1 ! lic5se w\ld gu>antee a lot ( positive publicity = ! e-book4 ,at be/1 x w\ld enc\rage read]s to p>ticipate 9 ! book-writ+ process4 ,z an au?or1 ,i 0 will+ to let o!r p am5d my "w j s long z my "n always got top bill+4 ,besides1 x might ev5 be int]e/+ to wat* ! book evolve4 ,i pictur$ lat] editions look+ mu* l onl9e v]sions ( ! ,talmud1 my orig9al text 9 a c5tral column surr\nd$ by illum9at+1 ?ird-p>ty comm5t>y 9 ! m>g9s4 ,my idea drew inspiration f ,project ,xanadu 7http3_/_/www4xanadu4com_/71 ! leg5d>y s(tw>e concept orig9ally conceiv$ by ,t$ ,nelson 9 #aifj4 ,dur+ ! ,o',reilly ,op5 ,s\rce ,conf]5ce 9 #aiii1 ,i _h se5 ! fir/ demon/ration ( ! project's op5 s\rce (f%oot ,udanax & _h be5 w[$ by ! result4 ,9 "o demon/ration sequ5ce1 ,udanax display$ a p>5t docum5t & a d]ivative "w 9 a simil> two-column1 pla9-text =mat4 ,) a click ( ! button1 ! program introduc$ l9es l9k+ ea* s5t5ce 9 ! p>5t to its conceptual (f%oot 9 ! d]ivative4 ,an e-book biography ( ,ri*>d ,m4 ,/allman didn't h to be ,udanax-enabl$1 b giv5 su* te*nological possibilities1 :y n give us]s a *ance to play ar\nd8,anybody will+ to port ?is book ov] to ,udanax1 ! free s(tw>e v]sion ( ,xanadu1 w receive en?usia/ic support f me4 ,to f9d out m ab\t ?is intrigu+ te*nology1 visit http3_/_/www4udanax4com_/4 ,:5 ,laurie ,petrycki1 my editor at ,o',reilly1 gave me a *oice betwe5 ! ,,opl or ! ,,gfdl1 ,i indulg$ ! fantasy once aga94 ,by ,septemb] ( #bjja1 ! mon? ,i sign$ ! contract1 e-books _h become almo/ a dead topic4 ,_m publi%+ h\ses1 ,tracy's includ$1 7 %utt+ d[n _! e-book impr9ts = lack ( int]e/4 ,i _h to wond]4 ,if ^! companies _h treat$ e-books n z a =m ( publication b z a =m ( community build+1 w\ld ^? impr9ts h surviv$8 ,aft] ,i sign$ ! contract1 ,i notifi$ ,/allman t ! book project 0 back on4 ,i m5tion$ ! *oice ,o',reilly 0 giv+ me betwe5 ! ,op5 ,publication ,lic5se & ! ,,gnu ,free ,docum5tation ,lic5se4 ,i told him ,i 0 lean+ t[>d ! ,,opl1 if only = ! fact ,i saw no reason to give ,o',reilly's competitors a *ance to pr9t ! same book "u a diff]5t cov]4 ,/allman wrote back1 argu+ 9 favor ( ! ,,gfdl1 not+ t ,o',reilly _h already us$ x sev]al times 9 ! pa/4 ,despite ! ev5ts ( ! pa/ ye>1 ,i sugge/$ a deal4 ,i w\ld *oose ! ,,gfdl if x gave me ! possibility to d m int]views & if ,/allman agre$ to help ,o',reilly publicize ! book4 ,/allman agre$ to p>ticipate 9 m int]views b said t 8 p>ticipation 9 publicity-relat$ ev5ts w\ld dep5d on ! cont5t ( ! book4 ,view+ ?is z only fair1 ,i set up an int]view = ,decemb] #ag1 #bjja 9 ,cambridge4 ,i set up ! int]view to co9cide ) a bus9ess trip my wife ,tracy 0 tak+ to ,bo/on4 ,two days be=e leav+1 ,tracy sugge/$ ,i invite ,/allman out to d9n]4 ,aft] all1 %e said1 he is ! "o :o br\ght u toge!r4 ,i s5t an email to ,/allman1 :o promptly s5t a return email accept+ ! (f]4 ,:5 ,i drove up to ,bo/on ! next day1 ,i met ,tracy at h] hotel & hopp$ ! ,t to head ov] to ,,mit4 ,:5 we got to ,te* ,squ>e1 ,i f\nd ,/allman 9 ! middle ( a conv]sation j z we knock$ on ! door4 ,i hope y don't m9d1 he said1 pull+ ! door op5 f> en\gh s t ,tracy & ,i c\ld j b>ely he> ,/allman's conv]sational c\nt]p>t4 ,x 0 a y\ngi% woman1 mid-#bjs ,i'd say1 nam$ ,s>ah4 ,i took ! lib]ty ( invit+ somebody else to h d9n] ) u1 ,/allman said1 matt]-(-factly1 giv+ me ! same cat-l smile he gave me back 9 t ,palo ,alto re/aurant4 ,to be hone/1 ,i wasn't too surpris$4 ,! news t ,/allman _h a new female fri5d _h rea*$ me a few weeks be=e1 c\rtesy ( ,/allman's "m4 ,9 fact1 !y bo? w5t to ,japan la/ mon? :5 ,ri*>d w5t ov] to accept ! ,tak$a ,aw>d1 ,lippman told me at ! "t4,alas1 ,i didn't f9d out ab\t ! ,tak$a ,f\ndation's decision to aw>d ,/allman1 along ) ,l9us ,torvalds & ,k5 ,sakamura1 ) its fir/-ev] aw>d = ,te*no-,entrepr5eurial ,a*ievem5t = ,social_/,economic ,well-,be+ until aft] ,/allman _h made ! trip to ,japan to accept ! aw>d4 ,= m in=mation ab\t ! aw>d & its accompany+ #a million prize1 visit ! ,tak$a site1 http3_/_/www4tak$a-f\ndation4jp_/4 ,on ! way ov] to ! re/aurant1 ,i le>n$ ! circum/ances ( ,s>ah & ,ri*>d's fir/ meet+4 ,int]e/+ly1 ! circum/ances 7 v famili>4 ,work+ on h] own fictional book1 ,s>ah said %e he>d ab\t ,/allman & :at an int]e/+ "* he 04 ,%e promptly decid$ to create a "* 9 h] book on ,/allman &1 9 ! int]e/s ( rese>*+ ! "*1 set up an int]view ) ,/allman4 ,?+s quickly w5t f !re4 ,! two _h be5 dat+ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( #bjja1 %e said4 ,i really admir$ ! way ,ri*>d built up an entire political movem5t to address an issue ( pr(\nd p]sonal conc]n1 ,s>ah said1 expla9+ h] attraction to ,/allman4 ,my wife imm$iately ?rew back ! "q3 ,:at 0 ! issue8 ,cru%+ lonel9ess4 ,dur+ d9n]1 ,i let ! wom5 d ! talk+ & sp5t mo/ ( ! "t try+ to detect clues z to :e!r ! la/ #ab mon?s _h s(t5$ ,/allman 9 any significant way4 ,i didn't see any?+ to sugge/ !y _h4 ,al?\gh m flirtati\s ?an ,i rememb]$-a flirtati\sness spoil$ some:at by ! numb] ( times ,/allman's eyes seem$ to fixate on my wife's *e/-,/allman reta9$ ! same g5]al level ( prickl9ess4 ,at "o po9t1 my wife utt]$ an emphatic ,god =bid only to receive a typical ,/allman rebuke4 ,i hate to break x to y1 b !re is no ,god1 ,/allman said4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 ! d9n] 0 complete & ,s>ah _h dep>t$1 ,/allman seem$ to let 8 gu>d d[n a little4 ,z we walk$ to a ne>by book/ore1 he admitt$ t ! la/ #ab mon?s _h dramatically *ang$ 8 outlook on life4 ,i ?\ght ,i 0 go+ to be alone =ev]1 he said4 ,i'm glad ,i 0 wrong4 ,be=e p>t+1 ,/allman h&$ me 8 pleasure c>d1 a bus9ess c>d li/+ ,/allman's address1 phone numb]1 & favorite pa/imes 7%>+ good books1 good food & exotic music & dance7 s t ,i might set up a f9al int]view4 ,graphic file3_/home_/craigm_/books_/freeep#aj4pn g ,/allman's pleasure c>d1 h&$ to me ! night ( our d9n]4 ,! next day1 ov] ano!r meal ( dim sum1 ,/allman seem$ ev5 m love/ruck ?an ! night be=e4 ,recall+ 8 debates ) ,curri] ,h\se dorm mat]s ov] ! b5efits & drawbacks ( an immortality s]um1 ,/allman express$ hope t sci5ti/s might "s day come up ) ! key to immortality4 ,n[ t ,i'm f9ally />t+ to h happ9ess 9 my life1 ,i want to h m1 he said4 ,:5 ,i m5tion$ ,s>ah's cru%+ lonel9ess comm5t1 ,/allman fail$ to see a connection betwe5 lonel9ess on a physical or spiritual level & lonel9ess on a hack] level4 ,! impulse to %>e code is ab\t fri5d%ip b fri5d%ip at a mu* l[] level1 he said4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 :5 ! subject came up aga91 ,/allman did admit t lonel9ess1 or ! fe> ( p]petual lonel9ess1 _h play$ a major role 9 fuel+ 8 det]m9ation dur+ ! e>lie/ days ( ! ,,gnu ,project4 ,my fasc9ation ) comput]s 0 n a consequ5ce ( any?+ else1 he said4 ,i w\ldn't h be5 less fasc9at$ ) comput]s if ,i _h be5 popul> & all ! wom5 flock$ to me4 ,h[ev]1 x's c]ta9ly true ! exp]i5ce ( feel+ ,i didn't h a home1 f9d+ "o & los+ x1 f9d+ ano!r & hav+ x de/roy$1 affect$ me deeply4 ,! "o ,i lo/ 0 ! dorm4 ,! "o t 0 de/roy$ 0 ! ,,ai ,lab4 ,! prec>i\sness ( n hav+ any k9d ( home or community 0 v p[]ful4 ,x made me want to fight to get x back4 ,aft] ! int]view1 ,i c\ldn't help b feel a c]ta9 s5se ( emotional symmetry4 ,he>+ ,s>ah describe :at attract$ h] to ,/allman & he>+ ,/allman himself describe ! emotions t prompt$ him to take up ! free s(tw>e cause1 ,i 0 rem9d$ ( my own reasons = writ+ ?is book4 ,s9ce ,july1 #bjjj1 ,i h le>n$ to appreciate bo? ! s$uctive & ! repell5t sides ( ! ,ri*>d ,/allman p]sona4 ,l ,eb5 ,mogl5 be=e me1 ,i feel t dismiss+ t p]sona z epiph5om5al or di/ract+ 9 relation to ! ov]all free s(tw>e movem5t w\ld be a griev\s mi/ake4 ,9 _m ways ! two are s mutually def9+ z to be indi/+ui%able4 ,:ile ,i'm sure n e read] feels ! same level ( aff9ity = ,/allman-inde$1 aft] read+ ?is book1 "s might feel z]o aff9ity-,i'm sure mo/ w agree4 ,few individuals (f] z s+ul> a human portrait z ,ri*>d ,m4 ,/allman4 ,x is my s9c]e hope t1 ) ?is initial portrait complete & ) ! help ( ! ,,gfdl1 o!rs w feel a simil> urge to add _! own p]spective to t portrait4 ,app5dix ,a 3 ,t]m9ology ,= ! mo/ "p1 ,i h *os5 to use ! t]m ,,gnu_/,l9ux 9 ref]5ce to ! free s(tw>e op]at+ sy/em & ,l9ux :5 ref]r+ specifically to ! k]nel t drives ! op]at+ sy/em4 ,! mo/ notable exception to ?is rule comes 9 ,*apt] #i 4 ,9 ! f9al "p ( t *apt]1 ,i describe ! e>ly evolution ( ,l9ux z an (f%oot ( ,m9ix4 ,x is safe to say t dur+ ! fir/ two ye>s ( ! project's developm5t1 ! op]at+ sy/em ,torvalds & 8 colleagues 7 work+ on bore little simil>ity to ! ,,gnu sy/em envision$ by ,/allman1 ev5 ?\gh x gradually began to %>e key compon5ts1 su* z ! ,,gnu ,c ,compil] & ! ,,gnu ,debugg]4 ,?is decision fur!r b5efits f ! fact t1 prior to #aiic1 ,/allman saw little ne$ to insi/ on cr$it4 ,"s might view ! decision to use ,,gnu_/,l9ux = lat] v]sions ( ! same op]at+ sy/em z arbitr>y4 ,i w\ld l to po9t out t x 0 9 no way a pr]equisite = ga9+ ,/allman's coop]ation 9 ! mak+ ( ?is book4 ,i came to x ( my own accord1 p>tly because ( ! op]at+ sy/em's modul> nature & ! community surr\nd+ x1 & p>tly because ( ! apolitical nature ( ! ,l9ux "n4 ,giv5 t ?is is a biography ( ,ri*>d ,/allman1 x seem$ inappropriate to def9e ! op]at+ sy/em 9 apolitical t]ms4 ,9 ! f9al phases ( ! book1 :5 x became cle> t ,o',reilly ,associates w\ld be ! book's publi%]1 ,/allman did make x a condition t ,i use ,,gnu_/,l9ux in/ead ( ,l9ux if ,o',reilly expect$ him to provide promotional support = ! book aft] publication4 ,:5 in=m$ ( ?is1 ,i relay$ my e>li] decision & left x up to ,/allman to judge :e!r ! result+ book met ?is condition or n4 ,at ! "t ( ?is writ+1 ,i h no idea :at ,/allman's judgm5t w be4 ,a simil> situation surr\nds ! t]ms free s(tw>e & op5 s\rce4 ,aga91 ,i h opt$ = ! m politically lad5 free s(tw>e t]m :5 describ+ s(tw>e programs t come ) freely copyable & freely modifiable s\rce code4 ,al?\gh m popul>1 ,i h *os5 to use ! t]m op5 s\rce only :5 ref]r+ to gr\ps & bus9esses t h *ampion$ its usage4 ,b = a few in/ances1 ! t]ms are completely int]*angeable1 & 9 mak+ ?is decision ,i h foll[$ ! advice ( ,*ri/9e ,pet]son1 ! p]son g5]ally cr$it$ ) co9+ ! t]m4 ,! free s(tw>e' t]m %\ld /ill be us$ 9 circum/ances :]e x works bett]1 ,pet]son writes4 ,op5 s\rce' caught on ma9ly because a new t]m 0 greatly ne$$1 n because x's ideal4 ,app5dix ,b ,hack1 ,hack]s1 & ,hack+ ,to und]/& ! full mean+ ( ! ^w hack]1 x helps to exam9e ! ^w's etymology ov] ! ye>s4 ,! ,new ,hack] ,diction>y 1 an onl9e comp5dium ( s(tw>e-programm] j>gon1 (ficially li/s n9e diff]5t connotations ( ! ^w hack & a simil> numb] = hack]4 ,!n aga91 ! same publication also includes an accompany+ essay t quotes ,phil ,agre1 an ,,mit hack] :o w>ns read]s n to be fool$ by ! ^w's p]ceiv$ flexibility4 ,hack has only "o mean+1 argues ,agre4 ,an extremely subtle & pr(\nd "o :i* defies articulation4 ,reg>dless ( ! wid? or n>r[ness ( ! def9ition1 mo/ mod]n hack]s trace ! ^w back to ,,mit1 :]e ! t]m bubbl$ up z popul> item ( /ud5t j>gon 9 ! e>ly #aiejs4 ,9 #aiij ! ,,mit ,museum put toge!r a j\rnal docum5t+ ! hack+ ph5om5on4 ,accord+ to ! j\rnal1 /ud5ts :o att5d$ ! in/itute dur+ ! fifties us$ ! ^w hack ! way a mod]n /ud5t might use ! ^w go(4 ,hang+ a jalopy out a dormitory w9d[ 0 a hack1 b any?+ h>% or malici\s-e4g41 egg+ a rival dorm's w9d[s or defac+ a campus /atue-fell outside ! b\nds4 ,implicit )9 ! def9ition ( hack 0 a _s ( h>mless1 creative fun4 ,?is _s w\ld inspire ! ^w's g]und =m3 hack+4 ,a #aiejs /ud5t :o sp5t ! bett] "p ( ! aft]noon talk+ on ! phone or dismantl+ a radio might describe ! activity z hack+4 ,aga91 a mod]n speak] w\ld sub/itute ! v]b =m ( go(-go(+ or go(+ (f-to describe ! same activity4 ,z ! #aiejs progress$1 ! ^w hack acquir$ a %>p]1 m rebelli\s edge4 ,! ,,mit ( ! #aiejs 0 ov]ly competitive1 & hack+ em]g$ z bo? a reaction to & ext5sion ( t competitive culture4 ,go(s & pranks sudd5ly became a way to bl[ (f /eam1 ?umb "o's nose at campus adm9i/ration1 & indulge creative ?9k+ & behavior /ifl$ by ! ,in/itute's rigor\s und]graduate curriculum4 ,) its myriad hallways & und]gr\nd /eam tunnels1 ! ,in/itute (f]$ pl5ty ( exploration opportunities = ! /ud5t undaunt$ by lock$ doors & ,no ,trespass+ signs4 ,/ud5ts began to ref] to _! (f-limits explorations z tunnel hack+4 ,above gr\nd1 ! campus phone sy/em (f]$ simil> opportunities4 ,?r\gh casual exp]im5tation & due dilig5ce1 /ud5ts le>n$ h[ to p]=m humor\s tricks4 ,draw+ inspiration f ! m traditional pursuit ( tunnel hack+1 /ud5ts quickly dubb$ ?is new activity phone hack+4 ,! comb9$ emphasis on creative play & re/riction-free exploration w\ld s]ve z ! basis = ! future mutations ( ! hack+ t]m4 ,! fir/ self-describ$ comput] hack]s ( ! #aifjs ,,mit campus orig9at$ f a late #aiejs /ud5t gr\p call$ ! ,te* ,model ,railroad ,club4 ,a tight clique )9 ! club 0 ! ,signals & ,p[] 7,s,p7 ,committee-! gr\p beh9d ! railroad club's electrical circuitry sy/em4 ,! sy/em 0 a sophi/icat$ assortm5t ( relays & swit*es simil> to ! k9d t controll$ ! local campus phone sy/em4 ,to control x1 a memb] ( ! gr\p simply dial$ 9 comm&s via a connect$ phone & wat*$ ! tra9s d 8 bidd+4 ,! nasc5t electrical eng9e]s responsible = build+ & ma9ta9+ ?is sy/em saw _! activity z simil> 9 _s to phone hack+4 ,adopt+ ! hack+ t]m1 !y began ref9+ x ev5 fur!r4 ,f ! ,s,p hack] po9t ( view1 us+ "o less relay to op]ate a p>ticul> /ret* ( track meant hav+ "o m relay = future play4 ,hack+ subtly %ift$ f a synonym = idle play to a synonym = idle play t improv$ ! ov]all p]=mance or effici5cy ( ! club's railroad sy/em at ! same "t4 ,soon ,s,p committee memb]s pr\dly ref]r$ to ! entire activity ( improv+ & re%ap+ ! track's und]ly+ circuitry z hack+ & to ! p :o did x z hack]s4 ,giv5 _! aff9ity = sophi/icat$ electronics-n to m5tion ! traditional ,,mit-/ud5t disreg>d = clos$ doors & ,no ,trespass+ signs-x didn't take long be=e ! hack]s caught w9d ( a new ma*9e on campus4 ,dubb$ ! ,,tx-#j1 ! ma*9e 0 "o ( ! fir/ comm]cially m>ket$ comput]s4 ,by ! end ( ! #aiejs1 ! entire ,s,p clique _h migrat$ en masse ov] to ! ,,tx-#j control room1 br++ ! _s ( creative play ) !m4 ,! wide-op5 realm ( comput] programm+ w\ld enc\rage yet ano!r mutation 9 etymology4 ,to hack no long] meant sold]+ unusual look+ circuits1 b cobbl+ toge!r s(tw>e programs ) little reg>d to (ficial me?ods or s(tw>e-writ+ proc$ures4 ,x also meant improv+ ! effici5cy & spe$ ( already-exi/+ programs t t5d$ to hog up ma*9e res\rces4 ,true to ! ^w's roots1 x also meant writ+ programs t s]v$ no o!r purpose ?an to amuse or ent]ta94 ,a classic example ( ?is exp&$ hack+ def9ition is ! game ,spacew>1 ! fir/ int]active video game4 ,develop$ by ,,mit hack]s 9 ! e>ly #aifjs1 ,spacew> _h all ! traditional hack+ def9itions3 x 0 go(y & r&om1 s]v+ little useful purpose o!r ?an provid+ a nightly di/raction = ! doz5 or s hack]s :o delight$ 9 play+ x4 ,f a s(tw>e p]spective1 h[ev]1 x 0 a monum5tal te/am5t to innovation ( programm+ skill4 ,x 0 also completely free4 ,because hack]s _h built x = fun1 !y saw no reason to gu>d _! creation1 %>+ x ext5sively ) o!r programm]s4 ,by ! end ( ! #aifjs1 ,spacew> _h become a favorite div]sion = ma9frame programm]s ar\nd ! _w4 ,?is notion ( collective innovation & communal s(tw>e own]%ip di/anc$ ! act ( comput] hack+ 9 ! #aifjs f ! tunnel hack+ & phone hack+ ( ! #aiejs4 ,! latt] pursuits t5d$ to be solo or small-gr\p activities4 ,tunnel & phone hack]s reli$ heavily on campus lore1 b ! (f-limits nature ( _! activity disc\rag$ ! op5 circulation ( new discov]ies4 ,comput] hack]s1 on ! o!r h&1 did _! "w amid a sci5tific field bias$ t[>d collaboration & ! rew>d+ ( innovation4 ,hack]s & (ficial comput] sci5ti/s w]5't always ! be/ ( allies1 b 9 ! rapid evolution ( ! field1 ! two species ( comput] programm] evolv$ a coop]ative-"s might say symbiotic-relation%ip4 ,x is a te/am5t to ! orig9al comput] hack]s' prodigi\s skill t lat] programm]s1 includ+ ,ri*>d ,m4 ,/allman1 aspir$ to we> ! same hack] mantle4 ,by ! mid to late #aigjs1 ! t]m hack] _h acquir$ elite connotations4 ,9 a g5]al s5se1 a comput] hack] 0 any p]son :o wrote s(tw>e code = ! sake ( writ+ s(tw>e code4 ,9 ! p>ticul> s5se1 h[ev]1 x 0 a te/am5t to programm+ skill4 ,l ! t]m arti/1 ! mean+ c>ri$ tribal ov]tones4 ,to describe a fell[ programm] z hack] 0 a sign ( respect4 ,to describe oneself z a hack] 0 a sign ( imm5se p]sonal confid5ce4 ,ei!r way1 ! orig9al loos5ess ( ! comput]-hack] appellation dim9i%$ z comput]s became m common4 ,z ! def9ition tight5$1 comput] hack+ acquir$ additional semantic ov]tones4 ,to be a hack]1 a p]son _h to d m ?an write int]e/+ s(tw>e2 a p]son _h to belong to ! hack] culture & honor its traditions ! same way a m$ieval w9e mak] might pl$ge memb]%ip to a v9tn]s' guild4 ,! social /ructure wasn't z rigidly outl9$ z t ( a guild1 b hack]s at elite in/itutions su* z ,,mit1 ,/an=d1 & ,c>negie ,mellon began to speak op5ly ( a hack] e?ic3 ! yet-unwritt5 rules t gov]n$ a hack]'s day-to-day behavior4 ,9 ! #aihd book ,hack]s1 au?or ,/ev5 ,levy1 aft] mu* rese>* & consultation1 codifi$ ! hack] e?ic z five core hack] t5ets4 ,9 _m ways1 ! core t5ets li/$ by ,levy cont9ue to def9e ! culture ( comput] hack+4 ,/ill1 ! guild-l image ( ! hack] community 0 und]m9$ by ! ov]:elm+ly populi/ bias ( ! s(tw>e indu/ry4 ,by ! e>ly #aihjs1 comput]s 7 popp+ up ev]y:]e1 & programm]s :o once w\ld h _h to travel to top-rank in/itutions or bus9esses j to ga9 access to a ma*9e sudd5ly _h ! ability to rub elb[s ) major-league hack]s via ! ,a,r,p,anet4 ,! m ^! programm]s rubb$ elb[s1 ! m !y began to appropriate ! an>*ic philosophies ( ! hack] culture 9 places l ,,mit4 ,lo/ )9 ! cultural transf]1 h[ev]1 0 ! native ,,mit cultural taboo aga9/ malici\s behavior4 ,z y\ng] programm]s began employ+ _! comput] skills to h>mful ends-creat+ & dissem9at+ comput] viruses1 break+ into milit>y comput] sy/ems1 delib]ately caus+ ma*9es su* z ,,mit ,oz1 a popul> ,a,r,p,anet gateway1 to cra%-! t]m hack] acquir$ a punk1 nihili/ic edge4 ,:5 police & bus9esses began trac+ comput]-relat$ crimes back to a few r5egade programm]s :o cit$ conv5i5t portions ( ! hack+ e?ic 9 def5se ( _! activities1 ! ^w hack] began appe>+ 9 newspap]s & magaz9e /ories 9 a negative light4 ,al?\gh books l ,hack]s did mu* to docum5t ! orig9al _s ( exploration t gave rise to ! hack+ culture1 = mo/ news report]s1 comput] hack] became a synonym = electronic burgl>4 ,al?\gh hack]s h rail$ aga9/ ?is p]ceiv$ misusage = ne>ly two decades1 ! t]m's rebelli\s connotations dat+ back to ! #aiejs make x h>d to disc]n ! #ae-ye>-old writ+ s(tw>e programs t circumv5t mod]n encryption programs f ! #aifjs college /ud5t1 pick+ locks & batt]+ d[n doors to ga9 access to ! lone1 (fice comput] t]m9al4 ,"o p]son's creative subv]sion ( au?ority is ano!r p]son's security heada*e1 aft] all4 ,ev5 s1 ! c5tral taboo aga9/ malici\s or delib]ately h>mful behavior rema9s /rong en\gh t mo/ hack]s pref] to use ! t]m crack]-i4e41 a p]son :o delib]ately cracks a comput] security sy/em to /eal or v&alize data-to describe ! subset ( hack]s :o apply _! comput+ skills malici\sly4 ,?is c5tral taboo aga9/ malici\sness rema9s ! prim>y cultural l9k betwe5 ! notion ( hack+ 9 ! e>ly #ba/ c5tury & hack+ 9 ! #aiejs4 ,x is important to note t1 z ! idea ( comput] hack+ has evolv$ ov] ! la/ f\r decades1 ! orig9al notion ( hack+-i4e41 p]=m+ pranks or explor+ und]gr\nd tunnels-rema9s intact4 ,9 ! fall ( #bjjj1 ! ,,mit ,museum paid tradition to ! ,in/itute's age-old hack+ tradition ) a d$icat$ exhibit1 ! ,hall ( ,hacks4 ,! exhibit includes a numb] ( photographs dat+ back to ! #aibjs1 includ+ "o involv+ a mock police cruis]4 ,9 #aiic1 /ud5ts paid homage to ! orig9al ,,mit notion ( hack+ by plac+ ! same police cruis]1 lights fla%+1 atop ! ,in/itute's ma9 dome4 ,! cruis]'s vanity lic5se plate read ,,ihtfp1 a popul> ,,mit acronym ) _m mean+s4 ,! mo/ notewor?y v]sion1 itself dat+ back to ! pressure-fill$ _w ( ,,mit /ud5t life 9 ! #aiejs1 is ,i hate ?is fuck+ place4 ,9 #aiij1 h[ev]1 ! ,museum us$ ! acronym z a basis = a j\rnal on ! hi/ory ( hacks4 ,titl$1 ,! ,in/itute = ,hacks ,tomfool]y & ,pranks1 ! j\rnal (f]s an adept summ>y ( ! hack+4 ,9 ! culture ( hack+1 an elegant1 simple creation is z highly valu$ z x is 9 pure sci5ce1 writes ,bo/on ,globe report] ,r&olph ,ryan 9 a #aiic article atta*$ to ! police c> exhibit4 ,a ,hack diff]s f ! ord9>y college prank 9 t ! ev5t usually requires c>eful plann+1 eng9e]+ & f9esse1 & has an und]ly+ wit & inv5tiv5ess1 ,ryan writes4 ,! unwritt5 rule holds t a hack %\ld be good-natur$1 non-de/ructive & safe4 ,9 fact1 hack]s sometimes assi/ 9 dismantl+ _! own h&iwork4 ,! urge to conf9e ! culture ( comput] hack+ )9 ! same e?ical b\nd>ies is well-mean+ b impossible4 ,al?\gh mo/ s(tw>e hacks aspire to ! same _s ( elegance & simplicity1 ! s(tw>e m$ium (f]s less *ance = rev]sibility4 ,dismantl+ a police cruis] is easy comp>$ ) dismantl+ an idea1 especially an idea ^: "t has come4 ,h5ce ! gr[+ di/9ction betwe5 black hat & :ite hat-i4e41 hack]s :o turn new ideas t[>d de/ructive1 malici\s ends v]sus hack]s :o turn new ideas t[>d positive or1 at ! v lea/1 in=mative ends4 ,once a vague item ( obscure /ud5t j>gon1 ! ^w hack] has become a l+ui/ic billi>d ball1 subject to political sp9 & e?ical nuances4 ,p]haps ?is is :y s _m hack]s & j\rnali/s enjoy us+ x4 ,:]e t ball b\nces next1 h[ev]1 is anybody's guess4 ,app5dix ,c ,,gnu ,free ,docum5tation ,lic5se 7,,gfdl7 ,,gnu ,free ,docum5tation ,lic5se ,v]sion #a4a1 ,m>* #bjjj ,copyright 7,c7 #bjjj ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation1 ,inc4 #ei ,temple ,place1 ,suite #ccj1 ,bo/on1 ,,ma #jbaaa-acjg ,,usa ,ev]yone is p]mitt$ to copy & di/ribute v]batim copies ( ?is lic5se docum5t1 b *ang+ x is n all[$4 ,,preamble ,! purpose ( ?is ,lic5se is to make a manual1 textbook1 or o!r writt5 docum5t free 9 ! s5se ( fre$om3 to assure ev]yone ! effective fre$om to copy & r$i/ribute x1 ) or )\t modify+ x1 ei!r comm]cially or noncomm]cially4 ,second>ily1 ?is ,lic5se pres]ves = ! au?or & publi%] a way to get cr$it = _! "w1 :ile n be+ consid]$ responsible = modifications made by o!rs4 ,?is ,lic5se is a k9d ( copyleft1 :i* means t d]ivative works ( ! docum5t mu/ !mselves be free 9 ! same s5se4 ,x complem5ts ! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se1 :i* is a copyleft lic5se design$ = free s(tw>e4 ,we h design$ ?is ,lic5se 9 ord] to use x = manuals = free s(tw>e1 because free s(tw>e ne$s free docum5tation3 a free program %\ld come ) manuals provid+ ! same fre$oms t ! s(tw>e does4 ,b ?is ,lic5se is n limit$ to s(tw>e manuals2 x c be us$ = any textual "w1 reg>dless ( subject matt] or :e!r x is publi%$ z a pr9t$ book4 ,we recomm5d ?is ,lic5se pr9cipally = works ^: purpose is in/ruction or ref]5ce4 ,,applicability ,,& ,,def9itions ,?is ,lic5se applies to any manual or o!r "w t conta9s a notice plac$ by ! copyright hold] say+ x c be di/ribut$ "u ! t]ms ( ?is ,lic5se4 ,! ,docum5t1 bel[1 ref]s to any su* manual or "w4 ,any memb] ( ! public is a lic5see1 & is address$ z y4 ,a ,modifi$ ,v]sion ( ! ,docum5t means any "w conta9+ ! ,docum5t or a portion ( x1 ei!r copi$ v]batim1 or ) modifications &_/or translat$ into ano!r language4 ,a ,second>y ,section is a nam$ app5dix or a front-matt] section ( ! ,docum5t t deals exclusively ) ! relation%ip ( ! publi%]s or au?ors ( ! ,docum5t to ! ,docum5t's ov]all subject 7or to relat$ matt]s7 & conta9s no?+ t c\ld fall directly )9 t ov]all subject4 7,= example1 if ! ,docum5t is 9 "p a textbook ( ma!matics1 a ,second>y ,section may n expla9 any ma!matics47 ,! relation%ip c\ld be a matt] ( hi/orical connection ) ! subject or ) relat$ matt]s1 or ( legal1 comm]cial1 philosophical1 e?ical or political position reg>d+ !m4 ,! ,inv>iant ,sections are c]ta9 ,second>y ,sections ^: titles are designat$1 z be+ ^? ( ,inv>iant ,sections1 9 ! notice t says t ! ,docum5t is releas$ "u ?is ,lic5se4 ,! ,cov] ,texts are c]ta9 %ort passages ( text t are li/$1 z ,front-,cov] ,texts or ,back-,cov] ,texts1 9 ! notice t says t ! ,docum5t is releas$ "u ?is ,lic5se4 ,a ,transp>5t copy ( ! ,docum5t means a ma*9e-readable copy1 repres5t$ 9 a =mat ^: specification is available to ! g5]al public1 ^: cont5ts c be view$ & edit$ directly & /raight=w>dly ) g5]ic text editors or 7= images compos$ ( pixels7 g5]ic pa9t programs or 7= draw+s7 "s widely available draw+ editor1 & t is suitable = input to text =matt]s or = automatic translation to a v>iety ( =mats suitable = input to text =matt]s4 ,a copy made 9 an o!rwise ,transp>5t file =mat ^: m>kup has be5 design$ to ?w>t or disc\rage subsequ5t modification by read]s is n ,transp>5t4 ,a copy t is n ,transp>5t is call$ ,opaque4 ,examples ( suitable =mats = ,transp>5t copies include pla9 ,,ascii )\t m>kup1 ,tex9fo input =mat1 ,la,te,x input =mat1 ,,sgml or ,,xml us+ a publicly available ,,dtd1 & /&>d-con=m+ simple ,,html design$ = human modification4 ,opaque =mats include ,post,script1 ,,pdf1 propriet>y =mats t c be read & edit$ only by propriet>y ^w processors1 ,,sgml or ,,xml = :i* ! ,,dtd &_/or process+ tools are n g5]ally available1 & ! ma*9e-g5]at$ ,,html produc$ by "s ^w processors = output purposes only4 ,! ,title ,page means1 = a pr9t$ book1 ! title page itself1 plus su* foll[+ pages z are ne$$ to hold1 legibly1 ! mat]ial ?is ,lic5se requires to appe> 9 ! title page4 ,= works 9 =mats :i* d n h any title page z su*1 ,title ,page means ! text ne> ! mo/ prom95t appe>ance ( ! "w's title1 prec$+ ! beg9n+ ( ! body ( ! text4 ,,v]batim ,,copy+ ,y may copy & di/ribute ! ,docum5t 9 any m$ium1 ei!r comm]cially or noncomm]cially1 provid$ t ?is ,lic5se1 ! copyright notices1 & ! lic5se notice say+ ?is ,lic5se applies to ! ,docum5t are reproduc$ 9 all copies1 & t y add no o!r conditions :atsoev] to ^? ( ?is ,lic5se4 ,y may n use te*nical measures to ob/ruct or control ! read+ or fur!r copy+ ( ! copies y make or di/ribute4 ,h[ev]1 y may accept comp5sation 9 ex*ange = copies4 ,if y di/ribute a l>ge en\gh numb] ( copies y mu/ also foll[ ! conditions 9 section #c4 ,y may also l5d copies1 "u ! same conditions /at$ above1 & y may publicly display copies4 ,,copy+ ,,9 ,,quantity ,if y publi% pr9t$ copies ( ! ,docum5t numb]+ m ?an #ajj1 & ! ,docum5t's lic5se notice requires ,cov] ,texts1 y mu/ enclose ! copies 9 cov]s t c>ry1 cle>ly & legibly1 all ^! ,cov] ,texts3 ,front-,cov] ,texts on ! front cov]1 & ,back-,cov] ,texts on ! back cov]4 ,bo? cov]s mu/ also cle>ly & legibly id5tify y z ! publi%] ( ^! copies4 ,! front cov] mu/ pres5t ! full title ) all words ( ! title equally prom95t & visible4 ,y may add o!r mat]ial on ! cov]s 9 addition4 ,copy+ ) *anges limit$ to ! cov]s1 z long z !y pres]ve ! title ( ! ,docum5t & satisfy ^! conditions1 c be treat$ z v]batim copy+ 9 o!r respects4 ,if ! requir$ texts = ei!r cov] are too volum9\s to fit legibly1 y %\ld put ! fir/ ones li/$ 7z _m z fit reasonably7 on ! actual cov]1 & cont9ue ! re/ onto adjac5t pages4 ,if y publi% or di/ribute ,opaque copies ( ! ,docum5t numb]+ m ?an #ajj1 y mu/ ei!r include a ma*9e-readable ,transp>5t copy along ) ea* ,opaque copy1 or /ate 9 or ) ea* ,opaque copy a publicly-accessible comput]-network location conta9+ a complete ,transp>5t copy ( ! ,docum5t1 free ( add$ mat]ial1 :i* ! g5]al network-us+ public has access to d[nload anonym\sly at no *>ge us+ public-/&>d network protocols4 ,if y use ! latt] option1 y mu/ take reasonably prud5t /eps1 :5 y beg9 di/ribution ( ,opaque copies 9 quantity1 to ensure t ?is ,transp>5t copy w rema9 ?us accessible at ! /at$ location until at lea/ "o ye> aft] ! la/ "t y di/ribute an ,opaque copy 7directly or ?r\gh y\r ag5ts or retail]s7 ( t edition to ! public4 ,x is reque/$1 b n requir$1 t y contact ! au?ors ( ! ,docum5t well be=e r$i/ribut+ any l>ge numb] ( copies1 to give !m a *ance to provide y ) an updat$ v]sion ( ! ,docum5t4 ,,modifications ,y may copy & di/ribute a ,modifi$ ,v]sion ( ! ,docum5t "u ! conditions ( sections #b & #c above1 provid$ t y release ! ,modifi$ ,v]sion "u precisely ?is ,lic5se1 ) ! ,modifi$ ,v]sion fill+ ! role ( ! ,docum5t1 ?us lic5s+ di/ribution & modification ( ! ,modifi$ ,v]sion to :oev] possesses a copy ( x4 ,9 addition1 y mu/ d ^! ?+s 9 ! ,modifi$ ,v]sion3 #a4 ,use 9 ! ,title ,page 7& on ! cov]s1 if any7 a title di/9ct f t ( ! ,docum5t1 & f ^? ( previ\s v]sions 7:i* %\ld1 if !re 7 any1 be li/$ 9 ! ,hi/ory section ( ! ,docum5t74 ,y may use ! same title z a previ\s v]sion if ! orig9al publi%] ( t v]sion gives p]mission4 #b4 ,li/ on ! ,title ,page1 z au?ors1 "o or m p]sons or entities responsible = au?or%ip ( ! modifications 9 ! ,modifi$ ,v]sion1 toge!r ) at lea/ five ( ! pr9cipal au?ors ( ! ,docum5t 7all ( its pr9cipal au?ors1 if x has less ?an five74 #c4 ,/ate on ! ,title page ! "n ( ! publi%] ( ! ,modifi$ ,v]sion1 z ! publi%]4 #d4 ,pres]ve all ! copyright notices ( ! ,docum5t4 #e4 ,add an appropriate copyright notice = y\r modifications adjac5t to ! o!r copyright notices4 #f4 ,include1 imm$iately aft] ! copyright notices1 a lic5se notice giv+ ! public p]mission to use ! ,modifi$ ,v]sion "u ! t]ms ( ?is ,lic5se1 9 ! =m %[n 9 ! ,add5dum bel[4 #g4 ,pres]ve 9 t lic5se notice ! full li/s ( ,inv>iant ,sections & requir$ ,cov] ,texts giv5 9 ! ,docum5t's lic5se notice4 #h4 ,include an unalt]$ copy ( ?is ,lic5se4 #i4 ,pres]ve ! section entitl$ ,hi/ory1 & its title1 & add to x an item /at+ at lea/ ! title1 ye>1 new au?ors1 & publi%] ( ! ,modifi$ ,v]sion z giv5 on ! ,title ,page4 ,if !re is no section entitl$ ,hi/ory 9 ! ,docum5t1 create "o /at+ ! title1 ye>1 au?ors1 & publi%] ( ! ,docum5t z giv5 on its ,title ,page1 !n add an item describ+ ! ,modifi$ ,v]sion z /at$ 9 ! previ\s s5t5ce4 #aj4 ,pres]ve ! network location1 if any1 giv5 9 ! ,docum5t = public access to a ,transp>5t copy ( ! ,docum5t1 & likewise ! network locations giv5 9 ! ,docum5t = previ\s v]sions x 0 bas$ on4 ,^! may be plac$ 9 ! ,hi/ory section4 ,y may omit a network location = a "w t 0 publi%$ at lea/ f\r ye>s be=e ! ,docum5t itself1 or if ! orig9al publi%] ( ! v]sion x ref]s to gives p]mission4 #aa4 ,9 any section entitl$ ,ackn[l$gem5ts or ,d$ications1 pres]ve ! section's title1 & pres]ve 9 ! section all ! sub/ance & tone ( ea* ( ! contributor ackn[l$gem5ts &_/or d$ications giv5 !re94 #ab4 ,pres]ve all ! ,inv>iant ,sections ( ! ,docum5t1 unalt]$ 9 _! text & 9 _! titles4 ,section numb]s or ! equival5t are n consid]$ "p ( ! section titles4 #ac4 ,delete any section entitl$ ,endorsem5ts4 ,su* a section may n be includ$ 9 ! ,modifi$ ,v]sion4 #ad4 ,d n retitle any exi/+ section z ,endorsem5ts or to conflict 9 title ) any ,inv>iant ,section4 ,if ! ,modifi$ ,v]sion includes new front-matt] sections or app5dices t qualify z ,second>y ,sections & conta9 no mat]ial copi$ f ! ,docum5t1 y may at y\r option designate "s or all ( ^! sections z inv>iant4 ,to d ?is1 add _! titles to ! li/ ( ,inv>iant ,sections 9 ! ,modifi$ ,v]sion's lic5se notice4 ,^! titles mu/ be di/9ct f any o!r section titles4 ,y may add a section entitl$ ,endorsem5ts1 provid$ x conta9s no?+ b endorsem5ts ( y\r ,modifi$ ,v]sion by v>i\s p>ties-= example1 /atem5ts ( pe] review or t ! text has be5 approv$ by an organization z ! au?oritative def9ition ( a /&>d4 ,y may add a passage ( up to five words z a ,front-,cov] ,text1 & a passage ( up to #be words z a ,back-,cov] ,text1 to ! end ( ! li/ ( ,cov] ,texts 9 ! ,modifi$ ,v]sion4 ,only "o passage ( ,front-,cov] ,text & "o ( ,back-,cov] ,text may be add$ by 7or ?r\gh arrangem5ts made by7 any "o entity4 ,if ! ,docum5t already includes a cov] text = ! same cov]1 previ\sly add$ by y or by arrangem5t made by ! same entity y are act+ on behalf (1 y may n add ano!r2 b y may replace ! old "o1 on explicit p]mission f ! previ\s publi%] t add$ ! old "o4 ,! au?or7s7 & publi%]7s7 ( ! ,docum5t d n by ?is ,lic5se give p]mission to use _! names = publicity = or to ass]t or imply endorsem5t ( any ,modifi$ ,v]sion4 ,,comb9+ ,,docum5ts ,y may comb9e ! ,docum5t ) o!r docum5ts releas$ "u ?is ,lic5se1 "u ! t]ms def9$ 9 section #d above = modifi$ v]sions1 provid$ t y include 9 ! comb9ation all ( ! ,inv>iant ,sections ( all ( ! orig9al docum5ts1 unmodifi$1 & li/ !m all z ,inv>iant ,sections ( y\r comb9$ "w 9 its lic5se notice4 ,! comb9$ "w ne$ only conta9 "o copy ( ?is ,lic5se1 & multiple id5tical ,inv>iant ,sections may be replac$ ) a s+le copy4 ,if !re are multiple ,inv>iant ,sections ) ! same "n b diff]5t cont5ts1 make ! title ( ea* su* section unique by add+ at ! end ( x1 9 p>5!ses1 ! "n ( ! orig9al au?or or publi%] ( t section if kn[n1 or else a unique numb]4 ,make ! same adju/m5t to ! section titles 9 ! li/ ( ,inv>iant ,sections 9 ! lic5se notice ( ! comb9$ "w4 ,9 ! comb9ation1 y mu/ comb9e any sections entitl$ ,hi/ory 9 ! v>i\s orig9al docum5ts1 =m+ "o section entitl$ ,hi/ory2 likewise comb9e any sections entitl$ ,ackn[l$gem5ts1 & any sections entitl$ ,d$ications4 ,y mu/ delete all sections entitl$ ,endorsem5ts4 ,,collections ,,( ,,docum5ts ,y may make a collection consi/+ ( ! ,docum5t & o!r docum5ts releas$ "u ?is ,lic5se1 & replace ! individual copies ( ?is ,lic5se 9 ! v>i\s docum5ts ) a s+le copy t is includ$ 9 ! collection1 provid$ t y foll[ ! rules ( ?is ,lic5se = v]batim copy+ ( ea* ( ! docum5ts 9 all o!r respects4 ,y may extract a s+le docum5t f su* a collection1 & di/ribute x individually "u ?is ,lic5se1 provid$ y ins]t a copy ( ?is ,lic5se into ! extract$ docum5t1 & foll[ ?is ,lic5se 9 all o!r respects reg>d+ v]batim copy+ ( t docum5t4 ,,aggregation ,,) ,,indep5d5t ,,works ,a compilation ( ! ,docum5t or its d]ivatives ) o!r sep>ate & indep5d5t docum5ts or works1 9 or on a volume ( a /orage or di/ribution m$ium1 does n z a :ole c\nt z a ,modifi$ ,v]sion ( ! ,docum5t1 provid$ no compilation copyright is claim$ = ! compilation4 ,su* a compilation is call$ an aggregate1 & ?is ,lic5se does n apply to ! o!r self-conta9$ works ?us compil$ ) ! ,docum5t1 on acc\nt ( _! be+ ?us compil$1 if !y are n !mselves d]ivative works ( ! ,docum5t4 ,if ! ,cov] ,text requirem5t ( section #c is applicable to ^! copies ( ! ,docum5t1 !n if ! ,docum5t is less ?an "o qu>t] ( ! entire aggregate1 ! ,docum5t's ,cov] ,texts may be plac$ on cov]s t surr\nd only ! ,docum5t )9 ! aggregate4 ,o!rwise !y mu/ appe> on cov]s ar\nd ! :ole aggregate4 ,,translation ,translation is consid]$ a k9d ( modification1 s y may di/ribute translations ( ! ,docum5t "u ! t]ms ( section #d4 ,replac+ ,inv>iant ,sections ) translations requires special p]mission f _! copyright hold]s1 b y may include translations ( "s or all ,inv>iant ,sections 9 addition to ! orig9al v]sions ( ^! ,inv>iant ,sections4 ,y may include a translation ( ?is ,lic5se provid$ t y also include ! orig9al ,engli% v]sion ( ?is ,lic5se4 ,9 case ( a disagreem5t betwe5 ! translation & ! orig9al ,engli% v]sion ( ?is ,lic5se1 ! orig9al ,engli% v]sion w prevail4 ,,t]m9ation ,y may n copy1 modify1 sublic5se1 or di/ribute ! ,docum5t except z expressly provid$ = "u ?is ,lic5se4 ,any o!r attempt to copy1 modify1 sublic5se or di/ribute ! ,docum5t is void1 & w automatically t]m9ate y\r rights "u ?is ,lic5se4 ,h[ev]1 p>ties :o h receiv$ copies1 or rights1 f y "u ?is ,lic5se w n h _! lic5ses t]m9at$ s long z su* p>ties rema9 9 full compliance4 ,,future ,,revisions ,,( ,,?is ,,lic5se ,! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation may publi% new1 revis$ v]sions ( ! ,,gnu ,free ,docum5tation ,lic5se f "t to "t4 ,su* new v]sions w be simil> 9 _s to ! pres5t v]sion1 b may diff] 9 detail to address new problems or conc]ns4 ,see http3_/_/www4gnu4org_/copyleft_/4 ,ea* v]sion ( ! ,lic5se is giv5 a di/+ui%+ v]sion numb]4 ,if ! ,docum5t specifies t a p>ticul> numb]$ v]sion ( ?is ,lic5se or any lat] v]sion applies to x1 y h ! option ( foll[+ ! t]ms & conditions ei!r ( t specifi$ v]sion or ( any lat] v]sion t has be5 publi%$ 7n z a draft7 by ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation4 ,if ! ,docum5t does n specify a v]sion numb] ( ?is ,lic5se1 y may *oose any v]sion ev] publi%$ 7n z a draft7 by ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation4 ,,add5dum3 ,h[ to ,use ,?is ,lic5se = ,y\r ,docum5ts ,to use ?is ,lic5se 9 a docum5t y h writt51 include a copy ( ! ,lic5se 9 ! docum5t & put ! foll[+ copyright & lic5se notices j aft] ! title page3 ,copyright 7,c7 ,,ye> ,,y\r ,,"n4,p]mission is grant$ to copy1 di/ribute &_/or modify ?is docum5t "u ! t]ms ( ! ,,gnu ,free ,docum5tation ,lic5se1 ,v]sion #a4a or any lat] v]sion publi%$ by ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation2 ) ! ,inv>iant ,sections be+ ,,li/ ,,_! ,,titles1 ) ! ,front-,cov] ,texts be+ ,,li/1 & ) ! ,back-,cov] ,texts be+ ,,li/4 ,a copy ( ! lic5se is includ$ 9 ! section entitl$ ,,gnu ,free ,docum5tation ,lic5se4 ,if y h no ,inv>iant ,sections1 write ) no ,inv>iant ,sections in/ead ( say+ :i* ones are inv>iant4 ,if y h no ,front-,cov] ,texts1 write no ,front-,cov] ,texts in/ead ( ,front-,cov] ,texts be+ ,,li/2 likewise = ,back-,cov] ,texts4 ,if y\r docum5t conta9s nontrivial examples ( program code1 we recomm5d releas+ ^! examples 9 p>allel "u y\r *oice ( free s(tw>e lic5se1 su* z ! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se1 to p]mit _! use 9 free s(tw>e4