,,elem5ts                               
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,,criticism4                            
,,volume ,,ii4                          
,,ed9burgh3                     ,pr9t$ =
 ,a4 ,,mill>1 ,london2                  
,,&                    ,a4 ,,k9caid  ,j4
 ,,bell1 ,ed9burgh4                     
,,mdcclxii4                             
,,elem5ts                               
,,(                                     
,,criticism4     ,,*ap4 ,x4  ,congruity 
& ,propriety4   ,man is di/+ui%$ f !    
brute creation1 n m rem>kably by !      
sup]iority ( 8 rational faculties1 ?an  
by ! great] delicacy ( 8 p]ceptions &   
feel+s4 ,) respect to ! gross pleasures 
( s5se1 man probably has little         
sup]iority ov] o!r animals4 ,"s obscure 
p]ception ( beauty may also fall to _!  
%>e4 ,b !y are probably n acqua9t$ ) ! m
 delicate conceptions ( regul>ity1 ord]1
 uni=mity1 or congruity4 ,su* ref9$     
conceptions1 be+ connect$ ) morality &  
religion1 are res]v$ to dignify ! *ief (

 ! t]re/rial creation4 ,^u ?is acc\nt1  
no discipl9e is m suitable to man1 or m 
congru\s to ! dignity ( 8 nature1 ?an t 
by :i* 8 ta/e is ref9$1 to di/+ui% 9 e  
subject1 :at is regul>1 :at is ord]ly1  
:at is suitable1 & :at is fit & prop]#a4
  ,no disc]n+ p]son c be at a loss ab\t 
! mean+ ( ! t]ms congruity & propriety1 
:5 appli$ to dress1 behavi\r1 or        
language2 t a dec5t g>b1 = example1 is  
prop] = a judge1 mode/ behavi\r = a "y  
woman1 & a l(ty /yle = an epic poem4 ,9 
! foll[+ examples e "o is s5sible ( an  
unsuitabl5ess or incongruity3 a little  
woman sunk 9 an ov]gr[n f>?+ale1 a coat 
ri*ly embroid]$ cov]+ co>se & dirty l951
 a mean subject 9 an elevat$ /yle1 or an
 elevat$ subject 9 a mean /yle1 a fir/  
m9i/] d>n+ 8 wife's /ock+1 or a rev]5d  
prelate 9 lawn sleeves danc+ a hornpipe4
  ,b x is n suffici5t t ^! t]ms be      
und]/ood 9 practice2 ! critical art     
requires1 t _! mean+ be trac$ to its    
f\ndation 9 human nature4 ,! relations t
 connect objects toge!r1 h be5 exam9$ 9 

m ?an "o view4 ,_! influ5ce 9 direct+ ! 
tra9 ( our p]ceptions1 is h&l$ 9 ! fir/ 
*apt]2 & 9 ! second1 _! influ5ce 9      
g5]at+ passion4 ,"h !y mu/ be h&l$ 9 a  
new view2 = !y are cle>ly ! occasion (  
congruity & propriety4 ,we are s fram$  
by nature1 z to require a c]ta9         
suitabl5ess or correspond5ce among ?+s  
connect$ by any relation4 ,?is          
suitabl5ess or correspond5ce is t]m$    
congruity or propriety2 & ! want ( x1   
incongruity or impropriety4 ,among ! _m 
pr9ciples t compose ! nature ( man1 a   
s5se ( congruity or propriety is "o4    
,de/itute ( ?is s5se1 we c\ld h no      
notion ( congruity or propriety3 ! t]ms 
to u w\ld be un9telligible#b4  ,z ?is   
s5se is display$ ^u relations1 x is     
reasonable be=eh& to expect1 t we %\ld  
be s =m$1 z to require among connect$   
objects a degree ( congruity proportion$
 to ! degree ( ! relation4 ,& ^u        
exam9ation we f9d ?is to hold 9 fact4   
,:]e ! relation is /rong & intimate z   
betwixt a cause & its effect1 a body &  

its memb]s1 we require t ! ?+s be suit$ 
to ea* o!r 9 ! /ricte/ mann]4 ,on ! o!r 
h&1 :]e ! relation is slight1 or        
accid5tal1 z among ?+s jumbl$ toge!r 9 !
 same place1 we dem& little or no       
congruity4 ,! /ricte/ propriety is      
requir$ 9 behavi\r & mann] ( liv+2      
because a man is connect$ ) ^! by !     
relation ( cause & effect4 ,! situation 
( a great h\se ought to be l(ty2 = !    
relation betwixt an edifice & ! gr\nd x 
/&s ^u1 is ( ! mo/ intimate k9d4 ,its   
relation to neighb\r+ hills1 riv]s1     
pla9s1 be+ t ( prop9quity only1 dem&s b 
a small %>e ( congruity4 ,among memb]s (
 ! same club1 ! congruity ought to be   
consid]able1 z well z among ?+s plac$ = 
%[ 9 ! same ni*e4 ,among pass5g]s 9 a   
/age-coa*1 we require v little          
congruity2 & less /ill at a public      
spectacle4  ,congruity is s ne>ly alli$ 
to beauty1 z commonly to be held a      
species ( x4 ,& yet !y diff] s          
ess5tially1 z nev] to co9cide4 ,beauty1 
l col\r1 is plac$ ^u a s+le subject2    

congruity ^u a plurality4 ,fur!r1 a ?+  
beautiful 9 itself1 may1 ) relation to  
o!r ?+s1 produce ! /ronge/ s5se (       
incongruity4  ,congruity & propriety are
 commonly reckon$ synonym\s t]ms2 &     
hi!rto 9 op5+ ! subject !y are us$      
indiff]5tly4 ,b !y are di/+ui%able2 & ! 
precise mean+ ( ea* mu/ be asc]ta9$4    
,congruity is ! g5us1 ( :i* propriety is
 a species4 ,= we call no?+ propriety1 b
 t congruity or suitabl5ess :i* ought to
 subsi/ betwixt s5sible be+s & _!       
?\ghts1 words1 & actions4  ,9 ord] to   
give a full view ( ?is subject1 ,i %all 
trace x ?r\gh "s ( ! mo/ consid]able    
relations4 ,! relation ( a "p to ! :ole1
 be+ extremely intimate1 dem&s ! utmo/  
degree ( congruity4 ,= t reason1 !      
slighte/ deviation is disgu/ful4 ,e "o  
mu/ be s5sible ( a gross incongruity 9 !
 ,lutr91 a burlesque poem1 be+ clos$ ) a
 s]i\s & w>m panegyric on ,lamoignon1 "o
 ( ! ,k+'s judges3                      
---- ,amphora cpit     ,in/itui2 curr5te
 rota1 cur urceus exit8  ,no relation   

af=ds m examples ( congruity &          
incongruity1 ?an t betwixt a subject &  
its ornam5ts4 ,a lit]>y p]=mance int5d$ 
m]ely = amusem5t1 is susceptible ( mu*  
ornam5t1 z well z a music-room or a     
play-h\se4 ,9 gaiety1 ! m9d ha? a       
peculi> reli% = %[ & decoration4 ,! mo/ 
gorge\s app>el1 h[ev] unsuitable to an  
actor 9 a regul> trag$y1 disgu/s n at an
 op]a4 ,! tru? is1 an op]a1 9 its pres5t
 =m1 is a mighty f9e ?+2 b z x deviates 
f nature 9 its capital circum/ances1 we 
look n = any ?+ natural 9 ^? :i* are    
accessory4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a s]i\s &      
important subject1 admits n mu*         
ornam5t#c3 nor a subject t ( itself is  
extremely beautiful4 ,& a subject t     
fills ! m9d ) its l(t9ess & gr&eur1     
appe>s be/ 9 a dress altoge!r pla94  ,to
 a p]son ( a mean appe>ance1 gorge\s    
app>el is unsuitable3 :i*1 beside !     
incongruity1 has a bad effect2 = by     
contra/ x %[s ! meanness ( appe>ance 9 !
 /ronge/ light4 ,sweetness ( look &     
mann]1 requires simplicity ( dress jo9$ 

) ! greate/ elegance4 ,a /ately &       
maje/ic air requires sumptu\s app>el1   
:i* ought n to be gaudy1 or cr[d$ )     
little ornam5ts4 ,a woman ( consummate  
beauty c be> to be highly adorn$1 & yet 
%[s be/ 9 a pla9 dress3                 
----,= lovel9ess     ,ne$s n ! =eign aid
 ( ornam5t1     ,b is :5 unadorn'd1     
adorn'd ! mo/4          ,?omson's       
,autumn1 #bjh4  ,9 judg+ ( ! propriety (
 ornam5t1 we mu/ att5d1 n only to !     
nature ( ! subject t is to be adorn$1 b 
also to ! circum/ances 9 :i* x is plac$4
 ,! ornam5ts t are prop] = a ball1 w    
appe> n altoge!r s dec5t at public      
wor%ip2 & ! same p]son ought to dress   
diff]5tly = a m>riage-fea/ & = a burial4
  ,no?+ is m intimately relat$ to a man1
 ?an 8 s5tim5ts1 words1 & actions2 &    
!re=e we require "h ! /ricte/ con=mity4 
,:5 we f9d :at we ?us require1 we h a   
lively s5se ( propriety3 :5 we f9d !    
contr>y1 our s5se ( impropriety is n    
less lively4 ,h5ce ! univ]sal di/a/e (  
affectation1 :i* consi/s 9 mak+ a %ew ( 

great] delicacy & ref9em5t ?an is suit$ 
ei!r to ! "* or circum/ances ( ! p]son4 
,no?+ ha? a worse effect 9 a /ory ?an   
impropriety ( mann]s4 ,9 ,corneille's   
trag$y ( ,c9na1 milia1 a fav\rite (     
,augu/us1 receives daily m>ks ( 8       
affection1 & is load$ ) b5efits2 yet all
 ! :ile is lay+ plots to assass9ate h]  
b5efactor1 direct$ by no o!r motive b to
 av5ge h] fa!r's dea?#d4 ,rev5ge aga9/ a
 b5efactor f\nd$ solely ^u filial piety1
 w nev] sugge/ unlawful means2 because x
 c nev] exce$ ! b\nds ( ju/ice4 ,& yet !
 crime "h attempt$1 murd] "u tru/       
repos$1 is :at ev5 a miscreant w sc>ce  
attempt aga9/ 8 bitt]e/ enemy4  ,:at is 
said may be ?\ght suffici5t to expla9 ! 
qualities ( congruity & propriety4 ,b ! 
subject is n exhau/$4 ,on ! contr>y1 !  
prospect enl>ges ^u u1 :5 we take "u    
view ! effects ^! qualities produce 9 ! 
m9d4 ,congruity & propriety1 :]e-ev]    
p]ceiv$1 appe> agreeable2 & e agreeable 
object produce? 9 ! m9d a pleasant      
emotion4 ,incongruity & impropriety1 on 

! o!r h&1 are disagreeable2 &           
consequ5tly produce pa9ful emotions4 ,an
 emotion ( ?is k9d sometimes vani%e? )\t
 any consequ5ce2 b m frequ5tly is !     
occasion ( o!r emotions4 ,:5 any slight 
incongruity is p]ceiv$ 9 an accid5tal   
comb9ation ( p]sons or ?+s1 z ( pass5g]s
 9 a /age-coa* or ( individuals d9+ at  
an ord9>y1 ! emotion ( incongruity1 aft]
 a mom5t>y exi/5ce1 vani%e? )\t produc+ 
any effect4 ,b ?is is n ! case (        
propriety & impropriety4 ,volunt>y acts1
 :e!r words or de$s1 are imput$ to !    
au?or3 :5 prop]1 we rew>d him ) our     
e/eem3 :5 improp]1 we puni% him ) our   
contempt4 ,let u suppose1 = example1 an 
h]oic action suitable to ! "* ( ! au?or1
 :i* raises 9 him & 9 e spectator !     
pleasant emotion ( propriety4 ,?is      
emotion g5]ates 9 ! au?or bo? self-e/eem
 & joy2 ! =m] :5 he consid]s 8 relation 
to ! action1 & ! latt] :5 he consid]s ! 
good op9ion t o!rs w ent]ta9 ( him4 ,!  
same emotion ( propriety1 produce? 9 !  
spectators1 e/eem = ! au?or ( ! action3 

& :5 !y ?9k ( !mselves1 x also produce?1
 by means ( contra/1 an emotion (       
humility4 ,to discov] ! effects ( an    
unsuitable action1 we mu/ inv]t ea* ( ^!
 circum/ances4 ,! pa9ful emotion (      
impropriety1 g5]ates 9 ! au?or ( !      
action bo? humility & %ame2 ! =m] :5 he 
consid]s 8 relation to ! action1 & !    
latt] :5 he consid]s :at o!rs w ?9k (   
him4 ,! same emotion ( impropriety1     
produce? 9 ! spectators1 contempt = !   
au?or ( ! action2 & x also produce?1 by 
means ( contra/ :5 !y ?9k ( !mselves1 an
 emotion ( self-e/eem4 ,"h !n are _m    
diff]5t emotions1 d]iv$ f ! same action 
consid]$ 9 diff]5t views by diff]5t     
p]sons2 a ma*9e provid$ ) _m spr+s1 & n 
a little complicat$4 ,propriety (       
action1 x w\ld seem1 is a *ief fav\rite 
( nature1 or ( ! au?or ( nature1 :5 su* 
c>e & solicitude is be/[$ ^u x4 ,x is n 
left to our own *oice2 b1 l ju/ice1 is  
requir$ at our h&s2 &1 l ju/ice1 in=c$  
by natural rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,a man   
_c1 ) impunity1 d any ?+ unbecom+ or    

improp]4 ,he suff]s ! *a/isem5t (       
contempt inflict$ by o!rs1 & ( %ame     
inflict$ by himself4 ,an app>atus s     
complicat$ & s s+ul>1 ought to r\se our 
att5tion4 ,nature do? no?+ 9 va92 & we  
may conclude ) great c]ta9ty1 t ?is     
curi\s bran* ( ! human con/itution is   
int5d$ = "s valuable purpose4 ,to !     
discov]y ( ?is purpose ,i %all ) ardor  
apply my ?\ghts1 aft] disc\rs+ a little 
m at l>ge ^u ! puni%m5t1 = ,i may n[    
call x s1 t ,nature ha? provid$ =       
indec5t or unbecom+ behavi\r4 ,?is1 at  
any rate1 is necess>y1 9 ord] to give a 
full view ( ! subject2 & :o kn[s :e!r x 
may n1 ov] & above1 op5 "s track t w    
lead u to :at we are 9 que/ (8  ,a gross
 impropriety is puni%$ ) contempt &     
indignation1 :i* are v5t$ aga9/ ! (f5d] 
by e ext]nal expression t c gratify ^!  
passions4 ,& ev5 ! slighte/ impropriety 
raises "s degree ( contempt4 ,b !re are 
improprieties1 g5]ally ( ! slight] k9d1 
t provoke laught]2 ( :i* we h examples  
)\t end 9 ! blund]s & absurdities ( our 

own species4 ,su* improprieties receive 
a diff]5t puni%m5t1 z w appe> by :at    
foll[s4 ,! emotions ( contempt & (      
laught] occasion$ by an impropriety (   
?is k9d1 unit+ intimately 9 ! m9d ( !   
spectator1 are express$ ext]nally by a  
peculi> sort ( laugh1 t]m$ a laugh (    
d]ision or scorn#e4 ,an impropriety t   
?us moves n only contempt b laught]1 is 
di/+ui%$ by ! epi!t ( ridicul\s2 & a    
laugh ( d]ision or scorn is ! puni%m5t  
provid$ = x by nature4 ,nor ought x to  
escape obs]vation1 t we are s fond (    
inflict+ ?is puni%m5t1 z sometimes to   
ex]t x ev5 aga9/ creatures ( an inf]ior 
species2 witness a ,turkycock swell+ )  
pride1 & /rutt+ ) display$ fea!rs4 ,?is 
object appe>s ridicul\s1 & 9 a gay mood 
is apt to provoke a laugh ( d]ision4    
,we mu/ n expect t ! improprieties to   
:i* ^! diff]5t puni%m5ts are adapt$1 c  
be sep>at$ by any precise b\nd>ies4 ,(  
improprieties1 f ! slighte/ to ! mo/    
gross1 f ! mo/ risible to ! mo/ s]i\s1 a
 scale may be =m$ asc5d+ by degrees     

almo/ imp]ceptible4 ,h5ce x is1 t 9     
view+ "s unbecom+ actions1 too risible =
 ang] & too s]i\s = d]ision1 ! spectator
 feels a sort ( mixt emotion p>tak+ bo? 
( d]ision & ( ang]4 ,?is acc\nts = an   
expression1 common ) respect to !       
impropriety ( "s actions1 ,t we "k n    
:e!r to laugh or be angry4  ,x _c fail  
to be obs]v$1 t 9 ! case ( a risible    
impropriety1 :i* is always slight1 !    
contempt we h = ! (f5d] is extremely    
fa9t1 ?\gh d]ision1 its gratification1  
is extremely pleasant4 ,?is             
disproportion betwixt a passion & its   
gratification1 seems n con=mable to !   
analogy ( nature4 ,9 look+ ab\t = a     
solution1 ,i reflect ^u :at is laid d[n 
above1 t an improp] action1 n only moves
 our contempt = ! au?or1 b also1 by     
means ( contra/1 swells ! good op9ion we
 h ( ourselves4 ,?is contributes1 m ?an 
any o!r article1 to ! pleasure we feel 9
 ridicul+ ! follies & absurdities (     
o!rs4 ,& accord+ly1 x is well kn[n1 t !y
 :o put ! greate/ value ^u !mselves1 are

 ! mo/ prone to laugh at o!rs4 ,pride is
 a vivid passion1 z all are :i* h self =
 _! object4 ,x is extremely pleasant 9  
itself1 & n less s 9 its gratification4 
,?is passion s+ly w\ld be suffici5t to  
acc\nt = ! pleasure ( ridicule1 )\t     
borr[+ any aid f contempt4 ,h5ce appe>s 
! reason ( a not$ obs]vation1 ,t we are 
! mo/ dispos$ to ridicule ! blund]s &   
absurdities ( o!rs1 :5 we are 9 high    
spirits2 = 9 high spirits1 self-conceit 
displays itself ) m ?an ord9>y vigor4   
,hav+ ) w>y /eps trac$ an intricate     
road1 n )\t dang] ( w&]+2 :at rema9s to 
complete our j\rney1 is to acc\nt = !   
f9al cause ( congruity & propriety1 :i* 
make s great a figure 9 ! human         
con/itution4 ,"o f9al cause1 reg>d+     
congruity1 is pretty obvi\s4 ,! s5se (  
congruity1 z "o ( ! pr9ciples ( ! f9e   
arts1 contributes 9 a rem>kable degree  
to our ent]ta9m5t4 ,?is is ! f9al cause 
assign$ above = our s5se ( proportion#f1
 & ne$ n be enl>g$ ^u "h4 ,congruity    
inde$ ) respect to quantity1 co9cides ) 

proportion4 ,:5 ! p>ts ( a build+ are   
nicely adju/$ to ea* o!r1 x may be said 
indiff]5tly1 t x is agreeable by !      
congruity ( its p>ts1 or by ! proportion
 ( its p>ts4 ,b propriety1 :i* reg>ds   
volunt>y ag5ts only1 c nev] 9 any       
in/ance be ! same ) proportion4 ,a v    
long nose is disproportion$1 b _c be    
t]m$ improp]4 ,9 "s in/ances1 x is true1
 impropriety co9cides ) disproportion 9 
! same subject1 b nev] 9 ! same respect4
 ,i give = an example a v little man    
buckl$ to a long tol$o4 ,consid]+ ! man 
& ! sword ) respect to size1 we p]ceive 
a disproportion4 ,consid]+ ! sword z !  
*oice ( ! man1 we p]ceive an            
impropriety4  ,! s5se ( impropriety )   
respect to mi/akes1 blund]s1 &          
absurdities1 is happily contriv$ = !    
good ( mank9d4 ,9 ! spectators x is     
productive ( mir? & laught]1 excell5t   
recreation 9 an int]val f bus9ess4 ,!   
b5efit is /ill m ext5sive4 ,x is n      
agreeable to be ! subject ( ridicule2 & 
to puni% ) ridicule ! man :o is guilty (

 an absurdity1 t5ds to put him m ^u 8   
gu>d 9 "t com+4 ,?us ev5 ! mo/ innoc5t  
blund] is n committ$ ) impunity2        
because1 7 errors lic5s$ :]e !y d no    
hurt1 inatt5tion w\ld gr[ into a habit1 
& be ! occasion ( mu* hurt4  ,! f9al    
cause ( propriety z to moral duties1 is 
( all ! mo/ illu/ri\s4 ,to h a j notion 
( x1 ! two sorts ( moral duties mu/ be  
kept 9 view1 viz4 ^? t respect o!rs1 &  
^? t respect ourselves4 ,fidelity1      
gratitude1 & ! =be>+ injury1 are        
examples ( ! fir/ sort2 temp]ance1      
mode/y1 firmness ( m9d1 are examples ( !
 o!r4 ,! =m] are made duties by means ( 
! moral s5se2 ! latt]1 by means ( ! s5se
 ( propriety4 ,"h is a f9al cause ( !   
s5se ( propriety1 t mu/ r\se our        
att5tion4 ,x is und\bt$ly ! int]e/ ( e  
man1 to regulate 8 behavi\r suitably to 
! dignity ( 8 nature1 & to ! /ation     
allott$ him by ,provid5ce4 ,su* rational
 conduct contributes 9 e respect to     
happ9ess3 x contributes to heal? &      
pl5ty3 x ga9s ! e/eem ( o!rs3 &1 :i* is 

( all ! greate/ bless+1 x ga9s a        
ju/ly-f\nd$ self-e/eem4 ,b 9 a matt] s  
ess5tial to our well-be+1 ev5           
self-int]e/ is n reli$ on4 ,! s5se (    
propriety sup]adds ! p[]ful au?ority (  
duty to ! motive ( int]e/4 ,! ,god (    
nature1 9 all ?+s ess5tial to our       
happ9ess1 ha? obs]v$ "o uni=m me?od4 ,to
 keep u /eady 9 our conduct1 he ha?     
=tifi$ u ) natural pr9ciples & feel+s4  
,^! prev5t _m ab]rations1 :i* w\ld daily
 happ5 7 we totally surr5d]$ to s       
fallible a guide z is human reason4 ,!  
s5se ( propriety _c ju/ly be consid]$ 9 
ano!r light1 ?an z ! natural law t      
regulates our conduct ) respect to      
ourselves2 z ! s5se ( ju/ice is !       
natural law t regulates our conduct )   
respect to o!rs4 ,i call ! s5se (       
propriety a law1 because x really is s1 
n less ?an ! s5se ( ju/ice4 ,if by law  
be meant a rule ( conduct t we are      
consci\s ought to be obey$1 ?is         
def9ition1 :i* ,i conceive to be /rictly
 accurate1 is applicable und\bt$ly to   

bo?4 ,! s5se ( propriety includes ?is   
consci\sness2 = to say an action is     
prop]1 is1 9 o!r words1 to say1 t x     
ought to be p]=m$2 & to say x is        
improp]1 is1 9 o!r words1 to say1 t x   
ought to be =born4 ,x is ?is v          
consci\sness ( ought & %\ld includ$ 9 ! 
moral s5se1 t makes ju/ice a law to u4  
,?is consci\sness ( duty1 :5 appli$ to  
propriety1 is p]haps n s vigor\s or     
/rong z :5 appli$ to ju/ice3 b !        
diff]5ce is 9 degree only1 n 9 k9d3 & we
 ought1 )\t hesitation or reluctance1 to
 submit equally to ! gov]nm5t ( bo?4  ,b
 ,i h m to urge ^u ?is head4 ,x mu/1 9 !
 next place1 be obs]v$1 t to ! s5se (   
propriety z well z ( ju/ice are annex$ !
 sanctions ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts2 :i*    
evid5tly prove ! "o to be a law z well z
 ! o!r4 ,! satisfaction a man ha? 9 do+ 
8 duty1 jo9$ ) ! e/eem & good-w ( o!rs1 
is ! rew>d t belongs to bo? equally4 ,! 
puni%m5ts also1 ?\gh n ! same1 are ne>ly
 alli$2 & diff] 9 degree m ?an 9        
quality4 ,disob$i5ce to ! law ( ju/ice1 

is puni%$ ) remorse2 disob$i5ce to ! law
 ( propriety1 ) %ame1 :i* is remorse 9 a
 l[] degree4 ,e transgression ( ! law ( 
ju/ice raises indignation 9 ! behold]2 &
 s do? e flagrant transgression ( ! law 
( propriety4 ,slight] improprieties     
receive a mild] puni%m5t3 !y are always 
rebuk$ ) "s degree ( contempt1 &        
frequ5tly ) d]ision4 ,9 g5]al1 x is     
true1 t ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts annex$ to !
 s5se ( propriety are slight] 9 degree  
?an ^? annex$ to ! s5se ( ju/ice4 ,& t  
?is is wisely ord]$1 w appe> f consid]+1
 t to ! well-be+ ( society1 duty to o!rs
 is /ill m ess5tial ?an duty to         
ourselves2 = society c\ld n subsi/ a    
mom5t1 7 individuals n protect$ f !     
head/rong & turbul5t passions ( _!      
neighb\rs4  ,reflect+ coolly & c>efully 
^u ! subject "u consid]ation1 !         
con/itution ( man1 admirable 9 all its  
p>ts1 appe>s "h 9 a f9e light4 ,! f9al  
cause n[ unfold$ ( ! s5se ( propriety1  
mu/1 to e disc]n+ eye1 appe> delightful2
 & yet hi!rto we h giv5 b a p>tial view 

( x4 ,! s5se ( propriety rea*es ano!r   
illu/ri\s end2 :i* is1 to co-op]ate ) ! 
s5se ( ju/ice 9 in=c+ ! p]=mance (      
social duties4 ,9 fact1 ! sanctions     
visibly contriv$ to compel a man to be j
 to himself1 are equally s]viceable to  
compel him to be j to o!rs4 ,?is w be   
evid5t f a s+le reflection1 ,t an       
action1 by be+ unju/1 ceases n to be    
improp]4 ,an action nev] appe>s m       
em95tly improp]1 ?an :5 x is unju/4 ,x  
is obvi\sly becom+ & suitable to human  
nature1 t ea* man d 8 duty to o!rs2 &   
accord+ly e transgression ( duty )      
respect to o!rs1 is at ! same "t a      
transgression ( duty ) respect to self4 
,?is is an undisguis$ tru? )\t          
exagg]ation2 & x op5s a new & delightful
 view 9 ! moral l&scape4 ,! prospect is 
greatly enri*$1 by ! multiplication (   
agreeable objects4 ,x appe>s n[1 t no?+ 
is ov]look$1 no?+ left undone1 t c      
possibly contribute to ! en=c+ social   
duty4 ,= to all ! sanctions t belong to 
x s+ly1 are sup]add$ ! sanctions (      

self-duty4 ,a famili> example %all      
suffice = illu/ration4 ,an act (        
+ratitude consid]$ 9 itself1 is to !    
au?or disagreeable z well z to e        
spectator3 consid]$ by ! au?or )        
relation to himself1 x raises           
self-contempt3 consid]$ by him )        
relation to ! _w1 x makes him a%am$4    
,aga91 consid]$ by o!rs1 x raises _!    
contempt & indignation aga9/ ! au?or4   
,^! feel+s are all ( !m occasion$ by !  
impropriety ( ! action4 ,:5 ! action is 
consid]$ z unju/1 x occasions ano!r set 
( feel+s4 ,9 ! au?or x produces remorse1
 & a dread ( m]it$ puni%m5t2 & 9 o!rs1 !
 b5efactor *iefly1 indignation & hatr$  
direct$ ^u ! ungrateful p]son4 ,?us %ame
 & remorse unit$ 9 ! ungrateful p]son1 &
 indignation unit$ ) hatr$ 9 ! he>ts (  
o!rs1 are ! puni%m5ts provid$ by nature 
= inju/ice4 ,/upid & ins5sible mu/ he be
 9 extreme1 :o1 9 a contrivance s       
exquisite1 p]ceives n ! h& ( ! ,sov]eign
 ,ar*itect4     ,,*ap4 ,,xi  ,( ,dignity
 & ,meanness4   ,^! t]ms are appli$ to  

man 9 po9t ( "*1 s5tim5t1 & behavi\r4   
,we say1 = example1 ( "o man1 t he ha? a
 natural dignity 9 8 air & mann]2 (     
ano!r1 t he makes a mean figure4 ,!re is
 a dignity 9 e action & s5tim5t ( "s    
p]sons3 ! actions & s5tim5ts ( o!rs are 
mean & vulg>4 ,) respect to ! f9e arts1 
"s p]=mances are said to be manly &     
suitable to ! dignity ( human nature3   
o!rs are t]m$ l[1 mean1 trivial4 ,su*   
expressions are common1 ?\gh !y h n     
always a precise mean+4 ,) respect to ! 
art ( criticism1 x mu/ be a real        
acquisition to asc]ta9 :at ^! t]ms truly
 import2 :i* possibly may enable u to   
rank e p]=mance 9 ! f9e arts accord+ to 
its dignity4  ,inquir+ fir/ to :at      
subjects ! t]ms dignity & meanness are  
appropriat$1 we soon discov]1 t !y are n
 applicable to any ?+ inanimate4 ,! mo/ 
magnific5t palace ev] built1 may be     
l(ty1 may be gr&1 b x has no relation to
 dignity4 ,! mo/ dim9utive %rub may be  
little1 b x is n mean4 ,^! t]ms mu/     
belong to s5sitive be+s1 probably to man

 only2 :i* w be evid5t :5 we advance 9 !
 inquiry4  ,( all objects1 human actions
 produce 9 a spectator ! greate/ v>iety 
( feel+s4 ,!y are 9 !mselves gr& or     
little3 ) respect to ! au?or1 !y are    
prop] or improp]3 ) respect to ^?       
affect$ by !m1 j or unju/4 ,& ,i mu/ n[ 
add1 t !y are also di/+ui%$ by dignity &
 meanness4 ,x may possibly be ?\ght1 t )
 respect to human actions1 dignity      
co9cides ) gr&eur1 & meanness )         
littl5ess4 ,b ! diff]5ce w be evid5t ^u 
reflect+1 t we nev] attribute dignity to
 any action b :at is virtu\s1 nor       
meanness to any b :at 9 "s degree is    
faulty4 ,b an action may be gr& )\t be+ 
virtu\s1 or little )\t be+ faulty4 ,e   
action ( dignity creates respect & e/eem
 = ! au?or2 & a mean action draws ^u him
 contempt4 ,a man is always admir$ = a  
gr& action1 b frequ5tly is nei!r lov$   
nor e/eem$ = x3 nei!r is a man always   
contemn$ = a l[ or little action4  ,z x 
appe>s to me1 dignity & meanness are    
f\nd$ on a natural pr9ciple n hi!rto    

m5tion$4 ,man is endu$ ) a s5se ( ! wor?
 & excell5ce ( 8 nature4 ,he deems x to 
be m p]fect ?an t ( ! o!r be+s ar\nd    
him2 & he feels t ! p]fection ( 8 nature
 consi/s 9 virtue1 p>ticul>ly 9 virtue (
 ! highe/ rank4 ,to express ?is s5se1 ! 
t]m dignity is appropriat$4 ,fur!r1 to  
behave ) dignity1 & to refra9 f all mean
 actions1 is felt to be1 n a virtue     
only1 b a duty3 x is a duty e man owes  
to himself4 ,by act+ 9 ?is mann]1 he    
attracts love & e/eem4 ,by act+ meanly  
or bel[ himself1 he is disapprov$ &     
contemn$4  ,accord+ to ! description "h 
giv5 ( dignity & meanness1 !y w be f\nd 
to be a species ( propriety &           
impropriety4 ,_m actions may be prop] or
 improp]1 to :i* dignity or meanness _c 
be appli$4 ,to eat :5 "o is hungry is   
prop]1 b !re is no dignity 9 ?is action4
 ,rev5ge fairly tak51 if aga9/ law1 is  
improp]1 b x is n mean4 ,b e action (   
dignity is also prop]1 & e mean action  
is also improp]4  ,?is s5se ( ! dignity 
( human nature1 rea*es ev5 our pleasures

 & amusem5ts4 ,if !y enl>ge ! m9d by    
rais+ gr& or elevat$ emotions1 or if !y 
humanize ! m9d by ex]cis+ our sympa?y1  
!y are approv$ z suit$ to our nature3 if
 !y contract ! m9d by fix+ x on trivial 
objects1 !y are contemn$ z l[ & mean4   
,h5ce 9 g5]al1 e occupation1 :e!r ( use 
or amusem5t1 t corresponds to ! dignity 
( man1 obta9s ! epi!t ( manly2 & e      
occupation bel[ 8 nature1 obta9s ! epi!t
 ( *ildi%4  ,to ^? :o /udy human nature1
 !re is a po9t :i* has always appe>$    
intricate4 ,h[ comes x t g5]osity &     
c\rage are m valu$ & be/[ m dignity1 ?an
 good-nature1 or ev5 ju/ice1 ?\gh !     
latt] contribute m ?an ! =m]1 to private
 z well z to public happ9ess8 ,?is "q   
bluntly propos$1 might puzzle a cunn+   
philosoph]2 b by means ( ! =ego+        
obs]vations w easily be solv$4 ,human   
virtues1 l o!r objects1 obta9 a rank 9  
our e/imation1 n f _! utility1 :i* is a 
subject ( reflection1 b f ! direct      
impression !y make on u4 ,ju/ice &      
good-nature are a sort ( negative       

virtues1 t make no figure unless :5 !y  
are transgress$4 ,c\rage & g5]osity     
produc+ elevat$ emotions1 enliv5 greatly
 ! s5se ( a man's dignity1 bo? 9 himself
 & 9 o!rs2 & = t reason1 c\rage &       
g5]osity are 9 high] reg>d ?an ! o!r    
virtues m5tion$4 ,we describe !m z gr& &
 elevat$1 z ( great] dignity1 & m       
praise-wor?y4  ,?is leads u to exam9e m 
directly emotions & passions ) respect  
to ! pres5t subject4 ,& x w n be        
difficult to =m a scale ( !m1 beg9n+ at 
! meane/1 & asc5d+ gradually to ^? ( !  
highe/ rank & dignity4 ,pleasure felt z 
at ! organ ( s5se1 nam$ corporeal       
pleasure1 is p]ceiv$ to be l[2 & :5     
indulg$ to excess1 beyond :at nature    
dem&s1 is p]ceiv$ also to be mean4      
,p]sons !re=e ( any delicacy1 dissemble 
! pleasure !y h 9 eat+ & dr9k+4 ,!      
pleasures ( ! eye & e>1 :i* h no organic
 feel+#g1 are free f any s5se (         
meanness2 & = t reason are indulg$ )\t  
any %ame4 ,!y ev5 arise to a c]ta9      
degree ( dignity1 :5 _! objects are gr& 

or elevat$4 ,! same is ! case ( !       
sympa!tic passions4 ,!y raise ! "*      
consid]ably1 :5 _! objects are (        
importance4 ,a virtu\s p]son behav+ )   
=titude & dignity "u ! mo/ cruel        
mis=tunes1 makes a capital figure2 & !  
sympa?is+ spectator feels 9 himself !   
same dignity4 ,sympa!tic di/ress at !   
same "t nev] is mean3 on ! contr>y1 x is
 agreeable to ! nature ( a social be+1 &
 has ! g5]al approbation4 ,! rank t love
 possesses 9 ?is scale1 dep5ds 9 a great
 measure on its object4 ,x possesses a  
l[ place :5 f\nd$ on ext]nal prop]ties  
m]ely2 & is mean :5 be/[$ ^u a p]son ( a
 rank mu* inf]ior )\t any extraord9>y   
qualification4 ,b :5 f\nd$ on ! m       
elevat$ int]nal prop]ties1 x assumes a  
consid]able degree ( dignity4 ,! same is
 ! case ( fri5d%ip4 ,:5 gratitude is    
w>m1 x animates ! m9d2 b x sc>ce rises  
to dignity4 ,joy be/[s dignity :5 x     
proce$s f an elevat$ cause4  ,s f> z ,i 
c ga!r f induction1 dignity is n a      
prop]ty ( any disagreeable passion4 ,"o 

is slight ano!r sev]e1 "o depresses !   
m9d ano!r r\ses & animates x2 b !re is  
no elevation1 f> less dignity1 9 any (  
!m4 ,rev5ge1 9 p>ticul>1 ?\gh x inflame 
& swell ! m9d1 is n accompani$ )        
dignity1 n ev5 ) elevation4 ,x is n     
h[ev] felt z mean or grovel+1 unless :5 
x takes indirect measures = its         
gratification4 ,%ame & remorse1 ?\gh !y 
s9k ! spirits1 are n mean4 ,pride1 a    
disagreeable passion1 be/[s no dignity 9
 ! eye ( a spectator4 ,vanity always    
appe>s mean2 & extremely s :]e f\nd$1 z 
commonly happ5s1 on trivial             
qualifications4  ,i proce$ to !         
pleasures ( ! und]/&+1 :i* possess a    
high rank 9 po9t ( dignity4 ,( ?is e "o 
w be s5sible1 :5 he consid]s ! important
 tru?s t h be5 laid op5 by sci5ce2 su* z
 g5]al !orems1 & ! g5]al laws t gov]n ! 
mat]ial & moral worlds4 ,! pleasures ( !
 und]/&+ are suit$ to man z a rational &
 contemplative be+2 & !y t5d n a little 
to ennoble 8 nature4 ,ev5 to ! ,deity he
 /ret*es 8 contemplations1 :i*1 9 !     

discov]y ( inf9ite p[] wisdom &         
b5evol5ce1 af=d delight ( ! mo/ exalt$  
k9d4 ,h5ce x appe>s1 t ! f9e arts /udi$ 
z a rational sci5ce1 af=d ent]ta9m5t (  
great dignity2 sup]ior f> to :at !y af=d
 z a subject ( ta/e m]ely4  ,b          
contemplation1 ?\gh 9 itself valuable1  
is *iefly respect$ z subs]vi5t to       
action2 = man is int5d$ to be m an      
active ?an a contemplative be+4 ,he     
accord+ly %[s m dignity 9 action ?an 9  
contemplation4 ,g5]osity1 magnanimity1  
h]oism1 raise 8 "* to ! highe/ pit*4 ,^!
 be/ express ! dignity ( 8 nature1 &    
advance him ne>] to div9ity ?an any o!r 
( 8 attributes4  ,by e production t %[s 
art & contrivance1 our curiosity is     
excit$ ^u two po9ts2 fir/ h[ x 0 made1 &
 next to :at end4 ,( ! two1 ! latt] is !
 m important inquiry1 because ! means   
are ev] subord9ate to ! end2 & 9 fact   
our curiosity is always m inflam$ by !  
f9al ?an by ! effici5t cause4 ,?is      
pref]5ce is no :]e m visible1 ?an 9     
contemplat+ ! works ( nature4 ,if 9 !   

effici5t cause1 wisdom & p[] be         
display$1 wisdom is n less conspicu\s 9 
! f9al cause2 & f x only c we inf]      
b5evol5ce1 :i* ( all ! div9e attributes 
is to man ! mo/ important4 ,hav+        
endeav\r$ to assign ! effici5t cause (  
dignity & meanness1 & to unfold !       
pr9ciple on :i* !y are f\nd$1 we proce$ 
to expla9 ! f9al cause ( ! dignity or   
meanness be/[$ ^u ! sev]al p>ticul>s    
above m5tion$1 beg9n+ ) corporeal       
pleasures4 ,^!1 s f> z useful1 are l    
ju/ice f5c$ ) suffici5t sanctions to    
prev5t _! be+ neglect$4 ,hung] & ?ir/   
are pa9ful s5sations2 & we are incit$ to
 animal love by a vigor\s prop5sity4 ,7 
!y dignifi$ ov] & above ) a place 9 a   
high class1 !y w\ld infallibly ov]turn !
 balance ( ! m9d1 by outweigh+ ! social 
affections4 ,?is is a satisfactory f9al 
cause = refus+ to corporeal pleasures   
any degree ( dignity4 ,& ! f9al cause is
 n less evid5t ( _! meanness1 :5 !y are 
indulg$ to excess4 ,! m ref9$ pleasures 
( ext]nal s5se1 convey$ by ! eye & ! e> 

f natural objects & f ! f9e arts1 des]ve
 a high place 9 our e/eem1 because ( _! 
s+ul> & ext5sive utility4 ,9 "s cases !y
 arise to a consid]able dignity4 ,! v   
l[e/ pleasures ( ! k9d1 are nev] e/eem$ 
mean or grovel+4 ,! pleasure aris+ f    
wit1 hum\r1 ridicule1 or f :at is simply
 ludicr\s1 is useful1 by relax+ ! m9d   
aft] ! fatigue ( m manly occupation4 ,b 
! m9d1 :5 x surr5d]s itself to pleasure 
( ?is k9d1 loses its vigor1 & s9ks      
gradually into slo?4 ,! place ?is       
pleasure occupies 9 po9t ( dignity1 is  
adju/$ to ^! views4 ,to make x useful z 
a relaxation1 x is n br&$ ) meanness4   
,to prev5t its usurpation1 x is remov$ f
 ?is place b a s+le degree4 ,no man     
values himself ^u ?is pleasure1 ev5 dur+
 ! gratification2 & if m "t h be5 giv5  
to x ?an is requisite = relaxation1 a   
man looks back ) "s degree ( %ame4  ,9  
po9t ( dignity1 ! social passions rise  
above ! selfi%1 & mu* above ! pleasures 
( ! eye & e>4 ,man is by 8 nature a     
social be+2 & to qualify him = society1 

x is wisely contriv$1 t he %\ld value   
himself m = be+ social ?an selfi%4  ,!  
excell5cy ( man is *iefly disc]nible 9 !
 great improvem5ts he is susceptible ( 9
 society4 ,^!1 by p]sev]ance1 may be    
c>ri$ on progressively to high] & high] 
degrees ( p]fection1 above any          
assignable limits2 &1 ev5 ab/ract+ f    
revelation1 !re is great probability1 t 
! progress begun 9 ?is life w be        
complet$ 9 "s future /ate4 ,n[1 z all   
valuable improvem5ts proce$ f ! ex]cise 
( our rational faculties1 ! au?or ( our 
nature1 9 ord] to excite u to a due use 
( ^! faculties1 ha? assign$ a high rank 
to ! pleasures ( ! und]/&+4 ,_! utility1
 ) respect to ?is life z well z a       
future1 intitles !m to ?is rank4  ,b z  
action is ! end ( all our improvem5ts1  
virtu\s actions ju/ly possess ! highe/ (
 all ! ranks4 ,^!1 ,i f9d1 are by nature
 di/ribut$ into diff]5t classes1 & !    
fir/ 9 po9t ( dignity assign$ to actions
 :i* appe> n ! fir/ 9 po9t ( use4       
,g5]osity1 = example1 9 ! s5se ( mank9d1

 is m respect$ ?an ju/ice1 ?\gh ! latt] 
is und\bt$ly m ess5tial to society4 ,&  
magnanimity1 h]oism1 undaunt$ c\rage1   
rise /ill high] 9 our e/eem4 ,"o w\ld   
readily ?9k1 t ! moral virtues %\ld be  
e/eem$ accord+ to _! importance4 ,nature
 has "h deviat$ f h] ord9>y pa?1 & great
 wisdom is %[n 9 ! deviation4 ,!        
effici5t cause is expla9$ above2 & !    
f9al cause is expla9$ 9 ! ,essays (     
morality & natural religion#h4          
,,*ap4 ,,xii4  ,,ridicule4   ,?is       
subject has puzzl$ & vex$ all ! critics4
 ,ari/otle gives a def9ition ( ridicule1
 obscure & imp]fect#i4 ,cic]o h&les x at
 great l5g?#aj2 b )\t giv+ any          
satisfaction4 ,he w&]s 9 ! d>k1 & misses
 ! di/9ction betwixt risible &          
ridicul\s4 ,qu9tilian is s5sible ( ?is  
di/9ction#aa2 b has n attempt$ to expla9
 x4 ,luckily ?is subject lies no long] 9
 obscurity4 ,a risible object produce?  
an emotion ( laught] m]ely#ab4 ,a       
ridicul\s object is improp] z well z    
risible2 & produce? a mixt emotion1 :i* 

is v5t$ by a laugh ( d]ision or         
scorn#ac4  ,hav+ !re=e happily unravell$
 ! ab/ruse & knotty "p1 ,i proce$ to :at
 may be ?\ght fur!r necess>y ^u ?is     
subject4  ,burlesque is "o great eng9e (
 ridicule4 ,b x is n conf9$ to t        
subject2 = x is cle>ly di/+ui%able into 
burlesque t excites laught] m]ely1 &    
burlesque t provokes d]ision or         
ridicule4 ,a grave subject 9 :i* !re is 
no impropriety1 may be br\ght d[n by a  
c]ta9 col\r+ s z to be risible4 ,?is is 
! case ( ,virgil ,trave/ie#ad4 ,& x is !
 case ( ! ,sec*ia ,rapita#ae4 ,! au?ors 
laugh fir/ at e turn1 9 ord] to make _! 
read]s laugh4 ,! ,lutr9 is a burlesque  
poem ( ! o!r sort4 ,! au?or ,boileau1   
lays hold ( a l[ & trifl+ incid5t to    
expose ! luxury1 indol5ce1 & cont5ti\s  
_s ( a set ( monks4 ,he turns ! subject 
into ridicule by dress+ x 9 ! h]oic     
/yle1 & affect+ to consid] x z ( ! utmo/
 dignity & importance2 & ?\gh ridicule  
is ! poet's aim1 he himself c>ries all  
along a grave face1 & nev] once bewrays 

a smile4 ,! opposition betwixt ! subject
 & ! mann] ( h&l+ x1 is :at produces !  
ridicule4 ,9 a composition ( ?is k9d1 no
 image pr(ess$ly ludicr\s ought to h    
qu>t]2 because su* images de/roy !      
contra/4  ,?\gh ! burlesque t aims at   
ridicule1 produces its effect by elevat+
 ! /yle f> above ! subject1 yet x has   
limits beyond :i* ! elevation ought n to
 be c>ri$4 ,! poet1 consult+ !          
imag9ation ( 8 read]s1 ought to conf9e  
himself to su* images z are lively &    
readily appreh5d$4 ,a /ra9$ elevation1  
so>+ above an ord9>y rea* ( fancy1 makes
 n a pleasant impression4 ,! m9d fatigu$
 ) be+ always ^u ! /ret*1 is soon       
disgu/$2 & if x p]sev]es1 becomes       
?\ghtless & indiff]5t4 ,fur!r1 a fiction
 gives no pleasure1 unless :]e pa9t$ 9 s
 lively col\rs z to produce "s p]ception
 ( reality2 :i* nev] c be done          
effectually :]e ! images are =m$ ) lab\r
 or difficulty4 ,= ^! reasons1 ,i _c    
avoid condemn+ ! ,batra*omuoma*ia said  
to be ! composition ( ,hom]4 ,x is      

beyond ! p[] ( imag9ation1 to =m a cle> 
& lively image ( frogs & mice act+ ) !  
dignity ( ! highe/ ( our species3 nor c 
we =m a conception ( ! reality ( su* an 
action1 9 any mann] s di/9ct z to int]e/
 our affections ev5 9 ! slighte/ degree4
  ,! ,rape ( ! ,lock is ( a "* cle>ly   
di/+ui%able f ^? n[ m5tion$4 ,x is n    
prop]ly a burlesque p]=mance1 b :at may 
r be t]m$ an h]oi-comical poem4 ,x      
treats a gay & famili> subject1 )       
pleasantry & ) a mod]ate degree (       
dignity4 ,! au?or puts n on a mask l    
,boileau1 nor pr(esses to make u laugh l
 ,tassoni4 ,! ,rape ( ! ,lock is a      
g5teel & gay species ( writ+1 less /ra9$
 ?an ! o!rs m5tion$2 & is pleasant or   
ludicr\s )\t hav+ ridicule = its *ief   
aim2 giv+ way h[ev] to ridicule :]e x   
arises naturally f a p>ticul> "*1 su* z 
t ( ,sir ,plume4 ,addison's ,spectator  
^u ! ex]cise ( ! fan#af is extremely gay
 & ludicr\s1 resembl+ 9 its subject !   
,rape ( ! ,lock4  ,hum\r belongs to !   
pres5t *apt]1 because x is und\bt$ly    

connect$ ) ridicule4 ,congreve def9es   
hum\r to be 8a s+ul> & unavoidable mann]
 ( do+ or say+ any ?+1 peculi> & natural
 to "o man only1 by :i* 8 spee* &       
actions are di/+ui%$ f ^? ( o!r m540 ,7 
?is def9ition j1 a maje/ic & comm&+ air1
 :i* is a s+ul> prop]ty1 is hum\r2 z    
also t natural fl[ ( eloqu5ce & correct 
elocution :i* is a r>e tal5t4 ,no?+ j or
 prop] is d5om9at$ hum\r2 nor any       
s+ul>ity ( "*1 words1 or actions1 t is  
valu$ or respect$4 ,:5 we att5d to ! "* 
( an humori/1 we f9d t ! peculi>ity (   
?is "* less5s ! man 9 our e/eem3 we f9d 
t ?is "* arises f circum/ances bo?      
risible & improp]1 & !re=e 9 "s measure 
ridicul\s4  ,hum\r 9 writ+ is v diff]5t 
f hum\r 9 "*4 ,:5 an au?or insi/s ^u    
ludicr\s subjects ) a pr(ess$ purpose to
 make 8 read]s laugh1 he may be /yl$ a  
ludicr\s writ]2 b is sc>ce intitl$ to be
 /yl$ a writ] ( hum\r4 ,?is quality     
belongs to an au?or1 :o1 affect+ to be  
grave & s]i\s1 pa9ts 8 objects 9 su*    
col\rs z to provoke mir? & laught]4 ,a  

writ] t is really an humori/ 9 "*1 does 
?is )\t design4 ,if n1 he mu/ affect !  
"* 9 ord] to succe$4 ,swift & ,fonta9e 7
 humori/s 9 "*1 & _! writ+s are full (  
hum\r4 ,addison 0 n an humori/ 9 "*2 &  
yet 9 8 prose writ+s a mo/ delicate &   
ref9$ hum\r prevails4 ,arbu?not exce$s  
!m all 9 droll]y & humor\s pa9t+2 :i*   
%[s a great g5ius1 because1 if ,i am n  
mis9=m$1 he _h no?+ ( ?is peculi>ity 9 8
 "*4  ,!re rema9s to %[1 by examples1 ! 
mann] ( treat+ subjects s z to give !m a
 ridicul\s appe>ance4      ,il ne dit   
jamais1 je v\s donne1 mais1 je v\s      
prete le bon j\r4          ,moli]e4     
,orleans4 ,i "k him to be valiant4      
,con/able4 ,i 0 told t by "o t kn[s him 
bett] ?an y4       ,orleans4 ,:at's he8 
,con/able4 ,m>ry1 he told me s himself2 
& he said1 he c>'d      n :o knew x4    
,h5ry ,v4 ,%akespe>4        ,he nev]    
broke any man's head b 8 own1 &     t 0 
aga9/ a po/ :5 he 0 drunk4              
,ibid4       ,millam5t4 ,s5t5ti\s       
,mirabell6 pr'y!e don't look ) t        

viol5t & inflexible wise face1 l        
,solomon at ! divid+ (      ! *ild 9 an 
old tape/ry hang+4                      
,way ( ! _w4         ,a true critic 9 ! 
p]usal ( a book1 is l a dog at a fea/1  
^: ?\ghts & /oma* are :olly set ^u :at !
 gue/s      fl+ away1 & consequ5tly is  
apt to sn>l mo/ :5 !re are      ! fewe/ 
bones4                       ,tale ( a  
,tub4    ,9 ! foll[+ in/ances ! ridicule
 is made to appe> f ! behavi\r ( !      
p]sons introduc$4       ,masc>ille4 ,te 
s\vi5t-il1 vicomte1 de cette demi-lune1 
que n\s      emportmes sur les ennemis  
au siege d',arras8       ,j$elet4 ,que  
veux tu dire avec ta demi-lune8 c'etoit 
bi5 une      lune t\te enti]e4          
,moli]e les ,precieuses ,ridicules1 sc4 
#aa4         ,sl5d]4 ,i came yond] at   
,eaton to m>ry ,mrs4 ,anne ,page2 &     
%e's a great lubb]ly boy4       ,page4  
,^u my life !n y took ! wrong4          
,sl5d]4 ,:at ne$ y tell me t8 ,i ?9k s1 
:5 ,i took a      boy = a girl3 if ,i _h
 be5 m>ry'd to him1 = all he 0 9        

woman's app>el1 ,i w\ld n h _h him4     
,m]ry ,wives ( ,w9dsor4                 
,val5t9e4 ,y\r bless+1 ,sir4       ,sir 
,sampson4 ,y've _h x already1 ,sir3 ,i  
?9k ,i s5t x y      to-day 9 a bill =   
f\r ?\s& p\nd2 a great deal ( money1    
,bro!r ,=esight4       ,=esight4 ,ay    
inde$1 ,sir ,sampson1 a great deal (    
money = a      "y man2 ,i wond] :at c he
 d ) x4                       ,love =   
,love1 act #b4 sc4 #g4                  
,millamant4 ,i nauseate walk+2 'tis a   
c\ntry-div]sion2 ,i lo!      ! c\ntry1 &
 e ?+ t relates to x4       ,sir        
,wilful4 ,inde$6 hah6 look ye1 look ye1 
y d8 nay1 'tis l      y may---- "h are  
*oice ( pa/imes "h 9 t[n1 z plays &     
! l2 t mu/ be confess'd inde$4          
,millamant4 ,ah l'et\rdie6 ,i hate ! t[n
 too4       ,sir ,wilful4 ,de> he>t1 t's
 mu*---- hah6 t y %\ld hate      'em    
bo?6 hah6 'tis l y may2 !re are "s c't  
reli% !      t[n1 & o!rs c't away ) !   
c\ntry---- 'tis l y may      be "o ( ^?1
 ,c\s9e4                       ,way ( ! 

_w1 act #d4 sc4 #d4         ,"l ,fro?4  
,i assure y1 ,sir ,paul1 ,i laugh at no 
body's je/ b      my own1 or a lady's3  
,i assure y1 ,sir ,paul4       ,brisk4  
,h[8 h[1 my ,"l8 :at1 affront my wit6   
,let me p]i%1 d      ,i nev] say any ?+ 
wor?y to be laugh'd at8       ,"l ,fro?4
 ,o foy1 don't misappreh5d me1 ,i don't 
say s1 = ,i      (t5 smile at y\r       
conceptions4 ,b !re is no?+ m           
unbecom+ a man ( quality1 ?an to laugh2 
'tis su* a vulg>      expression ( !    
passion6 e body c laugh4 ,!n especially 
to      laugh at ! je/ ( an inf]ior     
p]son1 or :5 any body else (      ! same
 quality does n laugh ) "o2 ridicul\s6  
,to be pleas'd      ) :at pleases !     
cr[d6 ,n[1 :5 ,i laugh ,i always laugh  
alone4                       ,d\ble     
,deal]1 act #a4 sc4 #d4    ,s %>p-sight$
 is pride 9 blemi%es1 & s will+ to be   
gratifi$1 t x w take up ) ! v slighte/  
improprieties2 su* z a blund] by a      
=eign] 9 speak+ our language1 especially
 if ! blund] c be> a s5se t reflects ^u 

! speak]3       ,quickly4 ,! "y man is  
an hone/ man4       ,caius4 ,:at %all de
 hone/ man d 9 my closet8 d]e is no     
hone/ man dat %all come 9 my closet4    
,m]ry ,wives ( ,w9dsor4    ,love-spee*es
 are f9ely ridicul$ 9 ! foll[+ passage4 
,quo? he1 ,my fai? z adamant9e1     ,z  
*a9s ( de/9y1 ,i'll ma9ta92     ,true z 
,apollo ev] spoke1     ,or oracle f he>t
 ( oak2     ,& if y'll give my flame b  
v5t1     ,n[ 9 close hugg]-mugg] p5t1   
,& %9e ^u me b b5ignly1     ,) t "o1 & t
 o!r pigsneye1     ,! sun & day %all    
soon] "p1     ,?an love1 or y1 %ake (f  
my he>t2     ,! sun t %all no m disp5se 
,8 own1 b y\r bright influ5ce3     ,i'll
 c>ve y\r "n on b>ks ( trees1     ,)    
true love knots1 & fl\ri%es2     ,t %all
 infuse et]nal spr+1     ,& ev]la/+     
fl\ri%+3     ,dr9k ev'ry lett] on't 9   
/um1     ,& make x brisk *ampaign       
become4     ,:]e-e'er y tread1 y\r foot 
%all set     ,! primrose & ! violet2    
,all spices1 p]fumes1 & sweet p[d]s1    
,%all borr[ f y\r brea? _! od\rs2       

,nature h] *>t] %all r5ew     ,& take   
all lives ( ?+s f y2     ,! _w dep5d ^u 
y\r eye1     ,& :5 y fr[n ^u x1 die4    
,only our loves %all /ill survive1      
,new worlds & natures to outlive2       
,&1 l to h]ald's moons1 rema9     ,all  
cresc5ts1 )\t *ange or wane4            
,hudibras1 "p #b4 canto #a4  ,irony     
turns ?+s into ridicule 9 a peculi>     
mann]4 ,x consi/s 9 laugh+ at a man "u  
disguise1 by appe>+ to praise or speak  
well ( him4 ,swift af=ds u _m illu/ri\s 
examples ( ?is species ( ridicule4 ,take
 ! foll[+ example4 8,by ^! me?ods1 9 a  
few weeks1 !re />ts up _m a writ]1      
capable ( manag+ ! pr(\nde/ & mo/       
univ]sal subjects4 ,= :at ?\gh 8 head be
 empty1 provid$ 8 commonplace book be   
full8 ,& if y w bate him b !            
circum/ances ( me?od1 & /yle1 & gramm>1 
& inv5tion2 all[ him b ! common         
privileges ( transcrib+ f o!rs1 &       
digress+ f himself1 z (t5 z he %all see 
occasion2 he w desire no m +r$i5ts t[>ds
 fitt+ up a treatise t %all make a v    

comely figure on a booksell]'s %elf1 !re
 to be pres]v$ neat & clean1 = a long   
et]nity1 adorn$ ) ! h]aldry ( its title1
 fairly inscrib$ on a label2 nev] to be 
?umb$ or greas$ by /ud5ts1 nor b\nd to  
ev]la/+ *a9s ( d>kness 9 a libr>y2 b :5 
! fullness ( "t is come1 %all happily   
und]go ! trial ( purgatory1 9 ord] to   
asc5d ! sky#ag40 ,! foll[+ passage f    
,arbu?not is n less ironical4 8,if !    
,rev]5d cl]gy %[$ m conc]n ?an o!rs1 ,i 
*>itably impute x to _! great *>ge (    
s\ls2 & :at confirm$ me 9 ?is op9ion 01 
t ! degrees ( appreh5sion & t]ror c\ld  
be di/+ui%$ to be great] or less1       
accord+ to _! ranks & degrees 9 !       
*ur*#ah40  ,a p>ody mu/ be di/+ui%$ f e 
species ( ridicule4 ,x enliv5s a gay    
subject by imitat+ "s important incid5t 
t is s]i\s4 ,x is ludicr\s1 & may be    
risible4 ,b ridicule is n a necess>y    
+r$i5t4 ,take ! foll[+ examples1 ! fir/ 
( :i* ref]s to an expression ( ,moses4  
,! skilful nymph reviews h] =ce ) c>e3  
,let spades be trumps6 %e said1 & trumps

 !y 74          ,rape ( ! ,lock1 canto  
iii4 #de4  ,! next is an imitation (    
,a*illes's oa? 9 ,hom]4      ,b by ?is  
lock1 ?is sacr$ lock1 ,i swe>1     7,:i*
 nev] m %all jo9 its p>t$ hair1     ,:i*
 nev] m its hon\rs %all r5ew1           
,clip'd f ! lovely head :]e late x      
grew71     ,t :ile my no/rils draw !    
vital air1     ,?is h&1 :i* won x1 %all 
= ev] we>4     ,he spoke1 & speak+1 9   
pr\d triumph spread     ,! long cont5d$ 
hon\rs ( h] head4          ,ibid4 canto 
iv4 #acc4  ,! foll[+ imitates ! hi/ory (
 ,agamemnon's sceptre 9 ,hom]4      ,n[ 
meet ?y fate1 inc5s'd ,bel9da cry'd1    
,& drew a deadly bodk9 f h] side1       
7,! same1 8 anci5t p]sonage to deck1    
,h] great-great-gr&sire wore ab\t 8     
neck1     ,9 ?ree seal r+s2 :i* aft]1   
melt$ d[n1     ,=m'd a va/ buckle = 8   
wid['s g[n3     ,h] infant gr&ame's     
:i/le next x grew1     ,! bells %e j+l$1
 & ! :i/le blew2     ,!n 9 a bodk9      
grac'd h] "m's hairs1     ,:i* long %e  
wore1 & n[ ,bel9da we>s47               

,ibid4 canto v4 #hg4  ,ridicule1 z      
obs]v$ above1 is no necess>y +r$i5t 9 a 
p>ody4 ,b ,i did n int5d to say1 t !re  
is any opposition betwixt !m4 ,a p>ody1 
no d\bt1 may be successfully employ$ to 
promote ridicule2 witness ! foll[+      
example1 9 :i* ! goddess ( ,dullness is 
address$ ^u ! subject ( mod]n education4
      ,?\ gav'/ t rip5ess1 :i* s soon   
began1     ,& ceas'd s soon1 he ne'er 0 
boy nor man2     ,?r\gh s*ool & college1
 ?y k9d cl\d o'erca/1     ,safe & unse5 
! "y neas pa/#ai2     ,!nce bur/+       
glori\s1 all at once let d[n1           
,/unn'd ) 8 giddy l>um half ! t[n4      
,dunciad1 b4 iv4 #bhg4  ,! int]position 
( ! gods 9 ! mann] ( ,hom] & ,virgil1   
ought to be conf9$ to ludicr\s subjects1
 :i* are mu* enliv5$ by su* int]position
 h&l$ 9 ! =m ( a p>ody2 witness ! cave (
 ,sple51 ,rape ( ! ,lock1 canto #d42 !  
goddess ( ,discord2 ,lutr91 canto #a42 &
 ! goddess ( ,indol5ce1 canto #b4  ,^?  
:o h a tal5t = ridicule1 :i* is seldom  
unit$ ) a ta/e = delicate & ref9$       

beauties1 are quick-sight$ 9            
improprieties2 & ^! !y eag]ly lay hold  
(1 9 ord] to gratify _! fav\rite        
prop5sity4 ,! p]sons gall$ h no o!r     
refuge b to ma9ta91 t ridicule ought n  
to be appli$ to grave subjects4 ,x is   
yield$1 on ! o!r h&1 t subjects really  
grave & important1 are by no means fit =
 ridicule3 b !n x is urg$1 t ridicule is
 ! only prop] te/ = discov]+ :e!r a     
subject be really grave1 or be made s   
artificially by cu/om & fa%ion4 ,?is    
dispute has produc$ a celebrat$ "q1     
,:e!r ridicule be or be n a te/ ( tru?8 
,i give ?is "q a place "h1 because x    
t5ds to illu/rate ! nature ( ridicule4  
,! "q /at$ 9 accurate t]ms is1 ,:e!r !  
s5se ( ridicule be ! prop] te/ =        
di/+ui%+ ridicul\s objects f ^? t are n 
s8 ,to answ] ?is "q ) precision1 ,i mu/ 
premise1 t ridicule is n a subject (    
reason+1 b ( s5se or ta/e#bj4 ,?is be+  
tak5 = grant$1 ,i proce$ ?us4 ,no p]son 
d\bts t our s5se ( beauty is ! true te/ 
( :at is beautiful1 & our s5se ( gr&eur1

 ( :at is great or sublime4 ,is x m     
d\btful :e!r our s5se ( ridicule be !   
true te/ ( :at is ridicul\s8 ,x is n    
only ! true te/1 b inde$ ! only te/4 ,= 
?is is a subject t comes n1 m ?an beauty
 or gr&eur1 "u ! prov9ce ( reason4 ,if  
any subject1 by ! influ5ce ( fa%ion or  
cu/om1 h acquir$ a degree ( v5]ation or 
e/eem to :i* naturally x is n intitl$1  
:at are ! prop] means = wip+ (f !       
artificial col\r+1 & display+ ! subject 
9 its true light8 ,reason+1 z obs]v$1 _c
 be appli$4 ,& !re=e ! only means is to 
judge by ta/e4 ,! te/ ( ridicule :i*    
sep>ates x f its artificial connections1
 exposes x nak$ ) all its native        
improprieties4  ,b x is urg$1 t ! grave/
 & mo/ s]i\s matt]s may be set 9 a      
ridicul\s light4 ,h>dly s2 = :]e an     
object is nei!r risible nor improp]1 x  
lies n op5 9 any qu>t] to an attack f   
ridicule4 ,b suppos+ ! fact1 ,i =esee n 
any h>mful consequ5ce4 ,by ! same sort (
 reason+1 a tal5t = wit ought to be     
condemn$1 because x may be employ$ to   

burlesque a great or l(ty subject4 ,su* 
irregul> use made ( a tal5t = wit or    
ridicule1 _c long impose ^u mank9d4 ,x  
_c /& ! te/ ( correct & delicate ta/e2 &
 tru? w at la/ prevail ev5 ) ! vulg>4   
,to condemn a tal5t = ridicule because x
 may be p]v]t$ to wrong purposes1 is n a
 little ridicul\s4 ,c\ld "o =be> to     
smile1 if a tal5t = reason+ 7 condemn$  
because x also may be p]v]t$8 ,& yet !  
conclusion 9 ! latt] case1 w\ld be n    
less j ?an 9 ! =m]2 p]haps m j1 = no    
tal5t is s (t5 p]v]t$ z t ( reason4  ,we
 _h be/ leave ,nature to h] own         
op]ations4 ,! mo/ valuable tal5ts may be
 abus$1 & s may t ( ridicule4 ,let u br+
 x "u prop] culture if we c1 )\t        
endeav\r+ to pull x up by ! root4 ,7 we 
de/itute ( ?is te/ ( tru?1 ,i "k n :at  
might be ! consequ5ces3 ,i see n :at    
rule w\ld be left u to prev5t spl5did   
trifles pass+ = matt]s ( importance1 %[ 
& =m = sub/ance1 & sup]/ition or        
en?usiasm = pure religion4     ,,*ap4   
,,xiii4  ,,wit4   ,wit is a quality (   

c]ta9 ?\ghts & expressions4 ,! t]m is   
nev] appli$ to an action or a passion1 &
 z little to an ext]nal object4  ,h[ev] 
difficult x may be 9 e p>ticul> in/ance 
to di/+ui% a witty ?\ght or expression f
 "o t is n s1 yet 9 g5]al x may be laid 
d[n1 t ! t]m wit is appropriat$ to su*  
?\ghts & expressions z are ludicr\s1 &  
also occasion "s degree ( surprise by _!
 s+ul>ity4 ,wit also 9 a figurative s5se
 expresses t tal5t :i* "s m5 h ( inv5t+ 
ludicr\s ?\ghts or expressions4 ,we say 
commonly1 a witty man1 or a man ( wit4  
,wit 9 its prop] s5se1 z sugge/$ above1 
is di/+ui%able into two k9ds2 wit 9 !   
?\ght1 & wit 9 ! words or expression4   
,aga91 wit 9 ! ?\ght is ( two k9ds2     
ludicr\s images1 & ludicr\s comb9ations 
( ?+s t h little or no natural relation4
  ,ludicr\s images t occasion surprise  
by _! s+ul>ity1 z hav+ little or no     
f\ndation 9 nature1 are fabricat$ by !  
imag9ation4 ,& ! imag9ation is well     
qualifi$ = ! (fice2 be+ ( all our       
faculties ! mo/ active1 & ! lea/ "u     

re/ra9t4 ,take ! foll[+ example4        
,%ylock4 ,y knew 7none s well1 none s   
well z y7 ( my      daught]'s flight4   
,sal9o4 ,t's c]ta92 ,i1 = my "p1 knew ! 
tailor t made      ! w+s %e flew )al4   
,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 act #c4 sc4 #a4    ,! 
image "h is und\bt$ly witty4 ,x is      
ludicr\s3 & x mu/ occasion surprise2 =  
hav+ no natural f\ndation1 x is altoge!r
 unexpect$4  ,! o!r bran* ( wit 9 !     
?\ght1 is t only :i* is tak5 notice ( by
 ,addison1 foll[+ ,locke1 :o def9es x   
8to lie 9 ! assemblage ( ideas2 & putt+ 
^? toge!r ) quickness & v>iety1 :]e9 c  
be f\nd any resemblance or congruity1   
!reby to make up pleasant pictures &    
agreeable visions 9 ! fancy#ba40 ,x may 
be def9$ m curtly1 & p]haps m           
accurately1 8,a junction ( ?+s by di/ant
 & fanciful relations1 :i* surprise     
because !y are unexpect$#bb40 ,! foll[+ 
is a prop] example4      ,we grant      
al?\gh he _h mu* wit1     ,h' 0 v %ie ( 
us+ x1     ,z be+ lo? to we> x out2     
,& !re=e bore x n ab\t1     ,unless on  

holidays1 or s1     ,z m5 _! be/ app>el 
d4          ,hudibras1 canto #a4  ,wit  
is ( all ! mo/ elegant recreation4 ,!   
image ent]s ! m9d ) gaiety1 & gives a   
sudd5 fla% :i* is extremely pleasant4   
,wit !reby g5tly elevates )\t /ra9+1    
raises mir? )\t dissolut5ess1 & relaxes 
:ile x ent]ta9s4  ,wit 9 ! expression1  
commonly call$ a play ( words1 be+ a    
ba/>d sort ( wit1 is res]v$ = ! la/     
place4 ,i proce$ to examples ( wit 9 !  
?\ght4 ,& fir/ ( ludicr\s images4       
,fal/aff1 speak+ ( 8 tak+ ,sir ,john    
,colevile ( ! ,dale3       ,"h he is1 & 
"h ,i yield him2 & ,i besee* y\r ,grace1
 let x      be book'd ) ! re/ ( ?is     
day's de$s2 or1 by ! ,"l1 ,i      w h x 
9 a p>ticul> ballad else1 ) m9e own     
picture on      ! top ( x1 ,colevile    
kiss+ my foot3 to ! :i* c\rse if ,i     
be in=c'd1 if y d n all %ew l gilt      
twop5ces to me2 &      ,i1 9 ! cle> sky 
( fame1 o'er-%9e y z mu* z ! full       
moon do? ! c9d]s ( ! elem5t1 :i* %ew l  
p9s' heads      to h]2 believe n ! ^w ( 

! ,noble4 ,!re=e let me h      "r1 & let
 des]t m\nt4                            
,second "p1 ,h5ry ,,iv4 act #d4 sc4 #f4 
,i knew1 :5 sev5 ju/ices c\ld n take up 
a qu>rel1 b :5      ! p>ties 7 met      
!mselves1 "o ( !m ?\ght b ( an      if2 
z1 if y said s1 !n ,i said s2 & !y %ook 
h&s1 &      swore bro!rs4 ,y\r if is !  
only peacemak]2 mu* virtue is 9      if4
                       ,%akespe>4       
,= !re is n ?r\gh all nature1 ano!r s   
call\s &      ins5sible a memb] z ! _w's
 po/]iors1 :e!r y apply to      x ! toe 
or ! bir*4                              
,preface to a ,tale ( a tub4         ,! 
w> ha? introduc$ abundance (            
polysyllables1 :i* w      nev] be able  
to live _m m campaigns4 ,speculations1  
op]ations1 prelim9>ies1 ambassadors1    
palisadoes1 communication1              
circumvallation1 battalions1 z num]\s z 
!y are1 if !y      attack u too         
frequ5tly 9 our c(feeh\ses1 we %all     
c]ta9ly      put !m to flight1 & cut (f 
! re>4                       ,tatl]1 ,n 

#bcj4         ,speak+ ( ,discord1 8,%e  
nev] w5t abroad1 b %e br\ght home       
su* a bundle ( mon/r\s lies1 z w\ld h   
amaz$ any mortal1      b su* z knew h]2 
( a :ale t _h swall[$ a fleet (         
%ips2 ( ! lions be+ let out ( ! t[] to  
de/roy !      ,prote/ant religion2 ( !  
,pope's be+ se5 9 a br&y-%op at         
,wapp+10 c4                             
,hi/ory ( ,john ,bull1 "p4 #a4 *4 #af4  
,! o!r bran* ( wit 9 ! ?\ght1 viz4      
ludicr\s comb9ations & oppositions1 may 
be trac$ ?r\gh v>i\s ramifications4 ,&1 
fir/1 fanciful causes assign$ t h no    
natural relation to ! effects produc$4  
,lanca/]4 ,f>e y well1 ,fal/aff2 ,i1 9  
my condition1 ,%all      bett] speak ( y
 ?an y des]ve4 ,exit4       ,fal/aff4 ,i
 w\ld y _h b ! wit2 'tw]e bett] ?an y\r 
duk$om4 ,good fai?1 ?is same "y         
sob]-blood$ boy do? n      love me2 nor 
a man _c make him laugh2 b t's no m>vel1
 he      dr9ks no w9e4 ,!re's nev] any (
 ^! demure boys come to any      pro(2 =
 ?9 dr9k do? s ov]-cool _! blood1 & mak+

      _m fi%-meals1 t !y fall into a k9d
 ( male gre5-sickness2      & !n1 :5 !y 
m>ry1 !y get w5*es4 ,!y are g5]ally     
fools & c[>ds2 :i* "s ( u %\ld be too1 b
 =      inflammation4 ,a good %]ris-sack
 ha? a tw(old op]ation 9 x2      x      
asc5ds me into ! bra92 dries me !re all 
! fooli%1 dull1      & crudy vap\rs :i* 
environ x2 makes x appreh5sive1 quick1  
=getive1 full ( nimble1 fi]y1 &         
delectable %apes2 :i*      deliv]'d o'er
 to ! voice1 ! tongue1 :i* is ! bir?1   
becomes excell5t wit4 ,! second prop]ty 
( y\r excell5t      %]ris1 is1 ! w>m+ ( 
! blood2 :i* be=e cold &      settl$    
left ! liv] :ite & pale2 :i* is ! badge 
(      pusillanimity & c[>dice3 b !     
%]ris w>ms x1 & makes      x c\rse f !  
inw>ds1 to ! p>ts extreme2 x illum9ate? 
! face1 :i*1 z a beacon1 gives w>n+ to  
all ! re/ ( ?is      little k+dom1 man1 
to arm2 & !n ! vital common]s &         
inl& petty spirits mu/] me all to _!    
capta91 ! he>t2      :o1 great1 & puff'd
 up ) ?is ret9ue1 do? any de$ (         

c\rage3 & ?is val\r comes ( %]ris4 ,s t 
skill 9 !      weapon is no?+ )\t sack1 
= t sets x a-"w2 &      le>n+ a m]e ho>d
 ( gold kept by a devil1 till sack      
comm5ces      x1 & sets x 9 act & use4  
,h]e( comes x1 t ,pr9ce ,h>ry      is   
valiant2 = ! cold blood he did naturally
 inh]it ( 8      fa!r1 he ha?1 l lean1  
/]il1 & b>e l&1 manur$1      husb&$1 &  
till'd1 ) excell5t endeav\r ( dr9k+ good
      & good /ore ( f]til %]ris1 t he is
 become v hot &      valiant4 ,if ,i _h 
a ?\s& sons1 ! fir/ human pr9ciple ,i   
w\ld tea* !m1 %\ld be to =swe> ?9       
potations1 & to      addict !mselves to 
sack4                       ,second "p (
 ,h5ry ,,iv4 act4 #d4 sc4 #g4           
,! tr5*ant blade1 tol$o tru/y1     ,=   
want ( fight+ 0 gr[n ru/y1     ,& ate   
into itself1 = lack     ,( "s body to   
hew & hack4     ,! peaceful scabb>d :]e 
x dwelt1     ,! rancor ( its edge _h    
felt3     ,= ( ! l[] end two h&ful1     
,x _h dev\r$1 'twas s manful2     ,& s  
mu* scorn'd to lurk 9 case1     ,z if x 

dur/ n %ew its face4          ,hudibras1
 canto #a4  ,speak+ ( physicians1       
,le bon de cette pr(ession e/1 qu'il y a
 p>mi les morts une      honntet1 une   
discretion la plus gr&e du monde2 jamais
 on n'en      voit se pla9dre du mdic9  
qui l'a tu4                       ,le   
m$ic9 malgr lui4        ,admirez les    
bontez1 admirez les t5dresses1     ,de  
ces vieux esclaves du sort4     ,ils ne 
sont jamais las d'aqurir des ri*esses1  
,p\r ceux qui s\hait5t leur mort4       
,bel9da4 ,l>d1 he has s pe/]'d me )     
flames & /uff--,i      ?9k ,i %an't     
endure ! sight ( a fire ?is twelvemon?4 
,old ,ba*elor1 act #b4 sc4 #h4    ,to   
acc\nt = effects by su* fanta/ical      
causes1 be+ highly ludicr\s1 is q       
improp] 9 any s]i\s composition4 ,!re=e 
! foll[+ passage f ,c[ley1 9 8 poem on !
 dea? ( ,sir ,h5ry ,wooton1 is 9 a bad  
ta/e4      ,he did ! utmo/ b\nds ( ,k   
f9d1     ,he f\nd !m n s l>ge z 0 8 m9d4
     ,b1 l ! brave ,pellan y\?1 did     
moan1     ,because t ,art _h no m worlds

 ?an "o4     ,& :5 he saw t he ?r\gh all
 _h pa/1     ,he dy'd1 le/ he %\ld idle 
gr[ at la/4  ,fanciful reason+1         
,fal/aff4 ,imb[ell'd6---- if ?\ imb[el  
me to-day1 ,i'll give      y leave to   
p[d] me1 & eat me to-morr[6 ',sblood1   
'twas "t      to c\nt]feit1 or t hot    
t]magant ,scot _h paid me scot & lot    
too4 ,c\nt]feit8 ,i lie1 ,i am no       
c\nt]feit2 to die is to be a            
c\nt]feit2 = he is b ! c\nt]feit ( a    
man1 :o ha? n      ! life ( a man3 b to 
c\nt]feit dy+1 :5 a man !reby           
live?1 is to be no c\nt]feit1 b ! true &
 p]fect image (      life1 inde$4       
,fir/ ,"p ,h5ry ,,iv4 act #a4 sc4 #aj4  
,cl[n4 ,& ! m pity t great folk %\ld h  
c\nt5ance      9 ?is _w to dr[n or hang 
!mselves1 m ?an _! ev5      ,*ri/ian4   
,hamlet1 ,act #e4 sc4 #a4         ,p$ro4
 ,w y h me1 ,lady8       ,beatrice4 ,no1
 my ,"l1 unless ,i might h ano!r = work+
      days4 ,y\r ,grace is too co/ly to 
we> e day4                       ,mu*   
ado ab\t no?+1 act #b4 sc4 #e4          

,jessica4 ,i %all be sav$ by my husb&2  
he ha? made me a      ,*ri/ian4         
,launcelot4 ,truly ! m to blame he2 we 7
 ,*ri/ians en\gh      be=e1 e'en z _m z 
c\ld well live by "o ano!r3 ?is mak+    
( ,*ri/ians w raise ! price ( hogs2 if  
we gr[ all to be      pork-eat]s1 we    
%all n h a ra%] on ! coals = money4     
,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 act #c4 sc4 #f4       
,9 we/]n clime !re is a t[n1     ,to ^? 
t dwell !re9 well kn[n2     ,!re=e !re  
ne$s no m be said "h1     ,we unto !m   
ref] our read]3     ,= brevity is v     
good1     ,:5 w' are1 or are n und]/ood4
      ,hudibras1 canto #a4     ,b       
,hudibras gave him a twit*1     ,z quick
 z lightn+1 9 ! bree*1     ,j 9 ! place 
:]e hon\r's lodg'd1     ,z wise         
philosoph]s h judg'd2     ,because a    
kick 9 t "p1 m     ,hurts hon\r1 ?an    
deep w\nds be=e4          ,ibid4 canto  
#c4  ,ludicr\s junction ( small ?+s )   
great1 z ( equal importance4      ,?is  
day black om5s ?reat ! brighte/ fair    
,t e'er des]v'd a wat*ful _s's c>e2     

,"s dire disa/]1 or by =ce1 or flight2  
,b :at1 or :]e1 ! fates h wrapt 9 night3
     ,:e!r ! nymph %all break ,diana's  
law2     ,or "s frail *9a j> receive a  
flaw2     ,or /a9 h] hon\r1 or h] new   
brocade2     ,=get h] pray'rs1 or miss a
 masqu]ade2     ,or lose h] he>t1 or    
necklace1 at a ball2     ,or :e!r       
,heav'n has doom'd t ,%ock mu/ fall4    
,rape ( ! ,lock1 canto ii4 #aja4        
,"o speaks ! glory ( ! ,briti% ,que51   
,& "o describes a *>m+ ,indian scre54   
,ibid4 canto iii4 #ac4     ,!n fla%'d ! 
liv+ lightn+ f h] eyes1     ,& screams (
 horror r5d ?' affright$ skies4     ,n  
l\d] %rieks to pity+ heav'n are ca/1    
,:5 husb&s1 or :5 lapdogs brea! _! la/2 
,or :5 ri* *9a vessels fall'n f high1   
,9 glitt'r+ du/1 & pa9t$ fragm5ts lie6  
,ibid4 canto iii4 #aee4      ,n y\?ful  
k+s 9 battle seiz'd alive1     ,n       
scornful virg9s :o _! *>ms survive1     
,n ard5t lov]s robb'd ( all _! bliss1   
,n anci5t ladies :5 refus'd a kiss1     
,n tyrants fi]ce t unrep5t+ die1     ,n 

,cyn?ia :5 h] manteau's p9n'd awry1     
,e'er felt su* rage1 res5tm5t1 &        
despair1     ,z ?\1 sad virg96 = ?y     
ravi%'d hair4          ,ibid4 canto iv4 
#c4  ,jo9+ ?+s t 9 appe>ance are        
opposite4 ,z = example1 :]e ,sir ,rog]  
de ,cov]ley1 9 ! ,spectator1 speak+ ( 8 
wid[1 8,t he w\ld h giv5 h] a coal-pit  
to h kept h] 9 clean l952 & t h] f+]    
%\ld h sp>kl$ ) "o hundr$ ( 8 ri*e/     
acres40  ,premisses t promise mu* & p]=m
 no?+4 ,cic]o ^u ?is article says1 8,s$ 
scitis esse notissimum ridiculi g5us1   
cum aliud expectamus1 aliud dicitur3 hic
 nobismetipsis no/] error risum         
movet#bc40       ,beatrice4---- ,) a    
good leg & a good foot1 uncle1 & money  
en\gh 9 8 purse1 su* a man w\ld w9 any  
woman 9 ! _w1      if he c\ld get h]    
good-w4                       ,mu* ado  
ab\t no?+1 act #b4 sc4 #a4              
,beatrice4 ,i h a good eye1 uncle1 ,i c 
see a *ur* by      day-light4           
ibid4        ,le m$ec9 que l'on         
m'indique     ,sait le ,lat91 le ,grec1 

l',hebreu1     ,les belles lettres1 la  
physique1     ,la *imie et la botanique4
     ,*acun lui donne son aveu3     ,il 
auroit aussi ma pratique2     ,mais je  
veux vivre encore un peu4  ,aga91       
,v+t fois le j\r le bon ,grgoire     ,a 
so9 de f]m] son armoire4     ,de quoi   
p5sez v\s qu'il a peur8     ,belle      
dem&e6 ,qu'un voleur     ,tr\vant une   
facile proie1     ,ne lui ravisse t\t   
son bi54     ,non2 ,gregoire a peur     
qu'on ne voie     ,que dan son armoire  
il n'a ri54  ,aga91      ,l'a?smatique  
,damon a cru que l'air des *amps        
,rep>]oit en lui le ravage des ans1     
,il s'e/ fait1 a gr&s fraix1 transport] 
en ,bretagne4     ,or voiez ce qu'a fait
 l'air natal qu'il a pris6     ,damon   
s]oit mort  ,p>is3     ,damon e/ mort   
la campagne4  ,hav+ discuss$ wit 9 !    
?\ght1 we proce$ to :at is v]bal only1  
commonly call$ a play ( words4 ,?is sort
 ( wit dep5ds = ! mo/ "p ^u *us+ words t
 h diff]5t significations4 ,by ?is      
artifice1 hocus-pocus tricks are play$ 9

 language2 & ?\ghts pla9 & simple take  
on a v diff]5t appe>ance4 ,play is      
necess>y = man1 9 ord] to refre% him    
aft] lab\r2 & accord+ly man loves play4 
,he ev5 reli%e? a play ( words2 & x is  
happy = u1 t words c be employ$1 n only 
= useful purposes1 b also = our         
amusem5t4 ,?is amusem5t accord+ly1 ?\gh 
humble & l[1 is reli%$ by "s at all     
times1 & by all at "s times1 9 ord] to  
unb5d ! m9d4  ,x is rem>kable1 t ?is l[ 
species ( wit1 has1 at "o "t or o!r1    
made a figure 9 mo/ civiliz$ nations1 & 
has gradually gone into disrepute4 ,s   
soon z a language is =m$ into a sy/em1 &
 ! mean+ ( words are asc]ta9$ ) tol]able
 accuracy1 opportunity is af=d$ =       
expressions1 :i*1 by ! d\ble mean+ ( "s 
words1 give a famili> ?\ght ! appe>ance 
( be+ new4 ,& ! p5etration ( ! read] or 
he>]1 is gratifi$ 9 detect+ ! true s5se 
disguis$ "u ! d\ble mean+4 ,t ?is sort (
 wit 0 9 ,engl& deem$ a reputable       
amusem5t1 dur+ ! reigns ( ,elisabe? &   
,james ,i4 is v\*$ by ! works (         

,%akespe>1 & ev5 by ! writ+s ( grave    
div9es4 ,b x _c h any long endurance3 = 
z language rip5s1 & ! mean+ ( words is m
 & m asc]ta9$1 words held to be         
synonym\s dim9i% daily2 & :5 ^? t rema9 
h be5 m ?an once employ$1 ! pleasure    
vani%e? ) ! novelty4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,i proce$  
to examples1 :i*1 z 9 ! =m] case1 %all  
be di/ribut$ into diff]5t classes4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,a seem+ resemblance f ! d\ble mean+ ( a
 ^w4      ,b5ea? ?is /one my wife do?   
lie3     ,%e's n[ at re/1 & s am ,i4  ,a
 seem+ contra/ f ! same cause1 t]m$ a   
v]bal anti!sis1 :i* ha? no despicable   
effect 9 ludicr\s subjects4      ,:il/  
,iris 8 cosmetic wa% w\ld try     ,to   
make h] bloom revive1 & lov]s die4      
,"s ask = *>ms1 & o!rs philt]s *use1    
,to ga9 ,cor9na1 & _! qu>tans lose1     
,disp5s>y1 canto #b4      ,& h[ frail   
nymphs1 (t by abortion1 aim     ,to lose
 a sub/ance1 to pres]ve a "n4           
,ibid4 canto #c4  ,o!r seem+ connections

 f ! same cause4      ,w y employ y\r   
conqu'r+ sword1     ,to break a fiddle &
 y\r ^w4          ,hudibras1 canto #b4  
,to :om ! knight ) comely grace     ,put
 (f 8 hat to put 8 case4                
,hudibras1 ,"p #c4 canto #c4      ,"h   
,brita9's /atesm5 (t ! fall =$oom     ,(
 =eign tyrants1 & ( nymphs at home2     
,"h ?\1 great ,anna6 :om ?ree realms    
obey1     ,does sometimes c\nsel take--&
 sometimes tea4          ,rape ( !      
,lock1 canto #c4 l4 #e4      ,o'er _!   
quietus :]e fat judges dose1     ,& lull
 _! c\gh & consci5ce to repose4         
,disp5s>y1 canto #a4       ,speak+ (    
,pr9ce ,eug5e4 8,?is ,g5]al is a great  
tak] ( snuff      z well z ( t[ns40     
,pope1 ,key to ! ,lock4        ,exul    
m5tisque domusque4                      
,metamorphoses1 lib4 ix4 #dji4  ,a seem+
 inconsi/5cy f ! same cause4      ,hic  
quiescit qui nunquam quievit4  ,aga91   
,quel ge a cette ,iris1 dont on fait    
tant de bruit8     ,me dem&oit ,cliton  
n'agu]e4     ,il faut1 dis-je1 v\s      

satisfaire1     ,elle a v+t ans le j\r1 
et c9quante ans la nuit4  ,aga91      ,s
 l ! *ances are ( love & w>1     ,t !y  
alone 9 ?is di/+ui%'d are2     ,9 love !
 victors f ! vangui%'d fly1     ,!y fly 
t w\nd1 & !y pursue t die4              
,wall]4      ,:at new-f\nd wit*craft 0 9
 !e1     ,) ?9e own cold to k9dle me8   
,/range art2 l him t %\ld devise     ,to
 make a burn+-glass ( ice4              
,c[ley4  ,wit ( ?is k9d is unsuitable 9 
a s]i\s poem2 witness ! foll[+ l9e 9    
,pope's ,elegy to ! memory ( an         
un=tunate lady3      ,cold is t brea/   
:i* w>m'd ! _w be=e4  ,?is sort ( writ+ 
is f9ely burlesqu$ by ,swift3      ,h]  
h&s1 ! s(te/ ev] felt1     ,?\gh cold   
w\ld burn1 ?\gh dry w\ld melt4          
,/rephon & ,*loe4  ,tak+ a ^w 9 a       
diff]5t s5se f :at is meant1 comes "u   
wit1 because x occasions "s slight      
degree ( surprise4       ,beatrice4 ,i  
may sit 9 a corn]1 & cry ,heigh ho6 = a 
husb&4       ,p$ro4 ,lady ,beatrice1 ,i 
w get y "o4       ,beatrice4 ,i w\ld r h

 "o ( y\r fa!r's gett+3 ha?      y\r    
,grace ne'er a bro!r l y8 ,y\r fa!r got 
excell5t      husb&s1 if a maid c\ld    
come by !m4                       ,mu*  
ado ab\t no?+1 act #b4 sc4 #e4          
,fal/aff4 ,my hone/ lads1 ,i w tell y   
:at ,i am ab\t4       ,pi/ol4 ,two y>ds 
& m4       ,fal/aff4 ,no quips n[1      
,pi/ol3 inde$1 ,i am 9 ! wa/e two       
y>ds ab\t2 b ,i am n[ ab\t no wa/e2 ,i  
am ab\t ?rift4                          
,m]ry wives ( ,w9dsor1 act #a4 sc4 #g4  
,lo4 ,s&s4---- ,by y\r leave1 sweet     
ladies1 ,if ,i *ance to talk a          
little wild1 =give me3 ,i _h x f my     
fa!r4       ,anne ,bull54 ,0 he mad1    
,sir8       ,s&s4 ,o1 v mad1 exce$+ mad1
 9 love too2 ,b he w\ld bite            
none----                       ,k4 ,h5ry
 ,,viii4    ,an ass]tion t be>s a d\ble 
mean+1 "o "r1 "o wrong2 b s connect$ )  
o!r matt]s z to direct u to ! wrong     
mean+4 ,?is species ( ba/>d wit is      
di/+ui%$ f all o!rs by ! "n pun4 ,=     
example1      ,p>is4---- ,sweet ,hel51  

,i mu/ woo y1     ,to help un>m our     
,hector3 8 /ubborn buckles1     ,) ^!   
y\r :ite in*ant+ f+]s t\*'d1     ,%all m
 obey1 ?an to ! edge ( /eel1     ,or =ce
 ( ,greeki% s9ews3 y %all d m     ,?an  
all ! isl& k+s1 dis>m great ,hector4    
,troilus & ,cressida1 act #c4 sc4 #b4   
,! pun is 9 ! close4 ,! ^w dis>m has a  
d\ble mean+4 ,x signifies to take (f a  
man's arm\r1 & also to subdue him 9     
fight4 ,we are direct$ to ! latt] s5se  
by ! context4 ,b ) reg>d to ,hel5 ! ^w  
holds only true 9 ! =m] s5se4 ,i g on ) 
o!r examples4      ,esse nihil dicis    
quicquid petis1 improbe ,c9na3     ,si  
nil1 ,c9na1 petis1 nil tibi1 ,c9na1     
nego4          ,m>tial1 l4 #c4 epigr4   
#fa4      ,jocondus gem9um imposuit     
tibi1 ,sequana1 pontem2     ,hunc tu    
jure potes dic]e pontificem4            
,sanaz>ius4                 ,n4 ,b4     
,jocondus 0 a monk4       ,*ief ,ju/ice4
 ,well6 ! tru? is1 ,sir ,john1 y live 9 
great      infamy4       ,fal/aff4 ,he t
 buckles him 9 my belt1 _c live 9 less4 

,*ief ,ju/ice4 ,y\r means are v sl5d]1 &
 y\r wa/e is      great4       ,fal/aff4
 ,i w\ld x 7 o!rwise3 ,i w\ld my means 7
      great]1 & my wa/e sl5d]]4         
,second "p1 ,h5ry ,,iv4 act4 #a sc4 #e4 
,celia4 ,i pray y be> ) me1 ,i c g no   
fur!r4       ,cl[n4 ,= my "p1 ,i _h r   
be> ) y ?an be> y3 yet      ,i %\ld be> 
no cross if ,i did be> y2 = ,i ?9k y h  
no      money 9 y\r purse4              
,z y l x1 act #b4 sc4 #d4        ,he t  
imposes an oa? makes x1     ,n he t =   
conv5i5ce takes x2     ,!n h[ c any man 
be said1     ,to break an oa? he nev]   
made8          ,hudibras1 "p #b4 canto  
#b4  ,! sev5? satire ( ! fir/ book (    
,horace1 is purposely contriv$ to       
introduce at ! close a mo/ execrable    
pun4 ,talk+ ( "s infam\s wret* ^: "n 0  
,rex ,rupilius4      ,p]sius exclamat1  
,p] magnos1 ,brute1 deos te     ,oro1   
qui reges consu]is toll]e1 cur non      
,hunc regem jugulas8 ,op]um hoc1 mihi   
cr$e1 tuorum e/4  ,?\gh play+ ) words is
 a m>k ( a m9d at ease1 & dispos$ = any 

sort ( amusem5t1 we mu/ n !nce conclude 
t play+ ) words is always ludicr\s4     
,words are s intimately connect$ )      
?\ght1 t if ! subject be really grave1 x
 w n appe> ludicr\s ev5 9 ?is fanta/ic  
dress4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 f> f recomm5d+ x 9 
any s]i\s p]=mance4 ,on ! contr>y1 !    
discordance betwixt ! ?\ght & expression
 mu/ be disagreeable2 witness ! foll[+  
specim54       ,he ha? ab&on$ 8         
physicians1 ,madam1 "u ^: practices he  
ha? p]secut$ "t ) hope3 & f9ds no o!r   
advantage 9 !      process1 b only !    
los+ ( hope by "t4                      
,all's well t ends well1 act #a4 sc4 #a4
        ,k4 ,h5ry4 ,o my poor k+dom1    
sick ) civil bl[s6     ,:5 t my c>e c\ld
 n )-hold ?y riots1     ,:at wilt ?\ d  
:5 riot is ?y c>e8          ,second "p1 
,k4 ,h5ry ,,iv4  ,a sm>t rep>tee may be 
consid]$ z a species ( wit4 ,a c]ta9    
petulant ,greek1 object+ to ,ana*>sis t 
he 0 a ,scy?ian3 ,true1 says ,ana*>sis1 
my c\ntry disgraces me1 b y disgrace y\r
 c\ntry4     ,,*ap4 ,,xiv4  ,cu/om &    

,habit4   ,inquir+ into ! nature ( man z
 a s5sitive be+1 & f9d+ him affect$ 9 a 
high degree ) novelty1 w\ld any "o      
conjecture t he is equally affect$ )    
cu/om8 ,yet ^! frequ5tly take place1 n  
only 9 ! same p]son1 b ev5 ) relation to
 ! same subject3 :5 new1 x is in*ant+2  
famili>ity r5d]s x indiff]5t2 & cu/om1  
aft] a long] famili>ity1 makes x aga9   
desirable4 ,human nature1 div]sifi$ ) _m
 & v>i\s spr+s ( action1 is wond]fully1 
&1 indulg+ ! expression1 intricately    
con/ruct$4  ,cu/om ha? su* influ5ce ^u  
_m ( our feel+s1 by w>p+ & v>y+ !m1 t we
 mu/ att5d to its op]ations if we w\ld  
be acqua9t$ ) human nature4 ,?is        
subject1 9 itself obscure1 has be5 mu*  
neglect$2 & to give a complete analysis 
( x w be no easy task4 ,i pret5d only to
 t\* x cursorily2 hop+1 h[ev]1 t :at is 
"h laid d[n1 w dispose m dilig5t        
inquir]s to attempt fur!r discov]ies4   
,cu/om respects ! action1 habit ! actor4
 ,by cu/om we mean1 a frequ5t reit]ation
 ( ! same act2 & by habit1 ! effect t   

cu/om has on ! m9d or body4 ,?is effect 
may be ei!r active1 witness ! dext]ity  
produc$ by cu/om 9 p]=m+ c]ta9 ex]cises2
 or passive1 z :51 by cu/om1 a peculi>  
connection is =m$ betwixt a man & "s    
agreeable object1 :i* acquires !reby a  
great] p[] to raise emotions 9 him ?an x
 ha? naturally4 ,active habits come n "u
 ! pres5t und]tak+2 & !re=e ,i conf9e   
myself to ^? t are passive4  ,?is       
subject is ?orny & intricate4 ,"s       
pleasures are =tifi$ by cu/om2 & yet    
cu/om begets famili>ity1 & consequ5tly  
indiff]5ce#bd4 ,9 _m in/ances1 satiety &
 disgu/ are ! consequ5ces ( reit]ation4 
,aga91 ?\gh cu/om blunts ! edge (       
di/ress & ( pa92 yet ! want ( any ?+ to 
:i* we h long be5 accu/om$1 is a sort ( 
torture4 ,a clue to guide u ?r\gh all ! 
intricacies ( ?is labyr9?1 w\ld be an   
acceptable pres5t4  ,:atev] be ! cause1 
x is an e/abli%$ fact1 t we are mu*     
influ5c$ by cu/om4 ,x ha? an effect ^u  
our pleasures1 ^u our actions1 & ev5 ^u 
our ?\ghts & s5tim5ts4 ,habit makes no  

figure dur+ ! vivacity ( y\?2 9 middle  
age x ga9s gr\nd2 & 9 old age x gov]ns  
)\t control4 ,9 t p]iod ( life1 g5]ally 
speak+1 we eat at a c]ta9 h\r1 take     
ex]cise at a c]ta9 h\r1 g to re/ at a   
c]ta9 h\r1 all by ! direction ( habit4  
,nay a p>ticul> seat1 table1 b$1 comes  
to be ess5tial4 ,& a habit 9 any ( ^!1  
_c be contradict$ )\t uneas9ess4  ,any  
slight or mod]ate pleasure frequ5tly    
reit]at$ = a long "t1 =ms a connection  
betwixt u & ! ?+ t causes ! pleasure4   
,?is connection1 t]m$ habit1 has !      
effect to raise our desire or appetite =
 t ?+ :5 x returns n z usual4 ,dur+ !   
c\rse ( enjoym5t1 ! pleasure gr[s       
ins5sibly /rong] till a habit be        
e/abli%$2 at :i* "t ! pleasure is at its
 height4 ,x cont9ues n h[ev] /ation>y4  
,! same cu/om>y reit]ation :i* c>ri$ x  
to its height1 br+s x d[n aga9 by       
ins5sible degrees1 ev5 l[] ?an x 0 at   
fir/4 ,b ( ?is circum/ance aft]w>d4 ,:at
 at pres5t we h 9 view1 is to prove by  
exp]im5ts1 t ^? ?+s :i* at fir/ are b   

mod]ately agreeable1 are ! apte/ to     
become habitual4 ,spiritu\s liquors1 at 
fir/ sc>ce agreeable1 readily produce an
 habitual appetite2 & cu/om prevails s  
f>1 z ev5 to make u fond ( ?+s orig9ally
 disagreeable1 su* z c(fee1 assa-stida1 
& tobacco4 ,?is is pleasantly illu/rat$ 
by ,congreve3       ,fa9all4 ,= a       
passionate lov]1 me?9ks y are a man     
some:at      too disc]n+ 9 ! fail+s (   
y\r mi/ress4       ,mirabell4 ,& = a    
disc]n+ man1 some:at too passionate a   
lov]2 = ,i l h] ) all h] faults2 nay l  
h] = h]      faults4 ,h] follies are s  
natural1 or s artful1 t !y become       
h]2 & ^? affectations :i* 9 ano!r woman 
w\ld be odi\s1      s]ve b to make h] m 
agreeable4 ,i'll tell !e1 ,fa9all1 %e   
once u'd me ) t insol5ce1 t 9 rev5ge ,i 
took h] to      pieces1 sift$ h]1 &     
sep>at$ h] fail+s2 ,i /udy'd 'em1 &     
got 'em by rote4 ,! catalogue 0 s l>ge1 
t ,i 0 n )\t      hopes1 "o day or o!r1 
to hate h] he>tily3 to :i* end ,i s     
u'd myself to ?9k ( 'em1 t at l5g?1     

contr>y to my design      & expectation1
 !y gave me e h\r less & less           
di/urbance2      till 9 a few days x    
became habitual to me1 to rememb] 'em   
)\t be+ displeas$4 ,!y are n[ gr[n z    
famili> to me z      my own frailties2 &
 9 all probability1 9 a little "t long]1
      ,i %all l 'em z well4             
,! way ( ! _w1 act #a4 sc4 #c4    ,a    
walk ^u ! qu>t]deck1 ?\gh intol]ably    
conf9$1 becomes h[ev] s agreeable by    
cu/om1 t a sailor 9 8 walk on %ore1     
conf9es himself commonly )9 ! same      
b\nds4 ,i knew a man :o _h rel9qui%$ !  
sea = a c\ntry-life4 ,9 ! corn] ( 8 g>d5
 he re>$ an artificial m\nt ) a level   
summit1 resembl+ mo/ accurately a       
qu>t]deck1 n only 9 %ape b 9 size2 & ?is
 0 8 *oice walk4 ,play or gam+1 at fir/ 
b>ely amus+ by ! occupation x af=ds1    
becomes 9 "t extremely agreeable2 & is  
frequ5tly prosecut$ ) avidity1 z if x 7 
! *ief bus9ess ( life4 ,! same          
obs]vation is applicable to ! pleasures 
( ! int]nal s5ses1 ^? ( k & virtue 9    

p>ticul>4 ,*ildr5 h sc>ce any s5se ( ^! 
pleasures2 & m5 v little1 :o are 9 !    
/ate ( nature )\t culture4 ,our ta/e =  
virtue & k improves sl[ly2 b is capable 
( gr[+ /rong] ?an any o!r appetite 9    
human nature4  ,to introduce a habit1   
frequ5cy ( acts is n alone suffici5t3   
l5g? ( "t is also necess>y4 ,! quicke/  
succession ( acts 9 a %ort "t1 is n     
suffici5t2 nor a sl[ succession 9 !     
longe/ "t4 ,! effect mu/ be produc$ by a
 mod]ate s(t action1 & a long s]ies (   
easy t\*es remov$ f ea* o!r by %ort     
int]vals4 ,nor are ^! suffici5t1 )\t    
regul>ity 9 ! "t1 place1 & o!r          
circum/ances ( ! action4 ,! m uni=m any 
op]ation is1 ! soon] x becomes habitual2
 & ?is holds equally 9 a passive habit4 
,v>iety 9 any rem>kable degree1 prev5ts 
! effect4 ,?us any p>ticul> food w sc>ce
 ev] become habitual1 :]e ! mann] (     
dress+ is v>i$4 ,! circum/ances !n      
requisite to augm5t any pleasure & at ! 
long run to =m a habit1 are weak uni=m  
acts1 reit]at$ dur+ a long c\rse ( "t   

)\t any consid]able int]ruption4 ,e     
agreeable cause :i* op]ates 9 ?is mann]1
 w gr[ habitual4  ,affection & av]sion1 
z di/+ui%$ f passion on ! "o h&1 & on ! 
o!r f orig9al disposition1 are 9 reality
 habits respect+ p>ticul> objects1      
acquir$ 9 ! mann] above set =?4 ,!      
pleasure ( social int]c\rse ) any p]son1
 mu/ orig9ally be fa9t1 & frequ5tly     
reit]at$1 9 ord] to e/abli% ! habit (   
affection4 ,affection ?us g5]at$1 :e!r x
 be fri5d%ip or love1 seldom swells into
 any tumultu\s or vigor\s passion2 b is 
h[ev] ! /ronge/ cem5t t c b9d toge!r two
 individuals ( ! human species4 ,9 l    
mann]1 a slight degree ( disgu/ (t5     
reit]at$ ) any degree ( regul>ity1 gr[s 
into ! habit ( av]sion1 :i* g5]ally     
subsi/s = life4  ,^? objects ( ta/e t   
are ! mo/ agreeable1 are s f> f hav+ a  
t5d5cy to become habitual1 t too great  
indulg5ce fails n to produce satiety &  
disgu/4 ,no man contracts a habit ( tak+
 sug>1 honey1 or sweet-meats1 z he do? (
 tobacco3      ,dulcia non f]imus3 succo

 r5ovamur am>o4          ,ovid4 art4    
,am&4 l4 #c4      ,insipido  quel dolce1
 *e condito     ,non  di qual*e am>o1 e 
to/o satia4          ,am9ta di ,tasso4  
,^! viol5t delights h viol5t ends1      
,& 9 _! triumph die4 ,! sweete/ honey   
,is loa?some 9 its own delici\sness1    
,& 9 ! ta/e conf\nds ! appetite2        
,!re=e love mod'rately1 long love do? s3
     ,too swift arrives z t>dy z too    
sl[4          ,romeo & ,juliet1 act #b4 
sc4 #f4  ,! same holds 9 ! causes ( all 
viol5t pleasures3 ^! causes are n       
naturally susceptible ( habit4 ,great   
passions sudd5ly rais$ are incompatible 
) a habit ( any sort4 ,9 p>ticul> !y    
nev] produce affection or av]sion4 ,a   
man :o at fir/ sight falls viol5tly 9   
love1 has a /rong desire ( enjoym5t1 b  
no affection = ! woman#be4 ,a man :o is 
surpris$ ) an unexpect$ sav\r1 burns =  
an opportunity to ex]t 8 gratitude1 )\t 
hav+ any affection = 8 b5efactor4 ,nei!r
 does desire ( v5geance = an atroci\s   
injury involve av]sion4  ,x is p]haps n 

easy to say :y mod]ate pleasures ga!r   
/r5g? by cu/om4 ,b two causes concur to 
prev5t ?is effect 9 ! m int5se          
pleasures4 ,^!1 by an orig9al law 9 our 
nature1 increase quickly to _! full     
gr[?1 & decay ) no less                 
precipitation#bf2 & cu/om is too sl[ 9  
its op]ation to ov]come ?is law4 ,ano!r 
cause is n less p[]ful4 ,! m9d is       
exhau/$ ) pleasure z well z ) pa94      
,exquisite pleasure is extremely        
fatigu+2 occasion+1 z a naturali/ w\ld  
say1 great exp5ce ( animal spirits#bg4  
,& !re=e1 ( su* ! m9d _c be> s frequ5t  
gratification z to sup]9duce a habit4   
,if ! ?+ :i* raises ! pleasure return   
be=e ! m9d h recov]$ its tone & reli%1  
disgu/ ensues in/ead ( pleasure4  ,a    
habit nev] fails to admoni% u ( ! wont$ 
"t ( gratification1 by rais+ a pa9 =    
want ( ! object1 & a desire to h x4 ,!  
pa9 ( want is always fir/ felt2 ! desire
 naturally foll[s2 & ^u pres5t+ !       
object1 bo? vani% in/antane\sly4 ,?us a 
man accu/om$ to tobacco1 feels1 at ! end

 ( ! usual int]val1 a confus$ pa9 (     
want1 :i* 9 its fir/ appe>ance po9ts at 
no?+ 9 p>ticul>1 ?\gh x soon settles ^u 
its accu/om$ object4 ,! same may be     
obs]v$ 9 p]sons addict$ to dr9k+1 :o are
 (t5 9 an uneasy re/less /ate be=e !y   
?9k ( _! bottle4 ,9 pleasures indulg$   
regul>ly & at equal int]vals1 !         
appetite1 rem>kably obsequi\s to cu/om1 
returns regul>ly ) ! usual "t (         
gratification2 & a sight ( ! object 9 ! 
int]im1 has sc>ce any p[] to move x4    
,?is pa9 ( want aris+ f habit1 seems    
directly opposite to t ( satiety4 ,s+ul>
 x mu/ appe>1 t frequ5cy ( gratification
 %\ld produce effects s opposite z are !
 pa9s ( excess & ( want4  ,! appetites t
 respect ! pres]vation & propagation (  
our species1 are att5d$ ) a pa9 ( want  
simil> to t occasion$ by habit4 ,hung] &
 ?ir/ are uneasy s5sations ( want1 :i*  
always prec$e ! desire ( eat+ or dr9k+3 
& a pa9 = want ( c>nal enjoym5t prec$es 
! desire ( a prop] object4 ,! pa9 be+   
?us felt indep5d5t ( an object1 _c be   

cur$ b by gratification4 ,an ord9>y     
passion1 9 :i* desire prec$es ! pa9 (   
want1 is 9 a diff]5t condition4 ,x is   
nev] felt b :ile ! object is 9 view2 &  
!re=e by remov+ ! object out ( ?\ght1 x 
vani%e? ) its desire & pa9 ( want#bh4   
,^! natural appetites above m5tion$1    
diff] f habit 9 ! foll[+ p>ticul>1 ,!y h
 an undet]m9$ direction t[>d all objects
 ( gratification 9 g5]al2 :]eas an      
habitual appetite is direct$ ^u a       
p>ticul> object4 ,! atta*m5t we h by    
habit to a p>ticul> woman1 diff]s widely
 f ! natural passion :i* compreh5ds !   
:ole sex2 & ! habitual reli% = a        
p>ticul> di%1 is f> f be+ ! same ) a    
vague appetite = food4 ,not)/&+ ?is     
diff]5ce1 x is /ill rem>kable1 t nature 
ha? in=c$ ! gratification ( c]ta9       
natural appetites ess5tial to ! species1
 by a pa9 ( ! same sort ) t :i* habit   
produce?4  ,! pa9 ( habit is less "u our
 p[]1 ?an any o!r pa9 = want (          
gratification4 ,hung] & ?ir/ are m      
easily endur$1 especially at fir/1 ?an  

an unusual int]mission ( any habitual   
pleasure4 ,we (t5 he> p]sons decl>+1 !y 
w\ld =ego sleep or food1 r ?an snuff or 
any o!r habitual trifle4 ,we mu/ n h[ev]
 conclude1 t ! gratification ( an       
habitual appetite af=ds ! same delight )
 ! gratification ( "o t is natural4 ,f> 
f x3 ! pa9 ( want only is great]4  ,!   
sl[ & reit]at$ acts t produce a habit1  
/r5g!n ! m9d to enjoy ! habitual        
pleasure 9 great] quantity & m frequ5cy 
?an orig9ally2 & by ?is means a habit ( 
intemp]ate gratification is (t5 =m$4    
,aft] unb\nd$ acts ( intemp]ance1 !     
habitual reli% is soon re/or$1 & ! pa9 =
 want ( enjoym5t returns ) fre% vigor4  
,! causes ( ! pleasant emotions hi!rto 9
 view1 are ei!r an individual1 su* z a  
companion1 a c]ta9 dwell+-place1 c]ta9  
amusem5ts1 c42 or a p>ticul> species1   
su* z c(fee1 mutton1 or any p>ticul>    
food4 ,b habit is n conf9$ to ^!4 ,a    
con/ant tra9 ( trifl+ div]sions1 may =m 
su* a habit 9 ! m9d1 z t x _c be easy a 
mom5t )\t amusem5t4 ,v>iety 9 ! objects 

prev5ts a habit z to any "o 9 p>ticul>2 
b z ! tra9 is uni=m ) respect to        
amusem5t 9 g5]al1 ! habit is =m$        
accord+ly2 & ?is sort ( habit may be    
d5om9at$ a g5]ic habit1 9 opposition to 
! =m]1 :i* may be call$ a specific      
habit4 ,a habit ( a t[n-life1 (         
c\ntry-sports1 ( solitude1 ( read+1 or (
 bus9ess1 :]e suffici5tly v>i$1 are     
in/ances ( g5]ic habits4 ,x ought to be 
rem>k$1 t e specific habit ha? a mixture
 ( ! g5]ic4 ,! habit ( "o p>ticul> sort 
( food1 makes ! ta/e agreeable2 & we are
 fond ( ?is ta/e :]e-ev] f\nd4 ,a man   
depriv$ ( an habitual object1 takes up )
 :at mo/ resembles x3 depriv$ ( tobacco1
 any bitt] h]b w d1 r ?an want4 ,! habit
 ( dr9k+ pun*1 makes w9e a good res\rce4
 ,a man accu/om$ to ! sweet society &   
com=ts ( matrimony1 be+ unhappily       
depriv$ ( 8 belov$ object1 incl9es !    
soon] to a second *oice4 ,9 g5]al1 !    
quality :i* ! mo/ affects u 9 an        
habitual object1 produce?1 :5 we are    
depriv$ ( x1 a /rong appetite = t       

quality 9 any o!r object4  ,! reasons   
are assign$ above1 :y ! causes ( int5se 
pleasure become n readily habitual4 ,b  
n[ ,i mu/ obs]ve1 t ^! reasons conclude 
only aga9/ specific habits4 ,) reg>d to 
any p>ticul> object t is ! cause ( a    
weak pleasure1 a habit is =m$ by        
frequ5cy & uni=mity ( reit]ation1 :i* 9 
! case ( an int5se pleasure _c obta9 )\t
 satiety & disgu/4 ,b x is rem>kable1 t 
satiety & disgu/ h no effect1 except z  
to t ?+ :i* occasions !m4 ,a surfeit (  
honey produce? n a loa?+ ( sug>2 &      
intemp]ance ) "o woman1 produce? no     
disreli% ( ! same pleasure ) o!rs4 ,h5ce
 x is easy to acc\nt = a g5]ic habit 9  
any /rong pleasure4 ,! disgu/ (         
intemp]ance1 is conf9$ to ! object by   
:i* x is produc$4 ,! delight we _h 9 !  
gratification ( ! appetite1 inflames !  
imag9ation1 & makes u1 ) avidity1 se>* =
 ! same gratification 9 :atev] o!r      
object x c be f\nd4 ,& ?us frequ5cy &   
uni=mity 9 gratify+ ! same passion ^u   
diff]5t objects1 produce? at ! longrun a

 habit4 ,9 ?is mann]1 a man acquires an 
habitual delight 9 high & poignant      
sauces1 ri* dress1 f9e equipage1 cr[ds (
 company1 & 9 :atev] is commonly t]m$   
pleasure4 ,!re concurs at ! same "t to  
introduce ?is habit1 a peculi>ity obs]v$
 above1 t reit]ation ( acts enl>ges !   
capacity ( ! m9d1 to admit a m pl5tiful 
gratification ?an orig9ally1 ) reg>d to 
frequ5cy z well z quantity4  ,h5ce x    
appe>s1 t ?\gh a specific habit c only  
take place 9 ! case ( a mod]ate         
pleasure1 yet t a g5]ic habit may be =m$
 ) respect to e sort ( pleasure1 mod]ate
 or immod]ate1 t c be gratifi$ by a     
v>iety ( objects indiff]5tly4 ,! only   
diff]5ce is1 t any p>ticul> object :i*  
causes a weak pleasure1 runs naturally  
into a specific habit2 :]eas a p>ticul> 
object t causes an int5se pleasure1 is  
altoge!r incapable ( su* a habit4 ,9 a  
^w1 x is b 9 s+ul> cases t a mod]ate    
pleasure produces a g5]ic habit3 an     
int5se pleasure1 on ! o!r h&1 _c produce
 any o!r habit4  ,! appetites t respect 

! pres]vation & propagation ( ! species1
 are =m$ into habit 9 a peculi> mann]4  
,! "t z well z measure ( _!             
gratification1 are mu* "u ! p[] ( cu/om2
 :i*1 by introduc+ a *ange ^u ! body1   
occasions a proportional *ange 9 !      
appetites4 ,?us1 if ! body be gradually 
=m$ to a c]ta9 quantity ( food at regul>
 times1 ! appetite is regulat$          
accord+ly2 & ! appetite is aga9 *ang$ :5
 a diff]5t habit ( body is introduc$ by 
a diff]5t practice4 ,"h x w\ld seem1 t !
 *ange is n made ^u ! m9d1 :i* is       
commonly ! case 9 passive habits1 b only
 ^u ! body4  ,:5 ri* food is br\ght d[n 
by +r$i5ts ( a pla9] ta/e1 ! composition
 is susceptible ( a specific habit4 ,?us
 ! sweet ta/e ( sug>1 r5d]$ less        
poignant 9 a mixture1 may1 9 c\rse ( "t1
 produce a specific habit = su* mixture4
 ,z mod]ate pleasures1 by becom+ m      
int5se1 t5d to g5]ic habits2 s int5se   
pleasures1 by becom+ m mod]ate1 t5d to  
specific habits4  ,! beauty ( ! human   
figure1 by a special recomm5dation (    

nature1 appe>s to u supreme1 amid !     
great v>iety ( beaute\s =ms be/[$ ^u    
animals4 ,! v>i\s degrees 9 :i*         
individuals enjoy ?is prop]ty1 r5d] x an
 object sometimes ( a mod]ate sometimes 
( an int5se passion4 ,! mod]ate passion1
 admitt+ frequ5t reit]ation )\t         
dim9ution1 & occupy+ ! m9d )\t exhau/+  
x1 becomes gradually /rong] till x      
settle 9 a habit4 ,s true ?is is1 t     
in/ances are n want+1 ( an ugly face1 at
 fir/ disagreeable1 aft]w>d r5d]$       
indiff]5t by famili>ity1 & at ! longrun 
agreeable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 consummate     
beauty1 at ! v fir/ view1 fills ! m9d s 
z to admit no increase4 ,enjoym5t 9 ?is 
case less5s ! pleasure#bi2 & if (t5     
repeat$1 ends commonly 9 satiety &      
disgu/4 ,con/ant exp]i5ce %[s1 t !      
emotions creat$ by great beauty become  
weak] by famili>ity4 ,! impressions made
 successively by su* an object1 /rong at
 fir/ & less5+ by degrees1 con/itute a  
s]ies opposite to t ( ! weak & increas+ 
emotions1 :i* gr[ into a specific habit4

 ,b ! m9d1 :5 accu/om$ to beauty1       
contracts a reli% = x 9 g5]al1 ?\gh (t5 
repell$ f p>ticul> objects by ! pa9 (   
satiety4 ,?us a g5]ic habit is =m$1 (   
:i* incon/ancy 9 love is ! necess>y     
consequ5ce4 ,= a g5]ic habit1 compreh5d+
 e beautiful object1 is an inv9cible    
ob/ruction to a specific habit1 :i* is  
conf9$ to "o4  ,b a matt] :i* is ( great
 importance to ! y\? ( bo? sexes1       
des]ves m ?an a cursory view4 ,?\gh !   
pleasant emotion ( beauty diff]s widely 
f ! corporeal appetite1 yet bo? may     
concur ^u ! same object4 ,:5 ?is is !   
case1 !y inflame ! imag9ation2 & produce
 a v /rong complex passion#cj1 :i* is   
incapable ( increase1 because ! m9d z to
 pleasure is limit$ r m ?an z to pa94   
,enjoym5t 9 ?is case mu/ be exquisite1 &
 !re=e m apt to produce satiety ?an 9   
any o!r case :atev]4 ,?is is a          
nev]-fail+ effect1 :]e consummate beauty
 on ! "o side1 meets ) a w>m imag9ation 
& great s5sibility on ! o!r4 ,:at ,i am 
"h expla9+1 is ! nak$ tru? )\t          

exagg]ation4 ,!y mu/ be ins5sible ^u :om
 ?is doctr9e makes no impression2 & x   
des]ves well to be pond]$ by ! "y & !   
amor\s1 :o 9 =m+ a society :i* is n     
dissolvable1 are too (t5 bl9dly impell$ 
by ! animal pleasure m]ely1 inflam$ by  
beauty4 ,x may inde$ happ5 aft] ?is     
pleasure is gone1 & g x mu/ ) a swift   
pace1 t a new connection is =m$ ^u m    
dignifi$ & m la/+ pr9ciples4 ,b ?is is a
 dang]\s exp]im5t4 ,= ev5 suppos+ good  
s5se1 good temp]1 & int]nal m]it ( e    
sort1 :i* is a v fav\rable supposition1 
yet a new connection ^u ^!              
qualifications is r>ely =m$4 ,x g5]ally 
or r always happ5s1 t su*               
qualifications1 ! only solid f\ndation (
 an indissoluble connection1 are r5d]$  
altoge!r invisible by satiety ( enjoym5t
 creat+ disgu/4  ,"o effect ( cu/om1    
diff]5t f any t h be5 expla9$1 mu/ n be 
omitt$1 because x makes a great figure 9
 human nature4 ,cu/om augm5ts mod]ate   
pleasures1 & dim9i%es ^? t are int5se4  
,x has a diff]5t effect ) respect to    

pa92 = x blunts ! edge ( e sort ( pa9 & 
di/ress great & small4 ,un9t]rupt$ mis]y
 !re=e is att5d$ ) "o good effect4 ,if  
its torm5ts be incessant1 cu/om h>d5s u 
to be> !m4  ,x is extremely curi\s1 to  
rem>k ! gradual *anges t are made 9 =m+ 
habits4 ,mod]ate pleasures are augm5t$  
gradually by reit]ation till !y become  
habitual2 & !n are at _! height4 ,b !y  
are n long /ation>y2 = f t po9t !y      
gradually decay till !y vani% altoge!r4 
,! pa9 occasion$ by ! want (            
gratification1 runs a v diff]5t c\rse4  
,?is pa9 increases uni=mly2 & at la/    
becomes extreme1 :5 ! pleasure (        
gratification is r$uc$ to no?+4         
---- ,x s falls out     ,t :at we h we  
prize n to ! wor?1     ,:iles we enjoy  
x2 b be+ lack'd & lo/1     ,:y !n we    
rack ! value2 !n we f9d     ,! virtue t 
possession w\ld n %ew u     ,:il/ x 0   
ours4          ,mu* ado ab\t no?+1 act  
#d4 sc4 #b4  ,! effect ( cu/om )        
relation to a specific habit1 is        
display$ ?r\gh all its v>ieties 9 ! use 

( tobacco4 ,! ta/e ( ?is plant is at    
fir/ extremely unpleasant4 ,our disgu/  
less5s gradually till x vani% altoge!r2 
at :i* p]iod ! plant is nei!r agreeable 
nor disagreeable4 ,cont9u+ ! use1 we    
beg9 to reli% x2 & our reli% increases  
by use till x come to its utmo/ ext5t4  
,f ?is /ate x gradually decays1 :ile !  
habit becomes /rong] & /rong]1 &        
consequ5tly ! pa9 ( want4 ,! result is1 
t :5 ! habit has acquir$ its greate/    
vigor1 ! pleasure ( gratification is    
gone4 ,& h5ce x is1 t we (t5 smoke &    
take snuff habitually1 )\t s mu* z be+  
consci\s ( ! op]ation4 ,we mu/ except   
gratification aft] ! pa9 ( want2 because
 gratification 9 t case is at ! height  
:5 ! habit is /ronge/4 ,x is ( ! same   
k9d ) ! joy "o feels ^u be+ deliv]$ f ! 
rack1 ! cause ( :i* is expla9$ above#ca4
 ,?is pleasure h[ev] is b occasionally !
 effect ( habit2 & h[ev] exquisite1 is  
gu>d$ aga9/ z mu* z possible1 by prev5t+
 want4  ,) reg>d to ! pa9 ( want1 ,i c  
discov] no diff]5ce betwixt a g5]ic &   

specific habit3 ! pa9 is ! same 9 bo?4  
,b ^! habits diff] widely ) respect to !
 positive pleasure4 ,i h _h occasion to 
obs]ve1 t ! pleasure ( a specific habit 
decays gradually till x become          
imp]ceptible4 ,n s ! pleasure ( a g5]ic 
habit4 ,s f> z ,i c discov]1 ?is        
pleasure suff]s little or no decay aft] 
x comes to its height4 ,! v>iety (      
gratification pres]ves x entire4 ,h[ev] 
x may be ) o!r g5]ic habits1 !          
obs]vation ,i am c]ta9 holds ) respect  
to ! pleasures ( virtue & ( k4 ,!       
pleasure ( do+ good has su* an unb\nd$  
scope1 & may be s v>i\sly gratifi$1 t x 
c nev] decay4 ,sci5ce is equally        
unb\nd$2 & our appetite = k has an ample
 range ( gratification1 :]e discov]ies  
are recomm5d$ by novelty1 by v>iety1 by 
utility1 or by all ( !m4  ,"h is a l>ge 
field ( facts & exp]im5ts1 & sev]al     
ph5om5a unfold$1 ! causes ( :i* h be5   
occasionally sugge/$4 ,! effici5t cause 
( ! p[] ( cu/om ov] man1 a fundam5tal   
po9t 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 has unhappily    

evad$ my ke5e/ se>*2 & n[ ,i am r$uc$ to
 hold x an orig9al bran* ( ! human      
con/itution1 ?\gh ,i h no bett] reason =
 my op9ion1 ?an t ,i _c resolve x into  
any o!r pr9ciple4 ,b ) respect to ! f9al
 cause1 a po9t ( /ill great] importance1
 ,i promise myself m success4 ,x _c     
inde$ h escap$ any ?9k+ p]son1 t ! p[] (
 cu/om is a happy contrivance = our     
good4 ,exquisite pleasure produce?      
satiety3 mod]ate pleasure becomes /rong]
 by cu/om4 ,bus9ess is our prov9ce1 &   
pleasure our relaxation only4 ,h5ce1    
satiety is necess>y to *eck exquisite   
pleasures1 :i* o!rwise w\ld +ross ! m9d1
 & unqualify u = bus9ess4 ,on ! o!r h&1 
habitual increase ( mod]ate pleasure1 & 
ev5 conv]sion ( pa9 into pleasure1 are  
admirably contriv$ = disappo9t+ ! malice
 ( ,=tune1 & = reconcil+ u to :atev]    
c\rse ( life may be our lot3      ,h[   
use do? bre$ a habit 9 a man6     ,?is  
%ad[y des]t1 unfrequ5t$ woods1     ,i   
bett] brook ?an fl\ri%+ peopl$ t[ns4    
,"h ,i c sit alone1 unse5 ( any1     ,& 

to ! night+ale's compla9+ notes         
,tune my di/resses1 & record my woes4   
,two ,g5tlem5 ( ,v]ona1 act #e4 sc4 #d4 
,! =ego+ di/9ction betwixt int5se &     
mod]ate1 holds 9 pleasure only1 n 9 pa91
 e degree ( :i* is s(t5$ by "t & cu/om4 
,cu/om is a ca?olicon = pa9 & di/ress ( 
e sort2 & ( ?is regulation ! f9al cause 
is s evid5t z to require no illu/ration4
  ,ano!r f9al cause ( cu/om w be highly 
reli%$ by e p]son ( humanity2 & yet has 
9 a great measure be5 ov]look$4 ,cu/om  
ha? a great] influ5ce ?an any o!r kn[n  
pr9ciple1 to put ! ri* & poor ^u a      
level4 ,weak pleasures1 :i* fall to !   
%>e ( ! latt]1 become =tunately /rong]  
by cu/om2 :ile voluptu\s pleasures1 !   
lot ( ! =m]1 are cont9ually los+ gr\nd  
by satiety4 ,m5 ( =tune1 :o possess     
palaces1 sumptu\s g>d5s1 ri* fields1    
enjoy !m less ?an pass5g]s d4 ,! goods (
 ,=tune are n unequally di/ribut$3 !    
opul5t possess :at o!rs enjoy4  ,&      
inde$1 if x be ! effect ( habit to      
produce ! pa9 ( want 9 a high degree    

:ile !re is little pleasure 9 enjoym5t1 
a voluptu\s life is ( all ! lea/ to be  
envi$4 ,^? :o are accu/om$ to high fe$+1
 easy vehicles1 ri* furniture1 a cr[d ( 
valets1 mu* def]5ce & flatt]y1 enjoy b a
 small %>e ( happ9ess1 :ile !y are      
expos$ to manifold di/resses4 ,to su* a 
man1 inslav$ by ease & luxury1 ev5 !    
petty inconv5i5cies ( a r\gh road1 bad  
wea!r1 or homely f>e on a j\rney1 are   
s]i\s evils4 ,he loses 8 tone ( m9d1    
becomes peevi%1 & w\ld wreak 8 res5tm5t 
ev5 ^u ! common accid5ts ( life4 ,bett] 
f> to use ! goods ( ,=tune ) mod]ation4 
,a man :o by temp]ance & activity has   
acquir$ a h>dy con/itution1 is1 on ! "o 
h&1 gu>d$ aga9/ ext]nal accid5ts1 & is1 
on ! o!r1 provid$ ) great v>iety (      
enjoym5t ev] at comm&4  ,i %all close   
?is *apt] ) ! discussion ( a "q m       
delicate ?an ab/ruse1 viz4 ,:at au?ority
 cu/om ought to h ov] our ta/e 9 ! f9e  
arts8 ,x is prop] to be premis$1 t we   
*e>fully ab&on to its au?ority e ?+ t   
nature leaves to our *oice1 & :]e !     

pref]5ce we be/[ has no f\ndation o!r   
?an :im or fancy4 ,!re appe>s no orig9al
 diff]5ce betwixt ! "r & ! left h&3     
cu/om h[ev] has e/abli%$ a diff]5ce1 s z
 to make x aukw>d & disagreeable to use 
! left :]e ! "r is commonly us$4 ,!     
v>i\s col\rs1 ?\gh !y affect u          
diff]5tly1 are all ( !m agreeable 9 _!  
purity4 ,b cu/om has regulat$ ?is matt] 
9 ano!r mann]3 a black sk9 ^u a human   
creature1 is to u disagreeable2 & a :ite
 sk9 probably n less s to a negro4 ,?us 
?+s orig9ally indiff]5t1 become         
agreeable or disagreeable by ! =ce (    
cu/om4 ,nor ought ?is to be surpris+    
aft] ! discov]y made above1 t ! orig9al 
agreeabl5ess or disagreeabl5ess ( an    
object1 is1 by ! influ5ce ( cu/om1 (t5  
conv]t$ into ! opposite quality4        
,conc]n+ n[ ^? matt]s ( ta/e :]e !re is 
naturally a pref]5ce ( "o ?+ be=e ano!r2
 x is c]ta91 9 ! fir/ place1 t our fa9t 
& m delicate feel+s are readily         
susceptible ( a bias f cu/om2 & !re=e t 
x is no pro( ( a defective ta/e1 to f9d 

^! 9 "s measure "u ! gov]nm5t ( cu/om4  
,dress1 & ! modes ( ext]nal behavi\r1   
are ju/ly regulat$ by cu/om 9 e c\ntry4 
,! deep r$ or v]milion ) :i* ! ladies 9 
,france cov] _! *eeks1 appe>s to !m     
beautiful 9 spite ( nature2 & /rang]s _c
 altoge!r be ju/ifi$ 9 condemn+ ?is     
practice1 consid]+ ! lawful au?ority (  
cu/om1 or ( ! fa%ion1 z x is call$4 ,x  
is told ( ! p :o inhabit ! skirts ( !   
,alps fac+ ! nor?1 t ! swell+ !y        
univ]sally h 9 ! neck is to !m          
agreeable4 ,s f> has cu/om p[] to *ange 
! nature ( ?+s1 & to make an object     
orig9ally disagreeable take on an       
opposite appe>ance4  ,b z to ! emotions 
( propriety & impropriety1 & 9 g5]al z  
to all emotions involv+ ! s5se ( "r or  
wrong1 cu/om has little au?ority1 &     
ought to h none at all4 ,emotions ( ?is 
k9d1 be+ qualifi$ ) ! consci\sness (    
duty1 take naturally place ( e o!r      
feel+2 & x argues a %ameful weakness or 
deg5]acy ( m9d1 to f9d !m 9 any case s  
f> subdu$ z to submit to cu/om4  ,^! few

 h9ts may enable u to judge 9 "s measure
 ( =eign mann]s1 :e!r exhibit$ by =eign 
writ]s or our own4 ,a comp>ison betwixt 
! anci5ts & ! mod]ns1 0 "s "t ago a     
fav\rite subject4 ,^? :o decl>$ = ! =m]1
 ?\ght x a suffici5t ju/ification (     
anci5t mann]s1 t !y 7 support$ by !     
au?ority ( cu/om4 ,_! antagoni/s1 on !  
o!r h&1 refus+ submission to cu/om z a  
/&>d ( ta/e1 condemn$ anci5t mann]s 9   
sev]al in/ances z irrational4 ,9 ?is    
controv]sy1 an appeal be+ made to       
diff]5t pr9ciples1 )\t ! slighte/       
attempt on ei!r side to e/abli% a common
 /&>d1 ! dispute c\ld h no end4 ,! h9ts 
above giv5 t5d to e/abli% a /&>d1 =     
judg+ h[ f> ! lawful au?ority ( cu/om   
may be ext5d$1 & )9 :at limits x ought  
to be conf9$4 ,= ! sake ( illu/ration1  
we %all apply ?is /&>d 9 a few in/ances4
  ,human sacrifices1 ! cruelle/ effect (
 bl9d & grovel+ sup]/ition1 wore        
gradually out ( use by ! preval5ce (    
reason & humanity4 ,9 ! days (          
,sophocles & ,euripides1 ! traces ( ?is 

savage practice 7 /ill rec5t2 & !       
,a!nians1 ?r\gh ! preval5ce ( cu/om1    
c\ld )\t disgu/ suff] human sacrifices  
to be repres5t$ 9 _! !atre4 ,! ,iphig5ia
 ( ,euripides is a pro( ( ?is fact4 ,b a
 human sacrifice1 be+ altoge!r          
inconsi/5t ) mod]n mann]s1 z produc+    
horror in/ead ( pity1 _c ) any propriety
 be introduc$ ^u a mod]n /age4 ,i mu/   
!re=e condemn ! ,iphig5ia ( ,rac9e1 :i*1
 in/ead ( ! t5d] & sympa!tic passions1  
sub/itutes disgu/ & horror4 ,b ?is is n 
all4 ,ano!r objection occurs aga9/ e    
fable t deviates s rem>kably f improv$  
notions & s5tim5ts4 ,if x %\ld ev5 comm&
 our belief1 by ! au?ority ( g5u9e      
hi/ory1 its fictiti\s & unnatural       
appe>ance1 h[ev]1 w\ld prev5t its tak+  
su* hold ( ! m9d z to produce a         
p]ception ( reality#cb4 ,a human        
sacrifice is s unnatural1 & to u s      
improbable1 t few w be affect$ ) !      
repres5tation ( x m ?an ) a fairy tale4 
,! objection fir/ m5tion$ /rikes also   
aga9/ ! ,ph$ra ( ?is au?or4 ,! que5's   

passion = h] /epson1 be+ unnatural &    
beyond all b\nds1 creates av]sion &     
horror r ?an compassion4 ,! au?or 9 8   
preface obs]ves1 t ! que5's passion1    
h[ev] unnatural1 0 ! effect ( de/9y & ! 
wra? ( ! gods2 & he puts ! same excuse 9
 h] own m\?4 ,b :at is ! wra? ( a hea!n 
god to u ,*ri/ians8 ,we ackn[l$ge no    
de/9y 9 passion2 & if love be unnatural1
 x nev] c be reli%$4 ,a supposition1 l  
:at our au?or lays hold (1 may possibly 
cov] slight improprieties2 b x w nev]   
engage our sympa?y = :at appe>s to u    
frantic or extravagant4  ,nei!r c ,i    
reli% ! cata/rophe ( ?is trag$y4 ,a man 
( ta/e may p]use1 )\t disgu/1 a ,grecian
 p]=mance describ+ a sea-mon/] s5t by   
,neptune to de/roy ,hippolytus4 ,he     
consid]s1 t su* a /ory might agree ) !  
religi\s cre$ ( ,greece2 &1 ent]+ into  
anci5t op9ions1 may be pleas$ ) ! /ory1 
z :at probably _h a /rong effect ^u a   
,grecian audi5ce4 ,b he _c h ! same     
indulg5ce = su* a repres5tation ^u a    
mod]n /age2 = no /ory :i* c>ries a      

viol5t air ( fiction1 c ev] move u 9 any
 consid]able degree4  ,9 ! ,cophores (  
,es*ylus#cc1 ,ore/es is made to say1 t  
he 0 comm&$ by ,apollo to av5ge 8 fa!r's
 murd]2 & yet if he obey$1 t he 0 to be 
deliv]$ to ! furies1 or be /ruck ) "s   
horrible malady4 ,! trag$y accord+ly    
concludes ) a *orus1 deplor+ ! fate (   
,ore/es1 oblig$ to take v5geance aga9/ a
 "m1 & involv$ !reby 9 a crime aga9/ 8  
w4 ,x is impossible = any man at pres5t 
to accommodate 8 m9d to op9ions s       
irrational & absurd1 :i* mu/ disgu/ him 
9 p]us+ ev5 a ,grecian /ory4 ,among !   
,greeks aga91 grossly sup]/iti\s1 x 0 a 
common op9ion1 t ! report ( a man's dea?
 0 a presage ( 8 dea?2 & ,ore/es1 9 !   
fir/ act ( ,electra1 spread+ a report ( 
8 own dea? 9 ord] to bl9d 8 "m & h]     
adult]]1 is ev5 9 ?is case affect$ ) !  
presage4 ,su* imbecility c nev] f9d     
grace ) a mod]n audi5ce4 ,x may inde$   
produce "s degree ( compassion = a p    
afflict$ to su* a degree ) absurd       
t]rors1 simil> to :at is felt 9 p]us+ a 

description ( ! ,hott5totes3 b mann]s ( 
?is k9d w n int]e/ our affections1 nor  
excite any degree ( social conc]n4      
,,*ap4 ,,xv4  ,ext]nal ,signs (         
,emotions & ,passions4   ,s intimately  
connect$ are ! s\l & body1 t !re is n a 
s+le agitation 9 ! =m]1 b :at produce? a
 visible effect ^u ! latt]4 ,!re is1 at 
! same "t1 a wond]ful uni=mity 9 ?is    
op]ation2 ea* class ( emotions be+      
inv>iably att5d$ ) an ext]nal appe>ance 
peculi> to itself#cd4 ,^! ext]nal       
appe>ances or signs1 may n improp]ly be 
consid]$ z a natural language1 express+ 
to all behold]s ! sev]al emotions &     
passions z !y arise 9 ! he>t4 ,we       
p]ceive display'd ext]nally1 hope1 fe>1 
joy1 grief3 we c read ! "* ( a man 9 8  
face2 & beauty1 :i* makes s /rong an    
impression1 is kn[n to result1 n s mu* f
 regul> features & a f9e complexion1 z f
 good nature1 good s5se1 sprightl9ess1  
sweetness1 or o!r m5tal quality1        
express$ "s way ^u ! c\nt5ance4 ,?\gh   
p]fect skill 9 ?is language be r>e1 yet 

s mu* k ( x is diffus$ ?r\gh mank9d1 z  
to be suffici5t = ! ord9>y ev5ts ( life4
 ,b by :at means we come to und]/& ?is  
language1 is a po9t ( "s intricacy4 ,x  
_c be by sight m]ely2 = ^u ! mo/        
att5tive inspection ( ! human visage1   
all t c be disc]n$ are figure1 col\r1 & 
motion2 & yet ^!1 s+ly or comb9$1 nev] c
 repres5t a passion or a s5tim5t4 ,!    
ext]nal sign is inde$ visible4 ,b to    
und]/& its mean+1 we mu/ be able to     
connect x ) ! passion t causes x2 an    
op]ation f> beyond ! rea* ( eye-sight4  
,:]e !n is ! in/ructor to be f\nd1 t c  
unvail ?is secret connection8 ,if we    
apply to exp]i5ce1 x is yield$1 t f long
 & dilig5t obs]vation1 we may ga!r 9 "s 
measure 9 :at mann] ^? we are acqua9t$ )
 express _! passions ext]nally4 ,b )    
respect to /rang]s1 ( :om we h no       
exp]i5ce1 we are left 9 ! d>k4 ,& yet we
 are n puzzl$ ab\t ! mean+ ( ^! ext]nal 
expressions 9 a /rang]1 m ?an 9 a       
bosom-companion#ce4 ,fur!r1 _h we no o!r
 means b exp]i5ce = und]/&+ ! ext]nal   

signs ( passion1 we c\ld n expect any   
uni=mity or any degree ( skill 9 ! bulk 
( individuals4 ,b matt]s are ord]$ s    
diff]5tly1 t ! ext]nal expressions (    
passion =m a language und]/ood by all1  
by ! "y z well z ! old1 by ! ignorant z 
well z ! le>n$4 ,i talk ( ! pla9 &      
legible *>act]s ( ?is language2 =       
und\bt$ly we are mu* indebt$ to exp]i5ce
 9 deciph]+ ! d>k & m delicate          
expressions4 ,:]e !n %all we apply = a  
solution ( ?is intricate problem1 :i*   
seems to p5etrate deep into human       
nature8 ,9 my m9d x w be conv5i5t to    
susp5d ! inquiry1 till we be bett]      
acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ext]nal signs & ) 
_! op]ations4 ,^! articles !re=e %all be
 premis$4  ,! ext]nal signs ( passion   
are ( two k9ds1 volunt>y & involunt>y4  
,! volunt>y signs are also ( two k9ds3  
"s are arbitr>y & "s natural4 ,words are
 arbitr>y signs1 except+ a few simple   
s\nds expressive ( c]ta9 int]nal        
emotions2 & ^! s\nds1 be+ ! same 9 all  
languages1 mu/ be ! "w ( nature4 ,b ?\gh

 words are arbitr>y1 ! mann] ( employ+  
!m is n altoge!r s2 = ea* passion has by
 nature peculi> expressions & tones     
suit$ to x4 ,?us ! unprem$itat$ tones ( 
admiration1 are ! same 9 all m52 z also 
( compassion1 res5tm5t1 & despair4      
,dramatic writ]s ought to be well       
acqua9t$ ) ?is natural mann] ( express+ 
passion4 ,! *ief tal5t ( a f9e writ]1 is
 a ready comm& ( ! expressions t nature 
dictates to e man :5 any vivid emotion  
/ruggles = utt]ance2 & ! *ief tal5t ( a 
f9e read]1 is a ready comm& ( ! tones   
suit$ to ^! expressions4  ,! o!r k9d (  
volunt>y signs1 compreh5ds c]ta9        
attitudes & ge/ures t naturally         
accompany c]ta9 emotions ) a surpris+   
uni=mity4 ,?us excessive joy is express$
 by leap+1 danc+1 or "s elevation ( !   
body2 & excessive grief by s9k+ or      
depress+ x4 ,?us pro/ration & kneel+ h  
be5 employ'd by all nations & 9 all ages
 to signify pr(\nd v5]ation4 ,ano!r     
circum/ance1 /ill m ?an uni=mity1       
demon/rates ^! ge/ures to be natural1   

viz4 _! rem>kable con=mity or           
resemblance to ! passions t produce     
!m#cf4 ,joy1 :i* produce? a *e>ful      
elevation ( m9d1 is express$ by an      
elevation ( body4 ,pride1 magnanimity1  
c\rage1 & ! :ole tribe ( elevat+        
passions1 are express$ by ext]nal       
ge/ures t are ! same z to ! circum/ance 
( elevation1 h[ev] di/+ui%able 9 o!r    
respects4 ,h5ce x comes1 t an erect     
po/ure is a sign or expression (        
dignity3      ,two ( f> nobl] %ape1     
erect & tall1     ,godlike erect1 )     
native hon\r clad1     ,9 nak$ maje/y1  
seem'd lords ( all4          ,p>adise   
,lo/1 book #d4  ,grief1 on ! o!r h&1 z  
well z respect1 :i* depress ! m9d1 _c = 
t reason be express$ m significantly ?an
 by a simil> depression ( ! body4 ,h5ce1
 to be ca/ d[n1 is a common phrase1     
signify+ to be griev$ or dispirit$4  ,"o
 w\ld n imag9e1 :o has n giv5 peculi>   
att5tion1 t ! body is susceptible ( su* 
a v>iety ( attitude & motion1 z readily 
to accompany e diff]5t emotion ) a      

correspond+ ge/ure4 ,humility1 =        
example1 is express$ naturally by hang+ 
! head2 arrogance1 by its elevation2 &  
lang\r or despond5ce1 by recl9+ x to "o 
side4 ,! expressions ( ! h&s are        
manifold4 ,by diff]5t attitudes &       
motions1 ! h&s express desire1 hope1    
fe>3 !y assi/ u 9 promis+1 9 invit+1 9  
keep+ "o at a di/ance3 !y are made      
in/rum5ts ( ?reat5+1 ( supplication1 (  
praise1 & ( horror3 !y are employ'd 9   
approv+1 9 refus+1 9 que/ion+2 9 %[+ our
 joy1 our sorr[1 our d\bts1 our regret1 
our admiration4 ,^! ge/ures1 s ob$i5t to
 passion1 are extremely difficult to be 
imitat$ 9 a calm /ate4 ,! anci5ts1      
s5sible ( ! advantage z well z          
difficulty ( hav+ ^! expressions at     
comm&1 be/[$ mu* "t & c>e1 9 collect+ !m
 f obs]vation1 & 9 dige/+ !m into a     
practical art1 :i* 0 taught 9 _! s*ools 
z an important bran* ( education4  ,!   
=ego+ signs1 ?\gh 9 a /rict s5se        
volunt>y1 _c h[ev] be re/ra9$ b ) !     
utmo/ difficulty :5 !y are prompt$ by   

passion4 ,( ?is we sc>ce ne$ a /rong]   
pro(1 ?an ! ge/ures ( a ke5 play] at    
b[ls4 ,obs]ve only h[ he wrea?s 8 body1 
9 ord] to re/ore a /ray b[l to ! "r     
track4 ,x is "o article ( good bre$+1 to
 suppress1 z mu* z possible1 ^! ext]nal 
signs ( passion1 t we may n 9 company   
appe> too w>m or too int]e/$4 ,! same   
obs]vation holds 9 spee*4 ,a passion1 x 
is true1 :5 9 extreme1 is sil5t#cg2 b :5
 less viol5t1 x mu/ be v5t$ 9 words1 :i*
 h a peculi> =ce1 n to be equall$ 9 a   
s$ate composition4 ,! ease & tru/ we h 9
 a confid5t1 enc\rages u no d\bt to talk
 ( ourselves & ( our feel+s4 ,b ! cause 
is m g5]al2 = x op]ates :5 we are alone 
z well z 9 company4 ,passion is ! cause2
 = 9 _m in/ances x is no slight         
gratification to v5t a passion ext]nally
 by words z well z by ge/ures4 ,"s      
passions1 :5 at a c]ta9 height1 impel u 
s /rongly to v5t !m 9 words1 t we speak 
) an audible voice ev5 :]e !re is none  
to li/54 ,x is ?is circum/ance 9        
passion1 t ju/ifies soliloquies2 & x is 

?is circum/ance t proves !m to be       
natural#ch4 ,! m9d sometimes fav\rs ?is 
impulse ( passion1 by be/[+ a tempor>y  
s5sibility ^u any object at h&1 9 ord]  
to make x a confid5t4 ,?us 9 ! ,w9t]'s  
,tale#ci1 ,antigonus addresses himself  
to an infant :om he 0 ord]$ to expose3  
,come1 poor babe1     ,i h he>d1 b n    
believ'd1 ! spirits ( ! dead     ,may   
walk aga93 if su* ?+ be1 ?y "m          
,appe>'d to me la/ night2 = ne'er 0     
dream     ,s l a wak+4  ,! involunt>y   
signs1 :i* are all ( !m natural1 are    
ei!r peculi> to "o passion or common to 
_m4 ,e viol5t passion ha? an ext]nal    
expression peculi> to itself1 n except+ 
pleasant passions3 witness admiration & 
mir?4 ,! pleasant emotions t are less   
vivid1 h "o common expression2 f :i* we 
may ga!r ! /r5g? ( ! emotion1 b sc>ce ! 
k9d3 we p]ceive a *e>ful or cont5t$     
look2 & we c make no m ( x4 ,pa9ful     
passions1 be+ all ( !m viol5t1 are      
di/+ui%able f ea* o!r by _! ext]nal     
expressions4 ,?us fe>1 %ame1 ang]1      

anxiety1 dejection1 despair1 h ea* ( !m 
peculi> expressions2 :i* are appreh5d$  
)\t ! lea/ confusion4 ,"s ( ^! passions 
produce viol5t effects ^u ! body1 su* z 
trembl+1 />t+1 & swoon+4 ,b ^! effects1 
dep5d+ 9 a good measure ^u s+ul>ity (   
con/itution1 are n uni=m 9 all m54  ,!  
involunt>y signs1 su* ( !m z are        
display'd ^u ! c\nt5ance1 are ( two     
k9ds4 ,"s make _! appe>ance occasionally
 ) ! emotions t produce !m1 & vani% ) ! 
emotions3 o!rs are =m$ gradually by "s  
viol5t passion (t5 recurr+2 &1 becom+   
p]man5t signs ( ?is prevail+ passion1   
s]ve to d5ote ! disposition or temp]4 ,!
 face ( an infant indicates no p>ticul> 
disposition1 because x _c be m>k$ ) any 
"* to :i* "t is necess>y4 ,& ev5 !      
tempor>y signs are extremely aukw>d1 be+
 ! fir/ rude essays ( ,nature to discov]
 int]nal feel+s4 ,?us ! %riek+ ( a      
new-born infant1 )\t te>s or sobb+s1 is 
pla9ly an attempt to weep4 ,"s ( !      
tempor>y signs1 z smil+ & fr[n+1 _c be  
obs]v$ = "s mon?s aft] bir?4 ,! p]man5t 

signs1 =m$ 9 y\? :ile ! body is s(t &   
flexible1 are pres]v$ entire by !       
firmness & solidity :i* ! body acquires2
 & are nev] oblit]at$ ev5 by a *ange (  
temp]4 ,p]man5t signs are n produc$ aft]
 a c]ta9 age :5 ! fibres become rigid2  
"s viol5t cases except$1 su* z reit]at$ 
fits ( ! g\t or /one ?r\gh a c\rse ( "t4
 ,b ^! signs are n s ob/9ate z :at are  
produc$ 9 y\?2 = :5 ! cause is remov$1  
!y gradually we> away1 & at la/ vani%4  
,! natural signs ( emotions1 volunt>y & 
involunt>y1 be+ ne>ly ! same 9 all m51  
=m an univ]sal language1 :i* no di/ance 
( place1 no diff]5ce ( tribe1 no        
div]sity ( tongue1 c d>k5 or r5d]       
d\btful4 ,education1 ?\gh ( mighty      
influ5ce1 ha? n p[] to v>y or           
sophi/icate1 f> less to de/roy1 _!      
signification4 ,?is is a wise appo9tm5t 
( ,provid5ce4 ,= if ^! signs 71 l words1
 arbitr>y & v>iable1 x w\ld be an       
intricate sci5ce to deciph] ! actions & 
motives ( our own species1 :i* w\ld     
prove a great or r inv9cible ob/ruction 

to ! =mation ( societies4 ,b z matt]s   
are ord]$1 ! ext]nal appe>ances ( joy1  
grief1 ang]1 fe>1 %ame1 & ( ! o!r       
passions1 =m+ an univ]sal language1 op5 
a direct av5ue to ! he>t4 ,z ! arbitr>y 
signs v>y 9 e c\ntry1 !re c\ld be no    
communication ( ?\ghts among diff]5t    
nations1 7 x n = ! natural signs 9 :i*  
all agree4 ,words are suffici5t = !     
communication ( sci5ce1 & ( all m5tal   
conceptions3 b ! discov]+ passions      
in/antly z !y arise1 be+ ess5tial to our
 well-be+ & (t5 necess>y =              
self-pres]vation1 ! au?or ( our nature1 
att5tive to our wants1 ha? provid$ a    
passage to ! he>t1 :i* nev] c be        
ob/ruct$ :ile our ext]nal s5ses rema9   
entire4  ,9 an inquiry conc]n+ ! ext]nal
 signs ( passion1 actions ought n       
altoge!r to be ov]look$3 = ?\gh s+ly !y 
af=d no cle> light1 !y are ^u ! :ole !  
be/ int]pret]s ( ! he>t#dj4 ,by obs]v+ a
 man's conduct = a c\rse ( "t1 we       
discov] un]r+ly ! v>i\s passions t move 
him to action1 :at he loves & :at he    

hates4 ,9 our y\ng] ye>s1 e s+le action 
is a m>k n at all ambigu\s ( ! temp]2 = 
9 *ildhood !re is little or no disguise4
 ,! subject becomes m intricate 9       
advanc$ age2 b ev5 !re1 dissimulation is
 seldom c>ri$ on = any l5g? ( "t4 ,& ?us
 ! conduct ( life is ! mo/ p]fect       
expression ( ! int]nal disposition4 ,x  
m]its n inde$ ! title ( an univ]sal     
language2 because x is n ?or\ghly       
und]/ood b by ^? :o ei!r h a p5etrat+   
g5ius or ext5sive obs]vation4 ,x is a   
language1 h[ev]1 :i* e "o c deciph] 9 "s
 measure2 & :i*1 jo9$ ) ! o!r ext]nal   
signs1 af=ds suffici5t means = !        
direction ( our conduct ) reg>d to o!rs4
 ,if we commit any mi/ake :5 su* light  
is af=d$1 x nev] c be ! effect (        
unavoidable ignorance1 b ( ra%ness or   
inadv]t5ce4  ,9 reflect+ ^u ! v>i\s     
expressions ( our emotions1 volunt>y &  
involunt>y1 we mu/ recognise ! anxi\s   
c>e ( ,nature to discov] m5 to ea* o!r4 
,/rong emotions1 z above h9t$1 beget an 
impati5ce to express !m ext]nally by    

spee* & o!r volunt>y signs1 :i* _c be   
suppress$ )\t a pa9ful ef=t4 ,?us a     
sudd5 fit ( passion is a common excuse =
 indec5t behavi\r or h>% words4 ,z to ! 
involunt>y signs1 ^! are altoge!r       
unavoidable4 ,no volition or ef=t c     
prev5t ! %ak+ ( ! limbs or a pale       
visage1 :5 "o is agitat$ ) a viol5t fit 
( t]ror4 ,! blood flies to ! face ^u a  
sudd5 emotion ( %ame1 9 spite ( all     
opposition3      ,v]gogna1 *e'n altrui  
/ampo natura1     ,non si puo' r9eg>3 *e
 se tu' t5ti     ,di cacci>la dal cor1  
fugge nel volto4          ,pa/or ,fido1 
act #b4 sc4 #e4  ,emotions inde$ prop]ly
 s call$1 :i* are quiesc5t1 produce no  
rem>kable signs ext]nally2 nor is x     
necess>y t ! m delib]ate passions %\ld1 
because ! op]ation ( su* passions is    
nei!r sudd5 nor viol5t4 ,^! h[ev] rema9 
n altoge!r 9 ! d>k4 ,be+ m frequ5t ?an  
viol5t passion1 ! bulk ( our actions are
 direct$ by !m4 ,actions !re=e display1 
) suffici5t evid5ce1 ! m delib]ate      
passions1 & complete ! admirable sy/em (

 ext]nal signs1 by :i* we become skilful
 9 human nature4  ,next 9 ord] comes an 
article ( great importance1 :i* is1 to  
exam9e ! effects produc$ ^u a spectator 
by ext]nal signs ( passion4 ,none ( ^!  
signs are beheld ) indiff]5ce3 !y are   
productive ( v>i\s emotions t5d+ all (  
!m to ends wise & good4 ,?is curi\s     
article makes a capital bran* ( human   
nature4 ,x is peculi>ly useful to writ]s
 :o deal 9 ! pa!tic2 & ) respect to     
hi/ory-pa9t]s1 x is altoge!r            
indisp5sable4  ,:5 we ent] ^u ?is       
article1 we ga!r f exp]i5ce1 t ea*      
passion1 or class ( passions1 ha? its   
peculi> signs2 & t ^! inv>iably make    
c]ta9 impressions on a spectator4 ,!    
ext]nal signs ( joy1 = example1 produce 
a *e>ful emotion1 ! ext]nal signs (     
grief produce pity1 & ! ext]nal signs ( 
rage produce a sort ( t]ror ev5 9 ^? :o 
are n aim$ at4  ,secondly1 x is natural 
to ?9k1 t pleasant passions %\ld express
 !mselves ext]nally by signs t appe>    
agreeable1 & pa9ful passions by signs t 

appe> disagreeable4 ,?is conjecture1 :i*
 ,nature sugge/s1 is confirm$ by        
exp]i5ce4 ,pride seems to be an         
exception2 its ext]nal signs be+        
disagreeable1 ?\gh x be commonly reckon$
 a pleasant passion4 ,b pride is n an   
exception2 = 9 reality x is a mix$      
passion1 p>tly pleasant p>tly pa9ful4   
,:5 a pr\d man conf9es 8 ?\ghts to      
himself1 & to 8 own dignity or          
importance1 ! passion is pleasant1 & its
 ext]nal signs agreeable3 b z pride     
*iefly consi/s 9 und]valu+ or contemn+  
o!rs1 x is s f> pa9ful1 & its ext]nal   
signs disagreeable4  ,?irdly1 x is laid 
d[n above1 t an agreeable object        
produce? always a pleasant emotion1 & a 
disagreeable object "o t is pa9ful#da4  
,accord+ to ?is law1 ! ext]nal signs ( a
 pleasant passion1 be+ agreeable1 mu/   
produce 9 ! spectator a pleasant        
emotion2 & ! ext]nal signs ( a pa9ful   
passion1 be+ disagreeable1 mu/ produce 9
 him a pa9ful emotion4  ,f\r?ly1 9 !    
pres5t *apt] x is obs]v$1 t pleasant    

passions are1 = ! mo/ "p1 express$      
ext]nally 9 "o uni=m mann]2 & t only !  
pa9ful passions are di/+ui%able f ea*   
o!r by _! ext]nal expressions4 ,9 !     
emotions accord+ly rais$ by ext]nal     
signs ( pleasant passions1 !re is little
 v>iety4 ,!y are pleasant or *e>ful1 &  
we h n words to rea* a m p>ticul>       
description4 ,b ! ext]nal signs ( pa9ful
 passions produce 9 ! spectator emotions
 ( diff]5t k9ds3 ! emotions1 = example1 
rais$ by ext]nal signs ( grief1 (       
remorse1 ( ang]1 ( envy1 ( malice1 are  
cle>ly di/+ui%able f ea* o!r4  ,fif?ly1 
emotions rais$ by ! ext]nal signs (     
pa9ful passions1 are "s ( !m attractive1
 "s repulsive4 ,e pa9ful passion t is   
also disagreeable#db1 raises by its     
ext]nal signs a repulsive emotion1      
repell+ ! spectator f ! object4 ,?us !  
emotions rais$ by ext]nal signs ( envy &
 rage1 are repulsive4 ,b ?is is n ! case
 ( pa9ful passions t are agreeable4 ,_! 
ext]nal signs1 x is true1 are           
disagreeable1 & raise 9 ! spectator a   

pa9ful emotion4 ,b ?is pa9ful emotion is
 n repulsive4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is       
attractive2 & produce? 9 ! spectator    
good-w to ! man :o is mov$ by ! passion1
 & a desire to relieve or com=t him4    
,?is _c be bett] exemplifi$ ?an by      
di/ress pa9t$ on ! c\nt5ance1 :i*       
in/antane\sly inspires ! spectator )    
pity1 & impels him to af=d relief4 ,!   
cause ( ?is diff]5ce among ! pa9ful     
emotions rais$ by ext]nal signs (       
passion1 may be readily ga!r$ f :at is  
laid d[n *apt] ,emotions & passions1 "p 
#g4  ,x is n[ "t to look back to ! "q   
propos$ 9 ! beg9n+1 ,h[ we come to      
und]/& ext]nal signs1 s z readily to    
ascribe ea* sign to its prop] passion8  
,we h se5 t ?is bran* ( k1 _c be d]iv$  
orig9ally f sight1 nor f exp]i5ce4 ,is x
 !n implant$ 9 u by nature8 ,! foll[+   
consid]ations w help u to answ] ?is "q 9
 ! affirmative4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !      
ext]nal signs ( passion mu/ be natural2 
= !y are inv>iably ! same 9 e c\ntry1 & 
among ! diff]5t tribes ( m54 ,pride1 =  

example1 is always express$ by an erect 
po/ure1 rev]5ce by pro/ration1 & sorr[  
by a deject$ look4 ,secondly1 we are n  
ev5 indebt$ to exp]i5ce = ! k t ^!      
expressions are natural & univ]sal4 ,we 
are s fram$ z to h an innate conviction 
( ! fact4 ,let a man *ange 8 habitation 
to ! o!r side ( ! globe2 he w1 f !      
accu/om$ signs1 inf] ! passion ( fe>    
among 8 new neighb\rs1 ) z little       
hesitation z he did at home4 ,& ^u      
second ?\ghts1 ! "q may be answ]$ )\t   
any prelim9>ies4 ,if ! bran* ( k we h   
be5 inquir+ ab\t be n d]iv$ f sight nor 
f exp]i5ce1 !re is no rema9+ s\rce f    
:5ce x c be d]iv$ b f nature4  ,we may  
!n v5ture to pron\nce1 ) "s degree (    
confid5ce1 t man is provid$ by nature ) 
a s5se or faculty :i* lays op5 to him e 
passion by means ( its ext]nal          
expressions4 ,& ,i imag9e t we _c       
ent]ta9 any reasonable d\bt ( ?is fact1 
:5 we reflect1 t ev5 infants are n      
ignorant ( ! mean+ ( ext]nal signs4 ,an 
infant is rem>kably affect$ ) ! passions

 ( its nurse express$ on h] c\nt5ance3 a
 smile *e>s x1 & a fr[n makes x afraid4 
,fe> ?us g5]at$ 9 ! infant1 mu/1 l e o!r
 passion1 h an object4 ,:at is ! object 
( ?is passion8 ,surely n ! fr[n consid]$
 ab/ractly1 = a *ild nev] ab/racts4 ,!  
nurse :o fr[ns is evid5tly ! object4    
,fe>1 at ! same "t1 _c arise b f        
appreh5d+ dang]4 ,b :at dang] c a *ild  
appreh5d1 if x be n s5sible t ! p]son :o
 fr[ns is angry8 ,we mu/ !re=e admit1 t 
a *ild c read ang] 9 its nurse's face2 &
 x mu/ be s5sible ( ?is intuitively1 = x
 has no o!r means ( k4 ,i h no occasion 
to affirm1 t ^! p>ticul>s are cle>ly    
appreh5d$ by ! *ild4 ,to produce cle> & 
di/9ct p]ceptions1 reflection & exp]i5ce
 are requisite4 ,b t ev5 an infant1 :5  
afraid1 mu/ h "s notion ( its be+ 9     
dang]1 is extremely evid5t4  ,t we %\ld 
be consci\s intuitively ( a passion f   
its ext]nal expressions1 is con=mable to
 ! analogy ( nature4 ,! k ( ?is language
 is ( too great importance to be left ^u
 exp]i5ce4 ,to re/ x ^u a f\ndation s   

unc]ta9 & prec>i\s1 w\ld prove a great  
ob/acle to ! =mation ( societies4       
,wisely !re=e is x ord]$1 & agreeably to
 ! sy/em ( ,provid5ce1 t we %\ld h      
,nature = our in/ructor4  ,manifold &   
admirable are ! purposes to :i* !       
ext]nal signs ( passion are made        
subs]vi5t by ! au?or ( our nature4 ,:at 
are occasionally m5tion$ above1 make b a
 "p4 ,sev]al f9al causes rema9 to be    
unfold$2 & to ?is task ,i apply myself )
 alacrity4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! signs (   
int]nal agitation t are display$        
ext]nally to e spectator1 t5d to fix !  
signification ( _m t]ms4 ,! only        
effectual means to asc]ta9 ! mean+ ( any
 d\btful ^w1 is an appeal to ! ?+ x     
repres5ts4 ,h5ce ! ambiguity ( words    
expressive ( ?+s t are n objects (      
ext]nal s5se2 = 9 t case an appeal is   
d5i$4 ,passion1 /rictly speak+1 is n an 
object ( ext]nal s5se3 b its ext]nal    
signs are2 & by means ( ^! signs1       
passions may be appeal$ to1 ) tol]able  
accuracy4 ,?us ! words t d5ote our      

passions1 next to ^? t d5ote ext]nal    
objects1 h ! mo/ di/9ct mean+4 ,words   
signify+ int]nal action & ! m delicate  
feel+s1 are less di/9ct4 ,?is defect )  
respect to int]nal action1 is :at *iefly
 occasions ! intricacy ( logic4 ,! t]ms 
( t sci5ce are f> f be+ suffici5tly     
asc]ta9$1 ev5 aft] ! c>e & lab\r be/[$  
by an em95t writ]#dc3 to :om h[ev] ! _w 
is greatly indebt$1 = remov+ a m\nta9 ( 
rubbi%1 & m\ld+ ! subject into a        
rational & correct =m4 ,! same defect is
 rem>kable 9 criticism1 :i* has = its   
object ! m delicate feel+s4 ,! t]ms t   
d5ote ^! feel+s1 are n m di/9ct ?an ^? (
 logic4 ,to r$uce ?is sci5ce ( criticism
 to any regul> =m1 has nev] once be5    
attempt$4 ,h[ev] ri* ! ore may be1 no   
critical *ymi/ has be5 f\nd to give u a 
regul> analysis ( its con/itu5t p>ts1 & 
to di/+ui% ea* by its own "n4  ,9 !     
second place1 society among individuals 
is greatly promot$ by ?is univ]sal      
language4 ,! di/ance & res]ve t /rang]s 
naturally discov]1 %[ its utility4      

,looks & ge/ures give direct access to !
 he>t2 & lead u to select ) tol]able    
accuracy ! p]sons :o may be tru/$4 ,x is
 surpris+ h[ quickly1 & = ! mo/ "p h[   
correctly1 we judge ( "* f ext]nal      
appe>ances4  ,?irdly1 aft] social       
int]c\rse is comm5c$1 ^! ext]nal signs  
contribute above all o!r means to !     
/ricte/ union1 by diffus+ ?r\gh a :ole  
assembly ! feel+s ( ea* individual4     
,language no d\bt is ! mo/ compreh5sive 
vehicle = communicat+ emotions3 b 9     
exp$ition1 z well z 9 ! p[] (           
conviction1 x falls %ort ( ! signs "u   
consid]ation2 ! involunt>y signs        
especially1 :i* are incapable ( deceit4 
,:]e ! c\nt5ance1 ! tones1 ! ge/ures1 ! 
actions1 jo9 ) ! words1 9 communicat+   
emotions1 ^! unit$ h a =ce irresi/ible4 
,?us all ! agreeable emotions ( ! human 
he>t1 ) all ! social & virtu\s          
affections1 are1 by means ( ^! ext]nal  
signs1 n only p]ceiv$ b felt4 ,by ?is   
admirable contrivance1 social int]c\rse 
becomes t lively & animat+ amusem5t1 )\t

 :i* life w\ld at be/ be insipid4 ,"o   
joyful c\nt5ance spreads *e>fulness     
in/antane\sly ?r\gh a multitude (       
spectators4  ,f\r?ly1 dissocial passions
 be+ hurtful by prompt+ viol5ce &       
mis*ief1 are not$ by ! mo/ conspicu\s   
ext]nal signs1 9 ord] to put u ^u our   
gu>d4 ,?us ang] & rev5ge1 especially :5 
sudd5ly provok$1 display !mselves on !  
c\nt5ance 9 legible *>act]s#dd4 ,!      
ext]nal signs aga9 ( e passion t ?reat5s
 dang]1 raise 9 u ! passion ( fe>4 ,nor 
is ?is passion occasion$ by consci\sness
 ( dang]1 ?\gh x may be inflam$ by su*  
consci\sness4 ,x is an in/9ctive        
passion1 :i* op]at+ )\t reason or       
reflection1 moves u by a sudd5 impulse  
to avoid ! imp5d+ dang]#de4  ,9 ! fif?  
place1 ^! ext]nal signs are made        
subs]vi5t 9 a curi\s mann] to ! cause ( 
virtue4 ,! ext]nal signs ( a pa9ful     
passion t is virtu\s or innoc5t1 &      
consequ5tly agreeable1 produce inde$ a  
pa9ful emotion4 ,b ?is emotion is       
attractive1 & connects ! spectator ) !  

p]son :o suff]s4 ,disagreeable passions 
only1 are productive ( repulsive        
emotions involv+ ! spectator's av]sion1 
& frequ5tly 8 indignation4 ,?is artful  
contrivance makes u cl+ to ! virtu\s &  
abhor ! wick$4  ,six?ly1 ( all ! ext]nal
 signs ( passion1 ^? ( affliction or    
di/ress are ! mo/ illu/ri\s ) respect to
 a f9al cause2 & des]v$ly m]it a place (
 di/9ction4 ,!y are illu/ri\s by !      
s+ul>ity ( _! contrivance2 & !y are /ill
 m illu/ri\s by ! sympa?y !y inspire1 a 
passion to :i* human society is indebt$ 
= its greate/ bless+1 t ( secur+ relief 
9 all cases ( di/ress4 ,a subject s     
int]e/+1 ought to be exam9$ ) leisure & 
att5tion4 ,! con=mity ( ! nature ( man  
to 8 ext]nal circum/ances1 is 9 e       
p>ticul> wond]ful4 ,8 nature makes him  
prone to society2 & 8 situation makes x 
necess>y = him4 ,9 a solit>y /ate he is 
! mo/ helpless ( be+s2 de/itute (       
support1 & 9 8 manifold di/resses       
de/itute ( relief4 ,mutual support1 !   
%9+ attribute ( society1 be+ ess5tial to

 ! well-be+ ( man1 is n left ^u reason1 
b is in=c$ ev5 in/9ctively by ! passion 
( sympa?y4 ,"h sympa?y makes a capital  
figure2 & contributes1 m ?an any o!r    
means1 to make life easy & com=table4 ,b
 h[ev] ess5tial sympa?y be to com=table 
exi/5ce1 "o ?9k+ ( x be=eh&1 w\ld f9d   
difficulty 9 conjectur+ h[ x c\ld be    
rais$ by ext]nal signs ( di/ress4 ,=    
consid]+ ! analogy ( nature1 if ^! signs
 be agreeable1 !y mu/ give bir? to a    
pleasant emotion lead+ e behold] to be  
pleas$ ) human mis=tunes4 ,if !y be     
disagreeable1 z !y und\bt$ly are1 ought 
n ! pa9ful emotion !y produce to repel !
 spectator f !m1 9 ord] to be reliev$ f 
pa98 ,su* w\ld be ! conjecture1 9 ?9k+ (
 ?is matt] be=eh&2 & su* w\ld be !      
effect1 7 man purely a selfi% be+4 ,b ! 
b5evol5ce ( our nature gives a v diff]5t
 direction to ! pa9ful passion (        
sympa?y1 & to ! desire involv$ 9 x4 ,f> 
f fly+ f di/ress1 we fly to x 9 ord] to 
af=d relief2 & our sympa?y _c be o!rwise
 gratifi$ ?an by giv+ all ! succ\r 9 our

 p[]#df4 ,?us ext]nal signs ( di/ress1  
?\gh disagreeable1 are attractive2 & !  
sympa?y !y inspire u ) is a p[]ful      
cause1 impell+ u to af=d relief ev5 to a
 /rang] z if he 7 our fri5d or          
blood-relation4  ,?is bran* ( human     
nature conc]n+ ! ext]nal signs (        
passion1 is s f9ely adju/$ to answ] its 
end1 t ^? :o und]/& x ! be/ w admire x !
 mo/4 ,^! ext]nal signs1 be+ all ( !m   
resolvable into col\r1 figure1 & motion1
 %\ld n naturally make any deep         
impression on a spectator4 ,& suppos+ !m
 qualifi$ = mak+ deep impressions1 we h 
se5 above1 t ! effects !y produce are n 
:at w\ld be expect$4 ,we _c !re=e acc\nt
 o!rwise = ! op]ation ( ^! ext]nal      
signs1 ?an by ascrib+ x to ! orig9al    
con/itution ( human nature4 ,to improve 
! social /ate1 by mak+ u in/9ctively    
rejoice ) ! glad ( he>t1 weep ) ! m\rn]1
 & %un ^? :o ?reat5 dang]1 is a         
contrivance illu/ri\s = its wisdom z    
well z b5evol5ce4 ,) respect to !       
ext]nal signs ( di/ress 9 p>ticul>1 to  

judge ( ! excell5cy ( _! contrivance1 we
 ne$ only reflect ^u sev]al o!r means   
seem+ly m natural1 t w\ld n h answ]$ !  
end propos$4 ,i am attract$ by ?is amus+
 speculation1 & w n ask p>don = indulg+ 
9 x4 ,we %all 9 ! fir/ place rev]se !   
tru?1 by putt+ ! case t ! ext]nal signs 
( joy 7 disagreeable1 & ! ext]nal signs 
( di/ress agreeable4 ,?is is no :imsical
 supposition2 = ^! ext]nal signs1 s f> z
 c be ga!r$ f _! nature1 seem indiff]5t 
to ! production ( pleasure or pa94      
,admitt+ !n ! supposition1 ! "q is1 ,h[ 
w\ld our sympa?y op]ate8 ,!re is no     
occasion to delib]ate = an answ]4       
,sympa?y1 ^u t supposition1 w\ld be n   
less de/ructive1 ?an accord+ to ! real  
case x is b5eficial4 ,we %\ld be incit$1
 to cross ! happ9ess ( o!rs if its      
ext]nal signs 7 disagreeable to u1 & to 
augm5t _! di/ress if its ext]nal signs 7
 agreeable4 ,i make a second            
supposition1 ,t ! ext]nal signs (       
di/ress 7 indiff]5t to u1 & productive  
nei!r ( pleasure nor pa94 ,?is w\ld     

annihilate ! /ronge/ bran* ( sympa?y1 t 
:i* is rais$ by means ( sight4 ,& x is  
evid5t1 t reflective sympa?y1 felt by ^?
 only :o h m ?an an ord9>y %>e (        
s5sibility1 w\ld be f> f be+ suffici5t  
to fulfil ! ends ( ! social /ate4 ,i    
%all approa* ne>] tru? 9 a ?ird         
supposition1 ,t ! ext]nal signs (       
di/ress be+ disagreeable1 7 productive (
 a pa9ful repulsive emotion4 ,sympa?y ^u
 ?is supposition w\ld n be annihilat$2 b
 x w\ld be r5d]$ useless4 ,= x w\ld be  
gratifi$ by fly+ f or avoid+ ! object1  
in/ead ( cl++ to x1 & af=d+ relief4 ,!  
condition ( man w\ld 9 reality be worse 
?an if sympa?y 7 totally eradicat$2     
because sympa?y w\ld only s]ve to plague
 ^? :o feel x1 )\t produc+ any good to !
 afflict$4  ,loa? to quit s int]e/+ a   
subject1 ,i add a reflection1 ) :i* ,i  
%all conclude4 ,! ext]nal signs (       
passion are a /rong indication1 t man1  
by 8 v con/itution1 is fram$ to be op5 &
 s9c]e4 ,a *ild1 9 all ?+s ob$i5t to !  
impulses ( nature1 hides none ( its     

emotions3 ! savage & cl[n1 :o h no guide
 o!r ?an pure nature1 expose _! he>ts to
 view by giv+ way to all ! natural      
signs3 & ev5 :5 m5 le>n to dissemble _! 
s5tim5ts1 & :5 behavi\r deg5]ates into  
art1 !re /ill rema9 *ecks1 :i* keep     
dissimulation )9 b\nds1 & prev5t a great
 "p ( its mis*iev\s effects4 ,! total   
suppression ( ! volunt>y signs dur+ any 
vivid passion1 begets ! utmo/ uneas9ess1
 :i* _c be endur$ = any consid]able "t4 
,?is op]ation becomes inde$ less pa9ful 
by habit3 b luckily ! involunt>y signs1 
_c by any ef=t be suppress$ or ev5      
dissembl$4 ,an absolute hypocrisy1 by   
:i* ! "* is conceal$ & a fictiti\s "o   
assum$1 is made impracticable2 & nature 
has !reby prev5t$ mu* h>m to society4   
,we may pron\nce !re=e1 t nature1 h]self
 s9c]e & c&id1 int5ds t mank9d %\ld     
pres]ve ! same "*1 by cultivat+         
simplicity & tru?1 & bani%+ e sort (    
dissimulation t t5ds to mis*ief4        
,,*ap4 ,,xvi4  ,,s5tim5ts4   ,e ?\ght   
sugge/$ by a passion or emotion1 is t]m$

 a s5tim5t#dg4  ,! k ( ! s5tim5ts       
peculi> to ea* passion consid]$         
ab/ractly1 w n alone enable an arti/ to 
make a j repres5tation ( nature4 ,he    
ought1 ov] & above1 to be acqua9t$ ) !  
v>i\s appe>ances ( ! same passion 9     
diff]5t p]sons4 ,passions1 x is c]ta91  
receive a t9cture f e peculi>ity ( "*2 &
 = t reason1 x r>ely happ5s t any two   
p]sons v5t _! passions precisely 9 !    
same mann]4 ,h5ce ! foll[+ rule conc]n+ 
dramatic & epic compositions1 ,t a      
passion be adju/$ to ! "*1 ! s5tim5ts to
 ! passion1 & ! language to ! s5tim5ts4 
,if nature be n fai?fully copi$ 9 ea* ( 
^!1 a defect 9 execution is p]ceiv$4    
,!re may appe> "s resemblance2 b !      
picture ^u ! :ole w be insipid1 ?r\gh   
want ( grace & delicacy4 ,a pa9t]1 9    
ord] to repres5t ! v>i\s attitudes ( !  
body1 ought to be intimately acqua9t$ ) 
muscul> motion3 n less intimately       
acqua9t$ ) emotions & *>act]s ought a   
writ] to be1 9 ord] to repres5t ! v>i\s 
attitudes ( ! m9d4 ,a g5]al notion ( !  

passions1 9 _! gross] diff]5ces ( /rong 
& weak1 elevat$ & humble1 sev]e & gay1  
is f> f be+ suffici5t4 ,pictures =m$ s  
sup]ficially1 h little resemblance1 & no
 expression4 ,& yet x w appe> by & by1 t
 9 _m in/ances our reput$ ma/]s are     
defici5t ev5 9 ?is sup]ficial k4  ,9    
h&l+ ! pres5t subject1 x w\ld be endless
 to trace ev5 ! ord9>y passions ?r\gh _!
 nic] & m m9ute diff]5ces4 ,m9e %all be 
an humbl] task2 :i* is1 to select f !   
be/ writ]s in/ances ( faulty s5tim5ts1  
aft] pav+ ! way by "s g5]al obs]vations4
  ,to talk 9 ! language ( music1 ea*    
passion ha? a c]ta9 tone1 to :i* e      
s5tim5t proce$+ f x ought to be tun$ ) !
 greate/ accuracy4 ,?is is no easy "w1  
especially :]e su* h>mony is to be      
support$ dur+ ! c\rse ( a long !atrical 
repres5tation4 ,9 ord] to rea* su*      
delicacy ( execution1 x is necess>y t a 
writ] assume ! precise "* & passion ( ! 
p]sonage repres5t$4 ,?is requires an    
uncommon g5ius4 ,b x is ! only          
difficulty2 = ! writ]1 :o1 =gett+       

himself1 c ?us p]sonate ano!r1 s z to   
feel truly & di/9ctly ! v>i\s agitations
 ( ! passion1 ne$ be 9 no pa9 ab\t !    
s5tim5ts3 ^! w fl[ )\t ! lea/ /udy1 or  
ev5 preconception2 & w frequ5tly be z   
delightfully new to himself z aft]w>d to
 8 read]4 ,b if a lively picture ev5 ( a
 s+le emotion require an ef=t ( g5ius2  
h[ mu* great] mu/ ! ef=t be1 to compose 
a passionate dialogue1 9 :i* !re are z  
_m diff]5t tones ( passion z !re are    
speak]s8 ,) :at ductility ( feel+ ought 
a writ] to be endu$ :o aims at p]fection
 9 su* a "w2 :51 to execute x correctly1
 x is necess>y to assume diff]5t & ev5  
opposite *>act]s & passions1 9 ! quicke/
 succession8 ,& yet ?is "w1 difficult z 
x is1 yields to t ( compos+ a dialogue 9
 g5teel com$y devoid ( passion2 :]e !   
s5tim5ts mu/ be tun$ to ! nic] & m      
delicate tones ( diff]5t *>act]s4 ,t !  
latt] is ! m difficult task1 appe>s f   
consid]+1 t a "* is greatly m complex   
?an a passion1 & t passions are m       
di/+ui%able f ea* o!r ?an *>act]s are4  

,_m writ]s accord+ly :o h no g5ius =    
*>act]s1 make a %ift to repres5t1       
tol]ably well1 an ord9>y passion 9 its  
pla9 movem5ts4 ,b ( all works ( ?is k9d1
 :at is truly ! mo/ difficult1 is a     
*>act]i/ical dialogue ^u any            
philosophical subject4 ,to int]weave    
*>act]s ) reason+1 by adapt+ to !       
peculi> "* ( ea* speak] a peculi>ity n  
only ( ?\ght b ( expression1 requires ! 
p]fection ( g5ius1 ta/e1 & judgem5t4    
,h[ h>d dialogue-writ+ is1 w be evid5t1 
ev5 )\t reason+1 f ! imp]fect           
compositions ( ?is k9d f\nd )\t numb] 9 
all languages4 ,! art ( mimick+ any     
s+ul>ity 9 voice or ge/ure1 is a r>e    
tal5t1 ?\gh direct$ by sight & he>+1 !  
acute/ & mo/ lively ( our ext]nal s5ses3
 h[ mu* m r>e mu/ ! tal5t be ( imitat+  
*>act]s & int]nal emotions1 trac+ all _!
 diff]5t t9ts1 & repres5t+ !m 9 a lively
 mann] by natural s5tim5ts prop]ly      
express$8 ,! tru? is1 su* execution is  
too delicate = an ord9>y g5ius2 & = t   
reason1 ! bulk ( writ]s1 in/ead (       

express+ a passion l "o :o is "u its    
p[]1 cont5t !mselves ) describ+ x l a   
spectator4 ,to awake passion by an      
int]nal ef=t m]ely1 )\t any ext]nal     
cause1 requires great s5sibility2 & yet 
?is op]ation is necess>y n less to !    
writ] ?an to ! actor2 because none b !y 
:o actually feel a passion1 c repres5t x
 to ! life4 ,! writ]'s "p is mu* m      
complicat$3 he mu/ jo9 composition )    
action2 &1 9 ! quicke/ succession1 be   
able to adopt e diff]5t "* introduc$ 9 8
 "w4 ,b a v humble flight ( imag9ation1 
may s]ve to conv]t a writ] into a       
spectator1 s z to figure1 9 "s obscure  
mann]1 an action z pass+ 9 8 sight &    
he>+4 ,9 ?is figur$ situation1 he is l$ 
naturally to describe z a spectator1 &  
at second h& to ent]ta9 8 read]s ) 8 own
 obs]vations1 ) cool description &      
florid declamation2 in/ead ( mak+ !m    
eye-witnesses1 z x 71 to a real ev5t1 & 
to e movem5t ( g5u9e passion#dh4 ,?us1 9
 ! bulk ( plays1 a tiresome monotony    
prevails1 a pomp\s declamatory /yle1 )\t

 ent]+ into diff]5t *>act]s or passions4
  ,?is descriptive mann] ( express+     
passion1 has a v unhappy effect4 ,our   
sympa?y is n rais$ by description3 we   
mu/ be lull$ fir/ into a dream (        
reality2 & e ?+ mu/ appe> z actually    
pres5t & pass+ 9 our sight#di4 ,unhappy 
is ! play] ( g5ius :o acts a capital "p 
9 :at may be t]m$ a descriptive trag$y4 
,aft] he has assum$ ! v passion t is to 
be repres5t$1 h[ mu/ he be cramp$ 9 8   
action1 :5 he is =c$ to utt]1 n !       
s5tim5ts ( ! passion he feels1 b a cold 
description 9 ! language ( a by-/&]8 ,x 
is ?is imp]fection1 ,i am p]suad$1 9 !  
bulk ( our plays1 t conf9es our /age    
almo/ entirely to ,%akespe>1 8 _m       
irregul>ities not)/&+4 ,9 our late/     
,engli% trag$ies1 we sometimes f9d      
s5tim5ts tol]ably well adapt$ to a pla9 
passion4 ,b x w\ld be fruitless lab\r1  
to se>* 9 any ( !m = a s5tim5t          
expressive ( "*2 &1 ^u t v acc\nt1 all  
our mod]n p]=mances ( ! dramatic k9d1   
are intol]ably insipid4  ,look+ back ^u 

! =ego+ obs]vation1 ,i am unc]ta9 :e!r x
 w be suffici5tly appreh5d$2 =1 ^u ?is  
complicat$ subject1 ,i f9d "s difficulty
 to express myself ) p]spicuity4 ,i     
despair n h[ev] to place ?is matt] 9 !  
cle>e/ light1 by add+ example to        
precept4 ,9 ! front %all be set "o or   
two examples ( s5tim5ts t appe> !       
legitimate (fspr+ ( passion2 & to !m    
%all be oppos$ a few o!rs t are         
descriptive only1 & illegitimate4 ,9    
mak+ ?is comp>ison1 ,i %all borr[ my    
in/ances f ,%akespe> & ,corneille1 :o = 
g5ius 9 dramatic composition /& upp]mo/ 
9 ! rolls ( fame4         99       99   
99       99       99  ,%akespe> %all    
furni% ! fir/ in/ance1 be+ ( s5tim5ts   
dictat$ by a viol5t & p]turb$ passion4  
,le>4----,filial +ratitude6     ,is x n1
 z if ?is m\? %\ld te> ?is h&     ,=    
lift+ food to't8--,b ,i'll puni% home2  
,no1 ,i w weep no m4---- ,9 su* a night1
     ,to %ut me out6---- ,p\r on1 ,i w  
endure4     ,9 su* a night z ?is6 ,o    
,regan1 ,gon]ill1     ,y\r old k9d fa!r1

 ^: frank he>t gave all--     ,o1 t way 
madness lies2 let me %un t2     ,no m ( 
t4----      ,k5t4 ,good1 my ,"l1 ent]   
"h4      ,le>4 ,pr'y!e1 g 9 ?y ?yself1  
seek ?9e own ease1     ,?is tempe/ w n  
give me leave to pond]     ,on ?+s w\ld 
hurt me m--b ,i'll g 92     ,91 boy1 g  
fir/4 ,y h\seless pov]ty----     ,nay1  
get !e 92 ,i'll pray1 & !n ,i'll sleep--
     ,poor nak$ wret*es1 :]esoe'er y    
are1     ,t bide ! pelt+ ( ?is pitiless 
/orm6     ,h[ %all y\r h\seless heads & 
unf$ sides1     ,y\r loop'd & w9d['d    
ragg$ness1 def5d y     ,f seasons su* z 
^!8---- ,o ,i h ta'en     ,too little   
c>e ( ?is6 take physic1 ,pomp2          
,expose ?yself to feel :at wret*es feel1
     ,t ?\ may'/ %ake ! sup]flux to !m1 
,& %[ ! heav5s m j4          ,k+ ,le>4  
act #c4 sc #e4  ,to illu/rate ! =ego+   
doctr9e1 "o o!r in/ance ( ! same k9d may
 suffice1 express+ s5tim5ts aris+ f     
remorse & despair4      ,o!llo4 ,lo6 ,i 
h a weapon3     ,a bett] nev] did itself
 su/a9     ,^u a soldi]'s ?igh4 ,i've   

se5 ! day1     ,t ) ?is little arm1 &   
?is good sword1     ,i've made my way   
?r\gh m imp$im5ts     ,?an tw5ty times  
y\r /op4 ,b1 oh va9 boa/6     ,:o c     
contr\l 8 fate8 'tis n s n[4     ,be n  
afraid1 ?\gh y d see me weapon'd2       
,"h is my j\rney's end1 "h is my butt1  
,! v sea m>k ( my outmo/ sail4     ,d y 
g back dismay'd8 'tis a lo/ fe>4        
,man b a ru% aga9/ ,o!llo's brea/1      
,& he retires4 ,:]e %\ld ,o!llo g8      
,n[---- h[ do/ ?\ look n[8 ,oh ill />r'd
 w5*6     ,pale z ?y smoke6 :5 we %all  
meet at compt1     ,?is look ( ?9e w    
hurl my s\l f heav'n1     ,& fi5ds w    
snat* at x4 ,cold1 cold1 my girl1       
,ev'n l ?y *a/ity4 ,o curs$ slave6      
,:ip me1 ye devils1     ,f ! possession 
( ?is heav'nly sight2     ,bl[ me ab\t 9
 w9ds1 roa/ me 9 sulphur1     ,wa% me 9 
/eep-d[n gulfs ( liquid fire----        
,oh1 ,desdemona6 ,desdemona6 dead6 dead6
 oh1 oh6          ,o!llo1 act #e4 sc4   
#i4  ,! s5tim5ts "h display'd fl[ s     
naturally f ! passions repres5t$1 & are 

su* g5u9e expressions ( ^! passions1 t x
 is n possible to conceive any imitation
 m p]fect4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,) reg>d to ! ,fr5* au?or1 
tru? obliges me to ackn[l$ge1 t he      
describes 9 ! /yle ( a spectator1 in/ead
 ( express+ passion l "o :o feels x2 &  
also t he is !reby betray'd into ! o!r  
faults above m5tion$1 a tiresome        
monotony1 & a pomp\s declamatory        
/yle#ej4 ,x is sc>ce necess>y to produce
 p>ticul> in/ances2 = he nev] v>ies f   
?is tone4 ,i %all h[ev] take two        
passages at a v5ture1 9 ord] to be      
confront$ ) ^? transcrib$ above4 ,9 !   
trag$y ( ,c9na1 milia1 aft] ! conspiracy
 0 discov]$1 hav+ no?+ 9 view b racks & 
dea? to h]self & h] lov]1 receives a    
p>don f ,augu/us1 att5d$ ) ! brighte/   
circum/ances ( magnanimity & t5d]ness4  
,?is is a happy situation = repres5t+ ! 
passions ( surprise & gratitude 9 _!    
diff]5t /ages4 ,^! passions1 rais$ at   
once to ! utmo/ pit*1 are at fir/ too   
big = utt]ance2 & milia's feel+s mu/1 = 

"s mom5ts1 h be5 express$ by viol5t     
ge/ures only4 ,s soon z !re is a v5t =  
words1 ! fir/ expressions are naturally 
brok5 & int]rupt$4 ,at la/ we ought to  
expect a tide ( int]m+l$ s5tim5ts1      
occasion$ by ! fluctuation ( ! m9d      
betwixt ! two passions4 milia is made to
 behave 9 a v diff]5t mann]4 ,) extreme 
coolness %e describes h] own situation1 
z if %e 7 m]ely a spectator2 or r ! poet
 takes ! task (f h] h&s4      ,et je me 
r5s1 ,seigneur1  ces hautes bonts1      
,je rec\vre la ve auprs de leurs cl>ts1 
,je connois mon =fait qui me sembloit   
ju/ice1     ,et ce que n'avoit p la     
t]reur du supplice1     ,je s5s naitre  
en mon ame un rep5tir puissant2     ,et 
mon cur en secret me dit1 qu'il y       
cons5t4     ,le ciel a rsolu votre      
gr&eur suprme1     ,et p\r preuve1      
,seigneur1 je n'en veux que moi-mme2    
,j'ose avec vanit me donn] cet clat1    
,puisqu'il *ange mon cur1 qu'il veut    
*ang] l'tat4     ,ma ha9e va m\rir que  
j'ai crue immortelle1     ,elle e/      

morte1 et ce cur devi5t sujet fidle1    
,et pr5ant dsormais cette ha9e en       
horreur1     ,l'ardeur de v\s s]vir     
succ$e  sa fureur4          ,act #e4 sc4
 #c4  ,9 ! trag$y ( ,s]torius1 ! ,que51 
surpris$ ) ! news t h] lov] 0           
assass9at$1 in/ead ( v5t+ any passion1  
deg5]ates into a cool spectator1 ev5 s  
mu* z to in/ruct ! by-/&]s h[ a que5    
ought to behave on su* an occasion4     
,viriate4 ,il m'en fait voir ensemble1  
et l'auteur1 et la cause4     ,p> cet   
assass9at c'e/ de moi qu'on dispose1    
,c'e/ mon trne1 c'e/ moi qu'on pret5d   
conqu]ir1     ,et c'e/ mon ju/e *oix qui
 seul l'a fait p]ir4     ,madame1 aprs  
sa p]te1 et p>mi ces al>mes1            
,n'att5dez po9t de moi de s\pirs1 ni de 
l>mes2     ,ce sont amusem5s que ddaigne
 aisem5t     ,le prompt et noble orgueil
 d'un vif ress5tim5t4     ,qui pleure1  
l'affoiblit1 qui s\pire1 l'exhale1      
,il faut plus de fi]t dans une ame      
royale2     ,et ma d\leur s\mise aux    
so9s de le v5g]1 c4          ,act #e4   

sc4 #c4  ,s mu* 9 g5]al ^u ! g5u9e      
s5tim5ts ( passion4 ,i proce$ n[ to     
p>ticul> obs]vations4 ,&1 fir/1         
,passions are seldom uni=m = any        
consid]able "t3 !y g5]ally fluctuate1   
swell+ & subsid+ by turns1 (t5 9 a quick
 succession#ea4 ,?is fluctuation1 9 !   
case ( a real passion1 w be express$    
ext]nally by prop] s5tim5ts2 & ought to 
be imitat$ 9 writ+ & act+4 ,accord+ly1 a
 climax %[s nev] bett] ?an 9 express+ a 
swell+ passion4 ,! foll[+ passages %all 
suffice = an illu/ration4               
,oroonoko4---- ,c y raise ! dead8       
,pursue & ov]take ! w+s ( "t8     ,& br+
 ab\t aga91 ! h\rs1 ! days1     ,! ye>s1
 t made me happy8          ,oroonoko1   
act #b4 sc4 #b4      ,alm]ia4---- ,h[   
ha/ ?\ *>m'd     ,! wildness ( ! waves &
 rocks to ?is8     ,t ?us rel5t+ !y h   
giv'n !e back     ,to e>?1 to light &   
life1 to love & me8          ,m\rn+     
,bride1 act #a4 sc4 #g4      ,i w\ld n  
be ! villa9 t ?\ ?9k'/     ,= ! :ole    
space t's 9 ! tyrant's grasp1     ,& !  

ri* e>? to boot4          ,macbe?1 act  
#d4 sc4 #d4  ,! foll[+ passage expresses
 f9ely ! progress ( conviction4         
,let me n /ir1 nor brea!1 le/ ,i        
dissolve     ,t t5d]1 lovely =m1 ( pa9t$
 air1     ,s l ,alm]ia4 ,ha6 x s9ks1 x  
falls2     ,i'll cat* x ere x goes1 &   
grasp h] %ade4     ',tis life6 'tis w>m6
 'tis %e6 'tis %e h]self6     ,x is     
,alm]ia6 'tis1 x is my wife6      ,m\rn+
 ,bride1 act #b4 sc4 #f4  ,9 ! progress 
( ?\ght1 our resolutions become m       
vigor\s z well z our passions4      ,if 
ev] ,i d yield or give cons5t1     ,by  
any action1 ^w1 or ?\ght1 to w$         
,ano!r ,"l2 may !n j ,heav'n %['r d[n1  
c4      ,m\rn+ ,bride1 act #a4 sc4 #a4  
,& ?is leads to a second obs]vation1 ,t 
! diff]5t /ages ( a passion1 & its      
diff]5t directions1 f its bir? to its   
ext9ction1 ought to be c>efully         
repres5t$ 9 ! s5tim5ts1 :i* o!rwise w   
(t5 be misplac$4 ,res5tm5t1 = example1  
:5 provok$ by an atroci\s injury1       
dis*>ges itself fir/ ^u ! au?or4        

,s5tim5ts !re=e ( rev5ge take place (   
all o!rs1 & mu/ 9 "s measure be exhau/$ 
be=e ! p]son injur$ ?9k ( pity+ himself1
 or ( griev+ = 8 pres5t di/ress4 ,9 !   
,cid ( ,corneille1 ,don ,diegue hav+ be5
 affront$ 9 a cruel mann]1 expresses    
sc>ce any s5tim5t ( rev5ge1 b is totally
 occupi$ 9 contemplat+ ! l[ situation to
 :i* he 0 r$uc$ by ! affront4      ,o   
rage6  desespoir6  vieillesse ennemie6  
,n'ai je donc tant vecu que p\r cette   
infamie8     ,et ne suis-je blan*i dans 
les travaux gu]ri]s1     ,que p\r voir  
en une j\r fletrir tant de lauri]s8     
,mon bras1 qu'avec respect t\te         
l',espagne admire1     ,mon bras1 qui   
tant de fois a sauv cet empire1         
,tant de fois aff]mi le trne de son roi1
     ,trahit donc ma qu]elle1 et ne fait
 ri5 p\r moi6     ,o cruel s\v5ir de ma 
gloire passe6     ,oeuvre de tant de    
j\rs en un j\r efface6     ,n\velle     
dignit fatale  mon bonheur6             
,precipice lev d'ou tombe mon honneur6  
,faut-il de votre clat voir triomph] le 

,comte1     ,et m\rir sans v5geance1 ou 
vivre dans la honte8     ,comte1 fois de
 mon ,pr9ce  pres5t g\v]neur1     ,ce   
haut rang n'admet po9t un homme sans    
honneur2     ,et ton jal\x orgueil p>   
cet affront insigne1     ,malgr le *oix 
du ,roi1 m'en a su r5dre indigne4       
,et toi1 de mes exploits glorieux       
in/rum5t1     ,mais d'un corps t\t de   
glace inutile ornem5t1     ,f] jadis    
tant a cra9dre1 et qui dans cette (f5se 
,m'z s]vi de p>ade1 et non pas de       
def5se1     ,va quitte desormais le     
d]ni] des huma9s1     ,passe p\r me     
vang] en de meilleures ma9s4            
,le ,cid1 act #a4 sc4 #d4  ,^! s5tim5ts 
are c]ta9ly n :at occur to ! m9d 9 !    
fir/ movem5ts ( ! passion4 ,9 ! same    
mann] z 9 res5tm5t1 ! fir/ movem5ts (   
grief are always direct$ ^u its object4 
,yet ) relation to ! hidd5 & sev]e      
di/emp] t seiz$ ,alex&] ba?+ 9 ! riv]   
,cydnus1 ,qu9tus ,curtius describes !   
fir/ emotions ( ! army z direct$ ^u     
!mselves1 lam5t+ t !y 7 left )\t a lead]

 f> f home1 & _h sc>ce any hopes (      
return+ 9 safety4 ,_! ,k+'s di/ress1 :i*
 mu/ naturally h be5 _! fir/ conc]n1    
occupies !m b 9 ! second place accord+  
to t au?or4 ,9 ! ,am9ta ( ,tasso1       
,sylvia1 ^u a report ( h] lov]'s dea?1  
:i* %e believ$ c]ta91 in/ead ( bemoan+ !
 loss ( a belov$ object1 turns h] ?\ghts
 ^u h]self1 & wond]s h] he>t does n     
break4      ,ohime1 b5 son di sasso1    
,poi *e que/a novella non m'uccide4     
,act #d4 sc4 #b4  ,9 ! trag$y ( ,jane   
,%ore1 ,alicia1 9 ! full purpose (      
de/roy+ h] rival1 has ! foll[+          
reflection3      ,oh ,jeal\sy6 ?\ bane (
 pleas+ fri5d%ip1     ,?\ wor/ invad] ( 
our t5d] bosoms2     ,h[ does ?y ranc\r 
poison all our s(tness1     ,& turn our 
g5tle natures into bitt]ness8     ,see  
:]e %e comes6 ,once my he>t's de>e/     
bless+1     ,n[ my *ang'd eyes are bla/$
 ) h] beauty1     ,loa! t kn[n face1 &  
sick5 to behold h]4          ,act #c4   
sc4 #a4  ,^! are ! reflections ( a cool 
spectator4 ,a passion :ile x has !      

asc5dant1 & is freely indulg$1 sugge/s n
 to ! man :o feels x any s5tim5t to its 
own prejudice4 ,reflections l ! =ego+1  
occur n to him readily till ! passion h 
sp5t its vigor4  ,a p]son sometimes is  
agitat$ at once by diff]5t passions4 ,! 
m9d 9 ?is case vibrat+ l a p5dulum1 v5ts
 itself 9 s5tim5ts :i* p>take ( ! same  
vibration4 ,?is ,i give z a ?ird        
obs]vation3      ,que54 #8,w\ld ,i _h   
nev] trod ?is ,engli% e>?1     ,or felt 
! flatt]ies t gr[ ^u x6     ,ye've      
angels faces1 b ,heav'n kn[s y\r he>ts4 
,:at %all become ( me n[6 wret*$ lady6  
,i am ! mo/ unhappy woman liv+4         
,alas6 poor w5*es1 :]e are n[ y\r       
=tunes8 ,to h] wom54     ,%ipwreck'd ^u 
a k+dom1 :]e no pity1     ,no fri5ds1 no
 hope6 no k9dr$ weep = me6     ,almo/1  
no grave all['d me4          ,h5ry      
,,viii4 act #c4 sc4 #a4       ,o!llo4   
,oh devil1 devil6 ,if t ! e>? c\ld teem 
)      woman's te>s1 ,ea* drop %e falls1
 w\ld prove a crocodile4 ,out (      my 
sight4       ,desdemona4 ,i w n /ay     

t'(f5d y4 go+4       ,lodovico4 ,truly1 
an ob$i5t lady3 ,i d besee* y\r         
,lord%ip1      call h] back4       ,o?4 
,mi/ress----       ,des4 ,my ,"l4       
,o?4 ,:at w\ld y ) h]1 ,sir8       ,lod4
 ,:o1 ,i1 my ,"l8       ,o?4 ,ay2 y did 
wi% t ,i w\ld make h] turn3 ,sir1 %e c  
turn & turn1 & yet g on2 ,& turn aga94  
,& %e c weep1      ,sir1 weep2 ,& %e's  
ob$i5t3 z y say1 ob$i5t2 ,v             
ob$i5t--proce$ y 9 y\r te>s--,conc]n+   
?is1 ,sir1--oh      well-pa9t$          
passion6--,i am comm&$ home--get y away1
 ,i'll s5d      = y anon--,sir1 ,i obey 
! m&ate1 ,& w return to      ,v5ice4----
 ,h5ce1 avaunt6 ,exit ,desdemona4       
,o!llo1 act #d4 sc4 #f4         milia4  
,oh6 my good ,"l1 ,i w\ld speak a ^w )  
y4       ,o!llo4 ,yes1 'tis milia--by & 
by--%e's dead4 ',tis l1 %e      comes to
 speak ( ,cassio's dea?2 ,! noise 0     
high4--,ha1 no m      mov+8 ,/ill z !   
grave4 ,%all %e come 98 7't good8 ,i ?9k
      %e /irs aga9--,no--:at's ! be/8   
,if %e come 91 %e'll1 sure1      speak  

to my wife2 ,my wife6 my wife6 ,:at     
wife8 ,i h no wife4 ,oh                 
insupportable6 oh heavy h\r6            
,o!llo1 act #e4 sc4 #g4    ,a f\r?      
obs]vation is1 t nature1 :i* gave u     
passions1 & made !m extremely b5eficial 
:5 mod]ate1 int5d$ und\bt$ly t !y %\ld  
be subject$ to ! gov]nm5t ( reason &    
consci5ce#eb4 ,x is !re=e aga9/ ! ord] (
 nature1 t passion 9 any case %\ld take 
! lead 9 contradiction to reason &      
consci5ce4 ,su* a /ate ( m9d is a sort (
 an>*y1 :i* e "o is a%am$ (1 & endeav\rs
 to hide or dissemble4 ,ev5 love1 h[ev] 
laudable1 is att5d$ ) a consci\s %ame :5
 x becomes immod]ate3 x is cov]$ f ! _w1
 & disclos$ only to ! belov$ object3    
,et que l'am\r s\v5t de remors combattu 
,p>oisse une foiblesse1 et non une v]tu4
          ,boileau1 ,l'art poet4 *ant4  
#c4 l4 #aja4      ,o1 !y love lea/ t let
 m5 "k _! love4          ,two ,g5tlem5 (
 ,v]ona1 act #a4 sc4 #c4  ,h5ce a       
capital rule 9 ! repres5tation ( /rong  
passions1 t _! g5u9e s5tim5ts ought to  

be hid or dissembl$ z mu* z possible4 ,&
 ?is holds 9 an especial mann] ) respect
 to crim9al passions4 ,"o nev] c\nsels !
 commission ( a crime 9 pla9 t]ms4      
,guilt mu/ n appe> 9 its native col\rs1 
ev5 9 ?\ght3 ! proposal mu/ be made by  
h9ts1 & by repres5t+ ! action 9 "s      
fav\rable light4 ,( ! propriety (       
s5tim5t ^u su* an occasion1 ,%akespe>1 9
 ! ,tempe/1 has giv5 u a beautiful      
example4 ,! subject is a proposal made  
by ! usurp+ ,duke ( ,milan to ,seba/ian1
 to murd] 8 bro!r ! ,k+ ( ,naples4      
,antonio4---- ,:at might     ,wor?y     
,seba/ian--,o1 :at might--no m4     ,&  
yet1 me?9ks1 ,i see x 9 ?y face1        
,:at ?\ %\ld'/ be3 ?'occasion speaks !e1
 &     ,my /rong imag9ation sees a cr[n 
,dropp+ ^u ?y head4          ,act #b4   
sc4 #a4  ,!re _c be a f9] picture ( ?is 
sort1 ?an t ( ,k+ ,john solicit+ ,hub]t 
to murd] ! "y ,pr9ce ,ar?ur4      ,k4   
,john4 ,come hi!r1 ,hub]t4 ,o my g5tle  
,hub]t1     ,we owe !e mu*2 )9 ?is wall 
( fle%     ,!re is a s\l c\nts !e h]    

cr$itor1     ,& ) advantage means to pay
 ?y love4     ,&1 my good fri5d1 ?y     
volunt>y oa?     ,lives 9 ?is bosom1    
de>ly *]i%$4     ,give me ?y h&1 ,i _h a
 ?+ to say----     ,b ,i w fit x ) "s   
bett] "t4     ,by ,heav51 ,hub]t1 ,i'm  
almo/ a%am'd     ,to say :at good       
respect ,i h ( !e4        ,hub]t4 ,i am 
mu* b\nd5 to y\r ,maje/y4        ,k4    
,john4 ,good fri5d1 ?\ ha/ no cause to  
say s yet----     ,b ?\ %alt h--& creep 
"t ne'er s sl[1     ,yet x %all come =  
me to d !e good4     ,i _h a ?+ to      
say--b1 let x g3     ,! sun is 9 !      
heav'n1 & ! pr\d day1     ,att5d$ ) !   
pleasures ( ! _w1     ,is all too       
wanton1 & too full ( gawds1     ,to give
 me audi5ce4 ,if ! midnight-bell        
,did ) 8 iron tongue & braz5 m\?        
,s\nd "o into ! dr[sy race ( night2     
,if ?is same 7 a *ur*-y>d :]e we /&1    
,& ?\ possess$ ) a ?\s& wrongs2     ,or 
if t surly _s ,melan*oly     ,_h bak'd  
?y blood & made x heavy-?ick1     ,:i*  
else runs tickl+ up & d[n ! ve9s1       

,mak+ t idiot ,laught] keep m5's eyes1  
,& /ra9 _! *eeks to idle m]rim5t1       
7,a passion hateful to my purposes72    
,or if t ?\ c\ld'/ see me )\t eyes1     
,he> me )\t ?9e e>s1 & make reply       
,)\t a tongue1 us+ conceit alone1       
,)\t eyes1 e>s1 & h>mful s\nds ( words2 
,!n1 9 despight ( broad-ey'd wat*ful    
day1     ,i w\ld into ?y bosom p\r my   
?\ghts4     ,b ah1 ,i w n--,yet ,i love 
!e well2     ,&1 by my tro?1 ,i ?9k ?\  
lov'/ me well4        ,hub]t4 ,s well1 t
 :at y bid me und]take1     ,?\gh t my  
dea? 7 adjunct to my act1     ,by       
,heav'n1 ,i'd d't4        ,k4 ,john4 ,d 
n ,i "k1 ?\ w\ld'/8     ,good ,hub]t1   
,hub]t1 ,hub]t1 ?r[ ?9e eye     ,on yon 
"y boy4 ,i'll tell !e :at1 my fri5d2    
,he is a v s]p5t 9 my way4     ,&1      
:]esoe'er ?is foot ( m9e do? tread1     
,he lies be=e me4 ,do/ ?\ und]/& me8    
,?\ art 8 keep]4          ,k+ ,john1 act
 #c4 sc4 #e4  ,z ?+s are be/ illu/rat$  
by _! contr>ies1 ,i proce$ to collect f 
classical au?ors1 s5tim5ts t appe>      

faulty4 ,! fir/ class %all consi/ (     
s5tim5ts t accord n ) ! passion2 or1 9  
o!r words1 s5tim5ts t ! passion         
repres5t$ does n naturally sugge/4 ,9 ! 
second class1 %all be rang$ s5tim5ts t  
may belong to an ord9>y passion1 b      
unsuitable to x z t9ctur$ by a s+ul> "*4
 ,?\ghts t prop]ly are n s5tim5ts1 b r  
descriptions1 make a ?ird4 ,s5tim5ts t  
belong to ! passion repres5t$1 b are    
faulty z be+ introduc$ too e>ly or too  
late1 make a f\r?4 ,vici\s s5tim5ts     
expos$ 9 _! native dress1 in/ead ( be+  
conceal$ or disguis$1 make a fif?4 ,& 9 
! la/ class1 %all be collect$ s5tim5ts  
suit$ to no "* or passion1 & !re=e      
unnatural4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,! fir/ class conta9s      
faulty s5tim5ts ( v>i\s k9ds1 :i* ,i    
%all endeav\r to di/+ui% f ea* o!r4 ,&  
fir/ s5tim5ts t are faulty by be+ above 
! tone ( ! passion4      ,o!llo4---- ,o 
my s\l's joy6     ,if aft] e tempe/ come
 su* calms1     ,may ! w9ds bl[ till !y 
h wak5'd dea?3     ,& let ! lab\r+ b>k  

climb hills ( seas     ,olympus high1 & 
duck aga9 z l[     ,z hell's f heav56   
,o!llo1 act #b4 sc4 #f4  ,?is s5tim5t is
 too /rong to be sugge/$ by s slight a  
joy z t ( meet+ aft] a /orm at sea4     
,phila/]4 ,place me1 "s god1 ^u a       
pyramid     ,high] ?an hills ( e>?1 &   
l5d a voice     ,l\d z y\r ?und] to me1 
t f !nce     ,i may disc\rse to all !   
"u-_w     ,! wor? t dwells 9 him4       
,phila/] ( ,beaumont & ,flet*]1 act #d4 
,secondly1 ,s5tim5ts bel[ ! tone ( !    
passion4 ,ptolemy1 by putt+ ,pompey to  
dea?1 hav+ incurr$ ! displeasure ( ,cs>1
 0 9 ! utmo/ dread ( be+ de?ron$4 ,9 ?is
 agitat+ situation1 ,corneille makes him
 utt] a spee* full ( cool reflection1 t 
is 9 no degree expressive ( ! passion4  
,ah6 si je t'avois cr1 je n'aurois pas  
de matre1     ,je s]ois dans le trne o  
le ,ciel m'a fait natre2     ,mais c'e/ 
une imprud5ce assez commune aux rois1   
,d'ec\t] trop d'avis1 et se tromp] au   
*oix4     ,le ,de/9 les aveugle au bord 
du prcipice1     ,ou si quelque lumi]e  

en leur ame se glisse1     ,cette fausse
 cl>t dont il les ebl\it1     ,le plonge
 dans une g\ffre1 et puis s'evan\it4    
,la mort de ,pompe1 act #d4 sc4 #a4  ,9 
,les ,fr]es ennemies ( ,rac9e1 ! second 
act is op5$ ) a love-sc5e4 ,hemon talks 
to 8 mi/ress ( ! torm5ts ( abs5ce1 ( !  
lu/re ( h] eyes1 t he ought to die no   
:]e b at h] feet1 & t "o mom5t ( abs5ce 
0 a ?\s& ye>s4 ,antigone on h] "p acts !
 coquette1 & pret5ds %e mu/ be gone to  
wait on h] "m & bro!r1 & _c /ay to li/5 
to 8 c\rt%ip4 ,?is is odi\s ,fr5*       
gallantry1 bel[ ! dignity ( ! passion ( 
love4 ,x w\ld sc>ce be excusable 9 pa9t+
 mod]n ,fr5* mann]s2 & is insuff]able   
:]e ! anci5ts are br\ght ^u ! /age4 ,!  
mann]s pa9t$ 9 ! ,alex&re ( ! same au?or
 are n m j4 ,fr5* gallantry prevails !re
 ?r\gh\t4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,?ird4 ,s5tim5ts t agree n 
) ! tone ( ! passion2 z :]e a pleasant  
s5tim5t is graft$ ^u a pa9ful passion1  
or ! contr>y4 ,9 ! foll[+ in/ances !    
s5tim5ts are too gay = a s]i\s passion4 

,no happi] talk ^! fad$ eyes pursue2    
,to read & weep is all !y n[ c d4       
,eloisa to ,abel>d1 l4 #dg4  ,aga91     
,heav'n fir/ taught lett]s = "s wret*'s 
aid1     ,"s bani%'d lov]1 or "s captive
 maid2     ,!y live1 !y speak1 !y brea! 
:at love inspires1     ,w>m f ! s\l1 &  
fai?ful to its fires2     ,! virg9's wi%
 )\t h] fe>s imp>t1     ,excuse ! blu%1 
& p\r out all ! he>t2     ,spe$ ! s(t   
int]c\rse f s\l to s\l1     ,& waft a   
sigh f ,indus to ! pole4                
,eloisa to ,abel>d1 l4 #ea4  ,^! ?\ghts 
are pretty2 !y suit ,pope extremely1 b n
 ,eloisa4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,satan1 enrag$ by a ?reat5+
 ( ! angel ,gabriel1 answ]s ?us3        
,!n :5 ,i am ?y captive talk ( *a9s1    
,pr\d limit>y *]ub2 b ere !n     ,f>    
heavi] load ?yself expect to feel     ,f
 my prevail+ arm1 ?\gh ,heav5's ,k+     
,ride on ?y w+s1 & ?\ ) ?y compe]s1     
,u'd to ! yoke1 draw'/ 8 triumphant     
:eels     ,9 progress ?r\gh ! road (    
heav'n />-pav'd4          ,p>adise ,lo/1

 book #d4  ,! conclud+ epi!t =ms a gr& &
 delightful image1 :i* _c be ! g5u9e    
(fspr+ ( rage4         99       99      
99       99       99  ,f\r?4 ,s5tim5ts  
too artificial = a s]i\s passion4 ,i    
give = ! fir/ example a spee* ( ,pi]cy  
expir+3      ,o1 ,h>ry1 ?\ ha/ robb'd me
 ( my gr[?3     ,i bett] brook ! loss ( 
brittle life1     ,?an ^? pr\d titles ?\
 ha/ won ( me2     ,!y w\nd my ?\ghts1  
worse ?an ?y sword my fle%4     ,b      
?\ght's ! slave ( life1 & life "t's     
fool2     ,& "t1 t takes survey ( all ! 
_w1     ,mu/ h a /op4          ,fir/ "p1
 ,h5ry ,,iv4 act #e4 sc4 #i4  ,livy     
ins]ts ! foll[+ passage 9 a pla9tive    
oration ( ! ,locr5ses accus+ ,plem9ius !
 ,roman legate ( oppression4       8,9  
hoc legato ve/ro1 nec hom9is quicquam   
e/1 ,patres ,conscripti1      prt]      
figuram et speciem2 neque ,romani civis1
 prt] habitum      ve/itumque1 et sonum 
l+u ,lat94 ,pe/is et bellua immanis1    
quales fretum1 quondam1 quo ab ,sicilia 
dividimur1 ad p]niciem      navigantium 

circums$isse1 fabul f]unt#ec40          
,congreve %[s a f9e ta/e 9 ! s5tim5ts ( 
! ,m\rn+ ,bride4 ,b 9 ! foll[+ passage !
 picture is too artful to be sugge/$ by 
sev]e grief3      ,alm]ia4 ,o no6 ,"t   
gives increase to my afflictions4     ,!
 circl+ h\rs1 t ga!r all ! woes     ,:i*
 are diffus'd ?r\gh ! revolv+ ye>1      
,come heavy-lad5 ) ?' oppress+ weight   
,to me2 ) me1 successively1 !y leave    
,! sighs1 ! te>s1 ! groans1 ! re/less   
c>es1     ,& all ! damps ( grief1 t did 
ret>d _! flight1     ,!y %ake _! d[ny   
w+s1 & scatt] all     ,! dire collect$  
dews on my poor head2     ,!n fly ) joy 
& swiftness f me4          ,act #a4 sc4 
#a4  ,9 ! same play1 ,alm]ia see+ a dead
 body1 :i* %e took to be ,alphonso's1   
expresses s5tim5ts /ra9$ & artificial1  
:i* nature sugge/s n to any p]son ^u su*
 an occasion3      ,_h !y1 or he>ts1 or 
eyes1 t did ?is de$8     ,c\ld eyes     
endure to guide su* cruel h&s8     ,are 
n my eyes guilty alike ) !irs1     ,t   
?us c gaze1 & yet n turn to /one8       

--,i d n weep6 ,! spr+s ( te>s are      
dry'd1     ,& ( a sudd5 ,i am calm1 z if
     ,all ?+s 7 well2 & yet my husb&'s  
murd]'d6     ,yes1 yes1 ,i "k to m\rn6  
,i'll sluice ?is he>t1     ,! s\rce (   
wo1 & let ! torr5t loose4          ,act 
#e4 sc4 #aa4       ,lady ,trueman4 ,h[  
c\ld y be s cruel to def] giv+ me t     
joy :i* y knew ,i mu/ receive f y\r     
pres5ce8 ,y h      robb'd my life ( "s  
h\rs ( happ9ess t ought to h be5      9 
x4                       ,drumm]1 act   
#e4    ,pope's ,elegy to ! memory ( an  
un=tunate lady1 expresses delicately !  
mo/ t5d] conc]n & sorr[ = ! deplorable  
fate ( a p]son ( wor?4 ,a poem ( ?is    
k9d1 deeply s]i\s & pa!tic1 rejects all 
fiction ) disda94 ,we !re=e c give no   
qu>t] to ! foll[+ passage1 :i* is       
em95tly discordant ) ! subject4 ,x is n 
! language ( ! he>t1 b ( ! imag9ation   
indulg+ its flights at ease4 ,x w\ld be 
a /ill m sev]e c5sure1 if x %\ld be     
ascrib$ to imitation1 copy+ indiscreetly
 :at has be5 said by o!rs4      ,:at    

?\gh no weep+ loves ?y a%es grace1      
,nor poli%'d m>ble emulate ?y face8     
,:at ?\gh no sacr$ e>? all[ !e room1    
,nor hall['d dirge be mutt]$ o'er ?y    
tomb8     ,yet %all ?y grave ) ris+     
fl['rs be dre/1     ,& ! gre5 turf lie  
lightly on ?y brea/3     ,!re %all !    
morn h] e>lie/ te>s be/[1     ,!re !    
fir/ roses ( ! ye> %all bl[2     ,:ile  
angels ) _! silv] w+s o'er%ade     ,!   
gr\nd1 n[ sacr$ by ?y reliques made4    
,fif?4 ,fanciful or s9ical s5tim5ts1    
s5tim5ts t deg5]ate into po9t or        
conceit1 h[ev] !y may amuse 9 an idle   
h\r1 c nev] be ! (fspr+ ( any s]i\s or  
important passion4 ,9 ! ,i]usalem (     
,tasso1 ,tancr$1 aft] a s+le combat1    
sp5t ) fatigue & loss ( blood1 falls    
into a swoon4 ,9 ?is situation1 und]/ood
 to be dead1 he is discov]$ by ,erm9ia1 
:o 0 9 love ) him to di/raction4 ,a m   
happy situation _c be imag9$1 to raise  
grief 9 an in/ant to its highe/ pit*2 & 
yet1 9 v5t+ h] sorr[1 %e desc5ds mo/    
abom9ably to anti!sis & conceit1 ev5 ( !

 l[e/ k9d4      ,e 9 lui v]s            
d'inessicabil v5a     ,lacrime1 e voce  
di sospiri mi/a4     ,9 *e mis]o punto  
hor qui me m5a     ,=tuna8 a *e v$uta   
am>a e tri/a8     ,dopo gran tempo i' ti
 ritrovo  p5a     ,tancr$i1 e ti        
riveggio1 e non son vi/a1     ,vi/a non 
son da te1 b5*e pres5te     ,e trov&o ti
 p]do et]nam5te4          ,cant4 #ai4 /4
 #aje4  ,armida's lam5tation respect+ h]
 lov] ,r9aldo#ed1 is 9 ! same viti\s    
ta/e4      ,que54 ,give me no help 9    
lam5tation1     ,i am n b>r5 to br+ =?  
compla9ts3     ,all spr+s r$uce _!      
curr5ts to m9e eyes1     ,t ,i1 be+     
gov]n'd by ! wat'ry moon1     ,may s5d  
=? pl5te\s te>s to dr[n ! _w4     ,ah1 =
 my husb&1 = my de> ,"l ,edw>d4         
,k+ ,ri*>d ,,iii4 act #b4 sc4 #b4       
,jane ,%ore4 ,let me be br&$ = ! public 
scorn1     ,turn'd =?1 & driv5 to w&] l 
a vagabond1     ,be fri5dless & =sak51  
seek my bread     ,^u ! b>r5 wild1 &    
desolate wa/e1     ,fe$ on my sighs1 &  
dr9k my fall+ te>s2     ,ere ,i cons5t  

to tea* my lips inju/ice1     ,or wrong 
! orphan :o has none to save him4       
,jane ,%ore1 act #d4      ,give me y\r  
drops1 ye s(t-desc5d+ ra9s1     ,give me
 y\r /reams1 ye nev]-ceas+ spr+s1     ,t
 my sad eyes may /ill supply my duty1   
,& fe$ an ev]la/+ flood ( sorr[4        
,jane ,%ore1 act #e4  ,jane ,%ore utt]s 
h] la/ brea? 9 a witty conceit4      ,!n
 all is well1 & ,i %all sleep 9         
peace----     ',tis v d>k1 & ,i h lo/ y 
n[----     ,0 !re n some?+ ,i w\ld h    
bequea?'d y8     ,b ,i h no?+ left me to
 be/[1     ,no?+ b "o sad sigh4 ,oh     
m]cy1 ,heav'n6 ,dies4          ,act #e4 
,gil=d to ,lady ,jane ,gray1 :5 bo? 7   
condemn$ to die3      ,?\ /&'/ unmov'd2 
,calm temp] sits ^u ?y beaute\s br[2    
,?y eyes t fl['d s fa/ = ,edw>d's loss1 
,gaze unconc]n'd ^u ! ru9 r\nd !e1      
,z if ?\ had/ resolv'd to brave ?y fate1
     ,& triumph 9 ! mid/ ( desolation4  
,ha6 see1 x swells1 ! liquid cry/al     
rises1     ,x />ts 9 spight ( !e---- b  
,i w cat* x1     ,nor let ! e>? be wet )

 dew s ri*4          ,lady ,jane ,gray1 
act #d4 ne> ! end4  ,! conclud+ s5tim5t 
is altoge!r s9ical1 unsuitable to !     
importance ( ! occasion1 & ev5 to !     
dignity ( ! passion ( love4         99  
99       99       99       99           
,corneille1 9 8 ,exam5 ( ! ,cid#ee1     
answ]+ an objection1 t 8 s5tim5ts are   
sometimes too mu* ref9$ = p]sons 9 deep 
di/ress1 obs]ves1 t if poets did n      
indulge s5tim5ts m +5i\s or ref9$ ?an   
are prompt$ by passion1 _! p]=mances    
w\ld (t5 be l[2 & extreme grief w\ld    
nev] sugge/ b exclamations m]ely4 ,?is  
is 9 pla9 language to ass]t1 ,t =c$     
?\ghts are m reli%$ ?an su* z are       
natural1 & !re=e ought to be pref]r$4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,! second class is ( s5tim5ts t may     
belong to an ord9>y passion1 b are n    
p]fectly concordant ) x1 z t9ctur$ by a 
s+ul> "*4 ,9 ! la/ act ( t excell5t     
com$y1 ,! ,c>eless ,husb&1 ,lady ,easy1 
^u ,sir ,*>les's re=mation1 is made to  
express m viol5t & turbul5t s5tim5ts (  

joy1 ?an are consi/5t ) ! mildness ( h] 
"*4       ,lady ,easy4 ,o ! s(t         
treasure6 ,o ! de> rew>d (              
long-desir+ love---- ,?us6 ?us to h y   
m9e1 is some?+      m ?an happ9ess1 'tis
 d\ble life1 & madness ( ab\nd+         
joy4  ,if ! s5tim5ts ( a passion ought  
to be suit$ to a peculi> "*1 x is /ill m
 necess>y t s5tim5ts devoid ( passion be
 suit$ to ! "*4 ,9 ! #e? act ( !        
,drumm]1 ,addison makes 8 g>d5] act ev5 
bel[ ! "* ( an ignorant cr$ul\s ru/ic3  
he gives him ! behavi\r ( a gap+ idiot4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,! foll[+ in/ances are descriptions r   
?an s5tim5ts1 :i* compose a ?ird class4 
,( ?is descriptive mann] ( pa9t+ !      
passions1 !re is 9 ! ,hippolytus (      
,euripides1 act #e4 an illu/ri\s        
in/ance1 viz4 ! spee* ( ,!seus1 ^u he>+ 
( 8 son's dismal exit4 ,9 ,rac9e's      
trag$y ( ,e/h]1 ! ,que5 he>+ ( ! decree 
issu$ aga9/ h] p1 in/ead ( express+     
s5tim5ts suitable to ! occasion1 turns  
h] att5tion ^u h]self1 & describes )    

accuracy h] own situation4      ,ju/e   
,ciel8 ,t\t mon sang dans mes ve9es se  
glace4          ,act #a4 sc4 #c4  ,aga91
      ,aman4 ,c'en e/ fait4 ,mon orgueil
 e/ =c de pli]1     ,l'inexorable ,aman 
e/ r$uit a pri]4          ,e/h]1 act #c4
 sc4 #e4      ,a?alie4 ,quel prodige    
n\veau me tr\ble et m'emb>rasse8     ,la
 d\ceur de sa voix1 son enfance1 sa     
grace1     ,font ins5siblem5t  mon      
inimiti     ,succd]---- ,je s]ois       
s5sible a la piti8          ,a?alie1 act
 #b4 sc4 #g4      ,titus4 ,o de ma      
passion fureur desesp]e6                
,brutus ( ,voltaire1 act #c4 sc4 #f4    
,:at o!r are ! =ego+ in/ances ?an       
describ+ ! passion ano!r feels8         
99       99       99       99       99  
,an example is giv5 above ( remorse &   
despair express$ by g5u9e & natural     
s5tim5ts4 ,9 ! f\r? book ( ,p>adise     
,lo/1 ,satan is made to express 8       
remorse & despair 9 s5tim5ts1 :i* ?\gh  
beautiful1 are n altoge!r natural4 ,!y  
are r ! s5tim5ts ( a spectator1 ?an ( a 

p]son :o actually is torm5t$ ) ^!       
passions4  ,! f\r? class is ( s5tim5ts  
introduc$ too e>ly or too late4  ,"s    
examples m5tion$ above belong to ?is    
class4 ,add ! foll[+ f ,v5ice pres]v'd1 
act #e4 at ! close ( ! sc5e betwixt     
,belvid]a & h] fa!r ,priuli4 ,! acc\nt  
giv5 by ,belvid]a ( ! dang] %e 0 91 & ( 
h] husb&'s ?reat5+ to murd] h]1 ought   
naturally to h al>m$ h] rel5t+ fa!r1 &  
to h made him express ! mo/ p]turb$     
s5tim5ts4 ,in/ead ( :i* he dissolves    
into t5d]ness & love = 8 daught]1 z if  
he _h already deliv]$ h] f dang]1 & z if
 !re 7 a p]fect tranquillity4      ,can/
 ?\ =give me all my follies pa/8        
,i'll h5ce=? be inde$ a fa!r2 nev]1     
,nev] m ?us expose1 b *]i% !e1     ,de> 
z ! vital w>m? t fe$s my life1     ,de> 
z ^! eyes t weep 9 fondness o'er !e3    
,peace to ?y he>t4  ,immoral s5tim5ts   
expos$ 9 _! native col\rs1 in/ead ( be+ 
conceal$ or disguis$1 compose ! fif?    
class4         99       99       99     
99       99  ,! ,lady ,macbe? project+ !

 dea? ( ! ,k+1 has ! foll[+ soliloquy3  
---- ,! rav5 himself's n ho>se     ,t   
croaks ! fatal entrance ( ,duncan       
,"u my battlem5ts4 ,come all y spirits  
,t t5d on mortal ?\ghts1 unsex me "h1   
,& fill me f ! cr[n to ?' toe1 top-full 
,( direct cruelty2 make ?ick my blood1  
,/op up ?' access & passage to remorse  
,t no compuncti\s visit+s ( nature      
,%ake my fell purpose4          ,macbe?1
 act #a4 sc4 #g4  ,?is spee* is n       
natural4 ,murd] "u tru/ 0 nev] p]petrat$
 ev5 by ! mo/ h>d5$ miscreant )\t       
compunction4 ,& t ! lady "h mu/ h be5 9 
horrible agitation appe>s1 f h] invok+ !
 inf]nal spirits to fill h] ) cruelty1 &
 to /op up all av5ues to remorse4 ,b 9  
?is /ate ( m9d1 x is a nev]-fail+ device
 ( self-deceit1 to draw ! ?icke/ veil   
ov] ! wick$ action1 & to ext5uate x by  
all circum/ances t imag9ation c sugge/4 
,& if ! crime _c be> disguise1 ! next   
attempt is1 to ?ru/ x out ( m9d         
altoge!r1 & to ru% on to action )\t     
?\ght4 ,?is la/ 0 ! husb&'s me?od4      

,/range ?+s ,i h 9 head1 t w to h&2     
,:i* mu/ be act$1 ere !y mu/ be scann'd4
          ,act #c4 sc4 #e4  ,! lady     
foll[s nei!r ( ^! c\rses1 b 9 a         
delib]ate mann] endeav\rs to =tify h]   
he>t 9 ! commission ( an execrable      
crime1 )\t ev5 attempt+ a disguise4 ,?is
 ,i ?9k is n natural4 ,i hope !re is no 
su* wret* to be f\nd1 z is "h repres5t$4
 ,9 ! ,pompey ( ,corneille#ef1 ,phot9e  
c\nsels a wick$ action 9 ! pla9e/ t]ms  
)\t disguise4      ,seigneur1 n'attirez 
po9t le tonn]re en ces lieux1           
,rangez-v\s du p>ti des de/9s et des    
dieux1     ,et sans les accus]          
d'inju/ice1 ou d'outrage1     ,puis     
qu'ils font les heureux1 adorez leur    
ouvrage2     ,quels que soi5t leurs     
decrets1 dcl>ez-v\z p\r eux1     ,et p\r
 leur obir1 p]dez le malheureux4        
,press de t\tes p>ts des colres cele/es1
     ,il en vi5t dessus v\s faire fondre
 les re/es2     ,et sa tte qu' pe9e il a
 p drob]1     ,t\t prte de *oir1 *]*e   
avec qui tomb]4     ,sa retraite *ez v\s

 en effet n'e/ qu'un crime2     ,elle   
m>que sa ha9e1 et non pas son e/ime2    
,il ne vi5t que v\s p]dre en v5ant      
pr5dre port1     ,et v\s p\vez d\t] s'il
 e/ digne de mort6     ,il devoit mieux 
remplir nos vux et notre att5te1        
,faire voir sur ses nefs la victoire    
flotante2     ,il n'et ici tr\v que joye
 et que fe/9s1     ,mais puisqu'il e/   
va9cu1 qu'il s'en pr5ne aux de/9s       
,j'en veux  sa disgrace et non  sa      
p]sonne1     ,j'excute  regret ce que le
 ciel ordonne1     ,et du mme poign>d1  
p\r ,cs> de/91     ,je p]ce en s\pirant 
son cur in=tun4     ,v\z ne p\vez enf9  
qu'aux dp5s de sa tte     ,mettre       
l'abri la vtre et p>] la tempte4        
,laissez nomm] sa mort un inju/e        
att5tat1     ,la ju/ice n'e/ pas une    
v]tu d'etat4     ,le *oix des actions1  
ou mauvaises1 ou bonnes1     ,ne fait   
qu'anantir la =ce des c\ronnes2     ,le 
droit des rois consi/e  ne ri5 p>gn]2   
,la timide quit dtruit l'art de regn]1  
,qu& on cra9t d'tre inju/e on a toj\rs  

cra9dre1     ,et qui veut t\t p\voir    
doit os] t\t enfra9dre1     ,fuir comme 
un de%onneur la v]tu qui le p]t1     ,et
 vol] sans scrupule au crime qui lui    
f]t4  ,9 ! trag$y ( ,e/h]#eg1 ,haman    
ackn[l$ges1 )\t disguise1 8 cruelty1    
insol5ce1 & pride4 ,& !re is ano!r      
example ( ! same k9d 9 ! ,agamemnon (   
,s5eca#eh4 ,9 ! trag$y ( ,a?alie#ei1    
,ma?an1 9 cool blood1 relates to 8 fri5d
 _m black crimes he _h be5 guilty ( to  
satisfy 8 ambition4         99       99 
99       99       99  ,9 ,congreve's    
,d\ble-deal]1 ,maskwell1 in/ead (       
disguis+ or col\r+ 8 crimes1 values     
himself ^u !m 9 a soliloquy3            
,cyn?ia1 let ?y beauty gild my crimes2 &
 :atsoev] ,i commit (      trea*]y or   
deceit1 %all be imput$ to me z a        
m]it4----      ,trea*]y6 :at trea*]y8   
,love cancels all ! bonds (             
fri5d%ip1 & sets m5 "r ^u _! fir/       
f\ndations4                       ,act  
#b4 sc4 #h4  ,9 ,fr5* plays1 love1      
in/ead ( be+ hid or disguis$1 is treat$ 

z a s]i\s conc]n1 & ( great] importance 
?an =tune1 family1 or dignity4 ,i       
suspect ! reason to be1 t 9 ! capital ( 
,france1 love1 by ! eas9ess ( int]c\rse1
 has dw9dl$ d[n f a real passion to be a
 connection t is regulat$ entirely by ! 
mode or fa%ion#fj4 ,?is may 9 "s measure
 excuse _! writ]s1 b w nev] make _!     
plays be reli%$ among =eign]s4          
,maxime4 ,quoi1 trahir1 mon ami6        
,euphorbe4---- ,l'am\r r5d t\t p]mis1   
,un vritable amant ne      connot po9t  
d'amis4                       ,c9na1 act
 #c4 sc4 #a4        ,ces>4 ,re9e1 t\t e/
 paisible1 et la ville calme1     ,qu'un
 tr\ble assez leg] avoit trop al>me1    
,n'a plus  r$\t] le divorce inte/9      
,du soldat insol5t1 et du peuple mut94  
,mais1  ,dieux6 ce mom5t que je v\s ai  
quitte1     ,d'un tr\ble bi5 plus gr&   
mon ame agite1     ,et ces so9s         
importuns qui m'arra*oi5t de v\s        
,contre ma gr&eur mme allumoi5t mon     
c\rr\x4     ,je lui v\lois du mal de    
m'tre si contraire1     ,de r5dre ma    

pres5ce ailleurs si necessaire4         
,mais je lui p>donnois au simple s\v5ir 
,du bonheur qu'a ma flme elle fait      
obt5ir4     ,c'e/ elle dont je ti5s     
cette haute esprance1     ,qui flate mes
 desirs d'une illu/re app>5ce1     ,et  
fait croire  ,ces> qu'il peut =m] de    
vux1     ,qu'il n'e/ pas t\t--fait      
indigne de vos feux1     ,et qu'il peut 
en pret5dre une ju/e conqute1           
,n'ayant plus que les ,dieux au dessus  
de sa tte4     ,oui1 ,re9e1 si quelqu'un
 dans ce va/e univ]s     ,p\voit port]  
plus haut la gloire de vos f]s2         
,s'il toit quelque trne o v\s puissiez  
p>otre     ,plus dignem5t assise en     
captivant son matre1     ,j'irois1      
j'irois  lui1 mo9s p\r le lui ravir1    
,que p\r lui disput] le droit de v\s    
s]vir2     ,et je n'aspir]ois au bonheur
 de v\s plaire1     ,qu'aprs avoir mis  
bas un si gr& adv]saire4     ,c'etoit   
p\r acqu]ir un droit si prcieux1        
,que combatoit p> t\t mon bras          
ambitieux1     ,et dans ,ph>sale mme il 

a tir l'epe     ,plus p\r le cons]v]1   
que p\r va9cre ,pompe4     ,je l'ai     
va9cu1 ,pr9cesse1 et le ,dieu de combats
     ,m'y favorisoit mo9s que vos div9s 
appas4     ,ils conduisoi5t ma ma91 ils 
enfloi5t mon c\rage1     ,cette ple9e   
victoire e/ leur d]ni] ouvrage1         
,c'e/ l'effet des ardeurs qu'ils        
daignoi5t m'inspir]2     ,et vos beaux  
yeux enf9 m'ayant fait spir]1     ,p\r  
faire que votre ame avec gloire y       
rponde1     ,m'ont r5du le premi]1 et de
 ,rome1 et du monde2     ,c'e/ ce       
glorieux titre1  prs5t effectif1        
,que je vi5s ennoblir p> celui de       
captif2     ,heureux1 si mon sprit gagne
 tant sur le vtre1     ,qu'il en e/ime  
l'un1 et me p]mette l'autre4            
,pompe1 act #d4 sc4 #c4  ,! la/ class   
compreh5ds s5tim5ts t are unnatural1 z  
be+ suit$ to no "* nor passion4 ,^! may 
be subdivid$ into ?ree bran*es3 fir/1   
s5tim5ts unsuitable to ! con/itution (  
man & ! laws ( 8 nature2 second1        
inconsi/5t s5tim5ts2 ?ird1 s5tim5ts t   

are pure rant & extravagance4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,:5 ! fable is ( human affairs1 e ev5t1 
e incid5t1 & e circum/ance1 ought to be 
natural1 o!rwise ! imitation is         
imp]fect4 ,b an imp]fect imitation is a 
v5ial fault1 comp>$ ) t ( runn+ cross to
 nature4 ,9 ! ,hippolytus (             
,euripides#fa1 ,hippolytus1 wi%+ = ano!r
 self 9 8 own situation1 ,h[ mu* 7says  
he7 %\ld ,i be t\*$ ) 8 mis=tune6 z if x
 7 natural to grieve m = ! mis=tunes (  
ano!r ?an = "o's own4      ,osmyn4 ,yet 
,i behold h]--yet--& n[ no m4     ,turn 
y\r lights inw>d1 ,eyes1 & view my      
?\ght1     ,s %all y /ill behold        
h]--'twill n be4     ,o impot5ce (      
sight6 me*anic s5se     ,:i* to ext]ior 
objects ow'/ ?y faculty1     ,n see+ (  
election1 b necessity4     ,?us d our   
eyes1 z d all common mirrors1           
,successively reflect succe$+ images4   
,nor :at !y w\ld1 b mu/2 a /> or toad2  
,j z ! h& ( ,*ance adm9i/]s6            
,m\rn+ ,bride1 act #b4 sc4 #h4  ,no man1

 9 8 s5ses1 ev] ?\ght ( apply+ 8 eyes to
 discov] :at passes 9 8 m9d2 f> less (  
blam+ 8 eyes = n see+ a ?\ght or idea4  
,9 ,moli]e's ,l',av>e#fb1 ,h>pagon be+  
robb$ ( 8 money1 seizes himself by !    
arm1 mi/ak+ x = t ( ! robb]4 ,& aga9 he 
expresses himself z foll[s3       ,je   
veux all] qu]ir la ju/ice1 et faire     
donn] la "q       t\te ma maison2       
s]vantes1  valets1  fils1  fille1 et    
moi      aussi4  ,?is is s absurd z     
sc>ce to provoke a smile if x be n at ! 
au?or4         99       99       99     
99       99  ,( ! second bran* ! foll[+ 
are examples4                     ----  
,n[ bid me run     ,& ,i w /rive ) ?+s  
impossible1     ,yea get ! bett] ( !m4  
,julius ,cs>1 act #b4 sc4 #c4      ,vos 
ma9s seules ont droit de va9cre un      
inv9cible4          ,le ,cid1 act #e4   
sc4 la/4      ,que son nom soit b5i4    
,que son nom soit *ant4     ,que l'on   
celebre ses ouvrages     ,au de la de   
l'et]nit4      ,e/h]1 act #e4 sc4 la/4  
,me mis]able6 :i* way %all ,i fly       

,inf9ite wra? & inf9ite despair8        
,:i* way ,i fly is hell3 myself am hell3
     ,& 9 ! l[e/ deep1 a l[] deep       
,/ill ?reat'n+ to dev\r me1 op5s wide2  
,to :i*1 ! hell ,i suff] seems a heav'n4
          ,p>adise ,lo/1 book #d4  ,( ! 
?ird bran*1 take ! foll[+ samples4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,lucan1 talk+ ( ,pompey's sepul*re1     
---- ,romanum nom51 et omne     ,imp]ium
 ,magno e/ tumuli modus4 ,obrue saxa    
,crim9e pl5a dem4 ,si tota e/ ,h]culis  
,oete1     ,et juga tota vacant ,bromio 
,nyseia2 qu>e     ,unus 9 ,egypto ,magno
 lapis8 ,omnia ,lagi     ,rura t5]e     
pote/1 si nullo cespite nom5     ,hs]it4
 ,erremus populi1 c9]umque tuorum1      
,magne1 metu nullas ,nili calcemus      
ar5as4          ,l4 #h4 l4 #gih4  ,?us 9
 ,r[e's translation3      ,:]e !re are  
seas1 or air1 or e>?1 or skies1         
,:]e-e'er ,rome's empire /ret*es1       
,pompey lies4     ,f> be ! vile memorial
 !n convey'd6     ,nor let ?is /one !   
p>tial gods upbraid4     ,%all ,h]cules 

all ,oeta's heights dem&1     ,& ,nysa's
 hill = ,bac*us only /&2     ,:ile "o   
poor pebble is ! w>rior's doom     ,t   
f\ght ! cause ( lib]ty & ,rome8     ,if 
fate decrees he mu/ 9 ,egypt lie1       
,let ! :ole f]tile realm 8 grave supply1
     ,yield ! wide c\ntry to 8 awful    
%ade1     ,nor let u d>e on any "p to   
tread1     ,fe>ful we violate ! mighty  
dead4  ,! foll[+ passages are pure rant4
 ,coriolanus speak+ to 8 "m1      ,:at  
is ?is8     ,y\r knees to me8 to y\r    
correct$ son8     ,!n let ! pebbles on !
 hungry bea*     ,fillop ! />s3 !n let !
 mut9\s w9ds     ,/rike ! pr\d c$>s     
'ga9/ ! fi]y sun3     ,murd'r+          
impossibility1 to make     ,:at _c be1  
slight "w4          ,coriolanus1 act #e4
 sc4 #c4      ,cs>4---- ,dang] kn[s full
 well1     ,t ,cs> is m dang]\s ?an he4 
,we 7 two lions litt]'d 9 "o day1     ,&
 ,i ! eld] & m t]rible4          ,julius
 ,cs>1 act #b4 sc4 #d4      ,almahide4  
,?is day----     ,i gave my fai? to him1
 he 8 to me4      ,almanzor4 ,good      

,heav'n1 ?y book ( fate be=e me lay     
,b to te> out ! j\rnal ( ?is day4       
,or if ! ord] ( ! _w bel[1     ,w n !   
gap ( "o :ole day all[1     ,give me t  
m9ute :5 %e made t v[4     ,t m9ute ev'n
 ! happy f _! bliss might give1     ,&  
^? :o live 9 grief a %ort] "t w\ld live4
     ,s small a l9k if broke1 ?' et]nal 
*a9     ,w\ld l divid$ wat]s jo9 aga94  
,conque/ ( ,granada1 act #c4            
,almanzor4---- ,i'll hold x fa/     ,z  
life2 & :5 life's gone1 ,i'll hold ?is  
la/4     ,& if ?\ tak'/ x aft] ,i am    
sla91     ,i'll s5d my gho/ to fet* x   
back aga94          ,conque/ ( ,granada1
 "p #b4 act #c4      ,lynairaxa4 ,a cr[n
 is come1 & w n fate all[4     ,& yet ,i
 feel some?+ l dea? is ne>4     ,my     
gu>ds1 my gu>ds----     ,let n t ugly   
skeleton appe>4     ,sure ,de/9y        
mi/akes2 ?is dea?'s n m9e2     ,%e      
doats1 & meant to cut ano!r l9e4        
,tell h] ,i am a que5---- b 'tis too    
late2     ,dy+1 ,i *>ge rebellion on my 
fate2     ,b[ d[n1 ye slaves----     ,b[

 quickly d[n & y\r submission %[2       
,i'm pleas'd to ta/e an empire ere ,i g4
 ,dies4          ,conque/ ( ,granada1 "p
 #b4 act4 #e4      ,v5tidius4 ,b y1 ere 
love misl$ y\r w&'r+ eyes1     ,71 sure1
 ! *ief & be/ ( human race1     ,fram'd 
9 ! v pride & boa/ ( nature1     ,s     
p]fect1 t ! gods :o =m'd y wond]'d      
,at _! own skill1 & cry'd1 ,a lucky hit 
,has m5d$ our design4          ,dryd51  
,all = ,love1 act #a4  ,n to talk ( !   
impiety ( ?is s5tim5t1 x is ludicr\s    
in/ead ( be+ l(ty4         99       99  
99       99       99  ,! fam\s ,epitaph 
on ,raphael is n less absurd ?an any ( !
 =ego+ passages3      ,raphael1 timuit1 
quo sospite1 v9ci     ,r]um magna p>5s1 
et mori5te mori4  ,imitat$ by ,pope 9 8 
,epitaph on ,sir ,godfrey ,knell]3      
,liv+1 great ,nature fe>'d he might     
outvie     ,h] works2 & dy+1 fe>s h]self
 may die4  ,su* is ! =ce ( imitation2 = 
,pope ( himself w\ld nev] h be5 guilty (
 a ?\ght s extravagant4     ,,*ap4      
,,xvii4  ,language ( ,passion4   ,among 

! p>ticul>s t compose ! social "p ( our 
nature1 a prop5sity to communicate our  
op9ions1 our emotions1 & e ?+ t affects 
u1 is rem>kable4 ,bad =tune & inju/ice  
affect e "o greatly2 & ( ^! we are s    
prone to compla91 t if we h no fri5d or 
acqua9tance to take "p 9 our suff]+s1 we
 sometimes utt] our compla9ts al\d ev5  
:]e !re are none to li/54  ,b ?is       
prop5sity1 ?\gh natural1 op]ates n 9 e  
/ate ( m9d4 ,a man immod]ately griev$1  
seeks to afflict himself2 &             
self-affliction is ! gratification ( !  
passion4 ,immod]ate grief is !re=e mute2
 because compla9+ is /ruggl+ = relief3  
,x is ! wret*'s com=t /ill to h     ,"s 
small res]ve ( ne> & inw>d wo1     ,"s  
unsuspect$ ho>d ( inw>d grief1     ,:i* 
!y unse5 may wail1 & weep1 & m\rn1      
,& glutton-l alone dev\r4               
,m\rn+ ,bride1 act #a4 sc4 #a4  ,:5     
grief subsides1 x !n & no soon] f9ds a  
tongue4 ,we compla91 because compla9+ is
 an ef=t to disburd5 ! m9d ( its        
di/ress#fc4  ,surprise & t]ror are sil5t

 passions = a diff]5t reason3 !y agitate
 ! m9d s viol5tly1 z = a "t to susp5d ! 
ex]cise ( its faculties1 & 9 p>ticul> t 
( spee*4  ,love & rev5ge1 :5 immod]ate1 
are n m loquaci\s ?an immod]ate grief4  
,b :5 ^! passions become mod]ate1 !y set
 ! tongue free1 &1 l mod]ate grief1     
become loquaci\s4 ,mod]ate love1 :5     
unsuccessful1 is v5t$ 9 compla9ts2 :5   
successful1 is full ( joy express$ bo? 9
 words & ge/ures4  ,z no passion ha? any
 long un9t]rupt$ exi/5ce#fd nor beats   
always ) an equal pulse1 ! language     
sugge/$ by passion is also unequal &    
int]rupt$4 ,& ev5 dur+ an un9t]rupt$ fit
 ( passion1 we only express 9 words ! m 
capital s5tim5ts4 ,9 famili>            
conv]sation1 "o :o v5ts e s+le ?\ght is 
ju/ly br&$ ) ! "* ( loquacity4 ,s5sible 
p]sons express no ?\ghts b :at make "s  
figure4 ,9 ! same mann]1 we are only    
dispos$ to express ! /ronge/ impulses ( 
passion1 especially :5 x returns )      
impetuosity aft] "s int]ruption4  ,i    
already h _h occasion to obs]ve#fe1 t ! 

s5tim5ts ought to be tun$ to ! passion1 
& ! language to bo?4 ,elevat$ s5tim5ts  
require elevat$ language3 t5d] s5tim5ts 
ought to be clo!d 9 words t are s(t &   
fl[+3 :5 ! m9d is depress$ ) any        
passion1 ! s5tim5ts mu/ be express$ 9   
words t are humble1 n l[4 ,words h an   
intimate connection ) ! ideas !y        
repres5t2 & ! repres5tation mu/ be      
imp]fect1 if ! words correspond n       
precisely to ! ideas4 ,an elevat$ tone (
 language to express a pla9 or humble   
s5tim5t1 has a bad effect by a          
discordant mixture ( feel+4 ,!re is n   
less discord :5 elevat$ s5tim5ts are    
dress$ 9 l[ words3      ,v]sibus exponi 
tragicis res comica non vult4           
,indignatur item privatis ac prope      
,socco     ,dignis c>m9ibus n>r>i cna   
,?ye/4          ,horace1 ,ars poet4 l4  
#hi4  ,?is h[ev] excludes n figurative  
expression1 :i*1 )9 mod]ate b\nds1      
communicates to ! s5tim5t an agreeable  
elevation4 ,we are s5sible ( an effect  
directly opposite1 :]e figurative       

expression is indulg$ beyond a j        
measure4 ,! opposition betwixt !        
expression & ! s5tim5t1 makes ! discord 
appe> great] ?an x is 9 reality#ff4  ,at
 ! same "t1 all passions admit n equally
 ( figures4 ,pleasant emotions1 :i*     
elevate or swell ! m9d1 v5t !mselves 9  
/rong epi!ts & figurative expression4   
,humbl+ & dispirit+ passions1 on !      
contr>y1 affect to speak pla93      ,et 
tragicus pl]umque dolet s]mone p$e/ri   
,telephus et ,peleus3 cum paup] et exul 
ut]que2     ,projicit ampullas et       
sesquip$alia v]ba1     ,si curat cor    
spectantis tetigisse qu]ela4            
,horace1 ,ars poet4 #ie4  ,figurative   
expression is ! "w ( an enliv5$         
imag9ation1 & = t reason _c be !        
language ( angui% or di/ress4 ,a sc5e ( 
?is k9d is pa9t$ by ,otway 9 col\rs     
f9ely adapt$ to ! subject4 ,!re is sc>ce
 a figure 9 x1 except a %ort & natural  
simile ) :i* ! spee* is introduc$4      
,belvid]a talk+ to h] fa!r ( h] husb&3  
,?9k y saw :at pass'd at our la/ p>t+2  

,?9k y beheld him l a rag+ lion1        
,pac+ ! e>?1 & te>+ up 8 /eps1     ,fate
 9 8 eyes1 & ro>+ ) ! pa9     ,( burn+  
fury2 ?9k y saw 8 "o h&     ,fix'd on my
 ?roat1 :ile ! ext5d$ o!r     ,grasp'd a
 ke5 ?reat'n+ dagg]2 oh1 'twas ?us      
,we la/ embrac'd1 :51 trembl+ ) rev5ge1 
,he dragg'd me to ! gr\nd1 & at my bosom
     ,pres5t$ horrid dea?2 cry'd out1   
,my fri5ds1     ,:]e are my fri5ds8     
swore1 wept1 rag'd1 ?reat5'd1 lov'd2    
,= he yet lov'd1 & t de> love pres]v'd  
me     ,to ?is la/ trial ( a fa!r's     
pity4     ,i fe> n dea?1 b _c be> a     
?\ght     ,t t de> h& %\ld d ?'         
unfri5dly (fice2     ,if ,i 0 ev] !n y\r
 c>e1 n[ he> me2     ,fly to ! s5ate1   
save ! promis'd lives     ,( 8 de>      
fri5ds1 ere m9e be made ! sacrifice4    
,v5ice pres]v'd1 act #e4  ,to pres]ve   
?is resemblance betwixt words & _!      
mean+1 ! s5tim5ts ( active & hurry+     
passions ought to be dress$ 9 words :]e 
syllables prevail t are pron\nc$ %ort or
 fa/2 = ^! make an impression ( hurry & 

precipitation4 ,emotions1 on ! o!r h&1 t
 re/ ^u _! objects1 are be/ express$ by 
words :]e syllables prevail t are       
pron\nc$ long or sl[4 ,a p]son affect$ )
 melan*oly has a languid & sl[ tra9 (   
p]ceptions4 ,! expression be/ suit$ to  
?is /ate ( m9d1 is :]e words n only (   
long b ( _m syllables ab\nd 9 !         
composition4 ,= t reason1 no?+ c be f9] 
?an ! foll[+ passage3      ,9 ^? deep   
solitudes1 & awful cells1     ,:]e      
heav'nly-p5sive ,contemplation dwells1  
,& ev]-mus+ ,melan*oly reigns4          
,pope1 ,eloisa to ,abel>d4  ,to pres]ve 
! same resemblance1 ano!r circum/ance is
 requisite1 t ! language con=mable to ! 
emotion1 be r\gh or smoo?1 brok5 or     
uni=m4 ,calm & sweet emotions are be/   
express$ by words t glide s(tly2        
surprise1 fe>1 & o!r turbul5t passions1 
require an expression bo? r\gh & brok54 
,x _c h escap$ any dilig5t inquir] into 
nature1 t 9 ! hurry ( passion1 "o       
g5]ally expresses t ?+ fir/ :i* is mo/  
at he>t4 ,?is is beautifully done 9 !   

foll[+ passage4      ,me1 me2 adsum qui 
feci3 9 me conv]tite f]rum1     ,o      
,rutuli1 mea fraus omnis4          neid 
ix4 #dbg4  ,passion has (t5 ! effect (  
r$\bl+ words1 ! bett] to make !m express
 ! /rong conception ( ! m9d4 ,?is is    
f9ely repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ examples3    
---- ,?\ sun1 said ,i1 fair light6      
,& ?\ enlight5'd e>?1 s fre% & gay6     
,ye hills & dales1 ye riv]s1 woods1 &   
pla9s6     ,& ye t live1 & move1 fair   
creatures6 tell     ,tell1 if ye saw1 h[
 came ,i ?us1 h[ "h4--          ,p>adise
 ,lo/1 b4 viii4 #bgc4              ---- 
,bo? h s9n'd6 b ?\     ,aga9/ ,god only2
 ,i1 'ga9/ ,god & !e3     ,& to ! place 
( judgem5t w return4     ,!re ) my cries
 importune ,heav'n2 t all     ,! s5t5ce1
 f ?y head remov'd1 may light     ,on   
me1 sole cause to !e ( all ?is woe2     
,me6 ,me6 only j object ( 8 ire4        
,p>adise ,lo/1 book x4 #icj4  ,%akespe> 
is sup]ior to all o!r writ]s 9 del9eat+ 
passion4 ,x is difficult to say 9 :at "p
 he mo/ excels1 :e!r 9 m\ld+ e passion  

to peculi>ity ( "*1 9 discov]+ !        
s5tim5ts t proce$ f v>i\s tones (       
passion1 or 9 express+ prop]ly e diff]5t
 s5tim5t4 ,he imposes n ^u 8 read]1     
g5]al declamation & ! false co9 (       
unmean+ words1 :i* ! bulk ( writ]s deal 
94 ,8 s5tim5ts are adju/$1 ) ! greate/  
propriety1 to ! peculi> "* &            
circum/ances ( ! speak]2 & ! propriety  
is n less p]fect betwixt 8 s5tim5ts & 8 
diction4 ,t ?is is no exagg]ation1 w be 
evid5t to e "o ( ta/e1 ^u comp>+        
,%akespe> ) o!r writ]s1 9 simil>        
passages4 ,if ^u any occasion he fall   
bel[ himself1 x is 9 ^? sc5es :]e       
passion ent]s n4 ,by endeav\r+ 9 ?is    
case to raise 8 dialogue above ! /yle ( 
ord9>y conv]sation1 he sometimes        
deviates into intricate ?\ght & obscure 
expression#fg4 ,sometimes1 to ?r[ 8     
language out ( ! famili>1 he employs    
rhyme4 ,b may x n 9 "s measure excuse   
,%akespe>1 ,i %all n say 8 works1 t he  
_h no patt]n1 9 8 own or 9 any liv+     
language1 ( dialogue fitt$ = ! !atre8   

,at ! same "t1 x ought n to escape      
obs]vation1 t ! /ream cle>s 9 its       
progress1 & t 9 8 lat] plays he has     
atta9$ ! purity & p]fection ( dialogue2 
an obs]vation t1 ) great] c]ta9ty ?an   
tradition1 w direct u to arrange 8 plays
 9 ! ord] ( "t4 ,?is ought to be        
consid]$ by ^? :o magnify e blemi% t is 
discov]$ 9 ! f9e/ g5ius = ! drama ev] ! 
_w enjoy'd4 ,!y ought also = _! own sake
 to consid]1 t x is easi] to discov] 8  
blemi%es1 :i* lie g5]ally at ! surface1 
?an 8 beauties1 ( :i* none c h a ?or\gh 
reli% b ^? :o dive deep into human      
nature4 ,"o ?+ mu/ be evid5t to ! meane/
 capacity1 t :]e-ev] passion is to be   
display'd1 ,nature %[s itself /rong 9   
him1 & is conspicu\s by ! mo/ delicate  
propriety ( s5tim5t & expression#fh4  ,i
 return to my subject f a digression ,i 
_c rep5t (4 ,t p]fect h>mony :i* ought  
to subsi/ among all ! con/itu5t p>ts ( a
 dialogue1 is a beauty1 n less r>e ?an  
conspicu\s4 ,z to expression 9 p>ticul>1
 7 ,i to give in/ances1 :]e1 9 "o or o!r

 ( ! respects above m5tion$1 x          
corresponds n precisely to ! *>act]s1   
passions1 & s5tim5ts1 ,i might f diff]5t
 au?ors collect volumes4 ,foll[+ !re=e !
 me?od laid d[n 9 ! *apt] ( s5tim5ts1 ,i
 %all conf9e my citations to ! gross]   
errors1 :i* e writ] ought to avoid4  ,&1
 fir/1 ( passion express$ 9 words fl[+ 9
 an equal c\rse )\t int]ruption4  ,9 !  
*apt] above cit$1 ,corneille is c5sur$ =
 ! impropriety ( 8 s5tim5ts2 & "h1 = !  
sake ( tru?1 ,i am oblig$ to attack him 
a second "t4 ,7 ,i to give in/ances f t 
au?or ( ! fault "u consid]ation1 ,i     
might copy :ole trag$ies2 = he is n less
 faulty 9 ?is p>ticul>1 ?an 9 pass+ ^u u
 8 own ?\ghts z a spectator1 in/ead ( ! 
g5u9e s5tim5ts ( passion4 ,nor w\ld a   
comp>ison betwixt him & ,%akespe> ^u !  
pres5t po9t1 r$\nd m to 8 hon\r1 ?an !  
=m] ^u ! s5tim5ts4 ,rac9e "h is less    
incorrect ?an ,corneille1 ?\gh _m       
degrees inf]ior to ! ,engli% au?or4 ,f  
,rac9e ,i %all ga!r a few in/ances4 ,!  
fir/ %all be ! description ( ! sea-mon/]

 9 8 ,phdra1 giv5 by ,!ram5e ! companion
 ( ,hippolytus1 & an eye-witness to !   
disa/]4 ,!ram5e is repres5t$ 9 t]rible  
agitation1 :i* appe>s f ! foll[+        
passage1 s boldly figurative z n to be  
excus$ b by viol5t p]turbation ( m9d4   
,le ciel avec horreur voit ce mon/re    
sauvage1     ,la t]re s'en meut1 l'air  
en e/ infect1     ,le flot1 qui         
l'apporta1 recule ep\vant4  ,yet ,!ram5e
 gives a long pomp\s connect$           
description ( ?is ev5t1 dwell+ ^u e     
m9ute circum/ance1 z if he _h be5 only a
 cool spectator4      ,a pe9e n\s       
sortions des portes de ,trz5e1 c4       
,act #e4 sc4 #f4  ,! la/ spee* (        
,atalide1 9 ! trag$y ( ,bajazet1 ( !    
same au?or1 is a cont9u$ disc\rse1 & b a
 fa9t repres5tation ( ! viol5t passion  
:i* =c'd h] to put an end to h] own     
life4      ,enf91 c'en e/ donc fait1 c4 
,act #e4 sc4 la/4  ,?\gh works1 n       
au?ors1 are ! pr(ess$ subject ( ?is     
critical und]tak+1 ,i am tempt$ by !    
pres5t speculation1 to transgress once  

aga9 ! limits prescrib$1 & to v5ture a  
cursory reflection ^u ?is               
ju/ly-celebrat$ au?or1 ,t he is always  
s5sible1 g5]ally correct1 nev] falls l[1
 ma9ta9s a mod]ate degree ( dignity )\t 
rea*+ ! sublime1 pa9ts delicately ! t5d]
 passions1 b is a /rang] to ! true      
language ( en?usia/ic or f]vid passion4 
,if 9 g5]al ! language ( viol5t passion 
ought to be brok5 & int]rupt$1          
soliloquies ought to be s 9 a peculi>   
mann]4 ,language is int5d$ by nature =  
society2 & a man :5 alone1 ?\gh he      
always clo!s 8 ?\ghts 9 words1 seldom   
gives 8 words utt]ance unless :5 prompt$
 by "s /rong emotion2 & ev5 !n by />ts &
 int]vals only#fi4 ,%akespe>'s          
soliloquies may be ju/ly e/abli%$ z a   
model2 = x is n easy to conceive any    
model m p]fect4 ,( 8 _m incomp>able     
soliloquies1 ,i conf9e myself to ! two  
foll[+1 be+ diff]5t 9 _! mann]4         
,hamlet4 ,oh1 t ?is too too solid fle%  
w\ld melt1     ,?aw1 & resolve itself   
into a dew6     ,or t ! ,ev]la/+ _h n   

fix'd     ,8 cannon 'ga9/ self slaught]8
 ,o ,god6 ,o ,god6     ,h[ we>y1 /ale1  
flat1 & unpr(itable     ,seem to me all 
! uses ( ?is _w6     ,fie on't6 ,o fie6 
'tis an unwe$$ g>d51     ,t gr[s to se$3
 ?+s rank & gross 9 nature     ,possess 
x m]ely4 ,t x %\ld come to ?is6     ,b  
two mon?s dead1 nay n s mu*2 n two--    
,s excell5t a k+1 t 01 to ?is1          
,hyp]ion to a satyr3 s lov+ to my "m1   
,t he p]mitt$ n ! w9ds ( heav'n         
,visit h] face too r\ghly4 ,heav'n &    
e>?6     ,mu/ ,i rememb]1--:y1 %e w\ld  
hang on him1     ,z if increase (       
appetite _h gr[n     ,by :at x f$ on2   
yet1 )9 a mon?----     ,let me n        
?9k----,frailty1 ?y "n is ,woman6     ,a
 little mon?1 or ere ^? %oes 7 old1     
,) :i* %e foll['d my poor fa!r's body1  
,l ,niobe1 all te>s---- :y %e1 ev'n     
%e----     7,o ,heav'n6 a bea/ t wants  
disc\rse ( reason     ,w\ld h m\rn'd    
long]----7 m>ri$ ) m9e uncle1     ,my   
fa!r's bro!r2 b no m l my fa!r     ,?an 
,i to ,h]cules---- ,)9 a mon?----       

,ere yet ! salt ( mo/ unrighte\s te>s   
,_h left ! flu%+ 9 h] gaul$ eyes1       
,%e m>ri$---- ,oh1 mo/ wick$ spe$1 to   
po/     ,) su* dext]ity to ince/u\s     
%eets6     ,x is n1 nor x _c come to    
good4     ,b break1 my he>t1 = ,i mu/   
hold my tongue4          ,hamlet1 act   
#a4 sc4 #c4       ,=d4 ,hum6 ha6 is ?is 
a vision8 is ?is a dream8 d ,i sleep8   
,mr      ,=d1 awake2 awake ,mr ,=d2     
!re's a hole made 9 y\r be/ coat1       
,mr ,=d6 ?is 'tis to be m>ri$6 ?is 'tis 
to h l95 & buck      baskets6 ,well1 ,i 
w proclaim myself :at ,i am2 ,i w n[    
take      ! lea*]2 he is at my h\se1 he 
_c 'scape me2 'tis      impossible he   
%\ld2 he _c creep into a halfp5ny-purse1
 nor      into a pepp]-box4 ,b le/ !    
devil t guides him %\ld aid      him1 ,i
 w se>* impossible places2 ?\gh :at ,i  
am ,i _c      avoid1 yet to be :at ,i   
w\ld n1 %all n make me tame4            
,m]ry ,wives ( ,w9dsor1 act #c4 sc4 la/4
    ,^! soliloquies are accurate copies 
( nature4 ,9 a passionate soliloquy "o  

beg9s ) ?9k+ al\d2 & ! /ronge/ feel+s   
only1 are express$4 ,z ! speak] w>ms1 he
 beg9s to imag9e "o li/5+1 & gradually  
slides into a connect$ disc\rse4  ,h[ f>
 di/ant are soliloquies g5]ally f ^!    
models8 ,!y are inde$ = ! mo/ "p s      
unhappily execut$1 z to give disgu/     
in/ead ( pleasure4 ,! fir/ sc5e (       
,iphig5ia 9 ,tauris discov]s t pr9cess1 
9 a soliloquy1 gravely report+ to h]self
 h] own hi/ory4 ,!re is ! same          
impropriety 9 ! fir/ sc5e ( ,alce/es1 & 
9 ! o!r introductions ( ,euripides1     
almo/ )\t exception4 ,no?+ c be m       
ridicul\s4 ,x puts "o 9 m9d ( t +5i\s   
device 9 ,go?ic pa9t+s1 ( mak+ e figure 
expla9 itself by a writt5 label issu+ f 
its m\?4 ,! description a p>asite1 9 !  
,eunu* ( ,t]5ce#gj1 gives ( himself 9 ! 
=m ( a soliloquy1 is lively2 b aga9/ all
 ! rules ( propriety2 = no man1 9 8     
ord9>y /ate ( m9d1 & ^u a famili>       
subject1 ev] ?9ks ( talk+ al\d to       
himself4 ,! same objection lies aga9/ a 
soliloquy 9 ! ,adelphi ( ! same         

au?or#ga4 ,! soliloquy :i* makes ! ?ird 
sc5e1 act ?ird1 ( 8 ,heicyra1 is        
insuff]able2 = !re ,pamphilus1 sob]ly & 
circum/antially1 relates to himself an  
adv5ture :i* _h happ5$ to him a mom5t   
be=e4  ,corneille is n m happy 9 8      
soliloquies ?an 9 8 dialogue4 ,take = a 
specim5 ! fir/ sc5e ( ,c9na4  ,rac9e    
also is extremely faulty 9 ! same       
respect4 ,8 soliloquies1 almo/ )\t      
exception1 are regul> h>angues1 a *a9   
complet$ 9 e l9k1 )\t int]ruption or    
int]val4 ,t ( ,antio*us 9 ,b]5ice#gb    
resembles a regul> plead+1 :]e ! p>ties 
pro & con display _! argum5ts at full   
l5g?4 ,! foll[+ soliloquies are equally 
de/itute ( propriety3 ,bajazet1 act #c4 
sc4 #g4 ,mi?ridate1 act #c4 sc4 #d4  act
 #d4 sc4 #e4 ,iphig5ia1 act #d4 sc4 #h4 
,soliloquies ^u lively or int]e/+       
subjects1 b )\t any turbul5ce ( passion1
 may be c>ri$ on 9 a cont9u$ *a9 (      
?\ght4 ,if1 = example1 ! nature &       
sprightl9ess ( ! subject prompt a man to
 speak 8 ?\ghts 9 ! =m ( a dialogue1 !  

expression mu/ be c>ri$ on )\t break or 
int]ruption1 z 9 a dialogue betwixt two 
p]sons4 ,?is ju/ifies ,fal/aff's        
soliloquy ^u hon\r3       ,:at ne$ ,i be
 s =w>d ) ,dea?1 t calls n on me8 ,well1
      'tis no matt]1 ,hon\r pricks me   
on4 ,b h[ if ,hon\r prick me      (f1 :5
 ,i come on8 h[ !n8 ,c ,hon\r set a leg8
 ,no3 or an arm8      ,no3 or take away 
! grief ( a w\nd8 ,no3 ,hon\r ha? no    
skill 9      surg]y !n8 ,no4 ,:at is    
,hon\r8 ,a ^w4--,:at is t ^w      hon\r8
 ,air2 a trim reckon+4---- ,:o ha? x8   
,he t dy'd a      ,w$nesday4 ,do? he    
feel x8 ,no4 ,do? he he> x8 ,no4 ,is x  
ins5sible !n8 ,yea1 to ! dead4 ,b w x n 
live ) !      liv+8 ,no3 ,:y8           
,detraction w n suff] x4 ,!re=e1 ,i'll  
none ( x2 hon\r is a m]e scut*eon1 & s  
ends my cate*ism4                       
,fir/ "p ,h5ry ,,iv4 act #e4 sc4 #b4    
,& ev5 )\t dialogue1 a cont9u$ disc\rse 
may be ju/ifi$1 :]e ! soliloquy is ^u an
 important subject t makes a /rong      
impression1 b )\t mu* agitation4 ,= if x

 be at all excusable to ?9k al\d1 x is  
necess>y t ! language ) ! reason+ be    
c>ri$ on 9 a *a9 )\t a brok5 l9k4 ,9 ?is
 view t admirable soliloquy 9 ,hamlet ^u
 life & immortality1 be+ a s]5e         
m$itation ^u ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all        
subjects1 ought to escape c5sure4 ,& !  
same consid]ation w ju/ify ! soliloquy t
 introduces ! #e? act ( ,addison's      
,cato4         99       99       99     
99       99  ,! next class ( ! gross]   
errors :i* all writ]s ought to avoid1   
%all be ( language elevat$ above ! tone 
( ! s5tim5t2 ( :i* take ! foll[+        
in/ances4      ,z>a4 ,swift z occasion1 
,i     ,myself w fly2 & e>li] ?an ! morn
     ,wake !e to fre$om4 ,n[ 'tis late2 
& yet     ,"s news few m9utes pa/       
arriv'd1 :i* seem'd     ,to %ake ! temp]
 ( ! ,k+---- ,:o kn[s     ,:at rack+    
c>es disease a mon>*'s b$8     ,or love1
 t late at night /ill lights 8 lamp1    
,& /rikes 8 rays ?r\gh dusk1 & fold$    
lids1     ,=bidd+ re/1 may /ret* 8 eyes 
awake1     ,& =ce _! balls abroad at ?is

 dead h\r4     ,i'll try4               
,m\rn+ ,bride1 act #c4 sc4 #d4  ,!      
language "h is und\bt$ly too pomp\s &   
lab\r$ = describ+ s simple a circum/ance
 z abs5ce ( sleep4 ,9 ! foll[+ passage1 
! tone ( ! language1 w>m & pla9tive1 is 
well suit$ to ! passion1 :i* is rec5t   
grief4 ,b e "o w be s5sible1 t 9 ! la/  
c\plet save "o1 ! tone is *ang$1 & ! m9d
 sudd5ly elevat$ to be let fall z       
sudd5ly 9 ! la/ c\plet4      ,il dte/e  
jamais sa c\pable victoire1     ,il     
r5once  la c\r1 aux huma9s1  la gloire2 
,et se fuant lui-mme1 au milieu des     
des]ts1     ,il va ca*] sa pe9e au b\t  
de l'univ]s2     ,la1 soit que le soleil
 r5dt le j\r au monde1     ,soit qu'il  
f9t sa c\rse au va/e se9 de l'onde1     
,sa voix faisoit r$ire aux e*os         
att5dris1     ,le nom1 le tri/e nom1 de 
son malheureux fils4          ,h5riade1 
*ant4 viii4 #bbi4  ,language too        
artificial or too figurative = !        
gravity1 dignity1 or importance1 ( !    
occasion1 may be put 9 a ?ird class4    

99       99       99       99       99  
,*im5e dem&+ ju/ice aga9/ ,rodrigue :o  
kill$ h] fa!r1 in/ead ( a pla9 & pa!tic 
expo/ulation1 makes a spee* /uff$ ) !   
mo/ artificial fl[]s ( rhetoric3        
,sire1 mon p]e e/ mort1 mes yeux ont v  
son sang     ,c\l]  gros b\illons de son
 gnreux flanc2     ,ce sang qui tant de 
fois g>antit vos murailles1     ,ce sang
 qui tant de fois v\s gagna des         
batailles1     ,ce sang qui1 t\t sorti  
fume encore de c\rr\x     ,de se voir   
rp&u p\r d'autres que p\r v\s1          
,qu'au milieu des haz>ds n'osoit v]s] la
 gu]re1     ,rodrigue en votre c\r vi5t 
d'en c\vrir la t]re4     ,j'ai c\ru sur 
le lieu sans =ce1 et sans c\leur2       
,je l'ai tr\v sans vie4 ,excusez ma     
d\leur1     ,sire2 la voix me manque  ce
 rcit fune/e1     ,mes pleurs et mes    
s\pirs v\s diront mieux le re/e4  ,&    
aga93      ,son flanc etoit ouv]t1 et1  
p\r mieux m'em\voir1     ,son sang sur  
la p\ssire crivoit mon devoire2     ,ou 
plutt sa valeur en cet tat rduite       

,me p>loit p> sa plaie1 et htoit ma     
pursuite1     ,et p\r se faire ent5dre  
au plus ju/e des ,rois1     ,p> cette   
tri/e b\*e elle empruntoit ma voix4     
,act #b4 sc4 #i4  ,no?+ c be contriv$ 9 
language m av]se to ! tone ( ! passion  
?an ?is florid spee*4 ,i %\ld imag9e x m
 apt to provoke laught] ?an to inspire  
conc]n or pity4         99       99     
99       99       99  ,9 a f\r? class   
%all be giv5 specim5s ( language too    
light or airy = a sev]e passion4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,! agony a "m mu/ feel ^u ! savage murd]
 ( two hopeful sons1 rejects all imag]y 
& figurative expression1 z discordant 9 
! highe/ degree4 ,!re=e ! foll[+ passage
 is und\bt$ly 9 a bad ta/e3      ,que54 
,ah1 my poor pr9ces6 ah1 my t5d] babes1 
,my unbl[n fl['rs1 new-appe>+ sweets6   
,if yet y\r g5tle s\ls fly 9 ! air1     
,& be n fixt 9 doom p]petual1     ,hov] 
ab\t me ) y\r airy w+s1     ,& he> y\r  
"m's lam5tation4          ,ri*>d ,,iii4 
act #d4 sc4 #d4  ,aga91      ,k4        

,philip4 ,y are z fond ( grief z ( y\r  
*ild4      ,con/ance4 ,grief fills !    
room up ( my abs5t *ild1     ,lies 9 8  
b$1 walks up & d[n ) me1     ,puts on 8 
pretty looks1 repeats 8 words1          
,rememb]s me ( all 8 graci\s p>ts1      
,/uffs out 8 vacant g>m5t ) 8 =m2       
,!n h ,i reason to be fond ( grief4     
,k+ ,john1 act #c4 sc4 #f4  ,a ?\ght t  
turns ^u ! expression in/ead ( !        
subject1 commonly call$ a play ( words1 
be+ l[ & *ildi%1 is unwor?y ( any       
composition1 :e!r gay or s]i\s1 t       
pret5ds to ! smalle/ %>e ( dignity4     
,?\ghts ( ?is k9d make a fif? class4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,9 ! ,am9ta ( ,tasso#gc ! lov] falls    
into a m]e play ( words1 dem&+ h[ he :o 
_h lo/ himself1 c\ld f9d a mi/ress4 ,& =
 ! same reason1 ! foll[+ passage 9      
,corneille has be5 g5]ally condemn$3    
,*im5e4 ,mon p]e e/ mort1 ,elvire1 et la
 premire pe     ,dont s'e/ arm ,rodrigue
  sa trame c\pe4     ,pleurez1 pleurez1 
mes yeux1 et fondez-v\s en eau1     ,la 

moiti de ma vie a mis l'autre au        
tombeau1     ,et m'oblige  v5g]1 aprs ce
 c\p fune/e1     ,celle que je n'ai     
plus1 sur celle qui me re/e4            
,cid1 act #c4 sc4 #c4      ,to die is to
 be bani%'d f myself3     ,& ,sylvia is 
myself2 bani%'d f h]1     ,is self f    
self2 a deadly bani%m5t6          ,two  
,g5tlem5 ( ,v]ona1 act #c4 sc4 #c4      
,c\ntess4 ,i pray !e1 ,lady1 h a bett]  
*e]3     ,if ?\ +rosse/ all ! griefs z  
?9e1     ,?\ robb'/ me ( a moiety4      
,all's well t ends well1 act #c4 sc4 #c4
      ,k4 ,h5ry4 ,o my poor k+dom1 sick 
) civil bl[s6     ,:5 t my c>e c\ld n   
)-hold ?y riots1     ,:at wilt ?\ d :5  
riot is ?y c>e8     ,o1 ?\ wilt be a    
wild]ness aga91     ,peopl$ ) wolves1 ?y
 old inhabitants4          ,second "p1  
,h5ry ,,iv4 act #d4 sc4 #aa4      ,cruda
 ,am>illi1 *e col nome ancora           
,d'am>1 ahi lasso1 am>am5te insegni4    
,pa/or ,fido1 act #a4 sc4 #b4  ,antony1 
speak+ ( ,julius ,cs>3      ,o _w6 ?\   
wa/ ! =e/ ( ?is h>t2     ,& ?is1 inde$1 

,o _w1 ! he>t ( !e4     ,h[ l a de]1    
/rick5 by _m pr9ces1     ,do/ ?\ "h lie6
          ,julius ,cs>1 act #c4 sc4 #c4 
,play+ ?us ) ! s\nd ( words1 :i* is /ill
 worse ?an a pun1 is ! meane/ ( all     
conceits4 ,b ,%akespe>1 :5 he desc5ds to
 a play ( words1 is n always 9 ! wrong2 
= x is done sometimes to d5ote a peculi>
 "*2 z is ! foll[+ passage4      ,k+    
,philip4 ,:at say'/ ?\1 boy8 look 9 !   
lady's face4      ,lewis4 ,i d1 my ,"l1 
& 9 h] eye ,i f9d     ,a wond]1 or a    
wond'r\s miracle2     ,! %ad[ ( myself  
=m'd 9 h] eye2     ,:i* be+ b ! %ad[ (  
y\r son1     ,becomes a sun1 & makes y\r
 son a %ad[4     ,i d prote/1 ,i nev]   
lov'd myself1     ,till n[ infix$ ,i    
beheld myself     ,drawn 9 ! flatt'r+   
table ( h] eye4      ,faulconbridge4    
,drawn 9 ! flatt'r+ table ( h] eye6     
,hang'd 9 ! fr[n+ wr9kle ( h] br[6      
,& qu>t]'d 9 h] he>t6 he do? espy       
,himself ,love's traitor3 ?is is pity   
n[1     ,t hang'd1 & drawn1 & qu>t]'d1  
!re %\ld be1     ,9 su* a love s vile a 

l\t z he4          ,k+ ,john1 act4 #b4  
sc4 #e4  ,a j+le ( words is ! l[e/      
species ( ?is l[ wit2 :i* is sc>ce      
suff]able 9 any case1 & lea/ ( all 9 an 
h]oic poem4 ,& yet ,milton 9 "s in/ances
 has desc5d$ to ?is pu]ility3      ,&   
br\ght into ! _w a _w ( wo4    ----     
,begirt ?' almighty ?rone     ,besee*+  
or besieg+----     ,:i* tempt$ our      
attempt----     ,at "o slight b\nd high 
ov]leap'd all b\nd1                     
---- ,) a %\t     ,l\d z f numb]s )\t   
numb]4  ,"o %\ld ?9k x unnecess>y to    
ent] a caveat aga9/ an expression t has 
no mean+1 or no di/9ct mean+2 & yet     
some:at ( ?is k9d may be f\nd ev5 among 
good writ]s4 ,^! make a six? class4     
,seba/ian4 ,i beg no pity = ?is m\ld'r+ 
clay4     ,= if y give x burial1 !re x  
takes     ,possession ( y\r e>?3     ,if
 burnt & scatt]'d 9 ! air2 ! w9ds     ,t
 /r[ my du/1 diffuse my royalty1     ,& 
spread me o'er y\r clime2 = :]e "o atom 
,( m9e %all light1 "k !re ,seba/ian     
reigns4          ,dryd51 ,don ,seba/ian 

,k+ ( ,portugal1 act #a4                
,cleopatra4 ,n[1 :at news my ,*>mion8   
,w he be k9d8 & w he n =sake me8     ,am
 ,i to live or die8 nay1 d ,i live8     
,or am ,i dead8 = :5 he gave 8 answ]1   
,fate took ! ^w1 & !n ,i liv'd or dy'd4 
,dryd51 ,all = ,love1 act #b4      ,if  
%e be coy1 & scorn my noble fire1       
,if h] *ill he>t ,i _c move2       ,:y1 
,i'll enjoy ! v love1     ,& make a     
mi/ress ( my own desire4                
,c[ley1 poem inscrib$1 ,! ,reque/4  ,8  
:ole poem1 inscrib$1 ,my ,picture1 is a 
j>gon ( ! same k9d3              ----   
',tis he1 !y cry1 by :om     ,n m51 b w>
 itself is ov]come4          ,indian    
,que54  ,su* empty expressions are f9ely
 ridicul$ 9 ! ,rehe>sal3      ,0't n    
unju/ to ravi% h5ce h] brea?1     ,& 9  
life's /ead to leave u n\ght b dea?8    
,act #d4 sc #a4     ,,*ap4 ,,xviii4     
,beauty ( ,language4   ,( all ! f9e     
arts1 pa9t+ only & sculpture are 9 _!   
nature imitative4 ,a field laid out )   
ta/e1 is n1 prop]ly speak+1 a copy or   

imitation ( nature1 b nature itself     
embelli%$4 ,ar*itecture deals 9         
orig9als1 & copies n f nature4 ,s\nd &  
motion may 9 "s measure be imitat$ by   
music2 b = ! mo/ "p music1 l            
ar*itecture1 deals 9 orig9als4 ,language
 has no ar*etype 9 nature1 m ?an music  
or ar*itecture2 unless :]e1 l music1 x  
is imitative ( s\nd or motion4 ,9 !     
description ( p>ticul> s\nds1 language  
sometimes happily furni%e? words1 :i*1  
beside _! cu/om>y p[] ( excit+ ideas1   
resemble by _! s(tness or h>%ness ! s\nd
 describ$3 & !re are words1 :i*1 by !   
cel]ity or sl[ness ( pronunciation1 h "s
 resemblance to ! motion !y signify4    
,?is imitative p[] ( words goes "o /ep  
f>!r4 ,! l(t9ess ( "s words1 makes !m   
prop] symbols ( l(ty ideas3 a r\gh      
subject is imitat$ by h>%-s\nd+ words2 &
 words ( _m syllables pron\nc$ sl[ &    
smoo?1 are naturally expressive ( grief 
& melan*oly4 ,words h a sep>ate effect  
on ! m9d1 ab/ract+ f _! signification & 
f _! imitative p[]4 ,!y are m or less   

agreeable to ! e>1 by ! r\ndness1       
sweetness1 fa9tness1 or r\ghness1 ( _!  
tones4  ,^! are beauties1 b n ( ! fir/  
rank3 ,!y are reli%$ by ^? only1 :o h m 
delicacy ( s5sation ?an belongs to !    
bulk ( mank9d4 ,language possesse? a    
beauty sup]ior greatly 9 degree1 ( :i*  
we are em95tly consci\s :5 a ?\ght is   
communicat$ 9 a /rong & lively mann]4   
,?is beauty ( language1 aris+ f its p[] 
( express+ ?\ght1 is apt to be conf\nd$ 
) ! beauty ( ! ?\ght express$2 :i*      
beauty1 by a natural transition ( feel+ 
among ?+s intimately connect$1 is       
convey'd to ! expression1 & makes x     
appe> m beautiful#gd4 ,b ^! beauties1 if
 we wi% to ?9k accurately1 mu/ be       
c>efully di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,!y are    
inde$ s di/9ct1 t we sometimes are      
consci\s ( ! highe/ pleasure language c 
af=d1 :5 ! subject express$ is          
disagreeable4 ,a ?+ t is loa?some1 or a 
sc5e ( horror to make "o's hair /& on   
end1 may be describ$ 9 ! livelie/ mann]4
 ,9 ?is case1 ! disagreeabl5ess ( !     

subject1 do? n ev5 obscure !            
agreeabl5ess ( ! description4 ,! causes 
( ! orig9al beauty ( language consid]$ z
 significant1 :i* is a bran* ( ! pres5t 
subject1 w be expla9$ 9 _! ord]4 ,i %all
 only at pres5t obs]ve1 t ?is beauty is 
! beauty ( means fitt$ to an end1 viz4 !
 communication ( ?\ght4 ,& h5ce x       
evid5tly appe>s1 t ( sev]al expressions 
all convey+ ! same ?\ght1 ! mo/         
beautiful1 9 ! s5se n[ m5tion$1 is t :i*
 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann] answ]s its end4   
,! sev]al beauties ( language above     
m5tion$1 be+ ( diff]5t k9ds &           
di/+ui%able f ea* o!r1 ought to be h&l$ 
sep>ately4 ,i %all beg9 ) ^? beauties ( 
language :i* arise f s\nd2 aft] :i* w   
foll[ ! beauties ( language consid]$ z  
significant4 ,?is ord] appe>s natural2 =
 ! s\nd ( a ^w is att5d$ to1 be=e we    
consid] its signification4 ,9 a ?ird    
section come ^? s+ul> beauties (        
language t are d]iv$ f a resemblance    
betwixt s\nd & signification4 ,!        
beauties ( v]se ,i propose to h&le 9 !  

la/ section4 ,= ?\gh ! =ego+ beauties   
are f\nd 9 v]se z well z 9 prose2 yet   
v]se has _m peculi> beauties1 :i* = !   
sake ( p]spicuity mu/ be br\ght "u "o   
view4 ,& v]sification1 at any rate1 is a
 subject ( s great importance1 z to     
des]ve a place by itself4   ,,sect4 ,i4 
,beauty ( language ) respect to s\nd4   
,i propose to h&le ?is subject 9 !      
foll[+ ord]1 :i* appe>s ! mo/ natural4  
,! s\nds ( ! diff]5t lett]s come fir/4  
,next1 ^! s\nds z unit$ 9 syllables4    
,?ird1 syllables unit$ 9 words4 ,f\r?1  
words unit$ 9 a p]iod4 ,& 9 ! la/ place1
 p]iods unit$ 9 a disc\rse4  ,) respect 
to ! fir/ article1 e v[el is s\nd$ by a 
s+le expiration ( air f ! w9d-pipe ?r\gh
 ! cavity ( ! m\?2 & by v>y+ ?is cavity1
 ! diff]5t v[els are s\nd$4 ,! air 9    
pass+ ?r\gh cavities diff]+ 9 size1     
produce? v>i\s s\nds1 "s high or %>p1 "s
 l[ or flat4 ,a small cavity occasions a
 high s\nd1 a l>ge cavity a l[ s\nd4 ,! 
five v[els accord+ly1 pron\nc$ ) ! same 
ext5sion ( ! w9d-pipe1 b ) diff]5t op5+s

 ( ! m\?1 =m a regul> s]ies ( s\nds1    
desc5d+ f high to l[1 9 ! foll[+ ord]1  
i1 e1 a#ge1 o1 u4 ,ea* ( ^! s\nds is    
agreeable to ! e>4 ,& if x be inquir$   
:i* ( !m is ! mo/ agreeable1 x is p]haps
 ! safe/ side to hold1 t !re is no      
univ]sal pref]5ce ( any "o be=e ! re/4  
,probably ^? v[els :i* are f>!/ remov$ f
 ! extremes1 w g5]ally be ! mo/ reli%$4 
,?is is all ,i h to rem>k ^u ! fir/     
article4 ,= consonants be+ lett]s :i* ( 
!mselves h no s\nd1 h no o!r p[] b to =m
 articulate s\nds 9 conjunction ) v[els2
 & e su* articulate s\nd be+ a syllable1
 consonants come naturally "u ! second  
article4 ,to :i* !re=e we proce$4  ,all 
consonants are pron\nc$ ) a less cavity 
?an any ( ! v[els2 & consequ5tly !y     
contribute to =m a s\nd /ill m %>p ?an !
 %>pe/ v[el pron\nc$ s+le4 ,h5ce x      
foll[s1 t e articulate s\nd into :i* a  
consonant ent]s1 mu/ necess>ily be      
d\ble1 ?\gh pron\nc$ ) "o expiration (  
air1 or ) "o brea? z commonly express$4 
,! reason is1 t ?\gh two s\nds readily  

unite2 yet :]e !y diff] 9 tone1 bo? ( !m
 mu/ be he>d if nei!r ( !m be suppress$4
 ,= ! same reason1 e syllable mu/ be    
compos$ ( z _m s\nds z !re are lett]s1  
suppos+ e lett] to be di/9ctly pron\nc$4
  ,we next inquire1 h[ f> articulate    
s\nds into :i* consonants ent]1 are     
agreeable to ! e>4 ,) respect to ?is    
po9t1 !re is a not$ obs]vation1 t all   
s\nds ( difficult pronunciation are to !
 e> h>% 9 proportion4 ,few tongues are s
 poli%$ z entirely to h reject$ s\nds t 
are pron\nc$ ) difficulty2 & su* s\nds  
mu/ 9 "s measure be disagreeable4 ,b )  
respect to agreeable s\nds1 x appe>s1 t 
a d\ble s\nd is always m agreeable ?an a
 s+le s\nd4 ,e "o :o has an e> mu/ be   
s5sible1 t ! diph?ongs oi or ai are m   
agreeable ?an any ( ^! v[els pron\nc$   
s+ly4 ,& ! same holds :]e a consonant   
ent]s into ! d\ble s\nd4 ,! syllable le 
has a m agreeable s\nd ?an ! v[el e or  
?an any v[el4 ,& 9 support ( exp]i5ce1 a
 satisfactory argum5t may be drawn f !  
wisdom ( ,provid5ce4 ,spee* is be/[$ ^u 

man1 to qualify him = society4 ,!       
provision he ha? ( articulate s\nds1 is 
proportion$ to ! use he ha? = !m4 ,b if 
s\nds t are agreeable s+ly 7 n also     
agreeable 9 conjunction1 ! necessity ( a
 pa9ful selection w\ld r5d] language    
intricate & difficult to be atta9$ 9 any
 p]fection4 ,& ?is selection1 at ! same 
"t1 w\ld t5d to abridge ! numb] ( useful
 s\nds1 s z p]haps n to leave suffici5t 
= answ]+ ! diff]5t ends ( language4  ,9 
?is view1 ! h>mony ( pronunciation      
diff]s widely f t ( music prop]ly s     
call$4 ,9 ! latt] are discov]$ _m s\nds 
s+ly agreeable1 t 9 conjunction are     
extremely disagreeable2 none b :at are  
call$ concordant s\nds hav+ a good      
effect 9 conjunction4 ,9 ! =m]1 all     
s\nds s+ly agreeable are 9 conjunction  
concordant2 & ought to be1 9 ord] to    
fulfil ! purposes ( language4  ,hav+    
discuss$ syllables1 we proce$ to words2 
:i* make a ?ird article4 ,monosyllables 
belong to ! =m] head4 ,polysyllables op5
 a diff]5t sc5e4 ,9 a cursory view1 "o w

 readily imag9e1 t ! effect a ^w ha? ^u 
! e>1 mu/ dep5d entirely ^u !           
agreeabl5ess or disagreeabl5ess ( its   
compon5t syllables4 ,9 "p x do?2 b n    
entirely2 = we mu/ also take "u         
consid]ation ! effect t a numb] (       
syllables compos+ a ^w h 9 succession4  
,9 ! fir/ place1 syllables 9 imm$iate   
succession1 pron\nc$1 ea* ( !m1 ) ! same
 or ne>ly ! same ap]ture ( ! m\?1       
produce a weak & imp]fect s\nd2 witness 
! ,fr5* words dtt 7dete/$71 dit-il 7says
 he71 patetique 7pa!tic74 ,on ! o!r h&1 
a syllable ( ! greate/ ap]ture succe$+  
"o ( ! smalle/1 or ! opposite1 makes a  
succession1 :i*1 because ( its rem>kable
 disagreeabl5ess1 is di/+ui%$ by a prop]
 "n1 viz4 hiatus4 ,! mo/ agreeable      
succession1 is1 :]e ! cavity is increas$
 & dim9i%$ alt]nately by mod]ate        
int]vals4 ,secondly1 words consi/+ :olly
 ( syllables pron\nc$ sl[ or ( syllables
 pron\nc$ quick1 commonly call$ long &  
%ort syllables1 h little melody 9 !m4   
,witness ! words petition]1 fruit]]1    

dizz9ess4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! int]mixture ( 
long & %ort syllables is rem>kably      
agreeable2 = example1 degree1 rep5t1    
wond]ful1 altitude1 rapidity1 indep5d5t1
 impetuosity4 ,! cause w be expla9$     
aft]w>d1 9 treat+ ( v]sification4       
,di/+ui%able f ! beauties above m5tion$1
 !re is a beauty ( "s words :i* arises f
 _! signification4 ,:5 ! emotion rais$  
by ! l5g? or %ortness1 ! r\ghness or    
smoo?ness1 ( ! s\nd1 resembles 9 any    
degree :at is rais$ by ! s5se1 we feel a
 v rem>kable pleasure4 ,b ?is subject   
belongs to ! ?ird section4  ,! =ego+    
obs]vations af=d a /&>d to e nation1 =  
e/imat+1 pretty accurately1 ! comp>ative
 m]it ( ! words t ent] into _! own      
language4 ,& ?\gh at fir/ view !y may be
 ?\ght equally useful = e/imat+ !       
comp>ative m]it ( diff]5t languages2 yet
 ?is holds n 9 fact1 because no p]son c 
readily be f\nd :o is suffici5tly       
qualifi$ to apply ! /&>d4 ,:at ,i mean  
is1 t diff]5t nations judge diff]5tly ( 
! h>%ness or smoo?ness ( articulate     

s\nds3 a s\nd1 h>% & disagreeable to an 
,italian1 may be abundantly smoo? to a  
nor!rn e>4 ,:]e are we to f9d a judge to
 det]m9e ?is controv]sy8 & suppos+ a    
judge1 ^u :at pr9ciple is 8 decision to 
be f\nd$8 ,! case "h is precisely ! same
 z 9 behavi\r & mann]s4 ,pla9-deal+ &   
s9c]ity1 lib]ty 9 words & actions1 =m ! 
"* ( "o p4 ,polit5ess1 res]ve1 & a total
 disguise ( e s5tim5t t c give (f5ce1 =m
 ! "* ( ano!r p4 ,to ea* ! mann]s ( !   
o!r are disagreeable4 ,an effem9ate m9d 
_c be> ! lea/ ( t r\ghness & sev]ity1   
:i* is g5]ally e/eem$ manly :5 ex]t$ ^u 
prop] occasions4 ,nei!r c an effem9ate  
e> be> ! lea/ h>%ness 9 words t are     
deem$ n]v\s & s\nd+ by ^? accu/om$ to a 
r\gh] tone ( language4 ,mu/ we !n       
rel9qui% all ?\ghts ( comp>+ languages 9
 ! po9t ( r\ghness & smoo?ness1 z a     
fruitless inquiry8 ,n altoge!r s2 = we  
may proce$ a c]ta9 l5g?1 ?\gh )\t hope (
 an ultimate decision4 ,a language )    
difficulty pron\nc$ ev5 by natives1 mu/ 
yield ! pref]5ce to a smoo!r language4  

,aga91 suppos+ two languages pron\nc$ ) 
equal facility by natives1 ! pref]5ce1 9
 my judgem5t1 ought to be 9 fav\r ( !   
r\gh] language2 provid$ x be also /or$ )
 a compet5t %>e ( m mell[ s\nds4 ,?is w 
be evid5t f att5d+ to ! diff]5t effects 
t articulate s\nd ha? ^u ! m9d4 ,a smoo?
 glid+ s\nd is agreeable1 by smoo?+ !   
m9d & lull+ x to re/4 ,a r\gh bold s\nd1
 on ! contr>y1 animates ! m9d4 ,! ef=t  
p]ceiv$ 9 pron\nc+1 is communicat$ to ! 
he>]s3 !y feel 9 _! own m9ds a simil>   
ef=t1 :i* r\ses _! att5tion & disposes  
!m to action4 ,i mu/ add ano!r          
consid]ation4 ,! agreeabl5ess ( contra/ 
9 ! r\gh] language1 = :i* ! great v>iety
 ( s\nds gives ample opportunity1 mu/1  
ev5 9 an effem9ate e>1 prevail ov] ! m  
uni=m s\nds ( ! smoo!r language#gf4 ,?is
 appe>s to me all t c be safely det]m9$ 
^u ! pres5t po9t4 ,) respect to ! o!r   
circum/ances t con/itute ! beauty (     
words1 ! /&>d above m5tion$ is          
infallible :5 apply'd to =eign languages
 z well z to our own4 ,= e man1 :atev]  

be 8 "m-tongue1 is equally capable to   
judge ( ! l5g? or %ortness ( words1 ( ! 
alt]nate op5+ & clos+ ( ! m\? 9 speak+1 
& ( ! relation :i* ! s\nd be>s to !     
s5se4 ,9 ^! p>ticul>s1 ! judgem5t is    
susceptible ( no prejudice f cu/om1 at  
lea/ ( no inv9cible prejudice4  ,t !    
,engli% tongue1 orig9ally h>%1 is at    
pres5t mu* s(t5$ by dropp+ 9 !          
pronunciation _m r$undant consonants1 is
 und\bt$ly true4 ,t x is n capable ( be+
 f>!r mell[$1 )\t suff]+ 9 its =ce &    
en]gy1 w sc>ce be ?\ght by any "o :o    
possesses an e>4 ,& yet su* 9 ,brita9 is
 ! prop5sity = dispat*1 t ov]look+ !    
maje/y ( words compos$ ( _m syllables   
aptly connect$1 ! prevail+ ta/e is1 to  
%ort5 words1 ev5 at ! exp5ce ( mak+ !m  
disagreeable to ! e> & h>% 9 !          
pronunciation4 ,b ,i h no occasion to   
insi/ ^u ?is article1 be+ prev5t$ by an 
excell5t writ]1 :o possess$1 if any man 
ev] did1 ! true g5ius ( ! ,engli%       
tongue#gg4 ,i _c h[ev] =be> urg+ "o     
obs]vation borr[$ f t au?or4 ,sev]al    

t5ses ( our v]bs are =m$ by add+ ! f9al 
syllable ed1 :i*1 be+ a weak s\nd1 has  
rem>kably ! worse effect by possess+ !  
mo/ conspicu\s place 9 ! ^w4 ,^u t      
acc\nt1 ! v[el is 9 common spee* g5]ally
 suppress$1 & ! consonant is add$ to !  
=ego+ syllable4 ,h5ce ! foll[+ rugg$    
s\nds1 drudg'd1 di/urb'd1 rebuk'd1      
fl$g'd4 ,x is /ill less excuseable to   
foll[ ?is practice 9 writ+2 = ! hurry ( 
speak+ may excuse :at is altoge!r       
improp] 9 a composition ( any value4 ,! 
syllable ed1 x is true1 makes b a poor  
figure at ! end ( a ^w3 b we ought to   
submit to t defect1 r ?an multiply !    
numb] ( h>% words1 :i*1 aft] all t has  
be5 done1 be> an ov]-proportion 9 our   
tongue4 ,! au?or above m5tion$1 by %[+ a
 good example1 did all 9 8 p[] to re/ore
 t syllable2 & he well des]ves to be    
imitat$4 ,"s exceptions h[ev] ,i w\ld   
make4 ,a ^w :i* signifies lab\r1 or any 
?+ h>% or rugg$1 ought n to be smoo?4   
,!re=e =c'd1 ) an apo/rophe1 is bett]   
?an =c$1 )\t x4 ,ano!r exception is1 :]e

 ! p5ult syllable ends ) a v[el4 ,9 t   
case ! f9al syllable ed may be          
apo/rophiz$ )\t mak+ ! ^w h>%4          
,examples1 betray'd1 c>ry'd1 de/roy'd1  
employ'd4  ,! article next 9 ord]1 is to
 consid] ! music ( words z unit$ 9 a    
p]iod4 ,& z ! arrangem5t ( words 9      
succession s z to af=d ! greate/        
pleasure to ! e>1 dep5ds on pr9ciples   
pretty remote f common view1 x w be     
necess>y to premise "s g5]al obs]vations
 ^u ! effect t a numb] ( objects h ^u ! 
m9d :5 !y are plac$ 9 an increas+ or    
decreas+ s]ies4 ,! effect ( su* a s]ies 
w be v diff]5t1 accord+ z resemblance or
 contra/ prevails4 ,:]e ! memb]s ( a    
s]ies v>y by small diff]5ces1           
resemblance prevails2 :i*1 9 asc5d+1    
makes u conceive ! second object ( no   
great] size ?an ! fir/1 ! ?ird ( no     
great] size ?an ! second1 & s ( ! re/4  
,?is dim9i%e? 9 appe>ance ! size ( !    
:ole4 ,aga91 :5 beg9n+ at ! l>ge/       
object1 we proce$ gradually to ! lea/1  
resemblance makes u imag9e ! second z   

l>ge z ! fir/1 & ! ?ird z l>ge z !      
second2 :i* 9 appe>ance magnifies e     
object ( ! s]ies except ! fir/4 ,on !   
o!r h&1 9 a s]ies v>y+ by great         
diff]5ces1 :]e contra/ prevails1 !      
effects are directly opposite4 ,a l>ge  
object succe$+ a small "o ( ! same k9d1 
appe>s by ! opposition l>g] ?an usual3 &
 a small object1 = ! same reason1       
succe$+ "o t is l>ge1 appe>s less ?an   
usual#gh4 ,h5ce a rem>kable pleasure 9  
view+ a s]ies asc5d+ by l>ge int]vals2  
directly opposite to :at we feel :5 !   
int]vals are small4 ,beg9n+ at ! smalle/
 object ( a s]ies :]e contra/ prevails1 
?is object has ! same effect ^u ! m9d z 
if x /ood s+le )\t mak+ a "p ( ! s]ies4 
,b ?is is n ! case ( ! second object1   
:i* by means ( contra/ makes a mu*      
great] figure ?an :5 view$ s+ly & ap>t2 
& ! same effect is p]ceiv$ 9 asc5d+     
progressively1 till we arrive at ! la/  
object4 ,! direct contr>y effect is     
produc$ 9 desc5d+2 = 9 ?is direction1 e 
object1 except ! fir/1 makes a less     

figure ?an :5 view$ sep>ately &         
indep5d5t ( ! s]ies4 ,we may !n lay d[n 
z a maxim1 :i* w hold 9 ! composition ( 
language z well z ( o!r subjects1 ,t a  
/rong impulse succe$+ a weak1 makes a   
d\ble impression on ! m9d2 & t a weak   
impulse succe$+ a /rong1 makes sc>ce any
 impression4  ,aft] e/abli%+ ?is maxim1 
we c be at no loss ab\t its application 
to ! subject 9 h&4 ,! foll[+ rule is    
laid d[n by ,diom$es#gi4 8,9 v]bis      
obs]v&um e/1 ne a majoribus ad m9ora    
desc5dat oratio2 melius enim dicitur1   
,vir e/ optimus1 quam1 ,vir optimus e/40
 ,?is rule is applicable n only to s+le 
words1 b equally to entire memb]s ( a   
p]iod1 :i*1 accord+ to our au?or's      
expression1 ought n m ?an s+le words to 
proce$ f ! great] to ! less1 b f ! less 
to ! great]4 ,9 arrang+ ! memb]s ( a    
p]iod1 no writ] equals ,cic]o4 ,! beauty
 ( ! foll[+ examples out ( _m1 w n suff]
 me to slur !m ov] by a ref]5ce4        
,quicum qu/or fu]am1     ,quicum me sors
 consuetudoque majorum1     ,quicum me  

,deorum hom9umque judicium conjunx]at4  
,aga93      ,habet honorem quem petimus1
     ,habet spem quam prpositam nobis   
habemus1     ,habet exi/imationem1 multo
 sudore1 labore1 vigiliisque1 collectam4
  ,aga93      ,eripite nos ex mis]iis1  
,eripite nos ex faucibus eorum1         
,quorum crudelitas1 no/ro sangu9e non   
pote/ expl]i4          ,de oratore1 l4  
#a4  #eb4  ,?is ord] ( words or memb]s  
gradually increas+ 9 l5g?1 may1 s f> z  
conc]ns ! pleasure ( s\nd s+ly1 be      
d5om9at$ a climax 9 s\nd4  ,! la/       
article is ! music ( p]iods z unit$ 9 a 
disc\rse2 :i* %all be dispat*$ 9 a v few
 words4 ,by no o!r human means is x     
possible to pres5t to ! m9d1 su* a numb]
 ( objects & 9 s swift a succession1 z  
by speak+ or writ+4 ,& = t reason1      
v>iety ought m to be /udi$ 9 ^!1 ?an 9  
any o!r sort ( composition4 ,h5ce a rule
 reg>d+ ! arrangem5t ( ! memb]s (       
diff]5t p]iods ) relation to ea* o!r1 ,t
 to avoid a t$i\s uni=mity ( s\nd &     
cad5ce1 ! arrangem5t1 ! cad5ce1 & ! l5g?

 ( ^! memb]s1 ought to be div]sifi$ z   
mu* z possible4 ,& if ! memb]s ( diff]5t
 p]iods be suffici5tly div]sifi$1 !     
p]iods !mselves w be equally s4         
,,sect4 ,,ii4  ,beauty ( language )     
respect to signification4  ,x is well   
said by a not$ writ]#hj1 8,t by means ( 
spee* we c div]t our sorr[s1 m+le our   
mir?1 imp>t our secrets1 communicate our
 c\nsels1 & make mutual compacts &      
agreem5ts to supply & assi/ ea* o!r40   
,consid]+ spee* z contribut+ ?us to s _m
 good purposes1 x foll[s1 t ! *us+ words
 :i* h an accurate mean+1 & t5d to      
convey cle> & di/9ct ideas1 mu/ be "o ( 
its capital beauties4 ,?is cause (      
beauty1 is too ext5sive to be h&l$ z a  
bran* ( any o!r subject4 ,to asc]ta9 )  
accuracy ev5 ! prop] mean+ ( words1 n to
 talk ( _! figurative p[]1 w\ld require 
a l>ge volume2 an useful "w inde$2 b n  
to be attempt$ )\t a l>ge /ock ( "t1    
/udy1 & reflection4 ,?is bran* !re=e ( !
 subject ,i mu/ humbly decl9e4 ,nor d ,i
 propose to exhau/ all ! o!r beauties ( 

language ) respect to signification4 ,! 
read]1 9 a "w l ! pres5t1 _c fairly     
expect m ?an a slight sket* ( ^? t make 
! greate/ figure4 ,?is is a task :i* ,i 
attempt ! m will+ly1 z x appe>s to be   
connect$ ) "s pr9ciples 9 human nature2 
& ! rules ,i %all h occasion to lay d[n1
 w1 if ,i judge aright1 be agreeable    
illu/rations ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,e subject 
mu/ be ( importance t t5ds 9 any measure
 to unfold ! human he>t2 = :at o!r      
sci5ce is m wor?y ( human be+s8  ,!     
pres5t subject is s ext5sive1 t1 to     
prev5t confusion1 x mu/ be divid$ into  
p>ts2 & :at foll[s sugge/s a division   
into two p>ts4 ,9 e p]iod1 two ?+s are  
to be reg>d$1 equally capital2 fir/1 !  
words ( :i* ! p]iod is compos$2 next1 ! 
arrangem5t ( ^! words4 ,! =m] resemble !
 /ones t compose a build+2 & ! latt]    
resembles ! ord] 9 :i* ^! /ones are     
plac$4 ,h5ce ! beauty ( language )      
respect to its mean+1 may n improp]ly be
 di/+ui%$ into two k9ds4 ,! fir/ consi/s
 9 a "r *oice ( words or mat]ials =     

con/ruct+ ! p]iod2 & ! o!r consi/s 9 a  
due arrangem5t ( ^! words or mat]ials4  
,i %all beg9 ) rules t direct u to a "r 
*oice ( words1 & !n proce$ to rules t   
conc]n _! arrangem5t4  ,& ) respect to !
 =m]1 communication ( ?\ght be+ !       
pr9cipal end ( language1 x is a rule1 ,t
 p]spicuity ought n to be sacrific$ to  
any o!r beauty :atev]4 ,if x %\ld be    
d\bt$ :e!r p]spicuity be a positive     
beauty1 x _c be d\bt$1 t ! want ( x is !
 greate/ defect4 ,no?+ !re=e 9 !        
/ructure ( language ought m to be /udi$1
 ?an to prev5t all obscurity 9 !        
expression2 = to h no mean+1 is b "o    
degree worse ?an to express x s z n to  
be und]/ood4 ,want ( p]spicuity f a     
wrong arrangem5t1 belongs to ! next     
bran*4 ,i %all give a few examples :]e !
 obscurity arises f a wrong *oice (     
words2 & z ?is defect is s common 9     
ord9>y writ]s z to make examples f !m   
unnecess>y1 ,i conf9e myself to ! mo/   
celebrat$ au?ors4         99       99   
99       99       99  ,livy1 speak+ ( a 

r\t aft] a battle1      ,multique 9 ru9a
 majore quam fuga oppressi              
obtruncatique4          ,l4 #d4  #df4   
,unde tibi r$itum c]to subtem9e ,p>c    
,rup]e4          ,horace1 epod4 xiii4   
#bb44      ,qui p]spe cava te/ud9e      
flevit amorem1     ,non elaboratum ad   
p$em4          ,horace1 epod4 xiv4 #aa4 
,me fabulos ,vulture 9 ,appulo1         
,altricis extra lim5 ,apuli1            
,ludo1 fatigatumque somno1              
,fronde nova pu]um palumbes             
,tex]e4          ,horace1 ,c>m4 l4 #c4  
ode #d4      ,pur rivus aqu1 silvaque   
jug]um     ,paucorum1 et segetis c]ta   
fides me1     ,fulg5tem imp]io f]tilis  
,afric       ,fallit sorte beatior4     
,horace1 ,c>m4 l4 #c4 ode #af4      ,cum
 fas atque nefas exiguo f9e libid9um    
,disc]nunt avidi4          ,horace1     
,c>m4 l4 #a4 ode #ah4      ,ac spem     
fronte s]5at4          neid iv4 #dgg4   
,!re is want ( neatness ev5 9 an        
ambiguity s slight z t is :i* arises f !
 con/ruction m]ely2 z :]e ! p]iod       

comm5ces ) a memb] :i* is conceiv$ to be
 9 ! nom9ative case1 & :i* aft]w>d is   
f\nd to be 9 ! accusative4 ,example3    
8,"s emotions m peculi>ly connect$ ) !  
f9e arts1 ,i propose to h&le 9 sep>ate  
*apt]s#ha40 ,bett] ?us3 8,"s emotions m 
peculi>ly connect$ ) ! f9e arts1 are    
propos$ to be h&l$ 9 sep>ate *apt]s40   
99       99       99       99       99  
,! rule next 9 ord]1 because next 9     
importance1 is1 ,t ! language ought to  
correspond to ! subject4 ,gr& or h]oic  
actions or s5tim5ts require elevat$     
language3 t5d] s5tim5ts ought to be     
express$ 9 words s(t & fl[+2 & pla9     
language devoid ( ornam5t1 is adapt$ to 
subjects grave & didactic4 ,language may
 be consid]$ z ! dress ( ?\ght2 & :]e ! 
"o is n suit$ to ! o!r1 we are s5sible (
 incongruity1 9 ! same mann] z :]e a    
judge is dress$ l a fop1 or a peasant l 
a man ( quality4 ,! intimate connection 
t words h ) _! mean+1 requires t bo? be 
9 ! same tone4 ,or1 to express ! ?+ m   
pla9ly1 ! impression made by ! words    

ought z ne>ly z possible to resemble !  
impression made by ! ?\ght4 ,! simil>   
emotions mix sweetly 9 ! m9d1 & augm5t !
 pleasure#hb4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e !       
impressions made by ! ?\ght & ! words   
are dissimil>1 !y are =c'd into a sort (
 unnatural union1 :i* is                
disagreeable#hc4  ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]1    
conc]n+ ! language ( passion1 ,i _h     
occasion to give _m examples (          
deviations f ?is rule ) reg>d to ! mann]
 ( express+ passions & _! s5tim5ts4 ,b z
 ! rule conc]ns ! mann] ( express+      
?\ghts & ideas ( all k9ds1 x has an     
ext5sive influ5ce 9 direct+ u to ! *oice
 ( prop] mat]ials4 ,9 t view x mu/ be   
bran*$ out into sev]al p>ticul>s4 ,& ,i 
mu/ obs]ve1 9 ! fir/ place1 t to write )
 elegance1 x is n suffici5t to express  
b>ely ! conjunction or disjunction ( !  
memb]s ( ! ?\ght4 ,x is a beauty to f9d 
a simil> conjunction or disjunction 9 ! 
words4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by a       
famili> example4 ,:5 we h occasion to   
m5tion ! intimate connection t ! s\l has

 ) ! body1 ! expression ought to be !   
s\l & body2 because ! p>ticle !1        
relative to bo?1 makes a connection 9 ! 
expression1 :i* resembles 9 "s degree ! 
connection 9 ! ?\ght4 ,b :5 ! s\l is    
di/+ui%$ f ! body1 x is bett] to say !  
s\l & ! body1 because ! disjunction 9 ! 
words resembles ! disjunction 9 ! ?\ght4
 ,9 ! foll[+ examples ! connection 9 !  
?\ght is happily imitat$ 9 ! expression4
       ,con/ituit agm52 et exp$ire tela 
animosque1 equitibus jussis1      c4    
,livy1 l4 #ch4  #be4    ,aga93          
,quum ex paucis quotidie aliqui corum   
cad]5t aut vuln]>5tur1 et      qui      
sup]>5t1 fessi et corporibus et animis  
ess5t1 c4                       ,livy1  
l4 #ch4  #bi4        ,po/ ac] ,mne/heus 
adducto con/itit arcu1     ,alta pet5s1 
p>it]que oculos telumque tet5dit4       
neid1 l4 v4 #ejg4  ,! foll[+ passage (  
,tacitus appe>s to me n s happy4 ,x     
approa*es to wit by connect+ 9 ! =ego+  
mann] ?+s b slightly relat$1 :i* is n   
altoge!r suitable to ! dignity or       

gravity ( hi/ory4       ,g]mania omnis a
 ,galliis1 ,rhtiisque1 et ,pannoniis1   
,rh5o et      ,danubio flum9ibus2 a     
,s>matis ,dacisque1 mutuo metu aut      
montibus      sep>atur4                 
,de moribus ,g]manorum4    ,i am m      
d\btful ab\t ?is o!r in/ance3           
---- ,! fi5d look'd up1 & knew     ,8   
m\nt$ scale al(t2 nor m1 b fl$          
,murm'r+1 & ) him fl$ ! %ades ( night4  
,p>adise ,lo/1 ,b4 #d4 at ! end4  ,i    
%all add "s o!r examples :]e !          
opposition 9 ! ?\ght is imitat$ 9 !     
words2 an imitation t is di/+ui%$ by !  
"n ( anti!sis4         99       99      
99       99       99  ,speak+ (         
,coriolanus solicit+ ! p to be made     
consul3      ,) a pr\d he>t he wore 8   
humble we$s4          ,coriolanus4      
,_h y r ,cs> 7 liv+1 & die all slaves2  
?an t      ,cs> 7 dead1 to live all free
 m58                       ,julius ,cs>4
         ,he ha? cool'd my fri5ds &     
heat$ m9e enemies4                      
,%akespe>4        ,:y1 if two gods %\ld 

play "s heav'nly mat*1     ,& on ! wag] 
lay two e>?ly wom51     ,& ,portia "o1  
!re mu/ be some?+ else     ,pawn'd ) !  
o!r2 = ! poor rude _w     ,ha? n h]     
fell[4          ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 act   
#c4 sc4 #f4  ,?is rule may be ext5d$ to 
gov]n ! con/ruction ( s5t5ces or p]iods4
 ,a s5t5ce or p]iod 9 language ought to 
express "o entire ?\ght or m5tal        
proposition2 & diff]5t ?\ghts ought to  
be sep>at$ 9 ! expression by plac+ !m 9 
diff]5t s5t5ces or p]iods4 ,x is !re=e  
(f5d+ aga9/ neatness1 to cr[d into "o   
p]iod entire ?\ghts :i* require m ?an   
"o2 = ?is is conjo9+ 9 language ?+s t   
are sep>at$ 9 reality2 & consequ5tly    
reject+ t uni=mity :i* ought to be      
pres]v$ betwixt ?\ght & expression4 ,(  
errors aga9/ ?is rule take ! foll[+     
examples4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,cs>1 describ+ ! ,suevi3   
,atque 9 eam se consuetud9em addux]unt1 
ut locis frigidissimis1      neque      
ve/itus1 prt] pelles1 habeant quidquam1 
qu>um1 propt]      exiguitatem1 magna e/

 corporis p>s op]ta1 et lav5tur 9       
flum9ibus4                              
,comm5t>ia1 l4 #d4 pr94    ,burnet1 9 ! 
hi/ory ( 8 own times1 giv+ ,"l          
,sund]l&'s "*1 says1       ,8 own       
notions 7 always good2 b he 0 a man (   
great      exp5ce4       ,i h se5 a     
woman's face break out 9 heats1 z %e has
 be5      talk+ aga9/ a great "l1 :om %e
 _h nev] se5 9 h] life2      & inde$    
nev] knew a p>ty-woman t kept h] beauty 
= a      twelvemon?4                    
,spectator1 ,n #eg4    ,"l ,bol+broke1  
speak+ ( ,/rada3       ,i s+le him out  
among ! mod]ns1 because he _h ! fooli%  
presumption to c5sure ,tacitus1 & to    
write hi/ory himself3 &      y\r        
,lord%ip w =give ?is %ort excursion 9   
hon\r ( a      fav\rite au?or4          
,lett]s on hi/ory1 vol4 #a4 let4 #e4    
,x seems to me1 t 9 ord] to ma9ta9 !    
moral sy/em ( !      _w at a c]ta9 po9t1
 f> bel[ t ( ideal p]fection1 7=      we
 are made capable ( conceiv+ :at we are 
incapable (      atta9+71 b h[ev]       

suffici5t ^u ! :ole to con/itute a      
/ate easy & happy1 or at ! wor/         
tol]able3 ,i say1 x seems to      me1 t 
! au?or ( nature has ?\ght fit to m+le f
 "t      to "t1 among ! societies ( m51 
a few1 & b a few1 ( ^?      on :om he is
 graci\sly pleas$ to be/[ a l>g]        
proportion (      ! e!real _s ?an is    
giv5 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( 8      provid5ce
 to ! sons ( m54                        
,bol+broke1 on ! _s ( patriotism1 let4  
#a4    ,to cr[d into a s+le memb] ( a   
p]iod1 diff]5t subjects1 is /ill worse  
?an to cr[d !m into "o p]iod4           
---- ,trojam1 g5itore ,adama/o          
,paup]e 7mansissetque ut9am =tuna7      
pr(ectus4          neid4 iii4 #fad4     
,:]e two ?+s are s connect$ z to require
 b a copulative1 x is pleasant to f9d a 
resemblance 9 ! memb]s ( ! p]iod1 7 x   
ev5 s slight z :]e bo? beg9 ) ! same    
lett]3       ,! peacock1 9 all 8 pride1 
does n display half ! col\r      t      
appe>s 9 ! g>m5ts ( a ,briti% lady1 :5  
%e is ei!r      dress$ = a ball or a    

bir?-day4                               
,spectator1 ,n #bfe4         ,_h n my   
dog ( a /ew>d run away z he did1 )\t    
mak+ up      8 acc\nts1 ,i _h /ill be5  
imm]s$ 9 s9 & sea-coal4                 
,ibid4 ,n4 #ecj4        ,my life's      
companion1 & my bosom-fri5d1     ,"o    
fai?1 "o fame1 "o fate %all bo? att5d4  
,dryd51 ,translation ( neid4  ,!re is   
obvi\sly a s5sible defect 9 neatness :5 
uni=mity is 9 ?is case totally          
neglect$#hd2 witness ! foll[+ example1  
:]e ! con/ruction ( two memb]s connect$ 
by a copulative is unnecess>ily v>i$4   
,= x is confid5tly report$1 t two "y    
g5tlem5 ( real      hopes1 bright wit1 &
 pr(\nd judgm5t1 :o ^u a ?or\gh         
exam9ation ( causes & effects1 & by !   
m]e =ce ( natural      abilities1 )\t ! 
lea/ t9cture ( le>n+1 h made a          
discov]y t !re 0 no ,god1 & g5]\sly     
communicat+      _! ?\ghts = ! good ( ! 
public1 7 "s "t ago1 by      an         
unp>allell$ sev]ity1 & ^u ,i "k n :at   
obsolete law1      broke = blasphemy#he4

 ,bett] ?us3 ,hav+ made a discov]y      
t !re 0 no ,god1 & hav+ g5]\sly         
communicat$ _!      ?\ghts = ! good ( ! 
public1 7 "s "t ago1 c4       ,he _h be5
 guilty ( a fault1 = :i* 8 ma/] w\ld h  
put      him to dea?1 _h he n f\nd an   
opportunity to escape out ( 8      h&s1 
& fl$ into ! des]ts ( ,numidia4         
,gu>dian1 ,n #aci4         ,if all !    
ends ( ! revolution are already obta9$1 
x is n      only imp]t95t to argue =    
obta9+ any ( !m1 b facti\s      designs 
might be imput$1 & ! "n ( inc5di>y be   
appli$      ) "s col\r1 p]haps1 to any  
"o :o %\ld p]si/ 9      press+ ?is po9t4
                       ,diss]tation ^u  
p>ties1 ,d$ication4    ,x is ev5        
unpleasant to f9d a negative &          
affirmative proposition connect$ by a   
copulative4      ,nec excitatur classico
 miles truci1       ,nec horret iratum  
m>e2     ,=umque vitat1 et sup]ba civium
       ,pot5tiorum lim9a4               
,horace1 ,epod4 #b4 l4 #e4      ,if x   
appe> n pla91 & prove untrue1           

,deadly divorce /ep betwe5 me & y4      
,%akespe>4  ,an artificial connection   
among ! words1 is und\bt$ly a beauty :5 
x repres5ts any peculi> connection among
 ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! ?\ght2 b :]e !re  
is no su* connection1 x is a positive   
de=mity1 because x makes a discordance  
betwixt ! ?\ght & expression4 ,= ! same 
reason1 we ought also to avoid e        
artificial opposition ( words :]e !re is
 none 9 ! ?\ght4 ,?is la/1 t]m$ v]bal   
anti!sis1 is /udi$ by writ]s ( no ta/e2 
& is reli%$ by read]s ( ! same /amp1    
because ( a c]ta9 degree ( livel9ess 9  
x4 ,!y d n consid] h[ incongru\s x is1 9
 a grave composition1 to *eat ! read]1 &
 to make him expect a contra/ 9 ! ?\ght1
 :i* ^u exam9ation is n f\nd !re4       
,a light wife do? make a heavy husb&4   
,m]*ant ( ,v5ice4  ,"h is a /udi$       
opposition 9 ! words1 n only )\t any    
opposition 9 ! s5se1 b ev5 :]e !re is a 
v intimate connection1 t ( cause &      
effect2 = x is ! levity ( ! wife t vexes
 ! husb&4                     ---- ,w   

ma9ta9     ,^u 8 bad life to make all   
?is good4          ,k+ ,ri*>d ,,ii4 act4
 #a4 sc4 #b4       ,lucetta4 ,:at1 %all 
^! pap]s lie l tell-tales "h8           
,julia4 ,if ?\ respect !m1 be/ to take  
!m up4       ,lucetta4 ,nay1 ,i 0 tak5  
up = lay+ !m d[n4                       
,two ,g5tlem5 ( ,v]ona1 act #a4 sc4 #c4 
,to conjo9 by a copulative1 memb]s t    
signify ?+s oppos$ 9 ! ?\ght1 is an     
error too gross to be commonly practis$4
 ,& yet writ]s are guilty ( ?is fault 9 
"s degree1 :5 !y conjo9 by a copulative 
?+s transact$ at diff]5t p]iods ( "t4   
,h5ce a want ( neatness 9 ! foll[+      
expression4       ,! nobility too1 :om !
 ,k+ _h no means ( reta9+ by            
suitable (fices & pref]m5ts1 _h be5     
seiz$ ) ! g5]al      discont5t1 &       
unw>ily ?rew !mselves into ! scale1 :i* 
began already too mu* to prepond]ate4   
,hi/ory ( ,g4 ,brita91 vol4 #a4 p4 #bej4
    ,9 p]iods ( ?is k9d1 x appe>s m neat
 to express ! pa/ "t by ! p>ticiple     
passive1 ?us3       ,! nobility hav+ be5

 seiz$ ) ! g5]al discont5t1      unw>ily
 ?rew !mselves1 c4 or1 ,! nobility :o _h
 be5      seiz$1 c4 unw>ily ?rew        
!mselves1 c4  ,s mu* ^u conjunction &   
disjunction 9 g5]al4 ,i proce$ to apply 
! rule to comp>isons 9 p>ticul>4 ,:]e a 
resemblance betwixt two objects is      
describ$1 ! writ] ought to /udy a       
resemblance betwixt ! two memb]s t      
express ^! objects4 ,= x makes !        
resemblance ! m entire to f9d x ext5d$  
ev5 to ! words4 ,to illu/rate ?is rule1 
,i %all give v>i\s examples ( deviations
 f x4 ,i beg9 ) ! words t express !     
resemblance4       ,i h obs]v$ ( late1 !
 /yle ( "s great m9i/]s v      mu* to   
exce$ t ( any o!r productions4          
,lett] to ! ,"l ,high ,treasur]4 ,swift4
    ,?is1 in/ead ( /udy+ ! resemblance (
 words 9 a p]iod t expresses a          
comp>ison1 is go+ out ( "o's road to    
avoid x4 ,in/ead ( productions :i*      
resemble n m9i/]s great or small1 !     
prop] ^w is writ]s or au?ors4       ,if 
m5 ( em95ce are expos$ to c5sure on ! "o

 h&1 !y are      z mu* liable to flatt]y
 on ! o!r4 ,if !y receive reproa*es     
:i* are n due to !m1 !y likewise receive
 praises :i* !y      d n des]ve4        
,spectator4    ,"h ! subject pla9ly     
dem&s uni=mity 9 expression in/ead (    
v>iety2 & !re=e x is submitt$ :e!r !    
p]iod w\ld n d bett] 9 ! foll[+ mann]3  
,if m5 ( em95ce be expos$ to c5sure on !
 "o h&1 !y are      z mu* expos$ to     
flatt]y on ! o!r4 ,if !y receive        
reproa*es :i* are n due1 !y likewise    
receive praises :i*      are n due4     
,i _c b fancy1 h[ev]1 t ?is imitation1  
:i* passes s      curr5tly ) o!r        
judgem5ts1 mu/ at "s "t or o!r h        
/uck a little ) y\r ,lord%ip#hf4 ,bett] 
?us3 ,i _c      b fancy1 h[ev]1 t ?is   
imitation1 :i* passes s curr5tly      ) 
o!rs1 mu/ at "s "t or o!r h /uck a      
little )      y\r ,lord%ip4             
99       99       99       99       99  
,a glutton or m]e s5suali/ is z         
ridicul\s z ! o!r two      *>act]s4     
,%aftesbury1 vol4 #a4 p4 #abi4          

,!y wisely pref] ! g5]\s ef=ts ( good-w 
&      affection1 to ! reluctant        
compliances ( su* z obey by      =ce4   
,rem>ks on ! hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,lett] #e4
 ,bol+broke4    ,titus ,livius1 conc]n+ 
! p ( ,enna dem&+ ! keys f ! ,roman     
g>rison1 makes ! gov]nor say1           
,quas simul tradid]imus1 ,c>?ag9i5sium  
extemplo ,enna erit1      fdiusque hic  
trucidabimir1 quam ,murganti prsidium   
int]fectum      e/4                     
,l4 #bd4  #ch4    ,qu9tus ,curtius1     
speak+ ( ,porus m\nt$ on an elephant1 & 
lead+ 8 army to battle3                 
,magnitud9i ,pori adjic]e videbatur     
bellua qua vehebatur1 tantum      int]  
ct]as em95s1 quanto aliis ipse pr/abat4 
,l4 #h4 cap4 #ad4    ,x is a /ill great]
 deviation f congruity1 to affect n only
 v>iety 9 ! words1 b also 9 !           
con/ruction4 ,describ+ ,!rmopyl1 ,titus 
,livius says1       ,id jugum1 sicut    
,ap5n9i dorso ,italia dividitur1 ita    
m$iam ,grciam      d]emit4              
,l4 #cf4  #ae4    ,speak+ ( ,%akespe>3  

,!re may rema9 a suspicion t we ov]-rate
 ! greatness ( 8      g5ius2 9 ! same   
mann] z bodies appe> m gigantic on      
acc\nt ( _! be+ disproportion$ & mi%ap54
                       ,hi/ory ( ,g4    
,brita91 vol4 #a4 p4 #ach4    ,?is is   
/udy+ v>iety 9 a p]iod :]e ! beauty lies
 9 uni=mity4 ,bett] ?us3       ,!re may 
rema9 a suspicion t we ov]-rate !       
greatness ( 8      g5ius1 9 ! same mann]
 z we ov]-rate ! greatness ( bodies     
:i* are disproportion$ & mi%ap54  ,next 
z to ! l5g? ( ! memb]s t signify !      
resembl+ objects4 ,to produce a         
resemblance betwixt su* memb]s1 !y ought
 n only to be con/ruct$ 9 ! same mann]1 
b z ne>ly z possible be equal 9 l5g?4   
,by neglect+ ?is circum/ance1 ! foll[+  
example is defective 9 neatness4        
,z ! p]=mance ( all o!r religi\s duties 
w n avail 9      ! sight ( ,god1 )\t    
*>ity1 s nei!r w ! dis*>ge      ( all   
o!r m9i/]ial duties avail 9 ! sight ( m5
 )\t      a fai?ful dis*>ge ( ?is       
pr9cipal duty4                          

,diss]tation ^u p>ties1 d$ication4    ,9
 ! foll[+ passage all ! errors are      
accumulat$ t a p]iod express+ a         
resemblance c well admit3       ,m9i/]s 
are answ]able = e ?+ done to ! prejudice
 (      ! con/itution1 9 ! same         
proportion z ! pres]vation ( !          
con/itution 9 its purity & vig\r1 or !  
p]v]t+ &      weak5+ x1 are ( great]    
consequ5ce to ! nation1 ?an any      o!r
 in/ances ( good or bad gov]nm5t4       
,diss]tation ^u p>ties1 d$ication4    ,!
 same rule obta9s 9 a comp>ison :]e ?+s 
are oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,objects         
contra/$1 n less ?an :at are simil>1    
require a resemblance 9 ! memb]s ( !    
p]iod t express !m4 ,! reason is1 t     
contra/ has no effect ^u ! m9d1 except  
:]e ! ?+s comp>$ h a resemblance 9 _!   
capital p>ts#hg4 ,!re=e1 9 oppos+ two   
circum/ances to ea* o!r1 x rem>kably    
height5s ! contra/1 to make z entire z  
possible ! resemblance betwixt ! o!r    
p>ts1 & 9 p>ticul> betwixt ! memb]s     
express+ ! two circum/ances contra/$4 ,z

 ?+s are (t5 be/ illu/rat$ by _!        
contr>ies1 ,i %all also give examples ( 
deviations f ! rule 9 ?is case4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,addison says1       ,a fri5d exagg]ates
 a man's virtues1 an enemy inflames 8   
crimes4                                 
,spectator1 ,n #cii4    ,w\ld x n be    
neat] to /udy uni=mity in/ead ( v>iety8 
z ?us3       ,a fri5d exagg]ates a man's
 virtues1 an enemy 8 crimes4  ,= "h !   
contra/ is only betwixt a fri5d & an    
enemy2 & betwixt all ! o!r circum/ances1
 includ+ ! memb]s ( ! p]iod1 !          
resemblance ought to be pres]v$ z entire
 z possible4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,speak+ ( a lady's
 head-dress3       ,ab\t t5 ye>s ago x  
%ot up to a v great height1 insomu*     
t ! female "p ( our species 7 mu* tall] 
?an ! m54                               
,spectator1 ,n #ih4    ,x %\ld be1      
,?an ! male "p4       ,! wise man is    
happy :5 he ga9s 8 own approbation2 !   
fool      :5 he recomm5ds himself to !  

applause ( ^? ab\t him4                 
,ibid4 ,n #gc4    ,bett]3       ,! wise 
man is happy :5 he ga9s 8 own           
approbation2 ! fool      :5 he ga9s t ( 
o!rs4       ,sicut 9 frugibus           
pecudibusque1 non tantum sem9a ad s]v&um
      indolem val5t1 quantum t]r        
proprietas clique1 sub quo aluntur1     
mutat4                       ,livy1 l4  
#ch4  #ag4    ,sallu/1 9 8 hi/ory (     
,catil9e's conspiracy3       ,p] illa   
tempora quicumque rempublicam agitav]e1 
hone/is      nom9ibus1 alii1 sicuti     
populi jura def5d]5t1 p>s1 quo s5ati    
auctoritas maxuma =et1 bonum publicum   
simulantes1 pro sua      quisque pot5tia
 c]tabant4                       ,cap4  
#ch4    ,we proce$ to a rule ( a diff]5t
 k9d4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( a p]iod1 ! same   
sc5e ought to be cont9u$ )\t v>iation4  
,! *ang+ f p]son to p]son1 f subject to 
subject1 or f p]son to subject1 )9 !    
b\nds ( a s+le p]iod1 di/racts ! m9d1 & 
af=ds no "t = a solid impression4 ,i    
illu/rate ?is rule by giv+ examples (   

deviations f x4       ,honos alit artes1
 omnesque inc5duntur ad /udia glori2    
jac5tque ea semp] qu apud quosque       
improbantur4                            
,cic]o1 ,tuscul4 qu/4 l4 #a4    ,speak+ 
( ! di/emp] contract$ by ,alex&] ba?+ 9 
! riv] ,cydnus & ( ! cure (f]$ by       
,philip ! physician3       ,int] hc     
,p>m5ione fidissimo purpuratorum1 lit]as
 accipit1      quibus ei d5unciabat1 ne 
salutem suam ,philippo committ]et4      
,qu9tus ,curtius1 l4 #c4 cap4 #f4       
,hook1 9 8 ,roman hi/ory1 speak+ (      
,eum5es1 :o _h be5 beat d[n to ! gr\nd )
 a /one1 says1       ,aft] a %ort "t he 
came to himself2 & ! next day1 !y       
put him on bo>d 8 %ip1 :i* convey$ him  
fir/ to ,cor9?1      & !nce to ! isl& ( 
g9a4  ,i give ano!r example ( a p]iod   
:i* is unpleasant1 ev5 by a v slight    
deviation f ! rule4       ,t sort (     
in/ruction :i* is acquir$ by inculcat+  
an      important moral tru?1 c4  ,?is  
expression includes two p]sons1 "o      
acquir+1 & "o inculcat+2 & ! sc5e is    

*ang$ )\t necessity4 ,to avoid ?is      
blemi%1 ! ?\ght may be express$ ?us3    
,t sort ( in/ruction :i* is af=d$ by    
inculcat+1 c4  ,! bad effect ( ?is *ange
 ( p]son is rem>kable 9 ! foll[+        
passage4       ,! ,brita9s1 daily h>ass$
 by cruel inroads f ! ,picts1      7 =c$
 to call 9 ! ,saxons = _! def5ce1 :o    
consequ5tly r$uc$ ! greate/ "p ( ! isl& 
to _! own      p[]1 drove ! ,brita9s    
into ! mo/ remote & m\nta9\s      p>ts1 
& ! re/ ( ! c\ntry1 9 cu/oms1 religion1 
&      language1 became :olly ,saxons4  
,lett] to ! ,"l ,high ,treasur]4 ,swift4
  ,! foll[+ example is a *ange f subject
 to p]sons4       ,?is pro/itution (    
praise is n only a deceit ^u ! gross    
( mank9d1 :o take _! notion ( *>act]s f 
! le>n$2      b also ! bett] sort mu/ by
 ?is means lose "s "p at      lea/ ( t  
desire ( fame :i* is ! inc5tive to g5]\s
      actions1 :5 !y f9d x promiscu\sly 
be/[$ on !      m]itori\s & undes]v+4   
,gu>dian1 ,n #d4  ,ev5 s slight a *ange 
z to v>y ! con/ruction 9 ! same p]iod1  

is unpleasant3       ,annibal luce      
prima1 ,bale>ibus levique alia armatura 
prmissa1      transgressus flum51 ut    
quosque tradux]at1 ita 9 acie locabat2  
,gallos ,hispanosque equites prope ripam
 lvo 9 cornu adv]sus      ,romanum      
equitatum2 dextrum cornu ,numidis       
equitibus datum4                        
,tit4 ,liv4 l4 #bb4  #df4  ,speak+ (    
,hannibal's elephants drove back by !   
enemy ^u 8 own army3       ,eo magis    
ru]e 9 suos bellu1 tantoque majorem     
/ragem ed]e quam      int] ho/es        
edid]ant1 quanto acrius pavor con/]natam
 agit1 quam      insid5tis magi/ri      
imp]io regitur4                         
,liv4 l4 #bg4  #ad4    ,?is passage is  
also faulty 9 a diff]5t respect1 t !re  
is no resemblance betwixt ! memb]s ( !  
expression1 ?\gh !y import a comp>ison4 
,! pres5t head1 :i* relates to ! *oice (
 mat]ials1 %all be clos$ ) a rule       
conc]n+ ! use ( copulatives4 ,long9us   
obs]ves1 t x animates a p]iod to drop ! 
copulatives2 & he gives ! foll[+ example

 f ,x5ophon4       ,clos+ _! %ields     
toge!r1 !y 7 pu%'d1 !y f\ght1 !y        
slew1 !y 7 sla94                        
,treatise ( ! ,sublime1 cap4 #af4    ,! 
reason ,i take to be :at foll[s4 ,a     
cont9u$ s\nd1 if n /rong1 t5ds to lay u 
asleep4 ,an int]rupt$ s\nd r\ses &      
animates by its repeat$ impulses4 ,h5ce 
x is1 t syllables collect$ into feet1   
be+ pron\nc$ ) a s5sible int]val betwixt
 ea*1 make m lively impressions ?an c be
 made by a cont9u$ s\nd4 ,a p]iod1 !    
memb]s ( :i* are connect$ by            
copulatives1 produce? an effect ^u ! m9d
 approa*+ to t ( a cont9u$ s\nd3 & !re=e
 to suppress ! copulatives mu/ animate a
 description4 ,to suppress ! copulatives
 ha? ano!r good effect4 ,! memb]s ( a   
p]iod connect$ by ! prop] copulatives1  
glide smoo?ly & g5tly along2 & are a    
pro( ( s$at5ess & leisure 9 ! speak]4   
,on ! o!r h&1 a man 9 ! hurry ( passion1
 neglect+ copulatives & o!r p>ticles1   
expresses ! pr9cipal image only4 ,h5ce x
 is1 t hurry or quick action is be/     

express$ )\t copulatives3      ,v5i1    
vidi1 vici4                             
---- ,ite3     ,f]te cite flammas1 date 
vela1 impellite remos4          neid4   
iv4 #eic4      ,quis globus1 ,o ,cives1 
calig9e volvitur atra8     ,f]te cite   
f]rum1 date tela1 sc&ite muros4         
,ho/is ade/1 eja4          neid4 ix4    
#cf4  ,9 ?is view ,long9us#hh ju/ly     
comp>es copulatives 9 a p]iod to /rait  
ty+1 :i* 9 a race ob/ructs ! fre$om (   
motion4  ,x foll[s f ! same premisses1 t
 to multiply copulatives 9 ! same p]iod 
ought to be avoid$4 ,= if ! lay+ aside  
copulatives give =ce & livel9ess1 a     
r$undancy ( !m mu/ r5d] ! p]iod languid4
 ,i appeal to ! foll[+ in/ance1 ?\gh !re
 are n m ?an two copulatives4       ,^u 
look+ ov] ! lett]s ( my female          
correspond5ts1 ,i f9d      sev]al f wom5
 compla9+ ( jeal\s husb&s2 & at ! same  
"t prote/+ _! own innoc5ce1 & desir+ my 
advice ^u      ?is occasion4            
,spectator1 ,n #agj4    ,i except ! case
 :]e ! words are int5d$ to express !    

coldness ( ! speak]2 = !re ! r$undancy (
 copulatives is a beauty4       ,d9+ "o 
day at an ald]man's 9 ! city1 ,pet]     
obs]v$ him      expatiat+ aft] ! mann] (
 8 bre?r51 9 ! praises ( 8      sirlo9 (
 beef4 8,beef10 said ! sage magi/rate1  
8is ! k+ (      meat3 ,beef compreh5ds 9
 x ! qu9tesc5ce ( p>tridge1 &           
quail1 & v5ison1 & pheasant1 &          
plum-pudd+1 & cu/>d40                   
,tale ( ,tub1  #d4    ,& ! au?or %[s    
great ta/e 9 v>y+ ! expression 9 ! m\? (
 ,pet]1 :o is repres5t$ m animat$4      
8,bread10 says he1 8de> bro!rs1 is !    
/aff ( life1 9 :i*      bread is        
conta9$1 inclusiv1 ! qu9tesc5ce ( beef1 
mutton1      veal1 v5ison1 p>tridge1    
plum-pudd+1 & cu/>d40  ,we proce$ to !  
second k9d ( beauty1 :i* consi/s 9 a due
 arrangem5t ( ! words or mat]ials4 ,?is 
bran* ( ! subject is n less nice ?an    
ext5sive2 & ,i despair to put x 9 a cle>
 light1 until a sket* be giv5 ( ! g5]al 
pr9ciples t gov]n ! /ructure or         
composition ( language4  ,e ?\ght1      

g5]ally speak+1 conta9s "o capital      
object consid]$ z act+ or z suff]+4 ,?is
 object is express$ by a sub/antive n\n4
 ,its action is express$ by an active   
v]b2 & ! ?+ affect$ by ! action is      
express$ by ano!r sub/antive n\n4 ,its  
suff]+ or passive /ate is express$ by a 
passive v]b1 & ! ?+ :i* acts ^u x1 by a 
sub/antive n\n4 ,beside ^!1 :i* are !   
capital p>ts ( a s5t5ce or p]iod1 !re   
are g5]ally "u-p>ts4 ,ea* ( !           
sub/antives z well z ! v]b1 may be      
qualifi$4 ,"t1 place1 purpose1 motive1  
means1 in/rum5t1 & a ?\s& o!r           
circum/ances1 may be necess>y to        
complete ! ?\ght4 ,& 9 :at mann] ^!     
sev]al p>ts are connect$ toge!r 9 !     
expression1 w appe> f :at foll[s4  ,9 a 
complete ?\ght or m5tal proposition1 all
 ! memb]s & p>ts are mutually relat$1 "s
 slightly1 "s m intimately4 ,9          
communicat+ su* a ?\ght1 x is n         
suffici5t t ! compon5t ideas be cle>ly  
express$3 x is also necess>y1 t all !   
relations conta9$ 9 ! ?\ght be express$ 

accord+ to _! diff]5t degrees (         
intimacy4 ,to annex a c]ta9 mean+ to a  
c]ta9 s\nd or ^w1 requires no art4 ,!   
great nicety 9 all languages is1 to     
express ! v>i\s relations t connect     
toge!r ! p>ts ( ! ?\ght4 ,c\ld we       
suppose ?is bran* ( language to be /ill 
a secret1 x w\ld puzzle1 ,i am apt to   
?9k1 ! greate/ gramm>ian ev] exi/$1 to  
inv5t an exp$iti\s me?od4 ,& yet1 by !  
guidance m]ely ( nature1 ! rude &       
illit]ate h be5 l$ to a me?od s p]fect1 
t x appe>s n susceptible ( any          
improvem5t4 ,)\t a cle> conception ( !  
mann] ( express+ relations1 "o at e turn
 mu/ be at a loss ab\t ! beauties (     
language2 & ^u t subject !re=e ,i f9d x 
necess>y to say a few words4  ,words t  
import a relation1 mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ^? 
t d n4 ,sub/antives commonly imply no   
relation1 su* z animal1 man1 tree1 riv]4
 ,adjectives1 v]bs1 & adv]bs1 imply a   
relation4 ,! adjective good mu/ be      
connect$ ) "s sub/antive1 "s be+        
possess$ ( t quality4 ,! v]b write mu/  

be appli$ to "s p]son :o writes2 & !    
adv]bs mod]ately1 dilig5tly1 h pla9ly a 
ref]5ce to "s action :i* !y modify4 ,:5 
9 language a relative t]m is introduc$1 
all t is necess>y to complete !         
expression1 is1 to asc]ta9 t ?+ to :i* !
 t]m relates4 ,= answ]+ ?is purpose1 ,i 
obs]ve 9 ,greek & ,lat9 two diff]5t     
me?ods4 ,adjectives are decl9$ z well z 
sub/antives2 & decl5sion s]ves to       
asc]ta9 ! connection t is betwixt !m4   
,if ! ^w t expresses ! subject be1 =    
example1 9 ! nom9ative case1 s also mu/ 
! ^w be t expresses its quality4        
,example1 vir bonus4 ,aga91 v]bs are    
relat$1 on ! "o h&1 to ! ag5t2 &1 on !  
o!r1 to ! subject ^u :i* ! action is    
ex]t$4 ,a contrivance simil> to t n[    
m5tion$1 s]ves to express ?is d\ble     
relation4 ,! nom9ative case is          
appropriat$ to ! ag5t1 ! accusative to !
 passive subject2 & ! v]b is put 9 !    
fir/ second or ?ird p]son1 to correspond
 ! m intimately ) bo?4 ,examples3 ,ego  
amo ,tulliam2 tu amas ,semproniam2      

,brutus amat ,portiam4 ,! o!r me?od is  
by juxtaposition1 :i* is necess>y )     
respect to words only t are n decl9$1   
adv]bs = example1 articles1             
prepositions1 & conjunctions4 ,9 !      
,engli% language !re are few decl5sions2
 & !re=e juxtaposition is our *ief      
res\rce4 ,adjectives accompany _!       
sub/antives#hi2 an adv]b accompanies !  
^w x qualifies2 & ! v]b occupies !      
middle place betwixt ! active & passive 
subjects to :i* x relates4  ,x mu/ be   
obvi\s1 t ^? t]ms :i* h no?+ relative 9 
_! signification1 _c be connect$ 9 s    
easy a mann]4 ,:5 two sub/antives happ5 
to be connect$1 z cause & effect1 z     
pr9cipal & accessory1 or 9 any o!r      
mann]1 su* connection _c be express$ by 
contiguity solely2 = words mu/ (t5 9 a  
p]iod be plac$ toge!r :i* are n ?us     
relat$4 ,! relation betwixt sub/antives1
 !re=e1 _c o!rwise be express$ ?an by   
p>ticles d5ot+ ! relation4 ,lat9 inde$ &
 ,greek1 by _! decl5sions1 g a c]ta9    
l5g? to express su* relations1 )\t ! aid

 ( p>ticles4 ,! relation ( prop]ty1 =   
example1 betwixt ,cs> & 8 horse is1     
express$ by putt+ ! latt] 9 ! nom9ative 
case1 ! =m] 9 ! g5itive2 equus ,cs>is4  
,! l 9 ,engli%1 ,cs>'s horse4 ,b 9 o!r  
in/ances1 decl5sions n be+ us$ 9 !      
,engli% language1 relations ( ?is k9d   
are commonly express$ by prepositions4  
,?is =m ( connect+ by prepositions1 is n
 conf9$ to sub/antives4 ,qualities1     
attributes1 mann] ( exi/+ or act+1 & all
 o!r circum/ances1 may 9 ! same mann] be
 connect$ ) ! sub/antives to :i* !y     
relate4 ,?is is done artificially by    
conv]t+ ! circum/ance into a sub/antive1
 9 :i* condition x is qualifi$ to be    
connect$ ) ! pr9cipal subject by a      
preposition1 9 ! mann] above describ$4  
,= example1 ! adjective wise be+ conv]t$
 into ! sub/antive wisdom1 gives        
opportunity = ! expression 8a man (     
wisdom10 in/ead ( ! m simple expression1
 a wise man4 ,?is v>iety 9 ! expression1
 enri*es language4 ,i obs]ve beside1 t !
 us+ a preposition 9 ?is case1 is n     

always a matt] ( *oice4 ,x is           
indisp5sable ) respect to e circum/ance 
t _c be express$ by a s+le adjective or 
adv]b4  ,to pave ! way = ! rules (      
arrangem5t1 "o o!r prelim9>y mu/ be     
discuss$1 :i* is1 to expla9 ! diff]5ce  
betwixt a natural /yle1 & t :]e         
transposition or inv]sion prevails4 ,!re
 are1 x is true1 no precise b\nd>ies    
betwixt ^! two2 = !y run into ea* o!r1 l
 ! %ades ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,no p]son    
h[ev] is at a loss to di/+ui% !m 9 _!   
extremes3 & x is necess>y to make !     
di/9ction2 because ?\gh "s ( ! rules ,i 
%all h occasion to m5tion are common to 
bo?1 yet ea* has rules peculi> to       
itself4 ,9 a natural /yle1 relative     
words are by juxtaposition connect$ ) ^?
 to :i* !y relate1 go+ be=e or aft]1    
accord+ to ! peculi> g5ius ( ! language4
 ,aga91 a circum/ance connect$ by a     
preposition1 foll[s naturally ! ^w ) :i*
 x is connect$4 ,b ?is arrangem5t may be
 v>i$1 :5 a diff]5t ord] is m beautiful4
 ,a circum/ance may be plac$ be=e ! ^w )

 :i* x is connect$ by a preposition2 &  
may be int]ject$ ev5 betwixt a relative 
^w & t to :i* x relates4 ,:5 su*        
lib]ties are frequ5tly tak51 ! /yle     
becomes inv]t$ or transpos$4  ,b z !    
lib]ty ( inv]sion is a capital po9t 9   
h&l+ ! pres5t subject1 x w be necess>y  
to exam9e x m n>r[ly1 & 9 p>ticul> to   
trace ! sev]al degrees 9 :i* an inv]t$  
/yle rec$es m & m f t :i* is natural4 ,&
 fir/1 z to ! plac+ a circum/ance be=e !
 ^w ) :i* x is connect$1 ,i obs]ve1 t x 
is ! easie/ ( all inv]sion1 ev5 s easy z
 to be consi/5t ) a /yle t is prop]ly   
t]m$ natural4 ,witness ! foll[+         
examples4       ,9 ! s9c]ity ( my he>t1 
,i pr(ess1 c4       ,by our own ill     
managem5t1 we are br\ght to s l[ an ebb 
(      weal? & cr$it1 t1 c4       ,on   
,?ursday morn+ !re 0 little or no?+     
transact$ 9      ,*ange-alley4       ,at
 ,/ ,bride's *ur* 9 ,fleet/reet1 ,mr    
,wool/on1 7:o writ aga9/      ! miracles
 ( our ,savi\r71 9 ! utmo/ t]rors (     
consci5ce      made a public            

recantation4  ,! int]ject+ a circum/ance
 betwixt a relative ^w & t to :i* x     
relates1 is m prop]ly t]m$ inv]sion2    
because1 by a viol5t disjunction ( words
 intimately connect$1 x rec$es f>!r f a 
natural /yle4 ,b ?is lib]ty has also    
degrees2 = ! disjunction is m viol5t 9  
"s cases ?an 9 o!rs4 ,?is ,i mu/ also   
expla93 & to give a j notion ( !        
diff]5ce1 ,i mu/ crave lib]ty ( my read]
 to ent] a little m into an ab/ract     
subject1 ?an w\ld o!rwise be my *oice4  
,9 nature1 ?\gh a sub/ance _c exi/ )\t  
its qualities1 nor a quality )\t a      
sub/ance2 yet 9 our conception ( ^!1 a  
mat]ial diff]5ce may be rem>k$4 ,i _c   
conceive a quality b z belong+ to "s    
subject3 x makes inde$ a "p ( ! idea :i*
 is =m$ ( ! subject4 ,b ! opposite holds
 n4 ,?\gh ,i _c =m a conception ( a     
subject devoid ( all qualities1 a p>tial
 conception may h[ev] be =m$ ( x1 lay+  
aside or ab/ract+ f any p>ticul>        
quality4 ,i c1 = example1 =m ! idea ( a 
f9e ,arabian horse )\t reg>d to 8 col\r1

 or ( a :ite horse )\t reg>d to 8 size4 
,su* p>tial conception ( a subject1 is  
/ill m easy ) respect to action or      
motion2 :i* is an occasional attribute  
only1 & has n ! same p]man5cy ) col\r or
 figure4 ,i _c =m an idea ( motion      
indep5d5t ( a body2 b !re is no?+ m easy
 ?an to =m an idea ( a body at re/4     
,h5ce x appe>s1 t ! degree ( inv]sion   
dep5ds greatly on ! ord] 9 :i* ! relat$ 
words are plac$4 ,:5 a sub/antive       
occupies ! fir/ place1 we _c =esee :at  
is to be said ( x4 ,! idea !re=e :i* ?is
 ^w sugge/s1 mu/ subsi/ 9 ! m9d at lea/ 
= a mom5t1 indep5d5t ( ! relative words 
aft]w>d introduc$2 & if x c s subsi/1 t 
mom5t may )\t difficulty be prolong$ by 
int]ject+ a circum/ance betwixt !       
sub/antive & its connections4 ,examples 
!re=e ( ?is k9d1 w sc>ce alone be       
suffici5t to d5om9ate a /yle inv]t$4 ,! 
case is v diff]5t1 :]e ! ^w t occupies !
 fir/ place1 d5otes a quality or an     
action2 = z ^! _c be conceiv$ )\t a     
subject1 !y _c )\t great] viol5ce be    

sep>at$ f ! subject t foll[s4 ,& = t    
reason1 e su* sep>ation by means ( an   
int]ject$ circum/ance belongs to an     
inv]t$ /yle4  ,to illu/rate ?is doctr9e 
examples be+ necess>y1 ,i %all beg9 ) ^?
 :]e ! ^w fir/ introduc$ does n imply a 
relation4                  ---- ,nor    
,eve to it]ate     ,h] =m] trespass     
fe>'d4          ---- ,hung] & ?ir/ at   
once1     ,p[]ful p]suad]s1 quick5'd at 
! sc5t     ,( t allur+ fruit1 urg'd me s
 ke54      ,moon1 t n[ meet'/ ! ori5t   
sun1 n[ fli'/     ,) ! fix'd />s1 fix'd 
9 _! orb t flies1     ,& ye five o!r    
w&'r+ fires t move     ,9 my/ic dance n 
)\t song1 res\nd     ,8 praise4  ,9 !   
foll[+ examples1 :]e ! ^w fir/ introduc$
 imports a relation1 ! disjunction w be 
f\nd m viol5t4        ,( man's fir/     
disob$i5ce1 & ! fruit     ,( t =bidd5   
tree1 ^: mortal ta/e     ,br\ght dea?   
into ! _w1 & all our wo1     ,) loss (  
,ed51 till "o great] man     ,re/ore u1 
& rega9 ! blessful seat1     ,s+        
heav'nly muse4             ---- ,^u !   

firm opac\s globe     ,( ?is r\nd _w1 ^:
 fir/ convex divides     ,! lum9\s      
inf]ior orbs1 inclos'd     ,f *aos & ?' 
inroad ( d>kness old     ,satan alight$ 
walks4           ---- ,on a sudd5 op5   
fly1     ,) impetu\s recoil & j>r+ s\nd1
     ,?' inf]nal doors4                 
---- ,:]e9 rema9'd1     ,= :at c\ld     
else8 to our almighty foe     ,cle>     
victory1 to our "p loss & r\t4          
----,=? ru%'d ) :irlw9d s\nd     ,!     
*>iot ( pat]nal ,deity4  ,language w\ld 
h no great p[]1 7 x conf9$ to ! natural 
ord] ( ideas4 ,a ?\s& beauties may be   
compass$ by inv]sion1 t mu/ be rel9qui%$
 9 a natural arrangem5t4 ,i %all soon h 
an opportunity to make ?is evid5t4 ,9 ! 
mean "t1 x ought n to escape obs]vation1
 t ! m9d ( man is happily s con/itut$ z 
to reli% inv]sion1 ?\gh 9 "o respect    
unnatural2 & to reli% x s mu*1 z 9 _m   
cases to admit a viol5t disjunction (   
words t by ! s5se are intimately        
connect$4 ,i sc>ce c say t inv]sion has 
any limits2 ?\gh ,i may v5ture to       

pron\nce1 t ! disjunction ( articles1   
conjunctions1 or prepositions1 f ! words
 to :i* !y belong1 nev] has a good      
effect4 ,! foll[+ example ) relation to 
a preposition1 is p]haps z tol]able z   
any ( ! k9d4       ,he w\ld nei!r       
sep>ate f1 nor act aga9/ !m4  ,i give   
notice to ! read]1 t ,i am n[ ready to  
ent] ^u ! rules ( arrangem5t2 beg9n+ ) a
 natural /yle1 & proce$+ gradually to   
:at is ! mo/ inv]t$4 ,& 9 ! arrangem5t (
 a p]iod1 z well z 9 a "r *oice ( words1
 ! fir/ & great object be+ p]spicuity1 x
 is above laid d[n z a rule1 ,t         
p]spicuity ought n to be sacrific$ to   
any o!r beauty :atev]4 ,ambiguities     
occasion$ by a wrong arrangem5t are (   
two sorts2 "o :]e ! arrangem5t leads to 
a wrong s5se1 & "o :]e ! s5se is left   
d\btful4 ,! fir/ be+ ! m culpable1 %all 
take ! lead1 beg9n+ ) examples ( words  
put 9 a wrong place4       ,h[ mu* !    
imag9ation ( su* a pres5ce mu/ exalt a  
g5ius1 we      may obs]ve m]ely f !     
influ5ce :i* an ord9>y pres5ce      has 

ov] m54                                 
,*>act]i/ics1 vol4 #a4 p4 #g4    ,?is   
arrangem5t leads to a wrong s5se3 ,!    
adv]b m]ely seems by its position to    
affect ! prec$+ ^w2 :]eas x is int5d$ to
 affect ! foll[+ words an ord9>y        
pres5ce2 & !re=e ! arrangem5t ought to  
be ?us4       ,h[ mu* ! imag9ation ( su*
 a pres5ce mu/ exalt a g5ius1 we        
may obs]ve f ! influ5ce :i* an ord9>y   
pres5ce m]ely      has ov] m54       ,! 
"t ( ! election ( a poet-laureat be+ n[ 
at h&1 x      may be prop] to give "s   
acc\nt ( ! rites & c]emonies            
anci5tly us$ at t solemnity1 & only     
discont9u$ ?r\gh !      neglect &       
deg5]acy ( lat] times4                  
,gu>dian4    ,! t]m only is int5d$ to   
qualify ! n\n deg5]acy1 & n ! p>ticiple 
discont9u$2 & !re=e ! arrangem5t ought  
to be z foll[s4            ---- &       
discont9u$ ?r\gh ! neglect     &        
deg5]acy only1 ( lat] times4            
,sixtus ! ,f\r? 01 if ,i mi/ake n1 a    
great collector ( books      at lea/4   

,lett]s on hi/ory1 vol4 #a4 let4 #f4    
,bol+broke4    ,! expression "h leads   
evid5tly to a wrong s5se4 ,! adv]b at   
lea/1 ought n to be connect$ ) !        
sub/antive books1 b ) collector1 ?us3   
,sixtus ! ,f\r? 0 a great collector at  
lea/1 ( books4  ,speak+ ( ,lewis ,,xiv4 
,if he 0 n ! greate/ k+1 he 0 ! be/     
actor ( maje/y      at lea/1 t ev] fill$
 a ?rone4                       ,ibid4  
lett] #g4    ,bett] ?us3       ,if he 0 
n ! greate/ k+1 he 0 at lea/ ! be/ actor
 (      maje/y1 c4  ,?is arrangem5t     
removes ! wrong s5se occasion$ by !     
juxtaposition ( maje/y & at lea/4  ,!   
foll[+ examples are ( ! wrong arrangem5t
 ( memb]s4       ,i h conf9$ myself to  
^? me?ods = ! advancem5t (      piety1  
:i* are 9 ! p[] ( a pr9ce limit$ l ours 
by a      /rict execution ( ! laws4     
,a project = ! advancem5t ( religion4   
,swift4    ,! /ructure ( ?is p]iod leads
 to a mean+ :i* is n ! au?or's1 viz4 p[]
 limit$ by a /rict execution ( ! laws4  
,?is wrong s5se is remov$ by ! foll[+   

arrangem5t4       ,i h conf9$ myself to 
^? me?ods = ! advancem5t (      piety1  
:i*1 by a /rict execution ( ! laws1 are 
9 ! p[]      ( a pr9ce limit$ l ours4   
,?is morn+ :5 "o ( ,lady ,liz>d's       
daught]s 0 look+ ov]      "s hoods &    
rib&s br\ght by h] tirewoman1 ) great   
c>e      & dilig5ce1 ,i employ$ no less 
9 exam9+ ! box :i*      conta9$ !m4     
,gu>dian1 ,n #d4    ,! wrong s5se       
occasion$ by ?is arrangem5t1 may be     
easily prev5t$ by v>y+ x ?us3       ,?is
 morn+ :51 ) great c>e & dilig5ce1 "o ( 
,lady      ,liz>d's daught]s 0 look+ ov]
 "s hoods & rib&s1 c4       ,a great    
/one t ,i happ5$ to f9d aft] a long se>*
 by !      sea-%ore1 s]v$ me = an an*or4
                       ,gulliv]'s       
,travels1 "p #a4 *ap4 #h4    ,"o w\ld   
?9k t ! se>* 0 conf9$ to ! sea-%ore2 b z
 ! mean+ is1 t ! great /one 0 f\nd by ! 
sea-%ore1 ! p]iod ought to be arrang$   
?us3       ,a great /one1 t1 aft] a long
 se>*1 ,i happ5$ to f9d by !            
sea-%ore1 s]v$ me = an*or4  ,next ( a   

wrong arrangem5t :]e ! s5se is left     
d\btful2 beg9n+1 z 9 ! =m] sort1 )      
examples ( ! wrong arrangem5t ( words 9 
a memb]4       ,^! =ms ( conv]sation by 
degrees multipli$ & grew                
tr\blesome4                             
,spectator1 ,n #aai4    ,"h x is left   
d\btful :e!r ! modification by degrees  
relate to ! prec$+ memb] or to :at      
foll[s4 ,x %\ld be1       ,^! =ms (     
conv]sation multipli$ by degrees4       
,nor does ?is false mode/y expose u only
 to su* actions z are      indiscreet1 b
 v (t5 to su* z are highly crim9al4     
,spectator1 ,n #deh4    ,! ambiguity is 
remov$ by ! foll[+ arrangem5t4          
,nor does ?is false mode/y expose u to  
su* actions only z are      indiscreet1 
c4       ,! empire ( ,blefuscu is an    
isl& situat$ to ! nor?-ea/ side      (  
,lilliput1 f :5ce x is p>t$ only by a   
*annel ( #hjj      y>ds wide4           
,gulliv]'s ,travels1 "p #a4 *ap4 #e4    
,! ambiguity may be remov$ ?us3         
---- f :5ce x is p>t$ by a *annel     ( 

#hjj y>ds wide only4  ,9 ! foll[+       
examples ! s5se is left d\btful by a    
wrong arrangem5t ( memb]s4       ,!     
m9i/] :o gr[s less by 8 elevation1 l a  
little /atue      plac$ on a mighty     
p$e/al1 w always h 8 jeal\sy /rong      
ab\t him4       ,diss]tation ^u p>ties1 
d$ication4 ,bol+broke4  ,"h1 s f> z c be
 ga!r$ f ! arrangem5t1 x is d\btful1    
:e!r ! object introduc$ by way ( simile1
 relate to :at goes be=e or to :at      
foll[s4 ,! ambiguity is remov$ by !     
foll[+ arrangem5t4       ,! m9i/] :o1 l 
a little /atue plac$ on a mighty p$e/al1
      gr[s less by 8 elevation1 w       
always1 c4       ,s9ce ?is is too mu* to
 ask ( freem51 nay ( slaves1 if 8       
expectation be n answ]$1 %all he =m a   
la/+ division ^u      su* transi5t      
motives8                       ,ibid4   
,bett] ?us3       ,s9ce ?is is too mu*  
to ask ( freem51 nay ( slaves1 %all he1 
if 8 expectation be n answ]$1 =m1 c4    
,speak+ ( ! sup]/iti\s practice ( lock+ 
up ! room :]e a p]son ( di/9ction dies3 

,! knight1 see+ 8 habitation r$uc$ to s 
small a compass1      & himself 9 a     
mann] %ut out ( 8 own h\se1 ^u ! dea?   
( 8 "m ord]$ all ! ap>tm5ts to be flung 
op51 &      exorcis$ by 8 *apla94       
,spectator1 ,n #aaj4    ,bett] ?us3     
,! knight1 see+ 8 habitation r$uc$ to s 
small a compass1      & himself 9 a     
mann] %ut out ( 8 own h\se1 ord]$1 ^u   
! dea? ( 8 "m1 all ! ap>tm5ts to be     
flung op54  ,speak+ ( "s indec5cies 9   
conv]sation3       ,z x is impossible = 
su* an irrational way ( conv]sation to  
la/ long among a p t make any pr(ession 
( religion1 or      %[ ( mode/y1 if !   
c\ntry-g5tlem5 get into x1 !y w         
c]ta9ly be left 9 ! lur*4               
,spectator1 ,n4 #aai4    ,! ambiguity   
vani%es 9 ! foll[+ arrangem5t4      ----
 ! c\ntry-g5tlem51 if !y get into x1 w  
c]ta9ly be      left 9 ! lur*4  ,speak+ 
( a discov]y 9 natural philosophy1 t    
col\r is n a quality ( matt]3       ,z  
?is is a tru? :i* has be5 prov$         
inconte/ably by _m      mod]n           

philosoph]s1 & is inde$ "o ( ! f9e/     
speculations      9 t sci5ce1 if !      
,engli% read] w\ld see ! notion         
expla9$ at l>ge1 he may f9d x 9 ! eigh? 
*apt] ( !      second book ( ,mr        
,locke's essay on human und]/&+4        
,spectator1 ,n #dac4    ,bett] ?us3     
,z ?is is a tru?1 c4 ! ,engli% read]1 if
 he w\ld see !      notion expla9$ at   
l>ge1 may f9d x1 c4       ,a woman      
seldom asks advice be=e %e has b\ght h] 
w$d+-cloa?s4 ,:5 %e has made h] own     
*oice1 = =m's      sake %e s5ds a conge 
d'elire to h] fri5ds4                   
,ibid4 ,n #dge4    ,bett] ?us3      ----
 %e s5ds = =m's sake a conge d'elire to 
h] fri5ds4       ,& s9ce x is necess>y t
 !re %\ld be a p]petual      int]c\rse (
 buy+ & sell+1 & deal+ ^u cr$it1 :]e    
fraud is p]mitt$ or conniv$ at1 or ha?  
no law to puni% x1      ! hone/ deal] is
 always undone1 & ! knave gets !        
advantage4                              
,gulliv]'s ,travels1 "p #a4 *ap4 #f4    
,bett] ?us3       ,& s9ce x is necess>y 

t !re %\ld be a p]petual      int]c\rse 
( buy+ & sell+1 & deal+ ^u cr$it1 !     
hone/ deal]1 :]e fraud is p]mitt$ or    
conniv$ at1 or ha? no      law to puni% 
x1 is always undone1 & ! knave gets !   
advantage4  ,f ^! examples1 ! foll[+    
obs]vation w readily occur1 t a         
circum/ance ought nev] to be plac$      
betwixt two capital memb]s ( a p]iod2 = 
by su* situation x mu/ always be        
d\btful1 s f> z we ga!r f ! arrangem5t1 
to :i* ( ! two memb]s x belongs4 ,:]e x 
is int]ject$1 z x ought to be1 betwixt  
p>ts ( ! memb] to :i* x belongs1 !      
ambiguity is remov$1 & ! capital memb]s 
are kept di/9ct1 :i* is a great beauty 9
 composition4 ,9 g5]al1 to pres]ve      
memb]s di/9ct :i* signify ?+s di/+ui%$ 9
 ! ?\ght1 ! sure me?od is1 to place fir/
 9 ! consequ5t memb] "s ^w t _c connect 
) :at prec$es x4  ,if by any "o x %all  
be ?\ght1 t ! objections "h are too     
scrupul\s1 & t ! defect ( p]spicuity is 
easily suppli$ by accurate punctuation2 
! answ] is1 ,t punctuation may remove an

 ambiguity1 b w nev] produce t peculi>  
beauty :i* is felt :5 ! s5se comes out  
cle>ly & di/9ctly by means ( a happy    
arrangem5t4 ,su* influ5ce has ?is       
beauty1 t by a natural transition (     
feel+1 x is communicat$ to ! v s\nd ( ! 
words1 s z 9 appe>ance to improve !     
music ( ! p]iod4 ,b z ?is curi\s subject
 comes 9 m prop]ly aft]w>d1 x is        
suffici5t at pres5t to appeal to        
exp]i5ce1 t a p]iod s arrang$ z to br+  
out ! s5se cle>1 seems always m musical 
?an :]e ! s5se is left 9 any degree     
d\btful4  ,a rule des]v$ly occupy+ !    
second place1 is1 ,t words express+ ?+s 
connect$ 9 ! ?\ght1 ought to be plac$ z 
ne> toge!r z possible4 ,?is rule is     
d]iv$ imm$iately f human nature1 9 :i*  
!re is discov]$ a rem>kable prop5sity to
 place toge!r ?+s t are 9 any mann]     
connect$#ij4 ,:]e ?+s are arrang$       
accord+ to _! connections1 we h a s5se (
 ord]3 o!rwise we h a s5se ( disord]1 z 
( ?+s plac$ by *ance4 ,& we naturally   
place words 9 ! same ord] 9 :i* we w\ld 

place ! ?+s !y signify4 ,! bad effect ( 
a viol5t sep>ation ( words or memb]s ?us
 intimately connect$1 w appe> f ! foll[+
 examples4       ,= ! ,engli% are       
naturally fanciful1 & v (t5 dispos$1 by 
t gloom9ess & melan*oly ( temp] :i* is s
 frequ5t 9      our nation1 to _m wild  
notions & visions1 to :i* o!rs are      
n s liable4                             
,spectator1 ,n #dai4    ,"h ! v]b or    
ass]tion is1 by a pretty long           
circum/ance1 viol5tly sep>at$ f !       
subject to :i* x ref]s4 ,?is makes a h>%
 arrangem5t2 ! less excusable t ! fault 
is easily prev5t$ by plac+ ! circum/ance
 be=e ! v]b or ass]tion1 aft] ! foll[+  
mann]3       ,= ! ,engli% are naturally 
fanciful1 &1 by t gloom9ess &           
melan*oly ( temp] :i* is s frequ5t 9 our
 nation1 are (t5      dispos$ to _m wild
 notions1 c4       ,= z no mortal au?or1
 9 ! ord9>y fate & vicissitude (        
?+s1 kn[s to :at use 8 works may1 "s "t 
or o!r1 be      appli$1 c4              
,spectator1 ,n #he4    ,bett] ?us3      

,= z1 9 ! ord9>y fate & vicissitude (   
?+s1 no mortal      au?or kn[s to :at   
use1 "s "t or o!r1 8 works may be       
apply'd4       ,f :5ce we may date      
likewise ! rival%ip ( ! h\se (          
,france1 = we may reckon t ( ! ,valois &
 t ( ,b\rbon z      "o ^u ?is occasion1 
& ! h\se ( ,au/ria1 t cont9ues at       
?is day1 & has (t co/ s mu* blood & s   
mu* treasure 9      ! c\rse ( x4        
,lett]s on hi/ory1 vol4 #a4 lett] #f4   
,bol+broke4       ,x _c be imp]t95t or  
ridicul\s !re=e 9 su* a c\ntry1         
:atev] x might be 9 ! ,abbot ( ,/       
,real's1 :i* 0 ,savoy ,i      ?9k2 or 9 
,p]u1 "u ! ,incas1 :]e ,g>cilasso de la 
,vega      says x 0 lawful = none b !   
nobility to /udy--= m5 (      all       
degrees to in/ruct !mselves 9 ^? affairs
 :]e9 !y      may be actors1 or judges (
 ^? t act1 or controll]s ( ^?      t    
judge4                       ,lett]s on 
hi/ory1 vol4 #a4 lett] #e4 ,bol+broke4  
,if ,scipio1 :o 0 naturally giv5 to     
wom51 = :i* anecdote we      h1 if ,i   

mi/ake n1 ! au?ority ( ,polybius1 z well
 z "s      v]ses ( ,nevius pres]v$ by   
,aulus ,gellius1 _h be5 educat$ by      
,olympias at ! c\rt ( ,philip1 x is     
improbable t he w\ld      h re/or$ !    
beautiful ,spani>d4                     
,ibid4 lett] #c4    ,if any "o h a      
curiosity = m specim5s ( ?is k9d1 !y w  
be f\nd )\t numb] 9 ! works ( ! same    
au?or4  ,a pron\n1 :i* saves ! nam+ a   
p]son or ?+ a second "t1 ought to be    
plac$ z ne> z possible to ! "n ( t p]son
 or ?+4 ,?is is a bran* ( ! =ego+ rule2 
& ) ! reason !re giv51 ano!r concurs1   
viz4 ,t if o!r ideas int]v5e1 x is      
difficult to recal ! p]son or ?+ by     
ref]5ce4       ,if ,i _h leave to pr9t !
 ,lat9 lett]s transmitt$ to me f        
=eign p>ts1 !y w\ld fill a volume1 & be 
a full def5ce      aga9/ all t ,mr4     
,p>tridge1 or 8 accomplices ( !         
,portugal      inquisition1 w be ev]    
able to object2 :o1 by ! way1 are      !
 only enemies my pr$ictions h ev] met ) 
at home or      abroad4  ,bett] ?us3    

---- & be a full def5ce aga9/ all t c be
 object$ by ,mr4      ,p>tridge1 or 8   
accomplices ( ! ,portugal inquisition2  
:o1 by      ! way1 are1 c4       ,!re   
be+ a r\nd million ( creatures 9 human  
figure1      ?r\gh\t ?is k+dom1 ^: :ole 
subsi/5ce1 c4                       ,a  
mode/ proposal1 c4 ,swift4    ,bett]3   
,!re be+1 ?r\gh\t ?is k+dom1 a r\nd     
million ( creatures      9 human figure1
 ^: :ole subsi/5ce1 c4       ,tom is a  
lively impud5t cl[n1 & has wit en\gh to 
h made him      a pleasant companion1 _h
 x be5 poli%$ & rectifi$ by good        
mann]s4                       ,gu>dian1 
,n #afb4         ,x is ! cu/om ( !      
,mahometans1 if !y see any pr9t$ or     
writt5 pap] ^u ! gr\nd1 to take x up1 & 
lay x aside      c>efully1 z n kn[+ b x 
may conta9 "s piece ( _!      ,alcoran4 
,spectator1 ,n #he4    ,! arrangem5t "h 
leads to a wrong s5se1 z if ! gr\nd 7   
tak5 up1 n ! pap]4 ,bett] ?us3       ,x 
is ! cu/om ( ! ,mahometans1 if !y see ^u
 ! gr\nd any      pr9t$ or writt5 pap]1 

to take x up1 c4  ,! foll[+ rule dep5ds 
on ! communication ( emotions or feel+s 
to relat$ objects1 a pr9ciple 9 human   
nature we h _h m ?an "o occasion to     
m5tion4 ,we f9d ?is op]ation1 ev5 :]e ! 
objects are n o!rwise relat$ ?an by !   
juxtaposition ( ! words t express !m4   
,h5ce to elevate or depress an object1  
"o me?od is1 to jo9 x 9 ! arrangem5t to 
ano!r t is naturally high or l[4        
,witness ! foll[+ spee* ( ,eum5es to !  
,roman s5ate4       ,causam v5i5di sibi 
,romam fuisse1 prt] cupiditatem vis5di  
deos      hom9esque1 quorum b5eficio 9  
ea =tuna esset1 supra quam ne      opt>e
 quidem aud]et1 etiam ut coram mon]et   
s5atum ut ,p]sei      conatus obviam    
iret4                       ,livy1 l4   
#db4 cap4 #aa4    ,to jo9 ! ,romans ) ! 
gods 9 ! same enunciation1 is an artful 
/roke ( flatt]y1 because x tacitly puts 
!m on a level4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 !       
purpose is to degrade or vilify an      
object1 ?is is done successfully by     
rank+ x ) "o t is really l[3       ,i   

hope to h ?is ent]ta9m5t 9 a read9ess = 
! next      w9t]2 & d\bt n b x w please 
m ?an ! op]a or      puppet-%[4         
,spectator1 ,n #bh4         ,manifold h 
be5 ! judgm5ts :i* ,heav5 f "t to "t1   
= ! *a/isem5t ( a s9ful p1 has inflict$ 
^u :ole      nations4 ,= :5 ! deg5]acy  
becomes common1 'tis b j !      puni%m5t
 %\ld be g5]al4 ,( ?is k9d1 9 our own   
un=tunate      c\ntry1 0 t de/ructive   
pe/il5ce1 ^: mortality 0 s      fatal z 
to sweep away1 if ,sir ,william ,petty  
may be believ$1 five      millions (    
,*ri/ian s\ls1 besides wom5 & ,jews4    
,god's rev5ge aga9/ punn+4 ,arbu?not4   
,su* also 0 t dreadful conflagration    
ensu+ 9 ?is fam\s      metropolis (     
,london1 :i* consum$1 accord+ to !      
computation      ( ,sir ,samuel ,morl&1 
#ajj1jjj h\ses1 n to m5tion *ur*es &    
/ables4                       ,ibid4    
,b on condition x might pass into a law1
 ,i w\ld gladly exempt      bo? lawy]s (
 all ages1 subalt]n & field (fic]s1 "y  
heirs1 danc+-ma/]s1 pickpockets1 &      

play]s4                ,an infallible   
s*eme to pay ! public debts4 ,swift4    
,circum/ances 9 a p]iod resemble small  
/ones 9 a build+ employ'd to fill up    
vacancies among ^? ( a l>g] size4 ,9 !  
arrangem5t ( a p]iod1 su* "u-p>ts cr[d$ 
toge!r make a poor figure2 & nev] are   
graceful b :5 int]sp]s$ among ! capital 
p>ts4 ,i %all illu/rate ?is rule by !   
foll[+ example4       ,x is likewise    
urg$1 t !re are1 by computation1 9 ?is  
k+dom1 above #aj1jjj p>sons1 ^: rev5ues1
 add$ to ^? ( my      ,lords ! bi%ops1  
w\ld suffice to ma9ta91 c4              
,argum5t aga9/ aboli%+ ,*ri/ianity4     
,swift4    ,"h two circum/ances1 viz4 by
 computation & 9 ?is k+dom1 are cr[d$   
toge!r unnecess>ily4 ,!y make a bett]   
appe>ance sep>at$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4     
,x is likewise urg$1 t 9 ?is k+dom !re  
are1 by      computation1 above #aj1jjj 
p>sons1 c4  ,if !re be room = a *oice1 !
 soon] a circum/ance be introduc$1 !    
bett]4 ,circum/ances are prop] = t      
coolness ( m9d1 ) :i* a p]iod z well z a

 "w is comm5c$4 ,9 ! progress1 ! m9d    
w>ms1 & has a great] reli% = matt]s (   
importance4 ,:5 a circum/ance is plac$  
at ! beg9n+ or ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod1 !
 transition f x to ! pr9cipal subject is
 agreeable3 x is l asc5d+ or m\nt+      
upw>d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to place x late 9 !
 p]iod has a bad effect2 = aft] be+     
engag$ 9 ! pr9cipal subject1 "o is )    
reluctance br\ght d[n to give att5tion  
to a circum/ance4 ,h5ce evid5tly !      
pref]5ce ( ! foll[+ arrangem5t1         
,:e!r 9 any c\ntry a *oice altoge!r     
unexceptionable has be5      made1 seems
 d\btful1  be=e ?is o!r1       ,:e!r a  
*oice altoge!r unexceptionable has 9 any
 c\ntry be5      made1 c4  ,= ?is reason
 ! foll[+ p]iod is exceptionable 9 po9t 
( arrangem5t3       ,i h consid]$ =m]ly1
 ) a good deal ( att5tion1 !            
subject ^u :i* y comm& me to communicate
 my ?\ghts to      y4                   
,bol+broke ( ! /udy ( hi/ory1 lett] #a4 
:i*1 ) a slight alt]ation1 may be       
improv$ ?us3       ,i h =m]ly1 ) a good 

deal ( att5tion1 consid]$ !             
subject1 c4  ,! bad effect ( plac+ a    
circum/ance la/ or late 9 a p]iod1 w    
appe> f ! foll[+ examples4       ,let u 
endeav\r to e/abli% to ourselves an     
int]e/ 9 him :o      holds ! re9s ( !   
:ole creation 9 8 h&4                   
,spectator1 ,n #ab4    ,bett] ?us3      
,let u endeav\r to e/abli% to ourselves 
an int]e/ 9 him1 :o1      9 8 h&1 holds 
! re9s ( ! :ole creation4       ,virgil1
 :o has ca/ ! :ole sy/em ( ,platonic    
philosophy1 s      f> z x relates to !  
s\l ( man1 into beautiful allegories1   
9 ! six? book ( 8 neid1 gives u !       
puni%m5t1 c4                            
,spectator1 ,n #ij4    ,bett] ?us3      
,virgil1 :o 9 ! six? book ( 8 neid has  
ca/1 c4       ,& ,philip ! ,f\r? 0      
oblig$ at la/ to conclude a peace1 on   
t]ms repugnant to 8 incl9ation1 to t ( 8
 p1 to !      int]e/ ( ,spa91 & to t (  
all ,europe1 9 ! ,pyr5ean      treaty4  
,lett]s on hi/ory1 vol4 #a4 lett] #f4   
,bol+broke4    ,bett] ?us3       ,& at  

la/1 9 ! ,pyr5ean treaty1 ,philip !     
,f\r? 0 oblig$      to conclude a peace1
 c4  ,9 arrang+ a p]iod1 x is (         
importance to det]m9e 9 :at "p ( x a ^w 
makes ! greate/ figure1 :e!r 9 ! beg9n+1
 dur+ ! curr5cy1 or at ! close4 ,!      
break+ sil5ce r\ses ! att5tion to :at is
 said2 & !re=e deep] impression is made 
at ! beg9n+ ?an dur+ ! curr5cy4 ,!      
beg9n+1 h[ev]1 mu/ yield to ! close2 :i*
 be+ succe$$ by a pause1 af=ds "t = a ^w
 to make its deepe/ impression4 ,h5ce ! 
foll[+ rule1 ,t to give ! utmo/ =ce to a
 p]iod1 x ought if possible to be clos$ 
) t ^w :i* makes ! greate/ figure4 ,!   
opportunity ( a pause %\ld n be ?r[n    
away ^u accessories1 b res]v$ = !       
pr9cipal object1 9 ord] t x may make a  
full impression4 ,?is is an additional  
reason aga9/ clos+ a p]iod ) a          
circum/ance4 ,!re are h[ev] p]iods t    
admit n ?is /ructure2 & 9 t case1 !     
capital ^w ought if possible to be plac$
 9 ! front1 :i* next to ! close is ! mo/
 advantage\s = mak+ an impression4      

,h5ce1 9 direct+ our disc\rse to any    
man1 we ought to beg9 ) 8 "n2 & "o w be 
s5sible ( a degradation1 :5 ?is rule is 
neglect$1 z x frequ5tly is = ! sake (   
v]se4 ,i give ! foll[+ examples4        
,integ] vit1 scel]isque purus1     ,non 
eget ,mauris jaculi1 neque arcu1        
,nec v55atis gravid sagittis1           
,fusce1 ph>etr4          ,horat4 ,c>m4  
l4 #a4 ode #bb4       ,je cra9s ,dieu1  
*] ,abn]1 et n'ai po9t d'autre cra9te4  
,9 ^! examples ! "n ( ! p]son address$  
to makes a mean figure1 be+ l a         
circum/ance slipt into a corn]4 ,t ?is  
criticism is well f\nd$1 we ne$ no o!r  
pro( ?an ,addison's translation ( ! la/ 
example4       ,o ,abn]6 ,i fe> my ,god1
 & ,i fe> none b him4                   
,gu>dian1 ,n #aag4        ,o fa!r1 :at  
int5ds ?y h&1 %e cry'd1     ,aga9/ ?y   
only son8 ,:at fury1 ,o son1            
,possesses !e to b5d t mortal d>t       
,aga9/ ?y fa!r's head8          ,p>adise
 ,lo/1 book #b4 l4 #gbg4  ,e "o mu/ be  
s5sible ( a dignity 9 ! invocation at ! 

beg9n+1 :i* t 9 ! middle is f> f rea*+4 
,i mean n h[ev] to c5sure ?is           
expression4 ,on ! contr>y x appe>s      
beautiful1 by di/+ui%+ ! respect due to 
a fa!r & to a son4         99       99  
99       99       99  ,! sub/ance ( :at 
is said 9 ?is & ! =ego+ section1 ^u !   
me?od ( arrang+ ! words ( a p]iod s z to
 make ! /ronge/ impression ) respect to 
s\nd z well z signification1 is         
compreh5d$ 9 ! foll[+ obs]vation4 ,t    
ord] ( ! words 9 a p]iod w always be !  
mo/ agreeable1 :]e1 )\t obscur+ ! s5se1 
! mo/ important images1 ! mo/ sonor\s   
words1 & ! longe/ memb]s1 br+ up ! re>4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,hi!rto ( arrang+ s+le words1 s+le      
memb]s1 & s+le circum/ances4 ,b !       
enum]ation ( _m p>ticul>s 9 ! same p]iod
 is (t5 necess>y2 & ! "q is1 ,9 :at ord]
 !y %\ld be plac$4 ,x does n seem easy  
at fir/ view to br+ a subject app>5tly s
 loose "u any g5]al rules4 ,b luckily   
reflect+ ^u :at is said 9 ! fir/ *apt]  
ab\t ord]1 we f9d rules laid d[n to our 

h&1 s z to leave u no h>d] task ?an _!  
application to ! pres5t "q4 ,&1 fir/1 ) 
respect to ! enum]at+ a numb] (         
p>ticul>s ( equal rank1 x is laid d[n 9 
! place cit$1 t z !re is no f\ndation = 
pref]r+ any "o be=e ! re/1 x is         
indiff]5t to ! m9d 9 :at ord] !y be     
view$4 ,& x is only necess>y to be add$ 
"h1 t = ! same reason1 x is indiff]5t 9 
:at ord] !y be nam$4 #b;dly1 ,if a numb]
 ( objects ( ! same k9d1 diff]+ only 9  
size1 are to be rang$ along a /raight   
l9e1 ! mo/ agreeable ord] to ! eye is t 
( an increas+ s]ies4 ,9 survey+ a numb] 
( su* objects1 beg9n+ at ! lea/ &       
proce$+ to great] & great]1 ! m9d swells
 gradually ) ! successive objects1 & 9  
its progress has a v s5sible pleasure4  
,precisely = ! same reason1 ! words     
expressive ( su* objects ought to be    
plac$ 9 ! same ord]4 ,! beauty ( ?is    
figure1 :i* may be t]m$ a climax 9 s5se1
 has escap$ ,"l ,bol+broke 9 ! fir/     
memb] ( ! foll[+ p]iod4       ,let b "o 
great1 brave1 dis9t]e/$1 active man     

arise1 & he      w be receiv$1 foll[$1 &
 almo/ ador$4  ,! foll[+ arrangem5t has 
s5sibly a bett] effect4       ,let b "o 
brave1 great1 active1 dis9t]e/$ man     
arise1 c4  ,:e!r ! same rule ought to be
 foll[$ 9 enum]at+ m5 ( diff]5t ranks1  
seems d\btful4 ,on ! "o h&1 a procession
 ( a numb] ( p]sons1 pres5t+ ! l[e/     
class fir/1 & ris+ ^u ! eye 9 succession
 till x t]m9ate ^u ! highe/1 is         
und\bt$ly ! mo/ agreeable ord]4 ,on !   
o!r h&1 9 e li/ ( names1 x is cu/om>y to
 set ! p]son ( ! greate/ dignity at !   
top1 & to desc5d gradually ?r\gh 8      
inf]iors4 ,:]e ! purpose is to hon\r !  
p]sons nam$ accord+ to _! rank1 ! latt] 
ord] ought to be foll[$2 b e "o :o      
reg>ds himself only1 or 8 read]1 w *use 
! =m] ord]4 #c;dly1 ,z ! s5se ( ord]    
directs ! eye to desc5d f ! pr9cipal to 
its greate/ accessory1 & f ! :ole to its
 greate/ "p1 & 9 ! same ord] ?r\gh all !
 p>ts & accessories till we arrive at ! 
m9ute/2 ! same ord] ought to be foll[$ 9
 ! enum]ation ( su* p>ticul>s4 ,i %all  

give "o famili> example4 ,talk+ ( ! p>ts
 ( a column1 viz4 ! base1 ! %aft1 !     
capital1 ^! are capable ( six diff]5t   
arrangem5ts1 & ! "q is1 ,:i* is ! be/8  
,:5 "o has 9 view ! erection ( a column1
 he w naturally be l$ to express ! p>ts 
9 ! ord] above m5tion$2 :i* at ! same "t
 is agreeable by m\nt+ upw>d4 ,b        
consid]+ ! column z x /&s )\t ref]5ce to
 its erection1 ! s5se ( ord]1 z obs]v$  
above1 requires ! *ief "p to be nam$    
fir/4 ,= t reason we beg9 ) ! %aft2 & ! 
base comes next 9 ord]1 t we may asc5d f
 x to ! capital4 ,la/ly1 ,9 trac+ !     
p>ticul>s ( any natural op]ation1 ord]  
requires t we foll[ ! c\rse ( nature4   
,hi/orical facts are relat$ 9 ! ord] (  
"t4 ,we beg9 at ! f\nd] ( a family1 &   
proce$ f him to 8 desc5d5ts4 ,b 9       
describ+ a l(ty oak1 we beg9 ) ! trunk1 
& asc5d to ! bran*es4  ,:5 =ce &        
livel9ess ( expression are aim$ at1 !   
rule is1 to susp5d ! ?\ght z mu* z      
possible1 & to br+ x out full & entire  
at ! close4 ,?is _c be done b by inv]t+ 

! natural arrangem5t1 & by introduc+ a  
^w or memb] be=e its "t4 ,by su*        
inv]sion our curiosity is rais$ ab\t :at
 is to foll[2 & x is agreeable to h our 
curiosity gratifi$ at ! close ( ! p]iod4
 ,su* arrangem5t produce? on ! m9d an   
effect simil> to a /roke ex]t$ ^u ! body
 by ! :ole collect$ =ce ( ! ag5t4 ,on ! 
o!r h&1 :]e a p]iod is s con/ruct$ z to 
admit m ?an "o complete close 9 ! s5se1 
! curiosity ( ! read] is exhau/$ at !   
fir/ close1 & :at foll[s appe>s languid 
or sup]flu\s4 ,8 disappo9tm5t           
contributes also to ?is appe>ance1 :5 he
 f9ds1 t1 contr>y to 8 expectation1 !   
p]iod is n yet f9i%$4 ,cic]o1 & aft] him
 ,qu9tilian1 recomm5d ! v]b to ! la/    
place4 ,?is me?od evid5tly t5ds to      
susp5d ! s5se till ! close ( ! p]iod2 = 
)\t ! v]b ! s5se _c be complete4 ,& :5 !
 v]b happ5s to be ! capital ^w1 :i* is  
frequ5tly ! case1 x ought at any rate to
 be put la/1 accord+ to ano!r rule1     
above laid d[n4 ,i proce$ z usual to    
illu/rate ?is rule by examples4 ,!      

foll[+ p]iod is plac$ 9 its natural     
ord]4       ,7 in/ruction an ess5tial   
circum/ance 9 epic poetry1 ,i d\bt      
:e!r a s+le in/ance c\ld be giv5 ( ?is  
species (      composition1 9 any       
language4  ,! p]iod ?us arrang$ admits a
 full close ^u ! ^w composition2 aft]   
:i* x goes on languidly1 & closes )\t   
=ce4 ,?is blemi% w be avoid$ by ! foll[+
 arrangem5t4       ,7 in/ruction an     
ess5tial circum/ance 9 epic poetry1 ,i  
d\bt      :e!r1 9 any language1 a s+le  
in/ance c\ld be giv5 ( ?is      species 
( composition4       ,"s ( our mo/ em95t
 div9es h made use ( ?is ,platonic      
notion1 z f> z x reg>ds ! subsi/5ce (   
our passions aft]      dea?1 ) great    
beauty & /r5g? ( reason4                
,spectator1 ,n #ij4    ,bett] ?us3      
,"s ( our mo/ em95t div9es h1 ) great   
beauty &      /r5g? ( reason1 made use (
 ?is ,platonic notion1 c4       ,m5 ( ! 
be/ s5se h be5 t\*$1 m or less1 ) ^!    
gr\ndless horrors & presages ( futurity1
 ^u survey+ !      mo/ indiff]5t works (

 nature4                                
,spectator1 ,n #eje4    ,bett]3         
,^u survey+ ! mo/ indiff]5t works (     
nature1 m5 ( !      be/ s5se1 c4        
,%e soon in=m$ him ( ! place he 0 91    
:i*1      not)/&+ all its horrors1      
appe>$ to him m sweet ?an      ! b[] (  
,mahomet1 9 ! company ( 8 ,balsora4     
,gu>dian1 ,n #afg4    ,bett]3       ,%e 
soon1 c4 appe>$ to him1 9 ! company ( 8 
,balsora1      m sweet1 c4       ,!     
,emp]or 0 s int5t on ! e/abli%m5t ( 8   
absolute      p[] 9 ,hung>y1 t he expos$
 ! ,empire d\bly to desolation      &   
ru9 = ! sake ( x4                       
,lett]s on hi/ory1 vol4 #a4 let4 #g4    
,bol+broke4    ,bett]3      ---- t = !  
sake ( x he expos$ ! ,empire d\bly to   
desolation & ru94  ,none ( ! rules = !  
composition ( p]iods are m liable to be 
abus$1 ?an ^? la/ m5tion$3 witness _m   
,lat9 writ]s1 among ! mod]ns especially1
 ^: /yle1 by inv]sions too viol5t1 is   
r5d]$ h>% & obscure4 ,susp5sion ( !     
?\ght till ! close ( ! p]iod1 ought nev]

 to be pref]r$ be=e p]spicuity4 ,nei!r  
ought su* susp5sion to be attempt$ 9 a  
long p]iod2 because 9 t case ! m9d is   
bewild]$ among a pr(usion ( words4 ,a   
travell]1 :ile he is puzzl$ ab\t ! road1
 reli%es n ! f9e/ prospects4       ,all 
! ri* pres5ts :i* ,a/yages _h giv5 him  
at p>t+1      keep+ only "s ,m$ian      
horses1 9 ord] to propagate ! bre$ (    
!m 9 ,p]sia1 he di/ribut$ among 8 fri5ds
 :om he left at      ! c\rt ( ,ecbatana4
                       ,travels (       
,cyrus1 book #a4    ,! =ego+ rules      
conc]n ! arrangem5t ( a s+le p]iod4 ,i  
%all add "o rule m conc]n+ ! di/ribution
 ( a disc\rse into diff]5t p]iods4 ,a   
%ort p]iod is lively & famili>4 ,a long 
p]iod1 requir+ m att5tion1 makes an     
impression grave & solemn4 ,9 g5]al1 a  
writ] ought to /udy a mixture ( long &  
%ort p]iods1 :i* prev5ts an irksome     
uni=mity1 & ent]ta9s ! m9d ) v>iety (   
impressions4 ,9 p>ticul>1 long p]iods   
ought to be avoid$ till ! read]'s       
att5tion be ?or\ghly engag$2 & !re=e a  

disc\rse1 especially ( ! famili> k9d1   
ought nev] to be introduc$ ) a long     
p]iod4 ,= t reason1 ! comm5cem5t ( a    
lett] to a v "y lady on h] m>riage is   
faulty4       ,madam1 ,! hurry &        
imp]t95ce ( receiv+ & pay+ visits on    
acc\nt ( y\r m>riage1 be+ n[ ov]1 y are 
beg9n+ to      ent] into a c\rse ( life1
 :]e y w want mu* advice to      div]t y
 f fall+ into _m errors1 fopp]ies1 &    
follies1      to :i* y\r sex is subject4
                       ,swift4    ,see a
 /rong] example 9 ! comm5cem5t (        
,cic]o's oration1 ,pro ,ar*ia poeta4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,be=e we proce$ f>!r1 x may be prop] to 
take a review ( ! rules laid d[n 9 ?is &
 ! prec$+ section1 9 ord] to make "s    
g5]al obs]vations4 ,! natural ord] ( !  
words & memb]s ( a p]iod1 is und\bt$ly !
 same ) ! natural ord] ( ! ideas t      
compose ! ?\ght4 ,! t5d5cy ( _m ( !     
=ego+ rules1 is to sub/itute an         
artificial arrangem5t1 9 ord] to rea* "s
 beauty ei!r ( s\nd or mean+ t _c be    

rea*$ 9 ! natural ord]4 ,b seldom x     
happ5s1 t 9 ! same p]iod !re is place = 
a plurality ( ^! rules4 ,if "o beauty c 
be cat*$1 ano!r mu/ be rel9qui%$4 ,!    
only "q is1 ,:i* ought to be pref]r$8   
,?is is a "q t _c be resolv$ by any     
g5]al rule4 ,b practice1 support$ by a  
good ta/e1 w 9 mo/ in/ances make ! *oice
 easy4 ,! compon5t words & memb]s ( a   
p]iod1 are asc]ta9$ by ! subject4 ,if ! 
natural ord] be n reli%$1 a few trials w
 discov] t artificial ord] :i* has ! be/
 effect4 ,all t c be said 9 g5]al is1 t 
9 mak+ a *oice1 s\nd ought to yield to  
signification4  ,! transpos+ words &    
memb]s out ( _! natural ord]1 s         
rem>kable 9 ! le>n$ languages1 has be5 !
 subject ( mu* speculation4 ,x is agre$ 
on all h&s1 t su* transposition or      
inv]sion be/[s ^u a p]iod a v s5sible   
degree ( =ce & elevation2 & yet writ]s  
seem to be at a loss 9 :at mann] to     
acc\nt = ?is effect4 ,c]eau#ia ascribes 
s mu* p[] to inv]sion1 z to make x !    
*>act]i/ic ( ,fr5* v]se1 & ! s+le       

circum/ance :i* 9 t language di/+ui%es  
v]se f prose4 ,& yet he pret5ds n to    
say1 t x ha? any o!r p[] b to raise     
surprise2 he mu/ mean curiosity2 :i* is 
done by susp5d+ ! ?\ght dur+ ! p]iod1 & 
br++ x out entire at ! close4 ,?is inde$
 is "o p[] ( inv]sion2 b nei!r its sole 
p[]1 nor ev5 t :i* is ! mo/ rem>kable1 z
 is made pla9 above4 ,b wav+ c5sure1 :i*
 is n an agreeable task1 ,i ent] into ! 
matt]4 ,& ,i beg9 ) obs]v+1 t if a      
con=mity betwixt words & _! mean+ be    
agreeable1 x mu/ ( c\rse be agreeable to
 f9d ! same ord] or arrangem5t 9 bo?4   
,h5ce ! beauty ( a pla9 or natural /yle1
 :]e ! ord] ( ! words corresponds       
precisely to ! ord] ( ! ideas4 ,nor is  
?is ! s+le beauty ( a natural /yle3 x is
 also agreeable ^u acc\nt ( its         
simplicity & p]spicuity4 ,?is obs]vation
 ?r[s light ^u ! subject4 ,= if a       
natural /yle be 9 itself agreeable1 a   
transpos$ /yle _c be s4 ,& !re=e1 x _c  
o!rwise be agreeable1 b z contribut+ to 
"s positive beauty :i* is exclud$ 9 a   

natural /yle4 ,to be confirm$ 9 ?is     
op9ion1 we ne$ b reflect ^u "s ( ! =ego+
 rules1 :i* make x evid5t1 t language1  
by means ( inv]sion1 is susceptible ( _m
 beauties t are totally exclud$ 9 a     
natural arrangem5t ( words4 ,f ^!       
premisses x cle>ly foll[s1 t inv]sion   
ought n to be indulg$1 unless 9 ord] to 
rea* "s beauty sup]ior to t ( a natural 
/yle4 ,x may ) great c]ta9ty be         
pron\nc$1 t e inv]sion :i* is n gov]n$  
by ?is rule1 w appe> h>% & /ra9$1 & be  
disreli%$ by e "o ( ta/e4 ,h5ce ! beauty
 ( inv]sion :5 happily conduct$2 !      
beauty1 n ( an end1 b ( means1 z furni%+
 opportunity = numb]less ornam5ts t f9d 
no place 9 a natural /yle4 ,h5ce ! =ce1 
! elevation1 ! h>mony1 ! cad5ce1 ( "s   
compositions4 ,h5ce ! manifold beauties 
( ! ,greek & ,roman tongues1 ( :i* liv+ 
languages af=d b fa9t imitations4       
,,sect4 ,,iii4  ,beauty ( language f a  
resemblance betwixt s\nd &              
signification4  ,! resemblance betwixt !
 s\nd & signification ( c]ta9 words1 is 

a beauty1 :i* has escap$ no critical    
writ]1 & yet is n h&l$ ) accuracy by any
 ( !m4 ,!y h probably be5 errone\sly (  
op9ion1 t a beauty s obvi\s 9 ! feel+1  
requires no explanation 9 ! und]/&+4 ,9 
ord] to supply ?is defect1 ,i %all give 
examples ( ! v>i\s resemblances betwixt 
s\nd & signification2 & at ! same "t    
%all endeav\r to expla9 :y su*          
resemblances are beautiful4 ,i beg9 )   
examples :]e ! resemblance betwixt !    
s\nd & signification is ! mo/ entire2   
proce$+ to o!rs1 :]e ! resemblance is   
less & less s4  ,!re be+ frequ5tly a    
/rong resemblance betwixt diff]5t s\nds1
 x w n be surpris+ to f9d a natural s\nd
 imitat$ by "o t is articulate4 ,?us !  
s\nd ( a b[-/r+ is imitat$ by ! words t 
express x4                ---- ,! /r+   
let fly1     ,twang'd %ort & %>p1 l !   
%rill swall['s cry4          ,odyssey   
xxi4 #ddi4  ,! s\nd ( fell+ trees 9 a   
wood3      ,l\d s\nds ! ax1 r$\bl+      
/rokes on /rokes2     ,on all sides r\nd
 ! =e/ hurls h] oaks     ,headlong4     

,deep-e*o+ groan ! ?ickets br[n1     ,!n
 ru/l+1 crackl+1 cra%+1 ?und] d[n4      
,iliad1 xxiii4 #add4      ,b :5 l\d     
surges la% ! s\nd+ %ore     ,! ho>se    
r\gh v]se %\ld l ! torr5t ro>6          
,pope's ,essay on ,criticism1 #cfi4  ,no
 p]son c be at a loss ab\t ! cause ( ?is
 beauty4 ,x is obvi\sly t ( imitation4  
,t !re is any o!r natural resemblance   
betwixt s\nd & signification1 mu/ n be  
tak5 = grant$4 ,!re is evid5tly no      
resemblance betwixt s\nd & motion1 nor  
betwixt s\nd & s5tim5t4 ,9 ?is matt]1 we
 are apt to be deceiv$ by artful read+  
or pron\nc+4 ,! same passage may be     
pron\nc$ 9 _m diff]5t tones1 elevat$ or 
humble1 sweet or h>%1 brisk or          
melan*oly1 s z to accord ) ! ?\ght or   
s5tim5t4 ,su* concord1 dep5d+ on artful 
pronunciation1 mu/ be di/+ui%$ f t      
concord betwixt s\nd & s5se1 :i* is     
p]ceiv$ 9 "s expressions indep5d5t (    
artful pronunciation4 ,! latt] is !     
poet's "w3 ! =m] mu/ be attribut$ to !  
read]4 ,ano!r ?+ contributes /ill m to !

 deceit4 ,9 language1 s\nd & s5se are s 
intimately connect$1 z t ! prop]ties ( !
 "o are readily communicat$ to ! o!r4   
,an emotion ( gr&eur1 ( sweetness1 (    
melan*oly1 or ( compassion1 ?\gh        
occasion$ by ! ?\ght solely1 is         
transf]r$ ^u ! words1 :i* by t means    
resemble 9 appe>ance ! ?\ght t is       
express$ by !m#ib4 ,i h great reason to 
recomm5d ^! obs]vations to my read]1    
consid]+ h[ inaccurately ! pres5t       
subject is h&l$ by critics4 ,n "o ( !m  
di/+ui%es ! natural resemblance ( s\nd &
 signification1 f ! artificial          
resemblance n[ describ$4 ,witness ,vida 
9 p>ticul>1 :o 9 a v long passage has   
giv5 v few examples1 b :at are ( ! latt]
 k9d#ic4  ,t !re may be a resemblance   
betwixt natural & artificial s\nds1 is  
self-evid5t2 & t 9 fact !re exi/ su*    
resemblances successfully employ'd by   
writ]s ( g5ius1 is cle> f ! =ego+       
examples1 & _m o!rs t might be giv54 ,b 
we may safely pron\nce1 t ?is natural   
resemblance c be c>ri$ no f>!r4 ,!      

objects ( ! sev]al s5ses1 diff] s widely
 f ea* o!r z to exclude any resemblance4
 ,s\nd 9 p>ticul>1 :e!r articulate or   
in>ticulate1 resembles n 9 any degree   
ta/e1 smell1 or motion2 & z little c x  
resemble any int]nal s5tim5t1 feel+1 or 
emotion4 ,b mu/ we !n agree1 t no?+ b   
natural s\nd c be imitat$ by t :i* is   
articulate8 ,tak+ imitation 9 its prop] 
s5se1 z involv+ a resemblance betwixt   
two objects1 ! proposition mu/ be       
admitt$4 ,& yet 9 _m passages t are n   
descriptive ( natural s\nd1 e "o mu/ be 
s5sible ( a peculi> concord betwixt !   
s\nd ( ! words & _! mean+4 ,z !re c be  
no d\bt ( ! fact1 :at rema9s is1 to     
inquire into its cause4  ,resembl+      
causes may produce effects t h no       
resemblance2 & causes t h no resemblance
 may produce resembl+ effects4 ,a       
magnific5t build+1 = example1 resembles 
n 9 any degree an h]oic action2 & yet ! 
emotions !y produce1 be+ concordant1 be>
 a resemblance to ea* o!r4 ,we are /ill 
m s5sible ( ?is resemblance1 9 a song   

:]e ! music is prop]ly adju/$ to !      
s5tim5t4 ,!re is no resemblance betwixt 
?\ght & s\nd2 b !re is ! /ronge/        
resemblance betwixt ! emotion rais$ by  
music t5d] & pa!tic1 & t rais$ by !     
compla9t ( an unsuccessful lov]4 ,to    
apply ^! examples to ! pres5t subject1  
,i obs]ve1 t ! s\nd ev5 ( a s+le ^w     
makes1 9 "s in/ances1 an impression     
resembl+ t :i* is made by ! ?+ x        
signifies2 witness ! ^w runn+1 compos$ (
 two %ort syllables2 & m rem>kably !    
words rapidity1 impetuosity1            
precipitation4 ,brutal mann]s produce 9 
! spectator1 an emotion n unlike :at is 
produc$ by a h>% & r\gh s\nd4 ,h5ce !   
figurative expression1 rugg$ mann]s2 an 
expression peculi>ly agreeable by !     
relation ( ! s\nd to ! s5se4 ,aga91 ! ^w
 little1 be+ pron\nc$ ) a v small       
ap]ture ( ! m\?1 has a weak & fa9t s\nd1
 :i* makes an impression resembl+ t made
 by any dim9utive object4 ,?is          
resemblance ( effects1 is /ill m        
rem>kable :]e a numb] ( words are       

connect$ toge!r 9 a p]iod4 ,words       
pron\nc$ 9 succession make (t5 a /rong  
impression2 & :5 ?is impression happ5s  
to accord ) t made by ! s5se1 a peculi> 
pleasure arises4 ,! ?\ght or s5tim5t    
produces "o pleasant emotion3 ! melody  
or tone ( ! words produces ano!r4 ,b !  
*ief pleasure proce$s f hav+ ^! two     
concordant emotions comb9$ 9 p]fect     
h>mony1 & c>ri$ on 9 ! m9d to a full    
close#id4 ,except 9 ! s+le case :]e s\nd
 is describ$1 all ! examples giv5 by    
critics ( s5se be+ imitat$ 9 s\nd1      
resolve into a resemblance ( effects4   
,emotions rais$ by s\nd & signification 
may h a resemblance2 b s\nd itself _c h 
a resemblance to any ?+ b s\nd4         
,proce$+ n[ to p>ticul>s1 & beg9n+ ) ^? 
cases :]e ! emotions h ! /ronge/        
resemblance1 ,i obs]ve1 fir/1 ,t 9      
pron\nc+ a numb] ( syllables 9          
succession1 an emotion is sometimes     
rais$ extremely simil> to t rais$ by    
successive motion4 ,?is may be made     
evid5t ev5 to ^? :o are defective 9     

ta/e1 by ! foll[+ fact1 t ! t]m movem5t 
9 all languages is equally apply'd to   
bo?4 ,9 ?is mann]1 successive motion1   
su* z walk+1 runn+1 gallop+1 c be       
imitat$ by a succession ( long or %ort  
syllables1 or by a due mixture ( bo?4 ,=
 example1 sl[ motion may be aptly       
imitat$ 9 a v]se :]e long syllables     
prevail2 especially :5 aid$ by a sl[    
pronunciation3      ,illi int] sese magn
 vi bra*ia tollunt4          ,georg4 iv4
 #agd4  ,on ! o!r h&1 swift motion is   
imitat$ by a succession ( %ort          
syllables3      ,quadrup$ante putrem    
sonitu quatit ungula campum4  ,aga93    
,radit it] liquidum1 cel]es neque       
commovet alas4  ,?irdly1 a l9e compos$ (
 monosyllables1 makes an impression1 by 
! frequ5cy ( its pauses1 simil> to :at  
is made by labori\s int]rupt$ motion3   
,) _m a we>y /ep1 & _m a groan1     ,up 
! high hill he heaves a huge r\nd /one4 
,odyssey1 xi4 #gcf4      ,fir/ m>* !    
heavy mules1 securely sl[2     ,o'er    
hills1 o'er dales1 o'er craggs1 o'er    

rocks1 !y g4          ,iliad1 xxiii4    
#ach4  ,f\r?ly1 ! impression made by    
r\gh s\nds 9 succession1 resembles t    
made by r\gh or tumultu\s motion4 ,on ! 
o!r h&1 ! impression ( smoo? s\nds      
resembles t ( g5tle motion4 ,! foll[+ is
 an example ( bo?4      ,two craggy     
rocks project+ to ! ma91     ,! ro>+    
w9d's tempe/u\s rage re/ra92     ,)91 ! 
waves 9 s(t] murmurs glide1     ,& %ips 
secure )\t _! hauls]s ride4             
,odyssey1 iii4 #aah4  ,ano!r example ( !
 latt]3      ,s(t is ! /ra9 :5 ,zephyr  
g5tly bl[s1     ,& ! smoo? /ream 9      
smoo!r numb]s fl[s4          ,essay on  
,crit4 #cff4  ,fif?ly1 prolong$ motion  
is express$ 9 an ,alex&r9e l9e4 ,! fir/ 
example %all be ( sl[ motion prolong$3  
,a ne$less ,alex&r9e ends ! song2       
,t1 l a w\nd$ snake1 drags its sl[ l5g? 
along4          ,essay on ,crit4 #cef4  
,! next example is ( =cible motion      
prolong$3      ,! waves beh9d impel !   
waves be=e1     ,wide-roll+1 foam+ high1
 & tumbl+ to ! %ore4          ,iliad1   

xiii4 #ajjd4  ,! la/ %all be ( rapid    
motion prolong$3      ,n s :5 swift     
,camilla sc\rs ! pla91     ,flies o'er  
?' unb5d+ corn1 & skims along ! ma94    
,essay on ,crit4 #cgc4  ,aga91 speak+ ( 
a rock torn f ! br[ ( a m\nta91         
,/ill ga?'r+ =ce1 x smokes1 &1 urg'd    
ama91     ,:irls1 leaps1 & ?und]s d[n1  
impetu\s to ! pla94          ,iliad1    
xiii4 #aig4  ,six?ly1 a p]iod consi/+   
mo/ly ( long syllables1 t is1 (         
syllables pron\nc$ sl[1 produce? an     
emotion resembl+ fa9tly t :i* is produc$
 by gravity & solemnity4 ,h5ce ! beauty 
( ! foll[+ v]se4      ,olli s$ato       
respondit corde ,lat9us4  ,sev5?ly1 a   
sl[ succession ( ideas is a circum/ance 
t belongs equally to settl$ melan*oly1 &
 to a p]iod compos$ ( polysyllables     
pron\nc$ sl[4 ,h5ce1 by simil>ity (     
emotions1 ! latt] is imitative ( ! =m]3 
,9 ^? deep solitudes & awful cells1     
,:]e heav'nly-p5sive ,contemplation     
dwells1     ,& ev]-mus+ ,melan*oly      
reigns4          ,pope4 ,eloisa to      

,abel>d4  ,eigh?ly1 a long syllable made
 %ort1 or a %ort syllable made long1    
raises1 by ! difficulty ( pron\nc+      
contr>y to cu/om1 a feel+ simil> to t ( 
h>d lab\r3      ,:5 ,ajax /rives "s     
rock's va/ weight to ?r[1     ,! l9e too
 lab\rs1 & ! words move sl[4            
,essay on ,crit4 #cgj4  ,n9?ly1 h>% or  
r\gh words pron\nc$ ) difficulty1 excite
 a feel+ resembl+ t :i* proce$s f !     
lab\r ( ?\ght to a dull writ]3      ,j  
writes to make 8 b>r5ness appe>1     ,& 
/ra9s f h>d-b\nd bra9s eight l9es a-ye>4
          ,pope's epi/le to ,dr4        
,arbu?not1 l4 #aha4  ,i %all close ) "o 
o!r example1 :i* ( all makes ! f9e/     
figure4 ,9 ! fir/ section m5tion is made
 ( a climax 9 s\nd1 & 9 ! second ( a    
climax 9 s5se4 ,x belongs to ! pres5t   
subject to obs]ve1 t :5 ^! co9cide 9 !  
same passage1 ! concordance ( s\nd &    
s5se is delightful4 ,! read] is consci\s
 n only ( pleasure f ! two climaxes     
sep>ately1 b ( an additional pleasure f 
_! concordance1 & f f9d+ ! s5se s ju/ly 

imitat$ by ! s\nd4 ,9 ?is respect1 no   
p]iods are m p]fect ?an ^? borr[$ f     
,cic]o 9 ! fir/ section4  ,! concord    
betwixt s5se & s\nd is n less agreeable 
9 :at may be t]m$ an anticlimax1 :]e !  
progress is f great to little2 = ?is has
 ! effect to make dim9utive objects     
appe> /ill m dim9utive4 ,horace af=ds a 
/rik+ example3      ,p>turiunt montes1  
nascetur ridiculus mus4  ,! arrangem5t  
"h is s+ul>ly artful4 ,! fir/ place is  
occupi$ by ! v]b1 :i* is ! capital ^w by
 its s5se z well z s\nd4 ,! close is    
res]v$ = ! ^w t is ! meane/ 9 s5se z    
well z 9 s\nd4 ,& x mu/ n be ov]look$1 t
 ! resembl+ s\nds ( ! two la/ syllables 
give a ludicr\s air to ! :ole4  ,review+
 ! =ego+ examples1 x appe>s to me1      
contr>y to expectation1 t 9 pass+ f !   
/ronge/ resemblances to ^? t are fa9t]1 
! pleasure rises gradually 9 proportion4
 ,c ?is be acc\nt$ =8 or %all ,i r5\nce 
my ta/e z caprici\s8 ,:5 ,i r5ew !      
exp]im5t aga9 & aga91 ,i feel no wav]+1 
b ! greate/ pleasure con/antly f !      

fa9te/ resemblances4 ,& yet h[ c ?is be8
 = if ! pleasure lie 9 imitation1 mu/ n 
! /ronge/ resemblance af=d ! greate/    
pleasure8 ,f ?is vex+ dilemma1 ,i am    
happily reliev$1 by reflect+ on a       
doctr9e e/abli%$ 9 ! *apt] ( resemblance
 & contra/1 t ! pleasure ( resemblance  
is ! greate/1 :]e x is lea/ expect$1 &  
:]e ! objects comp>$ are 9 _! capital   
circum/ances widely diff]5t4 ,nor w ?is 
appe> surpris+1 :5 we desc5d to famili> 
examples4 ,x raise? n wond] 9 ! smalle/ 
degree1 to f9d ! mo/ p]fect resemblance 
betwixt two eggs ( ! same animal4 ,x is 
m r>e to f9d su* resemblance betwixt two
 human faces2 & ^u t acc\nt su* an      
appe>ance raises "s degree ( wond]4 ,b  
?is emotion rises to a /ill great]      
height1 :5 we f9d 9 a pebble1 an aggat1 
or any natural production1 a p]fect     
resemblance to a tree or o!r organis$   
body4 ,we _c hesitate a mom5t1 9 apply+ 
^! obs]vations to ! pres5t subject4 ,:at
 occasion ( wond] c x be to f9d "o s\nd 
resembl+ ano!r1 :]e bo? are ( ! same    

k9d8 ,x is n s common to f9d a          
resemblance betwixt an articulate s\nd &
 "o n articulate2 & accord+ly !         
imitation "h af=ds "s slight pleasure4  
,b ! pleasure swells greatly1 :5 we     
employ s\nd to imitate ?+s x resembles n
 o!rwise ?an by ! effects produc$ 9 !   
m9d4  ,i h _h occasion to obs]ve1 t to  
complete ! resemblance betwixt s\nd &   
s5se1 artful pronunciation contributes n
 a little4 ,pronunciation !re=e may be  
consid]$ z a bran* ( ! pres5t subject2 &
 ) "s obs]vations ^u x ,i %all conclude 
! section4  ,9 ord] to give a j idea (  
pronunciation1 x mu/ be di/+ui%$ f s++4 
,! latt] is c>ri$ on by notes1 requir+  
ea* ( !m a diff]5t ap]ture ( ! w9dpipe4 
,! notes prop]ly belong+ to ! =m]1 are  
express$ by diff]5t ap]tures ( ! m\?1   
)\t v>y+ ! ap]ture ( ! w9dpipe4 ,?is    
h[ev] do? n h9d] pronunciation to borr[ 
f s++1 z a man sometimes is naturally l$
 to d1 9 express+ a vehem5t passion4  ,9
 read+1 z 9 s++1 !re is a key-note4     
,above ?is note ! voice is frequ5tly    

elevat$1 to make ! s\nd correspond to ! 
elevation ( ! subject4 ,b ! m9d 9 an    
elevat$ /ate1 is dispos$ to action4     
,!re=e 9 ord] to a re/1 x mu/ be br\ght 
d[n to ! key-note4 ,h5ce ! t]m cad5ce4  
,! only g5]al rule t c be giv5 = direct+
 ! pronunciation1 is1 ,to s\nd ! words 9
 su* a mann] z to imitate ! ?+s !y      
repres5t1 or ( :i* !y are ! symbols4 ,! 
ideas :i* make ! greate/ figure1 ought  
to be express$ ) a peculi> emphasis4 ,9 
express+ an elevat$ subject1 ! voice    
ought to be rais$ above its ord9>y pit*2
 & words signify+ dejection ( m9d1 ought
 to be pron\nc$ 9 a l[ note4 ,a         
succession ( s\nds gradually asc5d+ f l[
 to high notes1 repres5ts an asc5d+     
s]ies ( objects4 ,an opposite succession
 ( s\nds1 is fitt$ = objects or s5tim5ts
 t desc5d gradually4 ,9 ,dryd5's ode (  
,alex&]'s fea/1 ! l9e1 ,faln1 faln1     
faln1 faln1 ought to be pron\nc$ ) a    
fall+ voice2 & is pron\nc$ 9 t mann]1 by
 e "o ( ta/e1 )\t in/ruction4 ,ano!r    
circum/ance contributes to ! resemblance

 betwixt s5se & s\nd1 :i* is sl[ or     
quick pronunciation4 ,= ?\gh ! l5g? or  
%ortness ( ! syllables ) relation to ea*
 o!r1 be 9 prose asc]ta9$ 9 "s measure1 
& 9 v]se always2 yet tak+ a :ole l9e or 
p]iod toge!r1 x is arbitr>y to pron\nce 
x sl[ or fa/4 ,h5ce x is1 t a p]iod     
express+ :at is solemn or delib]ate1    
ought to be pron\nc$ sl[2 & ought to be 
pron\nc$ quick1 :5 x expresses any ?+   
brisk1 lively1 or impetu\s4  ,! art (   
pron\nc+ ) propriety & grace1 be+       
calculat$ to make ! s\nd an e*o to !    
s5se1 sc>ce admits ( any o!r g5]al rule 
?an t above m5tion$4 ,?is rule may inde$
 be bran*$ out into _m p>ticul> rules & 
obs]vations3 b ^! belong n prop]ly to ! 
pres5t und]tak+1 because !y _c be       
expla9$ 9 words4 ,we h n words to       
signify ! diff]5t degrees ( high & l[1  
l\d & s(t1 fa/ & sl[2 & be=e ^!         
diff]5ces c be made ! subject ( regul>  
in/ruction1 notes mu/ be inv5t$ resembl+
 ^? employ'd 9 music4 ,we h reason to   
believe1 t 9 ,greece e trag$y 0         

accompani$ ) su* notes1 9 ord] to       
asc]ta9 ! pronunciation4 ,b ! mod]ns    
hi!rto h n ?\ght ( ?is ref9em5t4 ,cic]o 
inde$#ie1 )\t ! help ( notes1 pret5ds to
 give rules = asc]ta9+ ! sev]al tones ( 
voice t are prop] 9 express+ ! sev]al   
passions2 & x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 t 9 ?is 
attempt he has exhau/$ ! :ole p[] (     
language4 ,at ! same "t1 e p]son (      
judgem5t mu/ see1 t ^! rules avail      
little 9 po9t ( in/ruction4 ,! v words  
he employs1 are sc>ce intelligible1     
except to ^? :o be=eh& are acqua9t$ ) ! 
subject4  ,to v>y ! sc5e a little1 ,i   
propose to close ) a slight comp>ison   
betwixt s++ & pron\nc+4 ,9 ?is comp>ison
 ! five foll[+ circum/ances relative to 
articulate s\nd1 mu/ be kept 9 view4    
#a/1 ,x is h>% or smoo?4 #b;d1 ,a s\nd  
or syllable1 is long or %ort4 #c;d1 ,x  
is pron\nc$ high or l[4 #d?1 ,x is      
pron\nc$ l\d or s(t4 ,&1 la/ly1 a numb] 
( words 9 succession con/itut+ a p]iod  
or memb] ( a p]iod1 are pron\nc$ sl[ or 
quick4 ,( ^! five1 ! fir/ dep5d+ on !   

compon5t lett]s1 & ! second be+ asc]ta9$
 by cu/om1 admit n any v>iety 9         
pron\nc+4 ,! ?ree la/ are arbitr>y1     
dep5d+ on ! w ( ! p]son :o pron\nces2 & 
x is *iefly 9 ! artful managem5t ( ^!1 t
 j pronunciation consi/s4 ,) respect to 
! fir/ circum/ance1 music has evid5tly !
 advantage2 = all its notes are         
agreeable to ! e>1 :i* is n always !    
case ( articulate s\nd4 ,) respect to ! 
second1 long & %ort syllables v>i\sly   
comb9$1 produce a great v>iety ( feet2  
yet f> inf]ior to ! v>iety :i* is f\nd 9
 ! multipli$ comb9ations ( musical      
notes4 ,) respect to high & l[ notes1   
pronunciation is /ill m inf]ior to s++4 
,= x is obs]v$ by ,dionysius (          
,halic>nassus#if1 t 9 pron\nc+1 i4e4 )\t
 alt]+ ! ap]ture ( ! w9dpipe1 ! voice is
 conf9$ )9 ?ree notes & a half4 ,s++ has
 a mu* great] compass4 ,) respect to !  
two la/ circum/ances1 pronunciation     
equals s++4         99       99       99
       99       99  ,9 ?is disc\rse1 ,i 
h m5tion$ none ( ! beauties ( language1 

b :at arise f words tak5 9 _! prop]     
s5se4 ,^? beauties t dep5d on !         
metaphorical & figurative p[] ( words1  
are res]v$ to be treat$ 9 *ap4 #bj4     
,,sect4 ,,iv4  ,,v]sification4  ,! music
 ( v]se1 ?\gh h&l$ by e gramm>ian1 m]its
 m att5tion ?an has be5 giv5 x4 ,!      
subject is intimately connect$ ) human  
nature2 & to expla9 x ?or\ghly1 sev]al  
nice & delicate feel+s mu/ be employ'd4 
,ent]+ ^u ?is subject1 x occurs z a     
prelim9>y po9t1 ,by :at m>k is v]se     
di/+ui%$ f prose8 ,! discussion ( ?is   
po9t is necess>y1 7 x = no o!r purpose b
 to asc]ta9 ! nature & limits ( our     
subject4 ,to produce ?is di/+ui%+ m>k1  
is a task n p]haps s easy z may at fir/ 
be appreh5d$4 ,v]se ( e sort1 has1 x is 
true1 rules = its con/ruction4 ,x is    
compos$ ( feet1 ! numb] & v>iety ( :i*  
are asc]ta9$4 ,prose1 ?\gh also compos$ 
( feet1 is m loose & sc>ce subject$ to  
any rules4 ,b _m are ignorant ( ^!      
rules3 ,are su* left )\t means to make !
 di/9ction8 ,& ev5 ) respect to ! le>n$1

 mu/ !y apply ! rule be=e !y c ) c]ta9ty
 pron\nce :e!r ! composition be prose or
 v]se8 ,?is w h>dly be ma9ta9$2 & !re=e1
 in/ead ( rules1 ! e> mu/ be appeal$ to 
z ! prop] judge4 ,b :at ga9 we by be+   
?us ref]r$ to ano!r /&>d8 ,x /ill       
recurs1 by :at m>k does ! e> di/+ui%    
v]se f prose8 ,! prop] & satisfactory   
answ] is1 ,t ^! make diff]5t            
impressions1 :i* are readily di/+ui%able
 by e "o :o ha? an e>4 ,?is advances u  
"o /ep 9 our inquiry4  ,tak+ x !n =     
grant$1 t v]se makes ^u ! e> a diff]5t  
impression f t ( prose2 no?+ rema9s b to
 expla9 ?is diff]5ce1 & to assign its   
cause4 ,to ^! ends1 ,i mu/ call to my   
aid an obs]vation made above 9 treat+ ( 
! s\nd ( words1 t !y are m agreeable to 
! e> :5 compos$ ( long & %ort syllables 
?an :5 all ! syllables are ( ! same     
sort4 ,a cont9u$ s\nd 9 ! same tone1    
makes an impression t comes n up to any 
idea we h ( music4 ,! same note         
successively r5ew$ by int]vals1 is m    
agreeable2 b /ill makes n a musical     

impression4 ,to produce ?is impression1 
v>iety is necess>y z well z numb]4 ,!   
successive s\nds or syllables1 mu/ be "s
 ( !m long1 "s ( !m %ort2 & if also high
 & l[1 ! music is ! m p]fect4 ,n[ if ?is
 impression c be made by s+le words1 mu*
 m by a plurality 9 an ord]ly           
succession4 ,! musical impression made  
by a p]iod consi/+ ( long & %ort        
syllables arrang$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 is :at
 ! ,greeks call rhy?mus1 ! ,lat9s1      
num]us1 & we modulation or measure4     
,cic]o ju/ly obs]ves1 t 9 "o cont9u$    
s\nd !re is no modulation3 8,num]us 9   
cont9uatione nullus e/40 ,b 9 :at foll[s
 he is wide ( ! tru?1 if by num]us he   
means modulation or musical measure4    
8,di/9ctio1 et qualium et spe v>iorum   
int]vallorum p]cussio1 num]um conficit2 
quem 9 cad5tibus guttis1 quod int]vallis
 di/+uuntur1 not>e possumus40 ,fall+    
drops1 :e!r ) equal or unequal int]vals1
 are c]ta9ly n musical4 ,we beg9 !n only
 to be s5sible ( a musical expression1  
:5 ! notes are v>i$4 ,& ?is also 0      

probably ! op9ion ( ! au?or cit$1 ?\gh 8
 expression be a little ungu>d$#ig4  ,x 
w probably occur1 t modulation1 s f> z  
connect$ ) long & %ort syllables comb9$ 
9 a s5t5ce1 may be f\nd 9 prose z well z
 9 v]se2 consid]+ especially1 t 9 bo?1  
p>ticul> words are acc5t$ or pron\nc$ 9 
a high] tone ?an ord9>y2 & !re=e t !    
diff]5ce betwixt !m _c consi/ 9         
modulation m]ely4 ,! obs]vation is j2 & 
x foll[s1 t ! di/9ction betwixt prose & 
v]se1 s9ce x dep5ds n on modulation     
m]ely1 mu/ arise f ! diff]5ce ( !       
modulation4 ,?is is precisely ! case1   
?\gh ! diff]5ce _c ) any accuracy be    
expla9$ 9 words4 ,v]se is m musical ?an 
prose2 & ( ! =m]1 ! modulation is m     
p]fect ?an ( ! latt]4 ,! diff]5ce       
betwixt v]se & prose1 resembles !       
diff]5ce 9 music prop]ly s call$ betwixt
 ! song & ! recitative4 ,& ! resemblance
 is n ! less complete1 t ^! diff]5ces1 l
 ! %ades ( col\rs1 approximate sometimes
 s ne>ly z sc>ce to be disc]nible4 ,a   
recitative 9 its movem5t approa*es      

sometimes to ! livel9ess ( a song2 :i*  
on ! o!r h& deg5]ates sometimes t[>d a  
pla9 recitative4 ,no?+ is m di/+ui%able 
f prose1 ?an ! bulk ( ,virgil's         
hexamet]s4 ,_m ( ^? compos$ by ,horace1 
are v little remov$ f prose4 ,sapphic   
v]se has a v s5sible modulation4 ,t on !
 o!r h& ( an ,iambic1 is extremely      
fa9t#ih4  ,?is m p]fect modulation (    
articulate s\nds1 is :at di/+ui%e? v]se 
f prose4 ,v]se is subject$ to c]ta9     
inflexible laws4 ,! numb] & v>iety ( !  
compon5t syllables are asc]ta9$1 & 9 "s 
measure ! ord] ( succession4 ,su*       
re/ra9t makes x a matt] ( difficulty to 
compose 9 v]se2 a difficulty t is n to  
be surm\nt$ b by a s+ul> g5ius4 ,useful 
lessons ( e sort convey'd to u 9 v]se1  
are agreeable by ! union ( music )      
in/ruction4 ,b are we = t reason to     
reject k (f]$ 9 a pla9] dress8 ,?is w\ld
 be ridicul\s2 = k may be acquir$ )\t   
music1 & music is ent]ta9+ indep5d5t (  
k4 ,_m !re are1 n less will+ ?an capable
 to in/ruct u1 :o h no g5ius = v]se4    

,h5ce ! use ( prose1 :i*1 = ! reason n[ 
giv51 is n conf9$ to precise rules4 ,!re
 belongs to x1 a c]ta9 modulation ( an  
inf]ior k9d1 :i*1 be+ extremely         
ornam5tal1 ought to be ! aim ( e writ]4 
,b to succe$ 9 x1 practice is necess>y m
 ?an g5ius4 ,nor are we rigid on ?is    
article4 ,provid$ ! "w answ] its *ief   
end ( in/ruction1 we are ! less         
solicit\s ab\t its dress4  ,hav+        
asc]ta9$ ! nature & limits ( our        
subject1 ,i proce$ to ! laws by :i* x is
 regulat$4 ,^! w\ld be endless1 7 v]se (
 all diff]5t k9ds to be tak5 "u         
consid]ation4 ,i propose !re=e to conf9e
 ! inquiry1 to ,lat9 or ,greek hexamet]1
 & to ,fr5* & ,engli% h]oic v]se2 :i*   
p]haps w c>ry me f>!r ?an ! read] may   
*use to foll[4 ,! obs]vations ,i %all h 
occasion to make1 w at any rate be      
suffici5t = a specim52 & ^! ) prop]     
v>iations may easily be transf]r$ to !  
composition ( o!r sorts ( v]se4  ,be=e  
,i ent] ^u p>ticul>s1 x mu/ be premis$ 9
 g5]al1 t to v]se ( e k9d1 five ?+s are 

( importance4 #a/1 ,! numb] ( syllables 
t compose a v]se4 #b;d1 ,! diff]5t l5g?s
 ( syllables1 i4e4 ! diff]5ce ( "t tak5 
9 pron\nc+4 #c;d1 ,! arrangem5t ( ^!    
syllables comb9$ 9 words4 #d?1 ,! pauses
 or /ops 9 pron\nc+4 #e?1 ,pron\nc+     
syllables 9 a high or l[ tone4 ,! ?ree  
fir/ m5tion$ are obvi\sly ess5tial to   
v]se4 ,if any ( !m be want+1 !re _c be t
 high] degree ( modulation :i* di/+ui%e?
 v]se f prose4 ,to give a j notion ( !  
f\r?1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 t pauses are     
necess>y = ?ree diff]5t purposes4 ,"o   
is1 to sep>ate p]iods & memb]s ( ! same 
p]iod accord+ to ! s5se3 ano!r is1 to   
improve ! modulation ( v]se3 & ! la/ is1
 to af=d opportunity = draw+ brea? 9    
read+4 ,a pause ( ! fir/ k9d is v>iable1
 be+ long or %ort1 frequ5t or less      
frequ5t1 z ! s5se requires4 ,a pause ( !
 second k9d1 is 9 no degree arbitr>y2   
its place be+ det]m9$ by ! modulation4  
,! la/ sort aga9 is 9 a measure         
arbitr>y1 dep5d+ on ! read]'s comm& (   
brea?4 ,?is sort ought always to co9cide

 ) ! fir/ or second2 = "o _c read )     
grace1 unless1 = draw+ brea?1           
opportunity be tak5 ( a pause 9 ! s5se  
or 9 ! melody2 & = t reason ?is pause   
may be neglect$4 ,) respect !n to !     
pauses ( s5se & ( melody1 x may be      
affirm$ )\t hesitation1 t _! co9cid5ce 9
 v]se is a capital beauty4 ,b z x _c be 
expect$1 9 a long "w especially1 t e l9e
 %\ld be s p]fect2 we %all aft]w>d h    
occasion to see1 t ! pause necess>y =   
s5se mu/ (t51 9 "s degree1 be sacrific$ 
to ! v]se-pause2 & ! latt] sometimes to 
! =m]4  ,! pron\nc+ syllables 9 a high  
or l[ tone1 contributes also to melody4 
,9 read+1 :e!r v]se or prose1 a c]ta9   
tone is assum$1 :i* may be call$ !      
key-note2 & 9 ?is tone ! bulk ( ! words 
are s\nd$4 ,sometimes to hum\r ! s5se & 
sometimes ! melody1 a p>ticul> syllable 
is s\nd$ 9 a high] tone2 & ?is is t]m$  
acc5t+ a syllable1 or grac+ x ) an      
acc5t4 ,oppos$ to ! acc5t1 is ! cad5ce1 
:i* ,i h n m5tion$ z "o ( ! requisites (
 v]se1 because x is entirely regulat$ by

 ! s5se1 & ha? no peculi> relation to   
v]se4 ,! cad5ce is a fall+ ( ! voice    
bel[ ! key-note at ! close ( e p]iod2 & 
s little is x ess5tial to v]se1 t 9     
correct read+ ! f9al syllable ( e l9e is
 acc5t$1 t syllable only except$ :i*    
closes ! p]iod1 :]e ! s5se requires a   
cad5ce4 ,! read] may be satisfi$ ( ?is  
by exp]im5ts2 & = t purpose ,i recomm5d 
to him ! ,rape ( ! ,lock1 :i*1 9 po9t ( 
v]sification1 is ! mo/ complete p]=mance
 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,let him consult 
9 p>ticul> a p]iod canto #b4 beg9n+ at  
l9e #dg4 & clos$ l9e #eb4 ) ! ^w gay1   
:i* only ( ! :ole f9al syllables is     
pron\nc$ ) a cad5ce4 ,he may also exam9e
 ano!r p]iod 9 ! #e? canto1 :i* runs f  
l9e #de4 to l9e #eb4  ,?\gh ! five      
requisites above m5tion$1 ent] !        
composition ( e species ( v]se1 !y are  
h[ev] gov]n$ by diff]5t rules1 peculi>  
to ea* species4 ,^u quantity only1 "o   
g5]al obs]vation may be premis$1 because
 x is applicable to e species ( v]se4   
,syllables1 ) respect to ! "t tak5 9    

pron\nc+1 are di/+ui%$ into long & %ort2
 two %ort syllables1 ) respect to "t1   
be+ precisely equal to "o long4 ,^! two 
l5g?s are ess5tial to v]se ( all k9ds2 &
 to no v]se1 s f> z ,i "k1 is a great]  
v>iety ( "t necess>y 9 pron\nc+         
syllables4 ,! voice inde$ is frequ5tly  
made to re/ long] ?an commonly1 ^u a ^w 
t be>s an important signification4 ,b   
?is is done to hum\r ! s5se1 & is n     
necess>y = ! modulation4 ,a ?+ n m      
necess>y occurs ) respect to acc5t+1    
simil> to t n[ m5tion$4 ,a ^w signify+  
any ?+ humble1 l[1 or deject$1 is       
naturally1 9 prose z well z 9 v]se1     
pron\nc$ 9 a tone bel[ ! key-note4  ,we 
are n[ suffici5tly prep>$ = ent]+ ^u    
p>ticul>s2 & ,lat9 or ,greek ,hexamet]1 
:i* are ! same1 com+ fir/ 9 ord]1 ,i    
%all exhau/ :at ,i h to say ^u ?is      
species ( v]se1 "u ! f\r foll[+ heads2 (
 numb]1 arrangem5t1 pause1 & acc5t2 = z 
to quantity1 s f> z conc]ns ! pres5t    
po9t1 :at is obs]v$ above may suffice4  
,hexamet] l9es are1 ) respect to "t1 all

 ( ! same l5g?4 ,a l9e may consi/ (     
sev5te5 syllables2 & :5 regul> & n      
,spondaic1 x nev] has few] ?an ?irte54  
,h5ce x is pla91 t :]e ! syllables are  
_m1 ! plurality mu/ be %ort2 :]e few1 ! 
plurality mu/ be long4 ,& ^u ! :ole1 !  
numb] ( syllables 9 e l9e ) respect to !
 "t tak5 9 pron\nc+1 are equival5t to   
twelve long syllables1 or tw5ty-f\r     
%ort4  ,) reg>d to arrangem5t1 ?is l9e  
is susceptible ( mu* v>iety4 ,!         
succession ( long & %ort syllables1 may 
be greatly v>i$ )\t injur+ ! melody4 ,x 
is subject$ h[ev] to laws1 t conf9e its 
v>iety )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,= try+ !       
arrangem5t1 & = det]m9+ :e!r x be p]fect
 or faulty1 gramm>ians h inv5t$ a rule  
by ,dactyles & ,spondees1 :i* !y        
d5om9ate feet4 ,"o at fir/ view is l$ to
 ?9k1 t ^! feet are also int5d$ to      
regulate ! pronunciation4 ,b ?is is f> f
 be+ ! case4 ,x w appe> by & by1 t !    
rules ( pronunciation are v diff]5t4 ,& 
inde$ 7 "o to pron\nce accord+ to ^!    
feet1 ! melody ( a ,hexamet] l9e w\ld be

 de/roy'd1 or at be/ be mu* inf]ior to  
:at x is :5 prop]ly pron\nc$#ii4 ,^!    
feet !n mu/ be conf9$ to _! sole prov9ce
 ( regulat+ ! arrangem5t1 = !y s]ve no  
o!r purpose4 ,!y are )al s artificial & 
complex1 t1 neglect+ !m altoge!r1 ,i am 
tempt$ to sub/itute 9 _! room1 o!r      
rules1 m simple & ( m easy application2 
= example1 ! foll[+4 #a/1 ,! l9e mu/    
always comm5ce ) a long syllable1 &     
close ) two long prec$$ by two %ort4    
#b;d1 ,m ?an two %ort c nev] be f\nd 9  
any "p ( ! l9e1 nor few] ?an two if any4
 ,&1 #c;d1 ,two long syllables :i* h be5
 prec$$ by two %ort1 _c also be foll[$  
by two %ort4 ,^! few rules fulfil all ! 
conditions ( a ,hexamet] l9e1 ) relation
 to ord] or arrangem5t4 ,to ^! aga9 a   
s+le rule may be sub/itut$1 = :i* ,i h a
 /ill great] reli%1 z x regulates m     
affirmatively ! con/ruction ( e "p4 ,t  
,i may put ?is rule into words ) !      
great] facility1 ,i take a h9t f !      
twelve long syllables t compose an      
,hexamet] l9e1 to divide x into twelve  

equal p>ts or portions1 be+ ea* ( !m "o 
long syllable or two %ort4 ,?is         
prelim9>y be+ e/abli%$1 ! rule is %ortly
 :at foll[s4 ,! #a/1 #c;d1 #e?1 #g?1    
#i?1 #aa?1 & #ab? portions1 mu/ ea* ( !m
 be "o long syllable2 ! #aj? mu/ always 
be two %ort syllables2 ! #b;d1 #d?1 #f?1
 & #h?1 may indiff]5tly be "o long or   
two %ort4 ,or to express ! ?+ /ill m    
curtly1 ,! #b;d1 #d?1 #f?1 & #h?        
portions may be "o long syllable or two 
%ort2 ! #aj? mu/ be two %ort syllables2 
all ! re/ mu/ consi/ ( "o long syllable4
 ,?is fulfils all ! conditions ( an     
,hexamet] l9e1 & compreh5ds all !       
comb9ations ( ,dactyles & ,spondees t   
?is l9e admits4         99       99     
99       99       99  ,next 9 ord] comes
 ! pause4 ,at ! end ( e ,hexamet] l9e1  
no e> b mu/ be s5sible ( a complete     
close or full pause4 ,?is effect is     
produc$ by ! foll[+ means4 ,e l9e       
inv>iably is f9i%$ ) two long syllables 
prec$$ by two %ort2 a f9e prep>ation = a
 full close4 ,syllables pron\nc$ sl[1   

resemble a sl[ & languid motion t5d+ to 
re/4 ,! m9d put 9 ! same tone by !      
pronunciation1 is naturally dispos$ to a
 pause4 ,& to ?is disposition ! two     
prec$+ %ort syllables contribute2 = ^!1 
by contra/1 make ! sl[ pronunciation ( !
 f9al syllables ! m conspicu\s4 ,beside 
?is complete close or full pause at !   
end1 o!rs are also requisite = ! sake ( 
melody4 ,i discov] two cle>ly1 & p]haps 
!re may be m4 ,! longe/ & mo/ rem>kable1
 succe$s ! #e? portion1 accord+ to !    
=ego+ measure4 ,! o!r1 :i* be+ m fa9t1  
may be call$ ! semipause1 succe$s ! #h? 
portion4 ,s /rik+ is ! pause fir/       
m5tion$1 z to be di/+ui%$ ev5 by ! rude/
 e>4 ,! monki% rhymes are evid5tly built
 ^u x4 ,9 ^!1 x is an inv>iable rule1 to
 make ! f9al ^w *ime ) t :i* imm$iately 
prec$es ! pause3      ,de planctu endo  
mitrum cum c>m9e nudo     ,m+]e cum     
bumbis  res e/ solub]rima lumbis4  ,!   
diff]5ce ( "t 9 ! pause & semipause1    
occasions ano!r diff]5ce n less         
rem>kable4 ,! pause ought regul>ly to be

 at ! end ( a ^w2 b x is lawful to      
divide a ^w by a semipause4 ,! bad      
effect ( divid+ a ^w by ! pause1 is     
s5sibly felt 9 ! foll[+ examples4       
,effusus labor1 atque inmitis rupta     
,tyranni  ,aga91      ,obs]vans nido    
implumes detraxit2 at illa  ,aga91      
,loricam quam ,demoleo detrax]at ipse   
,! divid+ a ^w by a semipause has n !   
same bad effect3      ,jamque p$em      
ref]5s  casus evas]at omnes4  ,aga91    
,qualis populea  mr5s ,philomela sub    
umbra  ,aga91      ,lud]e qu vellem     
calamo p]misit agre/i4  ,l9es1 h[ev]1   
:]e words are left entire to be pron\nc$
 z !y ought to be1 )\t be+ divid$ ev5 by
 a semipause1 run by t means mu* ! m    
sweetly4      ,nec gem]e area  cessabit 
turtur ab ulmo4  ,aga91                 
,quadrup$ante putrem  sonitu quatit     
ungula campum4  ,aga91      ,eurydic5   
toto  ref]ebant  flum9e rip4  ,! reason 
( ^! obs]vations1 w be evid5t ^u !      
slighte/ reflection4 ,betwixt ?+s s     
intimately connect$ z s5se & s\nd 9     

pronunciation1 to f9d discordance is    
unpleasant to ! e>2 & = t reason1 x is a
 matt] ( importance1 to make ! musical  
pauses co9cide z mu* z possible ) ^? ( !
 s5se4 ,?is is requisite1 m especially1 
) respect to ! pause4 ,a deviation f !  
rule is less rem>kable 9 a semipause1   
:i* makes b a slight impression4        
,consid]+ ! matt] z to modulation       
solely1 x is indiff]5t :e!r ! pauses be 
at ! end ( words or 9 ! middle4 ,b :5 we
 c>ry ! s5se along1 no?+ is m           
disagreeable ?an to f9d a ^w split into 
two p>ts1 nei!r ( :i* sep>ately h any   
mean+4 ,?is bad effect1 ?\gh x reg>d !  
s5se only1 is by an easy transition (   
ideas transf]r$ to ! s\nd1 ) :i* ! s5se 
is intimately connect$2 & by ?is means1 
we conceive a l9e to be h>% & grat+ to !
 e>1 :i* 9 reality is only s to !       
und]/&+#ajj4  ,to ! rule :i* places !   
pause aft] ! #e? portion1 !re is "o     
exception1 & no m4 ,if ! syllable       
succe$+ ! #e? portion be %ort1 ! pause  
is sometimes po/pon$ to x3              

,pupillis quos dura  premit cu/odia     
matrum  ,aga91      ,9 t]ris oppressa   
gravi sub religione  ,aga91      ,et    
quorum p>s magna  fui2 quis talia f&o   
,?is contributes to div]sify ! melody2 &
 :]e ! words are smoo? & liquid1 is n   
ungraceful2 z 9 ! foll[+ examples4      
,=mosam reson>e  doces ,am>yllida sylvas
  ,aga91      ,agricolas1 quibus ipsa   
procul discordibus armis  ,if ?is pause1
 po/pon$ z a=esaid to ! %ort syllable1  
happ5 also to divide a ^w1 ! melody by  
^! circum/ances is totally annihilat$3  
witness ! foll[+ l9e ( ,ennius1 :i* is  
pla9 prose4      ,rom mnia t]rux impig] 
,hannibal armis  ,hi!rto ! arrangem5t ( 
! long & %ort syllables ( an ,hexamet]  
l9e & its diff]5t pauses1 h be5 consid]$
 ) respect to melody4 ,b to h a j notion
 ( ,hexamet] v]se1 ^! p>ticul>s mu/ also
 be consid]$ ) respect to s5se4 ,!re is 
n p]haps 9 any o!r sort ( v]se1 su* a   
latitude 9 ! long & %ort syllables4 ,?is
 circum/ance contributes greatly to t   
ri*ness ( modulation :i* is rem>kable 9 

,hexamet] v]se2 & :i* makes ,ari/otle   
pron\nce1 t an epic poem 9 any o!r sort 
w\ld n succe$#aja4 ,"o defect h[ev] mu/ 
n be dissembl$4 ,! same means t         
contribute to ! ri*ness ( ! melody1 r5d]
 x less fit ?an sev]al o!r sorts = a    
n>rative poem4 ,) reg>d to ! melody1 z  
above obs]v$1 !re _c be a m artful      
contrivance ?an to close an ,hexamet]   
l9e ) two long syllables prec$$ by two  
%ort4 ,b unhappily ?is con/ruction      
proves a great imb>rassm5t to ! s5se2 z 
w be evid5t f :at foll[s4 ,z 9 g5]al !re
 ought to be a /rict concordance betwixt
 e ?\ght & ! words 9 :i* x is dress$1 s 
9 p>ticul>1 e close 9 ! s5se1 complete &
 incomplete1 ought to be accompani$ ) a 
simil> close 9 ! s\nd4 ,9 ! composition 
( prose1 !re is suffici5t latitude =    
apply+ ?is rule 9 ! /ricte/ mann]4 ,b ! 
same /rictness 9 v]se1 w\ld occasion    
insup]able difficulties4 ,"s %>e ( !    
concordance betwixt ?\ght & expression1 
may be ju/ly sacrific$ to ! melody (    
v]se2 & !re=e dur+ ! c\rse ( a l9e1 we  

freely excuse ! want ( co9cid5ce ( !    
musical pause ) t ( ! s5se4 ,b ! close (
 an ,hexamet] l9e is too conspicu\s to  
admit a total neglect ( ?is co9cid5ce4  
,& h5ce x foll[s1 t !re ought to be     
always "s pause 9 ! s5se at ! end ( e   
,hexamet] l9e1 7 x b su* a pause z is   
m>k$ ) a comma4 ,x foll[s also1 = ! same
 reason1 t !re ought nev] to be a full  
close 9 ! s5se b at ! end ( a l9e1      
because !re ! modulation is clos$4 ,an  
,hexamet] l9e1 to pres]ve its melody1 _c
 well p]mit any great] relaxation2 & yet
 9 a n>rative poem1 x is extremely      
difficult to keep up to ! rule ev5 ) ^! 
indulg5ces4 ,virgil1 ! greate/ poet =   
v]sification t ev] exi/$1 is =c'd (t5 to
 end a l9e )\t any close 9 ! s5se1 & z  
(t5 to close ! s5se dur+ ! runn+ ( a    
l9e3 ?\gh a close 9 ! melody dur+ !     
movem5t ( ! ?\ght1 or a close 9 ! ?\ght 
dur+ ! movem5t ( ! melody1 _c fail to be
 disagreeable4         99       99      
99       99       99  ,! acc5t1 to :i*  
we proce$1 is n less ess5tial ?an ! o!r 

circum/ances above h&l$4 ,by a good e> x
 w be disc]n$1 t 9 e l9e !re is "o      
syllable di/+ui%able f ! re/ by a /rong 
acc5t4 ,?is syllable mak+ ! #g? portion1
 is inv>iably long2 & 9 po9t ( "t       
occupies a place ne>ly at an equal      
di/ance f ! pause :i* succe$s ! #e?     
portion1 & ! semipause1 :i* succe$s !   
#h?3      ,nec b5e prom]itis  capitr nec
  tangitur ira  ,aga91      ,non sibi s$
 toto  g5itm se  cr$]e mundo  ,aga91    
,qualis spelunca  subit commota columba 
,9 ^! examples1 ! acc5t is laid ^u ! la/
 syllable ( a ^w4 ,& t ?is is a         
fav\rable circum/ance = ! melody1 w     
appe> f ! foll[+ consid]ation4 ,9 read+1
 !re mu/ be "s pause aft] e ^w1 to      
sep>ate x f :at foll[s2 & ?is pause1    
h[ev] %ort1 supports ! acc5t4 ,h5ce x   
is1 t a l9e ?us acc5t$1 has a m spirit$ 
air1 ?an :]e ! acc5t is plac$ on any o!r
 syllable4 ,comp>e ! =ego+ l9es ) !     
foll[+4      ,alba neque ,assyrio       
fuctur  lana v55o  ,aga91      ,p&itur  
int]ea  domus mnipot5tis ,olympi  ,aga91

      ,olli s$ato  respndit  corde      
,lat9us  ,9 l9es :]e ! pause comes aft] 
! %ort syllable succe$+ ! #e? portion1 !
 acc5t is displac$ & r5d]$ less s5sible4
 ,x seems to be split into two1 & to be 
laid p>tly on ! #e? portion1 & p>tly on 
! #g?1 its usual place2 z 9      ,nuda  
g5u1 nodque  s9s collecta flu5tes       
,aga91      ,=mosam resonre  docs       
,am>yllida sylvas  ,beside ?is capital  
acc5t1 slight] acc5ts are laid ^u o!r   
portions2 p>ticul>ly ^u ! #d?1 unless   
:]e x consi/s ( two %ort syllables2 ^u !
 #i?1 :i* is always a long syllable2 &  
^u ! #aa?1 :]e ! l9e concludes ) a      
monosyllable4 ,su* conclusion1 by ! by1 
less5s ! melody1 & = t reason is n to be
 indulg$ unless :]e x is expressive ( ! 
s5se4 ,! foll[+ l9es are m>k$ ) all !   
acc5ts4      ,lud]e qu vllem calam      
p]msit agre/i  ,aga91      ,et dur      
qurcus sudbunt rscida mella  ,aga91     
,p>turiunt mntes1 nasctur rdiculs mus   
,inquir+ into ! melody ( ,hexamet] v]se1
 we soon discov]1 t ord] or arrangem5t  

do? n con/itute ! :ole ( x4 ,comp>+     
diff]5t l9es1 equally regul> z to !     
succession ( long & %ort syllables1 !   
melody is f\nd 9 v diff]5t degrees (    
p]fection4 ,nor does ! diff]5ce arise f 
any p>ticul> comb9ation ( ,dactyles &   
,spondees1 or ( long & %ort syllables4  
,on ! contr>y1 we f9d l9es :]e ,dactyles
 prevail & l9es :]e ,spondees prevail1  
equally melodi\s4 ,( ! =m] take ! foll[+
 in/ance3      neadum g5etrix hom9um    
divumque voluptas4  ,( ! latt]3         
,molli paulatim flavescet campus ari/a4 
,:at c be m diff]5t z to melody ?an !   
two foll[+ l9es1 :i*1 h[ev]1 z to !     
succession ( long & %ort syllables1 are 
con/ruct$ precisely 9 ! same mann]8     
,spond4 ,dact4 ,spond4 ,spond4 ,dact4   
,spond4     ,ad talos /ola dimissa et   
circumdata palla4 ,hor4      ,spond4    
,dact4 ,spond4 ,spond4 ,dact4 ,spond4   
,placatumque nitet diffuso lum9e clum4  
,lucret4  ,9 ! =m]1 ! pause falls 9 !   
middle ( a ^w1 :i* is a great blemi%1 & 
! acc5t is di/urb$ by a h>% elision ( ! 

v[el a ^u ! p>ticle et4 ,9 ! latt] !    
pauses & ! acc5t are all ( !m di/9ct &  
full3 !re is no elision3 & ! words are m
 liquid & s\nd+4 ,9 ^! p>ticul>s consi/s
 ! beauty ( an ,hexamet] l9e ) respect  
to melody2 & by neglect+ ^!1 _m l9es 9 !
 ,satires & ,epi/les ( ,horace are less 
agreeable ?an pla9 prose2 = !y are nei!r
 ! "o nor ! o!r 9 p]fection4 ,to make ^!
 l9es s\nd1 !y mu/ be pron\nc$ )\t      
relation to ! s5se4 ,x mu/ n be reg>d$1 
t words are divid$ by pauses1 nor t h>% 
elisions are multipli$4 ,to add to !    
acc\nt1 prosaic l[ s\nd+ words are      
introduc$2 & :i* is /ill worse1 acc5ts  
are laid on !m4 ,( su* faulty l9es take 
! foll[+ in/ances4      ,c&ida rectaque 
sit1 munda hact5us sit neque longa4     
,jupit] exclamat simul atque audirit2 at
 9 se     ,cu/odes1 lectica1 c9iflones1 
p>asit     ,optimus e/ modulator1 ut    
,alf5us ,vaf] omni     ,nunc illud      
tantum quram1 m]itone tibi sit4  ,next 9
 ord] comes ,engli% h]oic v]se1 :i* %all
 be exam9$ "u ! :ole five heads1 (      

numb]1 quantity1 arrangem5t1 pause1 &   
acc5t4 ,?is v]se sometimes employs      
rhymes & sometimes n1 :i* di/+ui%es x   
into two k9ds2 "o nam$ metre1 & "o blank
 v]se4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! l9es are connect$ two
 & two by simil>ity ( s\nd 9 ! f9al     
syllables2 & su* connect$ l9es are t]m$ 
c\plets4 ,simil>ity ( s\nd be+ avoid$ 9 
! latt]1 bani%es c\plets4 ,^! two sorts 
mu/ be h&l$ sep>ately1 because !re are  
_m peculi>ities 9 ea*4 ,! fir/ article )
 respect to rhyme or metre1 %all be     
discuss$ 9 a few words4 ,e l9e consi/s (
 t5 syllables1 five %ort & five long4   
,!re are b two exceptions1 bo? ( !m r>e4
 ,a c\plet c be> to be drawn out1 by    
add+ a %ort syllable at ! end ( ea* ( ! 
two l9es3      ,!re h]o's wits are kept 
9 pond'r\s vases1     ,& beau's 9       
snuff-boxes & tweez]-cases4      ,!     
piece1 y ?9k1 is incorrect8 ,:y1 take x2
     ,i'm all submission2 :at y'd h x1  
make x4  ,?is lic5ce is suff]able 9 a   
s+le c\plet2 b if frequ5t w\ld soon     
become disgu/ful4  ,! o!r exception     

conc]ns ! second l9e ( a c\plet1 :i* is 
sometimes /ret*$ out to twelve          
syllables1 t]m$ an ,alex&r9e l9e4       
,a ne$less ,alex&r9e ends ! song1       
,t1 l a w\nd$ snake1 drags its sl[ l5g? 
along4  ,x do? extremely well :5        
employ'd to close a p]iod ) a c]ta9 pomp
 & solemnity suitable to ! subject4  ,) 
reg>d to ! second article1 x is         
unnecess>y to m5tion a second "t1 t !   
quantities employ'd 9 v]se are b two1 ! 
"o d\ble ( ! o!r2 t e syllable is       
r$ucible to "o or o!r ( ^! /&>ds2 & t a 
syllable ( ! l>g] quantity is t]m$ long1
 & ( ! less] quantity %ort4 ,x belongs m
 to ! pres5t article1 to exam9e :at     
peculi>ities !re may be 9 ! ,engli%     
language z to long & %ort syllables4 ,9 
e language1 !re are syllables t may be  
pron\nc$ long or %ort at pleasure2 b !  
,engli% above all ab\nds 9 syllables ( t
 k9d4 ,9 words ( ?ree or m syllables1 ! 
quantity = ! mo/ "p is inv>iable4 ,!    
exceptions are m frequ5t 9 dissyllables2
 b z to monosyllables1 !y may )\t _m    

exceptions be pron\nc$ ei!r long or     
%ort4 ,nor is ! e> hurt by ?is lib]ty2  
be+ accu/om$ to ! v>iation ( quantity 9 
! same ^w4 ,?is %[s t ! melody ( ,engli%
 v]se mu/ dep5d less ^u quantity1 ?an ^u
 o!r circum/ances4 ,9 t p>ticul> x      
diff]s widely f ,lat9 v]se4 ,!re1 e     
syllable hav+ b "o s\nd1 /rikes ! e>    
con/antly ) its accu/om$ impression2 & a
 read] mu/ be delight$ to f9d a numb] ( 
su* syllables1 dispos$ s artfully z to  
raise a lively s5se ( melody4 ,syllables
 v>iable 9 quantity _c possess ?is p[]4 
,cu/om may r5d] famili>1 bo? a long &   
%ort pronunciation ( ! same ^w2 b ! m9d 
con/antly wav]+ betwixt ! two s\nds1 _c 
be s mu* affect$ ) a syllable ( ?is k9d 
z ) "o :i* be>s always ! same s\nd4 ,:at
 ,i h fur!r to say ^u quantity1 w come 9
 m prop]ly "u ! foll[+ head1 (          
arrangem5t4  ,& ) respect to arrangem5t1
 :i* may be br\ght )9 a n>r[ compass1 ! 
,engli% h]oic l9e is commonly ,iambic1 !
 fir/ syllable %ort1 ! second long1 & s 
on alt]nately ?r\gh ! :ole l9e4 ,"o     

exception !re is1 pretty frequ5t4 ,_m   
l9es comm5ce ) a ,tro*u1 viz4 a long & a
 %ort syllable4 ,b ?is affects n ! ord] 
( ! foll[+ syllables4 ,^! g on          
alt]nately z usual1 "o %ort & "o long4  
,! foll[+ c\plet af=ds an example ( ea* 
k9d3      ,sme n ? felds f pr/ ?r ply1  
nd bsk nd :tn n ? blze f dy4  ,x is     
unhappy 9 ! con/ruction ( ,engli% v]se1 
t x excludes ! bulk ( polysyllables1    
?\gh ! mo/ s\nd+ words 9 our language2 =
 ^u exam9ation x w be f\nd1 t v few ( !m
 are compos$ ( su* alt]nation ( long &  
%ort syllables z to correspond to ei!r (
 ! arrangem5ts m5tion$4 ,engli% v]se    
accord+ly is almo/ totally r$uc$ to     
dissyllables & monosyllables4           
,magnanimity is a s\nd+ ^w totally      
exclud$4 ,impetuosity is /ill a f9] ^w  
by ! resemblance ( ! s\nd & s5se2 & yet 
a negative is put ^u x1 z well z ^u     
numb]less words ( ! same k9d4           
,polysyllables compos$ ( syllables long 
& %ort alt]nately1 make a good figure 9 
v]se2 = example1 obs]vance1 oppon5t1    

o/5sive1 p9d>ic1 productive1 prolific1 &
 su* o!rs ( ?ree syllables4 ,imitation1 
imp]fection1 misdemean\r1 mitigation1   
mod]ation1 obs]vator1 ornam5tal1        
regulator1 & o!rs simil> ( f\r          
syllables1 beg9n+ ) two %ort syllables1 
! ?ird long1 & ! f\r? %ort1 may f9d a   
place 9 a l9e comm5c+ ) a ,tro*u4 ,i "k 
n if !re be any ( five syllables4 ,"o ,i
 "k ( six1 viz4 mis9t]pretation4 ,b     
words s compos$ are n frequ5t 9 our     
language4  ,"o w\ld n imag9e )\t trial1 
h[ unc\? false quantity appe>s 9 v]se2 n
 less ?an a prov9cial tone or idiom4 ,! 
article ! is "o ( ! few monosyllables t 
is inv>iably %ort4 ,see h[ h>% x makes a
 l9e :]e x mu/ be pron\nc$ long3        
,?s nmph1 t ? d/rctin f mnknd1  ,aga93  
,?' dvnt'ru brn ? brght lcks dmr'd4     
,let ! article be pron\nc$ %ort1 & x    
r$uces ! melody almo/ to no?+4 ,bett] s 
h[ev] ?an a false quantity4 ,9 ! foll[+ 
examples we p]ceive ! same defect4      
,& old imp]t95ce  expel by new4      ,) 
v>y+ vanities  f ev'ry "p4      ,love 9 

^! labyr9?s  8 slaves deta9s4      ,new 
/ratagems  ! radiant lock to ga94       
,h] eyes half-langui%+  half-dr[n'd 9   
te>s4      ,ro>'d = ! h&k]*ief  t caus'd
 8 pa94      ,passions l elem5ts  ?\gh  
born to fight4  ,! great v>iety (       
modulation conspicu\s 9 ,engli% v]se1 w 
be f\nd ^u trial to arise *iefly f !    
pauses & acc5ts2 & !re=e ^! circum/ances
 are ( great] importance ?an is commonly
 ?\ght4 ,!re is a degree ( intricacy 9  
?is bran* ( our subject1 & x w require  
"s pa9s to give a di/9ct view ( x4 ,b we
 mu/ n be disc\rag$ by difficulties4 ,! 
pause1 :i* paves ! way to ! acc5t1 (f]s 
itself fir/ to our exam9ation4 ,f a v   
%ort trial1 ! foll[+ facts w be v]ifi$4 
#a/1 ,a l9e admits b "o capital pause4  
#b;d1 ,9 diff]5t l9es1 we f9d ?is pause 
aft] ! f\r? syllable1 aft] ! fif?1 aft] 
! six?1 & aft] ! sev5?4 ,^! p>ticul>s   
lay a solid f\ndation = divid+ ,engli%  
h]oic l9es into f\r sorts1 di/+ui%$ by !
 diff]5t places ( ! pause4 ,nor is ?is  
an idle di/9ction4 ,on ! contr>y1 unless

 x be kept 9 view1 we _c h any j notion 
( ! ri*ness & v>iety ( ,engli%          
v]sification4 ,ea* sort or ord] ha? a   
melody peculi> to itself1 readily       
di/+ui%able by a good e>2 &1 9 ! sequel1
 ,i am n )\t hopes to make ! cause ( ?is
 peculi>ity suffici5tly evid5t4 ,x mu/  
be obs]v$1 at ! same "t1 t ! pause _c be
 made indiff]5tly at any ( ! places     
m5tion$4 ,x is ! s5se t regulates !     
pause1 z w be se5 m fully aft]w>d2 &    
consequ5tly1 x is ! s5se t det]m9es (   
:at ord] e l9e mu/ be4 ,!re c be b "o   
capital musical pause 9 a l9e2 & ?is    
pause ought to co9cide1 if possible1 ) a
 pause 9 ! s5se2 9 ord] t ! s\nd may    
accord ) ! s5se4  ,:at is said mu/ be   
illu/rat$ by examples ( ea* sort or     
ord]4 ,& fir/ ( ! pause aft] ! f\r?     
syllable3      ,back ?r\gh ! pa?s  (    
pleas+ s5se ,i ran  ,aga91      ,pr(use 
( bliss  & pregnant ) delight  ,aft] !  
#e?3      ,s :5 an angel  by div9e      
comm&1     ,) ris+ tempe/s  %akes a     
guilty l&1  ,aft] ! #f?3      ,spe$ !   

s(t int]c\rse  f s\l to s\l  ,aga91     
,!n f 8 clos+ eyes  ?y =m %all "p  ,aft]
 ! #g?3      ,& taught ! d\btful battle 
:]e to rage  ,aga91      ,& 9 ! smoo?   
description  murmur /ill  ,beside !     
capital pause n[ m5tion$1 o!r inf]ior or
 semipauses w be discov]$ by a nice e>4 
,( ^! !re are commonly two 9 ea* l9e2 "o
 be=e ! capital pause1 & "o aft] x4 ,!  
=m] is inv>iably plac$ aft] ! fir/ long 
syllable1 :e!r ! l9e beg9 ) a long      
syllable or a %ort4 ,! o!r 9 its v>iety 
imitates ! capital pause4 ,9 "s l9es x  
foll[s ! #f? syllable1 9 "s ! #g?1 & 9  
"s ! #h?4 ,( ^! semipauses take ! foll[+
 examples4         99       99       99 
99       99  #a/ & #h?3      ,l$  ?r\gh 
a sad  v>iety  ( wo4  #a/ & #g?3        
,/ill  on t brea/  enam\r'd  let me lie 
#b;d & #h?3      ,f /orms  a %elt]  & f 
heat  a %ade  #b;d & #f?3      ,let     
weal?  let hon\r  wait  ! w$d$ dame     
#b;d & #g?3      ,above  all pa9  all   
passion  & all pride  ,ev5 f ^! few     
examples1 x appe>s1 t ! place ( ! la/   

semipause1 l t ( ! full pause1 is       
direct$ 9 a good measure by ! s5se4 ,its
 prop] place ) respect to ! melody is   
aft] ! eigh? syllable1 s z to f9i% ! l9e
 ) an ,iambus di/9ctly pron\nc$1 :i*1 by
 a long syllable aft] a %ort1 is a      
prep>ation = re/4 ,if ?is hold1 ! plac+ 
?is semipause aft] ! #f? or aft] ! #g?  
syllable1 mu/ be direct$ by ! s5se1 9   
ord] to avoid a pause 9 ! middle ( a ^w1
 or betwixt two words intimately        
connect$2 & s f> melody is ju/ly        
sacrific$ to s5se4  ,9 disc\rs+ ( ! full
 pause 9 a ,hexamet] l9e1 x is laid d[n 
z a rule1 ,t x ought nev] to divide a   
^w4 ,su* lic5ce deviates too f> f !     
connection t ought to be betwixt !      
pauses ( s5se & ( melody4 ,& 9 an       
,engli% l9e1 x is = ! same reason       
equally wrong to divide a ^w by a full  
pause4 ,let u ju/ify ?is reason by      
exp]im5ts4      ,a noble sup]fluity x   
craves      ,abhor1 a p]petuity %\ld /& 
,are ^! l9es di/+ui%able f prose8       
,sc>cely1 ,i ?9k4  ,! same rule is n    

applicable to a semipause1 :i* be+ %ort 
& fa9t1 is n s5sibly disagreeable :5 x  
divides a ^w4      ,rel5tless walls  ^: 
d>ksome r\nd  conta9s      ,= h]  :ite  
virg9s  hymeneals s+      ,9 ^!  deep   
solitudes  & awful cells  ,x mu/ h[ev]  
be ackn[l$g$1 t ! melody "h suff]s 9 "s 
degree4 ,a ^w ought to be pron\nc$ )\t  
any re/ betwixt its compon5t syllables4 
,! semipause mu/ b5d to ?is rule1 &     
!reby vani%e? almo/ altoge!r4  ,) reg>d 
to ! capital pause1 x is s ess5tial to !
 melody1 t a poet _c be too nice 9 !    
*oice ( its place1 9 ord] to h x full1  
cle>1 & di/9ct4 ,x _c be plac$ m happily
 ?an ) a pause 9 ! s5se2 & if ! s5se    
require b a comma aft] ! f\r?1 fif?1    
six?1 or sev5? syllable1 !re c be no    
difficulty ab\t ?is musical pause4 ,b to
 make su* co9cid5ce ess5tial1 w\ld cramp
 v]sification too mu*2 & we h exp]i5ce =
 our au?ority1 t !re may be a pause 9 ! 
melody :]e ! s5se requires none4 ,we mu/
 n h[ev] imag9e1 t a musical pause may  
be plac$ at ! end ( any ^w indiff]5tly4 

,"s words1 l syllables ( ! same ^w1 are 
s intimately connect$ z n to be> a      
sep>ation ev5 by a pause4 ,no good poet 
ev] attempt$ to sep>ate a sub/antive f  
its article3 ! divid+ su* intimate      
companions1 w\ld be h>% & unpleasant4 ,!
 foll[+ l9e1 = example1 _c be pron\nc$ )
 a pause z m>k$4      ,if ,delia smile1 
!  fl['rs beg9 to spr+  ,b ought to be  
pron\nc$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4      ,if     
,delia smile1  ! fl['rs beg9 to spr+4   
,if !n x be n a matt] ( indiff]5cy :]e  
to make ! pause1 !re ought to be rules =
 det]m9+ :at words may be sep>at$ by a  
pause & :at are incapable ( su*         
sep>ation4 ,i %all endeav\r to unfold ^!
 rules2 n *iefly = _! utility1 b 9 ord] 
to exemplify "s lat5t pr9ciples t t5d to
 regulate our ta/e ev5 :]e we are sc>ce 
s5sible ( !m4 ,& to t end1 x seems !    
eligible me?od to run ov] ! v]bal       
relations1 beg9n+ ) ! mo/ intimate4 ,!  
fir/ t pres5ts itself1 is t ( adjective 
& sub/antive1 be+ ! relation ( sub/ance 
& quality1 ! mo/ intimate ( all4 ,a     

quality _c exi/ indep5d5t ( a sub/ance1 
nor is x sep>able f x ev5 9 imag9ation1 
because !y make p>ts ( ! same idea2 & = 
t reason1 x mu/1 ) reg>d to melody1 be  
disagreeable1 to be/[ ^u ! adjective a  
sort ( indep5d5t exi/5ce1 by int]ject+ a
 pause betwixt x & its sub/antive4 ,i _c
 !re=e approve ! foll[+ l9es1 nor any ( 
! sort2 = to my ta/e !y are h>% &       
unpleasant4      ,( ?\s& bright         
inhabitants ( air      ,! sprites ( fi]y
  t]magants inflame      ,! re/1 8      
_m-col\r'd  robe conceal'd      ,! same1
 8 anci5t  p]sonage to deck      ,ev'n  
"h1 :]e froz5  ,*a/ity retires      ,i  
sit1 ) sad  civility1 ,i read      ,back
 to my native  mod]ation slide      ,or 
%all we ev'ry  dec5cy conf\nd      ,"t  
01 a sob]  ,engli%man w\'d knock      ,&
 place1 on good  security1 8 gold       
,ta/e1 t et]nal  w&]]1 :i* flies      ,b
 ere ! t5?  revolv+ day 0 run      ,fir/
 let ! j  equival5t be paid      ,g1    
?reat ?y e>?-born  ,myrmidons2 b "h     
,ha/e to ! fi]ce  ,a*illes' t5t 7he     

cries7      ,all b ! ev]-wakeful  eyes (
 ,jove      ,y\r own resi/less  eloqu5ce
 employ  ,i h ^u ?is article multipli$  
examples1 t 9 a case :]e ,i h ! mis=tune
 to dislike :at passes curr5t 9         
practice1 e man ^u ! spot may judge by 8
 own ta/e4 ,! =ego+ reason+1 x is true1 
appe>s to me j3 x is h[ev] too subtile1 
to af=d conviction 9 opposition to ta/e4
  ,consid]+ ?is matt] 9 a sup]ficial    
view1 "o might be apt to imag9e1 t x mu/
 be ! same1 :e!r ! adjective g fir/1 :i*
 is ! natural ord]1 or ! sub/antive1 :i*
 is indulg$ by ! laws ( inv]sion4 ,b we 
soon discov] ?is to be a mi/ake4 ,col\r 
_c be conceiv$ indep5d5t ( ! surface    
col\r$2 b a tree may be conceiv$1 z gr[+
 9 a c]ta9 spot1 z ( a c]ta9 k9d1 & z   
spread+ its ext5d$ bran*es all ar\nd1   
)\t ev] ?9k+ ( ! col\r4 ,9 a ^w1        
qualities1 ?\gh relat$ all to "o        
subject1 may be consid]$ sep>ately1 & ! 
subject may be consid]$ ) "s ( its      
qualities indep5d5t ( o!rs2 ?\gh we _c  
=m an image ( any s+le quality indep5d5t

 ( ! subject4 ,?us !n1 ?\gh an adjective
 nam$ fir/ be insep>able f ! sub/antive1
 ! proposition does n reciprocate4 ,an  
image c be =m$ ( ! sub/antive indep5d5t 
( ! adjective2 & = ?is reason1 !y may be
 sep>at$ by a pause1 :5 ! =m] is        
introduc$ be=e ! latt]3      ,= !e1 !   
fates  sev]ely k9d orda9      ,& curs'd 
) he>ts  unkn[+ h[ to yield4  ,! v]b &  
adv]b are precisely 9 ! same condition )
 ! sub/antive & adjective4 ,an adv]b1   
:i* expresses a c]ta9 modification ( !  
action express$ by ! v]b1 is n sep>able 
f x ev5 9 imag9ation4 ,& !re=e ,i mu/   
also give up ! foll[+ l9es4      ,& :i* 
x mu*  becomes y to =get      ',tis "o  
?+ madly  to disp]se my /ore  ,b an     
action may be conceiv$ leav+ out a      
p>ticul> modification1 precisely z a    
subject may be conceiv$ leav+ out a     
p>ticul> quality2 & !re=e :5 by inv]sion
 ! v]b is fir/ introduc$1 x has no bad  
effect to int]ject a pause betwixt x & !
 adv]b :i* foll[s4 ,?is may be done at !
 close ( a l9e1 :]e ! pause is at lea/ z

 full z t is :i* divides ! l9e3         
,:ile yet he spoke1 ! ,pr9ce advanc+    
drew     ,nigh to ! lodge1 c4  ,! ag5t &
 its action come next1 express$ 9 gramm>
 by ! active sub/antive & its v]b4      
,betwixt ^!1 plac$ 9 _! natural ord]1   
!re is no difficulty ( int]ject+ a      
pause4 ,an active be+ is n always 9     
motion1 & !re=e x is easily sep>able 9  
idea f its action4 ,:5 9 a s5t5ce !     
sub/antive takes ! lead1 we "k n t      
action is to foll[2 & z re/ mu/ prec$e !
 comm5cem5t ( motion1 ?is int]val is a  
prop] opportunity = a pause4  ,on ! o!r 
h&1 :5 by inv]sion ! v]b is plac$ fir/1 
is x lawful to sep>ate x by a pause f ! 
active sub/antive8 ,i answ] n1 because  
an action is n 9 idea sep>able f ! ag5t1
 m ?an a quality f ! sub/ance to :i* x  
belongs4 ,two l9es ( ! fir/ rate =      
beauty h always appe>$ to me            
exceptionable1 ^u acc\nt ( ! pause ?us  
int]ject$ betwixt ! v]b & ! consequ5t   
sub/antive2 & ,i h n[ discov]$ a reason 
to support my ta/e3      ,9 ^! deep     

solitudes & awful cells1     ,:]e       
heav'nly-p5sive  ,contemplation dwells1 
,& ev]-mus+  ,melan*oly reigns4  ,! po9t
 ( ! greate/ delicacy reg>ds ! active   
v]b & ! passive sub/antive plac$ 9 _!   
natural ord]4 ,on ! "o side x w be      
obs]v$1 t ^! words signify ?+s :i* are n
 sep>able 9 idea4 ,kill+ _c be conceiv$ 
)\t "s be+ t is put to dea?1 nor pa9t+  
)\t a surface ^u :i* ! col\rs are       
spread4 ,on ! o!r side1 an action & ! ?+
 on :i* x is ex]t$1 are n1 l sub/ance & 
quality1 unit$ 9 "o individual subject4 
,! active subject is p]fectly di/9ct f t
 :i* is passive2 & !y are connect$ by "o
 circum/ance only1 t ! action ex]t$ by !
 =m]1 is ex]t$ ^u ! latt]4 ,?is makes x 
possible to take ! action to pieces1 &  
to consid] x fir/ ) relation to ! ag5t1 
& next ) relation to ! pati5t4 ,b aft]  
all1 s intimately connect$ are ! p>ts ( 
! ?\ght1 t x requires an ef=t to make a 
sep>ation ev5 = a mom5t4 ,! subtilis+ to
 su* a degree is n agreeable1 especially
 9 works ( imag9ation4 ,! be/ poets     

h[ev]1 tak+ advantage ( ?is subtilty1   
scruple n to sep>ate by a pause an      
active v]b f its passive subject4 ,su*  
pauses 9 a long "w may be indulg$2 b    
tak5 s+ly1 !y c]ta9ly are n agreeable4  
,i appeal to ! foll[+ examples4      ,! 
pe] n[ spreads  ! glitt'r+ =fex wide    
,z ev] sully'd  ! fair face ( light     
,repair'd to se>*  ! gloomy cave (      
,sple5      ,no?+1 to make  philosophy  
?y fri5d      ,%\'d *ance to make  !    
well-dress'd rabble />e      ,or cross1 
to plund]  prov9ces1 ! ma9      ,^!     
madm5 nev] hurt  ! *ur* or /ate      ,h[
 %all we fill  a libr>y ) wit      ,:at 
bett] tea*  a =eign] ! tongue8          
,sure1 if ,i sp>e  ! m9i/]1 no rules    
,( hon\r b9d me1 n to maul 8 tools4  ,on
 ! o!r h&1 :5 ! passive subject by      
inv]sion is fir/ nam$1 !re is no        
difficulty ( int]ject+ a pause betwixt x
 & ! v]b1 m ?an :5 ! active subject is  
fir/ nam$4 ,! same reason holds 9 bo?1 t
 ?\gh a v]b _c be sep>at$ 9 idea f !    
sub/antive :i* gov]ns x1 & sc>cely f !  

sub/antive x gov]ns2 yet a sub/antive   
may always be conceiv$ indep5d5t ( !    
v]b4 ,:5 ! passive subject is introduc$ 
be=e ! v]b1 we "k n t an action is to be
 ex]t$ ^u x2 !re=e we may re/ till !    
action comm5ces4 ,= ! sake ( illu/ration
 take ! foll[+ examples4      ,%r9es6   
:]e _! vigils  pale-ey'd virg9s keep    
,soon z ?y lett]s  trembl+ ,i unclose   
,no happi] task  ^! fad$ eyes pursue    
,:at is said ab\t plac+ ! pause1 leads  
to a g5]al obs]vation1 :i* ,i %all h    
occasion = aft]w>ds4 ,! natural ord] (  
plac+ ! active sub/antive & its v]b1 is 
m fri5dly to a pause ?an ! inv]t$ ord]4 
,b 9 all ! o!r connections1 inv]sion    
af=ds by f> a bett] opportunity = a     
pause4 ,^u ?is dep5ds "o ( ! great      
advantages t blank v]se ha? ov] rhyme4  
,! privilege ( inv]sion1 9 :i* x f>     
excels rhyme1 gives x a mu* great] *oice
 ( pauses1 ?an c be _h 9 ! natural ord] 
( arrangem5t4  ,we n[ proce$ to !       
slight] connections1 :i* %all be        
discuss$ 9 "o g5]al article4 ,words     

connect$ by conjunctions & prepositions 
freely admit a pause betwixt !m1 :i* w  
be cle> f ! foll[+ in/ances4            
,assume :at sexes  & :at %ape !y please 
,! light militia  ( ! l[] sky  ,connect+
 p>ticles 7 inv5t$ to unite 9 a p]iod   
two sub/antives signify+ ?+s            
occasionally unit$ 9 ! ?\ght1 b :i* h no
 natural union4 ,& betwixt two ?+s n    
only sep>able 9 idea1 b really di/9ct1 !
 m9d1 = ! sake ( melody1 *e>fully admits
 by a pause a mom5t>y disjunction ( _!  
occasional union4         99       99   
99       99       99  ,"o capital bran* 
( ! subject is /ill ^u h&1 to :i* ,i am 
direct$ by :at is j n[ said4 ,x conc]ns 
^? p>ts ( spee* :i* s+ly repres5t no    
idea1 & :i* become n significant till !y
 be jo9$ to o!r words4 ,i mean          
conjunctions1 prepositions1 articles1 & 
su* l accessories1 pass+ "u ! "n (      
p>ticles4 ,^u ^! ! "q occurs1 ,:e!r !y c
 be sep>at$ by a pause f ! words t make 
!m significant8 ,:e!r1 = example1 9 !   
foll[+ l9es1 ! sep>ation ( ! accessory  

preposition f ! pr9cipal sub/antive1 be 
accord+ to rule8      ,! goddess )  a   
discont5t$ air      ,& height5'd by  !  
diamond's circl+ rays      ,:5 victims  
at  yon alt>'s foot we lay      ,s take 
x 9  ! v words ( ,cree*      ,an ensign 
(  ! delegates ( ,jove      ,two ages   
o'er  8 native realm he reign'd         
,:ile angels1 )  _! silv] w+s o'er%ade  
,or sep>at+ ! conjunction f ! ^w x      
connects ) :at goes be=e3               
,tal?ybius &  ,eurybates ! good  ,x w be
 obvi\s at ! fir/ glance1 t ! =ego+     
reason+ ^u objects naturally connect$1  
are n applicable to words :i* ( !mselves
 are m]e ciph]s4 ,we mu/ !re=e h rec\rse
 to "s o!r pr9ciple = solv+ ! pres5t "q4
 ,^! p>ticles out ( _! place are totally
 insignificant4 ,to give !m a mean+1 !y 
mu/ be jo9$ to c]ta9 words4 ,! necessity
 ( ?is junction1 toge!r ) cu/om1 =ms an 
artificial connection1 :i* has a /rong  
influ5ce ^u ! m9d4 ,x _c be> ev5 a      
mom5t>y sep>ation1 :i* de/roys ! s5se1 &
 is at ! same "t contradictory to       

practice4 ,ano!r circum/ance t5ds /ill m
 to make ?is sep>ation disagreeable4 ,! 
long syllable imm$iately prec$+ ! full  
pause1 mu/ be acc5t$2 = ?is is requir$  
by ! melody1 z w aft]w>d appe>4 ,b x is 
ridicul\s to acc5t or put an emphasis ^u
 a l[ ^w t raises no idea1 & is conf9$  
to ! humble prov9ce ( connect+ words t  
raise ideas4 ,& = t reason1 a l9e mu/ be
 disagreeable :]e a p>ticle imm$iately  
prec$es ! full pause2 = su* con/ruction 
( a l9e makes ! melody discord ) ! s5se4
         99       99       99       99  
99  ,hi!rto we h disc\rs$ ^u t pause    
only :i* divides ! l9e4 ,are ! same     
rules applicable to ! conclud+ pause8   
,?is mu/ be answ]$ by mak+ a di/9ction4 
,9 ! fir/ l9e ( a c\plet1 ! conclud+    
pause diff]s little1 if at all1 f !     
pause :i* divides ! l9e2 & = t reason1 !
 rules are applicable to bo? equally4 ,!
 conclud+ pause ( ! c\plet1 is 9 a      
diff]5t condition3 x resembles greatly !
 conclud+ pause 9 a ,hexamet] l9e4 ,bo? 
( !m inde$ are s rem>kable1 t !y nev] c 

be graceful1 unless :5 !y accompany a   
pause 9 ! s5se4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t a     
c\plet ought always to be f9i%$ ) "s    
close 9 ! s5se2 if n a po9t1 at lea/ a  
comma4 ,! tru? is1 t ?is rule is seldom 
transgress$4 ,9 ,pope's works1 ^u a     
cursory se>* inde$1 ,i f\nd b ! foll[+  
deviations f ! rule4      ,no?+ is      
=eign3 p>ts relate to :ole2     ,"o all 
ext5d+1 all-pres]v+ s\l     ,connects   
ea* be+----  ,ano!r3      ,to draw fre% 
col\rs f ! v]nal fl['rs1     ,to /eal f 
ra9b[s ere !y drop 9 %['rs     ,a       
bright] wa%----  ,b n[1 suppos+ !       
connection to be s sl5d] z to admit a   
pause1 x foll[s n t a pause may always  
be put4 ,!re is "o rule to :i* e o!r    
ought to b5d1 ,t ! s5se mu/ nev] be     
w\nd$ or obscur$ by ! music2 & ^u t     
acc\nt1 ,i condemn ! foll[+ l9es3       
,ulysses1 fir/  9 public c>es1 %e f\nd4 
,&1      ,:o ris+1 high  ?' imp]ial     
sceptre rais'd4  ,) respect to inv]sion1
 x appe>s bo? f reason & exp]im5ts1 t _m
 words :i* _c be> a sep>ation 9 _!      

natural ord]1 admit a pause :5 inv]t$4  
,& x may be add$1 t :5 two words1 or two
 memb]s ( a s5t5ce1 9 _! natural ord]1 c
 be sep>at$ by a pause1 su* sep>ation c 
nev] be amiss 9 an inv]t$ ord]4 ,an     
inv]t$ p]iod1 :i* runs cross to !       
natural tra9 ( ideas1 requires to be    
m>k$ 9 "s measure ev5 by pauses 9 !     
s5se1 t ! p>ts may be di/9ctly kn[n4    
,take ! foll[+ examples4      ,z ) cold 
lips  ,i kiss'd ! sacr$ veil4      ,)   
o!r beauties  *>m my p>tial eyes4       
,full 9 my view  set all ! bright abode4
      ,) words l ^!  ! troops ,ulysses  
rul'd4      ,back to ?' assembly roll  !
 ?rong+ tra94      ,n = _! grief  !     
,grecian ho/ ,i blame4  ,! same :]e !   
sep>ation is made at ! close ( ! fir/   
l9e ( ! c\plet3      ,= spirits1 fre$ f 
mortal laws1 ) ease     ,assume :at     
sexes & :at %apes !y please4  ,! pause  
is tol]able ev5 at ! close ( ! c\plet1 =
 ! reason j n[ sugge/$1 t inv]t$ memb]s 
require "s slight pause 9 ! s5se3       
',twas :]e ! plane-tree spread its %ades

 ar\nd3     ,! alt>s heav'd2 & f !      
crumbl+ gr\nd     ,a mighty dragon %ot4 
,?us a tra9 ( reason+ ha? ins5sibly l$ u
 to conclusions ) reg>d to ! musical    
pause1 v diff]5t f ^? 9 ! fir/ section1 
conc]n+ ! sep>at+ by an int]ject$       
circum/ance words intimately connect$4  
,"o w\ld conjecture1 t :]e-ev] words are
 sep>able by int]ject+ a circum/ance1 !y
 %\ld be equally sep>able by int]ject+ a
 pause4 ,b1 ^u a m n>r[ inspection1 !   
appe>ance ( analogy vani%e?4 ,to make   
?is evid5t1 ,i ne$ only premise1 t a    
pause 9 ! s5se di/+ui%es ! diff]5t      
memb]s ( a p]iod f ea* o!r2 t two words 
( ! same memb] may be sep>at$ by a      
circum/ance1 all ! ?ree mak+ /ill b "o  
memb]2 & !re=e t a pause 9 ! s5se has no
 connection ) ! sep>ation ( words by    
int]ject$ circum/ances4 ,?is sets !     
matt] 9 a cle> light4 ,x is obs]v$      
above1 t ! musical pause is intimately  
connect$ ) ! pause 9 ! s5se2 s          
intimately inde$1 t regul>ly !y ought to
 co9cide4 ,z ?is w\ld be too great a    

re/ra9t1 a lic5ce is indulg$1 to place  
pauses = ! sake ( ! music :]e !y are n  
necess>y = ! s5se4 ,b ?is lic5ce mu/ be 
kept )9 b\nds4 ,& a musical pause ought 
nev] to be plac$ :]e a pause is exclud$ 
by ! s5se2 z1 = example1 betwixt !      
adjective & foll[+ sub/antive :i* make  
p>ts ( ! same idea1 & /ill less betwixt 
a p>ticle & ! ^w :i* makes x            
significant4  ,ab/ract+ at pres5t f !   
peculi>ity ( modulation aris+ f !       
diff]5t pauses1 x _c fail to be obs]v$ 9
 g5]al1 t !y introduce into our v]se no 
slight degree ( v>iety4 ,no?+ m fatigues
 ! e>1 ?an a numb] ( uni=m l9es hav+ all
 ! same pause1 :i* is extremely         
rem>kable 9 ! ,fr5* v]sification4 ,?is  
imp]fection w be disc]n$ by a f9e e> ev5
 9 ! %orte/ succession1 & becomes       
intol]able 9 a long poem4 ,pope excels  
all ! _w 9 ! v>iety ( 8 modulation1 :i* 
inde$ is n less p]fect ( its k9d ?an t (
 ,virgil4  ,f :at is n[ said1 !re ought 
to be "o exception4 ,uni=mity 9 ! memb]s
 ( a ?\ght1 dem&s equal uni=mity 9 !    

memb]s ( ! p]iod :i* expresses t ?\ght4 
,:5 !re=e resembl+ objects or ?+s are   
express$ 9 a plurality ( v]se-l9es1 ^!  
l9es 9 _! /ructure ought to be z uni=m z
 possible1 & ! pauses 9 p>ticul> ought  
all ( !m to h ! same place4 ,take !     
foll[+ examples4      ,by =eign h&s  ?y 
dy+ eyes 7 clos'd1     ,by =eign h&s  ?y
 dec5t limbs compos'd1     ,by =eign h&s
  ?y humble grave adorn'd4  ,aga91      
,bright z ! sun1  h] eyes ! gaz]s /rike1
     ,&1 l ! sun1  !y %9e on all alike4 
,speak+ ( ,nature1 or ! ,god ( ,nature3 
,w>ms 9 ! sun  refre%es 9 ! breeze1     
,gl[s 9 ! />s  & blossoms 9 ! trees1    
,lives ?r\gh all life  ext5ds ?r\gh all 
ext5t1     ,spreads undivid$  op]ates   
unsp5t4  ,pauses are l to dwell long] ^u
 h& ?an ,i imag9$2 = ! subject is n yet 
exhau/$4 ,x is laid d[n above1 t ,engli%
 h]oic v]se1 consid]+ melody only1      
admits no m ?an f\r capital pauses2 & t 
! capital pause ( e l9e is det]m9$ by ! 
s5se to be aft] ! f\r?1 ! fif?1 ! six?1 
or sev5? syllable4 ,& t ?is doctr9e     

holds true s f> z melody alone is       
conc]n$1 e good e> w be> te/imony4 ,at !
 same "t1 examples are n unfrequ5t1 9   
,milton especially1 ( ! capital pause   
be+ aft] ! fir/1 ! second1 or ! ?ird    
syllable4 ,& t ?is lic5ce may be tak51  
ev5 gracefully1 :5 x adds vig\r to !    
expression1 ,i readily admit4 ,s f> !   
s\nd may be ju/ly sacrific$ to ! s5se or
 expression4 ,t ?is lic5ce may be       
successfully tak51 w be cle> f ! foll[+ 
example4 ,pope1 9 8 translation ( ,hom]1
 describes a rock broke (f f a m\nta91 &
 hurl+ to ! pla91 9 ! foll[+ words4     
,f /eep to /eep ! roll+ ru9 b\nds2      
,at e %ock ! crackl+ wood res\nds2      
,/ill ga?'r+ =ce1 x smokes2 & urg'd     
ama91     ,:irls1 leaps1 & ?und]s d[n1  
impetu\s to ! pla93     ,!re /ops  ,s   
,hector4 ,_! :ole =ce he prov'd1        
,resi/less :5 he rag'd2 & :5 he /opt1   
unmov'd4  ,9 ! p5ult l9e ! prop] place (
 ! musical pause is at ! end ( ! fif?   
syllable2 b x enliv5s ! expression by   
its co9cid5ce ) t ( ! s5se at ! end ( ! 

second syllable4 ,! /opp+ %ort be=e !   
usual pause 9 ! melody1 aids !          
impression t is made by ! description ( 
! /one's /opp+ %ort4 ,& :at is lo/ to ! 
melody by ?is artifice1 is m ?an        
comp5sat$ by ! =ce t is add$ to !       
description4 ,milton makes a happy use (
 ?is lic5ce2 witness ! foll[+ examples f
 8 ,p>adise ,lo/4                  ---- 
,?us ) ! ye>     ,seasons return1 b n to
 me returns     ,day  or ! sweet approa*
 ( ev5 or morn4      ,cele/ial voices to
 ! midnight-air     ,sole  or responsive
 ea* to o!rs note4      ,& ov] !m       
triumphant ,dea? 8 d>t     ,%ook  b     
delay'd to /rike4                 ----  
,& wild upro>     ,/ood rul'd  /ood va/ 
inf9itude conf9'd4            ---- ,&   
h>d'n+ 9 8 /r5g?     ,glories  = nev]   
s9ce creat$ man     ,met su* embodi$    
=ce4      ,f 8 slack h& ! g>l& wrea?'d =
 ,eve     ,d[n drop'd  & all ! fad$     
roses %$4      ,( uness5tial night1     
receives him next1     ,wide gap+  & )  
utt] loss ( be+     ,?reat5s him1 c4    

----,= n[ ! ?\ght     ,bo? ( lo/        
happ9ess & la/+ pa9     ,torm5ts him    
r\nd he ?r[s 8 baleful eyes1 c4  ,if we 
consid] ! =ego+ passages ) respect to   
melody s+ly1 ! pauses are und\bt$ly out 
( _! prop] place4 ,b be+ unit$ ) ^? ( ! 
s5se1 !y in=ce ! expression & enliv5 x  
greatly4 ,& ! beauty ( expression is    
communicat$ to ! s\nd1 :i*1 by a natural
 deception1 makes ev5 ! melody appe> m  
p]fect ?an if ! musical pauses 7 regul>4
         99       99       99       99  
99  ,to expla9 ! rules ( acc5t+1 two    
g5]al obs]vations mu/ be premis$4 ,!    
fir/ is1 ,t acc5ts h a d\ble effect4 ,!y
 contribute to ! melody1 by giv+ x air &
 _s3 !y contribute n less to ! s5se1 by 
di/+ui%+ important words f o!rs4 ,^! two
 effects ought nev] to be sep>at$4 ,if a
 musical acc5t be put :]e ! s5se rejects
 x1 we feel a discordance betwixt !     
?\ght & ! melody4 ,an acc5t1 = example1 
plac$ on a ^w t makes no figure1 has !  
effect to burlesk x1 by giv+ x an       
unnatural elevation4 ,! injury ?us done 

to ! s5se1 is communicat$ to ! melody by
 ! intimacy ( connection1 & bo? seem to 
be w\nd$4 ,?is rule is applicable 9 a   
peculi> mann] to p>ticles4 ,x is inde$  
ridicul\s to put an emphasis on a ^w :i*
 ( itself has no mean+1 & l cem5t s]ves 
only to unite words significant4 ,! o!r 
g5]al obs]vation is1 ,t a ^w ( :atev]   
numb] ( syllables1 is n acc5t$ ^u m ?an 
"o ( !m4 ,nor is ?is an arbitr>y        
practice4 ,! object repres5t$ by ! ^w1  
is set 9 its be/ light by a s+le acc5t3 
reit]at$ acc5ts on diff]5t syllables 9  
succession1 make n ! emphasis /rong]2 b 
h an air1 z if ! s\nd only ( ! acc5t$   
syllables 7 reg>d$1 & n ! s5se ( ! ^w4  
,keep+ 9 view ! =ego+ obs]vations1 !    
doctr9e ( acc5t+ ,engli% h]oic v]se1 is 
extremely simple4 ,9 ! fir/ place1      
acc5t+ is conf9$ to ! long syllables2 = 
! melody admits n an acc5t ^u any %ort  
syllable4 ,9 ! next place1 z ! melody is
 inri*$ 9 proportion to ! numb] (       
acc5ts1 e ^w t has a long syllable ought
 to be acc5t$1 unless :]e ! acc5t is    

reject$ by ! s5se3 a ^w1 z obs]v$1 t    
makes no figure by its signification1 _c
 be> an acc5t4 ,accord+ to ?is rule1 a  
l9e may admit five acc5ts2 a case by no 
means r>e4  ,b suppos+ e long syllable  
to be acc5t$1 !re is con/antly1 9 e l9e1
 "o acc5t :i* makes a great] figure ?an 
! re/4 ,?is capital acc5t is t :i*      
prec$es ! capital pause4 ,h5ce x is     
di/+ui%able into two k9ds2 "o t is      
imm$iately succe$$ by ! pause1 & "o t is
 divid$ f ! pause by a %ort syllable4 ,!
 =m] belongs to l9es ( ! fir/ & ?ird    
ord]3 ! latt] to ^? ( ! second & f\r?4  
,examples ( ! fir/ k9d4      ,smoo? fl[ 
! wves  ! zephyrs g5tly play1           
,bel9da sml'd  & all ! _w 0 gay4        
,he rais'd 8 azure wnd  & ?us begun     
,examples ( ! second4      ,!re lay ?ree
 grt]s  half a pair ( gloves2     ,& all
 ! trphies  ( 8 =m] loves4      ,our    
humble prv9ce  is to t5d ! fair1     ,n 
a less plas+  ?\gh less glori\s c>e4    
,& hew triumphal r*es  to ! gr\nd  ,^!  
acc5ts make diff]5t impressions on !    

m9d1 :i* w be ! subject ( a foll[+      
speculation4 ,9 ! mean "t1 x may be     
safely pron\nc$ a capital defect 9 !    
composition ( v]se1 to put a l[ ^w1     
incapable ( an acc5t1 9 ! place :]e ?is 
acc5t %\ld be4 ,?is b>s ! acc5t         
altoge!r2 & ,i "k no o!r fault m        
subv]sive ( ! melody1 if x be n t ( b>r+
 a pause altoge!r4 ,i may add           
affirmatively1 t x is a capital beauty 9
 ! composition ( v]se1 to h ! mo/       
important ^w ( ! s5t5ce1 s plac$ z t ?is
 capital acc5t may be laid ^u x4 ,no    
s+le circum/ance contributes m to !     
en]gy ( v]se1 ?an to h ?is acc5t on a   
^w1 t1 by ! importance ( its mean+1 is  
intitl$ to a peculi> emphasis4 ,to %[ ! 
bad effect ( exclud+ ! capital acc5t1 ,i
 ref] ! read] to "s in/ances giv5 above1
 p4 ooo1 :]e p>ticles are sep>at$ by a  
pause f ! capital words t make !m       
significant1 & :i* p>ticles ought1 = !  
sake ( ! melody1 to be acc5t$1 7 !y     
capable ( an acc5t4 ,add to ^! ! foll[+ 
in/ances f ! ,essay on ,criticism4      

,(t1 leav+ :at  is natural & fit1       
l9e #ddh4      ,n yet purg'd (f1  (     
sple5 & s\r disda9               l4     
#ebh4      ,no p>don vile  obsc5ity %\ld
 f9d               l4 #eca4      ,:5    
love 0 all  an easy mon>*'s c>e         
l4 #ecg4      ,= 'tis b half  a judge's 
talk1 to "k               l4 #efb4      
',tis n en\gh1  ta/e1 judgem5t1 le>n+1  
jo9               l4 #efc4      ,t only 
makes  sup]ior s5se belov'd             
l4 #egh4      ,^: "r x is1  unc5sur'd1  
to be dull               l4 #eij4       
',tis be/ sometimes  y\r c5sure to      
re/ra9               l4 #eig4  ,:5 ?is  
fault is at ! end ( ! l9e t closes a    
c\plet1 x leaves n ! lea/ trace (       
melody3      ,b ( ?is frame ! be>+s1 & !
 ties1     ,! /rong connections1 nice   
dep5d5cies  ,9 a l9e expressive ( :at is
 humble or deject$1 x improves !        
resemblance betwixt ! s\nd & s5se1 to   
exclude ! capital acc5t4 ,?is1 to my    
ta/e1 is a beauty 9 ! foll[+ l9es4      
,9 ?se deep slitudes  & aful cells      

,! por inhbitant  behlds 9 va9  ,to     
conclude ?is article1 ! acc5ts are n1 l 
! syllables1 conf9$ to a c]ta9 numb]4   
,"s l9es h no few] ?an five1 & !re are  
l9es t admit n above "o4 ,?is v>iety1 z 
we h se51 dep5ds entirely on ! diff]5t  
p[]s ( ! compon5t words4 ,p>ticles1 ev5 
:]e !y are long by position1 _c be      
acc5t$2 & polysyllables1 :atev] space !y
 occupy1 admit b "o acc5t4              
,polysyllables h ano!r defect1 t !y     
g5]ally exclude ! full pause4 ,i h %[n  
above1 t few polysyllables c f9d place 9
 ! con/ruction ( ,engli% v]se4 ,"h are  
reasons = exclud+ !m1 c\ld !y f9d place4
         99       99       99       99  
99  ,i am n[ prep>$ to fulfil a promise 
conc]n+ ! f\r sorts ( l9es t ent] into  
,engli% h]oic v]se4 ,t ^! h1 ea* ( !m1 a
 peculi> melody di/+ui%able by a good   
e>1 ,i v5tur$ to sugge/1 & promis$ to   
acc\nt =3 & ?\gh ?is subject is         
extremely delicate1 ,i am n )\t hopes ( 
mak+ good my engagem5t4 ,fir/1 h[ev]1 l 
a w>y g5]al1 ,i take all advantages !   

gr\nd w p]mit4 ,i d n av]1 t ?is        
peculi>ity ( modulation is 9 e in/ance  
p]ceptible4 ,f> f x4 ,! impression made 
by a p]iod1 :e!r x be v]se or prose1 is 
occasion$ *iefly by ! ?\ght1 & 9 an     
inf]ior degree by ! words2 & ^! articles
 are s intimately unit$ ) ! melody1 t !y
 h ea* ( !m a /rong influ5ce ^u ! o!rs4 
,) respect to ! melody 9 p>ticul>1      
in/ances are )\t numb]1 ( melody1 9     
itself poor & weak1 pass+ = ri* &       
spirit$ :]e x is support$ by ! ?\ght &  
expression4 ,i am !re=e intitl$ to      
insi/1 t ?is exp]im5t be tri$ ^u l9es ( 
equal rank4 ,& to avoid ! p]plexity (   
v>i\s cases1 ,i mu/ also insi/1 t ! l9es
 *os5 = a trial be regul>ly acc5t$ be=e 
! pause3 = ^u a matt] abundantly ref9$ 9
 itself1 ,i w\ld n will+ly be imb>rass$ 
) faulty & irregul> l9es4 ,^!           
prelim9>ies be+ adju/$1 ,i beg9 ) "s    
g5]al obs]vations1 t w save repeat+ !   
same ?+ ov] & ov] ^u ea* p>ticul> case4 
,&1 fir/1 an acc5t succe$$ by a pause1  
makes s5sibly a deep] impression ?an :]e

 ! voice goes on )\t a /op3 to make an  
impression requires "t2 & !re is no "t  
:]e !re is no pause4 ,! fact is s c]ta91
 t 9 runn+ ov] a few l9es1 !re is sc>ce 
an e> s dull z n readily to di/+ui% f   
o!rs1 t p>ticul> acc5t :i* imm$iately   
prec$es ! full pause4 ,9 ! next place1 !
 elevation ( an acc5t+ tone1 produce? 9 
! m9d a simil> elevation1 :i* is cont9u$
 dur+ ! pause4 ,e circum/ance is diff]5t
 :]e ! pause is sep>at$ f ! acc5t by a  
%ort syllable4 ,! impression made by !  
acc5t is m slight :5 !re is no /op2 & ! 
elevation ( ! acc5t is gone 9 a mom5t by
 ! fall+ ( ! voice 9 pron\nc+ ! %ort    
syllable t foll[s4 ,! pause also is     
s5sibly affect$ by ! position ( ! acc5t4
 ,9 l9es ( ! fir/ & ?ird ord]1 ! close  
conjunction ( ! acc5t & pause1 occasions
 a sudd5 /op )\t prep>ation1 :i* r\ses !
 m9d1 & be/[s on ! melody a spirit$ air4
 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! pause is sep>at$ f 
! acc5t by a %ort syllable1 :i* always  
happ5s 9 l9es ( ! second & f\r? ord]1 ! 
pause is s(t & g5tle4 ,?is %ort unacc5t$

 syllable succe$+ "o t is acc5t$1 mu/ ( 
c\rse be pron\nc$ ) a fall+ voice1 :i*  
naturally prep>es = a pause4 ,! m9d     
falls g5tly f ! acc5t$ syllable1 &      
slides into re/ z x 7 ins5sibly4 ,fur!r1
 ! l9es !mselves1 d]ive diff]5t p[]s f !
 position ( ! pause4 ,a pause aft] !    
f\r? syllable divides ! l9e into two    
unequal portions1 ( :i* ! l>ge/ comes   
la/4 ,?is circum/ance resolv+ ! l9e into
 an asc5d+ s]ies1 makes an impression 9 
pron\nc+ l t ( m\nt+ upw>d4 ,& to ?is   
impression contributes ! r$\bl$ ef=t 9  
pron\nc+ ! l>ge/ portion1 :i* is la/ 9  
ord]4 ,! m9d has a diff]5t feel+ :5 !   
pause succe$s ! fif? syllable4 ,! l9e   
be+ divid$ into two equal p>ts by ?is   
pause1 ^! p>ts1 pron\nc$ ) equal ef=t1  
are agreeable by _! uni=mity4 ,a l9e    
divid$ by a pause aft] ! six? syllable1 
makes an impression opposite to t fir/  
m5tion$4 ,be+ divid$ into two unequal   
portions1 ( :i* ! %orte/ is la/ 9 ord]1 
x appe>s l a sl[ desc5d+ s]ies2 & !     
second portion be+ pron\nc$ ) less ef=t 

?an ! fir/1 ! dim9i%$ ef=t prep>es ! m9d
 = re/4 ,& ?is prep>ation = re/ is /ill 
m s5sibly felt :]e ! pause is aft] !    
sev5? syllable1 z 9 l9es ( ! f\r? ord]4 
,no p]son c be at a loss 9 apply+ ^!    
obs]vations4 ,a l9e ( ! fir/ ord] is (  
all ! mo/ spirit$ & lively4 ,to produce 
?is effect1 sev]al ( ! circum/ances     
above m5tion$ concur4 ,! acc5t1 be+     
foll[$ in/antly by a pause1 makes an    
illu/ri\s figure3 ! elevat$ tone ( !    
acc5t elevates ! m9d3 ! m9d is support$ 
9 its elevation by ! sudd5 unprep>$     
pause :i* r\ses & animates3 & ! l9e     
itself1 repres5t+ by its unequal        
division an asc5d+ s]ies1 c>ries ! m9d  
/ill high]1 mak+ an impression simil> to
 t ( m\nt+ upw>d4 ,! second ord] has a  
modulation s5sibly sweet1 s(t1 & fl[+4  
,! acc5t is n s sprightly z 9 ! =m]1    
because a %ort syllable int]v5es betwixt
 x & ! pause3 its elevation1 by ! same  
means1 vani%e? in/antane\sly3 ! m9d1 by 
a fall+ voice1 is g5tly prep>$ = a /op3 
& ! pleasure ( uni=mity f ! division ( !

 l9e into two equal p>ts1 is calm &     
sweet4 ,! ?ird ord] has a modulation n s
 easily express$ 9 words4 ,x 9 "p       
resembles ! fir/ ord]1 by ! livel9ess ( 
an acc5t succe$$ in/antly by a full     
pause4 ,b !n ! elevation occasion$ by   
?is circum/ance1 is balanc$ 9 "s degree 
by ! remitt$ ef=t 9 pron\nc+ ! second   
portion1 :i* remitt$ ef=t has a t5d5cy  
to re/4 ,ano!r circum/ance di/+ui%e? x  
rem>kably4 ,its capital acc5t comes     
late1 be+ plac$ on ! six? syllable2 &   
?is circum/ance be/[s on x an air (     
gravity & solemnity4 ,! la/ ord]        
resembles ! second 9 ! mildness ( its   
acc5t & s(tness ( its pause4 ,x is /ill 
m solemn ?an ! ?ird1 by ! lat5ess ( its 
capital acc5t4 ,x also possesses 9 a    
high] degree ?an ! ?ird1 ! t5d5cy to    
re/2 & by t circum/ance is ( all ! be/  
qualifi$ = clos+ a p]iod 9 ! complete/  
mann]4  ,b ^! are n all ! di/+ui%+      
*>act]s ( ! diff]5t ord]s4 ,ea* ord]    
also1 by means ( its f9al acc5t & pause1
 makes a peculi> impression2 s peculi> z

 to produce a melody cle>ly di/+ui%able 
f t ( ! o!rs4 ,?is peculi>ity is        
occasion$ by ! division :i* ! capital   
pause makes 9 a l9e4 ,by an unequal     
division 9 ! fir/ ord]1 ! m9d has an    
impression ( asc5d+2 & is left at !     
close 9 ! highe/ elevation1 :i* is      
display'd on ! conclud+ syllable4 ,by   
?is means1 a /rong emphasis is naturally
 laid ^u ! conclud+ syllable1 :e!r by   
rais+ ! voice to a %>p] tone1 or by     
express+ ! ^w 9 a full] tone4 ,?is ord] 
accord+ly is ( all ! lea/ prop] =       
conclud+ a p]iod1 :]e a cad5ce is prop]1
 & n an acc5t4 ,9 ! second ord]1 ! f9al 
acc5t makes n s capital a figure4 ,!re  
is no?+ s+ul> 9 its be+ m>k$ by a pause1
 = ?is is common to all ! ord]s2 & ?is  
ord]1 be+ de/itute ( ! impression (     
asc5t1 _c rival ! fir/ ord] 9 !         
elevation ( its acc5t1 nor consequ5tly 9
 ! dignity ( its pause2 = ^! always h a 
mutual influ5ce4 ,?is ord]1 h[ev]1 )    
respect to its close1 ma9ta9s a         
sup]iority ov] ! ?ird & f\r? ord]s4 ,9  

^! ! close is m humble1 be+ br\ght d[n  
by ! impression ( desc5t1 & by ! remitt$
 ef=t 9 pron\nc+2 consid]ably 9 ! ?ird  
ord]1 & /ill m consid]ably 9 ! la/4     
,accord+ to ?is description1 ! conclud+ 
acc5ts & pauses ( ! f\r ord]s be+ r$uc$ 
to a scale1 w =m a desc5d+ s]ies        
probably 9 an ari?metical progression4  
,aft] :at is said1 w x be ?\ght ref9+   
too mu* to sugge/1 t ! diff]5t ord]s are
 qualifi$ = diff]5t purposes1 & t a poet
 ( g5ius w be naturally l$ to make a    
*oice accord+ly8 ,i _c ?9k ?is altoge!r 
*im]ical4 ,x appe>s to me1 t ! fir/ ord]
 is prop] = a s5tim5t t is bold1 lively1
 or impetu\s2 t ! ?ird ord] is prop] =  
subjects grave1 solemn1 or l(ty2 !      
second = :at is t5d]1 delicate1 or      
melan*oly1 & 9 g5]al = all ! sympa!tic  
emotions2 & ! la/ = subjects ( ! same   
k9d1 :5 temp]$ ) any degree ( solemnity4
 ,i d n cont5d1 t any "o ord] is fitt$ =
 no o!r talk1 ?an t assign$ x4 ,at t    
rate1 no sort ( modulation w\ld be left 
= accompany+ ord9>y ?\ghts1 t h no?+    

peculi> 9 !m4 ,i only v5ture to sugge/1 
& ,i d x ) diffid5ce1 t "o ord] is      
peculi>ly adapt$ to c]ta9 subjects1 &   
bett] qualifi$ ?an ! o!rs = express+ su*
 subjects4 ,! be/ way to judge is by    
exp]im5t2 & to avoid ! imputation ( a   
p>tial se>*1 ,i %all conf9e my in/ances 
to a s+le poem1 beg9n+ ) ! fir/ ord]4   
,on h] :ite brea/1 a sp>kl+ cross %e    
wore1     ,:i* ,jews might kiss1 &      
,infidels adore4     ,h] lively looks1 a
 sprightly m9d disclose1     ,quick z h]
 eyes1 & z unfix'd z ^?3     ,fav\rs to 
none1 to all %e smiles ext5ds2     ,(t  
%e rejects1 b nev] once (f5ds4          
,bright z ! sun1 h] eyes ! gaz]s /rike1 
,&1 l ! sun1 !y %9e on all alike4       
,yet graceful ease1 & sweetness void (  
pride1     ,might hide h] faults1 if    
belles _h faults to hide3     ,if to h] 
%>e "s female errors fall1     ,look on 
h] face1 & y'll =get 'em all4           
,rape ( ! ,lock4  ,9 acc\nt+ = !        
rem>kable livel9ess ( ?is passage1 x w  
be ackn[l$g$ by e "o :o has an e>1 t !  

modulation mu/ come 9 = a %>e4 ,! l9es1 
all ( !m1 are ( ! fir/ ord]2 a v unusual
 circum/ance 9 ! au?or ( ?is poem1 s    
em95t = v>iety 9 8 v]sification4 ,:o c  
d\bt1 t1 9 ?is passage1 he has be5 l$ by
 delicacy ( ta/e to employ ! fir/ ord]  
pref]ably to ! o!rs8  ,second ord]4     
,our humbl] prov9ce is to t5d ! fair1   
,n a less pleas+1 ?\gh less glori\s c>e2
     ,to save ! p[d] f too rude a gale1 
,nor let ?' imprison'd ess5ces exhale2  
,to draw fre% col\rs f ! v]nal fl['rs2  
,to /eal f ra9b[s ere !y drop _! %['rs1 
c4  ,aga91      ,oh1 ?\ghtless mortals6 
ev] bl9d to fate1     ,too soon deject$1
 & too soon elate4     ,sudd51 ^! hon\rs
 %all be snat*'d away1     ,& curs'd =  
ev] ?is victori\s day4  ,?ird ord]4     
,to fifty *os5 sylphs1 ( special note1  
,we tru/ ?'important *>ge1 ! petticoat4 
,aga91      ,oh say :at /rang] cause1   
yet unexplor'd1     ,c\ld make a g5tle  
belle reject a "l8  ,a plurality ( l9es 
( ! f\r? ord]1 w\ld n h a good effect 9 
succession2 because1 by a rem>kable     

t5d5cy to re/1 its prop] (fice is to    
close a p]iod4 ,! read]1 !re=e1 mu/ be  
satisfi$ ) in/ances :]e ?is ord] is mix$
 ) o!rs4      ,n l\d] %rieks to pity+   
,heav'n are ca/1     ,:5 husb&s1 or :5  
lapdogs1 brea! _! la/4  ,aga91          
,/eel c\ld ! works ( mortal pride       
conf\nd1     ,& hew triumphal ar*es to !
 gr\nd4  ,aga91      ,%e sees1 &        
trembles at ?' approa*+ ill1     ,j 9 ! 
jaws ( ru91 & codille4  ,aga91      ,)  
e>ne/ eyes1 & r\nd un?9k+ face1     ,he 
fir/ ! snuff-box op5'd1 !n ! case4  ,&  
?is sugge/s ano!r exp]im5t1 :i* is1 to  
set ! diff]5t ord]s m directly 9        
opposition1 by giv+ examples :]e !y are 
mix$ 9 ! same passage4  ,fir/ & second  
ord]s4      ,sol ?r\gh :ite curta9s %ot 
a tim'r\s ray1     ,& ope'd ^? eyes t   
mu/ eclipse ! day4  ,aga91      ,n      
y\?ful k+s 9 battle seiz'd alive1     ,n
 scornful virg9s :o _! *>ms survive1    
,n ard5t lov]s robb'd ( all _! bliss1   
,n anci5t ladies :5 refus'd a kiss1     
,n tyrants fi]ce t unrep5t+ die1     ,n 

,cyn?ia :5 h] manteau's p9n'd awry1     
,e'er felt su* rage1 res5tm5t1 &        
despair1     ,z ?\1 sad virg96 = ?y     
ravi%'d hair4  ,fir/ & ?ird4      ,?9k  
:at an equipage ?\ ha/ 9 air1     ,&    
view ) scorn two pages & a *air4  ,aga91
      ,:at gu>ds ! purity ( melt+ maids1
     ,9 c\rtly balls1 &                 
midnight-masqu]ades1     ,safe f !      
trea*'r\s fri5d1 ! d>+ sp>k1     ,!     
glance by day1 ! :isp] 9 ! d>k8  ,aga91 
,) t5d] billet-d\x he lights ! pyre1    
,& brea!s ?ree am'r\s sighs to raise !  
fire2     ,!n pro/rate falls1 & begs1 ) 
ard5t eyes1     ,soon to obta91 & long  
possess ! prize4  ,aga91      ,jove's   
?und] ro>s1 heav'n trembles all ar\nd1  
,blue ,neptune /orms1 ! bell[+ deeps    
res\nd1     ,e>? %akes h] nodd+ t['rs1 !
 gr\nd gives way1     ,& ! pale gho/s   
/>t at ! fla% ( day6  ,second & ?ird4   
,sunk 9 ,?ale/ris' arms1 ! nymph he     
f\nd1     ,h] eyes deject$1 & h] hair   
unb\nd4  ,aga91      ,on h] heav'd bosom
 hung h] droop+ head1     ,:i* ) a sigh 

%e rais'd2 & ?us %e said4  ,mus+ on !   
=ego+ subject1 ,i beg9 to d\bt :e!r ,i h
 n be5 all ?is :ile 9 a rev]ie4 ,"h     
unexpect$ly a sort ( fairy-sc5e op5s1   
:]e e object is new & s+ul>4 ,is !re any
 tru? 9 ! appe>ance1 or is x m]ely a "w 
( imag9ation8 ,! sc5e seems to be a     
reality2 & if x c be> exam9ation1 x mu/ 
exalt greatly ! melody ( ,engli% h]oic  
v]se4 ,if uni=mity prevail1 9 !         
arrangem5t1 9 ! equality ( ! l9es1 & 9 !
 resemblance ( ! f9al s\nds2 v>iety is  
/ill m conspicu\s 9 ! pauses & acc5ts1  
:i* are div]sifi$ 9 a surpris+ mann]4 ,!
 beauty t results f comb9$ objects1 is  
ju/ly obs]v$ to consi/ 9 a due mixture (
 uni=mity & v>iety#ajb4 ,( ?is beauty _m
 in/ances h already occurr$1 b none m   
illu/ri\s ?an ,engli% v]sification4     
,h[ev] rude x may be by ! simplicity (  
arrangem5t1 x is highly melodi\s by its 
pauses & acc5ts1 s z already to rival ! 
mo/ p]fect species kn[n 9 ,greece or    
,rome4 ,& x is no disagreeable prospect 
to f9d x susceptible ( /ill great]      

ref9em5t4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,we proce$ to blank v]se1  
:i* ha? s _m circum/ances 9 common )    
rhyme1 t :at is necess>y to be said ^u x
 may be br\ght )9 a n>r[ compass4 ,)    
respect to =m1 x diff]s n f rhyme f>!r  
?an 9 reject+ ! j+le ( simil> s\nds4 ,b 
let u n ?9k ?is diff]5ce a trifle1 or t 
we ga9 no?+ by x b ! purify+ our v]se f 
a pleasure s *ildi%4 ,9 tru?1 our v]se  
is extremely cramp$ by rhyme2 & ! great 
advantage ( blank v]se is1 t1 be+ free f
 ! fett]s ( rhyme1 x is at lib]ty to    
att5d ! imag9ation 9 its bolde/ flights4
 ,rhyme necess>ily divides v]se into    
c\plets3 ea* c\plet makes a complete    
musical p]iod2 ! p>ts ( :i* are divid$  
by pauses1 & ! :ole summ$ up by a full  
close at ! end3 ! modulation beg9s anew 
) ! next c\plet3 & 9 ?is mann] a        
composition 9 rhyme proce$s c\plet aft] 
c\plet4 ,i h m ?an once _h occasion to  
obs]ve ! influ5ce t s\nd & s5se h ^u ea*
 o!r by _! intimate union4 ,if a c\plet 
be a complete p]iod ) reg>d to ! melody1

 x ought regul>ly to be s also ) reg>d  
to ! s5se4 ,?is1 x is true1 proves too  
great a cramp ^u composition2 & lic5ces 
are indulg$1 z expla9$ above4 ,^! h[ev] 
mu/ be us$ ) discretion1 s z to pres]ve 
"s degree ( uni=mity betwixt ! s5se & ! 
music4 ,!re ought nev] to be a full     
close 9 ! s5se b at ! end ( a c\plet2 & 
!re ought always to be "s pause 9 ! s5se
 at ! end ( e c\plet4 ,! same p]iod z to
 s5se may be ext5d$ ?r\gh sev]al        
c\plets2 b 9 ?is case ea* c\plet ought  
to conta9 a di/9ct memb]1 di/+ui%$ by a 
pause 9 ! s5se z well z 9 ! s\nd2 & !   
:ole ought to be clos$ ) a complete     
cad5ce4 ,rules su* z ^!1 mu/ conf9e     
rhyme )9 v n>r[ b\nds4 ,a ?\ght ( any   
ext5t1 _c be r$uc$ )9 its compass4 ,!   
s5se mu/ be curtail$ & brok5 into       
pieces1 to make x squ>e ) ! curtness (  
melody3 & x is obvi\s1 t %ort p]iods    
af=d no latitude = inv]sion4 ,i h exam9$
 ?is po9t ) ! great] accuracy1 9 ord] to
 give a j notion ( blank v]se2 & to %[ t
 a slight diff]5ce 9 =m may produce a v 

great diff]5ce 9 sub/ance4 ,blank v]se  
has ! same pauses & acc5ts ) rhyme2 & a 
pause at ! end ( e l9e1 l :at concludes 
! fir/ l9e ( a c\plet4 ,9 a ^w1 ! rules 
( melody 9 blank v]se1 are ! same t     
obta9 ) respect to ! fir/ l9e ( a       
c\plet4 ,b luckily1 be+ dis5gag$ f      
rhyme1 or1 9 o!r words1 f c\plets1 !re  
is access to make e l9e run into ano!r1 
precisely z ! fir/ l9e ( a c\plet may   
run into ! second4 ,!re mu/ be a musical
 pause at ! end ( e l9e2 b x is n       
necess>y t x be accompani$ ) a pause 9 !
 s5se4 ,! s5se may be c>ri$ on ?r\gh    
diff]5t l9es2 till a p]iod ( ! utmo/    
ext5t be complet$1 by a full close bo? 9
 ! s5se & ! s\nd4 ,!re is no re/ra9t1   
o!r ?an t ?is full close be at ! end ( a
 l9e4 ,?is re/ra9t is necess>y 9 ord] to
 pres]ve a co9cid5ce betwixt s5se &     
s\nd2 :i* ought to be aim$ at 9 g5]al1 &
 is indisp5sable 9 ! case ( a full      
close1 because x has a /rik+ effect4    
,h5ce ! aptitude ( blank v]se =         
inv]sion2 & consequ5tly ! lu/re ( its   

pauses & acc5ts2 = :i*1 z obs]v$ above1 
!re is great] scope 9 inv]sion1 ?an :5  
words run 9 _! natural ord]4  ,9 !      
second section ( ?is *apt] x is %[n1 t  
no?+ contributes m ?an inv]sion to ! =ce
 & elevation ( language4 ,! c\plets (   
rhyme conf9e inv]sion )9 n>r[ limits4   
,nor w\ld ! elevation ( inv]sion1 7 !re 
access = x 9 rhyme1 be extremely        
concordant ) ! humbl] tone ( t sort (   
v]se4 ,x is univ]sally agre$1 t !       
l(t9ess ( ,milton's /yle supports       
admirably ! sublimity ( 8 subject2 & x  
is n less c]ta91 t ! l(t9ess ( 8 /yle   
arises *iefly f inv]sion4 ,%akespe>     
deals little 9 inv]sion4 ,b 8 blank     
v]se1 be+ a sort ( measur$ prose1 is    
p]fectly well adapt$ to ! /age4 ,lab\r$ 
inv]sion is !re extremely improp]1      
because 9 dialogue x nev] c appe>       
natural4  ,hi!rto ,i h consid]$ !       
advantage ( lay+ aside rhyme1 ) respect 
to t sup]ior p[] ( expression :i* v]se  
acquires !reby4 ,b ?is is n ! only      
advantage ( blank v]se4 ,x has ano!r n  

less signal ( its k9d2 & t is1 ( a m    
ext5sive & m complete melody4 ,its music
 is n1 l t ( rhyme1 conf9$ to a s+le    
c\plet2 b takes 9 a great compass1 s z 9
 "s measure to rival music prop]ly s    
call$4 ,! int]vals betwixt its cad5ces  
may be long or %ort at pleasure2 &1 by  
?is means1 its modulation1 ) respect bo?
 to ri*ness & v>iety1 is sup]ior f> to t
 ( rhyme2 & sup]ior ev5 to t ( ! ,greek 
& ,lat9 ,hexamet]4 ,( ?is obs]vation no 
p]son c d\bt :o is acqua9t$ ) ! ,p>adise
 ,lo/4 ,9 t "w !re are inde$ _m c>eless 
l9es2 b at e turn x %9es out 9 ! ri*e/  
melody z well z 9 ! sublime/ s5tim5ts4  
,take ! foll[+ specim54      ,n[ ,morn  
h] rosy /eps 9 ?' ea/]n clime           
,advanc+1 s['d ! e>? ) ori5t pe>l1      
,:5 ,adam wak'd1 s cu/om'd1 = 8 sleep   
,0 ary light f pure dige/ion br$1     ,&
 temp'rate vap\rs bl&1 :i* ?' only s\nd 
,( leaves & fum+ rills1 ,aurora's fan1  
,lightly disp]s'd1 & ! %rill mat9 song  
,( birds on e b\gh2 s mu* ! m     ,8    
wond] 0 to f9d unwak5'd ,eve     ,)     

tresses discompos'd1 & gl[+ *eek1     ,z
 ?r\gh unquiet re/3 he on 8 side        
,lean+ half-rais'd1 ) looks ( cordial   
love     ,hung ov] h] enam\r'd1 & beheld
     ,beauty1 :i*1 :e!r wak+ or asleep1 
,%ot =? peculi> graces2 !n ) voice      
,mild1 z :5 ,zephyrus on ,flora brea!s1 
,h] h& s(t t\*+1 :isp]'d ?us4 ,awake    
,my faire/1 my esp\s'd1 my late/ f\nd1  
,heav'n's la/ be/ gift1 my ev] new      
delight1     ,awake2 ! morn+ %9es1 & !  
fre% field     ,calls u2 we lose !      
prime1 to m>k h[ spr+     ,our t5d$     
plants1 h[ bl[s ! citron grove1     ,:at
 drops ! myrrh1 & :at ! balmy re$1      
,h[ ,nature pa9ts h] col\rs1 h[ ! bee   
,sits on ! bloom extract+ liquid sweet4 
,book #a4 l4 #a4  ,comp>+ ! ,lat9       
,hexamet] & ,engli% h]oic rhyme1 ! =m]  
has obvi\sly ! advantage 9 ! foll[+     
p>ticul>s4 ,x is greatly pref]able z to 
arrangem5t1 by ! latitude x admits 9    
plac+ ! long & %ort syllables4          
,secondly1 ! l5g? ( an ,hexamet] l9e ha?
 a maje/ic air3 ours1 by its %ortness1  

is inde$ m brisk & lively1 b mu* less   
fitt$ = ! sublime4 ,&1 ?irdly1 ! long   
high-s\nd+ words t ,hexamet] admits1 add
 greatly to its maje/y4 ,to comp5sate ^!
 advantages1 ,engli% rhyme possesses a  
great] numb] & great] v>iety bo? (      
pauses & ( acc5ts4 ,^! two sorts ( v]se 
/& inde$ pretty mu* 9 opposition3 9 !   
,hexamet]1 great v>iety ( arrangem5t1   
none 9 ! pauses or acc5ts3 9 ! ,engli%  
rhyme1 great v>iety 9 ! pauses & acc5ts1
 v little 9 ! arrangem5t4  ,9 blank v]se
 are unit$1 9 a good measure1 ! sev]al  
prop]ties ( ,lat9 ,hexamet] & ,engli%   
rhyme2 & x possesses beside _m signal   
prop]ties ( its own4 ,if is n conf9$1 l 
a ,hexamet]1 by a full close at ! end ( 
e l9e2 nor1 l rhyme1 by a full close at 
! end ( e c\plet4 ,?is =m ( con/ruction1
 :i* admits ! l9es to run into ea* o!r1 
gives x a /ill great] maje/y ?an arises 
f ! l5g? ( a ,hexamet] l9e4 ,by ! same  
means1 x admits inv]sion ev5 beyond !   
,lat9 or ,greek ,hexamet]1 :i* suff] "s 
conf9em5t by ! regul> closes at ! end ( 

e l9e4 ,9 its music x is illu/ri\s above
 all4 ,! melody ( ,hexamet] v]se1 is    
circumscrib$ to a l9e2 & ( ,engli%      
rhyme1 to a c\plet4 ,! melody ( blank   
v]se is "u no conf9em5t1 b enjoys !     
utmo/ privilege ( :i* ! melody ( v]se is
 susceptible1 & t is to run h& 9 h& ) ! 
s5se4 ,9 a ^w1 blank v]se is sup]ior to 
! ,hexamet] 9 _m articles2 & inf]ior to 
x 9 none1 save 9 ! latitude (           
arrangem5t1 & 9 ! use ( long words4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,9 ! ,fr5* h]oic v]se1 !re are f\nd1 on 
! contr>y1 all ! defects ( ! ,lat9      
,hexamet] & ,engli% rhyme1 )\t !        
beauties ( ei!r4 ,subject$ to ! bondage 
( rhyme1 & to ! full close at ! end (   
ea* c\plet1 x is fur!r peculi>ly        
disgu/ful by ! uni=mity ( its pauses &  
acc5ts4 ,! l9e inv>iably is divid$ by ! 
pause into two equal p>ts1 & ! acc5t is 
inv>iably plac$ be=e ! pause4           
,jeune et vaillant h]s  dont la haute   
sagesse     ,ne'/ po9t la fruit t>df    
d'une l5te vieillesse4  ,"h e           

circum/ance contributes to a mo/ t$i\s  
uni=mity4 ,a con/ant return ( ! same    
pause & ( ! same acc5t1 z well z an     
equal division ( e l9e2 by :i* ! latt]  
"p always answ]s to ! =m]1 & fatigues ! 
e> )\t int]mission or *ange4 ,i _c set  
?is matt] 9 a bett] light1 ?an by       
pres5t+ to ! read] a ,fr5* translation (
 ! foll[+ passage ( ,milton4      ,two (
 f> nobl] %ape1 erect & tall1           
,godlike erect1 ) native hon\r clad     
,9 nak$ maje/y seem'd lords ( all2      
,& wor?y seem'd1 = 9 _! looks div9e     
,! image ( _! glori\s ,mak] %on1        
,tru?1 wisdom1 sanctitude sev]e & pure1 
,sev]e1 b 9 true filial fre$om plac'd2  
,:5ce true au?ority 9 m53 ?\gh bo?      
,n equal1 z _! sex n equal seem'd2      
,= contemplation he & val\r =m'd1     ,=
 s(tness %e & sweet attractive grace1   
,he = ,god only1 %e = ,god 9 him4  ,7 ! 
pauses ( ! s5se & s\nd 9 ?is passage1 b 
a little bett] assort$1 no?+ 9 v]se c\ld
 be m melodi\s4 ,9 g5]al1 ! great defect
 ( ,milton's v]sification1 9 o!r        

respects admirable1 is ! want (         
co9cid5ce betwixt ! pauses ( ! s5se &   
s\nd4  ,! translation is 9 ! foll[+     
words4      ,ce lieu dlicieux1 ce p>adis
 *>mant1     ,reoit deux objets son plus
 bel ornem5t2     ,leur port maje/ueux1 
et leur dm>*e alti]e1     ,semble leur  
m]it] sur la nature enti]e     ,ce droit
 de comm&] que ,dieu leur a donn4       
,sur leur augu/e front de gloire c\ronn1
     ,du s\v]a9 du ciel drille la       
resemblance3     ,dans leur simples     
reg>ds clatte l'innoc5ce1               
,l'adorable c&eur1 l'aimable vrit1      
,la raison1 la sagesse1 et la svrit     
,qu'ad\cit la prud5ce1 et cet air de    
droiture     ,du visage des rois        
respectable p>ure4     ,ces deux objets 
div9s n'ont pas les mmes traits1        
,ils p>oiss5t =ms1 quoique t\s deux     
p>faits2     ,l'un p\r la maje/1 la =ce1
 et la noblesse2     ,l'autre p\r la    
d\ceur1 la grace1 et la t5dresse3       
,celui-ci p\r ,dieu seul1 l'autre p\r   
l'homme encor4  ,"h ! s5se is fairly    

translat$1 ! words are ( equal p[]1 &   
yet h[ inf]ior ! melody6  ,i take !     
lib]ty to add "h a speculation1 :i*1    
?\gh collat]al only1 arises naturally f 
! subject1 & %all be discuss$ 9 a few   
words4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to       
introduce ,hexamet] v]se into ! liv+    
languages1 b )\t success4 ,! ,engli%    
language1 ,i am incl9$ to believe1 is n 
susceptible ( ?is melody2 & my reasons  
are ^!4 ,fir/1 ! polysyllables 9 ,lat9 &
 ,greek are f9ely div]sifi$ by long &   
%ort syllables1 a circum/ance t         
qualifies !m = ! melody ( ,hexamet]     
v]se4 ,ours are extremely ill qualifi$ =
 ?is s]vice1 because !y sup]ab\nd 9 %ort
 syllables4 ,secondly1 ! bulk ( our     
monosyllables are arbitr>y ) reg>d to   
l5g?1 :i* is an unlucky circum/ance 9   
,hexamet]4 ,cu/om1 z obs]v$ above1 may  
r5d] famili> a long or %ort             
pronunciation ( ! same ^w3 b ! m9d wav]+
 betwixt ! two s\nds1 _c be s mu* arre/$
 ) ei!r1 z ) a ^w t ha? always ! same   
s\nd2 & = t reason1 arbitr>y s\nds are  

ill fitt$ = a melody :i* is *iefly      
support$ by quantity4 ,9 ,lat9 & ,greek 
,hexamet]1 inv>iable s\nds direct &     
asc]ta9 ! melody3 ,engli% ,hexamet] w\ld
 be de/itute ( melody1 unless by artful 
pronunciation2 because ( necessity !    
bulk ( its s\nds mu/ be arbitr>y4 ,!    
pronunciation is easy 9 a simple movem5t
 ( alt]nate %ort & long syllables2 b    
w\ld be p]plex+ & unpleasant 9 !        
div]sifi$ movem5t ( ,hexamet] v]se4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,rhyme makes s great a figure 9 mod]n   
poetry1 z to des]ve a solemn trial4 ,i h
 = t reason res]v$ x to be exam9$ ) "s  
delib]ation2 9 ord] to discov]1 if      
possible1 its peculi> beauties1 & !     
degree ( m]it x is intitl$ to4 ,! fir/  
view ( ?is subject leads naturally to ! 
foll[+ reflection1 8,t rhyme hav+ no    
relation to s5tim5t1 nor any effect ^u !
 e> o!r ?an a m]e j+le1 ought to be     
bani%$ all compositions ( any dignity1 z
 af=d+ b a trifl+ & *ildi% pleasure40 ,x
 w also be obs]v$1 8,t a j+le ( words   

ha? 9 "s measure a ludicr\s effect2     
witness ! celebrat$ poem ( ,hudibras1 ! 
d\ble rhymes ( :i* contribute no small  
%>e to its droll]y2 t ?is effect w\ld be
 equally rem>kable 9 a s]i\s "w1 7 x n  
obscur$ by ! nature ( ! subject2 t hav+ 
h[ev] a con/ant t5d5cy to give a        
ludicr\s air to ! composition1 x        
requires m ?an ord9>y fire to support ! 
dignity ( ! s5tim5ts aga9/ su* an       
und]m9+ antagoni/#ajc40  ,^! argum5ts   
are speci\s1 & h und\bt$ly "s weight4   
,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 x ought to be        
consid]$1 t rhyme1 9 lat] times1 has    
become univ]sal among m5 z well z       
*ildr52 & t to give x a curr5cy1 x mu/ h
 "s f\ndation 9 human nature4 ,9 fact1 x
 has be5 successfully employ'd by poets 
( g5ius1 9 _! s]i\s & grave             
compositions1 z well z 9 ^? :i* are m   
light & airy4 ,"h1 9 weigh+ au?ority    
aga9/ argum5t1 ! balance seems to hang  
pretty ev52 & !re=e1 to come at any ?+  
decisive1 we mu/ pi]ce a little deep]4  
,music has great p[] ov] ! s\l2 & may be

 successfully employ'd to inflame or    
soo? our passions1 if n actually to     
raise !m4 ,a s+le s\nd1 h[ev] sweet1 is 
n music2 b a s+le s\nd repeat$ aft]     
prop] int]vals1 may h an effect ^u !    
m9d1 by r\s+ ! att5tion & keep+ ! he>]  
awake4 ,a v>iety ( simil> s\nds1 succe$+
 ea* o!r aft] regul> int]vals1 mu/ h a  
/ill /rong] effect4 ,?is is applicable  
to rhyme1 :i* consi/s 9 ! connection t  
two v]se-l9es h by clos+ ) two words    
simil> 9 s\nd4 ,& consid]+ delib]ately !
 effect t ?is may h2 we f9d1 t x r\ses !
 att5tion1 & produce? an emotion        
mod]ately gay )\t dignity or elevation4 
,l ! murmur+s ( a brook glid+ ?r\gh     
pebbles1 x calms ! m9d :5 p]turb$1 &    
g5tly raises x :5 sunk4 ,^! effects are 
sc>ce p]ceiv$ :5 ! :ole poem is 9 rhyme2
 b are extremely rem>kable by contra/1 9
 ! c\plets :i* close ! sev]al acts ( our
 lat] trag$ies4 ,! tone ( ! m9d is      
s5sibly v>i$ by !m1 f angui%1 di/ress1  
or melan*oly1 to "s degree ( ease &     
alacrity4 ,= ! tru? ( ?is obs]vation1 ,i

 appeal to ! spee* ( ,jane ,%ore 9 !    
f\r? act1 :5 h] doom 0 pron\nc$ by      
,glo'/]2 to ! spee* ( ,lady ,jane ,gray 
at ! end ( ! fir/ act2 & to t ( ,cali/a1
 9 ! ,fair ,p5it5t1 :5 %e leaves ! /age1
 ab\t ! middle ( ! ?ird act4 ,! spee* ( 
,alicia1 at ! close ( ! f\r? act ( ,jane
 ,%ore1 puts ! matt] beyond d\bt4 ,9 a  
sc5e ( deep di/ress1 ! rhymes :i* f9i% !
 act1 produce a c]ta9 gaiety &          
*e>fulness1 f> f accord+ ) ! tone ( !   
passion4      ,alicia4 ,= ev]8 ,oh6 ,=  
ev]6     ,oh6 :o c be> to be a wret* =  
ev]6     ,my rival too6 8 la/ ?\ghts    
hung on h]3     ,&1 z he p>t$1 left a   
bless+ = h]4     ,%all %e be bless'd1 & 
,i be curs'd1 = ev]6     ,no2 s9ce h]   
fatal beauty 0 ! cause     ,( all my    
suff'r+s1 let h] %>e my pa9s2     ,let  
h]1 l me1 ( ev'ry joy =lorn1     ,devote
 ! h\r :5 su* a wret* 0 born3     ,l me 
to des]ts & to d>kness run1     ,abhor !
 day & curse ! gold5 sun2     ,ca/ ev'ry
 good & ev'ry hope beh9d2     ,dete/ !  
works ( nature1 loa! mank9d3     ,l me )

 cries di/ract$ fill ! air1     ,te> h] 
poor bosom1 & h] frantic hair1     ,&   
prove ! torm5ts ( ! la/ despair4  ,hav+ 
describ$1 ! be/ way ,i c1 ! impression t
 rhyme makes on ! m9d2 ,i proce$ to     
exam9e :e!r rhyme be prop] = any        
subject1 & to :at subjects 9 p>ticul> x 
is be/ suit$4 ,great & elevat$ subjects1
 :i* h a p[]ful influ5ce1 claim ju/ly ! 
prec$5ce 9 ?is inquiry4 ,9 ! *apt] (    
gr&eur & sublimity1 x is e/abli%$1 t a  
gr& or sublime object1 inspires a w>m   
en?usia/ic emotion disda9+ /rict        
regul>ity & ord]4 ,?is obs]vation is    
applicable to ! pres5t po9t4 ,!         
mod]ately-enliv5+ music ( rhyme1 gives a
 tone to ! m9d v diff]5t f t ( gr&eur & 
sublimity4 ,suppos+ !n an elevat$       
subject to be express$ 9 rhyme1 :at mu/ 
be ! effect8 ,! intimate union ( ! music
 ) ! subject1 produces an intimate union
 ( _! emotions2 "o inspir$ by ! subject1
 :i* t5ds to elevate & exp& ! m9d2 & "o 
inspir$ by ! music1 :i*1 conf9+ ! m9d )9
 ! n>r[ limits ( regul> cad5cy & simil> 

s\nd1 t5ds to prev5t all elevation above
 its own pit*4 ,emotions s little       
concordant1 _c 9 union h a happy effect4
  ,b x is sc>ce necess>y to reason ^u a 
case1 t nev] did1 & probably nev] w     
happ51 viz4 an important subject clo!d 9
 rhyme1 & yet support$ 9 its utmo/      
elevation4 ,a happy ?\ght or w>m        
expression1 may at times give a sudd5   
b\nd upw>d2 b x requires a g5ius great] 
?an has hi!rto exi/$1 to support a poem 
( any l5g? 9 a tone mu* m elevat$ ?an t 
( ! melody4 ,tasso & ,ario/o ought n to 
be made exceptions1 & /ill less         
,voltaire4 ,& aft] all1 :]e ! poet has !
 dead weight ( rhyme con/antly to       
/ruggle )1 h[ c we expect an uni=m      
elevation 9 a high pit*2 :5 su*         
elevation1 ) all ! support x c receive f
 language1 requires ! utmo/ ef=t ( !    
human g5ius8  ,b n[1 admitt+ rhyme to be
 an unfit dress = gr& & l(ty images2 x  
has "o advantage h[ev]1 :i* is1 to raise
 a l[ subject to its own degree (       
elevation4 ,addison#ajd obs]ves1 8,t    

rhyme1 )\t any o!r assi/ance1 ?r[s !    
language (f f prose1 & v (t5 makes an   
indiff]5t phrase pass unreg>d$2 b :]e ! 
v]se is n built ^u rhymes1 !re1 pomp (  
s\nd & en]gy ( expression are           
indisp5sably necess>y1 to support ! /yle
 & keep x f fall+ into ! flatness (     
prose40 ,?is effect ( rhyme is rem>kable
 9 ! ,fr5* v]se1 :i*1 be+ simple &      
natural & 9 a good measure unqualifi$ = 
inv]sion1 readily s9ks d[n to prose :]e 
x is n artificially support$4 ,rhyme1 by
 r\s+ ! m9d1 raises x some:at above !   
tone ( ord9>y language3 rhyme !re=e is  
indisp5sable 9 ! ,fr5* trag$y2 & may be 
prop] ev5 = _! com$y4 ,voltaire#aje     
assigns ?is v reason = adh]+ to rhyme 9 
^! compositions4 ,he inde$ c&idly owns1 
t ev5 ) ! support ( rhyme1 ! trag$ies ( 
8 c\ntry are little bett] ?an           
conv]sation-pieces4 ,?is %[s1 t ! ,fr5* 
language is weak1 & an improp] dress =  
any gr& subject4 ,voltaire 0 s5sible (  
?is imp]fection2 & yet ,voltaire        
attempt$ an epic poem 9 t language4  ,! 

*e>+ & enliv5+ p[] ( rhyme1 is /ill m   
rem>kable 9 poems ( %ort l9es1 :]e !    
rhymes return ^u ! e> 9 a quick         
succession4 ,& = t reason1 rhyme is     
p]fectly well adapt$ to gay1 light1 &   
airy subjects4 ,witness ! foll[+4       
,o ! pleas+1 pleas+ angui%4     ,:5 we  
love1 & :5 we langui%6         ,wi%es   
ris+1         ,?\ghts surpris+1         
,pleasure c\rt+1         ,*>ms          
transport+1         ,fancy view+1       
,joys ensu+1     ,o ! pleas+1 pleas+    
angui%4          ,rosamond1 act #a4 sc4 
#b4  ,= ?is reason1 su* frequ5t rhymes  
are v improp] = any sev]e or s]i\s      
passion3 ! dissonance betwixt ! subject 
& ! modulation1 is v s5sibly felt4      
,witness ! foll[+4      ,ardito ti r5da1
       ,t'acc5da       ,di sdegno       
,d'un figlio       ,il p]iglio          
,d'un regno       ,l' amor     ,e' dolce
 ad un' alma       ,*e aspetta          
,v5detta     ,il p]d] la calma     ,fra 
l'ire del cor4          ,meta/asio4     
,artas]se1 act #c4 sc #c4  ,rhyme is n  

less unfit = deep di/ress1 ?an =        
subjects elevat$ & l(ty2 & = t reason   
has be5 long disus$ 9 ! ,engli% &       
,italian trag$y4 ,9 a "w1 :]e ! subject 
is s]i\s ?\gh n elevat$1 x has n a good 
effect2 because ! air9ess ( ! modulation
 agrees n ) ! gravity ( ! subject4 ,!   
,essay on ,man1 :i* treats a subject    
great & important1 w\ld %[ mu* bett] 9  
blank v]se4 ,sportive love1 mir?1       
gaiety1 hum\r1 & ridicule1 are ! prov9ce
 ( rhyme4 ,! b\nd>ies assign$ x by      
nature1 7 ext5d$ 9 b>b>\s & illit]ate   
ages1 & 9 its usurpations x has long be5
 protect$ by cu/om4 ,b ta/e 9 ! f9e     
arts1 z well z 9 morals1 improves daily2
 & makes a progress1 sl[ly inde$1 b     
uni=mly1 t[>ds p]fection3 & !re is no   
reason to d\bt1 t rhyme 9 ,brita9 w 9 "t
 be =c'd to ab&on its unju/ conque/s1 & 
to conf9e itself )9 its natural limits4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,hav+ ?r[n out :at occurr$ ^u rhyme1 ,i 
close ! section ) a g5]al obs]vation4 ,!
 melody ( articulate s\nd s p[]fully    

in*ants ! m9d1 z to draw a vail ov] v   
gross faults & imp]fections4 ,( ?is p[] 
a /rong] example _c be giv51 ?an !      
episode ( ,ari/u1 :i* closes ! f\r? book
 ( ! ,georgics4 ,to r5ew a /ock ( bees  
:5 ! =m] is lo/1 ,virgil ass]ts1 t !y w 
be produc$ 9 ! intrails ( a bullock1    
sla9 & manag$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]4 ,?is     
leads him to say1 h[ ?is /range receipt 
0 inv5t$2 :i* is z foll[s4 ,ari/u hav+  
lo/ 8 bees by disease & fam9e1 nev]     
dreams ( employ+ ! ord9>y means = obta9+
 a new /ock2 b1 l a fr[>d *ild1 compla9s
 heavily ( 8 mis=tune to 8 "m ,cyr5e1 a 
wat]-nymph4 ,%e advises him to consult  
,proteus1 a sea-god1 n h[ he 0 to obta9 
a new /ock1 b only by :at fatality he _h
 lo/ 8 =m] /ock2 add+1 t viol5ce 0      
necess>y1 because ,proteus w\ld say no?+
 volunt>ily4 ,ari/u1 satisfi$ ) ?is     
advice1 ?\gh x gave him no prospect (   
repair+ 8 loss1 proce$s to execution4   
,proteus is cat*$ sleep+1 b\nd ) cords1 
& compell$ to speak4 ,he decl>es1 t     
,ari/u 0 puni%$ ) ! loss ( 8 bees1 =    

attempt+ ! *a/ity ( ,euridice1 ! wife ( 
,orpheus2 %e hav+ got h] dea? by ! /+ ( 
a s]p5t 9 fly+ 8 embraces4 ,proteus1 ^: 
sull5ness ought to h be5 conv]t$ into   
wra? by ! r\gh treatm5t he met )1       
becomes on a sudd5 c\rte\s &            
communicative4 ,he gives ! :ole hi/ory (
 ,orpheus's exp$ition to hell 9 ord] to 
recov] 8 sp\se2 a v ent]ta9+ /ory inde$1
 b )\t ! lea/ relation to ! affair on   
h&4 ,ari/u return+ to 8 "m1 is advis$ to
 deprecate by sacrifices ! wra? (       
,orpheus1 :o 0 n[ dead4 ,a bullock is   
sacrific$1 & out ( ! intrails spr+      
miracul\sly a sw>m ( bees4 ,h[ %\ld ?is 
h l$ any mortal to ?9k1 t1 )\t a        
miracle1 ! same might be obta9$         
naturally1 z is suppos$ 9 ! receipt8  ,a
 li/ ( ! diff]5t ,,feet1 & ( _! ,,names4
       #a4 ,,pyrrhi*ius1 consi/s ( two  
%ort syllables4 ,examples3 ,deus1       
giv51 _c1 hillock1 runn+4       #b4     
,,spondeus1 consi/s ( two long          
syllables4 ,ex4 omnes1      possess1    
=ew>n1 mank9d1 sometime4       #c4      

,,iambus1 compos$ ( a %ort & a long4    
,ex4 pios1 int5t1      degree1 appe>1   
cons5t1 rep5t1 dem&1 report1            
suspect1 affront1 ev5t4       #d4       
,,tro*,,u1 or ,,*oreus1 a long & a %ort4
 ,ex4 f]vat1      :]eby1 aft]1 legal1   
measure1 burd51 holy1 l(ty4       #e4   
,,tribra*ys1 ?ree %ort4 ,ex4 melius1    
prop]ty4       #f4 ,,molossus1 ?ree     
long4 ,ex4 delectant4       #g4         
,,anap,,/us1 two %ort & a long4 ,ex4    
animos1 condesc5d1      appreh5d1       
ov]he>d1 acquiesce1 immature1 ov]*>ge1  
s]5ade1 opportune4       #h4 ,,dactylus1
 a long & two %ort4 ,ex4 c>m9a1 evid5t1 
excell5ce1 e/imate1 wond]ful1 altitude1 
burd5$1      m9i/]1 t5em5t4       #i4   
,,bac*ius1 a %ort & two long4 ,ex4      
dolores4       #aj4 ,,hyppobac*ius1 or  
,,antibac*ius1 two long & a %ort4 ,ex4  
pelluntur4       #aa4 ,,creticus1 or    
,,amphimac]1 a %ort syllable betwixt two
 long4 ,ex4      infito1 aft]noon4      
#ab4 ,,amphibra*ys1 a long syllable     
betwixt two %ort4 ,ex4 honore1          

consid]1 imprud5t1 proc$ure1 att5d$1    
propos$1      respond5t1 concurr5ce1    
appr5tice1 respective1      rev5ue4     
#ac4 ,,proceleusmaticus1 f\r %ort       
syllables4 ,ex4 hom9ibus1      necess>y4
       #ad4 ,,dispondeus1 f\r long      
syllables4 ,ex4 inf9itis4       #ae4    
,,diiambus1 compos$ ( two ,iambi4 ,ex4  
sev]itas4       #af4 ,,ditro*,,u1 ( two 
,tro*i4 ,ex4 p]man]e1 procurator4       
#ag4 ,,ionicus1 two %ort syllables & two
 long4 ,ex4 prop]abant4       #ah4      
,ano!r foot passes "u ! same "n1 compos$
 ( two long      syllables & two %ort4  
,ex4 calc>ibus1 possessory4       #ai4  
,,*oriambus1 two %ort syllables betwixt 
two long4 ,ex4      ,nobilitas4         
#bj4 ,,antispa/us1 two long syllables   
betwixt two %ort4 ,ex4      ,alex&]4    
#ba4 ,p,,on #a/1 "o long syllable & ?ree
 %ort4 ,ex4 temporibus1      ord9>y1    
inv5tory1 temp]am5t4       #bb4 ,p,,on  
#b;d1 ! second syllable long1 & ! o!r   
?ree %ort4      ,ex4 pot5tia1 rapidity1 
solemnity1 m9ority1 consid]$1           

imprud5tly1 extravagant1 respectfully1  
accord+ly4       #bc4 ,p,,on #c;d1 !    
?ird syllable long & ! o!r ?ree %ort4   
,ex4      animatus1 indep5d5t1          
condesc5d5ce1 sac]dotal1                
reimbursem5t1 manufacture4       #bd4   
,p,,on #d?1 ! la/ syllable long & ! o!r 
?ree %ort4 ,ex4      ,cel]itas4         
#be4 ,,epitritus #a/1 ! fir/ syllable   
%ort & ! o!r ?ree      long4 ,ex4       
voluptates4       #bf4 ,,epitritus #b;d1
 ! second syllable %ort & ! o!r ?ree    
long4 ,ex4 pnit5tes4       #bg4         
,,epitritus #c;d1 ! ?ird syllable %ort &
 ! o!r ?ree      long4 ,ex4 discordias4 
#bh4 ,,epitritus #d?1 ! la/ syllable    
%ort & ! o!r ?ree      long4 ,ex4       
=tunatus4       #bi4 ,a ^w ( five       
syllables compos$ ( a ,pyrrhi*ius &     
,dactylus4 ,ex4 m9i/]ial4       #cj4 ,a 
^w ( five syllables compos$ ( a ,tro*u &
 ,dactylus4      ,ex4 s+ul>ity4         
#ca4 ,a ^w ( five syllables compos$ ( a 
,dactylus & ,tro*u4      ,ex4           
precipitation1 exam9ation4       #cb4 ,a

 ^w ( five syllables1 ! second only     
long4 ,ex4      necessitat$1            
significancy4       #cc4 ,a ^w ( six    
syllables compos$ ( two ,dactyles4 ,ex4 
impetuosity4       #cd4 ,a ^w ( six     
syllables compos$ ( a ,tribra*ys &      
,dactyle4      ,ex4 pusillanimity4  ,n4 
,b4 ,e ^w may be consid]$ z a prose     
foot1 because e ^w is di/+ui%$ by a     
pause2 & e foot 9 v]se may be consid]$ z
 a v]se ^w1 compos$ ( syllables pron\nc$
 at once )\t a pause4   ,end ( !        
,,second ,,volume4   ,,footnotes3  #a   
,nec v]o illa p>va vis natur e/         
rationisque1 quod unum hoc animal s5tit 
quid sit ordo1 quid sit quod deceat 9   
factis dictisque1 qui modus4 ,itaque    
eorum ipsorum1 qu aspectu s5tiuntur1    
nullum aliud animal1 pul*ritud9em1      
v5u/atem1 conv5i5tiam p>tium1 s5tit4    
,quam similitud9em natura ratioque ab   
oculis ad animum transf]5s1 multo etiam 
magis pul*ritud9em1 con/antiam1 ord9em1 
9 consiliis factisque cons]v&um putat1  
cavetque ne quid indecor effem9atve     

faciat2 tum 9 omnibus et op9ionibus et  
factis ne quid libid9os aut faciat aut  
cogitet4 ,quibus ex rebus conflatur et  
efficitur id1 quod qurimus1 hone/um4    
,cic]o de (ficiis1 l4 #a4  #b ,f _m ?+s 
t pass curr5t 9 ! _w )\t be+ g5]ally    
condemn$1 "o at fir/ view w\ld imag9e1 t
 ! s5se ( congruity or propriety ha?    
sc>ce any f\ndation 9 nature2 & t x is r
 an artificial ref9em5t ( ^? :o affect  
to di/+ui% !mselves by a c]ta9 delicacy 
( ta/e & behavi\r4 ,! fulsome panegyrics
 be/[$ ^u ! great & opul5t1 9 epi/les   
d$icatory & o!r su* compositions1 lead  
naturally to t ?\ght4 ,did !re prevail 9
 ! _w1 x w be said1 or did nature       
sugge/1 a ta/e ( :at is suitable1 dec5t1
 or prop]1 w\ld any good writ] deal 9   
su* compositions1 or any man ( s5se     
receive !m )\t disgu/8 ,c x be suppos$1 
t ,lewis ,,xiv4 ( ,france 0 endu$ by    
nature ) any s5se ( propriety1 :51 9 a  
dramatic p]=mance purposely compos$ = 8 
ent]ta9m5t1 he suff]$ himself1 publicly 
& 9 8 pres5ce1 to be /yl$ ! greate/ k+  

ev] ! e>? produc$8 ,^! x is true are    
/rong facts2 b luckily !y d n prove !   
s5se ( propriety to be artificial4 ,!y  
only prove1 t ! s5se ( propriety is at  
times ov]p[]$ by pride & vanity2 :i* is 
no s+ul> case1 = ?is sometimes is ! fate
 ev5 ( ! s5se ( ju/ice4  #c ,contr>y to 
?is rule1 ! introduction to ! ?ird      
volume ( ! ,*>act]i/ics1 is a cont9u$   
*a9 ( metaphors4 ,^! 9 su* pr(usion are 
too florid = ! subject2 & h beside ! bad
 effect ( remov+ our att5tion f !       
pr9cipal subject1 to fix x ^u spl5did   
trifles4  #d ,see act #a4 sc4 #b4  #e   
,see *ap4 #g4  #f ,see *ap4 #c4  #g ,see
 ! ,introduction4  #h ,"p ,i4 essay #b4 
*ap4 #d4  #i ,poet4 cap4 #e4  #aj ,l4   
#b4 ,de oratore4  #aa ,ideoque anceps   
ejus rei ratio e/1 quod a d]isu non     
procul abe/ risus4 ,lib4 #f4 cap4 #c4   
#a4  #ab ,see *ap4 #g4  #ac ,see *ap4   
#aj4  #ad ,sc>ron4  #ae ,tassoni4  #af  
,n #ajb4  #ag ,tale ( a ,tub1 sect4 #g4 
#ah ,a true & fai?ful n>rative ( :at    
pass$ 9 ,london dur+ ! g5]al con/]nation

 ( all ranks & degrees ( mank9d4  #ai n4
 l4 #a4 ,at ,v5us obscuro1 c4  #bj ,see 
*ap4 #aj4 comp>$ ) *ap4 #g4  #ba ,b4 #b4
 *4 #aa4  #b4  #bb ,see *ap4 #a4  #bc   
,de oratore1 l4 #b4 cap4 #fc4  #bd      
,if all ! ye> 7 play+ holidays1     ,to 
sport w\ld be z t$i\s z to "w3     ,b :5
 !y seldom come1 !y wi%'d-= come1     ,&
 no?+ please? b r>e accid5ts4           
,fir/ "p1 ,h5ry ,,iv4 act #a4 sc4 #c4   
#be ,viol5t love )\t affection is f9ely 
exemplifi$ 9 ! foll[+ /ory4 ,:5         
,con/ant9ople 0 tak5 by ! ,turks1 ,ir5e1
 a "y ,greek ( an illu/ri\s family1 fell
 into ! h&s ( ,mahomet ,,ii4 :o 0 at t  
"t 9 ! prime ( y\? & glory4 ,ir5e's *>ms
 conqu]$ ! savage he>t ( ,mahomet4 ,he  
ab&on$ himself to 8 new mi/ress2 & %ut  
himself up ) h]1 d5y+ access ev5 to 8   
m9i/]s4 ,8 passion seem$ to increase )  
"t4 ,9 ! mo/ important exp$itions1      
frequ5tly w\ld he ab&on ! army1 & fly to
 8 ,ir5e4 ,w> 0 at a /&1 = victory 0 no 
long] ! mon>*'s fav\rite passion4 ,!    
soldi]s1 accu/om$ to booty1 began to    

murmur1 & ! infection spread ev5 among !
 comm&]s4 ,! ,ba%a ,mu/apha1 consult+ ! 
fidelity he ow$ 8 ma/]1 0 ! fir/ :o dur/
 acqua9t him ( ! disc\rses held publicly
 to ! prejudice ( 8 glory4  ,! ,sultan1 
aft] a gloomy sil5ce1 =m$ 8 resolution4 
,he ord]$ ,mu/apha to assemble ! troops 
next morn+2 & !n retir$ ) precipitation 
to ,ir5e's ap>tm5t4 ,nev] be=e did t    
pr9cess appe> s *>m+3 nev] be=e did !   
pr9ce be/[ s _m t5d] c>esses4 ,to give a
 new lu/re to h] beauty1 he exhort$ h]  
wom5 next morn+ to be/[ all _! art & c>e
 on h] dress4 ,he took h] by ! h&1 l$ h]
 into ! middle ( ! army1 & pull+ (f h]  
vail1 dem&$ at ! ,ba%as ) a fi]ce look1 
:e!r !y _h ev] beheld s accompli%$ a    
beauty8 ,aft] an awful pause1 ,mahomet )
 "o h& lay+ hold ( ! "y ,greek by h]    
beautiful locks1 & ) ! o!r pull+ out 8  
simit>1 sev]$ ! head f ! body at "o     
/roke4 ,!n turn+ to 8 gr&ees1 ) eyes    
wild & furi\s1 8,?is sword10 says he1   
8:5 x is my w1 kn[s to cut ! b&s (      
love40  #bf ,see *ap4 #b4 "p #c4  #bg   

,lady ,easy1 ^u h] husb&'s re=mation1   
expresses to h] fri5d ! foll[+ s5tim5t4 
8,be satisfy'd2 ,sir ,*>les has made me 
happy1 ev5 to a pa9 ( joy40  #bh ,see   
*ap4 #b4 "p #c4  #bi ,see *ap4 #b4 "p   
#c4  #cj ,see *ap4 #b4 "p #d4  #ca ,*ap4
 #b4 "p #a4 sect4 #b4  #cb ,see *ap4 #b4
 "p #a4 sect4 #f4  #cc ,act #b4  #cd    
,omnis enim motus animi1 suum quemdam a 
natura habet vultum et sonum et ge/um4  
,cic]o1 l4 #c4 ,de oratore4  #ce ,see   
?is expla9$1 ,essays on morality &      
natural religion1 "p #b4 essay #e4  #cf 
,see *ap4 #b4 "p #f4  #cg ,see *ap4 #ag4
  #ch ,?\gh a soliloquy 9 ! p]turbation 
( passion is und\bt$ly natural1 & inde$ 
n unfrequ5t 9 real life2 yet ,congreve1 
:o himself has p5n$ sev]al good         
soliloquies1 yields1 ) m c&or ?an k1 t  
!y are unnatural2 & he only pret5ds to  
ju/ify !m f necessity4 ,?is he does 9 8 
d$ication ( ! ,d\ble ,deal]1 9 ! foll[+ 
words4 8,:5 a man 9 soliloquy reasons ) 
himself1 & pro's & con's1 & weighs all 8
 designs2 we ought n to imag9e1 t ?is   

man ei!r talks to u1 or to himself2 he  
is only ?9k+1 & ?9k+ 7frequ5tly7 su*    
matt] z 7 inexcuseable folly 9 him to   
speak4 ,b because we are conceal$       
spectators ( ! plot 9 agitation1 & !    
poet f9ds x necess>y to let u "k ! :ole 
my/]y ( 8 contrivance1 he is will+ to   
in=m u ( ?is p]son's ?\ghts2 & to t end 
is =c$ to make use ( ! exp$i5t ( spee*1 
no o!r bett] way be+ yet inv5t$ = !     
communication ( ?\ght40  #ci ,act #c4   
sc4 #f4  #dj 3 ,! actions "h *iefly 9   
view1 are :at a passion sugge/s 9 ord]  
to its gratification4 ,beside ^!1       
actions are occasionally ex]t$ to give  
"s v5t to a passion1 )\t propos+ an     
ultimate gratification4 ,su* occasional 
action is *>act]i/ical ( ! passion 9 a  
high degree2 & = t reason1 :5 happily   
inv5t$1 has a wond]ful good effect 9    
poetry3        ,hamlet4 ,oh mo/ p]nici\s
 woman6     ,oh villa91 villa91 smil+   
damn$ villa96     ,my tables---- meet x 
is ,i set x d[n1     ,t "o may smile1 & 
smile1 & be a villa92     ,at lea/ ,i'm 

sure x may be s 9 ,d5m>k4  ,writ+4      
,s1 uncle1 !re y are4                   
,hamlet1 act #a4 sc4 #h4  #da ,see *ap4 
#b4 "p #g4  #db ,see passions expla9$ z 
agreeable or disagreeable1 *ap4 #b4 "p  
#b4  #dc ,locke4  #dd ,r\gh & blunt     
mann]s1 are alli$ to ang] by an int]nal 
feel+1 z well z by ext]nal expressions  
resembl+ 9 a fa9t degree ^? ( ang]4     
,!re=e su* mann]s are easily height5$   
into ang]2 & savages = t reason are     
prone to ang]4 ,?us r\gh & blunt mann]s 
are unhappy 9 two respects4 ,!y are fir/
 readily conv]t$ into ang]3 & next1 !   
*ange be+ imp]ceptible1 because ( !     
similitude ( ext]nal signs1 ! p]son     
aga9/ :om ! ang] is direct$ is n put ^u 
8 gu>d4 ,x is = ^! reasons a great      
object 9 society1 to correct su* mann]s1
 & to br+ on a habit ( sweetness &      
calmness4 ,?is temp] has two opposite   
good effects4 ,fir/ x is n easily       
provok$ to wra?4 ,next ! int]val be+    
great betwixt x & real ang]1 a p]son (  
?is temp] :o receives an affront1 has _m

 *anges to g ?r\gh be=e 8 ang] be       
inflam$4 ,^! *anges h ea* ( !m _!       
ext]nal sign1 & ! (f5d+ p>ty is put ^u 8
 gu>d1 to retire1 or to endeav\r a      
reconciliation4  #de ,see *ap4 #b4 "p   
#a4 sect4 #e4  #df ,see *ap4 #b4 "p #g4 
#dg ,see ,app5dix4  #dh ,9 ! neid1 ! h]o
 is made to describe himself 9 ! foll[+ 
words3 ,sum pius neas1 fama sup] !ra    
notus4 ,virgil c\ld nev] h be5 guilty ( 
an impropriety s gross1 _h he assum$ !  
p]sonage ( 8 h]o1 in/ead ( utt]+ !      
s5tim5ts ( a spectator4 ,nor w\ld       
,x5ophon h made ! foll[+ spee* = ,cyrus 
! y\ng]1 to 8 ,grecian auxili>ies1 :om  
he 0 lead+ aga9/ 8 bro!r ,artax]xes4 8,i
 h *os5 y1 ,o ,greeks6 my auxili>ies1 n 
to enl>ge my army1 = ,i h ,b>b>ians )\t 
numb]2 b because y surpass all !        
,b>b>ians 9 val\r & milit>y discipl9e40 
,?is s5tim5t is ,x5ophon's2 = surely    
,cyrus did n reckon 8 c\ntrym5          
,b>b>ians4  #di ,see *ap4 #b4 "p #a4    
sect #f4  #ej ,?is criticism rea*es !   
,fr5* dramatic writ]s 9 g5]al1 ) v few  

exceptions4 ,_! trag$ies are mo/ly1 if n
 totally1 descriptive4 ,corneille l$ !  
way2 & lat] writ]s foll[+ 8 track1 h    
accu/om$ ! ,fr5* e> to a /yle1 =mal1    
pomp\s1 declamatory1 :i* suits n ) any  
passion4 ,h5ce x becomes an easy task to
 burlesk a ,fr5* trag$y3 x is n m       
difficult ?an to burlesk a /iff solemn  
fop4 ,! facility ( ! op]ation has 9     
,p>is introduc$ a s+ul> amusem5t1 :i*   
is1 to burlesk ! m successful trag$ies 9
 a sort ( f>ce1 call$ a p>ody4 ,la      
,motte1 :o himself appe>s to h be5      
sorely gall$ by "s ( ^! burlesk         
compositions1 ackn[l$ges1 t no m is     
necess>y to give !m a run1 ?an b>ely to 
v>y ! dramatis p]son1 & 9 place ( k+s & 
h]oes1 que5s & pr9cesses1 to sub/itute  
t9k]s & tailors1 milkmaids &            
seam/resses4 ,! declamatory /yle1 s     
diff]5t f ! g5u9e expression ( passion1 
passes 9 "s measure unobs]v$1 :5 great  
p]sonages are ! speak]s4 ,b 9 ! m\?s ( !
 vulg>1 ! impropriety1 ) reg>d to !     
speak] z well z to ! passion repres5t$1 

is s rem>kable z to become ridicul\s4 ,a
 trag$y1 :]e e passion is made to speak 
9 its natural tone1 is n liable to be   
?us burlesk$4 ,! same passion is by all 
m5 express$ ne>ly 9 ! same mann]3 &     
!re=e ! g5u9e expressions ( passion _c  
be ridicul\s 9 ! m\? ( any man1 provid$ 
only he be ( su* a "* z to be           
susceptible ( ! passion4  ,x is a       
well-kn[n fact1 t to an ,engli% e> !    
,fr5* actors appe> to pron\nce ) too    
great rapidity2 a compla9t mu* insi/$ on
 by ,cibb] 9 p>ticul>1 :o _h frequ5tly  
he>d ! fam\s ,b>on ^u ! ,fr5* /age4 ,?is
 may 9 "s measure be attribut$ to our   
want ( facility 9 ! ,fr5* language2 z   
=eign]s g5]ally imag9e1 t e language is 
pron\nc$ too quick by natives4 ,b t x is
 n ! sole cause1 w be probable f a fact 
directly opposite1 t ! ,fr5* are n a    
little disgu/$ ) ! languidness1 z !y t]m
 x1 ( ! ,engli% pronunciation4 ,i       
conjecture ?is diff]5ce ( ta/e may be   
d]iv$ f :at is obs]v$ above4 ,!         
pronunciation ( ! g5u9e language (      

passion is necess>ily direct$ by !      
nature ( ! passion1 & by ! sl[ness or   
cel]ity ( its progress4 ,9 p>ticul>1    
pla9tive passions1 :i* are ! mo/ frequ5t
 9 trag$y1 hav+ a sl[ motion1 dictate a 
sl[ pronunciation4 ,9 declamation aga91 
:i* is n ! g5u9e language ( any passion1
 ! speak] w>ms gradually2 & z he w>ms1  
he naturally accel]ates 8 pronunciation4
 ,b z ! ,fr5* h =m$ _! tone (           
pronunciation ^u ,corneille's           
declamatory trag$ies1 & ! ,engli% ^u ! m
 natural language ( ,%akespe>1 x is n   
surpris+ t cu/om %\ld produce su*       
diff]5ce ( ta/e 9 ! two nations4  #ea   
,see *ap4 #b4 "p #c4  #eb ,see *ap4 #b4 
"p #g4  #ec ,titus ,livius1 l4 #bi4 #ag4
  #ed ,canto #bj4 /an4 #abd4 #abe4      
#abf4  #ee ,page #caf4  #ef ,act #a4 sc4
 #a4  #eg ,act #b4 sc4 #a4  #eh ,beg9n+ 
( act #b4  #ei ,act #c4 sc4 #c4 at !    
close4  #fj ,a c]ta9 au?or says         
hum\r\sly1 8,les mots mmes d'am\r et    
d'amant sont bannis de l'intime socit   
des deux sexes1 et relegus avec ceux de 

*a9e et de flame dans les ,romans qu'on 
ne lit plus40 ,& :]e nature is once     
bani%$1 a fair field is op5 to e        
fanta/ic imitation1 ev5 ! mo/           
extravagant4  #fa ,act #d4 sc4 #e4  #fb 
,act #d4 sc4 #g4  #fc ,?is obs]vation is
 f9ely illu/rat$ by a /ory :i* ,h]odotus
 records1 book #c4 ,cambyses :5 he      
conqu]$ ,egypt1 took ,psamm5itus ! ,k+  
prison]3 & to try 8 con/ancy1 ord]$ 8   
daught] to be dress$ 9 ! habit ( a      
slave1 & to be employ'd 9 br++ wat] f ! 
riv]4 ,8 son also 0 l$ to execution ) a 
halt] ab\t 8 neck4 ,! ,egyptians v5t$ _!
 sorr[ 9 te>s & lam5tations4 ,psamm5itus
 only1 ) a d[n-ca/ eye1 rema9$ sil5t4   
,aft]w>d meet+ "o ( 8 companions1 a man 
advanc$ 9 ye>s1 :o be+ plund]$ ( all1 0 
begg+ alms1 he wept bitt]ly1 call+ him  
by 8 "n4 ,cambyses 0 /ruck ) wond]1 &   
s5t a mess5g] ) ! foll[+ "q1            
8,psamm5itus1 ?y ma/] ,cambyses is      
desir\s to "k1 :y1 aft] ?\ had/ se5 ?y  
daught] s ignom9i\sly treat$1 & ?y son  
l$ to execution1 )\t exclamation or     

weep+1 ?\ %\ld/ be s highly conc]n$ = a 
poor man no way relat$ to !e80          
,psamm5itus return$ ! foll[+ answ]3     
8,son ( ,cyrus1 ! calamities ( my family
 are too great to leave me ! p[] (      
weep+3 b ! mis=tunes ( a companion1     
r$uc$ 9 8 old age to want ( bread1 is a 
fit subject = lam5tation40  #fd ,see    
*ap4 #b4 "p #c4  #fe ,*ap4 #af4  #ff    
,see ?is expla9$ m p>ticul>ly 9 *ap4 #h4
  #fg ,( ?is take ! foll[+ specim53     
,!y clepe u drunk>ds1 & ) sw9i% phrase  
,soil our addition2 &1 inde$1 x takes   
,f our at*ievem5ts1 ?\gh p]=m'd at      
height1     ,! pi? & m>r[ ( our         
attribute4     ,s1 (t x *ances 9        
p>ticul> m51     ,t = "s vici\s mole (  
nature 9 !m1     ,z1 9 _! bir?1 7:]e9 !y
 are n guilty1     ,s9ce ,nature _c *use
 8 orig971     ,by ! o'ergr[? ( "s      
complexion     ,(t break+ d[n ! pales & 
=ts ( reason2     ,or by "s habit1 t too
 mu* o'er-leav5s     ,! =m ( plausive   
mann]s2 t ^! m5     ,c>ry+1 ,i say1 !   
/amp ( "o defect1     7,be+ ,nature's   

liv]y1 or ,=tune's sc>71     ,_! virtues
 else1 be !y z pure z grace1     ,z     
inf9ite z man may und]go1     ,%all 9 ! 
g5]al c5sure take corruption     ,f t   
p>ticul> fault4          ,hamlet1 act   
#a4 sc4 #g4    #fh ,! critics seem n    
p]fectly to compreh5d ! g5ius (         
,%akespe>4 ,8 plays are defective 9 !   
me*anical "p1 :i* is less ! "w ( g5ius  
?an ( exp]i5ce2 & is n o!rwise br\ght to
 p]fection ?an by dilig5tly obs]v+ !    
errors ( =m] compositions4 ,%akespe>    
excels all ! anci5ts & mod]ns1 9 k (    
human nature1 & 9 unfold+ ev5 ! mo/     
obscure & ref9$ emotions4 ,?is is a r>e 
faculty1 & ( ! greate/ importance 9 a   
dramatic au?or2 & x is ?is faculty :i*  
makes him surpass all o!r writ]s 9 !    
comic z well z tragic ve94  #fi         
,soliloquies acc\nt$ = *ap4 #ae4  #gj   
,act #b4 sc4 #b4  #ga ,act #a4 sc4 #a4  
#gb ,act #a4 sc4 #b4  #gc ,act #a4 sc4  
#b4  #gd ,see *ap4 #b4 "p #a4 sect4 #d4 
#ge ,"h ! ,g]man a is und]/ood4  #gf ,t 
! ,italian tongue is r too smoo?1 seems 

to appe> f consid]+1 t 9 v]sification   
v[els are frequ5tly suppress$ 9 ord] to 
produce a r\gh] & bold] tone4  #gg ,see 
,swift's proposal = correct+ ! ,engli%  
tongue1 9 a lett] to ! ,e>l ( ,ox=d4    
#gh ,see ! reason1 *ap4 #h4  #gi ,de    
/ructura p]fect orationis1 l4 #b4  #hj  
,scot's ,*ri/ian life4  #ha ,elem5ts (  
criticism1 vol4 #a4 p4 #dc4  #hb ,*ap4  
#b4 "p #d4  #hc ,ibid4  #hd ,see ,g]>d's
 ,fr5* gramm>1 disc\rse #ab4  #he ,an   
argum5t aga9/ aboli%+ ,*ri/ianity1      
,swift4  #hf ,lett] conc]n+ en?usiasm4  
,%aftesbury4  #hg ,see *ap4 #h4  #hh    
,treatise ( ! sublime1 cap4 #af4  #hi   
,tak+ advantage ( a decl5sion to sep>ate
 an adjective f its sub/antive1 z is    
commonly practis$ 9 ,lat91 ?\gh x       
detract n f p]spicuity1 is c]ta9ly less 
neat ?an ! ,engli% me?od (              
juxtaposition4 ,contiguity is m         
expressive ( an intimate relation1 ?an  
resemblance m]ely ( ! f9al syllables4   
,lat9 inde$ has evid5tly ! advantage :5 
! adjective & sub/antive happ5 to be    

connect$ by contiguity z well z by !    
resemblance ( ! f9al syllables4  #ij    
,see *ap4 #a4  #ia ,reflections sur la  
poesie ,franoise4  #ib ,see *ap4 #b4 "p 
#a4 sect4 #d4  #ic ,poet4 ,l4 #c4 l4    
#cfe4-ded4  #id ,see *ap4 #b4 "p #d4    
#ie ,de oratore1 l4 #c4 cap4 #eh4  #if  
,de /ructura orationis1 sect4 #b4  #ig  
,f ?is passage1 h[ev]1 we discov] !     
etymology ( ! ,lat9 t]m = musical       
expression4 ,e "o be+ s5sible t !re is  
no music 9 a cont9u$ s\nd2 ! fir/       
inquiries 7 probably c>ri$ no f>!r1 ?an 
t to produce a musical expression1 a    
numb] ( s\nds is necess>y2 & musical    
expression obta9$ ! "n ( num]us1 be=e x 
0 cle>ly asc]ta9$1 t v>iety is necess>y 
z well z numb]4  #ih ,music1 prop]ly s  
call$1 is analys$ into melody & h>mony4 
,a succession ( s\nds s z to be         
agreeable to ! e>1 con/itutes melody4   
,h>mony is ! pleasure t arises f        
co-exi/+ s\nds4 ,v]se !re=e c only rea* 
melody1 & n h>mony4  #ii ,aft] "s       
att5tion giv5 to ?is subject1 & weigh+  

delib]ately e circum/ance1 ,i h be5 =c'd
 to re/ ^u ! =ego+ conclusion1 ,t !     
,dactyle & ,spondee are no o!r ?an      
artificial measures inv5t$ = try+ !     
accuracy ( composition4 ,repeat$        
exp]im5ts conv9ce me1 t ?\gh ! s5se %\ld
 be altoge!r neglect$1 an ,hexamet] l9e 
read by ,dactyles & ,spondees1 w n be   
melodi\s4 ,& ! composition ( an         
,hexamet] l9e demon/rates ?is to be     
true1 )\t necessity ( an exp]im5t4 ,x w 
appe> aft]w>d1 t 9 an ,hexamet] l9e1 !re
 mu/ always be a capital pause at ! end 
( ! fif? long syllable1 reckon+1 z      
above1 two %ort = "o long4 ,& :5 we     
measure ?is l9e by ,dactyles &          
,spondees1 ! pause n[ m5tion$ divides   
always a ,dactyle or a ,spondee3 x nev] 
falls 9 at ! end ( ei!r ( ^! feet4 ,h5ce
 x is evid5t1 t if a l9e be pron\nc$1 z 
x is scann$1 by ,dactyles & ,spondees1 !
 pause mu/ be utt]ly neglect$2 :i*      
consequ5tly mu/ de/roy ! melody1 because
 a pause is ess5tial to ! melody ( an   
,hexamet] v]se4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !     

melody be pres]v$ by mak+ ?is pause1 !  
pron\nc+ by ,dactyles & ,spondees mu/ be
 ab&on$4  ,:at has l$ gramm>ians into ! 
use ( ,dactyles & ,spondees1 seems n    
beyond ! rea* ( conjecture4 ,to produce 
melody1 ! latt] "p ( a ,hexamet] l9e    
consi/+ ( a ,dactyle & a ,spondee1 mu/  
be read accord+ to ^! feet3 9 ?is "p ( !
 l9e1 ! ,dactyle & ,spondee are di/9ctly
 express$ 9 ! pronunciation4 ,?is       
discov]y1 jo9$ ) ano!r1 t ! =ego+ "p ( !
 v]se c\ld be measur$ by ! same feet1   
has l$ gramm>ians to adopt ^! artificial
 measures1 & p]haps ra%ly to conclude1 t
 ! pronunciation is direct$ by ^! feet z
 well z ! composition4 ,! ,dactyle &    
,spondee at ! close1 s]ve inde$ ! d\ble 
purpose ( regulat+ ! pronunciation z    
well z ! composition3 b 9 ! =ego+ "p ( !
 l9e1 !y regulate ! composition only1 n 
! pronunciation4  ,if we mu/ h feet 9   
v]se to regulate ! pronunciation1 &     
consequ5tly ! melody1 ^! feet mu/ be    
det]m9$ by ! pauses4 ,! :ole syllables  
int]ject$ betwixt two pauses ought to be

 deem$ "o musical foot2 because1 to     
pres]ve ! melody1 !y mu/ all be pron\nc$
 toge!r1 )\t any /op4 ,& !re=e1 :atev]  
numb] !re are ( pauses 9 a ,hexamet]    
l9e1 ! p>ts into :i* x is divid$ by ^!  
pauses1 make j s _m musical feet4       
,connection obliges me "h to anticipate1
 by obs]v+1 t ! same doctr9e is         
applicable to ,engli% h]oic v]se4       
,consid]+ its composition m]ely1 x is ( 
two k9ds4 ,"o is compos$ ( five ,iambi2 
& "o ( a ,tro*u foll[$ by f\r ,iambi4 ,b
 ^! feet af=d no rule = pron\nc+4 ,!    
musical feet are obvi\sly ^? p>ts ( !   
l9e t are int]ject$ betwixt two pauses4 
,to br+ out ! melody1 ^! feet mu/ be    
express$ 9 ! pronunciation2 or1 :i*     
comes to ! same1 ! pronunciation mu/ be 
direct$ by ! pauses1 )\t reg>d to !     
,iambus or ,tro*u4  #ajj ,see *ap4 #b4  
"p #a4 sect4 #d4  #aja ,poet4 cap4 #be4 
#ajb ,see *ap4 #i4  #ajc ,vossius1 de   
poematum cantu1 p4 #bf4 says1 8,nihil   
que gravitati orationis (ficit1 quam 9  
sono lud]e syllab>um40  #ajd ,spectator1

 ,n #bhe4  #aje ,preface to 8 dipus1 & 9
 8 disc\rse ^u trag$y1 prefix$ to !     
trag$y ( ,brutus4