,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italic text is enclos$ 9 und]scores1 boldface 9 equals signs4 ,,evolution ,,social ,,& ,,organic ,,by ,,ar?ur ,m4 ,,lewis ,,?ird ,,edition ,,*icago ,,*>les ,h4 ,,k]r ,,company #aijh ,,cont5ts ,page ,i ,,?ales ,,to ,,l9naeus #g ,,ii ,,l9naeus ,,to ,,lam>ck #bd ,,iii ,,d>w9',s 8,,natural ,,selection0 #ch ,,iv ,,weismann',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,h]$ity #fj ,v ,,de ,,vries' 8,,mutation0 #ha ,,vi ,,kropotk9',s 8,,mutual ,,aid0 #ig ,,vii ,a ,,reply ,,to ,,haeckel #aae ,,viii ,,sp5c]',s 8,,social ,,organism0 #acc ,,ix ,,sp5c]',s ,,individualism #adi ,x ,,civilization--,,w>d ,,& ,,dietzg5 #afh ,,preface4 ,! cont5ts ( ?is volume consi/ ( ! fir/ t5 lectures ( ! ?irty-five 9 ! ,w9t] c\rse ( #aijg-jh4 ,!y 7 deliv]$ 9 ! ,g>rick ,!at]1 ,*icago1 on ,sunday morn+s to cr[d$ h\ses4 ,on sev]al occasions half z _m p 7 turn$ away z manag$ to get 94 ,if ^! lectures meet ) z w>m a reception :5 read z !y did :5 he>d1 ,i %all be m ?an satisfi$4 ,= a full] discussion ( ! ,greek p]iod1 briefly dealt ) 9 ! fir/ lecture1 see ,edw>d ,clodd's 8,pione]s ( ,evolution0 to :i* "w ! e>ly "p ( ?is lecture is greatly indebt$4 ,e lecture proce$s on ! assumption1 t a k ( ! natural sci5ces1 & especially ! great revolutioniz+ g5]alizations :i* !y h reveal$1 is indisp5sable to a mod]n education4 ,?is position is by no means new4 ,x p]vades ! classic lit]ature ( ,socialism ?r\gh\t4 ,liebkne*t1 speak+ ( ,m>x & himself says3 8,soon we 7 on ! field ( ,natural ,sci5ce1 & ,m>x ridicul$ ! victori\s reaction 9 ,europe t fanci$ x _h smo!r$ ! revolution & did n suspect t ,natural ,sci5ce 0 prep>+ a new revolution40 ,! only ?+ ,i h succe$$ 9 do+ :i* is at all new1 is pres5t+ ^! s-call$ heavy subjects 9 a way t attracts & reta9s a l>ge & en?usia/ic audi5ce ,sunday aft] ,sunday eight mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,^! lectures1 no?)/&+ _! ph5om5al success1 h ar\s$ "s opposition1 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s among ,sociali/s4 ,?is opposition arises almo/ :olly f ! fact t ! ,sociali/s 9 "q h yet to le>n :at _! own /&>d lit]ature conta9s4 ,:5 !y make t discov]y !y w be oblig$ to d "o ( two ?+s1 reject ! ,sociali/ philosophy or cease oppos+ its public pres5tation4 ,a second ?\ght w %[ t !y may d nei!r4 ,!re is a type ( bra9 ! specim5s ( :i* are v num]\s1 :i* seems to possess ! faculty ( keep+ diff]5t k9ds ( k & contradictory ideas1 9 sep>ate1 wat]-tight comp>tm5ts4 ,?us1 z ^! ideas nev] come toge!r !re is no collision4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s example ( ?is is ! man :o accepts & op5ly proclaims ! tru? ( ! mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory--! !ory t1 among o!r ?+s1 expla9s ! orig91 functions1 & *anges ( religion1 j z x does ^? ( law--yet ! v man :o boa/s ( 8 concurr5ce 9 ?is epo*-mak+ !ory1 us+ "o lobe ( 8 bra91 w1 :ile us+ ! o!r lobe1 & ) /ill great] f]v5cy1 ma9ta9 t ! ,sociali/ philosophy has no?+ to d ) religion at all1 b is an 8economic0 "q only4 ,! left lobe kn[s n :at ! "r lobe is do+4 ,dietzg5 describ$ ^! ,comrades z 8dang]\s muddle-heads40 ,he might h omitt$ ! adjective4 ,a bra9 ( ?is ord] r5d]s its possessor h>mless4 ,^! well-mean+ fri5ds h (f]$ a great deal ( advice z to h[ to conduct our meet+ )\t 8driv+ p away40 ,yet /rangely en\gh our audi5ce grew by leaps & b\nds1 until f sev5ty-five at ! fir/ lecture we are n[ cr[d+ & (t5 ov]cr[d+ "o ( ! l>ge/ & f9e/ !at]s inside ! loop4 ,mean:ile !y foll[$ _! own advice & saw :at 0 at ! beg9n+ a f9e audi5ce ( five hundr$ gr[ less & less until x is less ?an fifty & sometimes falls bel[ ?irty4 ,?is does n seem to ju/ify ! cry t ! work+ class is hung]+ = ,*ri/ian ,socialism4 ,fur!r volumes ( ^! lectures w c>ry ! !ories ( ,socialism into yet o!r fields ( sci5ce & philosophy4 ,9 conclusion let me ask a c]ta9 type ( correspond5ts to save my "t & _! own4 ,!y say !y agree ) my views entirely2 !re is no "q b ,i am "r4 ,& ! lectures w\ld be 9 place if deliv]$ be=e univ]sity m54 ,b work+m5 7my top-l(ty correspond5ts n includ$ ( c\rse7 h s _m ignorant prejudices t fe>less sci5tific tea*+ is n acceptable to !m4 ,! size ( my audi5ce is suffici5t dispro( ( ! la/ /atem5t4 ,z to ! re/1 x is j ! exi/5ce ( ignorant prejudices t makes ! fe>less tea*+ ( sci5ce necess>y4 ,aga91 ,i h yet to be conv9c$ t !re is any k9d ( k :i* is good = univ]sity m51 b unfit = work+m54 ,moreov]1 ,i positively refuse to h "o k9d ( k = myself1 & ano!r to give out to my audi5ce4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( prie/craft1 & ! work+ class has _h f> too mu* ( x already4 ,on ?is gr\nd--t !re is no?+ high] ?an reality1 t ,socialism is 9 h>mony ) all reality & t 9 ! end reality mu/ triumph--! future lectures ( ^! c\rses w /& or fall4 ,ar?ur ,m4 ,lewis4 ,*icago1 ,dec4 #bg1 '#jg4 ,,evolution1 ,,social ,,& ,,organic ,i4 ,,?ales ,,to ,,l9naeus4 8,e>ly ideas10 says ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 8are usually vague adumbrations ( ! tru?10 & h[ev] num]\s may be ! exceptions1 ?is 0 und\bt$ly ! case ) ! evolution>y speculations ( ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,! greatness ( t rem>kable republic f9ds "o ( its mo/ /rik+ manife/ations 9 ! fact t s _m great mod]n ideas trace _! ance/ry back to ,greece4 ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e1 ! hi/orical juri/1 said t1 8except ! bl9d =ces ( nature1 no?+ moves t is n ,greek 9 its orig940 ,comp>$ ) h] dreamy ori5tal neighbors1 ,greece %one l a meteor 9 a moonless night4 ,z ,pr(essor ,burnet says1 8,!y left (f tell+ tales4 ,!y gave up ! hopeless task ( describ+ :at 01 :5 z yet !re 0 no?+1 & ask$ in/ead :at all ?+s really are n[10 :ile ! ,ori5tal %runk f ! se>* aft] causes1 look+1 z ,pr(essor ,but*] aptly rem>ks 8on ea* fre% ga9 ( e>? z s mu* robb]y ( heav540 ,! ,greeks v l>gely disc>d$ ! !ological m9d1 peopl$ ) its pi\s phantasms1 & s\ght to probe into ! nature ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,?is is :y we discov] a fairly di/9ct1 & sometimes />tl+ly cle> 8adumbration0 ( ! !ory ( evolution runn+ l a *a9 ( gold ?r\gh ! immortal fragm5ts ( _! greate/ ?9k]s4 ,:at is x t really is1 & :at t only seems to be8 ,:at is real1 & :at is only app>5t8 ,?is is ! !me :i* ,greek philosophy has 9 common ) mod]n ?\ght1 & ?is is :y ! remnants ( ,greek lit]ature are s preci\s 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,?ales1 ( ,miletus1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 is conc$$ to h be5 ! f\nd] ( ,greek philosophy4 8,he ass]t$ wat] to be ! pr9ciple ( all ?+s10 says ,diog5es ,la]tius1 & he reg>d$ all life z com+ f wat]1 a position by no means =eign to mod]n sci5ce4 ,anaxim&]1 also a ,milesian & a y\ng] contempor>y ( ,?ales1 :o l him fl\ri%$ betwe5 #ejj & #fjj ,b4 ,c41 said t ! mat]ial cause ( all ?+s 0 ! ,inf9ite4 8,x is nei!r wat] nor any o!r ( :at are n[ call$ ! elem5ts1 b a sub/ance diff]5t f !m :i* is inf9ite1 f :i* arise all ! heav5s & ! worlds )9 !m40 8,man10 he boldly ass]ts1 8is l ano!r animal1 namely1 a fi%1 9 ! beg9n+10 a %rewd guess :i* is n[ an e/abli%$ fact4 ,anaxim5es1 ! ?ird & la/ ( ! ,milesian philosoph]s1 :ile foll[+ 8 pr$ecessors closely 9 "t1 disagre$ ) !m z to ! raw mat]ial ( ! univ]se4 ,he decl>es x to be air :i*1 8:5 x is dilat$ s z to be r>] becomes fire :ile w9ds1 on ! o!r h&1 are cond5s$ air1 ,cl\d is =m$ f air by #8felt+' & ?is1 /ill fur!r cond5s$1 becomes wat]4 ,wat]1 cond5s$ /ill m1 turns to e>?2 & :5 cond5s$ z mu* z x c be1 to /ones40 ,all ( :i* proves t ,anaxim5es _h a v f]tile bra94 ,h]akleitos1 "o ( ! greate/ ( all ,greek ?9k]s1 liv$ = a "t at ,ephesus & express$ ! foll[+ =ceful op9ion ( 8 fell[ citiz5s3 8,! ,ephesians w\ld d well to hang !mselves1 e gr[n man ( !m1 & leave ! city to be>dless y\?s2 = !y h ca/ out ,h]modoros1 ! be/ man among !m1 say+3 #8,we w h none :o is be/ among u2 if !re be any su*1 let him be s else:]e & among o!rs4'0 ,accord+ to him ev]y?+ comes f & returns to fire & 8all ?+s are 9 a /ate ( flux l a riv]40 ,"h is ! intellectual ance/or ( ,hegel ) 8 great say+4 8,no?+ is1 ev]y?+ is becom+40 ,h]akleitos sagaci\sly obs]v$3 8,y _c /ep twice into ! same riv]s1 = fre% wat]s are ev] fl[+ 9 ^u y40 ,p>m5ides1 born at ,elea ab\t #eae ,b4 ,c41 0 poet & philosoph] bo?1 & insi/$ 9 8 hexamet] v]se t ! univ]se is a unity1 :i* nei!r came out ( no?+1 nor c\ld1 9 any degree1 pass away1 ?us anticipat+ by ov] #b1jjj ye>s ,lavoisi]'s doctr9e ( ! p]man5ce ( matt]4 ,emp$ocles1 ( ,akragas 9 ,sicily1 ab\t ! same "t1 /at$ ?is great tru? ) /ill great] =ce & cle>ness3 8,fools6--= !y h no f>-rea*+ ?\ghts--:o deem t :at be=e 0 n1 comes into be+ or t aught c p]i% & be utt]ly de/roy$4 ,= x _c be t aught c arise f :at 9 no way is1 & x is impossible & unhe>d ( t :at is %\ld p]i%2 = x w always be1 :]ev] "o may keep putt+ x40 ,he also endeavor$ to comb9e & reconcile ! ideas ( "s ( 8 pr$ecessors1 tea*+ t all ?+s come f f\r roots--wat]1 air1 fire & e>?4 ,anaxagoras1 born ab\t #ejj ,b4 ,c41 0 ! fir/ ,greek to suff] = sci5ce4 ,he 0 br\ght to trial = ass]t+ ! sun to be a r$ hot /one1 & x w\ld h probably gone h>d ) him _h n ! mighty ,p]icles be5 8 fri5d4 ,if ! sun 0 m]ely a fi]y ball1 :at became ( ! religion f\nd$ on ! wor%ip ( ,apollo8 ,ne>ly a half a c5tury e>li] ,x5ophanes1 ( ,colophon1 _h v5tilat$ ideas mu* m obnoxi\s to ! prie/s4 ,he _h done = 8 age :at ,feu]ba* did to ! ,n9ete5? c5tury--he _h expla9$ ! orig9 ( ! gods by ,an?ropomorphism4 ,said he3 8,if ox5 or lions _h h&s1 & c\ld pa9t ) _! h&s & produce works ( art z m5 d1 horses w\ld pa9t ! =ms ( ! gods l horses & ox5 l ox54 ,ea* w\ld repres5t !m ) bodies accord+ to ! =m ( ea*4 ,s ! ,e?iopians make _! gods black & snubnos$2 ! ,?racians give !irs r$ hair & blue eyes40 ,_h ,x5ophanes liv$ at ,a!ns1 :]e a religi\s revival _h j tak5 place1 he w\ld h %>$ ! fate :i* lat] ov]took ! impi\s ,socrates4 ,luckily = ,x5ophanes1 9 ! colony :]e he liv$ 8! gods 7 left to take c>e ( !mselves40 ,anaxagoras 0 ! fir/ to det]m9e :at causes ! eclipses & ! illum9ation ( ! moon3--8,! moon has n a light ( h] own b gets x f ! sun4 ,! moon is eclips$ by ! e>? scre5+ ! sun's light f x4 ,! sun is eclips$ at ! new moon1 :5 ! moon scre5s x f u40 ,! ,py?agoreans :o mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! m$ic9e man ,py?agoras1 f :om !y only take _! "n indirectly1 & n z disciples1 believ$ ! reality ( ! univ]se 0 to be f\nd 9 numb]s4 ,!y 7 deceiv$ into ?is absurdity by ! exactness ( ma!matical conclusions4 ,?is 0 excusable among ! ,greeks to :om ari?metical comb9ations 7 z wond]ful z electrical ph5om5a are to u1 b its revival 9 our day by a/rolog]s & !osophi/s has no su* ju/ification4 ,socrates1 born ab\t #dgj ,b4 ,c41 at ,a!ns1 is describ$ z 8pug-nos$1 ?ick-lipp$1 big-belli$ & bulg+-ey$0--! v opposite ( ! ,greek ideal ( beauty4 ,he believ$ t k itself w\ld br+ virtue1 & s\ght to discov] ! true gr\nd ( k4 ,8 se>* br\ght him into conflict ) ! religi\s bigotry ( 8 day & he 0 f9ally s5t5c$ to dea? & di$ f dr9k+ hemlock 9 #cii ,b4 ,c4 ,he wrote no?+ & 8 "w is pres]v$ ma9ly ?r\gh 8 influ5ce on ,plato4 ,leukippos & ,demokritos are l9k$ toge!r ?r\gh _! /atem5ts ( ! atomic !ory1 made m ?an tw5ty c5turies be=e ,dalton4 ,!y plac$ ! p]man5t reality ( ?+s 9 numb]less atoms1 ( :i* ,leukippos said 8!re are an inf9ite numb] ( !m1 & !y are invisible ow+ to ! smallness ( _! bulk40 ,plato we %all pass by2 8 metaphysical doctr9e ( ideas contribut$ little ( value to ! solution ( ! riddle ( ! univ]se4 ,we n[ come to ! great ,/agirite1 ,ari/otle1 f\nd] ( ! exp]im5tal s*ool & fa!r ( natural hi/ory4 ,born 9 #chd ,b4 ,c41 he ent]$ ! ,academy "u ,plato :5 a boy ( eighte54 ,:5 he 0 ?irty-six ,plato di$1 & ,ari/otle !n left ,a!ns4 ,at =ty-"o he became ! tea*] ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,he 0 ! greate/ ( all ! ,greeks1 & 8 /udies took a wid] range ?an _h be5 embrac$ by any previ\s ?9k]4 ,/ageira1 :]e he sp5t 8 boyhood1 0 on ! ,/rynomid gulf1 & "h he obs]v$ ! v>iations & gradations betwe5 m>9e plants & animals4 ,x is an evid5ce ( 8 ke5 insight t he classifi$ ! sponge z an animal4 ,comp>e ?is ) ,agassiz1 ! oppon5t ( ,d>w9ism1 :o1 9 ! #ai? c5tury1 decl>$ ! sponge to be a vegetable4 ,ari/otle insi/$ on obs]vation & exp]i5ce z ! f\ndation ( k4 8,we mu/ n accept a g5]al pr9ciple f logic only1 b mu/ prove its application to ea* fact4 ,= x is 9 facts we mu/ seek g5]al pr9ciples1 & ^! mu/ always accord ) facts40 ,he repudiat$ ! idea ( purpose 9 nature1 say+1 8,jupit] ra9s n t corn may be increas$1 b f necessity40 ,he came v ne> ,von ,mohl's protoplasm :5 he said1 8,g]ms %\ld h be5 fir/ produc$1 & n imm$iately animals2 & t s(t mass :i* fir/ subsi/$ 0 ! g]m40 ,pass+ ov] ! mu* misrepres5t$ ,epicurus we come two c5turies lat] to ! illu/ri\s ,roman poet philosoph]1 ,lucretius4 ,9 ?is la/ c5tury prece$+ ! ,*ri/ian era1 ,greece _h fall5 f h] high e/ate & become a ,roman prov9ce4 ,b :ile ,rome _h annex$ ,greece1 ,greek le>n+ _h conqu]$ ! ,roman m9d4 ,lucretius 9 8 poem1 8,! ,sy/em ( ,nature10 exp\nds1 ) great =ce1 ! atomic !ory ( 8 ,greek =]unn]s4 ,! fir/ an?ropologi/1 he comes s ne> to ,sp5c] & ,tylor t 8 ideas1 & sometimes ev5 8 s5t5ces smack ( ! #ai? c5tury4 8,! pa/ hi/ory ( man0 he ass]ts1 8lies 9 no h]oic or gold5 age1 b 9 "o /ruggle out ( savag]y40 ,( ! orig9 ( language he says1 8,nature impell$ !m to utt] ! v>i\s s\nds ( ! tongue1 & use /ruck out ! names ( ?+s40 ,( ! e>ly /ruggles ( primitive m5 he says1 8,man's fir/ arms 7 h&s1 nails & tee? & /ones & b\ghs brok5 (f f ! =e/s1 & flame & fire1 z soon z !y _h become kn[n4 ,aft]w>d ! =ce ( iron & copp] 0 discov]$1 & ! use ( copp] 0 kn[n be=e t ( iron1 z its nature is easi] to "w1 & x is f\nd 9 great] quantity4 ,) copp] !y w\ld labor ! soil ( ! e>? & /ir up ! bill[s ( w>4 ,!n by sl[ /eps ! sword ( iron ga9$ gr\nd & ! make ( ! copp] sickle became a byword40 ,! "n ( ,lucretius closes ! long l9e ( ! evolution>y pione]s ( ! anci5t _w4 ,!re ! gold5 ve9 ceases s f> z ?9k+ is conc]n$1 n to reappe> until _m c5turies h pass$4 ,) ! decl9e & fall ( ! ,roman empire1 & ! rise to p[] ( ,*ri/ianity1 le>n+ 0 driv5 f ,europe & f\nd refuge among ! ,arabians4 ,?is br+s u to ! d>k or middle ages4 ,x is 9 ! int]pretation ( ! ph5om5a ( ?is p]iod1 t b\rgeois free ?9k]s l ,clodd & ,drap] break d[n4 ,!y tacitly assume t 9 ,europe evolution 0 susp5d$ = ov] a ?\s& ye>s2 & all because ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,!y fail to recognize t deep] cause1 ! m$ieval =m ( weal? production1 :i* gave ! *ur* its p[] to repress le>n+ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! lords ( ! l&1 among :i* ! *ur* h]self 0 greate/2 own+ z %e did "o-?ird ( ! soil ( ,europe4 ,! b\rgeois radical _c p]ceive t dur+ ?is p]iod social processes 7 be+ gradually trans=m$ & t an economic f\ndation 0 be+ laid t w\ld make possible ! r5aissance & put sci5ce 9 an impregnable position1 & make ! progressive acceptance ( evolution inevitable4 ,engels says3 8,! ,middle ,ages 7 reckon$ z a m]e int]ruption ( hi/ory by a ?\s& ye>s ( b>b>ism4 ,! great advances ( ! ,middle ,ages--! broad5+ ( ,european le>n+1 ! br++ into exi/5ce ( great nations1 :i* arose1 "o aft] ! o!r1 & f9ally ! enorm\s te*nical advances ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies--all ?is no "o saw04 ,b x _c be d5i$ t ?is 0 a t]rible p]iod = any ?9k] :o _h ! mis=tune to be born 9 x4 ,all t 0 great & noble 9 ! ?\ght ( ,greece & ,rome 0 rigor\sly suppress$4 ,! 8p]fect+ pr9ciple0 ( ,ari/otle 0 wre/$ to !ological uses4 ,an emaciat$ =m ( 8 philosophy1 & a lit]al int]pretation ( ! scriptures1 con/itut$ ! only p]missible /udies4 ,outside ?is dilution ( ,ari/otle1 ! only ?+ 9 ,greek ?\ght :i* appeal$ to ! m$ieval m9d 0 ! ,py?agorean my/ical use ( numb]s4 ,! conclusions rea*$ by t me?od 7 truly rem>kable1 especially :5 we rememb] t !y engag$ su* notable m5 z ,augu/9e1 ! celebrat$ ,bi%op ( ,hippo4 ,^! are examples3 ,because !re are ?ree p]sons 9 ! tr9ity1 ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/1 ?ree ord]s 9 ! *ur*1 bi%ops prie/s & deacons2 ?ree degrees ( atta9m5t1 light1 purity & k2 ?ree virtues1 fai?1 hope & *>ity1 & ?ree eyes 9 a honeybee2 !re=e1 !re c only be ?ree colors1 r$1 yell[ & blue4 ,because !re 7 sev5 *ur*es 9 ! apocalypse1 sev5 gold5 c&le/icks1 sev5 c>d9al virtues1 sev5 deadly s9s & sev5 sacram5ts2 !re=e1 !re c\ld only be sev5 planets & sev5 metals4 ,because !re 7 sev5ty-two disciples & sev5ty-two int]pret]s ( ! old te/am5t & sev5ty-two my/ical names ( ,god2 !re=e !re mu/ be no m & no less ?an sev5ty-two jo9ts 9 ! human body4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 ,european cities _h no pav+ or light+1 & "o c\ld n /ep f a doorway 9 ,london or ,p>is )\t plung+ ankle deep 9 mud4 ,!y _h practically no dra9age & !y 71 at frequ5t int]vals deva/at$ by ! plague4 ,b ! cities ( ,&alusia1 built & gov]n$ by ! ,moors 9 ,spa91 7 dra9$1 well light$ & solidly pav$4 ,!y _h public libr>ies & public s*ools4 ,f _! m$ical colleges ,europe obta9$ ! only doctors x _h4 ,9 ! cities ( ,*ri/ian ,europe ^! enlight5$ p 7 treat$ l dogs1 :ile 9 _! wond]ful cities1 visit+ ,*ri/ians 7 met ) a hospitality & broad tol]ation :olly exceptional 9 ! middle ages4 ,9 ,europe1 ev5 t[>d ! close ( ?is p]iod1 broad1 sci5tific ?9k+ 0 impossible4 ,ni*olas ,cop]nicus1 9 ! #af? c5tury1 afraid ( ! faggot1 c>ri$ z a secret lock$ 9 8 own bosom1 t helioc5tric !ory :i* is ! f\ndation ( mod]n a/ronomy4 ,8 great disciple ,giordano ,bruno1 = exp\nd+ t !ory ) r>e ability1 aft] x 0 reveal$ by ! great ,prussian1 0 hunt$ ?r\gh ,europe l a wild animal & f9ally burn$ at ! /ake4 ,= ! same reason1 ! ?ird p]son 9 ! tr9ity ( ! #af? c5tury's greate/ ?9k]s1 ,galileo1 0 h>ass$ & humiliat$1 & at la/ di$ a prison] 9 8 own h\se4 ,b all ?r\gh ?is p]iod1 despite its intellectual /agnation1 economic evolution proce$$1 lay+ ! f\ndation = a new intellectual sup]/ructure4 ,t evolution manife/$ itself *iefly 9 ! rise & gr[? ( a trad+ class4 ,to ! exi/5ce ( su* a class 9 its society1 ! ,arabians ow$ _! great] lib]ality1 & sci5tific _s4 ,:5 ,vasca ,da ,gama sail$ d[n ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa & ar\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope into ! ,indian ,ocean1 tru/+ to *ance = ! outcome ( 8 voyage1 he f\nd ! ,arabians direct+ _! vessels by a /range in/rum5t :i* we n[ call ! m>9]'s compass4 ,! m]*ants ( ,g5oa & ( ,spa9 discov]$ t or?odox sup]/itions did n help b did s]i\sly injure1 _! comm]ce4 ,z capta9s = _! %ips !y pref]r$ = purely economic reasons1 m5 :o _h become infect$ ) ! ideas ( navigation ( ! pagan ,arabians1 to m5 :o took _! ideas ( ! univ]se f ! city bi%op or ! village prie/ & kept _! %ips close to l&1 afraid le/ !y %\ld sail (f ! edge ( ! _w1 or into t great hole :]e ! angels put ! sun at night1 aft] !y _h f9i%$ roll+ x across ! sky4 ,x 0 ! gr[? & f9al triumph ( ?is trad+ class1 ) economic int]e/s & a mode ( weal? production t dem&$ ! lib]ation ( sci5ce1 t aboli%$ ! ?umbscrew & ! /ake4 ,voltaire1 ,r\sseau1 & ! encyclopa$i/s 7 obnoxi\s to ! feudal regime1 lay & cl]ical1 because !y 7 ! prophets & m\?pieces ( ! ris+ b\rgeoisie4 ,?is class1 by ! emancipation ( sci5ce1 p]=m$ a la/+ s]vice to ! human race4 ,! society 9 :i* x pr$om9at$1 at once produc$ a prolific crop ( great ?9k]s4 ,sw$5 _h ,l9naeus1 ,engl& _h ,lyell1 ,g]many _h ,goe!2 b ! palm fell to ,france4 ,9 ! revolution ,france _h suppress$ ! ,sorbonne1 t !ological in/itution :i* _h always %[n itself ! (ficial & bitt] enemy ( sci5ce1 & %e soon aft] equipp$ sci5tific exp$itions1 :i* gave h] ! greate/ ?9k]s ( t day--,cuvi]1 ,/4 ,hilaire1 &1 mo/ illu/ri\s ( all t c\rage\s pione] ( mod]n evolution1 ,jean ,lam>ck4 ,! position ( ! capitali/ class ( a hundr$ ye>s ago 0 v diff]5t f t ( today4 ,!n x 0 ! h>b+] ( progress2 n[ x is ! /ronghold ( reaction4 ,its int]e/s !n 7 v diff]5t f its int]e/s n[4 ,!n x 0 call$ ^u by de/9y to /e] society into new wat]s2 n[ de/9y bids x1 s9ce its task is done1 to /ep aside t a new h& may grip ! :eel4 ,!n x f\ght a social ord] :i* _h _h its day1 n[ x is 9 ! mid/ ( social =ces :i* x _c adm9i/]4 ,t 0 its lu/y y\?2 ?is is its dodd]+ old age4 ,:5 ! ,b\rgeoisie releas$ sci5ce f feudal *a9s1 x let loose a =ce t c>ri$ x to victory1 b1 at t mom5t1 x plant$ ! g]ms ( its own future de/ruction4 ,today x rev]ses its attitude & w\ld fa9 suppress sci5ce or at lea/ prev5t its rea*+ ! prolet>ian bra94 ,b alas1 x is 9 ! grip ( evolution>y processes ( :i* x is m]ely a "p1 & x is b\nd1 m securely ?an ,prome!us to ! rock1 to a mode ( production :i* makes ! education ( ! prolet>iat a rel5tless necessity4 ,! nation :i* keeps its work+ class 9 semi-feudal d>kness is gr\nd to pieces by ! indu/rial competition ( its neighbors--x goes to ! wall 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,?us1 9 ! language ( ,m>x1 x is oblig$ by pres5t necessity to dig its own future grave4 ,! same inscrutable p[] t call$ x =? to lead society to a new triumph1 n[ relegates x to ! re> & en?rones 9 its place a new class1 a prop]tyless work+ class1 ! *ild ( ! wage sy/em1 de/9$ to emancipate itself &1 by ! same /roke1 ! :ole human race4 ,if ?is be n ! mission ( ! work+ class1 z an in/rum5t ( social evolution1 ! press & plat=m ( ! ,sociali/ movem5t is a useless dissipation ( en]gy4 ,b ?is is precisely :at ,m>x prov$ :5 he laid ! f\ndation ( ! ,sociali/ philosophy4 ,e ye> br+s its quota ( evid5ce t ! work+ class is ga!r+ ! political capacity & ! social intellig5ce necess>y to equip x = ?is trem5d\s task4 ,norway grew we>y ( ,sw$i% dom9ance & decid$ to a*ieve national indep5d5ce4 ,at once ! ,sw$i% ,b\rgeoisie began to gird up its lo9s = a bloody dyna/ic w>4 ,! pamp]$ sons ( its ari/ocracy1 unable to d any?+ useful1 7 to h glory ?ru/ ^u !m1 comm&+1 f ! re>1 regim5ts ( ,sw$i% work]s to slaught] & be slaught]$ by _! exploit$ ,norwegian bro!rs4 ,b :ile ^! s9i/] prep>ations 7 9 full bla/1 a va/ army ( ,norwegians cross$ ! b\nd>y l9e into ,sw$5 & met a ,sw$i% army ( ! same proportions4 ,!re 0 no blood-%$d+ = bo? armies 7 un>m$4 ,9 place ( bayonets & ne$le guns !y _h _! wives & *ildr54 ,!y frat]niz$2 !y clasp$ h&s2 !y toss$ ea* o!r's babies 9 _! arms4 ,f t mom5t w> 0 impossible4 ,!y c>ri$ nei!r ! national bann] ( ,sw$5 nor ( ,norway4 ,ov] bo? ^? great armies1 n[ become "o1 s++ _! songs ( work+ class solid>ity1 !re float$ ! r$ flag ( ! social revolution4 ,,ii4 ,,l9naeus ,,to ,,lam>ck4 ,= a hundr$ ye>s ! ^w 8progress0 has be5 a ^w to conjure )4 ,no proposal is too reaction>y to be put =w>d 9 its "n & ! self-admitt$ cons]vative expla9s t he only wi%es to 8cons]ve0 ! good ?+s :i* progress has be/[$ ^u u4 ,x has be5 invok$ on all sides ( all que/ions1 & no sup]/ition 0 s anci5t or absurd1 no !ory s explod$1 b x c\ld be reviv$ "u a new "n & pres5t$ to ! _w z an infallible sign ( ! progress ( ! age4 ,b dur+ ! la/ c5tury m5 h aris51 :o 7 dissatisfi$ ) a t]m t cov]$ ev]y?+ & meant no?+1 & :o 7 det]m9$ to f9d out :at con/itut$ progress & :e!r x _h any exi/5ce 9 ! _w ( reality4 ,m has be5 accompli%$ 9 ?is respect dur+ t c5tury ?an 9 all ! comb9$ previ\s exi/5ce ( ! human race4 ,! conception or idea ( progress is ! m5tal reflection ( ! process ( evolution1 :i* op]ates ev]y:]e to ! remote/ ni*e or cranny 9 ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 progress & evolution is t evolution is a m inclusive t]m1 includ+ z x does ph5om5a :i* we %\ld call retrogressive4 ,! m5 :o laid ! f\ndations ( mod]n k1 & imp>t$ s5se & =ce to hi!rto mean+less t]ms1 7 !y :o ?rew aside !ological phantasms & metaphysical speculations & set !mselves ! task ( ga!r+ ! facts & asc]ta9+ ! laws ( ! real--! mat]ial--_w4 ,?is is ! me?od ( sci5ce1 & x is to ?is me?od t we owe all our k ( _w problems4 ,= m ?an a ?\s& ye>s ?is me?od 0 practically susp5d$4 ,any attempt1 dur+ t p]iod1 to make use ( x 0 rigor\sly suppress$1 except among ! pagan ,arabians4 ,biological sci5ce /ood /ill1 sc>cely ev5 m>k+ "t4 ,says ,pack>d 8,aft] ,ari/otle1 no epo*-mak+ zoologi/ arose until ,l9naeus 0 born10 a yawn+ *asm ( ?irte5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,l9naeus1 born #agjg1 9 ,sw$51 0 ! greate/ naturali/ ( 8 "t & might h done great] ?+s = evolution>y ideas _h x n be5 = ! !ological influ5ces :i* re/ra9$ him4 ,b1 h9d]$ z he 01 he accompli%$ en\gh to entitle him to a place among ! immortals4 8,he f\nd botany a *aos10 says ,pr(4 ,?at*]1 8& left x a unity40 ,8 contribution to sci5ce consi/s ma9ly 9 8 sy/em ( classification & nom5clature4 ,be=e ,l9naeus nobody _h be5 able1 ?\gh _m _h tri$1 to gr\p & "n animal & vegetable =ms 9 su* a mann] z to rescue !m f utt] confusion4 ,?is is precisely :at ,l9naeus did :51 by a happy idea1 he adopt$ :at is call$ ! 8b9>y nom5clature40 ,?is great advance 0 by no means f>-fet*$2 x is simply an application ( ! d\ble nam+ ev]y:]e 9 use1 z 9 ! case ( ,tom ,smi?1 ,fr$ ,smi?1 ,james ,smi?1 9 :i* ,smi? is us$ to d5ote ! g5]al or family "n & ,fr$ or ,tom ! p>ticul> or p]sonal4 ,9 ! application ( ?is sy/em to species1 ,l9naeus rev]s$ ! ord] z we d :5 we ent] ! names ( p]sons on an alphabetical li/1 z ,smi?1 ,fr$ & ,smi?1 ,james4 ,z illu/rations we w take ! two cases1 "o f ! animal & "o f ! plant _w1 select$ by ,haeckel = ! same purpose4 ,! g5]ic "n = cat is ,felis4 ,! common cat is ,felis dome/ica2 ! wildcat1 ,felis catus2 ! pan!r1 ,felis p>dus2 ! jagu>1 ,felis onca2 ! tig]1 ,felis tigris2 ! lion1 ,felis leo4 ,all ^! second names are ! names ( ! six species ( ! "o g5us--,felis4 ,z an example 9 botany take ! g5us p9e4 ,accord+ to ,l9naeus ! p9e is ,p9us abies2 ! fir1 ,p9us picea2 ! l>*1 ,p9us l>ix2 ! ,italian p9e1 ,p9us p9ea2 ! ,sib]ian /one p9e ,p9us cembra2 ! knee timb]1 ,p9us mughus2 ! common p9e1 ,p9us silve/ris4 ,! sev5 second names apply to ! sev5 species ( ! g5us ,p9us4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,besides gr\p+ ! species into g5]a1 ,l9naeus classifi$ c]ta9 g5]a z belong+ to ! same 8ord]40 ,aga9 he arrang$ ^! 8ord]s0 9 8classes10 all ^! classes belong$ to "o ( ! two great 8k+doms10 vegetable & animal4 ,n only 0 all ?is ( great practical value b its !oretical influ5ce has be5 incalculable4 ,l9naeus nev] saw1 & probably w\ld n h d>$ to proclaim if he _h1 t ! resemblances :i* made 8 gr\p+ possible1 indicat$ a relation%ip bas$ on desc5t f common ance/ors4 ,?is 0 left = m5 ( great] p5etration & c\rage liv+ 9 a less !ological age4 ,prelates :o smil$ on ! obsc5e debau*]ies ( ,l\is ! ,,xv4 _h ,l9naeus' writ+s prohibit$ f papal /ates1 because !y prov$ ! exi/5ce ( sex 9 plants4 ,l9naeus n only prov$ sex 9 plants b made x ! f\ndation ( 8 classification4 ,he also rem9ds u t plants 7 kn[n to be ( bo? sexes by ori5tal p 9 e>ly days4 ,liv+ z !y did on ! fruit ( ! date-palms !y f\nd x necess>y to plant male trees among ! females4 ,_! enemies 9 w> "t /ruck a t]rible bl[ :5 !y cut d[n ! male trees1 !reby r$uc+ !m to fam9e4 ,sometimes ! inhabitants !mselves de/roy$ ! male trees dur+ imp5d+ invasion1 s t ! enemy %\ld f9d no su/5ance 9 _! c\ntry2 a w> measure simil> to t ( ,russians :o burn$ ,mosc[ 9 ! face ( ,napoleon4 ,9 ! same ye> t ,sw$5 produc$ ,l9naeus1 ,france gave bir? to ,buffon4 ,ri* & indep5d5t1 he *ose to devote a long life to ! /udy ( natural hi/ory4 ,he _h rem>kable p[]s ( rese>* & display$ g5ius 9 pres5t+ ! results ( 8 inve/igation4 ,b alas6 he _h less c\rage ?an ,l9naeus & he liv$ ne>] t t]rible enemy ( eighte5? c5tury sci5ce1 ! !ological dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is--! dread$ ,sorbonne4 ,z long z he conf9$ himself to ! m]e description ( animals he 0 a pet ( ! *ur*1 :i* seems to h pleas$ him1 b :5 he began to draw evolution>y conclusions ( real philosophical import & value1 ! ,sorbonne at once op5$ its batt]ies4 ,on ^! occasions ,buffon's retreat 0 prompt & unprote/+4 ,x might be rememb]$ z "s mitigation ( 8 c[>dice t :ile ! reign ( ! /ake & faggot did n ext5d into ! #ah? c5tury & !re 0 no dang] ( ! fate ( ! fe>less ,bruno1 yet s /rong 0 religi\s bigotry ev5 9 ?is p]iod t ,r\sseau 0 hunt$ out ( ,france1 8 books burn$ by ! public execution]1 & ,did]ot w5t to jail4 8,h>dly a s+le man ( lett]s ( t "t escap$ arbitr>y imprisonm5t10 says ,john ,morley 9 8 8,r\sseau40 ,?is 0 all v repugnant to ! pride & vanity ( ,buffon & l$ him to adopt a /yle ( writ+ mu* 9 vogue a c5tury e>li] :5 ! !ological h& 0 heavy z dea?4 ,?is me?od 0 to put =w>d ! new idea z a h]esy or a m]e fancy1 expla9 x1 & !n proce$ ) great %[ ( e>ne/ness to demoli% x 9 favor ( ! or?odox view4 ,?is me?od succe$$ admirably until x broke ?r\gh ! ?ick skulls ( religi\s bigots t ! case pres5t$ = ! 8h]esy0 0 m conv9c+ ?an ! pret5d$ reply4 ,a f9e example ( ?is appe>s 9 ! f\r? volume ( ,buffon's 8,natural ,hi/ory40 8,if we once admit0 says he1 8t ! ass belongs to ! horse family1 & t x only diff]s f x because x has be5 modifi$1 we may likewise say t ! monkey is ( ! same family z man1 t x is a modifi$ man1 t man & ! monkey h _h a common orig9 l ! horse & ass1 t ea* family has _h b a s+le s\rce1 & ev5 t all ! animals h come f a s+le animal1 :i* 9 ! succession ( ages has produc$1 :ile p]fect+ & modify+ itself1 all ! races ( o!r animals4444 ,if x 7 kn[n t 9 ! animals !re _h be51 ,i d n say sev]al species1 b a s+le "o :i* _h be5 produc$ by modification f ano!r species2 if x 7 true t ! ass is only a modifi$ horse1 !re w\ld be no limit to ! p[] ( nature1 & we w\ld n be wrong 9 suppos+ t f a s+le be+ %e has kn[n h[ to d]ive1 ) "t1 all ! o!r organiz$ be+s40 ,!re is no su* cle> /atem5t ( ! evolution>y !ory 9 ! 8,sy/em ( ,nature0 ( ,l9naeus1 & if ,buffon _h proclaim$ ^! views z 8 own & c\rage\sly def5d$ !m1 he w\ld h made 8 "n ! greate/ ( ! #ah? c5tury1 & clo!d himself ) immortality4 ,b ! /uff ( m>tyrs did n ent] into 8 composition1 & ! v next passage to ! "o above1 translat$ reads--8,b no6 ,x is c]ta9 f revelation t all animals h alike be5 favor$ ) ! grace ( an act ( direct creation1 & t ! fir/ pair ( e species issu$ fully =m$ f ! h&s ( ! creator40 ,:5 ! ,sorbonne ?\ght x 0 be+ fool$ x compell$ ,buffon to recant publicly & h 8 recantation pr9t$4 ,9 t recantation he ann\nc$1 8,i ab&on ev]y?+ 9 my book respect+ ! =mation ( ! e>? & g5]ally all :i* may be contr>y to ! n>rative ( ,moses40 ,! impression we get f read+ ,buffon1 is t he did n realize ! importance ( ^? great evolution>y ideas :i* he /at$ s well & repudiat$ z regul>ly4 ,_h he done s & /ood by !m1 he w\ld h be5 ! ,d>w9 ( 8 day1 b he w\ld 9 all likelihood h sp5t ! latt] "p ( 8 life 9 ! ,ba/ile4 ,n until =ty ye>s lat] d we meet ! real & valiant precursor ( ,d>w91 albeit a c\ntryman ( ,buffon's1 b ) a m pr(\ndly philosophical m9d & )\t 8 fe>4 ,?is 0 ,jean ,bapti/e ,lam>ck1 born at ,baz5t91 ,france1 #agdd1 & educat$ at ! college ( ! ,jesuits at ,ami5s4 ,he s]v$ 9 ! sev5 ye>s w> & !n occupi$ himself /udy+ m$ic9e & sci5ce at ,p>is4 ,he di$1 poor & bl9d1 9 #ahbi4 ,lam>ck boldly proclaim$ 8 un%akable fai? 9 ! doctr9e ( ! trans=mation ( species1 & def5d$ x aga9/ ! /rong tide ( popul> disfavor & ! ov]:elm+ opposition provok$ by ! antagonism ( ! great zoologi/ ,cuvi]4 ,cuvi]'s opposition w\ld h cru%$ a weak] man b ,lam>ck bore bravely up & calmly left 8 case = ! future to decide4 ,cuvi] held species to be con/ant1 z 0 consonant ) curr5t & or?odox ideas4 ,?is made him a social favorite & ! pet ( ! *ur*1 & honors 7 %[]$ pr(usely ^u him to ! end ( 8 days4 ,n s ,lam>ck2 al?\gh born #be ye>s e>li]1 8 !ories 7 half a c5tury 9 advance ( ,cuvi]'s1 & he paid ! p5alty t has s (t5 ov]tak5 ^? pione]s ^: vision anticipat$ ! future4 8,attack$ on all sides10 says 8 fri5d & colleague1 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 8injur$ likewise by odi\s ridicule1 ,lam>ck1 too indignant to answ] ^! cutt+ epigrams1 submitt$ to ! indignity ) a sorr[ful pati5ce4444 ,lam>ck liv$ a long :ile poor1 bl9d1 & =sak51 b n by me2 ,i %all ev] love & v5]ate him40 ,ano!r writ] ( t p]iod exclaims1 8,lam>ck1 ?y ab&onm5t1 sad z x 0 9 ?y old age1 is bett] ?an ! ephem]al glory ( m5 :o ma9ta9 _! reputation by %>+ 9 ! errors ( _! "t40 ,z to ,cuvi]1 ! "o /a9 on 8 c>e] is 8 unwor?y attitude t[>d 8 celebrat$ oppon5t & fell[ work]4 ,lam>ck _h1 ) 8 usual g5]osity1 aid$ & favor$ him :5 he fir/ came to ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,p>is1 all[+ him to hold1 9 addition to 8 own *air1 :i* 0 9 ,v]tebrate ,zoology1 ! *air ( ,molluscs1 :i* 0 9 ,lam>ck's special field1 :]e he _h no equal1 & :i* 0 prop]ly 84 ,b ,lam>ck oppos$1 ) great polit5ess & )\t m5tion+ 8 "n ! attempt made by ,cuvi] to h>monize sci5ce ) ! or?odox !ology ( 8 day by means ( t !ory ( 8cataclysms0 :i* 9 spite ( its be+ /r5u\sly def5d$ by s rec5t a ?9k] z ,agassiz1 has be5 relegat$ to ! limbo ( explod$ !ories4 ,:5 ,lam>ck di$1 ,cuvi] z 8 mo/ notable contempor>y 0 call$ ^u to pron\nce 8 eulogy4 ,:at a mis]able & unwor?y p]=mance x 06 ,ev5 aft] dea?1 religi\s antipa?y--t ev]-fl[+ f\nta9 ( meanness--surviv$ 9 ,cuvi]'s brea/1 & ,de ,bla9ville records t 8! ,academy did n ev5 all[ x to be pr9t$ 9 ! =m 9 :i* x 0 pron\nc$10 & x is said t portions ( x _h to be omitt$ z unfit = publication4 ,haeckel1 speak+ ( ,lam>ck's great book1 8,zoological ,philosophy10 compla9s t 8,cuvi]1 ,lam>ck's greate/ oppon5t1 9 8 #8,report on ! ,progress ( ,natural ,sci5ce1' 9 :i* ! mo/ unimportant anatomical inve/igations are enum]at$1 does n devote a s+le ^w to ?is "w1 :i* =ms an epo* 9 sci5ce40 ,b hi/ory has rev]s$ ! scales & po/]ity has repair$ ! wrong4 ,t !ory ( biological evolution1 :i* 0 despis$ & reject$ by ! build]s ( 8 day has become ! corn]-/one ( mod]n k1 :ile ,cuvi]'s fanta/ic 8,!ory ( ! ,e>?0 has gone to ! museum ( curiosities4 ,lam>ck's immortality is secur$ by 8 ass]tion & def5se ( ! !ory ( desc5t1 alone4 ,?is !ory is1 t all exi/+ species h desc5d$ f ance/ors :o 7 9 a va/ numb] ( cases1 & ultimately 9 all1 v diff]5t f _! pres5t repres5tatives2 t ?is diff]5ce is due1 n to ! total ext9ction ( ! previ\s species by 8cataclysms10 & ! div9e creation ( new ones1 z ,cuvi] ma9ta9$1 b because previ\s species *ang$ 9 adapt+ !mselves to a *ang$ environm5t4 ,b ,lam>ck has ano!r claim to a ni*e 9 ! ,pan!on ( ,sci5ce4 ,z ! conviction ga9$ gr\nd t species 7 n fix$ & immutable z !y came f ! h&s ( an alleg$ creator1 b 7 ! products ( an evolution>y developm5t ext5d+ ?r\gh imm5se p]iods ( "t1 ano!r "q arose & call$ = an answ]4 ,t "q 0--8,by :at process80 ,*>les ,d>w9 is ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( all ! sons ( sci5ce because he answ]$ t "q4 ,lam>ck gave an answ]1 & ! "q z to :e!r t answ] is entitl$ to be incorporat$ 9 ! answ] ( ,d>w91 z a supplem5t>y am5dm5t is sometimes made a "p ( ! motion1 /ill divides ! biological _w into two camps4 ,b 9 t controv]sy betwe5 ! ,weismannians & ! ,neo-,lam>ckians1 aptly call$ 8,! ,battle ( ! ,d>w9ians10 no matt] :at becomes ( ! ,lam>ckian factor1 all are agre$ t ! 8,natural ,selection0 ( ,d>w9 is impregnable4 ,lam>ck's !ory may be summ$ up z foll[s-- 7#a47 ,e *ange 9 ! environm5t ( animals creates = !m new ne$s4 7#b47 ,^! new ne$s w compel ^! animals to adopt new habits & disc>d "s old ones1 & ^! ne$s & habits w produce & develop new organs4 7#c47 ,! developm5t or disappe>ance ( organs dep5ds on _! use or disuse4 7#d47 ,! effects ( use or disuse1 acquir$ by animals1 are transmitt$ by h]$ity to _! (fspr+4 ,?is f\r? factor has split ! biological _w s9ce ,weismann repudiat$ x 9 #ahhc4 ,z a typical case ( ! op]ation ( 8 !ory1 ,lam>ck gives ! foll[+3 8,! s]p5ts hav+ tak5 up ! habit ( glid+ along ! gr\nd1 & ( conceal+ !mselves 9 ! grass1 _! body1 ow+ to cont9ually repeat$ ef=ts to elongate itself s z to pass ?r\gh n>r[ spaces1 has acquir$ a consid]able l5g? disproportionate to its size4 ,moreov] limbs w\ld h be5 v useless to ^! animals1 & consequ5tly w\ld n h be5 employ$ because long legs w\ld h int]f]$ ) _! ne$ ( glid+1 & v %ort legs1 n be+ m ?an f\r 9 numb]1 w\ld h be5 incapable ( mov+ _! body4 ,h5ce ! lack ( use ( ^! p>ts hav+ be5 con/ant 9 ! races ( ^! animals1 has caus$ ! total disappe>ance ( ^! same p>ts1 al?\gh really includ$ 9 ! plan ( organization ( animals ( _! class40 ,! idea ( ! s]p5t gett+ its long body1 or ! giraffe its long neck1 or %ore birds _! long legs by 8/ret*+10 has br\ght a good deal ( ridicule ^u ,lam>ck's !ory1 & t "p ( x has nev] be5 tak5 v s]i\sly4 ,?is mi/ake h[ev]1 w no m affect ,lam>ck's title to a place among ! immortals1 ?an w ! equally un=tunate !ory ( 8pang5esis0 endang] ! /atus ( 8 /ill great] successor--,d>w94 ,lam>ck's glory is t he boldly proclaim$ & l>gely prov$ ! g5]al !ory ( desc5t--biological evolution4 ,we %all n[ proce$ to a consid]ation ( ! ef=ts ( ! great savants :o h succe$$ him1 to asc]ta9 its processes4 ,,iii4 ,,d>w9',s ,,natural ,,selection4 ,9 ! ye> #aijf1 ! pap] :i* has ! l>ge/ circulation among ,engli% ,sociali/s1 8,! ,cl>ion10 took a vote ( its read]s z to :om !y consid]$ to be ! greate/ man1 ! man :o _h contribut$ mo/ to ! progress ( ! race1 :i* ,engl& _h produc$4 ,by an ov]:elm+ majority ! place ( honor w5t to ,*>les ,d>w94 ,t vote 0 z mu* a v9dication ( ,engli% ,sociali/s z x 0 ( ! man ^: "n has become almo/ a synonym = 8mod]n sci5ce40 ,liebkne*t1 9 8 8,biographical ,memoirs ( ,k>l ,m>x01 speak+ ( ,m>x & himself1 says3 0,:5 ,d>w9 drew ! consequ5ces ( 8 inve/igations & pres5t$ !m to ! public1 we spoke = mon?s ( no?+ else b ,d>w9 & ! revolutioniz+ p[] ( 8 sci5tific conque/s40 ,leopold ,jacoby writes ?us3 8,! same ye> 9 :i* appe>$ ,d>w9's book 7#ahei7 & com+ f a q diff]5t direction1 an id5tical impulse 0 giv5 to a v important developm5t ( social sci5ce by a "w :i* long pass$ unnotic$1 & :i* bore ! title3 8,critique ( ,political ,economy0 by ,k>l ,m>x--x 0 ! =]unn] ( ,capital4 ,:at ,d>w9's book on ! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 is on ! subject ( ! g5esis & evolution ( organic life f non-s5ti5t nature up to ,man1 ! "w ( ,m>x is on ! subject ( ! g5esis & evolution ( association among human be+s1 ( ,/ates1 & ! social =ms ( humanity40 ,comm5t+ on ?is passage ( ,jacoby's ,enrico ,f]ri says3 8,& ?is is :y ,g]many1 :i* has be5 ! mo/ fruitful field = ! developm5t ( ! ,d>w9ian !ories1 is also ! mo/ fruitful field = ! intellig5t1 sy/ematic propag&a ( sociali/ ideas4 ,& x is precisely = ?is reason t 9 ,b]l91 9 ! w9d[s ( ! book-/ores ( ! sociali/ propag&a1 ! works ( ,*>les ,d>w9 occupy ! place ( honor beside ^? ( ,k>l ,m>x40 ,fr$]ick ,engels1 9 8 reply to ,duehr+1 speaks ( ,d>w9 z foll[s3 8,he dealt ! metaphysical conception ( nature ! heavie/ bl[ by 8 pro( t all organic be+s1 plants1 animals1 & man himself1 are ! products ( a process ( evolution go+ on ?r\gh millions ( ye>s4 ,9 ?is connection ,d>w9 mu/ be nam$ be=e all o!rs40 ,aga91 9 ! preface to ! 8,communi/ ,manife/o0 speak+ ( ! mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory1 he says3 8,?is proposition1 9 my op9ion1 is de/9$ to d = hi/ory :at ,d>w9's !ory has done = biology40 ,& speak+ at ! grave-side ( 8 illu/ri\s colleague--,m>x1 he said3 8,j z ,d>w9 discov]$ ! law ( developm5t 9 organic nature1 s ,m>x discov]$ ! law ( developm5t 9 human society40 ,says ,augu/ ,bebel1 9 8,woman10 8,m>x1 ,d>w91 ,buckle1 h all ?ree1 ea* 9 8 own way1 be5 ( ! greate/ significance = mod]n developm5t & ! future =m & gr[? ( human society w1 to an extreme degree1 be %ap$ & guid$ by _! tea*+ & discov]ies40 ,& ,kautsky 9 8 "w on e?ics decl>es t ,d>w9's discov]ies 8belong to ! greate/ & mo/ fruitful ( ! human intellect1 & enable u to develop a new critique ( k40 ,erne/ ,unt]mann1 9 8 late/ "w 8,m>xian ,economics10 well says3 8,m>x discov]$ ! specific laws ( social developm5t among human be+s4 99 99 99 ,b :ile do+ ?is1 x nev] occurr$ to him to disreg>d ! results ( ,d>w9's "w4 ,on ! contr>y1 he knew ! art ( comb9+ ,d>w9's results ) 8 own1 )\t do+ viol5ce to ei!r40 ,?is evid5ce ( ! g5]al cons5sus ( op9ion among ,sociali/ s*ol>s z to ! value ( ,d>w9's "w & its special importance = ,socialism c\ld easily be enl>g$ indef9itely4 ,b en\gh has be5 cit$ to %[ t a compreh5sive grasp ( ! ,sociali/ philosophy implies a k ( ,d>w9ian !ories4 ,! greatness ( ,d>w9's "w has two aspects2 ! imm5se impetus he gave to ! g5]al !ory ( evolution1 &1 8 discov]y ( its ma9 process1 8natural selection40 ,9 ! popul> m9d ?is di/9ction is lo/ 9 confusion & a great army ( popul> b ill-in=m$ exp\nd]s h add$ to ! muddle4 ,! two ?+s al?\gh closely relat$--cause & effect--are yet q di/9ct1 & a cle>] und]/&+ ( ,d>w9's "w is made possible by ! di/9ction be+ kept 9 m9d4 ,! honor ( hav+ discov]$ 8natural selection0 ,d>w9 %>es ) ,wallace only2 z a contributor to ! !ory ( evolution1 he is "o ( a long & illu/ri\s l9e4 ,b ev5 "h he is ! greate/ ( !m all precisely because ( 8 specific discov]y :i*1 by expla9+ h[ evolution works--at lea/ among liv+ ?+s1 7biology7--has made ! g5]al !ory impregnable4 ,be=e proce$+ to t specific !ory let u cle>ly und]/& t evolution has ceas$ to be a !ory m]ely1 x is also a well e/abli%$ fact4 ,anyone :o d5ies ?is has no "p or lot 9 ! intellectual life ( ! la/ half c5tury4 ,su* a "o1 z ,pr(essor ,gidd+s rec5tly said1 8inhabits a _w ( intellectual %ades4 ,he _c grasp ! e>?ly int]e/s ( ! tw5tie? c5tury40 ,e sci5ce 9 ! biological hi]>*y has contribut$ its quota to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! !ory ( evolution1 & t !ory 9 return has1 9 "o dep>tm5t aft] ano!r1 produc$ ord] & sy/em :]e be=e no?+ exi/$ b a conglom]ate mass ( app>5tly unrelat$ facts4 ,s ?or\ghly has ! !ory impregnat$ e bran* ( sci5ce t an intellig5t d5ti/ mu/ be an evolutioni/4 ,! *ief honors fall to ! two sci5ces ,ontog5y & ,phylog5y4 ,ontog5y deals ) ! hi/ory ( ! g]m f its beg9n+ z an egg to its full fruition z a fully develop$ individual or z ,haeckel def9es x1 8! hi/ory ( ! evolution ( individual human organisms40 ,phylog5y is def9$ by ! same au?ority z1 8! hi/ory ( ! evolution ( ! desc5t ( man1 t is1 ( ! evolution ( ! v>i\s animal =ms ?r\gh :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( c\ntless ages1 mank9d has gradually pass$ to its pres5t =m40 ,i m5tion ^! two sci5ces toge!r because x is by comp>+ !m t _! *ief significance appe>s4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ a/oni%+ discov]ies ( sci5ce & at ! same "t "o ( ! mo/ conv9c+ pro(s ( evolution1 t ! :ole process ( ! developm5t ( ! human race f ! l[e/ or simple/ =ms1 :i* con/itutes ! subject-matt] ( phylog5y1 is reproduc$ 9 brief 9 ! developm5t ( ! embryo ( ! individual4 ,?is rem>kable fact ,haeckel nam$ 8! biog5etic pr9ciple40 ,d>w9's *ief claim h[ev] to a p$e/al 9 ! hall ( fame re/s on 8 discov]y ( 8natural selection40 ,dur+ 8 memorable voyage on 8,! ,beagle0 he obs]v$ t !re 0 no ess5tial connection betwe5 a species' reproductive p[]s & ! numb] ( its population4 ,z ?is discov]y plays an important "p 9 8 !ory we w let him speak = himself4 ,9 8 8,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es0 he gives ! foll[+ case1 ) 8 conclusion3 8,i 0 surpris$ to f9d1 on c\nt+ ! eggs ( a l>ge :ite ,doris 7a k9d ( sea slug7 h[ extraord9>ily num]\s !y 74 ,f two to five eggs 7ea* ?ree ?\s&?s ( an in* 9 diamet]7 7 conta9$ 9 a sph]ical little case4 ,^! 7 arrang$ two deep 9 transv]se r[s =m+ a ribbon4 ,! ribbon adh]$ to ! rock 9 an oval sph]e4 ,"o :i* ,i f\nd1 measur$ ne>ly tw5ty in*es 9 l5g? & half in* 9 bread?4 ,by c\nt+ h[ _m balls 7 conta9$ 9 a t5? ( an in* 9 ! r[1 & h[ _m r[s 9 an equal l5g? ( ! ribbon1 on ! mo/ mod]ate computation !re 7 six hundr$ ?\s& eggs4 ,yet ?is ,doris 0 c]ta9ly n v common3 al?\gh ,i 0 (t5 se>*+ "u ! /ones ,i saw only sev5 individuals4 ,no fallacy is m common among naturali/s1 ?an t ! numb]s ( an individual species dep5d on its p[]s ( propagation40 ,?is in/ance is mod]ate comp>$ ) multitudes ( o!rs4 ,! "q !n arises z to :y1 ( su* a num]\s prog5y1 only a suffici5t numb] rea* adult /age z w replace ! p>5t /ock s t population rema9s practically /ation>y4 ,"h ,d>w9 became indebt$ to ,dr4 ,mal?us :o1 b = t indebt$ness w\ld h be5 =gott5 ere ?is4 ,9 8 8,essay on ,population0 ,mal?us po9ts out v>i\s 8*ecks0 to ! increase ( population4 ,8 ma9 !ory 0 t ! population t5ds to increase m rapidly ?an ! food supply4 ,! ,rev]5d ,doctor1 hav+ begott5 twelve *ildr5 ( 8 own1 felt 8call$0 to po9t out to ,briti% p>5ts ! desirability & ev5 necessity ( limit+ _! families 9 ! int]e/ ( society4 ,mal?us appli$ 8 !ory to human society :]e x is palpably false4 ,d>w9 transf]r$ x to ! natural _w :]e x prov$ to be a great tru?4 ,! obvi\s explanation ( ?is p>adox is3 t man1 by agriculture & indu/ry1 c increase 8 food supply to a great] proportion ?an any probable or ev5 possible increase ( population4 ,animals _c2 _! food supply is beyond _! control2 !y h no p[] to artificially increase ! supply4 ,?is diff]5ce totally de/roy$ ! value ( ,mal?us' book z a treatise on political economy4 ,8 immortality is assur$ solely because he accid5tally contribut$ a l9k to ,d>w9's *a94 ,& n[ ,d>w9 has travell$ on 8 great j\rney ?us f>3 ,animals propagate enorm\sly b _! population g5]ally does n increase4 ,! ma9 reason = ?is1 ?\gh !re are o!rs1 is1 t _! numb] is limit$ by ! am\nt ( food available4 ,!re=e1 if two p>5ts produce t5 ?\s& only two or ?ree individuals w rea* maturity3 ! re/ w p]i%4 ,! rema9d] ( ! problem1 :i* /ill rema9$ = ,d>w9 to solve1 03 fir/1 is !re any law :i* det]m9es :i* %all survive & :i* %all be de/roy$2 & second1 if !re is su* a law1 w t law expla9 & ?us1 at ! same "t1 prove1 ! orig9 ( new species8 ,x is precisely because ,d>w9 solv$ bo? po9ts ( ?is trem5d\s problem ) a cle> & irrefutable affirmative t he occupies ! =emo/ place 9 ! annals ( sci5ce4 ,pr(essor ,john ,fiske said3 8,!re is "o ?+ :i* a man ( orig9al sci5tific or philosophical g5ius 9 a rightly ord]$ _w %\ld nev] be call$ ^u to d4 ,he %\ld nev] be call$ ^u to e>n a liv+2 = t is a wret*$ wa/e ( en]gy1 9 :i* ! highe/ intellectual p[] is sure to suff] s]i\s detrim5t1 & runs ! risk ( be+ fritt]$ away into hopeless ru940 ,:e!r ,fiske 0 "r or wrong ! only p]t95t po9t "h is t ,d>w9 0 sp>$ t necessity4 ,to 8 great task he br\ght a pati5ce t is almo/ )\t p>allel4 ,"o ( 8 biograph]s1 ,grant ,all51 tells u t3 8,8 uncle & fa!r-9-law1 ,josiah ,w$gwood1 sugge/$ to him t ! app>5t s9k+ ( /ones on ! surface might really be due to e>?worm ca/+s4 ,s1 z soon z he _h "s l& ( 8 own to exp]im5t ^u1 he began 9 #ahdb1 to spread brok5 *alk ov] a field at ,d[n1 9 :i*1 tw5ty-n9e ye>s lat] 9 #ahga1 a tr5* 0 dug to te/ ! results4 8,:at o!r naturali/10 asks ,all51 ev] wait$ s long & s pati5tly to discov] ! up%ot ( a s+le exp]im5t8 ,is x wond]ful t a man :o work$ l t %\ld succe$1 n by fai? b by logical p[]1 9 remov+ m\nta9s80 ,d>w9 /udi$ dome/ic animals4 ,he obs]v$ h[ _m1 & h[ widely diff]5t1 races !re are ( horses1 dogs1 sw9e1 p\ltry 9 g5]al & pigeons 9 p>ticul>4 ,9 ea* in/ance ! _m v>ieties are d]iv$ f an orig9al common /ock1 z dome/ic f[ls f ! ,indian jungle f[l1 & pigeons f ! old-_w rock-dove4 8,d]iv$10 b h[--by :at process8 ,9 ! case ( dome/ic creatures ?is 0 n difficult to answ]4 ,x is accompli%$ by bre$]s 8select+0 ! individuals to be br$ f4 ,9 ! case ( pigeons1 :i* ,d>w9 laid p>ticul> /ress on ! fanci] seem$ to be able to obta9 almo/ any k9d ( a bird by select+ z p>5ts ^? pigeons :i* _h ! desir$ *>act]i/ics develop$ to ! mo/ pron\nc$ degree1 & !n aga9 select+ 9 ! same way f _! prog5y4 ,9 ?is way 7 produc$ birds s diff]5t f ea* o!r & _! ance/ors z ! tumbl]1 ! fantail1 ! p\t]1 & ab\t a hundr$ & fifty o!r v>ieties4 ,! same ) horses4 ,if ! bre$] desir$ draught horses1 he select$ = p>5ts ^? animals ) massive %\ld]s & /urdy limbs4 ,:5 a rac] w9s a 8classic0 race1 x is at once s5t to ! /ud-f>m4 ,al?\gh 9 ! z5i? ( its p[]s x races no m2 x is 8select$0 = ano!r & m important role--! reproduction &1 x is hop$1 ! acc5tuation ( ! *>act]i/ics :i* enabl$ x to outrun its competitors4 ,all ?is impress$ on ,d>w9's m9d ! importance ( ! ^w 8selection10 :i* appe>s 9 ! title ( 8 !ory & ! subtitle ( 8 epo*-mak+ book4 ,c\ld x be possible t nature conta9$ "s pr9ciple or comb9ation ( pr9ciples1 :i* p]=m$ among wild animals a "p analog\s to t ( ! bre$]1 among dome/ic animals8 ,d>w9 discov]$ t ?is is precisely :at takes place4 ,8 fam\s !ory may be =mulat$ "u ! ?ree foll[+ heads3 7#a7 ,h]$ity4 7#b7 ,v>iation4 7#c7 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ) its resultant1 survival ( ! fitte/4 ,d>w9 requires v little ( h]$ity1 & :at he does ask is beyond dispute4 ,x is en\gh = 8 !ory if l begets l & 8figs d n gr[ on ?i/les40 ,simil>ly ) v>iation1 ! dem&s ( 8 hypo!sis are v slight4 ,if x be conc$$ t v>iation is a fact1 t (fspr+ d v>y f _! p>5ts & ea* o!r1 x is en\gh4 ,& :o w dispute ?is 9 a _w :]e no two creatures are exactly & 9 all p>ticul>s alike8 ,! app>5t contradiction t1 h]$ity dem&s lik5ess1 :ile v>iation requires diff]5ce1 is conf9$ to ! surface--x is n real4 ,! lik5ess is g5]al :ile ! diff]5ce is p>ticul>4 ,a %eep may be born ) %ort] or long] legs1 by v>iation2 b x w be a %eep & n a horse1 by h]$ity4 ,z an example ( ! work+ ( ! !ory let u take ,lam>ck's piece de resi/ance1 ! giraffe4 ,lam>ck says3 8,we "k t ?is animal1 ! talle/ ( mammals1 inhabits ! int]ior ( ,africa1 & t x lives 9 localities :]e ! e>?1 almo/ always arid & de/itute ( h]bage1 obliges x to br[se on ! foliage ( trees & to make cont9ual ef=ts to rea* x4 ,x has result$ f ?is habit1 ma9ta9$ = a long p]iod 9 all ! individuals ( its race1 t its =elegs h become long] ?an ! h9d] ones1 & t its neck is s elongat$ t ! giraffe1 )\t /&+ on its h9d legs1 raises its head & rea*es six met]s 9 height 7almo/ tw5ty feet740 ,lam>ck ?\ght ?is l5g? ( neck 0 acquir$ by 8cont9ual ef=ts to rea*10 or1 z ,alfr$ ,russell ,wallace puts x 9 8 criticism ( ,lam>ck--8/ret*+40 ,_m critics v5tilat$ _! wit on ?is !ory ( ,lam>ck's1 "u ! impression t !y 7 lampoon+ ,d>w9's idea4 ,!y made a blund] simil> to t ( ^? critics ( ,utopian ,socialism :o labor "u ! pleas+ delusion t !y are riddl+ ! !ories ( ,m>x4 ,pr(essor ,rit*ie has pres]v$ a c\ple ( /anzas by a witty ,scot* judge :o aim$ 8 poem at ,d>w91 b hit ,lam>ck4 8,a de] ) a neck t 0 long] by half ,?an ! re/ ( 8 family1 try n to laugh1 ,by /ret*+ & /ret*+ became a giraffe ,:i* nobody c d5y4 ,t f\r-foot$ bea/ :i* we n[ call a :ale1 ,held 8 h9d-legs s close t !y grew to a tail1 ,:i* he uses = ?re%+ ! sea1 l a flail1 ,:i* nobody c d5y40 ,b ,d>w9's !ory is altoge!r indep5d5t ( ! 8/ret*+0 idea4 ,! causes & orig9 ( h]$ity & v>iation are up to ?is mom5t1 alike wrapp$ 9 my/]y4 ,b :5 sci5ce succe$s 9 p5etrat+ ^? secrets1 x is extremely unlikely t ,d>w9's !ory w be s]i\sly weak5$1 no matt] :at ! causes may prove to be4 ,n[ ab\t ! giraffe4 ,we w suppose1 = ! sake ( illu/ration1 two giraffes1 a male & a female1 ^: necks are precisely five feet long4 ,we w conf9e our illu/ration to ! "q ( ! neck alone4 ,we w suppose ?is p>ticul> pair to give bir? to a family ( ?ree4 ,fir/ comes h]$ity4 ,all we ask ( h]$ity is t ! "y %all be giraffes1 n camels or any o!r species2 & ?is h]$ity gu>antees4 ,n[ comes v>iation4 ,z ?is is an ideal case = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ ! !ory1 we w h "o ( ! ?ree %ort]-neck$ ?an ! p>5ts1 ano!r ! same l5g?1 :ile ! ?ird has a long] neck--ov] five feet4 ,n[ comes ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,:5 ?is family ( giraffes is fairly gr[n & ! new-com]s are approa*+ bre$+ age--m>k ! importance ( ?is matt] ( 8bre$+ age10 = ! problem is to f9d out h[ nature det]m9es :i* %all be br$ f--!y are oblig$ to =age = !mselves4 ,!re is no pa/ure to graze2 !y live 9 :at is almo/ a des]t4 ,!re are few %rubs2 sc>cely any?+ b fairly high trees--f t5 to tw5ty feet4 ,if a giraffe bre$] _h ?is matt] 9 h& & he wi%$ to increase ! l5g? ( ! giraffe's neck1 ! problem w\ld be simple4 ,he w\ld select numb] ?ree ) ! longe/ neck1 pair x ) ! longe/ neck$ memb] ( ! opposite sex 9 "s o!r family & ! trick w\ld be done4 ,b ?is is 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 :]e !re is no bre$] to int]f]e1 & ! "q is3 c nature accompli% ! same result )\t 8 help8 ,?is is :at happ5s4 ,fir/ ! leaves are eat5 f all ! l[] bran*es z !y are rea*$ ) ! lea/ ef=t4 ,!n !y g high] & /ill high] until ! po9t is rea*$ :]e numb] "o ) ! %orte/ neck _c rea* any fur!r & ! t]rible /ruggle = exi/5ce beg9s4 ,numb] two sees no dang] z yet & numb] ?ree has ?+s all 8 own way4 ,b ) %ort-neck$ numb] "o1 a trag$y has begun4 ,e day n[ sees ! food fur!r out ( 8 rea* & ev5 numb] two is oblig$ to rea* out = 8 supply4 ,! bre$+ "t is approa*+ b ! long] neck$ & !re=e well-f$ & vig\r\s females w h no?+ to d ) ?is wobbley />v+ creature1 & ! long] neck$1 well-f$ males %un ! %ort-neck$ />v+ females4 ,if ! />v+ ones mate1 ! "m dies be=e giv+ bir? to (fspr+1 or %e _c get n\ri%m5t en\gh to re> h] prog5y2 9 ei!r case !re is no effective succession4 ,s ! long]-neck$ are ! fitte/ & !y survive4 ,?us does nature 8select0 "o by ! negative process ( de/roy+ ! re/1 9 ab\t ! same way z a man 8selects0 "o puppy 9 a litt] by dr[n+ ! re/4 ,9 ! case ( ! puppies we may say 8artificial selection20 9 ! case ( ! giraffe x is 8natural selection40 ,& ?is !ory1 simple z x may seem "h1 revolutioniz$ ,biology4 ,x is wor?y ( note t 8natural0 selection has _m advantages ov] 8artificial0 selection4 ,! bre$] may be mi/ak52 he may select ! wrong puppy & dr[n its sup]ior4 ,! horse t won ! great race may h _h a fleet]-foot$ companion 9 ! same /able _h ! tra9] kn[n h[ to develop 8 possibilities4 ,! g>d5] may h pass$ ! be/ root or /em ?r\gh c>elessness4 ,b nature makes no su* mi/akes1 or if %e does %e ev5tually r$eems !m4 ,h] me?od1 :ile x is :olly =tuit\s & un9tellig5t1 is practically infallible4 ,! condition ( survival is1 adaptation to environm5t4 ,! v process ( selection is1 9 itself1 a sure te/ ( fitness4 ,true1 moral consid]ations are elim9at$--at lea/ 9 ! non-social _w--yet nature (f]s some?+ l a fair field & no favors4 ,:5 we speak ( nature's favorites1 we simply mean ^? :o are be/ fitt$ to meet h] h>d conditions4 ,take a r[ ( cel]y plants1 f :i* future se$l+s are to be 8select$40 ,9 ?is in/ance1 let u suppose1 ! quality desir$ is ability to resi/ fro/4 ,h[ is ! g>d5] to "k :i* ( fifty plants are ! 8be/0 9 ?is respect4 ,he has no me?od ( f9d+ out ) any degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,b nature comes along "s night ) a %>p fro/ & 8selects0 t5 by kill+ =ty4 ,& ! v act ( ?is 8natural0 selection proves t ^! t5 are bett] able to )/& ! fro/ ?an _! fell[s4 ,bre$]s ( :ite %eep :o supply ! :ite wool m>ket h a v tangible guide--!y kill e lamb t %[s ! lea/ t+e ( black4 ,b ev5 "h1 nature is n to be out-done4 ,9 ,virg9ia !re is--or at lea/ 0 9 ,d>w9's day--a wild hog ( pure black4 ,"o ( its /aple foods 0 kn[n z ! 8pa9t-root40 ,any hog ) ! lea/ speck ( :ite on its body 0 poison$ by ?is root :ile its all-black bro!rs f\nd x a heal?-su/a9+ & succul5t food4 ,9 an environm5t :i* rema9$ con/ant & :]e a species ( animals _h rea*$ a population :i* /ra9$ ! limits ( subsi/5ce--food supply--^? (fspr+ :i* mo/ closely resemble _! p>5ts1 :o _h won out 9 t environm5t1 w\ld aga9 succe$ & be select$4 ,:ile if ! environm5t *ang$--became w>m] or cold] = example--^? desc5dants :i* happ5$ to v>y 9 a direction mak+ !m bett] able to cope ) ! new conditions w\ld be select$ = survival z aga9/ ^? :o resembl$ _! p>5ts1 :i* p>5ts _h surviv$ 9 _! day because !y 7 adapt$ to ! prior environm5t4 ,= example1 a c\ntry is well suppli$ ) wat] & x is z a consequ5ce f]tile & 8gre540 ,9 su* a c\ntry gre5 insects & gre5 reptiles w be select$1 because a gre5 backgr\nd w r5d] !m almo/ invisible to _! enemies4 ,individuals ( o!r colors w make _! appe>ance by v>iation1 b !y w be su* pla9 t>gets to _! enemies1 !y w be dev\r$ be=e !y rea* bre$+ age & h a *ance to reproduce ! v>iation4 ,b suppose desiccation 7dry+ up7 sets 94 ,! c\ntry loses its wat] supply1 z ,krapotk9 has %[n to h be5 ! case 9 ,nor?-,we/ ,mongolia & ,ea/ ,turke/an1 lead+ to ! en=c$ exodus ( ! b>b>ians4 ,n[ gre5 w disappe> & br[n or yell[--say br[n--takes its place4 ,:ile ?is *ange w n1 s f> z we "k1 cause insects & liz>ds to bre$ br[n in/ead ( gre51 x w ensure ! survival or 8selection0 ( su* z are born br[n & ! de/ruction ( ^? :o bre$ true to _! gre5 ance/ors4 ,n[ e atavi/ic return to gre5 w be m]cilessly we$$ out1 j z1 :5 ! c\ntry 0 well-wat]$ & gre51 e sporadic production ( br[n 0 done to dea?4 ,?is is ! biological f\ndation ( t environm5t philosophy :i* n[ p]vades all our ?9k+4 ,*ange ! physical environm5t1 says ! biologi/1 & ! species w be trans=m$4 ,*ange ! economic environm5t1 says ! ,sociali/1 &1 if y make ! "r *ange1 ! race w be r$eem$4 ,bo? /atem5ts re/ on ! same fundam5tal laws4 ,z ! _m & highly important implications ( ?is !ory1 are fully dealt ) 9 subsequ5t lectures mo/ ( !m w be pass$ "h4 ,we may note h[ev]1 t :5ev] any nation 9 ! mod]n _w1 produces1 9 ! developm5t ( its indu/ry1 a ,sociali/ic v>iation1 t new feature at once proves its utility & is 8select$0 9 ! ,d>w9ian s5se1 because x con/itutes an advantage ov] ! previ\s =m ( social organization1 9 t p>ticul>4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! tru/--:i* is sociali/ic & revolution>y 9 its ess5tial t5d5ces--is always victori\s1 9 spite ( ! fooli% rav+s ( ! ,he>/ newspap]s & ! ant$iluvian twaddle ( ,william ,j5n+s ,bryan4 ,b ,d>w9's cr[n+ a*ievem5t is t he made ! g5]al !ory ( evolution impregnable by ?or\ghly & conclusively demon/rat+ x 9 8 own field z a naturali/4 ,f !n on x 0 only a "q ( "t z to :5 its application w\ld be univ]sal4 ,socialism may be def9$ z ! application ( ! !ory ( evolution to ! ph5om5a ( society4 ,?is is precisely :at ,m>x & ,engels accompli%$1 & ?is :y _! "w is s fundam5tally oppos$ to ! conv5tional !ories & !ological sup]/iti\s curr5t 9 _! "t1 & s fully 9 h>mony ) all ! late/ a*ievem5ts 9 ! sci5tific _w4 ,hi/ory ceases to be a mean+less mass ( w> & fam9e1 blood%$ & cruelty4 ,x becomes a panorama pres5t+ ! developm5t ( society accord+ to laws :i* may be und]/ood & ) a future t may be measurably pr$ict$4 ,x develops by ! op]ation ( =ces t no man or class c :olly /ay or h9d]4 ,! p[] ( ^? =ces & ! direction 9 :i* !y are n[ mak+ has be5 well set =? by ,victor ,hugo by a v /rik+ simile 9 ! foll[+ passage3 8,we are 9 ,russia4 ,! ,neva is froz54 ,heavy c>riages roll ^u its surface4 ,!y improvise a city4 ,!y lay out /reets4 ,!y build h\ses4 ,!y buy4 ,!y sell4 ,!y laugh4 ,!y dance4 ,!y p]mit !mselves any?+4 ,!y ev5 light fires on ?is wat] become granite4 ,!re is w9t]1 !re is ice & !y %all la/ =ev]4 ,a gleam pale & wan spreads ov] ! sky & "o w\ld say t ! sun is dead4 ,b no1 ?\ art n dead1 oh ,lib]ty6 ,at an h\r :5 !y h mo/ pr(\ndly =gott5 !e2 at a mom5t :5 !y lea/ expect !e1 ?\ %all arise1 oh1 dazzl+ sight6 ,?\ %alt %oot ?y bright & burn+ rays1 ?y heat1 ?y life1 on all ?is mass ( ice become hide\s & dead4 ,d y he> t dull ?ud1 t crackl+1 deep & dreadful8 ',tis ! ,neva te>+ loose4 ,y said x 0 granite4 ,see x splits l glass4 ',tis ! break+ ( ! ice1 ,i tell y4 ',tis ! wat] alive1 joy\s & t]rible4 ,progress recomm5ces4 ',tis humanity aga9 beg9n+ its m>*4 ',tis ! riv] :i* retakes its c\rse1 uproots1 mangles1 /rikes toge!r1 cru%es & dr[ns 9 its waves n only ! empire ( up/>t ,cz> ,ni*olas1 b all ( ! relics ( anci5t & mod]n despotism4 ,t tre/le "w float+ away8 ,x is ! ?rone4 ,t o!r tre/le8 ,x is ! scaffold4 ,t old book1 half sunk8 ,x is ! old code ( capitali/ laws & morals4 ,t old rook]y j s9k+8 ,x is a t5em5t h\se 9 :i* wage slaves liv$4 ,see ^! all pass by2 pass+ by nev] m to return2 & = ?is imm5se engulf+1 = ?is supreme victory ( life ov] dea?1 :at has be5 ! p[] necess>y8 ,"o ( ?y looks1 oh1 sun6 ,"o /roke ( ?y /rong arm1 oh1 labor60 ,,iv4 ,,weismann',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,h]$ity4 ,! weak1 untra9$ bra9 mu/ h a conclusion4 ,x _c res]ve its decision or r5d] an op5 v]dict4 ,x is completely at sea 9 ! sci5tific _w :]e ! mo/ pr(\nd savant is (t5 oblig$ to say1 8,i don't "k40 ,9 a cr[d$ c\rtroom1 n9ety p] c5t ( ! spectators h made up _! m9ds t ! prison] is innoc5t or guilty be=e ! fir/ witness is call$ or a l9e ( ! evid5ce has be5 read4 ,he has a squ>e jaw1 or bu%y eyebr[s1 or ?ick lips1 or he %ifts uneasily f "o foot to ! o!r1 any or all :i* proves to ! simpletons back ( ! rail1 t he mu/ be guilty no matt] :at ! crime is1 or :at ! evid5ce may be4 ,if he has blue eyes & fair hair & mu/a*e1 or a pleasant mann]1 or pretty h&s & ! onlook]s 7 to decide ! matt]1 !y w\ld h>dly convict him on 8 own confession4 ,9 ,engl&1 a judge is n plac$ on ! b5* because he 8/&s 90 ) a w>d boss1 b because ( 8 wide s*ol>%ip & sy/ematic tra9+1 & ! reason advanc$ = ?is me?od is1 t only a sci5tific s*ol> c res]ve 8 op9ion until all ! evid5ce is 9 & !n1 if ! case dem&s x1 r5d] an op5 v]dict4 ,) ! vex$ problem ( h]$ity1 :i* has be5 s mu* to ! =e 9 sci5ce = ! la/ tw5ty-f\r ye>s1 :ile _m great ?9k]s h di/9ctly tak5 sides1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 _m po9ts ( great importance1 ! only possible v]dict on ! cont5tions ( ei!r side1 is "o ( 8n prov540 ,b al?\gh ?is controv]sy has split ! evolutioni/s into two camps1 x 9 no way compromises ! evolution !ory itself4 ,! controv]sy is bas$ on ! admission ( all ! p>ties to x1 t evolution is grant$1 & ! "q at issue involves only a diff]5ce z to h[ ! ackn[l$g$ results are accompli%$4 ,evolution is no long] m]ely a !ory1 x is an e/abli%$ fact1 & is recogniz$ z su* by all :o live 9 an intellectual atmosph]e belong+ to ?is side ( #ahei1 ! ye> ( ! publication ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species40 ,nei!r does ! result ( ?is discussion ?reat51 9 any way1 ! validity ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( 8,natural ,selection40 ,all ! disputants are av[$ ,d>w9ians1 & disagree only z to :e!r ,d>w9's !ory is alone suffici5t to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( new species4 ,pr(essor ,pack>d1 ,lam>ck's biograph]1 & "o ( 8 w>me/ admir]s1 at ! close ( 8 *apt] devot$ to ! d5ial ( 8pure0 ,d>w9ism says3 8,we mu/ nev] =get or "u-e/imate1 h[ev]1 ! ine/imable value ( ! s]vices r5d]$ by ,d>w91 :o by 8 pati5ce1 indu/ry1 & r>e g5ius = obs]vation & exp]im5t1 & 8 p[]s ( lucid exposition1 conv9c$ ! _w ( ! tru? ( evolution1 ) ! result t x has trans=m$ ! philosophy ( our day4 ,we are all evolutioni/s1 ?\gh we may diff] z to ! nature ( ! effici5t causes40 ,!re are n[ ?ree possible positions4 7#a7 ,t ( ! ,lam>ckians1 pure & simple1 :o ma9ta9 t ,lam>ck's !ory 9 itself expla9s all ! ph5om5a1 & t ,d>w9's pr9ciple ( selection is n only invalid b sup]flu\s4 ,?is s*ool is practically ext9ct1 ?\gh ,pack>d (t5 sails to its v edge 9 8 ef=ts to def5d 8 subject1 z is ! mann] ( biograph]s4 7#b7 ,! ,neo- 7,new7- ,lam>ckians :o develop ,lam>ck's !ory & add to x ,d>w9's selective pr9ciple z ( great]1 equal1 or second>y importance1 accord+ z !y lean ! m /rongly to ,d>w9 or ,lam>ck4 ,?is position held ! field almo/ alone1 until ,weismann fir$ 8 op5+ gun 9 #ahhc4 ,he f\nd$ 7#c7 ! ,neo-,d>w9ian s*ool :i* repudiates altoge!r ! ,lam>ckian factor ( ! h]$it>y transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s1 & ma9ta9s t ,d>w9's !ory is able to disp5se ) ,lam>ckian ideas ( use & disuse4 ,z ,weismann is ! /orm c5t] ( ! controv]sy we w n[ exam9e 8 !ory4 ,9 #ahhc ,weismann became ! pro-,rector ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,freiburg & 9 ! hall ( ! ,univ]sity1 9 ,june ( t ye>1 he publicly deliv]$ 8 inaugural lecture 8,on ,h]$ity40 ,?is lecture is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! fir/ broadside 9 t w> :i* fill$ ) its rev]b]ations ! sci5tific magaz9es ( ! _w = ! next ?irte5 ye>s4 ,z "o writ] aptly says1 8,! w>r+ sci5ti/s spla%$ l irate cuttle-fi%es 9 cl\ds ( _! own ink40 ,ab\t #ahif h[ev]1 ! public grew tir$ ( ! nev]-end+ flood ( biological lore on :at look$ to ! lay m9d l an insoluble problem4 ,! editors1 ) _! f+]s on ! public pulse1 cri$1 8,a plague on bo? y\r h\ses10 & s5t ! savants to seek 9 _! laboratories ! victories d5i$ to _! p5s4 ,z a matt] ( fact h[ev]1 ! com+ /ruggle 0 =e%ad[$ 9 a pap] read by ,weismann at ! meet+ ( ! ,association ( ! ,g]man ,naturali/s at ,salzburg1 two ye>s e>li]1 9 #ahha4 ,?is pap] 0 entitl$ 8,! ,duration ( ,life10 & ! subject 0 /ill fur!r develop$ 9 an academic lecture1 9 #ahhc1 on 8,life & ,dea?40 ,^! two biological contributions n only indicat$ ! f\ndations ( ,weismann's !ory1 b !y ?rew a v brilliant light 9 c]ta9 v d>k places4 ,weismann n only took up1 b he solv$ ! hi!rto obscure "q ( ! orig9 ( dea?4 ,johannes ,mull] _h1 z e>ly z #ahdj1 reject$ ! prevail+ hypo!sis :i* held ! dea? ( animals to be due to 8! influ5ces ( ! organic environm5t1 :i* gradually we> away ! life ( ! individual40 ,mull] argu$ t if ?is 7 s 8! organic en]gy ( an individual w\ld /eadily decrease f ! beg9n+40 ,ev]ybody kn[s1 h[ev]1 t 9 spite ( ! we> & te> caus$ by ! 8environm5t10 be x organic or inorganic1 ! volume ( life increases1 until a c]ta9 /age is rea*$ 9 all animals4 ,b ,mull] _h fail$ to fill ! gap 8 criticism _h creat$4 ,?is problem ,weismann solv$ by analys+ ! me?ods ( reproduction among animals4 ,^! g5]ally speak+ are two2 sexual1 & non-sexual or1 z x is sometimes t]m$1 a-sexual4 ,?is latt] =m is ! mode t prevails at ! bottom ( ! organic scale--among ! protozoa1 animals consi/+ ( a s+le cell4 ,?is me?od has a v>iety ( =ms :i* are classifi$ by ,haeckel z 7#a7 self-division2 7#b7 =mation ( buds2 7#c7 ! =mation ( g]m-cells or spores4 ,we %all "h deal only ) ! fir/1 self-division1 or fission1 :i* is ! mo/ univ]sal ( all me?ods ( propagation1 be+ ! progress by :i* ! individual cells :i* compose all ! high] animals multiply !mselves4 ,?is is ! me?od vital to ,weismann's !ory & ! o!r two are no m ?an di/9ct modifications ( fission4 ,:5 a ,mon]on or an ,amoeba rea*es a c]ta9 size1 x beg9s to p9* 9 ! middle l a tightly-lac$ corset4 ,?is increases until ! creature divides into two equal halves4 ,ea* ( ^! halves becomes a complete individual :i* cont9ues to ?rive until ! next division takes place4 ,:at ,weismann obs]v$ z ! mo/ significant ?+ ab\t ?is 0 t 9 ?is process & among ^! unicellul> 7s+le cell$7 organisms !re is no su* ?+ z natural dea?4 ,accid5tal dea? is :olesale 9 its proportions1 b no ,mon]on ev] dies ( old age4 ,a/\nd+ z x may seem to ! layman1 ! race-old1 _w-wide idea t dea? is 8ess5tial to ! v nature ( life itself0 is "h totally & indisputably ov]?r[n4 8,i po9t$ out10 says ,weismann1 9 ! second lecture & ref]r+ to ! fir/ 8t we c\ld n speak ( natural dea? among unicellul> animals1 = _! gr[? has no t]m9ation :i* is comp>able ) dea?4 ,! orig9 ( new individuals is n connect$ ) ! dea? ( ! old2 b increase by division takes place 9 su* a way t ! two p>ts into :i* an organism sep>ates are exactly equival5t to "o ano!r1 & nei!r ( !m is old] or y\ng] ?an ! o!r4 ,9 ?is way c\ntless numb]s ( individuals arise1 ea* ( :i* is z old z ! species itself1 :ile ea* possesses ! capability ( liv+ on indef9itely1 by means ( divisions40 ,among ! ,metazoa1 i4 e41 multicellul> or _m cell$ animals1 ?is immortality ( ! individual disappe>s4 8,"h1 also10 says ,weismann1 8reproduction takes place by means ( cell-division1 b e cell does n possess ! p[] ( reproduc+ ! :ole organism4 ,! cells ( ! organism are diff]5tiat$ into two ess5tially diff]5t gr\ps1 ! reproductive cells--ova or sp]matozoa--& ! somatic cells1 or cells ( ! body4 ,! immortality ( ! unicellul> organism has pass$ ov] to ! =m]--! reproductive cells--! o!rs mu/ die1 & s9ce ! body ( ! individual is *iefly compos$ ( !m1 x mu/ die also40 ,& s dea? came into ! _w1 n by s91 z ! ,g5esis leg5d reports1 b ?r\gh sex2 a mo/ a/oni%+ conclusion1 x may be1 b "o f :i* !re is app>5tly no escape4 ,immortality /ill rema9s1 x is true1 b x is n ! immortality ( ! consci\s self4 ,positive sci5ce1 no?)/&+ all its glori\s gifts1 has dealt a t]rible bl[ to ^? gorge\s dreams ( primitive m5 & mod]n my/ics2 ^? hopes & long+s :i* h su/a9$ millions ( our race 9 h\rs ( supreme sorr[2 a bl[ :i* n ev5 ! brave/ has be5 able to receive )\t fl9*+4 ,! only immortality ( :i* sci5ce has any surety is t ( ^! unconsci\s s+le cells1 :i* make possible ! reproduction ( ! species4 ,weismann1 !n1 divides ! cells :i* compose ! bodies ( ! high] animals1 includ+ man1 into two di/9ct k9ds2 ! somatic1 or body cells & ! g]m1 or reproductive cells4 ,^! g]m cells are1 s to speak1 batt]ies 9 :i* are /or$ a sub/ance :i* ,weismann calls g]m-plasm4 ,a m9utely small portion ( ?is g]m-plasm f an individual ( "o sex1 mix$ ) a simil> portion f an individual ( ! o!r w produce a new individual4 ,b--& "h comes ! key/one ( ,weismann's ar*--only a portion ( ! mix$ g]m-plasm is us$ up 9 ! composition ( ! new individual2 ! re/ is /or$ away 9 ! g]m-cells ( ! new individual = fur!r reproduction :5 ! "t arrives4 ,! only relation t ?is res]v$ g]m-plasm has ) ! body cells ( ! new individual is t x is provid$ by !m ) room & bo>d4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,weismann1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 !re is an unbrok5 /ream ( g]m-plasm1 & ?is con/itutes 8 celebrat$ !ory ( 8,! ,cont9uity ( ,g]m-,plasm40 ,grant$ ?is !ory z a premise1 & ,weismann's conclusions _c be ga9said4 ,?is g]m-plasm be+ ! sole 8c>ri] ( h]$ity10 no?+ t happ5s to ! somatic or body cells c be transmitt$ to ! prog5y4 ,d>w9 _h put =w>d a !ory ( h]$ity :i* he call$ 8,pang5esis10 :i* made out a good case = ! admission ( ! ,lam>ckian factor4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory all ! somatic or body cells give =? /ill small] cells :i* he calls 8gemmules40 ,^! gemmules are collect$1 by "s process n expla9$1 9 ! reproductive organs4 ,"h !y are 9 packets1 & ^! 8packets ( gemmules0 are 8! c>ri]s ( h]$ity40 ,"o c easily see h[ by ?is process ! effects ( use & disuse w\ld be transmissible = an organ %runk by disuse w\ld n be capably repres5t$ by an effici5t delegation ( gemmules at ! reproductive headqu>t]s4 ,speak+ ( ?is !ory1 ,grant ,all5 9 8 biography ( ,d>w9 says1 8,let n ! love ( ! biograph] deceive u4 ,n to m9ce matt]s1 x 0 8 "o conspicu\s failure1 & is n[ pretty univ]sally admitt$ z su*40 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ h[ev]1 t ,d>w9 0 fully aw>e ( its purely speculative "* & ) 8 usual caution entitl$ x ! 8,provisional ,hypo!sis ( ,pang5esis40 ,romanes1 "o ( ,weismann's able/ critics1 comp>es ,weismann's !ory ) ,d>w9's1 & :ile he refuses to def5d ,pang5esis aga9/ ,weismann's *>ge t x is a :olly unsupport$ speculation1 he replies by cont5d+ t ! g]m-plasm !ory lives 9 precisely ! same k9d ( a glass h\se4 ,h[ev] t may be1 x is q cle> t ! g]m-plasm !ory completely %uts out ! ,lam>ckian factor ( evolution 9 all cases :]e propagation is sexual4 8,b10 say ! ,neo-,lam>ckians1 8,d>w9ism 9 itself1 m]ely assumes v>iations )\t attempt+ to expla9 _! orig94 ,natural selection only expla9s ! survival ( ! fitte/2 x tells u no?+ ( :at ,pr(4 ,cope calls ! #8,orig9 ( ! ,fitte/4' ,!re mu/ be v>iation be=e selection1 :5ce !n1 comes ?is v>iation80 ,to ?is "q ,weismann has a ready reply4 8,v>iation is due to ! bl5d+ ( two :olly diff]5t k9ds ( g]m-plasm at conception1 produc+ at bir? a result t is n1 & _c be1 :olly l ! contributor ( ei!r40 ,& n[1 at la/1 ! great ,g]man is 9 a corn]4 ,if all v>iations are due to cong5ital *>act]s only1 & ^!1 ( c\rse1 are only possible because ( ! comb9ations secur$ by sexual reproduction1 h[ d v>iations arise among non-sexual organisms :]e su* comb9ations _c exi/8 ,?is is inde$1 a pos]4 ,b any rejoic+ by ,weismann's oppon5ts is q premature4 ,! sagacity :i* set ^? oppon5ts by ! e>s is /ill available4 ,!re is no attempt to untie t knot2 ,weismann cuts x ) a knife4 ,he empties 8 antagoni/'s sails by a smil+ & graci\s surr5d]4 ,bel[ ! sexually reproduc+ animals1 he conc$es ! op]ation ( ! ,lam>ckian factor4 ,9 t unicellul> _w x is n a special cell t is pass$ on b ! individual itself is cont9u$1 & ( c\rse any "* acquir$ by ! individual w be pres]v$ along ) ! individual4 ,?us !n ! region ( controv]sy is limit$ to sexually reproduc+ organisms & we come to ! field :]e ! fi]ce/ fight 0 made4 ,d ^! organisms transmit by h]$ity ^? *>act]s or peculi>ities acquir$ by ! individual dur+ its own life-"t8 ,to ?is "q ! ,neo-,lam>ckians gave a positive affirmative1 :i* ,weismann met ) an unwav]+ d5ial4 ,weismann *all5g$ 8 oppon5ts to produce a s+le demon/ration ( su* a transmission4 ,"h let u be cle> z to :at is meant by an acquir$ "*4 ,= illu/ration1 let u suppose a fa!r leaves 8 son an e/ate ( a ?\s& acres4 ,t is inh]itance4 ,if ! son leaves 8 son ! same "o ?\s& acres1 t is /ill inh]itance4 ,b if t son increases ! e/ate1 dur+ 8 life-"t to two ?\s&1 ! second ?\s& is an 8acquir$ "*0 ( a prop]ty nature4 ,!re ! analogy ceases = !re is no dispute z to 8 ability to transmit bo? ?\s&s to 8 heirs by inh]itance4 ,b ) 8acquir$ *>act]s0 ( a biological nature1 ,weismann ma9ta9s ?is to be impossible4 ,_m specific in/ances 7 put =w>d 9 refutation ( ?is cont5tion4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] cit$ ! case ( ! suppos$ deg5]ation ( ! little toe 9 civiliz$ man z a result ( ! %oe we>+ habit4 ,?is x 0 urg$ c\ld only h occurr$ ?r\gh ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s & n by natural selection z ?is dim9i%$ toe c\ld n be ( any value 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,b x 0 %[n by measur+ ! feet ( savages1 :o d n we> %oes1 & ^: ance/ors nev] wore !m1 t ! small toes ( savages _h deg5]at$ q z mu*4 ,!n ,ces>e ,lombroso ent]$ ! ar5a lead+ a camel4 ,accord+ to ! ,italian crim9ologi/1 ! camel's hump _h be5 fir/ acquir$ by be>+ loads & !n transmitt$ by h]$ity4 ,f ! fact t ! camel & ! llama1 :i* is smoo? back$1 h some?+ 9 common1 he concludes t camels are really llamas t h rec5tly acquir$ a hump 9 ! p]=mance ( _! labors4 ,lombroso also support$ 8 hump !ory by "s /atem5ts ab\t ,hott5tot wom5 hav+ develop$ call\ses on _! hips by c>ry+ _! *ildr5 on _! backs4 ,un=tunately all ,lombroso's +5uity 0 wa/$ = we happ5 to possess ! geological record ( ! camel 9 good condition1 & f ?is hi/ory we "k t ! 8%ip ( ! des]t0 _h 8 hump be=e ! human race appe>$ :5 accord+ to ,lombroso he %\ld h be5 a smoo?-back$ llama4 ,disappo9t$ z ,weismann's critics 7 x 0 h>dly feasible to argue t ! camel _h gott5 8 hump 9 ^? e>ly times by plac+ loads on 8 own back4 ,x 0 cle>ly se5 t if a case ( ! transmission ( a mutilation c\ld be e/abli%$1 ,weismann's !ory w\ld be !reby demoli%$4 ,a rem>kable attempt 0 made 9 ?is direction 9 #ahhg at ! meet+ ( ! ,association ( ! ,g]man ,naturali/s at ,wiesbad54 ,to t dignifi$ ga!r+ came ,dr4 ,za*>ias ) a numb] ( tailless cats4 ,x 0 ass]t$ t ^! cats _h no tails because _! "m _h lo/ h] tail ?r\gh hav+ x run ov] by a c>t :eel4 ,! exam9ation ( ^! specim5s prov$ an ent]ta9+ div]sion f ! regul> proce$+s1 & ,pr(4 ,eim] took !m s]i\sly en\gh to ref] to !m 9 a lat] "w z 8a valuable in/ance ( ! transmission ( mutilations40 ,weismann1 h[ev]1 refus$ to be put d[n4 ,he insi/$ t 9 ! abs5ce ( absolute c]ta9ty z to ! c>t :eel incid5t1 !y did n fulfill ! fir/ condition ( sci5tific evid5ce1 & ,dr4 ,za*>ias wisely admitt$ lat]1 t ?is po9t 0 well tak54 ,pr(4 ,p\lton _h describ$ c]ta9 cats ) extra toes :i* he _h kept "u surveillance = sev5 g5]ations4 8,x w\ld be equally ju/ifiable10 says ,weismann1 8to d]ive cats ) extra toes f an ance/or ^: toes _h be5 trodd5 on1 z to d]ive ! tailless cats ( ! ,isle ( ,man f an ance/or ( :i* ! tail _h be5 cut (f by a c>t pass+ ov] x1 & ?us to reg>d ! exi/5ce ( ! race z a pro( ( ! transmission ( mutilations40 ,aga9 ,weismann po9ts out t ! abs5ce ( a tail may n be ow+ to ! mutilation ( ! "m b to ! inh]5t taillessness ( an unkn[n fa!r4 ,he proce$s to relate h[ dur+ ! ye> t ,dr4 ,za*>ias came ) 8 collection1 8,my fri5d1 ,pr(4 ,s*ottlius br\ght me a kitt5 ) an innate rudim5t>y tail1 :i* he _h accid5tally discov]$ z "o ( a family ( kitt5s at ,waldkir*1 a small t[n 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,black ,=e/4 ,a clos] inve/igation result$ 9 ! foll[+ r unexpect$ discov]y4 ,= "s "t pa/1 tailless kitt5s h frequ5tly appe>$ 9 ! families ( _m diff]5t "m cats at ,waldkir*1 & ?is fact is expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,a cl]gyman1 :o liv$ = "s "t at ,waldkir* _h m>ri$ an ,engli% lady :o possess$ a tailless male ,manx cat4 ,! probability t all ! tailless cats 9 ,waldkir* are m or less di/ant desc5dants ( t male cat am\nts almo/ to c]ta9ty4 ,s9ce a male ,manx cat has rea*$ ! ,black ,=e/1 x might equally well arrive at "s o!r place40 ,?is v same ye> a popul> sci5tific j\rnal came to ! rescue ( ! transmission !ory ) ! foll[+ incid5t purport+ to h tak5 place #bb ye>s be=e1 9 #ahfd4 8,a pregnant m]9o %eep broke its "r =eleg ab\t two in*es above ! knee-jo9t2 ! limb 0 put 9 spl9ts & heal$ a long "t be=e ! foll[+ ,m>*1 :5 ! animal produc$ "y4 ,! lamb possess$ a r+ ( black wool f two to ?ree in*es 9 bread? r\nd ! place at :i* ! "m's leg _h be5 brok51 & ^u ! same leg40 ,:5 ?is incid5t 0 relat$ to ,weismann1 he repli$1 8,x is a pity t ! black wool 0 n arrang$ 9 ! =m ( ! inscription #8to ! memory ( ! fractur$ leg ( my de> "m4'0 ,writ+ 9 ! foll[+ ye> ,weismann says1 8,fur!rmore1 ! mutilations ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! human body1 z practis$ by diff]5t nations f "t immemorial1 h n 9 a s+le in/ance1 l$ to ! mal=mation or r$uction ( ! p>ts 9 "q4 ,su* h]$it>y effects h be5 produc$ nei!r by circumcision nor ! removal ( ! front tee?1 nor ! bor+ ( holes 9 ! lips or nose1 nor ! extraord9>y artificial cru%+ & crippl+ ( ! feet ( ,*9ese wom54 ,no *ild among any ( ! nations ref]r$ to possesses ! slighte/ trace ( ^! mutilations :5 born2 !y h to be acquir$ anew 9 ea* g5]ation40 ,:ile x is und\bt$ly true t mu* 9 ,weismann's position lacks exp]im5tal demon/ration1 x is equally true t :5 ! heat ( ! discussion some:at subsid$1 8 !ories 7 well to ! =e1 & !y h s9ce secur$ a wide acceptance among compet5t au?orities4 ,x is h>dly to be expect$ t 8 two greate/ critics1 ,sp5c] & ,haeckel1 w\ld look ) mu* favor on a !ory ! acceptance ( :i* w\ld make necess>y ! re-writ+ ( ^? _m volumes :i* con/itute _! lifework4 ,lanke/]1 himself no mean au?ority1 9 translat+ ,haeckel's 8,hi/ory ( ,creation10 feels con/ra9$ to say 9 ! preface1 8,i feel x due to myself to /ate t ,i d n agree ) him z to a v l>ge "p ( 8 views on classification1 & z to 8 belief 9 ! necessity ( assum+ ! #8transmissibility ( acquir$ *>act]s4' ,read]s :o h ga9$ an int]e/ 9 ^! que/ions f ! brief /atem5ts ( ! pres5t "w mu/1 )\t assum+ t ,pr(essor ,haeckel's judgm5t is f9al1 g on to /udy = !mselves ! works ( ,weismann & o!rs :i* are m5tion$ ) p]fect fairness 9 ^! pages40 ,& ,joseph ,mc,cabe1 ! translator ( 8 8,riddle ( ! ,univ]se10 & 8,la/ ,words on ,evolution10 has ?is to say 9 8 introduction to ! latt]1 writt5 two ye>s ago1 8,to clos] /ud5ts1 :o are at times impati5t ( ! ,lam>ckian phraseology ( ,haeckel--to all1 9 fact1 :o w\ld l to see h[ ! same evolution>y tru?s are express$ )\t reliance on ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s1--,i may take ! opportunity to say t ,i h translat$ = ! same publi%]s1 ,pr(essor ,gu5!r's 8,d>w9ism & ! ,problems ( ,life10 :i* w %ortly be 9 _! h&s40 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! old] view is mu* less favorable to ! ,sociali/ position 9 sociology ?an ! lat] !ory ( ,weismann4 ,x is a matt] ( "s satisfaction t s great a critic z ,romanes conc$es ! feasibility ( ,weismann's !ory :ile reject+ "s ( ! conclusions :i* he draws f x4 8,if ,weismann's !ory is true10 says ,pr(4 ,david ,/>r-,jordan1 8! :ole lit]ature ( sociology w h to be rewritt560 ,& ano!r writ] insi/$ t ,weismann _h reop5$ ! case = ,socialism4 ,if x 7 true t ! t]rible results ( ! degrad+ conditions =c$ ^u ! dwell]s 9 ! slums 7 transmitt$ to _! *ildr5 by h]$ity1 until 9 a few g5]ations !y became fix$ *>act]s1 ! hopes ( ,sociali/s = a reg5]at$ society w\ld be mu* m difficult to realize4 ,9 t case ^! un=tunate creatures w\ld cont9ue to act 9 ! same disc\rag+ way = sev]al g5]ations1 no matt] h[ _! environm5t _h be5 trans=m$ by ! corporate action ( society4 ,?is mu* at any rate1 ,weismann has done = u1 he has sci5tifically de/roy$ t lie4 ,9 ?is respect1 indep5d5t sociological exp]im5ts & inve/igations h arriv$ at ! same conclusions z ,weismann4 ,pr(4 ,john ,r4 ,commons by c>eful /udy1 rea*$ ! foll[+ conclusions3 ,t #a4ge p] c5t ( ! population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are cong5ital defectives2 t #c4be p] c5t are induc$ defectives1 t is1 !y h n inh]it$ _! defici5cy2 t #b p] c5t are possess$ ( g5ius & w make _! way "u ! h>de/ conditions2 t #b p] c5t are bel[ ! ,aryan bra9 level2 & t ! rema9+ #ia p] c5t are normal p]sons :o are nei!r good nor bad1 brilliant nor /upid1 crim9al nor virtu\s1 & ^: future is entirely decid$ by ! environm5t :i* surr\nds !m dur+ ! fir/ fifte5 ye>s ( _! life4 ,h]man ,:ittak]1 a magaz9e contributor1 /ates t dur+ eight ye>s 9 ,canada #b1jjj boys tak5 f ! ,london slums by ,dr4 ,b>nado pass$ "u 8 obs]vation on a f>m colony4 ,& al?\gh mo/ ( !m _h s]v$ t]ms 9 jail1 n m ?an "o p] c5t rev]t$ to _! own =m] habits1 or ! habits ( _! p>5ts4 ,:5 x is *>g$ t a trans=m$ social environm5t w n solve ! problem pres5t$ by ! slum1 ! sweat%op & ! jail1 z ,sociali/s ass]t1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 nail+ ! /atem5t z false1 & a libel on human nature4 ,& 9 s do+1 we are n s5tim5tal dream]s ( dreams1 cry+ = ! moon1 b rigid analy/s & inve/igators1 &1 z ,lassalle once pr\dly said1 8,we h beh9d u ! sci5ce & ! le>n+ ( our day40 ,v4 ,,de ,,vries' 8,,mutation40 ,or?odoxy receiv$ ! mo/ /unn+ bl[ ev] giv5 x1 at ! h&s ( ,*>les ,d>w91 & x is ev] on ! look\t = an opportunity to make reprisals4 ,x is only necess>y = "s fl$gl+ to *all5ge ,d>w9's !ory ( ! orig9 ( coral reefs & (f] "s grotesque assumption 9 its place1 & x is at once ann\nc$ f a ?\s& pulpits t ,d>w9ism1--t enemy ( ,god & man--is dead4 ,hugo ,de,vries1 h[ev]1 c\ld h>dly be call$ a fl$gl+1 & ! support]s ( ,d>w9 _h real cause = appreh5sion1 x w\ld seem1 :5 ! rumor ga9$ gr\nd t no less a p]son ?an ! ,am/]dam pr(essor _h ov]?r[n ,d>w9's !ory1 & sub/itut$ "o ( 8 own4 ,alas1 ?is late/ 8dea? ( ,d>w9ism0 0 no m fatal ?an its num]\s pr$ecessors1 z ! foll[+ quotation f ,de,vries himself w %[3 8,my "w claims to be 9 full accord ) ! pr9ciples laid d[n by ,d>w940 ,& aga91 8,to ,d>w9 0 res]v$ ! task ( br++ ! !ory ( common desc5t to its pres5t high rank 9 sci5tific & social philosophy40 ,&1 8,not)/&+ all ^! app>5tly unsurm\ntable difficulties1 7abs5ce ( exp]im5tal evid5ce s9ce ga!r$7 ,d>w9 discov]$ ! great pr9ciple :i* rules ! evolution ( organisms4 ,x is ! pr9ciple ( natural selection4 ,x is ! sift+ out ( all organisms ( m9or wor? ?r\gh ! /ruggle = life40 ,! great] "p ( ! adv]se criticism1 aim$ at ,d>w9ism applies only to ! extravagant claims put =w>d by 8 ov]5?usia/ic disciples2 claims n to be f\nd 9 ! works ( ,d>w9 himself4 ,z we %all see lat]1 "o ( ! greate/ (f5d]s 9 ?is respect 0 no less a p]son ?an ! co-discov]] ( ! selection !ory--,alfr$ ,russell ,wallace4 ,( all ! mis*iev\s misconceptions ( ,d>w9's !ory none h work$ s mu* h>m z t :i* reg>ds natural selection z ! active & effici5t cause ( evolution4 ,al?\gh evolution is an e/abli%$ fact1 our k ( its processes are incomplete & mu/ always rema9 s until we h solv$ t mo/ vex$ ( all biological problems1 ! 8causes ( v>iation40 ,z to ! nature ( ^! causes1 natural selection is dumb4 ,= its purpose1 v>iation is simply assum$ to be a fact1 & ,d>w9's ackn[l$g$ ignorance z to h[ v>iation is br\ght ab\t is express$ 9 ! t]m 8spontane\s v>iation40 ,until v>iation has play$ its "p by produc+ new & v>i\s =ms1 selection has no function or (fice to p]=m4 ,!n x simply decides :i* =ms %all survive by de/roy+ ! re/4 ,z ,wig& has po9t$ out1 selection does n d m ?an det]m9e ! survival ( :at is (f]$ to x1 & does n create any?+ new4 ,z ,de,vries v /rik+ly puts x1 8,x is only a sieve1 & n a =ce ( nature1 no direct cause ( improvem5t1 z _m ( ,d>w9's adv]s>ies1 & un=tunately _m ( 8 foll[]s also1 h s (t5 ass]t$4 ,x is only a sieve :i* decides :i* is to live & :i* is to die4444 ,) ! s+le /eps ( evolution x has no?+ to d4 ,only aft] ! /ep has be5 tak51 ! sieve acts1 elim9at+ ! unfit40 ,?us ,pr(4 ,cope's po9t t ,d>w9's !ory does n expla9 ! 8orig90 ( ! fitte/1 is well tak51 or z ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,h>ris puts x1 8,natural selection may expla9 ! survival ( ! fitte/1 b x _c expla9 ! arrival ( ! fitte/40 ,x 0 ar\nd ?is "q ( ! 8causes0 ( v>iation t ! ,neo-,lam>ckians & ! ,weismannians f\ght _! battle1 ! =m] insi/+1 z we h se51 t v>iation 0 caus$ by ! h]$it>y transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s1 :ile ,weismann ma9ta9$ t v>iation arose solely ?r\gh ! comb9+ ( two portions ( diff]+ g]m-plasm contribut$ by two diff]5t individuals1 & produc+ a new individual unlike ei!r1--a 8v>iation0 f bo?4 ,:ile :atev] !re 0 ( victory fell to ,weismann1 nei!r side has exp]im5tally prov5 its case1 & we are /ill 9 ! d>k z to ! 8causes ( v>iation40 ,our ignorance is /ill cloak$ 9 ! conv5i5t ^w 8spontane\s20 to ,d>w9's 8spontane\s v>iation0 we n[ add ,de,vries' 8spontane\s mutation40 ,x is ano!r tribute to ,d>w9's caution & insight t he recogniz$ ! possibility ( v>iations aris+ ei!r sudd5ly1 z ,de,vries ass]ts !y d1 or gradually z ,de,vries d5ies4 ,n only did ,alfr$ ,russell ,wallace seek to limit ! op]ation ( natural selection 9 c]ta9 fields1 9 ord] to make room = 8 spirituali/ !ories--an adv5ture :i* fail$ dismally--b he d5i$ ! sudd5 appe>ance ( new species or sub-species1 !reby re/rict+ ,d>w9ism1 z he und]/ood x1 to ! orig9 ( new species by ! gradual accumulation ( ^? almo/ imp]ceptible v>iations usually describ$ z 8fluctuations40 ,:atev] conflict !re may be betwe5 ,d>w9ism & mutation mu/ be ascrib$ to ,wallace4 ,z ,de,vries cle>ly recognizes1 ,d>w9 is 9 no way responsible4 8,d>w910 says ,de,vries1 8recogniz$ bo? l9es ( evolution40 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 8fluctuations0 & 8mutation0 is illu/rat$ by ,de,vries recall+ ,galton's simile ( a polyh$ron--an example ( :i* is a solid piece ( glass cov]$ ) _m small flat faces4 ,:5 x comes to re/ on any p>ticul> face1 x is 9 /able equilibrium4 ,small di/urbances may make x oscillate1 b x returns always to ! same face4 ,^! oscillations are l fluctuat+ v>iations4 ,a great] di/urbance may cause ! polyh$ron to roll ov] on to a new face1 :]e x comes to re/ aga91 only %[+ ! ev] pres5t fluctuations ar\nd ! new c5t]4 ,! new position corresponds to a mutation4 ,"o ( ! disabilities ( ?is illu/ration is t "s fluctuations repres5t a great] di/urbance f ! giv5 position ?an "s mutations4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce is t 9 ! fluctuation x rocks back aga9 :ile 9 ! mutation x rema9s on a new base4 ,ev]ybody has he>d some?+ ( ! fam\s ev5+ primrose :i* gave ,de,vries 8 fir/ & mo/ conclusive evid5ce ( mutation4 ,at ,hilv]sum ne> ,am/]dam1 he discov]$ a l>ge numb] ( ! plants ( ! ev5+ primrose1 nam$ ,lam>ckiana aft] ,lam>ck4 ,x is an ,am]ican plant import$ to ,europe4 ,x (t5 escapes f cultivation & 9 ?is case ,de,vries says x _h escap$ f a p>k4 ,x _h run wild t5 ye>s4 ,a ye> aft] fir/ notic+ !m ,de,vries obs]v$ two new =ms :i* he at once recogniz$ z two new elem5t>y species4 ,9 ! te/ conditions ( 8 own g>d51 9 an exp]im5t cov]+ ?irte5 ye>s1 he obs]v$ ov] fifty ?\s& ( ! ,lam>ckiana spread ov] eight g5]ations & ( ^! eight hundr$ 7 mutations divid$ among sev5 new elem5t>y species4 ,^! mutations1 :5 self-f]tiliz$1 or f]tiliz$ f plants l !mselves1 br$ true to !mselves1 ?us answ]+ ! te/ ( a real species4 ,de,vries also wat*$ ! field f :i* 8 orig9al =ms 7 tak51 & saw t simil> mutations occurr$ !re s t !y 7 n 9 any way due to cultivation4 ,?us has ! mode/ mutat+ primrose contribut$ its quota to ! solution ( t riddle ( ! univ]se :i*1 until x is solv$1 w always comm& a p>am\nt position 9 ! ?\ghts ( m54 ,de,vries disc\rages ! notion t mutations are always occurr+ ev]y:]e1 :i* might seem to be "o ( ! inf]5ces f 8 !ory1 & 8 tw5ty-f\r? lecture ( ! s]ies1 deliv]$ be=e ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia is entitl$ 8,! ,hypo!sis ( ,p]iodic ,mutations40 ,! common primrose1 he says1 seems to be immutable at pres5t1 & argues t x mu/ h _h a mutatory p]iod sometime 9 ! pa/1 :51 p]haps1 ! ev5+ primrose 0 n mutat+4 ,he says3 8,all ! facts po9t to ! conclusion t ^! p]iods1 ( /ability & mutability1 alt]nate m or less regul>ly ) "o ano!r40 ,he deals ! ,neo-,lam>ckians a heavy bl[ by 8 d5ial ( 8direct0 adaptation1 & he greatly /r5g!ns _! oppon5ts :5 he ass]ts t mutation takes place1 n only 9 useful directions1 b 9 all directions1 leav+ natural selection to de/roy ! unfit4 ,?is is a re/atem5t ( ,d>w9's conception1 foll[$ by ,weismann1 ( 8=tuit\s0 v>iations1 & is contr>y to ! notion ( ,sp5c] & ,haeckel1 t v>iations are ma9ly 9 ! direction ( adaptation to environm5t1 z a result ( animals ex]t+ !mselves 9 t direction4 ,?is po9t is well /at$ by ,de,vries 9 ! foll[+ passage1--8,?is failure ( a l>ge "p ( ! productions ( nature des]ves to be consid]$ at "s l5g?4 ,x may be elevat$ to a pr9ciple1 & may be made use ( to expla9 _m difficult po9ts ( ! !ory ( desc5t4 ,if 9 ord] to secure "o good novelty nature mu/ produce t5 or tw5ty or p]haps m bad ones at ! same "t1 ! possibility ( improvem5ts com+ by pure *ance mu/ be grant$ at once4 ,all hypo!ses conc]n+ ! direct causes ( adaptation at once become sup]flu\s1 & ! great pr9ciple enunciat$ by ,d>w9 once m reigns supreme40 ,ano!r difficulty :i* ,de,vries claims to h solv$ by 8 !ory1 is ! suppos$ contradiction betwe5 ! physici/ & ! biologi/ z to ! "t all[$ by ! =m] & ! "t requir$ by ! latt]1 = ! evolution ( animals4 ,"l ,kelv9 ass]t$ ! age ( ! e>? to be betwe5 tw5ty & =ty million ye>s4 ,george ,d>w9 e/imates ! sep>ation ( ! moon f ! e>? z hav+ tak5 place "s fifty-six million ye>s ago4 ,gekie e/imat$ ! exi/5ce ( ! solid cru/ ( ! e>? z at mo/ hundr$ million ye>s4 ,joly1 by calculat+ ! am\nt ( dissolv$ salts1 & ,dubois by ! am\nt ( lime1 e/imat$ ! age ( ! riv]s1 ,joly giv+ z probable fifty-five & ,dubois ?irty-six millions ( ye>s4 8,all 9 all10 concludes ,de,vries1 8x seems evid5t t ! duration ( life does n comply ) ! dem&s ( ! conception ( v sl[ & cont9u\s evolution40 ,mutation1 ) its sudd5 leaps1 has no su* difficulty1 &1--8,! dem&s ( ! biologi/s & ! results ( ! physici/s are h>moniz$ on ! gr\nd ( ! !ory ( mutation40 ,9 ord] prop]ly to e/imate ! sociological significance ( ,de,vries' !ory x w be necess>y to g back m ?an a c5tury1 & obs]ve ! sociological import ( ! lead+ biological ideas ( t p]iod4 ,& "h let u rem>k1 t nobody kn[s bett] ?an we d ! dang] ( transplant+1 )\t criticism1 biological !ories into ! field ( sociology4 ,nev]!less1 our oppon5ts h nev] lo/ an opportunity to twi/ & di/ort sci5ce1 if p]*ance by any possibility x c\ld be made to contradict any?+ t _h s mu* z ! semblance ( ,socialism4 ,we1 h[ev]1 h always insi/$ on ! weakness ( reason+ by m]e analogy & h kept to ^? g5]al laws :i* h be5 work$ out sep>ately 9 sociology4 ,! pr9ciple n[ ab\t to be appli$ belongs to ?is latt] class4 ,x is ! mo/ lum9\s pr9ciple ev] employ$ 9 ! int]pretation ( ! ph5om5a ( society4 ,?is pr9ciple is t ! intellectual life ( a p is det]m9$ by its mode ( weal? production & ! social classes aris+ !refrom4 ,jean ,lam>ck1 ! fir/ great mod]n apo/le ( evolution1 di$ 9 pov]ty because he advocat$ a !ory t appe>$ to contradict ! int]e/s ( ! rul+ class ( 8 "t4 ,he _h aga9/ him all t surviv$ ( feudal int]e/s1 :i* 0 int5sely !ological1 & al?\gh 8 !ory really favor$ ! b\rgeoisie1 t class 0 n yet aw>e ( x4 ,cuvi] 0 ! lion ( t day1 = he manag$ ! rem>kable feat ( adapt+ sci5ce to ! ideas1 n only ( ! increas+ b\rgeoisie1 b also ( ! dim9i%+ feudal p[]4 ,he pleas$ ! feudal regime1 su* ( x z rema9$1 by d5y+ evolution1 & endors+ its !ology4 ,?is made 8 !ories welcome also among ^? %rewd e>ly capitali/s1 z ! ,engli%1 :o realiz$ m quickly ?an _! fell[s1 t religi\s belief might con/itute z great a prop = "o rul+ class at x _h already be5 = ano!r4 ,b 9 8 capacity ( sci5tific reflection ( ! class int]e/ ( 8 ma/]s1 ,cuvi]'s ma/]piece 0 8 8cataclysmic !ory40 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 organisms 7 n ! result ( evolution1 b !y 7 n[ j z :5 !y issu$ f ! h&s ( ! ,creator4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 exi/+ =ms1 & ^? creatures ^: /ory is pres]v$ 9 ! rocks1 0 expla9$ by a s]ies ( cataclysms or cata/rophes by :i*1 at c]ta9 widely sep>at$ p]iods1 all liv+ =ms 7 de/roy$1 & a completely new /ock 0 creat$ to take _! places4 ,x w\ld be impossible to conceive a bett] sci5tific ju/ification ( ! ,fr5* revolution ?an ,cuvi]'s !ory pres5t$4 ,= _m decades be=e t ev5t ^! ris+ comm]ciali/s _h groan$ "u ! yoke ( feudal dues & feudal re/ra9ts ( trade4 ,no?+ c\ld be m to _! wi%es ?an a sudd5 social 8cataclysm0 t w\ld de/roy ! feudal sy/em ) its trade despis+ & plund]+ nobility1 & exalt its own trad+ class to fill ! vacancy4 ,& :5 ?is _h be5 accompli%$1 & t same nobility _h be5 s5t to ! guillot9e1 x 0 great consolation to h on ,cuvi]'s au?ority1 t ?is me?od ( sudd5 viol5ce _h no less a prec$5t ?an ! me?ods ( ! ,almighty 9 sudd5ly de/roy+ ! liv+ ?+s 9 8 own univ]se4 ,cuvi]'s !ory h[ev]1 almo/ di$ ) him1 = ! viol5t desires ( ! b\rgeoisie 7 %ort liv$4 ,:5 x realiz$ ! complet5ess ( its own victory1 & t ! next 8cataclysm0 w\ld mean its own ov]?r[ & ! en?ronem5t ( "s successor1 cataclysms lo/ favor & 7 fr[n$ d[n4 ,prea*]s ( sudd5 & viol5t *anges 7 n[ reg>d$ z ! enemies ( society1 & ,cuvi]'s once laud$ !ory ( cataclysms 0 sne]$ at z a relic ( ! d>k ages4 ,:at ! capitali/ class want$ n[ 0 peace1 & long life1 & above all1 no di/urbances4 ,& x 0 j at ?is po9t t ,d>w9 came =w>d ) a !ory t seem$ made to ord]4 ,true ?is !ory spoke ( evolution & *ange1 b ! *ange 0 s sl[ x 0 impossible to notice x4 ,a million ye>s 0 z t5 m9utes to ?is !ory1 & if x took z long = "o class 9 society to displace ano!r1 or = "o social regime to succe$ ano!r1 z x does = "o species to develop f ano!r1 ! capitali/s & _! heirs _h no?+ to appreh5d = a ?\s& g5]ations4 ,!re 0 no?+ sudd5 ab\t ?is !ory1 q ! contr>y4 ,9 fact ! real difficulty 0 to see h[ any?+ manag$ to *ange at all4 ,z = t "p ( x :i* spoke ( ! survival ( ! fitte/1 :at c\ld be cle>] ?an t ^! self-made m5 7 !mselves ! fitte/4 ,x 01 ( c\rse equally cle> t ! degrad$ work+ class1 lack+ ! clev]ness to rise1 0 de/9$ to be elim9at$ z unfit1 by ! laws ( nature4 ,= half a c5tury ?is argum5t ( sl[ evolution has done valiant s]vice z an antidote = ,socialism1 & ! pres5t rul+ class w\ld l to reta9 x =ev]4 ,b no rul+ class ev] 0 or ev] c be :olly omnipot5t4 ,! capitali/s ( to-day c no m h9d] ! process ( social evolution1 ) its result+ m>* ( ideas1 ?an !y c int]cept gravitation or div]t ! tides4 ,!y are be+ driv5 bl9dly to _! fate by social =ces :i* are beyond _! comm&4 ,!y are 9 ! mid/ ( social p[]s :i* mock _! puny ef=ts to adm9i/]4 ,contradictions arise :i* _c cont9ue4 ,z soon z a capitali/ c\ntry is ov]-/ock$ ) weal?1 pov]ty prep>es to /alk abroad4 ,b amid all ?is confusion1 some?+ moves on1 a some?+ :i* we sometimes call ! _s ( ! age4 ,society gr[s re/less & in/9ctively anticipates a com+ *ange4 ,a new class rises into prom95ce & beg9s to realize its /r5g? & develop its intellig5ce4 ,! rul+ class /ill proclaims its w1 b _c always execute x4 ,colorado1 ,idaho1 & ,haywood are pro( ( t4 ,! m5tal developm5t ( ?is new class has rea*$ ! po9t :]e x has become an intellectual factor 9 ! national life4 ,its voice is li/5$ to by publi%]s ( books4 ,x e/abli%es its own press4 ,x publi%es a lit]ature ( its own4 ,x creates its own plat=m4 ,x rea*es into ! future & dem&s control ( its own de/9y4 ,& n[ see h[ all ?is is reflect$ 9 ! sci5tific _w4 ,x is no long] true t species require ?\s&s ( ye>s = ! simple/ *ange4 ,we are n[ in=m$ t *ange takes place by sudd5 leaps4 ,at "o s+le /ep a new species appe>s & beg9s its exi/5ce4 ,!re is !re=e1 no long] any?+ 9 biological sci5ce to contradict ! ,sociali/ position t a new society may be born ( a sudd5 revolution4 ,mutation1 ! savants tell u1 runs 9 p]iods1 alt]nat+ ) p]iods ( app>5t /ability4 ,!n if we are n support$ we are at any rate n contradict$1 :5 we ass]t t 9 social developm5t1 p]iods ( economic evolution1 ) app>5t social /ability1 are foll[$ by p]iods ( social revolution :5 ! entire social sup]/ructure is trans=m$4 ,x is no long] necess>y to assume c\ntless millions ( ye>s = ! evolution ( liv+ =ms4 ,a plant enjoys a p]iod ( app>5t /ability1 !n x rea*es a po9t :]e x 8explodes0 & gives bir? to new species4 ,if a plant1 :y n a society8 ,at lea/ !re is no?+ 9 ! example ( ! plant t w furni% an argum5t aga9/ su* an idea4 ,if ! hi/ory ( biological sci5ce = ! la/ half a c5tury 7 to be writt5 by a ,sociali/1 :o _h no scruples ab\t wre/+ ! record s z to support 8 ,sociali/ !ories1 he w\ld h no?+ to ga9 by *ang+ a s+le l9e4 ,!re is no?+ 9 t hi/ory to contradict u :5 we ass]t ! probability or ! c]ta9ty1 ( a social revolution4 ,:o1 t looks ab\t him1 c fail to see t dea? is pla9ly br&$ 9 ! br[ ( ! exi/+ social ord]8 ,its legal1 political1 & f9ancial in/itutions are ti$ toge!r ) rott5 ?read4 ,x is already outliv+ its usefulness1 & :5 x goes x w h few m\rn]s4 ,b millions w hail ) joy t social mutation :i* w k9dle ! fires ( human lib]ty1 & create1 if n a new ,heav51 at lea/1 a new e>?4 ,,vi4 ,,kropotk9',s 8,,mutual ,,aid40 ,lam>ck 0 ! fir/ to pres5t ! !ory ( ,evolution 9 a ?or\ghly sci5tific mann]4 ,!n ,d>w9 discov]$ 8! great pr9ciple :i* rules ! evolution ( organisms02 ! pr9ciple ( 8natural selection40 ,!n ,weismann repudiat$ curr5t ideas z to h[ ! fitte/ 8arriv$10 or 8orig9at$10 & pres5t$ 9 _! place a !ory ( 8 own1 :i* is /ill "u discussion4 ,de,vries rais$ ! "q z to :e!r new species 8arrive0 by a gradual accumulation ( t9y *anges1 or by sudd5 leaps--mutations--& demon/rat$ ! latt] by 8 exp]im5ts ) ! ev5+ primrose4 ,& n[ comes ,kropotk9 ) ! "q1 8,:o are ! fitte/80 ,:at con/itutes ! fitness1 :i* makes = survival8 ,are ^? organisms ! fitte/ :i* are con/antly wag+ a w> ( ext]m9ation aga9/ e o!r organism 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 or1 are ^? ! fitte/ :i* co-op]ate ) ea* o!r 9 ! pres]vation ( ! common life ( all8 ,! rais+ ( ?is "q br+s to light ano!r /rik+ in/ance ( ! influ5ce ( class int]e/s on sci5tific ?\ght4 ,x is a matt] ( common obs]vation t any class1 /ruggl+ = :at x conceives to be its own emancipation1 looks to ! pa/ = ju/ification & prec$5t4 ,9 ! ,engli% speak+ _w !re is a widely prevail+ op9ion t ! ,magna ,*>ta1 extort$ f ,k+ ,john at ,runnym$e1 is ! f\ndation ( mod]n lib]ty4 ,! ,fr5* b\rgeoisie1 /ruggl+ to ov]?r[ ! feudal mon>*y1 s\ght its ju/ification 9 t 8/ate ( nature0 :i* a despotic mon>*y 0 said to contrav5e4 ,?us writ]s l ,r\sseau idealiz$ nature1 repres5t+ x z comp>atively p]fect1 & decl>$ t a re/oration ( 8natural rights0 0 ess5tial to lib]ty4 ,b :5 ?is same b\rgeoisie _h won its victory & en?ron$ itself1 & in/ead ( increas+ ! lib]ty1 _h 9 _m respects1 deep5$ ! degradation ( ! mass ( ! ,fr5* p1 its ideas ab\t ! 8/ate ( nature0 und]w5t a radical *ange4 ,& ?is happ5$ n only 9 ,france b :]ev] ! b\rgeoisie triumph$4 ,n[ ! 8/ate ( nature0 0 "o ( con/ant c>nage2 nature 0 8r$ 9 too? & claw40 ,& ?is *amb] ( horrors 0 suppos$ to support ! exploitation ( labor1 & c\nt5ance a brutalization ( *ildhood t con/itutes ! blacke/ /a9 on human hi/ory4 ,s /rong 0 ! swirl t ,huxley 0 swept into x2 b1 al?\gh he ma9ta9$ ! 8gladiatorial0 view ( nature1 he repudiat$ ! social atrocities :i* capitali/ apologi/s su* z ,sp5c] s\ght to d$uce f x4 ,9 lat] ye>s1 ,sp5c] p>tially ab&on$ 8 premise z to ! animal _w b1 /rangely en\gh1 kept x intact = primitive man4 ,= ?is view ( nature z full ( no?+ b d>kness & cruelty1 :]e1 z ,hobbes _h put x1 !re wag$ 8! w> ( e "o aga9/ ev]ybody10 ! great au?ority ( ,d>w9 0 invok$4 ,9 fact1 ,d>w9 0 suppos$ to be almo/ solely responsible = ! !ory1 & its ov]?r[ by ,kropotk9 0 h]ald$ by ! un9=m$ z ano!r ( ^? 8dea?-bl[s0 ( :i* ,d>w9ism is ?\ght to h receiv$ s _m dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,kropotk91 h[ev]1 9 8 introduction1 claims t ! idea ( mutual aid is 89 reality1 no?+ b a fur!r developm5t ( ! ideas express$ by ,d>w9 9 ! #8,desc5t ( ,man'04 ,d>w9 said3 8,^? communities :i* includ$ ! greate/ numb] ( sympa!tic memb]s w\ld fl\ri% be/1 & re> ! greate/ numb] ( (fspr+40 ,kropotk9 compla9s t ,d>w9 did n suffici5tly develop ?is idea1 b ov]-emphasiz$ ! idea ( 8competition0 = life1 & ?is error1 he insi/s1 0 fur!r acc5tuat$ by 8 disciples4 8,x happ5$ ) ,d>w9's !ory10 he says1 8z x always happ5s ) !ories hav+ any be>+ ^u human relations4 ,in/ead ( wid5+ x accord+ to 8 own h9ts1 8 foll[]s n>r[$ x /ill m40 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t ,kropotk9 d5ies ! ,d>w9ian pr9ciple ( mutual /ruggle4 8,x is evid5t10 says he1 8t no review ( evolution c be complete unless ^! two dom9ant curr5ts are analyz$4 99 99 99 ,! /ruggles betwe5 ^! two =ces make1 9 fact1 ! sub/ance ( hi/ory40 ,he anticipates ! objection t 8 "w only emphasizes ! pr9ciple ( mutual aid by insi/+ t ! pr9ciple ( /ruggle has 8already be5 analyz$1 describ$1 & glorifi$ f "t immemorial4 ,9 fact1 up to ! pres5t "t1 ?is curr5t alone has receiv$ att5tion f ! epical poet1 ! annali/1 ! hi/orian1 & ! sociologi/40 ,! ma9 body ( 8 book is a solid mass ( evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( mutual aid ev]y:]e 9 ! liv+ _w1 f ! l[e/ insects to ! highe/ mammals2 & f ! fir/ /one age to ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,x consi/s ( eight *apt]s1 ! fir/ two ( :i* are devot$ to 8,mutual ,aid among ,animals40 ,"h1 ! !ory ( ! human orig9 ( society is utt]ly demoli%$4 ,complex social arrangem5ts1 popul>ly suppos$ to be limit$ to ants & bees1 are %[n to fl\ri% ev]y:]e1 especially among birds4 ,) ! p>rot mutual aid is develop$ to su* an ext5t t ,kropotk9 places x 8at ! v top ( ! :ole fea!r$ _w = ! developm5t ( its intellig5ce40 ,! :ite cockatoos ( ,au/ralia1 9 raid+ a crop1 mutually aid ea* o!r s %rewdly z to 8baffle all /ratagems0 to ?w>t !m4 8,be=e />t+ to plund] a cornfield1 !y fir/ s5d out a reconnoit]+ p>ty :i* occupies ! highe/ trees 9 ! vic9ity ( ! field1 :ile o!r sc\ts p]* ^u ! int]m$iate trees betwe5 ! field & ! =e/ & transmit signals4 ,if ! report runs #8all "r1' a score ( cockatoos w sep>ate f ! bulk ( ! b&1 take a flight 9 ! air1 & !n fly t[>ds ! trees ne>e/ to ! field4 ,!y also w scrut9ize ! neighborhood = a long :ile1 & only !n w give ! signal = g5]al advance1 aft] :i* ! :ole b& />ts at once & plund]s ! field 9 no "t40 ,mutual aid is v conspicu\s among pelicans4 8,!y always g fi%+ 9 num]\s b&s & aft] hav+ *os5 an appropriate bay1 !y =m a wide half circle 9 face ( ! %ore1 & n>r[ x by paddl+ t[>ds ! %ore1 cat*+ all ! fi% t happ5 to be enclos$ 9 ! circle4 ,on n>r[ riv]s & canals !y ev5 divide into two p>ties1 ea* ( :i* draws up on a half circle1 & bo? paddle to meet ea* o!r1 j z if two p>ties ( m5 dragg+ two long nets %\ld advance to capture all ! fi% tak5 betwe5 ! nets :5 bo? p>ties come to meet40 ,our famili> fri5d1 ! h\se sp>r[1 is n ov]look$ & is said to h practic$ mutual aid to su* an ext5t z to be recogniz$ ev5 by ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,kropotk9 quotes f memory1 ! ,greek ,orator :o exclaim$3 8,:ile ,i am speak+ to y a sp>r[ has come to tell o!r sp>r[s t a slave has dropp$ on ! floor a sack ( corn1 & !y all g !re to fe$ on ! gra940 ,sp>r[s also ma9ta9 social discipl9e3 8,if a lazy sp>r[ int5ds appropriat+ ! ne/ a comrade is build+1 or ev5 /eals f x a few sprays ( /raw1 ! gr\p int]f]es aga9/ ! lazy comrade40 ,kropotk9 pres5ts a numb] ( well au!nticat$ obs]vations ( ! great compassion & sympa?y prevail+ among ^? wild creatures1 :i* are popul>ly suppos$ to be always fly+ at ea* o!rs' ?roats3 ,j4 ,c4 ,woods' n>rative 8( a weasel :i* came to pick up & c>ry away an injur$ comrade20 ,brehm1 :o 8himself saw two cr[s fe$+ 9 a holl[ tree a ?ird cr[ :i* _h a w\nd sev]al weeks old40 ,capta9 ,/ansbury1 on 8 j\rney to ,utah1 z quot$ by ,d>w91 8saw a bl9d pelican :i* 0 f$1 & well f$1 by o!r pelicans ^u fi%es :i* _h to be br\ght a di/ance ( ?irty miles40 ,f ^! & a multitude ( simil> cases ,kropotk9 concludes t :ile 8no naturali/ w d\bt t ! idea ( a /ruggle = life1 c>ri$ on ?r\gh organic nature1 is ! greate/ g5]alization ( our c5tury1 t /ruggle is v (t5 collective1 aga9/ adv]se circum/ances40 ,kropotk9 9 conclud+ 8 consid]ation ( animals1 imm5sely /r5g!ns 8 position by po9t+ out v>i\s me?ods by :i* new species may develop or old ones disappe>1 )\t ! op]ation ( a deadly competition betwe5 individuals4 8,! squirrels1 = in/ance1 :5 !re is a sc>city ( cones 9 ! l>* =e/s1 remove to ! fir-tree =e/s1 & ?is *ange ( food has c]ta9 well kn[n physiological effects on squirrels4 ,if ?is *ange ( habits does n la/--if next ye> ! cones are aga9 pl5tiful 9 ! d>k l>* wood--no new v>iety ( squirrels w evid5tly arise f ?is cause4 ,b if "p ( ! wide area occupi$ by ! squirrels beg9s to h its physical *>act]s alt]$--9 consequ5ce (1 let u say1 a mild] climate or desiccation1 7dry+ up7 :i* bo? br+ ab\t an increase ( ! p9e =e/s 9 proportion to ! l>* woods--& if "s o!r conditions occur to induce squirrels to dwell on ! outskirts ( ! desiccat+ region--we %all !n h a new1 i4 e41 an incipi5t new species ( squirrels4 ,a l>g] proportion ( squirrels ( ! new1 bett]-adapt$ v>iety w\ld survive ea* ye>1 & ! int]m$iate l9ks w\ld die 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 )\t hav+ be5 />v$ out by ,mal?usian competitors40 ,aga93 8,if we take ! horses & cattle :i* are graz+ all ! w9t] ?r\gh 9 ! ,/eppes ( ,transbaikalia1 we f9d !m v lean & exhau/$ at ! end ( ! w9t]4 ,b !y gr[ exhau/$ n because !re is n en\gh food = all ( !m--! grass buri$ "u a ?9 %eet ( sn[ is ev]y:]e 9 abundance--b because ( ! difficulty ( gett+ x f b5ea? ! sn[ & ?is difficulty is ! same = all horses alike4 99 99 99 ,we c safely say t _! numb] are n kept d[n by competition2 t at no "t ( ! ye> !y ne$ /ruggle1 = food & t if !y nev] rea* any?+1 approa*+ ov]-population1 ! cause is 9 ! climate1 & n 9 competition40 ,aft] cit+ ! rod5ts t comb9e to /ore food = ! w9t]1 or fall asleep ab\t ! "t competition %\ld set 92 & ! buffaloes :i* =m imm5se h]ds to migrate across a cont95t to :]e food is pl5tiful2 & beav]s1 :i* :5 !y gr[ num]\s1 divide into two p>ties1 & g1 ! old ones d[n ! riv]1 & ! "y ones up ! riv] & avoid competition2 aft] cit+ ^! & _m o!rs1 he decl>es ! m&ate ( nature to be3 8,don't compete6--competition is always injuri\s to ! species1 & y h pl5ty ( res\rces to avoid x6 99 99 99 ,!re=e comb9e--practice mutual aid6 ,t is ! sure/ means = giv+ to ea* & to all ! greate/ safety1 ! be/ gu>antee ( exi/5ce & progress1 bodily1 intellectually1 & morally40 ,! ?ird *apt] deals ) 8,mutual ,aid ,among ,savages40 ,"h we meet ! "q z to :e!r ! family is an anci5t in/itution1 ant$at+ ! tribe & clan or :e!r x appe>$ at a mu* lat] date z an outgr[? ( ! clan4 ,kropotk9 takes ! latt] view z advocat$ by ,morgan1 ,ba*(51 ,ma9e1 ,lubbock & ,tylor1 & rejects ! =m] z pres5t$ by ,/>cke & ,we/]m>ck4 ,! savage ( an?ropological rese>* is %[n to be a v diff]5t creature f ! blood-?ir/y mon/] ( popul> tradition4 8,sometimes he is a cannibal1 x is true1 b n (t51 & !n x is closely associat$ ) economic necessity1 & is ab&on$ :5 food becomes pl5tiful40 ,! cu/om ( leav+ old m5 9 ! woods to die1 is bad en\gh1 b n s bad z suppos$4 ,!y usually c>ry ! old man ) !m 9 _! migrations until he himself gr[s tir$ ( be+ a burd5 & begs to be kill$4 ,:5 ?is po9t is rea*$1 he is giv5 m ?an 8 %>e ( food1 & left 9 ! woods to die1 because no "o has ! he>t to kill him4 ,infanticide is practic$ f ! same motive :i* induces savages to take all k9ds ( measures = dim9i%+ ! bir?-rate--!y _c re> all ( _! *ildr54 ,9 times ( pl5ty x disappe>s4 ,x 0 :5 ^! cu/oms 7 envelop$ 9 a religi\s halo & pres]v$ z sacr$ c]emonies1 aft] all necessity = !m _h disappe>$1 t !y atta9$ _! mo/ revolt+ *>act]s4 ,he believ$ 9 rev5ge b x 0 to be /rictly measur$ by ! (f5se4 ,x mu/ be an eye = an eye & a too? = a too?2 n a head = an eye1 or an eye = a too?4 ,he only kill$ 8 enemies1 & he always1 at all co/s1 def5d$ ! memb]s ( 8 own tribe4 8,)9 ! tribe ev]y?+ is %>$ 9 common2 e morsel ( food is divid$ among all pres5t2 & if ! savage is alone 9 ! woods1 he does n beg9 8 meal until he has l\dly %\t$ ?rice an invitation to any "o :o may he> 8 voice to %>e 8 meal40444 8,if he infr+es "o ( ! small] tribal rules1 he is prosecut$ by ! mock]ies ( ! wom540 8,:5 he ent]s 8 neighbors' t]ritory he mu/ l\dly ann\nce 8 com+1 & if he ent]s a h\se he mu/ deposit 8 hat*et at ! entrance4 ,if "o %[s gre$9ess :5 spoil is divid$ all ! o!rs give him _! %>e to %ame him40 ,scold+ & scorn+ are greatly condemn$4 ,_! *ildr5 are n v qu>relsome & v r>ely fight4 ,! mo/ !y may say1 is1 8,y\r "m does n "k sew+10 or 8,y\r fa!r is bl9d ( "o eye40 ,! savage id5tifi$ 8 int]e/s ) ^? ( 8 tribe2 he 0 no individuali/1 & "u no circum/ances w\ld he h cons5t$ to *ild labor4 ,:5 we rea* ! b>b>ians1 :o are consid]$ 9 ! f\r? *apt]1 we ent] ! hi/orical p]iod4 ,at fir/ sight1 mutual aid seems to be non-exi/5t at ?is p]iod4 ,"h !re seems to be no?+ b battle & blood%$4 ,b ! reason is n f> to seek2 x is because1 until rec5tly hi/orians regal$ u exclusively ) :at has be5 aptly call$1 8drum & trumpet hi/ory40 8,!y h& d[n to po/]ity ! mo/ m9ute descriptions ( e w>1 e battle & skirmi%1 e conte/ & act ( viol5ce1 e k9d ( individual suff]+2 b !y h>dly give any trace ( ! c\ntless acts ( mutual support & devotion :i* e "o ( u kn[s f 8 own exp]i5ce 99 99 99 ,! annali/s ( old nev] fail$ to *ronicle ! petty w>s & calamities :i* h>rass$ _! contempor>ies b !y paid no att5tion :atev] to ! life ( ! masses1 al?\gh ! masses *iefly us$ to toil peacefully :ile ! few indulg$ 9 fight+40 ,b ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e 9 8 "w on ! 8,orig9 ( ,int]national ,law10 has fully prov$ t 8,man has nev] be5 s f]oci\s or s /upid z to submit to su* an evil z w> )\t "s k9d ( an ef=t to prev5t x40 ,& he has %[n h[ exce$+ly great is 8! numb] ( anci5t in/itutions :i* be> ! m>ks ( a design to /& 9 ! way ( w>1 or to provide an alt]native to x40 ,a pregnant sugge/ion is (f]$ z to ! causes ( t great migration ( b>b>ians :i* result$ 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,roman empire4 8,x is desiccation1 a q rec5t desiccation cont9u$ /ill at a spe$ :i* we =m]ly 7 n prep>$ to admit4 ,aga9/ x man 0 p[]less4 ,:5 ! inhabitants ( ,nor?-,we/ ,mongolia & ,ea/ ,turke/an saw t wat] 0 ab&on+ !m !y _h no c\rse op5 to !m b to move d[n ! broad valleys lead+ to ! l[l&s1 & to ?ru/ we/w>d ! inhabitants ( ! pla9s40 ,& s ! "o great w> record$ ( ! b>b>ians1 0 ?ru/ ^u !m by absolute physical necessity4 ,! b>b>ians _h no social problem1 = t private prop]ty 9 ! means ( life :i* con/itutes ! f\ndation ( mod]n individualism1 & f :i* ! degradation & pov]ty ( mod]n civilization results1 0 unkn[n among !m4 ,!y 7 communi/s4 ,! int]e/ ( "o 0 ! c>e ( all4 ,no?+ 0 own$ privately until x rea*$ ! v po9t ( consumption & n always !n1 z food 0 l>gely eat5 at communal meals4 ,?is social =m /ill survives especially 9 ,russia1 & ,kropotk9 says3 8,! sight ( a ,russian commune m[+ a mead[--! m5 rivall+ ea* o!r 9 _! advance ) ! scy!1 :ile ! wom5 turn ! grass ov] & ?r[ x up into heaps--is "o ( ! mo/ inspir+ sights2 x %[s :at human "w might be & ought to be4 ,! hay1 9 su* case1 is divid$ among ! sep>ate h\seholds1 & x is evid5t t no "o has ! "r ( tak+ hay f a neighbor's /ack )\t 8 p]mission2 b ! limitation ( ?is la/ rule among ! ,caucasian ,ossetes is mo/ notewor?y4 ,:5 ! cuckoo cries & ann\nces t spr+ is com+1 & t ! mead[s w soon be clo!d aga9 ) grass1 e "o 9 ne$ has ! "r ( tak+ f a neighbor's /ack ! hay he wants = 8 cattle4 ,! old communal rights are ?us reass]t$1 z if to prove h[ contr>y unbridl$ individualism is to human nature40 ,:5 ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 8_h all ?+s 9 common10 !y 7 n rea*+ =w>d to mod]n ,socialism2 !y 7 h>k+ back to ?is primitive communism :i* %$ its joy & pl5ty on ! sons & daught]s ( m5 = a ?\s& g5]ations4 ,^! b>b>ian communi/s 7 ?or\gh democrats1 & _! folkmotes1 :]e ev]ybody ga!r$ & _h _! say1 7 ! only semblance ( gov]nm5t !y possess$1 & s ?or\ghly 7 its decisions respect$ t no (fic]s 7 ne$$ to en=ce !m4 ,!y 7 also our sup]iors n only 9 refus+ to "w _! *ildr51 b also 9 scorn+ to beat !m4 ,!y said3 8,! body ( ! *ild r$d5s f ! /roke1 b ! face ( him :o /rikes r$d5s f %ame40 ,! two *apt]s on 8,mutual ,aid 9 ! ,m$ieval ,city0 treat ! guild z ! *ief manife/ation ( ! pr9ciple dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,a picture is pres5t$1 9 "s detail ( ! /ruggle ( ! free cities aga9/ ! increas+ encroa*m5ts ( ! c5traliz+ /ates4 ,! m$ieval cities are f9ally defeat$1 ! guilds de/roy$1 b ! inde/ructible pr9ciple ( mutual aid takes on new =ms & accommodates itself to new conditions4 ,?is br+s u to ! clos+ *apt]s on 8,mutual ,aid ,among ,ourselves40 ,! fir/ ( ^! two *apt]s is devot$ almo/ entirely to ! mutual aid habits & in/itutions :i* /ill survive 9 ! pres5t day villages ( ,russia1 ,switz]l&1 ,france & ,g]many4 ,! la/ *apt] takes up really mod]n in/ances ( ! pr9ciple1 ! fir/ & mo/ important are ! ,labor unions & _! /rikes1 ,co-op]ative societies1 ,life-boat associations1 ,*>itable organizations4 ,! illu/ration ( ?is pr9ciple :i* is cit$ fir/ aft] ! ,labor union is ! ,sociali/ movem5t4 ,kropotk9 pres5ts 8 conception ( ! ,sociali/ movem5t z a manife/ation ( mutual aid 9 exi/+ society 9 ! foll[+ eloqu5t passage3 8,e exp]i5c$ politician kn[s t all great political movem5ts 7 f\ght ^u l>ge & (t5 di/ant issues1 & t ^? ( !m 7 ! /ronge/ :i* provok$ mo/ dis9t]e/$ en?usiasm4 ,all great hi/orical movem5ts h _h ?is "*1 & = our own g5]ation ,socialism /&s 9 t case4 #8,paid agitators1' is1 no d\bt1 ! favorite refra9 ( ^? :o "k no?+ ab\t x4 ,! tru? h[ev]1 is t--to speak only ( :at ,i "k p]sonally--if ,i _h kept a di>y = ! la/ tw5ty-f\r ye>s1 ! read] ( su* a di>y w\ld h _h ! ^w #8h]oism' con/antly on 8 lips4 ,b ! m5 ,i w\ld h spok5 ( 7 n h]oes2 !y 7 av]age m51 inspir$ by a gr& idea4 ,e ,sociali/ newspap]--& !re are hundr$s ( !m 9 ,europe alone--has ! same hi/ory ( ye>s ( sacrifice )\t any hope ( rew>d1 &1 9 ! ov]:elm+ majority ( cases1 ev5 )\t any p]sonal ambition4 ,i h se5 families liv+ )\t kn[+ :at w\ld be _! food tomorr[1 ! husb& boycott$ all r\nd 9 8 little t[n = 8 "p 9 ! pap]1 & ! wife support+ ! family by sew+1 & su* a situation la/+ = ye>s1 until ! family w\ld retire1 )\t a ^w ( reproa*1 simply say+3 #8,cont9ue2 we c hold out no m6' ,i h se5 m51 dy+ f consumption1 & kn[+ x1 & yet knock+ ab\t 9 sn[ & fog to prep>e meet+s )9 a few weeks f dea?1 & only !n retir+ to ! hospital ) ! words3 #8,n[ fri5ds ,i am done2 ! doctors say ,i h b a few weeks to live4 ,tell ! comrades ,i %all be happy if !y come to see me4' ,i h se5 facts t w\ld be describ$ z #8idealization' if ,i told !m 9 ?is place2 & ! v names ( ^! m51 h>dly kn[n outside a n>r[ circle ( fri5ds1 w soon be =gott5 :5 ! fri5ds too h pass$ away4 ,9 fact1 ,i don't "k myself :i* mo/ to admire1 ! unb\nd$ devotion ( ^! few or ! sum total ( petty acts ( devotion ( ! great numb]4 ,e quire ( a p5ny pap] sold1 e meet+1 e hundr$ votes :i* are won at a ,sociali/ election1 repres5t an am\nt ( en]gy & sacrifices ( :i* no outsid] has ! fa9te/ idea4 ,& :at is n[ done by ,sociali/s has be5 done by e popul> & advanc$ p>ty1 political & religi\s1 9 ! pa/4 ,all pa/ progress has be5 promot$ by l m5 & by a l devotion40 ,,vii4 ,a ,,reply ,,to ,,haeckel4 ,! revolt aga9/ 8au?ority0 has be5 c>ri$ to ridicul\s extremes4 ,! ,man*e/] s*ool individuali/1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & ! metaphysical egoi/1 ,max ,/irn]1 w\ld alike agree to ! r$uction ( all au?ority to ! smalle/ possible residue4 ,! mo/ reckless ( _! disciples1 hav+ %ut out f _! ?\ghts all communication ) ! _w ( reality1 w\ld make x impossible = six m5 to pull effectively on a rope because five ( !m w\ld be oblig$ to recognize ! au?ority ( ! six?1 :5 he1 at ! prop] mom5t1 %\ld call 8,heave1 ho40 ,to ?9k]s ( ?is ord]1 music w\ld be impossible4 ,:o c\ld imag9e a radical individuali/ b[+ to a wav$ /ick & recogniz+ ! highly c5traliz$ au?ority ( ! 8lead]40 ,! music ( ! logical1 au?ority-repudiat+ individuali/1 w\ld be ! haphaz>d beat+ ( ! tom-tom ( ! ,ea/ ,indian1 & n ! highly regulat$ /ra9s ( a mod]n or*e/ra4 ,?is folly is equall$1 if n out-done1 by ^? :o refuse to recognize au?ority 9 sci5ce & ?\ght4 ,:5 a man claims to h a new & fundam5tal discov]y 9 a/ronomy1 & at ! same "t speaks slight+ly ( ! rese>*es ( physici/s su* z ,newton1 ,kant1 & ,laplace1 x is fairly safe to conclude t y are li/5+ to a fool :o has no?+ to say wor?y ( a second ?\ght4 ,n until "o has trodd5 e rung ( ! ladd] :i* has be5 previ\sly trodd51 is he able to m\nt a /ep high]4 ,& x is ! p]=mance ( ?is task1 :olly1 or at lea/ 9 ! fir/ "p1 t con/itutes ! "o s do+ an 8au?ority40 ,h[ (t5 does "o he> an addle-bra9$1 "k-no?+ say3 8,i recognize no au?ority2 ,i ?9k = myself40 ,h[ %all "o ?9k )\t ideas8 ,& h[ is x possible to obta9 ideas ap>t f ! acquisition ( k8 ,& :]e c k be obta9$ except f ^? :o h x8 ,all 8au?ority0 9 sci5ce & ?\ght is f\nd$ on k ( ! subject 9 "q4 ,sociali/s quote ,k>l ,m>x z an au?ority on political economy1 because 8 writ+s prove t he knew m ab\t ! production & di/ribution ( weal? ?an any man ( 8 c5tury4 ,lavoisi] is an au?ority 9 *emi/ry1 because he "k m ab\t ! composition ( sub/ances ?an any ?ree ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,b mu* confusion has be5 wr\ght1 by m5 ( undisput$ au?ority 9 _! own field1 pron\nc+ positive v]dicts 9 dep>tm5ts :]e _! op9ions _h no value4 ,:at a great compos] has to say ab\t ! value ( a c]ta9 note mu/ be respectfully consid]$ z be+ ( importance1 b1 unless he has /udi$ geology1 8 op9ions on ! probable orig9 or age ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s w h no m value1 & may h less ?an ^? ( ! policeman on ! ne>e/ corn]4 ,an excell5t example ( ! confusion :i* may arise 9 ?is way1 0 giv5 to ! _w 9 #ahgg1 at ! ,congress ( ,naturali/s held at ,muni* 9 ,septemb] ( t ye>4 ,at t "t ! naturali/s ( ,europe 7 divid$ into two oppos+ camps1 "o accept+ & ! o!r reject+ ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( 8natural selection40 ,! lead]s ( bo? divisions 7 ,g]mans1 ?\gh a prepond]ance ( ! ,g]mans favor$ ,d>w91 :il/ ! ,fr5*1 /ill "u ! influ5ce (1 or agree+ )1 ,fl\r5s1 al?\gh he _h be5 dead a decade1 7 almo/ unanim\sly oppos$4 ,! honors ( lead+ ! fight = ,d>w9ism1 at ! ,muni* ,congress1 fell to ,haeckel1 & on ! #ah? ( ,septemb] he ?rew d[n ! gage 9 a brilliant address 9 :i* he def5d$ ! ideas ( ! great ,engli%man4 ,haeckel also advocat$ ! tea*+ ( evolution 9 ! s*ools4 ,! battle rag$ back & =? betwe5 ! two armies1 until ,vir*[1 ! great pa?ologi/1 dropp$ a bomb%ell 9 ! ,congress by boldly ass]t+3 8,d>w9ism leads directly to ,socialism40 ,"h biological argum5ts ceas$4 ,! only ?+ 9 ord] 0 to cle> ! skirts ( ,d>w9ism ( ! t]rible *>ge ( be+ sociali/ic4 ,( c\rse ?is task fell to ,haeckel1 & he 0 loyally assi/$ by ,osc> ,s*midt4 ,writ+ 9 8,ausl&0 two mon?s lat] ,s*midt said3 8,if ! ,sociali/s 7 prud5t !y w\ld d _! utmo/ to kill by sil5t neglect1 ! !ory ( desc5t1 = t !ory mo/ emphatically proclaims t ! ,sociali/ ideas are impracticable40 ,haeckel repli$ to ,vir*[ at "s l5g?1 & z t reply is r difficult to obta9 ,i w give x "h 9 full z quot$ by ,f]ri1 & translat$ by ,rob]t ,rives ,la ,monte3 8,z a matt] ( fact1 !re is no sci5tific doctr9e :i* proclaims m op5ly ?an ! !ory ( desc5t1 t ! equality ( individuals1 t[>d :i* ,socialism t5ds1 is an impossibility1 t ?is *im]ical equality is 9 absolute contradiction ) ! necess>y &1 9 fact1 univ]sal inequality ( individuals4 8,socialism dem&s = all citiz5s equal rights1 equal duties1 equal possessions & equal enjoym5ts2 ! !ory ( desc5t e/abli%es1 on ! contr>y1 t ! realization ( ^! hopes is purely & simply impossible2 t 9 human societies1 z 9 animal societies1 nei!r ! rights1 nor ! duties1 nor ! possessions1 nor ! enjoym5ts ( all ! memb]s ( a society are or ev] c be equal4 8,! great law ( v>iation tea*es--bo? 9 ! g5]al !ory ( evolution & 9 ! small] field ( biology :]e x becomes ! !ory ( desc5t--t ! v>iety ( ph5om5a fl[s f an orig9al unity1 ! div]sity ( functions f a primitive id5tity1 & ! complexity ( organization f a primordial simplicity4 ,! conditions ( exi/5ce = all individuals are1 f _! v bir?1 unequal4 ,!re mu/ also be tak5 into consid]ation ! inh]it$ qualities & ! innate t5d5cies1 :i* also v>y m or less widely4 ,9 view ( all ?is1 h[ c ! "w & ! rew>d be equal = all8 8,! m highly ! social life is develop$1 ! m important becomes ! great pr9ciple ( ! division ( labor1 ! m requisite x becomes = ! /able exi/5ce ( ! /ate z a :ole t its memb]s %\ld di/ribute among !mselves ! multif>i\s tasks ( life1 ea* p]=m+ a s+le function2 & z ! labor :i* mu/ be p]=m$ by ! individuals1 z well z ! exp5diture ( /r5g?1 tal5t1 money1 etc41 :i* x necessitates1 diff]s m & m1 x is natural t ! remun]ation ( ?is labor mu/ also v>y widely4 ,^! are facts s simple & s obvi\s t x seems to me e intellig5t & enlight5$ /atesman ought to be an advocate ( ! !ory ( desc5t & ! g5]al doctr9e ( evolution z ! be/ antidote = ! absurd equalit>ian1 utopian notions ( ! ,sociali/s4 8,& x 0 ,d>w9ism1 ! !ory ( selection1 t ,vir*[1 9 8 d5unciation1 _h 9 m9d1 r ?an ! m]e metamorphic developm5t1 ! !ory ( desc5t1 ) :i* x is always confus$6 ,d>w9ism is any?+ r ?an sociali/ic4 8,if "o wi%es to attribute a political t5d5cy to ?is ,engli% !ory--:i* is q p]missible--?is t5d5cy c be no?+ b ari/ocratic2 by no means c x be democratic1 /ill less sociali/ic4 8,! !ory ( selection tea*es t 9 ! life ( mank9d1 z 9 t ( plants & animals1 x is always & ev]y:]e a small & privileg$ m9ority alone :i* succe$s 9 liv+ & develop+ itself2 ! imm5se majority1 on ! contr>y suff] & succumb m or less prematurely4 ,c\ntless are ! se$s & eggs ( e species ( plants & animals1 & ! "y individuals :o issue f !m4 ,b ! numb] ( ^? :o h ! good =tune to rea* fully develop$ maturity & to atta9 ! goal ( _! exi/5ce is relatively insignificant4 8,! cruel & pitiless #8/ruggle = exi/5ce' :i* rages ev]y:]e ?r\gh animat$ nature1 & :i* 9 ! nature ( ?+s mu/ rage1 ?is et]nal & inexorable competition betwe5 all liv+ be+s is an und5iable fact4 ,only a small pick$ numb] ( ! /ronge/ or fitte/ is able to come =? victori\sly f ?is battle ( competition4 ,! great majority ( _! un=tunate competitors are inevitably de/9$ to p]i%4 ,x is well en\gh to deplore ?is tragic fatality1 b "o _c d5y or *ange x4 #8,_m are call$1 b few are *os56' 8,! selection1 ! #8election' ( ^! #8elect' is by absolute necessity b\nd up ) ! rejection or de/ruction ( ! va/ multitude ( be+s :om !y surviv$4 ,& s ano!r le>n$ ,engli%man has call$ ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,d>w9ism #8! survival ( ! fitte/1 ! victory ( ! be/4' 8,at all ev5ts ! pr9ciple ( selection is n 9 ! slighte/ degree democratic2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 ?or\ghly ari/ocratic4 ,if !n1 ,d>w9ism1 c>ri$ out to its ultimate logical consequ5ces1 has1 accord+ to ,vir*[1 = ! /atesman #8an extraord9>ily dang]\s side' ! dang] is d\btless t x favors ari/ocratic aspirations40 ,& n[ let u turn to ! clos+ pages ( ! second volume ( ,haeckel's valuable "w1 8,! ,hi/ory ( ,creation40 ,we %all f9d x int]e/+ & in/ructive to obs]ve ! nature ( ! argum5t :i* he !re uses ) great effect aga9/ ,vir*[4 ,vir*[ _h deliv]$ 8 celebrat$ address at ,b]l91 :i* clos$ z foll[s3 8,x is absolutely c]ta9 t ,man is n desc5d$ f apes40 ,haeckel takes ?is up1 gives a resum ( ! facts kn[n to zoology on ?is po9t1 & !n w9ds up ) ! foll[+3 8,9 view ( ?is /ate ( affairs1 we zoologi/s1 recogniz$ z au?orities on ! subject1 may surely ask1 ,h[ c _m s-call$ an?ropologi/s /ill ma9ta9 t !re exi/s no sort ( actual pro(s ( ! #8,d]ivation ( ,man f ,apes'8 ,h[ c ,vir*[1 ,ranke1 & o!rs1 :o are n zoologi/s1 9 ! spee*es !y annually deliv] at an?ropological & o!r congresses1 cont9ue to decl>e t ?is #8,pi!coid !sis' is an empty hypo!sis1 an unprov$ ass]tion1 & a m]e dream ( ! philosoph]s ( nature8 ,h[ c ^! an?ropologi/s /ill cont9ue to ask = #8c]ta9 pro(s' ( ?is !sis :5 pro(s ) all ! cle>ness t c\ld be desir$ lie be=e !m1 & are unanim\sly recogniz$ by all zoologi/s8 ,z reg>ds ,vir*['s (t5 quot$ decl>ations aga9/ ! ,pi!coid !sis1 !y h obta9$ great favor 9 wide circles1 only because ( ! high au?ority ?is fam\s naturali/ enjoys 9 an entirely diff]5t doma9 ( sci5ce4 ,8 #8cellul> pa?ology1' 8 +5i\s application ( ! cell-!ory to ! :ole prov9ce ( m$ic9e1 introduc$ a gr& advance 9 t bran* ( sci5ce ?irty ye>s ago4 ,?is great & la/+ s]vice r5d]$ by him has1 h[ev]1 no connection :atev] ) ! unyield+ & negative position :i*1 un=tunately1 ,vir*[ p]si/s 9 assum+ t[>ds ! doctr9e ( evolution40 ,x probably nev] occurr$ to ,haeckel t ! argum5t :i* he "h uses to meet ,vir*['s opposition to evolution1 w\ld s]ve q z effectively z a reply to 8 own opposition to ,socialism4 ,z reg>ds ,haeckel's 8(t5 quot$ decl>ations aga9/0 ,socialism1 8!y h obta9$ great favor 9 wide circles1 only because ( ! high au?ority :i* ?is fam\s naturali/ enjoys 9 an entirely diff]5t doma9 ( sci5ce4 ,8 biog5etic pr9ciple1 discov]$ 9 embryology1 8introduc$ a gr& advance 9 t sci5ce ?irty ye>s ago4 ,?is great & la/+ s]vice r5d]$ by him has1 h[ev] no connection :atev] ) ! unyield+ & negative position :i*1 un=tunately10 ,haeckel 8p]si/s 9 assum+ t[>ds ! doctr9e (0 ,socialism4 ,haeckel's compla9t t ,vir*[ c\ld n judge ! m]its ( evolution because he 0 n a zoologi/1 is well tak54 ,b ! ,sociali/ has z good or bett] "r to ass]t t ,haeckel 0 incapable ( e/imat+ ! relation%ip ( ,socialism to ,d>w9ism1 = he c]ta9ly knew a good deal less ab\t ,socialism ?an ,vir*[ knew ( zoology4 ,?is is precisely ! tr\ble ) ,haeckel's criticism ( :at he calls ,socialism4 ,( ! !ories ( ,k>l ,m>x & ! mod]n sci5tific ,sociali/s1 he knew absolutely no?+4 ,! ,socialism he condemn$ _h be5 ab&on$ by ! ,sociali/s !mselves1 ne>ly ?irty ye>s be=e 8 criticism 0 made4 8,absurd equalit>ian notions10 grant$2 b !y 7 n ev5 ! sole prop]ty ( ! utopian ,sociali/s4 ,!y borr[$ !m f ! b\rgeois revolutioni/s ( #aghi4 ,x 0 !y :o boa/$ ( ! equality !y w\ld set up4 ,t equality1 :i*1 z ,engels says1 only 8mat]ializ$ 9 b\rgeois equality be=e ! law40--8,! equality be=e ! law ( all commodity-own]s40 ,x 0 ?is /ruggl+ b\rgeoisie t adopt$ z its cat*-words1 8lib]ty1 frat]nity1 equality10 & appli$ !m to a typical b\rgeois use :5 !y inscrib$ !m above ! entrances to ,fr5* prisons4 ,a significant clause 9 ! second s5t5ce ( ,haeckel's criticism is1 89 human societies z 9 animal societies10 ! duties1 etc41 ( ! memb]s _c be 8equal40 ,! only possible po9t ?is c\ld h z a criticism ( ,socialism1 w\ld be its use to d5y ! possibility ( aboli%+ social class divisions4 ,!re is no?+ to %[ :e!r ,haeckel int5d$ x to h su* a specific application1 b z any o!r application x might h c\ld be 9 no way oppos$ to ! ,sociali/ position1 ,i ne$ only %[ its failure 9 t reg>d4 8,bee0 society may be said to h class divisions1 & x mu/ be conc$$ t ^! classes _c be aboli%$ by any?+ t c\ld1 by any /ret* ( ! imag9ation1 be call$ 8bee socialism40 ,b ! reason = ?is is n f> to seek &1 :5 f\nd1 x makes any argum5t by analogy1 aga9/ ,socialism1 impossible4 ,bee work]s are 8physiologically0 incapable ( dis*>g+ any o!r function 9 bee society4 ,!y are females1 incapable ( mat]nity4 ,z a result ( ?is ! que5 bee is oblig$ to %\ld] ! :ole burd5 ( ! reproduction ( ! species1 & %e is specializ$ 9 ?is direction to su* an ext5t1 t %e c\ld n possibly be a work]4 ,! drone1 z ! male bre$]1 is 9 ! same fix1 & ! popul> notion t !y are useless loaf]s1 has its orig9 9 ! bee cu/om ( apply+ ! boot1 or some?+ worse1 to all sup]flu\s memb]s ( ! drone class4 8,a hive ( bees10 says ,pr(4 ,huxley1 8is an organic polity1 a society 9 :i* ! "p play$ by ea* memb] is det]m9$ by organic necessities4 ,que5s1 work]s1 & drones are1 s to speak1 ca/es divid$ f "o ano!r by m>k$ physical b>ri]s40 ,says ,erne/ ,unt]mann 9 8 f9e *apt] on ?is "q1 9 8,m>xian ,economics03 8,e textbook on natural hi/ory describes ! diff]5t ord]s4 ,= in/ance1 ! societies ( bees are #8mon>*ies'1 ^? ( ants #8republics'4 ,b 9 ei!r case1 biological v>iation det]m9es ! =m ( ^! societies4 ,que5 bees1 drones1 & work]s are ( organically diff]5t /ructure & equipp$ ) diff]5t specializ$ organs4 ,! que5 bee is equipp$ only = ! duties ( conception & ! lay+ ( eggs4 ,! drone _c p]=m any o!r function b t ( f]tiliz+ ! que54 ,! work] alone has organs = ga!r+ fl[] du/1 honey1 & manufactur+ wax40 ,class divisions 9 bee society are !re=e 8biological0 & n economic4 ,b ,haeckel's comp>ison ignores ?is vital di/9ction4 ,be=e ?is argum5t c be us$ aga9/ ! ,sociali/ advocacy ( class abolition1 x mu/ be %[n t a que5 _c wa% clo!s ) />vation z an alt]native1 & t a pleb woman c\ld n we> a coronet1 %\ld h] fa!r inve/ 9 a bu/$ duke4 ,true !re are o!r animal societies :i* h no su* biological division4 ,b ^! h no private prop]ty 9 ! means ( life1 & !re=e no classes4 ,pelicans & cr[s recognize only ?ree gr\nds z ju/ification = idl5ess--infancy1 old age & sickness or accid5t4 ,a rec5t ,sociali/ writ] said3 8,take two babies toge!r--! work]'s baby & ! p>asite's baby4 ,!re !y are1 bo? ( !m1 out ( ! great my/]y4 ,exam9e _! s(t little bodies4 ,d y see spurs on ! "o & a saddle on ! o!r8 ,& yet1 "o is to gr[ up a pr(ligate loaf]1 & ! o!r a />v$ & beat5 work]4 ,"o to rot at ! top2 ! o!r to be /unt$ & oppress$ at ! bottom40 ,( c\rse ^! two babies w\ld n be equal1 ei!r actually or pot5tially1 b is t any reason :y !y %\ld be giv5 an unequal />t8 ,h[ are we to f9d out :i* is ! be/ 9 any s5se1 if a multitude ( opportunities op5 to ! "o are to be clos$ to ! o!r8 ,& "h ,haeckel's impli$ p>allel breaks d[n once m4 ,9 nature ! /rong & capable survive 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 nature gives some?+ l a fair field & no favor4 ,b 9 capitali/ society1 a pul+ son ( a ri* fa!r is coddl$ to maturity1 & reproduces o!rs ( 8 k9d2 :ile ! lu/y *ild ( a work] is murd]$ by poison\s milk1 or deb>r$ f m>riage by l[ wages4 ,9 nature1 8fitte/0 does n mean be/ 9 any moral s5se1 except indirectly1 z t ! practice ( c]ta9 moral pr9ciples 9 animal societies may con/itute1 or add to1 fitness4 ,b 9 pres5t society 9 a va/ numb] ( in/ances1 fitness does n mean 8be/0 ev5 to ! ext5t t su* a ^w may be us$ 9 ! natural _w4 ,a real e/ate 8%>k0 is a libel on ! fi%4 ,an indisp5sable qualification 9 bus9ess is to h few scruples & be a fir/-class li>4 ,hone/y & suicide are synonym\s t]ms4 ,! /atem5t t natural selection 8favors ari/ocratic aspirations10 involves ! same fallacy4 ,x assumes t ari/ocrats are on top because ( fitness to be !re4 ,rec5t revelations 9 ,b]l9 indicate t ! ari/ocrats ( ,haeckel's own c\ntry are 8fitte/0 = ! g>bage c4 ,haeckel's ma9 position is t 8! /ruggle = exi/5ce0 9 nature is a ju/ification = 8competition0 9 society4 ,to beg9 )1 ,kropotk9 has %[n t ,haeckel grossly misrepres5ts nature :5 he speaks ( 8! cruel1 pitiless #8/ruggle = exi/5ce' :i* rages ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t animat$ nature0 & 8betwe5 all liv+ be+s40 ,:5 ?is is us$ z a def5se ( pres5t society1 x is equal to say+ t human society %\ld seek its models among ! l[e/ =ms ( organic life r ?an ! highe/4 ,haeckel's position 0 tak5 by ,sp5c] & receiv$ ! foll[+ clev] reply f ,pr(4 ,rit*ie3 8,! /ruggle among plants & ! l[] animals is ma9ly betwe5 memb]s ( ! same species2 & ! individual competition betwe5 human be+s1 :i* is s mu* admir$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 is ( ?is primitive k9d40 ,kropotk9 says3 8,if we ask nature #8:o are ! fitte/1 ^? :o are cont9ually at w> ) ea* o!r1 or ^? :o support "o ano!r8' we at once see t ^? animals :i* acquire habits ( mutual aid are und\bt$ly ! fitte/40 ,z to ! desirability ( t 8pitiless /ruggle10 ,huxley p]t95tly says3 8,( all ! %apes :i* society has tak51 t mo/ ne>ly approa*es p]fection 9 :i* ! w> ( ! individual aga9/ ! individual is mo/ /rictly limit$40 ,:atev] may be ! tru? among ! protozoa1 we are safe 9 apply+ to society ! /atem5t ( ,rusk93 8,co-op]ation is always & ev]y:]e ! law ( life2 competition is always & ev]y:]e ! law ( dea?40 ,human society ev5tually rea*es a po9t ( developm5t :]e nature's haphaz>d ways are int]f]$ )1 & man arranges means to an end4 ,pr(essor ,s*iap>elli ?\ght he saw canals on ,m>s1 & inf]r$ intellig5t inhabitants4 ,! diff]5ce 9 wat]-ways1 betwe5 bl9d nature & a design+ intellig5ce1 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a rambl+ riv] & a /raight canal4 ,n[ human society has arriv$ at a /age :]e its consci\sness ( itself & ! possibility ( self-arrangem5t1 becomes a factor4 ,?is is a trem5d\s /ep =w>d1 & its future possibilities seem to be illimitable4 ,be=e ?is c be l>gely effective1 h[ev]1 x w be necess>y to ?or\ghly und]/& all fundam5tal social laws4 ,we _h no rod to rule ! lightn+ until we knew ! laws ( its movem5t4 ,!re w be no real air%ip until we ma/] ! laws ( a]ial flight4 ,socialism solves ! social problem1 n because x has1 b because x is1 an explanation ( ! laws ( social developm5t 9 g5]al1 & ( exi/+ society 9 p>ticul>4 ,on ^! laws our fai? is f\nd$4 ,by consci\sly arrang+ ! social in/itutions :i* s pr(\ndly affect our lives1 9 h>mony ) ^! laws1 we %all cease to be ! slaves ( a bl9d necessity4 ,z ,engels has well said3 8,man's social organization1 hi!rto confront+ him z a necessity impos$ by ,nature & hi/ory1 n[ becomes ! result ( 8 own free action4 ,! extrane\s objective =ces1 t h hi!rto gov]n$ hi/ory1 pass "u ! control ( man himself4 ,only f t "t w man himself m & m consci\sly1 make 8 own hi/ory--only f t "t w ! social causes set 9 motion by him h1 9 ! ma9 & 9 a con/antly gr[+ measure1 ! results int5d$ by him4 ,x is ! asc5t ( man f ! k+dom ( necessity to ! k+dom ( fre$om40 ,,viii4 ,,sp5c]',s 8,,social ,,organism40 ,! cr[n+ g5]alization ( mod]n ?\ght is t :i* pres5ts ! ,univ]se z a unity1 int]-relat$ 9 all its p>ts4 ,by x1 ! def5d]s ( dualism are discr$it$1 & _! !ological1 metaphysical philosophy is ?r[n aside4 ,x is no long] ,god & ,man1 nor ev5 ,man & ,god1 b ,man only1 ) ,god an an?ropomorphic %ad[1 relat$ to man n z 8 creator1 b z creat$ by him4 ,god & ,man are n 8two10 b 9 reality 8"o40 ,mod]n sci5ce has rev]s$ ! ord] ( _! appe>ance1 & also ! ord] ( _! dep5d5ce4 ,t :i* seem$ to our primitive ance/ors a liv+ reality1 a sep>ate & indep5d5t be+1 proves1 :5 submitt$ to ! te/s ( an?ropology & psy*ology1 to h be5 a creature ( _! own dreams4 ,& ?us1 z a result ( sci5tific rese>* into ! orig9 ( dualism & ! nature ( dreams1 z ,pr(essor ,clif=d says3 8,! dim & %ad[y outl9e ( ! sup]human deity fades sl[ly f be=e u2 & z ! mi/ ( 8 pres5ce floats aside1 we p]ceive ) great] & great] cle>ness1 ! %ape ( a yet gr&] & nobl] figure--! figure ( him :o made all ,gods & %all unmake !m4 ,f ! dim dawn ( hi/ory1 & f ! inmo/ dep?s ( e s\l1 ! face ( our fa!r man looks out ^u u1 ) ! fire ( et]nal y\? 9 8 eyes1 & says3 #8,be=e ,jehovah 01 ,i am4'0 ,! ?9k] :o w\ld exp& 8 intellectual w+s 9 ?is moni/ic atmosph]e1 mu/ possess n only a 8discrim9at+0 m9d1 b also1 z ,m>cus ,hit* sugge/s1 a 8unify+0 m9d4 ,!re are two errors he mu/ avoid2 ! creation ( di/9ctions t d n exi/ & ! ignor+ ( di/9ctions t d4 ,! *ief s9n] aga9/ ?is fir/ canon ( dialectical ?9k+ is our old fri5d ! !ologian4 ,:5 ! evolution>y naturali/s demon/rat$ ! hopeless untru? ( 8 8reveal$0 leg5ds ab\t ! orig9 ( m5 & ?+s1 he s\ght refuge 9 ! +5i\s !ory t ^! fables :ile sci5tifically indef5sible 71 not)/&+1 spiritually true4 ,9 %ort1 sci5tific tru? & spiritual tru? 7 s di/9ct z to h no vital relations4 ,^! 8artful dodg]s0 h reliev$ controv]sial lit]ature ( mu* ( its wont$ heav9ess & contribut$ g5]ally to ! gaiety ( ! nations4 ,sociali/s h always be5 among ! fir/ to enjoy ^! ent]ta9+ p]=mances1 & x seems l div9e retribution :5 ^! same !ological & 8,rev]5d0 p]sons tumble ov] into ! ,sociali/ camp & br+ _! obsolete me?ods ( ?9k+ ) !m4 ,!y dub !mselves 8,*ri/ian0 ,sociali/s & proce$ to %[ t 8,socialism is a philosophy conc]n+ ! social & economic life ( man1 & n ! religi\s at all40 ,:5 ,m>x decl>$ t political & legal & o!r social in/itutions & ideas 7 ! result ( economic conditions & class int]e/s1 religi\s in/itutions & ideas 71 ( c\rse1 exempt4 ,aft] a m5tal contortion l t1 :at is to prev5t a reconciliation betwe5 ! #ag? c5tury twaddle ( ! me?odi/ pulpit & ! mat]iali/ conception ( hi/ory8 ,^? :o break ! second canon giv51 are n all !ologians4 ,among ^? :o ignore di/9ctions t d exi/1 ! biological sociologi/ is entitl$ to conspicu\s m5tion4 ,augu/ ,comte1 :o 8attempt$ to make ( sociology a sort ( transc5d5tal biology10 _h at lea/ ?is excuse t he wrote 8 positivi/ philosophy be=e ,d>w9 publi%$ 8 8,orig9 ( ,species0 &1 !re=e1 :ile biology 0 yet 9 long clo!s & sociology 0 unborn4 ,al?\gh ,comte is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( sociology1 ^! limitations made x impossible to d little m ?an inv5t ! "n & =esee its possibility4 ,^! excuses1 h[ev]1 c sc>cely be invok$ = ,haeckel1 :o1 z we h already se51 :olly ignor$ 9 8 inf]5ces1 fundam5tal diff]5ces betwe5 ! division ( labor 9 animal societies & t division 9 human societies4 ,haeckel's biological sociology conv5i5tly ov]looks ! r important fact t :ile a work+ bee c n by any possibility act z a drone1 ! work+ man has at lea/ no physical disabilities to prev5t him f do+ any?+ t p]ta9s to ! role ( a pr9ce4 ,reason+ by analogy is always dang]\s1 especially :5 ! analogy itself breaks d[n4 ,:ile x is well to keep ^! rules 9 m9d1 x mu/ be conc$$ t _! critical application is some:at limit$ :5 we come to ,sp5c]'s fam\s analogy betwe5 animal organisms & human societies4 ,! 8syn!tic0 philosoph] 0 mu* ,haeckel's sup]ior 9 sociology1 & he possess$ an imm5se fund ( biological lore t 0 unavailable to ,comte writ+ a qu>t] ( a c5tury e>li]4 ,?us ,sp5c] seems to recognize t 8 essay on 8,! ,social ,organism0 is l>gely an +5i\s analogy1 f :i* conclusions mu/ be drawn ) caution4 ,n t b\rgeois sci5ti/s h always exhibit$ a v sci5tific temp] 9 ?is reg>d4 ,on ! contr>y !y h1 on e possible occasion1 proclaim$ t c]ta9 alleg$ tru?s 9 physics or biology 7 9 irreconcilable contradiction to c]ta9 ,sociali/ conclusions 9 sociology4 ,b we may f9d a key to ,sp5c]'s *>9ess 9 ! matt] ( draw+ conclusions 9 ! r surpris+ fact1 :i* w appe> pres5tly1 t ! "o legitimate conclusion :i* ! analogy w ?or\ghly su/a91 is an exact contradiction to all t ,sp5c] _h ev] proclaim$ on social que/ions4 ,! essay itself1 l a great deal ( ,sp5c]'s writ+1 is prolix & we>isome1 s we %all select only 8 mo/ important & /rik+ comp>isons4 ,! introduction is excell5t & has = its text ,sir ,james ,mack9to%'s great say+--great 9 8 non-evolution>y age ?\gh v common-place today--8,con/itutions are n made1 b gr[40 ,he !n decl>es 8! c5tral idea ( ,plato's model republic0 to be 8! correspond5ce betwe5 ! p>ts ( a society & ! faculties ( ! human m9d40 ,hobbes1 ! philosoph] ( ,malmesbury1 comes next ) 8 celebrat$ 8,levia?an40 ,hobbes s\ght to e/abli% a /ill m def9ite p>allelism2 n1 h[ev] betwe5 a society & ! m9d1 b betwe5 a society & ! human body4 ,hobbes' 8,levia?an0 0 ! ,commonweal? & he 8c>ries ?is comp>ison s f> z to actually give a draw+ ( ! ,levia?an--a va/ human-%ap$ figure1 ^: body & limbs are made up ( multitudes ( m540 ,sp5c] criticizes ^! analogies ( ,plato & ,hobbes 9 detail1 b f9ds ! *ief error ( bo? writ]s to consi/ 9 ! assumption by bo? 8t ! organization ( a society is comp>able1 n simply to ! organization ( a liv+ body 9 g5]al1 b to ! organization ( a human body 9 p>ticul>4 ,!re is no w>rant :atev] = assum+ ?is4 ,x is 9 no way impli$ by ! evid5ce2 & is simply "o ( ^? fancies :i* we commonly f9d mix$ up ) ! tru?s ( e>ly speculation40 ,b1 insi/s ,sp5c]3 8,! unt5abl5ess ( ! p>ticul> p>allelisms above in/anc$1 is no gr\nd = d5y+ an ess5tial p>allelism2 s9ce e>ly ideas are usually b vague adumbrations ( ! tru?40 ,lack+ ! great g5]alizations ( biology1 x 01 z we h said1 8impossible to trace out ! real relations ( special organizations to organizations ( ano!r ord]40 ,!re=e he proposes 8to %[ :at are ! analogies :i* mod]n sci5ce discloses40 ,sp5c] !n discov]s f\r po9ts 9 :i* an individual organism & a society agree1 & f\r 9 :i* !y diff]4 ,! po9ts ( agreem5t are3 7#a47 8,t comm5c+ z small aggregations1 !y ins5sibly augm5t 9 mass2 "s ( !m ev5tually rea*+ t5 ?\s& times :at !y orig9ally 740 7#b47 8,t :ile at fir/ s simple 9 /ructure z to be consid]$ /ructureless1 !y assume 9 ! c\rse ( _! gr[? a cont9ually increas+ complexity ( /ructure40 7#c47 8,t ?\gh 9 _! e>ly1 undevelop$ /ates1 !re exi/s 9 !m sc>cely any mutual dep5d5ce ( p>ts1 _! p>ts gradually acquire a mutual dep5d5ce2 :i* becomes at la/ s great1 t ! activity & life ( ea* "p is made possible only by ! activity & life ( ! re/40 7#d47 8,t ! life ( a society is indep5d5t (1 & f> m prolong$ ?an ! lives ( any ( its compon5t units2 :o are sev]ally born1 gr[1 "w1 reproduce1 & die1 :ile ! body politic compos$ ( !m survives g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 increas+ 9 mass1 9 complet5ess ( /ructure1 & 9 functional activity40 ,! f\r po9ts ( diff]5ce are3 7#a47 8,t societies h no specific ext]nal =ms40 7#b47 8,t ?\gh ! liv+ tissue :]e( an individual organism consi/s1 =ms a cont9u\s mass1 ! liv+ elem5ts ( a society d n =m a cont9u\s mass2 b are m or less widely disp]s$ ov] "s portion ( ! e>?'s surface40 7#c47 8,t :ile ! ultimate liv+ elem5ts ( an individual organism are mo/ly fix$ 9 _! relative positions1 ^? ( ! social organism are capable ( mov+ f place to place40 7#d47 8,! la/ & p]haps ! mo/ important di/9ction is1 t :ile 9 ! body ( an animal only a special tissue is end[$ ) feel+1 9 a society all ! memb]s are end[$ ) feel+40 ,x is wor?y ( note t1 :ile ,sp5c] f9ds ! p>allelisms to increase 9 significance ! m !y are exam9$1 ! diff]5ces t5d to break d[n :5 !y are work$ out 9 detail4 ,! advantage :i* ,sp5c] _h ov] ,plato & ,hobbes is v cle>ly se5 9 ! fir/ & f\r? p>allelisms1 nei!r ( :i* c\ld h be5 made until tw5ty-"o ye>s be=e1 :5 9 #ahci1 ,!odore ,s*wann develop$ 8 great !ory t ! body is an organiz$ society ( int]connect$ cells4 8,! importance ( ?is !ory10 says ,pr(essor ,?at*]1 8c h>dly be e/imat$4 ,x gave an entirely new view to animal & vegetable life40 ,at any rate1 x s]v$ ,sp5c] greatly 9 ?is essay4 ,! next t5 pages are devot$ to organic developm5t f ! protozoa1 ! l[e/ t9y animal =ms1 to cru/acea--crabs etc41--:i* are mat]ially high] 9 ! animal scale4 ,?is developm5t is m>k$ by increas+ mutual dep5d5ce ( p>ts & a gr[+ division ( labor4 ,x is comp>$ to ! developm5t ( society f primitive ,bu%m5 to ! e>ly ,anglo-,saxons1 dur+ :i* correspond+ ph5om5a are trac$4 ,he escapes ,haeckel's blund] at lea/ to ! ext5t ( call+ ! two divisions ( labor by _! prop] names4 ,among animals x is ! 8physiological0 division ( labor2 9 society1 ! 8economical0 division ( labor4 ,:e!r he w\ld h be5 able to /ill p]ceive t di/9ction 9 deal+ ) ^? ant & bee communities :]e ,haeckel got lo/1 !re is no?+ to %[4 ,sp5c]'s middle-class pr$ilections come out /rongly1 & a v pretty physiological ju/ification is provid$ = t :olly admirable section ( ! community4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! developm5t ( an embryo is its division into two ma9 lay]s ( cells--! muc\s lay] & ! s]\s lay]4 ,! muc\s lay]1 t f9e inside sk9 ( ! body s to speak1 absorbs nutrim5t4 ,b t nutrim5t mu/ be transf]r$ to ! s]\s lay] :i* builds up ! n]ves & muscles4 ,pres5tly !re arises betwe5 ^! two a ?ird--! vascul> lay]4 ,out ( ?is ?ird lay] ! *ief blood vessels are develop$ & ^! vessels s]ve to transport ! nutrim5t f ! inn] or muc\s lay]1 :i* ga!rs x1 to ! out] or s]\s lay]1 :i* uses x = ! :ole organization's upbuild+4 8,well10 says ,sp5c]1 8may we n trace a p>allel /ep 9 social progress8 ,betwe5 ! gov]n+ & ! gov]n$1 !re at fir/ exi/s no int]m$iate class2 & ev5 9 "s societies t h rea*$ consid]able size1 !re are sc>cely any b ! nobles & _! k9dr$ on ! "o h&1 & _! s]fs on ! o!r2 ! social /ructure be+ su* t transf] ( commodities takes place directly f slaves to _! ma/]s4 ,b 9 societies ( a high] type1 !re gr[s up1 betwe5 ^! two primitive classes1 ano!r--! trad+ or middle class4 ,equally at fir/ z n[1 we may see t1 speak+ g5]ally1 ?is middle class is ! analogue ( ! middle lay] 9 ! embryo40 ,x is a pity to di/urb ?is s]5e complac5cy1 by po9t+ out t ! real transport]s ( commodities are n ! memb]s ( ! middle class :o1 z a rule1 d little & live well1 b t section ( ! work+ class :i* mans freight tra9s1 drives teams & %oves trucks4 ,z = t 8high]0 class ( cells :i* receives ^! commodities & consumes !m :ile usefully engag$ 9 build+ up ! n]v\s & muscul> sy/em2 su* comp>ison c\ld only apply to society's bra9 work]s1 & x conta9s no ju/ification = ! useless p>asitic type repres5t$ by su* *>m+ p]sons z ,h>ry ,?aw & ,reggie ,v&]bilt4 ,ano!r v int]e/+ po9t is ,sp5c]'s physiological v9dication ( pr(it4 ,! limbs1 gl&s1 or o!r memb]s ( an animal are develop$ by ex]cise4 ,b 9 ord] 8t any organ 9 a liv+ be+ may gr[ by ex]cise1 !re ne$s to be a due supply ( blood40 ,all action implies wa/e2 blood br+s ! mat]ials = repair2 & be=e !re c be gr[?1 ! quantity ( blood suppli$ mu/ be m ?an is requisite = repair4 8,9 a society x is ! same4 ,if to "s di/rict :i* elaborates = ! community p>ticul> commodities--say ! wool5s ( ,york%ire--!re comes an augm5t$ dem&2 & if 9 fulfillm5t ( ?is dem&1 a c]ta9 exp5diture & we> & te> ( ! manufactur+ organization are incurr$2 & if1 9 paym5t = ! extra quantity ( wool5s s5t away !re comes back only su* quantity ( commodities z replaces ! exp5diture1 & makes good ! wa/e ( life & ma*9]y2 !re c cle>ly be no gr[?4 ,t !re may be gr[?1 ! commodities obta9$ 9 return mu/ be m ?an suffici5t = ^! ends2 & j 9 proportion z ! surplus is great w ! gr[? be rapid4 ,:5ce x is manife/ t :at 9 comm]cial affairs we call pr(it1 answ]s to ! excess ( nutrition ov] wa/e 9 a liv+ body40 ,?is is 8physiological0 political economy ) a v5geance & %[s to :at /raits b\rgeois apologi/s are r$uc$ to f9d a ju/ification ( t exploitation ( labor :i* is ! only s\rce ( pr(it4 ,9 conclud+ ?is po9t ,sp5c] seems to satirize 8 own position & at ! same "t gives some?+ t looks v mu* l a sociali/ explanation ( panics4 ,he says3 8,& if 9 ! body politic "s "p has be5 /imulat$ into great productivity1 & aft]w>ds c n get paid = all its produce1 c]ta9 ( its memb]s become bankrupt1 & x decreases 9 size40 ,! tru? ( ! :ole matt] is t ,sp5c] is :olly at sea ! mom5t he t\*es political economy1 & 9 place ( "s elem5t>y k on t subject1 we h ! obsolete !ories ( ! ,man*e/] ,s*ool proclaim$ 9 ! "n ( physiology4 ,!n foll[s a s]ies ( v +5i\s comp>isons4 ,foll[+ ,liebig1 he comp>es co9s to blood corpuscles call+ ! lat] blood-discs to enhance ! analogy & concludes3 8?r\gh\t ext5sive divisions ( ! l[] animals1 ! blood conta9s no corpuscles2 & 9 societies ( l[ civilization1 !re is no money40 ,!n ! developm5t ( blood vessels 9 l[] animals is comp>$ to ! developm5t ( roads 9 primitive societies2 _! great] p]fection 9 high] animals comp>+ ) ! railroads :i* m effectively convey food /uffs to ! c5t]s ( population4 ,amid mu* t is fanta/ic & t$i\s1 he says3 8,& 9 railways we also see1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! social organism1 a sy/em ( d\ble *annels convey+ curr5ts 9 opposite directions z d ! art]ies & ve9s ( a well-develop$ animal40 8,we come at l5g?10 says ,sp5c]1 8to ! n]v\s sy/em40 ,?is is by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ item 9 ,sp5c]'s catalogue1 because x is "h t ! evolution>y philosoph] & ! ,man*e/] ,s*ool politician come into op5 contradiction4 8,we h n[ to comp>e ! appliances by :i* a society z a :ole1 is regulat$1 ) ^? by :i* ! movem5ts ( an individual creature are regulat$40 ,beg9n+ ) ! n]v\s sy/ems ( l[] animals he discov]s _! inf]iority to lie 9 ! abs5ce ( a controll+ c5t]4 ,! l[] ,annulosa is compos$ ( a s]ies ( r+-l segm5ts4 ,ea* r+ has its own n]ve ganglia l9k$ by connect+ n]ves1 b 8v incompletely dep5d5t on any g5]al controll+ p[]4 ,h5ce x results t :5 ! body is cut 9 two1 ! h9d] "p cont9ues to move =w>d "u ! propulsion ( its num]\s legs2 & t :5 ! *a9 ( ganglia has be5 divid$ )\t sev]+ ! body1 ! h9d limbs may be se5 try+ to propel ! body 9 "o direction1 :ile ! =e limbs are try+ to propel x 9 ano!r40 ,z we move up 9 ! animal _w ! n]v\s sy/em culm9ates 9 a c5traliz$ bra91 & simil>ly z society becomes m complex1 gov]nm5t appe>s4 ,& n[ ! great apo/le ( ! non-int]f]5ce ( gov]nm5t ) ! life ( society is driv5 into ! gl>+ contradiction ( cont5d+ t ! highe/ animal organization is t 9 :i* ! bra91 :i* he comp>es to gov]nm5t 9 society1 int]f]es & controls mo/ effectively4 8,/range z ! ass]tion w be ?\ght10 he says1 8our ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t dis*>ge1 9 ! social economy1 functions :i* are 9 sundry respects comp>able to ^? dis*>g$ by ! c]ebral masses 9 a v]tebrate animal40 ,/range inde$6 ,especially to ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s disciples4 ,!n ,mr4 ,sp5c] discov]s t ! k9d ( bra9 activity display$ by ! highe/ animals be/ comp>es ) t =m ( gov]nm5t call$ 8repres5tative40 ,he says3 8,x is ! nature ( ^? great & late/-develop$ ganglia :i* di/+ui% ! high] animals1 to int]pret & comb9e ! multipli$ & v>i$ impressions convey$ to !m f all p>ts ( ! sy/em1 & to regulate ! actions 9 su* a way z duly to reg>d !m all2 s x is 9 ! nature ( ^? great & late/-develop$ legislative bodies :i* di/+ui% ! mo/ advanc$ societies1 to int]pret & comb9e ! wi%es ( all classes & localities & to make laws 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al wants40 ,x w\ld seem f ?is t1 a society ^: gov]nm5t repres5ts only ! int]e/s ( a h&ful ( ! community :ile ! great majority are unc>$ =1 is suff]+ f social p>alysis4 ,be=e we pass to ! next *apt] :]e we %all exam9e ! position pres5t$ 9 8,! ,man ,v]sus ,! ,/ate0 we w obs]ve "o break 9 ,sp5c]'s analogy :i* he fails to notice4 ,:5 ! bra9 ( an animal is wreck$ ! animal dies2 x has no *oice4 ,b :5 ! bra9 ( a society fails to repres5t ! int]e/s ( ! mass ( ! p :o compose t society1 or :5 ! social bra9 runs amuck & invites disa/]1 society may take its *oice1 x may elect to die or--x may get a new bra94 ,,ix4 ,,sp5c]',s ,,individualism4 ,individualism is dead4 ,z a !ory1 x has gone ) ,/ahl's 8,phlogi/on10 ,cuvi]'s 8,cataclysms10 & ,goe!'s 8,!ory ( ,colors0 to ! museum ( hi/ory4 ,! revolution 9 philosophy1 :i* cov]s ! n9ete5? c5tury & rea*es back into ! clos+ decades ( ! eighte5?1 has met & ov]?r[n x at e po9t4 ,today x l+]s 9 ! _w ( ?\ght a rem9isc5ce ( a prior /age ( social developm5t1 z ! imp]fect remnant ( ! 8?ird eyelid0 rema9s 9 our bodies a surviv+ rudim5t1 a legacy t l9ks u ) our ext9ct ance/ors ( ! silurian age4 ,! greate/ "n ev] ?r[n into ! scales = ,individualism & aga9/ ,socialism is t ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,he has ! reputation ( hav+ be5 ! greate/ ,individuali/ ( all times4 ,_m p1 includ+ ,sociali/s1 :o are n famili> ) ! works ( ,sp5c] wond] h[ x comes to pass t ! great evolution>y philosoph] c\ld def5d a !ory s obsolete & anti-evolution>y z ,individualism4 ,) ?is problem solv$1 ,individualism is practically dispos$ (--at lea/1 its greate/ prop is gone4 ,all c>eful /ud5ts ( ! works ( ! 8,syn!tic0 philosoph]1 ev5tually recognize ! dual p]sonality ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]2 ! 8,dr4 ,jekyll0 ( evolution1 & ! 8,mr4 ,hyde0 ( ,individualism4 ,! la/ *apt] dealt ma9ly ) ! =m]2 ?is *apt] w treat *iefly ( ! latt]4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s *ief utt]ances aga9/ :at he conceiv$ to be ,socialism & 9 favor ( ,individualism are to be f\nd 9 a volume ( f\r essays entitl$1 8,! ,man ,v]sus ! ,/ate40 ,9 ?is book ,mr4 ,sp5c] compla9s bitt]ly ( ! rapid ext5sion ( gov]nm5t int]f]5ce 9 ! ,engl& ( 8 day4 ,he decl>es ^! 8,acts ( ,p>liam5t0 to be a great] & great] re/riction ( ! individual rights ( ! citiz54 ,"h are a few ( ! ,acts :i* ,sp5c] d5\nc$3 ,an ,act direct+ ! ,bo>d ( ,trade to record ! draught ( sea-go+ vessels leav+ port1 & ano!r to fix ! numb] ( life-boats & ! life-sav+ appliances su* vessels %\ld c>ry4 ,an ,act mak+ illegal a m9e ) a s+le %aft3 ,! inspection ( :ite lead works to compel ! own]s to provide ov]alls1 respirators1 ba?s1 acidulat$ dr9ks1 etc41 = ! workm53 ,provid+ = ! inspection ( gas works3 ,mak+ compulsory regulations = ext+ui%+ fires 9 ,london2 ,tax+ ! locality = local dra9age2 ,t bake-h\ses %\ld h a p]iodical lime wa%+1 & a clean+ ) soap & hot wat] at lea/ once 9 six mon?s2 ,to secure dec5t lodg+s = p]sons pick+ fruit & vegetables = public consumption2 ,to provide free compulsory education & public s*ools2 ,! ,public ,libr>ies ,act2 ,all ! ,factory ,acts limit+ *ild labor or en=c+ ! protection ( dang]\s ma*9]y2 ,! ,pres]vation ( ,seabirds ,act2 ,! e/abli%m5t ( /ate telegraphy2 ,proposals to fe$ *ildr52 ,gov]nm5t end[m5t ( sci5tific rese>*2 etc4 ,all ^! measures1 & _m o!rs ( simil> nature1 excit$ ! indignation ( ! greate/ prophet ( ,individualism because1 =soo?1 !y modifi$ somebody's "r to d z he pleas$ ab\t some?+4 ,luckily = ,engl&1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] & a h&ful ( 8 individuali/ disciples /ood alone1 :ile ! electorate c>ri$ ^! laws ?r\gh _! highe/ tribunals4 ,"o c imag9e ! 8joy ( liv+0 9 an individuali/ arcadia fa%ion$ aft] ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s own he>t4 ,a work+ man w\ld be able to take up ! occupation ( a sailor4 ,he c\ld emb>k on ! rott5 old tub ( "s gre$y %ip[n]1 insur$ = _m times its value1 load$ to ! gunwales & sure to s9k :5 x got out ( sight ( l& to :]e ! wat] 0 a little r\gh] ?an plate glass4 ,( c\rse he w\ld be liv+ "u a sy/em ( 8volunt>y co-op]ation0 & 8fre$om ( contract0 & if he didn't wi% to g to sea he c\ld /ay at home &--/>ve4 ,!re w\ld be v little "w 9 port unload+ %ips1 z s _m ( !m w\ld nev] return to be unload$4 ,:5 ! insurance money 0 paid ! %ip[n] c\ld give a banquet & hold =? on ! individual "r ( ! sailor to get dr[n$ 9 ! int]e/s ( comm]ce )\t ! gov]nm5t m$dl+ ab\t life boats & o!r exp5sive & nons5sical appliances4 ,if he pref]r$ to "w on 8t]ra firma0 he might get a job 9 a m9e ) only "o %aft :i* 9 case ( fir$amp w\ld be conv]t$ into a furnace4 ,!n z !re w\ld be no way to get out1 no sociali/ically incl9$ p]son w\ld be able to dispute 8 individual "r to /ay 94 ,if he pref]r$ ! :ite lead indu/ry he might 8get 90 !re1 & !re be+ no respirators1 ba?s1 or acidulat$ dr9ks he c\ld be a physical wreck 9 a ye> & a corpse 9 two4 ,or he might try ! gasworks &1 !re be+ no inspectors1 !re w\ld be no?+ to int]f]e ) 8 individual "r to be asphyxiat$ 9 an ov5 or roa/$ 9 a retort4 ,z wages w\ld be small1 unions n be+ individuali/ in/itutions1 he might get a *eap room 9 ! top ( an hotel )\t fire escapes1 9 a t[n ) no fire eng9es4 ,he c\ld live *eaply on bread f bakeh\ses t nev] knew lime wa%+s & _h n se5 hot wat] or soap = ov] six mon?s1 & eat fruit & vegetables h&l$ by p :o 7 n tr\bl$ ) dec5t1 let alone sanit>y1 lodg+s4 ,he w\ld h ! lib]ty to /ay at manual labor z !re w\ld be no public s*ools or libr>ies to assi/ him to qualify = any pr(ession su* z1 = in/ance1 j\rnalism4 ,?is w\ld1 no d\bt1 be a bless+ 9 disguise1 = if he became a writ]1 in/ead ( foll[+ ! brilliant example ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 he might misuse 8 p[]s to ! detrim5t ( ! race by advocat+ ! limitation1 or ev5 ! abolition1 ( *ild labor4 ,if he m>ri$ he might be at lib]ty to sew on 8 own buttons1 8 wife hav+ left h] f+]s among ! cogs ( uncov]$ ma*9]y4 ,su* w\ld be ! social heav51 op]at$ on ! pr9ciples ( ! 8,man*e/]0 s*ool ( politics1 :i* m>k ! high-wat] ( ,individualism1 & ( :i* ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 0 ! *ief apo/le4 ,comp>e ?is attitude ( m9d ) t ( ! ,utopian ,sociali/1 ,rob]t ,ow51 ov] :om ,sp5c] _h ! advantage ( ! lapse ( a p]iod ( sev5ty ye>s4 ,9 #ahae ,ow5 conv5$ a l>ge numb] ( cotton manufactur]s at ,glasg[1 ,scotl&1 to consid] ! /ate ( ! cotton trade :i* 0 !n 9 great di/ress4 ,to t conf]5ce he pres5t$ two proposals2 "o to help ! ma/]s1 ! o!r to b5efit ! work]s4 ,! fir/ 0 t !y %\ld petition p>liam5t = ! repeal ( ! t>iff on raw cotton2 ! second t !y %\ld reque/ p>liam5t to %ort5 ! work+ h\rs1 & o!rwise improve ! conditions ( work]s 9 ! mills4 ,! fir/ proposal c>ri$ unanim\sly1 b ! "o on :i* ,ow5's he>t 0 set1 0 n ev5 second$4 ,kn[+ z he did ! t]rible condition ( ! ,engli% work+ class ( t p]iod1 ! call\s brutality ( ^! rapaci\s ma/]s r\s$ him to irony & defiance4 ,he deliv]$ an address to ! conf]5ce :i* he _h pr9t$ & spread broadca/ 9 e corn] ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is is h[ ! lion turn$ on ! jackals3 8,true inde$ x is t ! ma9 pill> & prop ( ! political greatness & prosp]ity ( our c\ntry is manufacture1 :i*1 z n[ c>ri$ on1 is de/ructive ( ! heal?1 morals1 & social com=t ( ! mass ( p engag$ 9 x4 ,x is only s9ce ! introduction ( ! cotton trade t *ildr51 at an age be=e !y h acquir$ /r5g? or m5tal in/ruction1 h be5 =c$ into ! cotton mills--^? receptacles1 9 too _m in/ances1 = liv+1 human skeletons1 almo/ disrob$ ( intellect1 :]e1 z ! bus9ess is (t5 n[ conduct$1 !y l+] out a few ye>s ( mis]able exi/5ce1 acquir+ e bad habit :i* !y may dissem9ate ?r\gh\t society4 ,x is only s9ce ! introduction ( ?is trade t *ildr5 & ev5 gr[n p 7 requir$ to labor m ?an twelve h\rs 9 a day1 n includ+ ! "t allott$ = meals4 ,x is only s9ce ! introduction ( ?is trade t ! sole recreation ( ! labor] is to be f\nd 9 ! po?\se or g9%op1 x is only s9ce ! introduction ( ?is baneful trade t pov]ty1 crime1 & mis]y h made rapid & fe>ful /rides ?r\gh\t ! community4 8,%all we !n g unblu%+ly1 & ask ! legislators ( our c\ntry to pass legislative acts to sanction & increase ?is trade--to sign ! dea? w>rants ( ! /r5g?1 morals1 & happ9ess ( our fell[-creatures1 & n attempt to propose corrections = ! evils :i* x creates8 ,if su* be y\r det]m9ation1 ,i1 = "o1 w n jo9 9 ! application--no1 ,i w1 ) all ! faculties ,i possess1 oppose e attempt made to ext5d ! trade t1 except 9 "n1 is m injuri\s to ^? employ$ 9 x ?an is ! slav]y ( ! poor negroes 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 = deeply z ,i am int]e/$ 9 ! cotton manufacture1 highly z ,i value ! ext5d$ political p[] ( my c\ntry1 yet kn[+ z ,i d1 f long exp]i5ce bo? "h & 9 ,engl&1 ! mis]ies :i* ?is trade1 z x is n[ conduct$1 inflicts on ^? to :om x gives employm5t1 ,i d n hesitate to say3 ,p]i% ! cotton trade1 p]i% ev5 ! political sup]iority ( our c\ntry1 if x dep5ds on ! cotton trade1 r ?an t !y %all be upheld by ! sacrifice ( ev]y?+ valuable 9 life40 ,comp>e ^! noble utt]ances ( ! great-s\l$ utopian ,sociali/ ) ! sne]s at ! mo/ un=tunate elem5t ( ! work+ class :i* disfigure ! pages ( 8,! ,man ,v]sus ! ,/ate0 & let ! ,individuali/ take :atev] satisfaction he c get f ! contra/4 ,b ,sp5c]'s reaction>y views did n /op ) opposition to e attempt to alleviate ! condition ( ! weal? produc]s ( 8 day4 ,z an individuali/1 he w\ld tol]ate no 8gov]nm5t int]f]5ce0 ) ! rights ( individuals :o wi%$ to %oot sea-birds :i* !y c\ld n get1 b :i* usually flew out to sea1 & di$ float+1 ) a brok5 w+4 ,:y %\ld ^! l(ty m9d$ p be int]f]$ )8 ,7 !y n ! prototypes ( our own ,roosevelt1 :o is always ready to manife/ 8 love ( nature by kill+ ev]y?+ 9 sight8 ,:at a pity ^! individuali/s 7 n all[$ to h ! ,briti% telegraph sy/em manag$ by a gang ( f9ancial pirates l ! own]s ( ! 8,we/]n ,union0 & ! 8,po/al0 ( ?is c\ntry4 ,/ate repression ( k hav+ prov$ su* a bad ?+ 9 ! middle ages1 /ate enc\ragem5t ( le>n+ mu/ ( c\rse1 ne$s be equally bad 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 8,gov]nm5t end[m5t ( rese>*10 inde$6 ,n = ! individuali/ *ampion4 ,& yet ,engl& holds ! _w's honors 9 biology1 because ( ,d>w91 ^: opportunity came ?r\gh ! gov]nm5t exploration ( 8,! ,beagle10 & ,huxley1 :o began 8 brilliant c>e] ) ! gov]nm5t exp$ition ( ! 8,rattlesnake40 ,z ,engl& l$ ! _w 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury s ,france _h held fir/ place dur+ its fir/ qu>t]1 & t because ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t s5t out sci5tific exp$itions to ! tropics1 :i*1 on _! return load$ d[n ! %elves ( ! 8,j>d9 des ,plantes0 ) specim5s :i* made possible ^? greate/ ( h] ?9k]s1 ,lam>ck1 ,cuvi] & ,ge(frey ,/4 ,hilaire4 ,:5 ! fe$+ ( s*ool *ildr5 is ?r[n z a *>ge aga9/ ,socialism1 we are pr\d to plead guilty4 ,x is our glory t ! only cities 9 ! _w t h no />v+ *ildr5 beh9d s*ool b5*es are ^? cities su* z ,lille1 ,ivry1 ,montlucon1 etc41 ) a ,sociali/ majority 9 ! t[n c\ncils1 :i* remov$ ! disgrace4 ,su* !n 7 ! argum5ts ( ?is flag be>] ( ,individualism1 :o has suppli$ ! oppon5ts ( ,socialism ) objections ^! ?irty ye>s4 ,8 individuali/ philosophy is n[ s ?or\ghly discr$it$ z to call = no answ] 7 x n = ! fact po9t$ out by ,huxley1 t errone\s ideas d n die j simply because !y h be5 kill$4 ,x is n necess>y to :eel into position ! heavy artill]y ( ,m>x to ov]?r[ ?is h\se ( c>ds4 ,sp5c] is a suffici5t reply to ,sp5c]4 ,"h is ! great contradiction4 ,sp5c]1 ! great biologi/1 says ! bra9 is to ! animal :at ! ,gov]nm5t is to a society4 7#a7 ,! m effectively & completely ! bra9 controls ! memb]s compos+ ! animal body1 ! high] its place 9 ! organic scale4 7#b7 ,! less effectively & completely ! ,gov]nm5t controls ! memb]s ( ! body politic ! bett] w be ! society4 ,sociological lit]ature has fail$ to produce any individuali/ *ampion able to reconcile ?is a/oni%+ contradiction4 ,& s !re x /&s pla9ly be=e ! eyes ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s read]s4 8,suppose10 says ,pr(essor ,huxley1 8t1 9 accordance ) ?is view1 ea* muscle 7 to ma9ta9 t ! n]v\s sy/em _h no "r to int]f]e ) its contraction except to prev5t x f h9d]+ ! contraction ( ano!r muscle2 or ea* gl&1 t x _h a "r to secrete1 s long z its secretion int]f]$ ) no o!r2 suppose e sep>ate cell 7 left free to foll[ its own 8int]e/0 & laissez-faire "l ( all1 :at w\ld come ( ! body physiological8 ,! fact is t ! sov]eign p[] ( ! body ?9ks = ! physiological organism1 acts = x1 & rules ! individual compon5ts ) a rod ( iron4 ,ev5 ! blood corpuscles c't hold a public meet+ )\t be+ accus$ ( 8conge/ion0--& ! bra91 l o!r despots :om we h kn[n1 calls out at once = ! use ( %>p /eel aga9/ !m40 ,?is is ! rock ^u :i* ,sp5c]ian ,individualism /ruck & w5t to pieces1 indep5d5tly ( ^? great =ces1 :i* ,i %all po9t out1 t made = its dis9tegration4 ,^! two contradictory positions are ! upp] & ne!r mill/ones betwe5 :i* ! individuali/ic philosophy ( ,an>*ism is gr\nd to p[d]4 ,sociali/s are n /upid en\gh to argue t because society c get along )\t a k+ !re=e an or*e/ra %\ld h 8no head40 ,we are also able to di/+ui% betwe5 8! /ate0 :i* ,socialism w aboli%1 & ! 8adm9i/ration ( indu/ry0 :i* x w e/abli%4 ,e /ep =w>d 9 mod]n ?\ght has emphasiz$ ! importance ( t factor call$ 8environm5t40 ,! evolution philosophy is an environm5t philosophy4 ,lam>ck1 ! greate/ pione] ( mod]n sci5ce1 makes a *ange ( environm5t ! prime necessity ( organic developm5t4 ,d>w9 makes environm5t ! selective factor 9 8,natural ,selection0 & 9 ?is he is support$ by e liv+ biologi/ ( note4 ,k>l ,m>x p>allel$ ^! great advances by discov]+ t e political philosophy takes its orig9 9 "s p>ticul> economic environm5t4 ,?is is true ( ,socialism & ,individualism alike4 ,& s if we wi% to und]/& ! hi/oric significance ( ,individualism we mu/ g back to ! p]iod ( its bir? & exam9e ! social processes ( production ( t day4 ,?is takes u back to ! e>ly ye>s ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,9 ! clos+ half ( ! #ah? c5tury1 labor]s individually own$ ! small & crude tools by :i* !y made _! liv+4 ,9 ?is /age ( social developm5t ! labor] own+ ! tools he us$1 appropriat$ ! result4 ,!re 0 "h no contradiction & :atev] notion ( ju/ice is suppos$ to inh]e 9 ! 8individual own]%ip ( ! means ( production0 d]ives its :ole =ce f ! economic /atus ( ! work] ( ?is p]iod4 ,if t /atus _h rema9$ un*ang$1 ,socialism w\ld nev] h be5 he>d (4 ,b 9 ! process ( evolution ! tru? & ju/ice ( ! #ah? c5tury became a lie & a social wrong 9 ! #ai?4 ,?is trans=mation 0 wr\ght by ! developm5t ( ma*9]y4 ,x 0 impossible = e individual work] to own a l>ge ma*9e1 & s "s m5 became toolless wage labor]s employ$ by ! own]s ( ma*9]y4 ,?is is ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t labor problem & "h arises ! /ruggle 9 ! _w ( ideas betwe5 ! philosophy ( ,individualism & t ( ,socialism4 ,let u exam9e ! vital *ange :i* _h tak5 place ev5 be=e we rea* ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,n[1 "o man uses ! tools1 b ano!r owns !m & appropriates ! result4 ,& ?is is ! economic f\ndation ( ! class w> betwe5 ! exploit$ wage work] & ! exploit+ capitali/4 ,b ! individuali/ !ories prop] to ! #ah? c5tury1 & its mode ( weal? production1 pass$ ov] into ! #ai? :]e _! economic ju/ification _h ceas$4 ,z ! =tunate individual own]s ( ma*9]y f\nd !mselves gr[+ ri* at a great rate ap>t f _! own individual ef=ts1 !y became en?usia/ic support]s ( 8,individualism0 & ev5tually f\nd$ ! 8,man*e/]0 s*ool ( politics1 :i* _h ,h]b]t ,sp5c] z its *ief m\?-piece & ,h5ry ,george z a some:at belat$ trumpet]4 ,9 ?is heyday ( ,individualism ! 8rate ( pr(it0 0 at its highe/1 "o ,lanca%ire cotton sp9n] boa/+ ( "o ?\s& p] c5t4 ,b ! social hell 9 :i* ! ,engli% work+ class ( ?is p]iod liv$ is )\t p>allel 9 mod]n times4 ,its sy/em ( *ild labor1 z record$ 9 ! gov]nm5t blue books z well z already %[n by ,ow51 0 indescribably horrible1 b ! manufactur]s 7 oppos$ to 8gov]nm5t int]f]5ce0 & ! individuali/ philosophy & its bogey ( 8pat]nalism0 0 _! crav5 plea4 ,) ! gr\p+ ( ! work]s 9 factories production became socializ$1 & n[ came ?is contradiction1 production 0 social :ile own]%ip & appropriation 7 individual4 ,! ,sociali/s ( t p]iod rightly ma9ta9$ t society %\ld ei!r g back 9 production to ! individual =m s z to be 9 h>mony ) ! exi/+ individual =m ( own]%ip & appropriation1 or x %\ld adopt social own]%ip & social appropriation to h>monize ) ! already exi/+ social production4 ,b ! :eel ( hi/ory nev] revolves backw>d1 & ! latt] solution is de/9$ ultimately to prevail4 ,social evolution has already c>ri$ u f> 9 t direction4 ,) ! organization ( capital individual own]%ip disappe>$ & class own]%ip has tak5 its place4 ,! /ruggle ( ! #bj? c5tury is n a /ruggle betwe5 individuals1 x is a /ruggle betwe5 classes1 & s ,individualism has lo/ its mean+--x is defunct4 ,) ! disappe>ance ( ! economic f\ndation ( ,individualism1 & ! ov]?r[ ( ! philosophic sup]/ructure erect$ !reon1 all its wat*words h lo/ _! p[] to *>m4 ,free trade1 free labor1 free contract1 free competition2 all ^! are ! l+]+ & belat$ e*oes ( a day t is gone4 8,free trade0 0 ! prote/ ( ! ris+ capitali/ class aga9/ ! trammels plac$ ^u its comm]ce by ! feudal regime4 ,n[ x appe>s 9 a new role2 x is ! cry ( ! small capitali/ aga9/ ^? 8pr$atory tru/s0 :i* discov]$ t competition is n ! life b ! dea? ( trade1 & are us+ protection to de/roy _! weak] fell[-robb]s4 8,free labor0 0 ! dem& ( ! capitali/ t ! s]f %\ld be releas$ f ! soil 9 ! c\ntry s t he might be available = exploitation 9 ! factory1 9 ! city4 ,9 ,engl& an attempt has be5 made to give ?is defunct phrase a new lease ( life by ! 8,free ,labor ,association0 an organization :i* _h ?is 9 common ) our 8,citiz5's ,alliance0 t x s\ght to enc\rage ! de> good work+man to keep out ( ! 8tyrannical0 labor unions4 8,fre$om ( contract0 or1 z x is sometimes call$ 8,volunt>y ,co-op]ation0 nev] exi/$ 9 capitali/ society & has nev] be5 any?+ b a grim joke or a pla9 lie4 ,:]e is ! fre$om or volunt>yism ( ! work] :o mu/ "w = :at he c get or />ve l a dog 9 ! /reet8 ,! effects ( 8free ,competition0 9 ,engl& 9 ! e>ly days ( capitalism1 :]e x 0 mo/ free1 7 su* t none b a fi5d w\ld wi% !m recall$4 ,! 8might h be50 halo ) :i* pres5t day individuali/s seek to surr\nd ?is pr9ciple1 is a midsumm] night's dream t nev] _h any exi/5ce 9 ! _w ( reality & c nev] be realiz$1 except 9 ! phantasmogoria ( _! own ideological imag9ations4 ,individualism 9 all its =ms has become an ana*ronism4 ,! deifi$ ego ( ,max ,/irn]1 :i* imag9es itself sitt+ en?ron$ on ! p9nacle ( ! univ]se1 direct+ ! motions ( ! planet ,jupit] by crook+ its little f+]1 is an ideological phantasm1 :i* has no connection ) ! solid e>?4 ,! fl[]y exhortations ( ,em]son1 to live a noble life 9 ignoble surr\nd+s1 is an invitation to attempt :at is1 = ! mass1 impossible4 ,any philosophy :i* proposes to save ! individual )\t trans=m+ 8 social environm5t /&s condemn$ by mod]n sci5ce4 ,if1 ) a society m highly organiz$ ?an any kn[n to hi/ory1 we /ill h an>*y 9 ! production & di/ribution ( our weal?1 ! rem$y is1 n less social organization1 b m4 ,if ) all our d5tal sci5ce too?a*e /ill exi/s1 ! cure is n few] d5ti/s1 b m d5ti/ry4 ,! ne$ ( to-day is n less society1 b m social organization4 ,!re is no hope 9 go+ back to ! small production ( sixty ye>s ago z ,he>/ & ,bryan desire4 ,increas+ ! numb] ( b&its 9 any society is n ! conc]n ( _! victims4 ,! gold5 age ( labor is n 9 ! pa/ b 9 ! future4 ,! labor problem _c be solv$ by go+ back to ! scramble ( ! hog-p5 or ! me?ods ( ! jungle4 ,!re is no succ\r 9 fly+ at ea* o!r's ?roats 9 ! "n ( bus9ess4 ,fre$om _c live 9 a society r5t by class w>s4 ,h] conque/s are only possible ) a humanity unit$ to subdue ! cosmic _w by :i* x is int]pr5etrat$ & surr\nd$4 ,happily = u1 society evolves indep5d5tly ( anybody's op9ion4 ,our op9ions foll[ bl9dly & grop+ly 9 ! re>4 ,! op9ions ( individuali/s d n manufacture social laws1 accord+ to c]ta9 e?ical requirem5ts2 !y int]pret & expla9 ^? laws :i* !y discov] 9 op]ation4 ,! fundam5tal "q is n1 8is ,individualism bett] ?an ,socialism80 b 8,is society mov+ 9 ! direction ( ! "o or ! o!r80 ,to answ] ?is "q x is only necess>y to comp>e ! _w ( to-day ) t ( t5 or ev5 five ye>s ago4 ,am]ica moves /eadily t[>d ,socialism1 :ile ,europe advances 9 great leaps4 ,e civiliz$ c\ntry tells ! same /ory1 & ! rec5t developm5t ( ,f9l& & ,au/ria a/oni%$ ! _w4 ,society moves =w>d1 z irresi/ibly z ! ocean tides1 & x moves 9 a direction pr$ict$ by ^? greate/ ?9k]s ( ?is or any age--! m5 :o l9k$ _! lives ) ! blood & ! te>s & ! /ruggles ( half a c5tury 9 ! greate/ cause t ev] ?robb$ 9 ! bra9 ( man--! cause ( ,socialism4 ,x4 ,,civilization--,,w>d ,,& ,,dietzg5 ,"o ( ! d>ke/ curses t has fall5 on ! work+ class is its be+ %ut out ( ! wondr\s _w ( mod]n ?\ght4 ,! great gates ( ! ,temple ( ,sci5ce are clang$ 9 its face1 & its m9d is f$ on ! !ological g>bage ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ! s*ool1 ! press1 & especially ! pulpit1 ideas are gravely pres5t$ z s]i\s tru?s1 :i* are kn[n by all univ]sity m5 to be ?or\ghly explod$ lies4 ,a tw5tie? c5tury newspap] w braz5ly devote a :ole page to pres5t+1 ) pictorial illu/rations1 alleg$ rec5tly discov]$ pro(s ( ! tru? ( t ,g5esis leg5d :i* has done su* loyal s]vice to ! rul+ class by /ultify+ ! bra9s ( its victims4 ,^! hypocritical displays are nev] publicly contradict$1 al?\gh e man ) ! lea/ smatt]+ ( sci5tific k1 includ+ ! editors1 kn[s h[ utt]ly false !y are4 ,^! wor?ies indulge 9 a sly gr9 & l[] "o eyelid1 = x is g5]ally und]/ood among !m t ! great donkey--! work+ class--w only cons5t to c>ry ev]ybody's burd5s 9 addition to its own1 j s long z x is kept 9 *ildi% ignorance ( ev]y?+ x ought to "k4 ,& ?is is n all4 ,n[ t a great body ( work+m5 are disc>d+ ^! anci5t lies1 & grop+ = ^? great tru?s t conta9 ! g]ms ( _! r$emption1 ! (ficial savants1 true s]vants ( ! rul+ class1 twi/ & w>p _! own sci5ce 9 ord] to make x contradict e work+ class idea4 ,?is attitude ( ! "t s]v+ intellectual lackeys ( ! pr(essorial *airs has br\ght ) x ano!r blight+ curse--x has made a consid]able numb] ( work+ m5 suspici\s ( mod]n sci5ce itself4 ,x is an old-"t trag$y1 ?is break+ ) "o's be/ fri5d because ( ! gr\ndless calumnies ( an int]e/$ enemy4 ,?is t]ribly mi/ak5 antagonism to sci5ce has un=tunately f\nd its way1 9 "s measure1 into ! ,sociali/ movem5t1 ?\gh happily1 increas+ acqua9tance ) ,socialism's classic lit]ature is break+ x d[n4 ,9 ?is connection ! foll[+ passage f ! p5 ( ,isador ,lad(f is v p]t95t3 8,rationali/ic mod]n ,socialism is bas$1 n exclusively on c]ta9 economic !ories & maxims1 z "s n>r[-m9d$ #8,sociali/s pure & simple' ?9k & w\ld fa9 make u believe1 b on ! broad f\ndation ( mod]n sci5ce & ?\ght4 ,! economic !ories peculi> to mod]n ,socialism are d]iv$ f ! application ( ! results ( ! a*ievem5ts ( mod]n k & philosophy to ! field ( social economics4 ,! tr\ble ) ! #8,sociali/s pure & simple' is 9 ! extreme limitation ( _! m5tal horizon4 ,!y happ5 to "k1 or r imag9e !y h ma/]$ ,m>xian economics1 :ile mod]n sci5ce & philosophy rema9s to !m a seal$ lett]4 ,t is :y !y get irritat$ :5ev] & :]ev] !y meet 9 ! sociali/ic press an article conta9+ some?+ else ?an ! ev]la/+ p>rot-l repetitions ( pseudo-sociali/ic commonplaces & %ibbole?s4 ,e attempt to pres5t to ! att5tion ( ! read]s ( sociali/ic publications1 glimpses ( ! radiant _w ( sci5ce & philosophy1 lead+ up to sociali/ic ideas & ideals 9 all _! _w-r$eem+ significance1 appe>s to ! simplem9d$ & sup]/iti\s simon-pure ,sociali/s z an attack on somebody or some?+1 z a h]esy & het]odoxy ( "s k9d4 ,to su* p ! religion ( sci5ce is ! religion ( ignorance & vice v]sa1 ignorance is _! religion & sci5ce40 ,! use ( sci5ce & philosophy by ! rul+ class z a pret5ce = ! appropriation ( ! lion's %>e ( ! weal? produc$ by labor does n prove t work+m5 %\ld ab&on philosophy z useless to _! cause4 ,on ! contr>y1 z ,dietzg5 says3 8,philosophy is a subject :i* closely conc]ns ! work+ class10 & he adds3 8,?is1 ( c\rse1 does by no means imply t e work+man %\ld try to become acqua9t$ ) philosophy & /udy ! relation betwe5 ! idea & matt]4 ,f ! fact t we all eat bread does n foll[ t we mu/ all und]/& mill+ & bak+4 ,b j z we ne$ mill]s & bak]s1 s does ! work+ class /& 9 ne$ ( ke5 s*ol>s :o c foll[ up ! tortu\s ways ( ! false prie/s & lay b>e ! inanity ( _! tricks40 ,x is q cle> t work+ m51 in/ead ( und]e/imat+ ! value ( m5tal tra9+1 %\ld rememb] :at a t]rible weapon x has prov$ 9 ! h&s ( _! enemies4 ,x is precisely because ! work]s h lack$ ?is weapon1 t 9 spite ( _! ov]:elm+ numb]s & physical /r5g?1 !y h always be5 outwitt$4 8,! emancipation ( ! work+ classes10 concludes ,dietzg51 8requires t !y %\ld lay hold on ! sci5ce ( ! c5tury40 ,le/] ,f4 ,w>d1 ^: !ories we %all n[ exam9e1 w>ns u aga9/ ! errone\s supposition 8=m]ly q preval5t10 t 8sci5ce consi/s 9 ! discov]y ( facts40 ,he ma9ta9s t 8!re is n a s+le sci5ce ( :i* ?is is true1 & a mu* m ne>ly correct def9ition w\ld be t sci5ce consi/s 9 reason+ ab\t facts40 ,we may recall "h t le>n$ body :i* sne]$ at ,d>w9 z 8a m]e !oriz]0 & conf]r$ its honors ^u an unkn[n man :o _h collect$ "s facts ab\t butt]flies b _h c>efully avoid$ 8reason+ ab\t !m40 ,( c\rse ! value ( ?is reason+ is t x leads to ! discov]y ( ^? laws or g5]alizations :i* reveal ! relation ( ! facts to ea* o!r1 & ?us enables u to appreciate _! real significance4 ,!re=e we might v5ture to pu% ! matt] a little fur!r & def9e sci5ce z ! discov]y ( laws4 ,b = ! uni=mity & inv>iability ( physical ph5om5a1 a/ronomy w\ld be impossible4 ,! discov]y ( evolution laid ! f\ndations ( mod]n biology4 ,dalton's !ory ( atoms & ,lavoisi]'s p]man5ce ( matt] emancipat$ *emi/ry f ! sup]/itions ( al*emy4 ,w>d is !re=e on solid gr\nd :5 he ma9ta9s t 8! indisp5sable f\ndation ( all economic & social sci5ce0 consi/s 9 ! fact t 8all human activities & all social ph5om5a are rigidly subject to natural law40 ,x is j ! difficulty ( disc]n+ uni=m laws amid/ ! highly complex ph5om5a ( society t delays ! prop] developm5t ( sociology1 al?\gh1 z we h se51 ?is difficulty is mat]ially augm5t$ by ! class int]e/s at /ake4 ,aga91 j z biology 0 h9d]$ 9 its gr[? by ! doctr9e ( special creations &1 /ill e>li]1 ,cop]nican a/ronomy 0 *eck$ by ! geoc5tric !ory1 s n[ ! progress ( sociology is re/ra9$ by ! doctr9e ( div9e provid5ce4 ,believ]s 9 div9e provid5ce are well repres5t$ by ! ,h9doo :o 9 8 lesson on ,engli% composition spoke ( 8 fa!r z hav+ 8di$ accord+ to ! caprice ( ,god :i* passe? all und]/&+40 ,x is precisely because 8caprice0 c n be und]/ood & _c !re=e1 be made ! basis ( prevision1 t x c n be admitt$ into ! doma9 ( sci5ce4 ,sci5ce1 z ,/>cke well said1 is f\nd$ on 8fai? 9 ! univ]sality ( causation40 ,if ! activities ( m5 & ! policies ( nations are n rul$ by cause & effect a sci5ce ( society is impossible4 ,& yet1 cont5ds ,w>d1 x 0 ! v adoption ( ?is 8altoge!r s\nd ab/ract pr9ciple0 t 8l$ to ! greate/ & mo/ fundam5tal ( all economic errors1 an error :i* has f\nd its way into ! he>t ( mod]n sci5tific philosophy1 widely influ5c+ public op9ion1 & (f]+ a /ubborn resi/ance to all ef=ts to dislodge x40 ,& n[ we come to ! keynote ( ,w>d's :ole sy/em & at ! same "t to ! po9t :]e he completely breaks ) ! biological sociologi/s4 ,! error1 :i* ,w>d attributes to !m all1 ! refutation ( :i* is ! ma9 object ( 8 "w1 is describ$ z foll[s3 8,?is error consi/s 9 practically ignor+ ! exi/5ce ( a rational faculty 9 man1 :i*1 :ile x does n r5d] 8 actions any less subject to natural laws1 s enorm\sly complicates !m t !y c no long] be br\ght )9 ! simple =mulas t suffice 9 ! calculus ( m]e animal motives4 ,?is elem5t creeps /eal?ily 9 betwe5 ! *ild & ! adult1 & all unnotic$ puts ! be/ laid s*emes ( economi/s & philosoph]s altoge!r aglee4 ,a great psy*ic factor has be5 left out ( ! acc\nt1 ! intellectual or rational factor1 & ?is factor is s /up5d\s t !re is no room = a/oni%m5t 9 contemplat+ ! magnitude ( ! error :i* its omission has caus$40 ,?is is ! f\ndation /one ( ,w>d's sociology4 ,) great c>e he elaborates ! vital diff]5ce betwe5 ! economy ( nature ) its bl9d =ces1 & ! economy ( society ) its m5tal arrangem5t ( means to ends4 ,he m>%als t well-kn[n array ( facts :i* prove ! trem5d\s wa/e cont9ually go+ on 9 ! natural _w4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,quatrefages1 two successive g5]ations ( a s+le plant-l\se w\ld cov] eight acres4 ,a l>ge *e/nut tree 9 ,june conta9s z mu* z a ton ( poll54 ,consid]+ ! size ( poll5-gra9 ! numb] on su* a tree w\ld be next to inconceivable4 ,bur/ a puff-ball & !re arises f x a cl\d t fills ! air = "s di/ance ar\nd4 ,?is cl\d consi/s ( an almo/ inf9ite numb] ( exce$+ly m9ute spores1 ea* ( :i* %\ld x by ! r>e/ *ance fall ^u a favorable spot1 is capable ( reproduc+ ! fungus to :i* x belongs4 ,& yet 9 spite ( all ?is enorm\s reproductivity ! population ( ^! species rema9s practically /ation>y4 ,w>d objects v /rongly to ?is insane wa/e ( nature be+ set up z a model = human society1 & he is entitl$ to ! sympa?y ( ,sociali/s :o h always prote/$ aga9/ ! planless an>*y ( capitali/ production1 :i* h[ev]1 bad z x is1 c h>dly be consid]$ a circum/ance comp>$ ) ! r&om wa/e ( nature4 8,! wa/e ( be+10 says ,asa ,gray1 8is enorm\s1 f> beyond ! common appreh5sion4 ,se$s1 eggs1 & o!r g]ms1 are design$ to be plants & animals1 b n "o ( a ?\s& or a million a*ieves its de/9y40 ,& ,gray quotes ) approval f an article 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review3 8,:5 we f9d t ! s[+ is a scatt]+ at r&om1 & t = "o be+ provid$ = & liv+1 t5 ?\s& p]i% unprovid$ =1 we mu/ all[ t ! exi/+ ord] w\ld be consid]$ ! wor/ disord] 9 any human sph]e ( action40 ,w>d1 ( c\rse1 takes ! same view3 8,no "o w object to hav+ nature's me?ods fully expla9$ & expos$1 & ?or\ghly taught z a great tru? ( sci5ce4 ,x is only :5 x is held up z a model to be foll[$ by man & all are =bidd5 to #8m$dle' ) its op]ations t x becomes necess>y to prote/4 ,i %all endeavor /ill fur!r to %[ t x is :olly at v>iance ) any?+ t a rational be+ w\ld ev] conceive (1 & t if a be+ suppos$ to be rational 7 to adopt x he w\ld be look$ ^u z insane40 8,su*10 says ,w>d1 8is nature's economy4 ,h[ diff]5t ! economy ( a rational be+6 ,he prep>es ! gr\nd1 cle>+ x ( its vegetable competitors1 !n he c>efully plants ! se$s at ! prop] int]vals s t !y %all n cr[d "o ano!r1 & aft] !y h spr\t$ he keeps (f _! enemies :e!r vegetable or animal1 supplies wat] if ne$$1 ev5 supplies ! lack ( *emical con/itu5ts ( ! soil1 if he kn[s :at !y are1 & ?us secures1 z ne>ly z possible1 ! vigor\s gr[? & fruition ( e se$ plant$4 ,?is is ! economy ( m9d40 ,& n[ ,w>d pres5ts a tru? t is v famili> to all ,sociali/s--t ! diff]5ce betwe5 an animal liv+ 9 a /ate ( nature & man liv+ 9 human society1 is t man is a tool us+ animal4 ,?is use & developm5t ( tools is due to t application ( reason call$ ! inv5tive faculty1 :i* no o!r animal possesses4 8,! beav] inde$1 builds dams by fell+ trees1 b its tools are its tee?1 & no fur!r advantage is tak5 ?an t :i* results f ! way ! muscles are atta*$ to its jaws4 ,! w>f>e ( animals is wag$ lit]ally ) too? & nail1 ) horn & ho(1 ) claw & spur1 ) tusk & trunk1 ) fang & /+--always ) organic1 nev] ) me*anical weapons40 ,& because man c inv5t tools & improve !m he has an imm5se advantage ov] o!r animals4 ,x is ?is advantage :i* ! biological sociologi/s h ov]look$4 ,b ?is advantage makes an incalculable diff]5ce4 ,! fundam5tal diff]5ce is1 t 8! environm5t trans=ms ! animal1 :ile man trans=ms ! environm5t40 ,:at1 !n1 is civilization8 ,x is human developm5t beyond ! animal /age4 ,:at x its *ief factor8 ,x is psy*ic--! application ( 8m9d0 to ! problems ( life4 ,n[ we see /ill fur!r h[ ,w>d is irresi/ibly driv51 by ! logic ( 8 position1 to ,sociali/ conclusions4 ,he sees t ano!r /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 irrational nature & rational society is t nature is competitive1 :ile society is increas+ly co-op]ative4 ,& ?is co-op]ation is due to ! great] developm5t ( t psy*ic factor1 :i* is ! *ief in/rum5t ( civilization & leads m5 to avoid wa/e4 ,turn+ n[ to 8,pure ,sociology10 we are told t ! subject-matt] ( sociology is 8human a*ievem5t40 ,:5 we ask1 9 :at does ?is a*ievem5t consi/1 we are in=m$ t3 8,a*ievem5t does n consi/ 9 weal?4 ,weal? is fleet+ & ephem]al4 ,a*ievem5t is p]man5t & et]nal40 ,aga9 ! sum total ( ! ?+s :i* con/itute a*ievem5t may be summ$ up 9 ! "o ^w 8inv5tions40 ,a*ievem5t ) ,w>d is ano!r "n = civilization4 ,page aft] page is giv5 to an enum]ation ( its p>ticul>s1--music1 pa9t+1 poetry1 exploration1 indu/ry & _m o!r ?+s :i* we h n space ev5 to m5tion4 ,! "o ?+ t is vital "h is t 8a*ievem5t10 :ile x does n include p]i%able weal?1 nor yet ! actual1 p]i%able ma*9]y by :i* ! weal? has be5 produc$1 does nev]!less und\bt$ly include t some?+ describ$ by ,sociali/s z ! 8process ( production40 ,?is is ( prime importance because n[ :5 we turn to ,w>d's 8,appli$ ,sociology10 we f9d t n only a*ievem5t1 b 8improvem5t0 is ! !me ( t bran* ( ! sci5ce4 ,& n[ li/5 to ?is great ,am]ican sociologi/1 :o has s f> out/ripp$ all 8 contempor>ies z to be practically )\t a rival1 ?is ?9k] ^: monum5tal works h ga9$ him an int]national reputation2 li/5 & comp>e :at foll[s ) ! hocus-pocus t usually comes f ! (ficial *airs3 8,! purpose ( appli$ sociology is to h>monize a*ievem5t ) improvem5t4 ,if all ?is a*ievem5t :i* con/itutes civilization has really be5 wr\ght )\t produc+ any improvem5t 9 ! condition ( ! human race1 x is "t t ! reason = ?is 0 inve/igat$4 ,appli$ sociology includes among its ma9 purposes ! inve/igation ( ?is "q4 ,! difficulty lies 9 ! fact t a*ievem5t is n socializ$4 ,! problem1 !re=e1 is t ( ! socialization ( a*ievem5t4 8,we are told t no s*eme = ! equalization ( m5 c succe$2 t at fir/ x 0 physical /r5g? t det]m9$ ! inequalities2 t ?is at l5g? gave way to ! p[] ( cunn+1 & t /ill lat] x became intellig5ce 9 g5]al t det]m9$ ! place ( individuals 9 society4 ,?is la/1 x is ma9ta9$ is n[1 9 ! long run1 9 ! mo/ civiliz$ races & ! mo/ enlight5$ communities1 ! true reason :y "s occupy l[] & o!rs high] positions 9 ! natural /rata ( society4 ,?is1 x is said1 is ! natural /ate & is z x %\ld be4 ,x is moreov] affirm$ t be+ natural !re is no possibility ( alt]+ x4 8,( c\rse all ?is falls to ! gr\nd on ! lea/ analysis4 ,= example1 />t+ f ! /&po9t ( a*ievem5t1 x w\ld naturally be held t !re w\ld be great inju/ice 9 robb+ ^? :o by _! sup]ior wisdom _h a*iev$ ! great results ^u :i* civilization re/s & di/ribut+ ! natural rew>ds among inf]ior p]sons :o _h a*iev$ no?+4 ,all w\ld ass5t to ?is4 ,& yet ?is is 9 fact practically :at has be5 done4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ! _w %[s t ^? :o h a*iev$ h receiv$ no rew>d4 ,! rew>ds = _! a*ievem5t h fall5 to p]sons :o h a*iev$ no?+4 ,!y h simply = ! mo/ "p pr(it$ by "s accid5t ( position 9 a complex1 badly organiz$ society1 :]eby !y h be5 p]mitt$ to claim & appropriate ! fruits ( ! a*ievem5ts ( o!rs4 ,b no "o w\ld insi/ t ^! fruits %\ld all g to ^? :o _h made !m possible4 ,! fruits ( a*ievem5t are incalculable 9 am\nt & endure =ev]4 ,_! au?ors are few 9 numb] & soon pass away4 ,!y w\ld be ! la/ to claim an undue %>e4 ,!y "w = all mank9d & = all "t1 & all !y ask is t all mank9d %all =ev] b5efit by _! "w40 ,& s ,w>d's conclusion is t ! greatness ( ! pres5t consi/s 9 t mass ( a*ievem5ts call$ civilization1 among :i* are ^? inv5tions :i* h s wond]fully increas$ ! capacity ( social labor 9 its production ( weal?4 ,& ! hope ( ! future lies 9 ! socialization ( ^? a*ievem5ts s z to make _! ri* fruits ! common h]itage ( all mank9d4 ,!re are no ,sociali/s :o w qu>rel ) ^! conclusions4 ,we w n[ briefly comp>e ?is position ) t ( ! great ,g]man ?9k]1 ,joseph ,dietzg51 :o at ! int]national congress at ,! ,hague1 9 #ahgb1 0 introduc$ by ,k>l ,m>x to ! assembl$ delegates ) ^! words3 8,"h is our philosoph]40 ,( c\rse we %all only deal ) 8 !ories "h z !y relate to ! conclusions rea*$ by ,w>d4 8,all ex]tion & /ruggle 9 human hi/ory0 says ,dietzg51 8all aspirations & rese>*es ( sci5ce f9d _! common aim 9 ! fre$om ( man1 9 ! subjection ( nature to ! sway ( 8 m9d40 ,?is is1 z we h se51 precisely ,w>d's idea ( :at con/itutes ! sub/ance ( civilization4 8,man1 to be sure10 says ,dietzg51 8is /ill dep5d5t on nature4 ,h] tribulations are n yet all ov]come4 ,culture has yet a good deal to d2 aye1 its "w is endless4 ,b we h s f> ma/]$ ! dragon1 t we f9ally succe$$ 9 =g+ ! weapon ) :i* x c be subdu$2 we "k ! way to tame ! bea/ into a useful dome/ic animal40 ,:at is ?is 8weapon0 :i* humanity has =g$ & :i* con/itutes ! possibility ( its salvation8 8,?is salvation10 says ,dietzg51 80 nei!r inv5t$ nor reveal$1 x has gr[n ( ! accumulat$ labor ( hi/ory4 ,x consi/s 9 ! weal? ( to-day :i* arose glori\s & dazzl+ 9 ! light ( sci5ce1 out ( human fle% & blood1 to save humanity4 ,?is weal? 9 all its palpable reality1 is ! solid f\ndation ( ! hope ( social-democracy40 ,& "h le/ !re %\ld seem to be a pla9 contradiction betwe5 ,dietzg5 & ,w>d1 we w g fur!r & see t ,dietzg51 l ,w>d1 does n mean m]ely ^? items ( weal? :i* happ5 to be 9 exi/5ce 9 ! %ape ( tangible commodities4 8,! weal? ( to-day does n consi/ 9 ! sup]b mansions1 inhabit$ by ! privileg$ ( society1 nor does x consi/ 9 _! co/ly app>el1 or 9 ! gold & preci\s /ones ( _! jewelry1 or 9 ! heaps ( goods peep+ ?r\gh ! %[ w9d[s ( our great cities4 ,all t z well z ! co9 & bullion 9 ! trunks & safes =m b an app5dix or1 s to speak1 ! tassels & tufts1 beh9d :i* is conceal$ t great & real weal?--! rock on :i* our hope is built4 8,:at au?orizes ! p to believe 9 ! salvation f long ages ( torture--nay1 n only to believe 91 b to see x1 & actively /rive =1 is ! fairy-l productive p[]1 ! prodigi\s f]tility ( human labor4 ,9 ! secrets :i* h be5 wrung f nature2 9 ! magic =mulas by :i* we =ce h] to d our wi%es & to yield h] b\nties almo/ )\t any pa9ful "w on our "p2 9 ! con/antly increas+ improvem5t ( ! me?ods ( production--9 ?is ,i say consi/s ! weal? :i* c accompli% :at no r$eem] ev] c\ld40 ,& ,dietzg51 l ,w>d1 prote/s aga9/ ?is great legacy ( hi/ory1 ?is va/ accumulation ( ! results ( ! comb9$ social labor ( a hundr$ g5]ations1 be+ ! sole prop]ty ( ^? 8:o nev] a*iev$ any?+60 ,dietzg51 l ,w>d1 sees t ! great problem :i* confronts ! race is to break d[n ^? intol]able b>s :i* prev5t humanity f ent]+ into its j inh]itance4 ,to ?is great & culm9at+ task man mu/ b5d all ! p[]s ( 8 m9d4 ,n[ he has rea*$ ! po9t :]e ! gates ( lib]ty beg9 to yield & ) "o gr&1 unit$ ef=t may be ?r[n wide op5 s t all ! sons & daught]s ( m5 may f9i% ! long c5turies ( mis]y & freely ent] 94 ,to cont9ue ?is s5seless oppression long] w\ld be ! summit ( /upidity4 8,consid] ! frugal ne$s ( our p & at ! same "t ! f]tility ( labor1 & ask y\rselves if m]e in/9ct alone w\ld n be suffici5t to tea* u h[ to supply adequately our ne$s ) ! help ( ! exi/+ means ( production80 ,to make ^! 8means ( production ! prop]ty ( society0 is !n ! problem ( ,w>d's appli$ sociology & ,dietzg5's social democracy alike4 ,accord+ to bo?1 ?is emancipation ( ! mass ( ! p f ! la/ =m ( slav]y is ! "o consum+ task ( civilization4 ,& ! psy*ic factor1 ! consci\sly reason+ bra9 ( man is1 accord+ to bo?1 to be m ?an ev] ! in/rum5t ( 8a*ievem5t40 ,to ,dietzg5 especially1 ! "t is rott5-ripe = ! great *ange4 8,! salvation ( humanity is involv$ 9 ?is "q4 ,x is s great & sublime t all o!r problems :i* "t may be> 9 its folds mu/ wait 9 sil5ce4 ,! :ole ( old ,europe is wait+ ) bat$ brea? ! fulfill+ ( ! ?+s :i* are com+4 8,oh1 ye %ort-sight$ & n>r[-m9d$1 :o c n give up ! fad ( mod]ate1 sl[1 organic progress6 ,d y n p]ceive t all y\r great lib]al passions s9k to ! level ( m]e trifl+1 because ! great "q ( social salvation is on ! ord] ( ! day8 ,! calm prec$es ! tempe/4 ,hi/ory /&s /ill1 because %e ga!rs =ce = a great cata/rophe40 ,,! ,,lewis ,,lectures4 ,?is book1 ,evolution1 ,social & ,organic1 is ! fir/ volume ( a s]ies ( lectures to :i* we expect to make notable additions 9 ! future4 ,we c at ?is "t def9itely promise two volumes1 :i* w be made up f ! lectures deliv]$ by ,mr4 ,lewis at ! ,g>rick ,!at] dur+ ! w9t] & spr+ ( #aijh4 ,t5 ,bl9d ,lead]s ( ! ,bl9d4 ,?is w 9 all probability be ! second volume ( ! ,lewis ,lectures1 & we expect to publi% x 9 ,may or ,june4 ,x w consi/ ( critical /udies ( ! !ories ( su* re=m]s1 philosoph]s & morali/s z ,b5jam9 ,kidd1 ,h5ry ,george1 ,dr4 ,s*aeffle1 ,?omas ,c>lyle1 ,augu/e ,comte & ,immanuel ,kant4 ,x mu/ n be imag9$ t ,mr4 ,lewis 9 ^! lectures is m]ely attempt+ to refute ^! ?9k]s1 nor t he w\ld disp>age ! s]vice t ea* 9 8 "t has r5d]$4 ,on ! contr>y 8 aim is to give ! read] z cle> a compreh5sion z possible ( :at ea* ( ^! m5 has a*iev$4 ,& he fur!rmore %[s h[ ! outlook ( ea* 0 limit$ by ! economic environm5t f :i* fl[$ ! m5tal atmosph]e 9 :i* he liv$1 s t x w\ld h be5 unreasonable = u to expect f ^! writ]s any o!r conclusions ?an ^? at :i* !y actually arriv$4 ,und]/&+ ^! conditions we c bett] und]/& h[ to meet ! argum5ts ( ^? /ill influ5c$ by ! outgr[n ideas :i* are p]haps be/ /at$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! lead]s "h consid]$4 ,socialism & ,mod]n ,?\ght4 ,?is is plann$ = ! ?ird volume ( ! s]ies1 & w probably be ready 9 ! summ] or fall ( #aijh4 ,x w be a direct supplem5t to ?is pres5t volume1 ,evolution1 ,social & ,organic1 :i* expla9s ! sci5tific basis on :i* socialism re/s4 ,! second volume1 z we h %[n1 is tak5 up ) an exam9ation ( rival !ories4 ,! ?ird volume w re/ate ! pr9ciples ( socialism & %[ h[ !y are appli$ to ! press+ problems ( today4 ,a lecture on 8,! ,economic ,int]pretation ( ,hi/ory0 w %[ h[ ,m>x's hi/orical me?od ?r[s a se>*-light on ! d>ke/ places 9 :i* sociological /ud5ts h hi!rto grop$4 ,"o on 8,! ,positive ,s*ool ( ,crim9ology0 w tell h[ ! sociali/ s*ol>s ( ,italy h revolutioniz$ ! once hopeless sci5ce ( crimes & puni%m5ts1 & h e/abli%$ c]ta9 v def9ite & v fruitful propositions1 %[+ all ! :ile t crime mu/ la/ :ile capitalism la/s4 ,9 8,! ,late/ ,^w ( ,sci5ce & ,philosophy--,monism10 ,mr4 ,lewis w %[ h[ ! cle>e/ ?9k]s 9 ! mod]n sociali/ movem5t h arriv$ at a conception ( ! univ]se t is broad en\gh to take 9 all reality1 & to %[ ! relation ( ! facts ( m9d to ! facts ( matt]4 ,we h room to m5tion "h b "o m lecture1 & t %all be 8,! ,inevitability ( ! ,triumph ( ,socialism40 ,ea* ( ^! volumes w be uni=m ) ! pres5t "o2 advance ord]s are solicit$4 ,! price1 po/age includ$1 w be fifty c5ts ea*4 ,! ,art ( ,lectur+4 ,mr4 ,lewis _h p]si/5tly be5 urg$ to tea* a class 9 ! art ( lectur+1 b ! _m dem&s on 8 "t made ?is q out ( ! "q1 & z ! be/ way to satisfy 8 fri5ds1 he wrote a s]ies ( brief articles = ! ,*icago ,daily ,sociali/1 ea* article conta9+ "s practical sugge/ions = "y sociali/ speak]s1 ea* sugge/ion ! direct fruit ( ! au?or's p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,^! articles at once attract$ wide att5tion1 & long be=e !y _h all appe>$1 !re 0 an unmi/akable dem& = _! publication 9 book =m4 ,t is :y ?is book is issu$4 ,!re is no?+ else q s helpful = ! "y man or woman :o expects to lecture on ! sociali/ plat=m4 ,& _m o!rs :o h no ?\ght ( lectur+ w enjoy read+ ! book1 because x br+s ! read] into su* close t\* ) ! p]sonality ( a man wor? kn[+4 ,pap]1 #be;c1 po/paid4 ,! ,/&>d ,sociali/ ,s]ies4 ,?is volume is a fair sample ( ! tw5ty-five sociali/ books already publi%$ 9 ?is libr>y4 ,9 _! selection1 ! object ( ! publi%]s has be5 9 s f> z possible to include all ! greate/ works by ,european & ,am]ican sociali/s t c\ld possibly be br\ght )9 ! limits ( a fifty-c5t volume4 ,( c\rse ! s]ies includes ! ,communi/ ,manife/o1 by ,m>x & ,engels4 ,?is1 by ! way1 is publi%$ 9 two editions1 9 "o ( :i* is also pr9t$ ,liebkne*t's "w on sociali/ tactics entitl$ ,no ,compromise1 :ile ! o!r includes a v]sion ( ! ,manife/o 9 ,esp]anto1 ! new int]national language1 z well z ! ,engli% v]sion4 ,! ,/&>d ,sociali/ ,s]ies also includes ,m>x's ,revolution & ,c\nt]-,revolution1 & ?ree ( ! mo/ important works ( ,fr$]ick ,engels1 ,socialism3 ,utopian & ,sci5tific1 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,family1 ,private ,prop]ty & ! ,/ate1 & ,feu]ba*3 ,! ,roots ( ! ,sociali/ ,philosophy4 ,z = liv+ sociali/ writ]s1 ,france is repres5t$ 9 ?is libr>y by ,laf>gue's ,social & ,philosophical ,/udies & ,! ,"r to ,be ,lazy & ,o!r ,/udies1 ,g]many by ,kautsky's ,! ,social ,revolution & ,e?ics & ! ,mat]iali/ ,conception ( ,hi/ory1 ,italy by ,f]ri's ,! ,positive ,s*ool ( ,crim9ology1 ,russia by ,ple*an(f's ,an>*ism & ,socialism1 ,belgium by ,v&]velde's ,collectivism & ,indu/rial ,evolution1 ,engl& by ,blat*=d's ,brita9 = ! ,briti%1 & ,am]ica by ! writ+s ( ,isador ,lad(f1 ,rob]ts ,rives ,la,monte1 ,a4 ,m4 ,simons1 ,john ,sp>go1 ,erne/ ,unt]mann1 ,john ,m4 ,"w & o!rs4 ,full descriptions ( all ^! books1 toge!r ) an acc\nt ( our o!r books at high] & l[] prices & sugge/ions z to ! *oice ( books1 toge!r ) "s int]e/+ propag&a matt]1 w be f\nd 9 ! curr5t issue ( ! ,sociali/ ,book ,bullet91 mail$ free to any "o reque/+ x4 ,h[ to ,get ,books at ,co/4 ,?is ,bullet9 also expla9s our co-op]ative plan = supply+ books at co/4 ,! publi%+ h\se :i* issues ?is volume is n own$ by any capitali/4 ,x is own$ by #a1ijj sociali/ work+ p1 ea* ( :om has subscrib$ t5 doll>s to help publi% m sociali/ books4 ,no divid5ds are paid2 ! advantage to ! /ockhold] is t in/ead ( pay+ fifty c5ts = a book l ?is "o he pays tw5ty-five c5ts if he calls at our (fice = x1 or ?irty c5ts if x is mail$ to him4 ,m /ockhold]s are ne$$ to provide ! capital = publi%+ m books1 & read]s ( ?is book are urg$ to co-op]ate ) u to ! ext5t ( buy+ a %>e at t5 doll>s4 ,we d n c>e to sell m ?an "o %>e to "o subscrib]1 b any "o hav+ m ?an t5 doll>s to inve/ c get f\r p] c5t int]e/ on x & h ! money return$ to him at any "t on ?irty days' notice4 ,^! t]ms are bett] ?an are (f]$ by ,*icago banks1 & ! l5d] has ! satisfaction ( kn[+ t 8 money is us$ = ! int]e/s ( ! work+ class & n aga9/ !m4 ,*>les ,h4 ,k]r ,company 7,co-op]ative7 #bfd ,k9zie ,/reet1 ,*icago ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 occasional unbalanc$ quotation m>ks repair$4 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation has n be5 *ang$4 ,on n9e pages1 !re 0 extra space betwe5 p>agraphs1 b ^! appe>$ to be ! way ! pr9t] setup ! text1 r ?an cont5t breaks int5d$ by ! au?or1 s !y h be5 ignor$ 9 ?is e,book4 ,! la/ six pages summ>ize o!r volumes 9 ! ,s]ies ( :i* ?is book is a "p4 ,^? pages orig9ally 7 numb]$ #a-f b are numb]$ "h z #bja-bjf4 ,page #ai3 8,vasca ,da ,gama0 0 pr9t$ t way4