,transcrib]'s notes3 ,! spell+1 punctuation & hyph5ation are z ! orig9al except = app>5t typographical errors1 :i* h be5 correct$4 ,italic text is d5ot$ ?us4 ,bold text is d5ot$ ?us4 ,bold1 sans s]if text1 repres5t+ physical appe>ance e4g41 ( a #8,tee' %ap$ wr5* is d5ot$ ?us ,t4 ,bo? #8gauge' & #8gage' appe> 9 ! text & h n be5 *ang$4 ,,fig4 #ded4 is us$ twice 9 ! orig9al book1 ! #bnd occurr5ce has be5 r5am$ ,,fig4 #ded;,a4 ,,fig4 #eea 0 omitt$ f ! orig9al sequ5ce ( illu/rations4 ,units ( pressure1 e4g41 #8p\nds' & #8lbs4' %\ld be #8p\nds p] squ>e in*' & #8lbs4 p] squ>e in*' respectively1 = complet5ess4 ,?is is left z pr9t$ 9 ! orig9al book4 ,,pumps ,,& ,,hydraulics4 ,,9 ,,two ,,p>ts4 ,"p ,two4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t5 ,,?\s& ,,horse ,,p[]4 7,see ,"p ,"o1 ,page #acc47 ,,pumps ,,& ,,hydraulics ,,by ,,william ,,rog]s ,au?or ( 8,draw+ & ,design10 etc4 ,illu/ration ,,relat+ ,,to ,,h& ,,pumps2 ,,p[] ,,pumps2 ,,p>ts ,,( ,,pumps2 ,,electrically ,,driv5 ,,pumps2 ,,/eam ,,pumps1 ,,s+le1 ,,duplex ,,& ,,comp\nd2 ,,pump+ ,,eng9es1 ,,high ,,duty ,,& ,,triple ,,expansion2 ,,! ,,/eam ,,fire ,,eng9e2 ,,und]writ]s' ,,pumps2 ,,m9+ ,,pumps2 ,,air ,,& ,,vacuum ,,pumps2 ,,compressors2 ,,c5trifugal ,,& ,,rot>y ,,pumps2 ,,! ,,pulsomet]2 ,,jet ,,pumps ,,& ,,! ,,injector2 ,,utilities ,,& ,,accessories2 ,,valve ,,sett+2 ,,managem5t2 ,,calculations1 ,,rules ,,& ,,tables4 ,,) ,,illu/rations4 ,,also ,,g5]al ,,consid]ations2 ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,pump ,,t]ms2 ,,hi/orical ,,introduction1 ,,) ,,illu/rations2 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,hydro-,,me*anics1 ,,hydro/atics ,,& ,,pneumatics2 ,,gravity ,,& ,,friction2 ,,hydraulic ,,memor&a2 ,,laws ,,gov]n+ ,,fluids2 ,,wat] ,,pressure ,,ma*9es2 ,,pumps ,,z ,,hydraulic ,,ma*9es1 ,,etc4 ,,"p ,,two4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,!o4 ,,audel ,,company #gb ,,fif? ,,ave41 ,,new ,,york1 ,u4,s4,a4 #g1 ,,imp]ial ,,arcade1 ,,ludgate ,,circus1 ,e4,c41 ,,london1 ,,eng4 ,copyright$1 #aije1 by ,,!o4 ,,audel ,,co41 ,,new ,,york4 ,ent]$ at ,/ation]s ,hall1 ,london1 ,engl&4 ,protect$ by ,int]national ,copyright 9 ,great ,brita9 & all h] ,colonies1 &1 "u ! provisions ( ! ,b]ne ,conv5tion1 9 ,belgium1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,switz]l&1 ,tunis1 ,hayti1 ,luxemb\rg1 ,monaco1 ,mont9egro & ,norway4 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,"p ,,two4 ,! divisions ( ,"p ,two are repres5t$ by ! foll[+ head+s3 ea* subject is fully treat$ & illu/rat$ on ! pages %[n3 pages ,,introduction ,,to ,,"p ,,two #a-aj ,,! ,,air ,,pump #ac-cj ,,air ,,& ,,vacuum ,,pumps #ca-ef ,,air ,,compressors #eg-gh ,,! ,,air ,,lift ,,pump #gi-ij ,,! ,,/eam ,,fire ,,eng9e #ia-adb ,,miscellane\s ,,pumps #adc-agf ,,m9+ ,,pumps #ade-aee ,,m>9e ,,pumps #aee-afb 8,,sug>-,,h\se0 ,,pumps #afe-afg ,,circulat+ ,,pumps #afh ,,atmosph]ic ,,pumps #afi-agj ,,ammonia ,,or ,,acid ,,pumps #aga ,,! ,,screw ,,pump #age-agf ,,a]motor ,,pumps #agg-aib ,,rot>y ,,& ,,c5trifugal ,,pumps #aic-bbi ,,turb9e ,,pumps #bca-bdb ,,injectors ,,& ,,ejectors #bdc-bff ,,pulsomet] ,,aqua-,,?ru/] #bfg-bhj ,,pump ,,spe$ ,,gov]nors #bha-bif ,,cond5s+ ,,app>atus #big-cad ,,utilities ,,& ,,atta*m5ts #cae-ccd ,,tools1 ,,valves ,,& ,,pip+ #cce-cef ,,pipes1 ,,jo9ts ,,& ,,fitt+s #ceg-cfh ,,useful ,,notes #cfi-chf ,,tables ,,& ,,data #chg-djj ,,ready ,,ref]5ce ,,index ,,to ,,"p ,,two ,,preface4 ,! own] ( a great tann]y _h once an improvem5t 9 mak+ lea!r propos$ to him by a =eman1 b ! m]*ant c\ld n compreh5d x ev5 ) ! mo/ e>ne/ v]bal explanation4 ,z a la/ resort he said1 8put x 9 writ+ s t ,i c /udy x out40 ,?is 0 done & ! *ange aft] an exam9ation ( ! pap] 0 made z advis$4 ,s 9 ^! volumes mu* important in=mation is writt5 & pr9t$ t x may be 8/udi$ out40 ,! au?or believes ! foll[+ features ( 8 "w adapt x to ! purpose = :i* x 0 design$3 #a4 ,x conta9s no m ?an c be ma/]$ by ! av]age eng9e] & ^? associat$ ) him1 su* z millwrights1 ma*9i/s1 sup]9t5d5ts ( motor p[]1 electric /ations1 wat] works1 etc4 #b4 ,x is ?or\ghly sy/ematiz$4 ,! ord] & developm5t ( subjects is ?\ght to be logical1 & ! arrangem5t ( topics especially adapt$ to ! ne$s ( ^? :o aspire to d ! be/ s]vice 9 _! e day responsibilities4 #c4 ,! "w is writt5 9 accordance ) mod]n !ories & practice2 no ex]tion has be5 sp>$ 9 ! attempt to make x fairly repres5t ! late/ /ate ( ! sci5ce ( hydraulics & its adaptation to ! ne$s ( mod]n me*anical advancem5t1 i4e41 9 ! l9e ( practical hydraulics4 ,,note4--,! preface is almo/ inv>iably made aft] ! book itself is f9i%$1 = an au?or nev] kn[s ) mu* exactness :i!r 8 rese>*es w lead him4 ,! book he beg9s is n always ! book he f9i%$2 ?is is especially ! case ) books relat+ to mod]n sci5ces & indu/ry4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is1 x may be told t at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is "w x 0 g5]ally agre$ t ! easy 8lift0 ( ! c5trifugal pump 0 "s sixty or eighty feet1 & n mu* m1 b ! appropriate section relat+ to c5trifugal pumps has rea*$ a lift ( two ?\s& feet _h be5 practically assur$ by rec5t discov]ies4 ,?is important diff]5ce dem&$ a *ange 9 ! writ+ al?\gh--z x happ5$--n 9 ! pr9t+4 ,?is1 to expla9 :y "h1 ! au?or gives g5]\s praise to o!rs :o h assi/$ 9 ! long task ( mak+ ^! volumes4 #d4 ,x has be5 made by 8m5 :o "k = m5 :o c>e10 = ! :ole circle ( ! sci5ces consi/s ( pr9ciples d$uc$ f ! discov]ies ( diff]5t individuals1 9 diff]5t ages1 ?r[n into common /ock2 ?is is especially s ( ! sci5ce ( hydraulics2 ?us x may be tru?fully own$ t ! "w conta9s ! ga!r$ wisdom ( ! ages1 utiliz$ :]ev] ! au?or has f\nd t x w\ld increase ! usefulness ( ! volumes4 #e4 ,x is a "w ( ref]5ce m9utely index$4 ,we are w>n$ by ,pr(4 ,k>l ,pe>son t 8education c only develope2 x _c create4 ,if a man has n inh]it$ ability to le>n1 education _c make him le>n10 b 9 a well index$ book1 simply & pla9ly writt51 bo? classes ref]r$ to are equally b5efit$4 ,!re came ! mom5t1 once ^u a "t1 :5 ! au?or ( ?is book1 9 8 eag] pursuit ( k1 ask$ "o "q too mu*1 to :i* he receiv$ ! 8gruff0 answ]3 8,look ah]e1 ,i don't propose to make a diction>y ( myself40 ,?is 0 a pa9ful retort f a man already "u l>ge obligations to ! que/ion]1 b x _h its reason 9 be+ spok54 ,!re are ?+s 9 ! way ( a man's own craft t he mo/ unwill+ly imp>ts to anyone else4 ,x is n ?us ) ?is "w2 no?+ has be5 )held t w\ld make x pla9 & helpful to "o 9 ne$ ( ! special l9e ( in=mation aim$ to be convey$ 9 its make-up4 ,9 mak+ ackn[l$gm5t = favors receiv$ ! au?or fir/ rememb]s ,mr4 ,alb]to ,h4 ,caffee :o arrang$ 9 behalf ( ! ,l4 ,middl$it* ,press = ! issue ( ! "w4 ,mr4 ,caffee's "n appe>s 9 ! d$ication1 ) t ( ! brave soldi] & accompli%$ g5tleman ,maj4 ,abram ,b4 ,g>n]4 ,! latt] is "o to :om 8,jove has assign$ a wise1 ext5sive1 all consid]ate m9d40 ,! au?or is pr\d to call him fri5d & to ackn[l$ge ! b5efit receiv$ 9 k9dly advice relat+ to 8 productions4 ,mr4 ,h>ry ,h>rison's skill is %[n 9 ! 8lay out0 or typographical arrangem5t ( ! "w & ,mr4 ,h5ry ,j4 ,h>ms has contribut$ 8 c>eful sup]vision to ea* page ( ! book z x has gone ?r\gh ! press4 ,lewis ,f4 ,lyne1 ,me*anical ,eng9e]1 has1 amid 8 o!r responsible & active duties 8pass$ ^u0 ea* page ( ! entire two volumes4 ,mr4 ,lyne1 x may be said1 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,m4 ,e42 he 0 also ! fir/ me*anical eng9e] on ! editorial /aff ( ! ,am]ican ,ma*9i/ 9 its e>ly days1 & contribut$ z editor & /ockhold] to its success4 ,9 8 y\? ,mr4 ,lyne 0 appr5tice 9 ! ma*9e %op ( ! ,p5n4 ,r4 ,r4 & receiv$ 8 pap]s = full & fai?ful s]vice4 ,hav+ be5 commodore ( ! ,pavonia ,ya*t ,club he has pap]s bo? z ,u4 ,s4 pilot & also z a m>9e eng9e]4 ,he p]=m$ practical s]vice bo? z locomotive fireman & 0 lat] sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,j]sey ,city ,electric ,light ,co4 = a p]iod ( six & a half ye>s4 ,moreov] ,mr4 ,lyne 0 assi/ant ma/] me*anic ( ! ,delaw>e1 ,lackawanna ,we/]n ,r4 ,r4 7,m4 ,e4 ,div47 = sev5 ye>s & _h *>ge ( e/abli%+ _! new %ops at ,k+sl&1 ,n4 ,j4 ,few m5 h _h s long & honorable a record z ,lewis ,fr$]ick ,lyne4 ,cr$it is due also to ,mr4 ,edw>d ,f4 ,/ev5s1 assi/ant at ! ,yale ,univ]sity libr>y1 ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 = a c>eful read+ ( ! two volumes = cl]ical errors1 punctuation1 etc4 ,mr4 ,/ev5s is a graduate ( ,colby ,univ]sity & a ripe s*ol>2 moreov] aft] leav+ college he has _h "s twelve or m ye>s exp]i5ce 9 bus9ess & edit+ ) a me*anical book publi%+ h\se widely kn[n ?r\gh\t ,engl& & ! ,u4 ,s4--a r>e comb9ation ( useful exp]i5ce4 ,! f9al revision ( ! two volumes has be5 made by "o ( ! brighte/ "y eng9e]s 9 ,new ,york ,city1 n[ consult+ eng9e] & attorney at ,pat5t ,law ) (fices 9 ! ,flat ,iron ,build+1 corn] ( ,tw5ty-?ird ,/4 & ,fif? ,av5ue--,mr4 ,edw>d ,van ,w9kle4 ,he is associate memb] ( ! ,am4 ,soc4 ,m4 ,e4 & associate memb] ( ! ,canadian ,soc4 ( ,c4 ,e4 ,he 0 a ,/ud5t 9 ,! ,/ev5s ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 & graduat$ f ,columbia ,univ]sity 9 ! ,city ( ,new ,york ) ! degree ,e4 ,e4 ,^! names %\ld assure confid5ce 9 ! cont5ts ( ! "w1 :i* has be5 "s ye>s 9 prep>ation1 & ) no?+ sp>$ to make x tru/wor?y4 ,illu/ration 8,kick+ d[n0 a well 9 ! e>ly days4 ,a hole 0 dug 9 ! rock & cas$ ) a wood5 tube eight or t5 in*es squ>e4 ,9 ?is way ! tools1 susp5d$ f a horizontal ela/ic hickory pole1 :i* 9 turn 0 fa/5$ to a /ake1 7 work$ ov] an upright piece z a fulcrum4 ,! tools 7 work$ up & d[n 9 ! hole1 z %[n 9 ! picture4 ,,! ,,air ,,pump 8,!re is ?is rem>kable diff]5ce betwe5 bodies 9 a fluid & bodies 9 a solid =m1 namely1 t e p>ticle ( a fluid is p]fectly indep5d5t ( e o!r p>ticle4 ,!y d n coh]e 9 masses1 l ! p>ticles ( a solid1 nor d !y repel "o ano!r1 z is ! case ) ! p>ticles compos+ a gas4 ,!y c m+le among ea* o!r ) ! lea/ degree ( friction1 &1 :5 !y press d[n ^u "o ano!r by virtue ( _! own weight1 ! d[nw>d pressure is communicat$ 9 all directions1 caus+ a pressure upw>ds1 sideways1 & 9 e possible mann]4 ,h]e9 ! p>ticles ( a fluid diff] f ! p>ticles ( a solid1 ev5 :5 r$uc$ to ! mo/ impalpable p[d]2 & x is ?is :i* con/itutes fluidity1 namely1 ! p[] ( transmitt+ pressure 9 e direction1 & t1 too1 ) ! lea/ degree ( friction4 ,! p>ticles :i* compose a fluid mu/ be v mu* small] ?an ! f9e/ gra9 ( an impalpable p[d]40--,,ri*>d ,,gre5 ,,p>k]1 ,a4 ,m4 ,,pneumatics4 ,pneumatics treats ( ! me*anical prop]ties & effects ( air & simil> fluids2 ^! are call$ ela/ic fluids & gases1 or ari=m fluids4 ,hydro-pneumatics4 ,?is is a comp\nd ^w =m$ f two ,greek words signify+ wat] & air2 9 its prim>y mean+ x conveys ! idea ( ! comb9$ action ( wat] & air or gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ccj4 ,,note4--,fig4 #ccj is "o ( ! simple/ =ms ( an air pump4 ,! description accompany+ ,fig4 #cda prop]ly applies to ?is "o4 ,air is ! respirable fluid :i* surr\nds ! e>? & =ms its atmosph]e4 ,x is inodor\s1 invisible1 insipid1 colorless1 ela/ic1 possess$ ( gravity1 easily mov$1 r>efi$ & cond5s$1 ess5tial to respiration & combu/ion1 & is ! m$ium ( s\nd4 ,x is compos$ by volume ( #bj4g p>ts ( oxyg5 & #gi4c ( nitrog51 by weight1 ( #bc ( oxyg5 & #gg ( nitrog54 ,^! gases are n *emically unit$1 b are mix$ me*anically4 ,air conta9s also #a_/bjjj ( c>bon dioxide1 "s aque\s vapor1 ab\t "o p] c5t4 ( argon1 & small v>y+ am\nts ( ammonia1 nitric acid1 ozone1 & organic matt]4 ,! specific gravity ( ! air at #cb ,f is to t ( wat] z #a to #ggc1 & #ajj cubic in*es ( air at mean temp]ature & pressure weighs #cj-a_/b gra9s4 ,ari=m fluids are ^? :i* h ! =m ( air4 ,_m ( !m are invisible1 or ne>ly s1 & all ( !m p]=m v important op]ations 9 ! mat]ial _w4 ,b1 not)/&+ t !y are 9 mo/ in/ances imp]ceptible to our sight1 !y are really mat]ial1 & possess all ! ess5tial prop]ties ( matt]4 ,!y possess1 also1 9 an em95t degree1 all ! prop]ties :i* h be5 ascrib$ to liquids 9 g5]al1 besides o!rs by :i* !y are di/+ui%$ f liquids4 ,ela/ic fluids are divid$ into two classes1 namely1 #a1 p]man5t gases &1 #b1 vapors4 ,! gases _c be easily conv]t$ into ! liquid /ate by any kn[n process ( art299 b ! vapors are readily r$uc$ to ! liquid =m ei!r by pressure or dim9ution ( temp]ature4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! me*anical prop]ties ( bo? classes ( fluids4 ,z ! air :i* we brea!1 & :i* surr\nds u1 is ! mo/ famili> ( all ?is class ( bodies1 x is g5]ally select$ z ! subject ( ,pneumatics4 ,b x mu/ be premis$ t ! same laws1 prop]ties & effects1 :i* belong to air1 belong 9 common1 also1 to all ari=m fluids or gase\s bodies4 ,!re are two pr9cipal prop]ties ( air1 namely1 gravity & ela/icity4 ,^! are call$ ! pr9cipal prop]ties ( ?is class ( bodies1 because !y are ! means by :i* _! pres5ce & me*anical ag5cy are especially exhibit$4 ,al?\gh ! ari=m fluids all h weight1 !y appe> to possess no cohesive attraction4 ,! pressure ( ! atmosph]e caus$ by its weight is ex]t$ on all sub/ances1 int]nally & ext]nally1 & x is a necess>y consequ5ce ( its fluidity4 ,:5 ! ext]nal pressure is artificially remov$ f any "p1 x is imm$iately felt by ! reaction ( ! int]nal air4 ,heat ins9uates itself betwe5 ! p>ticles ( bodies & =ces !m asund]1 9 opposition to ! attraction ( cohesion & ( gravity4 ,x !re=e ex]ts its p[] aga9/ bo? ! attraction ( gravitation & ! attraction ( cohesion4 ,b1 z ! attraction ( cohesion does n exi/ 9 ari=m fluids1 ! expansive p[] ( heat ^u !m has no?+ to cont5d ) b gravity4 ,h5ce1 any increase ( temp]ature1 exp&s an ela/ic fluid prodigi\sly1 & a dim9ution ( heat cond5ses x4 99,,note4--,c>bonic acid gas =ms an exception to ?is ass]tion4 ,wat] also is ! union ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 gas4 ,a column ( air1 hav+ a base an in* squ>e1 & rea*+ to ! top ( ! atmosph]e1 weighs ab\t fifte5 p\nds4 ,?is pressure1 l ! pressure ( liquids1 is ex]t$ equally 9 all directions4 ,! ela/icity ( air & o!r ari=m fluids is t prop]ty by :i* !y are increas$ or dim9i%$ 9 ext5sion1 accord+ z !y are compress$4 ,?is prop]ty exi/s 9 a mu* great] degree 9 air & o!r simil> fluids ?an 9 any o!r sub/ance4 ,9 fact1 x has no kn[n limit1 =1 :5 ! pressure is remov$ f any portion ( air1 x imm$iately exp&s to su* a degree t ! smalle/ quantity w diffuse itself ov] an indef9itely l>ge space4 ,&1 on ! contr>y1 :5 ! pressure is increas$1 x w be compress$ into indef9itely small dim5sions4 ,! ela/icity or pressure ( air & all gases is 9 direct proportion to _! d5sity2 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 inv]sely proportional to ! space :i* ! fluid occupies4 ,?is law1 :i* 0 discov]$ by ,m>iotte1 is call$ 8,m>iotte's ,law40 ,?is law may p]haps be bett] express$ 9 ! foll[+ language2 namely1 ! d5sity ( an ela/ic fluid is 9 direct proportion to ! pressure :i* x su/a9s4 ,air becomes a me*anical ag5t by means ( its weight1 its ela/icity1 its in]tia & its fluidity4 ,! fluidity ( air inve/s x1 z x inve/s all o!r liquids1 ) ! p[] ( transmitt+ pressure2 fluidity is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! indep5d5t gravitation ( ! p>ticles ( a fluid4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be includ$ among ! effects ( weight4 ,! in]tia ( air is exhibit$ 9 ! resi/ance :i* x opposes to motion1 :i* has already be5 notic$ "u ! head ( ,me*anics4 ,?is is cle>ly se5 9 its effects ^u fall+ bodies1 z w be exemplifi$ 9 ! exp]im5ts ) ! air-pump4 ,! great degree ( ela/icity possess$ by all ari=m fluids1 r5d]s !m susceptible ( compression & expansion to an almo/ unlimit$ ext5t4 ,! repulsion ( _! p>ticles causes !m to exp&1 :ile )9 c]ta9 limits !y are easily compress$4 ,?is mat]ially affects ! /ate ( d5sity & r>ety "u :i* !y are at times exhibit$4 ,x may "h be /at$ t all ! laws & prop]ties ( liquids 7describ$ "u ! heads ( ,hydro/atics & ,hydraulics7 belong also to ari=m fluids4 ,! *emical prop]ties ( bo? liquids & fluids belong peculi>ly to ! sci5ce ( ,*emi/ry1 & are1 !re=e1 n to any ext5t1 consid]$ 9 ?is volume4 ,! air :i* we brea! is an ela/ic fluid1 surr\nd+ ! e>?1 & ext5d+ to an indef9ite di/ance above its surface1 & con/antly decreas+ upw>ds 9 d5sity4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t ! air ne> ! surface ( ! e>? be>s ! weight ( t :i* is above x4 ,be+ compress$1 !re=e1 by ! weight ( t above x1 x mu/ exi/ 9 a cond5s$ =m ne> ! surface ( ! e>?1 :ile 9 ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e1 :]e !re is no pressure1 x is highly r>efi$4 ,?is cond5sation1 or pressure1 is v simil> to t ( wat] at great dep?s 9 ! sea4 ,besides ! two pr9cipal prop]ties1 gravity & ela/icity1 ! op]ations ( :i* produce mo/ ( ! ph5om5a ( ,pneumatics1 x w be recollect$ t z air1 al?\gh an invisible is yet a mat]ial sub/ance1 possess+ all ! common prop]ties ( matt]1 x possesses also ! common prop]ty ( imp5etrability4 ,! ,!rmomet] is an in/rum5t to indicate ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x is con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple t heat exp&s & cold contracts mo/ sub/ances4 ,! !rmomet] consi/s ( a capill>y tube1 clos$ at ! top & t]m9at+ d[nw>ds 9 a bulb4 ,x is fill$ ) m]cury :i* exp&s & fills ! :ole l5g? ( ! tube or contracts altoge!r into ! bulb1 accord+ to ! degree ( heat or cold to :i* x is expos$4 ,any o!r fluid :i* is exp&$ by heat & contract$ by cold1 may be us$ in/ead ( m]cury4 ,,note4--,! t]ms 8r>efaction0 & 8cond5sation10 & 8r>efi$0 & 8cond5s$10 mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood 9 ?is connection4 ,!y are appli$ respectively to ! expansion & compression ( a body4 ,z x has be5 prov$ by exp]im5t t #ajj cubic in*es ( air weighs #cj-a_/b gra9s1 x w readily be conceiv$ t ! :ole atmosph]e ex]cises a consid]able pressure on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is pressure is %[n by ! foll[+ exp]im5ts4 ,on "o end ( a /\t glass cyl9d]1 ab\t #aj in*es high1 & op5 at bo? ends1 a piece ( bladd] is ti$ q air-tight4 ,! o!r end1 ! edge ( :i* is gr\nd & well-greas$1 is press$ on ! plate ( ! air-pump1 ,fig4 #cca4 ,z soon z ! air 9 ! vessel is r>efi$ by work+ ! air-pump1 ! bladd] is depress$ by ! weight ( ! atmosph]e above x1 & f9ally bur/s ) a l\d report caus$ by ! sudd5 entrance ( air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ccb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ccc4 ,! prec$+ exp]im5t only s]ves to illu/rate ! d[nw>d pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,by means ( ! ,magdeburg hemisph]es1 ,figs4 #ccb & #ccc1 ! inv5tion ( :i* is due to ,otto von ,gu]icke1 burgoma/] ( ,magdeburg1 x c be %[n t ! pressure acts 9 all directions4 ,?is app>atus consi/s ( two holl[ brass hemisph]es ( #d to #d-a_/b in*es diamet]1 ! edges ( :i* are made to fit tightly1 & are well greas$4 ,"o ( ! hemisph]es is provid$ ) a /op-cock1 by :i* x c be screw$ on to ! air-pump1 & on ! o!r !re is a h&le4 ,z long z ! hemisph]es conta9 air !y c be sep>at$ )\t any difficulty1 = ! ext]nal pressure ( ! atmosph]e is c\nt]balanc$ by ! ela/ic =ce ( ! air 9 ! int]ior4 ,b :5 ! air 9 ! int]ior is pump$ out by means ( an air-pump1 ! hemisph]es _c be sep>at$ )\t a p[]ful ef=t4 ,! ,b>omet] is an in/rum5t to measure ! weight ( ! atmosph]e1 & !reby to indicate ! v>iations ( ! wea!r1 etc4 ,x consi/s ( a long glass tube1 ab\t ?irty-?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 clos$ at ! upp] end1 & fill$ ) m]cury4 ,! tube is !n inv]t$ 9 a cup or lea!r bag ( m]cury1 on :i* ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e is ex]t$4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t1 :i* 0 fir/ made 9 #afdc1 by ,torricelli1 a pupil ( ,galileo1 gives an exact measure ( ! weight ( ! atmosph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ccd4 ,a glass tube is tak51 ab\t a y>d long & a qu>t] ( an in* int]nal diamet]1 ,fig4 #ccd4 ,x is seal$ at "o end1 & is q fill$ ) m]cury4 ,! ap]ture1 ,c1 be+ clos$ by ! ?umb1 ! tube is inv]t$1 ! op5 end plac$ 9 a small m]cury tr\gh1 & ! ?umb remov$4 ,! tube be+ 9 a v]tical position1 ! column ( m]cury s9ks1 &1 aft] oscillat+ "s "t1 x f9ally comes to re/ at a height1 ,a1 :i* at ! level ( ! sea is ab\t #cj in*es above ! m]cury 9 ! tr\gh4 ,! m]cury is rais$ 9 ! tube by pressure ( ! atmosph]e on ! m]cury 9 ! tr\gh4 ,!re is no contr>y pressure on ! m]cury 9 ! tube1 because x is clos$2 b1 if ! end ( ! tube be op5$1 ! atmosph]e w press equally inside & outside ! tube1 & ! m]cury w s9k to ! level ( t 9 ! tr\gh4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! heights ( two columns ( liquid 9 communication ) ea* o!r are inv]sely z _! d5sities2 & h5ce x foll[s t ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e is equal to t ( a column ( m]cury ! height ( :i* is #cj in*es4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! weight ( ! atmosph]e dim9i%es1 ! height ( ! column :i* x c su/a9 mu/ also dim9i%4 ,:y a vacuum gauge is graduat$ 9 in*es in/ead ( 9 p\nds is ?us expla9$4 ,take a tube say #ce in*es long1 clos$ at "o end1 fill$ ) m]cury & inv]t$ ) its op5 end 9 a b[l conta9+ ! same liquid4 ,! atmosph]e w ex]t on ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! b[l a pressure ( ab\t #ae p\nds p] squ>e in* & ?is pressure w be transmitt$ to t 9 ! tube s t ! upw>d pressure inside ! tube at ! level ( ! m]cury 9 ! b[l w be #ae p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,bel[ ! surface ! pressure increases1 due to ! dep? ( m]cury1 b ! weight ( m]cury inside ! tube bel[ ! level 9 ! b[l c\nt]acts ! weight ( t outside s t ! upw>d pressure p] squ>e in* at ! surface l9e is #ae p\nds p] squ>e in* inside ! tube no matt] h[ mu* or little x is subm]g$4 ,9 ! upp] end ( ! tube ! m]cury has dropp$ away1 leav+ a complete vacuum4 ,,note4--,moreov] x has ! advantage ov] a sci5tifically graduat$ gauge1 :i* w\ld be grad$ at #j = a p]fect vacuum & #ae1 or m ne>ly #ad4g1 = atmosph]ic pressure1 t ! in* indication increases z ! vacuum is m complete :ile ! absolute pressure decreases4 ,! in* ( m]cury has also ! advantage ov] ! p\nd z a unit = measur+ ! degree ( vacuum or ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pressure 9 ! cond5s] & t ( ! atmosph]e t !re are twice z _m in*es 9 a p]fect vacuum z !re are p\nds s t ! gauge c be read m closely )\t fractional units4 ,x is easi] to say #bc in*es ?an elev5 & a half p\nds4 ,! #ae p\nds w =ce ! m]cury up into ! tube until ! column is high en\gh to balance t pressure4 ,"o cubic in* ( m]cury weighs ab\t half a p\nd4 ,x w\ld take two cubic in*es to weigh a p\nd & a column two in*es high to ex]t a pressure ( "o p\nd p] squ>e in* ( base1 or a column #cj in*es high to balance ! pressure ( #ae p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ccf4 ,if in/ead ( a p]fect vacuum !re 0 a pressure ( two p\nds 9 ! upp] end ( ! tube ! column w\ld h to balance a pressure ( #ae-b #ac p\nds & w\ld be #bf in*es high4 ,z ! absolute pressure 9 ! top ( ! tube gets great]1 t is to say1 z ! diff]5ce betwe5 t pressure & t ( ! atmosph]e or ! s-call$ vacuum gets less1 ! column ( m]cury gets l[]1 & its height is a measure ( ! complet5ess ( ! vacuum4 ,h]o's f\nta91 :i* d]ives its "n f its inv5tor1 ,h]o1 :o liv$ at ,alex&ria1 #abj ,b4,c41 dep5ds on ! ela/icity ( ! air4 ,x consi/s ( a brass di%1 ,d1 ,fig4 #cce1 & ( two glass globes1 ,m & ,n4 ,! di% communicates ) ! l[] "p ( ! globe1 ,n1 by a long tube1 ,b2 & ano!r tube1 ,a1 connects ! two globes4 ,a ?ird tube passes ?r\gh ! di%1 ,d1 to ! l[] "p ( ! globe1 ,m4 ,?is tube hav+ be5 tak5 out1 ! globe1 ,m1 is p>tially fill$ ) wat]2 ! tube is !n replac$ & wat] is p\r$ into ! di%4 ,! wat] fl[s ?r\gh ! tube1 ,b1 into ! l[] globe1 & expels ! air1 :i* is =c$ into ! upp] globe2 ! air1 ?us compress$1 acts ^u wat]1 & makes x jet out z repres5t$ 9 ! figure4 ,if x 7 n = ! resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e & friction1 ! liquid w\ld rise to a height above ! wat] 9 ! di% equal to ! diff]5ce ( ! level 9 ! two globes4 ,! f\nta9 9 vacuo1 ,fig4 #ccf1 %[s an int]e/+ exp]im5t made ) ! air-pump1 & %[s ! ela/ic =ce ( ! air4 ,x consi/s ( a glass vessel1 ,a1 provid$ at ! bottom ) a /op-cock1 & a tubulure :i* projects into ! int]ior4 ,hav+ screw$ ?is app>atus on ! air-pump1 x is exhau/$1 & ! /op-cock be+ clos$1 x is plac$ 9 a vessel ( wat]1 ,r4 ,by op5+ ! /op-cock1 ! atmosph]ic pressure ^u ! wat] 9 ! vessel makes x jet ?r\gh ! tubulure into ! int]ior ( ! vessel1 z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,,note4--,ref]5ce is h]eaft] v l>gely made to ! me*anical use ( air z a mov+ p[]1 or r z a means = transf]r+ p[]1 j z x is transf]r$ by a tra9 ( :eelwork4 ,compress$ air c be employ$ 9 ?is way ) great advantage 9 m9es1 tunnels1 & o!r conf9$ situations1 :]e ! dis*>ge ( /eam w\ld be att5d$ ) inconv5i5ce4 ,! "w is really done 9 ^! cases by a /eam-eng9e or o!r prime mov] 9 compress+ ! air4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,mont ,c5is tunnel ! air 0 fir/ compress$ by wat]-p[]1 & !n c>ri$ ?r\gh pipes into ! he>t ( ! m\nta9 to "w ! bor+ ma*9es4 ,?is use ( compress$ air 9 su* situations is also ( indirect advantage 9 s]v+ n only to v5tilate ! place 9 :i* x is work$1 b also to cool x2 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t air falls 9 temp]ature dur+ expansion1 & !re=e1 z its temp]ature 9 ! ma*9es 0 only t ( ! atmosph]e1 x mu/1 on be+ dis*>g$ f !m1 fall f> bel[ t temp]ature4 ,?is fall is s great t "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s practical difficulties 9 work+ ma*9es by compress$ air has be5 f\nd to be ! =mation ( ice 9 ! pipes by ! freez+ ( ! moi/ure 9 ! air1 :i* frequ5tly *okes !m entirely up4 ,,on ,,gases4 ,gases are bodies :i*1 unlike solids1 h no indep5d5t %ape1 &1 unlike liquids1 h no indep5d5t volume4 ,_! molecules possess almo/ p]fect mobility2 !y are conceiv$ z d>t+ ab\t 9 all directions1 & are cont9ually t5d+ to occupy a great] space4 ,?is prop]ty ( gases is kn[n by ! names expansibility1 t5sion1 or ela/ic =ce1 f :i* !y are (t5 call$ ela/ic fluids4 ,gases & liquids h sev]al prop]ties 9 common1 & "s 9 :i* !y seem to diff] are 9 reality only diff]5t degrees ( ! same prop]ty4 ,?us1 9 bo?1 ! p>ticles are capable ( mov+2 9 gases ) almo/ p]fect fre$om2 9 liquids n q s freely1 ow+ to a great] degree ( viscosity4 ,bo? are compressible1 ?\gh 9 v diff]5t degrees4 ,if a liquid & a gas bo? exi/ "u ! pressure ( "o atmosph]e1 & !n ! pressure be d\bl$1 ! wat] is compress$ by ab\t ! #a_/bjjjj "p :ile ! gas is compress$ by "o-half4 ,9 d5sity !re is a great diff]5ce2 wat]1 :i* is ! type ( liquids1 is #ggj times z heavy z air1 ! type ( gase\s bodies1 :ile "u ! pressure ( "o atmosph]e4 ,a spiral spr+ only %[s ela/icity :5 x is compress$2 x loses its t5sion :5 x has return$ to its primitive condition4 ,a gas has no orig9al volume2 x is always ela/ic1 or 9 o!r words1 x is always /riv+ to atta9 a great] volume2 ?is t5d5cy to indef9ite expansion is ! *ief prop]ty by :i* gases are di/+ui%$ f liquids4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ccg4 ,matt] assumes ! solid1 liquid1 or gase\s =m accord+ to ! relative /r5g? ( ! cohesive & repulsive =ces ex]t$ betwe5 _! molecules4 ,9 liquids ^! =ces balance2 9 gases repulsion prepond]ates4 ,by ! aid ( pressure & ( l[ temp]atures1 ! =ce ( cohesion may be s f> increas$ 9 _m gases t !y are readily conv]t$ into liquids1 & we "k n[ t ) suffici5t pressure & cold !y may all be liquifi$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 heat1 :i* increases ! vis viva ( ! molecules1 conv]ts liquids1 su* z wat]1 alcohol & e!r or gas into ! ari=m /ate 9 :i* !y obey all ! laws ( gases4 ,! ari=m /ate ( liquids is kn[n by ! "n ( vapor1 :ile gases are bodies :i*1 "u ord9>y temp]ature & pressure1 rema9 9 ! ari=m /ate4 ,9 describ+ exclusively ! prop]ties ( gases1 we %all1 = obvi\s reasons1 ref] to atmosph]ic air z _! type4 ,expansibility ( ,gases4 ,?is prop]ty ( gases1 _! t5d5cy to assume cont9ually a great] volume1 is exhibit$ by means ( ! foll[+ exp]im5t3--,a bladd]1 clos$ by a /op-cock & ab\t half full ( air1 is plac$ "u ! receiv] ( ! air pump1 ,fig4 #ccg1 & a vacuum is produc$1 on :i* ! bladd] imm$iately di/5ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cch4 ,?is arises f ! fact t ! molecules ( air fly+ ab\t 9 all directions press aga9/ ! sides ( ! bladd]4 ,"u ord9>y conditions1 ?is int]nal pressure is c\nt]balanc$ by ! air 9 ! receiv]1 :i* ex]ts an equal & contr>y pressure4 ,b :5 ?is pressure is remov$1 by exhau/+ ! receiv]1 ! int]nal pressure becomes evid5t4 ,:5 air is admitt$ into ! receiv]1 ! bladd] resumes its orig9al =m4 ,! compressibility ( gases is readily %[n by ! pneumatic syr+e1 ,fig4 #cch4 ,?is consi/s ( a /\t glass tube clos$ at "o end1 & provid$ ) a tight-fitt+ pack$ pi/on4 ,:5 ! rod ( ! pi/on is press$ d[n 9 ! cube1 ! air becomes compress$ into a small] volume2 b z soon z ! =ce is remov$ ! air rega9s its orig9al volume1 & ! pi/on rises to its =m] position4 ,weight ( ,gases4 ,f _! extreme fluidity & expansibility1 gases seem to be un9flu5c$ by ! =ce ( gravity3 !y nev]!less possess weight l solids & liquids4 ,to %[ ?is1 a glass globe ( #c or #d qu>ts' capacity is tak51 ,fig4 #cci1 ! neck ( :i* is provid$ ) a /op-cock1 :i* h]metically closes x1 & by :i* x c be screw$ on ! plate ( ! air-pump4 ,! globe is !n exhau/$1 & its weight det]m9$ by means ( a delicate balance4 ,air is n[ all[$ to ent]1 & ! globe aga9 weigh$4 ,! weight 9 ! second case w be f\nd to be great] ?an be=e1 & if ! capacity ( ! vessel is kn[n ! increase w obvi\sly be ! weight ( t volume ( air4 ,:5 ! atoms or p>ticles :i* con/itute a body are s balanc$ by a sy/em ( attractions & repulsions t !y resi/ any =ce :i* t5ds to *ange ! figure ( ! body1 !y w possess a prop]ty1 kn[n by ! "n ( ela/icity4 ,ela/icity1 !re=e1 is ! prop]ty :i* causes a body to resume its %ape aft] x has be5 compress$ or exp&$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cci4 ,pressure ex]t$ by ,gases4 ,gases ex]t on _! own molecules1 & on ! sides ( vessels :i* conta9 !m1 pressures :i* may be reg>d$ f two po9ts ( view4 ,fir/1 we may neglect ! weight ( ! gas2 secondly1 we may take acc\nt ( its weight4 ,if we neglect ! weight ( any gase\s mass at re/1 & only consid] its expansive =ce1 x w be se5 t ! pressures due to ?is =ce act ) ! same /r5g? on all po9ts1 bo? ( ! mass itself & ( ! vessel 9 :i* x is conta9$4 ,x is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! ela/icity & fluidity ( gases t ! repulsive =ce betwe5 ! molecules is ! same at all po9ts1 & acts equally 9 all directions4 ,if we consid] ! weight ( any gas1 we %all see t x gives rise to pressures :i* obey ! same laws z ^? produc$ by ! weight ( liquids4 ,let u imag9e a cyl9d]1 ) its axis v]tical1 sev]al miles high1 clos$ at bo? ends & full ( air4 ,let u consid] any small portion ( ! air enclos$ betwe5 two horizontal planes4 ,?is portion mu/ su/a9 ! weight ( all ! air above x1 & transmit t weight to ! air b5ea? x1 & likewise to ! curv$ surface ( ! cyl9d] :i* conta9s x1 & at ea* po9t 9 a direction at "r angles to ! surface4 ,?us ! pressure increases f ! top ( ! column to ! base2 at any giv5 lay] x acts equally on equal surfaces1 & at "r angles to !m1 :e!r !y are horizontal1 v]tical1 or incl9$4 ,! pressure acts on ! sides ( ! vessel1 & x is equal to ! weight ( a column ( gas ^: base is ?is surface1 & ^: height its di/ance f ! summit ( ! column4 ,! pressure is also indep5d5t ( ! %ape & dim5sions ( ! suppos$ cyl9d]1 provid$ ! height rema9 ! same4 ,= a small quantity ( gas ! pressures due to its weight are q insignificant1 & may be neglect$2 b = l>ge quantities1 l ! atmosph]e1 ! pressures are consid]able1 & mu/ be all[$ =4 ,diffusion ( gases4--,liquids mix$ toge!r1 gradually sep>ate1 & lie sup]impos$ 9 ! ord] ( _! d5sities1 & ! surfaces ( ! sep>ation ( ! liquids are horizontal4 ,b :5 gases are mix$1 !y pres5t o!r conditions ( equilibrium1 z foll[s4 #a4--;,a homog5e\s & p]si/5t mixture is =m$ rapidly1 s t all p>ts ( ! same volume are compos$ ( ! same proportions ( ! mix$ gases4 #b4--;,9 a mixture ( gases1 ! pressure 7or ela/ic =ce71 ex]cis$ by ea* ( ! gases1 is ! same z x 0 :5 alone4 #c4--,! rapidity ) :i* ! diffusion takes place1 v>ies ) ! specific gravity ( ! gases4 ,! m widely two gases diff] 9 d5sity1 ! quick] ! process ( int]mixture4 ,evaporation4--,?is is ! sl[ =mation ( vapor f ! surface ( a liquid4 ,! ela/ic =ce ( a vapor :i* saturates a space conta9+ a gas 7l air71 is ! same z 9 a vacuum4 ,! pr9cipal causes :i* influ5ce ! am\nt & rapidity ( evaporation are z foll[s4 #a/4--,ext5t ( a surface4 ,z ! evaporation takes place f ! surface1 an increase ( surface evid5tly facilitates evaporation4 #b;d4--,temp]ature4 ,increas+ ! ela/ic =ce ( vapor1 has a mo/ important influ5ce on ! rapidity ( evaporation2 !re=e ! temp]ature ( ebullition m>ks ! maximum po9t ( evaporation4 #c;d4--,! quantity ( ! same liquid already 9 ! atmosph]e ex]cises an important influ5ce on evaporation4 ,! atmosph]e c absorb only a c]ta9 am\nt ( vapor1 & evaporation ceases entirely :5 ! air is saturat$1 b x is greate/ :5 free f vapor1 t is p]fectly dry4 #d?4--,r5ewal ( ! air4 ,if curr5ts ( air are cont9ually remov+ ! saturat$ atmosph]e f above ! surface ( a liquid1 evaporation takes place mo/ rapidly1 s9ce new portions ( air1 capable ( absorb+ moi/ure1 are pres5t$ to x4 ,evaporation is !re=e m rapid 9 a breeze ?an 9 /ill air4 #e?4--,pressure on ! surface ( ! liquid influ5ces evaporation1 because ( ! resi/ance ?us (f]$ to ! escape ( ! vapor4 ,t is to say--wat] boils m freely 9 an op5 vessel ?an )9 a /eam boil] "u pressure4 ,h5ce1 ! necessity = hav+ l>ge /eam dis5gag+ surfaces to prev5t prim+ or lift+ ( ! wat] :5 ! boil] is =c$ beyond its rat$ capacity4 ,,h& ,,air ,,pumps4 ,! use ( compress$ air has become v g5]al ?r\gh ! use ( small h& pumps2 ! cyl9d] ( ^! mu/ be smoo?1 & ! plung] is usually pack$ ) a cup lea!r pack+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdj4--;,gas ,fitt]'s ,prov+ ,pump4 ,fig4 #cdj %[s a gas fitt]'s air prov+ pump4 ,! gauge is atta*$ to any op5+ into ! sy/em ( pipes to be te/$1 ) a rubb] hose lead+ to ! pump4 ,by work+ ! pump ! air is =c$ into ! pipes2 ^u /opp+ ! pump if ! h& ^u ! gauge rema9s /ation>y !re are no leaks 9 ! sy/em4 ,if !re are leaks ! h& ( ! gauge w gradually return to ! z]o m>k4 ,,note4--,be=e putt+ ! pressure on x is cu/om>y to put "s e!r into ! small cup--ne> ! gauge z %[n--?is has a cock :i* mu/ be op5$ & clos$ at ! prop] "t s t ! e!r w be =c$ into ! pipe sy/em & disclose by ! s5se ( smell ! location ( ! leak4 ,fig4 #cda %[s a ,portable ,tire ,air ,pump1 :i* c be us$ by h& or affix$ to a wall or b5*2 x is ( ! lev] type1 ) #b #h cyl9d]s1 fitt$ ) *eck valve & extra heavy rubb] tub+4 ,z ! lev]age on ! pi/on-rod increases ! resi/ance on ! pi/on also increases1 !reby secur+ ! p[]ful lev]age ( ! well-kn[n 8toggle-jo9t0 pr9ciple z ! pi/on f9i%es its /roke2 ?us ! be/ possible results are obta9$4 ,fig4 #cdb illu/rates a ,h& ,lev] ,air ,pump ) cyl9d] #c-a_/d #f-a_/d2 its capacity--"o /roke--is #cf cubic in*es4 ,! greate/ pressure x is int5d$ to op]ate aga9/ is #aej lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,9 op]ation ?is design has ! advantage ( ! lev]age ( ! toggle-jo9t indicat$ above4 ,fig4 #cdc exhibits a ,h& ,air ,pump :i* has ! same dim5sions z t j describ$1 screw$ to ! floor4 ,its p>ticul> advantage is ! fact t ! motion ( ! lev] is natural & easy be+ horizontal & /ill reta9+ ! advantages ( ! toggle-jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cda4--;,h& ,pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdc4 ,,air ,,& ,,vacuum ,,pumps4 ,an air pump is an app>atus =1 #a1 ! exhau/ion2 #b1 compression or transmission ( air4 ,a vacuum pump is an app>atus consi/+ (1 #a1 a *amb] or b>rel2 #b1 a suction pipe ) a valve to prev5t return fl[2 #c1 a dis*>ge pipe :i* has a valve :i* is clos$ :5 ! *amb] is empti$ &1 #d1 a /eam induction pipe provid$ ) a valve t is op5$ :5 ! *amb] is fill$ ) wat] & clos$ :5 ! *amb] is fill$ ) /eam4 ,x is n "r to call an air pump a vacuum pump1 z ! latt] does n move air alone2 x removes wat]1 vapor & air f ! cond5s] to =m a vacuum4 ,an air pump is design$ to pump air alone4 ,a vacuum is a space entirely devoid ( matt]4 ,t is1 x is a space t conta9s no?+--no oxyg51 no hydrog51 no air1 no wat]1 no pressure4 ,x is = ?is reason t a p]fect vacuum 9 practice is v difficult to obta91 especially z appli$ 9 a /eam eng9e1 z a liquid :5 9 ! pres5ce ( a vacuum g5]ally gives (f "s vapor1 ow+ to ! fact t ! surface is m or less 9 t5sion1 besides its usual evaporative quality4 ,among all ! liquids x has be5 f\nd t m]cury1 on acc\nt ( its v high specific gravity1 c be be/ us$ to produce a vacuum & ma9ta9 x1 & x is = ?is reason t ! words 8vacuum0 & 8in*es ( m]cury0 are synonym\s4 ,,note4--,! pressure ( ! atmosph]e w also balance a column ( wat] 9 a vacuum ! same z a column ( m]cury b ! height ( ! wat] column mu/ necess>ily be great] on acc\nt ( ! less] weight ( ! wat]4 ,a cubic in* ( wat] weighs #ac4f times less ?an a cubic in* ( m]cury1 s t ! column ( wat] :i* ! atmosph]e mu/ balance mu/ be #ac4f high] or #ac4f #cj #djh in*es :i* is equival5t to #cd feet4 ,a wat] b>omet] c be made 9 a simil> mann] to a m]cury b>omet] except t in/ead ( a tube slightly ov] #cj in*es 9 l5g?1 a tube ov] #cd feet 9 height mu/ be us$4 ,advantage ( ?is fact is tak5 9 ! s-call$ gravity cond5s]s :i* require no air pump1 ! cond5s+ app>atus be+ plac$ ab\t #cd feet above ! level ( ! hot well1 ! dis*>ge pipe be+ seal$ by always keep+ its l[] end bel[ ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! hot well4 ,! p>ticul> feature t makes /eam valuable 9 produc+ a vacuum is ! fact t :5 x is cond5s$1 x decreases #afjj times 9 volume & except = ?is small quantity ( wat] & "s vapor :i* ev5 cool wat] gives (f 9 a vacuum1 a p]fect vacuum w\ld be e/abli%$ & x is only necess>y to draw (f ! cond5s$ /eam & vapor by prop] app>atus to enable ! vacuum to be ma9ta9$ :i* ! cond5sation has creat$4 ,! app>atus = do+ ?is is call$ ! air pump & ! res]voir 9 :i* ?is cond5sation takes place is call$ ! cond5s]4 ,! cond5sation ( /eam 9 ! cond5s] is effect$ 9 two ways4 ,! exhau/ /eam ei!r meets 9 direct contact ! wat] :i* is to cond5se x1 or1 ! /eam imp+es ^u cool metallic surfaces ! temp]ature ( :i* is kept d[n by circulat+ cool wat] ?r\gh !m4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! cond5s$ /eam & ! cond5s+ wat] meet & m+le4 ,! cond5s] is an iron pot or %ell into :i* ! /eam is exhau/$ & ! cool+ wat] ent]s x 9 ! =m ( a %eet or spray4 ,su* cond5s]s are call$ jet cond5s]s = ?is reason1 & ! cool+ wat] is call$ ! injection4 ,all wat] t is us$ = cond5s+ /eam is !re=e call$ ! injection wat]4 ,:5 ! exhau/ /eam /rikes cool surfaces & is cond5s$ by ^? surfaces1 su* cond5s] is call$ a surface cond5s]4 ,! cool+ surface is usually a s]ies ( pipes or tubes made ( brass or copp] to secure a rapid transf] ( heat4 ,^! tubes are usually t9n$ inside & outside to prev5t corrosion & 9 m>9e practice are made #e_/h 9 diamet]4 ,9 mo/ cases1 cond5sation is effect$ by br++ ! exhau/ /eam 9 contact ) ! outside ( ! tubes1 ! circulat+ wat] be+ inside4 ,9 ! surface cond5s]1 z ! circulation does n m+le ) ! cond5s$ /eam1 ! air pump has no?+ to d ) ?is wat] b is only requir$ to pump out ! cond5s$ /eam & air :i* ent] ! cond5s]2 ! pump :i* takes c>e ( ! circulation is call$ ! circulat+ pump4 ,:5 l>ge quantities ( wat] are us$ & ! diff]5ce 9 level ?r\gh :i* ! wat] mu/ be rais$ is slight z on bo>d %ip1 c5trifugal pumps are g5]ally us$4 ,9 ! jet type ( cond5s] :]e ! wat] acts directly on ! /eam1 ! injection wat] w cause a l[] temp]ature ) less wat] & less app>atus ?an a surface cond5s]4 ,! am\nt ( injection wat] v>ies f #bj to #cj times ! weight ( /eam to be cond5s$ 9 cool seasons & f #cj to #ce times ! am\nt 9 summ] season4 ,) fre% wat] ?is c be pump$ into ! boil] :5 ! oil is extract$ f x4 ,x is = ?is reason t surface cond5s]s are univ]sally us$ = sea-go+ vessels to avoid salt wat]4 ,!y are also mu* us$ on l& 9 places :]e ! fe$ wat] conta9s m9]al salts & is injuri\s to ! boil]4 ,9 places :]e ! co/ ( hydrant wat] is excessive1 x is ( importance to use ! same injection wat] ov] & ov] aga91 b ?is _c be done until ! wat] is fir/ cool$4 ,!re are num]\s me?ods by means ( :i* ?is is done4 ,all ( ^! me?ods utilize ! pr9ciple ( scatt]+ ! injection wat] 9 ! way be/ calculat$ to br+ ! greate/ surface 9 contact ) ! l>ge/ quantity ( air s t evaporation may take place quickly & effectively4 ,?is is sometimes done by pump+ ! wat] ?r\gh a numb] ( spray nozzles up into ! air1 all[+ x to fall into a lake or cold well bel[1 or1 z is m usually ! case1 ! injection wat] is all[$ to desc5d 9 a t[] 9 a f9e /ate ( division ov] tiles or wire gauze or corrugat$ surfaces4 ,a curr5t ( air1 ei!r =c$ by a fan or drawn up ?r\gh x1 causes a vaporization ( ! film ( w>m wat] p\r+ ov] ! diff]5t surfaces1 & ! air cool+ & ! evaporation comb9$ )draw ! heat f ! wat] s t :5 x rea*es ! bottom x is 9 condition to be us$ aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cde4 ,cool+ t[]s are us$ ) ei!r jet or surface cond5s]s & c be us$ ei!r ) or )\t a fan1 dep5d+ ^u ! design4 ,9 g5]al ^! t[]s usually l[] ! temp]ature ( ! wat] f #abj degrees to #hj degrees1 :i* is suffici5t to ma9ta9 a vacuum ( ab\t #bf in*es4 ,z !y dep5d *iefly ^u ! results ( evaporation to d ! cool+1 !y "w bett] on a dry day ?an :5 ! air is humid4 ,! figures on ! opposite page are design$ to illu/rate ! use ( an air pump 9 connection ) a jet cond5s]2 ?is comb9ation is prop]ly call$ a vacuum pump because x n only pumps air1 b wat] & vapor z well4 ,! /eam end ( ?is app>atus is describ$ 9 ,"p ,"o1 page #cbd1 ( ?is "w4 ,! air & vacuum end has a cyl9d] l9$ ) composition-brass bor$ smoo?2 ! pi/on has squ>e rubb] & canvas pack+4 ,! dis*>ge--z %[n 9 cut--is locat$ suffici5tly high1 s t ! cyl9d] reta9s a l>ge portion ( wat]4 ,?is =ms a seal & causes ! pump to "w m advantage\sly ?an x w\ld ) air alone4 ,a small pipe leads f ! dis*>ge *amb] to ! pi/on-rod /uff+-box4 ,?is conta9s a d\ble pack+ & ! wat] :i* fl[s ?r\gh ?is small pipe =ms a cont9u\s seal ar\nd ! pi/on-rod & ?us prev5ts air f ent]+4 ,! injection wat] ent]s ! elb[ at ! top & is drawn ?r\gh an annul> op5+ into ! cond5s]4 ,?is op5+ may be regulat$ by ! small h& :eel %[n at ! top end ( ! /em4 ,! exhau/ f ! /eam end fl[s into ! cond5s] ?r\gh ! pipe z may readily be obs]v$--or escapes into ! atmosph]e by ?r[+ ! swit* valve4 ,,note4--,utiliz+ hot dis*>ge wat]4 ,9 manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts :]e l>ge quantities ( wat] are requir$1 advantage c be tak5 ( ! fact t 9 cond5s+ app>atus ( ?is & simil> pumps1 ! wat]1 aft] p]=m+ useful "w 9 ! cond5s+ *amb]1 c be elevat$ to a tank 9 any portion ( ! build+1 & us$ ov] aga9 = ano!r purpose1 su* z wa%+1 cool+ metal plates1 roll+-mill rolls1 etc4 ,! fact t ! temp]ature ( ?is dis*>ge wat] w range f #ajj to #abj w1 9 _m cases1 be advantage\s1 & effect a sav+ 9 ! co/ ( heat+ o!r wat] = purposes 9 :i* ?is dis*>ge wat] w answ] equally well4 ,:5 ! wat] is n requir$ 9 ! tank1 ! /op-valve may be op5$1 & ! wat] all[$ to escape into a dra91 or any o!r conv5i5t place4 ,a ball-float atta*$ to an air valve is locat$ at ! "r h& ( ! cond5s] s t 9 case ! pump %\ld fail to op]ate f any cause1 ! injection wat] w lift ! ball-float1 :i* 9 turn w op5 ! air valve & by dis*>g+ ! vacuum w prev5t ! flood+ ( ! eng9e cyl9d] ) wat]4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! atmosph]e ex]ts :at is usually t]m$ 8back pressure0 ( #ad4g p\nds p] squ>e in* ^u ! pi/on area ( a /eam eng9e1 also t wat] conv]t$ into /eam1 may be conv]t$ into its orig9al /ate by cond5sation4 ,n[1 if ?is back pressure1 :i* is1 9 reality1 ! weight ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 be remov$ f ! pi/on ( a /eam eng9e1 ! /eam on ! opposite side ( ! pi/on w\ld h t mu* 7#ad4g lbs47 less "w to d4 ,apply+ ?is to /eam eng9es means convey+ ! exhau/1 or exp&$ /eam1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be all[$ to escape into ! op5 air1 into a clos$ *amb]1 :]e x is met by a spray ( cold wat]1 :i* s rapidly absorbs ! heat conta9$ 9 ! /eam t x ceases to reta9 its gase\s =m1 & is aga9 r$uc$ to its orig9al bulk z wat]4 ,a great *ange has n[ tak5 place1 & ! /eam is r$uc$ to its liquid =m4 ,z ?is wat] ( cond5sation only occupies ab\t #a_/afjj ( ! space fill$ by ! /eam f :i* x 0 =m$1 ! rema9d] ( ! space is vacant1 & no pressure exi/s4 ,! diff]5ce 9 volume acc\nts = ! atmosph]ic pressure on ! outside ( ! *amb]1 & z ! vacuum ext5ds ?r\gh\t ! :ole di/ance :i* ! exhau/ /eam orig9ally occupi$1 x1 ( c\rse1 is made available 9 ! cyl9d] ( ! eng9e 9 ! %ape ( a decreas$ pressure on ! exhau/ side ( ! pi/on2 ! atmosph]ic pressure rema9s con/ant1 !re=e we h ! atmosph]ic pressure act+ on "o side ( ! pi/on1 & abs5t on ! o!r2 ! ga9 be+ #ad4g p\nds p] squ>e in*1 if a p]fect vacuum c\ld be secur$4 ,x am\nts 9 av]age eng9e]+ practice to f #ab to #ac p\nds1 or #bd to #bf in*es ( m]cury1 z ! graduations usually read on vacuum gauges4 ,jet & ,surface ,cond5s]s are fur!r describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 a special allott$ section ( ?is "w4 ,! vacuum pump is usually ( ! reciprocat+ ord]1 al?\gh o!r me?ods h be5 employ$ = empty+ cond5s]s1 b n ) equally satisfactory results4 ,! ga9 to be secur$ by us+ a cond5s+ app>atus may be measur$ 9 two ways3 fir/1 by ! decrease 9 fuel consumption ov] t necess>y :5 runn+ non-cond5s+1 :i* w repres5t a con/ant decrease 9 runn+ exp5ses2 or1 second1 by ! increase ( p[] work+ q up to its economical limit1 9 a non-cond5s+ eng9e4 ,by ! use ( a cond5s] a fur!r increase ( p[] is realiz$ 9 rais+ ! mean effective pressure ( /eam )9 ! eng9e cyl9d] )\t increas+ ! dem& ^u ! boil]4 ,! application ( a cond5s] to a /eam eng9e increases its economy f #bj to #be dep5d+ ^u circum/ances1 :ile by comp\nd+ & cond5s+ an economy ( #ce to #dj is effect$4 ,,s+le ,,& ,,cross ,,comp\nd ,,d\ble ,,act+ ,,vacuum ,,pumps4 ,! vacuum pump %[n 9 ! engrav+1 ,fig4 #cdf1 repres5ts a s+le cyl9d] d\ble act+ v]tical design hav+ b "o set ( valves & ^? us$ exclusively = ! dis*>ge4 ,! suction port is 9 ! middle ( ! cyl9d]1 ,a1 %[n 9 ! sectional view1 ,fig4 #cdg4 ,! pi/on1 ,e1 :5 x passes ?is port imprisons ! wat] beyond x & pu%es ?is wat] out ( ! dis*>ge valves1 ,d ,d1 if ! pi/on is ris+1 & out ( ! valves1 ,c ,c1 if ! pi/on is desc5d+4 ,! ma9 dis*>ge pipe is atta*$ to a flange at ,b4 ,?is pump is made to "w easily & /eadily by adju/+ ! cu%ion+ valves1 ,f4 ,f4 ,! dis*>ge valves are rea*$ ?r\gh ! holes provid$ = t purpose & cov]$ by plates %[n 9 ! engrav+1 ,fig4 #cdg4 ,! ma9 slide valve moves horizontally = ! reason t if x mov$ up & d[n ! =ce ( gravity w\ld s]i\sly int]f]e ) its regul> action4 ,?is slide is mov$ by a valve pi/on 9 ! usual way4 ,! p>ts ( ! valve may be inspect$ & adju/$ by remov+ ! cov] held by ! two /uds %[n4 ,! outl9e engrav+1 ,fig4 #cdh1 %[s a cross-comp\nd d\ble act+ vacuum pump1 six-in* high pressure1 n9e-in* l[ pressure cyl9d]s1 by eight-in* /roke1 & two air cyl9d]s1 t5-in* diamet] by eight-in* /roke4 ,!y are pip$ up to run ei!r high or l[ pressure1 also to run indep5d5tly by manipulat+ ! cocks1 ,c1 & ,d1 z direct$ 9 ! engrav+ %[+ arrangem5t ( valves1 ,fig4 #cdi1 page #da4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdf4 ,^! pipes are simple 9 design & run direct to ! boil] = live /eam & convey ! exhau/ to ! atmosph]e or cond5s] z desir$4 ,on a rec5t te/ at a fair rate ( spe$ ! capacity ( ?is pump 0 %[n to be equival5t to tak+ c>e ( a triple expansion eng9e ( #b1jjj ,i4 ,h4 ,p4 ,on a fur!r te/ ?is same pump on a basis ( #bj lbs4 weight ( /eam p] ,i4 ,h4 ,p4 p] h\r demon/rat$ its ability to take c>e ( #c1jjj ,i4 ,h4 ,p4 triple expansion eng9e4 ,! advantages claim$ = ?is pump are briefly z foll[s3 ,unusual light weight & compactness4 ,!re be+ ,,no ,,suction ,,valves1 work+-beams1 rock %aft & be>+s1 beam-l9ks1 etc41 ?is pump is simple4 ,x is economical 9 ! use ( /eam1 by reason ( comp\nd+ ! /eam cyl9d]s2 also cle>ance loss is r$uc$ to a m9imum by ! p]fect regulation t is secur$ by ! valve ge> describ$4 ,full /roke at any & all spe$s c be readily ma9ta9$4 ,z ! air pi/ons travel )9 a di/ance ( less ?an #a_/h in* ( ! air cyl9d] heads1 a high effici5cy results4 ,al?\gh d\ble-act+1 ! fl[ ( wat] & vapors is always 9 "o cont9u\s direction--! same z 9 a s+le-act+ air pump4 ,ei!r side ( pump c run indep5d5t ( ! o!r1 :i* means a sp>e pump to be us$ 9 case ( accid5t to ! o!r side ( ?is pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdh4 ,ref]r+ to ! accompany+ table ( te/s1 page #da1 x may be claim$ t ) an av]age ( #cf d\ble /rokes p] m9ute ?is pump h&l$ at ! rate ( upw>ds ( #bf1jjj p\nds ( fe$-wat] p] h\r1 :i* on a basis ( #bj lbs4 eng9e economy %[s ?is vacuum pump capable ( tak+ c>e ( a #a1cjj ,i4 ,h4 ,p4 eng9e at ?is v mod]ate spe$4 ,by comp>+ ! p[] requir$ to drive ?is pump 7:i* aggregat$ #a4ah ,i4 ,h4 ,p47 to ! ,i4 ,h4 ,p4 ( an eng9e ( ! p[] "h repres5t$ x is app>5t t ?is pump did its "w on less ?an "o-elev5? ( "o p] c5t4 ( ! ,i4 ,h4 ,p4 ( said eng9e1 :i* is a v excell5t %[+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdi4--,see page #ch4 ,table ,no4 #d also %[s a v excell5t vacuum ma9ta9$ "u extreme duty4 ,,table4 ,,numb] ,,( ,,te/4 ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ,no4 #c4 ,no4 #d4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,/eam pressure--high #gj #abj #abe /eam cyl9d] lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 -- ,/eam pressure--l[ /eam cyl9d] #bj lbs4 #dj lbs4 #de lbs4 #ej lbs4 ,vacuum 9 cond5s] #bg-a_/b;94 #bg;94 #bf-a_/d;94 #be;94 ,d\ble /rokes p] m9ute --high side #cg #fa #hb -- ,d\ble /rokes p] m9ute --l[ side #ce #fj #hb #hh ,temp]ature ( hot well-- #ajf #aje #ajh #aab ,fahr5heit deg4 deg4 deg4 deg4 ,wat] pump$ p] h\r-- #ac1ejj #bb1gjj #cj1jjj high side lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 -- ,wat] pump$ p] h\r-- #ab1gjj #bb1cjj #cj1bjj #cf1jjj l[ side lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,total wat] p] h\r #bf1bjj #de1jjj #fj1bjj -- lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,i4 ,h4 ,p4 ( high /eam cyl9d] #j4fj -- -- -- ,i4 ,h4 ,p4 ( l[ /eam cyl9d] #j4eh -- -- -- ,total ,i4 ,h4 ,p4 #a4ah -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cej4 ,! ,deane ,vacuum ,pump4 ,!re are a numb] ( novel features exhibit$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is pump2 ! cyl9d] has f\r ports1 t is to say two /eam or admission ports & two compression or cu%ion+ ports4 ,ref]r+ to ! engrav+1 page #db1 ,fig4 #f1 %[s ! ma9 valve to be a pla9 ,d slide1--directly "u x ! same valve is %[n 9 section4 ,! projection on ! back ( ?is valve fits into ! valve pi/on4 ,! second>y valve1 #e1 surr\nds ! ma9 valve & conta9s two pla9 slide valves1 "o on ea* side4 ,ref]r+ to #c1 x w be not$ t "o ( ^! valves admits /eam :ile ! o!r all[s ! /eam to escape aft] hav+ done its "w ( mov+ ! valve pi/on4 ,a longitud9al section ( ?is second>y valve & /eam cyl9d] are %[n1 9 #b4 ,9 ! engrav+1 #a1 x is %[n t ! cyl9d] = ea* end ( ! valve pi/on is jacket$ ) live /eam s t ! cyl9d] itself heats up z quickly z ! valve pi/on1 h5ce ! pi/on _c /ick 9 ! cyl9d] due to unequal expansion ( valve & seat4 ,! supplem5tal valve ports are %[n 9 section #d4 ,to set ! valve ( ?is pump3 ,remove ! /eam *e/1 place ! pi/on at mid /roke ) ! lev]1 plumb1 !n set ! /em at its mid position ) ! second>y valve 9 place4 ,see t ! tappets measure equal di/ances ei!r side ( ! tappet block4 ,,note4--,^! small ports are n liable to fill ) oil & dirt 9 practice1 on acc\nt ( _! direct connections4 ,if ?r\gh leakage or any o!r reason ! valve pi/on %\ld fail to ?r[ ! ma9 slide valve1 ! projection ,b 7see #a7 on ! valve /em 7( :i* x is a "p7 compels ! valves to move me*anically4 ,s :5 /eam is turn$ on1 ?is pump is c]ta9 to beg9 its "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cea4 ,! wat] end ( ?is pump consi/s ( a cyl9d] ) valve *amb]s z %[n4 ,! pi/on rod has two /uff+-boxes1 :i* makes a wat] seal ar\nd ! rod s t no air c ent] ! cyl9d]1 z ! *amb] betwe5 ! two /uff+-boxes is kept con/antly fill$ ) wat]4 ,x w be notic$ t ! suction pipe ent]s ! pump 9 su* a position 9 relation to ! valves t bo? suction & dis*>ge valves are p]petually imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,:5 ?is pump is pump+ air only1 !re is suffici5t wat] left )9 ! valve *amb]s to provide a wat] seal "u all work+ conditions4 ,! valves 9 ?is pump are easily rea*$ = inspection or repairs1 a h&-hole be+ provid$ = ea* valve1 ) prop] cov]s1 :i* are easily & quickly replac$4 ,! ,wor?+ton ,v]tical ,beam ,vacuum ,pump ) cond5s] atta*$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cea4 ,?is is a pump ( great simplicity & /r5g?4 ,! figure %[s a comp\nd eng9e = us+ high pressure /eam2 ^! ma*9es c be built ) simple /eam cyl9d]s ( equal diamet]s1 b !y are n recomm5d$ except 9 special cases2 = example :]e ! /eam pressure is v l[4 ,ea* side ( ! pump end is s+le-act+1 ! buckets be+ ( ! =m us$ = ye>s 9 deta*$ air pumps 9 m>9e s]vice4 ,! two sides are connect$ toge!r by a beam & l9ks atta*$ to ! cross-heads4 ,z "o side comes d[n & does little "w1 ! o!r side makes an up-/roke & does full duty 9 empty+ ! cond5s] to :i* ! suction is atta*$4 ,! cond5s+ *amb] is usually plac$ at ! re> & connects directly ) ! *annel plate at ! bottom ( ! pump4 ,! op5+ %[n 9 front is = ! dis*>ge wat]4 ,! /eam cyl9d]s are s arrang$ t ei!r pi/on may be exam9$ by remov+ its cyl9d] head1 )\t di/urb+ ! o!r cyl9d]s4 ,! valves are ( ! ,corliss1 or semi-rotative1 type & ! high-pressure cyl9d]s are provid$ ) cut-(f valves to assure ! desir$ ratio ( expansion4 ,! int]ior ( ea* air cyl9d] may be inspect$ by remov+ ! plates %[n 9 front1 ne> ! middle4 ,!re are also two plates at ! top = inspection ( ! dis*>ge valves4 ,! f\r ma*9]y /eel columns =m a light b v /rong frame all[+ free access to ! work+ p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ceb4 ,! next f\r cuts %[ ,dean ,bro!rs' tw9 cyl9d] air pumps ) _! special /eam valve ge>4 ,!y are made = & suppli$ ) ei!r surface or jet cond5s]s4 ,see ,fig4 #ceb4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! valve ge> is su* t /eam w be appli$ at ! upp] end ( "o pi/on at ! same in/ant t x beg9s to act on ! l[] end ( ! o!r4 ,by ?is device /eam is s controll$ 9 ! /eam *e/s t no pressure comes on ! ma9 pi/ons1 until ! mom5t t bo? are ready to move1 aft] hav+ rea*$ ! full limit ( _! /roke1 !reby secur+ an exactly uni=m1 b opposite1 motion ( ! pi/ons4 ,fig4 #ced is a sectional elevation ( ! /eam cyl9d] & /eam *e/2 ,fig4 #cec1 a front elevation2 ,fig4 #cee1 a section ( ! air cyl9d]1 & ,fig4 #ceb1 an ext]ior p]spective view ( ! pump4 ,ea* /eam cyl9d] has its own /eam pi/on1 pi/on rod1 valve movem5t1 /eam *e/1 etc4 ,a sleeve1 a1 is rigidly atta*$ to ea* pi/on rod1 & connect$ to ?is sleeve is a lev]1 b1 ! out] end ( :i* connects ) a l9k1 c1 :i* 9 turn is connect$ to a sleeve1 d1 loosely m\nt$ ^u ! valve rod betwe5 coll>s1 e4 ,! valve rod1 f1 op]ates ! auxili>y slide valve & admits ! /eam f above & bel[ ! auxili>y pi/on4 ,?is pi/on has atta*$ !reto ! ma9 slide valve1 :i* admits & exhau/s /eam alt]nately f above & bel[ ! ma9 /eam pi/ons4 ,any movem5t ( ! ma9 pi/on communicates movem5t 9 ! opposite direction to ! sleeve1 d1 :i* moves ! valve rod only :5 x /rikes "o or ! o!r ( ! coll>s4 ,z !re is consid]able lo/ motion betwe5 ! sleeve & ! coll>s1 ! ma9 /eam pi/on w be ne>+ ! end ( its /roke :5 ! valve rod beg9s to move4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cec4 ,ext5d+ ?r\gh ! ends ( ! /eam *e/s are %ort pi/on rods1 g1 :i* are connect$ to a c5trally pivot$ vibrat+ lev]1 h1 m\nt$ on a pivot4 ,:5 ! ma9 /eam pi/on has mov$ f ! top to ! bottom ( ! /eam cyl9d]1 ! correspond+ valve rod has mov$ 9 ! opposite direction & ! auxili>y slide valve has mov$ upw>d1 op5+ ! port1 i1 to /eam & ! port1 k1 to ! exhau/ port4 ,at ! mom5t ! ma9 /eam pi/on has complet$ its d[nw>d /roke ! auxili>y pi/on is =c$ upw>d & c>ries ) x ! ma9 slide valve1 l4 ,?is op5s ! ma9 /eam port & exhau/ port1 :i* rev]ses ! movem5t ( ! ma9 pi/on4 ,:5 ! ma9 pi/on rea*es ! upw>d limit ( its /roke ! auxili>y valve has mov$ d[nw>d1 op5+ ! port1 k1 to /eam & ! port1 i1 to ! exhau/1 caus+ ! auxili>y pi/on to move d[nw>d1 ?us rev]s+ ! movem5t ( ! ma9 valve & pi/on4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! valve op]at+ pi/on1 m1 is held at all times immovably at "o end ( ! /roke1 except :5 ! ma9 pi/on is ne>+ ! end ( its /roke & is ready to rev]se4 ,suppos+ ! left-h& ma9 pi/on has n q rea*$ ! upp] limit ( ! /roke1 ! /eam w\ld /ill be on ! l[] side ( its auxili>y or ma9 valve op]at+ pi/on & ! exhau/ op5 to ! o!r side4 ,we n[ h /eam on ! bottom side ( bo? auxili>y pi/ons1 & z !y are ( equal diamet]s & are connect$ by ! lev]1 h1 !y are balanc$ & _c move ! ma9 /eam valves4 ,! "r-h& ma9 /eam pi/on mu/ wait until ! left-h& pi/on has complet$ its /roke be=e x c rev]se1 & consequ5tly ! movem5t ( ! ma9 pi/ons w always be 9 opposite directions1 & nei!r c rev]se until bo? h complet$ _! /roke4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ced4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cee4 ,!re are ?ree ways t ?is app>atus may be op]at$3 ,fir/1 ! pumps may be op]at$ 9 conjunction ) ea* o!r1 z is h]e9be=e describ$4 ,second1 ! lev]1 h1 may be deta*$ f ! auxili>y or ma9 valve op]at+ pi/ons1 & ! two pumps may !n run indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r or 9 ! ord9>y & well-kn[n mann]1 ea* p]=m+ its own indep5d5t "w4 ,?ird1 by fur!r deta*+ ! l9k1 c1 on "o ( ! valve ge>s ! auxili>y slide valve1 n1 w rema9 at re/ & ! correspond+ pump w n move :ile ! o!r pump cont9ues to op]ate4 ,^! are important features1 because1 z 9 case ( accid5t1 x may be necess>y to use "o pump :ile ! o!r is disabl$1 & 9 "s cases x may be desirable to op]ate ! pumps indep5d5tly4 ,! eng9e] w appreciate ?is feature1 z ! /oppage ( an air pump is a s]i\s matt]4 ,! pi/on rods are sep>able at ! cros%eads4 ,! cros%eads are ( /eel4 ,! /eam cyl9d]s & pump cyl9d]s are connect$ by six heavy /eel /ret*] rods4 ,adju/+ valves are fitt$ to /eam cyl9d]s = controll+ motion ( pi/ons4 ,! valve ge> is provid$ ) a special lev] adju/m5t by :i* ! l5g? ( /roke ( pi/ons may at any "t be *ang$1 ev5 :ile ! pump is runn+4 ,9 ,fig4 #cef is %[n a =m ( indep5d5t vacuum pump1 ) its cond5s]1 built by ! ,conov] ,mfg4 ,co4 ,?is app>atus consi/s ( a jet cond5s] ) air pump1 boil] fe$ pump1 & eng9e to drive bo?1 comb9$ z "o ma*9e4 ,! air pump is a s+le act+ bucket plung] pump1 driv5 by a crank %aft1 turn$ by ! eng9e1 :i* is a s+le cyl9d] comp\nd automatic cut-(f eng9e1 & also drives ! boil] fe$ pump2 x is ( ! trunk patt]n1 & ! small space ar\nd ! trunk on ! top side ( ! pi/on =ms ! high pressure cyl9d]4 ,/eam is admitt$ to ! high pressure side1 at boil] pressure1 & is cut (f & exp&$ & exhau/$ into ! receiv]1 :5ce x is admitt$ "u ! bottom side ( ! pi/on1 :]e x is aga9 cut (f & exp&$1 f9ally exhau/+ into ! cond5s]4 ,! pi/on makes ! d[n /roke :5 ! air pump makes ! up /roke2 & x w be se5 by ref]r+ to ! cut t ! eng9e does ne>ly all its "w :5 mak+ ! d[nw>d /roke4 ,:5 /eam is act+ on ! top side ( pi/on at high pressure1 ! vacuum at ! same "t is pull+ on ! full area ( ! pi/on und]nea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cef4 ,:5 ! eng9e makes ! up /roke1 ! /eam at l[ pressure f ! receiv] acts to pu% ! pi/on up2 & z ! air pump is do+ no "w !n1 be+ on its d[n /roke1 ! only "w ( ! eng9e is to keep ! ma*9e up to spe$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ceg4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! eng9e is suit$ to meet ! dem& ( ! l>ge p[] on "o /roke1 & v little on ! o!r1 ?us adapt+ itself admirably to its requirem5ts4 ,! valves are ( ! ,corliss type1 & d n trip2 ! cut-(f be+ set by h&1 does n require to be *ang$ or alt]$1 z ! spe$ is controll$ by a ?rottl+ gov]nor4 ,fig4 #ceg %[s a cross section ?r\gh ! /eam cyl9d] ( ?is vacuum pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ceh4 ,! ,edw>ds air & vacuum pump is %[n 9 ,figs4 #ceh1 #cei & #cfj1 9 :i* x may be p]ceiv$ t bo? foot & bucket valves are disp5s$ )2 ! only valves us$ are ^? :i* 9 o!r pumps are kn[n z head or dis*>ge valves4 ,! foll[+ brief description ( its lead+ features w be und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! illu/rations3 ,fig4 #ceh is a sectional view ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! air pump1 b ! pi/on & rod are %[n z a full view4 ,! action ( ?is pump is z foll[s3 ! cond5s$ /eam fl[s cont9u\sly by gravity f ! cond5s] into ! base ( ! pump1 & is !re dealt ) me*anically by ! conical bucket work+ 9 connection ) a base ( simil> %ape4 ,^u ! desc5t ( ! bucket ! wat] is project$ sil5tly & )\t %ock at a high velocity ?r\gh ! ports into ! work+ b>rel 7see ,fig4 #cei74 ,! ris+ wat] is foll[$ by ! ris+ bucket1 :i* closes ! ports1 &1 sweep+ ! air & wat] be=e x1 dis*>ges !m ?r\gh ! valve at ! top ( ! b>rel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cei4 ,x may be said t h[ev] sl[ly an ord9>y air pump ) foot & bucket valves may be runn+1 ! pressure 9 ! cond5s] has to be suffici5tly above t 9 ! pump to lift ! foot valves1 ov]come ! in]tia ( ! wat]1 & drive ! wat] up ?r\gh ! valves into ! b>rel :]e ! wat] is dealt ) me*anically4 ,! high] ! spe$ ( ! old] type ( pump ! great] is ! pressure requir$ to ov]come ^! resi/ances ow+ to ! v %ort space ( "t available1 & z any increase ( pressure 9 ! cond5s] is accompani$ by a correspond+ increase ( back pressure 9 ! l[ pressure cyl9d]1 h5ce ! abs5ce ( ! valves ref]r$ to all[s a high] spe$ ( ! plung]4 ,! elim9ation ( ! foot valves x is claim$ gives f #a_/b to #a in* bett] vacuum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfj4 ,ano!r advantage claim$ = ?is pump is t cle> air inlets are ma9ta9$--see ,figs4 #cei & #cfj4 ,"u ord9>y work+ conditions1 :5 ! bucket desc5ds & ! ports op51 !re is no ob/ruction betwe5 ! cond5s] & ! pump2 ! air has a free entrance :ile imm$iately aft]w>d ! wat] is inject$ into ! b>rel at a high velocity4 ,?us1 in/ead ( ob/ruct+ ! entrance ( ! air1 ! wat] t5ds to compress t already 9 ! b>rel1 & to entra9 or c>ry 9 m air ) x4 ,! bucket or pi/on is a holl[ ca/+ ) wat] grooves in/ead ( pack+ r+s4 ,! valve seat is con/ruct$ ) a rib betwe5 ea* valve & a lip ar\nd ! out] edge1 s t ea* valve /&s 9 its own wat] & is sep>at$ f ! o!rs4 ,?is =ms a ready means ( te/+ ! relative tightness ( ea* valve4 ,! ca/ iron work+ b>rel is l9$ ) brass4 ,! pump rod is ,tob9 bronze1 & valve plate & valves ( composition4 ,^! pumps are ei!r s+le1 tw91 triplex1 & are /eam1 electric or belt driv51 = /ation>y1 m>9e or sug> plantation s]vice4 ,! /eam driv5 pumps are built ) ei!r s+le or comp\nd /eam cyl9d]s1 fitt$ ) new & improv$ valve ge>1 & ) _! arrangem5t ( fly-:eels1 insures smoo? runn+1 mak+ full /rokes free f vibration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfa4--,see page #gj4 ,,air ,,compressors4 ,compress$ air is air compress$ by me*anical =ce into a /ate ( m or less increas$ d5sity4 ,! p[] obta9$ f ! expansion ( greatly compress$ air 9 a cyl9d]1 on be+ set free is us$ 9 _m applications z a sub/itute = /eam or o!r =ce z 9 op]at+ drills1 %op tools & eng9es :i* are driv5 by ! ela/ic =ce ( compress$ air4 ,a compressor is a ma*9e usually driv5 by /eam by :i* air is compress$ 9 a receiv] s t its expansion may be utiliz$ z a s\rce ( p[] at di/ances :]e an ord9>y eng9e c\ld n be conv5i5tly us$4 ,! compressor prop] comprises two sets ( valves1 usually design$ to be op5$ automatically by excess ( pressure "u !m & to be clos$ by gravity or by ! action ( spr+s :5 ! pressures become equal4 ,! inlet valves op5 j aft] ! pi/on comm5ces its /roke1 :5 ! expansion ( ! compress$ air rema9+ 9 ! cyl9d] beh9d ! pi/on has l[]$ ! pressure above ! valves4 ,!y close at ! end ( ! intake /roke1 j z ! pi/on comes to re/4 ,! outlet valve lifts dur+ ! compression /roke1 at ab\t ! "t ! ris+ pressure 9 ! cyl9d] becomes equal to t 9 ! outlet passage above ! valves2 & !y close :5 ! fl[ ( air ceases z ! pi/on completes its /roke4 ,any ( ! accurately fitt$ /eam eng9e valve ge>s may be us$ = compressors1 obs]v+ only t ! compressor is 9 e way a rev]s$ /eam eng9e4 ,compress$ air is already us$ 9 ! op]ation ( #a4 ,cranes1 hoi/s & motors ( all types & ( all capacities4 #b4 ,portable drill+1 ream+ & tapp+ ma*9es4 #c4 ,rivet]s & /ay-bolt cutt]s1 calk+ & *ipp+ tools4 #d4 ,%op tools ( all k9ds4 #e4 ,air brakes4 #f4 ,s& bla/s4 #g4 ,rock drills & coal m9+ ma*9es4 #h4 ,pneumatic locomotives & /reet c>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfb4--see page #gj4 & also = ! foll[+ div]sifi$ uses1 #a4 ,pump+ wat]1 sewage1 oil & acids4 #b4 ,rais+ sunk5 vessels4 #c4 ,refrig]at+ & ice mak+4 #d4 ,transmitt+ messages ?r\gh pneumatic tubes4 #e4 ,clean+ c>pets & railroad c>s & seats4 #f4 ,s9k+ caissons & driv+ tunnels ?r\gh silt & s(t e>?4 #g4 ,tapp+ iron furnaces4 #h4 ,transmitt+ p[] = all purposes4 ,! (fice ( ! air compressor is to /ore up air "u high pressures1 :i* c be utiliz$ at a great] or less di/ance1 )\t su/a9+ any loss by cond5sation 9 ! pipes1 z is ! case ( c>ry+ /eam 9 pipes long di/ances4 ,air /or$ "u pressure 9 a res]voir c be us$ expansively1 9 an ord9>y /eam eng9e return+ an equival5t am\nt ( "w t 0 requir$ to compress x--less ! friction4 ,! admission ( ! air be+ ?r\gh a s+le tube1 x creates a con/ant fl[ ( air 9 "o direction only1 ?us fill+ ! cyl9d] at ea* /roke ) air at atmosph]ic pressure4 ,?is movem5t gives a mom5tum to ! air :i* causes x to fill ! cyl9d] to its fulle/ ext5t at ea* /roke4 ,air compressors may be driv5 9 v>i\s ways1 b ! mo/ commonly us$ are ^? :i* are directly connect$ to a /eam eng9e1 ?us do+ away ) int]m$iate ma*9]y4 ,:5 ! air pi/on draws 9 a *>ge ( air1 ! air fills ! cyl9d] at atmosph]ic pressure1 or a little bel[1 & on ! return /roke ( ! pi/on x has to be compress$ to ! same pressure z 9 ! receiv] be=e x c lift ! deliv]y valve1 & z ! valve is held to its seat by a spr+1 & also by its own weight1 ! pressure has to be consid]ably above t ( ! receiv] be=e ! valve w lift4 ,to ov]come ?is ! valves are op]at$ by me*anical means1 :i* lifts !m at a po9t ( ! /roke1 :5 ! pressure 9 ! cyl9d] corresponds ) t ( ! receiv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfc4--,see page #ga4 ,?is arrangem5t avoids p\nd+ ( ! valves z well z ! noise caus$ by ! air :5 ru%+ at mu* high] pressure f ! cyl9d] into ! receiv]4 ,= ! sake ( economy1 air compressors are comp\nd$1 z = example1 by draw+ ! air into a l>ge cyl9d] & compress+ x to a c]ta9 /age1 :5ce x passes into a small] cyl9d]1 :i* compresses x to a mu* high] pressure4 ,9 a simple compressor1 = v high pressures1 !re is at ! end ( ! /roke a l>ge volume ( air left 9 ! cle>ance space1 :i* exp&s on ! return /roke1 to atmosph]ic pressure1 be=e ano!r *>ge ( air c be drawn 94 ,b 9 ! comp\nd compressor1 ! air is deliv]$ f ! l[ pressure receiv] to ! high pressure cyl9d] f> above atmosph]ic pressure1 ?us ! rema9+ air ne$ n exp& s mu* & all[s ! cyl9d] to take a l>g] volume ( air4 ,! load is also di/ribut$ m ev5ly4 ,! foll[+ are valuable 8po9ts0 relat+ to ! c>e & managem5t ( air compressors4 ,z 9 a /eam pipe l9e1 elb[s %\ld be avoid$ 9 an air pipe l9e b unlike a /eam pipe x %\ld be l>g]4 ,a mi/ake is sometimes made 9 pur*as+ a compressor built = a l[ altitude & try+ to run x 9 a high] elevation2 ! ma*9e !n exp]i5ces ! same tr\ble t "s p d1 9 n be+ able to get brea? en\gh "u ! *ang$ conditions4 ,! use ( *eap oils1 especially 9 an air cyl9d] is a mo/ s]i\s mi/ake1 z ! lea/ t5d5cy to gum w prev5t ! valves f prop]ly seat+1 & ev5 ) ! be/ ( oils1 x is well to use a small am\nt ( m9]al oil at times4 ,9 localities :]e ! wat] is bad1 ! wat] jacket w require extra att5tion1 z x gets z badly scal$ l /eam boil]s1 pr9cipally due to a v sl[ or ret>d$ circulation1 :i* all[s ! s$im5t to settle1 & %\ld ! wat] supply be %ut (f1 ev5 = a few m9utes1 ! cyl9d] heat w bake x s h>d z to give consid]able tr\ble4 ,x is a good plan to put a good boil] comp\nd 9 ! wat] jacket1 & run ! ma*9e = "s "t )\t any circulation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfd4 7,see page #ga47 ,9 ?is case good judgm5t mu/ be us$ n to run too long or too fa/1 z ! cyl9d] w heat v quickly & is liable to be damag$4 ,!re are _m em]g5cy ways ( /opp+ small pipe leaks2 any good /icky sub/ance1 su* z t>1 wax1 tall[ c&les1 or ev5 *ew+ gum1 melt$ & appli$ on n>r[ /rips ( clo? & w\nd z a b&age1 w be f\nd h&y4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t leaks 9 an air pipe l9e are z bad z 9 a /eam pipe l9e1 & %\ld receive z mu* c>e4 ,! !oretical op]ation ( air compressors may be ?us expla9$3 ,if a tight cyl9drical vessel1 conta9+ "o cubic foot ( air at atmosph]ic pressure1 be fitt$ ) a pi/on :i* is free to move up & d[n b yet p]fectly tight1 ! air 9 ! vessel w h no means ( escape1 & ! pressure )9 & )\t ! vessel1 bo? be+ atmosph]ic1 are balanc$4 ,n[1 if ! pi/on %\ld be load$ ) a weight1 ! pressure on ! outside w\ld be t due to ! atmosph]e1 plus ! weight1 :ile ! pressure f ! inside is simply equal to atmosph]ic pressure2 ?us ! pi/on is =c$ to desc5d1 b z ! air inside ( ! cyl9d] has no means ( escape1 ! volume x fills be+ dim9i%$1 its pressure rises until ! pressure "u ! pi/on balances t above x4 ,if1 = example1 ! area ( ! pi/on %\ld be #ajj squ>e in*es1 & ! weight ) :i* x is load$ be #ajj p\nds1 assum+ ! pi/on to be )\t weight1 ! pressure bel[ w h to react ) an equal =ce to hold ! pi/on /ation>y1 :i* 9 ?is case w\ld be #a p\nd to ! squ>e in* above atmosph]ic pressure1 & ! pi/on w\ld h to desc5d suffici5tly to cause ?is increase ( pressure1 :i* desc5t w\ld be equal to #a_/af ( ! total fall ( ! pi/on4 ,by add+ ano!r #ajj p\nds above1 ! pressure w\ld rise to #b p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,! cyl9d] is ?us *>g$ ) compress$ air4 ,liquid ,air is a m>vel\s result ( compression4 ,x liquefies at a pressure ( #egc p\nds p] squ>e in*1 at ! r$uc$ temp]ature ( -#bbj ,f42 at atmosph]ic pressure x boils at-#cab ,f41 at :i* temp]ature x c be h&l$ l wat]4 ,air is ! vapor ( a liquid1 & acts 9 its prop]ties l ! vapor ( o!r liquids4 ,liquid air 9 color is l t ( a blue sky on a cl\dless day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfe4 7,see page #ga47 8,d5ys ,pap9 0 ! fir/ to propose & make1 9 #afec1 an actual trial ( ! transmission ( p[] to a di/ance by compress$ air4 ,x 0 ! f]tile & me*anical bra9 ( ,pap9 t fir/ conceiv$ ! idea ( ! pneumatic tube = transmitt+ p>cels by air pressure40 ,hi/orical ,note by ,hiscox4 ,if n[ ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] %\ld be connect$ by means ( a pipe to ano!r vessel ( l>g] capacity call$ a receiv]1 ! pipe hav+ be5 clos$ by a valve 9 x dur+ compression1 & ! valve %\ld be op5$1 ! pi/on w\ld at once comm5ce a fur!r desc5t1 ! compress$ air escap+ into ! receiv]1 until ! pressure 9 ! receiv] & cyl9d] is equaliz$1 or ! pi/on rea*es ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* x w d1 if ! receiv] is l>ge en\gh4 ,!n ! valve closes1 /opp+ communication betwe5 cyl9d] & receiv]1 & ! pi/on is drawn upw>d2 at ! same "t air is aga9 admitt$ to ! cyl9d] by ano!r valve1 :i* closes :5 ! pi/on rea*es ! top1 & ! same op]ation is aga9 repeat$4 ,! receiv] c ?us be *>g$ ) compress$ air & by load+ ! pi/on v heavy ! pressure c be rais$ q high4 ,n[1 if ! pi/on1 in/ead ( be+ load$ by weights1 be connect$ to ! pi/on rod ( a /eam eng9e1 or by means ( a connect+ rod to a crank 7:i* is rotat$ by a belt or "s o!r driv+ me*anism1 & ! valves be op]at$ automatically1 z ! valves on a wat] pump71 ! simple app>atus is conv]t$ into a p]fect air compressor1 :i* really is no?+ else ?an an air pump1 & ! air c be pump$ into ! receiv] aga9/ a high pressure ! same z wat] is =c$ into an elevat$ res]voir by a pump4 ,z air is a compressible gas1 x acts a little diff]5t 9 ! air cyl9d] f ! almo/ incompressible wat] 9 a pump4 ,to lift ! valves ( an air compressor by ! compress$ air pressure 9 ! cyl9d] 7add$ to ! pressure ( _! spr+s besides ! receiv] pressure71 ! air w\ld h to be compress$ consid]ably above ! receiv] pressure be=e x w\ld lift ! valve :i* all[s x to fl[ f ! cyl9d] into ! receiv]1 & !n ! valve w\ld n op5 freely z a pump valve1 b w\ld *att]1 caus+ a disagreeable noise1 & damag+ ! valve4 ,to avoid ?is1 ! valves ( an air compressor are op]at$ by me*anical means4 ,"s devices op]ate ! valve directly z soon z ! pressure 9 ! cyl9d] rea*es t ( ! receiv]1 :ile o!rs simply release x ( ! spr+ pressure1 ! valve itself be+ lift$ by ! air itself4 ,su* devices g5]ally give ! valves a full free op5+1 )\t noise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cff4 ,! bl[+ eng9e is almo/ id5tical ) ! air compressor4 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 !m be+ ! ratio ( /eam cyl9d] to air cyl9d]4 ,:ile ! air compressor furni%es a comp>atively small am\nt ( air at v high pressures1 ! bl[+ eng9e deliv]s a v l>ge volume at l[] pressures4 ,bl[+ eng9es are ma9ly us$ 9 l>ge bla/ furnaces1 smelt+ works & f\ndries1 to furni% ! air pressure = cupolas1 air furnaces & smelt+ ov5s4 ,9 ,fig4 #cff is %[n a bl[+ eng9e ( v l>ge size2 ! /eam cyl9d] is #db in*es 9 diamet]1 ! air cyl9d] #hd in*es1 & ! /roke #fj in*es4 ,! valve ge> is ( ! ,reynolds-,corliss type4 ,! pi/on rod is atta*$ to a cross-head ext5d+ ?r\gh ! guides1 :i* are =m$ by ! frame1 ) wri/ p9s ^u ea* end1 f :i* ! two connect+ rods are susp5d$ ) _! l[] ends connect$ to ! cranks1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cff4 ,!re are two air pi/on rods atta*$ to ! ma9 pi/on & held to ! cross-head by nuts at po9ts ne> ! guides4 ,! crank %aft c>ry+ ! fly:eels1 :i* also =m ! cranks atta*$ to ! ends ( ?is %aft1 is locat$ bel[ ! /eam cyl9d]4 ,?is con/ruction is ( ! return connect+ rod eng9e design1 to economize space4 ,bo? ! air & /eam valve ge>s are work$ f ecc5trics on an auxili>y %aft1 driv5 f ! ma9 %aft by bevel ge>s und]nea? ! /eam cyl9d]4 ,! 8,imp]ial0 air compressor is pres5t$ h]e) 9 ,figs4 #cfg & #cfh4 ,! 8,imp]ial0 compressor is especially design$ = use 9 ma*9e %ops1 f\ndries & o!r indu/rial e/abli%m5ts :]e x is n conv5i5t to use a /eam driv5 compressor4 ,! ma*9e has two v]tical1 s+le-act+ cyl9d]s1 ea* employ+ long trunk pi/ons t act z guides = ! l[] ends ( ! connect+ rods4 ,by ?is design1 ! height ( ! ma*9e is r$uc$1 /uff+-boxes & cros%eads are elim9at$1 & a m9imum numb] ( be>+s requir$4 ,! cranks are set opposite to ea* o!r1 s t :5 ! pi/on on "o side is asc5d+1 ! o!r side is desc5d+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfg4 ,! ma*9e is made ) duplex cyl9d]s = ! l[ pressures us$ 9 s& bla/ "w & ! l1 & ) ei!r duplex or comp\nd cyl9d]s = high] pressures4 ,9 ! comp\nd type1 an int]cool] is suppli$1 ?r\gh :i* ! air passes f ! l[ pressure to ! high pressure cyl9d]4 ,! air cyl9d]s are wat]-jacket$ & provid$ ) hood$ heads1 s t air may be suppli$ to !m f outside ! compressor-room2 ! cyl9d]s are ca/ 9 "o piece ) ! frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfh4 ,! air-valves1 bo? inlet & outlet1 are ( ! poppet type1 fitt$ ) light spr+s1 & "w v]tically4 ,on acc\nt ( _! position at ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 !y are well lubricat$1 &1 act+ v]tically1 !y h little t5d5cy to we> out ( l9e ) _! seats4 ,! air intake passage is tapp$ to receive a supply pipe lead+ f out-(-doors1 or f "s place :]e cool & clean air is obta9able4 ,! compress$ air is dis*>g$ into a passage :i* is tapp$ = a pipe to convey x to ! air-receiv]4 ,all p>ts ( ! compressor are easily accessible = inspection1 adju/m5t1 or repair4 ,! air-heads may be remov$ )\t di/urb+ any ( ! pipe connections4 ,! valves may be tak5 out by unscrew+ ! bonnets4 ,,table ( p>ts ( ! ,imp]ial ,compressor4 ,numb] ( ,"p ,"n ( ,"p ----------------------------------- #a ,frame #b ,ma9-be>+ cap #c ,ma9-be>+ cap-bu%+ #d ,fly-:eel #e ,fly-:eel key #f ,fly-:eel key set-screw #g ,crank-%aft #h ,crank-disc #i ,crank-disc key #aj ,crank-p9 #aa ,crank-p9 cap #ab ,crank-p9 cap set-screw #ac ,connect+-rod cap #ad ,connect+-rod cap-bu%+ #ae ,connect+-rod #af ,pi/on #ag ,pi/on-p9 #ah ,pi/on-p9 bu%+ #ai ,pi/on-p9 set-screw #bj ,pi/on1 inside r+ #ba ,pi/on1 outside r+ #bb ,adju/+-bolt = pi/on-p9 end ( connect+-rod #bc ,connect+-rod bolt #bd ,gu>d-plate #be ,air-head #bf ,air-head gasket #bg ,air-head /uds #bh ,inlet valve & /em #bi ,inlet valve-seat #cj ,inlet valve-spr+ #ca ,inlet valve-/em head #cb ,inlet valve-/em cott] #cc ,inlet valve-bonnet #cd ,outlet valve #ce ,outlet valve-spr+ #cf ,outlet valve-bonnet #cg ,wat] inlet pipe #ch ,wat] outlet pipe #ci ,air inlet pipe #dj ,air outlet pipe #da ,unload] #db ,ma9-be>+ grease-cup #dc ,crank-p9 grease-cup #dd ,pi/on-p9 grease-cup #de ,air-cyl9d] lubricator #df ,ma9-be>+ /uds #dg ,ma9-be>+ l9]s #dh ,unload] regulat+-cyl9d] ,! ,norwalk /&>d compressor is %[n 9 ,figs4 #cfa & #cfb1 ! latt] be+ a longitud9al section2 ,fig4 #cfa is a p]spective view2 ! two compressors are driv5 by a s+le /eam cyl9d] hav+ an adju/able cut-(f4 ,! air valves are op]at$ by a positive crank motion4 ,a view ( a ,pelton wat] :eel op]at+ a compressor x %[n 9 ,fig4 #cfc4 ,! cut repres5ts a comp\nd air compressor 9 :i* ! valves are op]at$ me*anically4 ,! wat] :i* drives ! :eel ent]s ?r\gh ! pipe & nozzle secur$ 9 ! :eel pit1 z repres5t$4 ,fig4 #cfd exhibits a belt$ duplex air compressor built by ,allis-,*alm]s ,co4 ,fig4 #cfe %[s a v]tical duplex compressor driv5 by a belt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cfi4 ,all ! latt]1 z may be se5 by ! engrav+s1 h ! positive valve motion op]at$ by an ecc5tric4 ,9 select+ an air compressor ! foll[+ po9ts ne$ consid]ation3 #a1 ,numb] ( cubic feet ( free air requir$ p] m9ute2 #b1 ,altitude1 i4e41 ! numb] ( feet above ! sea level2 #c1 ,/eam pressure & air pressure4 ,! use ( compress$ air = op]at+ m9+ pumps1 :ile hav+ advantages 9 "s cases1 is n to be recomm5d$ 9 all1 p>ticul>ly on acc\nt ( ! l[ effici5cy ( ! plant z a :ole4 ,! loss due to leaks is s]i\s1 & ! long l9e ( pip+ ) its num]\s jo9ts causes mu* tr\ble1 delay & exp5se4 ,9 ,fig4 #cfi is %[n a direct act+ /eam s+le air compressor2 simplicity 9 its con/ruction is a lead+ feature & !re are few p>ts 9 ?is pump t are liable to we>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #cgj ,,& #cga4 ,?is app>atus is design$ = work+ pressures up to tw5ty p\nds2 x is int5d$ = use 9 oil ref9]ies1 smelt+ works1 bla/ furnaces & 9 all situations :]e compress$ air ( m$ium pressure is requir$4 ,!y are v>i\sly us$ = s& bla/s1 v5tilat+ purposes1 & = pneumatic deliv]ies4 ,! /eam end & valve motion are ! regul> ,deane patt]n1 assur+ positive op]ation4 ,! air cyl9d] is provid$ ) a wat] jacket4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cgb4 ,a p[] wall or po/ air compressor is %[n 9 ,figs4 #cgj-cgb4 ,! ma*9e is s+le act+ & is recomm5d$ :]e little space is available1 z x c be bolt$ to ! wall or to a po/1 or on ! "u side ( ! ceil+4 ,! crank %aft & connect+ rod are ( ca/ /eel4 ,! be>+s are babbitt$ & adju/able4 ,! pi/on is ( ! trunk =m1 c>ry+ a p9 = ! connect+ rod1 & is ( extra l5g? to act z a guide = ! l[] end ( ! connect+ rod4 ,! valves are ( ! poppet type4 ,^! compressors are ext5sively us$ 9 electric p[] /ations = supply+ air = remov+ du/ f electric ma*9]y1 9 bicycle %ops = inflat+ pneumatic tires1 ma9ta9+ a supply ( air 9 pressure tanks1 & = v>i\s purposes :]e a limit$ supply ( air is ne$$4 ,^! compressors are ( ! 8,blake0 design & ! foll[+ p>ticul>s w be ( int]e/4 ,,table4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,diamet] ( #b-a_/d #c #d #e #f #g ,cyl9d]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,/roke4 #f #f #f #f #f #f ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,revolutions ,p] #aej #aej #adj #adj #acj #acj ,m9ute4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,pi/on ,spe$ 9 ,feet #aej #aej #adj #adj #acj #acj ,p] ,m9ute4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,cubic ,feet ( ,free ,air #b #c #f #i #ab #ag ,p] ,m9ute4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,work+ #aej #aej #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj ,pressure4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,horse ,p[] #e_/h #c_/d #a-a_/b #b #b-a_/b #d ,requir$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,pipes4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,suction4 #c_/d #a #a-a_/b #b #b #b-a_/b ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,dis*>ge4 #c_/d #a #a-a_/b #a-a_/b #a-a_/b #a-a_/b ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,dim5sions4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,l5g?4 #bb #bb #bd #cj #cf #cf ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,wid?4 #ac #ad #ae #af #ah #ai-a_/b ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,height4 #cb #cc-a_/b #ch #dj-a_/b #dc #dd ---------------------------------------- ------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,diamet] ( #b-a_/d #c #d #e #f #g ,cyl9d]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,/roke4 #f #f #f #f #f #f ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,revolutions ,p] #aej #aej #adj #adj #acj #acj ,m9ute4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,pi/on ,spe$ 9 ,feet #aej #aej #adj #adj #acj #acj ,p] ,m9ute4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,cubic ,feet ( ,free ,air #b #c #f #i #ab #ag ,p] ,m9ute4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,work+ #ajj #ajj #ij #he #fj #fj ,pressure4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,horse ,p[] #a_/b #e_/h #a-a_/d #a-c_/d #b #b-a_/b ,requir$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,pipes4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,suction4 #c_/d #a #a-a_/b #b #b #b-a_/b ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,dis*>ge4 #c_/d #a #a-a_/b #a-a_/b #a-a_/b #a-a_/b ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,dim5sions4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,l5g?4 #af #af #af #bd #bd #cj ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,wid?4 #ac #ad #ad #ad #ad #ah ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,height4 #bh #bi-a_/bcc-a_/bcg-a_/bcg-a_/b #db ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,) increase 9 altitude ! b>ometric or atmosph]ic pressure falls f #ad4g p\nds p] squ>e in* at sea level to ab\t #aj p\nds at #aj1jjj feet above sea level4 ,s9ce ! d5sity ( ! air decreases ) its pressure x is obvi\s t at su* an altitude ! total weight ( air h&l$ by a giv5 displacem5t is consid]ably less ?an at sea level2 & t to fill any volume--a rock drill cyl9d]1 = in/ance--) air compress$ to #ij p\nds1 a great] free-air displacem5t w be necess>y ?an w\ld be requir$ at sea level4 ,! relative capacities ( a giv5 displacem5t to d "w--z ?r\gh rock drills or pumps--at v>y+ altitudes are figur$ 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,capacities ,,at ,,v>y+ ,,heights ,,above ,,sea ,,level4 ,feet above,b>omet] ,relative ,sea ,level ,in*es ,capacities ----------------------------- #j #cj4jj #a4jjj #ejj #bi4db 4#ihc #ajjj #bh4hg 4#ifg #aejj #bh4cc 4#ied #bjjj #bg4gi 4#ich #bejj #bg4bg 4#ibd #cjjj #bf4gf 4#iji #cejj #bf4be 4#hid #djjj #be4ge 4#hgi #dejj #be4bf 4#hfg #ejjj #bd4gh 4#hef #fjjj #bc4he 4#hbg #gjjj #bb4ie 4#hjj #hjjj #bb4aj 4#ggb #ijjj #ba4bb 4#gej #ajjjj #bj4dc 4#gbe #abjjj #ah4ib 4#fgg ----------------------------- ,! fact t ! heat+ effect ( compress+ air f an initial pressure ( #aj p\nds absolute to #ij p\nds gauge pressure is !oretically equival5t to t ( compression to #acb p\nds at sea level1 makes a two-/age arrangem5t m imp]ative 9 high level "w ?an "u ord9>y conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cgc4 ,,comp\nd+ ,,or ,,two-,,/age ,,compression4 ,! two-/age or multi-/age sy/em ( air compression is us$ g5]ally = high pressure "w4 ,! sy/em is mo/ usefully employ$ betwe5 #dj & #abj p\nds gauge pressure4 ,= ! mod]ate work+ pressure ( #ij to #ajj lbs41 ! two-/age compression has demon/rat$ its effici5cy *iefly = ! reason1 t ! heat g5]at$ 9 ! la/ half ( ! /roke ( a s+le compressor is by ! two-/age process greatly r$uc$4 ,fur!r comp\nd+1 = pressures above #ajj p\nds1 becomes q necess>y to secure ! advantages nam$ h]eaft]2 ! two-/age has prov$ advantage\s up to #ejj lbs41 ?ree-/age up to #a1jjj lbs41 & f\r-/age compression up to #c1jjj lbs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cgd4 ,z ! pressures increase1 h[ev]1 ! ma*9es become m & m complicat$1 ow+ n only to ! great] p[] requir$1 b also to ! heat+ ( ! air dur+ compression4 ,! use ( wat]-jackets = cool+ ! air 9 ! compression cyl9d]s is g5]al1 b ?is does n effect ?or\gh cool+1 z only a small portion ( ! air 9 ! cyl9d] comes 9 contact ) ! jacket$ p>ts4 ,?is difficulty has l$ to ! use ( comp\nd ma*9es1 9 :i* case int]-cool]s are g5]ally us$ betwe5 ! diff]5t /ages ( compression1 :i* cause ! air to %r9k 9 volume betwe5 ! /ages4 ,briefly summ$ up1 ! *ief advantages ( multi-/age ov] s+le-/age compression are3 #a4 ,l[] av]age temp]ature1 result+ 9 l[] av]age pressure1 & p]mitt+ ! compression ( ! same volume ( air ) less exp5diture ( en]gy4 #b4 ,increas$ safety & ease ( lubrication4 ,:5 high f9al temp]atures prevail1 "p ( ! lubricat+ oil vaporizes1 & we> on ! pi/on & cyl9d] becomes rapid4 ,"u exceptional circum/ances ! comb9ation ( air & oil vapor may rea* ! proportions ( an explosive mixture1 & if ! compression temp]ature passes its fla% po9t damage may result4 ,su* accid5ts are1 h[ev]1 v r>e ev5 9 s+le-/age "w2 9 multi-/age compression1 ) prop] int]cool+1 !y are impossible4 #c4 ,great] effective capacity 9 free air4 ,! f9al pressure 9 ! l[ pressure cyl9d] is mu* l[] ?an 9 a s+le-/age ma*9e1 & ! air conf9$ 9 ! cle>ance spaces :5 exp&$ d[n to atmosph]ic pressure occupies comp>atively little space4 ,consequ5tly ! infl[ ( air ?r\gh ! suction valves beg9s at an e>li] po9t 9 ! /roke4 #d4 ,! air deliv]$ by a two-/age or multi-/age compressor is dry] ?an t furni%$ by a s+le cyl9d]4 ,"u con/ant pressure ! p[] ( air to hold wat]y vapor decreases ) its temp]ature1 & dur+ its passage ?r\gh ! int]-cool] mu* ( ! orig9al moi/ure 9 ! air is precipitat$4 ,consequ5tly less tr\ble is exp]i5c$ f cond5sation 9 ! dis*>ge pipe4 ,a prop]ly design$ int]-cool] %\ld r$uce ! air 9 ! cyl9d]s to ! temp]ature ( ! outside air4 ,! economy ( compress+ 9 sev]al /ages--or1 9 o!r words1 comp\nd compressors--is %[n f ! fact t 9 compress+ air up to #ajj lbs4 ! heat loss rea*es ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ,by compress+ 9 two /ages1 ?is loss is cut d[n to less ?an half2 & 9 f\r /ages1 x is r$uc$ to f\r or five p] c5t4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! high] ! pressure requir$ ! m ess5tial is ! use ( comp\nd ma*9es4 ,! int]-cool] is ! vital feature ( ! two-/age or multi-/age ma*9e4 ,9 ?is con/ruction ! air is p>tially compress$ 9 "o cyl9d]2 x is !n pass$ ?r\gh an int]-cool] :]e x is cool$ & f9ally is compress$ to ! desir$ degree 9 ! second or o!r additional cyl9d]s4 ,an int]-cool] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cgc4 ,! cool+ surface consi/s ( a ne/ ( small brass wat] tubes4 ,^! tubes break up ! /ream ( air ent]+ ! cool]1 :ile _! ?9 walls insure rapid conduction4 ,! receiv] volume =m$ by ! connect+ pipes & int]-cool] body results 9 a ne>ly uni=m dis*>ge pressure 9 ! l[-pressure cyl9d]4 ,! air be+ outside ( ! tubes enc\nt]s practically no frictional resi/ance1 & its sl[ passage all[s "t = cool+4 ,a pocket1 ) gauge glass atta*$1 is s plac$ z to cat* any precipitat$ moi/ure :i* might o!rwise ent] ! high-pressure cyl9d]4 ,an aft]-cool] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cgd4 ,?is s]ves to r$uce ! temp]ature ( ! air aft] ! f9al compression4 ,! heat ( compression1 z may be judg$ f ! =ego+1 relat+ to int] & aft]-cool]s is a feature ( int]e/4 ,! temp]ature to :i* x f9ally atta9s dep5ds1 #a1 ^u ! initial temp]ature2 #b1 ^u ! degree ( compression1 or 9 o!r words1 ! am\nt ( "w exp5d$ ^u ! compression4 ,! ext5t ( ?is heat+ is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table1 = dry air :5 compression is p]=m$ ) no cool+4 ,temp]ature ( air be=e compression1 #fj #ij ,temp]ature ( air compress$ to #ae lbs4 #agg #bab #cj lbs4 #bee #bid #de lbs4 #cag #cfb #fj lbs4 #cfi #dag #ge lbs4 #daf #dfe #ij lbs4 #dee #ejg #aje lbs4 #dij #ede #abj lbs4 #ebd #ehj ,! ,norwalk comp\nd compressor is %[n 9 outl9e by ! cut #cge4 ,! l>ge air cyl9d] on ! left det]m9es ! capacity ( ! compressor2 = illu/ration assume its pi/on at #ajj squ>e in*es area2 ! small air cyl9d] c h an area ( ?irty-?ree & "o-?ird squ>e in*es4 ,! small pi/on only enc\nt]s ! heavie/ pressure2 at #ajj p\nds pressure ! resi/ance to its advance is #c1ccc p\nds4 ,! resi/ance aga9/ ! l>ge pi/on is its area multipli$ by ! pressure :i* is caus$ by =c+ ! air f ! l>ge cyl9d] into ! small] cyl9d]4 ,9 ?is case x is ?irty p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,b z ?is ?irty p\nds pressure acts on ! back ( ! small pi/on1 & h5ce assi/s ! ma*9e1 ! net resi/ance to =c+ ! air f ! l>ge into ! small cyl9d] is equal to ! diff]5ce ( ! area ( ! two pi/ons multipli$ by ! ?irty p\nds pressure4 ,?is is sixty-six & two-?irds by ?irty1 & equals #b1jjj p\nds4 ,h5ce #b1jjj p\nds1 ! resi/ance to =c+ ! air f ! l>g] into ! small] cyl9d]1 plus #c1ccc p\nds1 ! resi/ance 9 ! small] cyl9d] to compress+ x to #ajj p\nds1 is ! sum ( all ! resi/ances 9 ! comp\nd cyl9d]s at ! "t ( greate/ ef=t4 ,?is is #e1ccc p\nds4 ,by ?us r$uc+ ! "w to be done at ! end ( ! /roke1 m "w is done 9 ! fir/ "p1 & ! resi/ance is made ne>ly uni=m = ! :ole /roke4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cge4 ,,note4--,arr[s on ! wat] pipes %[ ! direction ( ! wat] circulation4 ,:5 ! pi/ons move z indicat$ by ! arr[ on ! pi/on rod1 /eam & air circulate 9 ! direction %[n by arr[s 9 ! cyl9d]s4 ,a--,inlet ,conduit = ,cold ,air4 ,b--,removable ,hoods ( ,wood4 ,c--,inlet ,valve4 ,d--,intake ,cyl9d]4 ,e--,dis*>ge ,valve4 ,f--,int]-cool]4 ,g--,compress+ ,cyl9d]4 ,h--,dis*>ge ,air ,pipe4 ,j--,/eam ,cyl9d]4 ,k--,/eam ,pipe4 ,l--,exhau/ ,/eam ,pipe4 ,n--,swivel ,connection = ,cros%ead4 ,o--,air ,relief ,valve1 to effect easy />t+ aft] /opp+ ) all pressure on pipes4 #a--;,cold ,wat] pipe to ,cool+ ,jacket4 #b & #c--,wat] ,pipes4 #d--,wat] ,ov]fl[ or dis*>ge4 #e--,/one on end ( ,f\ndation4 #f--;,f\ndation4 #g--,space to get at ,und]side ( ,cyl9d]4 #h--;,floor ,l9e4 ,,! ,,air ,,lift ,,pump4 ,! ,air ,lift is "o ( ! simple/ me?ods ( rais+ wat] f und]gr\nd s\rces4 ,! ma9 pr9ciple ( its op]ation may be /at$ ?us3 air "u pressure is convey$ into ! l[] end ( ! wat] pipe ?r\gh a suitable foot piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cgf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cgg4 ,city & t[n wat] works1 asylums & hospitals1 plantations1 railway wat] tanks1 irrigation1 private c\ntry h\ses1 pump+ m9es1 ice manufactories1 brew]ies1 cold /orage & pack+ h\ses1 textile mills1 dye works1 blea*]ies1 sew]age in/allations1 dry docks1 seaside wat] works1 /ock f>ms2 9 fact1 ev]y:]e t cle> & abundant wat] is ne$$ are opportunities = ! application ( ! ,air ,lift ,sy/em ( pump+ wat]4 ,nor is x alone = secur+ public wat] supplies t ! ,air ,lift is ( special value4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s ! "q ( an abundant & pure wat] supply = manufactur+1 irrigation & o!r uses has become "o ( equal importance4 ,aft] an ext5sive exp]i5ce1 two g5]al sy/ems h be5 devis$ = utiliz+ ! wat] :i* lies imm$iately bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,"o1 kn[n z ! ,deep-well ,pump ,sy/em1 = :i* a work+ pump is us$1 & ! o!r ! ,air ,lift ,sy/em1 :i* employs compress$ air to raise ! wat]1 ei!r by means ( its inh]5t expansive =ce or ! diff]5ce 9 specific gravity betwe5 compress$ air & wat]4 ,,note4--,dr4 ,julius ,j4 ,pohle is admitt$ to be ! orig9al inv5tor ( ?is admirable & useful device4 ,at fir/ all sy/ems by :i* wat] or liquids 7 lift$ by compress$ air 7 m or less extravagant1 b ) l>ge exp]i5ce & ) improvem5ts 9 air compressor economy1 ! ,air ,lift has made valuable /rides4 ,dr4 ,pohle 0 actively associat$ ) ! ,+]soll ,s>geant ,co4 until 8 dea?1 #ahif1 s9ce :i* "t 8 sy/em has be5 fur!r improv$ & develop$ by a wid] application & broad] exp]i5ce4 ,!ory ( ! ,air ,lift4 ,op9ions diff] z to ! true !ory ( ! ,air ,lift4 ,a common ,air ,lift case is "o :]e !re is a driv5 well 9 :i* ! wat] has ris5 approximately ne> ! surface4 ,9 ?is well is plac$ a l>ge pipe = ! dis*>ge ( ! wat]1 :i* is kn[n z an 8eduction pipe40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cgh4 ,?is pipe does n t\* ! bottom ( ! well1 b is elevat$ above x s z to freely admit ! wat] ?r\gh its l[] op5 end4 ,alongside ( ?is pipe1 ei!r on ! outside or )91 is a small pipe prop]ly proportion$ & int5d$ to convey compress$ air to a po9t ne> ! bottom ( ! eduction pipe4 ,x is usual to provide a 8foot-piece10 see ,fig4 #cgh1 :i* =ms a nozzle connect+ ! air pipe ) ! wat] pipe1 b 9 :at is kn[n z ! 8c5tral pipe sy/em0 ?is foot-piece is n us$1 ! air pipe be+ plac$ )9 ! eduction-pipe to a po9t ne> ! bottom1 :]e x dis*>ges ! compress$ air into ! wat] column4 ,_m neighborhoods are dep5d5t ^u well wat]1 & !re are few di/ricts :]e an ample supply is n to be secur$ f wells prop]ly made2 ?is wat] is g5]ally pure & :olesome4 ,x is also ( uni=m temp]ature ! ye> r\nd--cool & pleasant 9 ! summ]1 because ! und]gr\nd pipe & e>? temp]ature rema9 uni=mly l[4 ,9 w9t]1 well wat] be+ w>m] ?an t tak5 f ponds & riv]s1 is n s apt to freeze1 &1 f all consid]ations ( temp]ature & purity1 well wat] is greatly to be pref]r$4 ,_m cities locat$ on riv]s hav+ a gravel b$ =mation f9d t1 by plac+ wells ( suitable con/ruction f> en\gh back f ! bank1 !re is a natural filt] b$1 leav+ ! wat] cle>1 ev5 :5 ! riv] itself is muddy4 ,:5 riv] or o!r surface wat] is good ! wells may be sunk close to ! edge1 ! wat] fl[+ d[n f ! top ( ! wells4 ,!re are n _m und]gr\nd =mations :]e wells %\ld be locat$ close toge!r4 ,su* wells may affect or rob ea* o!r1 & x is usually be/ to spread !m out on a l9e across :at is kn[n to be ! und]gr\nd fl[4 ,"s f9ely crevic$ or tight rock =mations h a /rong head ) b little capacity1 & wells 9 su* =mations1 if pump$ h>d1 yield b little additional wat]4 ,!y %\ld be scatt]$ & pump$ mod]ately1 ma9ta9+ a l[ & economical lift4 ,9 o!r cases1 "o well 9 a gr\p w give z mu* wat] z all toge!r1 & m t]ritory mu/ be drawn on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #cgi-chb4 ,! ,pohle sy/em ( elevat+ liquids is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cgg4 ,! process 8consi/s 9 subm]g+ a portion ( an op5-end$ eduction-pipe 9 a body ( ! liquid to be rais$ & cont9u\sly introduc+ into ! liquid )9 ! l[] "p ( ! pipe a s]ies ( bubbles ( compress$ gase\s fluid conta9+ en\gh ( ! fluid to exp& imm$iately across ! pipe & fill ! same f side to side1 =m+ pipe-fitt+ pi/on-l lay]s at or j above ! po9t ( _! entrance into ! pipe1 :]eby ! column ( liquid ris+ 9 ! pipe aft] ! =c+ out ( ! liquid fir/ /&+ 9 ! latt] is subdivid$ by ! gase\s fluid into small portions be=e x rea*es ! level ( ! liquid outside ( ! pipe1 & a cont9u\sly upw>d-fl[+ s]ies ( well-def9$ alt]nate lay]s ( gase\s fluid & %ort lay]s ( liquid is =m$ & =c$ up ! pipe40 ,! figures repres5t ! app>atus 9 a /ate ( action pump+ wat]1 ! %ad$ sections )9 ! eduction-pipe1 ,w1 repres5t+ wat]-lay]s & ! int]v5+ blank spaces air-lay]s4 ,at & be=e ! beg9n+ ( pump+1 ! level ( ! wat] is ! same outside & inside ( ! dis*>ge-pipe1 ,w1--incid5tally1 also1 9 ! air pipe4 ,h5ce ! v]tical pressures p] squ>e in* are equal at ! subm]g$ end ( ! dis*>ge pipe4 ,:51 !re=e1 compress$ air is admitt$ into ! air pipe1 a1 x mu/ fir/ expel ! incid5tal /&+ wat] be=e air c ent] ! eduction-pipe1 ,w4 ,:5 ?is has be5 accompli%$1 ! air-pressure is ma9ta9$ until ! wat] )9 ! eduction-pipe has be5 =c$ out1 :i* x w be 9 "o unbrok5 column1 free f air-bubbles4 ,:5 ?is has occurr$ ! pressure ( ! air is l[]$ or its bulk dim9i%$ & adju/$ to a pressure j suffici5t to ov]come ! ext]nal wat]-pressure4 ,x is ?us adju/$ = ! p]=mance ( regul> & uni=m "w1 :i* w ensue ) ! infl[+ air & wat]1 :i* adju/ !mselves automatically 9 alt]nate lay]s or sections ( def9ite l5g?s & weights4 ,x w be se5 9 ! figures t ! l5g?s ( ! wat]-columns 7%ad$7 & air 7blank spaces7 #a & #a are ent]$ at ! "r ( ! dis*>ge-pipe1 ,w2 also1 t "u ! pressure ( two lay]s ( wat] #a & #b1 ! l5g? ( ! air column #b is #f4ga feet long1 & s on4 ,! l5g?s ( aggregate wat] columns & ! air columns :i* !y respectively compress are also ent]$ on ! "r ( ! wat]-pipe4 ,on ! left ( ! wat]-pipe are ent]$ ! pressures p] squ>e in* ( ^! wat] columns or lay]s4 ,?us ! pressure p] squ>e in* ( column #a is se5 to be #a4gd p\nds2 t ( #b1 consi/+ ( two columns or lay]s #a & #b ea* #d4jb feet long1 to be #c4di p\nds1 & t ( #aj1 consi/+ ( n9e columns or lay]s ( wat] #a to #i1 inclusive1 ea* #d4jb feet long1 & "o ( #c4hj feet 9 l5g? 7viz41 lay] #aj7 to be #ag4ce p\nds1 & ! aggregate l5g? ( ! lay]s ( wat] is #ci4ih feet 9 a total l5g? ( n9ety-"o feet ( pipe4 ,x w be not$ t ! l5g? ( pipe bel[ ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! well is #ee4e feet1 & t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! aggregate l5g? ( ! wat] lay]s 7#ci4ih7 is #ae4eb feet--t is1 on equal areas ! pressure outside ( ! pipe is great] ?an ! pressure on ! inside by ! weight due ?is diff]5ce ( level1 :i* is #dg4fe p\nds = ! end ( ! dis*>ge pipe4 ,x is ?is diff]5ce ( #ae4eb feet1 act+ z a head t supplies ! wat] pipe1 :i* puts ! cont5ts ( ! pipe 9 motion1 & ov]comes ! resi/ance 9 ! pipe4 ,9 g5]al ! wat] lay]s are equal ea* to ea*1 & ! pressure ^u any lay] ( air is due to ! numb] ( wat] lay]s above x4 ,?us ! pressure ^u ! bottom lay] ( air #aj 9 ! figure is due to all ! lay]s ( wat] 9 ! pipe 7#ag4ce p\nds71 & ! pressure ^u ! upp]mo/ lay] ( air #a is due to ! s+le lay] ( wat]1 #a1 at ! mom5t ( its dis*>ges beg9n+--viz41 #a4gd p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,z ?is dis*>ge progresses ?is is less5$1 until at ! completion ( ! dis*>ge ( ! wat] lay] ! air lay] is ( ! same t5sion z ! normal atmosph]e4 ,! air pipe is connect$ ) an air receiv] on ! surface1 :i* is at or ne> ! eng9e room1 9 :i* !re is an air compressor4 ,?is air pipe is provid$ ) a valve on ! surface4 ,be=e turn+ on ! air ! conditions 9 ! well %[ wat] at ! same level on ! outside & inside ( ! eduction-pipe4 ,at ! fir/ op]ation !re mu/ be suffici5t air pressure to dis*>ge ! column ( wat] :i* /&s 9 ! eduction-pipe4 ,?is goes out en masse1 aft] :i* ! pump assumes a normal condition1 ! air pressure be+ l[]$ & /&+ at su* a po9t z corresponds ) ! normal conditions 9 ! well4 ,?is is det]m9$ by ! volume ( wat] :i* ! well w yield 9 a c]ta9 "t & ! elevation to :i* ! wat] is dis*>g$4 ,,note4--,?is ext5d$ description ( ! pr9ciples ^u :i* an air lift op]ates--) its illu/rations--is drawn almo/ ^w = ^w f ! orig9al pat5t claims ( ,dr4 ,pohle4 ,! occupation ( ! space 9 ! "w is ju/ifi$ by ! increas+ importance ( ?is sy/em ( wat] supply & its practical applications 9 ! indu/rial _w4 ,ye> by ye> ! _w's visible supply ( coal--s long /or$ & hidd5 away 9 ! e>?'s cru/ await+ ! adv5t ( man--is dim9i%+1 next w dawn ! age ( air & wat] ) electric transmission4 ,aft] ! /&+ wat] column has be5 ?r[n (f by ! pressure ! air rises ?r\gh ! wat] r$uces its weight1 ) ! result t ! wat] is expell$ z fa/ z ! well supplies x1 ! wat] outside ! pipe1 act+ z a head1 fl[s into ! dis*>ge pipe by ! =ce ( gravity4 ,! ma*9]y necess>y = a sy/em ( pump+ comprises1 #a1 an air compressor2 #b1 a receiv] to /ore & equalize ! pressure2 #c1 ! head piece & foot piece = ! well2 &1 #d1 ! necess>y pip+ = ! air supply & wat] dis*>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #chc4 ,) an available supply ( air "u pressure ! pump prop] consi/s ( simply a wat] dis*>ge & air pipe1 ! latt] arrang$ & prop]ly controll$ to inject air into ! =m] at ! po9t ( prop] subm]sion4 ,x is readily se5 t ! app>atus is s simple t z a pump x _c get out ( ord]2 9 cases1 :]e mud1 s& or gritty mat]ial is enc\nt]$1 x w h&le su* matt] ) ! wat] & )\t injury to ! sy/em1 z no?+ comes 9 contact ) ! mov+ p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #chd1 #che4 ,abs5ce ( all ob/ruct+ me*anism 9 ! wells all[s ea* to be op]at$ to its full capacity4 ,production1 !re=e1 does n dep5d ^u ! pump1 b r ^u ! capacity ( ! well to yield wat]2 ! natural yield ( wells is (t5 increas$ by ?is process ( us+ compress$ air admitt$ close to ! bottom ( ! dis*>ge pipe1 ! wat] is set 9 motion at a consid]able dep?1 & by ?is action ! well is 8clean$40 ,purification is effect$ by a]ation dur+ ! process ( pump+1 ! absorption ( air by ! wat] prev5t+ ! =mation ( unsanit>y gr[?s4 ,?ree /yles ( well heads are %[n 9 ,figs4 #chc1 #chd & #che4 ,! deflector head1 ,fig4 #chc1 is atta*$ to ! well cas+ or dis*>ge pipe by /&>ds4 ,?is =m ( head piece is g5]ally us$ :]e ! wat] is to be rais$ to ! surface1 or j bel[ ! surface into a tank1 :]e ! air is all[$ to sep>ate itself1 & ! wat] fl[s to "s c5tral collect+ res]voir1 :]e x is us$ or =c$ by means ( an ord9>y pump to a high] elevation4 ,! head piece (f]s no ob/ruction to ! dis*>g$ wat]4 ,! (fset dis*>ge1 ,fig4 #chd1 is adapt$ to situations :]e ! wat] is to be pump$ by air direct f ! well to "s elevation above ! well4 ,! elb[ dis*>ge1 ,fig4 #che1 %[s ! common =m ( well head kn[n z ! elb[ head1 adapt$ to be us$ ei!r z a cap = ! well cas+ itself1 or us$ 9 connection ) a suitable dis*>ge pipe4 ,! foot piece1 or nozzle1 :i* regulates ! admission ( air to ! dis*>ge pipe at ! po9t :]e ! air comes 9 contact ) ! wat]1 !reby makes x possible to c>ry air at full pressure to ! end ( ! air pipe1 & utilizes ! en]gy due to ! velocity ( ! dis*>g$ air4 ,aft] a well is once regulat$ or balanc$ !re is b little occasion to move ! adju/+ :eel or valve1 ! />t+ & /opp+ ( ! fl[ ( any p>ticul> well be+ accompli%$ by means ( an ord9>y valve or plug cock on ! air pipe at or adjac5t to ! well4 ,"o ,c5tral ,/ation ( suitable capacity w op]ate sev]al wells no matt] h[ f> ap>t4 ,! necessity ( ma9ta9+ a numb] ( sep>ate pump+ plants is ?us done away )1 & 9 tak+ a supply ( wat] f an und]gr\nd s\rce ! wells c be locat$ )\t ref]5ce to ! p[] plant1 & at su* di/ances ap>t z w be/ ma9ta9 ! highe/ av]age pump+ level4 ,al?\gh ! pr9ciple ( ! action gov]n+ all pumps ( ?is description is s simple1 !re are a numb] ( factors hav+ a direct influ5ce ^u ! p]=mance ( ! pump1 :i* h be5 express$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms by a well-kn[n exp]t3 7a7 ,dep? ( subm]sion ( po9t ( air dis*>ge bel[ /ill wat] surface4 7b7 ,velocity ( wat] at po9t ( air dis*>ge4 7a7 & 7b7 det]m9e ! necess>y air pressure4 ,if 7a7 is con/ant1 ! pressure decreases :5 7b7 increases4 7c7 ,area ( ma91 or wat] dis*>ge pipe4 7d7 ,net lift to po9t ( wat] dis*>ge1 includ+ velocity head at t po9t4 7e7 ,volume ( air 7at atmosph]ic pressure7 dis*>g$ p] unit ( "t4 7f7 ,ratio ( expansion ( air z x rises ?r\gh ! ma9 pipe2 7f7 may be consid]ably modifi$ by ! temp]ature ( ! wat]4 7g7 ,total volume ( air 9 ma9 pipe at any in/ant4 ,?is det]m9es ! specific gravity ( ! dis*>g+ column4 7h7 ,! volume ( ea* individual bubble )9 ! ma94 ,lett]s are = ref]5ce only & d n indicate ! ord] ( importance nor ( effect4 ,x 0 at fir/ suppos$ t 9 all ,air ,lift cases ! wat] 0 dis*>g$ because ( ! a]ation ( ! wat] 9 ! eduction-pipe1 due to ! intimate co-m+l+ ( air & wat]4 ,bubbles ( air ris+ 9 a wat] column n only h a t5d5cy to c>ry p>ticles ( wat] ) ! air1 b ! column is made light]1 &1 ) a subm]g5ce or weight ( wat] on ! outside ( ! eduction-pipe1 !re w\ld naturally be a con/ant dis*>ge ( air & wat]4 ,?is is kn[n z ! ,frizell ,sy/em1 & :]e ! lifts are mod]ate--t is1 :]e ! wat] 9 ! well rea*es a po9t ne> ! surface--x is v likely t ! dis*>ge is due to simple a]ation4 ,mo/ air lift propositions are deep-well cases--t is1 ! wat] is lift$ a di/ance great] ?an #be feet2 & j 9 proportion z ! lift is increas$ d we get away f ! a]at$ =m idea1 & s :5 ! air pressure is great] ?an ! head ( wat]1 a c]ta9 volume ( compress$ air is receiv$ into ! eduction-pipe1 ! wat] 9 ?is pipe is at t "t mov+ rapidly upw>d2 t is1 its mom5tum has be5 e/abli%$4 ,h5ce ! air takes up ?is velocity & goes upw>d ) ! wat] f ! en]gy receiv$ f ! ela/icity ( ! air due to its compressor4 ,a practical example ( ! successful work+ ( an air compressor = rais+ wat] f a driv5 well #cai feet is describ$ & illu/rat$ by ! ,practical ,eng9e] z %[n 9 ! sket*1 ,fig4 #chf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #chf4 ,! air compressor =ces ! air d[n ! inside pipe1 :i* is #a-a_/d 9 diamet]4 ,! outside pipe1 :i* is #c 9 diamet]1 has its l[] end subm]g$ 9 ! well4 ,! compress$ air =ces a ris+ column ( air m+l$ ) wat] 9 ! out] pipe to ! supply tanks1 :i* are situat$ at ! top ( ! build+4 ,direct ,air ,pressure ,pumps4 ,?is t]m is appli$ to t class ( pumps 9 :i* ! liquid is tak5 into an air tight vessel & !n driv5 out ?r\gh pipes to a high] level by ! application ( compress$ air directly on ! surface ( ! liquid 9 ! tank1 ?us disp5s+ ) cyl9d]s1 pi/ons1 valves1 gl&s1 etc41 ( ! m common class ( pumps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #chg4 ,fig4 #chg %[s ! p>ts ( ! pump2 its op]ation is z foll[s3 ,suppose ! compressor to be 9 op]ation & ! swit* set z 9 ! figure2 ! air w be drawn out ( ! "r tank & =c$ into ! left tank1 & 9 s do+ w draw wat] into ! =m] & =ce x out ( ! latt]4 ,! *>ge ( air 9 ! sy/em is s adju/$ t :5 "o tank is empti$ ! o!r is fill$1 & at t mom5t ! swit* w be automatically ?r[n1 rev]s+ ! pipe connections & !reby rev]s+ ! action 9 ! tanks4 ,! swit* is a simple me*anism plac$ on ! air pipes ne> ! compressor4 ,x c be automatically op]at$ 9 "o ( ?ree ways3 ,fir/1 by means ( ! suction :i* occurs 9 ! intake pipe to ! compressor1 :5 wat] is drawn above its outside level 9 "o ( ! tanks4 ,! details ( ! me*anism to utilize ?is suction are v simple4 ,second1 by a me*anism1 t w ?r[ ! swit* at "s assign$ numb] ( /rokes ( ! compressor1 ! prop] numb] be+ t :i* w empty "o tank & fill ! o!r4 ,?is c be closely comput$ be=eh& & c be det]m9$ exactly by te/ :5 comm5c+ op]ation & ! swit* adju/$ accord+ly4 ,?ird1 by an electrically controll$ me*anism1 ! circuit be+ made & brok5 by a pressure gauge on ! intake ( ! compressor4 ,! ,pneumatic ,eng9e]+ ,co4 are ! mak]s ( ?is app>atus1 nam$ ! ,h>ris ,sy/em ( rais+ wat] by direct pressure4 ,,! ,,/eam ,,fire ,,eng9e ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #chh4 ,,! ,,/eam ,,fire ,,eng9e4 ,! /eam fire eng9e is practically a portable pump+ eng9e4 ,x is 9 all respects a complete wat] works on a small scale1 h5ce1 a mod]n app>atus mu/1 )9 itself1 & ea* "p work+ h>moni\sly ) e o!r "p1 conta9 sev]al complex me*anisms4 ,?is w readily appe> by a /udy ( ! sev]al succe$+ illu/rations2 ! fir/1 :i* 9 ! figure bel[ exhibits a 8view0 ( a complete ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #chi4 7,see page #aji47 ,mod]n /eam fire eng9es are classifi$ z to 8size10 z 8d\ble extra fir/10 etc42 _! capacities & weights are giv5 approximately 9 ! foll[+ ,,table4 ,,size ,,( ,,eng9es4 ,,capacity4 ,,weight4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,d\ble ,extra ,fir/ #a1cjj gallons p] m94 #aj1hjj p\nds4 ,extra ,fir/ #a1ajj gallons p] m94 #i1hjj p\nds4 ,fir/ #ijj gallons p] m94 #h1hjj p\nds4 ,second #gjj gallons p] m94 #g1hjj p\nds4 ,?ird #fjj gallons p] m94 #f1hjj p\nds4 ,f\r? #ejj gallons p] m94 #e1hjj p\nds4 ,fif? #djj gallons p] m94 #d1hjj p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,! =ego+ li/ ( ! sizes1 capacities1 etc41 ( ! fire app>atus n[ 9 g5]al use1 af=ds a v good comp>ison betwe5 x & t :i* has1 little by little1 progress$ = two ?\s& ye>s to its pres5t high plane4 ,! application ( electric p[] to ! op]ation ( ! pumps & ! propulsion ( ! app>atus is yet 9 too elem5t>y a /age = pres5t discussion 9 a "w ( ?is scope =-- ,x is ess5tial t ! ma*9]y reli$ ^u = fire protection %\ld at all times be ready = in/antane\s & effective s]vice2 ?is1 because bo? life & va/ prop]ty int]e/s are at /ake1 h5ce ( all ma*9es made1 ! mod]n /eam fire eng9e is produc$ ) a nic5ess ( f9i% & accuracy ( fit equal$ by no o!r1 :5 size is consid]$2 x approa*es t[>ds ! p]fection se5 9 ! me*anism ( a f9e wat*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #cij1 #cia4 ,?is degree ( excell5ce has be5 arriv$ at by successive /eps4 ,! illu/ration on page #ib1 ,fig4 #chh exhibits ! fire-fight+ tools ( ! e>ly ,romans & simil> app>atus 0 us$ 9 ,engl& z late z ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! implem5ts %[n are a syr+e1 a sl$ge hamm]1 two fire hooks & ?ree lea!rn buckets conv5i5tly arrang$ aga9/ a wall4 ,! own]s ( h\ses or *imneys t took fire 7 f9$2 & m5 7 appo9t$ to wat* = fires & give ! al>m4 ,9 #adgb a night bellman 0 employ$ 9 ,exet] to al>m ! inhabitants 9 case ( fire1 & 9 #aeeh1 lea!rn buckets1 ladd]s & crooks1 7 ord]$ to be provid$ = ! same city2 no application ( ! pump seems to h be5 !n ?\ght (4 ,syr+es cont9u$ to be us$ 9 ,london till ! latt] "p ( ! #ag? c5tury1 :5 !y 7 sup]s$$ by m improv$ ma*9es4 ,!y 7 usually made ( brass & held f two to f\r qu>ts4 ,! small] ones 7 ab\t two feet & a half long1 & an in* & a half 9 diamet]2 ! bore ( ! nozzles be+ half an in*4 ,?ree m5 7 requir$ to "w ea*1 :i* !y a*iev$ 9 ?is mann]3 "o man on ea* side1 grasp$ ! cyl9d] ) "o h& & ! nozzle ) ! o!r2 :ile ! ?ird man work$ ! pi/on6 ,^? :o held ! in/rum5t plung$ ! nozzle into a vessel ( wat]1 ! op]ator !n drew back ! pi/on & ?us *>g$ ! cyl9d]1 & :5 x 0 rais$ by ! be>]s into ! requir$ position1 he pu%$ 9 ! pi/on & =c$1 or r endeavor$ to =ce1 ! cont5ts ^u ! fire4,a ,a ,,note4--,we are told t "s ( ^! syr+es are pres]v$ 9 "o or two ( ! p>i% *ur*es4 ,x c excite no surprise t ,london %\ld h be5 almo/ :olly de/roy$ 9 ! great fire ( #afff1 :5 su* 7 ! ma*9es ^u :i* ! inhabitants *iefly dep5d$ = protect+ _! prop]ty & dwell+s4 ,if ! dim9utive size ( ^! in/rum5ts be consid]$1 ! numb] ( h&s requir$ to "w ea*1 beside o!rs to c>ry wat] & vessels = !m1 ! difficulty & (t5 impossibility ( approa*+ suffici5tly ne> s z to rea* ! flames ) ! jet1 ! loss ( "p ( ! /ream at ! beg9n+ & end ( ea* /roke ( ! pi/on1 & ! trifl+ effect produc$--! :ole act ( us+ !m1 appe>s r z a f>ce4 ,^! primitive devices 7 kn[n z 8h& squirts40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cib4 ,figs4 #cij & #cia %[ an e>ly =m ( syr+e4 ,a description ( x translat$ f ! orig9al ,greek1 writt5 by ,h]o ( ! anci5t city ( ,alex&ria1 reads ?us--8,a holl[ tube ( "s l5g? is made1 ,a1 ,b2 into ?is ano!r tube1 ,c1 ,d1 is nicely fitt$1 to ! extremity ( :i* is fa/5$ a small plate or pi/on2 at1 ,d1 is a h&le1 ,e1 ,f4 ,cov] ! orifice1 ,a1 ( ! tube1 ,a1 ,b1 ) a plate 9 :i* an extremely f9e tube1 ,g1 ,h1 is fix$1 its bore communicat+ ) ,a1 ,b1 ?r\gh ! plate--z a vacuum is ?us produc$ 9 ,a1 ,b1 some?+ else mu/ ent] to fill x1 & z !re is no o!r passage b ?r\gh ! m\? ( ! small tube we %all ( necessity draw up ?r\gh ?is any fluid t may be ne>40 ,fig4 #cib is a copy ( an old engrav+ 7,a4,d4 #aefh7 :i* %[s an 8eng9e0 ( ?is type suffici5tly enl>g$ to conta9 a b>rel or m ( wat] & z a matt] ( necessity1 plac$ on a c>riage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cic4 ,to eject ! wat] uni=mly1 ! inv5tor mov$ ! pi/on by a screw2 & :5 ! cyl9d] 0 empti$1 x 0 refill$ ?r\gh ! funnel by an att5dant1 z ! pi/on 0 drawn back by rev]s+ ! motion ( ! crank4 ,:5 re*>g$1 ! /op cock 9 ! pipe ( ! funnel 0 clos$ & ! liquid =c$ out z be=e4 ,z flexible pipes ( lea!r1 ! 8ball & socket0 & 8goose-neck0 jo9ts _h n be5 introduc$1 "s mode ( *ang+ ! direction ( ! jet ( ?is enorm\s syr+e 0 necess>y4 ,to effect ?is1 x is repres5t$ z susp5d$ on pivots1 fa/5$ 9 two upright po/s3 to ^! are secur$ 7see figure7 two semi-circul> /raps ( iron1 ^: c5t]s co9cide ) ! axis1 or pivots1 on :i* ! syr+e is balanc$4 ,a numb] ( holes are made 9 ea*1 & are s arrang$ z to be opposite ea* o!r4 ,a bolt is pass$ ?r\gh two ( ^!1 & also ?r\gh a simil> hole1 9 a piece ( metal1 t is firmly secur$ to ! upp] "p ( ! op5 end ( ! cyl9d]2 & ?us holds ! latt] 9 any requir$ position4 ,! iron frame to :i* ! box or female "p ( ! screw is atta*$1 is made fa/ to ! cyl9d]2 & x is ?r\gh a project+ piece on ! end ( ?is frame t ! bolt is pass$4 ,by ^! means1 any elevation c\ld be giv5 to ! nozzle1 & ! syr+e c\ld be secur$ by pass+ ! bolt ?r\gh ! piece j m5tion$1 & ?r\gh ! correspond+ holes 9 ! /raps4 ,:5 a lat]al *ange 9 ! jet 0 requir$1 ! :ole ma*9e 0 mov$ by a man at ! end ( ! pole1 z 9 ! figure4 ,jo9t$ feet 7 atta*$ to ! frame :i* 7 let d[n :5 ! eng9e 0 at "w4 ,fig4 #cic %[s an eng9e = ext+ui%+ fires1 :i* has come d[n to u f ! times ( ,h]o1 :o ?us describes x3 ,,note4--,! siphons us$ 9 conflagrations are made z foll[s4 ,take two vessels ( bronze1 ,a ,b ,c ,d1 ,e ,f ,g ,h 7,fig4 #cic71 hav+ ! inn] surface bor$ 9 a la! to fit a pi/on 7l ! b>rels ( wat]-organs71 ,k ,l1 ,m ,n1 be+ ! pi/ons fitt$ to ! boxes4 ,let ! cyl9d]s communicate ) ea* o!r by means ( ! tube1 ,x ,o ,d ,f1 & be provid$ ) valves1 ,p1 ,r1 su* z h be5 expla9$ above1 )9 ! tube1 ,x ,o ,d ,f1 & op5+ outw>ds f ! cyl9d]s4 ,9 ! bases ( ! cyl9d]s pi]ce circul> ap]tures1 ,s1 ,t1 cov]$ ) poli%$ hemisph]ical cups1 ,v ,q1 ,w ,y1 ?r\gh :i* ins]t sp9dles sold]$ to1 or 9 "s way connect$ )1 ! bases ( ! cyl9d]s1 & provid$ ) %\ld]s at ! extremities t ! cups may n be =c$ (f ! sp9dles4 ,to ! c5t] ( ! pi/ons fa/5 ! v]tical rods1 ,s ,e1 ,s ,e1 & atta* to ^! ! beam ,a ,a1 work+1 at its c5t]1 ab\t ! /ation>y p91 ,d1 & ab\t ! p9s1 ,b1 ,c1 at ! rods1 ,s ,e1 ,s ,e4 ,let ! v]tical tube1 ,s ,e1 communicate ) ! tube1 ,x ,o ,d ,f1 bran*+ into two arms at1 ,s1 & provid$ ) small pipes ?r\gh :i* to =ce up wat]1 su* z 7 expla9$ above 9 ! description ( ! ma*9e = produc+ a wat]-jet by means ( ! compress$ air4 ,n[1 if ! cyl9d]s1 provid$ ) ^! additions be plung$ into a vessel conta9+ wat]1 ,i ,j ,u ,z1 & ! beam1 ,a ,a1 be made to "w at its extremities1 ,a1 ,a1 :i* move alt]nately ab\t ! p91 ,d1 ! pi/ons1 z !y desc5d1 w drive out ! wat] ?r\gh ! tube1 ,e ,s1 & ! revolv+ m\?1 ,m4 ,= :5 ! pi/on1 ,m ,n1 asc5ds x op5s ! ap]ture1 ,t1 z ! cup1 ,w ,y1 rises1 & %uts ! valve1 ,r2 b :5 x desc5ds x %uts1 ,t1 & op5s1 ,r1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] is driv5 & =c$ upw>ds4 ,! action ( ! o!r pi/on1 ,k ,l1 is ! same4 ,n[ ! small pipe1 ,m1 :i* waves backw>d & =w>d1 ejects ! wat] to ! requir$ height b n 9 ! requir$ direction1 unless ! :ole ma*9e be turn$ r\nd2 :i* on urg5t occasions is a t$i\s & difficult process4 ,9 ord] !re=e1 t ! wat] may be eject$ to ! spot requir$1 let ! tube1 ,e ,s1 consi/ ( two tubes1 fitt+ closely toge!r l5g?wise1 ( :i* "o mu/ be atta*$ to ! tube1 ,x ,o ,d ,f1 & ! o!r to ! "p f :i* ! arms bran* (f at1 ,s2 & ?us1 if ! upp] tube be turn$ r\nd1 by ! incl9ation ( ! m\?piece1 ,m1 ! /ream ( wat] c be =c$ to any spot we please4 ,! upp] jo9t ( ! d\ble tube mu/ be secur$ to ! l[] to prev5t its be+ =c$ f ! ma*9e by ! viol5ce ( ! wat]4 ,?is may be effect$ by holdfa/s 9 ! %ape ( ! lett] ,l1 sold]$ to ! upp] tube1 & slid+ on a r+ :i* encircles ! l[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cid4 7,see page #aji47 ,h]on or ,h]o 0 an ,alex&rian ma!matician ( ! #c;d ,c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,he 0 ! inv5tor ( 8,h]o's ,f\nta90 9 :i* a jet ( wat] 0 ma9ta9$ by cond5s$ air & ( a ma*9e act+ ^u ! pr9ciple ( ,b>k]'s ,mill1 9 :i* ! motion 0 produc$ by /eam4 ,fragm5ts ( 8 works on me*anics h be5 pres]v$ = m ?an #bjjj ye>s4 ,lack ( space =bids foll[+1 z c\ld be done1 ! gr[? ( ! mod]n /eam fire eng9e f ^! primitive beg9n+s to its pres5t high po9t ( excell5ce & widely ext5d$ use4 ,:]ev] civiliz$ m5 are ga!r$ into t[ns & cities !re c be f\nd ?is admirable me*anism af=d+ protection to bo? life & prop]ty4 ,! ,work+ ,p>ts1 ,! ,boil]1 & ,its facilities = ,transportation are ! ?ree ess5tial p>ts ( ! "o me*anism :i* comb9$1 =m ! /eam fire eng9e4 ,9 brief ref]5ce to ! la/ qualification1 x may be said t ^! eng9es are drawn by h&1 by "o or m horses1 or o!r animals & are self-propell$ by bo? /eam & electric p[]2 aga9 ! hose c>riage c be drawn by h&1 by horses or c be atta*$ to ! eng9e4 ,! ma9 work+ p>ts ( ! ma*9e c be easily divid$ into two p>ts1 ! eng9e & ! pump4 ,! boil] 9 all its details has be5 design$ to meet ! requirem5ts peculi> to ! fire s]vice & ne$s a full explanation ) illu/rations4 ,! auxili>y appliances f\nd necess>y = ! op]ation ( ! mod]n /eam fire eng9e are l>ge 9 numb]2 ?is is ow+ to ! fact t ! ma*9e comb9es )9 itself s complete a sy/em = ext+ui%+ fires4 ,! supplies ne$$ = its ma9t5ance & use are also 9 proportion1 z to quantity & v>iety1 to its complex make up4 ,! boil]1 :i* is g5]ally ( ! upright semi-wat] tube type1 is comb9$ ) ! eng9e by means ( a /rong iron frame1 :i* c>ries all ! appliances z well z ! driv]'s seat1 & also =ms ! body ( ! truck4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v]tical ,,section4 ,,fig4 #cie4 ,! pumps may be ( ! reciprocat+ or rot>y type1 & are g5]ally plac$ 9 front ( ! boil]4 ,if ( ! reciprocat+ type1 two pumps are plac$ alongside ea* o!r1 & are op]at$ ei!r by a d\ble slide valve or pi/on valve eng9e4 ,! pi/on rods connect directly ) ! plung] rods & are also connect$ to a crank %aft by means ( ei!r connect+ rods or yokes1 ! cranks be+ set at "r angles1 s t "o pump is always act+1 :ile ! o!r passes ! dead c5t]1 ?us giv+ a practically /eady /ream4 ,! eng9e exhau/s into ! /ack1 :i* gives ! necess>y draft4 ,"s eng9es are equipp$ ) a boil] fe$ pump1 o!rs only dep5d ^u an injector1 or fe$ directly f ! ma9 pump4 ,! coal box1 :i* also =ms a plat=m = ! eng9e] to /& ^u :ile "u way1 is plac$ back ( ! boil]4 ,all eng9es are equipp$ ) two suctions & two dis*>ge op5+s1 s t ei!r side may be connect$ up4 ,! tool box & driv]'s seat are 9 front ( ! eng9e4 ,! frame re/s ^u spr+s1 to make ! ma*9e easy runn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cif4 ,! ,fox ,boil] ) :i* ! ,metropolitan & o!r eng9es are equipp$ des]ves an ext5d$ notice4 ,x is %[n 9 v]tical section 9 ,fig4 #cie1 ! arr[s indicat+ ! /eam & wat] circulation4 ,its design1 :ile simple1 embodies "s orig9al ideas z to ! arrangem5t ( ! tube surface me?od ( circulation1 etc42 x is a /eam g5]ator ( ! wat] tube type design$ to meet ! requirem5ts peculi> to ! fire s]vice4 ,! /eam take-(f & sectional view ( %ell ) ! tube sy/em remov$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cig4 ,,note4--,work+ pressure c be g5]at$ 9 ?is boil] 9 six m9utes f cold wat]1 & ! provisions = expansion are s ne> p]fect t no bad effect is noticeable f su* sev]e treatm5t4 ,! manifold tube sections are te/$ to #fjj p\nds pressure1 & are put toge!r ) great c>e2 ! manifolds are c\nt]-bor$ to admit ! full diamet] ( ! tube1 leav+ none ( ! ?read$ portion expos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan %[+ ,/eam ,take-,(f4--,,fig4 #cig4 ,illu/ration3 ,top ,view ( ,empty ,%ell1 %[+ manifold ,beam4--,,fig4 #cih4 ,! boil] consi/s prim>ily ( a simple annul> %ell heavily /ay-bolt$ ?r\gh\t1 & con/itutes a wat]-legg$ fire-box & /eam res]voir2 ! pr9cipal heat+ surface ( ! boil] consi/s ( /raight wat] tubes1 manifold$ 9 sectional =m & h\s$ )9 ! %ell1 ! g5]al s*eme provid+ arrangem5ts to make all connections readily accessible1 & p]mitt+ ! )drawal f ! boil] ( any "o or all ( ! sev]al tube sections2 ! %ell1 be+ practically a p]man5t feature1 ne$ seldom be di/urb$ by reason ( subsequ5t repairs or r5ewals ( ! tube sy/ems4 ,x may be not$ t ! l[] "p1 or wat] leg1 ( ! %ell is contract$ = ! purpose ( facilitat+ ! rapid g5]ation ( /eam1 & also provid+ ! maximum grate area2 at a po9t some:at bel[ ! wat] l9e ( ! boil]1 ! inn] %ell is flang$ inw>d1 !reby enl>g+ ! annul> space betwe5 ! inn] & out] %eets = ! purpose ( provid+ a m copi\s res]voir4 ,! wat] l9e be+ c>ri$ 9 ?is l>g] "p ( ! %ell1 t5ds to prev5t ! rapid fluctuation ( ! wat] level1 & ! increas$ area ( its surface at ?is po9t is favorable to ! dis5gagem5t ( ! /eam4 ,illu/ration3 ,sectional ,unit = ,out]-,tube ,sy/em4 ,,fig4 #cii4 ,illu/ration3 ,sectional ,unit = ,inn]-,tube ,sy/em4 ,,fig4 #djj4 ,:5 held at its normal po9t1 ! wat] l9e protects ! flang$ "p ( ! inn] %ell2 b no damage c occur1 ei!r f a willful or an accid5tal draw+ d[n ( ! wat]1 z ! spray deflect$ ?r\gh ! nipples ( ! out] tubes is suffici5t to protect ! flange1 al?\gh ! actual wat] level is well d[n 9 ! leg4 ,! /eam 9 contact ) ! upp] "p ( ! %ell is by no means dry1 & ! heat absorb$ at ?is po9t is amply suffici5t to protect x4 ,to insure a deliv]y ( dry /eam to ! cyl9d]s1 a peculi> 8take-(f0 r+ is provid$ at ! highe/ "p ( ! /eam res]voir1 ! same encircl+ ! inside %eet ( ! %ell4 ,! upp] edge ( ! r+ is p]=at$ at a di/ant po9t f ! ?rottle1 & ! /eam ent]+ ! r+ *amb] 9 small /reams is held 9 close contact ) ! hot %ell at a po9t closely adjac5t to ! upp] l9e ( rivets2 ! /eam by ?is means is dri$ dur+ its passage to ! ?rottle1 & ! heat ?us absorb$ s]ves z a protection to ! rivets j ref]r$ to4 ,,note4--,! life ( bo? wat] tubes & fire tubes is g5]ally f\nd disproportionate to ! heavi] p>ts us$ 9 boil] con/ruction1 & exp]i5ce %[s conclusively t ! co/ ( subsequ5t ma9t5ance is measur$ directly by1 & may be dim9i%$ by1 ! facility ) :i* ^! indisp5sable p>ts may be replac$ or repair$ 9 an em]g5cy4 ,! pr9cipal heat+ surface ( ! boil] is conta9$ 9 ! v]tical wat] tube sections1 :i* comprise & w be ref]r$ to1 z an inn] & an out] tube sy/em4 ,! out] sy/em1 embraces ! %ort manifold sections :i* completely encircle ! fire-box walls4 ,! top end ( ea* section is screw$ & susp5d$ f ! flang$ "p ( ! %ell1 & ! l[] end is /ay$ by direct connection ) ! leg ( ! fire-box4 ,! tubes are 8/agg]$0 9 _! manifolds1 !reby expos+ ! greate/ possible surface to ! fire1 & fill+ out ! space due to ! diff]5ce 9 ! wid? ( ! wat]-leg & /eam space ( ! %ell4 ,! direct application ( heat to ! tubes causes a natural & active upw>d curr5t !re91 :i* 9 turn induces a correspond+ d[nw>d movem5t ( ! wat] 9 ! leg ( ! fire-box1 & promotes ! fl[ into ! fe$ pipes4 ,! inn]-tube sy/em comprises ^? tube sections :i* ext5d to ! upp] limits ( ! boil]1 _! numb] & arrangem5t be+ su* z to completely fill ! int]ior ( ! %ell above ! space requir$ = ! combu/ion ( ! fuel4 ,! con/ruction ( ! v]tical inn]-tube sy/em is simple1 & consi/s ( ! requir$ numb] ( manifold sections1 suitably arrang$ to con=m to ! circul> space occupi$1 ! flat inn] end ( ea* upp] manifold be+ rigidly bolt$ to a heavy transv]se beam1 :i* 9 turn is support$ 9 suitable pockets secur$ to ! upp] "p ( ! %ell4 ,at ! top ( ! boil]1 ea* section has its own connection ) ! /eam space1 & x is easy to remove ei!r "o ( ! sections sep>ately )\t di/urb+ ! o!rs2 or ! entire inn]-tube sy/em c be rais$ out ( ! boil] z a :ole1 aft] break+ ! prop] connections1 all ( :i* are accessible4 ,! curr5t ( /eam & wat] c>ri$ ov] ?r\gh ! top connections ( ! inn] sy/em is g5]ally suffici5t to keep ! tubes cle> ( scale2 & ! po9t ( dis*>ge & dis5gagem5t is br\ght d[n l[1 to prev5t its mixture ) ! dri] /eam conta9$ 9 ! highe/ "p ( ! %ell4 ,:5 connect$ to a /ation>y boil]1 z is n[ ! g5]al practice 9 fire dep>tm5ts1 ! circulative curr5ts ( wat] rea* all p>ts ( ! boil]1 h5ce its cont5ts may be kept uni=mly at any desirable temp]ature4 ,a /ation>y heat] = ! fire eng9e consi/s ( a small boil]1 plac$ at "s conv5i5t po9t ne> ! same :5 9 qu>t]s4 ,x is connect$ ) ! eng9e boil] by means ( suitable circulat+ pipes1 ! entire arrangem5t be+ adapt$ to supply hot wat] ?r\gh pipe connections :i* sep>ate automatically z ! eng9e leaves ! h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,top ,view4--,,fig4 #dja4 ,al?\gh ! be/ types ( fire eng9e boil]s require b a few m9utes' "t to g5]ate a work+ pressure f cold wat]1 ! g5]al adoption ( _m improvem5ts has made ! /ation>y heat] an ess5tial "p ( a complete equipm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,bottom ,view4--,,fig4 #djb4 ,exp]i5ce proves t ! life ( ! boil] is prolong$ by be+ kept con/antly 9 a /ate ( activity1 & ! elevat$ temp]ature ( ! wat] insures prompt & effici5t "w by ! /eam] at ! v "t :5 a few mom5ts' delay may bre$ disa/]4 ,! pumps fitt$ & adapt$ to /eam fire eng9es comprise two sep>ate & di/9ct d\ble act+ pi/on pumps unit$ 9 a s+le body & ak9 9 _m details to ! duplex pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #djc4 ,call+ 9 m9d ! well-kn[n fact1 t1 9 draw+ a wat] supply ! only p[] available to br+ ! fluid "u =c+ influ5ce ( ! pump's pi/ons is ! limit$ pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 !re=e ! importance ( all details conc]n$ 9 fir/ induc+ an entry ( ! wat] w be readily conc$$4 ,easy & unre/rict$ 8suction ways0 9 direct communication ) prop]ly proportion$ receiv+ valves 7& ^! valves suitably arrang$ 9 close proximity to ! work+ b>rels ( ! pump71 are ! conditions t mu/ always rema9 p>am\nt1 & to :i* all o!r features mu/ give way1 to safely atta9 ! desirable high pi/on spe$s4 ,! value ( p]fect1 simple & direct wat] ways1 ! passages1 & all :i* !y imply1 has be5 /udi$ 9 ! design ( ?is pump+ eng9e4 ,see ,figs4 #djc-djg4 ,! facilities provid$ = expos+ ! int]ior me*anism p]mits all su* p>ts to be quickly rea*$ = exam9ation1 or deta*$ = r5ewal or repair1 & ?is c be done )\t dism\nt+ ! entire pumps or greatly di/urb+ _! ext]ior atta*m5ts4 ,x w be se51 by ref]5ce to ! cuts1 t all ( ! valves c be easily & quickly exam9$1 & also replac$1 by remov+ ! caps t enclose ! *amb]s2 all jo9ts requir$ = ?is purpose are made betwe5 flat surfaces plan$ true1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #djd2 gun metal1 or o!r suitable composition1 is us$ & no "p ( ! pump body is subject to we>1 ei!r by friction or corrosion4 ,all valve seats are screw$ into place1 & ei!r ^! or ! work+ b>rels ( ! pump may be readily replac$ ) new ones1 9 case ! same %\ld become worn4 ,all /ud bolts1 nuts1 etc41 com+ 9 contact ) wat]1 are made ( drawn phosphor or ,tob9 bronze2 nipples1 pip+1 etc41 are ( brass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #djd1 #dje1 #djf & #djg4 ,suction or hydrant connection may be made at ei!r side ( ! eng9e2 &1 9 op]ation1 ! c5tral core ( ! pump body is practically a cont9uation ( ! suction hose1 & s]ves to e/abli% a direct communication ) ! receiv+ pump valves1 arrang$ on opposite sides ( ! *amb]4 ,?is *amb]1 z %[n 9 ! sectional view1 ,fig4 #djh1 ?us becomes ! di/ribut+ c5t]1 f :i* ! incom+ wat] fl[s to ! suction valves4 ,! curr5t f ! suction is n requir$ to *ange its g5]al direction1 & b little friction is enc\nt]$ by ! wat] 9 its div]sion ?r\gh ! pump valves4 ,! position ( ! suction or receiv+ valves1 9 relation to ! wat] cyl9d]s1 may be und]/ood by ref]5ce to ,fig4 #djh1 :i* %[s ! same arrang$ 9 a clu/] ar\nd ! op5 ends ( ! b>rels4 ,! suction valve area is l>ge1 & ! proportions adopt$ contribute l>gely to ! smoo? runn+ ( ! pump1 "u conditions ( spe$ seldom attempt$ 9 ord9>y practice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #djh4 ,! valves 9 ?is pump are controll$ by improv$ spr+s1 ! t5sion ( :i* is at all times ! same2 & :i* are made ( phosphor bronze2 ! =ce *amb]s 9 opposite ends ( ! pumps are practically equal1 &1 ow+ to ! close proximity ( ! valves1 ! cle>ance is r$uc$ to a m9imum ,! dis*>g+ outlets are elevat$ above ! highe/ po9t ( ! valve *amb]s1 & ! communicat+ passages are design$ to prev5t conflict+ curr5ts1 & also to p]mit ! pump to free itself promptly ( air4 ,! pi/ons are ( a frictionless type1 & 9 accordance ) ! usual practice ( work+ d\ble pumps 9 unison1 ! cranks controll+ ! movem5ts ( ! pi/ons are plac$ at #ij degrees4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dji4 ,a conv5i5t & effective arrangem5t ( suction /ra9]s is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dji4 ,p]=at$ cages are introduc$ into ! suction *amb]s ?r\gh ! inlets on opposite sides ( ! pump4 ,! ends ( ^! cages are op51 & a %ort sleeve1 :i* is p]man5tly secur$ )9 ! pump1 s]ves to support & also to e/abli% communication f "o cage to ! o!r4 ,! surface ( bo? cages is1 !re=e1 available z a /ra9]1 & any ob/ruction ent]+ ) ! wat] is c>ri$ to ! opposite side1 to a po9t :]e x c be remov$1 )\t fir/ deta*+ ! suction hose4 ,! driv+ me*anism suppli$ ) ! ,am]ican ,pump is %[n by ,figs4 #chi & #cid1 :i* are p]spective views engrav$ f photographs4 ,x may be not$ t ! design is practically compact & well balanc$1 & embodies _m excell5t advantages f\nd 9 no o!r type ( fire eng9e4 ,! pumps1 /eam cyl9d]s & driv+ p>ts are built z a unit1 & h no direct connection ) ! boil] o!r ?an ! necess>y /ays & pipe connections1 all ( :i* are readily accessible & visible = inspection at any "t4 ,! /eam cyl9d]s us$ 9 connection ) ! pumps are ( ! ord9>y slide valve type4 ,! valve *e/s are easily op5$ f ei!r side ( ! eng9e = exam9ation1 & ! valve rods are made f a special composition & c n corrode4 ,! valve motion is simple1 & !re is no?+ connect$ ) ! /eam ends t may n be quickly und]/ood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #daj4 ,,maximum ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,/eam ,,fire ,,eng9es4 ,,l5g? ,,ov] ,,all4 ,,wid? ,,height ,,size ,,( ,,eng9e4 ------------------------- ,,ov] ,,hubs4 ,,ov] ,,dome4 ,,) ,,pole ,,)\t ,,pole ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,d\ble ,extra ,fir/#be ft4 #c 94#aj ft4 #f ft4 #g 94#aj ft4 ,extra ,fir/ #bd ft4 #aj 94#i ft4 #aj 94#f ft4 #e 94#i ft4 #aj 94 ,fir/ #bd ft4 #e 94#i ft4 #f 94#f ft4 #b 94#i ft4 #f 94 ,second #bc ft4 #aa 94#i ft4 #a 94#f ft4 #i ft4 #a 94 ,?ird #bc ft4 #b 94#h ft4 #aa 94#e ft4 #i 94#h ft4 #aa 94 ,f\r? #bb ft4 #aa 94#h ft4 #g 94#e ft4 #i 94#h ft4 #g 94 ,fif? #bb ft4 #c 94#h ft4 #e 94#e ft4 #f 94#h ft4 #e 94 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,appurt5ances4 ,9 addition to su* special fixtures z may be necess>y = _! prop] work+1 ! foll[+ articles are a "p ( ea* eng9e3 ,smoo? bore rubb] suction hose1 c>ri$ 9 sub/antial brackets on ! ma*9e & fitt$ ) suitable c\pl+s1 hydrant connections & int]*angeable outside suction /ra9]4 ,poli%$ copp] vacuum & air *amb]s4 ,fuel pan ( ample capacity4 ,deta*able footbo>d1 = ! eng9e] & an assi/ant4 ,driv]'s seat1 = ei!r "o or two m54 ,seat cu%ion4 ,:ip socket4 ,blanket hold]s1 :5 desir$4 ,foot brake1 to op]ate f front or re>4 ,horse pole1 ) :iffletrees4 ,trace & pole *a9s or /raps ) pat5t snaps4 ,gong atta*$ to driv]'s footbo>d or ,locomotive bell m\nt$ ov] /eam cyl9d]s4 ,/eam signal :i/le4 ,grate b>s1 dump+ or /ation>y patt]n4 ,/ation>y spr9kl]1 = wett+ a%es "u grate4 ,pop safety valves4 ,v>iable regulator = exhau/ nozzles4 ,auxili>y /eam bla/ into *imney4 ,nickel-plat$ brass *imney dome & b&s ar\nd boil]4 ,two /eam pressure gauges4 ,wat] pressure gauge4 ,glass wat] gauge on boil] ) extra tube4 ,try cocks on boil]4 ,brass fe$ pump = boil]4 ,auxili>y fe$ to boil] f ma9 pumps4 ,*urn valve1 = fe$+ boil] :5 /reams are %ut (f4 ,necess>y air1 dra9 & pet cocks4 ,surface bl[] f wat] l9e ( boil]4 ,bl[-(f cocks & clean+ plugs 9 fire-box leg4 ,clean+ & 8?aw0 hose ) connections4 ,regr9d+ ?rottle valve1 ) dra9 cock atta*$4 ,automatic or sight-fe$ lubricators4 ,cyl9d] oil cups4 ,necess>y oil cups & lubricat+ devices4 ,h& oil cans4 ,?ree-p9t res]voir cans = cyl9d] & lubricat+ oil4 ,keep]s1 atta*$ to all /uff+-box nuts4 ,pok]1 %ovel & o!r /ok+ tools4 ,fire dep>tm5t h& lant]ns1 c>ri$ 9 brackets4 ,adju/able screw wr5*es4 ,univ]sal spann] = slott$ nuts4 ,hose spann]4 ,hamm]4 ,tool box1 ) all necess>y monkey-wr5*es1 cold *isels1 & files4 ,two poli%$ play pipes & nozzles4 ,/op valves next to boil] & fl[ & return pipes = use ) /ation>y ,fire ,eng9e ,heat]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #daa4 ,,! ,,silsby ,,rot>y ,,/eam ,,fire ,,eng9e4 ,! di/+ui%+ feature ( ?is eng9e w be f\nd 9 ! fact t1 9 bo? ! cyl9d] & pump1 ! rot>y type is sub/itut$ = ! reciprocat+ or pi/on pr9ciple4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dab4 ,! l>g] sizes ( ^! eng9es1 ,fig4 #daa1 are hung on plat=m truck spr+s 9 front & on half-elliptic spr+s 9 ! re>1 & are brac$ & /ay$ to )/& viol5t %ocks 9 ! rapid driv+ ov] pavem5ts4 ,al?\gh fitt$ to be drawn by horses only1 !y c be suppli$ ) rope reel & drag rope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dac4 ,! ,silsby /eam cyl9d] consi/s ( two rot>y pi/ons or cams1 m\nt$ on /eel %afts & work+ toge!r )9 an elliptical /eam-tight case4 ,live /eam f ! boil] ent]s at ! bottom ( ?is case1 & 9 its passage presses ap>t _! long tee? or abutm5ts1 causes ! two cams to rotate1 & exhau/s f ! top into ! tank & fe$-wat] heat]2 ^! cams are provid$ ) tee? or cogs1 adapt$ to me% ) correspond+ recesses 9 ea* o!r1 s t a /eam tight jo9t is ma9ta9$ betwe5 !m & leakage !reby prev5t$ f pass+ directly upw>d into ! exhau/4 ,! sides ( ^! cams h _! arcs turn$ to fit ! heads ( ! case1 & are s adju/$ t1 :ile be+ practically /eam tight1 all[ance is made = expansion & contraction4 ,9 ! ends ( ! longe/ tee? ( ! revolv+ cams are plac$ removable pack+ /rips1 :i* are =c$ outw>d into contact ) ! cyl9d] walls by means ( spr+s4 ,^! pack+ /rips may be remov$ ?r\gh op5+s 9 ! sides ( ! cyl9d]1 & readju/$ to take up ! we>1 :i* is conf9$ to ! ends ( ^! adju/able /rips4 ,?is c be done )\t tak+ ! pump or cyl9d] ap>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dad4 ,! con/ruction ( ! pump is simil> to t ( ! cyl9d]2 9 ?is !re are ?ree long tee? 9 ea* cam in/ead ( two4 ,"o %aft ( ! pump is c\pl$ to ! correspond+ %aft ( ! cyl9d]1 !re be+ outside ge>s on bo? cyl9d] & pump to compel a uni=m motion ( ! cams & to equalize ! pressure4 ,?is con/ruction secures a transmission ( p[] at once direct & positive 9 ,fig4 #dab4 ,! /uff+-boxes1 us$ on bo? cyl9d] & pump1 are self-adju/+1 r$uce friction & insure tightness4 ,valves are entirely abs5t f ! pump & cyl9d]4 ,! wat] ways be+ l>ge1 any?+ liable to ent] ! suction w pass ?r\gh ! pump )\t injury or int]ruption2 ! pump requires no prim+1 b :5 />t$ w imm$iately )\t ! aid ( a *eck valve lift wat] v]tically any requir$ di/ance up to #bi feet4 ,! con/ruction ( ! boil] ord9>ily suppli$ ) ?is eng9e is %[n 9 ,figs4 #dad-dae4 ,9 ! fire-box hangs a s]ies ( circulat+ wat] tubes arrang$ 9 conc5tric circles & securely screw$ into ! cr[n %eet4 ,^! drop tubes are clos$ at _! l[] ends by means ( wr\ght-iron plugs weld$ 91 & )9 ea* ( !m is plac$ a mu* small] & ?9n] tube1 :i* latt] is op5 at bo? ends4 ,! cool] wat] 9 ! boil] desc5ds ?r\gh ! inn] tube & is ?us br\ght directly into ! hotte/ "p ( ! furnace1 :5ce1 aft] be+ = ! mo/ "p conv]t$ into /eam1 x asc5ds ?r\gh ! annul> spaces betwe5 ^! inn] & out] tubes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dae4 ,! gases ( combu/ion pass f ! fire box to ! /ack ?r\gh smoke flues1 ! l[] ends ( :i* are exp&$ into ! cr[n %eet1 & ! upp] ends into ! top head ( ! boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #daf4 ,,table ,,( ,,effective ,,fire ,,/reams4 ,,us+ #ajj ,,feet ,,( #b-a_/b-;,,in* ,,ord9>y ,,be/ ,,quality ,,rubb]-,,l9$ ,,hose ,,betwe5 ,,nozzle ,,& ,,hydrant1 ,,or ,,pump4 ,smoo? ,nozzle1 ,size #c_/d-;in*4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,pressure at ,hydrant1 lbs4 #cb #dc #ed #fe #ge #hf ,pressure at ,nozzle1 lbs4 #cj #dj #ej #fj #gj #hj ,pressure ,lo/ 9 #ajj feet1 #b-a_/b-;in* ,hose1 lbs4 #b #c #d #e #e #f ,v]tical ,height1 feet #dh #fj #fg #gb #gf #gi ,horizontal ,di/ance1 feet #cg #dd #ej #ed #eh #fb ,gallons ,dis*>g$ p] ,m9ute #ijajdaafabgacgadg ,smoo? ,nozzle1 ,size #g_/h-;in*4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,pressure at ,hydrant1 lbs4 #cd #df #eg #fi #hj #ia ,pressure at ,nozzle1 lbs4 #cj #dj #ej #fj #gj #hj ,pressure ,lo/ 9 #ajj feet1 #b-a_/b-;in* ,hose1 lbs4 #d #f #g #i #aj #aa ,v]tical ,height1 feet #di #fb #ga #gg #ha #he ,horizontal ,di/ance1 feet #db #di #ee #fa #ff #gj ,gallons ,dis*>g$ p] ,m9ute #abcadbaeiagdahhbja ,smoo? ,nozzle1 ,size #a-;in*4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,pressure at ,hydrant1 lbs4 #cg #ej #fb #ge #hgajj ,pressure at ,nozzle1 lbs4 #cj #dj #ej #fj #gj #hj ,pressure ,lo/ 9 #ajj feet1 #b-a_/b-;in* ,hose1 lbs4 #g #aj #ab #ae #ag #bj ,v]tical ,height1 feet #ea #fd #gc #gi #he #hi ,horizontal ,di/ance1 feet #dg #ee #fa #fg #gb #gf ,gallons ,dis*>g$ p] ,m9ute #afaahfbjhbbhbdfbfc ,smoo? ,nozzle1 ,size #a-a_/h-;in*4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,pressure at ,hydrant1 lbs4 #db #ef #gj #hd #ihaab ,pressure at ,nozzle1 lbs4 #cj #dj #ej #fj #gj #hj ,pressure ,lo/ 9 #ajj feet1 #b-a_/b-;in* ,hose1 lbs4 #ab #af #bj #bd #ah #cb ,v]tical ,height ( ,/ream1 feet #eb #fe #ge #hc #hh #ib ,horizontal ,di/4 ( ,/ream1 feet #ej #ei #ff #gb #gg #ha ,gallons ,dis*>g$ p] ,m9ute #bjfbchbffbiacadccf ,smoo? ,nozzle1 ,size #a-a_/d-;in*4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,pressure at ,hydrant1 lbs4 #di #fe #ha #igaacabi ,pressure at ,nozzle1 lbs4 #cj #dj #ej #fj #gj #hj ,pressure ,lo/ 9 #ajj feet1 #b-a_/b-;in* ,hose1 lbs4 #i #be #ca #cg #dc #di ,v]tical ,height ( ,/ream1 feet #ec #fg #gg #he #ia #ie ,horizontal ,di/4 ( ,/ream1 feet #ed #fc #gj #gf #ha #he ,gallons ,dis*>g$ p] ,m9ute #befbifccacfccibdai ,smoo? ,nozzle1 ,size #a-c_/h-;in*4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,pressure at ,hydrant1 lbs4 #eh #gg #ifaafaceaed ,pressure at ,nozzle1 lbs4 #cj #dj #ej #fj #gj #hj ,pressure ,lo/ 9 #ajj feet1 #b-a_/b-;in* ,hose1 lbs4 #bh #cg #df #ef #fe #gd ,v]tical ,height ( ,/ream1 feet #ee #fi #gi #hg #ib #ig ,horizontal ,di/4 ( ,/ream1 feet #ef #ff #gc #gi #hd #hh ,gallons ,dis*>g$ p] ,m9ute #caecfcdjfddedhjead ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,n4,b4--,mr4 ,,john ,r4 ,,freeman1 memb] ( ! ,new ,engl& ,wat]works ,association1 %\ld h ! cr$it ( ?is c>efully arrang$ table4--,see also page #abe = data relat+ to ,nozzles4 ,! ,clapp ,jones pi/on eng9e 9 design has features peculi> to itself2 ,fig4 #daf repres5ts "o ( six sizes1 adapt$ p>ticul>ly to city s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dag4 ,! illu/rations1 ,figs4 #dag & #dah1 %[ ! v]tical pump z built = ! l>g] eng9es3 namely1 ! sizes kn[n z ,extra ,fir/1 ,fir/1 ,second1 ,?ird & ,f\r?4 ,! complete eng9e correspond+ to ! detail$ views is %[n by ,fig4 #daf on ! prec$+ page4 ,! pr9cipal details are v cle> 9 ?is engrav+4 ,! /eam & wat] ends1 toge!r ) ! crank & reciprocat+ me*anism1 are compactly arrang$ & ! complete /ructure :i* comprises ^! p>ts is rigidly self-conta9$4 ,! /eam cyl9d]s & valve *e/ are ca/ 9 a s+le piece & :ile ?is "p is firmly secur$ to ! boil]1 all /eam & exhau/ connections are entirely indep5d5t ( ^! fa/5+s4 ,! ,clapp boil] is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #dai4 ,ref]5ce to ! annex$ illu/ration makes cle> ! special features ( ?is boil]1 :i* consi/ *iefly ( a s]ies ( spiral wat]-tube coils arrang$ )9 ! fire-box4 ,! coils are ( copp] & are produc$ by ! seamless drawn process4 ,ea* coil is connect$ sep>ately to ! boil]1 & ! spiral =m ( ^! tubes p]mits fre$om = expansion & contraction )\t /ra9 on ! t]m9al jo9ts4 ,! connections & ! ends ( ! tubes are made by means ( ?read$ nipples1 jam nuts & corrugat$ copp] wa%]s1 & ! jo9ts ?us made insure tightness1 yet admit ( ready disconnection at any "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dah4 ,! l[] ends ( ! coil tubes are directly jo9$ to ! holl[ fire-box walls & ! upp] t]m9als are arrang$ to dis*>ge ! circulat$ wat] ov] ! cr[n %eet4 ,?is upw>d movem5t ( ! wat] )9 ! spiral coils is caus$ by ! application ( heat to ! out] surfaces ( ! tubes1 & ! circulation ?us set up induces a correspond+ d[nw>d action 9 ! leg ( ! boil]4 ,! circulation1 !re=e1 cont9ues )\t int]ruption s long z fire is ma9ta9$ on ! grate4 ,9 op]at+ ?is boil] ! wat] %\ld be c>ri$ a few in*es above ! level ( ! cr[n %eet1 b ow+ to ! protection af=d$ by ! con/ant di/ribution ( wat] ov] ! cr[n %eet1 ! limit ( safety is n rea*$ until ! wat] is ne>ly out ( ! fire-box leg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dai4 ,an improvem5t 9 ! design ( ?is boil] is ! wat]-circulat+ deflector1 :i* 0 devis$ to occupy ! c5tral space )9 ! coil tubes4 ,?is deflector comprises an additional sectional unit1 & its action co9cides ) ! functions s]v$ by ! coil tubes4 ,! prime object ( ?is device is to break up & direct ! gases ( combu/ion 9 a mann] t adds to ! heat-absorb+ qualities ( ! coil tubes4 ,see ,figs4 #dbj1 #dba4 ,ext5d+ f ! cr[n %eet to ! top head are ! smoke flues1 :i* are securely exp&$ at bo? ends1 & ?r\gh :i* ! gases ( combu/ion pass f ! fire box to ! /ack4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbj4 ,! ,clapp ,jones ,village ,eng9e4 ,by ! illu/rations1 ,figs4 #dbb1 #dbc1 #dbd1 etc41 x w be not$ t ! cyl9d]s & pumps are dispos$ horizontally & are fitt$ 9 a self-conta9$ mann] betwe5 b>s1 :i* also s]ve z ! ma9 frame ( ! eng9e4 ,! /eam cyl9d]s are #h in*es diamet]2 ! pumps #d-c_/h in*es1 & ! /roke common to bo? is #g in*es4 ,^! sizes are prop]ly proportion$ = effective "w & ! boil] p[] provid$ is ample to drive ! pump+ me*anism to its rat$ capacity ( #djj gallons p] m9ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dba4 ,! pumps are fitt$ ) gates p]mitt+ two l9es ( hose to be work$ ei!r indep5d5tly or at ! same "t )\t int]f]5ce4 ,! ma*9e is m\nt$ on half-elliptic spr+s1 front & re>1 & ! weight ( ! boil] & pumps is di/ribut$ equally ov] bo? axles4 ,! front pair ( :eels turn completely "u ! goose necks1 & ! eng9e c !re=e be turn$ on ei!r h9d :eel z a pivot4 ,! ar* ( ! ma9 frames "u :i* ! :eels pass 9 turn+ is imm$iately =w>d ( ! boil]1 & ! advantage to be not$ 9 ?is connection is ! r$uction 9 ! ov]-all l5g? ( ! entire ma*9e4 ,! front axle is equipp$ ) a rope reel1 & ! pole is arrang$ = ei!r h& or horse draft4 ,! :eels are fitt$ ) brakes1 :i* are op]at$ f ! re> footbo>d4 ,! eng9e weighs ab\t #d1djj p\nds4 ,a detail description ( ! pump & valve ge> foll[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbb4 ,! valve ge> ( ! ,clapp ,jones village eng9e is simple yet controls ! mov+ me*anism ( ! two pumps work+ 9 unison4 ,ea* pump is driv5 directly by its own /eam cyl9d]1 & ! /eam valves are actuat$ by ! positive movem5t ( ! opposite pi/on rod4 ,! pr9ciple is sub/antially ! same z practic$ 9 ! 8,duplex0 pump con/ruction1 & may be readily und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! detail$ views :i* are giv5 ( ^! p>ts 9 o!r portions ( ?is "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbc4 ,! /eam cyl9d]s & pump are self-conta9$1 & aside f ! di/9ctive diff]5ce 9 ! reciprocat+ ge> ! design ( ! /eam & wat] ends does n diff] f ! v]tical eng9es ( ! ,clapp ,jones type4 ,on ^! eng9es int5d$ = use 9 cold climates a 8?aw-pipe0 is atta*$1 at ! eng9e]'s side1 inside ! frame1 & is us$ 9 extremely cold wea!r to prev5t ! fe$-pump1 z well z ! ma9 pump & connect+ pipes1 f freez+4 ,x is op]at$ by means ( a small globe valve4 ,if x is desir$ to w>m ! ma9 pump1 ! two-way cock us$ 9 fe$+ ! boil] %\ld be turn$ z :5 fe$+ directly f ! ma9 pump1 :5 /eam w h access bo? to ! ma9 pump & ! fe$-pump2 b c>e mu/ be obs]v$ n to heat ! ma9 pump too w>m4 ,:5 ! two-way cock is clos$1 & also :5 x is op5 z :5 fe$+ f ! tank1 ! /eam goes only to ! fe$-pump4 ,aft] us+ x to w>m ! ma9 pump1 ! two-way cock1 %\ld be clos$2 o!rwise1 if ! *eck-valve %\ld happ5 to /ick fa/1 ! wat] w\ld pass out ( ! boil] ?r\gh ! ma9 pump4 ,always keep ! globe valve clos$ :5 n 9 use4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! vacuum *amb] ^u ! suction pipe is locat$ )9 ! air *amb] ^u ! dis*>ge passage4 ,! valves ( ?is pump are =m$ by heavy rubb] r+s :i* surr\nd ! pump b>rel1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dbc1 !re=e !re c be no hamm]+ ( ^! valves :5 ! pump is at "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbd4 ,! rubb] r+s h slots cut into !m at ea* side ( ea* valve s t ea* valve c op5 & close )\t /ret*+ ! rubb] b&s4 ,! /eam valve is ( ! well-kn[n rock] type4 ,! plung]s h no pack+ except+ wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbe4--,see page #abb4 ,,nozzles4 ,! sizes ( nozzles nam$ bel[ w give ! mo/ satisfactory results1 ^? 9 italics be+ ! ones be/ adapt$ = fire duty4 ,also see page #ic = /&>d sizes ( /eam fire eng9es & page #aag = table ( effective ,fire ,/reams4 #a1 ,extra fir/ size eng9e4--#a1ajj to #a1aej gallons capacity4 ,?r\gh %ort l9es ( hose3 ,"o #a-a_/b-;in* smoo?-bore nozzle1 = "o /ream2 "o #a-c_/d-;in* r+ nozzle1 or "o #b-;in* r+3 nozzle2 #a-e_/af-;in* r+ nozzles = two /reams4 ,) #a1jjj feet ( hose1 "o #a-e_/af-;in* r+ nozzle4 #b1 ,fir/ size eng9e4--#ijj to #a1jjj gallons capacity4 ,?r\gh %ort l9es ( hose3 ,"o #a-c_/h-;in* smoo?-bore nozzle1 = "o /ream2 "o #a-a_/b-;in* r+ nozzle1 or "o #a-e_/h-;in* r+ nozzle2 #a-a_/d-;in* r+ nozzles = two /reams4 ,) #a1jjj feet ( hose1 "o #a-a_/d-;in* r+ nozzle4 #c1 ,second size eng9e4--#gjj to #hjj gallons capacity4 ,?r\gh %ort l9es ( hose3 ,"o #a-a_/d-;in* smoo?-bore nozzle1 = "o /ream2 "o #a-c_/h-;in* r+ nozzle1 or "o #a-a_/b-;in* r+ nozzle2 #a-a_/h-;in* r+ nozzles = two /reams4 ,) #a1jjj feet ( hose1 "o #a-a_/h-;in* r+ nozzle4 #d1 ,?ird size eng9e4--#fjj to #fej gallons capacity4 ,?r\gh1 %ort l9es ( hose3 ,"o #a-a_/h-;in* smoo?-bore nozzle1 = "o /ream2 "o #a-a_/d-;in* r+ nozzle1 or "o #a-c_/h-;in* r+ nozzle2 #a-;in* r+ nozzles = two /reams4 ,) #a1jjj feet ( hose1 "o #a-;in* r+ nozzle4 #e1 ,f\r? size eng9e4--#ejj to #eej gallons capacity4 ,?r\gh %ort l9es ( hose3 ,"o #a-a_/af-;in* smoo?-bore nozzle1 = "o /ream2 "o #a-a_/h-;in* r+ nozzle1 or "o #a-a_/d-;in* r+ nozzle2 #g_/h-;in* r+ nozzles = two /reams4 ,) #a1jjj feet ( hose1 "o #a-;in* r+ nozzle4 #f1 ,fif? & six? size eng9es4--#cjj to #dej gallons capacity4 ,?r\gh %ort l9es ( hose3 ,"o #a-;in* smoo?-bore nozzle1 = "o /ream2 "o #a-;in* r+ nozzle1 or "o #a-a_/h-;in* r+ nozzle1 #g_/h-;in* r+ nozzles = two /reams4 ,) #a1jjj feet ( hose1 "o #g_/h-;in* r+ nozzle4 ,! ,ahr5s /eam fire eng9e is n pres5t$ z a :ole1 b ,figs4 #dbf-dbh %[ p>ts ( ?is int]e/+ & widely kn[n app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbf4 ,! boil]1 ,fig4 #dbf1 is radically diff]5t f o!rs1 & ! special features mak+ x s popul> 9 ! pa/ are ! abs5ce ( a cr[n %eet & smoke flues1 c\pl$ ) ! advantage\s mann] 9 :i* ! wat]-tube coil sections c be )drawn f ! conta9+ %ell ( ! boil]4 ,! peculi> arrangem5t ( ! tubes compels a =c$ circulation ( ! wat]1 & = :i* purpose an indep5d5t /eam pump is provid$4 ,wat] drawn f ! fire-box leg is =c$ ?r\gh ! wat] tubes1 & ?is relation betwe5 ! circulat+ pump & ! o!r elem5ts ( ! boil] w be m readily und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! illu/rations1 :]e ,fig4 #dbf is a sectional1 #dbg a top1 & #dbh a bottom view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dbi4--,see page #ada4 ,,in/ructions ,,& ,,sugge/ions4 ,! fire eng9e is ess5tially an app>atus adapt$ to em]g5cies1 & ow+ to ! int]mitt5t nature ( ! duty p]=m$1 x is q likely1 unless ! prop] precautions are obs]v$1 t its sev]al p>ts1 m especially its int]ior me*anism1 w suff] m det]ioration :ile /&+ idle ?an f actual s]vice4 ,x is necess>y t ^! int]ior p>ts1 z well z ^? m readily app>5t1 be c>$ = ) a view ( keep+ !m con/antly 9 condition to endure ! mo/ sev]e & protract$ /ra9s at ! %orte/ notice4 ,:ile /&+ 9 ! h\se1 ! eng9e %\ld at all times be kept ready = imm$iate s]vice1 ) %av+s & k9dl+s 9 ! fire-box1 & z mu* k9dl+s & coal 9 ! fuel pan z c be conv5i5tly c>ri$4 ,9 w9t]1 if no heat] is atta*$ to ! eng9e1 ! room mu/ be kept w>m1 to insure aga9/ fro/4 ,! ma*9e %\ld be />t$ gradually1 b be=e do+ s ! eng9e] ought to satisfy himself t ! jo9ts & connections 9 ! suction hose are air tight1 t ! dis*>ge gate is op51 ! *urn valve clos$1 t ! fire has be5 prop]ly att5d$ to1 ! cyl9d] cocks op51 ! exhau/ ne>ly clos$1 & all ! be>+s & j\rnals well oil$1 & ! :eels prop]ly block$1 especially if ! eng9e is /&+ on a grade4 ,! automatic air cocks on ! upp] pump heads mu/ be op5$ imm$iately aft] />t+4 ,!y s]ve to promptly relieve ! upp] pump dis*>ge *amb]s ( air1 & may be clos$ z soon z wat] escapes f _! orifices4 ,:5 cyl9d] cond5sation has ne>ly ceas$1 ! eng9e be+ w>m1 ! dra9 cocks %\ld be clos$ & ! ma*9e spe$$ up gradually until a good pressure ( /eam is obta9$4 ,until ! eng9e] has _h "s exp]i5ce ) ! ma*9e1 & is famili> ) its work+s1 x is n advisable to use m ?an #ij or #ajj p\nds ( /eam1 :i* is all t is requir$ = ord9>y fire duty2 ! necessity = m ?an #abj p\nds w probably nev] arise4 ,! /uff+-boxes ( ! eng9e & pump %\ld be c>efully pack$4 ,all ( ! be>+s & j\rnals1 z well z ! oil cans1 %\ld be well suppli$ ) good oil4 ,! be/ m9]al eng9e oil is recomm5d$ = ?is purpose1 z x does n gum or *ange its viscosity ) v>iations 9 ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 & x w endure a high] temp]ature ?an animal or fi% oil )\t injury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dcj4--,see page #ada4 ,! eng9e] %\ld keep all jo9ts tight1 ! /uff+-boxes prop]ly pack$1 & all be>+s ?or\ghly oil$4 ,if ! j\rnal boxes or o!r work+ p>ts require tak+ up1 rememb] t a little play is pref]able to a close adju/m5t liable to cripple ! eng9e at a critical mom5t4 ,to insure p]fect safety1 always ?or\ghly te/ ! app>atus aft] mak+ su* repairs1 by subject+ ! p>ts affect$1 to ! /ra9s usually enc\nt]$ 9 actual s]vice4 ,! pr9cipal requirem5t ( ! /eam cyl9d]s & slide valves is prop] & con/ant lubrication4 ,let ?is "o item be att5d$ to1 & its me*anism w practically take c>e ( itself = _m ye>s4 ,! jo9ts & connections 9 ! suction mu/ be p]fectly tight4 ,be=e lay+ ! fire1 see t ! grate & fire-box are clean1 also t ! grate b>s are fa/1 s !y w n be liable to j> out1 & t all ! /eam outlets ( ! boil] are tightly clos$4 ,lay on ! grate "s dry p9e %av+s--n too _m--spread ev5ly ov] ! grate1 ) a few hang+ d[n betwe5 ! b>s2 on ! %av+s put "s f9ely-split p9e or hemlock wood1 !n "s a little co>s]1 & f9ally a quantity co>s] /ill4 ,x is well to put on ! top "s f9ely-split h>d wood4 ,^! k9dl+s mu/ all be dry & split--n saw$--& %\ld be put 9 loosely1 9 lay]s1 ! lay]s be+ cross$1 s t !re w be a free circulation ( air betwe5 !m4 ,to light ! fire3 ,apply tor* 7describ$ 9 page #ace7 bel[ ! grate1 nev] 9 ! door2 & :ile do+ s move ! tor* ar\nd to insure ?or\ghly ignit+ ! %av+s4 ,:5 !re is a pressure ( #dj to #fj p\nds ( /eam1 beg9 ?r[+ 9 coal1 a little at a "t1 brok5 up 9 pieces ab\t ! size ( a man's fi/4 ,bitum9\s coal %\ld be us$1 ! same z t f :i* illum9at+ gas is made4 ,x %\ld be ( ! v be/ quality1 & v free burn+4 ,d n put ! wood or coal all close to ! fire door1 b scatt] x ab\t & spread x ev5ly ov] ! grate4 ,z soon z ! eng9e is />t$1 coal %\ld be put on (t51 a little at a "t1 & ! grate %\ld be kept cov]$1 b n ?ickly--say to a dep? ( ?ree or f\r in*es4 ,be p>ticul> to fire ev5ly & regul>ly1 tak+ c>e to cov] air holes ?r\gh ! fire1 & to keep ! fire door clos$ z mu* z possible4 ,! grate b>s %\ld be kept well rak$ out f bel[1 & ! fire & coal occasionally /irr$ (f ! grate b>s inside ! fire-box1 us+ ! flat side ( ! pok] = ! latt] op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dca4--,see page #ach4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dcb4--,see page #ach4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dcc4--,see page #aci4 ,! wat] 9 ! boil] %\ld be c>ri$ z high z six or eight in*es 9 ! glass tube z soon z ! eng9e gets fairly to "w & a good pressure ( /eam is rais$4 ,! gauges w indicate m wat] 9 ! boil] :5 ! ma*9e is runn+ ?an x w ) ! same quantity ( wat] if x is n at "w1 ow+ to ! expansion ( wat] by ! application ( heat4 ,if !re is a t5d5cy to foam1 ! fe$ %\ld be increas$ & ! surface bl[-(f op5$ q frequ5tly to relieve ! boil] ( ! scum & surplus wat]4 ,if ! foam+ is unusually viol5t1 x may be subdu$ by /opp+ ! eng9e = a few mom5ts & p]mitt+ ! wat] to settle4 ,dur+ tempor>y /ops ! fire %\ld be clean$1 by remov+ ! cl9k]s & ! mov+ p>ts ( ! ma*9]y exam9$ & oil$4 ,! boil] is usually f$ by =ce pumps1 ! plung]s ( :i* are secur$ directly to ! yokes ( ! ma9 eng9es4 ,bo? pumps are arrang$ to "w 9 unison2 & ! supply is g5]ally tak5 f ! dis*>g+ *amb] ( ! ma9 pumps1 & is controll$ by an ord9>y globe valve4 ,%\ld ! wat] be+ deliv]$ by ! ma9 pumps be unsuitable = fe$+ ! boil]1 ?is valve mu/ rema9 clos$1 & a supply f a b>rel or tank introduc$ ?r\gh ! connection provid$ = t purpose4 ,:5 fe$+ ! boil]1 x is a good plan to occasionally feel ! pipe lead+ f *eck to boil] ) ! h&1 z "o c tell by ?is means :e!r ! pump is fe$+ prop]ly4 ,if fe$+ all "r1 ! pipe w be cool4 ,if ! pipe is hot1 ! pump is n fe$+ prop]ly1 try ! pet cock4 ,always keep a good tor*1 ready = use1 9 ! fuel pan4 ,?is c be made by ty+ "s cotton wa/e on "o end ( a /ick ab\t two feet long & saturat+ ! wa/e ) k]os5e oil4 ,! k9dl+ %\ld be c>efully prep>$1 & ! quantity c>ri$ suffici5t to g5]ate a work+ pressure 9 ! boil] be=e coal is add$ to ! fire4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to use too l>ge nozzles if two or m /reams are be+ ?r[n4 ,ow+ to ! contract$ diamet] ( fire hose1 ! fl[ ( ! wat] is ret>d$2 ! loss ( p[] due to friction increases directly ) ! l5g? ( ! l9e & ne>ly z ! squ>e ( velocity4 ,9 o!r words1 if ! loss due to a giv5 fl[ be #ab p\nds = #ajj feet ( hose1 !n #bd p\nds w be requir$ to ma9ta9 ! same rate ?r\gh an additional #ajj feet4 ,to d\ble ! velocity w require f\r times ! pressure1 or #dh p\nds = #ajj feet & #if p\nds = #bjj feet4 ,f ?is brief explanation1 x mu/ be pla9 t ! capacity ( any eng9e is dim9i%$ z ! l5g? ( ! l9e ( hose is increas$4 ,= ?is reason1 ! great] ! lift ! small] ! /ream t c be ?r[n effectively1 & ! size ( nozzle us$ %\ld dep5d ^u ! height ! wat] is draught$1 r$uc+ x "o-eigh? in* = e five feet above a lift ( t5 feet4 ,if ! eng9e uses a #a-a_/d-;in* nozzle = ord9>y "w1 x w answ] = any lift up to #aj feet4 ,if wat] has to be draught$ #ae feet1 a #a-a_/h-;in* nozzle %\ld be us$2 if #bj feet1 #a-;in*2 & if #be feet1 #g_/h-;in*4 ,nev] />t a fire unless "o full gauge cock ( wat] appe>s 9 ! boil]4 ,! suction basket or /ra9] %\ld always be atta*$ :5 draught+ wat]1 & e precaution tak5 to insure tight connections 9 ! suction4 ,! basket mu/ be kept well "u ! surface1 to avoid clogg+ if ! wat] be f\l4 ,:5 ! supply is tak5 f a hydrant1 ! valve %\ld be fully turn$ on2 if op5$ be=e wat] is want$ ?r\gh ! hose ! dis*>ge gates on ! pumps mu/ be clos$4 ,unless ! pressure is excessive1 ! hydrant is usually p]mitt$ to rema9 op5 :ile ! /eam] is atta*$1 ! dis*>ge dur+ tempor>y /ops be+ controll$ by ! pump gates4 ,! app>atus %\ld always be halt$1 or plac$ at a prop] po9t1 ) ref]5ce to ! s\rce ( ! wat] supply4 ,:5 atta*$ to a hydrant or plug1 d n run ! eng9e fa/] ?an ! wat] w fl[ to supply ! pump1 & if ! supply is n suffici5t to all[ ! pump to "w to its full capacity1 avoid us+ too l>ge nozzles4 ,! safety ( life & prop]ty is v (t5 dep5d5t ^u ! skill & good judgm5t ( ! eng9e]1 & z ! maximum effect ( su* app>atus is g5]ally requir$ at ! mo/ critical "t & "u ! mo/ excit+ circum/ances1 x is important t ! endeavor by con/ant & p]si/5t practice to acquire t confid5ce & pr(ici5cy t w insure a correct & decisive action 9 all matt]s p]ta9+ to ! managem5t ( ! ma*9e4 ,f ?ree-f\r?s to "o in* ( wat] %\ld be indicat$ 9 ! glass gauge1 except :5 !re is a heat] atta*$ to ! eng9e1 !n f f\r to five in*es %\ld be c>ri$4 ,! bottom ( ! glass tube be+ on a l9e ) ! cr[n-%eet1 :5 "o in* ( wat] %[s 9 ! tube1 ! wat]-l9e 9 ! boil] is !n "o in* above ! cr[n-%eet4 ,x is advisable occasionally--say once a mon?--9 t[ns :]e fires are n frequ5t1 to fire up & take ! eng9e out = practice & drill1 & to make sure t x is 9 prop] work+ ord]1 aft] :i* ! boil] %\ld be bl[n (f & refill$ ) fre% wat]1 z h]e9aft] direct$4 ,e eng9e requir$ to pump salt wat]1 or o!r wat] unfit = ! boil] supply1 %\ld be provid$ ) a fre%-wat] fe$ tank4 ,! purpose ( ! automatic air cock 7if !re is "o7 is to prev5t ! rattl+ ( ! *eck valves :5 ! pumps are be+ only p>tially fill$2 if ! supply is to be drawn f a b>rel or tank1 ! entrance ( air ?r\gh ?is cock mu/ be prev5t$4 ,:5 draught+ ! wat]1 be> 9 m9d t ! great] ! p]p5dicul> lift ! less ! quantity ( wat] :i* c be pump$1 rememb]+ t x is ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e :i* =ces ! wat] into ! pump1 & n any p[] ex]t$ by ! pump itself1 :i* simply produces ! vacuum4 ,?us1 ! ne>] ! surface ( ! wat] ! great] ! velocity ) :i* x ent]s ! pump1 :ile ! high] ! pump ! weak] ! pressure & ! less ! quantity ( wat] :i* ent]s x1 & at a height ( ab\t #cj feet no wat] at all w g into ! pump4 ,if x is suspect$ t "o ( ! jo9ts 9 ! suction is loose1 ! spe$ ( ! eng9e may be slack5$ )\t /opp+ entirely1 until wat] is ?r[n eight or t5 feet f ! nozzle1 :5 if ! pump is tak+ air ! /ream w snap & crack in/ead ( fl[+ out smoo?ly4 ,if x is f\nd t ! pump is tak+ air ?r\gh ! suction1 & ! leak _c be locat$ 9 any o!r way1 x may be f\nd by remov+ ! suction basket & turn+ ! end ( ! suction up high] ?an ! top ( ! pump1 & !n fill+ x ) wat]4 ,! wat] w be =c$ out ?r\gh ! jo9ts :]ev] loose1 & leaks c be f\nd 9 ?is way4 ,! pr9cipal object ( ! *urn valve is to p]mit ! op]ation ( ! pumps )\t dis*>g+ any wat] ?r\gh ! natural *annels2 x controls a passage by :i* ! dis*>g+ side ( ! pumps is connect$ ) ! suction *amb]4 ,9 draught+ wat]1 :5 ! pumps are fir/ />t$1 ?is valve mu/ rema9 clos$ until ! pumps are fill$ ) wat]1 !reby exclud+ ! air :i* w\ld f9d its way into ! suction *amb] if ! same 7 op54 ,x %\ld also be clos$ :5 ! pumps are at re/1 to prev5t ! dropp+ ( ! wat] into ! suction pipe4 ,:5 ! eng9e is put to suction1 acquire ! habit ( feel+ ?is valve to assure its complete closure4 ,if !re is any?+ ab\t ! eng9e t is n fully und]/ood1 or if x fails to d its "w prop]ly f any cause1 ! mak] %\ld be communicat$ ) at once2 inquiries are promptly answ]$1 & usually requir$ in=mation or sugge/ions are *e]fully furni%$4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,/eam ,,fire ,,eng9e4 ,! numb] ( appliances & special devices us$ on & ab\t a /eam fire eng9e is n l>ge1 z x is ! aim ( bo? design]s & build]s to simplify ! ma*9e z mu* z possible )\t dim9i%+ its effici5cy4 ,fig4 #dcd is an appliance kn[n z ! ,siamese connection4 ,x is us$ = /& pipes atta*$ to ! outside ( build+s1 etc41 & also z a detail ( ! fire pump4 ,its use is to lead (f two l9es ( hose4 ,! valve %[n 9 ! figure1 closes automatically 9 case ( /oppage ( "o ( ! eng9es or ! bur/+ ( ! hose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #dcd1 #dce4 ,fig4 #dce exhibits an approv$ =m ( /ra9] = ! bottom ( ! suction pipe4 ,! ,am]ican /eam fire eng9e pump is %[n 9 ,figs4 #dca & #dcb4 ,fig4 #dca be+ ! front view1 "o side ( x %[n 9 section1 expos+ ! int]ior p>ts = explanation1 & ,fig4 #dcb1 repres5t+ ! side elevation1 also 9 section4 ,! pumps1 :i* are d\ble act+1 are unit$ 9 a gun-metal ca/+1 :i* =ms a s+le body = bo?1 & p]mits !m to be plac$ mu* clos] z to c5t]s ?an c\ld o!rwise be done4 ,?is me?od provides an ample suction-*amb] :i* is common to bo?4 ,9 cross section ! pump some:at resembles a box gird]4 ,?is peculi>ity ( ! pump's comb9$ =m furni%es a rigid base = ! entire /ructure1 simplifies ! driv+ me*anism & enables x to endure extraord9>y /ra9s )\t vibration4 ,x w be se5 by ref]5ce to ! cuts t any ( ! valves c be easily & quickly exam9$1 &1 if necess>y1 replac$1 by simply remov+ ! caps & heads4 ,! pump b>rels are provid$ ) removable l9+s1 :i* c readily be replac$ ) new ones 9 case ! same %\ld become worn aft] ye>s ( s]vice4 ,^!1 z well z ! valve seats1 are made ( gun metal1 no ca/ iron or o!r mat]ial subject to corrosion by wat] be+ us$ 9 any "p ( ! pumps4 ,bo? ! suction & dis*>ge valves are suppli$ ) improv$ valve spr+s1 ! t5sion ( :i* is1 at all times1 ! same2 & be+ made ( phosphor bronze1 ! spr+s reta9 _! ela/icity & w n corrode4 ,! /eam cyl9d]s us$ 9 connection ) ?is pump are ( ! ord9>y slide-valve type1 ) :i* mo/ me*anics are famili>1 & are ?us easily repair$ :5 necess>y4 ,! cyl9d]s & pumps are deta*$ f ! boil]1 & are sep>at$ !refrom suffici5tly to all[ e facility = gett+ at ea* & e "p4 ,all connections1 bo? /eam & wat]1 are made outside ( ! boil]4 ,! ,la ,france /eam fire eng9e pump is %[n 9 outl9e 9 ,fig4 #dcc1 :i* consi/s ( a d\ble pla9 slide-valve eng9e1 op]at+ a d\ble pump4 ,! /eam pi/on rod ( ea* side connects ) its pump rod1 by means ( squ>e b>s1 two ( :i* are on ea* side ( ! crank %aft4 ,! crank is op]at$ by ! cross-head ?r\gh a connect+ rod2 ! arrangem5t ( ^! p>ts c be se5 9 ,fig4 #dcc4 ,! cross-head guide is entirely done away )1 z ! /iffness ( ! connection betwe5 ! two pi/on rods takes ! ?ru/ ( ! connect+ rod4 ,! pump b>rel is enclos$ by an out] cas+4 ,! space betwe5 b>rel & cas+ is always kept fill$ ) wat] :i* is suppli$ ?r\gh ! suction pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dcf4 ,:5 ! pump b>rel is be+ fill$ ) wat] ! suction valves are lift$ f _! seats1 :i* all[s ! wat] to pass into ! space betwe5 ! valve-seat plates & !nce into ! pump b>rel4 ,:5 ! pump b>rel is be+ empti$ ! suction valves are clos$ :ile ! dis*>ge valves are op51 :i* all[s ! wat] to pass into a triangul> %ap$ space betwe5 ! front plate & valve-seat plates !nce upw>d to ! dis*>ge pipe4 ,! suction & dis*>ge valve ( ?is pump be+ all gr\p$ toge!r1 x is only necess>y to remove ! plates :i* c be se51 ,fig4 #dcc1 bolt$ to ! front ( ! pumps & =m "p ( ! out] cas+2 ^! plates are 9 front ( ! pump & may be quickly unscrew$ by a ,t wr5*4 ,! ,amoskeag /eam fire eng9e is %[n 9 ! views 7,figs4 #dbi & #dcj on pages #abh & #acj74 ,?is _w widely kn[n ma*9e is made by ! ,man*e/] ,locomotive ,works at ,man*e/]1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,! =m] cut repres5ts ! extra fir/1 fir/1 second1 ?ird & f\r? size d\ble /eam fire eng9e ( ?is make4 ,!y h 8crane-neck0 frames & are arrang$ = horse draft & are m\nt$ ^u ,endicott's pat5t plat=m spr+s4 ,! effect ( ?is improvem5t is t ! draft /ra9 is transmitt$ directly f ! horses to ! axles1 ! spr+s be>+ no "p ( ?is draft /ra94 ,fig4 #dcj %[s ! 8fif?0 size1 also ) 8crane-neck$0 frame & made = ei!r horse or h& draft4 ,! boil] us$ is upright & tubul> 9 /yle1 is made ( ! be/ quality ( /eel plate1 ) seamless copp] tubes1 ?or\ghly rivet$ & /ay$2 x is simple 9 its con/ruction1 & = /r5g?1 durability1 accessibility = repairs1 & its capacity = g5]at+ /eam1 has pass$ a mo/ critical te/4 ,= eng9es ( ! second size & l>g]1 ! boil]s exp& d[nw>ds at ! cr[n %eet ( ! fire-box1 ?us increas+ ! grate surface & consequ5tly ! /eam+ capacity ( ! boil]4 ,! connections ) ! /eam cyl9d]s are simple1 direct & ( good capacity1 peculi>ly accessible = repairs1 & h ! great advantage ( be+ entirely unexpos$ to ! air4 ,! /eam cyl9d]s ( ! s+le eng9es are made 9 "o ca/+2 !y are secur$ to ! boil] fram+1 & cov]$ ) a lagg+ ( wood1 ) a metallic jacket on ! outside4 ,! pump = ! d\ble eng9es is made entirely ( composition1 & its ma9 %ell is also 9 "o ca/+4 ,x is v]tical d\ble act+2 its valves are v]tical 9 _! action2 ! wat]-ways are free & direct1 & ! valves accessible1 s t exam9ation or r5ewal ( ^! p>ts may be quickly made4 ,! pump is arrang$ = receiv+ suction hose on ei!r side1 & has outlets also on ei!r side = receiv+ ! lead+ hose4 ,self-propell$ /eam fire eng9es are well adapt$ = city s]vice4 ,9 ,fig4 #dcf is %[n a d\ble extra1 fir/ size self-propell+ eng9e ( ! ,amoskeag patt]n4 ,! road driv+ p[] is appli$ f "o end ( ! ma9 crank %aft1 ?r\gh an equaliz+ comp\nd & two endless *a9s runn+ ov] sprocket-:eels on ea* ( ! ma9 re> :eels1 p]mitt+ ^! re> :eels to be driv5 at v>y+ spe$s z :5 turn+ corn]s4 ,! driv+ p[] is made rev]sible1 s t ! eng9e may be driv5 ei!r =w>d or backw>d on ! road at w4 ,! /e]+ ( ! eng9e is effect$ by means ( a /e]+ h& :eel at ! front1 adju/+ ! front axle ?r\gh a sy/em ( bevel & worm ge>+1 s arrang$ t ! con/ant ex]tion ( ! /e]sman is n requir$ to keep ! :eels 9 l9e on ! road4 ,by ! removal ( a key ! driv+ p[] may be disconnect$ f ! road driv+ ge>+1 :5 x is desir$ to "w ! pumps :5 ! eng9e is /&+ /ill4 ,,miscellane\s ,,pumps ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dcg4 7,see page #adf47 ,,m9+ ,,pumps4 ,!re are c]ta9 well-kn[n difficulties & cont+5cies 9 in/all+ & op]at+ m9e pumps3 #a1 ,! location ( ! m9e is usually remote f supplies & any r5ewals or repairs :i* may be ne$$1 are liable to be att5d$ ) excessive co/s & delays2 #b1 ,! nature ( ! wat] 9 ! m9es is s highly acidul\s t corrosion takes place 9 an incr$ibly small space ( "t4 ,! action ( sulphuric 7dilut$7 acid :i* is f\nd sometimes z high z two p>ts out ( a hundr$ beg9s at once & cont9ues until ! iron or /eel is de/roy$2 #c1 ,! du/1 grit1 mud1 etc41 becomes mix$ ) ! oil us$ to lubricate ! pump2 ^! +r$i5ts f9d _! way into ! /uff+-boxes & cut ! plung]s4 ,h5ce1 ample & unusual precautions are made to ov]come ! =ego+ conditions4 ,extreme c>e has to be us$ 9 secur+ all movable p>ts ( ! ma*9e & ! connect+ pipes4 ,! plung]s are g5]ally outside pack$ & h&holes are arrang$ to p]mit free access to ! wat] valves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dch4--,see page #adh4 ,:5 pumps us$ 9 m9+ s]vice assume l>ge proportions1 !y are almo/ inv>iably describ$ z pump+ eng9es2 !re is no real diff]5ce betwe5 ! two except ! proportions4 ,! same comb9ation ( eng9e & pump 9 ! small] sizes us$ = boil] fe$+1 etc41 are call$ /eam pumps4 ,,note4--,! co/ ( repair+ a half-in* globe valve :i* 8gave out0 9 a m9e 9 ,v5ezuela1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 0 repres5t$ 9 a #de4 ma*9e *>ge & a mule ride ( #ce miles to ! %op conta9+ a foot la! & ! same di/ance back to ! m9es4 ,! co/ 9 a m favorable location w\ld be less ?an a doll>4 ,! ,cat>act /eam pump1 ,fig4 #dcg1 is l>gely us$ 9 m9+ op]ations4 ,_m ye>s s]vice has prov$ its peculi> & curi\s m]its4 ,l>ge columns ( wat] may be rais$ to great elevation or =c$ aga9/ heavy pressures )\t %ock or j> ( any k9d & ) safety to ! ma*9]y & connections2 abrupt & viol5t action ( ! wat] is also avoid$4 ,! ,cat>act1 x may be expla9$1 is a regulator inv5t$ by ,smeaton = s+le-act+ /eam eng9es4 ,john ,smeaton1 ! inv5tor1 0 an ,engli% civil eng9e] born 9 #agbd & di$ 9 #agib4 ,! device d]ives its "n f its simil>ity to ! optical disease--a cat>act--z x is a supplem5t>y or slid+ cyl9d] ) its pi/on atta*$ v curi\sly to ! ma9 valve /em ( ! eng9e4 ,?is cyl9d]--call$ ! ,cat>act cyl9d]--is fill$ ) oil :i* fl[s back & =? ?r\gh a port connect+ its two ends4 ,?is port is controll$ by a valve :i* increases & dim9i%es ! fl[ ( ! oil ?r\gh ! port4 ,by means ( ! ,cat>act1 ! movem5ts ( ! ma9 /eam valve are automatically graduat$ & controll$1 s ! spe$ ( ! pi/on is r$uc$ z x ne>s ! end ( its /roke1 all[+ ! valves to seat !mselves g5tly & quietly1 & ! mov+ column ( wat] to come to a gradual & easy re/4 ,! claims ( ?is con/ruction ( pumps h be5 ?us summ>iz$-- #a/4 ,! spe$ ( ! pi/on is automatically sl[$ d[n at ! end ( its /roke1 giv+ "t = ! column ( wat] to come gradually to re/1 & = ! valves to seat g5tly & quietly1 avoid+ all concussion1 j>1 or ! slighte/ tremor4 #b;d4 ,! spe$ ( ! eng9e c be adju/$ & automatically ma9ta9$ z desir$ "u any pressure4 ,%\ld x be work+ "u full head ( /eam & aga9/ a heavy pressure1 & ! pressure be in/antly remov$ ! spe$ w\ld cont9ue un*ang$4 #c;d4 ,! pi/on works to ! end ( its /roke "u all pressures1 avoid+ ! wa/e ( /eam incid5t to ! pi/on fall+ %ort ( its /roke4 ,x w be und]/ood t !re is only a slight wa/e ( oil caus$ by ! use ( ?is app>atus--all ! wa/e t !re is1 be+ ! small am\nt leak+ ?r\gh ! /uff+ boxes4 ,! t]m 8,iso*ronal10 pump mean+ equal spaces 9 equal times has be5 appli$ to bo? ^! pumps & _! valve ge>4 ,! sizes1 capacities1 etc41 ( ! pump describ$ on ! opposite page are giv5 9 ! foll[+ ,,table4 ,diamet] ( ,/eam ,diamet] ,l5g? ,size ( ,no4,cyl9d]( ,plung] ( ,/eam ,in*es ,in*es ,/roke ,pipe -------------------------------------- #a #f-a_/b #d #bj 94 #a-a_/d 94 #b #i #f #c ft4 #a-a_/b #c #aa #f #c #a-a_/b #d #ad #h #c #b #e #ah #i #d #b-a_/b #f #bj #aj-a_/h #d #c #g #bb #ab-a_/d #f #c-a_/d #h #be #ad-a_/d #f #c-a_/d #i #cj #af-a_/d #f #c-a_/b -------------------------------------- ,capacity ,capacity ,v]tical ,ord9>y,maximumat ord9>yat maximum ,lift ,no4 ,spe$ ,spe$ ,spe$ spe$ 9 9 ,/roke ,/roke 9 ,gals4 ,gallons ,feet ---------------------------------------- ------- #a #ej #hj #eb #he #bcj #b #bg #dj #aaj #agj #ahj #c #bg #dj #aaj #agj #bij #d #bg #dj #bjj #cjj #bej #e #bj #cj #bge #cij #cbj #f #bj #cj #cbj #dhj #cbj #g #ae #bb #ejj #gej #bgj #h #ae #bb #gjj #ajjj #bej #i #ae #bb #ijj #acjj #bgj ---------------------------------------- ------- ,! above table is bas$ on a /eam pressure ( #de to #ej p\nds p] squ>e in* ( /eam pi/on1 & ! v]tical height is f l[] end ( suction pipe to dis*>ge4 ,fig4 #dch is design$ to %[ a pump l>gely us$ by m9]s 9 prospect+4 ,x is d\ble lev]$ s t f\r m5 or m c op]ate x1 two to ea* lev]4 ,! plung] & valves are s design$ t !y w lift muddy or gritty wat] )\t injury to ^! p>ts4 ,an electric m9+ pump is %[n on page #bgf1 "p "o4 ,?is is a portable pump m\nt$ on a c> runn+ on rails & is design$ = ! "w app]ta9+ to a m9e 9 /eady op]ation4 ,on page #cdj1 "p "o1 is illu/rat$ a p[]ful pump ) f\r outside pack$ plung]s design$ = m9+ purposes4 ,,s9k+ ,,pumps4 ,^! special m9+ pumps are us$ to dra9 wat] f ! %aft bottom1 s t "w 9 deep5+ or repair+ may be c>ri$ on4 ,z %[n 9 ! illu/ration !y are made to be susp5d$ by a *a9 or bail atta*$ to eye-bolts 9 ! upp] cyl9d] head at po9ts ( support :i* w enable ! pump to hang v]tically & be rais$ & l[]$ at w4 ,! bail is s con/ruct$ t :ile ! pump is susp5d$ ! cyl9d] head c1 if necess>y on ! small] sizes1 be remov$ & ! /eam pi/on exam9$ & adju/$4 ,z ! %aft gets deep] ! *a9 may be l5g!n$ out & an extra jo9t plac$ on ! end ( ! deliv]y pipe4 ,! s9k+ pump is subject$ to ! h>de/ usage ( any1 h5ce any /eam pump t is to be us$ 9 s9k+ a m9e %aft mu/ be /rong1 c]ta9 9 op]ation1 capable ( h&l+ gritty wat] & require little att5tion4 ,fig4 #dch exhibits a h&-p[] m9+ pump1 design$ especially = prospect+1 etc41 & made by ! ,edson ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,x is li/$ = ?ree sizes3 ,no4 #f1 capacity #abjj gallons p] h\r1 #a man4 ,no4 #h1 capacity #djjj gallons p] h\r1 #b m54 ,no4 #aj1 capacity #fjjj gallons p] h\r1 #b m54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dci4 ,! outfit :i* usually goes ) ?is diaphragm lift & =ce pump includes special suction & conduct+ hose1 brass c\pl+ & /ra9]2 ^! pumps w raise & =ce wat] conta9+ gravel1 s&1 dirt or tail+s )\t *ok+4 ,! ,deane s+le v]tical s9k+ pump is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dci2 a table ( dim5sions & capacities ( ?is pump is also giv5 bel[4 ,! pump illu/rat$ is d\ble act+ & ( ! diff]5tial plung] type2 ! wat] end is 9 ?ree p>ts & consi/s ( a wat] cyl9d]1 a l[] plung] & an upp] plung]4 ,! wat] passes directly up & ?r\gh ! plung]s1 bo? ( :i* are holl[4 ,^! plung]s are outside pack$4 ,! wat] valves are rea*$ by h& holes provid$ = t purpose4 ,split p9s are us$ 9 ! ends ( ! bolts to prev5t ! nuts f work+ (f4 ,^! pumps are design$ to /& a work+ pressure ( #aej lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,!y h ! regul> ,deane valve motion & w "w "u wat]4 ,,table4 ,size4 ,capacity4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,diamet] ,diamet],diamet],l5g? ,gallons ,/rokes ,gallons ( ,/eam ( ,l>ge( ,small ( p] p] p] ,cyl9d]4,plung]4,plung]4,/roke4 ,/roke4 ,m9ute4 ,m9ute4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #h #e-c_/d #d #af 4#hg #ge #fe #aj #e-c_/d #d #af 4#hg #ge #fe #h #g #e #af #a4ce #ge #aja #aj #g #e #af #a4ce #ge #aja #ab #g #e #af #a4ce #ge #aja #ab #aa-a_/b #h #af #c4dh #ge #bfa #ad #aa-a_/b #h #af #c4dh #ge #bfa #af #aa-a_/b #h #af #c4dh #ge #bfa #ah #aa-a_/b #h #af #c4dh #ge #bfa #af #ad-a_/d #aj #bd #h4af #ej #djh #ah #ad-a_/d #aj #bd #h4af #ej #djh #bj #ad-a_/d #aj #bd #h4af #ej #djh #bd #ad-a_/d #aj #bd #h4af #ej #djh ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,size4 ,pipe ,sizes4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,diamet] ,diamet],diamet],l5g? ( ,/eam ( ,l>ge( ,small ( ,/eam4,exhau/4,suction4,dis*>ge4 ,cyl9d]4,plung]4,plung]4,/roke4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #h #e-c_/d #d #af #a #a-a_/b #d #b #aj #e-c_/d #d #af #a-a_/b #b #d #b #h #g #e #af #a #a-a_/b #e #c #aj #g #e #af #a-a_/b #b #e #c #ab #g #e #af #b #b-a_/b #e #c #ab #aa-a_/b #h #af #b #b-a_/b #h #d #ad #aa-a_/b #h #af #b #b-a_/b #h #d #af #aa-a_/b #h #af #b #b-a_/b #h #d #ah #aa-a_/b #h #af #b #b-a_/b #h #d #af #ad-a_/d #aj #bd #b #b-a_/b #aj #f #ah #ad-a_/d #aj #bd #c #c-a_/b #aj #f #bj #ad-a_/d #aj #bd #c #c-a_/b #aj #f #bd #ad-a_/d #aj #bd #d #d-a_/b #aj #f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,approximate ,size4 ,dim5sions --------------------------------- 9 ,in*es4 ,diamet] ,diamet],diamet],l5g? ------------------- ( ,/eam ( ,l>ge( ,small ( ,space ,cyl9d]4,plung]4,plung]4,/roke4 ,l5g?4 ,occupi$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #h #e-c_/d #d #af #aaa #be #bc #aj #e-c_/d #d #af #aab #bg #bd #h #g #e #af #aaa #bf #bd #aj #g #e #af #aab #bi #bd #ab #g #e #af #aab #ca #bd #ab #aa-a_/b #h #af #acb #dj #cb #ad #aa-a_/b #h #af #acb #dj #cb #af #aa-a_/b #h #af #acf #dc #cb #ah #aa-a_/b #h #af #acf #dd #cb #af #ad-a_/d #aj #bd #agf #ej #ch #ah #ad-a_/d #aj #bd #agh #ej #ch #bj #ad-a_/d #aj #bd #agh #eb #ch #bd #ad-a_/d #aj #bd #ahj #ed #ch ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,?is table ref]s to ,fig4 #dci4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ddj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dda4 ,! ,cam]on v]tical plung] s9k+ pump is %[n 9 ,figs4 #ddj & #dda4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ddb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ddc4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ successful m9e s9k+ pumps design$2 !re are no p>ts expos$ to ru/1 & in/ances h occurr$ :5 ?is pump has />t$ (f & cle>$ a %aft ( wat] :5 ! pump itself _h be5 buri$ = weeks "u a mass ( fall5 rock & debris4 ,?is pump has no outside valve ge>1 arms or lev]s2 all movable p>ts are inside & enclos$1 to prev5t collision ) ! walls ( ! m9e %aft nor is x likely to receive injury f bla/ explosions4 ,be+ fitt$ ) special exhau/ cut-(f1 x w cont9ue to run z fa/ z /eam w drive x 7) an irregul> or int]mitt5t supply ( wat]1 or :5 ! wat] fails entirely17 n only )\t dang] ( ! pi/on /rik+ ! heads1 b )\t injury to ! valves4 ,x is design$ & int5d$ to h&le gritty wat]4 ,telescopic pipe jo9t %[n 9 ,figs4 #ddb & #ddc1 supplies a conv5i5t means = lift+ & l[]+ a s9k+ pump1 & is usually made 9 l5g?s ( sixte5 feet4 ,?is enables ! op]ator to drop ! pump t di/ance )\t di/urb+ ! re/ ( ! pipe2 by its use irregul> l5g?s ( pipe c be add$1 :]eas1 o!rwise :5 ! pump is l[]$ ! pipe w\ld h to be cut ( equal l5g?4 ,! inside pipe is brass tub+ :i* freely slips ?r\gh ! pack+ & is non-corrosive4 ,fig4 #dda exhibits ! s9k+ pump 9 practical op]ation2 x is ! same z t %[n on ! previ\s page4 ,,note4--,m9+ pumps require to be made 8to gauge0 & int]*angeable2 an advantage :i* comm5ds itself to exp]i5c$ m9+ eng9e]s4 ,_m 8p>ts0 %\ld be provid$ 9 duplicate on acc\nt ( ! r\gh usage & h>d s]vice allud$ to above4 ,! 8,scranton0 patt]n ( a m9+ pump is illu/rat$ by ! cuts %[n bel[ 7,figs4 #ddd & #dde74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ddd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dde4 ,! plung]s ( ?is ma*9e "w ?r\gh middle1 ext]ior /uff+-boxes1 into f\r sep>ate & di/9ct wat] cyl9d]s4 ,! valve areas & wat] ways are unusually l>ge 9 proportion to ! displacem5t ( ! plung]1 s t ! velocity & consequ5t de/ructive action ( ! wat] curr5ts is decreas$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! pump4 ,^! pumps are design$ to )/& safely a work+ pressure ( #bej p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 & all _! atta*m5ts are especially /r5g!n$ ) a view to meet+ ! r\gh usage & h>d "w to :i* !y are liable to be subject$ 9 m9+ op]ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ddf4 ,,table4 ,diamet] ,diamet],l5g?,gallons ,revolutions,gallons ( ( ( ,p] ,rev-p] ,m9ute p] ,/eam ,wat] ,/rokeolution ,m9ute ,cyl9d]s,plung] ---------------------------------------- --------- #ad #h-a_/b #aj #i4ef #ed #eaf #af #h-a_/b #aj #i4ef #ed #eaf #ah-a_/b #h-a_/b #aj #i4ef #ed #eaf #af #aj-a_/d #aj #ac4ie #ed #gec #ah-a_/b #aj-a_/d #aj #ac4ie #ed #gec #ah-a_/b #ab #aj #ai4af #ed #ajce #bj #ab #aj #ai4af #ed #ajce #ag #h-a_/b #ae #ad4ad #dj #efe #bj #h-a_/b #ae #ad4ad #dj #efe #ag #aj-a_/d #ae #bj4hc #dj #hcc #bj #aj-a_/d #ae #bj4hc #dj #hcc #bj #ab #ae #bh4gh #dj #aaea ---------------------------------------- --------- ,diamet] ,diamet],l5g? ,sizes ( pipes = ( ( ( ,%ort ,l5g?s ,/eam ,wat] ,/roke ,to be increas$ z ,cyl9d]s,plung] l5g? increases --------------------------- ,/eam,exhau/,suction,deliv]y ,pipe ,pipe ,pipe ,pipe ---------------------------------------- ---------- #ad #h-a_/b #aj #b-a_/b #c #h #f #af #h-a_/b #aj #b-a_/b #c #h #f #ah-a_/b #h-a_/b #aj #c #c-a_/b #h #f #af #aj-a_/d #aj #b-a_/b #c #aj #h #ah-a_/b #aj-a_/d #aj #c #c-a_/b #aj #h #ah-a_/b #ab #aj #d #c-a_/b #ab #aj #bj #ab #aj #b-a_/b #e #ab #aj #ag #h-a_/b #ae #d #c-a_/b #h #f #bj #h-a_/b #ae #b-a_/b #e #h #f #ag #aj-a_/d #ae #d #c-a_/b #aj #h #bj #aj-a_/d #ae #d #e #aj #h #bj #ab #ae #e #e #ab #aj ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,diamet] ,diamet],l5g? ,approximate ( ( ( ,space ,/eam ,wat] ,/roke ,occupi$ ,cyl9d]s,plung] ,feet & ,in*es ----------------- ,l5g? ,wid? ---------------------------------------- #ad #h-a_/b #aj #i #h #c #b #af #h-a_/b #aj #i #i #c #aj #ah-a_/b #h-a_/b #aj #i #aj #d #j #af #aj-a_/d #aj #aj #i #c #aj #ah-a_/b #aj-a_/d #aj #aj #i #d #j #ah-a_/b #ab #aj #aa #a #d #j #bj #ab #aj #aa #b #d #b #ag #h-a_/b #ae #aj #e #c #aa #bj #h-a_/b #ae #aj #f #d #b #ag #aj-a_/d #ae #aa #f #c #aa #bj #aj-a_/d #ae #aa #h #d #a-a_/b #bj #ab #ae #aa #i #d #c ---------------------------------------- ,! ,wor?+ton ,pressure ,pump4 ,?is pump1 pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ddf1 is specially design$ = use 9 connection ) hydraulic lifts & cranes1 cotton presses1 te/+ ma*9es1 hydraulic rivet+ & pun*+ ma*9es & hydraulic presses ( all k9ds4 ,also1 = oil-pipe l9es1 m9+ purposes & s]vices requir+ ! deliv]y ( liquids "u heavy pressures4 ,!re are f\r1 s+le-act+1 outside-pack$ plung]s1 :i* "w ?r\gh ! ends ( ! wat] cyl9d]s1 ! latt] hav+ c5tral p>titions4 ,! arrangem5t ( comp\nd /eam cyl9d]s %[n 9 ,fig4 #dde1 or a triple expansion arrangem5t1 c be appli$ to ^! pumps :]e a sav+ ( fuel is desir$4 ,! wat] valves are easily accessible & are conta9$ 9 small indep5d5t *amb]s1 capable ( resi/+ v heavy pressure4 ,,m>9e ,,pumps4 ,^! are made bo? horizontal & v]tical2 ! prime consid]ation be+ 9 all cases ! am\nt ( floor space ! pump w require4 ,?is is especially true 9 ref]5ce to small /eam vessels1 pleasure craft1 etc4 ,ow+ to ! unusual corrosion1 caus$ by galvanic action1 salt & v>i\s impurities1 m>9e pumps are built ( iron ) brass l9+s1 b frequ5tly ) ! entire wat] ends ( bronze4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! wat] valves 9 ! mo/ approv$ =ms ( v]tical pumps is su* t ! pi/ons are always subm]g$1 & ! wat] valves seal$1 !reby secur+ imm$iate lift ( wat] ?r\gh ! suction pipe1 & /eady1 quiet op]ation ( ! pump2 _m horizontal pumps ( ! ord9>y duplex design are also us$ on %ipbo>d4 ,! %ip's pump is common to all vessels & us$ to keep ! 8hold0 free f wat]4 ,x is usually work$ by h& b x is ! law 9 c]ta9 c\ntries t ! 8%ip's pump10 aside f /eam vessels--%all be driv5 by w9dmill p[]2 x is said to be an odd sight to see ! practical work+ ( ^! at sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ddg4 ,! illu/ration on page #aef %[s a m>9e v]tical pump ( ! ,davidson patt]n1 design$ to "w aga9/ a pressure ( #bej p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,! table giv5 h]e) w %[ ! sizes & pr9cipal details ( ^! pumps4 ,,table4 ,horse-p[] ( ,gallons ,boil]1 bas$ on ,/eam ,wat] ,/roke1 p] #cj lbs4 ( wat],/eam ,ex- ,suction ,dis- ,cyl9-,cyl9-,in*es4 ,s+le p] ,h4 ,p4 ,pipe hau/ ,pipe *>ge d] d] ,/roke ( p] h\r1 ,pipe ,pipe ,ea* :i* ! pump ,pi/on4 w supply ) ease4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #d #b-a_/b #d 4#jhd #afe ,h4 ,p4 #a_/b #c_/d #b #a-a_/b #d-a_/b #b-c_/d #f 4#aed #cjj #a_/b #c_/d #b-a_/b #b #e-a_/b #c-a_/b #f 4#ae #ejj #a #a-a_/d #c #b-a_/b #f #d #h 4#dce #hgj #a #a-a_/d #c-a_/b #c #g #d #h 4#dce #hgj #a-a_/da-a_/b #c-a_/b #c #g #d-a_/b #h 4#ee #a1ajj #a-a_/da-a_/b #d #c #h #e #aj 4#he #a1gjj #a-a_/b #b #d-a_/b #c-a_/b #h #e #ab #a4jb #b1jjj #a-a_/b #b #d-a_/b #c-a_/b #i #e-a_/b #aj #a4jc #b1jjj #a-a_/b #b #d-a_/b #d #aj #f #aj #a4bbe #b1dej #b #b-a_/b #e #d-a_/b #aj #f #ab #a4dfi #b1ijj #b #b-a_/b #e #d-a_/b #ab #g #ab #b4jj #d1jjj #b #b-a_/b #f #e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,! capacity = boil] fe$+ 9 ! table is bas$ ^u sixty s+le /rokes = ea* pump p] m9ute4 ,! suction & dis*>ge op5+s1 z w be se5 9 ! figure1 are on bo? sides4 ,! wat] pi/on is pack$ = hot & cold wat] & special valves are furni%$ z may be necess>y4 ,,! 8,,wreck+0 ,,pump4 ,! ,wor?+ton wreck+ pump1 ,fig4 #ddh1 0 con/ruct$ _m ye>s ago1 = wreck+1 dra9age1 or irrigat+ purposes1 & has prov$ itself to be rem>kably well adapt$ to su* s]vice4 ,x is us$ g5]ally by ! ,wreck+ ,companies on ! ,atlantic & ,pacific coa/s & ! lakes1 & is con/ruct$ ) special ref]5ce to reliability1 portability & g5]al effici5cy4 ,x is also well adapt$ = o!r s]vices requir+ ! deliv]y ( l>ge quantities ( wat] )9 ! range ( lift by suction4 ,x has no =c+ p[]1 ! wat] be+ deliv]$ ov] ! top ( ! pump into ! curb surr\nd+ x4 ,x is s+le-act+1 al?\gh ! dis*>ge is practically con/ant1 by reason ( ! quick return ( ! pi/on to ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 dur+ :i* inactive /roke ! wat] cont9ues to fl[ by ! mom5tum already acquir$1 ?us ! effect ( a d\ble-act+ pump is almo/ produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ddh4 ,! ord9>y slide valve is employ$1 mov$ by an arm /rik+ aga9/ tappets on ! valve rod4 ,no auxili>y valves are us$ 9 connection ) x4 ,! wat] valves are ( rubb]1 ! l[] ones be+ ^u a p]man5t plate at ! bottom ( ! pump4 ,! plung] also is cov]$ ) valves4 ,^! la/ op5 = ! passage ( wat] :5 ! pi/on desc5ds4 ,on acc\nt ( its %ort /roke & l>ge diamet]1 ?is pump is extremely effici5t1 runn+ on comp>atively l[ pressure ( /eam1 & ) a v small p]c5tage ( loss f friction or leakage4 ,x is also simple & durable1 ) few p>ts4 ,! /at$ capacities ( ! pumps giv5 9 ! table c be exce$$ 9 cases ( em]g5cy4 ,,table4 ,diamet] ( ,diamet] ( ,l5g? ( ,diamet] ( ,gallons ,/eam ,cyl9d]4,wat] ,plung]4 ,/roke4 ,suction ,pipe4p] ,m9ute4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #f #ab #i #f #cej to #djj #ab #bj #i #aj #ajjj to #abjj #af #be #i #ab #adjj to #afjj #ah-a_/b #cj #i #ad #bjjj to #bcjj #ai-a_/b #cc #ae #af #cbjj to #cfjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,! 8,,balla/0 ,,pump4 ,?is ma*9e is con/ruct$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( /eam%ip build]s & is recogniz$ & adopt$ by m>9e eng9e]s ( ?is & ( o!r c\ntries z ! /&>d design = ?is s]vice & = oil tank /eam] "w4 ,x w be obs]v$1 see ,fig4 #ddi1 t its proportions are su* z to secure ! advantages ( l>ge pump+ capacity ) unusual compactness & mod]ate weight4 ,?is pump is ( ! pack$ pi/on type1 & has ! valves s arrang$ t ! wat] pi/ons are always subm]g$1 ?us mak+ x p>ticul>ly well adapt$ = long & difficult suction lifts su* z are met ) 9 /eam]s c>ry+ petroleum 9 bulk1 & 9 /eam]s hav+ ext5sive sy/ems ( wat] balla/ tanks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ddi4 ,! dem&s = wat] balla/ s]vice are g5]ally met by ! foll[+ two sizes1 z %[n 9 ! table bel[4 ,,table4 ,diamet] ( ,plung] requir$ 9 any s+le ,diamet] ( ,diamet] ( ,l5g? (,gallons deliv]$cyl9d] pump to ,/eam ,cyl9d]s4,wat] ,plung]s4 ,/roke4 p] m9ute at d ! same "w ord9>y spe$4 at same spe$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #f #g-a_/b #f #bhe #aj-a_/d #f #h-a_/b #f #cge #ab ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,sizes ( ,pipes = ,%ort ,l5g?s ,to be increas$ z l5g? increases4 ,diamet] ( ,diamet] ( ,l5g? (------------------------------ ,/eam ,cyl9d]s4,wat] ,plung]s4 ,/roke4 ,/eam ,exhau/ ,suction,deliv]y ,pipe4 ,pipe4 ,pipe4 ,pipe4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #f #g-a_/b #f #a 94#a-a_/b 94 #e 94 #d 94 #f #h-a_/b #f #a #a-a_/b #f #e ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,! purposes = :i* pumps are us$ on %ipbo>d1 aside f ! air & circulat+ pumps = cond5s]s1 are3 7#a47 ,fe$+ ! boil]4 7#b47 ,empty+ ! tanks & pump+ out bilge4 7#c47 ,supply+ wat] = wa%+ d[n decks1 ext+ui%+ fires1 fill+ evaporators & sanit>y s]vice4 ,a special pump = ea* sep>ate purpose is n always suppli$1 b "o pump may h ! necess>y pipe connections to s]ve alt]nately v>i\s duties4 ,fe$+ ! boil]s is s important an op]ation t a supplem5tal special pump is always requir$4 ,to make absolutely sure ( an ample supply ( fe$ wat] "o ( ! o!r pumps is made /rong en\gh to s]ve ! same purpose1 or sometimes an injector is fitt$ z an auxili>y fe$+ me*anism4 ,a bilge pump has special fitt+s1 = ! reason t x h&les v dirty wat]1 undesirable to be transmitt$ ?r\gh any o!r pipe sy/em4 ,9 small %ips1 h[ev]1 "o pump1 ! s-call$ 8donkey10 (t5 s]ves = ne>ly all o!r purposes1 includ+ auxili>y boil] fe$+4 ,a special =m ( pump 9 use on ,we/]n riv] /eam]s is ! s-call$ 8doctor10 an indep5d5t pump ) a walk+ beam1 by :i* "o /eam cyl9d] drives a sy/em ( pumps = fe$1 fire & bilge pump+ purposes 7,fig4 #dej74 ,! fe$ pump %\ld be ( simple con/ruction1 great /r5g? & ample capacity1 to secure great regul>ity & reliability ( s]vice "u ! sev]e conditions ( high pressure4 ,! ma9 p>ts ( auxili>y fe$ pumps are (t5 duplicat$4 ,?is is a desirable po9t1 z "o set ( sp>e p>ts 9 pi/on1 r+s1 valves1 etc41 is suitable = bo? pumps4 ,! ma9 fe$ pump is1 ev5 9 ! indep5d5t type1 (t5 plac$ 9 ! eng9e room1 :ile ! auxili>y pump1 or ! injector1 is 9 ! fire room4 ,! fe$ pumps draw usually f ! hot well1 fe$ heat] & fe$ tanks & dis*>ge ?r\gh ma9 fe$ pipe into ! boil]4 ,?is 8doctor0 pump is a sub/antial piece ( me*anism4 ,! bases ( columns & pump *amb] flanges are accurately plan$1 ! cyl9d] has spr+ pi/on pack+ & ! pla9 slide valve is made ( gun metal4 ,! hot wat] pumps1 #c-a_/b diam4 #aj /roke1 h *amb]s bor$ & are fitt$ ) a copp] & t9 composition = valves & scats2 ! latt] are driv5 into _! places & rivet$ ov] und]nea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dej4 ,,note4--,ea* valve is rea*$ by remov+ ! bonnet cov]+ x4 ,! jo9ts "u caps are made ! ins]tion ( %eet lead4 ,! heat]s above ! frame1 z %[n1 are #bb #e #j long1 ( h>d roll$ copp]1 ) a copp] worm #ah #j long by #b-a_/b diamet] 9 ea*4 ,!re is also a baffle plate above ! wat] l9e 9 ea* heat] to prev5t ! exhau/ f ?r[+ ! wat] out at ! top4 ,,hydraulic ,,gauge ,,te/ ,,pump4 ,^! gauges are apt to get out ( ord] = v>i\s reasons namely1 !re is no !oretical me?od ( det]m9+ ! motion ( ! po9t] due to a giv5 pressure2 ?is is done by te/s 9 :i* kn[n pressures are employ$1 & accord+ly ! divisions on ! graduat$ scale are usually unequal1 h5ce ^! in/rum5ts are te/$ by atta*+ !m ei!r to a m]cury column1 or to a dead weight safety valve hav+ = its seat an exact squ>e in* surr\nd$ by a knife edge1 or a pi/on ( /&>d area load$ ) weights4 ,?is %>p edge is cov]$ by a fibre wa%] ( lea!r = mod]ate pressures1 say #aej lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 or vulcaniz$ fibre or its equival5t = high] pressures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dea4 ,fig4 #dea repres5ts a pump t c be us$ = pressures up to #aj1jjj lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,! ,h&-,lev] ,pump %[n at ! "r 9 cut is us$ = fill+ ! ,pressure ,pump cyl9d] & connections ) oil or glyc]9e1 & may also s]ve = te/+ gauges ( l[ pressures up to #ae or #bj lbs4 ,! suction pipe a is connect$ ) ! res]voir conta9+ ! oil or glyc]9e1 :i* aft] be+ us$ is dis*>g$ by valve d & return$ into ! res]voir by pipe c4 ,9 fill+ ! pump ! cyl9d] sp9dle has to be screw$ all ! way out1 & ! valves b & d clos$ be=e x is put "u pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #deb4 8,,sug>-,,h\se0 ,,pumps4 ,! h&l+ ( semi-liquids1 comm]cially kn[n z ?ick /uff1 has always be5 consid]$ m or less ( a s]i\s problem1 & _m designs ( me*anism 9 ! =m ( pumps h be5 inv5t$ = t purpose4 ,= pump+ t> ! improv$ =ms ( rot>y pumps h rec5tly come l>gely into use4 ,^! w be describ$ lat] "u _! prop] heads4 ,fig4 #bab1 page #bcb1 ,"p "o1 repres5ts a v satisfactory design ( plung] pump = h&l+ ! heavy /uff allud$ to4 ,! ,deane s+le sug>-h\se pump is %[n 9 ,fig4 #deb4 ,^! are l>gely us$ = pump+ molasses1 syrup1 cane-juice1 melt]-pan products1 etc41 & are fitt$ ) l9+s1 valves1 etc41 to be/ suit ! condition ( ! fluid to be pump$4 ,! valves are v l>ge & ! motion ( ! pumps is some:at sl[] ?an = wat]4 ,by remov+ "o set ( bolts all ! valves are uncov]$4 ,^! products ( ! sug>-h\se :5 ( a high temp]ature c be pump$ ne>ly z fa/ z wat]2 ! foll[+ li/ gives ! approv$ proportions ( ^! pumps4 ,,table4 ,,size4 ,,capacity4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,diamet],diamet],l5g? (,gallons,/rokes,gallons ( ,/eam( ,wat] ,/roke p] p] p] ,cyl9d],cyl9d] ,/roke ,m9ute ,m9ute ---------------------------------------- ------ #d-a_/b #d-a_/b #e 4#cd #abe #dc #e-a_/b #d-a_/b #g 4#dh #abe #fj #f #e-a_/b #g 4#gb #abe #ij #g-a_/b #g #aj #a4ff #ajj #aff #g-a_/b #h #aj #b4ag #ajj #bag #f #f #ab #a4dg #ajj #adg #h #f #ab #a4dg #ajj #adg #h #g #ab #b4jj #ajj #bjj #h #h #ab #b4fa #ajj #bfa ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,size4 ,,pipe ,,sizes4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,diamet],diamet],l5g? (,/eam,exhau/,suction,dis*>ge ( ,/eam( ,wat] ,/roke ,cyl9d],cyl9d] ---------------------------------------- ------------- #d-a_/b #d-a_/b #e #a_/b #c_/d #b #a-a_/b #e-a_/b #d-a_/b #g #c_/d #a #c #b-a_/b #f #e-a_/b #g #c_/d #a #c #b-a_/b #g-a_/b #g #aj #a #a-a_/b #e #d #g-a_/b #h #aj #a #a-a_/b #e #e #f #f #ab #c_/d #a #d #d #h #f #ab #a #a-a_/b #d #d #h #g #ab #a #a-a_/b #e #d #h #h #ab #a #a-a_/b #e #e ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,! ,s+le ,magma ,pump4 ,! t]m magma includes any crude mixture1 especially ( organic matt]s 9 ! =m ( a ?9 pa/e1 x also means 8a confection10 h5ce1 ! "n giv5 to ! pump illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #dec & #ded is v appropriately appli$ to a sug>-h\se app>atus4 ,x is design$ = pump+ v>i\s ?ick heavy mixtures & semi-liquids & = mov+ massecuite1 second & ?ird sug>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dec4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ded4 ,! con/ruction 9 ,fig4 #dec is su* z to insure /r5g? & c]ta9ty ( op]ation2 !re are no intricate small p>ts1 & ! int]ior is readily accessible4 ,^! pumps are made ) brass-l9$ cyl9d]s1 or cyl9d]s & fitt+s entirely ( composition :5 ne$$ to ov]come ! difficulties app]ta9+ to pump+ acidul\s & corrosive liquid sub/ances4 ,! s+le fly-:eel magma pump z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ded repres5ts ! highe/ type ( ma*9e = ?is class ( "w4 ,! /eam end is ( ! pla9 slide valve patt]n4 ,x is fitt$ ) a heavy fly-:eel1 p]fectly balanc$4 ,! admission ( /eam is regulat$ by a ?rottl+ gov]nor ( approv$ design4 ,! fly-:eel & gov]nor insure a uni=m spe$ ( ! pump "u v>iations ( load--h5ce ! fly-:eel pump does n require adju/m5t ( ?rottle = e v>iation 9 wat] pressure1 z is necess>y ) direct act+ pumps4 ,! foll[+ table applies to ! two /yles ( ! magma pumps--) & )\t ! fly-:eel1 z ! pump ends are ! same 9 bo?4 ,att5tion is call$ to ! numb] ( /rokes p] m9ute 7?irty7 %[n 9 ! table z comp>$ ) ! numb] ( /rokes 7#ajj & #abe7 call$ = 9 ! previ\s table4 ,?is is caus$ by ! diff]5t viscosity ( ! /uff to be h&l$ by ^! ma*9es4 ,,table4 ,,size4 ,,capacity4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,diamet] ( ,diamet] ,l5g? ,gallons ,/rokes ,gallons ( ,/eam ( ,pump ( p] p] p] ,cyl4 ,cyl4 ,/roke ,/roke ,m9ute ,m9ute ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #e;,b #c #g 4#ba #cj #f #e #d #ab 4#fe #cj #bj #f #e #ab #a4jb #cj #ca #h #f #ab #a4dg #cj #dd #aj #f #ab #a4dg #cj #dd #ab #f #ab #a4dg #cj #dd #h #g #ab #b4jj #cj #fj #aj #g #ab #b4jj #cj #fj #ab #g #ab #b4jj #cj #fj #ad #g #ab #b4jj #cj #fj #h #h #ab #b4fa #cj #gh #aj #h #ab #b4fa #cj #gh #ab #h #ab #b4fa #cj #gh #ad #h #ab #b4fa #cj #gh ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,size4 ,,pipe ,,sizes4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,diamet] ( ,diamet] ,l5g? ( ,/eam ( ,pump ( ,/eam ,exhau/ ,suction ,dis*>ge ,cyl4 ,cyl4 ,/roke ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #e #c #g #c_/d #a #c #b #e #d #ab #c_/d #a #d #d #f #e #ab #c_/d #a #f #e #h #f #ab #a #a-a_/b #h #f #aj #f #ab #a-a_/b #b #h #f #ab #f #ab #b #b-a_/b #h #f #h #g #ab #a #a-a_/b #h #f #aj #g #ab #a-a_/b #b #h #f #ab #g #ab #b #b-a_/b #h #f #ad #g #ab #b #b-a_/b #h #f #h #h #ab #a #a-a_/b #h #f #aj #h #ab #a-a_/b #b #h #f #ab #h #ab #b #b-a_/b #h #f #ad #h #ab #b #b-a_/b #h #f ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,approx4 ,,size4 ,dim5sions -------------------------------- 9 ,feet & ,in*es ,diamet] ( ,diamet] ,l5g? ---------------- ( ,/eam ( ,pump ( ,cyl4 ,cyl4 ,/roke ,l5g? ,wid? ---------------------------------------- -------- #e #c #g #d-g #a-c #e #d #ab #f-aa #a-e #f #e #ab #g-j #a-i #h #f #ab #g-e #b-g #aj #f #ab #g-g #b-g #ab #f #ab #g-g #b-g #h #g #ab #g-f #b-g #aj #g #ab #g-g #b-g #ab #g #ab #g-g #b-g #ad #g #ab #g-g #b-g #h #h #ab #g-f #b-h #aj #h #ab #g-g #b-h #ab #h #ab #g-g #b-h #ad #h #ab #g-g #b-h ---------------------------------------- -------- ,b ,?is size has ,tappet valve motion4 ,,circulat+ ,,pumps4 ,! def9ition ( ! ^w circulation conveys ! be/ idea ( ?is me*anism--8,! act ( mov+ 9 a circle1 or 9 a c\rse :i* br+s ! mov+ body to ! place :]e its motion began10 h5ce1 a circulat+ pump is "o :i* causes ! wat] to fl[ ?r\gh a s]ies ( pipes or conduits1 z = example1 ! wat] 9 a /eam boil] z 9 ! ,ahr5s ,fire ,eng9e1 see page #abf1 ,fig4 #dbf1 or 9 m>9e boil]s1 or =ces cool+ wat] ?r\gh a surface cond5s]4 ,a c5trifugal pump driv5 by an indep5d5t eng9e1 see page #bai1 ,fig4 #dig1 is g5]ally us$ = ! latt] purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ded;,a4 ,! annex$ engrav+1 ,fig4 #ded;,a1 repres5ts a circulat+ pump atta*$ to a salt wat] evaporator & di/ill] = recov]+ fre% wat] at sea4 ,! pump at ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! engrav+ takes salt wat] ?r\gh ! suction at ! bottom & passes x upw>d ?r\gh ! cond5s] & ov]bo>d ?r\gh ! circulation dis*>ge4 ,any /eam pump hav+ a suffici5t capacity may be us$ z a circulat+ pump4 ,,atmosph]ic ,,pumps4 ,! ,bliss-,hea? ,atmosph]ic ,pump+ ,eng9e repres5t$ by ,fig4 #dee is novel 9 its con/ruction1 consi/+ ( a l[-pressure1 upright1 tubul> /eam boil]1 hav+ a safety valve load$ to c>ry #a-a_/b lbs4 /eam pressure4 ,! l>ge cov] lifts "u #b lbs4 pressure1 h5ce explosions _c occur4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dee4 ,,note4--,! safety valve is %[n on ! floor alongside ( ! h& b> arrang$ to "w ! fe$ pump4 ,fig4 #dee4 ,! motor is a simple atmosph]ic eng9e op]at+ a plung] pump & a s+le act+ air pump4 ,! op]ation ( ?is motor is almo/ noiseless4 ,! motive p[] is ! normal pressure ( ! atmosph]e 7#ad4g lbs4 to ! squ>e in*71 utiliz$ by ! =mation ( a vacuum 9 ! p[] cyl9d]4 ,! air is expell$ f ! cyl9d] by admitt+ /eam )\t appreciable pressure1 i4e41 to balance t ( ! atmosph]e1 aft] :i* ! /eam exhau/s into ! surface cond5s]1 9 :i* a con/ant vacuum is ma9ta9$4 ,/eam is !n admitt$ automatically into ! p[] cyl9d]1 break+ ! vacuum & imp>t+ to ! pi/on ! requir$ impetus4 ,?is pr9ciple is id5tical ) t ( ! ord9>y cond5s+ /eam eng9e1 ) ! exception ( ! v l[ /eam pressure 9 ?is connection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #def4 ,?is eng9e c be op]at$ satisfactorily 9 comb9ation ) an ord9>y h\se-heat+ boil] 7l[ pressure71 h5ce ! exp5se ( runn+ x is v l[ dur+ ! /eam-heat+ season4 ,dur+ ! summ] mon?s ! boil] connect$ ) ?is eng9e c be us$ advantage\sly4 ,! be>+s are self-oil+1 & ! cyl9d] cond5sation furni%es ample protection = ! inside ( ! eng9e cyl9d]4 ,!re are no lea!r pack+s to burn out1 & ?is is rem>kably free f ! objections to ! old] types ( caloric eng9es4 ,^! pumps :5 requir$ w =ce a proportionate quantity ( wat] to a great] height ?an fifty feet1 ^u :i* ! foll[+ table is bas$3 ,,table ,,( ,,approximate ,,dim5sions ,,& ,,capacities4 ,gallons ,size ( ,approx4 ,size ( ,size ,p] ,h\r ,suc4 ,dis4 ,floor ,height ,smoke ,numb] #ej ft4 ,pipes4 ,space ,pipe ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a #fjj #a-a_/d #dc #bf #ec #e ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #b #abjj #a-a_/b #dc #bf #eh #f ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #c #bjjj #b #dh #cj #fc #g ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #d #cjjj #b-a_/b #dh #cj #fc #g ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,ammonia ,,or ,,acid ,,pumps4 ,9 pump+ ammonia x is ( ! greate/ importance t ?is me*anism be simple & compact ow+ to ! peculi> prop]ties--(t5times dang]\s--inh]5t to ammonia4 ,! pla9 slide valve ) crank1 %aft & fly-:eel probably is less liable to give tr\ble ?an _m ( ! o!r /yles ( pumps1 & a full /roke is always assur$4 ,! pump "h pres5t$ 7,fig4 #def7 occupies little floor space & is easily accessible2 ! bucket plung] is us$ & also a slott$ yoke 9 place ( a connect+ rod4 ,! column is 9 two p>ts bolt$ toge!r4 ,9 case ( accid5t to ei!r "p duplicates may be quickly sub/itut$4 ,,! ,,wood ,,propell] ,,pump4 ,! pump %[n h]e) lifts ! wat] by propell] screws or 8runn]s10 ea* consi/+ ( two half-circul> incl9$ blades fa/5$ to a %aft at int]vals ( #c to #e feet1 & ( slightly less diamet] ?an ! cas+1 s z to revolve freely )9 x4 ,exp]im5ts h demon/rat$ t m wat] c be rais$ ) a giv5 spe$ by putt+ ! runn]s close toge!r ne> ! bottom ( ! pump4 ,a be>+ = ! %aft is plac$ imm$iately und]nea? ea* ( ! runn]s1 & held 9 position by a set ( spr+ 8guides0 atta*$ l5g?wise to ! well-cas+4 ,^! guides int]rupt ! :irl+ motion ( ! wat] z x is ?r[n upw>d by ! runn]s1 & turns x back 9 ! opposite direction1 !reby deliv]+ x into ! revolv+ runn]s 9 a direction opposite _! motion4 ,by ?is me?od ! :irl+ motion ( ! wat] is utiliz$ & ! capacity ( ! pump l>gely increas$ )\t a proportional increase ( p[] to run x4 ,) ?is pump1 wat] may be rais$ f sev]al hundr$ feet bel[ ! surface by ext5d+ ! %aft & runn]s d[n ! well-cas+ to ! desir$ dep?2 x be+ always necess>y to subm]ge ! l[] runn]4 ,z ! %aft rotates ! l[] runn] lifts ! wat] up to ! runn] above x1 & s on to ! next1 until ! wat] is deliv]$ at or above ! gr\nd if desir$2 ! di/ance dep5d+ ^u ! size & pit* ( ! runn]1 ! numb] ( runn]s1 & ! spe$ at :i* !y are driv54 ,spe$ is n increas$ = additional dep?1 because m runn]s are add$1 & ?is comp\nd+ ( ! runn]s increases ! effici5cy ( ! pump4 ,a ball be>+ is plac$ ov] ! /uff+-box to c>ry ! entire weight ( all ! movable p>ts ( ! pump1 & also ! column ( wat]4 ,9 deep wells cone roll] be>+s are us$ 9 place ( ! ball be>+s4 ,! pumps are made to fit all sizes ( wells & ( any desir$ capacity4 ,runn]s ( v>i\s pit*es are made = ! diff]5t sizes 9 ord] to suit ! supply ( wat] or ! p[] available4 ,if1 aft] te/+1 ! supply ( wat] 9 ! well is f\nd to be limit$1 ! runn]s are *ang$ to raise ! am\nt ( wat] due to a giv5 horse-p[]1 !n runn]s c be furni%$ ) a pit* suit$ to lift+ t p>ticul> am\nt ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #deg4 ,= example1 if "o runn] at a giv5 spe$1 gives #aj p\nds pressure p] squ>e in*1 !n two runn]s w\ld give #bj p\nds2 ?ree1 #cj p\nds1 & s on4 ,= ?is reason wat] may be elevat$ high] above ! dis*>ge ) ?is pump ?an ) a c5trifugal1 = x w\ld require a high] rate ( spe$ to lift a giv5 am\nt ( wat] #bj feet ) "o runn]1 ?an to lift ! same am\nt #e feet4 ,h5ce ! advantage ( comp\nd+ ! runn]s z ! lift is increas$4 ,! comp\nd+ ( runn]s is "o ( ! ma9 features ( success & effici5cy ( ?is pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #deh4 ,:]e ! wat] is beyond ! suction limit ?is pump c be us$ to raise ! wat] to ! surface1 dis*>g+ into ! suction ( ! =ce pump4 ,9 ?is mann]1 :atev] surplus ( p[] ! propell] pump might h 9 rais+ ! wat] to ! surface1 w\ld be utiliz$ 9 help+ ! wat] ?r\gh ! =ce pump4 ,! spe$ ( rot>y pumps is g5]ally high1 rang+ f #hjj revolutions p] m9ute = ! small sizes to #bej revolutions = ! l>g] sizes4 ,9 a numb] ( exp]im5ts made ^u ?is =m ( pump ! highe/ effici5cy 0 obta9$ ) pressures rang+ f #cj to #ej p\nds p] squ>e in*1 & spe$s rang+ f #dge to #ege revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! av]age effici5cy ( ! rot>y pump is f #dh to #eb p] c5t4 ,,! ,,screw ,,pump4 ,! engrav+ h]e)1 ,fig4 #deh1 exhibits ! g5]al con/ruction ( ! ,quimby screw pump4 ,! f\r screws t act z pi/ons 9 propell+ ! wat] are m\nt$ 9 pairs on p>allel %afts1 & are s arrang$ t 9 ea* pair ! ?read ( "o screw projects to ! bottom ( ! space betwe5 ! ?reads ( ! opposite screws4 ,! screw ?reads h flat faces & peculi>ly und]cut sides2 ! wid? ( ! face & ! base ( ! ?read be+ "o-half ! pit*4 ,! pump cyl9d] fits ! p]imet]s ( ! ?reads4 ,space en\gh is left betwe5 ! screws & ! cyl9d] & betwe5 ! faces ( ! int]me%+ ?reads to all[ a close runn+ fit )\t actual contact4 ,!re is no end ?ru/ ( ! screws 9 _! be>+s1 because ! back pressure ( ! column ( liquid is deliv]$ ?r\gh ! suction1 ,s1 at ! middle ( ! cyl9d]1 !re=e ! endwise pressure ^u ! screws 9 "o direction is exactly c\nt]balanc$ by a l pressure 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! suction connection op5s into a *amb] und]nea? ! pump cyl9d]4 ,! suction liquid passes ?r\gh ?is *amb] to ! two ends ( ! cyl9d] & is =c$ f ! ends t[>d ! c5t] by ! action ( ! two pairs ( int]me%+ ?reads2 ! dis*>ge be+ 9 ! middle ( ! top ( ! cyl9d]1 z %[n at ,d4 ,! p[] to drive ! pump is appli$ to "o ( ! %afts1 & ! second %aft is driv5 by means ( a pair ( ge>s1 %[n at ,g4 ,! pump has no int]nal pack+1 no valves & no small mov+ p>ts4 ,! only pack+ is 9 ! /uff+-boxes :]e ! two %afts pass ?r\gh ! cyl9d] head4 ,:e!r driv5 by a belt1 an electric motor1 or a /eam eng9e1 ! driv+ p[] is appli$ directly & )\t ! loss due to int]m$iate me*anism2 z ! screws are n 9 contact ) ! cyl9d] or ) ea* o!r1 ! consequ5t abs5ce ( we>+ surfaces gives ! pump great durability4 ,^! pumps h a high effici5cy aga9/ a wide range ( pressures3 ,! p[] be+ appli$ direct1 ! ?ru/ due to ! back pressure ( ! column ( liquid 9 ! deliv]y pipe is balanc$4 ,z ! action ( ! screws on ! liquid is cont9u\s1 ! deliv]y is free f pulsation4 ,by ?us keep+ ! liquid 9 con/ant & uni=m motion ! effici5cy ( ! pump is increas$ & ! pump is made peculi>ly suitable = c]ta9 specific purposes z !re is no *urn+ effect ^u ! liquids h&l$4 ,^! pumps are mu* us$ 9 connection ) hydraulic elevators by pump+ directly into ! elevator cyl9d]s1 z !re is no pulsation4 ,!y are also us$ to pump oil into pipe l9es & are driv5 by electric motors z well z by belts4 ,= circulat+ pumps = br9e & = fire purposes ^! pumps h c]ta9 peculi> advantages4 ,,table ,,( ,,dim5sions ,,& ,,capacities ,,( ,,! ,,quimby ,,screw ,,pump4 ,,pip+ ,,extreme ,,dim5sions ---------------------------------------- --- ,gallons ,revolutions ,dis*>ge ,size p] p] ,suction f ,dis*>ge,wid?,l5g?,height ,m9ute ,m9ute ,valve ,hood ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #b #g-aj #abjj #a-a_/d -- #a #i #bg #aa #b-a_/b #ae-bj #abjj #b -- #a-a_/b #i #cb #ad #c #cj-ce #abjj #b-a_/b #b-a_/b #b-a_/b #aj #ch #af #c-a_/b #gj-he #abjj #d #c #c #aa #di #be #d #adj-agj #abjj #d #c #d #ac #ed #bh #e #bjj-bde #aajj #e #d #e #ad #fd #ca #f #bge-cej #ijj #f #e #f #ag #ge #cg #g #djj-dhe #gge #h #f #h #ah #gh #ch #i #fej-hjj #gbe #aj #h #aj #be #ib #dh #aj #hbe-ajjj #ege #ab #aj #ab #cb #ih #fj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,dim5sions 9 in*es4 ,weights 9 p\nds4 ,,a]motor ,,pumps ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dei4 ,,a]motor ,,pumps4 ,a] is ! fir/ elem5t 9 _m comp\nd words ( ,greek orig9 mean+ air1 ! air1 atmosph]e2 9 ?is connection x is comb9$ ) motor1 def9$ z a ma*9e :i* trans=ms ! en]gy ( wat]1 /eam1 or electricity into me*anical en]gy--9 ?is in/ance1 is meant ! *ang+ ( ! p[] ( mov+ air or w9d into me*anical en]gy4 ,w9d is air put 9 motion4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* ! motion ( ! air may arise4 ,x may be consid]$ z an absolute motion ( ! air1 r>efi$ by heat & cond5s$ by cold2 or x may be only an app>5t motion1 caus$ by ! sup]ior velocity ( ! e>? 9 its daily revolution4 ,:5 any portion ( ! atmosph]e is heat$ x becomes r>efi$1 its specific gravity is dim9i%$1 & x consequ5tly rises4 ,! adjac5t portions imm$iately ru% into its place to re/ore ! equilibrium4 ,?is motion produces a curr5t :i* ru%es into ! r>efi$ spot f all directions4 ,?is is :at we call w9d4 ,meteorology is ! sci5ce :i* treats ( ! atmosph]e & its ph5om5a1 p>ticul>ly ( its v>iations ( heat & cold1 ( its w9ds1 etc4 ,?is is ! great division ( sci5ce to :i* "o has to turn :5 se>*+ = ! fir/ pr9ciples relat+ to ! op]ation ( a]motor pumps4 ,! va/ volumes ( air :i* fl[ 8hi!r & yon0 are controll$ by physical laws :i* act z accurately & unceas+ly z ^? :i* control & hold 9 *eck ! seem+ly solid sub/ance ( ! e>? itself4 ,,note4--,! portions nor? ( ! r>efi$ spot produce a nor? w9d1 ^? to ! s\? produce a s\? w9d1 :ile ^? to ! ea/ & we/ 9 l mann]1 =m curr5ts mov+ 9 opposite directions4 ,at ! r>e spot1 agitat$ z x is by w9ds f all directions1 turbul5t & boi/]\s wea!r1 :irlw9ds1 hurricanes1 ra91 ?und] & lightn+1 prevail4 ,?is k9d ( wea!r occurs mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! torrid zone1 :]e ! heat is greate/4 ,! air1 be+ m r>efi$ !re ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! globe1 is light]1 &1 consequ5tly1 asc5ds2 t ab\t ! pol> regions is cont9ually fl[+ f ! poles t[>ds ! equator1 to re/ore ! equilibrium2 :ile ! air ris+ f ! equator fl[s 9 an upp] curr5t t[>ds ! poles1 s t ! pol> regions may n be exhau/$4 ,to sum up all obs]vations1 x c be said ) tru? t ! sole =ce imm$iately conc]n$ 9 caus+ ! movem5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 is gravitation4 ,s f> z ! prevail+ w9ds are conc]n$ x has be5 %[n t :]e pressure is high1 t is to say1 :]e !re is a surplus ( air1 out ( su* a region w9ds bl[ 9 all directions2 &1 on ! o!r h& :]e pressure is l[1 or :]e !re is a defici5cy ( air1 t[>ds su* a region1 w9ds bl[ f all directions 9 an 9-mov+ special c\rse4 ,?is outfl[ ( air curr5ts f a region ( air pressure ^u a region ( l[ pressure is r$ucible to a s+le pr9ciple1 z already /at$1 viz41 ! pr9ciple ( gravitation4 ,a regul> ea/ w9d prevails ab\t ! equator1 caus$ 9 "p by ! r>efaction ( ! air produc$ by ! sun 9 8 daily c\rse f ea/ to we/4 ,?is w9d1 comb9+ ) t f ! poles1 causes a con/ant nor?-ea/ w9d = ab\t ?irty degrees nor? ( ! equator1 & a s\?-ea/ w9d at ! same di/ance s\? ( ! equator4 ,f :at has n[ be5 said1 x appe>s t !re is a circulation 9 ! atmosph]e2 ! air 9 ! l[] /rata fl[+ f ! poles t[>ds ! equator1 & 9 ! upp] /rata fl[+ back f ! equator t[>ds ! poles4 ,x may be rem>k$1 t ! p]iodical w9ds are m regul> at sea ?an on ! l&2 & ! reason ( ?is is1 t ! l& reflects into ! atmosph]e a mu* great] quantity ( ! sun's rays ?an ! wat]1 !re=e t "p ( ! atmosph]e :i* is ov] ! l& is m heat$ & r>efi$ ?an t :i* is ov] ! sea4 ,?is occasions ! w9d to set 9 ^u ! l&1 z we f9d x regul>ly does on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea & o!r c\ntries 9 ! torrid zone4 ,!re are c]ta9 w9ds1 call$ trade-w9ds1 ! !ory ( :i* may be easily expla9$ on ! pr9ciple ( r>efaction1 affect$1 z x is1 by ! relative position ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>? ) ! sun at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>1 & at v>i\s p>ts ( ! day4 ,a k ( ! laws by :i* ^! w9ds are controll$ is ( importance to ! m>9]4 ,:5 ! place ( ! sun ) respect to ! diff]5t positions ( ! e>? at ! diff]5t seasons ( ! ye> is und]/ood1 x w be se5 t !y all dep5d ^u ! same pr9ciple4 ,! reason t ! w9d g5]ally subsides at ! go+ d[n ( ! sun is1 t ! r>efaction ( ! air1 9 ! p>ticul> spot :i* produces ! w9d1 dim9i%es z ! sun decl9es1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! =ce ( ! w9d abates4 ,f its importance 9 practical meteorology ,buys ,ballot's law may be /at$ 9 ^! two conv5i5t =ms4 7#a7 ,/& ) y\r back to ! w9d1 & ! c5t] ( ! depression or ! place :]e ! b>omet] is l[e/ w be to y\r left 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & to y\r "r 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,?is is ! rule = sailors by :i* !y are guid$ to /e] ) ref]5ce to /orms4 7#b7 ,/& ) ! high b>omet] to y\r "r & ! l[ b>omet] to y\r left1 & ! w9d w bl[ on y\r back1 ^! positions 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e be+ rev]s$4 ,x is 9 ?is =m t ! prevail+ w9d ( any "p ( ! globe may be work$ out f ! *>ts4 ,,w9d ,,p[]4 ,x is z a s\rce ( en]gy1 to be classifi$ ) heat1 weight ( liquids1 electricity1 etc41 t air 9 motion 7z 9 a w9dmill7 has a place z a prime mov]4 ,prime mov]s1 or receiv]s ( p[]1 are ^? pieces or comb9ations ( pieces ( me*anism :i* receive motion & =ce directly f "s natural s\rce ( en]gy4 ,! po9t :]e ! me*anism belong+ to ! prime mov] ends & t belong+ to ! tra9 = modify+ ! =ce & motion beg9s may be held to include all pieces :i* regulate or assi/ 9 regulat+ ! transmission ( en]gy f ! s\rce ( en]gy4 ,! useful "w ( ! prime mov] is ! en]gy ex]t$ by x ^u t piece :i* x directly moves2 & ! ratio :i* ?is be>s to ! en]gy ex]t$ by ! s\rce ( en]gy is ! effici5cy ( ! prime mov]4 ,9 all prime mov]s ! loss ( en]gy may be divid$ into two p>ts1 "o be+ ! unavoidable effect ( ! circum/ances "u :i* ! ma*9e necess>ily works 9 ! case "u consid]ation2 ! o!r ! effect ( causes :i* are1 or may be1 capable ( indef9ite dim9ution by practical improvem5ts4 ,^? two p>ts may be d5om9at$ z necess>y loss & wa/e4 ,! effici5cy :i* a prime mov] w\ld h "u giv5 circum/ances if ! wa/e ( en]gy 7 altoge!r prev5t$1 & ! loss r$uc$ to necess>y loss alone1 is call$ ! maximum or ! !oretical effici5cy "u ! giv5 circum/ances4 ,9 w9dmills1 ! air1 be+ 9 motion1 presses aga9/1 & moves f\r or five radiat+ vanes or sails1 ^: surfaces are approximately helical or screw %ape1 _! axis ( rotation be+ p>allel1 or slightly incl9$ 9 a v]tical plane1 to ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,! velocity ( ! w9d det]m9es its pressure1 & ! pressure ( ! w9d aga9/ ! sails ( ! w9dmill det]m9es ! p[] develop$ by ! mill4 ,a mill ( small diamet] act$ ^u by a high pressure develops z mu* p[] z a l>ge mill work+ "u a l[] pressure4 ,! mean av]age velocity ( ! w9d = ! entire ,unit$ ,/ates is v ne>ly eight miles p] h\r4 ,h[ev]1 = l>ge areas su* z ! great pla9s ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ! mean av]age is ab\t elev5 miles p] h\r1 & yet 9 c]ta9 small areas situat$ 9 ! m\nta9\s di/ricts ! mean av]age velocity is z l[ z five miles p] h\r4 ,!re=e1 9 select+ & load+ a mill1 ref]5ce %\ld be _h to ! w9d velocity prevail+ 9 t p>ticul> locality4 ,9 g5]al1 w9dmills load$ to op]ate 9 t5-mile w9ds c be dep5d$ ^u to furni% a suffici5t supply ( wat]4 ,! v>iations 9 ! velocity & pressure ( ! w9d are consid]able ev5 )9 a brief "t1 & sometimes sudd5 & extreme4 ,w9ds ( #ajj miles p] h\r & upw>ds are on record4 ,a v viol5t gale 9 ,scotl& regi/]$ by an excell5t anemomet] a pressure ( #de lbs4 p] squ>e foot4 ,dur+ ! sev]e /orm at ,london1 ! anemomet] at ,lloyd's regi/]$ a pressure ( #ce lbs4 to ! squ>e foot4 ,! gauge at ,gir>d ,college1 ,philadelphia1 broke "u a /ra9 ( #db lbs4 p] squ>e foot1 a tornado pass+ at ! mom5t )9 a qu>t] ( a mile4 ,at ! ,c5tral ,p>k ,obs]vatory1 a w9d 0 record$ ( #bh4e lbs4 pressure p] squ>e foot4 ,if ! w9d 7 to bl[ cont9u\sly a v small w9dmill w\ld suffice to d a l>ge quantity ( "w & no /orage capacity w\ld be requir$1 b :5 x does bl[ x is 8free0 & exp]i5ce dictates t a mill %all be erect$ suffici5tly l>ge to pump en\gh wat]1 :5 ! w9d does bl[1 to la/ ov]1 ) ! assi/ance ( ample /orage capacity4 ,av]age h\rly velocity ( ! w9d at foll[+ /ations ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau1 giv5 9 miles p] h\r3 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 #g ,alp5a1 ,mi*4 #i ,atlanta1 ,ga4 #i ,atlantic ,city1 ,n4 ,j4 #aj4c ,augu/a1 ,ga4 #d4b ,baltimore1 ,md4 #f ,bism>ck1 ,n4 ,d4 #i4d ,boise ,city1 ,idaho #d4b ,bo/on1 ,mass4 #aj4b ,br[nsville1 ,tex4 #g4d ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 #aj ,cairo1 ,ill4 #g4f ,cape ,h5ry1 ,va4 #ab4g ,*>le/on1 ,s4 ,c4 #h ,*>lotte1 ,n4 ,c4 #e4f ,*attanooga1 ,t5n4 #e4e ,*ey5ne1 ,wyo4 #aj4e ,*icago1 ,ill4 #aj4e ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio #f4c ,clevel&1 ,ohio #i4f ,columbus1 ,ohio #g4f ,dav5port1 ,i[a #h4e ,d5v]1 ,colo4 #f4g ,des ,mo9es1 ,i[a #g ,detroit1 ,mi*4 #h4g ,dodge ,city1 ,kan4 #aa4h ,dulu?1 ,m9n4 #g ,ea/port1 ,me4 #j4f ,el ,paso1 ,tex4 #f4c ,=t ,grant1 ,ariz4 #g ,=t ,sill1 ,i4 ,t4 #aj4g ,galve/on1 ,tex4 #aj4c ,gr& ,hav51 ,mi*4 #aj4g ,hatt]as1 ,n4 ,c4 #ad ,hel5a1 ,mont4 #f4g ,huron1 ,s4 ,d4 #aa ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 #f ,jacksonville1 ,fla4 #f4g ,keokuk1 ,i[a #h ,key ,we/1 ,fla4 #i4h ,la ,crosse1 ,wis4 #g4c ,leav5wor?1 ,kan4 #g4a ,little ,rock1 ,ark4 #c4f ,los ,angeles1 ,cal4 #d4g ,l\isville1 ,ky4 #g4c ,lyn*burg1 ,va4 #d ,madison1 ,wis4 #aj4b ,m>quette1 ,mi*4 #h4g ,memphis1 ,t5n4 #e4h ,mobile1 ,ala4 #f4g ,montgom]y1 ,ala4 #e4a ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 #h ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 #g4f ,nor? ,platte1 ,neb4 #aj4c ,olympia1 ,wa%4 #c4h ,omaha1 ,neb4 #h4e ,oswego1 ,n4 ,y4 #i4f ,p5sacola1 ,fla4 #h4b ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #aj ,pittsburg1 ,pa4 #f ,portl&1 ,me4 #h ,portl&1 ,ore4 #e4c ,prescott1 ,ariz4 #f4e ,r$ ,bluff1 ,cal4 #g ,roseburg1 ,ore4 #e4c ,sacram5to1 ,cal4 #f4g ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 #aj4c ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n4 #g4f ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,m9n4 #i4d ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah #e4c ,s&y ,hook1 ,n4 ,j4 #ad4e ,san ,diego1 ,cal4 #e4f ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 #i4d ,savannah1 ,ga4 #g ,%reveport1 ,la4 #e4f ,spokane ,falls1 ,wa%4 #d4g ,spr+field1 ,ill4 #h4g ,vicksburg1 ,miss4 #e4h ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #f4e ,yuma1 ,ariz4 #f ,yankton1 ,s4 ,d4 #i ,,note4--,w9dmills are erect$ to be op]at$ by ! lighte/ w9ds4 ,a w9d :i* w c>ry (f smoke w move a w9dmill2 & ! abs5ce ( a w9d ( ?is =ce means a p]fect calm4 ,mr4 ,corcoran says3 8,my exp]i5ce ( ?irty ye>s tea*es t a calm has seldom1 if ev]1 held sway 9 ?is "p ( ! _w = a long] p]iod ?an ?ree days4 ,consequ5tly1 ) a tank to hold a ?ree days' supply1 x becomes possible to pass ov] any numb] ( calms40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dfj4 ,,w9d ,,p[] ,,pumps4 ,w9dmills c be divid$ into two g5]al classes accord+ to ! incl9ation ( ! %aft3 #a1 ,horizontal mills1 9 :i* sails are s plac$ z to turn by ! impulse ( ! w9d 9 a horizontal plane1 & h5ce ab\t an axis exactly v]tical2 &1 #b1 v]tical mills1 9 :i* ! sails turn 9 a ne>ly v]tical plane1 i4e41 ab\t an axis ne>ly horizontal4 ,on acc\nt ( ! _m disadvantages connect$ ) ! horizontal w9dmill1 x is seldom br\ght into use1 be+ employ$ only 9 situations 9 :i* ! height ( ! v]tical sails w\ld be objectionable1 & ?is is liable to occur only 9 extraord9>y cases4 ,9 ?is k9d ( mill six or m sails1 consi/+ ( pla9 bo>ds1 are set upright ^u horizontal arms re/+ on a t[] & atta*$ to a v]tical axis1 pass+ ?r\gh ! t[] at its middle "p4 ,if ! sails are fix$ 9 position1 !y are set obliquely to ! direction 9 :i* ! w9d /rikes !m4 ,outside ( ! :ole is !n plac$ a scre5 or cyl9drical arrangem5t ( bo>ds int5d$ to revolve1 ! bo>ds be+ set obliquely & 9 planes ly+ 9 opposite c\rses to ^? ( ! sails4 ,! result is1 f :atev] direction ! w9d may bl[ aga9/ ! t[]1 x is always admitt$ by ! out] bo>ds to act on ! sails mo/ freely 9 t half ( ! side x /rikes1 or f :i* ! sails are turn+ away1 & x is p>tly1 ?\gh by no means entirely1 brok5 f ! sails :i* 9 ! o!r quadrant ( ! side are approa*+ ! middle l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dfa4 ,,note4--,! great objections to ! horizontal w9dmill are3 fir/1 t only "o or two sails c be effectually act$ ^u at ! same mom5t2 &1 secondly1 t ! sails move 9 a m$ium ( ne>ly ! same d5sity z t by :i* !y are impell$1 & t great resi/ance is (f]$ to ^? sails :i* are approa*+ ! middle4 ,h5ce ) a l area ( sails ! p[] ( ! horizontal is always mu* less ?an t ( ! v]tical mill4 ,! illu/ration on page #ahd1 ,fig4 #dfj1 is a repres5tation ( ! ,corcoran w9dmill3 x contra/s mo/ int]e/+ly ) ! same app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #dei--;a w9dmill ( ! e>ly "p ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,! figure bel[1 #dfb1 exhibits 9 detail ! re> view ( ! ,corcoran mill ) ! gov]nor4 ,z ! spe$ ( ! :eel increases x sw+s ! 8tail0 ar\nd1 s z to br+ ! :eel at an angle ) ! direction ( ! w9d2 ! latt] fail+ to /rike ! blades squ>ely communicates less =ce1 & 9 consequ5ce ! spe$ is dim9i%$2 9 case ( a v high w9d ! tail turns s z to pres5t ! :eel almo/ edgewise t[>ds ! direction ( ! bla/4 ,,note4--,a w9dmill ( ?is type 0 erect$ at a /ation on ! ,long ,isl& ,r4 ,r4 to pump #e1jjj1jjj gallons ( wat] ye>ly4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! "w ( ! w9dmill1 a wat] met] 0 atta*$ to ! pump dur+ six mon?s1 & x 0 %[n t ! av]age "w ( ! w9dmill _h be5 #bb1dbe gallons p] day1 #d1bfj1gej gallons dur+ ! "t /at$ & an av]age rate ( #h1jjj1jjj gallons p] ye>4 ,! weight ( wat] pump$ 0 #af1afh tons gross & 0 rais$ to a height ( #ff feet1 & ! "w 0 done )\t mi%ap ) little att5tion giv5 to ! pump+ ma*9]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dfb4 ,fig4 #dfa repres5ts a ,corcoran d\ble action suction =ce pump4 ,! base is holl[ & conta9s ! suction & dis*>ge valves2 a flange at ! left-h& side receives ! suction pipe :ile a correspond+ flange on ! "r-h& side connects ) ! dis*>ge pipe4 ,an air *amb] is atta*$ to ! dis*>ge end4 ,! valves may be rea*$ by remov+ ! bonnets on top ( ! base4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dfc4 ,fig4 #dfc is int5d$ to repres5t an ,ideal /eel tank t[]2 ! tank is h]e9 locat$ ne> ! top4 ,a =ce pump is us$ :]e wat] is deliv]$ into an elevat$ tank z 9 ?is case2 a lift pump is employ$ to dis*>ge wat] at ! sp\t & n to elevate above x4 ,! common t]m 8,w9dmill pump0 di/+ui%es a w9d p[] pump f a h& pump1 ! diff]5ce be+ 9 an ext5sion ( ! pi/on rod above ! upp] guide ) a hole = connection ) ! pump rod f ! w9dmill4 ,su* a pump1 ) ! 8pit-man0 ext5d+ f ! pump upw>ds into ! t[]1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dfe4 ,?is figure is introduc$ to %[ ! tank connections ) a regulator on ! base ( a f\r-po/ t[]4 ,! float 9 ! wat] tank ?r[s ! mill 9 or out ( ge> accord+ z ! wat] rises or falls 9 ! tank4 ,:5 ! tank is fill$ ) wat] x pulls ! mill out ( ge> & /ops ! pump2 z a result !re c be no ov]fl[ or wa/e4 ,! tank is ?us n all[$ to become empty & p]mit its dry+ ap>t1 induc+ leakage4 ,b ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! float 9 ! tank1 :5 ! wat] has be5 l[]$ b a few in*es1 ! mill is aga9 put 9 ge> & ! tank refill$ to ! desir$ height1 at :i* ! float is set4 ,,note4--,^! h long be5 errone\sly t]m$ w9dmill pumps dat+ to ! "t :5 w9d furni%$ ! p[] = driv+ ! gri/ mills us$ 9 gr9d+ gra91 etc4 ,m prop]ly !y may n[ be nam$ w9dmotors or airmotors4 ,! syphon pump "h illu/rat$1 ,fig4 #dfd1 is us$ to =ce wat] f %all[ wells to elevations4 ,! cyl9d] or b>rel is situat$ )9 ! /&>d & v conv5i5t = inspection4 ,x has an air *amb] :i* is deta*able4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dfd4 ,! subject ( tanks & ci/]ns is "o almo/ vital to ! successful op]ations ( ord9>y w9dmills1 ow+ to ! irregul>ity ( ! p[] to be utiliz$ by ! use ( a]motors4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ?is "w ?is important subject w be fur!r expla9$ & illu/rat$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ valuable special features ( ?is w9dmill is its gov]nor4 ,x is s contriv$ t x insures immunity ( ! mill f injuries 9 de/ructive /orms4 ,x consi/s ( a /eel coil$ spr+ ( great resili5cy1 locat$ at ! base ( ! vane frame4 ,its /r5g? is ( su* a "* z to hold ! :eel 9 ! tee? ( ! w9d "u all ord9>y conditions b is sure to yield "u great] pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dfe4 ,,useful ,,data ,,relat+ ,,to ,,! ,,sizes ,,& ,,capacities ,,( ,,pump+ ,,mills4 ,,table ,i4 ,size ( #f #h #i #aj #ab #ad #af #bj ,pump+ ,mill ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 ,gals4 wat] rais$ #a ft4 h\rly1 #ae-mile w9d #aj1jjjbj1jjjbd1jjjce1jjjfh1jjjaaj1jjjaf j1jjjcjj1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,table ,,ii4 ,av]age w9d velocity1 miles p] h\r #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,co-effici5t #af #h #e #c #b #a4da4 4#he4gj4fj4ed4ej ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,table ,,iii4 ,gallons h\rly #ce #agj #bbj #bfj #cjj #cfj #dbj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,cyl9d]1 diam4 94 #b #b-a_/db-a_/bb-c_/d #c #c-a_/dc-a_/b ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,dis*>ge pipe1 diam4 94#a-a_/ba-a_/da-a_/da-a_/ba-a_/b #b #b ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,gallons h\rly #eej #hej #abjj #bbjj #cdjj #ejjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,cyl9d]1 diam4 94 #d #e #f #h #aj #ab ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,dis*>ge pipe1 diam4 94 #b #b-a_/bb-a_/bc-a_/b #d #e ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,table ,,iv4 ,,comp>ative ,,p[] ,,( ,,back-,,ge>$ ,,mills4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,size ( ,mill#d-;ft4#f-;ft4#h-;ft4#i-;ft4#aj-;ft 4#ab-;ft4#ad-;ft4#af-;ft4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,horse-,p[] #a_/ab #a_/e #c_/aj #b_/e #c_/e #a #a-c_/eb-c_/e ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,table ,v4 ,,=ce ,,( ,,! ,,w9d ,,9 ,,p\nds ,,pressure4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,velocity ,miles #h #aj #ab #ae #bj #be #cj #dj ---------------------------------------- -- ,=ce ,p\nds#a_/ca_/bc_/d #a #b #c #d-a_/b #h ---------------------------------------- -- ,,table ,,vi4 ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,w9d4 ---------------------------------------- ,velocity p] ,h\r4,pressure p] ,sq4 ,foot4 #aj ,miles #a_/b ,lb4 #ae #a #bj #b ,lbs4 #be #c ---------------------------------------- ,,table ,,vii4 ,,gross ,,& ,,effici5t ,,p[] ,,( #ab ,,& #ad ,,foot ,,w9dmills4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,velocity ,gross ,net ,,size ,,( ,,mill4 ( ,w9d4 ,horse-p[]4 ,horse-p[]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ab-;,foot ,ideal ,p[] ,mill #aj ,miles #a_/b #a_/aj #ab #ae #a #c_/e #ab #bj #b #a-c_/e #ab #be #c #b-c_/e #ad #aj #a #c_/e #ad #ae #b #a-c_/e #ad #bj #d #c-c_/e #ad #be #f #e-c_/e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! prec$+ tables are bas$ ^u te/s ( ! ,sampson w9dmill z compil$ by its mak]s1 ,! ,/ov] ,manufactur+ ,co42 !y des]ve c>eful /udy by ^? plann+ ! introduction ( a]motors4 ,! p[] ( a w9dmill dep5ds--fir/1 on ! diamet] ( ! :eel2 & second1 on ! velocity ( w9d4 ,to increase ! diamet] ( ! :eel is to increase its p[] 9 proportion to ! area ( ! squ>es4 ,table ,i gives ! horse-p[] ( sev]al sizes ( mills work+ 9 a fifte5-mile w9d3 if ! w9d velocity be increas$ or dim9i%$1 ! p[] ( ! w9dmill w increase or decrease 9 ! ratio ( ! squ>es ( ! velocity4 ,table ,v w %[ ! comp>ative p[] or =ce ( ! w9d 9 velocities f eight to =ty miles p] h\r = ea* squ>e foot ( surface4 ,rules = approximately det]m9+ size ( w9dmill to use4 ,! daily wat] consumption mu/ be giv5 z a basis = calculation4 ,divide ?is by #h to f9d ! h\rly capacity ( w9dmill1 z if load$ aright ! mill w pump on an av]age eight h\rs daily4 ,multiply ! quoti5t by total wat] lift 9 feet & ) ! co-effici5t giv5 9 ,table ,,ii4 ,! product w 9 ,table ,i %[ :at mill to use4 ,! size ( ! cyl9d] & dis*>ge pipe w be f\nd 9 ,table ,,iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dff4 ,table ,i gives ! mak]'s numb] ( ! pump+ mill1 & ! numb] ( gallons ea* w raise "o foot high p] h\r1 ) a w9d hav+ a velocity ( fifte5 miles p] h\r4 ,example3 ,no4 #i pump w raise #bd1jjj gallons ( wat] "o foot high 9 "o h\r4 ,n[ if ! wat] is to be rais$ #ej feet !n by divid+ #bd1jjj by #ej ! quantity rais$ becomes #dhj gallons p] h\r4 ,f ,table ,v x w be se5 also t a w9d velocity ( fifte5 miles p] h\r develops a p[] ?ree times z great z an eight-mile w9d1 & a tw5ty-mile w9d is twice z p[]ful z a fifte5-mile1 or six times t ( an eight-mile4 ,h5ce1 a small increase 9 velocity greatly increases ! p[] ( ! w9dmill1 :ile a l[ velocity gives b little work+ =ce4 ,f ,table ,,vi x is se5 t a tw5ty-five mile w9d gives six times z mu* p[] z a t5-mile w9d1 b really gives tw5ty-six times ! net effici5t p[] ( ! t5-mile w9d1 !re=e x w n be prop] to calculate on us+ a p[] w9dmill 9 z l[ a velocity z t5 miles4 ,f ,table ,,vii x is se5 t ! net effici5t result is six times z great 9 a fifte5-mile w9d z 9 a t5-mile w9d1 & sixte5 times great] 9 a tw5ty-mile w9d ?an 9 a t5-mile w9d4 ,!re=e1 p[] w9dmills give be/ results :5 work+ 9 fifte5 to tw5ty-five mile w9ds4 ,a #ab-;foot p[] w9dmill work+ 9 a fifte5-mile w9d w d m "w ?an an av]age horse1 & :5 work+ 9 a tw5ty-mile w9d w d m "w ?an two av]age horses4 ,example4--,a p]son 9 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 uses #b1fjj gallons ( wat] daily4 ,he has a well 9 :i* ! wat] /&s #cj feet f gr\nd level4 ,to obta9 pressure1 ! wat] is to be elevat$ into a tank #ej feet above gr\nd4 #b1fjj #h #cbe gallons to be pump$ h\rly :5 w9dmill works4 ,av]age w9d velocity at ,atlanta is #i miles p] h\r1 answ]+ to coeffici5t #a4d 9 ,table ,,ii1 & total wat] lift is #cj #ej #hj feet4 #cbe #a4d #hj #cf1djj gallons4 ,if fir/ e/imate ( #b1fjj gallons daily 0 lib]al1 s t = in/ance #b1djj gallons w\ld be suffici5t1 ,table ,i %[s t a #aj-;foot mill c be us$1 b to keep on ! safe side1 *oose a #ab-;foot mill4 #cbe gallons h\rly gives u 9 ,table ,,iii #c-a_/d-;in*es cyl9d] ) #b-;in*es dis*>ge pipe z prop] sizes4 ,if ! #aj-;foot mill is *os5 take ! #c-;in* cyl9d]4 ,a #ad-;foot w9dmill work+ 9 a fifte5-mile w9d w d m "w ?an two av]age horses1 & :5 work+ 9 a tw5ty-mile w9d w d m "w ?an f\r good horses1 :ile 9 a tw5ty-five mile w9d x w d m "w ?an six good horses4 ,giv+ ! above tables a practical application1 a little ?\ght w disclose :at a weal? ( p[] /&s unappropriat$ & ready at h& to d _m ( ! drudg]ies ( "w = :i* l>ge exp5ditures are annually made4 ,! uses ( p[] w9dmills are s well und]/ood t x seems out ( place to elaborate ^u !m2 ! brief space all[$ to giv+ in=mation z to ! p[] ( ?is class ( mills :5 work+ 9 diff]5t w9d velocities1 is be/ express$ 9 tabul> =m1 ,table ,,vi4 ,fig4 #dff repres5ts ! work+ b>rel ( a deep well pump1 su* z are us$ frequ5tly 9 connection ) ! l>g] sizes ( a]motors4 ,! tube is usually made ( heavy brass--?is is drawn s p]fectly1 z to size & smoo?ness1 t a re-bor+ is n ne$$4 ,! plung] is "h %[n ) f\r cup lea!r pack+s1 ) "o ball valve2 ! bottom valve is also a ball ) ! seat re/+ )9 a conical c\pl+ at ! bottom1 ?is ) a lea!r pack+ makes a wat] tight jo9t4 ,%\ld any accid5t happ5 to ! bottom valve x may be )drawn by l[]+ ! suck]-rod until ! ?read$ portion comes 9 contact ) ! nut und]nea? ! plung]4 ,by turn+ ! suck]-rod ! nut engages ! ?read on ! top ( ! l[] valve-cage4 ,!n by )draw+ ! suck]-rod bo? valves may be drawn up = exam9ation or repairs4 ,,rot>y ,,& ,,c5trifugal ,,pumps ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dfg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dfh4 7,see page #aii47 ,,rot>y ,,pumps4 ,?is class ( pumps diff]s f ! c5trifugal pump1 :i* is describ$ & illu/rat$ h]eaft]1 9 t x includes a revolv+ pi/on1 :ile 9 ! c5trifugal pump !re is a set ( revolv+ blades :i* acts ^u ! liquid 9 ! same way z a fan acts ^u ! air2 ! c5trifugal pump receives ! wat] 9 ! c5t] & ?r[s x outw>d1 :ile ! rot>y ga!rs ! fluid up & leads x t[>ds a c5tral dis*>ge4 ,! rot>y pump sub/antially corresponds to ! pressure bl[]1 & 9 _m cases is simply ! rot>y eng9e rev]s$2 :ile ! c5trifugal pump is analog\s to ! fan-bl[]4 ,! functions ( a rot>y are almo/ id5tical ) ^? ( pi/on & p[] plung] pumps4 ,! rot>y pump on acc\nt ( its cleanl9ess has be5 q g5]ally adopt$ = pump+ all heavy liquids1 su* z />*1 pa9t1 soap1 gummy oils1 be] & hops1 sew]age1 blea*]s1 etc4 ,! rot>y pump is us$ also 9 places :]e a pi/on or /eam pump w\ld be objectionable ei!r on acc\nt ( floor space occupi$ or = ! reason t /eam c\ld n be _h )\t too mu* exp5se = lift+ & =c+ wat] & o!r liquids :i* w\ld n nor c\ld n f9d _! way ?r\gh ! tortu\s & n>r[ passages ( ! av]age pi/on & plung] pumps4 ,= l[ heads ( liquids ! rot>y is also some:at m effici5t ?an direct act+ pumps & ! abs5ce ( close fitt+ p>ts r5d]s x possible to h&le wat] conta9+ a consid]able quantity ( impurities1 su* z silt1 gra9 & gravel4 ,?is type ( pump is compact & is g5]ally self-conta9$1 especially 9 ! small] sizes1 & w deliv] m wat] = a giv5 weight & space occupi$ ?an ! reciprocat+ types1 :ile its simplicity ( con/ruction n only less5s ! liability to d]angem5t1 b enables p]sons hav+ a limit$ k ( ma*9]y to set up & op]ate ^! pumps successfully4 ,rot>y pumps are driv5 by means ( belts f l9e %aft+ & by :eel ge>+1 & also by direct connection to any prime mov] su* z a /eam or gas eng9e1 hydraulic or electric motor4 ,rot>y pumps may be divid$ into sev]al classes accord+ to ! =ms (1 & me?ods ( work+ ! pi/ons or impell]s1 z !y are usually call$1 t is1 accord+ to ! con/ruction & arrangem5t ( ! abutm5ts4 ,! abutm5t receives ! =ce ( ! wat] :5 driv5 =w>d by ! pi/ons or impell]s & also prev5ts ! wat] f be+ c>ri$ ar\nd ! cyl9d]1 ?us compell+ x to ent] ! deliv]y pipe4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! impell]s or pi/ons1 & ( ! abutm5ts1 lie ! pr9cipal diff]5ces 9 rot>y pumps4 ,9 "s pumps ! abutm5ts are movable1 & are arrang$ to draw back1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dfi1 to all[ ! pi/on to pass4 ,9 o!rs ! pi/ons give way :5 pass+ fix$ abutm5ts1 & 9 o!rs ! pi/ons are fitt$ ) a movable w+1 z 9 ,fig4 #dgb1 :i* slides radially 9 & out :5 pass+ ! abutm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dfi4 ,pumps ( ?is type hav+ no pack+ & spr+s to prev5t leakage & 9 :i* ! pi/ons "w 9 cyl9drical cas+s or cyl9d]s are q durable & 9 _m in/ances h be5 kn[n to run = mon?s )\t /opp+4 ,! lat] con/ruction ( ?is pump is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dgj2 ?is design ( pump is m economical1 z a rule1 ow+ to ! fact t ! /ra9 on ! belt is uni=m at all po9ts 9 ! revolution ( ! pi/ons4 ,fig4 #dfg1 page #aid1 repres5ts "o ( ! olde/ & mo/ effici5t =ms ( ! rot>y pump4 ,cog :eels1 ! tee? ( :i* are fitt$ to "w accurately into ea* o!r1 are inclos$ 9 an elliptical case4 ,! sides ( ^! :eels turn close to ^? ( ! case s t wat] _c ent] betwe5 !m4 ,! axle ( "o ( ! :eels is cont9u$ ?r\gh "o end ( ! case 7:i* is remov$ 9 ! figure to %[ ! int]ior7 & ! op5+ made tight by a /uff+-box or coll> ( lea!r4 ,a crank is appli$ at ! end to turn x1 & z "o :eel revolves x necess>ily turns ! o!r1 ! direction ( _! motions be+ indicat$ by ! arr[s4 ,! wat] t ent]s ! l[] "p ( ! case is swept up by ! ends ( ea* cog 9 rotation2 & z x _c return betwe5 ! :eels 9 consequ5ce ( ! cogs be+ always 9 contact !re1 x mu/ necess>ily rise 9 ! asc5d+ or =c+ pipe4 ,fig4 #dfh repres5ts a pump simil>ly con/ruct$ to ! =ego+1 b hav+ cams %ap$ s z to r$uce ! we>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dgj4 ,9 ,eve's pump1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #dfi1 a solid or holl[ drum1 ,a1 revolves 9 a cyl9drical case4 ,on ! drum are ?ree project+ pieces1 :i* fit close to ! inn] p]iph]y ( ! case4 ,! surface ( ! drum revolves 9 contact ) t ( a small] cyl9d]1 ,b1 f :i* a portion is cut (f to =m a groove or recess suffici5tly deep to receive )9 x ea* pi/on z x moves pa/4 ,! diamet] ( ! small cyl9d] is j "o-?ird t ( ! drum4 ,! axles ( bo? are cont9u$ ?r\gh "o or bo? ends ( ! case1 & ! op5+s made tight ) /uff+-boxes4 ,on "o end ( ea* axle is fix$ a too!d :eel ( ! same diamet] z its respective cyl9d]2 & ^! are s ge>$ into "o ano!r1 t :5 ! crank atta*$ to ! drum-axle is turn$ 79 ! direction ( ! arr[7 ! groove 9 ! small cyl9d] receives successively ea* pi/on1 ?us af=d+ room = its passage1 & at ! same "t1 by ! contact ( ! edge ( ! pi/on ) its curv$ "p1 prev5t+ wat] f pass+4 ,z ! ma*9e is work$1 ! wat] t ent]s ! l[] "p ( ! pump ?r\gh ! suction-pipe is =c$ r\nd & compell$ to rise 9 ! dis*>g+ "o1 z indicat$ by ! arr[s4 ,o!r pumps ( ! same class h a portion ( ! small cyl9d] cut (f1 s t ! concave surface ( ! rema9d] =ms a cont9uation ( ! case 9 front ( ! recess :ile ! pi/ons are pass+2 & !n1 by a simil> movem5t to t 9 ! figure describ$1 ! convex "p is br\ght 9 contact ) ! p]iph]y ( ! drum until ! return ( ! pi/on4 ,,note4--,9 ! ye> #ahbe1 "o ,mr4 ,j4 ,eve1 an ,am]ican1 took out a pat5t 9 ,engl& :i* 0 practically ! beg9n+ ( ! mod]n era ( rot>y eng9es & pumps4 ,8 pump consi/$ *iefly ( a revolv+ cyl9d] hav+ ?ree tee? or projections & revolv$ )9 a case4 ,a second & small] cyl9d] 0 also plac$ )9 ?is case4 ,! small] cyl9d] _h "o side scoop$ out to p]mit ea* ( ! tee? ^u ! l>ge cyl9d] to pass z !y came opposite ! small cyl9d]4 ,! two %afts be+ ge>$ toge!r ! small cyl9d] 0 caus$ to revolve ?ree times to "o ( ! l>ge s t ! tee? might pass ! small cyl9d] )\t int]ruption4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #dga ,,& #dgb4 ,! next improvem5t 9 rot>y pumps is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dgj1 page #aig4 ,?is type 0 us$ = _m ye>s z a fire pump4 ,! ,silsby fire eng9e ( ! pres5t day is practically ?is pump 9 design al?\gh x has pack+ /rips 9 ! c5t] ( ea* ( ! long tee? ( ! elliptical ge>s4 ,foll[+ ,eve's inv5tion 7 a s]ies ( claims :i* embodi$ ! design %[n 9 ! engrav+1 see ,fig4 #dga1 :]e a slid+ p>tition or abutm5t1 ,a1 0 us$ to imprison ! /eam4 ,z ! pi/on or inside cyl9d] turn$ ar\nd1 ! abutm5t 0 pu%$ up & fell ( its own gravity4 ,a /rip ( metal support$ ?is abutm5t & furni%$ a suitable we>+ surface ^u ! surface ( a revolv+ cyl9d] & also accommodat$ itself to ! tilt+ motion introduc$ by ! ecc5tricity ( ! revolv+ cyl9d]4 ,9 ,fig4 #dgb ! slid+ abutm5t has be5 plac$ 9 ! side ( revolv+ cyl9d]s & ! axis ( ?is cyl9d] is 9 its c5t]4 ,9 ?is case ! abutm5t is pu%$ 9 by its pressure ^u ! inside ( ! case & is ?r[n out by its c5trifugal =ce assi/$ by spiral spr+s4 ,! engrav+1 ,fig4 #dfh1 gives a view ( ,g\ld's rot>y pump1 ) ! case remov$2 long practical exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ t ! revolv+ cams or pi/ons are ( su* a %ape z to produce ! m9imum ( friction & we> ) ! greate/ results4 ,! cases :i* receive ^! cams are eng9e la! turn$ & bor$ & s true & smoo? t ! cams :5 9 op]ation create almo/ a p]fect vacuum & w 8pick up0 wat] = a long di/ance & hold x effici5tly4 ,! cams are c>efully & accurately plan$ to me% into ea* o!r to fit _! case4 ,x is a po9t wor? not+ t if a little good oil be put into ! case ( ^! pumps be=e & aft] us+ at fir/1 or simply to pump air ) ! oil a few times1 ! cams become z h>d ^u ! surface z temp]$ /eel1 & are almo/ unaffect$ by long use aft]w>ds4 ,drip plugs are provid$ = dra9+ pumps 9 cold wea!r4 ,to d ?is1 turn ! cams backw>d a s+le revolution to release all wat]4 ,! ,tab] pump is "o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ! rot>y class4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree p>ts only1 t is to say1 7#a7 ! outside %ell or case1 7#b7 ! pi/on1 & 7#c7 ! valves4 ,ref]r+ to ! engrav+s h]e) 7,figs4 #dgd to #dha71 ! outside case or %ell1 ,a1 is made ei!r ( brass or iron z ! case may be1 ,fig4 #dgf1 bor$ out at ,f to receive ! pi/on1 ,c1 ,fig4 #dgh1 to :i* p[] is appli$ at ,g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dgd4 ,?is cyl9d] has two heads or cov]s1 ,,bb1 ,figs4 #dge & #dgg1 :i* close ! cyl9d] & has j\rnal be>+s to c>ry ! pi/on comb9$ ) pack+ boxes to prev5t leakage ( ! liquid pass+ ?r\gh ! pump4 ,! valves1 ,figs4 #dgi1 #dhj & #dha1 ,,ddd1 are plates ( composition :i* slip ?r\gh ! pi/on fitt+ neatly into ! slots1 ,,ee1 ,fig4 #dgh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #dge-dgg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dgh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #dgi-dha4 ,^! valves really p]=m ! "w ( pump+4 ,x w be obs]v$ t sub/ances :i* w\ld easily clog up an ord9>y pump ) clack valves1 w pass ?r\gh ?is pump )\t difficulty2 !re are no spr+s 9 ?is pump1 nor w x get out ( ord] ) ! av]age treatm5t1 & x pumps all k9ds ( liquids1 ei!r ?ick or ?91 su* z are f\nd betwe5 ! two extremes ( wat]1 & brew]s' gra9s4 ,x is design$ to h&le a l>ge am\nt ( fluids & semi-fluids "u a m$ium pressure1 & be+ well balanc$ x may be run fa/ or sl[ z desir$4 ,directions = sett+ & op]at+ ,tab] pumps4 #a/4 ,bolt pump firmly to ! floor1 & if possible set x s t ! liquid runs into x1 :i* w add v mu* to ! life & duty ( ! pump4 #bnd4 ,see t all p>ts are well oil$4 #crd4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$ t common c&le wick soak$ 9 tall[ is ! be/ mat]ial ) :i* to pack rot>y pumps4 ,! wick %\ld be d\ble & twi/$ into a compact rope & driv5 into ! boxes z tightly z possible ) a piece ( h>d wood tap]$ to fit ! box4 ,su* a tool z describ$ is furni%$ ) ea* pump4 ,d n "u any circum/ances use iron calk+ tools :i* m> ! be>+ & causes !m to quickly cut out ! pack+4 #d?4 ,if f any cause ! pump %\ld become clogg$1 d n use a lev] 9 />t+ x4 ,remove ! plug f bottom & "w ! pulley back & =? till ! pump is reliev$4 ,if ?is does n free x1 remove ! outside head & all p>ts w be accessible4 ,,note4--,_m ( ! mod]n brew]ies are built ) ! hop-jack situat$ ^u ! upp] floors ( ! brew]y1 to :i* ! be] & hops mix$ are pump$1 & ! be] all[$ to fl[ directly to ! cool]s4 ,?is pump has be5 v successfully in/all$ = ! pa/ five ye>s1 pump+ 9 "s brew]ies #ij feet 9 height above ! pump4 ,! h&l+ ( wet brew]s' gra9s by use ( *a9 conveyors1 :i* are seldom free f infection & :i* are a cont9ual s\rce ( annoyance f breakage1 is n[ ov]come by ?is pump4 ,all /yles ( ^! pumps c be wa%$ out clean aft] use1 !reby ov]com+ entirely ! noxi\s smell s disagreeable to ?is "p ( ! brew]y :5 conveyors are us$4 ,!re %\ld be a fall ( six to eight feet f ! wa%-tub into ! pump & z ne>ly p]p5dicul> z possible4 ,"r angle b5ds 9 ! dis*>ge pipe %\ld also be avoid$4 ,by us+ tw5ty-f\r-in* b5ds wet gra9s at #gj moi/ure c be pump$ )\t additional wat]4 ,:5 putt+ heads back on ! pump use ord9>y newspap] = pack+1 no?+ ?ick]1 z ?ick] pack+ de/roys ! suction4 ,prev5t all leaks 9 suction pipe :i* w\ld impair ! vacuum4 ,! suction %\ld furni% an un9t]rupt$ supply to ! pump1 to enable ! pump to ?r[ its full capacity4 ,nev] use pipes small] ?an ! op5+s 9 pump4 ,op5 all drips 9 cold wea!r to prev5t freez+4 ,all pack+ boxes %\ld be kept 9 ord] & nev] all[$ to leak4 ,! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #dhb1 page #bjd1 repres5ts a rot>y pump ( ! ,holyoke patt]n to be atta*$ by a clut* to a l9e %aft--! ge>s1 z %[n1 are m]ely to transmit ! p[] to ! impell]s4 ,! safety valve ) lev] & weight1 %[n 9 ! cut1 are design$ to be atta*$ to ! dis*>ge pipe to gu>d aga9/ ov] pressure1 :i* might occur ?r\gh ! clos+ ( valves4 ,fig4 #dhc %[s an em]g5cy pump ( ! ,holyoke rot>y patt]n4 ,x is ( ! same g5]al design z ! "o previ\sly allud$ to4 ,x is driv5 directly f ! l9e %aft by friction ge>+ in/ead ( too!d :eels4 ,! h& :eel atta*$ to ! end ( a screw is us$ to press ! small] friction :eel aga9/ ! l>g] & ?us transmit ! p[] to drive ! pump4 ,?is me*anism is n liable to injury by be+ ?r[n in/antly into ge> 9 case ( fire1 z w\ld be ! case if ge> :eels 7 us$4 ,^! pumps are l>gely us$ 9 mills locat$ 9 ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 z !y may be />t$ up 9 a few mom5ts at full spe$ )\t sl[+ d[n ! eng9e or motor driv+ ! l9e %aft4 ,! %aft be>+s are all made ( l>ge proportions to avoid heat+ & excessive we> :5 sudd5ly put "u full load4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dhb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dhc4 ,figs4 #dhd & #dhe are views ( a rot>y pump driv5 by /eam & l>gely us$ = fire app>atus4 ,^! pumps are 9 g5]al use 9 mills & factories1 & c be in/all$ :]ev] ! necess>y /eam & wat] supply are available4 ,! pump is built on a rigid iron base plate1 & is furni%$ ) air *amb]1 wat]-pressure gauge1 oil fe$]s & ev]y?+ necess>y to make x complete & ready = p]man5t /eam & wat] connections4 ,! dis*>ge outlets c be adapt$ = =c+ wat] ?r\gh ei!r pipe or hose4 ,a p]spective view ( ?is pump is giv5 9 ,fig4 #dhd & a sectional plan ( ! same appliance appe>s 9 ,fig4 #dhe4 ,bo? eng9e & pump are ( ! rot>y type & ! con/ruction ( ^! p>ts is precisely z describ$ 9 connection ) its adaptation to use 9 ! ,silsby /eam fire eng9e4 ,^! pumps c be ?or\ghly dra9$ &1 ) _! int]ior surface well coat$ ) oil & ,no4 #b pure ,graphite1 !y c be 8laid up0 indef9itely & ) c]ta9ty z to _! />t+ promptly :5 want$ 9 an em]g5cy4 ,wat] accumulat$ 9 ! /eam pipe w pass ?r\gh ?is cyl9d] )\t caus+ damage1 & ! free action ( ! pump w n be defeat$ by ! 8/ick+0 ( valves or ! corrosion ( expos$ p>ts4 ,9 ! op]ation ( rot>y pumps tr\ble is (t5 exp]i5c$ ?r\gh an improp] adju/m5t ( ! ends ( ! case4 ,if ! case is too long !re w be leaks ( wat] pass ! ends ( ! impell]s & on ! o!r h& if ! case is too %ort ! ends ( ! impell]s w b9d & cut1 ?r\gh excessive friction4 ,h5ce great c>e is necess>y 9 adju/+ ! ends ( ! case s t ! pump may run freely yet )\t leaks4 ,! pack+ boxes ar\nd ! %afts mu/ n be screw$ up too tight o!rwise ! %aft w be injur$4 ,x has be5 f\nd by co/ly exp]i5ce t = em]g5cy fire pumps lea!r belts are unreliable1 h5ce ^! two pumps1 ,figs4 #dhb & #dhc1 are driv5 by direct connection ) ! %aft 9 ! fir/ in/ance & ?r\gh ca/ iron friction ge>+ 9 ! second4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dhd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dhe4--,see page #bje4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dhf4--,see page #baj4 ,! engrav+1 ,fig4 #dhg1 %[s ,root's rot>y pump4 ,?is has two impell]s :i* are ge>$ toge!r & ea* turn at equal spe$s t[>ds "o ano!r at ! top4 ,! engrav+1 ,fig4 #dhh1 also %[s a ,root pump ) two impell]s ea* hav+ ?ree w+s or lobes4 ,! pump prop] consi/s ( half circles1 ,,aa1 ) air *amb]s1 ,,dd1 ca/ ) !m1 ! head plates1 ,b1 c>ry+ ! be>+s1 & ! revolv]s1 ,,cc1 toge!r ) %afts1 ,,ee4 ,! %afts c>ry involute ge>s at ea* end :i* keep ! lobes ( ! two impell]s 9 _! relative positions1 & rotate !m4 ,ei!r %aft may be made ! driv+ %aft & to deliv] wat]1 z %[n by ! arr[s 9 ! cross section1 ! %afts revolve s t ! tops move t[>d "o ano!r4--,same z 9 ! prec$+ case4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dhg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dhh4 ,! action ( ?is pump is z foll[s3 ! suction pipe on />t+1 be+ full ( air1 ! fir/ few revolutions ( ! pump expel ! air until ! requir$ vacuum is =m$1 :i* all[s atmosph]ic pressure to raise wat] into ! pump4 ,x !n fl[s betwe5 ! case & ! lobes into ! space1 ,f1 & is c>ri$ by ! impell]s to ! dis*>ge edge ( ! case1 po9t1 ,g1 :]e x ent]s ! dis*>ge pipe4 ,ea* succe$+ lobe br+s up an am\nt ( wat] equal to spaces1 ,,ff1 ?us deliv]+ ! cont5ts ( ! six at ea* revolution4 ,! irregul> =m ( ! lobes keeps !m 9 contact at ! c5t] l9e1 ?us prev5t+ ! return ( wat] into ! suction bel[4 ,heads ( wat] f #aj to #bej feet are successfully h&l$ by ?is type ( pump1 ) a slip ( f #e to #ae p] c5t41 accord+ to ! dis*>ge pressure4 ,! ?ree-lobe impell]s provide a d\ble lock aga9/ ! return ( wat] betwe5 ! case & impell]s1 at ! same "t all[+ a v free inlet & outlet = ! wat]4 ,! deliv]y ( wat] f ?is pump is smoo? & cont9u\s4 ,! l>ge engrav+1 ,fig4 #dhf1 page #bjh1 %[s ! ext]ior ( ?is same pump ) j\rnal be>+s & ge>s encas$ at ea* end4 ,?is pump may be driv5 by motor or eng9e4 ,l>ge rot>y pumps = dr$g+ purposes ) _! eng9e equipm5t = salt wat] s]vice1 include surface cond5s] outfits ) air pumps1 fe$ pumps1 fire pumps1 etc4 ,! dr$ges = fre% wat] are v l>ge cross-comp\nd eng9es1 d\ble-act+ air pumps & jet cond5s]s ) ! usual complem5t ( v]tical duplex fe$ pumps1 fire pumps1 etc4 ,! air pumps are ( a v novel arrangem5t1 inasmu* z x is possible by ! manipulation ( valves & cocks provid$ = ! purpose to sep>ate ! pumps & run "o side entirely indep5d5t ( ! o!r side4 ,^! dr$ges are self-propell+ & sea-go+2 "s ( !m are fitt$ ) imm5se b9s 9 :i* ! dr$g$ mat]ial is deposit$1 & :5 full1 ! vessel propels h]self out to deep wat]1 dumps ! s& or mud & /eams back to repeat ! op]ation4 ,,note4--,! op]ation ( ^! ma*9es is v int]e/+4 ,a long flexible tube #ab to #ae in*es 9 diamet] drops d[n f ! side ( ! vessel #bj to #cj feet or m to ! bottom ( ! riv] or h>bor ^u :i* ! dr$g+ op]ation is be+ p]=m$4 ,! upp] end ( ?is tube is connect$ to an imm5se rotative c5trifugal pump revolv+ at sev]al hundr$ revolutions p] m9ute & capable ( h&l+ _m hundr$s ( tons ( wat] p] h\r4 ,! l[] end ( ! tube is manipulat$ f ! vessel aga9/ ! s& b>s & mud banks & z ! wat] is suck$ upw>d by ! c5trifugal pumps a v l>ge proportion ( s& & mud goes ) x4 ,! c5trifugal pumps dis*>ge ?is wat] ) its susp5d$ mat]ial into ! tanks on bo>d ! vessel or into sc[s1 :]e ! heavy mat]ial quickly settles to ! bottom1 ! wat] fl[+ back into ! sea4 ,! mixture ( s& & wat] :i* is drawn up ! suction pipe is =c$ a di/ance ( #c1hjj feet ?r\gh a #cj-;in* pipe to ! place :]e x is to be deposit$2 ! wat] dra9+ (f all[s ! solid matt] to rema94 ,,c5trifugal ,,pumps4 ,! c5trifugal pump raises ! liquid to be displac$1 by means ( a rapidly revolv+ fan hav+ two or m blades /raight or curv$1 fa/5$ ^u a %aft & fitt+ closely into a case hav+ an inlet = wat] at ! end c5t] & an outlet at "o side or on top ( ! case tang5t to ! circle describ$ by ! fan4 ,mo/ p are practically acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciple ( ! c5trifugal pump1 viz41 t by :i* a body revolv+ r\nd a c5t] t5ds to rec$e f x1 & ) a =ce proportion$ to its velocity3 ?us mud is ?r[n f ! rims ( c>riage :eels1 :5 !y move rapidly ov] wet roads2 a /one 9 a sl+ d>ts (f ! mom5t x is releas$2 a bucket ( wat] may be :irl$ l a /one 9 a sl+ & ! cont5ts reta9$ ev5 :5 ! bottom is upw>ds4 ,! e>lie/ hi/ory ( ! c5trifugal pump _c be trac$1 b x is kn[n t c5trifugal ma*9es = lift+ liquids 7 9 use dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,ab\t #agjc1 ,d5is ,pap91 ! fam\s ,fr5* eng9e]1 design$ 8 8,hessian ,suck10 a =m ( c5trifugal pump embody+ ne>ly all ( ! ess5tial features ( ! pres5t-day ma*9e4 ,draw+s ( ?is pump are 9 exi/5ce :i* %[ t ,pap9 0 n only a design] ( no mean ability1 b t he _h a good compreh5sion ( ! pr9ciples ) :i* he 0 deal+4 ,aft] ,pap9 !re seems to h be5 no fur!r developm5t ( 8 ideas until #ahah1 :5 ! e>lie/ prototype ( ! pres5t =m ( c5trifugal 0 br\ght out 9 ,massa*usetts & has s9ce be5 kn[n z ! 8,massa*usetts pump40 ,?is pump 0 ( ! type designat$ 8volute10 & 0 provid$ ) d\ble suction op5+s & an op5 impell]4 ,x 0 re-inv5t$ by ,&rews & o!rs 9 #ahdf1 & 0 %ortly aft]w>ds introduc$ into ,engl& by ,mr4 ,john ,gwynne4 ,,note4--,! t]m 8volute0 s frequ5tly us$ 9 connection ) ^! means 8a spiral scroll ( plate40 ,c5trifugal pumps h n[ atta9$ a degree ( p]fection1 :i* makes !m a s]i\s rival ( ! plung] pumps4 ,! high-class turb9e pumps ( to-day are simply ma*9es 9 :i* ! wat] is giv5 a velocity :i* is p>tially *ang$ to pressure be=e dis*>ge1 & ! pump is design$ s t ! well-kn[n actions1 outl9$ above1 proce$ along natural l9es1 :i* are1 to use ! common phrase1 l9es ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,x is simply a "q ( c>eful design4 ,! mod]n pump causes ! wat] to fl[ along pa?s naturally due to ! =ces act+ & to guide ! /ream 9 su* a way z to avoid ! production ( eddies & :irls )9 itself :i* s enorm\sly cut d[n ! effici5cy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dhi4 ,! blades n[ take ! =m ( 8impell]s0 :i* h w>p$ surfaces ^: =m is ! result ( c>eful calculation1 & ! wat]1 aft] leav+ ! impell]s1 is guid$ by vanes ( equally & c>efully calculat$ =m4 ,x is ow+ to ! correct =m ( ! guide vanes t ! ne>ly p]fect conv]sion ( velocity into pressure head is possible1 & ?is is ! pr9cipal factor :i* produces ! high effici5cy %[n 9 te/s4 ,:5 pump+ aga9/ high heads1 ! units are arrang$ 9 /ages or s]ies4 ,! dis*>ge f "o is l$ to ! inlet ( ! next 9 s]ies1 ! sep>ate units be+ usually m\nt$ on "o %aft1 & ! :ole really =ms "o ma*9e4 ,9 ?is mann] heads approa*+ #b1jjj feet are work$1 /ill pres]v+ ! high effici5cy :i* 9 "s cases rea*es betwe5 #hj & #ij p] c5t4 ,! ability to g5]ate su* pressures enables !m to be us$ = fe$+ boil]s1 & _! effici5cy p>ticul>ly comm5ds !m = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dij4 ,! c5trifugal pump is ! conv]se ( ! turb9e wat]-:eel4 ,its developm5t has be5 analog\s to t ( ! /eam turb9e 9 t bo? 7 ab&on$ 9 favor ( reciprocat+ ma*9es be=e hav+ be5 ?or\ghly exploit$2 ! pump because ! pr9ciples ( its action 7 n cle>ly und]/ood1 & ! /eam turb9e because ( me*anical difficulties 9 its con/ruction4 ,opposite ! title page ( ?is book c be se5 a repres5tation ( a c5trifugal :eel ( t5 ?\s& horse p[]2 x w repay ! c>eful /ud5t to consult also page #acc ( "p "o ( ?is "w = ! details ( ?is enorm\s ma*9e2 ! curi\s w also be int]e/$ 9 an e>ly =m ( ! c5trifugal pump to be se5 9 ,fig4 #dhi & its description 9 ! ,note on page #bad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dib4 ,:]e l>ge quantities ( wat] are to be mov$ quickly & m especially 9 cases :]e ! wat] is impure & conta9s float+ matt]1 z well z s&1 mud1 coal & ! l1 z 9 wreckage1 ! c5trifugal pump has its peculi> advantages4 ,x is suit$ p>ticul>ly = use 9 tann]ies1 pap] mills1 dry docks1 corporation "w su* z build+ sew]s1 s& dr$g+1 & ) wat] t conta9s l>ge quantities ( solid matt] held 9 susp5sion4 ,pumps us$ = ^! purposes h to be prim$ on />t+1 & ! suction pipe %\ld be z %ort z possible4 ,long suction pipes v mu* impair ! effici5cy ( ?is type ( pump4 ,!y w draw wat] upw>ds ( tw5ty feet b no?+ l ! full capacity ( ! pump c be realiz$ "u su* circum/ances4 ,x is always bett] to l[] ! pump z mu* z possible & =ce ! wat] in/ead ( try+ to suck x4 ,,note4--,^u page #bab is repres5t$ "o ( ! v e>lie/ types ( a turb9e pump1 an acc\nt ( :i* is left by ,ewbanks1 to ^: book on hydraulics cr$it %\ld be giv5 = ! figure4 8,?is pump consi/s ( tubes unit$ 9 ! =m ( a cross or lett] ,t plac$ p]p5dicul>ly 9 ! wat] to be rais$4 ,! l[] end is support$ on a pivot2 p]=ations are made to admit ! wat]1 & j above !m a valve to reta9 x :5 ! pump is n 9 motion4 ,! ends ( ! transv]se "p are b5t d[nw>d to dis*>ge ! wat] into a circul> tr\gh1 ov] :i* !y revolve4 ,to *>ge x ! orifices may be clos$ by loosely ins]t+ a cork into ea* & !n fill+ ! pump ?r\gh an op5+ at ! top :i* is !n clos$ by a screw-cap4 ,a rapid rot>y motion is imp>t$ to ! ma*9e by a pulley fix$ on ! axis & driv5 by a b&1 f a drum1 c4 ,! c5trifugal =ce ?us communicat$ to ! wat] 9 ! arms or transv]se tube1 ?r[s x out2 & ! atmosph]e pu%es m wat] up ! p]p5dicul> tube to supply ! place ( t eject$4 ,^! pumps are sometimes made ) a s+le arm l ! lett] ,l inv]t$2 at o!rs q a numb] radiate f ! upright tube4 ,x has also be5 made ( a s]ies ( tubes arrang$ r\nd a v]tical %aft 9 ! =m ( an inv]t$ cone4 ,a valuable improvem5t 0 submitt$ by ,m4 ,jorge to ! ,fr5* ,academy 9 #ahaf4 ,x consi/s 9 imp>t+ motion to ! arms only1 ?us sav+ ! p[] consum$ 9 mov+ ! upright tube1 & by :i* ! latt] c be incl9$ z circum/ances or locations may require40 ,c5trifugal pumps design$ to raise clean wat] alone %\ld n be us$ = any o!r purpose1 t is to say1 pumps = h&l+ m or less solid matt] mix$ ) ! wat] h mu* m cle>ance 9 ! case ?an ^? = pump+ clean wat]4 ,! fan is also made diff]5tly s t x _c be clogg$ up by lumps ( coal1 gravel1 & /icks ( wood4 ,! accompany+ engrav+s1 ,figs4 #dij1 #dia & #dib1 illu/rate ^! ideas1 %[+ ! ?ree progressive grades ( fans = ! k9ds ( "w allud$ to4 ,fig4 #dij %[s a fan ) holl[ arms = clean wat] only4 ,fig4 #dia %[s ! disc type ( fan = wat] conta9+ grit1 pulp1 etc4 ,fig4 #dib exhibits a fan us$ 9 dr$g+ pumps us$ = all sorts ( /uff t w pass ?r\gh ! connect+ pipes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dic4 ,!re are two g5]al types ( c5trifugal pumps1 viz41 #a1 s+le suction1 ,fig4 #dic1 9 :i* ! suction pipe ent]s ! end ( case p>allel to1 & 9 l9e ) its c5t]2 #b1 ! d\ble suction1 ,fig4 #did1 9 :i* ! suction pipe is divid$ =m+ a ,u %ape & ent]s ! case at bo? sides ( ! c5t]4 ,! s+le suction is us$ = cle> wat] only1 :ile ! d\ble suction w pass ev]y?+ t ent]s ! suction pipe--see engrav+s4 ,:5 ! pump is locat$ above ! wat]1 x has to be prim$ be=e x w raise wat]4 ,= ^! purposes an ejector1 or exhau/]1 is frequ5tly employ$1 :i* w exhau/ ! air & draw wat] up f ! requir$ dep?4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! ejector is illu/rat$ at ,a1 9 ,fig4 #dif1 & is ! smalle/ & mo/ conv5i5t contrivance t c be us$ = ?is "w4 ,x is screw$ into ! highe/ "p ( ! pump1 & is connect$ by a sep>ate /eam pipe to boil]4 ,9 a %ort "t aft] turn+ on /eam1 ! pump w be prim$1 ! pump rema9+ /ation>y dur+ ! op]ation ( prim+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #did4 ,to prev5t air return+ ?r\gh ! dis*>ge pipe1 a *eck valve1 ,b1 is us$4 ,= l>g] pumps a gate valve is g5]ally employ$ "h4 ,a foot valve fitt$ ) a /ra9] to keep out ob/ructions likely to clog ! pump %\ld be us$ z x keeps ! pump prim$ & ready = imm$iate use4 ,! g5]al =m ( ! blades is ( great importance 9 ?is type ( pump1 because ! wat] is driv5 ?r\gh ! fan p>tly by ! pressure ( ! blades on ! wat] & p>tly by c5trifugal =ce4 ,! ratio :i* ea* ( ^! =ces be>s to ! o!r v>ies 9 ! same pump1 dep5d+ ^u ! proportion ! spe$ be>s to ! height ( x4 ,) l[ lifts & high spe$ ! wat] is dis*>g$ ) b little rot>y motion1 ! resi/ance to ! outw>d motion ( ! wat] be+ s small t ! oblique action ( ! blades is suffici5t to effect ! dis*>ge )\t imp>t+ to ! wat] ! same spe$ ( rotation z is giv5 to ! fan4 ,! pr9cipal object 9 ?is type ( pump is to effect ! dis*>ge ( z l>ge a volume ( wat] z possible ) ! lea/ rot>y motion4 ,! p[] absorb$ 9 imp>t+ ! latt] motion is n giv5 up lat] on & consequ5tly is lo/1 :ile ! rot>y motion t5ds to imp$e ! fl[ ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #die4 ,! passage ?r\gh ! pump %\ld be s tim$ z to produce a gradually increas+ velocity 9 ! wat] until x rea*es ! circumf]5ce ( ! fan1 !n a gradually decreas+ velocity until x is dis*>g$ f ! pipe4 ,^! conditions are met by hav+ a conical end to ! suction pipe1 & a spiral cas+ surr\nd+ ! fan4 ,! =m ( ! cas+ %\ld be su* t ! wat] fl[+ r\nd ! cas+ w move ) ! same velocity z t issu+ f ! fan2 ! cas+ enl>ges f t locality into ! dis*>ge pipe4 ,a small increase 9 ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! fan aft] ! pump comm5ces to dis*>ge produces a l>ge increase 9 ! volume ( wat] deliv]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dif4--;,= description see page #baf4 ,fig4 #die1 ^u ! previ\s page1 is int5d$ to %[ a ,boggs ,cl>ke hydraulic dr$g+ or s& c5trifugal pump4 ,?is is a heavy /rong pump fitt$ ) flap valve1 )\t close fitt+ jo9ts1 b ) ample room = ! wat] to wa% away ! s& f ! work+ p>ts4 ,! cut %[s ! pump ) ejector = prim+ & l>ge elb[ to dis*>ge ?r\gh4 ,! pump is l9$ ) %eet /eel fitt$ s t x c be easily & *eaply replac$4 ,! diamet]s 9 :i* ^! pumps are made run f #d to #ab in*es inclusive4 ,,table4 ,size ( ,pipe ,size ( ,flanges ,size ( ,capacity p] ,h\r ,pump ,dis*>ge ,suction ,pulley ,cubic ,y>ds ,s& ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #d #d #e #ab #aj #cj to #dj #e #e #f #ab #aj #dj to #fj #f #f #h #ah #ab #fj to #hj #h #h #aj #bd #ab #hj to #abe #aj #aj #ab #cj #ab #aej to #bej #ab #ab #ad #cf #ad #bej to #djj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dig4 ,small] sizes = pump+ s& & gravel are made ) ca/ *ill$ l9+s ) *ill$ pi/on1 & brass cov]$ %aft especially adapt$ = /one & m>ble mills to c>ry ! s& to ! saws1 or = m9+ :]e !re is a l>ge quantity ( s& to be pump$ ) wat]4 ,! table w convey an idea ( ! capacity1 sizes1 etc4 ,= pump+ s& or heavy mat]ial ! spe$ ( pump %\ld be increas$ #be m ?an = wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dih4 ,! engrav+ ,fig4 #dig exhibits a /eam-driv5 c5trifugal pump ( an approv$ design con/ruct$ by ! ,morris ,ma*9e ,works4 ,?is pump is directly connect$ to ! eng9e & has a d\ble suction4 ,pumps directly connect$ to eng9es are to be pref]r$ ov] belt-driv5 pumps :5 conditions ( elevation1 etc41 w all[1 z !y are self-conta9$1 take up less space & are m economical4 ,! figure #dih %[s a #bj-;in* hydraulic dr$ge1 directly connect$ to a #dej horse-p[] triple-expansion eng9e4 ,a hydraulic dr$ge consi/s ma9ly ( a c5trifugal pump ) its driv+ eng9e & boil]1 & hoi/+ ma*9]y = h&l+ suction pipe & boat2 ! pump 9 op]ation creates a /rong suction fl[ 9 ! suction pipe1 suffici5t to pick up ! mat]ial & draw x into ! pump1 f :i* x is aga9 deliv]$ ?r\gh ! dis*>ge pipe any di/ance to po9t ( deliv]y1 & c at same "t be elevat$ to reasonable heights4 ,s&1 mud1 silt1 etc41 are readily pick$ up by ! suction =ce only1 b :]e mat]ial is pack$ x mu/ fir/ be agitat$4 ,,table4 ,diamet] ,capacity1 ,elevations,size ,/eam ,cyl9d] ,size ,size ,dis*>ge ,gallons 9 ,feet ------------------,/eam ,pipe1,exhau/ ,pipe1 ,op5+ p] ,m9ute up to ,diamet] ,/roke ,in*es ,in*es ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- #b #abj #be #c #c #c_/d #a #b-a_/b #ahj #be #c #c #c_/d #a #c #bfj #be #c #c #c_/d #a #d #dgj #be #d #d #c_/d #a #e #gce #be #e #e #a #a-a_/d #f #ajej #cj #e #e #a #a-a_/d #h #bjjj #cj #h #h #a-a_/b #b-a_/b #aj #cjjj #aj #f #f #a-a_/d #a-a_/b #aj #cjjj #dj #ab #aj #b-a_/b #c #ab #dbjj #bj #i #i #b #c #ab #dbjj #cj #ab #aj #b-a_/b #c #ab #dbjj #dj #ad #ab #c #c-a_/b #ae #gjjj #cj #ad #ad #c #d #ae99 #gjjj #bb #ab #aj #b-a_/b #c #ah #ajjjj #cj #ae #aj #d #e #ah99 #ajjjj #bj #ab #ab #c-a_/b #bj #abjjj #bj #ad #ad #c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- 99 ,l[-,lift ,pumps4 ,special ,high-,lift ,pumps4 ,! /eam %ovel1 bucket or elevator dr$ge w d effici5t s]vice 9 rais+ mat]ial1 b none are capable ( deliv]+ ! mat]ial except )9 a v %ort radius ( ! dr$g+ op]ation4 ,! c5trifugal dr$ge n only raises ! mat]ial1 b also deliv]s x at ! place want$1 at "o op]ation4 ,besides1 x is practically impossible to build any o!r type ) ! enorm\s capacity t "s hydraulic dr$ges h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dii4 ,fig4 #dii is a p]spective view ( a c5trifugal v]tical pump ( ! subm]g$ type4 ,?is pump is us$ l>gely by contractors 9 excavations & c(f] dam "w & = keep+ pits dra9$4 ,a d\ble suction c5trifugal pump1 driv5 directly by a /eam eng9e1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dig2 ^! are g5]ally & v satisfactorily us$ = circulat+ wat] ?r\gh surface cond5s]s & ! cool+ pipes 9 refrig]at+ sy/ems4 ,! eng9e & pump ?us comb9$ occupy small floor space & consequ5tly little masonry is requir$ = a f\ndation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ejj4 ,! ,buffalo c5trifugal pump is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ejj4 ,^! are built by ! ,buffalo ,=ge ,co4 9 two types1 viz41 ! subm]g$ & ! suction2 ! latt] is ! "o %[n 9 ! cut4 ,! suction type is employ$ = pump+ f m9es1 pits1 etc41 & all places :]e ! supply w n all[ ( a horizontal pump to be us$1 or 9 o!rs :]e ! supply is ei!r bel[ ! pump1 or sometimes above & at o!r times bel[4 ,?is type possesses m]it above ! subm]g$ design 9 t x w "w equally well1 :5 set ei!r above or bel[ ! liquid to be pump$4 ,multi-/age c5trifugal pumps4 ,exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ t by plac+ sev]al pumps toge!r & dis*>g+ f "o into ! o!r1 wat] c be deliv]$ to almo/ any height4 ,= a long "t aft] ! introduction ( c5trifugal pumps1 x 0 suppos$ t ab\t sixty feet 0 ! limit = _! economical work+1 ow+ to ! high spe$ at :i* !y _h to be run to accompli% ! results desir$4 ,x 0 a discov]y ( importance1 t by c\pl+ two or m pumps 9 s]ies1 s t ea* pump work$ aga9/ only a "p ( ! total deliv]y head1 wat] c\ld easily be rais$ to ev5 two ?\s& feet or any reasonably high head ) satisfactory effici5cy4 ,pumps connect$ 9 ?is way w ?r[ m wat] at a giv5 spe$ ?an :5 op]at$ sep>ately1 & are !re=e att5d$ by less we> & te>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eja4 ,pumps work$ 9 s]ies are built comp\nd1 triple or quadruple z requir$ by s]vice ei!r belt driv5 or directly connect$ to eng9es4 ,ow+ to ! fact t !y h no valves or absolutely close-p>ts1 !y are able to pump muddy or gritty wat] ) s& 9 susp5sion1 & are1 !re=e1 especially 9 ! v]tical type1 ! only ones t c be successfully us$ = dra9+ deep m9es4 ,fig4 #eja is design$ to illu/rate a f\r /age c5trifugal pump1 or a quadruple comp\nd pump capable ( lift+ wat] #bej feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ejb4 ,explanation ( diagram page #bbe4 ,9 det]m9+ ! requirem5ts be/ suit$ z reg>ds rotation ( %aft & connection ) ! suction & dis*>ge pipes1 9 in/all+ a pump1 ! figure #ejb1 w be f\nd a conv5i5ce4 ,x is important to run ! mo/ direct pipes ) ! lea/ numb] ( elb[s or b5ds4 ,! diagram relates p>ticul>ly to ! c5trifugal pumps made by ! ,morris ,ma*9e ,works ( ,baldw9sville1 ,n4 ,y42 ! pr9ciple is1 h[ev]1 ( g5]al application4 ,9 mak+ use ( ! diagram ea* numb] repres5ts a p>ticul> design4 ,see ,note4 ,h[ to det]m9e "r-or left-h& pumps4 ,if1 :5 /&+ at ! suction end ( pump1 look+ ov] ! pump %ell t[>d ! pulley1 ! top ( ! %aft revolves f "r to left1 or aga9/ ! h&s ( clock1 ! pump is "r-h&1 & f left to "r1 or ) ! h&s ( clock1 x is left-h&4 ,directions = erect+ & runn+ c5trifugal pumps4 ,place ! pump z ne> suction wat] z possible1 & limit suction lift to #bj feet or #be feet4 ,erect ! pump s t ! pump %aft is level2 9 bolt+ to f\ndation be c>eful t ! frame is n sprung4 ,see t ! be>+s are clean & well oil$4 ,! suction pipe & /uff+-boxes mu/ be air-tight4 ,nev] use pipes small] ?an ^? repres5t$ by ! flanges on ! pump2 avoid elb[s or b5ds z mu* z possible2 if dis*>g+ long di/ances1 use pipes "o or two sizes l>g] ?an ord9>y4 ,:e!r a foot valve is us$ or n1 a /ra9] %\ld be atta*$ to ! suction pipe to prev5t l>ge sub/ances f ent]+1 t might *oke or clog ! pump1 b be c>eful t suction area is n contract$4 ,,note4--,9 view+ diagrams on page #bbe y are suppos$ to /& at ! out] half ( pump %ell look+ ov] pump t[>ds ! pulley or eng9e1 if directly connect$4 ,! pump c be swivel$ ar\nd ! frame1 s t1 = in/ance1 if y ord] pump p] diagram ,no4 #ej1 x c aft] receipt be made ,nos4 #ea1 #eb or #ec4 ,run ! pump 9 prop] direction1 z indicat$ by arr[s ca/ on ! pump %ell4 ,if ! comb9$ l5g? ( suction & dis*>ge pipe is m ?an #ej feet1 ! spe$ mu/ be increas$ to ov]come friction4 ,be=e />t+1 prime ! pump s t suction pipe & pump are fill$ ) wat]4 ,w>m wat] c only be rais$ by suction to mod]ate heights1 & if v hot x mu/ fl[ to ! pump4 ,to prev5t freez+ 9 cold wea!r1 dra9 by unscrew+ plug provid$ 9 ! bottom ( ! pump %ell4 ,sometimes a pump :5 fir/ />t$ w deliv] a good /ream ( wat]1 :i* gradually dim9i%es 9 volume until x /ops entirely4 ,"o reason = ?is is a leak 9 suction pipes or /uff+-box ( pump1 or1 :5 suction prim] is us$1 9 ! h& pump /uff+-box4 ,ano!r reason might be t ! pump l[]s ! suction supply1 ?us increas+ ! lift until !re is n suffici5t spe$ = ! elevation4 ,if ! pump works indiff]5tly1 deliv]+ a /ream obvi\sly too small1 x is g5]ally because ! pump 0 n prop]ly prim$ & "s air rema9s 9 ! top "p ( pump %ell4 ,unless prim$ by /eam ejector1 ! pet cock or plug f\nd on top ( pump %ell %\ld always be op5 :ile prim+1 & ! pump mu/ n be />t$ until wat] fl[s out ( same4 ,,note4--8,"o feature or fact 9 c5trifugal pump+ t is ov]look$ or n kn[n to _m mak]s1 is t wat] w n ent] a pump :5 ! impell] vanes sweep ov] ! inlet way & are driv5 at high spe$4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 "o c n ?ru/ a cane or la? ?r\gh ! spokes ( a rapidly revolv+ :eel4 ,european c5trifugal pumps ) _! small impell]s & consequ5t high spe$ ( rotation1 are especially liable to ?is repell+ action1 & v (t5 are :olly ineffici5t f ?is cause4 ,"o mak] :o claims a high duty = 8 pumps1 atta*es a screw at ! sides ( ! impell] to coax ! wat] into ! pump1 & ! idea is a good "o if ! difficulty is n o!rwise provid$ =4 ,9 ?is way a pump c be made ( small] diamet] = a giv5 duty1 b x is commonly inf]ior to a l>g] "o = ! same "w40--,indu/ries4 ,a pump ) horizontal top dis*>ge & %ort l5g? ( dis*>ge pipe is sometimes difficult to />t1 especially if suction lift is high1 ow+ to ! fact t ! wat] is ?r[n out ( ! pump %ell be=e ! wat] 9 ! suction pipe has got fairly />t$1 ?us all[+ air to ru% back into ! pump4 ,if ! pump is to "w "u ?is condition1 x is bett] to use a pump ) a v]tical dis*>ge & deliv] ?r\gh an elb[1 or else lead ! dis*>ge pipe upw>d = a %ort di/ance s z to keep a slight pressure1 or head on ! pump1 & aft] prim+ z high z possible />t quickly4 ,g5]ally no?+ is ga9$ by runn+ a pump above ! prop] spe$ requir$ = a giv5 elevation4 ,9 addition to :at is said 9 connection ) ! prim+ device illu/rat$ on page #bah1 num]\s o!r me?ods h be5 adopt$ to suit pumps ( v>i\s designs4 ,! accompany+ engrav+s repres5t ^? l>gely us$4 ,fig4 #a illu/rates a multi-/age turb9e pump ) ejector = prim+4 ,! ejector is connect$ to ! highe/ po9t on ! pump cas+1 & ei!r /eam1 air or wat] "u pressure may be employ$ 9 x to produce a vacuum4 ,fig4 #b %[s an auxili>y h& pump m\nt$ on top ( ! dis*>ge cas+4 ,:5 ! pump is ready to />t1 ! gate valve on ! dis*>ge is clos$1 & by op]at+ ! h& pump a vacuum is produc$ & wat] drawn 91 fill+ ! suction pipe & cas+4 ,! me?od ( prim+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #c may be resort$ to :]e a foot valve is us$ on ! suction pipe4 ,wat] is all[$ to run into ! pump until x rea*es ! dis*>ge flange1 :5 ! supply is %ut (f1 & ! pump may be />t$4 ,aft] ! pump has be5 prop]ly prim$1 x %\ld be />t$ be=e ! gate valve on ! dis*>ge is op5$4 ,:5 full spe$ is rea*$1 ! dis*>ge gate may be sl[ly op5$1 & ! pump w p]=m its "w4 ,,note4--,! ,wor?+ton c5trifugal pumps are divid$ into ?ree classes1 viz43 ,conoidal1 ,volute & ,turb9e4 ,! ,conoidal ,c5trifugals 7nam$ f ! cone-%ap$ impell]7 are design$ especially = l[ lifts & l>ge deliv]ies & are adapt$ to irrigation "w1 ! h&l+ ( sewage & simil> purposes4 ,!y are comp>atively inexp5sive & op]ate at high rotative spe$s1 mak+ possible direct connection to electric motors4 ,= heads up to #cj feet !y are unexcell$ 9 ! pump+ field4 ,! ,volute ,c5trifugals 7illu/rat$ on page #bcb7 are built = m$ium lifts1 b = all capacities4 ,s9ce !y run at mod]ate spe$s1 diffusion vanes are n ne$$1 b ! volute cas+ has be5 c>efully design$ to obta9 high effici5cy & #hf has be5 %[n "u te/4 ,^! pumps are recomm5d$ = heads up to #gj feet1 al?\gh !y w safely )/& #aej feet4 ,x is always be/ to use a foot valve 9 connection ) c5trifugal pumps :]e ! lift is m ?an ?ree to f\r feet1 & ev5 "u ^! l[ lifts :]e long suction pipes are us$ to conduct wat] long di/ances1 foot valves %\ld always be us$ to keep ! pump & suction pipe *>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a1 #b ,,& #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ejc4 ,,turb9e ,,pumps4 ,! ,turb9e ,pump is suit$ to v high lifts1 ev5 exce$+ #b1jjj feet4 ,an admirable example ( ?is class ( pumps is describ$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs3 ,! ,wor?+ton turb9e pump has be5 develop$ by a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts4 ,! diffusion vanes :i* =m ! di/+ui%+ feature1 take ! place ( ! usual :irlpool *amb] & assi/ 9 br++ ! wat] to re/ )\t int]nal commotion or %ock4 ,!y correspond 9 function to ! guide vanes ( turb9e wat]-:eels4 ,"o ( ! difficulties pres5t$ by high-lift c5trifugal pumps has be5 ! great p]iph]al spe$ requir$ :5 only a s+le impell] is employ$4 ,?is has be5 ov]come by m\nt+ a numb] ( discs or impell]s1 ea* op]at+ 9 a sep>ate *amb]1 ^u a s+le %aft & pass+ ! wat] ?r\gh ! impell] *amb]s 9 succession4 ,! lift c ?us be multipli$ ?ree1 f\r or five times1 :ile ! numb] ( revolutions is kept )9 b\nds4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ t on ! same "w & )9 reasonable limits1 multi-/age c5trifugals are m effici5t ?an s+le-/age pumps1 ! increas$ effici5cy be+ due to a decrease 9 ! frictional losses co9cid5t ) ! r$uc$ p]iph]al spe$ ( ! impell]4 ,x is well kn[n t ! turb9e wat] :eel 0 p]fect$ less by ma!matical processes ?an by intellig5t cut & try me?ods4 ,x has be5 ! same ) ! turb9e pump1 :]eby ! vanes & passages h be5 %ap$ & te/$ by practical exp]im5ts1 foll[$ 9 ea* case by comp>ison ( results4 ,! con/ant aim has be5 to avoid eddies & secure a favorable dis*>ge ( ! wat]4 ,,note4--,at ! ,/4 ,l\is ,_w's ,exposition ?ree ( ! #cf-;in* ,wor?+ton turb9e pumps1 ea* ( a capacity ( #ce1jjj gallons p] m9ute aga9/ #afj feet head1 suppli$ ! ,gr& ,cascade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ejd4 ,! ills4 on ! opposite page 7,fig4 #ejc71 :i* repres5ts 9 outl9e a ,wor?+ton turb9e pump1 indicates ! difficulty ( exactly & ma!matically design+ su* a me*anism4 ,9 ! sy/em %[n only suction & dis*>ge pipes are employ$1 ! wat] ent]+ axially & issu+ radially4 ,! impell]s rema9 9 p]fect longitud9al balance reg>dless ( _! numb] or ! head aga9/ :i* ! pump is op]at$1 ?is balanc+ ( ! impell] be+ secur$ by an +5i\s sy/em ( 8triple vanes40 ,! diffusion vanes4 ,9 ! ,wor?+ton turb9e pump ! effici5t conv]sion ( en]gy is assur$ by an orig9al sy/em ( diffusion vanes dispos$ 9 ! ?roat op5+ betwe5 ! p]iph]y ( ! impell] & ! annul> cas+1 9 mu* ! same mann] t guide vanes are plac$ 9 a reaction turb9e wat]-:eel4 ,^! vanes =m tang5tial1 exp&+ ducts f :i* ! fluid em]ges at ab\t ! velocity exi/+ 9 ! *amb]4 ,!y also elim9ate all drag & friction betwe5 ! p]iph]y ( ! rapidly revolv+ impell] & ! sl[ly mov+ wat] 9 ! dis*>ge *amb]4 ,! turb9e pump has creat$ an entirely new field ( application = c5trifugal pumps1 embrac+ m9e dra9age1 wat]-works1 & num]\s o!r s]vices :]e rot>y pumps are desirable b h n be5 employ$1 ow+ to _! =m] limit$ effici5cy at high heads4 ,z a s9k+ or /ation pump = m9e s]vice1 ! turb9e pump is ideal4 ,!re are no valves1 gu>ds or spr+s1 no reciprocat+ p>ts1 &1 mo/ important ( all1 !re is no contact surface 9 ! ma*9e except ! %aft & its be>+s4 ,! design is su* t p>ts subject$ to ! action ( m9e wat] may be made ( acid-resi/+ metal1 &1 :5 desir$1 lead-l9$4 ,,note4--,! space occupi$ by ! turb9e pump is less ?an "o-?ird ( t requir$ by a reciprocat+ pump ( equal capacity1 & ! fir/ co/1 includ+ ! motor = driv+1 is only ab\t "o-half4 ,s9ce !re are no rubb+ surfaces expos$ to ! wat]1 ! pump w run = ye>s )\t r5ewal or repairs4 ,9 case ( accid5t1 ! p>ts are s few & ! con/ruction s simple t any "p ( ! ma*9e c be replac$ 9 less ?an "o h\r4 ,! co/ ( att5dance is r$uc$ to ! m9imum1 s9ce ! only necess>y att5tion is to see t ! pumps & motors are prop]ly lubricat$4 ,! simplicity & reliability ( ! c5trifugal pump make x especially suitable = isolat$ /ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eje4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ejf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ejg4--,see page #bda4 ,turb9e pumps ( excell5t design 7,fig4 #ejg7 ( high effici5cy are built by ! ,byron ,jackson ,ma*9e ,works ( ,san ,francisco1 ,cali=nia4 ,! op]at+ elem5ts ( ^! pumps are rotat+ impell]s conta9+ spirally-curv$ wat] passages1 & fix$ guide passage betwe5 successive impell]s4 ,! wat] ent]s ! passages ( ea* impell] at ! c5t] & by ! rotation is =c$ out into a collect+ *amb] surr\nd+ ! p]iph]y ( ! impell]4 ,! ducts :i* lead ! wat] f !re back to ! c5t] ( ! next impell] are suitably curv$ to act z guide passages1 simil> 9 action to ! guide buckets ( a turb9e4 ,! wat] !n ent]s ! next impell] p>allel ) ! %aft1 its rot>y motion hav+ be5 trans=m$ by ! guide passages into rectil9e> motion4 ,fig4 #eji1 a draw+ ( a v]tical pump 9 section1 %[s ! relative arrangem5t ( impell]s 7m>k$ ,a7 & guide passages 7,b74 ,?is pump has ! suction entrance at ! top2 ! dis*>ge leaves ! collect+ *amb] ( ! la/ 7l[e/7 impell] tang5t to ! circle4 ,! %aft re/s 9 a ?ru/ be>+ at ! top1 & is fur!r held by be>+s =m$ 9 ! successive sections ( ! case4 ,at ! bottom x is provid$ ) a special balanc+ arrangem5t1 describ$ "h aft]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ejh4 ,ea* impell]1 :]e x jo9s ! guide passages ( ! prec$+ case section1 is fitt$ into ! case s z to =m z tight a jo9t z possible )\t introduc+ any great frictional resi/ance to rotation4 ,) ! exception ( ! entrance op5+1 ! ext]nal surface ( ! impell] is expos$ to ! deliv]y pressure1 s t !re is a resultant upw>d pressure on ea* impell]1 equal to ! area ( its entrance multipli$ by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! entrance & dis*>ge pressures ( t /age4 ,if all ! impell]s are alike1 ! total upw>d ?ru/ is equal to ! product ( entrance area multipli$ by ! total head on ! pump4 ,! pumps are s proportion$ t ?is upw>d ?ru/ slightly exce$s ! weight ( ! rotat+ portion1 consi/+ ( impell]s & %aft4 ,! excess ( upw>d pressure1 h[ev]1 is reliev$ by ! balanc+ device locat$ at ! l[] end ( ! %aft1 ) ! result t ! rotat+ "p is precisely balanc$1 ?us reliev+ ! ?ru/ be>+ ( all load :ile ! pump is runn+4 ,! balanc+ device ref]r$ to consi/s ( two *amb]s1 ,c & ,d1 =m$ c5trally 9 ! bottom ( ! l[e/ section ( ! pump case4 ,! l>ge *amb]1 ,c1 encloses a project+ hub1 ,e1 on ! l[] surface ( ! impell]4 ,?is hub ( c\rse rotates ) ! impell]1 & ! jo9t betwe5 ! hub & ! walls ( ! *amb] is1 !re=e1 loose en\gh to all[ wat] f ! deliv]y side ( ! la/ impell] to leak into *amb]1 ,c1 & e/abli% ! full dis*>ge pressure 9 t *amb]4 ,! small l[] *amb]1 ,d1 conta9s a plug1 ,h1 :i* may be adju/$ endways by means ( screws4 ,! =w>d end ( ?is plug fits closely into a recess 9 ! face ( ! hub1 ,e1 :i* recess1 communicates1 by way ( ! holl[ c5tral "p ( ! hub & ! passage1 g1 ) ! entrance side ( ! la/ impell]4 ,! action ( ! device is z foll[s3 :5 *amb]1 ,c1 becomes fill$ ) wat]1 or r :5 leakage ?r\gh ! jo9t ar\nd ! tube1 ,e1 has rais$ ! pressure 9 ! *amb]1 ,c1 to ! deliv]y pressure1 ! total upw>d pressure on ! impell]s is great] ?an ! total weight ( ! rotat+ "p ( ! pump4 ,! rotat+ elem5t is !re=e lift$ until ! recess 9 hub1 ,e1 is rais$ cle> ( ! plug1 ,h4 ,9 ?is position ! pressure 9 *amb]1 ,c1 is reliev$ ?r\gh ! passage1 g1 ) ! result t ! rotat+ elem5t aga9 settles d[n ov] ! adju/+ plug1 ,h4 ,z ?is action t5ds to recur1 a position ( equilibrium is e/abli%$ ne> ! po9t :]e ! plug j ent]s ! recess 9 ! hub1 ,e4 ,! precise position ( ?is po9t may be alt]$ by ! adju/+ screws ( ! plug1 ,h1 !reby adju/+ ! endwise position ( ! impell]s 9 ! cas+4 ,:5 ! pump is n 9 op]ation1 ( c\rse ! upw>d pressure ( ! wat] does n act1 & ! weight ( ! rotat+ "p mu/ be c>ri$ by ! ?ru/ be>+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eji4 ,:5 ^! pumps are built ) horizontal %aft1 ! unbalanc$ pressure :i* is ?us turn$ to acc\nt 9 ! v]tical pump becomes h>mful & mu/ be avoid$4 ,! arrangem5t by :i* ?is is accompli%$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #eaj1 :]e ! lett]s1 ,a & ,b1 designate respectively ! impell]s & ! guide passages z be=e4 ,! re> ( ea* impell]1 t is1 ! side opposite ! entrance op5+1 be>s a %ort annul> projection1 ,s1 fitt+ )9 a simil> r+1 t1 project+ f ! cas+4 ,! circul> *amb] =m$ by ^! two r+s communicates1 ?r\gh holes1 ,v1 9 ! web ( ! impell]1 ) ! entrance side ( ! impell]4 ,! *amb] be+ slightly l>g] ?an ! entrance op5+ ( ! impell]1 x s]ves to elim9ate all ?ru/ on ! impell] 9 ! direction ( ! suction 7s9ce ! rema9d] ( ! ext]nal surface is expos$ to ! dis*>ge pressure71 & produces in/ead a small ?ru/ direct$ t[>d ! dis*>ge end4 ,?is small resultant ?ru/ is tak5 up by a balanc+ device at ! end ( ! %aft precisely simil> to t us$ 9 ! v]tical type ( pump1 z previ\sly describ$4 ,! balanc+ action ?us secur$ s]ves to fix ! endwise position ( ! rotat+ "p2 moreov]1 x af=ds suffici5t m>g9 to comp5sate = longitud9al ?ru/s :i* may result f causes su* z slightly non-c5tral position ( ! impell]s 9 _! cas+4 ,pumps ( ?is design are built = heads ( f #ajj to #b1jjj ft41 ! numb] ( sep>ate impell]s or 8/ages0 be+ prop]ly proportion$ to ! head4 ,ab\t #ajj to #bej ft4 head p] /age appe>s to be all[$4 ,a high effici5cy ( work+1 f #gj to #hj1 is said to be realiz$4 ,! horizontal two-/age pump %[n 9 ,fig4 #ejg is "o built = ! wat]-works ( ! city ( ,/ockton1 ,cal41 to deliv] #a1ejj gallons p] m9ute aga9/ a head ( #adj ft41 at #fij r4 p4 m4 ,x is driv5 by a #ge-;,,hp4 induction motor ( ! ,we/+h\se ,electric ,mfg4 ,co4 type1 ( ,pittsburg1 ,pa4 ,pump & motor are m\nt$ on a common base1 & _! %afts are solidly c\pl$4 ,?is pump 0 gu>ante$ to h an effici5cy ( at lea/ #ge1 b we are in=m$ by ! manufactur]s t ! (ficial te/ %[$ x to h an effici5cy ( #hb4 ,! v]tical pump ( f\r /ages1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ejh1 has a dis*>ge capacity ( #dej gallons p] m9ute & deliv]s aga9/ a head ( #ejj ft4 ,! same type ( pump1 h[ev]1 w "w aga9/ heads up to #hjj ft4 ,! m\nt+ ( ! pump 9 ! pres5t in/ance is at ! bottom ( a #bjj-;ft4 pit2 ! pump %aft leads v]tically to ! surface1 :]e x is driv5 by belt4 ,a closely simil> in/allation has be5 made1 :]e two v]tical ?ree-/age pumps op]ate "u a head ( #caj ft4 ,! pumps are locat$ 9 a #cj-;ft4 pit1 & _! %afts are ext5d$ to ! surface1 :]e !y c>ry ea* a #bjj-;,,hp4 induction motor m\nt$ directly on ! %aft4 ,! balanc+ action ( ! pump 0 9 ?is case design$ to be suffici5t to c>ry ! entire weight ( ! rotat+ "p1 t is1 motor1 %aft & pump impell]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eaj4 ,,injectors ,,& ,,ejectors ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eaa4--,see page #bea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eab4--,see page #bea4 ,,! ,,injector4 ,?is consi/s1 9 its mo/ simple =m1 ( a /eam nozzle1 ! end ( :i* ext5ds some:at into ! second nozzle1 call$ ! comb9+ or mix+ nozzle2 ?is connects )1 or r t]m9ates 91 a ?ird nozzle or tube1 t]m$ 8! =c]40 ,at ! end ( ! comb9+ tube1 & be=e ent]+ ! =c]1 is an op5+ connect+ ! int]ior ( ! nozzle at ?is po9t ) ! surr\nd+ space4 ,?is space is connect$ ) ! outside air ?r\gh a *eck valve1 op5+ outw>d 9 ! automatic injectors1 & by a valve t]m$ ! ov]fl[ valve4 ,! injector nozzles are tubes1 ) ends trumpet m\!d to receive & deliv] ! fluids ) ! lea/ possible loss by friction & eddies4 ,z a !rmodynamical ma*9e1 ! injector is ne>ly p]fect1 s9ce all ! heat receiv$ by x is return$ to ! boil]1 except a v small "p :i* is lo/ by radiation2 consequ5tly its !rmal effici5cy %\ld be 9 e case ne>ly #ajj p] c5t4 ,,note4--,! op]ation ( ! injector is bas$ on ! fact1 fir/ demon/rat$ by ,giff>d1 t ! motion imp>t$ by a jet ( /eam to a surr\nd+ column ( wat] is suffici5t to =ce x into ! boil] f :i* ! /eam 0 tak51 &1 inde$1 into a boil] work+ at a high] pressure4 ,! /eam escap+ f "u pressure has1 9 fact1 a mu* high] velocity ?an wat] w\ld h "u ! same pressure & condition4 ,! rate ( spe$ at :i* /eam travels--tak+ x at an av]age boil] pressure ( sixty p\nds--:5 dis*>g$ into ! atmosph]e1 is ab\t #a1gjj feet p] second4 ,:5 dis*>g$ ) ! full velocity develop$ by ! boil] pressure ?r\gh a pipe1 say an in* 9 diamet]1 ! /eam enc\nt]s ! wat] 9 ! comb9+ *amb]4 ,x is imm$iately cond5s$ & its bulk w be r$uc$ say #a1jjj times1 b its velocity rema9s practically undim9i%$4 ,unit+ ) ! body ( wat] 9 ! comb9+ tube1 x imp>ts to x a l>ge %>e ( its spe$1 & ! body ( wat] ?us set 9 motion1 op]at+ aga9/ a comp>atively small area ( boil] pressure1 is able to ov]come x & fl[ into ! boil]4 ,! weight ( ! wat] to :i* /eam imp>ts its velocity gives x a mom5tum t is great] 9 ! small area 9 :i* its =ce is ex]t$ ?an ! boil] pressure1 al?\gh its =ce has actually be5 d]iv$ f ! boil] pressure itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eac4--,see page #beb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ead4--,see page #bea4 ,all injectors are simil> 9 _! op]ation4 ,!y are design$ to br+ a jet ( live /eam f ! boil] 9 contact ) a jet ( wat] s z to cause x to fl[ cont9u\sly 9 ! direction tak5 by ! /eam1 ! velocity ( :i* x 9 "p assumes1 back into ! boil] & aga9/ its own pressure4 ,!re are ?ree di/9ct types ( live /eam injectors1 ! 8simple fix$ nozzle10 ! 8adju/able nozzle10 & ! 8d\ble40 ,! fir/ has "o /eam & "o wat] nozzle :i* are fix$ 9 position b are s proportion$ z to yield good results4 ,!re is a /eam pressure = e in/rum5t ( ?is type at :i* x w give a maximum deliv]y1 great] ?an ! maximum deliv]y = any o!r /eam pressure ei!r high] or l[]4 ,! second type has b "o set ( nozzles1 b !y c be s adju/$ relative to ea* o!r z to produce ! be/ results ?r\gh\t a long range ( action2 t is to say1 x s adju/s itself t its maximum deliv]y cont9ually increases ) ! increase ( /eam pressure4 ,! ?ird type1 d\ble injectors1 are ^? 9 :i* ! deliv]y f "o injector is made ! supply ( a second1 & !y w h&le wat] at a some:at high] temp]ature ?an s+le ones ) fix$ nozzles4 ,! d\ble injector makes use ( two sets ( nozzles1 ! 8lift]0 & 8=c]40 ,! lift] draws ! wat] f ! res]voir & deliv]s x to ! =c]1 :i* s5ds x into ! boil]4 ,all d\ble injectors h fix$ nozzles4 ,! action ( ! injector is z foll[s3 ,/eam be+ turn$ on1 x ru%es ) great velocity ?r\gh ! /eam nozzle into & ?r\gh ! comb9+ tube4 ,?is action causes air to fl[ f ! suction pipe1 :i* is connect$ to ! comb9+ tube1 ) ! result t m or less vacuum is =m$1 ?us induc+ a fl[ ( wat]4 ,,note4--,! motive =ce ( ! injector is f\nd 9 ! heat receiv$ f ! /eam4 ,! /eam is cond5s$ & surr5d]s its lat5t heat & "s ( its s5sible heat4 ,! en]gy s giv5 up by ea* p\nd ( /eam am\nts to ab\t #ijj !rmal units1 ea* ( :i* is equival5t to a me*anical =ce ( #ggh foot p\nds4 ,?is w\ld be suffici5t to raise a great _m p\nds ( wat] aga9/ a v great pressure c\ld x be s appli$1 b a l>ge portion ( x is us$ simply to heat ! wat] rais$ by ! injector4 ,! above explanation w apply to e injector 9 ! m>ket1 b +5i\s modifications ( ! pr9ciples ( con/ruction h be5 devis$ 9 ord] to meet a v>iety ( requirem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eae4--,see page #beb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eaf4--,see page #beb4 ,aft] ! wat] comm5ces to fl[ into ! injector x receives motion f ! jet ( /eam2 x absorbs heat f ! /eam & f9ally cond5ses x1 & !reaft] moves on ?r\gh ! =c] tube simply z a /ream ( wat]1 at a l[ velocity comp>$ ) t ( ! /eam4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! =c] tube1 x is subject$ only to atmosph]ic pressure1 b f ?is po9t ! pressure increases & ! wat] moves =w>d "u a dim9i%$ velocity4 ,t ! cond5sation ( ! /eam is necess>y to complete ! process w be evid5t1 = if ! /eam 7 n cond5s$ 9 ! comb9+ *amb]1 x w\ld rema9 a light ela/ic body &1 ?\gh mov+ at high spe$1 w\ld h a l[ degree ( en]gy4 ,"s injectors are giv5 special names by _! mak]s1 su* z ejectors & inspirators1 b ! t]m injectors is ! g5]al "n cov]+ ! pr9ciple ^u :i* all ^! devices act4 ,! exhau/ /eam injector is a type diff]5t f any ( ! above-nam$1 9 t x uses ! exhau/ /eam f a non-cond5s+ eng9e4 ,exhau/ /eam repres5ts f\rte5 & sev5-t5?s 7#ad4g7 p\nds ( "w1 & :5 ! /eam ent]+ ! injector is cond5s$ ! wat] is =c$ into ! boil] ^u ! same g5]al pr9ciple z 9 all injectors4 ,! injector c be1 & frequ5tly is1 us$ z a pump to raise wat] f "o level to ano!r4 ,x has be5 us$ z an air compressor1 exhau/] & also = receiv+ ! exhau/ f a /eam eng9e1 tak+ ! place1 9 t case ( bo? cond5s] & air pump4 ,! injector is n an economical device1 b x is simple & conv5i5t2 x occupies a v small space1 is n exp5sive & entirely free f sev]e /ra9s on its durability2 moreov]1 :]e a numb] ( boil]s are us$ 9 "o e/abli%m5t1 x is v conv5i5t to h ! fe$+ arrangem5ts sep>ate1 s t ea* boil] may be a complete g5]at+ sy/em 9 itself & indep5d5t ( its neighbors4 ,! foll[+ text is int5d$ to describe ! in/rum5ts illu/rat$ on pages #bdd1 #bdf1 #bdh & #bej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eah4 ,! 8,manhattan0 automatic injector is %[n 9 p]spective & outl9e ^u page #bdd4 ,?is in/rum5t is made by ,messrs4 ,s*aeff] ,bud5b]g ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,?is injector is design$ = portable & semi-portable eng9es & boil]s1 & is also adapt$ = /ation>y boil]s requir+ no high lift4 ,its ma9 features are simplicity & positive automatic action4 ,x works "u pressures rang+ f #cj to #aej lbs41 ei!r lift+ or non-lift+4 ,! lett]s 9 ! outl9e cut ref] to ! p>ts3 a4 ,/eam ,nozzle4 b4 ,comb9+ ,nozzle ) ,flap4 c4 ,deliv]y ,tube4 d4 ,screw ,cap4 e4 ,cap ,screw = ,ov]fl[4 f4 ,ov]fl[ ,valve4 g4 ,tail ,pipe4 h4 ,tail ,pipe ,nut4 ,! 8,pe]less0 automatic injector is %[n on page #bdf4 ,?is is1 9 effect1 ! same in/rum5t z ! 8,manhattan0 except x has a /eam sp9dle ) h&le to regulate ! fl[ ( /eam4 ,see figure #ead4 ,two classes ( ,pe]less injectors are made1 viz43 ,class ,a--= high pressures rang+ f #ej to #bjj p\nds4 ,b-- l[ #bj to #hj & !y are /amp$ accord+ly4 ,!y are adapt$ = any s]vice requir+ ! lift+ ( wat]4 ,class ,a is made = lifts up to #ab feet4 ,b #h b if s ord]$1 !y c be arrang$ = high] lifts4 ,!y may also be us$ z non-lift+ injectors4 ,! temp]atures ( fe$ wat] tak5 by ^! injectors1 if non-lift+ or at a l[ lift1 c be z foll[s3 ,,pressure4 #ce to #de #ej to #he #ij #aje lbs4 ,,temp]ature4 #add to #acf #acc to #acj #abi #abb ,f4 ,,pressure4 #abj #ace #aej lbs4 ,,temp]ature4 #aah to #aac #aji to #aje #ajd to #ajj ,f4 ,! sp9dle acts z a valve = ! /eam inlet2 an extra seam valve is !re=e n absolutely requir$1 b recomm5d$ = conv5i5ce ( deta*m5t4 ,! lett]s 9 ,figs4 #ebj-ecc1 page #bed1 relate to ! names ( 8! p>ts0 ( ! ,pe]less injector4 a4 ,/eam ,nozzle4 b4 ,comb9+ ,nozzle ) ,flap4 c4 ,deliv]y ,tube4 e4 ,cap ,screw = ,ov]fl[4 f4 ,ov]fl[ ,valve4 g4 ,tail ,pipe4 h4 ,tail ,pipe ,nut4 j4 ,screw ,plug ) ,/uff+-,box4 k4 ,foll[] ,nut on ,plug j4 l4 ,pack+ ,sleeve to j4 m4 ,/eam ,sp9dle4 n4 ,crank to ,sp9dle m4 o4 ,screw ,nut to ,sp9dle m4 p4 ,h&le to ,crank n4 ,! ,monitor injector1 ,fig4 #eac1 page #bdf1 0 design$ orig9ally = locomotive "w4 ,x consi/s ma9ly ( two p>ts1 viz41 #a1 ! lift+ device :i* raises ! wat] into ! injector &1 #b1 ! =c+ device :i* 8picks up0 ! wat] & causes x to fl[ into ! boil]4 ,! ,metropolitan d\ble tube injector is %[n 9 ! two figures on page #bdh4 ,^! are made by ! ,hayd5 ,d]by ,mfg4 ,co4 ,?is in/rum5t is ( ! d\ble-tube design & 9 t p>ticul> resembles ! ,kort+ injector describ$ on page #bfd4 ,bo? ! lift+ & =c+1 z well z ! ov]fl[ valves are controll$ by "o h&le4 ,! ,metropolitan s+le tube injector is repres5t$ by ! ,figs4 #eag & #eah1 page #bej4 ,! int]nal p>ts ( ?is injector1 z may be se5 f ! sectional engrav+1 are /ation>y4 ,! /eam is regulat$ by ! h&le1 ,k1 :i* is atta*$ to ! /em1 ,m2 ! wat] supply adju/s itself automatically4 ,! capacity ( ! lead+ injectors is ne>ly ! same "u simil> work+ conditions z repres5t$ by ! foll[+ ,,table4 ,size ( ,pipe ,gallons p] ,h\r4,gallons p] ,h\r4 ,connections4 ,maximum4 ,m9imum4 ---------------------------------------- ------- #c_/h in*4 #he #ej #a_/b #afe #ge #c_/d #cej #acj #a #ehj #cbe #a-a_/d #ijj #dbe #a-a_/b #agej #gej #b #bhej #aaej ---------------------------------------- ------- ,! figure bel[ %[s h[ ! connections or pip+ %\ld be made 9 atta*+ ! ,manhattan & ,pe]less injectors4 ,! dott$ l9es indicat+ pipe & fitt+s 9 connection ) ! suction repres5t ! way ! wat] supply is to be receiv$ f a tank locat$ above ! level ( ! injector4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eai4 ,! mak]s ( ^! two in/rum5ts h k9dly furni%$ ! foll[+ g5]al rules to gov]n _! connection ) /eam supply3 #a4 ,place injector 9 a horizontal position4 7,see illu/rations #eab & #ead47 ,! flap nozzle mu/ 9 all cases op5 upw>d 9 direction ( air valve4 ,9 tak+ injectors ap>t be c>eful to replace x 9 t position4 #b4 ,take /eam f ! highe/ "p ( boil]2 nev] connect to pipes furni%+ /eam = o!r purposes4 #c4 ,h all jo9ts p]fectly tight1 especially ! suction pipe1 z no injector w lift wat] unless atmosph]ic air is exclud$4 #d4 ,h all pipes ?or\ghly clean$ f r$ or :ite lead & scale be=e ! injector is connect$2 x w save tr\ble aft]w>ds4 #e4 ,all pipes mu/ be ( ! same or l>g] diamet] ?an ! correspond+ p>ts ( injector4 #f4 ,avoid all %ort b5ds1 & h all pipes z %ort & /raight z practicable4 #g4 ,use a /ra9] at ! end ( suction pipe2 ! holes 9 ! /ra9] %\ld be small1 b _! total area l>g] ?an ! area ( ! supply pipe4 #h4 ,ins]t /op valves 9 suction1 /eam & deliv]y pipes1 to facilitate disconnection 9 clean+ injector & *eck valve 9 deliv]y pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ebj-ecc4 #i4 ,h valve /ems pack$ well2 !y (t5 leak4 #aj4 ,to remove incru/ations caus$ by wat] conta9+ lime or o!r impurities1 place p>ts = a reasonable "t 9 a ba? ( m9]al oil or dilut$ muriatic acid consi/+ ( #d p>ts ( wat] to #a "p ( acid4 ,,note4--,! lett]$ p>ts %[n above apply to bo? ! 8,manhattan0 & ! 8,pe]less0 injectors4 ,see page #beb = ! names ( ! p>ts correspond+ ) ! lett]s4 ,! exhau/ /eam injector utilizes ! escap+ vapor f ! eng9e cyl9d]1 h5ce ! sav+ 9 fuel & wat] is v m>k$ :]e c]ta9 conditions are favorable4 ,x cond5ses by means ( ! smalle/ possible quantity ( cold wat] ! l>ge/ possible quantity ( exhau/ /eam & puts x into ! boil] )\t ! aid ( any o!r p[] ?an ! exhau/ /eam itself4 ,x c be atta*$ to any class ( non-cond5s+ eng9e1 & its use increases ! p[] bo? ( ! eng9e & boil]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ecd ,,& #ece4 ,x is work$ by wa/e /eam1 j z ord9>y injectors are work$ by live /eam f ! boil]4 ,! fir/ co/ & subsequ5t we> & te> ( pumps are avoid$4 ,! p[] requir$ to "w pumps1 ( :atev] con/ruction1 is sav$3 ! exhau/ injector do+ ! same "w by ! cond5sation ( wa/e /eam4 ,! wa/e /eam1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! injector1 heats ! fe$-wat] to a temp]ature ( ab\t #aij ,f4 ,! cond5sation 9 ! injector ( s l>ge a quantity ( wa/e /eam r$uces back pressure consid]ably1 & necess>ily increases ! p[] ( ! eng9e4 ,x is n uncommon = ^! injectors to =m a vacuum ( a half-in* ( m]cury )9 ! exhau/ pipe1 :i* ( c\rse helps ! eng9e to t ext5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ecf4--,see page #bfj4 ,^! injectors "w ) great success on /ation>y eng9es & boil]s1 also on /eam]s1 tugs1 dr$ges1 etc41 z _! op]ation dur+ ! r\ghe/ wea!r is n affect$ by ! motion ( ! vessel4 ,! high pressure exhau/ /eam injector is %[n 9 ,figs4 #ecg & #ech--! la/ be+ an outl9e exhibit+ ! int]nal arrangem5t ( ! in/rum5t3 ^! injectors are made to "w at all pressures up to & n exce$+ #aej lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ecg ,,& #ech4 ,! high pressure exhau/ /eam injector is work$ by wa/e /eam up to #ge lbs4 pressure only1 & a little live /eam is introduc$ at ! top ( ! injector to =ce wat] aga9/ pressures high] ?an #ge lbs4 ,x w be notic$ f sectional cut t ! live /eam does n come 9 contact ) ! wat] until aft] ! exhau/ /eam has be5 cond5s$ & has done its "w4 ,! exhau/ /eam alone gives an impetus to ! wat] equal to #ge lbs42 x also heats x up to ab\t #aij ,f4 ,its advantages are ! same z ^? ( ! pla9 exhau/ injector1 ! heat ( ! small jet ( live /eam :i* is us$ to ov]come ! excessive pressure be+ br\ght back into ! boil]4 ,x raises ! temp]ature ( fe$-wat] up to #ij ,fahr4 if work+ aga9/ a pressure ( #aje lbs41 & up to #hf ,fahr4 aga9/ #abj lbs4 boil] pressure4 ,x is regulat$ 9 ! same mann] z ! pla9 exhau/ /eam injector4 ,x is n necess>y to use live /eam :ile work+ aga9/ any pressure bel[ #ge lbs41 :5 exhau/ /eam alone w suffice4 ,fig4 #eci repres5ts ! pip+ ( ! high pressure exhau/ /eam injector1 ! op]ation ( :i* is describ$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs3 ,?is injector c be work$ "u v>i\s conditions4 #a4 ,if boil] pressure does n exce$ #ge lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 exhau/ /eam only is requir$4 ,9 ?is case /eam is admitt$ by valve ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eci4 #b4 ,= pressures exce$+ #ge lbs4 exhau/ /eam is admitt$ z be=e1 also a little live /eam1 sl[ly1 by valve ,c4 #c4 ,if eng9e is n runn+1 live /eam is gradually admitt$ by valve ,b1 s t x may exp& 9 pipe ,f4 ,9 case ( high boil] pressure additional live /eam is introduc$ by valve ,c4 ,to />t ?is injector4 #a4 ,op5 /eam valves z describ$4 #b4 ,!n op5 wat] valve4 #c4 ,regulate wat] valve1 &1 if necess>y1 screw up or d[n nut ,r at ! l[] end ( injector until ov]fl[ ceases4 ,if desir$1 a gauge indicat+ bo? pressure & vacuum 7a comp\nd gauge7 c be furni%$ ) exhau/ /eam injectors4 ,,table ,,( ,,sizes4--,,pipe ,,connections4 ,,inside ,,diamet] ,,( ,,pipes4 ,deliv]y ---------------------------------------- --- ,,size ,,( 9 ,gallons ,bran* ,wat] ,supply,fe$-,wat] ,live ,,injector p] ,h\r = ,exhau/ ,pipe ,pipe ,/eam ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,no4 #b #fj #a-a_/d in* #a_/b in* #c_/d in* #a_/d in* #b-a_/b #abj #a-a_/b #c_/d #a #a_/d #c #age #a-a_/b #c_/d #a #a_/d #d #cjj #b #a #a-a_/d #c_/h #e #dhj #b-a_/b #a #a-a_/d #c_/h #f #fhj #b-a_/b #a-a_/d #a-a_/b #c_/h #g #ibj #c #a-a_/d #a-a_/b #a_/b #h #abjj #c-a_/b #a-a_/b #b #a_/b #i #aeej #d #b #b-a_/b #a_/b #aj #aibj #d-a_/b #b #b-a_/b #c_/d #ab #bhjj #f #b-a_/b #c #c_/d #bj #ajjjj #aj #d #d-a_/b #a-a_/d 7,,or ,,l>g]7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! ejector is a l[ lift pump2 x works on ! same pr9ciple z t ( an injector4 ,x has less p>ts ?an ! latt] & is less exp5sive4 ,! foll[+ table applies to ejectors4 ,,table4 ,capacity ,dis*>ge ,suction ,/eam ,/eam jet p] ,h\r1 ,size ,pipe ,pipe ,pipe ,diamet] 9 ,gallons ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,no4 #a #a_/b 94 #c_/d 94 #c_/h 94 #aa_/ajj 94 #cjj #b #c_/d #a #c_/h #ae_/ajj #ejj #c #a #a-a_/d #a_/b #bj_/ajj #gej #d #a-a_/d #a-a_/b #a_/b #be_/ajj #a1bjj #e #a-a_/b #b #c_/d #cj_/ajj #a1gjj #f #b #b-a_/b #c_/d #dj_/ajj #c1jjj #g #b-a_/b #c #a #ej_/ajj #e1jjj #h #c #d #a #fj_/ajj #g1ejj #i #d #e #a-a_/d #hj_/ajj #aj1jjj #aj #e #f #a-a_/b #a #ad1jjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #edj & #eda4 ,! accompany+ ,figs4 #edj & #eda repres5t an ejector ) a foot /ra9]4 ,! table1 page #bei1 gives an idea ( its pipe sizes & capacities4 ,application ( ejectors4 ,! ,fig4 #ecf1 page #bef1 %[s two ejectors appli$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,"o is m\nt$ to lift & =ce wat]1 & ! o!r to =ce only2 ! latt] is subm]g$ 9 ! wat] to be elevat$1 & plac$ 9 a v]tical position to r$uce ! cond5sation ( op]at+ /eam to a m9imum4 ,9 bo? ( ^! examples ( ! use ( ! device x w be not$ a /ra9] is atta*$ to ! suction pipe4 ,! arr[s %[ ! direction ( ! fl[ ( bo? ! /eam & wat]4 ,c]ta9 ejectors w n "w well :5 ! /eam pressure is too high4 ,9 ord] to "w at all ! /eam mu/ cond5se z x fl[s into ! comb9+ tube4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! /eam pressure is too high1 & ! heat is v great1 x is difficult to effect complete cond5sation2 s t = high pressure /eam good results c only be obta9$ ) cool wat]4 ,x w\ld be well :5 ! fe$ wat] is too w>m to p]mit ! ejector to "w "r1 to r$uce ! pressure1 & consequ5tly ! temp]ature ( ! /eam supply1 z l[ pressure /eam cond5ses quickly1 & !re=e c be employ$ ) bett] results ?an high pressure /eam4 ,,note4--,?is in/rum5t is m>ket$ z 8,van ,duz5's /eam jet pump0 7,c9c9nati1 ,ohio71 & cr$it %\ld be giv5 ! mak]s = ! useful table on page #bei4 ,= high elevations & high temp]ature ( liquids1 ejectors %\ld be subm]g$ f ?ree to six feet2 ! suction pipe %\ld always be provid$ ) a /ra9] & ! mak]s ( ! in/rum5ts recomm5d ! plac+ ( a *eck valve 9 ! =ce pipe to facilitate ! clean+ ( ! suction pipe by /eam1 :5 made necess>y ?r\gh ! rais+ ( impure sub/ances4 ,to />t ! ejector op5 ! /eam valve sl[ly until ! suction works satisfactorily1 :5 full am\nt ( /eam %\ld be quickly admitt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #edb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #edc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #edd4 ,a d\ble tube ejector is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #edb4 ,?is is calculat$ to use /eam economically by reason ( its hav+ two tubes1 besides x is well made & prop]ly proportion$ to raise wat] to high elevations4 ,fig4 #edc is a *eap] =m ( app>atus & is design$ to elevate wat] to v mod]ate heights & :]e a sav+ ( /eam is n ( s mu* consequ5ce z 9 localities :]e ! price ( coal is high4 ,! jet pump pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #edd is ano!r compact =m ( ?is /yle ( ejector & is adapt$ = its own p>ticul> class ( "w :i* is b little kn[n to ^? unaccu/om$ to use ^! appliances4 ,:5 work+ ei!r an injector or ejector f a long lift or ) a long pull ?r\gh horizontal pip+1 x takes sev]al m9utes to exhau/ ! air f ! pipe :5 /eam is turn$ on1 result+ 9 a consid]able wa/e ( /eam ea* "t ! injector is />t$4 ,?is wa/e c be done away ) by ! use ( a foot valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ede4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #edf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #edg4 ,univ]sal d\ble-tube injector 7orig9al ,kort+ injector74 ,?is in/rum5t is ! comb9ation ( two jets 7see ,figs4 #ede & #edf72 x is proportion$ = extreme temp]ature & = quick & /rong action1 :i* includes maximum high suction4 ,! dis*>ge is into ! upp] jet1 :]e ! wat] receives ! additional /rong impulse to c>ry x into ! boil]4 ,! pressure & volume f ! l[] jet corresponds to ! /eam pressure1 & ?is is z x %\ld be to answ] ! requirem5ts ( ! upp] or =c+ jet4 ,! v>y+ volume insures ! prop] work+ at high /eam pressure z well z at l[1 & an increas$ pressure admits ( increas$ high temp]ature4 ,! action ( ! injector is ?us expla9$2 its favorable op]ation is due to ! d\ble-tube pr9ciple2 ! pieces compos+ ! ,kort+ injector are %[n 9 ! numb]$ cuts1 page #bfc1 & ! names ( ! p>ts are giv5 bel[4 ,numb] & "n ( piece4 #a1 ,body2 #b1 h&le lev]2 #c1 side rods2 #d1 connect+ =k2 #e1 cross head = %aft2 #f1 nuts = cross head2 #g1 />t+ %aft2 #h1 nuts2 #i1 yoke b>2 #aj1 l[] /eam valve2 #aa1 upp] /eam valve2 #ab1 l[] /eam nozzle2 #ac1 upp] /eam nozzle2 #ad1 l[] wat] nozzle2 #ae1 upp] wat] nozzle2 #af1 front body caps2 #ag1 side body caps2 #ah1 ov]fl[ nozzle2 #ai1 *eck valve compressor2 #bj1 ov]fl[ valve compressor2 #ba1 /uff+-box2 #bb1 fol4 = /uff+-box2 #bc1 nuts = /uff+-box2 #bd1 cross head = ov]fl[2 #be1 l9ks = ov]fl[2 #bf1 p9 = l9ks2 #bg1 screws2 #bh1 bell cranks2 #bi1 c\pl+ nuts2 #cj1 pipe unions2 #ca1 spann] wr5*2 #cb1 sokt4 nozzle wr5*2 #cc1 un4 = cop4 pipe4--,regulator complete replaces pieces #aj & #af4 ,,table4 ,size (,/eam #ej lbs4,/eam #ajj lbs4,/eam #aej lbs4,size ( ,size ,iron -------------------------------------- ,copp] ,no4 ,pipe4 ,gals4 ,h4 ,p4,gals4 ,h4 ,p4 ,gals4 ,h4 ,p4 ,pipe4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #jj #a_/h #cc #g #dh #aj #fj #ab #a_/d #j #a_/d #hc #ag #aja #bj #aab #bb #c_/h #a #c_/h #aab #bc #adc #cj #ahj #cf #a_/b #b #a_/b #agb #ce #baj #dj #bcb #df #e_/h #c #bgh #ef #cch #gj #cig #hj #c-a_/b #c_/d #cih #hj #dgb #ie #edg #aaj #g_/h #d #a #ecc #ajh #fbb #abe #gbj #aej #a-a_/h #e #fge #acf #hjb #afj #ibb #aij #f #a-a_/d #hbe #afe #iij #bjj #aabe #bcj #a-a_/b #g #ajgb #bae #acgb #bhi #afab #cbj #h #a-a_/b #achh #bhj #ahjj #cfj #baae #dcj #a-c_/h #i #afhh #cdj #bajj #dbj #bdge #ejj #aj #b #bjbe #djj #bdch #ejj #bhej #egj #b-a_/d ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,note4--,! above table relates to ! d\ble tube injector4 ,! acid syphon pump1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #edh bel[1 is us$ by _m *emical works1 9 lift+ _! acids & o!r *emicals to be convey$ to any "p ( ! build+4 ,! ma*9e is made ( lead1 encas$ 9 an iron %ell = /r5g?1 & fitt$ ) a plat9um /eam nozzle to give t "p durability4 ,?is device is nam$ a syphon pump because x becomes a syphon by turn+ d[n ! deliv]y pipe & mak+ t end long] ?an ! suction end4 ,! app>atus1 %ad$ 9 ! figure1 is really a jet pump & x is simply us$ to op]ate ! syphon1 i4e41 by turn+ on ! /eam ! acid w fl[ ?r\gh ! syphon4 ,at ?is po9t ! /eam %\ld be %ut (f & ! fl[ ( acid w cont9ue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #edh4 ,noiseless ,wat] ,heat]4 ,?is in/rum5t1 ,fig4 #edi1 is us$ = w>m+ ( liquids2 x avoids ! noise t is o!rwise caus$ by ! action ( /eam l$ = t purpose direct into cold liquids4 ,9 op]ation1 ! liquid is drawn ?r\gh ! holes 9 body & dis*>g$ ?r\gh %ank1 caus+ a circulation ( ! liquid 9 tank4 ,,table ,,( ,,dim5sions4 ,numb] ( ,noiseless ,wat] ,heat] #c #d #e #f #g #h ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,diamet] ( ,/eam ,pipe1 in* #c_/d #a #a-a_/da-a_/ba-a_/b #b ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #edi4 ,wat] ,pressure ,ejector4 ,?is in/rum5t1 ,fig4 #eej1 is work$ by wat] pressure & us$ to advantage 9 excavations1 cell>s1 etc41 :]e wat] pressure c be _h & ! requir$ elevation does n exce$ #ab feet4 ,x has to be ins]t$ into ! wat] pressure pipe 9 su* a mann] t x w be entirely cov]$ by ! wat] to be rais$4 ,x w raise d\ble ! quantity ( wat] :i* x obta9s f ! pressure pipe1 i4e41 x w deliv] two gallons = e "o x receives f ! pressure pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eej4 ,,table ,,( ,,dim5sions4 ,numb] ( ,wat] ,pressure ,ejector #a #b #c ---------------------------------------- --------- ,capacity1 gallons p] h\r #cge #fjj #a1bge ,size ( ,wat] ,pressure ,pipe1 in* #a_/b #c_/d #a ,size ( ,deliv]y ,pipe1 in* #a #a-a_/b #b ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,pulsomet] ,,aqua-,,?ru/] ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eeb4 ,,! ,,pulsomet]4 ,! orig9al pulsomet] 0 an in/rum5t call$ by t "n = measur+ ! =ce & frequ5cy ( ! pulse2 x 0 inv5t$ 9 #afbf by ,santovio ( ,padua1 ,italy4 ,! t]m has be5 l>gely appli$ to a =m ( vacuum pump1 soon h]eaft] to be describ$2 ?is has a pulsative action--l a he>t beat4 ,! pulsomet]1 ! aqua-?ru/]1 ! pulsator1 & o!r regul> d\ble act+ two oval res]voirs 7"o fill+ :ile ! o!r is dis*>g+7 automatic cond5s+ /eam vacuum pumps are all patt]n$ aft] ! ,?omas ,sav]y pump %[n 9 ,fig4 #eeb2 ?is 0 pat5t$ 9 ,engl& 9 #afih4 ,x is ?us describ$3 8,! upp] end ( ! suction pipe %[n at ! m\? ( ! pit consi/s ( two bran*es1 :i* are connect$ to simil> bran*es on ! l[] "p ( ! =c+ pipe ,n4 ,! suction valves are at ,b ,a & ! =c+ ones at ,e ,f1 all op5+ upw>ds4 ,betwe5 ^! valves two %ort curv$ tubes connect ! bottoms ( ! receiv] ,i ,m ) ! bran*es1 z repres5t$1 & two o!r b5t tubes1 ,p ,q1 unite ! top ( ! receiv]s ) ! boil] ,h4 ,on top ( ?is boil]1 & =m+ a "p ( x1 is a /\t r\nd plate1 hav+ two op5+s ( ! same size z ! bore ( ! tubes la/ m5tion$4 ,9 ^! op5+s ! two /eam tubes ,p ,q t]m9ate4 ,betwe5 ! op5+s1 & on ! "u side ( ! plate1 is a movable disk1 :i* by a %ort arm is connect$ to an axle & mov$ by ! long lev] %[n on ! top ( ! boil]2 s t by mov+ ?is lev] ! disk c be made to op5 or close ei!r op5+1 s z to admit or exclude /eam f ! receiv]s1 & answ]+ e purpose ( a ?ree-way cock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eec4 8,! face ( ! disk is gr\nd smoo?1 s z to fit close to ! "u side ( ! plate1 aga9/ :i* x is press$ by ! /eam4 ,! p]p5dicul> axle by :i* ! disk is turn$ passes ?r\gh ! plate1 & ! op5+ is made tight by a /uff+-box4 7,! plate & movable disk are repres5t$ 9 ! small figure at ! top1 "o ( ! op5+s1 ,q1 be+ cov]$ by ! disk & ! o!r1 ,p1 expos$47 ,a small ci/]n1 ,u1 is plac$ ov] ! receiv]s1 & kept suppli$ ) cold wat] f ! =c+ pipe by means ( a ball cock1 viz43 a cock t is op5$ & %ut by a ball float+ 9 ! ci/]n4 ,f ! bottom ( ?is ci/]n a %ort pipe1 ,t1 proce$s2 & to x is connect$1 by a swivel jo9t or /uff+-box1 ano!r "o at "r angles4 ,?is pipe furni%es wat] to cond5se ! /eam 9 ! receiv]s1 ov] bo? ( :i* x c be mov$ by ! rod atta*$ to ! plug ( ! cock z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! upp] ci/]n d5otes ! place :]e ! wat] rais$ by ! eng9e is to be dis*>g$4 8,a communication is made betwe5 ! boil]s by a syphon or b5t tube1 ,r1 ^: legs ext5d ne>ly to ! bottom ( ! boil]s4 ,9 ! leg )9 ! small boil] is a valve op5+ upw>ds1 :i* p]mits ! wat] ( ,g to pass into ,h1 b prev5ts any return+ f ! latt]4 ,:5 ! att5dant wi%es to inject into ,h a fre% supply ( wat]1 he increases ! little fire kept up "u ! boil] ,g 7:i* is always kept suppli$ ) wat] by ! pipe ,s71 & z soon z ! liquid boils & ! =ce ( ! /eam exce$s t 9 ,h1 ! cont5ts ( ,g1 bo? /eam & hot wat]1 are =c$ ?r\gh ! valve2 & ?us ,h is kept suppli$ )\t ! action ( ! ma*9e be+ /opp$4 8,! cock on ! pipe ,s is !n op5$1 ! small boil] aga9 *>g$1 & ! wat] becomes gradually heat$2 s t by ! "t x is want$ 9 ! o!r boil]1 a small addition to ! fuel quickly raises its temp]ature1 & x is aga9 =c$ 9 z be=e4 ,! quantity ( wat] 9 ! boil]s 0 asc]ta9$ by gauge cocks4 ,^! 7 ins]t$ at ! top 7see figure7 & pipes sold]$ to !m desc5d$ to diff]5t dep?s40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eed4 ,! mod]n pulsomet] is a l[-s]vice pump1 & is n recomm5d$ = duties exce$+ ab\t eighty feet total v]tical s]vice4 ,) ?is limitation1 its uses are _m & v>i\s & = "s purposes x is p>ticul>ly adapt$4 ,ye>s ( practical "w ) ! pulsomet]1 "u widely diff]5t conditions1 h demon/rat$ ! m]its claim$ = x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eee4 ,its advantages are3 #a4 ,its l[ co/1 z x does n require an eng9e or o!r ma*9]y to op]ate x4 ,a /eam pipe connect+ x ) ! boil] t is to furni% /eam supply is all t is necess>y1 & aft] ! pump is once adju/$1 x w always be 9 ord] ) free p[] :5 ! /eam is turn$ on4 #b4 ,x is absolutely noiseless 9 its op]ation2 ! slight click ( ! /eam ball-valve 9 ! neck-piece1 z x *anges its position1 is ! only evid5ce t x is work+4 #c4 ,9 its capability ( op]ation :ile 9 susp5sion1 & ( be+ l[]$ or rais$ & swung ab\t )\t at all int]f]+ ) its work+4 ,! pulsomet] does n require oil1 hav+ no pi/ons1 gl&s1 /uff+-boxes1 ecc5trics1 beams1 lev]s1 supplem5t>y valves1 complicat$ me*anism1 etc41 :i* ne$ att5tion & adju/m5t4 ,! ,pulsomet] ,/eam ,pump ,co41 ,new ,york1 mak]s ( ! pump & own]s ( ! ^w-symbol1 8,pulsomet]10 emphasize ! importance ( its prop] in/allation1 & ask t ! que/ions giv5 9 ! note bel[ be answ]$ :5 sugge/ions relative to ! plac+ ( ! pump are desir$4 ,! body ( ! pulsomet] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #eee1 & a sectional view 9 ,fig4 #eef4 ,x is a s+le ca/+ consi/+ ( two bottle-%ap$ *amb]s1 ,a1 ,a1 plac$ side by side4 ,^! are call$ work+ *amb]s4 ,!y tap] t[>d ea* o!r at _! upp] halves & meet at _! upp] ends at a po9t at :i* is situat$ ! /eam valve-ball1 ,c4 ,?is oscillates ) a slight roll+ motion betwe5 ! seats1 ) :i* x makes a /eam tight jo9t1 =m$ at ! upp] entrance to ea* ( ! work+ *amb]s1 ,a1 ,a4 ,,note4--,= :at purpose is ! pump to be us$8 ,h[ _m gallons p] m9ute or h\r are to be pump$8 ,is ! liquid hot1 cold1 cle> or gritty--fre%1 salt1 alkal9e or acidul\s8 ,:at w be ! requir$ v]tical height ( deliv]y8 ,:at w be ! horizontal l5g? ( deliv]y8 ,:at w be ! requir$ v]tical height ( suction8 ,:at w be ! horizontal l5g? ( suction8 ,does ! level ( ! liquid v>y8 ,if s1 h[ mu*8 ,h[ _m b5ds or elb[s w !re be 9 deliv]y8 ,h[ _m b5ds or elb[s w !re be 9 suction8 ,:at horse-p[] is ! boil]8 ,:at is ! av]age /eam pressure at ! boil]8 ,a r\gh sket* %[+ h[ & :]e x is desir$ to place ! pump w be ( consid]able assi/ance 9 furni%+ in=mation4 ,! portion1 ,b1 ( ! pump1 conta9+ ! /eam ball-valve1 ,c1 is call$ ! neck-piece1 & is a sep>ate ca/+ bolt$ to ! ma9 body ( ! pump1 s t x c be readily remov$ = r5ewal :5 necess>y4 ,to ! top ( ?is neck-piece1 ,b1 ! neck-cap is bolt$1 into :i* ! /eam supply pipe is screw$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eef4 ,! op5+s communicat+ betwe5 ! *amb]s1 ,a1 ,a1 & ! induction1 or foot-valve *amb]1 ,d1 are cov]$ by suitable valves1 ,e1 ,e1 call$ suction valves1 ! valve seats1 ,f1 ,f1 & valve gu>ds1 ,i1 ,i1 :i* latt] prev5t ! valves f op5+ too f>4 ,a ?ird *amb]1 ,j1 call$ ! vacuum *amb]1 is situat$ beh9d ! *amb]s1 ,a1 ,a1 at _! l[] halves1 & betwe5 !m at _! upp]1 or tap]+ halves1 & communicates ) !m ?r\gh ! r\nd op5+ 9 ! induction1 or foot-valve *amb]1 ,d4 ,a f\r? *amb]1 call$ ! dis*>ge *amb]1 situat$ on ! l[] side ( ! work+ *amb]s1 ,a1 ,a1 opposite to ! vacuum *amb]1 ,j1 & repres5t$ by ! dott$ l9es 9 ! sectional view communicates ) ea* ( ! work+ *amb]s1 ,a1 ,a1 by passages at ! l[] half ( its int]section ) ^! *amb]s4 ,?is dis*>ge *amb] conta9s ! dis*>ge valves1 ,e1 ,e1 _! valve seats1 ,g1 ,g1 & ! valve gu>ds1 ,i1 ,i1 :i* cov] ! passages lead+ f *amb]s1 ,a1 ,a4 ,! deliv]y pipe1 ,h1 connects ) ! dis*>ge op5+ 9 ! top ( ! dis*>ge *amb] by means ( a flang$ jo9t4 ,! induction1 or foot-valve *amb]1 ,d1 conta9s ! valve1 ,e1 its valve seat1 ,f1 & ! gu>d1 ,i1 :i* s]ve ! purpose ( hold+ ! *>ge ( wat] 9 ! pump4 ,! l[] end ( ?is *amb] is connect$ to ! suction pipe by a flang$ jo9t4 ,p>ts1 ,k1 ,k1 are oval plates cov]+ ! op5+s ?r\gh :i* ! seat1 valve & gu>d are ins]t$1 to _! respective *amb]s1 & are fa/5$ 9 position by means ( clamps & bolts1 ,n1 ,n4 ,! ends ( ^! clamps fit loosely into suitable recesses & are ?us held 9 position :ile ! cov] plates are be+ appli$4 ,ano!r set ( simil> clamps & bolts s]ve 9 a l mann]1 to fa/5 ! seats1 valves & gu>ds 9 place4 ,! object 9 employ+ f\r op5+s to ! pump1 in/ead ( two1 is to make x possible & conv5i5t to get at ! int]ior = exam9ation1 & easy to remove all deposit t may =m on ! walls ( ! *amb]s :i* c\ld n be rea*$ o!rwise4 ,v5t plugs are ins]t$ 9 ! cov] plates = ! purpose ( dra9+ (f ! wat] 9 ! pump to prev5t freez+4 ,ne> ! top ( ea* ( ! work+ *amb]s1 ,a1 ,a1 & ( ! vacuum *amb]1 ,j1 is a small tapp$ hole1 into :i* is screw$ a brass air *eck-valve1 s t its *eck hangs d[nw>d4 ,! air *eck-valves 9 ! *amb]s1 ,a1 ,a1 all[ a small quantity ( air to be automatically admitt$ above ! wat]1 & ahead ( ! /eam1 sep>at+ ! /eam & ! wat] ^u _! fir/ entrance1 ?us prev5t+ cond5sation1 & =m+ an air pi/on1 :i* is always new & tight4 ,! air *eck-valve 9 ! *amb]1 ,j1 likewise admits air automatically1 :i* s]ves to cu%ion ! ram action ( wat] consequ5t ^u ! alt]nate fill+ ( ! *amb]s1 ,a1 ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eeg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eeh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eei4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #efj4 ,! action ( ! pulsomet] is z foll[s3 ,:5 all *amb]s & pipes are empty1 ! air *eck-valves h to be clos$1 & ! globe valve op5$ = an in/ant2 !n /eam w ent] "o ( ! *amb]s1 expel ! air1 & cond5se1 =m+ a vacuum4 ,?is op]ation be+ repeat$ sev]al times1 bo? *amb]s w be fill$ ) wat] ?r\gh ! induction pipe4 ,ea* air-valve 9 ! *amb]s mu/ n[ be op5$ a little1 to secure a regul> & successive action1 :i* w be recogniz$ by ! regul> pulsations & smoo? work+ ( ! /eam-ball )\t rattl+4 ,/eam1 be+ n[ admitt$1 cont9u\sly ent]s ! *amb] n clos$ by ! ball1 & =ces out ! wat] ?r\gh ! dis*>ge-valves1 until its surface is l[]$ bel[ ! dis*>ge-orifice4 ,at t in/ant ! /eam beg9s to escape into ! dis*>ge-pipe1 & cond5ses2 ?us a p>tial vacuum is =m$ 9 ! *amb]4 ,! wat] 9 ! o!r *amb] n[ presses ! ball1 :i* rolls ov] & closes ! fir/ *amb]1 :5 wat] ent]s ?r\gh ! induction-valves to fill ! vacuum4 ,?is op]ation alt]nately *anges f "o *amb] to ! o!r4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( a pulsomet] are %[n 9 ! sev5 figures ^u ?is & ! prec$+ pages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #efa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #efb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #efc4 ,fig4 #eeg repres5ts ! regul> flat valve1 seat & gu>d1 ,fig4 #eeh ! gu>d deta*$1 :ile ,fig4 #eei is ! pla9 flat rubb] valve4 ,! valve seat = clean wat] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #efj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #efd4 ,,note4--,= empty+ vats or tanks & = di/ribut+ ! liquors f "o tank to ano!r or ?r\gh\t ! build+1 ! pulsomet] arrang$ z p] accompany+ ills41 ,fig4 #efd1 w be f\nd to be ( great usefulness4 ,at conv5i5t int]vals along ! /eam ma9 & dis*>ge ma91 suitable c\pl+s c be provid$ = quickly atta*+ a %ort section ( /eam & dis*>ge hose1 z ! pump1 susp5d$ f a trolley1 is mov$ along f tank to tank4 ,9 pump+ muddy wat] or o!r liquids conta9+ matt] :i* w\ld ob/ruct ! valve seat %[n 9 ,fig4 #efj ! ball valve1 ,fig4 #efa1 is us$4 ,! engrav+ illu/rates ?is valve ) its gu>d & seat4 ,fig4 #efb repres5ts ! neck-piece conta9+ ! ball /eam valve1 :ile ,fig4 #efc conveys ! idea ( ! mann] ( cov]+ ! ball by ! cap aft] :i* ! neck-piece is ready to be bolt$ to ! top ( pump4 ,! ,masl9 automatic /eam vacuum pump is pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #eed1 page #bga4 ,its pr9ciple is id5tical ) t ( ! pulsomet] b x diff]s some:at 9 detail1 z = example1 ! ?ree valves ) _! seats1 ,h1 ,h1 ,h1 are introduc$ ?r\gh "o op5+ or h&-hole4 ,! two suction valves1 ,e1 ,e1 are secur$ by "o bolt1 ,i1 likewise ! two dis*>ge valves1 ,k4 ,! comb9ation ( ! foot valve1 ,g1 9 ! pump requires no bolt+ on be+ held by ! bolt1 ,i4 ,! pla9 cov] is ( su* a %ape t no nuts are remov$ to af=d access to ! valves2 all t is necess>y is to slack up "o nut & sw+ ! cov] to "o side4 ,! valves are ( v ?ick rubb] b are cut away ne> ! c5t] s t !y readily yield to ! pressure und]nea?1 giv+ a full area ( op5+4 ,! two air valves are atta*$ at ! end ( ! neck-piece4 ,!re are no project+ set screws or bolts runn+ ?r\gh ! ma9 body ( ?is pump att5d$ z !y (t5 are ) m or less leakage4 ,a hook is provid$ to susp5d ! pump 9 a %aft or ov] sew] "w4 ,! two drip cocks at ! bottom dra9 ! *amb]s :5 necess>y to prev5t freez+1 etc4 ,,note4--8,"o ( ! mo/ important po9ts to be att5d$ to1 & :i* is s (t5 ov]look$1 is t dry /eam %\ld be suppli$ to ! pulsomet]4 ,take /eam f ! highe/ "p ( ! boil]4 ,d n connect /eam pipe to a pipe furni%+ /eam = any o!r purpose2 b if y h to take /eam f a l>ge /eam pipe1 tap x on ! upp] side s z to avoid ! drip caus$ by cond5sation 9 ! l>ge pipe4 ,:5 ! boil] is "s di/ance f ! pulsomet] ! /eam pipe to x %\ld be l>g] ?an is ne$$ at ! pulsomet]1 & be protect$ by "s non-conduct+ sub/ance4 ,r$uce to size requir$ at ! pulsomet] & provide a pet cock to draw (f cond5s$ /eam be=e />t+ x4 ,be sure & bl[ out /eam pipe ?or\ghly be=e connect+ ! pulsomet] s z to remove any dirt1 ru/ or scale t may h accumulat$ 9 pipes1 also remove all burrs on ends ( ! pipe caus$ by cutt+1 & :i* 9 mo/ cases greatly decreases _! capacity & effectiv5ess40 ,! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #efe1 repres5ts ! pulsomet] & boil] 9 portable =m4 ,?is w be f\nd a v conv5i5t outfit = c]ta9 classes ( irrigation1 & = pump+ out flood$ cell>s1 excavations1 etc4 ,also = sew]-tr5* excavat+ op]ations1 :]e wat] accumulates at diff]5t sections ( ! "w1 & :]e x is desir$ to move ! pump & boil] frequ5tly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #efe4 ,! pump is susp5d$ f a /rong framework & is controll$ by a *a9 hoi/1 by means ( :i* x c readily be l[]$ or rais$4 ,:5 ! tr5* or dit* is too deep = ! pulsomet] to lift ! wat] to ! surface ( ! gr\nd by suction1 ! truck c be run out on planks ov] ! dit*1 :5 ! pump c be l[]$ to ! necess>y suction di/ance f ! wat]4 ,suitable l5g?s ( /eam hose1 ) univ]sal c\pl+s1 suction hose1 also suitable l5g?s ( light flang$ galvaniz$ pipe = ! dis*>ge1 :i* c be readily connect$ may be c>ri$ on ! truck1 prop] brackets be+ provid$ = _! reception4 ,z ! suction & dis*>ge connections are flang$1 !y c be connect$ or disconnect$ 9 a few m9utes2 provision is made to prev5t ! pump f sw++4 ,,pump ,,spe$ ,,gov]nors ,,pump ,,spe$ ,,gov]nors4 ,! spe$ at :i* a pump is op]at$ is a matt] ( m or less importance1 accord+ to its widely v>y+ conditions4 ,9 all calculations reg>d+ ! capacity ( a pump ! regul>ity ) :i* x makes its 8/roke0 is tak5 into consid]ation2 ! uni=mity ( ! supply ( wat] to a boil] is always a subject ( anxiety to ! att5dant4 ,! capacity ( a pump is usually det]m9$ by its numb] ( /rokes 9 a giv5 "t1 h5ce ! ne$ ( a pump regulator or gov]nor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eff4 ,! gov]nor is n only int5d$ to ma9ta9 a uni=m wat] pressure 9 ! ma9s1 b to prev5t ! pump f rac+ :5ev] a great] quantity ( wat] is dem&$ ?an ! pump is capable ( deliv]+1 z 9 ! case ( bur/$ ma9s or hose1 or any o!r cont+5cy :]eby ! pressure ^u ! dis*>ge pipe is sudd5ly reliev$4 ,examples ( pump gov]nors or regulators foll[4-- ,! ,mason ,pump ,gov]nor4 ,?is pump gov]nor1 %[n 9 ,figs4 #eff & #efg1 is atta*$ directly to ! rock arm ( ! pump1 & op]ates a balance valve plac$ 9 ! /eam pipe1 !reby exactly weigh+ ! pressure ( /eam to ! ne$s ( ! pump4 ,z all ! work+ p>ts are imm]s$ 9 oil1 ! we> is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #efg4 ,! ,mason gov]nor consi/s ma9ly ( a cyl9drical %ell1 or res]voir1 z %[n 9 sectional view1 fill$ ) oil or glyc]9e4 ,! plung]1 ,a1 is connect$ ) ! arm1 ,i1 to "s reciprocat+ "p ( ! pump & works simultane\sly ) ! /rokes ( ! pump1 !reby draw+ ! oil up ?r\gh ! *eck valve1 ,,dd1 into ! *amb]s1 ,,jj1 :5ce x is =c$ alt]nately ?r\gh ! passages1 ,,bb1 ?r\gh ano!r set ( *eck valves into ! pressure *amb]1 ,,ee4 ,! oil !n runs ?r\gh ! orifice1 ,c1 ! size ( :i* is controll$ by a key ins]t$ at1 ,n1 into ! l[] *amb]1 to be re-pump$ z be=e4 ,9 case ! pump or eng9e works m rapidly ?an is int5d$ ! oil is pump$ into ! *amb]1 ,,ee1 fa/] ?an x c escape ?r\gh ! outlet at1 ,c1 & ! pi/on1 ,,gg1 is =c$ upw>d1 rais+ ! lev]1 ,l1 ) its weight1 & ?rottl+ ! /eam4 ,9 case ! pump runs m sl[ly ?an 0 int5d$1 a rev]se action takes place1 ! weight on ! end ( ! lev]1 ,l1 =ces ! pi/on1 ,,gg1 d[n & m /eam is admitt$4 ,z ! orifice at1 ,c1 c be increas$ or dim9i%$ by adju/+ ! screw at1 ,n1 ! gov]nor c be set )9 reasonable limits to ma9ta9 any desir$ spe$4 ,! pi/on1 ,,gg1 fits ov] ! /ation>y pi/on1 =m+ an oil da%pot1 !reby prev5t+ danc+ ( ! gov]nor4 ,?is da%pot is f$ f ! pressure *amb]1 ,e1 ?r\gh a passage :i* is controll$ by an adju/+ screw1 ,k1 :i* is set ) a screwdriv]1 aft] remov+ ! cap screw1 ,t4 ,x requires no fur!r att5tion aft] be+ once adju/$4 ,= duplex pumps up to #b-;in* /eam pipe1 inclusive1 ?is gov]nor is fitt$ ) a duplex valve1 :i* prev5ts ! escape ( oil f ! pressure *amb] ?r\gh ! orifice1 ,c1 & !reby prev5ts ! /eam valve f op5+ wide dur+ ! mom5t>y pause ( ! pump pi/on4 ,?is gov]nor %\ld be plac$ on ! pump at "s po9t :]e ! requisite motion c be obta9$ = op]at+ x1 & also 9 su* a way t a rod c be run f ! knuckle jo9t on ! top lev]1 ,i1 to ! valve 9 ! /eam pipe1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,place ! valve 9 ! pipe1 s t ! /em %all be 9 a direct l9e ) ! knuckle jo9t on ! lev]1 & pull out ! valve /em to its full ext5t4 ,) ! ball on ! gov]nor 9 its l[e/ position1 connect ! valve rod to ! lev]4 ,! gov]nor is !n ready to be fill$ ) oil4 ,remove ! plug on top ( ! gauge glass1 & fill ! gov]nor ab\t half full ) a good1 clean1 light grade ( m9]al oil4 ,! gov]nor is !n ready to "w4 ,/>t ! pump at ab\t its maximum spe$2 place ! key 9 ! keyhole on ! side ( ! gov]nor & turn to ! "r until ! spe$ ( ! pump has dim9i%$ slightly4 ,op5 ! ?rottle valve wide1 & ! pump w be "u full control ( ! gov]nor4 ,%\ld !re be mu* danc+ or fluctuation ( ! ball1 remove ! screw1 ,t1 ins]t a small screwdriv]1 & screw ! adju/+ screw 91 at ,k1 until ! irregul> motion ceases4 ,aft] ! gov]nor has run a little :ile1 x w be f\nd t ! oil 9 ! glass gauge has dropp$ consid]ably4 ,x %\ld !n be refill$1 s t ! glass w be ab\t half full :5 ! gov]nor is at "w4 ,"u no circum/ances %\ld ! gauge be full1 z too mu* oil w prev5t ! ball f com+ d[n & op5+ ! valve :5 ! /eam pressure falls4 ,z !re is no glass pressure ^u ! glass gauge ! gov]nor may be fill$ :ile 9 motion by remov+ ! plug on ! top ( ! gauge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #efh4 ,! ,mason elevator pump pressure regulator4 ,?is regulator1 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #efi1 is design$ = use 9 connection ) ! l>g] sizes ( /eam pumps op]at+ hydraulic elevators4 ,its important feature is 9 op]at+ on ! slighte/ *ange ( pressure op5+ to its fulle/ ext5t & clos+ ! /eam valve promptly & positively4 ,ref]r+ to sectional view1 ,fig4 #egj1 ! op]ation ( ?is valve is z foll[s3 /eam f ! boil] ent]s ! regulator at ! inlet1 indicat$ by ! arr[s & passes ?r\gh into ! pump1 :i* cont9ues 9 motion until ! requir$ wat] pressure is obta9$ 9 ! sy/em1 & ?r\gh a #a_/d-;in* pipe connect$ to1 ,a1 acts ^u ! diaphragm1 ,b4 ,?is diaphragm is rais$ by ! excess wat] pressure1 & c>ries ) x ! weight$ lev]1 ,f1 op5s ! auxili>y valve1 ,d1 & admits ! wat] pressure f ! connection1 ,e1 to ! top ( ! pi/on1 at ! same "t op5s ! exhau/ ports "u ! pi/on1 & all[s ! wat] "u ! pi/on to escape into ! drip pipe1 !reby pu%+ ! pi/on d[n1 closes ! /eam valve & /ops ! pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #efi4 ,z soon z ! pressure 9 ! sy/em is slightly r$uc$1 ! lev]1 ,f1 on acc\nt ( ?is r$uc$ pressure "u ! diaphragm1 is =c$ d[n by ! weight1 c>ries ) x ! auxili>y valve1 ,d1 op5s ! exhau/ to ! top ( ! pi/on1 & also admits wat] pressure "u ! pi/on1 :i* is =c$ up & op5s ! /eam valve1 & />ts ! pump4 ,! spe$ controll+ device ( ! /yle ,a gov]nor %[n 9 ,fig4 #ega is simple & c be s set z to prev5t ! pump f rac+1 reg>dless ( ! drop 9 wat] pressure4 ,surr\nd+ ! upp] end ( ! valve /em is a coil$ spr+1 :i* acts z a cu%ion = ! valve & /em1 & by ! use ( a spr+1 ! /em c be q small ?us r$uc+ ! friction 9 ! /uff+-box to a m9imum4 ,! t5sion ( ?is spr+ is suffici5t to firmly seat ! valve1 b if excessive pressure is ex]t$ on ! pi/on1 :i* is (t5 ! case :5 two or m pumps are connect$ to ! same ma9s1 ! spr+ w be compress$ & w all[ ! sleeve to slide d[n on ! /em1 ?us reliev+ ! valve ( ! increas$ /ra91 :i* w\ld be liable to injure x or buckle ! /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #egj4 ,! regulat+ h& :eel rema9s cool1 & c be manipulat$ )\t injury to ! h&s4 ,! regulation is v simple1 & is quickly adju/$ by simply turn+ ! :eel to ! "r or left1 to increase or decrease ! pressure4 ,no lock+ device is necess>y1 z ! :eel w rema9 9 any set position4 ,! cyl9d] w n become coat$ ) lime1 b w reta9 its smoo? surface ov] :i* ! pi/on travels1 insur+ free action1 ) no leakage ar\nd ! pi/on4 ,! drip is locat$ at ! extreme upp] travel ( ! pi/on1 s z to reta9 suffici5t wat] 9 ! cyl9d] to prev5t any air f com+ 9 contact ) lea!r pi/on pack+4 ,?is arrangem5t insures a tight pi/on z ! lea!r pack+ w rema9 s(t & pliable & at ! same "t ! wat] s]ves z a lubricant = ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ega4 ,! h& :eel c be plac$ 9 diff]5t positions & all t is necess>y to make ! *ange is to take out ! bolts & move ! regulat+ h& :eel to ! desir$ position4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! eng9e] c set ! h& :eel reg>dless ( ! arrangem5t ( ! /eam pip+4 ,all sizes1 includ+ #a-a_/b-;in* & small]1 are made z %[n 9 /yle ,b1 ,fig4 #egb1 & are n provid$ ) an automatic spe$ controll+ device4 ,?is /yle is made especially = boil] fe$ pumps & = supply pumps = ! /reet sy/em ( hot wat] heat+4 ,!y are also fitt$ ) a special valve = pumps work+ "u v high /eam & l[ wat] pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #egb4 ,! f9i%$ p>ts ( ^! ,c>r /eam pump gov]nors1 ,figs4 #ega & #egb1 are nickel plat$4 ,! valves & seats 9 ^! gov]nors & regulators are r5ewable1 ,fig4 #egc4 ,! tools necess>y to remove ! seats are a wr5* & a flat piece ( iron wide en\gh to span ! lugs on top ( ! upp] seat4 ,! upp] seat is ?read$ & screw$ into ! upp] op5+ 9 ! valve *amb]4 ,! l[] valve seat is fitt$ into ! l[] op5+1 a /eam-tight fit1 b is free to move suffici5tly to comp5sate = ! expansion ( ! valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #egc4 ,! bridges1 :i* unite ! valve seats1 conta9 ab\t an equal quantity ( metal1 & are ( equal l5g? ) ! po/ t b9ds ! valve discs1 ?us comp5sat+ = ! expansion & contraction ( ! metal & insur+ a p]fectly tight valve1 reg>dless ( ! temp]ature ( ! /eam4 ,! ,holyoke ,improv$ ,spe$ ,gov]nor = wat] :eels is %[n 9 ,figs4 #egd & #ege4 ,! foll[+ is a description ( ! two figures :]e ! same lett]s are us$ to designate ! p>ts appe>+ 9 bo? illu/rations3 ,! pulley1 ,a1 is ! receiv+ pulley1 & is design$ to run at #djj revolutions p] m9ute1 receiv+ its p[] f ! wat]-:eel %aft1 or c\nt]%aft belt$ f ! same4 ,conta9$ 9 ! pulley1 ,a1 are ! two gov]n+ weights1 ,,bb1 ( :i* ! c5trifugal =ces are ov]come by ! spr+s1 ,,cc4 ,! v>y+ motions ( ! gov]n+ weights1 ,,bb1 are transmitt$ ?r\gh racks & p9ions 9 ! hub ( pulley1 ,a1 to lev]s1 ,k & ,l1 :i* op]ate ! valve1 ,n1 admitt+ wat] "u a light pressure to ! cyl9d]1 ,o4 ,! wat] is admitt$ to ! cyl9d]1 ,o1 ?r\gh ports at ei!r end1 caus+ ! pi/on to move =w>d or backw>d1 gov]n$ by ! movem5t ( ! gov]n+ weights1 ,,bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #egd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ege4 ,! pulley1 ,a1 is key$ to ! ma9 %aft1 & at ! opposite end is key$ a bevel p9ion runn+ 9 me% ) a bevel ge> on ei!r side1 all ( :i* are conta9$ 9 ! ge>-case1 ,p4 ,^! ge>s cause ! clut* discs1 ,d1 to run 9 opposite directions4 ,9 ea* disc is a clut*1 ,e1 key$ to a %aft1 transmitt+ p[] to ! p9ion1 ,s1 runn+ 9 me% ) ! spur ge>1 ,r1 :i* is loose on ! %aft1 ,j1 & transmits its p[] ?r\gh ! p9 clut*1 ,t1 to gate %aft1 ,j4 ,! gate %aft1 ,j1 is connect$ by a pair ( bevel ge>s to ! %aft & h& :eel1 ,q4 ,! motion ( ! pi/on rod1 ,i1 caus$ by ! movem5t ( pi/on 9 cyl9d]1 ,o1 is c>ri$ by ! lev]1 ,g1 to ! clut* %aft1 ,f1 by means ( ! pivot$ nut at ,v4 ,! clut* %aft1 ,f1 op]ates ei!r clut*1 ,e1 correspond+ to ! movem5t ( ! gov]n+ weights1 ,,bb1 caus$ by ! v>iation 9 spe$4 ,f ! clut* ?us engag$1 ! p[] is c>ri$ by ! clut* %aft1 ,f1 ?r\gh ! ge>s1 ,s & ,r1 & ! p9 clut*1 ,t1 to ! gate %aft1 ,j4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #egf4 ,! mak]s ( ! ma*9e "h describ$1 say3 8,9 ! ye> #aijb our att5tion 0 call$ to a new gov]nor inv5t$ by ,na?aniel ,lomb>d1 & aft] f9d+ by actual te/s t ?is gov]nor possess$ advantages ov] all o!rs !n 9 use1 we 7 induc$ to make arrangem5ts = its manufacture & sale4 ,two ye>s h be5 sp5t 9 improv+ & p]fect+ ?is ma*9e1 h5ce ! "n #8,! ,improv$ ,gov]nor4'0 ,! gov]nor is provid$ ) a /eady+ device op]at$ by ! *a91 ,h4 ,! gate %aft1 ,j1 is design$ to make f\r1 six or eight turns to op5 ! gate1 f\r be+ ! regul> numb]4 ,! receiv+ pulley & gov]nor gate %aft may revolve 9 ei!r direction1 z desir$4 ,! receiv+ pulley is design$ to run at #djj revolutions p] m9ute1 & is driv5 by a #d-;in* d\ble belt4 ,! gov]nor gate %aft may be arrang$ to op5 ! gates 9 f\r1 six or eight turns1 & may be ext5d$ on ei!r or bo? sides ( ! gov]nor to meet ! necess>y requirem5ts4 ,! gov]nor is capable ( ex]t+ a pressure rang+ f #be1jjj to #ej1jjj foot p\nds on ! gov]nor gate %aft4 ,! advantages claim$ = ?is improvem5t on ! ,lomb>d gov]nor are ?us /at$3 #a4 ,x requires only a light wat] pressure to h&le ! heavie/ gates4 #b4 ,x is simple 9 con/ruction4 ,all p>ts are easy ( access4 #c4 ,!re are no pumps work+ "u high pressure4 #d4 ,!re are no da% pots to get out ( adju/m5t1 due to ! *ange 9 temp]ature ( oil1 etc4 #e4 ,!re is b "o belt on ?is ma*9e4 #f4 ,all p>ts :i* are con/antly 9 motion are equipp$ ) r+-oil+ be>+s4 ,fig4 #egf is an illu/ration ( ! me*anism necess>y to raise & l[] ! head gates :i* are us$ to admit & regulate1 also to %ut (f ! wat] supply f pond or lake to ! flume convey+ x to ! :eel4 ,9 ?is case !re are two head gates hav+ racks ^u ! upright timb]s connect+ ) ! gates4 ,two %r\d$ p9ions engage ^! racks1 :i* are key$ ^u a %aft hav+ a l>ge spur :eel at its end1 z repres5t$4 ,a p9ion ^u a second %aft engages ?is spur :eel :i* 9 turn has also a spur :eel :i* engages a p9ion ^u ! crank %aft hav+ two cranks opposite "o ano!r4 ,by means ( ^! cranks ) two to f\r m5 ^u ea* crank ! gates are op]at$ v satisfactorily4 ,^! %afts & ge>s are m\nt$ ^u heavy ca/ iron brackets bolt$ to ! floor4 ,altoge!r x =ms a v massive piece ( me*anism4 ,! ,utility comb9ation pump gov]nor is %[n 9 ! figure bel[4 ,?is me*anism may be bolt$ on any tank or receiv] :]e ! wat] level is to be automatically ma9ta9$4 ,x consi/s ( a clos$ pocket conta9+ a float1 ,a1 :i* rises & falls ) ! wat] level inside ! tank4 ,:5 ! wat] rises above ! desir$ level ! float op5s ! ?rottle valve & />ts ! pump1 & :5 x subsides ! float falls & %uts (f ! /eam4 ,illu/ration3 ,utility comb9ation pump gov]nor4 ,,cond5s+ ,,app>atus ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #egg4 ,,cond5s+ ,,app>atus4 ,a cond5s] is an app>atus1 sep>ate f ! cyl9d]1 9 :i* exhau/ /eam is cond5s$ by ! action ( cold wat]2 cond5sation is ! act or process ( r$uc+1 by depression ( temp]ature or increase ( pressure1 etc41 to ano!r & d5s] =m1 z gas to ! condition ( a liquid or /eam to wat]4 ,!re is an electrical device call$ 8a cond5s]0 :i* mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! hydraulic app>atus ( ! same "n2 !re is also an optical in/rum5t designat$ by ! same t]m1 :i* belongs to /ill ano!r division ( practical sci5ce4 ,a vacuum is def9$ v prop]ly z an empty space2 a space 9 :i* !re is nei!r /eam1 wat] or air--! absolute abs5ce ( ev]y?+4 ,! cond5s] is ! app>atus by :i*1 ?r\gh ! cool+ ( ! /eam by means ( cold wat]1 a vacuum is obta9$4 ,! /eam aft] expell+ ! air f ! cond5s] fills x ) its own volume :i* is at atmosph]ic pressure ne>ly #agjj times t ( ! same weight ( wat]4 ,n[ :5 a vessel is fill$ ) /eam at atmosph]ic pressure1 & ?is /eam is cool$ by ext]nal application ( cold wat]1 x w imm$iately give up its heat1 :i* w pass (f 9 ! cool+ wat]1 & ! /eam w aga9 appe> 9 a liquid /ate1 occupy+ only #a_/agjj "p ( its orig9al volume4 ,b if ! vessel be p]fectly tight & none ( ! outside air c ent]1 ! space 9 ! vessel n occupi$ by ! wat] conta9s no?+1 z be=e /at$4 ,! air ex]t+ a pressure ( ne>ly #ae p\nds to ! squ>e in* ( ! surface ( ! vessel tries to collapse x2 n[ if we take a cyl9d] fitt$ ) a pi/on & connect its clos$ end to ?is vessel by means ( a pipe1 ! atmosph]ic pressure w pu% ?is pi/on d[n4 ,! old l[ pressure eng9es 7 op]at$ almo/ entirely ^u ?is pr9ciple1 ! /eam only s]v$ to pu% ! pi/on up & exhau/ ! air f ! cyl9d]4 ,9 ,fig4 #egh is exhibit$ ! effect ( jets ( wat] f a spray nozzle meet+ a jet ( /eam2 ! latt] in/ead ( fill+ ! space ) /eam is return$ to its orig9al condition ( wat] & ! space z %[n becomes a vacuum4 ,briefly /at$ cond5sation & ! production ( a vacuum may be us$ to advantage 9 ! foll[+ ways3 #a4 ,by increas+ ! p[] )\t increas+ ! fuel consumption4 #b4 ,by sav+ fuel )\t r$uc+ ! output ( p[]4 #c4 ,by sav+ ! boil] fe$ wat] requir$ 9 proportion to ! sav+ ( fuel4 #d4 ,by furni%+ boil] fe$ wat] free f lime & o!r scal+ impurities4 #e4 ,by prev5t+ ! noise ( ! escap+ exhau/ /eam4 #f4 ,by p]mitt+ ! boil] pressure to be l[]$ t5 to tw5ty p\nds )\t r$uc+ ! p[] or ! economy ( ! eng9e4 ,! discov]y ( ! advantages aris+ f ! cond5sation ( /eam by direct contact ) wat] 0 accid5tal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #egh4 ,9 ! e>lie/ con/ruction ( /eam-eng9es ! desir$ vacuum 0 produc$ by ! circulation ( wat] ?r\gh a jacket ar\nd ! cyl9d]4 ,?is 0 a sl[ & t$i\s process1 ! eng9e mak+ only sev5 or eight /rokes p] m9ute4 8,an accid5tal unusual circum/ance po9t$ out ! rem$y1 & greatly increas$ ! effect4 ,z ! eng9e 0 at "w1 ! att5dants 7 "o day surpris$ to see x make sev]al /rokes mu* quick] ?an usual2 & ^u se>*+ = ! cause1 !y f\nd1 says ,desaguli]s1 #8a hole ?r\gh ! pi/on :i* let ! cold wat] 7kept ^u ! pi/on to prev5t ! entrance ( air at ! pack+7 into ! space und]nea?4' ,! wat] fall+ ?r\gh ! /eam cond5s$ x almo/ in/antane\sly1 & produc$ a vacuum ) f> less wat] ?an :5 appli$ to ! ext]ior ( ! cyl9d]4 ,?is l$ ,newcom5 to remove ! out] cyl9d]1 & to ins]t ! l[] end ( ! wat] pipe into ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 s t on op5+ a cock a jet ( cold wat] 0 project$ ?r\gh ! vapor4 ,?is beautiful device is ! orig9 ( ! injection pipe ) a spray nozzle /ill us$ 9 l[-pressure eng9es40 ,! app>atus describ$ above is call$ ! jet-cond5s] & is 9 use up to ! pres5t day 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,9 ! ,fig4 #egg1 page #bih1 ! jet is %[n at ,c4 ,x w be und]/ood t /eam ent]s ?r\gh ! cock ,d & comes 9 contact ) a spray ( cold wat] at ! bottom1 :]e x is cond5s$ & passes into ! air pump ?r\gh :i* x is dis*>g$4 ,by ?is diagram1 ,fig4 #egg1 may be und]/ood 9 a simple yet accurate mann] ! c\rse ( /eam f ! "t x leaves ! boil] until x is dis*>g$ f ! cond5s]4 ,ref]r+ to ! upp] section ( ! plate1 a sectional view ( a /eam cyl9d]1 jet cond5s]1 air pump & exhau/ pip+ is %[n4 ,! high pressure /eam 8aa0 is repres5t$ by d>k %ad+1 & ! l[ pressure or exp&$ /eam 8bb0 by light] %ad+4 ,! /eam ent]s ! side 8aa10 is cut (f1 & expansion takes place mov+ ! pi/on 9 ! direction ( ! arr[ to ! end ( ! /roke4 ,! exhau/ valve n[ op5s & ! pi/on />ts to return4 ,! l[ pressure /eam in/ead ( pass+ direct to ! atmosph]e1 z is ! case ( a high pressure eng9e1 fl[s into a *amb] 8,c10 & is br\ght 9 contact ) a spray ( cold wat]4 ,! heat be+ absorb$ by ! wat]1 ! /eam is cond5s$ & r$uc$ 9 volume1 ?us =m+ a vacuum4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 necess>y to remove ! wat] =m$ by ! cond5s$ /eam toge!r ) ! wat] admitt$ to cond5se ! /eam1 also a small am\nt ( air & vapor4 ,= ?is purpose1 a pump is requir$1 :i* is call$ ! air pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #egi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ehj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eha4 ,cond5s]s are classifi$ into surface cond5s]s & jet cond5s]s1 bo? aga9 be+ divid$ into direct connect$ & indirect connect$ cond5s]s4 ,! surface cond5s] 7see ,fig4 #egi7 is ma9ly us$ 9 m>9e practice because x gives a bett] vacuum1 & keeps ! cond5s$ /eam sep>ate f ! cool+ wat]2 x consi/s ( a vessel1 ( v>i$ %apes1 hav+ a numb] ( brass tubes pass+ f head to head4 ,! ends ( ?is vessel are clos$ by d\ble heads1 ! tubes are exp&$ into ! inn] "o on "o end1 :ile _! o!r ends pass ?r\gh /uff+-boxes 9 ! o!r inn] head4 ,! 8admiralty0 or rectangul> surface cond5s] is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #egi4 ,?is =m occupies less floor space ?an ! r\nd %ell1 & is pref]r$ ^u /eam ya*ts & small vessels4 ,/eam is cond5s$ on its introduction at ! top ( ! app>atus :]e x comes 9 contact ) ! cool surfaces ( ! tubes4 ,?r\gh ^! wat] is circulat$ by a c5trifugal pump driv5 usually by a sep>ate eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ehb4 ,! wat] ( cond5sation leaves ! cond5s] at ! bottom & is drawn (f by ! vacuum pump4 ,! wat] f ! circulat+ pump ent]s at ! bottom "r-h& end2 foll[+ ! direction indicat$ by ! arr[s1 x fl[s ?r\gh ! l[] half ( ! tubes t[>ds ! left :5ce x returns ?r\gh ! upp] half ( ! tubes t[>ds ! "r & escapes ov]bo>d ?r\gh ! wat] outlet pipe4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! coole/ wat] enc\nt]s ! l[e/ temp]ature ( /eam at ! bottom1 h5ce ! be/ results are rea*$4 ,!re is also a baffle plate j above ! upp] r[ ( tubes to compel a uni=m di/ribution ( exhau/ /eam among ! tubes1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,^! tubes are usually small--#a_/b outside diamet]--( brass & coat$ ) t9 inside & outside to prev5t galvanic action :i* is liable to attack ! brass tubes & cause !m to corrode4 ,fig4 #eha %[s an end view ( ! "r-h& head ( ! surface cond5s] "h describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ehc4 ,a s+le tube is %[n 9 detail 9 ,fig4 #ehj4 ,"o end ( ! tube is drawn suffici5tly ?ick to *ase ^u x deep screw ?reads1 :ile a slot facilitates its removal by a screw-driv+ tool4 ,! o!r end is pack$ & held 9 place by a screw gl&1 :i* is also provid$ ) a slot4 ,9 ?is way ! tube is firmly held 9 "o head1 &1 ?\gh tightly fitt$ 9 ! o!r1 is free to move longitud9ally "u ! influ5ce ( expansion or contraction1 due to ! v>y+ heat4 ,9 "s cases eng9e]s pref] ! ord9>y arrangem5t ( screw gl&s at bo? ends ( ! tubes1 ) ! usual wick pack+4 ,! me*anism illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #ehb & #ehc %[s a comb9$ cond5s] & fe$-wat] heat]4 ,a compact & effici5t me?od ( heat+ ! fe$-wat] f ! hot well is ( great importance2 ?is is ! case 9 cold wea!r :5 ! circulat+ wat] is at a l[ temp]ature4 ,! ,volz app>atus is a comb9$ cond5s] & fe$-wat] heat]2 ! %ell or exhau/ /eam *amb] conta9s a set ( tubes1 ?r\gh :i* ! fe$-wat] passes1 :ile ! l[] "p conta9s ! cond5s+ tubes1 bo? p>ts be+ 9 prop] communication ) _! respective wat] *amb]s4 ,! heat] tubes be+ locat$ imm$iately adjac5t to ! exhau/ inlet1 are expos$ to ! hotte/ /eam1 & ! fe$-wat] becomes ne>ly z high temp]ature z t ( ! vacuum4 ,pages #cjd & #cje %[ ! sectional & outside views4 ,! enclos+ %ell conta9+ ! comb9$ heat] & cond5s] is a well ribb$ cyl9drical iron ca/+2 free & indep5d5t access is provid$ to ei!r set ( tubes by remov+ correspond+ heads4 ,! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #ehd1 is a longitud9al section ( "o side ( ! cond5s] pump1 & also a section ( ! cond5s] cone1 spray pipe1 exhau/ elb[ & injection elb[4 8,a0 is ! exhau/ to :i* is connect$ ! pipe t conducts to ! app>atus ! /eam or vapor t is to be cond5s$4 ,! injection wat] is convey$ by a pipe atta*$ to ! injection op5+ at 8,b40 8,c0 is ! spray pipe1 & has1 at its l[] extremity1 a numb] ( v]tical slits ?r\gh :i* ! injection wat] passes & spreads out into ?9 %eets4 ,! spray cone 8,d0 scatt]s ! wat] pass+ ov] x1 & ?us ensures a rapid int]mixture ) ! /eam4 ,?is spray cone is adju/able by means ( a /em pass+ ?r\gh a /uff+-box at ! top ( ! cond5s]1 & is op]at$ by ! h&le 8,e40 ,! cone %\ld be left f> en\gh d[n to pass ! quantity ( wat] ne$$ = cond5sation4 ,all regulation ( ! injection wat] mu/ be done by an injection valve plac$ 9 ! injection pipe at a conv5i5t po9t4 ,,note4--,! surface cond5s]s1 ,figs4 #egi-eha1 are made by ! ,:eel] ,cond5s] & ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ,new ,york1 z are also ! ,volz comb9$ surface cond5s] & fe$ wat] heat]1 %[n 9 ,figs4 #ehb & #ehc4 ,! op]ation ( ?is cond5s+ app>atus is z foll[s3 /eam be+ admitt$ to ! cyl9d]s 8,k10 s z to set ! pump 9 motion1 a vacuum is =m$ 9 ! cond5s]1 ! eng9e cyl9d]1 ! connect+ exhau/ pipe1 & ! injection pipe4 ,?is causes ! injection wat] to ent] ?r\gh ! injection pipe atta*$ at 8,b0 & spray pipe 8,c0 into ! cond5s] cone 8,f40 ,! ma9 eng9e be+ />t$1 ! exhau/ /eam ent]s ?r\gh ! exhau/ pipe at 8,a10 &1 com+ 9 contact ) ! cold wat]1 is rapidly cond5s$4 ,! velocity ( ! /eam is communicat$ to ! wat]1 & ! :ole passes ?r\gh ! cone 8,f0 into ! pump 8,g0 at a high velocity1 c>ry+ ) x1 9 a com+l$ condition ! air or uncond5sable vapor :i* ent]s ! cond5s] ) ! /eam4 ,! m+l$ air & wat] is dis*>g$ by ! pump ?r\gh ! valves & pipe at 8,j0 be=e suffici5t "t or space has be5 all[$ = sep>ation to occur4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ehd4 ,! exhau/ /eam induction cond5s] is bas$ ^u ! same pr9ciple h]et(ore expla9$ "u ! section relat+ to injectors4 ,see ,fig4 #ehe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ehe4 ,! exhau/ /eam ent]s ?r\gh ! nozzle1 ,a4 ,! injection wat] surr\nds ?is nozzle & issues d[nw>d ?r\gh ! annul> space betwe5 ! nozzle & ! ma9 ca/+4 ,! /eam meet+ ! wat] is cond5s$1 & by virtue ( its weight & ( ! mom5tum :i* x has acquir$ 9 fl[+ into ! vacuum ! result+ wat] cont9ues d[nw>d1 its velocity be+ fur!r increas$1 & ! column solidifi$ by ! contraction ( ! nozzle %[n4 ,! air is 9 ?is way c>ri$ along ) ! wat] & x is impossible = x to get back aga9/ ! rapidly fl[+ /eam 9 ! contract$ neck4 ,! cond5s] w lift its own wat] tw5ty feet or s4 ,:5 wat] c be _h "u suffici5t head to ?us fe$ itself into ! sy/em1 & ! hot-well c at ! same "t be s situat$ z to dra9 itself1 x makes a rem>kably simple & effici5t arrangem5t4 ,9 case ! elevation is s great t a pump has to be us$ to =ce ! injection1 ! pump has to d less "w ?an ! ord9>y air pump1 & its exhau/ c be us$ to heat ! fe$ wat]4 ,! ,bulkley 8,injector0 cond5s] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ehf1 arrang$ s t ! cond5s+ wat] is suppli$ by a pump4 ,! cond5s] is connect$ to a v]tical exhau/ pipe f ! eng9e1 at a height ( ab\t #cd feet above ! level ( ! 8hot-well40 ,an air-tight dis*>ge pipe ext5ds f ! cond5s] ne>ly to ! bottom ( ! 8hot-well10 z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,! cond5s] is suppli$ by a pump z %[n1 or f a tank1 or f a natural 8head0 ( wat]2 ! action is cont9u\s1 ! wat] be+ deliv]$ into ! 8hot-well0 bel[4 ,! area ( ! contract$ 8neck0 ( ! cond5s] is great] ?an t ( ! annul> wat] inlet describ$ above1 & ! height ( ! wat] column ov]comes ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e )\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ehf4 ,! supply pump deliv]s cool wat] only1 & is !re=e b "o-?ird ( ! size ( ! air-pump4 ,! pressure ( ! atmosph]e elevates ! wat] ab\t #bf feet to ! cond5s]4 ,! accompany+ diagrams1 ,figs4 #ehg & #ehh1 are wor?y ( /udy4 ,!y repres5t a cond5s] plant design$ by ! ,s*utte ,ko]t+ ,co41 ,philadelphia1 & plac$ on /eam-vessels ply+ on fre% wat]4 ,9 ^! draw+s ! p>ts are design$ by descriptive lett]+ in/ead ! ord9>y way ( ref]5ce figures2 ?is adds to ! conv5i5ce ( ! /ud5t 9 consid]+ ?is novel application ( ! cond5s]-injector1 ! action ( :i* is describ$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ehg4 ,= /eam]s ply+ on fre% wat] lakes1 bays & riv]s x is unnecess>y to g to ! exp5se ( in/all+ surface cond5s]s su* z are us$ 9 salt wat]2 keel cond5s]s1 h[ev]1 are us$ 9 bo? cases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ehh4 ,! keel cond5s] consi/s ( two copp] or brass pipes runn+ p>allel & close to ! keel1 "o on ea* side unit$ by a return b5d at ! /]n po/4 ,! =w>d ends are connect$1 "o to ! exhau/ pipe ( ! eng9e :ile ! o!r end is atta*$ to ! suction ( ! air pump4 ,9 o!r cases bo? =w>d ends are atta*$ to ! exhau/ pipe ( ! /eam eng9e :ile ! wat] ( cond5sation is drawn ?r\gh a small] pipe connect$ ) ! return b5d at ! /]n po/ :i* is ! l[e/ "p ( ! keel cond5s]4 ,fig4 #ehg is mu* us$ = vessels runn+ 9 fre% wat]4 ,! illu/ration is a two-?irds mid%ip section ( a vessel ) pipe connections to ! bilge--bottom injection--side injection into ! c5trifugal pump1 !nce upw>d ?r\gh suction pipe into ! ejector cond5s] :]e x meets & cond5ses ! exhau/ /eam f ! eng9e & s on ?r\gh ! dis*>ge pipe ov]bo>d4 ,! plan ( pip+ ) valves1 dra9 pipes & heat] are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ehh4 ,9 case ( ! failure ( any ( ! details ( ?is me*anism to p]=m _! respective functions a free exhau/ valve & pipe is provid$ :i* may be br\ght in/antly into use4 ,! dis*>ge pipe has a 8k9k0 9 x to =m a wat] seal1 z repres5t$ ) a plug und]nea? to dra9 9 case ( fro/1 or 9 lay+ up ! vessel 9 w9t]4 ,a pipe leads f globe valve 7"u dis*>ge elb[7 to fe$ pump = hot wat]4 ,cond5s+ ,surface ,requir$4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! surface cond5s] x 0 ?\ght necess>y to provide a cool+ surface 9 ! cond5s] equal to ! heat+ surface 9 ! boil]s1 ! idea be+ t x w\ld take z mu* surface to transf] ! heat f a p\nd ( /eam to ! cool+ wat] & cond5se ! /eam z x w\ld to transf] ! heat f ! hot gases to ! wat] 9 ! boil] & conv]t x into /eam4 ,! diff]5ce 9 temp]ature1 too1 betwe5 ! hot gases & ! wat] 9 ! boil] is consid]ably great] ?an t betwe5 ! /eam 9 ! cond5s] & ! cool+ wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,surface ,cond5s]4 ,,note4--,! foll[+ li/ gives ! numb]s ) ! correspond+ names ( ! p>ts ( ! surface cond5s]1 %[n 9 ! above outl9e sket*3 #a1 cond5s] %ell2 #b1 outside heads2 #c1 exhau/ inlet2 #d1 exhau/ outlet2 #e1 wat] inlet2 #f1 wat] outlet2 #g1 peep holes2 #h1 tube heads2 #i1 p>tition2 #aj1 rib2 #aa1 tubes2 #ab1 /uff+-boxes4 ,illu/ration3 ,jet ,cond5s]4 ,,note4--,! numb]s & names ( p>ts 9 ! above figure1 repres5t+ 9 outl9e a jet cond5s]1 are z foll[s3 #a1 cond5s] body2 #b1 exhau/ inlet2 #c1 dis*>ge2 #d1 injection valve2 #e1 spray pipe2 #f1 spray+ device4 ,/eam1 h[ev]1 gives up its heat to a relatively cool surface mu* m readily ?an d ! hot furnace gases1 & ! positively circulat$ cool+ wat] takes up t heat & keeps ! temp]ature ( ! surface d[n1 :ile 9 a boil] ! absorption dep5ds 9 a great measure ^u ! ability ( ! wat] by natural circulation to get into contact ) ! surface & take up ! heat by evaporization4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 !re=e1 t a mu* small] surface w suffice 9 a cond5s] ?an 9 ! boil]s :i* x s]ves4 ,! ,:eel] ,cond5s] & ,eng9e]+ ,company1 :o make a specialty ( surface cond5s]s1 say t "o squ>e foot ( cool+ surface is usually all[$ to ea* #aj p\nds ( /eam to be cond5s$ p] h\r1 ) ! cond5s+ wat] at a normal temp]ature n exce$+ #ge4 ,?is figure seems to be g5]ally us$ = av]age conditions4 ,special cases require special treatm5t4 ,= s]vice 9 ! tropics ! cool+ surface %\ld be at lea/ t5 p] c5t4 great] ?an ?is e/imate4 ,:]e !re is an abundance ( circulat+ wat] ! surface may be mu* less1 z ) a keel cond5s]1 :]e #ej p\nds ( /eam is sometimes cond5s$ p] h\r p] squ>e foot ( surface2 or a wat] works eng9e1 :]e all ! wat] pump$ is dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! cond5s] & n appreciably rais$ 9 temp]ature1 probably cond5s+ #bj to #dj p\nds ( /eam p] h\r p] squ>e foot ( surface4 ,"u ! division ( ?is volume devot$ to 8air & vacuum pumps10 mu* in=mation has be5 giv5 relat+ to ! pr9ciples ( ! cond5sation ( /eam & also "s illu/rations ( work+ ma*9es4 ,/ill x may be well to say ?is1 9 addition1 t-- ,all que/ions 9 reg>d to a vacuum become pla9 :5 we consid] t ! atmosph]e itself ex]ts a pressure ( ne>ly #ae p\nds1 & measure ev]y?+ f an absolute z]o1 #ae p\nds bel[ ! atmosph]ic pressure4 ,we live at ! bottom ( an ocean ( air4 ,! w9ds are its curr5ts2 we c heat x1 cool x1 brea! & h&le x1 weigh x1 & pump x z we w\ld wat]4 ,! dep? ( ?is atmosph]ic ocean _c be det]m9$ z positively z c\ld "o ( liquid1 = ! air is ela/ic & exp&s z ! pressure decreases 9 ! upp] lay]s4 ,its dep? is v>i\sly e/imat$ at f #bj to #bab miles4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 det]m9e v simply h[ mu* pressure x ex]ts p] squ>e in*4 ,,utilities ,,& ,,atta*m5ts ,illu/ration3 ,,work+ ,,%ip ,,pumps ,,by ,,ropes4 ,,utilities ,,& ,,atta*m5ts4 ,utility is a ,lat9 ^w mean+ ! same z ! ,saxon ^w usefulness1 h5ce a utility is some?+ to be us$ to advantage4 ,an atta*m5t is t by :i* "o ?+ is connect$ to ano!r2 "s adjunct atta*$ to a ma*9e or in/rum5t to enable x to d a special "w2 ^! are too num]\s to be describ$ 9 ?is "w2 moreov] _! numb] is be+ s con/antly add$ to t x w\ld be va9 to make ! attempt4 ,a few examples only foll[4 ,! ,receiv] is "o ( ! mo/ important & useful p>ts or connections ( a /eam pump4 ,?is app>atus1 frequ5tly call$ 8,pump & ,gov]nor10 & illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #ehi1 #eij & #eia1 is design$ to automatically dra9 heat+ sy/ems & ma*9es or appliances us$ 9 manufactur+ :i* dep5d ^u a free circulation ( /eam = _! effici5cy4 ,x fur!rmore is arrang$ to automatically pump ! wat] ( cond5sation dra9$ f su* sy/ems back to ! boil]s )\t loss ( heat4 ,by ?is op]ation x s]ves a d\ble purpose3 fir/ to automatically relieve ! sy/em ( ! wat] ( cond5sation con/antly collect+ !re91 ?us insur+ a free & unob/ruct$ circulation1 &1 incid5tally1 prev5t+ snapp+ & hamm]+ 9 ! pip+1 :i* 9 _m cases is due to entra9$ wat]2 & second1 to automatically deliv] ?is wat]1 :i* 9 _m cases is at ! boil+ po9t1 directly to ! boil]s )\t ! int]v5tion ( tanks or o!r devices commonly us$4 ,n only does x relieve ! sy/em ( a tr\blesome factor1 b x introduces a supply ( fe$ wat] to ! boil] at a temp]ature impossible o!rwise )\t ! use ( a special wat] heat]4 ,! economy result+ f its use is unque/ionable1 & ! satisfactory & increas+ use ( ?is ma*9e leaves no d\bt z to its effici5cy4 ,z w be se5 by ! illu/rations1 ! app>atus consi/s ( a cyl9d] or oval clos$ receiv]1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! pump1 is m\nt$ ^u & secur$ to a sub/antial base1 mak+ ! :ole ma*9e compact & self-conta9$4 ,! automatic action ( ! pump & its spe$ are controll$ by a float 9 ! receiv] op]at+ directly1 )\t ! use ( int]v5+ lev]s1 cranks & /uff+ boxes1 to op5 or close a gov]nor valve 9 ! /eam supply pipe to ! pump1 ?us mak+ ! action ( ! pump conditional ^u ! rise & fall ( ! float 9 ! receiv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ehi4 ,9 ea* ( ! ?ree receiv]s %[n !re is a ball float :i* appe>s ?r\gh ! side ( ! receiv]1 ,fig4 #eij2 ^! dep5d ^u ! pr9ciple ( specific gravity = _! op]ation4 ,! lev] fa/5$ to ! ball float op]ates ! ?rottle valve ( ! pump2 z ! vessel fills ) wat] ! float rises op5s ! ?rottle valve1 & />ts ! pump4 ,9 ,fig4 #ehi is %[n ! ,deane automatic duplex /eam pump & receiv] fitt$ ) valves = hot wat]2 x is also provid$ ) ?ree sep>ate inlets = conv5i5ce 9 connect+ ! returns4 ,9 plac+ ! app>atus1 x is only necess>y to s locate x t all returns w dra9 naturally t[>ds receiv] & t !re are no pockets 9 ! pip+4 ,:5 x is desir$ to use ! automatic receiv] z ! sole means ( fe$+ ! boil]s1 x w be necess>y to introduce a small supply ( wat] f "s outside s\rce to equalize ! loss :i* occurs4 ,x is desirable t ?is wat] %\ld fl[ into receiv] r ?an into dis*>ge pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eij4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eia4 ,fig4 #eij %[s a ,mason /eam pump ) receiv] atta*$4 ,?is pump is describ$ else:]e at l5g?4 ,fig4 #eia repres5ts ! ,wor?+ton duplex /eam pump ) its specially design$ receiv]4 ,! ball cock is a faucet :i* is op5$ or clos$ by means ( a ball float+ on ! surface ( ! wat] z x rises & falls 9 ! vessel4 ,9 ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #eib1 to be se5 bel[ ! pr9ciple ( its op]ation may be disc]n$4 ,! fall ( wat] 9 ! tank l[]s ! float & op5s ! valve 7:i* has 9 ?is case a rubb] seat7 & a rise ( wat] 9 ! tank closes ! valve1 h5ce ?is ball float controls & ma9ta9s a con/ant wat] level 9 ! tank4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eib4 ,! float is a holl[ ball ( copp] atta*$ to "o end ( a lev] :ile ! o!r end is pivot$ by a p9 ?r\gh x & ! side ( ! %ell ( ! valve4 ,! valve itself is held by a screw to ! lev] & resembles v mu* an inv]t$ lev] safety valve4 ,?is pr9ciple ( con/ruction & op]ation is appli$ to _m devices among :i* is t describ$ on page #cah relat+ to pump receiv]s4 ,! app>atus con/itutes an automatic arrangem5t = keep+ ! wat] at a c]ta9 height4 ,x is useful 9 ci/]ns1 wat] backs1 boil]s1 etc41 :]e ! supply is con/ant1 ! dem& int]mitt5t4 ,,tanks ,,& ,,ci/]ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eic4 ,a tank is an artificial receptacle = liquids1 ?us3 a tank eng9e is "o :i* c>ries ! wat] & fuel x requires1 !reby disp5s+ ) a t5d]2 tank-iron or /eel is common plate us$ 9 build+ tanks4 ,/eel is *eap] ?an %eet-iron4 ,a ci/]n is prim>ily a natural res]voir--a holl[ place conta9+ wat]2 m commonly an und]gr\nd res]voir or tank4 ,clos$ pressure tanks are usually cyl9drical %ells simil> to a horizontal /eam boil]1 hav+ bump$ or r\nd$ heads to save brac+4 ,clos$ pressure tanks are us$ ext5sively 9 connection ) hydraulic elevators2 ! requisite pressure = ^! 0 =m]ly d]iv$ f an op5 tank in/all$ ^u ! ro( ( ! build+1 b ! clos$ pressure tank1 locat$ 9 ! eng9e room1 n[ v g5]ally takes ! place ( ! op5 tank4 ,a clos$ pressure tank is %[n 9 ,fig4 #eif 9 use ) a hydraulic elevator4 ,a res]voir is a place :]e wat] is collect$ & kept = use :5 want$1 s z to supply a f\nta91 a canal or a city by means ( aqu$ucts or to drive a mill-:eel or ! l4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eid4 ,a receiv+ res]voir is a pr9cipal res]voir into :i* an aqu$uct or ris+ ma91 deliv]s wat] & f :i* a di/ribut+ res]voir draws its supply4 ,a graduat$ tank is "o fitt$ ) wat] gauges & indicat+ m>ks1 at diff]5t heights1 betwe5 :i*1 ! capacity ( ! tank is %[n4 ,a %ip's balla/ tank is ! comp>tm5t = wat] to be pump$ 9 & out = ! purpose ( insur+ ! prop] /ability ( ! vessel1 to avoid capsiz+ & to secure ! greate/ effectiv5ess ( ! propell+ p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eie4 ,a vat is a ci/]n or tub1 especially "o us$ = hold+ liquors 9 an immature /ate1 z *emical prep>ations & tann+ liquor = lea!r4 ,fig4 #eid4 ,a tub is an op5 wood5 vessel =m$ ) /aves1 bottom & hoops2 a k9d ( %ort cask1 half b>rel or firk91 usually ) b "o head4 ,fig4 #eie4 ,a gallon 7,u4,s47 is equal to #bca cubic in*es or #j4accfh cubic feet & weighs #h-a_/c lbs4 ne>ly1 7i4e4 #h4ccef74 ,?is is almo/ exactly equival5t to a cyl9d] #g in*es 9 diamet] & #f in*es 9 height4 ,! imp]ial gallon ( ,engl& conta9s #bgg4bgd cubic in*es1 & is equival5t to #a4b ,u4,s4 gallons & at #fb ,fah4 weighs #aj lbs4 ,a cubic foot conta9s #g-dhje_/ajjjj 7#g-a_/b ne>ly7 ,u4,s4 gallons1 & weighs #fb-cee_/ajjj 7#fb-a_/c ne>ly7 lbs4 ,a b>rel #ca-a_/b gallons4 #a hog%ead #b bbls4 #fc gallons4 ,! /r5g? ( a tank is ( ! fir/ importance2 #bce-a_/b gallons ( wat] weigh z mu* z a ton ( coal1 b unlike ! latt]1 x presses 9 all directions4 ,imm5se losses bo? ( life & prop]ty h be5 caus$ by ! 8bur/+0 or giv+ way ( tanks2 p>ticul>ly ( ^? ( a consid]able size & elevation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eif4 ,,note4--,tank ,valves4 ,! 8,corcoran0 valve is made = ei!r side or bottom outlet & = #a1 #a-a_/d1 #a-a_/b1 #b & #b-a_/b in* pipe2 its action is automatic2 ! pull by :i* x is op]at$ is controll$ by a rat*et4 ,?is valve closes ! pipe inside ! tank4 ,x ?us becomes easy to empty ! pipes 9 ord] to prev5t freez+4 ,! hoops1 lugs & lock nut nipples are important p>ts ( a well con/ruct$ tank4 ,! f\ndations ^u :i* tanks are support$ %\ld be c>efully consid]$1 z ! av]age weight ( a well made tank1 :5 full ( wat]1 is ab\t five tons to #ajjj gallons4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! capacity ( r\nd tanks or ci/]ns = ea* #ab in*es 9 dep?1 if ! tank is #bd in*es deep in/ead ( #ab in*es1 ! result w\ld be1 twice ! numb] ( gallons4 ,,table4 ,,diam4 ,,gall4 #be feet #cfga #bj #bcdi #ae #acba #ad #aaej #ac #iib #ab #hdf #aa #gaj #aj #ehg #i #dge #h #cgf #g #bhg #f-a_/b #bdg #f #baa #e #adg #d #id #c #ec #b-a_/b #cf #b #bc ,! cont5ts ( ci/]ns & tanks are e/imat$ ei!r 9 gallons or 9 cubic feet4 ,! weight ( wat] 9 any ci/]n or tank c be asc]ta9$ by multiply+ ! numb] ( gallons by ! weight ( "o gallon1 :i* is #h-a_/c p\nds1 #h4ccc4 ,= in/ance1 tak+ ! l>ge/ ci/]n 9 ! above table conta9+ #cfga gallons3 #cfga #h4cc #cjegi4dc lbs4 7ne>ly74 ,if ! ci/]n is rectangul>1 ! numb] ( gallons & weight ( wat] are f\nd by multiply+ ! dim5sions ( ! ci/]n to get ! cubical cont5ts4 ,= in/ance1 = a ci/]n or tank #if in*es long1 #gb in*es wide1 & #dh in*es deep1 ! =mula w\ld be3 #if #gb #dh #cca1ggf cubic in*es4 ,z a gallon conta9s #bca cubic in*es2 #cca1ggf divid$ by #bca gives #a1dcf gallons1 :i* multipli$ by #h4cc w give ! weight ( wat] 9 ! ci/]n4 ,fig4 #eid4 ,= r\nd ci/]ns or tanks1 ! rule is3 ,area ( bottom on inside multipli$ by ! height1 equals cubical capacity4 ,= in/ance1 tak+ ! la/ tank or ci/]n 9 ! table3 area ( #bd in*es 7diamet]7 is #deb4ci1 :i* multipli$ by #ab in*es 7height7 gives #eebg4f cubic in*es1 & ?is divid$ by #bca cubic in*es 9 a gallon gives #bc gallons4 ,fig4 #eie4 ,rule = obta9+ ! cont5ts ( a b>rel 9 gallons4 ,take ! diamet] at ! bung1 !n squ>e x1 d\ble x1 !n add squ>e ( head diamet]2 multiply ?is sum by l5g? ( cask1 & t product by 4#bfah :i* w give volume 9 cubic in*es2 ?is1 divid$ by #bca1 w give result 9 gallons4 ,,/ra9]s ,,= ,,suction ,,pipes1 ,x is v desirable to place an effici5t /ra9] on ! suction pipe ( a pump :]e !re is ! lea/ suspicion t ! wat] conta9s any s$im5t or float+ matt]4 ,sev]al ( ^! useful pump atta*m5ts h be5 already %[n1 connect$ ) pumps1 9 previ\s sections ( ?is "w1 b a few m are "h add$4 ,fig4 #eig exhibits a cross section ( a /ra9] ( l>ge capacity ( long & satisfactory use4 ,x has a semi-cyl9drical vessel locat$ 9 "o side ( ! side pipe4 ,holes are drill$ ?r\gh ! flat side ext5d+ across ! diamet] ( ! side pipe2 any float+ matt] :i* w n pass ?r\gh ! holes collects 9 ?is /ra9] vessel & may be easily remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #eig ,,& #eih4 ,fig4 #eih repres5ts a longitud9al section ( ?is /ra9]4 ,! top ( ! *amb] is cov]$ by a bonnet secur$ by a claw hav+ "o bolt1 s t by unscrew+ ?is bolt ! claw & bonnet may be unfa/5$ & ! settl+ *amb] ) p]=at$ plate )drawn4 ,a suction valve ) d\ble /ra9] is repres5t$ by ,fig4 #eii1 9 :i* ! out] scre5 is rais$ = clean+4 ,9 l[]+1 x is guid$ to its place by ! cage ar\nd ! foot valve *e/1 z w be se5 9 ,fig4 #fjj1 :i* is a sectional view ( ?is same valve4 ,! suction pipe ext5sion enables ! pump to draw wat] :5 its surface has fall5 bel[ ! top ( /ra9] & also bel[ ! foot valves4 ,?is is (t5 a great advantage :]e wat] is sc>ce & e gallon is ne$$4 ,?is foot valve is a 8d\ble clack0 h+$ 9 ! c5t]4 ,!re are no op5+s or p]=ations 9 ! bottom plate4 ,fig4 #fja is a v conv5i5t =m ( /ra9] = l>ge pipes & :]e x is an advantage to h ! /ra9] 9 ! eng9e-room or ne> ! pump4 ,?is /ra9]1 l ,fig4 #eig1 c be lift$ out = clean+ by remov+ ! claw & bonnet4 ,! *amb] may be wa%$ out by remov+ ! plug at ! bottom4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fjj4 ,a mo/ conv5i5t vacuum *amb] & /ra9] is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #fjb2 x is locat$ ne> ! pump4 ,by remov+ ! suction *amb] ! basket or /ra9] may be lift$ out by ! h&le "u ! arr[4 ,! outlet is g5]ally atta*$ directly to ! pump4 ,! pump may be *>g$ by remov+ ! 8prim+ plug0 & ins]t+ a hose1 ) wat] turn$ on4 ,/eam boil] fe$ wat] impurities consi/ ma9ly ( *emical sub/ances :i* are unaffect$--z may be readily suppos$--by me*anical devices j describ$2 ^! impurities are l>gely invisible be+ dissolv$ 9 ! wat] & h5ce1 also1 consid]+ _! v>iety1 are mo/ difficult to cont5d )4 ,h[ to avoid ! actual evils aris+ f ! pres5ce ( =eign matt] 9 fe$ wat] is ( ! fir/ importance 9 /eam economy2 enorm\s losses ( money1 dang] to life & prop]ty are involv$ 9 x4 ,x has be5 said t !re are m millions ( treasure to be made by prop]ly 8treat+0 ! wat] :i* ent]s ! /eam g5]ators ( ! _w ?an c be extract$ f its gold m9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fja4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fjb4 ,,note4--,/rangely1 inve/igation has prov$ t wat] ( ?is purity rapidly corrodes iron1 & attacks ev5 pure iron & /eel m readily ?an 8h>d0 wat] does1 & sometimes gives a great deal ( tr\ble :]e ! metal is n homog5e\s4 ,m>9e boil]s w\ld be rapidly ru9$ by pure di/ill$ wat] if n previ\sly 8scal$0 ab\t #a_/cb ( an in*4 ,to deal prop]ly ) ?is subject ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry mu/ be l>gely drawn ^u2 *emically pure wat] is t :i* has no impurities1 & may be describ$ z colorless1 ta/eless1 )\t smell1 transp>5t1 & 9 a v slight degree compressible1 &1 7 a quantity evaporat$ f a p]fectly clean vessel1 !re w\ld be no solid matt] rema9+4 ,n[1 9 deal+ ) ! impurities inside a boil]1 x is to be obs]v$ t 9 no s5se d !y *ange ! ess5tial nature ( wat] itself4 ,! impurities are simply =eign bodies1 :i* h no legitimate place 9 ! boil]1 & are to be expell$ z ?or\ghly z possible4 ,! *emical sub/ances to be elim9at$ are indicat$ 9 ! note bel[4 ,wat]1 on becom+ /eam1 sep>ates f ! impurities :i* x may h conta9$1 & ^! =m s$im5t & incru/ation4 ,?is is an important fact4 ,corrosion is simply ru/+ or wa/+ away ( ! surfaces ( ! metals4 ,incru/ation means simply a coat+ ov]4 ,sev]al approv$ recipes & 8notes0 ( in/ruction = remov+ s$im5t & incru/ation f /eam boil]s w be f\nd ne> ! close ( ?is volume4 ,,note4--,analysis ( av]age boil] scale4 ,p>ts p] #ajj p>ts ( deposit4 ,silica 4#jdb p>ts ,oxides ( iron & alum9ium 4#jdd ,c>bonate ( lime #cj4ghj ,c>bonate ( magnesia #ea4gcc ,sulphate ( soda ,trace ,*loride ( sodium ,trace ,c>bonate ( soda #i4cda ,organic matt] #h4jfj ------------ ,total solids #ajj4 p>ts ,! p]c5tage only ( ea* +r$i5t ! scale is compos$ ( is giv51 z x _c be told h[ mu* wat] 0 evaporat$ to leave ?is am\nt ( solid matt]4 ,,! ,,wat] ,,met]4 ,wat] met]s1 or measur]s1 are con/ruct$ ^u two g5]al pr9ciples3 #a1 an arrangem5t call$ an 8inf]5tial met]0 made to div]t a c]ta9 proportion ( ! wat] pass+ 9 ! ma9 pipe & by measur+ accurately ! small /ream div]t$1 to inf]1 or e/imate ! l>g] quantity2 #b1 ! positive met]2 rot>y pi/on met]s are ( ! latt] class4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fjc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,longitud9al ,,section4 ,,transv]se ,,section4 ,,figs4 #fjd1 #fje4 ,! di/9ctive diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is1 t ! positive met] measures wat] by means ( a *amb] alt]nately fill$ & empti$4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! ! fl[ ( wat] ceases :51 by any d]angem5t1 ! motion ( ! pi/on is int]rupt$4 ,b nei!r ! motion nor ! /oppage ( ! inf]5tial met] has any effect ^u ! wat] deliv]y1 s t at times a l>ge am\nt ( wat] may pass unrecord$4 ,ano!r important me*anical diff]5ce is t ! motion ( a pi/on met] %\ld be sl[1 :ile t ( ! inf]5tial :eel is1 & mu/ be1 rapid2 ?is has mu* to d ) _! relative durability4 ,fig4 #fjc is a p]spective view ( ! ,wor?+ton wat] met]1 ! details ( :i* are %[n 9 ! ,figs4 #fjd & #fje1 ! record+ or 8dial0 me*anism is also %[n 9 ,fig4 #fjf4 ,! int]nal arrangem5t ( ! met] is %[n 9 longitud9al section1 ,fig4 #fjd1 & ! transv]se section1 ,fig4 #fje1 on ! opposite page4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fjf4 ,! plung]s1 ,,aa1 are closely fitt$ into p>allel r+s4 ,! wat] passes ?r\gh ! inlet & port ,i1 & is admitt$ "u pressure into *amb]1 ,d1 at "o end ( ea* plung] alt]nately1 :ile ! connection is made betwe5 ! *amb] at ! o!r end ( ! outlet4 ,?us1 ! plung] 9 mov+ displaces its volume1 dis*>g+ x ?r\gh its outlet4 ,! arrangem5t is su* t ! /roke ( ! two plung]s alt]nates1 ! valve actuat$ by "o admitt+ pressure to ! o!r4 ,! plung]s are br\ght to re/ at ! end ( ! /roke by ! rubb] buff]s1 ,,ee4 ,"o plung] imp>ts a reciprocat+ motion to ! lev]1 ,f1 :i* op]ates ! c\nt] movem5t ?r\gh ! sp9dle & rat*et ge> z %[n4 ,?us1 x w be se5 t ! c\nt] is arrang$ to move ! dial po9t]s once = e f\r /rokes or displacem5ts1 & t wat] _c pass ?r\gh ! met] )\t regi/ration1 =1 9 ord] to pass ?r\gh1 x mu/ be displac$ by ! plung]s1 &1 !re=e1 record$ by ! movem5t ( ! lev] & c\nt] me*anism2 nor c !re be an ov]-regi/ration1 because ! plung]s _c move )\t displac+ ! fluid4 ,to read ! dial4 ,! c\nt] usually regi/]s 9 cubic feet1 "o cubic foot be+ #g4dh gallons ,u4 ,s4 /&>d4 ,:5 desir$ = special s]vices1 c\nt]s are furni%$ read+ 9 ,u4 ,s4 gallons1 ,imp]ial gallons1 & ,hectolitres4 ,?is c\nt] is read 9 ! same way z ! regi/]s ( gas met]s4 ,! foll[+ example & directions may be ( use to ^? unacqua9t$ ) ?is me?od3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fjg4 ,if ! po9t] is betwe5 two figures1 ! small] "o mu/ inv>iably be tak52 suppose ! po9t]s ( ! dial /&1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fjf2 />t+ at ! dial m>k$ #aj cubic feet1 we get ! figure #d2 f ! next m>k$ #ajj cubic feet1 ! figure #g2 f ! next m>k$ #a1jjj cubic feet1 ! figure #h1 & f ! next m>k$ #aj1jjj cubic feet1 ! figure #f2 ! read+ is #f1hgd cubic feet4 ,! po9t] on ! #ajj1jjj cubic foot dial be+ betwe5 ! #j & ! #a indicates no?+4 ,by subtract+ ! fir/ read+ tak5 f t tak5 at ! next obs]vation1 ! consumption ( wat] = ! int]m$iate "t is obta9$4 ,a /eam trap is an app>atus to remove ! wat] ( cond5sation f /eam pipes = heat] coils & radiators )\t p]mitt+ /eam to escape2 ! /eam trap is also us$ to remove ! wat] ( cond5sation or entra9$ wat] caught 9 /eam sep>ators1 locat$ ne> ! /eam eng9e 9 ! connect+ pipes betwe5 ! eng9e & boil]s4 ,! problem ( sav+ ! wat] ( cond5sation )\t all[+ ! escape ( /eam is a difficult "o1 9 view ( ! e>ly we> ( ! valves & ! valve seats4 ,fig4 #fjg repres5ts ! ,&]son improv$ /eam trap4 ,?is trap %[s at all times :at x is do+ by ! position ( ! wat] 9 ! glass gauge atta*$ to ! side ( ! trap & 9 front4 ,! wat] ( cond5sation ent]s at ! upp] "r-h& side1 ,a1 ,fig4 #fjh1 :]e all scale & dirt f ! pipes are caught 9 ! settl+ *amb] :i* conta9s a /ra9]4 ,?is /ra9] c be lift$ out ) its cont5ts ( dirt & scale & replac$ 9 a few mom5ts by unscrew+ ! plugs1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #fjg j above ! inlet4 ,! dis*>ge is connect$ at ! l[] left-h& side4 ,! bonnet :i* conta9s ! valve float & lev] c be remov$ )\t break+ any pipe jo9ts1 or ! valve & seat may be remov$ by simply unscrew+ ! cap1 ,h1 at ! l[] left-h& side )\t di/urb+ ! bonnet at all4 ,x w be und]/ood t ?is trap does n dump1 b ! dis*>ge ( wat] is regulat$ by a ball float & valve1 h5ce !re are really b two work+ p>ts to ?is trap1 viz43 ! ball float & valve4 ,wat] is p]mitt$ to pass ?is trap z fa/ z x comes along1 & no consid]able quantity ev] accumulates )9 ?is trap at any "o "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fjh4 ,! sectional view1 ,fig4 #fjh1 gives a fair idea ( ! int]ior ( ?is trap1 be+ a longitud9al section on c5t] l9e4 ,! by-pass valve1 ,c1 s-call$1 is n a valve1 b is simply a ?read$ /em & is us$ to hold up ! float 9 empty+ ! trap4 ,to bl[ out ! trap ?is by-pass is screw$ 9 z f> z x w g )\t =c+1 same motion z 9 clos+ a globe valve4 ,:5 ! wat] has be5 dis*>g$1 ?is by-pass is unscrew$ to its =m] position1 :i* p]mits ! float to drop1 clos+ ! valve :5 ! res]voir fills ) wat]1 to its normal position4 ,) ?ree in*es ( wat] 9 ! glass ! valve is clos$ & seal$ s t no /eam c escape4 ,! dott$ l9e repres5ts ! wat] level4 ,! s$im5t *amb]1 ,e1 prev5ts dirt & scales 9 ! pipes f gett+ into ! valve4 ,! ball float is made ( seamless copp] ) heavy b&s to prev5t ! ball f collaps+ "u high pressure4 ,^! traps "w on all pressures f #aej p\nds pressure d[n1 & are also made = high] pressures 9 special cases--w "w aga9/ back pressure & ) exhau/ /eam alone--are made 9 sev5 sizes1 i4e41 f #a_/b in* to #b-a_/b in*es1 inclusive4 ,,tools ,,valves ,,& ,,pip+ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #fji4--,see page #cdh4 ,,tools4 ,! implem5ts describ$ h]eaft] are call$ 8h&-tools0 to di/+ui% !m f ma*9e-tools4 ,a portable tool is a tool or ma*9e-tool :i* c be tak5 f place to place1 = example a rivet+ ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #faj4 ,tool1 ! ^w1 comes probably f toil1 signify+ ! ?+ ) :i* "o toils or labors1 a hamm]1 file or wr5*2 a tool nev] ceases to be a tool1 i4e41 some?+ :i* is appli$ directly to ! "w2 g5]ally tools 9 ma*9e practice cut1 abrade1 l a file1 or /rike--z a hamm]2 a tool is t :i* is br\ght to be> directly on ! "w2 aga91 x is any implem5t us$ by a craftsman at 8 "w2 x is any in/rum5t employ$ = p]=m+1 or aid+ to p]=m1 me*anical op]ations by means ( /rik+1 p5etration1 sep>ation1 abrasion1 friction1 etc4 ,aga9 9 practical me*anics ! ^w tool has a re/rictive mean+2 a s+le device1 z a *isel1 cr[b> or saw1 or a v simple comb9ation ( mov+ p>ts1 z tongs1 %e>s1 p9c]s1 etc4 ,^! latt] = manual use1 are always call$ tools1 al?\gh embodi$ 9 ! /rict te*nical def9ition ( ma*9e4 ,su* ma*9es z are us$ 9 %ap+ mat]ials 9 ! con/ruction ( ! p>ts ( o!r ma*9es1 & also _m ( ^? :i* p]=m "w1 su* z bor+1 plan+1 rivet+1 etc41 =m]ly only done by h&1 & /ill p]=m$ manually to a great] or less ext5t1 are ne>ly always call$ ma*9e tools2 ! t]m1 eng9e tool1 is m 9 accord ) g5]al usage :5 ref]r+ to l>ge & complicat$ ma*9es4 ,x is by 8 k ( ! application ( h&-tools & _! practical use1 t ! pump att5dant is judg$ by ^? ar\nd him4 ,! skillful me*anic1 :o ) _m o!rs1 con/ructs a ma*9e1 may be neglect$1 b "o :o skillfully op]ates ! app>atus1 seldom fails ( due cr$it & rew>d1 h5ce ^! p>agraphs are int5d$ to emphasize ! importance ( ^! m humble implem5ts4 ,fig4 #faj repres5ts a pipe cutt]--a h& tool specially us$ = cutt+ ( wr\ght iron1 /eel or brass pipe4 ,?is tool consi/s ( a ca/ /eel body1 tapp$ 9 "o end to receive ! adju/+ screw or h&le :i* also s]ves to rotate ! tool :5 appli$ to a pipe4 ,! cutt+ is g5]ally effect$ by a h>d5$ ca/ /eel cutt] ) cutt+ edges hav+ angles ( ab\t #fj l a ,v ?read2 an enl>g$ =m ( ?is cutt] is %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #faa4 ,fig4 #faa %[s a rat*et drill2 ?is is a tool 9 :i* ! rot>y motion ( ! drill is d]iv$ f a rat*et & pawl actuat$ by a lev] or h&le4 ,!re are v>i\s =ms ( ?is class ( tools4 ,?is "o is ! 8,pack] rat*et40 ,! ?read = adju/+ or fe$+ ! drill is protect$ f *ips & dirt by a sleeve :i* cov]s ! %ank4 ,! c5t] is ( temp]$ tool /eel z well z ! rat*et & pawl4 ,! socket is usually made squ>e4 ,9 cutt+ l>g] sizes ( pipes sometimes a special cutt+-tool is introduc$ 9 place ( ! circul> cutt] to accompli% ! m difficult "w2 9 %op practice x is cu/om>y to cut ! l>ge sizes ( pipe 9 a la! or screw+ ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fad4 ,! ?ree tools %[n on ?is page are design$ to prep>e ! pipe = ! reception ( ! ?read$ end ( ! pipe to be jo9$4 ,! upp] "o1 ,fig4 #fab1 is a ream] us$ to enl>ge a hole1 or to r\nd up "o t has be5 drill$ or cut ) a *isel1 to prep>e x = tapp+4 ,! l[]1 ,fig4 #fad1 is ! tap :i* cuts ! ?read4 ,! middle1 ,fig4 #fac1 is a comb9$ drill & tap :i* is op]at$ by a rat*et & is us$ to drill & tap a hole 9 wat] pipe1 etc41 at "o op]ation4 8,tapp+0 is ! process by :i* ! ?read is =m$ 9 ! int]ior ( a hole1 & is done ) a tap2 screw+ is ! rev]se process by :i* ! ?read is =m$ on ! outside ( a cyl9drical surface1 z a pipe or r\nd b> ( iron4 ,a tap consi/s ( an ext]nal screw ( ! requir$ size1 =m$ ( /eel & m or less tap]$1 "p ( ! ?read be+ cut away by longitud9al grooves 9 ord] to pres5t a s]ies ( cutt+ edges4 ,by screw+ into a nut 9 ! mann] ( an ord9>y bolt ?is tap =ms ! ?read requir$4 ,plug-taps are usually made 9 sets ( ?ree4 ,! fir/1 call$ ! ent]+ tap or tap] tap1 g5]ally tap]s regul>ly ?r\gh\t its l5g?2 ! second1 or int]m$iate tap1 sometimes tap]s1 b is usually cyl9drical ) two or ?ree tap]+ ?reads at ! end2 ! ?ird1 call$ ! plug-tap or bottom+-tap1 is always p>allel1 ) ! full ?read c>ri$ to ! end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #faf4 ,fig4 #fae %[s a cr[4 ,?is is us$ to hook und]nea? a pipe & to support & fe$ a rat*et drill 9 cutt+ a hole4 ,! slid+ head is fa/5$ by a d\ble end$ gib key :i* secures x 9 any desir$ position4 ,a swivel b5* vise is %[n 9 ,fig4 #faf4 ,?is tool has ca/ /eel jaws ) a wr\ght iron slide & is atta*$ to ! b5* ) a screw s t x may be turn$ 9 any position4 ,a pipe vise is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fag4 ,?is is m\nt$ on a j\rnal be>+ s t x may be clamp$ 9 any position f a horizontal to a p]p5dicul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fag4 ,! pipe vise is especially a b5* tool2 x is design$ to 8grip0 pipes ( v>i\s sizes :ile !y are be+ ?read$1 cut (f or o!rwise op]at$ ^u4 ,a p>allel or ord9>y b5* vise w only grip a pipe on two opposite sides1 &1 if tight5$1 ! /ra9 w easily collapse x1 ow+ to its holl[ =m2 b a pipe vise is s made t x presses ^u f\r po9ts1 z ! jaws or hold+ portions are =m$ ,v %ap$1 in/ead ( p>allel4 ,"s pipe vises are =m$ ( two pivot$ discs in/ead ( jaws1 hav+ semicircles or recesses1 :i* fit all diamet]s ( pipes up to two in*es1 & be> on ! outside ( ! pipe all ar\nd4 ,x is an improvem5t to h ! upp] portion ( ! vise h+$ at "o side1 & fix$ ) a p9 or coll> at ! o!r1 z by op5+ ! jaws x r5d]s m conv5i5t ! removal or ins]tion ( ! pipe to be op]at$ ^u4 ,! upp] ,fig4 #fah on page #cdb repres5ts an indisp5sable tool = cutt+ pipe ?reads by h&2 "o h&le--( :i* !re are two--is %[n 9 ! figure imm$iately b5ea? ! pipe /ock & die1 :i* is ! famili> "n ( ! comb9ation4 ,! gu>d 9 ! illu/ration is ?r[n op5 to all[ ! die to be remov$ or ex*ang$4 ,fig4 #fbj repres5ts ! latt]2 solid /eel dies are commonly us$1 b adju/able dies are made4 ,figs4 #fba & #fbb are bu%+s to fit 9 ! end ( ! /ock to guide ! pipe2 !re is "o bu%+ = ea* size ( pipe4 ,fig4 #fbc %[s a nipple-hold] :i* is us$ to hold %ort pieces ( pipe by ! ?read ^u "o end1 :ile ! die is appli$ to cut a ?read ^u ! o!r end4 ,?is tool is g5]ally us$ 9 a pipe cutt+ ma*9e1 :i* is op]at$ by p[]1 b x c also be held 9 a common vise4 ,,note4--,! die may be c5t]$ on ! nipple describ$ above by plac+ 9 ! die /ock a guide bu%+ t w easily ride ov] ! nipple hold]4 ,! ?read c n[ be cut until ! die j t\*es ! nipple hold]1 & !re w be practically no blank space betwe5 ! ?reads on ! ends4 ,aft] ! die has be5 back$ (f ! nipple c be remov$ f ! hold] by unscrew+ ! c5t] ) a monkey wr5*4 ,a nipple hold] %\ld be made = ea* size ( pipe t is cut & ?read$ by h&4 ,a piece ( pipe ) a c\pl+ on its end may be us$ z an improvis$ nipple hold]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fai4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #fbj-fbb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fbc4 ,fig4 #fbd %[s an ext5sion pipe tongs2 ?is tool may be adju/$ to fit a numb] ( diff]5t sizes by manipulat+ ! ?umb screw1 %[n 9 ! cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fbd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fbe4 ,fig4 #fbe repres5ts ! ,trimo pipe wr5*4 ,?is "n is an abbreviation ( ! ^w ,tremont f ! /reet 9 ,bo/on ( t "n4 ,x is adju/$ to its "w by a mill$ nut 9 ! pivot$ jaw2 ! latt] is br\ght into position at ea* /roke by a leaf spr+ atta*$ to ! ma9 lev]4 ,9 ! l>g] sizes ! /eel jaws are removable or c be deta*$ & replac$ aft] be+ repair$4 ,! l[] engrav+1 ,fig4 #fbf1 is a *a9 tongs ) removable1 tool-/eel jaws4 ,! h>d scale on ! pip+ rapidly de/roys ! %>p edges on ^! jaws s t !y require frequ5t %>p5+4 ,! l9ks ( ! *a9 h a peculi> hook =m s t !y _c slip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fbf4 ,a spann]1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #fbg1 is a special =m ( wr5*1 :i* circles or spans ar\nd2 g5]ally us$ = twi/+ a circul>-%ap$ portion1 provid$ ) holes 9 its circumf]5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fbg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fbh4 ,screw or monkey-wr5*es are ^? :i* h a movable jaw1 s t ! tool may be adju/$ to fit any siz$ nut )9 its compass2 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fbh4 ,!re are _m designs ( monkey-wr5*es4 ,! "o "h repres5t$ is kn[n z ! 8knife-h&le0 on acc\nt ( ! id5tical con/ruction ( ! h&le ( ?is wr5* & t ( a pocket knife4 ,x is /rong & ! %ank is extra heavy s t x is h>dly possible to spr+ ! jaws 9 fair use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fbi4 ,an int]*angeable socket wr5* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fbi4 ,! h&le is mu* l a rat*et drill1 hav+ a pawl & rat*et :eel atta*$ to ! sockets2 ^! are = use ^u v>i\s sizes ( hexagon or squ>e heads1 z repres5t$ by figures und]nea? ! h&le4 ,"s ( ^! socket wr5*es h =ms ( /eel = ins]tion into ! hole 9 ! rat*et by :i* diff]5t %ap$ & siz$ bolt heads & nuts may be turn$ )\t *ang+ ! ma9 socket4 ,! ^w wr5* :i* gives ?is t]m to ! tools "h describ$ is "o ( ! /rong words ( ! ,engli% language2 wr5* means1 prim>ily1 8a viol5t twi/ or turn giv5 to some?+10 h5ce1 z d]iv$1 almo/ any in/rum5t t causes a twi/ or torsional /ra9 comes "u ?is head+4 ,a wr5* is a tool us$ by h& to turn or rotate o!r tools1 nuts or bolts4 ,a wr5* is specially designat$ accord+ to its %ape & ( ! jaws or op5+s1 z an op5-end box-wr5*1 etc4 ,if ! op5+ is ?r\gh "o end1 x is t]m$ a s+le-end$ wr5*2 if x is 9 ! middle1 a d\ble-end$ or tap-wr5*4 ,if ! recess is op51 x is t]m$ an op5-end$ wr5*2 if clos$1 =m+ a squ>e or hexagon op5+ ?r\gh ! metal1 a box-wr5*4 ,a solid wr5* hav+ a not*$ angul> recess 9 its end1 s t any nut or bolt :i* w ent] ! jaws c be grasp$1 is call$ an alligator-wr5*4 ,! hamm] 0 probably ! fir/ tool us$ by mank9d2 hamm]s ( /one are f\nd among ! rema9s ( antiquity1 & ^! are /ill 9 common use among b>b>\s races4 ,! hamm] is made 9 su* a v>iety ( =ms t x is almo/ impossible to classify x2 x is nam$ n only = ! use to :i* x is put1 b aft] ! trade-class :i* uses x1 z ! ma*9i/ hamm]1 ! blacksmi?-hamm]1 etc4 ,! hamm] is made ( high-grade /eel1 c>efully temp]$ head & pe52 ! head is usually made cyl9drical ) slightly r\nd+ face2 ! eye ( ! hamm] is ! c5t] op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! h&le is ins]t$4 ,! pe5 ( a hamm] is ! opposite end to ! face1 & t]m9ates 9 a r\nd$ or w$ge-%ap$ po9t4 ,,note4--,9 its use ! hamm] %\ld be grasp$ ne> ! end ( ! h&le1 giv+ x a free arm sw+1 & c>ry+ ! head ?r\gh a ne>ly v]tical plane4 ,if ! plane ( ! sw+ approa*es a horizontal ! weight ( ! hamm] w produce a twi/+ ef=t on ! =e-arm1 :i* w be v tiresome4 ,! h&le %\ld be grasp$ ) only suffici5t =ce to safely control ! bl[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fcj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fcb4 ,,valves ,,& ,,cocks4 ,! ^w valve comes f ! ,lat9--valva--a leaf1 fold or valve ( a door 7z ( a fold+ door74 ,a valve may act automatically s z to be op5$ by ! ef=t ( a fluid to pass 9 "o direction & clos$ by its ef=t to pass 9 ! o!r direction1 z a clack valve2 or x may be op5$ or clos$ by h& or me*anism1 z a screw valve or a slide valve4 ,9 ! gloss>y at ! beg9n+ ( ?is "w1 ! ^w has be5 c>efully def9$ & sev]al illu/rations h be5 giv5 ( v>i\s designs ( ! device :i* h come into g5]al use4 ,valves are ( sev]al classes4 #a4 ,rot>y2 su* z cocks1 faucets1 plug ?rottle-valves4 #b4 ,lift+2 rais$ cle> f ! seat by p[] b5ea?2 su* z ball1 conical1 cup1 safety1 poppet4 #c4 ,h+$2 su* z clack1 butt]fly4 #d4 ,slid+2 su* z ! slide1 ,d1 ,b & box4 #e4 ,spr+2 su* z "s =ms ( safety-valves1 ,snift+ & ,relief valves4 #f4 ,inv]t$-cup2 su* z quicksilv] valve1 air trap1 etc4 #g4 ,key2 su* z ^? ( ! organ1 flute1 etc4 ,o!r names are d]iv$ f peculi> %ape1 application1 mode ( actuation1 etc4 ,a cock is a faucet or rot>y valve usually tak+ its "n f its peculi> use or con/ruction1 z3-- ,bl[-(f cock1 ,cyl9d]-cock1 ,fe$-cock1 ,f\r-way cock1 ,gage-cock1 ,oil-cock1 ,self-clos+ cock1 ,/eam-cock1 ,/op-cock1 ,?ree-way cock1 ,try-cock1 ,wat]-cock1 etc4 ,,note4--,! above classification is t made by ,e4 ,h4 ,knight1 ,civil & me*anical ,eng9e]1 etc41 & au?or ( ,knight's ,me*anical ,diction>y4 ,he adds3 8,! he>t is creat$ ^u ! pr9ciples ( hydraulics1 & is furni%$ ) a valve4 ,h>vey d$uc$ ! circulation ( ! blood f ,aquap5d5te's discov]y ( ! valves 9 ! ve9s40 ,z may be judg$ by ! prec$+ p>agraphs1 giv+ ! names d]iv$ f _! me*anical & o!r uses ( sev]al only1 ( a great _m v>ieties ( valves1 x 7 va9 to attempt a complete li/ ( ^! devices2 x may be said h[ev] t ! :ole sy/em ( mod]n me*anism w\ld be1 almo/1 if n q1 a failure1 if !y 7 n us$4 ,h5ce1 ! /ud5t w d well to famili>ize himself ) ! valve movem5ts sure to be f\nd 9 e comb9ation ( indu/rial & me*anical =ces4 ,a few illu/rations ( ! adaptation ( valves ( v>i\s designs to useful purposes n[ foll[4-- ,a comb9$ ?rottle & quick clos+ trip valve is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fji1 page #ccf2 ?is is made by ,s*utte ,ko]t+ ,co41 ,philadelphia2 ?is app>atus is design$ to fill ! requirem5ts ( an em]g5cy %ut-(f2 ! valve is balanc$ & op]ates z /op & ?rottle4 ,! object ( balanc+ ! valve is to remove ! /ra9 f ! sp9dle1 s t its op]ation c be effect$ quickly & ) ! lea/ ef=t4 ,! pi/on above ! valve is n tight fitt+1 & conta9s a small auxili>y or pilot valve atta*$ to ! sp9dle1 :i* op5s 9 advance ( ! op5+ ( ! ma9 valve2 ?us ! pressure above ! pi/on & bel[ ! valve is equaliz$2 little ef=t is n[ requir$ to lift ! ma9 valve1 at ! same "t ! pilot valve1 ,e1 answ]s ! purpose ( a by-pass4 ,! sev]al proportions are su* t a slight ov]-pressure is ma9ta9$ above ! pi/on to give ! valve1 at all times1 a t5d5cy to close4 ,?is ov]-pressure %\ld be b slight1 & to regulate x at w !re is 7besides ! leak ar\nd ! pi/on7 a sep>ate /eam admission above ! pi/on1 regulat$ by ! plug1 ,c4 ,dep5d+ on ! fit ( ! pi/on1 ?is plug is op5$ m or less1 or entirely clos$1 :5 valve is fir/ put 9 op]ation1 & !n lock$ 9 t position4 ,ord9>ily ! con/ruction ( ?is valve dem&s ! application ( a screw-sp9dle to actuate x2 x is also made 9 angle =m & c be plac$ ) sp9dle upw>d or horizontal4 ,9 all positions1 globe1 inv]t$ & angle valves1 /eam mu/ always ent] above ! disc1 viz41 9 ! direction ( ! arr[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fcc4 ,! op]ation by lev] is dem&$ :5 a valve is us$ z a quick em]g5cy %ut-(f1 ei!r by h& or 9 connection ) automatic appliance ( gov]nor1 electrical cut-(f or auxili>y1 /eam1 air or hydraulic cyl9d]4 ,! valve itself is ( ! balanc$ =m1 except t 9 ?is valve ! sp9dle c>ries at ! bottom a small pi/on or sleeve1 ,f1 %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! valve is lock$ op5 by mov+ h& lev] up till ! cat* on same engages ) ! lev]1 ,g1 support$ on ! upright b>4 ,! valve be+ !n op51 /eam pressure acts on ! area ( ! pi/on1 ,f1 ) cont9u\s d[nw>d =ce1 :i* w cause ! valve to close z soon z ! lat* is releas$4 ,?us1 by connect+ ! rod on ! out] end ( lev]1 ,g1 ) a h& lev]1 at any desir$ location1 ! op]ation is _h )\t ef=t & promptly4 ,a pressure r$uc+ valve is %[n 9 outl9e & a side view 9 ,figs4 #fcc & #fcd2 ?is is 9 effect a 7,mason7 pump pressure regulator & x is applicable = fire1 tank1 elevator1 air & wat] works pumps1 or any class ( pump+ ma*9]y :]e x is necess>y to ma9ta9 a con/ant pressure4 ,! regulator may be quickly adju/$ to any pressure desir$ by turn+ ! key z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fcc4 ,! especial feature ( ?is regulator is t ! pressure *amb] into :i* ! wat] ent]s is entirely remov$ & sep>ate f ! /eam & all work+ p>ts4 ,! long cyl9d] at ! bottom ( ! regulator is a da%pot1 ! pi/on ( :i* is connect$ ) ! ma9 valve ( ! regulator1 !reby prev5t+ sudd5 & viol5t 8jump+0 ( ! pump :5 ! pressure sudd5ly *anges4 ,^! valves are made 9 all ! pipe sizes2 ^? up to & includ+ #b-;in* ( ! be/ /eam metal2 ! l>ge/ sizes ( ca/ iron1 l9$ ) /eam metal4 ,! spr+s are made ( ! f9e/ tool /eel1 temp]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fcd4 ,! ,mason ,regulator ,co41 ,bo/on1 are to be cr$it$ ) ! foll[+ directions3 ,! regulator is plac$ 9 ! /eam pipe lead+ f ! boil] to ! /eam pump & z ne> ! pump z possible4 ,! connection ) ! wat] sy/em is made ei!r f ! tank or f ! wat] sy/em1 at "s little di/ance f ! pump4 ,brass pipe %\ld be us$ if possible1 = ?is connection4 ,! drip %\ld be connect$ to "s pipe :]e !re is no back pressure4 ,! /eam f ! boil] ent]s at ! po9t m>k$ 8/eam inlet f boil]10 & !nce ?r\gh ! passage1 ,x1 ?r\gh ! port1 :i* is kept op5 by ! t5sion ( ! spr+1 #gi1 ^u ! auxili>y valve1 #hj4 ,x cont9ues d[n ?r\gh ! passage1 ,z1 to ! "u side ( ! diff]5tial pi/on1 #gj1 & raises ! valve1 #af1 s t ! boil] pressure is admitt$ to ! pump ?r\gh ! passage m>k$ 8/eam outlet to pump40 ,?is />ts ! pump1 :i* cont9ues 9 motion until ! requir$ wat] pressure is obta9$ 9 ! sy/em & acts ?r\gh ! connection m>k$ 8wat] pressure inlet0 on ! diaphragm1 #gd4 ,?is diaphragm is rais$ by ! excess ( wat] pressure1 & c>ries ) x ! auxili>y valve1 #hj1 :i* closes ! port = /eam pressure4 ,by ! clos+ ( ?is valve1 ! boil] pressure is %ut (f ?r\gh ! passage1 ,z1 f ! diff]5tial pi/on1 #gj1 & ! /eam pressure f ! boil] imm$iately closes ! ma9 valve1 #af1 s t no m pressure is admitt$ to ! pump1 :i* rema9s inactive until ! wat] pressure 9 ! sy/em drops bel[ ! normal jo9t & relieves ! wat] pressure 9 ! *amb]1 ,o1 :i* causes ! auxili>y valve1 #hj1 to op5 aga91 & />ts ! pump z be=e describ$4 ,! *eck valve1 #ga1 :i* is plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! pi/on1 #gj1 all[s ! pressure regulator to op5 easily1 b /ops ! pump quickly4 ,?is is a great advantage1 z ! pump w n />t ) a jump1 ! mom5t ! wat] drops4 ,by *ang+ ! t5sion ( ! spr+1 #hc1 ?r\gh ! key /em1 #he1 ! am\nt ( wat] pressure c be regulat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fce4 ,mason wat] r$uc+ valve4 ,fig4 #fce is design$ to r$uce ! wat] pressure f ! /reet wat] ma9s to a l[ pressure1 = h\ses & build+s4 ,! body or valve portion is fitt$ ) c\pl+s1 s t x may be easily atta*$ to a pipe4 ,t "p ( ! valve above ! diaphragm1 & :i* comes 9 contact ) ! wat]1 is made ( ! be/ /eam metal1 ?us prev5t+ corrosion4 ,! long spr+ case is made ( heavy iron pipe1 at ! end ( :i* is an iron bracket1 suitably drill$1 s t ! valve may be securely bolt$ ei!r to ! floor or to a beam ov]head4 ,! t5sion ( ! ma9 spr+ is adju/$ by means ( a small rod ins]t$ 9 a nut at ! end ( ! spr+ case4 ,! diaphragm is v /rong & w hold sev]al times ! pressure requir$4 ,! work+ ( ?is regulator is v simple4 ,! wat] ent]s ?r\gh ! inlet c\pl+1 #de1 & passes ?r\gh ! *amb]1 #fh1 into ! l[ pressure side ( ! regulator1 ! valve1 #dc1 be+ held op5 by ! t5sion ( ! spr+1 #ec4 ,:5 ! l[ pressure has atta9$ ! desir$ limit1 :i* is also felt 9 ! diaphragm *amb] ?r\gh ! hole :i* communicates ) ! *amb]1 #fh1 x =ces d[n ! diaphragm & seats ! valve1 #dc4 ,:5 ! pressure aga9 drops 9 ! sy/em1 ! diaphragm is =c$ up by ! spr+1 #ec1 & ! valve1 #dc1 aga9 op5s4 ,an automatic ?rottle valve = a boil] fe$ pump is %[n p]spective & outl9e 9 ,figs4 #fcf & #fcg2 ?is is a gov]nor = ! pump1 controll$ by ! relative pressures ( /eam & wat]4 ,x is kn[n z ,mull9's automatic controll] & is made at ,seattle1 ,wa%41 & has ! foll[+ features3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fcf4 ,x is simply a balance valve & diff]5tial pi/on2 x is 9 a class by itself1 bo? z to its con/ruction & op]ation 9 regulat+ fe$ wat] pressure 9 connection ) /eam boil]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fcg4 ,! initial /eam pressure be+ on ! ends ( ! valve1 has access1 ?r\gh ! neck1 to ! full area ( ! pi/on1 & w =ce x into a position t gives ! full valve op5+1 :]e x w rema9 until ov]come by wat] pressure f ! pump1 act+ aga9/ ! opposite side1 :i* is ( r$uc$ area4 ,x is necess>y 9 op]at+ ?is valve to h an excess ( wat] pressure ov] ! /eam pressure 9 ! boil]4 ,! excess ( ! wat] pressure is obta9$ by ! r$uction ( ! area ( ! wat] side ( ! pi/on--?us to illu/rate--if ! total area 7 #aj squ>e in*es1 & ! r$uction 0 "o in* or #aj p] c5t41 x w\ld require t ! wat] pressure %\ld be #aj p] c5t4 great] ?an /eam pressure1 to give ! same ?ru/ on ! pi/on1 !n until ! wat] has rea*$ a pressure #aj p] c5t4 9 excess ( ! /eam1 ! valve w\ld be held op51 b !reaft] x is held op5 only wide en\gh to admit /eam to ! pump to keep up ?is #aj p] c5t4 excess pressure4 ,%\ld ! excess pressure attempt to rise above ?is1 x imm$iately =ces ! /eam valve ne>ly %ut1 ?us nipp+ ! cause ( ! rise1 namely1 too great a pi/on spe$4 ,,note4--8,9 />t+ ! pump1 #8/& by' until x has caught suction1 & accumulat$ ne>ly ! correct wat] pressure1 n[ op5 ! valve on ! pulse1 or pressure pipe to ! controll] & op5 pump ?rottle wide1 ?us giv+ ! controll] free action4 8,suppose ! boil] pressure is #ajj p\nds1 ! wat] pressure w be #aj p] c5t4 high] or #aaj lbs4 ,c>ry+ an ev5 fire1 ) wat] at second gauge1 fe$ valves prop]ly set1 ! load sudd5ly increases1 :i* pulls /eam d[n to #ii p\nds1 ! wat] does n rema9 at #aaj lbs4 z be=e1 b is n[ #aj p] c5t4 9 excess ( #ij lbs4 or #ii lbs41 ?us 9 place ( #aj lbs4 excess wat] pressure !re is b #i lbs41 :i* means !re w be less wat] deliv]$ ?r\gh ! fe$ valves1 :i* w h>dly ev] h to be t\*$4 8,next ! load w light5--/eam w rise1 & ! excess pressure w automatically increase1 ?us re/or+ ! wat] us$ at a "t :5 x 0 mo/ necess>y to light5 ! fe$ to tempor>ily favor ! fire4 8,suppose ! load cont9ues light1 ) good fires1 /eam rises to #aaj p\nds1 ! wat] w rise to #aj p] c5t4 m pressure or #aba p\nds1 ?us automatically giv+ m pressure to #8fe$ up' on high /eam1 & /ore away ! heat t w\ld be wa/$ by radiation1 absorption1 or p]haps bl[+ (f40 ,! wat] pressure w v>y only z ! /eam pressure v>ies1 always keep+ ! same p] c5t4 ( excess4 ,! results are directly opposite to :at w\ld or does occur :]e fe$ wat] is deliv]$ at a /at$ pressure4 ,on a batt]y ( boil]s1 dur+ ! clean+ ( fires1 ! clos+ ( fe$ valves on "o1 two or m boil]s1 does n affect ! fe$ ( ^? already set 9 ! lea/1 ! pump w simply make less /rokes necess>y to prop]ly fe$ ! o!rs4 ,! regulat+ is done by ! fe$ valves at ! boil]s2 if x is desir$1 all fe$s may be clos$1 & ! pressure w n rise1 ! pump w /op2 if its plung]s ne$ pack+ x w be detect$ by ! fact t ! pump w creep1 to keep up ! requir$ pressure4 ,:5 fe$ valves are once regulat$ to admit ! requir$ am\nt ( wat]1 to replace ! evaporation1 !y may be m>k$1 & :5 9 ?is position1 !y1 ) an ev5 /eam pressure1 w always admit ! same am\nt ( wat] to ! boil]s4 ,x is und]/ood t ?is valve is plac$ betwe5 ! ord9>y ?rottle valve & ! pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fch4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fci4 ,! ,bordo bl[-(f valve is %[n 9 ,figs4 #fch & #fci2 x consi/s ( a brass or iron body :i* resembles ! %ell ( a plug-cock1 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 x has a %>p] tap] ?an ! regul> plug-cock2 9 ?is device ! plug is usually made ( brass--t9n$ on ! outside4 ,9 process ( mak+ & :ile hot a %ea? ( babbitt metal or its equival5t is ca/ ^u ! plug2 ! metals amalgamate & practically become "o ca/+4 ,! p>ts ( valve are z foll[s1 #a1 ! body1 #b1 ! plug1 #c1 ! pack+ & lift+ gl&1 #d1 ! lift+ cam1 #e1 lock-nut1 #f1 two brass r+s ( equal size1 ) a special gasket betwe5 !m--all z %[n 9 ! engrav+s4 ,! valve is op]at$ ) a wr5* on ! squ>e ( ! plug4 ,! lift+ gl& :5 adju/$ is p]man5tly held by a lock-nut4 ,by releas+ ! lock-nut ) ! wr5* & turn+ ! gl& to ! left1 ! plug is lift$ s t x w turn easily4 ,:5 ! lock-nut is mov$ up1 ! lift+ cam 7:i* c\ples ! pack+ gl& to ! plug7 c be pull$ out2 ! gl& is !n free to be remov$ = repack+4 ,9 use ! be/ me?od ( h&l+ is to op5 & close ! valve sl[ly--nev] ) a j]k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fdj4 ,! t5d5cy t[>d high] pressure /eam boil] in/allation has made app>5t ! ne$ ( a bl[-(f1 l ?is "o describ$1 made ( /rong mat]ial & correct 9 pr9ciple2 9 fact ! high /eam pressures n[ c>ri$ h almo/ made a revolution 9 boil] appliances4 ,! ,fig4 #fdj repres5ts two valves appli$ to ! end ( a bl[-(f pipe4 ,! valve next to ! boil] is op5 at all times except+ :5 ! op]at+ valve1 next to ! sew] is to be att5d$ to = repairs1 etc4 ,! table bel[ is int5d$ to correspond ) ! lett]s to be se5 9 ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #fdj4 ,,table4 ,size ,diam4,c5tre,c5tre,c5tre,c5tre ,diam4 ,no4 ,diam4,?ick4 9 ( to to to to ( ,bolt ( ( ( ,in*es,flange ,face ,bottom ,top ,bottom,circle ,bolts,bolts,flange ------------------------------ ------ ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,i #a #d-a_/b #b-a_/b #d-a_/b #d-a_/b #b-a_/h #c-a_/d #d #a_/b #aa_/af ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a-a_/d #e #b-c_/d #e-a_/h #e-a_/d #b-a_/b #c-c_/d #d #a_/b #c_/d ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a-a_/b #f #c-a_/d #e-g_/h #f #b-c_/d #d-a_/b #d #e_/h #ac_/af ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #b #f-a_/b #c-c_/d #g #g-a_/d #c-c_/h #e #d #e_/h #g_/h ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #b-a_/bg-a_/b #d-a_/d #h-a_/d #h-e_/h #d #e-g_/h #d #c_/d #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #c #h-a_/d #e #i-a_/b #aj #d-e_/h #f-e_/h #h #e_/h #a-a_/h ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,"o cock ( ?is patt]n is usually employ$1 b to use two 7z %[n 9 ! figure7 is ! be/ practice especially = high /eam s]vice4 ,,note4--,x w be easily und]/ood t ! ,b4 ,o4 is an abbreviation2 x /&s = ,bordo4 ,! mak]s claim = ! device t1 #a1 x w n /ick or jam1 #b1 x keeps x seat "u pressure1 #c1 x has full pipe area 9 ports1 #d1 x is easily adju/$ to take up we> &1 #e1 x op5s & closes ) a qu>t] turn & ) a v %ort wr5*4 ,,pipes1 ,,jo9ts ,,& ,,fitt+s ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #fda1 #fdb4--,see page #cfc4 ,,pipes ,,& ,,fitt+s4 ,a pipe 0 orig9ally a w9d in/rum5t ( music1 consi/+ ( a tube or tubes ( /raw1 re$1 wood or metal2 9 ! lit]ature ( hydraulics ?is w9d in/rum5t becomes 8a long tube or holl[ body ( wood1 metal1 e>!nw>e1 or ! l2 especially1 "o us$ z a conductor ( wat]1 /eam1 gas1 etc40 ,a pipe fitt] is "o :o fits pipes toge!r1 or applies pipes1 z to an eng9e or pump4 ,a pipe fitt] uses all ! tools already describ$ & 9 addition sev]al o!rs1 z /ret*$ l9es1 ! _s level & plumb-bob2 he also uses special devices to aid 9 special cases2 ^! are sometimes inv5t$ by himself & sometimes belong to 8! trade-lore0 transmitt$ 9 ! long & v>i$ op]ations ( e successful %op4 ,a pipe fitt+ is a piece1 z a c\pl+1 a valve1 etc41 us$ = connect+ l5g?s ( pipe or z accessory to a pipe4 ,jo9t comes f ! ^w jo9 & means ! place or "p :]e two ?+s or p>ts are jo9$ or unit$ z a jo9t 9 a pipe4 ,see note bel[4 ,n>r[ surfaces make bett] & saf] jo9ts ?an wide ones2 !y are m quickly repair$ ) file or scrap]1 & !y are less liable to cat* dirt at ! mom5t ( mak+ a jo9t4 ,! limit ( n>r[ness is t requir$ to resi/ /ra9s t might cru% ! metal & spoil ! face ( ! jo9t4 ,unless ! jo9t is made metal to metal1 fitt+ )\t any orifice1 ! jo9t+ mat]ial is always s(t] ?an ! pipes or o!r ?+s to be jo9$4 ,9 ?is way ! jo9t+ ne$ n h dead-true surfaces1 b1 yield+ "u pressure1 x adapts itself to ! space x has to fill4 ,x mu/ be d5se en\gh & h>d en\gh to resi/ all ! work+ /ra9s & influ5ces t are likely to act ^u x4 ,! jo9t+ ( a /eam pipe mu/ resi/ ! temp]ature ( ! /eam1 ! wat] x c>ries ) x1 ! *anges ( temp]ature :5 ! pipe cools dur+ int]vals ( "w1 & ! /ra9s due to ! weight ( ! pipe1 & also ! int]nal pressure ( ! /eam4 ,if x exp&s diff]5tly f ! metal 9 ! pipe1 x mu/ be suffici5tly ela/ic to comp5sate = ?is expansion1 o!rwise x w leak ea* "t ! pipes cool d[n4 ,,note4--,9 proportion z /eam pressure gets high] jo9ts are made ?9n] & flanges smoo!r4 ,9 ! pa/ r\gh turn+ succe$$ *ipp+1 r\gh fil+ foll[$ ) an application ( ! surface plate1 & f9ally ! scrap] 0 us$ to produce a dead-true surface1 :i* is n[ only clean$ & wet ) heavy m9]al oil to )/& any pressure :atsoev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fdc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fdd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fde4 ,! jo9t %\ld be always inside ! l9e ( bolts1 & if any jo9t mat]ial ext5ds beyond1 x w\ld only help to support ! flange 9 case x %\ld spr+4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 indicates faulty design1 = flanges ought to be> ! /ra9s ( jo9t+ )\t p]ceptible spr+4 ,male & female flanges are be/ = high pressures4 ,a v popul> jo9t is made ) a plan$ or turn$ surface & a %eet ( pap] ( ! quality us$ to wrap bales ( pap]4 ,?is is ! la/ survival ( ! millbo>d4 ,rubb$ ov] ! flange ) a dirty h& & cut out ) a p5knife on a bo>d1 ?is is "o ( ! *eape/ jo9t+s kn[n4 ,?is pap] has no lumps or grit 9 x1 & if sme>$ ) m9]al cyl9d] oil x may be sep>at$ sev]al times be=e x is spoil$4 ,x is l>gely us$ on ! fac$ jo9ts ( small eng9es & /eam pumps4 ,! m9]al oil increases ! life ( ! pap] :5 expos$ to high /eam4 ,%eet asbe/os is bett]4 ,hydraulic jo9ts = high pressure require great] rigidity ?an ^? ( /eam1 b !y d n h to be> high temp]atures4 ,! jo9t+ mat]ial may be m or less pla/ic1 su* z lea!r1 rubb] or gutta p]*a4 ,x is g5]ally inclos$ 9 a groove 9 ! flange1 & compress$ by a projection fitt+ ! groove1 s t expansion ( ! jo9t+ is arre/$ & ! space is completely fill$4 ,!re is no bett] pr9ciple = jo9ts ?an ?is :]e pack+ is us$ betwe5 flanges4 ,at a pressure ( ?ree tons to ! in*1 e squ>e sixte5? ( an in* mu/ resi/ a p[] equal to tw5ty-six p\nds2 ! jo9t mu/ !re=e be non-por\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fdf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fdg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fdh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fdi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #feb4 ,!re are comp\nds us$ = mak+ jo9ts on :i* ! pla/ic matt]1 :i* is subject to mu* *ange ( volume betwe5 ! liquid & solid /ate1 is mix$ ) a neutral sub/ance1 l s&1 :i*1 comb9+ me*anically ) x1 replaces f #ij to #ie p] c5t4 ( ! total mass1 & r$uces its %r9kage to an inappreciable quantity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fec4 ,ano!r class ( jo9ts is t into :i* ! jo9t+ mat]ial is p\r$ 9 a liquid /ate4 ,mo/ ( ^? liquids1 su* z lead1 pit*1 putty1 seal+-wax1 beeswax1 or clay1 %r9k :5 !y dry or cool4 ,o!rs1 l ,portl& cem5t & c]ta9 metallic alloys1 d n *ange 9 volume4 ,o!rs1 aga91 l sulphur & pla/] ( ,p>is1 increase 9 volume 9 sett+4 ,^! sub/ances all v>y 9 _! ela/icity1 qualities ( d5sity1 h>dness1 & p[]s ( resi/+ heat1 cold & moi/ure4 ,! duty ( a jo9t mu/1 !re=e1 be well consid]$ be=e ! mat]ial is *os51 aft] :i* ! recess 9 :i* x is to lie mu/ be c>efully design$ s z to firmly hold ! mat]ial & ) ! lea/ possible wa/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fed4 ,k]os5e1 f its solv5t p[]s1 w de/roy jo9ts ( rubb] or ( cem5ts comp\nd$ ) oils4 ,k]os5e tanks are1 !re=e1 ru/-jo9t$ & calk$4 ,z k]os5e does n dissolve any?+ t is soluble 9 wat] or alcohol1 k]os5e casks are coat$ ) glue to make !m tight4 ,india rubb] may be us$ z a k]os5e jo9t if inclos$ l ! hydraulic jo9t1 & prev5t$ f swell+4 ,x is !n unable to absorb ! liquid4 ,b lea!r is v mu* bett]4 ,9 mak+ up a piece ( pip+ 9 :i* sev]al fitt+s are q close toge!r1 ea* fitt+ is tight5$ sep>ately2 d n foll[ ! common practice ( mak+ up loosely at fir/ & !n tight5+ all toge!r by apply+ a wr5* to ! fitt+ f>!/ f ! ma9 connection1 z ?is process does n insure tight jo9ts & ! int]m$iate fitt+s1 nipples1 etc41 are subject$ to an unnecess>y torsional /ra94 ,! prop] arrangem5t ( pipe connections h already be5 allud$ to 9 ,"p ,"o1 page #bbb2 x is a subject ^: importance c sc>cely be magnifi$ = if any difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 mak+ a pump "w prop]ly :5 fir/ />t$1 x w g5]ally be f\nd to proce$ f imp]fect connections1 & ?is rema9s true q to ! end ( ! usefulness ( ! pump4 ,by a c>eful /udy ( ! illu/ration above m5tion$1 a good degree ( att5tion w be repaid4 ,figs4 #fda & #fdb repres5t pipes :i* are specially int5d$ = m9e pump columns or dis*>ge pipes4 ,!y are made 9 sizes f six in*es to ?irty in*es outside diamet]2 !y are ( wr\ght iron1 lap weld$ & te/$ to a pressure ( five hundr$ p\nds to ! squ>e in*2 !y are fitt$ ) ca/ iron or /eel flanges1 bolts & gaskets :i* face squ>e ) ! c5t] l9e ( ! pipe4 ,^! flanges are %runk on ! pipe z %[n 9 ! figures1 exp&$ & fl>$ inside4 ,fig4 #fdc repres5ts a male & female flange jo9t metal to metal comb9$ ) & =m+ a "p ( ! pipe2 x is us$ = special "w & conditions4 ,fig4 #fdd is ! usual screw$ sleeve ?read$ connection ) "r h& c\pl+4 ,fig4 #fde is a mu* us$ male & female flange union screw$ = ! reception ( /&>d wr\ght iron pipe4 ,fig4 #fdf illu/rates ! common ?read$ malleable iron union & ,fig4 #fdg ! pla9 light malleable iron tee4 ,,note4--,att5tion ( ! read] is direct$ to t "p ( ! ,gloss>y 9 ! op5+ pages ( ,"p ,"o :i* relates to pipe & fitt+s z be+ closely relat$ to ?is division ( ! "w & :i* may be consid]$ z an introduction to :at is n[ add$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fef4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #feg4 ,/eam ,pipe ,l9es4 ,^! are con/ruct$ ( ca/ iron or wr\ght iron & us$ = convey+ a supply ( /eam f ! boil]s to eng9es1 pumps1 turb9es & o!r ma*9es driv5 by /eam4 ,usually ^! l9es are built up ) /raight pipe & 8fitt+s40 ,! names ( ! latt] are z foll[s3 elb[s2 =ty-fives 7#de72 tees2 plugs2 caps2 r$uc]s 7or bu%+s72 nipples2 valves2 unions 7) gr\nd1 p]i%able1 & flange jo9ts72 c\pl+s 7r$uc+ & "r & left72 crosses2 special fitt+s1 su* z elb[s & tees ( a nom9al size r$uc$ at "s po9t to a small] size to avoid ! use ( r$uc]s2 angle1 *eck1 & gate valves1 & plug cocks2 lock-nuts4 ,,note4--,ca/ iron 0 =m]ly entirely employ$ = /eam pipe1 b n[ x is nev] us$ = high pressures4 ,:ile lead & iron pipe h tak5 ! place ( ! old log pipes ( =m] days = c>ry+ wat] & sundry purposes1 !re are /ill uses = :i* wood5 pipe is bett] adapt$ ?an any ( ! metal pipes2 a new k9d ( wire w\nd wood5 pipe has be5 made4 ,ea* l5g? is built up ( /aves1 w\nd ) galvaniz$ /eel wire "u t5sion4 ,! sizes are made #b to #h in*es int]nal diamet]4 ,! /aves are kiln-dri$1 #g_/h in* to #a-a_/b in* ?ick4 ,jo9ts are made ) a male & female socket on ! small sizes1 & a sleeve & butt jo9t on ! l>g] sizes1 #h-;in* pipe ( ?is type1 w\nd ) ,no4 #d copp] wire1 has be5 tri$1 :]e acid wat] rapidly de/roys ord9>y pipes1 ) excell5t results4 ,?is pipe has be5 te/$ to #ejj p\nds pressure1 x is light] to h&le & is n s liable to bur/ z ca/ iron4 ,! prop] an*or+ & support+ ( l>ge /eam ma9s is important4 ,x is pref]able to all[ ! sy/em to exp& 9 ! prop] direction )\t /ress & at ! same "t avoid+ vibration4 ,! illu/rations w give an idea ( ! me?od us$ 9 support+ pipes & all[+ = expansion4 ,fig4 #feg %[s a wall bracket ^u :i* ! roll]s support+ ! pipe & all[+ = ! expansion & contraction are atta*$4 ,fig4 #fee %[s a bracket ) an adju/able s+le roll1 :i* may be adju/$ to suit ! pit* ( ! pipe at ! same "t all[ ! pipe to exp&4 ,fig4 #fee %[s a bracket ) "o adju/able roll design$ = ma9 /eam pipes4 ,?is is an elaborate device b w\ld be appreciat$ 9 build+s :]e ev]y?+ is want$ to make up a /rictly fir/ class l9e ( details4 ,fig4 #feg repres5ts an ext5sion ( ! same idea 9 :i* "o bracket is made to c>ry two l9es ( pipe small] ?an ! "o %[n 9 ! prec$+ illu/ration4 ,fig4 #fef is a support made ( "o in* r\nd iron & answ]s e purpose :]e all ( ^! designs ( pipe hang]s p]mit ( free expansion & contraction ( ! pipes4 ,x is bad practice to support ! ma9 /eam pipes ov] boil]s by hang]s f ! build+ z ! build+ may settle 9 a diff]5t degree f ! boil] h5ce ! /eam pipes are n prop]ly support$1 i4e41 !y are ei!r /ra9$ unnecess>ily by ! /ra9 ^u ! hang]s or !y are p]mitt$ to support !mselves2 x is bett] to support !m by iron props und]nea?1 made by screw+ a flange ^u ! end ( a piece ( pipe ( prop] l5g? & hav+ a wr\ght iron crot* ) ?read & nut = adju/m5t ins]t$ 9 ! upp] end4 ,! flange on ! prop re/s ^u ! boil] walls :ile ! crot* fits ! pipe & by means ( ! nut any desirable elevation ( ! /eam pipe may be secur$4 ,= :5 ! boil]s settle z !y w ! pipes & connections all settle toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #feh-fff4 ,fig4 #fdh %[s ! common wr\ght iron "r-h& sleeve c\pl+ & ,fig4 #fdi a pla9 lock nut4 ,fig4 #fej %[s ! bell & spigot connection commonly us$ = jo9+ ca/ iron wat] or soil pipes1 ! jo9t be+ =m$ by p\r+ melt$ lead into ! cavity inside ! bell4 ,! melt$ lead is prev5t$ f escap+ by damm+ up ! op5+ ) a turn ( oakum at ! bottom & fire clay at ! top ( ! jo9t4 ,aft] ! lead cools x is calk$ ) a calk+ tool4 ,fig4 #fea is simil> to ,fig4 #fdc only ! latt] has pla9 flanges ) a gasket1 ,a1 ,b1 ins]t$4 ,fig4 #feb repres5ts an improvem5t on ! union %[n 9 ,fig4 #fdf4 ,x is kn[n z ! ,d>t-union4 ,! improvem5t consi/s 9 ! sub/itution ( a ball & socket jo9t made ( composition brass or bronze gr\nd jo9t & enclos$ )9 ! malleable iron case2 unions are p>ticul>ly desirable = inaccessible locations :]e x w\ld be next to impossible to rea* ! union to r5ew ! gasket4 ,fig4 #fec is an extra heavy bead$ malleable iron tee1 :ile ,fig4 #fed %[s a common ?read$ ca/ iron pipe plug4 ,! figures on page #cff are "o half end views1 divid$ on ! c5t] l9e1 ( brass & iron tub+2 !y are r$uc$ 9 size1 b %[ _! relative ?ickness1 f "o eigh? in* up to f\r in*es inclusive4 ,! 8,/&>d0 sizes are %[n 9 ,figs4 #ffc & #ffd4 ,! 8extra /rong0 are repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #feh1 #ffa & #ffb4 ,! d\ble extra /rong is %[n 9 ,figs4 #fei1 #ffj1 #ffe & #fff4 ,all 8tub+10 includ+ boil] tubes1 is measur$ by ! outside diamet]s1 :ile gas & /eam pipe1 includ+ ca/ iron wat] pipe is designat$ by ! inside diamet]4 ,,note4--,! be/ way ( jo9t+ hydraulic pipes has be5 ! subject ( mu* practical exp]im5t4 ,a gutta p]*a r+ has be5 univ]sally adopt$ z ! be/ means ( pres]v+ ! jo9t wat]tight4 ,modifi$ =m ( ?is jo9t is made by ca/+ a projection on ! pipe beyond ! flange1 ! bell & spigot be+ =m$ on ?is projection4 ,! effect is to increase ! dep? & ! /r5g? ( ! flange1 )\t an increase ( its section at ! junction betwe5 ! flange & ! pipe4 ,mu* might be said reg>d+ duplicate pipe sy/ems1 bo? = & aga9/4 ,! g5]al practice is com+ to be t ( subdivid+ into units1 :ile 9 small] plants ! duplicate sy/em is us$4 ,! s]vice & conditions gov]n ! me?od ( pip+1 :i* %\ld be su* 9 e in/ance z to prev5t a %ut d[n due to accid5t 9 "s "p ( ! sy/em4 ,all ! fitt+s 9 ! pipe sy/em ( a plant %\ld be ( ! be/ quality1 & ! pip+ = high pressures %\ld be extra heavy to )/& ! te/ ( "t & usage4 ,wat] pipes1 :5 ( comm]cial wr\ght iron1 %\ld be galvaniz$4 ,9 lay+ out a l9e ( pip+ or 9 replac+ a portion ( an exi/+ l9e ! measurem5ts %\ld be tak5 f c5t] to c5t] ( ! v>i\s fitt+s2 ! all[ance = ! ?read$ "p ( ! pipe c be made aft] ! c5t]-to-c5t] & ov]-all measurem5ts h be5 made & be=e ! pipe is cut4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es :at to all[ = ! ?read$ "p on diff]5t sizes ( pipe4 ,! accompany+ engrav+ gives an illu/ration ( h[ ! measurem5ts on a pipe sy/em are made4 ,illu/ration3 ,pipe ,sy/em ,measurem5ts4 ,z1 = example1 ,a repres5ts ! di/ance1 c5t]-to-c5t]1 f elb[ to tee2 ,b1 f ! />t+ place to c5t] ( elb[2 ,c1 ! di/ance1 c5t]-to-c5t]1 ( ! two elb[s2 ,d1 f ! />t+ place to ! c5t] ( ! globe valve2 ,e1 ! c5t] ( ! globe valve to ! c5t] ( ! tee1 & ,f1 f ! c5t] ( ! tee to ! c5t] ( ! elb[4 ,g %[s ! c5t] ( ! elb[ to ! c5t] ( ! union2 ,h1 f ! c5t] ( ! union to ! c5t] ( ! tee1 & ,i1 f ! c5t] ( ! tee to ! c5t] ( ! elb[2 ,j1 f ! c5t] ( ! elb[ to ! c5t] ( ! c\pl+1 & ,k1 f ! c5t] ( ! c\pl+ to ! f9al tee2 all z indicat$ by ! arr[ heads & crosses4 ,,useful ,,notes 8,!re are _m f+]s po9t+ to ! value ( a tra9+ 9 sci5ce1 z ! "o ?+ ne$ful to make ! man1 :o %all rise above 8 fell[s40--,,frank ,,all54 ,illu/ration3 ,anci5t device us+ /eam to lift a ball4 8,! motto m>k$ ^u our =eheads1 writt5 ^u our door-po/s1 *annel$ 9 ! e>?1 & waft$ ^u ! waves is & mu/ be #8,labor is honorable & ,idl5ess is di%onorable4'0--,,c>lyle4 8,a heavy wag] has be5 laid ,t !re are tricks 9 e trade40 ,,useful ,,notes ,,relat+ ,,to ,,pumps ,,& ,,_! ,,managem5t ,x happ5s at times t a pump1 ) ! full pressure aga9/ :i* x is expect$ to "w1 re/+ ^u ! dis*>ge valves1 refuses to lift wat] = ! reason t air )9 ! pump *amb] is n dislodg$1 b only compress$ by ! motion ( ! plung]4 ,x is well1 !re=e1 to arrange = runn+ )\t pressure until ! air is expell$ & wat] foll[s4 ,?is is done by plac+ a *eck valve 9 ! deliv]y pipe1 & provid+ a wa/e cock 9 ! dis*>ge *amb] to be clos$ aft] ! pump has caught wat]4 ,a /op valve is also requir$ = %utt+ (f ! back pressure :5 ! pump c be op5$ = exam9ation ( ! valves4 99 99 99 ,if any difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 mak+ a pump "w prop]ly :5 fir/ />t$1 x w g5]ally be f\nd 9 leaks ?r\gh imp]fect connections1 or f ! tempor>y /iffness to be expect$ 9 a new ma*9e1 or p]haps leaky valves4 99 99 99 ,if1 :5 /&+ at ! suction end ( a c5trifugal pump1 look+ ov] pump %ell t[>d pulley1 ! top ( %aft revolves f "r to left1 or aga9/ ! sun1 ! pump is "r h&1 & if f left to "r1 or ) ! sun1 x is left h&4 99 99 99 ,a pump %\ld be locat$ 9 a conv5i5t z well z a clean place4 ,x %\ld be well set ^u a suitable f\ndation1 s t x may be free f vibration or j>2 ?is 8note0 applies to direct-act+1 self-conta9$ pumps1 z well z to o!rs4 99 99 99 ,! economical op]ation ( a pump dep5ds1 to a great ext5t1 ^u ! k9d & condition ( ! pack+ 9 ! /uff+-boxes & pi/ons1 its quality1 adaptability to p>ticul> requirem5ts1 & ! me?od ( plac+ x 9 ! /uff+-boxes & plung]s4 99 99 99 ,almo/ all ! /uff+-boxes on pumps are too %all[ & ! gl&s too %ort4 ,to keep a rod tight "u ^! conditions ! pack+ mu/ be ( ! prop] size & quality1 & x mu/ be put 9 ) a view to secur+ ! greate/ possible degree ( ela/icity1 s t ! rod may be kept tight ) ! lea/ pressure on ! pack+4 99 99 99 ,to d ?is1 x is be/ to select pack+ :i* w p]mit a numb] ( n>r[ r+s to be us$ in/ead ( a few wide r+s4 ,! r+s next to ! bottom w become dry & h>d be=e ^? next to ! gl&s ( ! box are half worn out4 ,if a numb] ( n>r[ r+s are us$1 ! dry ones may be remov$ & duplicat$ by new ones & replac+ ! re/ ( ! pack+ 9 ! /uff+-box4 ,?is me?od economizes pack+ & secures a tight yet freely work+ rod4 99 99 99 ,:5 pat5t squ>e pack+s are us$1 x makes less diff]5ce :e!r ! r+s are n>r[ or wide1 because ! surface 9 contact ) ! rod w be ne>ly cont9u\s 9 ei!r case4 99 99 99 ,:5 cutt+ pack+ r+s1 ! l5g? %\ld be su* t ! ends d n come toge!r )9 #a_/h in* :5 put into ! /uff+-box1 & ! r+s are put 9 to break jo9ts1 :i* prev5ts leakage ?r\gh !m4 ,:5 ins]t+ ?is pack+1 ! r+s are put 9 "o at a "t1 us+ a piece ( h>d wood to pu% !m to ! bottom ( ! /uff+-box & firmly aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,! /uff+-box %\ld be fill$ z full z x c be1 & />t ! nuts on ! /uds by h&4 ,screw up ! nuts ) ! h& & !n />t ! pump sl[ly4 ,if leakage occurs d n attempt to tight5 ! nut :ile ! rod is 9 motion1 & 9 all cases tight5 x only en\gh to /op ! leakage4 ,a slight leakage at ! wat] end is n h>mful4 ,a little cyl9d] oil & graphite occasionally appli$ to ! rod w t5d to keep x smoo? & bright1 :i* condition is favorable to ! durability ( ! rod & ( ! pack+4 99 99 99 ,:5 cutt+ r+s ( pack+ = ! wat] pi/on or plung]1 ! r+s %\ld be #a_/h in* %ort1 z previ\sly describ$1 page #cgb4 99 99 99 ,pack+ %\ld fit ! grooves 9 solid pi/ons mod]ately tight1 s t ! pack+ c be pu%$ into ! grooves ) ! f+]s4 ,! dep? ( ! pack+ %\ld be su* t ! pi/on w fit ! bore ( ! wat] cyl9d] snugly :5 fir/ put 94 ,if pack+ ( ! prop] dep? _c be obta9$1 x is bett] to h ! grooves turn$ to receive /&>d sizes ( pack+ & n require special sizes4 ,cutt+ hydraulic pack+ is a t$i\s job1 consum+ a great deal ( unnecess>y "t4 99 99 99 ,x takes less p[] to fe$ into ! bottom ( a tank ?an x does into ! top1 on acc\nt ( ! weight ( wat] 9 ! tank4 ,! bottom ( ! tank holds up all ! wat] except ! column directly ov] ! op5+ ( ! deliv]y pipe1 s t ! additional pressure on ! pump is due only to ! dep? ( wat] 9 ! tank1 n to ! size ( ! body1 & x is impossible to fe$ into ! top )\t increas+ ! height ( ! column fully z mu*4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ! height is due to ! dep? ( ! wat] inside ! tank or an additional l5g? ( pipe outside4 99 99 99 ,! duty ( ! air pump is solely to get rid ( ! wat] & air 9 ! cond5s]4 ,x adds to ! effici5cy ( ! cond5s+ app>atus1 & r5d]s its op]ation cont9u\s2 its valve be+ ?r[n by ! action ( its own pi/on1 x mu/ complete its /roke 9 l5g? :e!r ! pi/on is mov+ 9 air1 wat] or vapor4 ,pumps %\ld be kept clean int]nally & ext]nally4 ,9 ord] to keep a pump clean int]nally x mu/ be inspect$ & oil$ int]nally at regul> int]vals ! same z x is ext]nally4 99 99 99 ,:5 pumps fail to "w prop]ly ! difficulty is g5]ally locat$ 9 "o ( ?ree places1 viz43 ! wat] end1 ! /eam end or ! suction pipe4 99 99 99 ,! sev]al p>ts ( ! valve ge> ( a s+le cyl9d] pump %\ld be m>k$ :5 ! pump works prop]ly1 !n any tr\ble due to ! slipp+ ( ! coll>s or tappets c readily be rem$i$2 if ! nuts & set screws are kept tight1 d]angem5ts occur only at long int]vals4 99 99 99 ,! pr9cipal difficulties enc\nt]$ ) /eam pumps are n g5]ally due to improp] /eam di/ribution1 b to we>1 z may be se52 h5ce by inspect+ pumps at regul> int]vals _m unpleasant occurr5ces & accid5ts c be avoid$4 99 99 99 ,! /eam pipe lead+ to a pump %\ld be s arrang$ t ! wat] ( cond5sation1 :ile ! pump is idle1 may n pass ?r\gh ! /eam *e/ & cyl9d]s1 & wa% (f ! lubricat+ oil4 ,drip cocks %\ld be atta*$ to /eam pipes & all l>ge pipes %\ld h sep>ators & /eam traps4 99 99 99 ,pumps t are g5]ally op]at$ at mod]ately high spe$s & ) high lifts may be made to "w m smoo?ly by plac+ a vacuum *amb] on ! suction pipe4 99 99 99 ,valves 9 ! suction pipe %\ld h ! /ems c>efully pack$ & kept tight2 air leaks 9 valve /em /uff+-boxes are too (t5 ov]look$4 99 99 99 ,/oppage ( ! suction pipes or *amb] is g5]ally indicat$ by a j]ky action & p\nd+ ( ! plung]s or wat] pi/ons1 :ile a dull ?ud at ! ends ( ! /roke is m (t5 due to a lack ( air 9 ! air *amb]1 or :5 ! spe$ is high1 to a lack ( capacity 9 ! air *amb]4 99 99 99 ,! /eam ends ( pumps require ! same lubrication z ! cyl9d]s & valves ( eng9es4 ,int]mitt5t lubrication is nev] to be recomm5d$ ev5 = sl[ runn+ pumps4 ,sight fe$ oil cups are always pref]r$4 99 99 99 ,a sight fe$ lubricator connect$ to ! /eam pipe bel[ ! ?rottle or to ! /eam *e/ is automatic 9 its op]ation4 ,all t is necess>y is to fill x4 ,:5 ! spe$ increases ! fe$ increases & :5 ! pump /ops ! fe$ /ops4 ,an oil h& pump is also desirable to introduce a mixture ( oil & graphite1 ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( graphite4 99 99 99 ,! wat] end /uff+-boxes ( a pump may be lubricat$ by putt+ a heavy grease on ! pi/on rods1 or good cyl9d] oil may be us$ :5 grease is n at h&4 ,"s ( ! grease works into ! /uff+-boxes & furni%es bett] lubrication ?an c be obta9$ by ! wat] alone4 ,c>e mu/ be us$ n to use too mu* oil z x mu/ n g beyond ! /uff+-boxes & contam9ate ! wat]4 99 99 99 ,:5 a pump works prop]ly "u high pressures & fails to "w "u l[ pressures1 ! difficulty is g5]ally f\nd 9 ! lift ( ! valves4 99 99 99 ,:5 ! wat] end ( a pump is kn[n to be 9 good condition failure to run prop]ly w 9 all probability be discov]$ 9 ! /eam end1 & 9 s+le cyl9d] pumps ! fault is g5]ally caus$ by clogg+ ( ! auxili>y valves & ports4 ,sometimes pieces ( pack+ break (f & get into ^! small ports1 ?us %utt+ (f ! admission or release ( /eam4 99 99 99 ,:5 "o side ( a duplex pump makes a quick /roke x indicates ei!r t ! /uff+-box gl& ( ! opposite side is too tight or t ! pack+ 9 ! cyl9d] ( ! side mak+ ! quick /roke is we>+ out or has1 p]haps1 giv5 way4 ,a brok5 dis*>ge or suction valve w also cause a 8j]ky8 motion ( ! pi/ons4 99 99 99 ,pumps %\ld be exam9$ frequ5tly 9 ord] to "k :at p>ts are beg9n+ to we> & h[ fa/ ! we> is tak+ place4 ,:5 ?is is done ! worn p>ts c1 9 ! majority ( cases1 be tak5 out & replac$ by new ones be=e !y give out entirely1 ?us avoid+ delay1 b :at is bett]1 duplicat$ p>ts kept on h& ready at a mom5t's notice4 99 99 99 ,! regul> inspection ( ! scre5 9 ! sep>at+ *amb] 9 ! suction pipe r5d]s frequ5t inspections ( ! int]ior ( ! pump unnecess>y1 ! inspection previ\sly allud$ to is g5]ally easi] & m quickly done4 99 99 99 ,consid]able we> c & frequ5tly does take place 9 a pump 9 ! c\rse ( six mon?s1 & = ?is reason x is advisable to inspect ! int]iors at %ort] int]vals1 say f\r mon?s = g5]al s]vice pumps & once 9 ?ree mon?s = boil] fe$ pumps4 ,m frequ5t inspections %\ld be made :5 h&l+ dirty wat]4 99 99 99 ,:5 a pump has to run fa/] "o week ?an ! week previ\s 9 ord] to supply approximately an equal volume ( wat]1 ! plung]s & valves %\ld be exam9$1 because su* behavior indicates leakage4 99 99 99 ,! sight fe$ lubricator %\ld be fill$ 9 ! morn+ s z to be empty by night1 ?us p]mitt+ ! wat] to be dra9$ out )\t wa/+ oil4 ,dra9+ ! deliv]y valve *e/ w also dra9 ! deliv]y pipe up to ! *eck valve if ^? pipes are above ! *e/ & )\t wat] seals 9 !m4 ,if ?is pipe is arrang$ bel[ ! pump1 !n sep>ate dra9 cocks %\ld be provid$ & %\ld be plac$ at ! l[e/ positions 9 ! pip+4 99 99 99 ,:5 a pump fails to />t aft] /&+ = "s "t x %\ld be prim$ by fill+ ! b>rel ) wat] & />t+ ! pump sl[ly4 ,if aft] prim+ x fails to raise wat]1 ! suction pipe %\ld be exam9$ & also ! plung]s & ! valves4 ,if ! plung] pack+ has become dry & h>d1 m]ely fill+ ! wat] end ) wat] w n at once rem$y ! tr\ble because ! pack+ mu/ be ?or\ghly soak$ be=e x w "w prop]ly4 99 99 99 ,pumps %\ld be pack$ ) ! same c>e & consid]ation z is us$ ) ! be/ /eam eng9es4 ,! rods %\ld be pack$ j tight en\gh to prev5t leakage1 & ! pack+ r5ew$ (t5 en\gh to keep x s(t & pliable1 9 :i* /ate x readily absorbs oil4 ,old pack+ w ^u exam9ation be frequ5tly f\nd full ( s& & small p>ticles ( grit4 99 99 99 ,metallic pack+s are n[ ext5sively us$ on /eam pi/on rods & ^u ! rods ( air pumps4 99 99 99 ,:5 prim+ & dra9+ a pump ! air cock 9 ! air *amb] %\ld also be op5$4 ,! dra9 & cyl9d] cocks at ! /eam end %\ld be op5$ be=e clos+ ! ?rottle2 ! /eam %\ld be %ut (f at ! boil] :5 /opp+ at night s z to dra9 ! entire pipe4 99 99 99 ,pumps t are expos$ to l[ temp]atures 9 w9t] %\ld be provid$ ) removable dra9 plugs or dra9 cocks = empty+ ! cyl9d]s & valve *amb]s ( wat] & also all[+ ! wat] to fl[ out ( ! suction pipe4 99 99 99 ,! friction 9 pipes1 :e!r ( ca/ iron1 /eel or copp]1 dep5ds ^u ! int]nal smoo?ness ( ! pipe & ! velocity ( ! wat]1 z well z ! numb] & k9d ( ells1 tees & valves 9 ! pipe4 ,wr\ght iron lap weld$ pipe1 = /eam1 is pref]able to ei!r ca/ iron or copp]4 ,x is smoo!r int]nally ?an ca/ iron1 & is light] & co/s less ?an copp]1 & is mu* /rong] & saf] ?an ei!r4 99 99 99 ,x may be said :5 an eng9e is run )\t a cond5s] ! /eam ) :i* ! cyl9d] is fill$ at ! end ( ! /roke has to be =c$ out aga9/ ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 ab\t #ae p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,x is possible f ! nature ( /eam to remove ! atmosph]ic pressure ) a decid$ ga9 9 almo/ all cases4 99 99 99 ,"o p\nd ( /eam at atmosph]ic pressure occupies #a1fdb times z mu* room z x does 9 ! /ate ( wat]4 ,if1 !re=e1 :5 ! /roke has be5 complet$1 & we are ready = ! pi/on to come back1 we inject a little cold wat] into ! sp5t /eam1 x w cond5se to ab\t "o #afjj? ( its volume1 & leave a vacuum into :i* ! pi/on c return )\t hav+ to =ce back ! atmosph]e4 ,?is is ! way ! e>li] v]tical eng9es 7 run1 ! cond5sation tak+ place 9 ! cyl9d] itself1 &1 moreov]1 ! vacuum 0 all t made ! eng9e op]ative1 = ! /eam c>ri$ 0 b little above atmosph]ic pressure4 99 99 99 ,! velocity ( wat] ent]+ a suction pipe dep5ds ^u two ?+s1 ! vacuum 9 ! pipe & ! v]tical lift ( ! wat]4 ,! long] ! suction pipe1 v]tically1 ! great] ! frictional resi/ance to ! fl[ ( wat]2 ! fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh small dis*>ge pipes %\ld n exce$ f\r hundr$ feet p] m9ute1 & = l>ge pipes five hundr$ feet p] m9ute4 99 99 99 ,a locomotive-boil] comp\nd4 ,! l9es ( a c]ta9 great ,r4 ,r4 trav]se a c\ntry :]e ! wat] is v h>d & !y are compell$ to resort to "s me?od ( precipitat+ ! lime t is held 9 solution4 ,aft] _m te/s & exp]im5ts !y h made a comp\nd & use x z foll[s3 9 a b>rel ( wat] ( a capacity ( fifty gallons !y put #ba lbs4 ( c>bonate ( soda1 or be/ :ite soda a% ( comm]ce1 & #ce lbs4 ( :ite cau/ic soda2 ! co/1 p] gallon1 is ab\t #b-a_/b c5ts4 ,! comp\nd is c>ri$ 9 ?is conc5trat$ =m1 9 calom9e cans on ! t5d] ( ea* locomotive4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt1 accord+ to ! necessities ( ! case1 is p\r$ into ! t5d] at ! wat] tank at ea* fill+4 ,?is am\nt is det]m9$ by analysis1 & v>ies all ! way f two to fifte5 p9ts = two ?\s& gallons ( wat]4 ,! precipitat+ p[] ( ?is comp\nd may be tak5 r\ghly at #b_/c ( a p\nd ( ! c>bonate ( lime1 or equival5t am\nt ( o!r mat]ial1 p] p9t ( ! comp\nd4 ,on _! we/]n l9es :]e !y are deal+ ) alkali wat]s & ^? conta9+ sulphates1 ! company use m]ely #fj p\nds ( soda a% to a b>rel ( wat]4 ,:5 ! wat] is pump$ into ! boil] ! heat completes ! precipitation & aggregation ( ! p>ticles1 & ?is does away ) all tr\ble ( ! boil] or injector tubes clogg+ up4 99 99 99 ,x has be5 rec5tly det]m9$ by "s ,g]man exp]im5t]s t sug> effects a /rong action 9 /eam boil]s2 x has an acid reaction ^u ! iron :i* dissolves x ) a dis5gagem5t ( hydrog54 ,! am\nt ( damage done increases ) ! am\nt ( sug> 9 ! wat]4 ,^! results are wor?y ( note 9 sug> ref9]ies & places :]e sug> sometimes f9ds its way into ! boil]s by means ( ! wat] suppli$4 ,! exp]im5ts 9 "q also %[ t z9c is /rongly attack$ by sug>2 copp]1 t91 lead & alum9ium are n attack$4 99 99 99 ,:ite oak b>k1 us$ by tann]s1 has an excell5t effect on boil] incru/ations4 ,x may be us$ z foll[s3 ,?r[ into ! tank or res]voir f :i* ! boil]s are f$ a quantity ( b>k 9 ! piece1 9 suffici5t quantity to turn ! wat] to a light br[n color4 ,repeat ?is op]ation e mon? at lea/1 us+ only half ! quantity aft] ! fir/ mon?4 ,add a v small quantity ( ! muriate ( ammonia1 ab\t "o p\nd = e #b1jjj gallons ( wat] us$4 ,?is w h ! effect ( s(t5+ z well z dis9tegrat+ ! c>bonate ( lime & o!r impurities deposit$ by ! action ( evaporation4 ,,note4--,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 keep+ ! b>k1 z x becomes brok5 up1 f ! pump valves & bl[-(f valves4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by ?r[+ x into ! res]voir conf9$ 9 a sack4 ,among ! be/ samples ( boil] comp\nds ev] s5t to ! laboratory = analysis 7 ^? f\nd to be compos$ (3 ,sal-soda #dj ,p\nds ,cati*u #e ,sal-ammoniac #e ,?is solution 0 =m]ly sold at a good r\nd figure1 b s9ce its nature became m g5]ally kn[n1 x is n f\nd 9 ! m>ket1 b x is l>gely us$1 consum]s putt+ x up 9 lots suffici5t to la/ a ye> or s at a "t4 ,! above is /rongly recomm5d$ by ^? :o h us$ x1 "o p\nd ( ! mixture be+ add$ to ea* b>rel ( wat] us$1 b aft] ! scale is once ?or\ghly remov$ f ! boil]1 ! use ( sal-soda is all t is necess>y4 99 99 99 ,!re are o!r evils sometimes inh]5t 9 h>d wat]s above ! m]e production ( a cru/4 ,"s wat]s conta9 a great deal ( soluble magnesia salts1 toge!r ) common salt4 ,:5 ?is is ! case !re is a great probability ( corrosion1 = ! =m] is attack$ by /eam at high pressure 9 su* a way t muriatic acid fumes are produc$1 :i* s]i\sly corrode ! boil]1 & :at is f> worse1 passes ) ! /eam into ! eng9e1 & sets up corrosion 9 ! cyl9d]s & o!r delicate fitt+s ) :i* ! /eam comes 9 contact4 ,all ?is c1 h[ev]1 be obviat$ by ! removal ( ! magnesia f ! wat]4 99 99 99 ,:5 wat] atta9s a high temp]ature1 z x does "u increas+ pressure1 rang+ f #age to ab\t #dbj ,fahr41 all c>bonates1 sulphates & *lorides are deposit$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,fir/4 ,c>bonate ( lime at #agf & #bdh ,fahr4 ,second4 ,sulphate ( lime at #bdh & #dbj4 ,?ird4 ,magnesia1 or *lorides ( magnesium1 at #cbd & #cfd4 ,x is to take advantage ( ?is fact t me*anically arrang$ jets1 spr9kl]s & long p]=at$ pipes are introduc$ into ! int]ior ( a /eam boil]2 ^! t5d to scatt] ! deposit+ impurities & also to br+ ! fe$ wat] m quickly to ! highe/ possible temp]ature4 ,:]e fuel is exp5sive & pumps are us$ = cont9u\s s]vice "u high & unusually high pressures x is (t5times advisable to op]ate ! pumps cond5s+4 ,?is may be done1 :5 ! pump lifts wat] by suction1 )\t a sep>ate cond5s] by connect+ ! exhau/ pipe ) ! suction pipe1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ffg4 ,assume t ! pump has be5 work+ prop]ly = f #c to #e m9utes ) ! valve ,a ne>ly clos$ & ! valve ,b a little op51 ! valve ,a is n[ quickly clos$ & ,b op5$4 ,9 op]at+ ^! valves bo? h&s %\ld be us$1 s t !y may be op5$ & clos$ simultane\sly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ffg4 ,s p5etrat+ is wat] at high pressure t only special qualities ( ca/ iron w be tight aga9/ x4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! hydraulic jack x 0 no uncommon ?+ to see wat] issu+ l a f9e ne$le ?r\gh ! metal1 & ! wat] ne$le is said to p5etrate ! fle% z readily z "o ( /eel4 ,! engrav+1 ,fig4 #ffh1 repres5ts a novel device = prev5t+ ! bur/+ ( wat] pipes by freez+4 ,?is is simply an air *amb] plac$ 9 ! horizontal "p ( ! pipe1 ) ! *amb] on top side s t ! ice may exp& into ?is *amb]1 & s its =ce is exp5d$ ^u ! air in/ead ( bur/+ ! pipe4 ,?is device also acts z an air *amb] & prev5ts 8wat] hamm]40 ,x is made by ! ,anti-bur/+ pipe ,co41 ,pittsburg1 ,pa4 ,:5 x becomes necess>y to make a quick connection into a ma9 /eam pipe )\t break+ jo9ts1 a saddle su* z ei!r ( ^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #ffi & ,fig4 #fgj may be appli$ by simply cutt+ or drill+ a hole ?r\gh ! ma9 /eam pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ffh4 ,to make ! jo9t1 ! r\gh lumps %\ld be fil$ (f ! outside ( ! pipe & r$ lead rubb$ on to m>k ! surface1 to %[ :5 ! fit is prop]ly made4 ,!n lay on ) a bru% a ?9 mixture ( r$ lead & v>ni% & quickly screw ! saddle 9 place4 ,su* jo9ts seldom or nev] leak :5 all[$ to ?or\ghly dry be=e use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ffi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fgj4 ,:5 x becomes necess>y to cut squ>e pack+ to r$uce its dep?1 place ! pack+ 9 a vise1 all[+ ! /ock to be remov$ to project above ! jaws1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fga4 ,) ! aid ( a draw-knife ! "w c be quickly & easily done4 ,x is difficult to cut ! pack+ ev5ly4 ,if ! r+s h an unev5 be>+ on ! bottom ( ! grooves leakage is likely to occur :5 ! pump is fir/ />t$4 ,! foll[] type ( wat] pi/on c readily be pack$ )\t remov+ x f ! cyl9d]1 provid+ r+s ( ! prop] dep? & l5g? are at h&4 ,! old pack+ r+s c be remov$ ) a pack+ hook4 ,take ! new r+ & />t "o end ) a s(t /ick1 & pu% ! rema9d] ( ! r+ firmly aga9/ ! coll> or flange at ! inn] end ( ! pi/on1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+1 ,fig4 #fgb4 ,arrange ! sev]al r+s s z to break jo9ts4 ,me?od ( pack+ a foll[] pi/on4 ,coat ! sides ( ! r+s ) a ?ick pa/e ( cyl9d] oil & ,dixon's ,flake graphite1 :i* w prev5t ! r+s f /ick+ toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fga4 ,pump pack+ _c be readily exam9$ & is liable to fail at any "t1 !re=e sev]al r+s1 cut to ! prop] l5g?1 %\ld be kept on h&4 ,?is may be easily done by mak+ a patt]n r+1 :i* is no?+ m or less ?an a r+ ( pack+ :i* has be5 fitt$ into ! pi/on & is kn[n to be ( ! prop] l5g?4 ,! extra r+s c !n be cut at odd times1 & :5 occasion dem&s x ! wat] pi/on c be pack$ v quickly & ! pump />t$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 :5 ab\t to pack a boil] fe$ pump or o!r pump subject$ to high pressure to see t ! cyl9d]s are reliev$ be=e loos5+ ! cyl9d] head bolts4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by clos+ ! valve 9 ! deliv]y pipe1 & also 9 ! suction pipe2 if ! pump receives wat] "u pressure1 op5 ! air cock on ! air *amb] & cyl9d] cocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fgb4 ,pump slip or slippage repres5ts ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! calculat$ & ! actual dis*>ge ( a pump1 :i* is g5]ally express$ z a p]c5tage ( ! calculat$ dis*>ge4 ,?us1 :5 ! slippage is giv5 z fifte5 p] c5t4 x indicates t ! loss due to slip am\nts to fifte5 p] c5t4 ( ! calculat$ dis*>ge4 ,slippage is due to two causes1 ! "t requir$ = ! suction & dis*>ge valve to seat1 due to excessive spe$4 ,:5 ! pi/on spe$ is s high t ! wat] _c ent] ! pump fa/ en\gh to completely fill ! cyl9d] only a p>tial cyl9d] full ( wat] is deliv]$ at ea* /roke4 ,high spe$s also increase slippage1 due to ! seat+ ( ! valves4 ,graphite z a lubricant is almo/ )\t a rival4 ,x is "o ( ! =ms "u :i* c>bon appe>s 9 nature2 x is also kn[n "u ! "n ( plumbago & black lead2 x is s(t & oily to ! t\*2 x is a conductor ( electricity2 x is a lubricant t all[s pipe jo9ts to be screw$ up to ! tighte/ possible fit4 ,graphite rema9s ^u ! ?reads prev5t+ ru/1 & x s pres]ves its peculi> prop]ties t pipe c be unscrew$ )\t ef=t eight or t5 ye>s aft] ! jo9ts h be5 made4 ,x is difficult to lift hot wat] by suction1 b n ev]yone c expla9 ! cause2 ! reason is z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #fgc ,,& #fgd4 ,9 ,fig4 #fgd1 let ,a be a vessel 9 :i* a vacuum exi/s1 & let x communicate by a tube1 z %[n1 to ! l[] vessel conta9+ wat]4 ,! pressure ( ! atmosph]e ^u ! surface w =ce ! wat] up into ! pipe until ! column is high en\gh to ex]t a pressure p] squ>e in* equal to t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,a cubic in* ( wat] weighs ab\t #a_/bh ( a p\nd1 s t x w take #bh cubic in*es to weigh a p\nd1 or a column #bh in*es high to ex]t a pressure ( "o p\nd p] squ>e in*4 ,! atmosph]ic pressure is #ad4g p\nds1 or to avoid fractions1 say1 #ae p\nds4 ,?is pressure w\ld !n support a column 7#ae #bh7_/ab #ce feet high2 t is1 ! column a-c 9 ,fig4 #fgd w\ld be #ce feet 9 height4 ,atta* a gauge at or above ! top1 a1 ( a column1 & x w indicate a p]fect vacuum2 if ! gauge 7 atta*$ #bh in*es bel[ a1 x w\ld indicate a pressure ( "o p\nd above absolute z]o1 or a vacuum ( #ae-a #ad p\nds2 & if ! gauge 7 mov$ fur!r d[nw>d1 x w\ld indicate an increas+ pressure1 t is1 a dim9i%+ vacuum1 at ! rate ( "o p\nd = e #bh in*es ( ! wat] column above x1 until at ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! tank ! pressure w\ld be #ae p\nds absolute1 & ! vacuum w\ld be z]o4 ,n[1 suppose ! pipe to be l[]$ until ! di/ance f ! bottom ( ! vessel1 ,a1 to ! wat] level1 c1 is #ba feet4 ,9 t case we w h ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e 7#ae p\nds7 =c+ ! wat] up into ! vessel1 & ! column #ba feet high1 or 7#ba #ab7_/bh #i p\nds1 oppos+ x4 ,! diff]5ce1 #ae-i #f p\nds1 is available to =ce ! wat] into ! *amb]4 ,?is arrangem5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fgc1 :]e ,a is a pump cyl9d]2 !n ! diff]5ce 9 pressure1 #f p\nds1 lifts ! valve1 & ! wat] ent]s ! pump *amb] ) a velocity due to t pressure4 ,9 ord] to insure smoo? & quiet runn+ ( ! pump1 x is necess>y to keep ! spe$ ( ! pi/on inside ( ! velocity ) :i* ! cyl9d] w\ld fill "u ?is pressure1 r$uc$ by ! friction ( ! wat]1 ! pressure requir$ to lift ! valves1 etc4 ,b ?is supposes t !re is a p]fect vacuum 9 ,a1 & we _c realize ?is 9 contact ) hot wat]4 ,wat] at any temp]ature w boil unless x is "u a pressure equal to or great] ?an t correspond+ ) ! temp]ature4 ,wat] at #fj degrees ,f4 w boil if ! pressure ^u its surface is r$uc$ to a qu>t] ( a p\nd p] squ>e in*1 & 9 ! case %[n 9 ,fig4 #fgd1 x w\ld boil & fill ! space ,a ) /eam at t absolute pressure4 ,,note4--,wat] at #agj degrees ,f4 w boil if its pressure is r$uc$ bel[ #f p\nds absolute1 & if ! wat] 7 at ?is temp]ature 9 ,fig4 #fgc1 ! cyl9d]1 ,a1 w\ld be fill$ ) /eam at #f p\nds pressure2 & ?is add$ to ! #i p\nds pressure ( ! column w\ld completely balance ! atmosph]ic pressure1 & ! wat] w\ld n rise above ! level1 ,a4 ,,tables ,,& ,,data ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fge4 ,,tables ,,& ,,data4 ,m9]'s ,in* ,measurem5t4 ,! t]m m9]'s in* is ( ,cali=nia orig91 & n kn[n or us$ 9 any o!r locality1 x be+ a me?od ( measurem5t adopt$ by ! v>i\s dit* companies 9 dispos+ ( wat] to _! cu/om]s4 ,! t]m is m or less indef9ite = ! reason t ! wat] companies d n all use ! same head above ! c5t] ( ! ap]ture1 & ! in* v>ies f #a4cf to #a4gc cubic feet p] m9ute ea*1 b ! mo/ common measurem5t is ?r\gh an ap]ture #b in*es high & :atev] l5g? is requir$1 & ?r\gh a plank #a-a_/d in*es ?ick1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+1 ,fig4 #fge4 ,! l[] edge ( ! ap]ture %\ld be #b in*es above ! bottom ( ! measur+ box1 & ! plank #e in*es high above ! ap]ture1 ?us mak+ a #f-;in* head above ! c5t] ( ! /ream4 ,ea* squ>e in* ( ?is op5+ repres5ts a m9]'s in*1 :i* is equal to a fl[ ( #a-a_/b cubic feet p] m9ute4 ,"t is n to be consid]$ 9 any calculation bas$ ^u a m9]'s in* measurem5t4 ,explanation ( ,weir ,dam ,measurem5t4 ,place a bo>d or plank edgewise across ! /ream to be measur$ z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fgf4 ,?is plank w be support$ by po/s suffici5tly /rong to resi/ ! pressure likely to be br\ght ^u x by ! head ( wat] :i* w =m 9 ! pond above ?is tempor>y dam1 saw out a gap 9 ! top ( ! dam ^: l5g? %\ld be f two to f\r times its dep? = small quantities ( wat] & long] = l>g] quantities4 ,! edges ( ?is gap %\ld be bevel$ t[>d ! intake z repres5t$4 ,! ov]-fall bel[ ! bottom ( gap %\ld be n less ?an twice its dep?1 t is1 twelve in*es if ! gap is six in*es deep1 etc4 ,drive a /ake above ! dam at a di/ance ( ab\t six feet f ! face ( ! plank & !n ob/ruct ! wat] until x rises precisely to ! bottom ( ! gap & m>k ! wat] level on ! /ake4 ,complete ! dam s t all ! wat] w be compell$ to fl[ ?r\gh ! gap & :5 ! /ream has assum$ a regul> fl[ m>k ! /ake at ?is new level4 ,"s w\ld pref] to drive ! /ake ) its top precisely level ) ! bottom edge ( gap 9 dam s t ! dep? ( wat] 9 /ream may be measur$ ) a rule or /eel squ>e plac$ ^u top ( ?is /ake at any "t aft] ! fl[ ( wat] has rea*$ its av]age dep? ov] dam4 ,h[ev] ! m>ks ^u ! /ake are pref]r$ by mo/ exp]ts4 ,aft] ! /ake has be5 m>k$ x may be )drawn & ! di/ance betwe5 ! fir/ & la/ m>ks gives ! !oretical fl[ accord+ to ! table1 page #cia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fgf4 ,measurem5t 9 an op5 /ream by velocity & cross section4 ,measure ! dep? ( ! wat] at f #f to #ab places across ! /ream at equal di/ances ap>t4 ,add toge!r all ! dep?s 9 feet & divide by ! numb] ( measurem5ts made2 ?is w be ! av]age dep? ( ! /ream1 :i*1 multipli$ by its wid?1 w give its area or cross section4 ,multiply ?is by ! velocity ( ! /ream 9 feet p] m9ute :i* gives ! cubic feet p] m9ute ( ! /ream4 ,cubic ,feet ( wat] p] m9ute t w fl[ ov] a ,weir "o-in* wide & f #a_/h to #bj-g_/h-;in*es deep4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,in*es #a_/h #a_/d #c_/h #a_/b #e_/h #c_/d #g_/h ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #j 4#jj 4#ja 4#je 4#ji 4#ad 4#ai 4#bf 4#cb #a 4#dj 4#dg 4#ee 4#fd 4#gc 4#hb 4#ib #a4jb #b #a4ac #a4bc #a4ce #a4df #a4eh #a4gj #a4hb #a4ie #c #b4jg #b4ba #b4cd #b4dh #b4fa #b4gf #b4ij #c4je #d #c4bj #c4ce #c4ej #c4ff #c4ha #c4ig #d4ad #d4cj #e #d4dg #d4fd #d4ha #d4ih #e4ae #e4cc #e4ea #e4fi #f #e4hg #f4jf #f4be #f4dd #f4fb #f4hb #g4ja #g4ba #g #g4dj #g4fj #g4hj #h4ja #h4ba #h4db #h4fc #h4hc #h #i4je #i4bf #i4dg #i4fi #i4ia #aj4ac #aj4ce #aj4eg #i #aj4hj #aa4jb #aa4be #aa4dh #aa4ga #aa4id #ab4ag #ab4da #aj #ab4fd #ab4hh #ac4ab #ac4cf #ac4fj #ac4he #ad4ji #ad4cd #aa #ad4ei #ad4hd #ae4ji #ae4cd #ae4ei #ae4he #af4aa #af4cf #ab #af4fb #af4hh #ag4ae #ag4da #ag4fg #ag4id #ah4ba #ah4dg #ac #ah4gd #ai4ja #ai4bi #ai4ef #ai4hd #bj4aa #bj4ci #bj4fg #ad #bj4ie #ba4bc #ba4ea #ba4hj #bb4jh #bb4cg #bb4fe #bb4id #ae #bc4bc #bc4eb #bc4hb #bd4aa #bd4dj #bd4gj #be4jj #be4cj #af #be4fj #be4ij #bf4bj #bf4ej #bf4hj #bg4aa #bg4db #bg4gb #ag #bh4jc #bh4cd #bh4fe #bh4ig #bi4bh #bi4ei #bi4ia #cj4bb #ah #cj4ed #cj4hf #ca4ah #ca4ej #ca4hb #cb4ae #cb4dg #cb4hj #ai #cc4ab #cc4de #cc4gh #cd4aa #cd4dd #cd4gg #ce4aj #ce4dd #bj #ce4gg #cf4aa #cf4de #cf4gh #cg4ab #cg4df #cg4hj #ch4ae ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,example %[+ ! application ( ! above table ,suppose ! ,weir to be #ff in*es long1 & ! dep? ( wat] on x to be #aa-e_/h in*es4 ,foll[ d[n ! left h& column ( ! figures 9 ! table until y come to #aa in*es4 ,!n run across ! table on a l9e ) ! #aa until "u #e_/h on top l9e y w f9d #ae4he4 ,?is multipli$ by #ff1 ! l5g? ( ,weir1 gives #ajdf4aj1 ! numb] ( cubic feet ( wat] pass+ p] m9ute4 ,,friction-,,loss ,,9 ,,p\nds ,,pressure1 ,,= ,,ea* #ajj ,,feet ,,( ,,l5g? ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,size ,,clean ,,iron ,,pipes ,,dis*>g+ ,,giv5 ,,quantities ,,( ,,wat] ,,p] ,,m9ute4 ,,also ,,velocity ,,( ,,fl[ ,,9 ,,pipe1 ,,9 ,,feet ,,p] ,,second4 ,g4 ,a4 ,ellis1 ,c4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gallons #a_/b ,in*4 #c_/d ,in*4 dis*>g$--------------------------------- ----------------------- p] ,veloc4 9 ,pipe ,friction ,loss,veloc4 9 ,pipe ,friction ,loss m9ute4 p] second4 9 p\nds4 p] second4 9 p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #e #h4ag #bd4f #c4fc #c4c #aj #af4c #if4j #g4be #ac4j #ae 4444 4444 #aj4i #bh4g #bj 4444 4444 #ad4e #ej4d #be 4444 4444 #ah4a #gh4j ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gallons #a ,in*4 #a-a_/d ,in*4 dis*>g$--------------------------------- ----------------------- p] ,veloc4 9 ,pipe ,friction ,loss,veloc4 9 ,pipe ,friction ,loss m9ute4 p] second4 9 p\nds4 p] second4 9 p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #e #b4jd #j4hd #a4ca #j4ca #aj #d4jh #c4af #b4fa #a4je #ae #f4ac #f4ih #c4ib #b4ch #bj #h4ag #ab4c #e4bb #d4jg #be #aj4b #ai4j #f4ec #f4dj #cj #ab4c #bg4e #g4hd #i4ae #ce #ad4c #cg4j #i4ad #ab4jd #dj #af4c #dh4j #aj4d #af4a #de 444 444 #aa4g #bj4b #ej 444 444 #ac4a #bd4i #ge 444 444 #ai4f #ef4a ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gallons #a-a_/b ,in*4 #b ,in*4 dis*>g$--------------------------------- ----------------------- p] ,veloc4 9 ,pipe ,friction ,loss,veloc4 9 ,pipe ,friction ,loss m9ute4 p] second4 9 p\nds4 p] second4 9 p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #e #j4ia #j4ab 444 444 #aj #a4hb #j4dg #a4jb #j4ab #ae #b4gc #j4ig 444 444 #bj #c4fc #a4ff #b4jd #j4db #be #d4ed #b4fb 444 444 #cj #e4de #c4ge #c4jf #j4ia #ce #f4cf #e4je 444 444 #dj #g4bf #f4eb #d4ji #a4fj #de #h4ag #h4ae 444 444 #ej #i4jh #aj4j #e4aa #b4dd #ge #ac4f #bb4d #g4ff #e4cb #ajj #ah4b #ci4j #aj4b #i4df #abe 444 444 #ab4h #ad4i #aej 444 444 #ae4c #ba4b #age 444 444 #ag4a #bh4a #bjj 444 444 #bj4d #cg4e ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gallons #b-a_/b ,in*4 #c ,in*4 dis*>g$--------------------------------- ----------------------- p] ,veloc4 9 ,pipe ,friction ,loss,veloc4 9 ,pipe ,friction ,loss m9ute4 p] second4 9 p\nds4 p] second4 9 p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #be #a4fc #j4ba #a4ac #j4aj #ej #c4bf #j4ha #b4bg #j4ce #ge #d4ij #a4hj #c4dj #j4gd #ajj #f4ec #c4bj #d4ed #a4ca #abe #h4af #d4hi #e4fg #a4ii #aej #i4hj #g4jj #f4ha #b4he #age #aa4d #i4df #g4id #c4he #bjj #ac4a #ab4dg #i4jh #e4jb #bej #af4c #ai4ff #aa4c #g4gf #cjj #ai4f #bh4jf #ac4f #aa4b #cej 444 444 #ae4i #ae4b #djj 444 444 #ah4b #ai4e #dej 444 444 #bj4d #be4j #ejj 444 444 #bb4g #cj4h ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gallons #d ,in*4 #f ,in*4 dis*>g$--------------------------------- ----------------------- p] ,veloc4 9 ,pipe ,friction ,loss,veloc4 9 ,pipe ,friction ,loss m9ute4 p] second4 9 p\nds4 p] second4 9 p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ej #a4bh #j4ji 444 444 #ge 444 444 444 444 #ajj #b4ee #j4cc #a4ac #j4je #aej #c4hc #j4fi #a4gj #j4aj #bjj #e4aa #a4bb #b4bg #j4ag #bej #f4ci #a4hi #b4hd #j4bf #cjj #g4ff #b4ff #c4dj #j4cg #cej #h4id #c4fe #c4ig #j4ej #djj #aj4b #d4gc #d4ed #j4fe #dej #aa4e #f4ja #e4aa #j4ha #ejj #ab4h #g4dc #e4fg #j4if ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,note4--,! quantity ( a fluid dis*>g$ ?r\gh a pipe or an orifice is increas$ by heat+ ! liquid3 because heat dim9i%es ! cohesion ( ! p>ticles1 :i* exi/s to a c]ta9 degree1 9 all liquids4 ,,friction ,,loss ,,9 ,,p\nds ,,pressure1 ,,= ,,ea* #ajj ,,feet ,,( ,,l5g? ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,size ,,clean ,,iron ,,pipes ,,dis*>g+ ,,giv5 ,,quantities ,,( ,,wat] ,,p] ,,m9ute4 ,,also ,,velocity ,,( ,,fl[ ,,9 ,,pipe1 ,,9 ,,feet ,,p] ,,second4 ,g4 ,a4 ,ellis1 ,c4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,gallons #f ,in*4 #h ,in*4 dis*>g$--------------------------------- --------------------- p] ,veloc4 9 ,pipe,friction ,loss,veloc4 9 ,pipe,friction ,loss m9ute4 p] second4 9 p\nds4 p] second4 9 p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #bej #b4hd #j4bf #a4ei #j4jg #ejj #e4fg #j4ih #c4ai #j4be #gej #h4ea #b4ba #d4gi #j4ec #a1jjj #aa4c #c4hh #f4ch #j4id #a1bej 444 444 #g4ig #a4df #a1ejj 444 444 #i4eg #b4ji ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,gallons #aj ,in*4 #ab ,in*4 dis*>g$--------------------------------- --------------------- p] ,veloc4 9 ,pipe,friction ,loss,veloc4 9 ,pipe,friction ,loss m9ute4 p] second4 9 p\nds4 p] second4 9 p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #bej #a4jb #j4jc #j4ga #j4ja #ejj #b4jd #j4ji #a4db #j4jd #gej #c4jf #j4ah #b4ac #j4jh #a1jjj #d4jh #j4cb #b4hd #j4ac #a1bej #e4aj #j4di #c4ee #j4bj #a1ejj #f4ab #j4gj #d4bf #j4bi #a1gej #g4ae #j4ie #d4if #j4ch #b1jjj #h4ag #a4bc #e4fg #j4di #b1bej 444 444 #f4ch #j4fc #b1ejj 444 444 #g4ji #j4gg #c1jjj 444 444 #h4ea #a4aa ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,gallons #ad ,in*4 #af ,in*4 dis*>g$--------------------------------- --------------------- p] ,veloc4 9 ,pipe,friction ,loss,veloc4 9 ,pipe,friction ,loss m9ute4 p] second4 9 p\nds4 p] second4 9 p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ejj #a4jd #j4jag #j4hj #j4jji #a1jjj #b4jh #j4jfb #a4fj #j4jcf #a1ejj #c4ac #j4ace #b4ci #j4jga #b1jjj #d4ag #j4bcd #c4ai #j4abc #b1ejj #e4ba #j4cfb #c4ii #j4ahh #c1jjj #f4be #j4eae #d4gi #j4bfg #c1ejj #g4bi #j4fig #e4ei #j4cfe #d1jjj #h4cd #j4iaj #f4ch #j4dgb #d1ejj 444 444 #g4ah #j4eic #e1jjj 444 444 #g4ih #j4gcj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,gallons #ah ,in*4 #bj ,in*4 dis*>g$--------------------------------- --------------------- p] ,veloc4 9 ,pipe,friction ,loss,veloc4 9 ,pipe,friction ,loss m9ute4 p] second4 9 p\nds4 p] second4 9 p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ejj #j4fc #j4jje 444 444 #a1jjj #a4bf #j4jbj #a4jb #j4jab #a1ejj #a4hi #j4jdj 444 444 #b1jjj #b4eb #j4jga #b4jd #j4jdb #b1ejj #c4ae #j4ajg 444 444 #c1jjj #c4gh #j4aej #c4jf #j4jia #c1ejj #d4da #j4bjd 444 444 #d1jjj #e4jd #j4bfc #d4jh #j4aeh #d1ejj #e4fg #j4ccc 444 444 #e1jjj #f4cj #j4djh #e4aa #j4bdd #f1jjj #g4ef #j4ehe #f4ac #j4cdh #g1jjj 444 444 #g4ae #j4dgb #h1jjj 444 444 #h4ag #j4fab ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,gallons #bd ,in*4 #cj ,in*4 dis*>g$--------------------------------- --------------------- p] ,veloc4 9 ,pipe,friction ,loss,veloc4 9 ,pipe,friction ,loss m9ute4 p] second4 9 p\nds4 p] second4 9 p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a1jjj #j4gb #j4jje #j4de #j4jjb #b1jjj #a4dd #j4jbj #j4ia #j4jjf #c1jjj #b4af #j4jdg #a4cf #j4jab #d1jjj #b4hh #j4jfg #a4hb #j4jbb #e1jjj #d4fj #j4ajb #b4bg #j4jce #f1jjj #d4cb #j4adf #b4gb #j4jdh #g1jjj #e4jd #j4aif #c4ah #j4jfe #h1jjj #e4gf #j4bee #c4fc #j4jhc #i1jjj #f4dg #j4cbc #d4jh #j4aje #aj1jjj #g4ai #j4cih #d4ed #j4aca ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,note4--,! velocity ) :i* a liquid issues f an inf9itely small orifice 9 ! bottom or sides ( a vessel t is kept full is equal to t :i* a heavy body w\ld acquire by fall+ f ! surface level to ! level ( ! orifice4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,frictional ,,heads ,,at ,,giv5 ,,rates ,,( ,,dis*>ge ,,9 ,,clean ,,ca/ ,,iron ,,pipes ,,= ,,ea* #ajjj ,,feet ,,( ,,l5g?1 ,,cond5s$ ,,f ,,elaborate ,,tables ,,prep>$ ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,geo4 ,a4 ,,ellis ,,& ,a4 ,h4 ,,h[l&1 ,,civil ,,eng9e]s1 ,,bo/on1 ,,mass4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #d-;,,in* ,,pipe4 #f-;,,in* ,,pipe4 ,u4 ,s4 gallons--------------------------------- --------- ,u4 ,s4 dis*>g$ ,friction ,friction gallons p] ,velocity ,head4 ,velocity ,head4 dis*>g$ tw5ty-f\r 9 ------------ 9 ------------ p] m9ute4 h\rs4 ,feet4 ,feet4,p\nds ,feet4 ,feet4,p\nds ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #be #cfjjj 4#fd 4#ei 4#bf 4#bh 4#aa 4#je #ej #gbjjj #a4bh #b4ja 4#hg 4#eg 4#cb 4#ad #ajj #addjjj #b4ee #g4cf #c4ai #a4ac #a4jh 4#dg #aej #bafjjj #c4hc #af4je #f4ie #a4gj #b4bh 4#ii #bjj #bhhjjj #e4aa #bh4ji #ab4ag #b4bg #c4ib #a4gj #bej #cfjjjj #f4cg #dc4dg #ah4hc #b4hd #f4jj #b4fj #cjj #dcbjjj #g4ff #fb4bj #bf4id #c4dj #h4eb #c4fi #cej #ejdjjj #h4id #hd4bf #cf4ej #c4ig #aa4dh #d4ig #djj #egfjjj #aj4ba #aji4fh #dg4ej #d4ed #ad4hi #f4de #dej #fdhjjj #aa4di #ach4dc #ei4if #e4aa #ah4gc #h4aa #ejj #gbjjjj #ab4gg #agj4ec #gc4hg #e4fg #bc4ja #i4ig #fjj #hfdjjj #ae4cb #bdd4gfajf4jb #f4ha #cb4hi #ad4be #gjj #ajjhjjj #ag4hg #ccb4cfadc4ih #g4id #dd4ed #ai4jh #hjj #aaebjjj 444 444 444 #i4jh #eg4ie #be4aj #ijj #abijjjj 444 444 444 #aj4ba #gc4ab #ca4fg #ajjj #addjjjj 444 444 444 #aa4ce #ij4je #ch4ii #abjj #agbhjjj 444 444 444 #ac4fa #abi4bj #ee4if #adjj #bjafjjj 444 444 444 #ae4hh #age4ch #ge4ig #afjj #bcjdjjj 444 444 444 #ah4ae #bbh4fb #ii4j #ahjj #beibjjj 444 444 444 #bj4db #bhh4ijabe4ad #bjjj #bhhjjjj 444 444 444 #bb4fi #cef4bbaed4cj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #h-;,,in* ,,pipe4 #aj-;,,in* ,,pipe4 ,u4 ,s4 gallons--------------------------------- ----------- ,u4 ,s4 dis*>g$ ,friction ,friction gallons p] ,velocity ,head4 ,velocity ,head4 dis*>g$ tw5ty-f\r 9 ------------- 9 ------------- p] m9ute4 h\rs4 ,feet4 ,feet4,p\nds ,feet4 ,feet4,p\nds ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #be #cfjjj 4#af 4#jd 4#jb 4#aj 4#jb 4#ja #ej #gbjjj 4#cb 4#aj 4#jd 4#bj 4#jd 4#jb #ajj #addjjj 4#fd 4#bi 4#ac 4#da 4#aa 4#je #aej #bafjjj 4#if 4#fj 4#bf 4#fa 4#bb 4#aj #bjj #bhhjjj #a4bh #a4ja 4#dd 4#hb 4#cf 4#af #bej #cfjjjj #a4fj #a4eb 4#ff #a4jb 4#ed 4#bc #cjj #dcbjjj #a4ia #b4ac 4#ib #a4bc 4#ge 4#cb #cej #ejdjjj #b4bc #b4he #a4bd #a4dc 4#ii 4#dc #djj #egfjjj #b4ee #c4fh #a4ei #a4fc #a4bg 4#ee #dej #fdhjjj #b4hg #d4fa #b4jj #a4hc #a4eh 4#fi #ejj #gbjjjj #c4ai #e4fd #b4dd #b4jd #a4ic 4#hd #fjj #hfdjjj #c4hc #h4jc #c4dh #b4de #b4gb #a4ah #gjj #ajjhjjj #d4dg #aj4hc #d4fi #b4hf #c4ff #a4eh #hjj #aaebjjj #e4ji #ad4je #f4jh #c4bg #d4gc #b4je #ijj #abijjjj #e4gd #ag4fh #g4fi #c4fh #e4ic #b4eg #ajjj #addjjjj #f4ch #ba4gd #i4da #d4jh #g4bh #c4ae #abjj #agbhjjj #g4ff #ca4aj #ac4dg #d4ij #aj4ch #d4ej #adjj #bjafjjj #h4id #db4ac #ah4be #e4gb #ad4jb #f4jg #afjj #bcjdjjj #aj4ba #ed4hd #bc4ge #f4ec #ah4bb #g4hi #ahjj #beibjjj #aa4dg #fi4bb #bi4ih #g4ce #bb4if #i4ie #bjjj #bhhjjjj #ab4gg #he4bg #cf4ic #h4ag #bh4be #ab4cd #bejj #cfjjjjj #ae4if #acb4gj #eg4di #aj4ba #dc4hg #ai4jj #cjjj #dcbjjjj 444 444 444 #ab4be #fb4ib #bg4be ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #ab-;,,in* ,,pipe4 #ad-;,,in* ,,pipe4 ,u4 ,s4 gallons--------------------------------- ------------ ,u4 ,s4 dis*>g$ ,friction ,friction gallons p] ,velocity ,head4 ,velocity ,head4 dis*>g$ tw5ty-f\r 9 ------------- 9 -------------- p] m9ute4 h\rs4 ,feet4 ,feet4,p\nds ,feet4 ,feet4,p\nds ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #be #cfjjj 4#jg 4#ja 444 444 444 444 #ej #gbjjj 4#ad 4#jb 4#ja 4#aj 4#ja 444 #ajj #addjjj 4#bh 4#je 4#jb 4#ba 4#jc 4#ja #aej #bafjjj 4#dc 4#aj 4#jd 4#ca 4#je 4#jb #bjj #bhhjjj 4#eg 4#af 4#jg 4#db 4#jh 4#jd #bej #cfjjjj 4#ga 4#bd 4#aj 4#eb 4#ab 4#je #cjj #dcbjjj 4#he 4#cb 4#ad 4#fc 4#af 4#jg #cej #ejdjjj 4#ii 4#dc 4#ah 4#gc 4#ba 4#ji #djj #egfjjj #a4ac 4#ed 4#bc 4#hc 4#bg 4#ab #dej #fdhjjj #a4bh 4#fg 4#bi 4#id 4#cc 4#ad #ejj #gbjjjj #a4db 4#ha 4#ce #a4jd 4#dj 4#ag #fjj #hfdjjj #a4gj #a4ad 4#di #a4be 4#ee 4#bd #gjj #ajjhjjj #a4ih #a4eb 4#ff #a4df 4#gc 4#cb #hjj #aaebjjj #b4bg #a4if 4#he #a4fg 4#id 4#da #ijj #abijjjj #b4ee #b4de #a4jf #a4hh #a4ag 4#ea #ajjj #addjjjj #b4hd #c4jj #a4cj #b4jh #a4dc 4#fb #abjj #agbhjjj #c4dj #d4bf #a4he #b4ej #b4jb 4#hh #adjj #bjafjjj #c4ig #e4gd #b4di #b4ia #b4gb #a4ah #afjj #bcjdjjj #d4ed #g4dd #c4bb #c4cc #c4ea #a4eb #ahjj #beibjjj #e4aa #i4cf #d4jf #c4ge #d4da #a4ia #bjjj #bhhjjjj #e4fg #aa4ej #e4jj #d4ag #e4da #b4cd #bejj #cfjjjjj #g4ji #ag4hb #g4gb #e4ba #h4ce #c4fb #cjjj #dcbjjjj #h4ea #be4ea #aa4je #f4be #aa4ic #e4ag #cejj #ejdjjjj #i4ic #cd4eh #ad4ih #g4bi #af4ad #f4ii #djjj #egfjjjj 444 444 444 #h4cd #ba4jj #i4aj #dejj #fdhjjjj 444 444 444 #i4ch #bf4di #aa4dg ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,note4--,!re seems to be no =m ( wat] pipe s p]fect z to make x fit = use 9 any & all cases & op5 to no improvem5t1 b1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( k1 t>r$ ca/ iron seems to come ! ne>e/ to ?is desid]atum4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,frictional ,,heads ,,at ,,giv5 ,,rates ,,( ,,dis*>ge ,,9 ,,clean ,,ca/ ,,iron ,,pipes ,,= ,,ea* #ajjj ,,feet ,,( ,,l5g?1 ,,cond5s$ ,,f ,,elaborate ,,tables ,,prep>$ ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,geo4 ,a4 ,,ellis ,,& ,a4 ,h4 ,,h[l&1 ,,civil ,,eng9e]s1 ,,bo/on1 ,,mass4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,u4,s4 gallons,u4,s4 gallons #af-;,,in* ,,pipe4 #ah-;,,in* ,,pipe4 dis*>g$ dis*>g$ ---------------------------------------- ----- p] m9ute4 p] tw5ty-,velocity ,friction ,velocity ,friction f\r h\rs4 9 ,head4 9 ,head4 feet4 ------------- feet4 ------------- ,feet4 ,p\nds4 ,feet4 ,p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ejj #gbjjjj 4#hj 4#bb 4#ji 4#fc 4#ac 4#jf #ajjj #addjjjj #a4fj 4#gf 4#cd #a4bf 4#dd 4#ai #aejj #bafjjjj #b4ci #a4fc 4#ga #a4hi 4#ic 4#dj #bjjj #bhhjjjj #c4ai #b4hb #a4bb #b4eb #a4fj 4#fi #bejj #cfjjjjj #c4ii #d4cd #a4hh #c4ae #b4de #a4jf #cjjj #dcbjjjj #d4gi #f4ai #b4fh #c4gh #c4dh #a4ea #cejj #ejdjjjj #e4ei #h4cg #c4fc #d4da #d4gj #b4jc #djjj #egfjjjj #f4ch #aj4hg #d4ga #e4jd #f4ji #b4fd #dejj #fdhjjjj #g4ah #ac4gj #e4ic #e4fg #g4fg #c4cb #ejjj #gbjjjjj #g4ih #af4he #g4cj #f4cj #i4dc #d4jh #eejj #gibjjjj #h4gh #bj4cc #h4ga #f4ic #aa4ch #d4ib #fjjj #hfdjjjj 444 444 444 #g4eg #ac4di #e4hd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,u4,s4 gallons,u4,s4 gallons #bj-;,,in* ,,pipe4 #bd-;,,in* ,,pipe4 dis*>g$ dis*>g$ ---------------------------------------- ---- p] m9ute4 p] tw5ty-,velocity ,friction ,velocity ,friction f\r h\rs4 9 ,head4 9 ,head4 feet4 ------------- feet4 ------------- ,feet4 ,p\nds4 ,feet4 ,p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ejj #gbjjjj 4#ea 4#jh 4#jd 4#ce 4#jd 4#jb #ajjj #addjjjj #a4jb 4#bg 4#ab 4#ga 4#ab 4#je #aejj #bafjjjj #a4ec 4#ef 4#bd #a4jf 4#bd 4#aj #bjjj #bhhjjjj #b4jd 4#if 4#db #a4db 4#da 4#ah #bejj #cfjjjjj #b4ee #a4dg 4#fd #a4gg 4#fb 4#bg #cjjj #dcbjjjj #c4jf #b4ji 4#ij #b4ac 4#hg 4#ch #cejj #ejdjjjj #c4eg #b4ha #a4bb #b4dh #a4af 4#ej #djjj #egfjjjj #d4jh #c4fd #a4eh #b4hd #a4ej 4#fe #dejj #fdhjjjj #d4ei #d4eh #a4ih #c4ai #a4hh 4#hb #ejjj #gbjjjjj #e4aa #e4fb #b4dc #c4ee #b4ca #a4jj #eejj #gibjjjj #e4fb #f4gg #b4ic #c4ij #b4gg #a4bj #fjjj #hfdjjjj #f4ac #h4jc #c4dh #d4bf #c4bh #a4db #gjjj #ajjhjjjj #g4ae #aj4hf #d4ga #d4if #d4dc #a4ib #hjjj #aaebjjjj 444 444 444 #e4fg #e4ge #b4di #ijjj #abifjjjj 444 444 444 #f4ch #g4be #c4ad ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,u4,s4 gallons,u4,s4 gallons #cj-;,,in* ,,pipe4 #cf-;,,in* ,,pipe4 dis*>g$ dis*>g$ ---------------------------------------- --- p] m9ute4 p] tw5ty-,velocity ,friction ,velocity ,friction f\r h\rs4 9 ,head4 9 ,head4 feet4 ------------- feet4 ------------ ,feet4 ,p\nds4 ,feet4,p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ejj #gbjjjj 4#bc 4#ja 4#jj 4#af 4#ja 4#jj #ajjj #addjjjj 4#de 4#jd 4#jb 4#cb 4#jb 4#ja #aejj #bafjjjj 4#fh 4#ji 4#jd 4#dg 4#jd 4#jb #bjjj #bhhjjjj 4#ia 4#ae 4#jf 4#fc 4#jf 4#jc #bejj #cfjjjjj #a4ac 4#bb 4#ji 4#gi 4#ji 4#jd #cjjj #dcbjjjj #a4cf 4#cj 4#ac 4#ie 4#ac 4#jf #cejj #ejdjjjj #a4ei 4#dj 4#ag #a4aj 4#ag 4#jg #djjj #egfjjjj #a4hb 4#eb 4#bb #a4bf 4#bb 4#ji #dejj #fdhjjjj #b4jd 4#fd 4#bh #a4db 4#bg 4#ab #ejjj #gbjjjjj #b4bg 4#gh 4#cd #a4eh 4#cc 4#ad #eejj #gibjjjj #b4ej 4#id 4#da #a4gc 4#ci 4#ag #fjjj #hfdjjjj #b4gb #a4aa 4#dh #a4hi 4#df 4#bj #gjjj #ajjhjjjj #c4ah #a4di 4#fe #b4ba 4#fb 4#bg #hjjj #aaebjjjj #c4fc #a4ic 4#hd #b4eb 4#hj 4#ce #ijjj #abifjjjj #d4jh #b4dc #a4je #b4hd #a4jj 4#dc #ajjjj #addjjjjj #d4ed #b4ih #a4bi #c4ae #a4bc 4#ec #aajjj #aehdjjjj #e4jj #c4ei #a4ee #c4df #a4dg 4#fd #abjjj #agbhjjjj #e4dd #d4be #a4hd #c4gh #a4gd 4#ge #acjjj #ahgbjjjj #e4ij #d4ig #b4ae #d4ji #b4jc 4#hh #adjjj #bjafjjjj #f4cf #e4ge #b4di #d4da #b4ce #a4jb #aejjj #bafjjjjj #f4hj #f4eh #b4he #d4gc #b4fi #a4ag #afjjj #bcjdjjjj 444 444 444 #e4je #c4df #a4cb #agjjj #bddhjjjj 444 444 444 #e4cf #c4dc #a4di #ahjjj #beibjjjj 444 444 444 #e4fh #c4hc #a4ff #bjjjj #bhhjjjjj 444 444 444 #f4cj #d4ga #b4jd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,note4--,a pressure ( "o lb4 p] sq4 94 is ex]t$ by a column ( wat] #b4cjic feet or #bg4ga in*es high at #fb ,f42 & a pressure ( "o atmosph]e1 or #ad4g lbs4 p] sq4 94 is ex]t$ by a column ( wat] #cc4idg feet high1 or #aj4cdg met]s at #fb ,f4 ,,table4 ,! pressure ( wat] 9 p\nds p] squ>e in* = e ft4 9 height to #cjj feet & !n by int]vals to #a1jjj feet head4 ,by ?is table1 f ! p\nds pressure p] squ>e in*1 ! feet head is readily obta9$ & vice v]sa4 ,feet ,pressure ,head4 p] sq4 94 ------------------ #a #j4dc #b #j4hf #c #a4cj #d #a4gc #e #b4af #f #b4ei #g #c4jc #h #c4df #i #c4hi #aj #d4cc #aa #d4gf #ab #e4bj #ac #e4fc #ad #f4jf #ae #f4di #af #f4ic #ag #g4cf #ah #g4gi #ai #h4bb #bj #h4ff #ba #i4ji #bb #i4ec #bc #i4if #bd #aj4ci #be #aj4hb #bf #aa4bf #bg #aa4fi #bh #ab4ab #bi #ab4ee #cj #ab4ii #ca #ac4db #cb #ac4hf #cc #ad4bi #cd #ad4gb #ce #ae4af #cf #ae4ei #cg #af4jb #ch #af4de #ci #af4hi #dj #ag4cb #da #ag4ge #db #ah4ai #dc #ah4fb #dd #ai4je #de #ai4di #df #ai4ib #dg #bj4ce #dh #bj4gi #di #ba4bb #ej #ba4fe #ea #bb4ji #eb #bb4eb #ec #bb4ie #ed #bc4ci #ee #bc4hb #ef #bd4bf #eg #bd4fi #eh #be4ab #ei #be4ee #fj #be4ii #fa #bf4db #fb #bf4he #fc #bg4bi #fd #bg4gb #fe #bh4ae #ff #bh4eh #fg #bi4jb #fh #bi4de #fi #bi4hh #gj #cj4cb #ga #cj4ge #gb #ca4ah #gc #ca4fb #gd #cb4je #ge #cb4dh #gf #cb4ib #gg #cc4ce #gh #cc4gh #gi #cd4ba #hj #cd4fe #ha #ce4jh #hb #ce4eb #hc #ce4ie #hd #cf4ci #he #cf4hb #hf #cg4be #hg #cg4fh #hh #ch4ab #hi #ch4ec #ij #ch4ih #ia #ci4db #ib #ci4he #ic #dj4bh #id #dj4gb #ie #da4ae #if #da4eh #ig #db4ja #ih #db4de #ii #db4hh #ajj #dc4ca #aja #dc4ge #ajb #dd4ah #ajc #dd4fa #ajd #de4je #aje #de4dh #ajf #de4ia #ajg #df4cd #ajh #df4gh #aji #dg4ba #aaj #dg4fd #aaa #dh4jh #aab #dh4ea #aac #dh4id #aad #di4ch #aae #di4ha #aaf #ej4bd #aag #ej4fh #aah #ea4aa #aai #ea4ed #abj #ea4ih #aba #eb4da #abb #eb4hd #abc #ec4bh #abd #ec4ga #abe #ed4ae #abf #ed4eh #abg #ee4ja #abh #ee4dd #abi #ee4hh #acj #ef4ca #aca #ef4gd #acb #eg4ah #acc #eg4fa #acd #eh4jd #ace #eh4dh #acf #eh4ia #acg #ei4cd #ach #ei4gg #aci #fj4ba #adj #fj4fd #ada #fa4jg #adb #fa4ea #adc #fa4id #add #fb4cg #ade #fb4ha #adf #fc4bd #adg #fc4fg #adh #fd4aj #adi #fd4ed #aej #fd4ig #aea #fe4dj #aeb #fe4hd #aec #ff4bg #aed #ff4gj #aee #fg4ad #aef #fg4eg #aeg #fh4jj #aeh #fh4dc #aei #fh4hg #afj #fi4ca #afa #fi4gd #afb #gj4ag #afc #gj4fa #afd #ga4jd #afe #ga4dg #aff #ga4ia #afg #gb4cd #afh #gb4gg #afi #gc4bi #agj #gc4fd #aga #gd4jg #agb #gd4ej #agc #gd4id #agd #ge4cg #age #ge4hj #agf #gf4bc #agg #gf4fg #agh #gg4aj #agi #gg4ec #ahj #gg4ig #aha #gh4dj #ahb #gh4hd #ahc #gi4bg #ahd #gi4gj #ahe #hj4ad #ahf #hj4eg #ahg #ha4jj #ahh #ha4dc #ahi #ha4hg #aij #hb4cj #aia #hb4gc #aib #hc4ag #aic #hc4fj #aid #hd4jc #aie #hd4dg #aif #hd4ij #aig #he4cc #aih #he4gf #aii #hf4bj #bjj #hf4fc #bja #hg4jg #bjb #hg4ej #bjc #hg4ic #bjd #hh4cf #bje #hh4hj #bjf #hi4ba #bjg #hi4ff #bjh #ij4aj #bji #ij4ec #baj #ij4if #baa #ia4ci #bab #ia4hc #bac #ib4bf #bad #ib4fi #bae #ic4ac #baf #ic4ef #bag #ic4ii #bah #id4dc #bai #id4hf #bbj #ie4cj #bba #ie4gc #bbb #if4af #bbc #if4fj #bbd #ig4jc #bbe #ig4df #bbf #ig4ij #bbg #ih4cc #bbh #ih4gf #bbi #ii4bj #bcj #ii4fc #bca #ajj4jj #bcb #ajj4di #bcc #ajj4ic #bcd #aja4cf #bce #aja4gi #bcf #ajb4bc #bcg #ajb4ff #bch #ajc4ji #bci #ajc4ec #bdj #ajc4if #bda #ajd4ci #bdb #ajd4hc #bdc #aje4bf #bdd #aje4fi #bde #ajf4ac #bdf #ajf4ef #bdg #ajf4ii #bdh #ajg4dc #bdi #ajg4hf #bej #ajh4bi #bea #ajh4gc #beb #aji4ae #bec #aji4ei #bed #aaj4jc #bee #aaj4df #bef #aaj4hi #beg #aaa4cb #beh #aaa4gf #bei #aab4ai #bfj #aab4fb #bfa #aac4jc #bfb #aac4di #bfc #aac4ib #bfd #aad4cf #bfe #aad4gi #bff #aae4bb #bfg #aae4ff #bfh #aaf4ji #bfi #aaf4eb #bgj #aaf4if #bga #aag4ci #bgb #aag4hb #bgc #aah4bf #bgd #aah4fi #bge #aai4ab #bgf #aai4ef #bgg #aai4ii #bgh #abj4db #bgi #abj4he #bhj #aba4bi #bha #aba4gc #bhb #abb4ae #bhc #abb4ei #bhd #abc4jb #bhe #abc4de #bhf #abc4hi #bhg #abd4cb #bhh #abd4ge #bhi #abe4ah #bij #abe4fb #bia #abf4je #bib #abf4dh #bic #abf4ib #bid #abg4ce #bie #abg4gh #bif #abh4bb #big #abh4fe #bih #abi4jh #bii #abi4ea #cjj #abi4ie #caj #acd4bh #cbj #ach4fb #ccj #adb4ie #cdj #adg4bh #cej #aea4fa #cfj #aee4id #cgj #afj4bg #chj #afd4fa #cij #afh4id #djj #agc4bg #ejj #baf4eh #fjj #bei4ij #gjj #cjc4bb #hjj #cdf4ed #ijj #chi4hf #ajjj #dcc4ah --------------- ,,table ,,( ,,friction ,,heads ,,9 ,,feet ,,9 ,,small ,,pipes #ajj ,,feet ,,long ,,"u ,,giv5 ,,dis*>ge4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,gallons #a_/b-;,,94 ,,diam4 ,gallons dis*>g$---------------------------- dis*>g$ p] #bd ,velocity 9 ft4,friction head p] m9ute4 h\rs4 p] second4 9 feet4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #b4e #c1fjj #d4jh #ah4bj #e #g1bjj #h4ag #ff4hb #g4e #aj1hjj #ab4be #adb4i #aj #ad1djj #af4cc #bdc4c ---------------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,gallons #c_/d-;,,94 ,,diam4 ,gallons dis*>g$---------------------------- dis*>g$ p] #bd ,velocity 9 ft4,friction head p] m9ute4 h\rs4 p] second4 9 feet4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #b4e #c1fjj #a4ha #b4gh #e #g1bjj #c4fc #i4dj #g4e #aj1hjj #e4dd #bj4ag #aj #ad1djj #g4be #cd4gg #ab4e #ah1jjj #i4jf #eb4aa #ae #ba1fjj #aj4hg #gc4fa #ag4e #be1bjj #ab4fi #ih4hj #bj #bh1hjj #ad4ej #abg4f #bb4e #cb1djj #af4ca #afj4g #be #cf1jjj #ah4ab #aig4g ---------------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,gallons #a-;,,94 ,,diam4 ,gallons dis*>g$---------------------------- dis*>g$ p] #bd ,velocity 9 ft4,friction head p] m9ute4 h\rs4 p] second4 9 feet4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #b4e #c1fjj #a4jb 4#gd #e #g1bjj #b4jd #b4eb #g4e #aj1hjj #c4jf #e4ad #aj #ad1djj #d4jh #h4ge #ab4e #ah1jjj #e4aj #ac4bb #ae #ba1fjj #f4ac #ah4hd #ag4e #be1bjj #g4ae #be4ad #bj #bh1hjj #h4ag #cb4bg #bb4e #cb1djj #i4ah #dj4ag #be #cf1jjj #aj4bj #dh4ij #cj #dc1bjj #ab4bc #fh4gj #ce #ej1djj #ad4be #ib4aj #dj #eg1fjj #af4bi #aaf4h #de #fd1hjj #ah4cd #aej4f #ej #gb1jjj #bj4cg #ahf4g ---------------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,gallons #a-a_/d-;,,94 ,,diam4 ,gallons dis*>g$---------------------------- dis*>g$ p] #bd ,velocity 9 ft4,friction head p] m9ute4 h\rs4 p] second4 9 feet4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #e #g1bjj #a4ca 4#hc #aj #ad1djj #b4fb #b4he #ae #ba1fjj #c4ib #e4ij #bj #bh1hjj #e4bb #aj4ba #be #cf1jjj #f4ec #ae4ej #cj #dc1bjj #g4hd #bb4cd #ce #ej1djj #i4ad #bh4ii #dj #eg1fjj #aj4de #cg4bi #de #fd1hjj #aa4gf #df4dg #ej #gb1jjj #ac4jg #eg4af #ee #gi1bjj #ad4ch #fh4fb #fj #hf1djj #ae4fi #ha4ce #fe #ic1fjj #ag4jj #ie4aa #gj #ajj1hjj #ah4ca #aji4i #ge #ajh1jjj #ai4fb #abf4a ---------------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,gallons #a-a_/b-;,,94 ,,diam4 ,gallons dis*>g$---------------------------- dis*>g$ p] #bd ,velocity 9 ft4,friction head p] m9ute4 h\rs4 p] second4 9 feet4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #e #g1bjj 4#ia 4#ea #aj #ad1djj #a4hb #a4cc #ae #ba1fjj #b4gc #b4hj #bj #bh1hjj #c4fc #d4ei #be #cf1jjj #d4ed #f4ii #cj #dc1bjj #e4de #i4hf #ce #ej1djj #f4cf #ac4ad #dj #eg1fjj #g4bf #af4id #de #fd1hjj #h4ag #ba4ji #ej #gb1jjj #i4jh #be4ff #fj #hf1djj #aj4ij #cf4ae #gj #ajj1hjj #ab4gb #dh4hd #hj #aae1bjj #ad4ed #fc4ec #ij #abi1fjj #af4cf #gi4gh #ajj #add1jjj #ah4ag #ih4bc ---------------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,gallons #b-;,,94 ,,diam4 ,gallons dis*>g$---------------------------- dis*>g$ p] #bd ,velocity 9 ft4,friction head p] m9ute4 h\rs4 p] second4 9 feet4 ------------------ ------------------------------ #e #g1bjj #a 444 #aj #ad1djj #a4jb 4#ca #bj #bh1hjj #b4jd #a4ag #cj #dc1bjj #c4jf #b4cf #dj #eg1fjj #d4ji #d4ag #ej #gb1jjj #e4aa #f4cd #fj #hf1djj #f4ac #h4ib #gj #ajj1hjj #g4ae #aa4hc #hj #aae1bjj #h4ah #ae4bg #ij #abi1fjj #i4bj #ai4aa #ajj #add1jjj #aj4bb #bc4bc #abe #ahj1jjj #ab4hj #ce4gh #aej #baf1jjj #ae4c #ej4fj #age #beb1jjj #ag4i #fi4ac #bjj #bhh1jjj #bj4d #hi4ea ---------------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,gallons #b-a_/b-;,,94 ,,diam44 ,gallons dis*>g$---------------------------- dis*>g$ p] #bd ,velocity 9 ft4,friction head p] m9ute4 h\rs4 p] second4 9 feet4 ------------------ ------------------------------ #be #cf1jjj #a4fc 4#eh #ej #gb1jjj #c4bf #b4aj #ge #ajh1jjj #d4ij #d4eh #ajj #add1jjj #f4ec #g4ie #abe #ahj1jjj #h4af #ab4aj #aej #baf1jjj #i4hj #ag4je #age #beb1jjj #aa4dc #bb4hh #bjj #bhh1jjj #ac4jg #bi4fg #bbe #cbd1jjj #ad4gj #cg4ad #bej #cfj1jjj #af4cd #de4ha #bge #cif1jjj #ag4ig #ee4cb #cjj #dcb1jjj #ai4fj #fe4fh #cej #dfh1jjj #ba4bd #gg4ja #djj #egf1jjj #bb4hg #hi4aa ---------------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,gallons #c-;,,94 ,,diam4 ,gallons dis*>g$---------------------------- dis*>g$ p] #bd ,velocity 9 ft4,friction head p] m9ute4 h\rs4 p] second4 9 feet4 ------------------ ------------------------------ #ej #gb1jjj #b4bg 4#hh #ge #ajh1jjj #c4dj #a4ij #ajj #add1jjj #d4ed #c4bi #abe #ahj1jjj #e4fg #e4jj #aej #baf1jjj #f4ha #g4je #age #beb1jjj #g4id #i4da #bjj #bhh1jjj #i4jh #ab4ac #bbe #cbd1jjj #aj4bb #ae4ag #bej #cfj1jjj #aa4cf #ah4fi #bge #cif1jjj #ab4ej #bb4eb #cjj #dcb1jjj #ac4fd #bf4bf #cej #dfh1jjj #ae4ia #ce4hj #djj #egf1jjj #ah4ah #df4fd #dej #fdh1jjj #bj4de #hh4gj #ejj #gbj1jjj #bb4gb #gc4hb ---------------------------------------- --------- ,cont5ts ( cyl9d]s1 9 cubic feet & 9 ,u4 ,s4 gallons1 = "o foot ( l5g?4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,,= #a ,,foot ,,9 ,,l5g?4 ---------------------- ,diamet] 9 ,diamet] 9 ,cubic ,feet4,gallons ( ,in*es4 ,decimals ( a,also area 9 #bca ,cubic ,foot4 squ>e feet4 ,in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #a_/d 4#jbjh 4#jjjc 4#jjbf #e_/af 4#jbfj 4#jjje 4#jjdj #c_/h 4#jcac 4#jjjh 4#jjeg #g_/af 4#jcfe 4#jjaj 4#jjgh #a_/b 4#jdag 4#jjad 4#jajb #i_/af 4#jdfi 4#jjag 4#jabi #e_/h 4#jeba 4#jjba 4#jaei #aa_/af 4#jegc 4#jjbf 4#jaic #c_/d 4#jfbe 4#jjca 4#jbcj #ac_/af 4#jfgg 4#jjcf 4#jbgj #g_/h 4#jgbi 4#jjdb 4#jcab #ae_/af 4#jgha 4#jjdh 4#jcei #a4 4#jhcc 4#jjee 4#jdjh #a_/d 4#ajdb 4#jjhe 4#jfch #a_/b 4#abej 4#jabc 4#jiah #c_/d 4#adeh 4#jafh 4#abej #b4 4#affg 4#jbah 4#afcb #a_/d 4#ahge 4#jbgf 4#bjff #a_/b 4#bjhc 4#jcda 4#beej #c_/d 4#bbib 4#jdac 4#cjhe #c4 4#bejj 4#jdia 4#cfgc #a_/d 4#bgjh 4#jegf 4#dcaj #a_/b 4#biag 4#jffh 4#diih #c_/d 4#cabe 4#jgfg 4#egch #d4 4#cccc 4#jhgh 4#febh #a_/d 4#cedb 4#jihe 4#gcgj #a_/b 4#cgej 4#aaje 4#hbfc #c_/d 4#cieh 4#abca 4#ibje #e4 4#dafg 4#acfd #a4jbj #a_/d 4#dcge 4#aejc #a4abd #a_/b 4#dehc 4#afej #a4bcd #c_/d 4#dgib 4#ahjc #a4cdi #f4 4#ejjj 4#aifc #a4dfi #a_/d 4#ebjh 4#bahj #a4eid #a_/b 4#edag 4#bcje #a4gbd #c_/d 4#efbe 4#bdhe #a4hei #g4 4#ehcc 4#bfgc #a4iii #a_/d 4#fjdb 4#bhfh #b4add #a_/b 4#fbej 4#cjfh #b4bie #c_/d 4#fdeh 4#cbge #b4dej #h4 4#fffg 4#cdij #b4faa #a_/d 4#fhge 4#cgac #b4ggg #a_/b 4#gjhc 4#cidj #b4idh #c_/d 4#gbib 4#dage #c4abe #i4 4#gejj 4#ddah #c4cje #a_/d 4#ggjh 4#dffh #c4dib #a_/b 4#giag 4#dibc #c4fhb #c_/d 4#habe 4#eahe #c4hgi #aj4 4#hccc 4#edee #d4jha #a_/d 4#hedb 4#egcj #d4bhf #a_/b 4#hgej 4#fjac #d4dih #c_/d 4#hieh 4#fcjc #d4gad #aa4 4#iafg 4#ffjj #d4icg #a_/d 4#icge 4#fijc #e4afc #a_/b 4#iehc 4#gbac #e4cie #c_/d 4#igib 4#gecj #e4fcc #ab4 #a ,foot4 4#ghed #e4hgf #a_/b #a4jdb 4#hebc #f4cge #ac4 #a4jhc 4#ibah #f4hie #a_/b #a4abe 4#iidj #g4dce #ad4 #a4afg #a4jfi #g4iig #a_/b #a4bjh #a4adg #h4egh #ae4 #a4bej #a4bbg #i4ahj #a_/b #a4bib #a4caj #i4hja #af4 #a4ccc #a4cif #aj4dd #a_/b #a4cge #a4dhe #aa4aa #ag4 #a4dag #a4egf #aa4gi #a_/b #a4deh #a4fgj #ab4ej #ah4 #a4ejj #a4gfg #ac4bb #a_/b #a4edb #a4hfg #ac4ig #ai4 #a4ehc #a4ifi #ad4gc #a_/b #a4fbe #b4jgd #ae4eb #bj4 #a4fff #b4ahb #af4cb #a_/b #a4gjh #b4bib #ag4ae #ba4 #a4gej #b4dje #ag4ii #a_/b #a4gib #b4eba #ah4hf #bb4 #a4hcc #b4fdj #ai4ge #a_/b #a4hge #b4gfa #bj4fe #bc4 #a4iag #b4hhe #ba4eh #a_/b #a4ieh #c4jab #bb4ec #bd4 #b4jjj #c4adb #bc4ej #be4 #b4jhc #c4dji #be4ej #bf4 #b4aff #c4fhg #bg4eh #bg4 #b4bej #c4igf #bi4gd #bh4 #b4ccc #d4bgf #ca4ii #bi4 #b4daf #d4ehg #cd4ca #cj4 #b4ejj #d4iji #cf4gb #ca4 #b4ehc #e4bda #ci4ba #cb4 #b4fff #e4ehe #da4gh #cc4 #b4gej #e4idj #dd4dc #cd4 #b4hcc #f4cje #dg4ag #ce4 #b4iaf #f4fha #di4ih #cf4 #c4jjj #g4jfi #eb4hh #cg4 #c4jhc #g4dfh #ee4hf #ch4 #c4aff #g4hgf #eh4ib #ci4 #c4bej #h4bif #fb4jf #dj4 #c4ccc #h4gbh #fe4bi #da4 #c4daf #i4afh #fh4eh #db4 #c4ejj #i4fbj #ga4if #dc4 #c4ehc #aj4jhd #ge4dc #dd4 #c4fff #aj4efj #gi4jj #de4 #c4gej #aa4jdd #hb4fb #df4 #c4hcc #aa4edj #hf4cb #dg4 #c4iaf #ab4jdh #ij4ab #dh4 #d4jjj #ab4eff #id4jb ---------------------------------------- ------ #bca cubic in*es equal "o gallon1 & #g4dhje gallons equal "o cubic foot4 ,= ! cont5ts ( a great] diamet] ?an any 9 ! table1 take ! quantity opposite "o-half said diamet] & multiply x by #d4 ,?us1 ! numb] ( cubic feet 9 "o foot l5g? ( a pipe #hj in*es 9 diamet]1 is equal to #h4gbh #d #cd4iab cubic feet4 ,s also ) gallons & areas4 ,,s*$ule ,,( ,,/&>d ,,flanges4 ,adopt$ ,july #ah1 #ahid1 by a ,committee ( ! ,ma/] ,/eam & ,hot ,wat] ,fitt]s' ,association1 a ,committee ( ! ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! lead+ valve & fitt+ manufactur]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,pipe ?ickness1 7,p #ajj7 --------- ,pipe 4#d,s ,?ickness ,/ress on ,radius size1 ne>e/ pipe p] ( ,in*es4d4#ccc7a-;d_/#ajj7;fraction1 squ>e fillet1 in*es4 in* at #bjj;in*es4 ,s-#ah1jjj lbs4 lbs4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #b 4#dji #g_/af #dfj #a_/h #b-a_/b 4#dbi #g_/af #eej #a_/h #c 4#ddh #g_/af #fij #a_/h #c-a_/b 4#dff #a_/b #gjj #a_/h #d 4#dhf #a_/b #hjj #a_/h #d-a_/b 4#dih #a_/b #ijj #a_/h #e 4#ebe #a_/b #a1jjj #a_/h #f 4#efc #i_/af #a1jfj #a_/h #g 4#fj #e_/h #a1abj #a_/h #h 4#fci #e_/h #a1bhj #a_/h #i 4#fgh #aa_/af #a1caj #c_/af #aj 4#gac #c_/d #a1ccj #c_/af #ab 4#gi #ac_/af #a1dgj #c_/af #ad 4#hfd #g_/h #a1fjj #c_/af #ae 4#ijd #ae_/af #a1fjj #c_/af #af 4#idf #a #a1fjj #c_/af #ah #a4jb #a-a_/af #a1fij #c_/af #bj #a4ji #a-a_/h #a1ghj #c_/af #bb #a4ah #a-c_/af #a1hej #a_/d #bd #a4be #a-a_/d #a1ibj #a_/d #bf #a4cj #a-e_/af #a1ihj #a_/d #bh #a4ch #a-c_/h #b1jdj #a_/d #cj #a4dh #a-a_/b #b1jjj #a_/d #cf #a4ga #a-c_/d #a1ibj #a_/d #db #a4hg #b #b1ajj #a_/d #dh #b4ag #b-a_/d #b1acj #a_/d ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,flange ,pipe ?ickness ,flange ,wid? size1 ,flange at hub ?ickness flange ,in*es4 diamet]1 = iron at edge1 face1 in*es4 pipe1 in*es4 in*es4 in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #b #f #a #e_/h #b #b-a_/b #g #a-a_/h #aa_/af #b-a_/d #c #g-a_/b #a-a_/d #c_/d #b-a_/d #c-a_/b #h-a_/b #a-a_/d #ac_/af #b-a_/b #d #i #a-c_/h #ae_/af #b-a_/b #d-a_/b #i-a_/d #a-c_/h #ae_/af #b-c_/h #e #aj #a-a_/b #ae_/af #b-a_/b #f #aa #a-a_/b #a #b-a_/b #g #ab-a_/b #a-a_/b #a-a_/af #b-c_/d #h #ac-a_/b #a-c_/d #a-a_/h #b-c_/d #i #ae #a-c_/d #a-a_/h #c #aj #af #b #a-c_/af #c #ab #ai #b #a-a_/d #c-a_/b #ad #ba #b #a-c_/h #c-a_/b #ae #bb-a_/d #b #a-e_/h #c-e_/h #af #bc-a_/b #b-a_/d #a-g_/af #c-c_/d #ah #be 444 #a-i_/af #c-a_/b #bj #bg-a_/b 444 #a-aa_/af #c-c_/d #bb #bi-a_/b 444 #a-ac_/af #c-c_/d #bd #ca-a_/b #cb 444 #a-a_/d #a-g_/h #c-c_/d #d #bf #cc-c_/d #cd-a_/d 444 #a-c_/h #b #c-g_/h #d-a_/h #bh #cf #cf-a_/b 444 #a-g_/af #b-a_/af #d #d-a_/d #cj #ch #ch-c_/d 444 #a-a_/b #b-a_/h #d #d-c_/h #cf #dd-a_/b #de-c_/d 444 #a-c_/d #b-c_/h #d-a_/d #d-g_/h #db #ea #eb-c_/d 444 #a-g_/h #b-e_/h #d-a_/b #e-c_/h #dh #eg-a_/b #ei-a_/b 444 #b #b-c_/d #d-c_/d #e-c_/d ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,/ress on ea* bolt1 ,pipe ,wid? p] squ>e size1 flange ,bolt circle ,numb] ,bolt size ,bolt in* at ,in*es4 face1 diamet]1 ( diamet]s1 l5g?1 bottom ( in*es4 in*es4 bolts4 in*es4 in*es4 ?read at #bjj lbs4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #b #b #d-c_/d #d #a_/b #e_/h #b #hbe #b-a_/b #b-a_/d #e-a_/b #d #a_/b #e_/h #b-a_/d #a1jej #c #b-a_/d #f #d #a_/b #e_/h #b-a_/b #a1ccj #c-a_/b #b-a_/b #g #d #a_/b #e_/h #b-a_/b #b1ecj #d #b-a_/b #g-a_/b #d #c_/h #c_/d #b-c_/d #b1ajj #d-a_/b #b-c_/h #g-c_/d #h #e_/h #c_/d #c #a1dcj #e #b-a_/b #h-a_/b #h #e_/h #c_/d #c #a1fcj #f #b-a_/b #i-a_/b #h #e_/h #c_/d #c #b1cfj #g #b-c_/d #aj-c_/d #h #e_/h #c_/d #c-a_/d #c1bjj #h #b-c_/d #aa-c_/d #h #e_/h #c_/d #c-a_/b #d1aij #i #c #ac-a_/d #ab #e_/h #c_/d #c-a_/b #c1faj #aj #c #ad-a_/d #ab #e_/h #g_/h #c-e_/h #b1igj #ab #c-a_/b #ag #ab #c_/d #g_/h #c-c_/d #d1bhj #ad #c-a_/b #ah-c_/d #ab #g_/h #a #d-a_/d #d1bhj #ae #c-e_/h #bj #af #g_/h #a #d-a_/d #c1ffj #af #c-c_/d #ba-a_/d #af #g_/h #a #d-a_/d #d1baj #ah #c-a_/b #bb-c_/d #af #a #a-g_/h #d-c_/d #d1edj #bj #c-c_/d #be #bj #a #a-a_/h #e #d1dij #bb #c-c_/d #bg-a_/d #bj #a #a-a_/d #e-a_/b #d1cbj #bd #c-c_/d #d #bi-a_/d #bi-a_/b #bj #a #a-a_/d #e-a_/b #e1acj #bf #c-g_/h #d-a_/hca-a_/d #ca-c_/d #bd #a #a-a_/d #e-c_/d #e1jcj #bh #d #d-a_/dcc-a_/b #cd #bh #a #a-a_/d #f #e1jjj #cj #d #d-c_/hce-a_/b #cf #bh #a-a_/h #a-c_/h #f-a_/d #d1eij #cf #d-a_/d #d-g_/hdb #db-c_/d #cb #a-a_/h #a-c_/h #f-a_/b #e1gij #db #d-a_/b #e-c_/hdh-a_/b #di-a_/b #cf #a-a_/d #a-a_/b #g-a_/d #e1gjj #dh #d-c_/d #e-c_/ded-c_/d #ef #dd #a-c_/h #a-a_/b #g-c_/d #f1jij ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,ca/ ,,iron ,,pipe1 ,,flanges1 ,,etc4 7,j4 ,e4 ,codman1 ,eng9e]s' ,club ( ,philadelphia1 #ahhi47 ---------------------------------------- --- ,diamet],diamet] ,diamet],diamet],numb] ( ,pipe4( ,flange4( ,bolt ( ,bolt4( ,bolts4 ,circle4 ---------------------------------------- --- #b #f-a_/d #d-c_/d #c_/d #d #c #g-a_/b #e-g_/h #c_/d #d #d #i #g #c_/d #f #e #i-c_/d #h #c_/d #f #f #aj-c_/d #i-a_/h #c_/d #h #h #ac-a_/d #aa-c_/h #c_/d #h #aj #ae-a_/d #ac-a_/d #c_/d #aj #ab #ag-c_/d #ae-c_/d #g_/h #ab #ad #bj #ah #g_/h #ad #af #bb #bj #g_/h #af #ah #bd #bb-a_/d #g_/h #af #bj #bg #bd-a_/b #a #ah #bb #bh-c_/d #bf-a_/b #a #bj #bd #ca-a_/d #bh-c_/d #a #bb #bf #cc-a_/d #ca #a #bd #bh #ce-a_/b #cc-a_/d #a #bd #cj #ch #ce-a_/b #a #bf #cb #dj #cg-a_/b #a-a_/h #bh #cd #db-a_/d #dj #a-a_/h #cj #cf #de #db #a-a_/h #cb #ch #dg #dd #a-a_/h #cb #dj #di #df #a-a_/h #cd #db #ea-a_/d #dh-a_/d #a-a_/h #cd #dd #ec-a_/b #ej-a_/d #a-a_/d #cf #df #ee-c_/d #eb-c_/d #a-a_/d #ch #dh #eh #ee #a-a_/d #dj ---------------------------------------- --- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,diamet],?ickness ,?ickness ,weight ,weight ( ( ,pipe4( ,flange4 ( ,pipe4 p] foot,flange ------------)\t & ,bolts4 ,frac4 ,dec4,flange4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #b #e_/h #c_/h 4#cgc #f4if #d4da #c #e_/h #ac_/cb 4#cif #aa4af #e4ic #d #aa_/af #g_/af 4#dbj #ae4hd #g4ff #e #c_/d #g_/af 4#ddc #ba4jj #i4fc #f #c_/d #ae_/cb 4#dff #bf4fd #aa4hb #h #ac_/af #a_/b 4#eaa #ci4cf #af4ia #aj #g_/h #i_/af 4#eeg #ed4jj #bc4jj #ab #ae_/af #ai_/cb 4#fjc #gj4ef #cj4ac #ad #a #ba_/cb 4#fdi #hi4jd #ch4cd #af #a-a_/af #aa_/af 4#fie #aji4dd #dg4gj #ah #a-a_/h #c_/d 4#gda #aca4gf #eh4bc #bj #a-c_/af #be_/cb 4#ghg #aef4jj #gj4jj #bb #a-a_/d #bg_/cb 4#hcc #ahb4af #hc4je #bd #a-e_/af #g_/h 4#hgi #baj4bd #ig4db #bf #a-c_/h #ae_/af 4#ibe #bdj4bd #aac4ah #bh #a-g_/af #ca_/cb 4#iga #bgb4af #acj4ce #cj #a-i_/af #a #a4jag #cjf4jj #adi4jj #cb #a-e_/h #a-a_/af #a4jfc #cda4gf #afi4ag #cd #a-aa_/af #a-a_/h #a4aji #cgi4dd #aij4ij #cf #a-c_/d #a-e_/cb #a4aee #dai4jd #bad4bf #ch #a-ac_/af #a-c_/af #a4bja #dfj4ef #bci4bg #dj #a-g_/h #a-a_/d #a4bdg #ejd4jj #bff4jj #db #a-ae_/af #a-e_/af #a4bic #edi4cf #bid4di #dd #b #a-aa_/cba4cci #eif4fd #cbd4gh #df #b-a_/af #a-c_/h #a4che #fde4hd #cef4id #dh #b-a_/h #a-g_/af #a4dca #fif4if #cia4jj ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,flange ,,sizes ,,= ,,extra ,,heavy ,,pipe4 ,adopt$ by a ,conf]5ce ( ,manufactur]s1 ,june #bh1 #aija4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,size (,diam4 (,?ickness ,diamet] ( ,numb] (,size ( ,pipe4 ,flange4 ( ,flange4,bolt ,circle4,bolts4 ,bolts4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,in*es4,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 #b #f-a_/b #g_/h #e #d #e_/h #b-a_/b #g-a_/b #a #e-g_/h #d #c_/d #c #h-a_/d #a-a_/h #f-e_/h #h #e_/h #c-a_/b #i #a-c_/af #g-a_/d #h #e_/h #d #aj #a-a_/d #g-g_/h #h #c_/d #d-a_/b #aj-a_/b #a-e_/af #h-a_/b #h #c_/d #e #aa #a-c_/h #i-a_/d #h #c_/d #f #ab-a_/b #a-g_/af #aj-e_/h #ab #c_/d #g #ad #a-a_/b #aa-g_/h #ab #g_/h #h #ae #a-e_/h #ac #ab #g_/h #i #af #a-c_/d #ad #ab #g_/h #aj #ag-a_/b #a-g_/h #ae-a_/d #af #g_/h #ab #bj #b #ag-c_/d #af #g_/h #ad #bb-a_/b #b-a_/h #bj #bj #g_/h #ae #bc-a_/b #b-c_/af #ba #bj #a #af #be #b-a_/d #bb-a_/b #bj #a #ah #bg #b-c_/h #bd-a_/b #bd #a #bj #bi-a_/b #b-a_/b #bf-c_/d #bd #a-a_/h #bb #ca-a_/b #b-e_/h #bh-c_/d #bh #a-a_/h #bd #cd #b-c_/d #ca-a_/d #bh #a-a_/h ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,index ,,to ,,"p ,,two 8,an index is some?+ int5d$ to po9t out1 guide1 or direct1 z ! h& ( a clock or a /eam-gage1 ! /yle ( a sun dial1 an arm ( a 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cond5s]1 ills41 #cab ,air1 fluid (1 def41 #ag gravity & ela/icity (1 #af leaks 9 suction mu/ be prev5t$1 #cgd ,air lift pump1 ills4 & des41 #gi-ij c>e & managem5t1 #hg-hh lift sy/em1 advantages (1 #gi !ory (1 #hj liquid1 des41 #fd pipe ( a compressor1 #hd pressure pumps1 direct1 ills4 & des41 #ij ,air pump atta*$ to a cond5s] becomes a vacuum pump1 #cgc ,dean ,bro!rs' tw9 cyl9d]1 ills4 & des41 #df-ej ,edw>ds1 ills4 & des41 #ec-ee pr9ciples ( duty1 #cgc simple/ =m (1 ills41 #ae us$ 9 connection ) a jet cond5s]1 ills41 #cd h&1 des4 & ills41 #bi1 #cj ! in]tia (1 #ag ,altitude1 effect (1 on atmosph]ic pressure1 #gc1 #gd ,am]ican pump z atta*$ to /eam fire eng9e1 ills41 #ic driv+ me*anism (1 ills4 & des41 #ic1 #ih ,am]ican /eam fire eng9e pump1 ills41 #acb1 #acc des41 #ach1 #aci ,ammonia or acid pumps1 ills4 & des41 #aga muriate (1 action1 #cgi ,amoskeag fire eng9e1 ills41 #ajg1 #abh des41 #ada1 #adb ,&]son /eam trap1 des4 & ills41 #ccb1 #ccc ,anti-freez+ device1 ills41 #chb ,application ( pack+1 h[ done1 #cgb ,appurt5ances belong+ to /eam fire eng9es1 li/ (1 #aaa ,aqua-?ru/]1 #bfg-bfi ,atmosph]e1 pressure (1 def41 #af1 #cf surface cond5s] ex]ts1 #cad weight (1 on ! surface ( ! e>?1 #ai ,atmosph]ic air1 a type ( o!r gases1 #be ,atmosph]ic pressure1 effect ( altitude ^u1 #gc1 #gd pumps1 des4 & ills41 #afi-aga ,atta*m5t1 def4 (1 #cag ,attraction ( cohesion1 def41 #af ,automatic action ( ! pump controll$ by a float1 ills4 & des41 #cah1 #cai duplex /eam pump & receiv]1 ,deane1 ills4 & des41 #cah1 #cai ?rottle valve = boil] fe$ pump1 ills4 & des41 #ceb1 #cec 8,back pressure0 ( atmosph]e1 des41 #cf ,baffle plate1 us$ 9 cond5s]1 ills4 & des41 #cje ,balla/ pump1 !1 ills4 & des41 #aei-afa ,balla/ tank1 %ip's1 def41 #cbb ,ball cock1 ills4 & des41 #cbj ,ball float1 ills4 & des41 #cah-cai h[ atta*$ 9 air & vacuum pump1 #cf ,ballot1 ,buys1 law relat+ to b>omet]s1 #aha ,b>k1 c>e to keep out ( pipes & valves1 #cgi mixture1 des41 #cgi :ite oak1 prev5ts boil] incru/ation1 #cgi ,b>omet]1 ills4 & des41 #bj wat]1 h[ made1 #ca ,b>rel1 capacity ( 9 gallons1 #cbc ,bell & spigot connection1 ills4 & des41 #cfg ,belt$ duplex air compressor 7built by ! ,allis-,*alm]s ,co471 #fb-ga ,bilge pump1 special fitt+s =1 #afa 8,blake0 compressor1 #gc ,bliss-,hea? atmosph]ic pump+ eng9e1 ills4 & des41 #afi-aga ,bl[+ eng9e1 ills4 & des41 #ff1 #fg ,bl[-(f cock1 des41 #cdg valve1 ,bordo1 ills4 & des41 #ced1 #cee ,boggs ,cl>k hydraulic dr$g+ pump1 ills4 & des41 #bag1 #bah ,boil] clean]s1 me*anical1 #chj comp\nd1 co/ (1 #cgh action (1 #cgi ,boil] comp\nd1 directions = use1 #cgh = locomotives1 #cgh =mula =1 #chj fe$ pump1 c5trifugal =m adopt$ =1 #bbb ,boil] ( /eam fire eng9e1 des41 #ii ,boil] ( ! ,ahr5s /eam fire eng9e1 #abf ! ,clapp ,jones /eam fire eng9e1 #aah ! ,silsby /eam fire eng9e1 #aae ,boil] scale1 table ( analysis1 #cbh ,boil]s1 ball cock atta*$ to1 #cbj corrosion (1 h[ caus$1 #chj ,bolt circles ( /&>d pipe flanges2 ,table1 #cii ,bolts1 diamet]s (2 l5g?s (1 #cii ,bordo bl[-(f valve1 ills4 & des41 #ced1 #cee ,bottom+-tap1 ills4 & des41 #cci ,box wr5*1 des41 #cde ,brew]s' gra9s1 h[ pump$2 note1 #bjb ,buffalo1 ! c5trifugal pump1 ills4 & des41 #bbc ,bulkley 8,injector0 cond5s]1 ills4 & des41 #cjh1 #cji ,buys ,ballot's law relat+ to b>omet]s1 #aha ,byron ,jackson ,ma*9e ,co4's turb9e pumps1 ills4 & des41 #bcf-bdb ,cam]on1 !1 v]tical plung] s9k+ pump1 ills41 #aej-aea des41 #aeb ,capacity ( ci/]ns & tanks1 h[ e/imat$1 #cfd ,c>bonate ( lime 9 boil] scale1 #cbh magnesia 9 boil] scale1 #cbh ,c>bonates deposit$ 9 ord]1 des41 #chj ,c>e & managem5t ( air pumps1 #hg-hh ! ,clapp ,jones /eam fire eng9e1 #abc ,c>r /eam pump gov]nors1 ills4 & des41 #bhh-bia ,cat>act /eam pump1 ills41 #add des41 #adf ,c5trifugal pump1 diagram ( "r & left-h& me?ods ( dis*>ge1 #bbe e>ly =m (1 ills41 #bab des41 #bad f\r /age1 ills4 & des41 #bbd important note relat+ to spe$ (2 quotation f 8,indu/ries01 #bbc-bbi ,morris ,ma*9e ,company's1 /eam-driv51 ills4 & des41 #bbj-bba multi-/age1 ill4 & des41 #bbc-bbd ! ,buffalo1 ills4 & des41 #bbc ! conv]se ( ! turb9e wat]-:eel1 #bac v]tical1 subm]g$ type (1 ills4 & des41 #bbb-bbc directions = erect+ & runn+1 #bbf-bbh fans us$ 91 ills41 #bac des41 #bae hi/ory (1 #baa ,c5trifugal pumps1 h[ to det]m9e "r or left-h& pumps1 #bbf ills4 & des41 #baa-bcj rot>y &1 #aic-bbi ! ,wor?+ton1 divid$ into ,conoidal1 volute & ,turb9e1 des41 #bbi two g5]al types (1 ills4 & des41 #bae-baf ,c5trifugal :eel1 t5 ?\s& horse p[]1 ills4 & des41 #bac also #acc1 ,"p ,"o4 ,*a9 tongs1 #cdc ,*lorides deposit$ 9 ord]1 des41 #chj ,*urn+ 9 pumps1 causes (1 #cge ,*urn valve = fe$+ ! /eam fire eng9e1 des41 #aaa purposes (1 #acg ,circulat+ pump1 des41 #cb ,circulat+ pumps1 ills41 #bai des41 #afh ,ci/]n1 def4 (1 #cba ,ci/]ns & tanks1 table ( capacity =1 #cbd ball cock atta*$ to1 #cbj ,ci/]ns1 computation = f9d+ weight (1 #cbd cont5ts ( r\nd2 ,table1 #cih diamet]s (1 9 decimals ( a foot2 ,table1 #cih rule = f9d+ cont5ts ( r\nd2 ,table1 #cih ,clapp ,jones /eam fire eng9e1 #aah ,village ,eng9e1 #aba ,classification ( /eam fire eng9es1 #ic ,clean]1 me*anical boil]1 #chj ,clean+ c>pets & railroad c>s & seats1 use ( vacuum or atmosph]ic pressure 91 des41 #ei ,cleanl9ess ess5tial1 #cga ,clogg+ ( suction1 effect (1 #cgd ,clos$ pressure tanks1 ills4 & des41 #cba-cbc ,coal1 decreas+ supply (1 #hd ,cock1 des41 classes (1 #cdg ball1 ills4 & des41 #cbj bl[-(f1 des41 #cdg cyl9d]1 des41 #bdg fe$1 des41 #cdg f\r-way1 des41 #cdg gage1 des41 #cdg oil1 des41 #cdg ,cock1 self-clos+1 des41 #cdg /eam1 des41 #cdg /op1 des41 #cdg ?ree-way1 des41 #cdg ,cock1 try1 des41 #cdg wat]1 des41 #cdg ,column ( wat]1 pressure (2 ,table1 #cif ,columns1 m9e pump1 ills4 & des41 #cfc ,comp\nd1 boil]1 record ( results1 #cgh ,comp\nd or two-/age compression1 #gd-ge ,comp\nds = mak+ pipe jo9ts1 #cfg ,compress$ air1 des41 #eg ,compressibility ( gases1 #bf ,compression1 comp\nd1 or two-/age1 #gd-ge ,compressor1 belt$ duplex air 7built by ! ,allis-,*alm]s ,co471 #fb-ga 8,imp]ial0 air1 des4 & ills41 #fg-gj ,norwalk comp\nd1 des4 & ills41 #gg-gh ,norwalk /&>d1 ills4 & des41 #ef-eh p[] wall or po/ air1 ills4 & des41 #gb v]tical duplex1 #fd-ga ,compressors1 air1 des41 #eg-eh ,computation = f9d+ weight ( wat] 9 ci/]ns & tanks1 #cbd obta9+ ! cont5ts ( a b>rel 9 gallons1 #cbd ,m9]'s ,in*1 ) ills41 #chh op5 /ream measurem5t1 #cij weir dam1 wat]1 measurem5t1 #cij relat+ to wat] pump$ by w9dmill1 #aia 8,cond5sation10 def41 #ah ,cond5s]1 def41 #cb des41 #bii advantages (1 #cjj1 #cgh comb9$1 & fe$-wat] heat]1 ills4 & des41 #cjf cone1 ills41 #cab ,conov]1 ills4 & des41 #ej-ec economy (1 #cg elb[1 exhau/ & injection1 des4 & ills41 #cjf exhau/ pipe into suction1 ills4 & des41 #cha exhau/ /eam induction1 des4 & ills41 #cjh ,cond5s]1 jet1 ills4 & des41 #cab jet type (1 #cc keel1 :at x consi/s (1 #caa plant1 m>9e1 ills4 & des41 #caj-caa pump1 ills4 & des41 #cjf-cjg ,cond5s]s1 classification (1 #cjc ,cond5s]1 surface1 ills4 & des41 #cac tube1 ills4 & des41 #cje ,cond5s+ app>atus1 des4 & ills41 #big-cad eng9es1 e>ly1 des41 #cgh ,cond5s+ surface requir$1 am\nt (1 #cab-cad ,cone1 cond5s]1 ills4 & des41 #cjf ,conoidal c5trifugal pump1 ! ,wor?+ton1 :y s nam$1 des41 #bbi ,conov] cond5s]1 ills4 & des41 #ej-ec ,con/ruction ( ! ,silsby /eam cyl9d] pump & boil]1 #aae ,contam9ation ( wat] to be prev5t$1 #cge ,cont5ts1 ,table (1 ,,xi4 ,controll]1 ,mull9's automatic1 ills4 & des41 #ceb-cec ,cool+ t[]s1 des41 #cc ,corcoran d\ble action suction =ce pump1 des4 & ills41 #ahe-ahf tank valves1 #cbc ,corcoran w9dmill1 ills4 & des41 #ahd-ahf ,corrosion1 def41 #cbh h[ prev5t$1 #chj ( boil]s1 h[ caus$1 #chj ,cotton presses1 pump =1 ills4 & des41 #aed-aee ,c\pl+ pipe1 ills41 #cfh 8,crane-neck$0 /eam fire eng9e1 #ada ,cranes & hoi/s1 use ( compress$ air 91 des41 #eg ,cr[1 ills4 & des41 #cdj ,cubic foot1 capacity ( 9 gallons41 #cbc ,cutt]1 pipe1 ills4 & des41 #cch ,cyl9d]-cock1 des41 #cdg ,cyl9d]s1 cont5ts (1 9 cubic feet = ea* foot dep?2 ,table1 #cih reliev$ be=e remov+ head1 #chc ,dam1 ,weir1 measurem5t ( wat]1 #cij ,d>t union1 ills4 & des41 #cfg ,davidson m>9e pump1 ills4 & des41 #aef-aeg ,dean ,bro!rs' tw9 cyl9d] air pump1 ills4 & des41 #df-ej ,dean automatic duplex /eam pump & receiv]1 ills4 & des41 #cah-cai s+le sug>-h\se pump1 ills4 & des41 #afd-afe s+le v]tical s9k+ pump1 ills41 #adh des41 #adi vacuum pump1 ills4 & des41 #db-dc ,deep-well pump1 work+ b>rel (1 #aib ,deflector1 wat] circulat+1 #abj ,d]angem5t ( duplex pump1 brok5 valve may cause x1 #cgf ,diagram ( dis*>ge op5+s ( c5trifugal "r & left-h& pumps1 #bbe ,dial1 to read !1 ( a wat] met]1 ills41 #ccb ,diamet]s ( ci/]ns 9 decimals ( a foot2 ,table1 #cih ,diaphragm lift & =ce pump1 ills41 #ade des41 #adh outfit =1 #adi ,diffusion ( gases1 #bg vanes ( ,wor?+ton c5trifugal pump1 des41 #bcc ,direct act+ /eam s+le air compressor1 ills4 & des41 #gb ,disadvantages 9 ! use ( compress$ air = op]at+ m9+ pumps1 #ga ,dis*>ge p] m9ute "u giv5 heads2 ,table1 #cib-cic ,discov]y ( ! advantages aris+ f ! cond5sation ( /eam1 #cjj ,di/ribut+ res]voir1 def41 #cbb 8,doctor0 indep5d5t pump1 ills4 & des41 #afa-afb 8,donkey0 pump1 des41 #afa ,d\ble extra fir/ /eam fire eng9e1 capacity & weight (1 #ic tube injector1 univ]sal1 ills41 #bfb des41 #bfd ,dra9 = /eam pipes1 #cgd ,dra91 necessity =1 #cgd ,dra9+ pump cyl9d]s & pipes1 #cgg plugs1 #cgg ,dr$ge1 elevator1 des41 #bbb #bj-;in* hydraulic1 ills4 & des41 #bba ,dr$ges1 self-propell+ & sea-go+1 des42 note1 #baj ,dr$g+ pump1 hydraulic1 ,boggs ,cl>k1 ills4 & des41 #bag-bah ,root's l>ge rot>y1 ills4 & des41 #bjh-baj ,drill & pipe tap comb9$1 #cci ,drip cocks1 prop] location (1 #cgf ,dry cocks1 c5trifugal pump1 p>ticul>ly adapt$ = use 9 build+ sew]s1 9 s& dr$g+1 #bad ,duplex pump1 delays1 avoid by frequ5t inspections1 #cgf d]angem5ts ( "o side1 #cge j]ky motion 91 cause (1 #cgf repairs %\ld be prompt & timely1 #cgf scre5s1 important t !y be kept clean1 #cgf sep>at+ *amb] requires frequ5t exam9ation1 #cgf suction valves require mu* att5tion1 #cgf worn p>ts %\ld be replac$1 #cgf ,duplex /eam pump & receiv]1 ,deane automatic1 ills4 & des41 #cah-cai ,edison ,manufactur+ ,co4 h& m9+ pump1 des41 #adh ,edw>ds air & vacuum pump1 ills4 & des41 #ec-ee ,ejector1 ills4 ) a foot /ra9]1 #bfj d\ble tube1 ills4 & des41 #bfa or exhau/] us$ = prim+ c5trifugal pumps1 des41 #baf ills41 #bah pump1 ills4 & des41 #bei-bfj wat] pressure1 ills4 & des41 #bff & injectors1 #bdc-bff application (1 ills41 #bef des41 #bfj ,ela/ic fluids1 two classes (1 #af ,ela/icity1 def41 #bf a prop]ty ( air1 #af1 #ag ( all ari=m fluids1 def41 #ag ,elb[1 cond5s]1 exhau/ & injection1 des4 & ills41 #cjf pipe1 ills41 #cfh ,elb[s1 des41 #cfd ,electric m9+ pump1 ills41 "p "o1 #bgf des41 "p two1 #adg ,elevator1 ,mason1 pump pressure regulator1 ills4 & des41 #bhf-bhg ,endicott's plat=m spr+s1 des41 #ada ,en]gy ( ! /eam injector1 :5ce d]iv$1 note1 #bdg w9d z a s\rce ( p[]1 #aha ,eng9es1 e>ly cond5s+1 des41 #cgh ,eng9e1 /eam fire1 ills4 & des41 #ia-adb ,ent]+ or tap] tap1 ills4 & des41 #cci ,evaporation1 def4 & laws (1 #bh ,eve1 ,j41 inv5tor ( ,eve's rot>y pump1 hi/orical note1 #aif ,eve's rot>y pump1 des4 & ills41 #aif-aig ,exhau/ /eam induction cond5s]1 des4 & ills41 #cjh injector1 ills4 & des41 #bdi1 #bee-bef injector1 high pressure1 ills4 & des41 #beg ,exhau/ /eam1 utiliz+ (2 note1 #ce ,expansibility ( gases1 def4 & ills41 #be ,expansion & compression ( a body1 def41 #ah ,explanations ( pr9ciples involv$ 9 fe$+ tank1 #cgc expos$ pipes1 precautions aga9/ freez+1 #cgg ,extra fir/ /eam fire eng9e1 capacity & weight (1 #ic ,failure ( pump1 h[ to f9d cause1 #cgd ,fans1 ills41 #bac des41 #bae ,fe$-cock1 des41 #cdg ,fe$+ into bottom ( tank requires less p[] ?an top1 #cgc ,fe$-wat] heat] & comb9$ cond5s]1 ills4 & des41 #cjf ,volz1 ills4 & des41 #cjd-cjf impurities1 des41 note relat+ to1 #cbg ,fif? /eam fire eng9e1 capacity & weight (1 #ic ,fire eng9e1 ,silsby /eam1 des4 & ills41 #aac /eam1 ills4 & des41 #ia-adb ,fire hose fl[ ( wat]1 h[ ret>d$ 91 des41 #ace pumps1 ,holyoke patt]n ( rot>y1 #bjc ,fir/ /eam fire eng9e1 capacity & weight (1 #ic ,flange jo9t1 ills41 & des41 #cfc ,flanges1 diamet]s ( /&>d2 ,table1 #cii /&>d1 bolt circles (2 ,table1 #cii table ( /&>d sizes1 #cii ?ickness ( /&>d1 #cii union1 des4 & ills41 #cfc ,float1 automatic action ( ! pump controll$ by a1 ills4 & des41 #cah-cai ,fl[ ( wat] ov] ,weir dam2 ,table1 #cia ,fluid1 p>ticles (1 #ad ,flume1 me*anism to %ut (f ! wat] supply (1 ills41 #bie ,foot-bo>d ( ! /eam fire eng9e1 des41 #aaa ,foot valve appli$ to c5trifugal pump1 #baf ,=c] ( /eam injector1 #bdg ,f\ndations ( tanks1 #cbc suitable1 precautions =1 #cga ,f\nta91 ,h]o's1 ills4 & des41 #bc 9 vacuo1 ills4 & des41 #bc ,f\r /age c5trifugal pump1 ills4 & des41 #bbd ,f\r? /eam fire eng9e1 capacity & weight (1 #ic ,f\r-way cock1 des41 #cdg ,fox boil]1 des4 & ills41 #aja-ajc ,freeman1 ,john ,r41 cr$it giv5 = table1 #aag ,freez+1 anti-1 device1 #cha ( pipe1 h[ prev5t$1 ills4 & des41 #cha ,friction1 diff]5t k9ds ( pipe1 #cgg ,friction heads2 ,table1 #cid-cie 9 small pipes2 ,table1 #cig ,friction1 influ5ce (1 on diff]5t k9ds ( pipe1 #cgg loss 9 p\nds pressure2 ,table1 #cib-cic mu/ be kept d[n1 #cgb ,frizell sy/em ( air lift pumps1 #hh ,gage-cock1 des41 #cdg ,gallon1 capacity (1 #cbc imp]ial1 capacity (1 #cbc ,gallons = ea* foot ( l5g? 9 pipes1 #cih ,gases & liquids1 prop]ties 9 common1 des41 #bd compressibility (1 #bf diffusion (1 #bg expansibility (1 def4 & ills41 #be p]man5t1 def41 #af pressure ex]t$ by1 #bf weight (1 def41 #bf ,gas-fitt]'s air prov+ pump1 def4 & ills41 #bi ,gates1 head1 me*anism to raise & l[]1 ills41 #bie ,gauge1 hydraulic1 te/ pump1 ills4 & des41 #afd indicat+ pressure & vacuum1 des41 #bei vacuum1 :y graduat$ 9 in*es2 note1 #ba ,giff>d1 ,inv5tor ( ! injector2 hi/orical note1 #bde ,g\ld's rot>y pump1 ills41 #aid des41 #aii ,gov]nor & pump1 des4 & ills41 #cag-cai ,gov]nors1 ,c>r /eam pump1 ills4 & des41 #bhh-bia ,gov]nor1 ,mason pump1 ills4 & des41 #bhd-bhf utility comb9ation pump1 des4 & ills41 #bif ,gov]nors1 pump spe$1 ills4 & des41 #bha-bid ,graduat$ tank1 des41 #cbb ,gra9s1 wet1 brew]s'1 h[ pump$2 note1 #bjb ,graphite z a lubricant1 des41 #chd ,graphite1 invaluable ab\t /uds1 nuts1 etc41 #chd mix ) oil = h& pump1 #cge use (1 on pipe ?reads1 #chd ,gravitation1 effect on curr5t ( air1 #ahj ,gravity1 a prop]ty ( air1 #af ,grit1 avoid 9 pack+1 #cgg ,gu]icke1 ,otto von1 inv5tor1 #ai ,guide vanes ( ,wor?+ton c5trifugal pump1 des41 #bca des41 #bab ,hamm]1 h[ be/ us$1 des41 #cde ,h& air pumps1 des4 & ills41 #bi-cj ,h>ris sy/em ( rais+ wat] by direct pressure1 #ij ,hayd5 ,d]by ,mfg4 ,co41 #beb ,head gates1 me*anism to raise & l[]1 ills41 #bie ,heads1 friction at giv5 rates2 ,table1 #cid-cie ,heat1 action (1 on p>ticles ( bodies1 #af ,heat]1 noiseless wat]1 ills4 & des41 #bfe-bff /ation>y1 = ! /eam fire eng9e1 #aje ,h]on or ,h]o1 acc\nt (1 #ii ( ,alex&ria2 hi/orical note relat+ to /eam fire eng9e1 #ie 8,h]o's f\nta910 inv5t$ by ,h]o ( ,alex&ria1 #ii ills4 & des41 #bc 8,hessian ,suck10 a =m ( c5trifugal pump1 des41 #baa ,h+$ valve1 #cdg ,hi/orical notes & ills4 relat+ to /eam fire eng9e1 #ib-ii ,hi/ory ( ! c5trifugal pump1 #baa ,hog%ead1 capacity (1 #cbc ,holyoke improv$ spe$ gov]nor = wat] :eels1 ills4 & des41 #bia-bid patt]n rot>y pump1 #bjc ,horizontal two-/age pump1 ills41 #bcf des41 #bda ,hydraulic dr$ge1 #bj-;in*1 ills4 & des41 #bba dr$g+ pump1 ,boggs ,cl>ke1 ills4 & des41 #bag-bah gauge te/ pump1 ills4 & des41 #afc jo9ts = high pressure1 ills4 & des41 #cfa ,hydraulic lifts & cranes1 pump =1 des4 & ills41 #aed-aee pack+1 difficulty 9 cutt+1 #cgc pipes1 be/ way to jo92 ,note1 #cfg rivet+ & pun*+1 pump =1 ills4 & des41 #aed-aee ,hydro-pneumatics1 #ae ,ice1 expansion (1 #cha ,ideal /eel tank t[]1 ills4 & des41 #ahg 8,impell]s10 des41 #bab ,impell]s ( ,wor?+ton c5trifugal pump1 des41 #bcc ,impell]s or pi/ons ( rot>y pumps1 ills4 & des41 #aif 8,imp]ial0 air compressor1 ills4 & des41 #fg-gj ,imp]ial gallon1 capacity (1 #cbc ,incru/ation1 des41 #cbh ,incru/ations ( injector pipes1 h[ remov$1 #bed ,injection1 def41 #cb wat] ( air & vacuum pumps1 des41 #ce ,injector1 action (1 #bdg1 #bdi a gauge indicat+ bo? pressure & vacuum = !1 #bei 8,injector0 cond5s]1 ,bulkley1 ills4 & des41 #cjh-cji ,injector1 d\ble tube univ]sal1 ills41 #bfb des41 #bfd exhau/ /eam1 ills4 & des41 #bee-bef high pressure exhau/ /eam1 ills4 & des41 #beg h[ to />t ! exhau/ /eam1 #bei ,kort+1 des41 #bfd 8,manhattan0 automatic1 ills41 #bdd des41 #bea ,metropolitan d\ble tube1 ills41 #bdh des41 #beb ,metropolitan s+le tube1 ills41 #bej des41 #beb ,monitor1 ills41 #bdf des41 #beb n an economical device1 #bdi pe]less automatic1 ills41 #bdf des41 #bea pe]less1 names ( p>ts1 #bea ills41 #bcd pe]less1 table ( pressure & temp]ature ( !1 #bea ! exhau/ /eam1 #bdi ,injectors & ejectors1 #bdc-bff pip+ ( 8,manhattan0 & pe]less1 ills4 & des41 #bec rules to gov]n ! actions1 etc41 (1 #bec-bed table ( capacity (1 #beb ?ree di/9ct types (1 #bdg ,inspection = causes ( failure 9 />t+ a pump1 #cga ,inspections1 int]nal & ext]nal necess>y1 #cgd ,inspirator1 des41 #bdi ,in/ructions & sugge/ions = ! /eam fire eng9e1 #abi1 #aca1 #ace-acg ,int]*angeable socket wr5*1 ills4 & des41 #cdd ,int]-cool]1 !1 ills4 & des41 #gd-gh ,int]m$iate tap1 ills4 & des41 #cci ,int]ruption ( fl[ by =eign body 9 suction1 #cge ,inv]t$-cup valve1 #cdg ,irregul>ity 9 duplex pump1 cause (1 #cge ,irregul> spe$ indicates tr\ble1 #cgf ,duty1 un/eady dis*>ge requires att5tion1 #cgf 8,iso*ronal0 pump1 def41 #adg ,jet cond5s]1 ills4 & des41 #cb1 #cjc1 #cab discov]y (1 #cja ,jet pump1 !1 ills4 & des41 #bfa type ( cond5s]1 #cc ,jo9t1 pipe1 comp\nds = mak+1 recipes1 #cfb pip+1 des4 & ills41 #cei-cfb ,keel cond5s]1 :at x consi/s (1 #caa ,k]os5e1 effect on pipe jo9ts1 #cfb ,key valve1 #dg 8,kick+ d[n0 a well 9 ! e>ly days1 ills41 ,,viii4 ,knight1 ,e4 ,h41 classification ( cocks & valves1 #cdg ,kort+ injector1 pieces compos+ !1 %[n 9 cuts page1 #bfc names ( ! p>ts1 #bfd ,la ,france /eam fire eng9e pump1 ills41 #acd des41 #aci-ada ,leakage1 indications (1 #cgf slight1 unimportant1 #cgc ,leaks1 (t5 ! cause ( failure 9 />t+ a pump1 #cga ,left & "r-h& pumps1 cu/om>y rule =1 #cga ,life ( boil] ( /eam fire eng9e1 h[ prolong$1 #aje ,lift] ( /eam injector1 #bdg ,lift+ valve1 #cdg ,lime1 c>bonate (1 9 boil] scale1 #cbh ,liquid air1 des41 #fd ,liquids "u heavy pressure1 pump = deliv]+1 ills4 & des41 #aed-aee ,lobes ( rot>y pump1 ills4 & des41 #bji-baj ,location = pumps1 prop]1 #cga ,lomb>d1 ,na?aniel1 pump gov]nor2 note1 #bid ,lubrication1 int]mitt5t1 to be avoid$1 #cge ,lubrication1 prop]1 = pack+1 #cgc ,magdeburg cups or hemisph]es1 ills4 & des41 #ai ,magma sug> pump1 ills4 & des41 #aff-afg ,magnesia1 c>bonate ( 9 boil] scale1 #cbh salt1 etc41 9 wat]1 #chj mu/ be remov$1 #chj ,ma9 fe$ pump1 uses = !1 #afa 8,manhattan0 automatic injector1 ills41 #bdd des41 #bea ,m>9e pump1 ,davidson patt]n1 ills4 & des41 #aef-aeg ,m>9e pumps1 #aee-afb ,%ip's pump1 #aee 8,m>iotte's law01 #ag ,m>ks ( p>ts necess>y1 #cgd ,masl9 automatic /eam vacuum pump1 ills41 #bga des41 #bgi ,mason elevator pump pressure regulator1 ills4 & des41 #bhf-bhg pump gov]nor1 ills4 & des41 #bhd-bhf pump pressure regulator1 ills4 & des41 #cdi-cej /eam pump ) receiv] atta*$1 ills4 & des41 #cai wat] r$uc+ valve1 ills4 & des41 #cea 8,massa*usetts pump10 des41 #baa ,matt]1 prop]ties (1 #bd ,measurem5ts ( pipe l9es1 h[ to be tak51 ills41 #cfh ,me*anical boil] clean]s1 #chj ,m]cury1 in*es (1 def41 #ca ,metallic pack+s1 popul> & good1 #cgg ,met]1 wat]1 ills4 & des41 #cbi-ccb ,wor?+ton wat]1 ills4 & des41 #ccj-ccb ,meteorology1 def41 #agi ,metropolitan d\ble tube injector1 ills41 #bdh des41 #beb s+le tube injector1 ills41 #bej des41 #beb ,m9e dra9age1 adaptation ( ! turb9e pump =1 #bcc pump columns1 ills4 & des41 #cfc ,m9]'s in* wat] measurem5t1 ills41 #chh ,m9+1 ,cat>act /eam pump1 ills41 #add des41 #adf ,m9+ pump1 d\ble lea!r1 ills41 #ade des41 #adg electric1 ills41 ,"p ,"o1 #bgf des41 ,"p ,two1 #adg h&-p[]1 ills41 #ade des41 #adh ! ,cam]on v]tical plung] s9k+1 ills41 #aej-aea des41 #aeb ! 8,scranton10 ills4 & des41 #aec-aed ,m9+ pumps1 des4 & ills41 #ade-aee pumps1 an advantage (2 note1 #aeb note relat+ to ! co/ ( repair+ a half-in* globe valve1 #ade use ( compress$ air 91 #ga ,miscellane\s pumps1 #adc-agf ,molecules1 repulsive =ce (1 #bg ,monitor injector1 ills41 #bdf des41 #beb ,monkey-wr5*es1 8knife-h&le10 ills4 & des41 #cdd ,morris ,ma*9e ,company's c5trifugal pump1 /eam-driv51 ills4 & des41 #bbj-bba ,mud1 #bj-;in* hydraulic dr$ge = pump+ mud1 silt1 etc41 #bba ,mull9's ,automatic controll]1 ills4 & des41 #ceb-cec ,multi-/age c5trifugal pump1 ills4 & des41 #bbc-bbd turb9e pump1 prim+ (1 ills4 & des41 #bbh-bbi ,neck-cap ( ! mod]n pulsomet]1 ills4 & des41 #bgd ,neck-piece ( ! mod]n pulsomet]1 ills4 & des41 #bgd ,newcom51 discov]y relat+ to cond5sation ( /eam1 #cja ,nipple-,hold]1 pipe1 ills4 & des41 #cda ,norwalk comp\nd compressor1 des4 & ills41 #gg-gh /&>d compressor1 ills4 & des41 #ef-eh note1 #gh ,nozzles ( /eam fire eng9e1 #abe ?ree types (1 9 /eam injector1 #bdg ,nuts & screws mu/ be kept tight1 #cgd ,oak-b>k1 directions = use1 #cgi :ite1 us$ 9 boil]s1 #cgi ,oil-cock1 des41 #cfg ,oil1 h[ us$ 9 ! ,cat>act /eam pump cyl9d]1 #adf ,oil-pipe l9es1 pump =1 #aee tank /eam] pump1 ills4 & des41 #aei-afa ,pack+1 c>e (1 #cgb economy (1 n>r[ r+s1 #cgb = pump plung]s1 #cgc = pumps1 suitable1 #cgb h[ to fit1 #cgb mu/ be ela/ic1 nev] rigid1 #cgb = /uff+ boxes1 badly proportion$1 gl&s too %ort1 #cgb to cut squ>e ?9n]1 des4 & ills41 #chc ,pap] mills1 p>ticul>ly adapt$ = use ( c5trifugal pumps1 #bad ,pap91 ,d5is1 inv5tor1 acc\nt (1 #baa hi/orical note1 #fd ,p>allel vise1 #cda ,p>k]1 ,ri*>d ,gre51 quotation1 #ad ,pe]less automatic injector1 ills41 #bdf des41 #bea ,pelton wat] :eel1 #fj ,pilot or auxili>y valve1 des41 #cdh ,pipe1 cond5s] spray1 des41 #cjf connections1 prop] arrangem5ts (1 #cfc cutt]1 ills4 & des41 #cch fitt+1 des41 #cei freez+ (1 h[ prev5t$1 ills4 & des41 #cha gas & /eam1 h[ measur$1 #cfg jo9t1 des4 & ills41 #cei-cfc telescopic1 ills4 & des41 #aeb ,pipe l9es1 h[ measurem5ts are to be tak51 ills41 #cfh l9es1 /eam1 #cfd ,pipe1 mak+ up a piece (1 #cfc nipple hold]1 des41 #cda orig9ally a musical w9d in/rum5t1 #cei saddles = quick connections into pipes1 ills41 #chb spann]1 ills4 & des41 #cdd /ock & die1 des41 #cda ,pipe1 suction1 %\ld be dra9$1 #cgg tail1 ( cond5s]1 ills41 #cab ?ickness ( /&>d1 #cii ,pipe tongs1 ills4 & des41 #cdc vise1 ills4 & des41 #cdj ,pipe1 wood51 note relat+ to1 #cfd wr5*1 ,trimo1 ills4 & des41 #cdc advantages & disadvantages (1 #cgg ,pipes & fitt+s1 note relat+ to1 #cei expos$1 precautions aga9/ freez+1 #cgg fl[ ( wat] 9 ca/ iron2 table1 #cid-cie jo9ts & fitt+s1 #cei-cfh relative advantages (1 #cgg ,pipes1 small1 rates ( dis*>ge2 table1 #cig /eam1 to prop]ly dra91 #cgd /ra9]s = suction1 ills4 & des41 #cbe-cbh ,pip+ ( ,manhattan & pe]less injectors1 ills4 & des41 #bec ( high pressure exhau/ /eam injector1 ills4 & des41 #beh /&>d1 8extra /rong10 d\ble extra /rong1 ills4 & des41 #cfg to remove incru/ations f injector1 #bed ,pi/on1 ,foll[] type1 h[ pack$1 #chc ,plug pipe1 ills41 #cfh taps1 ills4 & des41 #cci ,plugs1 dra91 #cgg ,plung]1 deep well pump1 ills4 & des41 #aib pack+1 dry1 rem$y =1 #cgg pack+1 h[ to apply1 #cgc wat]1 h[ pack$1 des4 & ills41 #chc ,pneumatics1 #ae-cj ,pneumatic syr+e1 ills4 & des41 #bf ,pohle1 ,dr4 ,julius ,j41 hi/orical note1 #gi sy/em ( elevat+ liquids1 ills4 & des41 #ha-hd 8,po9ts0 relat+ to ! c>e & managem5t ( air compressors1 #fa ,portable drill+ ma*9es1 use ( compress$ air 91 des41 #eg =m ( pulsomet] & boil]1 ills4 & des41 #bhj tool1 def41 #ccg ,ports1 r$uc+ capacity (1 by sub/ances1 #cge ,p[] ( a w9dmill1 :at x dep5ds ^u1 #aij wall or po/ air compressor1 ills4 & des41 #gb ,practical ,eng9e]1 ills4 ( air lift pump f1 #hi ,preface1 ,,ix ,pressure1 atmosph]e1 surface cond5s] ex]ts1 #cad ex]t$ by gases1 #bf 9 p\nds = e foot up to #cjj ft4 height1 etc42 ,table1 #cif ( air & gases1 def41 #ag ( column ( wat]2 ,table1 #cif ( ! atmosph]e1 def41 #af ,pressure p] squ>e in* 9 p\nds2 ,table1 #cif r$uc+ valve1 ills4 & des41 #cdi-cej ,prime mov]s1 def41 #aha ,prim+ me?ods adopt$ to suit c5trifugal pumps ( v>i\s designs1 ills4 & des41 #bbh-bbi ,prim+1 to />t1 #cgg ,propell] pump1 ! wood1 ills4 & des41 #agb-agd ,pulsator1 #bfi ,pulsomet]1 des4 & ills41 #bfg-bhj ,pulsomet]1 action (1 #bgf-bgg a =m ( vacuum pump1 #bfi & boil] 9 portable =m1 ills4 & des41 #bhj arrangem5ts (1 = empty+ vats or tanks1 ills4 & des41 #bgh hi/orical1 #bfi important po9ts to be att5d$ to2 note1 #bgi ,pulsomet]1 sugge/ions relative to plac+ ( ! pump2 note1 #bgc ! mod]n1 ills4 & des41 #bgj-bgc ! orig9al1 ills4 & des41 #bfh-bga ! pr9cipal p>ts (1 des4 & ills41 #bgg ,pump1 air1 ,dean ,bro!rs' tw9 cyl9d]1 ills4 & des41 #df-ej air lift1 ills4 & des41 #gi-ij ,pump1 ,am]ican1 driv+ me*anism (1 ills4 & des41 #ic1 #ih & gov]nor1 des4 & ills41 #cag-cai ,buffalo c5trifugal1 ills4 & des41 #bbc c5trifugal1 diagram ( "r & left-h& me?ods ( dis*>ge1 #bbe c5trifugal1 f\r-/age1 ills4 & des41 #bbd multi-/age1 ills4 & des41 #bbc-bbd v]tical1 subm]g$ type (1 ills4 & des41 #bbb-bbc ,pump1 circulat+1 des41 #cb columns1 m9e1 ills4 & des41 #cfc ,conov] vacuum1 ills4 & des41 #ej-ec ,corcoran d\ble action suction =ce pump1 ills4 & des41 #ahe-ahf ,davidson1 m>9e1 ills4 & des41 #aef-aeg ,dean s+le v]tical s9k+1 ills41 #adh ,dean vacuum1 ills4 & des41 #db-dc deep well1 work+ b>rel (1 #aib ,pump1 diff]5ce betwe5 a h& pump & a w9dmill pump1 #ahg ,pump1 ,edw>ds' air1 ills4 & des41 #ec-ee ejector1 z a =m (1 #bei ,eve's rot>y1 des4 & ills41 #aif-aig ,pump1 failure 9 />t+1 cause1 #cga = salt wat] evaporator & di/ill]1 ills4 & des41 #afh ,pump1 gas-fitt]'s air prov+1 def4 & ills41 #bi ,g\ld's rot>y1 ills41 #aid des41 #aii ,pump gov]nor1 ,mason1 ills4 & des41 #bhd-bhf ,na?aniel ,lomb>d1 note1 #bid utility1 comb9ation1 des4 & ills41 #bif ,pump gov]nors1 ,c>r /eam1 ills4 & des41 #bhh-bia h& oil1 desirable1 #cge 8,hessian ,suck10 des41 #baa hydraulic gauge te/1 ills4 & des41 #afc ,pump+ wat]1 use ( compress$ air 91 des41 #ei 8,iso*ronal10 def41 #adg ,masl9 automatic /eam vacuum1 ills41 #bga des41 #bgi 8,massa*usetts10 des41 #baa m9+1 h&-p[]1 ills41 #ade des41 #adh ,pump ( ! ,silsby /eam fire eng9e1 #aac portable fire air1 #bi ,quimby screw1 ills4 & des41 #agd-agf ,root's rot>y1 ills4 & des41 #bji ,pump spe$ gov]nors1 ills4 & des41 #bha-cid /eam fire eng9e1 ills4 & des41 #ia-adb ,am]ican1 ills41 #acb1 #acc des41 #ach-aci ,la ,france1 ills41 #acd des41 #aci-ada syphon1 ills4 & des41 #ahh1 #bfe z atta*$ to /eam fire eng9e1 ills41 #ic ! 8,balla/10 ills4 & des41 #aei-afa ! ,cam]on v]tical plung] s9k+1 ills41 #aej-aea des41 #aeb ! ,deane sug>-h\se1 ills4 & des41 #afd-afe ! 8,doctor0 indep5d5t pump1 ills4 & des41 #afa-afb ! injector c be us$ z a1 #bdi ! jet1 ill4 & des41 #bfa ! ,magna sug>1 ills4 & des41 #aff-afg ! 8,scranton0 m9+1 ills4 & des41 #aec-aed ! %ip's1 #aee ,tab] rot>y1 #bjj-bjb ,pumps1 air & vacuum1 ills4 & des41 #ca air pressure1 ills4 & des41 #ij ammonia or acid1 ills4 & des41 #aga auxili>y fe$1 (t5 duplicat$1 #afa ,byron ,jackson ,ma*9e ,company's turb9e1 #bcf-bdb ,pumps1 c5trifugal1 ills4 & des41 #baa-bcj circulat+1 ills41 #bai des41 #afh directions = erect+ & runn+1 #bbf-bbh fire1 ,holyoke patt]n ( rot>y1 #bjc ,pumps1 m>9e1 #aee-afb me?ods ( prim+ c5trifugal pumps1 #bbh-bbi ,pumps1 m9+1 #ade-aee an advantage (1 note1 #aeb ,pumps1 miscellane\s1 #adc-agf ( /eam fire eng9e1 des4 & ills41 #ajj1 #ajf1 #ajg op]ation ( l>ge dr$g+1 #baj rot>y & c5trifugal1 #aic-bbi ,pumps1 rot>y1 ills4 & des41 #aid-baj impell]s or pi/ons (1 ills4 & des41 #aif us$ = pump+ ?ick /uff1 #afe ,pumps1 s9k+1 des4 & ills41 #adh 8sug>-h\se01 #afe-afg ,tab] rot>y1 #bjj-bjb turb9e1 #bcj-bdb vacuum1 s+le & cross comp\nd d\ble act+1 #cg-ci vacuum1 table ( arrangem5t ( valves1 #da w9d p[]1 ills4 & des41 #ahe-aib ,pump1 ! wood propell]1 ills4 & des41 #agb-agd ! ,wor?+ton pressure1 ills4 & des41 #aed-aee ! ,wor?+ton 8wreck+0 pump1 ills4 & des41 #aeg-aei vacuum1 ,wor?+ton v]tical beam1 ills4 & des41 #dd-de ,pump1 v]tical1 ( ! ,clapp ,jones /eam fire eng9e1 #aah w9dmill1 op]ation (1 #ahg ,purification ( wat] effect$ by ! air lift pump1 #hg ,purify+ wat]1 #cgi ,quimby screw pump1 ills4 & des41 #agd-agf ,rais+ sunk5 vessels1 use ( compress$ air 91 des41 #ei 8,r>efaction10 def41 #ah 8,r>efi$10 def41 #ah ,rat*et drill1 ills4 & des41 #cch ,rates ( dis*>ge ( small pipes2 ,table1 #cig ,ream]1 ills4 & des41 #cci ,receiv]1 use (1 #cag ,dean1 ,mason & ,wor?+ton /eam pumps ) receiv] atta*$1 des4 & ills41 #cah-cai ,receiv+ res]voir1 def41 #cbb ,rectangul> surface cond5s]1 ! 8,admiralty10 des41 #cjc ,refrig]at+ & ice mak+1 use ( compress$ air 91 des41 #ei ,regulator1 ,mason elevator pump pressure1 ills4 & des41 #bhf-bhg ,reliev$ cyl9d]s1 h[ to proce$1 #chc ,rem$y = air-b\nd pumps1 #cga ,res]voir1 def41 #cbb di/ribut+1 def41 #cbb receiv+1 def41 #cbb ,reynolds-,corliss type1 valve ge> (1 #fg ,"r & left-h& pumps1 h[ det]m9$1 #cga ,r+s1 h[ to cut to size1 #cgc patt]n1 to be on h&1 #chc ,rivet]s1 use ( compress$ air 91 des41 #eg ,root's l>ge rot>y pump = dr$g+ purposes1 ills4 & des41 #bjh-baj ,rot>y & c5trifugal pumps1 #aic-bbi pump driv5 by /eam us$ = fire purposes1 des41 #bje ills41 #bjf-bjg ,holyoke patt]n1 #bjc lobes (1 ills4 & des41 #bji-baj type us$ by ! ,silsby fire eng9e design]s2 slid+ abutm5t ( rot>y pump1 des41 #aii ills4 & des41 #aid-baj h[ divid$ into classes1 #aif impell]s or pi/ons (1 ills4 & des41 #aif spe$ (1 #agd ,rot>y /eam fire eng9e1 ,silsby1 des4 & ills41 #aac valve1 #cdg ,rules = approximately det]m9+ ! size ( a w9dmill to use 9 pump+1 #aij = obta9+ ! cont5ts ( a b>rel 9 gallons1 #cbd = sett+ ( ,deane vacuum pump valves1 #dc to gov]n ! actions1 etc41 ( injectors1 #bec-bed ,saddles1 h[ atta*$ to pipes1 des41 #chb pipe1 sub/itute = tees1 #chb ,sal soda1 use (1 #chj ,salts1 magnesia1 etc41 9 wat]1 #chj ,salt wat] evaporator & di/ill]1 pump =1 ills4 & des41 #afh ,root's l>ge rot>y pump = salt wat] s]vice1 #baj ,sampson w9dmill1 des41 #aij ,s& bla/s1 use ( compress$ air 91 des41 #eg l>ge rot>y pump =1 #baj or heavy mat]ial = pump+1 spe$ ( pump to be increas$1 #bai ,santovio ( ,padua1 ,italy1 inv5tor ( ! pulsomet]1 #bfi ,sav]y1 ,?omas1 pump1 :5 pat5t$1 ills4 & des41 #bfh-bga 8,scranton0 m9+ pump1 ills4 & des41 #aec-aed ,screw pump1 ,quimby1 ills4 & des41 #agd-agf ,s*utte ,ko]t+ ,co41 comb9$ ?rottle & quick clos+ trip valve1 #cdh cond5s] plant1 revis$ by1 ills4 & des41 #caj ,second /eam fire eng9e1 capacity & weight (1 #ic ,self-clos+ cock1 des41 #cdg ,self-propell$ /eam fire eng9es1 ,amoskeag patt]n1 #adb ,sep>ators1 necess>y1 #cgd ,sett+ & op]at+ ( ! ,tab] pumps1 #bjj-bjb ,%ip's balla/ tank1 def41 #cbb pump1 !1 #aee pump1 ! 8,donkey10 des41 #afa ,%op tools ( all k9ds1 use ( compress$ air 91 des41 #eg ,siamese connection = /& pipes1 #ach ,sight fe$ cup1 automatic 9 its op]ation1 #cge prop] place =1 #cge :5 to fill1 #cgf ,sight fe$1 oil cups recomm5d$1 #cge ,silsby rot>y /eam fire eng9e1 des4 & ills41 #aac ,s9k+ caissons & driv+ tunnels ?r\gh silt & s(t e>?1 use ( compress$ air 91 des41 #ei ,s9k+ or /ation pump1 adaptation ( ! turb9e pump =1 #bcc des4 & ills41 #adh ,deane s+le v]tical1 ills41 #ach des41 #adi ,size ( r+s to use1 #cgc ,sleeve c\pl+1 ills4 & des41 #cfg ,slide valve1 #cdg ,slippage1 def41 causes (1 #chd ,socket wr5*1 int]*angeable1 ills4 & des41 #cdd ,spann]1 ills4 & des41 #cdd ,spe$ controll+ device1 /yle ,a1 ,mason pump1 me?od ( op]at+1 ills4 & des41 #bhh ,spe$ gov]nor = wat] :eels1 ,holyoke improv$1 ills4 & des41 #bia-bid pump gov]nors1 ills4 & des41 #bha-bid ,spray pipe & nozzle1 ills41 #cab ,spr+ valve1 #cdg ,spr9kl]1 inside boil] to scatt] p>ticles t w\ld o!rwise =m scale1 #chj ,squ>e pack+s1 advantages (1 #cgb 8,/agg]$0 tube sy/em us$ 9 /eam fire eng9e1 #ajd ,/&>d pipe sizes1 ills41 #cfg ,/>t+ a pump1 precautions 91 #cga ,/eam & air1 relative space occupi$ by1 #cgh boil]1 fe$ wat] impurities1 des41 #cbg cock1 des41 #cdg cyl9d]s1 eng9es & pumps synonym\s1 require ! same lubrication1 #cge driv5 c5trifugal pump1 ,morris ,ma*9e ,company's1 ills4 & des41 #bbj-bba end ( air & vacuum pumps1 #ce ,/eam fire eng9e1 ills4 & des41 #ia-adb auxili>y appliances & supplies1 #ii 8crane neck$10 frame =1 #ada ,fox boil]1 des4 & ills41 #aja-ajc hi/orical notes & ills41 #ib-ii inn] & out] tube sy/em1 des41 #ajd in/ructions & sugge/ions1 #abi1 #aca1 #ace-acg nozzles1 #abe p>ts (1 #ii pumps1 des4 & ills41 #ajf1 #ajg pumps1 pi/on rods1 exhau/1 coal box1 etc41 #ajj1 #aja self-propell$1 ,amoskeag patt]n1 #adb /ation>y heat] =1 des41 #aje suction /ra9]s (1 des4 & ills41 #aji table ( effective fire /reams =1 #aag 8?aw-pipe0 connect$ to1 #abc ! ,ahr5s1 #abf ,/eam fire eng9e pump1 ! ,am]ican1 ills41 #acb1 #acc des41 #ach-aci ! ,amoskeag1 ills41 #ajg1 #abh des41 #ada-adb ! boil]1 des41 #ii ! ,clapp ,jones1 #aah ! ,la ,france1 ills41 #acd des41 #aci-ada ,/eam fire eng9e1 ! ,silsby rot>y1 des4 & ills41 #aac appurt5ances belong+ to1 #aaa ,siamese connections =1 #ach valve motion (1 des41 #aaj ,/eam induction cond5s]1 exhau/1 des4 & ills41 #cjh ,/eam injector1 exhau/1 ills4 & des41 #bee-bef injectors1 ?ree di/9ct types (1 #bdg ma9s1 bracket = support+ (1 ills4 & des41 #cfd-cfe mat]ials = mak+1 #cfd pipe l9es1 #cfd ! prop] an*or+ & support+ (1 ills4 & des41 #cfe to prop]ly dra91 #cgd ,/eam pump1 ,deane automatic duplex1 ills4 & des41 #cah-cai ,/eam %ovel ( s]vice 9 rais+ mat]ial1 #bbb trap1 des41 #ccc-ccd ,/eam1 utiliz+ ( exhau/2 note1 #ce ,/ems valve1 9 suction mu/ n leak1 #cgd ,/ock & die pipe1 ills4 & des41 #cda ,/op-cock1 des41 #cdg ,/opp+ at night1 precautions =1 #cgg ,/op valve1 necessity (1 #cga ,/ov] ,manufactur+ ,company1 mak]s ( ! ,sampson w9dmill1 #aij ,/ra9]s = suction pipes ( /eam fire eng9es1 #ach = suction wat] pipes1 ills4 & des41 #cbe-cbh suction1 ( /eam fire eng9e1 des4 & ills41 #aji ,/ress on bolts1 #cii ,/uff+ boxes1 failure "u high pressure1 cause1 #cge pump end1 h[ lubricat$1 #cge ,subm]g$ type ( c5trifugal v]tical pump1 ills4 & des41 #bbb-bbc ,suction hose = ! /eam fire eng9e1 h[ fitt$ & c>ri$1 #aaa ,suction pipe %\ld be dra9$1 #cgg pipes1 /ra9]s =1 ills4 & des41 #cbe-cbh /ra9]s ( /eam fire eng9es1 des4 & ills41 #aji valves mu/ be well pack$1 #cgd 8,sug>-h\se0 pumps1 #afe-afg pump1 ! ,deane1 ills4 & des41 #afd-afe ,sug>1 action ( 9 boil]s1 #cgi no action on copp]1 t91 lead & alum9um1 #cgi ,sugge/ions h[ to f9d ! tr\ble 9 />t+ a pump1 #cga ,sulphates deposit$ 9 ord]1 des41 #chj ,surface cond5s]1 #cb1 #cjc1 #cac ext5t ( a1 #bh ,swivel b5* vise1 ills4 & des41 #cdj ,syphon pump1 des4 & ills41 #ahh ,syr+e1 ,pneumatic1 ills41 & des41 #bf ,tab] pumps1 directions = settl+ & op]at+1 #bjj-bjb ,table ( analysis ( av]age boil] scale1 #cbh arrangem5t ( valves = air & vacuum pumps1 #da av]age h\rly velocity ( ! w9d 9 ! ,u4 ,s41 #ahc ,bliss-,hea? dim5sions & capacities ( atmosph]ic pumps1 #aga bolt circles ( /&>d pipe flanges1 #cii ,table ( capacities at v>y+ heights above sea level1 #gd capacities1 etc41 ( ! univ]sal d\ble tube injector1 #bfd & pipe sizes ( sug>-h\se pumps1 #afg = #bj-;in* hydraulic dr$ge1 #bba ( 8,balla/0 pump1 #afa ( ,boggs ,cl>ke hydraulic dr$g+ pump1 #bah ( ,davidson m>9e pump1 #aeg ( ,deane s+le sug>-h\se pump1 #afe ( injectors1 #beb ( tanks & ci/]ns1 #cbd ( ! ,deane s+le v]tical s9k+ pump1 #adi ( ,wor?+ton 8wreck+0 pump1 #aei ,table ( classification ( /eam fire eng9es1 #ic ( ,cont5ts1 ,,xi4 ( cont5ts ( cyl9d]s 9 cubic feet = ea* foot ( dep?1 #cih ,table ( diamet]s ( ci/]ns 9 decimals ( a foot1 #cih dim5sions ( noiseless wat] heat]1 #bff ( ! ,bordo bl[-(f valve1 #cef ( wat] pressure ejector1 #bff ,table ( dis*>ge p] m9ute "u giv5 heads1 #cib-cic ( effective fire /reams1 #aag ( fl[ ( wat] 9 ca/ iron pipes1 #cid-cie ,table ( fl[ ( wat] ov] ,weir ,dam1 #cia friction heads at giv5 rates1 #cid-cie friction heads 9 small pipes1 #cig friction1 loss 9 p\nds pressure1 #cib-cic rates ( dis*>ge ( small pipes1 #cig p>ts ( ! 8,imp]ial0 air compressor1 #gj pressure 9 p\nds = e foot up to #cjj ft4 height1 etc41 #cif ,table ( pressure ( column ( wat]1 p] squ>e in* 9 p\nds1 #cif ( sizes1 capacity1 etc41 ( ! ,cat>act /eam pump1 #adg ( sizes1 etc41 ( ! 8,blake0 compressor1 #gc sizes & capacities ( ejectors1 #bei ,table ( /&>d sizes ( flanges1 #cii te/ ( air & vacuum pumps1 #da velocity ( fl[ 9 pipes1 #cib-cic ,tables & data1 #chg-djj dim5sions & capacities ( ! ,quimby screw pump1 #agf pressure & temp]ature ( ! pe]less injector1 #bea relat+ to ! sizes & capacities ( pump+ mills1 #ahi-aij ,tail pipe ( cond5s]1 ills41 #cab 8,take-(f0 r+ ( ,fox boil]1 des4 & ills41 #ajc ,tank1 def4 (1 #cba ball cock1 op]ation (1 ills4 & des41 #cbj clos$ pressure1 ills4 & des41 #cba-cbc fe$+ into top or bottom1 #cgc graduat$1 def41 #cbb hoops1 lugs & lock nut nipples1 important p>ts (1 #cbc ne$$ /r5g? ( a1 #cbc valves1 #cbc ,tanks & ci/]ns1 #ahh1 #cba-cbd table ( capacity =1 #cbd arrangem5ts ( pulsomet] = empty+1 ills4 & des41 #bgh computation = f9d+ weight (1 #cbd f\ndations =1 #cbc ,tann]ies1 p>ticul>ly adapt$ = use 9 c5trifugal pump1 #bad ,tap1 ills4 & des41 #cci 8,tapp+10 des4 ( process1 #cci ,tapp+ iron furnaces1 use ( compress$ air 91 des41 #ei ,tee1 bead$ malleable iron1 ills4 & des41 #cfg malleable iron1 ills4 & des41 #cfc pipe1 ills41 #cfh ,telescopic pipe jo9t1 ills4 & des41 #aeb ,temp]ature ( gases1 #bh ,t5 ?\s& horse p[] turb9e :eel1 ills41 ,,iv ,te/ pump1 hydraulic gauge1 ills4 & des41 #afc 8,?aw-pipe0 connect$ to ,clapp ,jones /eam fire eng9e1 #abc ,!oretical op]ations ( air compressors1 #fc ,!ory ( air lift1 #hj ,!rmomet]1 des41 #ah ,?ick /uff1 ! h&l+ (1 des41 #afe ,?ird /eam fire eng9e1 capacity & weight (1 #ic ,?ree-way cock1 des41 #cdg ,?rottle & quick clos+ trip valve1 ills41 #ccf des41 #cdh valve1 automatic1 = boil] fe$ pump1 ills4 & des41 #ceb-cec ,?ud1 causes (1 9 pumps1 #cge ,tire air pump1 #bi ,tongs1 *a91 #cdc pipe1 ills4 & des41 #cdc ,tools1 def41 #ccg valves & pip+1 #cce-cef ,t[]s1 cool+1 des41 #cc ,transmitt+ messages ?r\gh pneumatic tubes1 use ( compress$ air 91 des41 #ei ,trap1 ,&]son /eam1 des4 & ills41 #ccb-ccc /eam1 des41 #ccc-ccd ,trimo pipe wr5*1 ills4 & des41 #cdc ,try-cock1 des41 #cdg ,tub1 des41 #cbc ,tube ( cond5s]1 ills4 & des41 #cje ,tub+1 includ+ boil] tubes1 h[ measur$1 #cfg ,turb9e pump1 multi-/age1 h[ prim$1 ills4 & des41 #bbh ,turb9e pump1 space occupi$ by2 note1 #bcc pumps1 #bcj-bdb ,byron ,jackson ,ma*9e ,company's1 #bcf-bdb ,turb9e :eel1 t5 ?\s& horse p[]1 ills41 ,,iv ,two-/age or comp\nd$ compression1 #gd-ge ,union1 ,d>t1 ills4 & des41 #cfg flange1 ills4 & des41 #cfc pipe1 ills41 #cfh ,univ]sal d\ble tube injector1 ills41 #bfb des41 #bfd ,uses ( compress$ air1 #eg ,utilities & atta*m5ts1 #cae-ccd ,utility1 def4 (1 #cag ,vacuum1 def41 #ca des41 #bii *amb] necess>y = high lifts1 #cgd rem$y = p\nd+1 #cgd gauge1 :y graduat$ 9 in*es2 note1 #ba pumps1 s+le & cross comp\nd d\ble act+1 #cg-ci table ( arrangem5t ( valves1 #da table ( te/1 #da synonym\s ) air1 #cgc ! ,conov] cond5s]1 ills4 & des41 #ej-ec ! ,deane1 ills4 & des41 #db-dc ! ,edw>ds1 ills4 & des41 #ec-ee ! ,masl9 automatic /eam1 ills41 #bga des41 #bgi ! ,wor?+ton v]tical beam1 ills4 & des41 #dd-de ,valve1 def41 #cdg automatic ?rottle1 = boil] fe$ pump1 ills4 & des41 #ceb-cec auxili>y or pilot1 des41 #cdh ,bordo bl[-(f1 ills4 & des41 #ced-cee *urn1 = fe$+ ! /eam fire eng9e1 des41 #aaa connection (1 #cdf ,valve = ,c>r /eam pump gov]nors1 ills4 & des41 #bij-bia ge> ( ! ,clapp ,jones ,village ,eng9e1 #abb ( ! ,reynolds-,corliss type1 #fg he>t creat$ on ! pr9ciples (1 #cdg h+$1 #cdg inv]t$-cup1 #cdg key1 #cdg lift+1 #cdg ,mason wat] r$uc+1 ills4 & des41 #cea ,valve motion ( /eam fire eng9es1 des41 #aaj pressure r$uc+1 ills4 & des41 #cdi-cej rot>y1 #cdg slide1 #cdg spr+1 #cdg ?rottle & quick clos+ trip1 ills41 #ccf des41 #cdh clogg+ (1 rem$y1 #cge 8,corcoran0 tank1 #cbc lift (1 important = high pressures1 #cge names1 h[ d]iv$1 #cdg ,valves ( an air compressor1 h[ op]at$ by me*anical means1 #fe rule = sett+ ( ,deane vacuum pump1 #dc sev]al classes (1 #cdg suction1 mu/ be well pack$1 #cgd ,vat1 des41 #cbc 8,van ,duz5's /eam jet pump02 note1 #bfj ,vapor1 def41 #af ,velocity1 av]age ( ! w9d = ! ,u4 ,s41 #ahb ( fl[ 9 pipes2 ,table1 #cib-cic wat] ent]+ suction1 #cgh wat] 9 dis*>ge pipes1 #cgh relative1 ( wat] 9 l>ge & small pipes1 #cgh ,v]tical duplex compressor1 #fd-ga pump ( f\r-/age turb9e1 ills41 #bch des41 #bda ,vise1 pipe1 ills4 & des41 #cdj swivel b5*1 ills4 & des41 #cdj 8,volute10 def4 (1 #baa c5trifugal pump1 ! ,wor?+ton1 :y s nam$1 des41 #bbi c5trifugals1 des41 #bbi ,volz comb9ation ( cond5s] & fe$-wat] heat]1 ills4 & des41 #cjd1 #cje1 #cjf ,wat] 8,balla/0 pump1 des4 & ills41 #afj ,b>omet]1 h[ made1 #ca cock1 des41 #cdg contam9ation (1 to be prev5t$1 #cge ,weir ,dam measurem5t1 des4 & ills41 #cij ,wat]1 dis*>ge p] m9ute "u giv5 heads2 ,table1 #cib expansion (1 by freez+1 #cha ,m9]'s ,in*1 fl[ (1 #chh ,wat]hamm]1 prev5tion (1 ills4 & des41 #cha ,wat] heat]1 noiseless1 ills4 & des41 #bfe-bff met]1 ills4 & des41 #cbi-ccb to read ! dial ( a1 ills41 #ccb ,wor?+ton1 ills4 & des41 #ccj-ccb ,wat]1 op5 /ream measurem5t1 #cij p5etrat+ =ce (1 "u high pressure1 #cha plung]1 h[ pack$1 des4 & ills41 #chc pressure ejector1 ills4 & des41 #bff pressure ( column (2 ,table1 #cif purify+ (1 #cgi r$uc+ valve1 ,mason1 ills4 & des41 #cea relative velocity (1 9 l>ge & small pipes1 #cgh velocity (1 9 dis*>ge pipes1 #cgh ,wat] :eels1 ,holyoke improv$ spe$ gov]nors =1 ills4 & des41 #bia-bid ,turb9e1 ills41 ,,iv ,wat] works1 m9e dra9age1 adaptation ( ! turb9e pump =1 #bcc ,we> ( p>ts1 inspections necess>y1 #cgd ,wea!r bureaus1 table ( ! av]age h\rly velocity ( w9d 9 ! ,u4 ,s41 #ahc ,weight ( gases1 def41 #bf ,well heads1 ?ree /yles (1 des4 & ills41 #hf-hg ,we/+h\se ,electric ,mfg4 ,co41 #ge-;,h4 ,p4 induction motor1 #bda ,:eel] ,cond5s] & ,eng9e]+ ,co41 ref]r$ to1 #cjf ,w9dmill gov]nor1 ills4 & des41 #ahh pump1 des41 #ahg op]ation (1 #ahg rules = approximately det]m9+ ! size (1 #aij z a prime mov]1 #ahb ,w9dmills1 note relat+ to1 #ahc ! ,corcoran1 ills4 & des41 #ahd-ahf ,w9dmill1 ! p[] (1 ^u :at x dep5ds1 #aij ,w9dmotors1 :y s nam$1 #ahg p[] pumps ills4 & des41 #ahe1 #aib p[] z a s\rce ( en]gy1 #aha ,w9d produc$ by gravitation1 #ahj av]age velocity (1 = ! ,u4 ,s41 #ahb ,wood5 pipe1 note relat+ to1 #cfd ,wood propell] pump1 !1 ills4 & des41 #agb-agd ,work+1 improp]1 to f9d cause (1 #cge ,wor?+ton c5trifugal pumps divid$ into ,conoidal1 ,volute & ,turb9e1 des41 #bbi cond5s+ app>atus1 op]ation (1 #cjg duplex /eam pump ) receiv] atta*$1 ills4 & des41 #cai pressure pump1 !1 ills4 & des41 #aed-aee turb9e pump1 ills4 & des41 #bcj v]tical beam vacuum pump1 ills4 & des41 #dd-de wat] met]1 ills4 & des41 #ccj-ccb 8wreck+0 pump !1 ills4 & des41 #aeg-aei 8,wreck+0 pump1 ills4 & des41 #aeg-aei ,wr5*1 def41 #cde monkey1 ills4 & des41 #cdd int]*angeable socket1 ills4 & des41 #cdd s+le-end$1 d\ble-end$1 op5-end$1 box-wr5*1 des41 #cde ,trimo pipe1 ills4 & des41 #cdc ,z9c1 attack$ /rongly by sug>1 #cgi ,illu/ration3 ,,"h ,,is ,,y\r ,,li/ ,,( ,,help+ ,,h& ,,books ,,= ,,me*anics ,,writt5 ,,s ,,all ,,c ,,und]/& ,,!o4 ,,audel ,co4 ,,publi%]s #gb ,,fif? ,,ave4 ,n4,y4 ,,city ,,at ,,la/6 ,,simplicity ,,& ,,effici5cy 7,,mak+ ,,electricity ,,easy ,,to ,,und]/&7 ,illu/ration ,^! ,guides w answ] y\r ,,electrical que/ions & difficulties1 %[+ y h[ to approa* an electrical problem 9 ! mo/ direct way1 to analyze x )\t loss ( "t or ef=t1 to discov] its p>ts1 & solve y\r electrical "q or difficulty4 ,to get results y mu/ "k ! facts4 ,d y wi% to "k ! und]ly+ pr9ciple ( ,mod]n ,electrical ,practice8 ,! m>vel\s gr[? & progress 9 ?is l9e h & are creat+ _m opportunities4 ,hawk9s ,practical ,libr>y ( ,,electricity ,,9 ,,h&y ,,pocket ,,=m ,,price #a ,,ea* ,!y are n only ! be/1 b ! *eape/ works publi%$ on ,electricity1 gu>ante$ 9 e way or y\r money w be return$4 ,! numb]s w be suppli$ sep>ately :5 desir$ = #a ea*4 ,read table ( cont5ts4 #a4 ,conta9s #cdh pages1 #chh illu/rations4 ,electrical signs & ,symbols4 ,/atic & ,curr5t ,electricity4 ,prim>y ,cells4 ,conductors & ,insulators4 ,resi/ance & ,conductivity4 ,magnetism4 ,induction ,coils4 ,dynamo ,pr9ciples4 ,classes ( ,dynamos4 ,field ,magnets4 ,armatures4 ,w9d+s4 ,commutation4 ,bru%es4 ,bru% ,ge>4 #b4 ,conta9s #cdh pages1 #cid illu/rations4 ,motor ,pr9ciples4 ,armature reaction4 ,motor ,/>t+4 ,calculations4 ,brake ,horsep[]4 ,selection & ,in/allation ( ,dynamos & ,motors4 ,galvanomet]s4 ,/&>d ,cells4 ,curr5t ,measurem5t4 ,resi/ance ,measurem5t4 ,voltmet]s4 ,wattmet]s4 ,watt ,h\r ,met]s4 ,op]ation ( ,dynamos4 ,op]ation ( ,motors1 ,etc4 #c4 ,conta9s #cjj pages1 #dbc illu/rations4 ,di/ribution ,sy/ems4 ,wires & ,wire ,calculations4 ,inside ,wir+4 ,outside ,wir+4 ,und]gr\nd ,wir+4 ,wir+ ( ,build+s4 ,sign ,fla%]s4 ,lightn+ ,protection4 ,/orage ,batt]y4 ,rectifi]s4 ,/orage ,batt]y ,sy/ems1 ,etc4 ,boo/]s4 #d4 ,conta9s #bgj pages1 #cgi illu/rations4 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t ,pr9ciples4 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t ,diagrams4 ,a4 ,c4 ,calculations4 ,! ,p[] ,factor4 ,alt]nator ,pr9ciples4 ,alt]nator ,con/ruction4 ,w9d+s1 ,etc4 ,gr\p+ ( ,phases4 ,turb9e ,alt]nators4 #e4 ,conta9s #cbj pages1 #fad illu/rations4 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t ,motors4 ,syn*ron\s & ,induction ,motor ,pr9ciples4 ,a4 ,c4 ,commutator ,motors4 ,induction ,motors4 ,trans=m]s1 ,losses1 ,con/ruction1 ,connections1 ,te/s4 ,conv]t]s1 ,rot>y1 ,voltage ,regulation1 ,frequ5cy ,*ang+ sets1 ,p>allel ,op]ation4 ,cascade ,conv]t]s4 ,rectifi]s1 ,me*anical1 ,electrolytic1 ,electromagnetic4 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t ,sy/ems4 #f4 ,conta9s #bih pages1 #dgb illu/rations4 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t ,sy/ems4 ,swit*+ ,devices4 ,circuit ,break]s4 ,relays4 ,lightn+ ,protection ,app>atus4 ,regulat+ ,devices4 ,syn*ron\s ,cond5s]s4 ,indicat+ ,devices4 ,met]s4 ,p[] ,factor ,indicators4 ,wave ,=m ,measurem5t4 ,swit*bo>ds1 ,etc4 #g4 ,conta9s #caf pages1 #cgi illu/rations4 ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t ,wir+4 ,a4 ,c4 ,wir+ ,calculations4 ,table3 ,prop]ties ( ,copp] ,wire4 ,p[] ,/ations4 ,hydro-,electric ,plants4 ,isolat$ ,plants4 ,sub-,/ation ,managem5t4 ,turb9es4 ,selection1 ,location1 ,erection1 ,runn+1 ,c>e & ,repair1 ,/ation ,te/+4 ,telephones4 ,pr9ciples & ,con/ruction4 ,v>i\s ,sy/ems4 ,wir+ ,diagrams4 ,telephone ,tr\bles4 #h4 ,conta9s #ccb pages1 #dcf illu/rations4 ,telegraph4 ,simultane\s ,telegraphy & ,telephony4 ,wireless ,pr9ciples1 ,con/ruction1 ,diagrams4 ,electric ,bells4 ,electric ,light+4 ,illum9ation4 ,photometry1 ,etc4 #i4 ,conta9s #cbb pages1 #fbg illu/rations4 ,electric ,railways4 ,r4 ,r4 ,signal ,"w4 ,electric ,locomotives4 ,c> ,light+4 ,trolley ,c> ,op]ation4 ,miscellane\s ,applications4 ,motion ,pictures4 ,gas ,eng9e ,ignition4 ,automobile ,self-,/>t]s & ,light+ ,sy/ems1 ,electric ,vehicles1 ,etc4 #aj4 ,conta9s #eac pages1 #eii illu/rations4 ,elevators4 ,cranes4 ,pumps4 ,air ,compressors4 ,electric ,heat+4 ,electric ,weld+4 ,sold]+ & ,braz+4 ,indu/rial ,electrolysis4 ,electro-,plat+4 ,electro-,!rapeutics1 ,x-,rays1 ,etc4 ,also a complete #abf-page ready ref]5ce index ( ! complete libr>y4 ,?is index has be5 plann$ to r5d] easily accessible all ! va/ in=mation conta9$ 9 ! #aj electrical guides4 ,!re are ov] #ac1ejj cross ref]5ces4 ,y f9d :at y want to "k in/antly4 ,a ,,new ,up-to-,date ,,guide ,= ,,m>9e ,,eng9e]s ,giv+ ,j ! ,ne$$ ,in=mation ,,) ,que/ions & ,answ]s on ! foll[+ subjects ,h[ to ,figure 7) examples74 ,safety ,valve ,rules4 ,horse ,p[] ,rules4 ,!ory & ,elem5ts ( ,eng9e]+4 ,/eam ,tables4 ,m>9e ,boil]s4 ,oil ,burn]s4 ,m>9e ,eng9es4 ,turb9es4 ,pumps & ,cond5s]s4 ,injectors & ,heat]s4 ,/e]+ ,eng9es4 ,pipes & ,pip+4 ,auxili>y ,ma*9es4 ,g5]al ,c>e & ,managem5t1 ) ,sugge/ions4 ,breakd[ns & ,repairs at ,sea4 ,ov]haul+ & ,lay+ ,up4 ,gasol9e ,eng9es4 ,gas ,produc]s4 ,heavy ,oil ,eng9es4 ,diesel ,eng9es4 ,dynamos & ,motors4 ,electric ,%ip ,propulsion4 ,refrig]at+4 ,ma*9]y4 ,gov]nm5t ,rules & ,regulations ,relat+ to ,eng9e]s' ,c]tificates & ,_m ,useful ,que/ions & ,answ]s ,cov]+ ,practical1 ,mod]n & ,approv$ ,m>9e ,practice4 ,illu/ration #hej ,pages #fjj ,illu/rations ,flexible ,cov]s ,pocket ,size ,l>ge ,type ,,price #c ,,po/ ,,paid ,,?is ,,book ,,w ,,help ,,y ,,%ipfitt]s' ,,guide--#b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,easy ,,to ,,read ,,audels ,,%ipfitt]s' ,,guide ,,/eel ,,%ipbuild+ ,,& ,,repair+ ,,fits ,,! ,,pocket #b ,! au?or has _h tw5ty-five ye>s' exp]i5ce z a %ipfitt]1 & makes ev]y?+ z pla9 z a pike-/aff4 ,a m9e ( absolutely indisp5sable in=mation = ! man on ! job4 ,expla9s all ab\t ! ,p>ts ( a ,/eel ,%ip4 ,a full li/ ( t]ms us$ 9 %ipbuild+ & on bo>d %ip4 ,problems enc\nt]$ 9 %ipfitt+4 ,"w ( ! mold l(t4 ,lay+ (f plans to full size4 ,! mak+ ( ! template f ! plann+ %eets to ! plac+ ( ! f9i%$ plate on ! %ip--transf]r+--pun*+ rivet holes--%e>+--b5d+--,plan read+4 ,h[ to lay ! *alk l9e--repair+ a template--me?od ( lapp+ bo>ds 9 template con/ruction4 ,l(t "w4 ,use ( l9]s4 ,duplicat+ ,b>s or ,angles4 ,lift+ a bracket plate f ! hull--lift+ a bosom b> on ! %ip--bevel+--lift+ curv$ %ell f ! hull--me?od ( obta9+ template sets = curv$ plates--lift+ boss plate f ! hull--lift+ a m>g9 b>4 ,build+ a bulk freight]--laun*+ a bulk freight]4 ,includ+ practical helps1 h9ts & sugge/ions = ! practical %ipwork]4 ,a h&some book #f-e_/h by #d-g_/h in*es4 ,two hundr$ pages2 illu/rat$4 ,conv5i5t = ! pocket & made to la/ z long z any book c4 ,audel's ,easy ,lessons ,,wireless #ej;c4 ,a practical ,c\rse ( ,in/ruction ,expla9+ ! ,pr9ciples1 ,con/ruction & ! ,work+s ( ,wireless ,app>atus--= /ud5ts1 exp]im5t]s & op]ators2 fully illu/rat$ & expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ ,,important ,,*apt]s ,,& ,,lessons #a4--;,=ms ( ,electricity4 #b4--,magnetism & ,electro-magnetic ,induction4 #c4--;,disruptive ,dis*>ge4 #d4--;,electric ,oscillations4 #e4--;,electric ,waves4 #f4--,! ,a]ial ,wire ,sy/em4 #g4--,! ,gr\nd$ ,t]m9al4 #h4--,! ,transmitt+ ,app>atus4 #i4--,! ,receiv+ ,app>atus4 #aj4--,! ,a]ial ,swit* & ,o!r ,app>atus4 #aa4--;,in/all+ ! ,app>atus4 #ab4--,"s o!r consid]ations4 ,) a ?or\gh grasp ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples & a fair skill ) ! telegraph key1 ! o!r & m complex ?+s a wireless op]ator mu/ "k1 w come quickly & easily & ) !m--success4 #bdb pages1 #bei illu/rations--well pr9t$ & made to fit ! ve/ pocket4 ,,price #ej;c4 ,hawk9s' ,electrical ,diction>y4 #b4jj ,a reliable guide = ,eng9e]s1 ,contractors1 ,sup]9t5d5ts1 ,draftsm51 ,telegraph & ,telephone ,eng9e]s1 ,wire & ,l9em54 ,conta9s _m books 9 "o1 & is an entirely new & orig9al "w4 ,cle>ly & pla9ly def9+ ! full use & mean+ ( ! ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( words1 t]ms & phrases us$ 9 ! v>i\s bran*es & dep>tm5ts ( ,electrical ,sci5ce4 ,no ,diction>y has to ! k ( ! publi%]s be5 pr9t$ to date t has kept pace ) ! rapid developm5t ( ,electrical ,eng9e]+4 ,x measures #f-a_/b #h-a_/b in*es1 is ov] "o & "o-half in*es ?ick2 ! book weighs ab\t two & "o-half p\nds1 giv+ a f9i% to ! book :i* is *>m+4 ,hawk9s' ,me*anical ,diction>y4 #b4jj ,if ! read] (t5 enc\nt]s words & allusions ^: mean+ is n cle>1 or is a busy man1 )\t "t to wade ?r\gh a :ole volume on any subject ab\t :i* in=mation is desir$1 or is a /ud5t or a pr(essional man1 feel+ ! frequ5t ne$ ( a fir/ class ref]5ce "w1 he w readily appreciate ! qualities t are to be f\nd 9 ?is mo/ useful book4 ,x is a cyclopdia ( words1 t]ms & phrases 9 use 9 ! ,me*anic ,arts1 ,trades & ,sci5ces--8_m books 9 "o40 ,x is ! "o book ( ref]5ce no /ud5t or exp]t c disp5se )4 #gjd pages1 #f-a_/b #h-a_/b in*es1 h&somely b\nd4 ,,audels ,,/>t+ ,,& ,,light+ ,,( ,,automobiles #ej;c4 ,?is ,new ,helpful ,book tells all ab\t ! v>i\s =ms ( />t+ & light+ sy/ems 9 use4 ,writt5 & illu/rat$ 9 pla9 language4 ,own]s1 ,*auffeurs1 & ,repairm5 w f9d ! necess>y in=mation = keep+ 9 commission ?is "p ( _! c>1 :i* if n und]/ood may cause tr\ble4 ,! ,late/ ,improvem5ts are %[n1 also directions = in/all+ & op]at+ are giv51 mak+ ! book a ready ref]5ce = ! up-to-date motori/4 ,homans' ,automobiles4 #b 8,homans' ,self ,propell$ ,vehicles0 gives full details on successful c>e1 h&l+1 & h[ to locate tr\ble4 ,beg9n+ at ! fir/ pr9ciples necess>y to be kn[n1 & !n =w>d to ! pr9ciples us$ 9 e "p ( a ,motor ,c>4 ,x is a ?or\gh c\rse 9 ! ,sci5ce ( ,automobiles1 highly approv$ by manufactur]s1 own]s1 op]ators & repairm54 ,conta9s ov] #djj illu/rations & diagrams1 mak+ e detail cle>1 writt5 9 pla9 language4 ,h&somely b\nd4 ,audels ,automobile ,guide4 #a4ej ,writt5 s y c und]/& all ab\t ! con/ruction1 c>e & managem5t ( motor c>s4 ,! "w answ]s e "q t may come up 9 automobile "w4 ,! book is well illu/rat$ & conv5i5t 9 size = ! pocket4 ,audels ,gas ,eng9e ,manual4 #b ,?is volume gives ! late/ & mo/ helpful in=mation respect+ ! con/ruction1 c>e1 managem5t & uses ( ,gas1 ,gasol9e & ,oil ,eng9es1 ,m>9e ,motors & ,automobile ,eng9es1 includ+ *apt]s on ,produc] ,gas ,plants & ! ,alcohol ,motor4 ,! book is a practical educator f cov] to cov] & is wor? _m times its price to any "o us+ ^! motive p[]s4 ,audels ,answ]s on ,refrig]ation #b ,gives 9 detail all necess>y in=mation on ! practical h&l+ ( ma*9es & appliances us$ 9 ,ice ,mak+ & ,refrig]ation4 ,conta9s #gjd pages1 #bej illu/rations1 & writt5 9 "q & answ] =m2 gives ! la/ ^w on refrig]at+ ma*9]y4 ,well b\nd & pr9t$ 9 "o volume2 complete4 ,rog]s' ,erect+ & ,op]at+4 #b ,provides full in=mation on me?ods successfully prov$ 9 mod]n practice to be ! be/ = use 9 erect+ & in/all+ heavy ma*9]y ( all k9ds4 ,x includes a sy/ematic c\rse ( /udy & in/ruction 9 ,mill ,eng9e]+ & ,millwright+1 toge!r ) "t sav+ tables1 diagrams & a quick ref]5ce index4 ,rog]s' ,draw+ & ,design4 #b ,?is volume is arrang$ z a compreh5sive1 self-in/ruction c\rse = bo? %op & draught+ room4 ,conta9s #ejf pages1 illu/rat$ by ov] #fjj cuts & diagrams1 v _m ( !m full page draw+s2 ! book is pr9t$ on a v f9e grade ( pap]2 x measures #h-a_/b #aj-a_/b in*es & weighs ov] #c p\nds2 x is 9 e way completely up-to-date4 ,rog]s' ,ma*9i/s ,guide4 #b ,is a manual = ,eng9e]s & ,ma*9i/s on mod]n ma*9e %op practice1 managem5t1 gr9d+1 pun*+1 cutt+1 %e>+1 b5*1 la! & vise "w1 ge>+1 turn+1 & all ! subjects necess>y to advance 9 %op practice1 & ! work+ & h&l+ ( ma*9e tools4 ,! mo/ complete book on ^! subjects4 ,fully illu/rat$4 ,audel's ,answ]s on ,practical ,eng9e]+4 #a ,gives y ! ev]yday practice & simple laws relat+ to ! c>e & managem5t ( a /eam plant4 ,its #bej pages make y famili> ) /eam boil]s1 /eam1 fuel1 heat1 /eam gauge1 in/allation & managem5t ( boil]s1 pumps1 elevators1 heat+1 refrig]ation1 eng9e]s' & firem5's law1 turb9es1 injectors1 valves1 /eam traps1 belts1 ge>s1 pulleys1 electricity1 etc41 etc4 ,hawk9s' ,electricity = ,eng9e]s4 #b ,! introduction ( electrical ma*9]y 9 almo/ e p[] plant has creat$ a great dem& = compet5t eng9e]s & o!rs hav+ a k ( electricity & capable ( op]at+ or sup]vis+ ! runn+ ( electrical ma*9]y4 ,to su* p]sons ?is pocket-book w be f\nd a great b5efactor1 s9ce x conta9s j ! in=mation requir$1 cle>ly expla9$ 9 a practical mann]4 ,x conta9s #eej pages ) #cjj illu/rations ( electrical appliances1 & is b\nd 9 heavy r$ lea!r1 size #d-a_/b #f-a_/b = ! pocket4 ,hawk9s' ,eng9e]s' ,exam9ations4 #b ,?is "w is an important aid to eng9e]s ( all grades1 & is und\bt$ly ! mo/ helpful ev] issu$ relat+ to a safe & sure prep>ation = exam9ation4 ,x pres5ts 9 a "q & answ] =m ! mo/ approv$ practice 9 ! c>e & managem5t ( ,/eam ,boil]s1 ,eng9es1 ,pumps1 ,electrical & ,refrig]at+ ,ma*9es1 toge!r ) mu* op]ative in=mation useful to ! /ud5t4 ,hawk9s' ,/eam ,eng9e ,cate*ism4 #b ,?is "w is gott5 up to fill a long-felt ne$ = a practical book4 ,x gives directions & detail$ descriptions = runn+ ! v>i\s types ( /eam eng9es 9 use4 ,! book also treats g5]\sly ^u ,m>9e1 ,locomotive & ,gas ,eng9es1 & w be f\nd valuable to all us]s ( ^! motive p[]s4 ,hawk9s' ,/eam ,boil] ,practice4 #b ,?is in/ructive book on ,boil] ,room ,practice is indisp5sable to ,firem51 ,eng9e]s & all o!rs wi%+ to p]fect !mselves 9 ?is important bran* ( ,/eam ,eng9e]+4 ,besides a full descriptive treatise on ,/ation>y1 ,m>9e & ,locomotive boil]s1 x conta9s sixty managem5t cautions1 all necess>y rules & specifications = boil]s1 includ+ rivet+1 brac+1 f9d+ pressure1 /ra9 on bolts1 etc41 ?us be+ a complete h&-book on ! subject4 ,hawk9s' ,me*anical ,draw+4 #b ,?is "w is arrang$ accord+ to ! correct pr9ciples ( ! art ( draw+2 ea* !me be+ cle>ly illu/rat$ to aid ! /ud5t to ready & rapid compreh5sion4 ,x conta9s #cbj pages ) ov] #cjj illu/rations1 includ+ useful diagrams & sugge/ions 9 draw+s = practice4 ,h&somely b\nd 9 d>k gre5 clo?4 ,size #g #aj in*es4 ,hawk9s' ,calculations = ,eng9e]s4 #b ,! ,h& ,book ( ,calculations is a "w ( in/ruction & ref]5ce relat+ to ! /eam eng9e1 /eam boil]1 etc41 & has be5 said to conta9 e calculation1 rule & table necess>y = ! ,eng9e]1 ,fireman & ,/eam ,us]4 ,x is a complete c\rse 9 ,ma!matics4 ,all calculations are 9 pla9 ari?metical figures1 s t !y c be und]/ood at a glance4 ,hawk9s' ,/eam ,eng9e ,indicator4 #a ,?is "w is design$ = ! use ( erect+ & op]at+ eng9e]s1 sup]9t5d5ts & /ud5ts ( /eam eng9e]+1 relat+1 z x does1 to ! economical use ( /eam4 ,! "w is pr(usely illu/rat$ ) work+ c>ds tak5 f e day use1 & gives _m pla9 & valuable lessons d]iv$ f ! diagrams4 ,gu>antee4 ,^! books we gu>antee to be 9 e way z repres5t$1 & if n f\nd satisfactory c be return$ promptly & ! am\nt paid w be will+ly refund$4 ,all books %ipp$ po/ paid4 ,remittances are be/ s5t by ,*eck1 ,po/ ,(fice or ,express ,money ,ord]s4