,transcriber's notes3 ,the spelling1 punctuation and hyphenation are as the original except for apparent typographical errors1 which have been corrected4 ,italic text is denoted thus4 ,bold text is denoted thus4 ,bold1 sans serif text1 representing physical appearance e4g41 of a #8,tee' shaped wrench is denoted thus ,t4 ,both #8gauge' and #8gage' appear in the text and have not been changed4 ,,fig4 #ded4 is used twice in the original book1 the #bnd occurrence has been renamed ,,fig4 #ded;,a4 ,,fig4 #eea was omitted from the original sequence of illustrations4 ,units of pressure1 e4g41 #8pounds' and #8lbs4' should be #8pounds per square inch' and #8lbs4 per square inch' respectively1 for completeness4 ,this is left as printed in the original book4 ,,pumps ,,and ,,hydraulics4 ,,in ,,two ,,parts4 ,part ,two4 ,illustration3 ,,ten ,,thousand ,,horse ,,power4 7,see ,part ,one1 ,page #acc47 ,,pumps ,,and ,,hydraulics ,,by ,,william ,,rogers ,author of 8,drawing and ,design10 etc4 ,illustration ,,relating ,,to ,,hand ,,pumps2 ,,power ,,pumps2 ,,parts ,,of ,,pumps2 ,,electrically ,,driven ,,pumps2 ,,steam ,,pumps1 ,,single1 ,,duplex ,,and ,,compound2 ,,pumping ,,engines1 ,,high ,,duty ,,and ,,triple ,,expansion2 ,,the ,,steam ,,fire ,,engine2 ,,underwriters' ,,pumps2 ,,mining ,,pumps2 ,,air ,,and ,,vacuum ,,pumps2 ,,compressors2 ,,centrifugal ,,and ,,rotary ,,pumps2 ,,the ,,pulsometer2 ,,jet ,,pumps ,,and ,,the ,,injector2 ,,utilities ,,and ,,accessories2 ,,valve ,,setting2 ,,management2 ,,calculations1 ,,rules ,,and ,,tables4 ,,with ,,illustrations4 ,,also ,,general ,,considerations2 ,,glossary ,,of ,,pump ,,terms2 ,,historical ,,introduction1 ,,with ,,illustrations2 ,,the ,,elements ,,of ,,hydro-,,mechanics1 ,,hydrostatics ,,and ,,pneumatics2 ,,gravity ,,and ,,friction2 ,,hydraulic ,,memoranda2 ,,laws ,,governing ,,fluids2 ,,water ,,pressure ,,machines2 ,,pumps ,,as ,,hydraulic ,,machines1 ,,etc4 ,,part ,,two4 ,,published ,,by ,,theo4 ,,audel ,,company #gb ,,fifth ,,ave41 ,,new ,,york1 ,u4,s4,a4 #g1 ,,imperial ,,arcade1 ,,ludgate ,,circus1 ,e4,c41 ,,london1 ,,eng4 ,copyrighted1 #aije1 by ,,theo4 ,,audel ,,co41 ,,new ,,york4 ,entered at ,stationers ,hall1 ,london1 ,england4 ,protected by ,international ,copyright in ,great ,britain and all her ,colonies1 and1 under the provisions of the ,berne ,convention1 in ,belgium1 ,france1 ,germany1 ,italy1 ,spain1 ,switzerland1 ,tunis1 ,hayti1 ,luxembourg1 ,monaco1 ,montinegro and ,norway4 ,printed in the ,united ,states4 ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,part ,,two4 ,the divisions of ,part ,two are represented by the following headings3 each subject is fully treated and illustrated on the pages shown3 pages ,,introduction ,,to ,,part ,,two #a-aj ,,the ,,air ,,pump #ac-cj ,,air ,,and ,,vacuum ,,pumps #ca-ef ,,air ,,compressors #eg-gh ,,the ,,air ,,lift ,,pump #gi-ij ,,the ,,steam ,,fire ,,engine #ia-adb ,,miscellaneous ,,pumps #adc-agf ,,mining ,,pumps #ade-aee ,,marine ,,pumps #aee-afb 8,,sugar-,,house0 ,,pumps #afe-afg ,,circulating ,,pumps #afh ,,atmospheric ,,pumps #afi-agj ,,ammonia ,,or ,,acid ,,pumps #aga ,,the ,,screw ,,pump #age-agf ,,aermotor ,,pumps #agg-aib ,,rotary ,,and ,,centrifugal ,,pumps #aic-bbi ,,turbine ,,pumps #bca-bdb ,,injectors ,,and ,,ejectors #bdc-bff ,,pulsometer ,,aqua-,,thruster #bfg-bhj ,,pump ,,speed ,,governors #bha-bif ,,condensing ,,apparatus #big-cad ,,utilities ,,and ,,attachments #cae-ccd ,,tools1 ,,valves ,,and ,,piping #cce-cef ,,pipes1 ,,joints ,,and ,,fittings #ceg-cfh ,,useful ,,notes #cfi-chf ,,tables ,,and ,,data #chg-djj ,,ready ,,reference ,,index ,,to ,,part ,,two ,,preface4 ,the owner of a great tannery had once an improvement in making leather proposed to him by a foreman1 but the merchant could not comprehend it even with the most earnest verbal explanation4 ,as a last resort he said1 8put it in writing so that ,i can study it out40 ,this was done and the change after an examination of the paper was made as advised4 ,so in these volumes much important information is written and printed that it may be 8studied out40 ,the author believes the following features of his work adapt it to the purpose for which it was designed3 #a4 ,it contains no more than can be mastered by the average engineer and those associated with him1 such as millwrights1 machinists1 superintendents of motor power1 electric stations1 water works1 etc4 #b4 ,it is thoroughly systematized4 ,the order and development of subjects is thought to be logical1 and the arrangement of topics especially adapted to the needs of those who aspire to do the best service in their every day responsibilities4 #c4 ,the work is written in accordance with modern theories and practice2 no exertion has been spared in the attempt to make it fairly represent the latest state of the science of hydraulics and its adaptation to the needs of modern mechanical advancement1 i4e41 in the line of practical hydraulics4 ,,note4--,the preface is almost invariably made after the book itself is finished1 for an author never knows with much exactness whither his researches will lead him4 ,the book he begins is not always the book he finished2 this is especially the case with books relating to modern sciences and industry4 ,as an instance of this1 it may be told that at the commencement of this work it was generally agreed that the easy 8lift0 of the centrifugal pump was some sixty or eighty feet1 and not much more1 but the appropriate section relating to centrifugal pumps has reached a lift of two thousand feet had been practically assured by recent discoveries4 ,this important difference demanded a change in the writing although--as it happened--not in the printing4 ,this1 to explain why here1 the author gives generous praise to others who have assisted in the long task of making these volumes4 #d4 ,it has been made by 8men who know for men who care10 for the whole circle of the sciences consists of principles deduced from the discoveries of different individuals1 in different ages1 thrown into common stock2 this is especially so of the science of hydraulics2 thus it may be truthfully owned that the work contains the gathered wisdom of the ages1 utilized wherever the author has found that it would increase the usefulness of the volumes4 #e4 ,it is a work of reference minutely indexed4 ,we are warned by ,prof4 ,karl ,pearson that 8education can only develope2 it cannot create4 ,if a man has not inherited ability to learn1 education cannot make him learn10 but in a well indexed book1 simply and plainly written1 both classes referred to are equally benefited4 ,there came the moment1 once upon a time1 when the author of this book1 in his eager pursuit of knowledge1 asked one question too much1 to which he received the 8gruff0 answer3 8,look ahere1 ,i don't propose to make a dictionary of myself40 ,this was a painful retort from a man already under large obligations to the questioner1 but it had its reason in being spoken4 ,there are things in the way of a man's own craft that he most unwillingly imparts to anyone else4 ,it is not thus with this work2 nothing has been withheld that would make it plain and helpful to one in need of the special line of information aimed to be conveyed in its make-up4 ,in making acknowledgment for favors received the author first remembers ,mr4 ,alberto ,h4 ,caffee who arranged in behalf of the ,l4 ,middleditch ,press for the issue of the work4 ,mr4 ,caffee's name appears in the dedication1 with that of the brave soldier and accomplished gentleman ,maj4 ,abram ,b4 ,garner4 ,the latter is one to whom 8,jove has assigned a wise1 extensive1 all considerate mind40 ,the author is proud to call him friend and to acknowledge the benefit received in kindly advice relating to his productions4 ,mr4 ,harry ,harrison's skill is shown in the 8lay out0 or typographical arrangement of the work and ,mr4 ,henry ,j4 ,harms has contributed his careful supervision to each page of the book as it has gone through the press4 ,lewis ,f4 ,lyne1 ,mechanical ,engineer1 has1 amid his other responsible and active duties 8passed upon0 each page of the entire two volumes4 ,mr4 ,lyne1 it may be said1 was one of the founders of the ,american ,society of ,m4 ,e42 he was also the first mechanical engineer on the editorial staff of the ,american ,machinist in its early days1 and contributed as editor and stockholder to its success4 ,in his youth ,mr4 ,lyne was apprentice in the machine shop of the ,penn4 ,r4 ,r4 and received his papers for full and faithful service4 ,having been commodore of the ,pavonia ,yacht ,club he has papers both as ,u4 ,s4 pilot and also as a marine engineer4 ,he performed practical service both as locomotive fireman and was later superintendent of the ,jersey ,city ,electric ,light ,co4 for a period of six and a half years4 ,moreover ,mr4 ,lyne was assistant master mechanic of the ,delaware1 ,lackawanna ,western ,r4 ,r4 7,m4 ,e4 ,div47 for seven years and had charge of establishing their new shops at ,kingsland1 ,n4 ,j4 ,few men have had so long and honorable a record as ,lewis ,frederick ,lyne4 ,credit is due also to ,mr4 ,edward ,f4 ,stevens1 assistant at the ,yale ,university library1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 for a careful reading of the two volumes for clerical errors1 punctuation1 etc4 ,mr4 ,stevens is a graduate of ,colby ,university and a ripe scholar2 moreover after leaving college he has had some twelve or more years experience in business and editing with a mechanical book publishing house widely known throughout ,england and the ,u4 ,s4--a rare combination of useful experience4 ,the final revision of the two volumes has been made by one of the brightest young engineers in ,new ,york ,city1 now consulting engineer and attorney at ,patent ,law with offices in the ,flat ,iron ,building1 corner of ,twenty-third ,st4 and ,fifth ,avenue--,mr4 ,edward ,van ,winkle4 ,he is associate member of the ,am4 ,soc4 ,m4 ,e4 and associate member of the ,canadian ,soc4 of ,c4 ,e4 ,he was a ,student in ,the ,stevens ,institute of ,technology1 and graduated from ,columbia ,university in the ,city of ,new ,york with the degree ,e4 ,e4 ,these names should assure confidence in the contents of the work1 which has been some years in preparation1 and with nothing spared to make it trustworthy4 ,illustration 8,kicking down0 a well in the early days4 ,a hole was dug in the rock and cased with a wooden tube eight or ten inches square4 ,in this way the tools1 suspended from a horizontal elastic hickory pole1 which in turn was fastened to a stake1 were worked over an upright piece as a fulcrum4 ,the tools were worked up and down in the hole1 as shown in the picture4 ,,the ,,air ,,pump 8,there is this remarkable difference between bodies in a fluid and bodies in a solid form1 namely1 that every particle of a fluid is perfectly independent of every other particle4 ,they do not cohere in masses1 like the particles of a solid1 nor do they repel one another1 as is the case with the particles composing a gas4 ,they can mingle among each other with the least degree of friction1 and1 when they press down upon one another by virtue of their own weight1 the downward pressure is communicated in all directions1 causing a pressure upwards1 sideways1 and in every possible manner4 ,herein the particles of a fluid differ from the particles of a solid1 even when reduced to the most impalpable powder2 and it is this which constitutes fluidity1 namely1 the power of transmitting pressure in every direction1 and that1 too1 with the least degree of friction4 ,the particles which compose a fluid must be very much smaller than the finest grain of an impalpable powder40--,,richard ,,green ,,parker1 ,a4 ,m4 ,,pneumatics4 ,pneumatics treats of the mechanical properties and effects of air and similar fluids2 these are called elastic fluids and gases1 or ariform fluids4 ,hydro-pneumatics4 ,this is a compound word formed from two ,greek words signifying water and air2 in its primary meaning it conveys the idea of the combined action of water and air or gas4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ccj4 ,,note4--,fig4 #ccj is one of the simplest forms of an air pump4 ,the description accompanying ,fig4 #cda properly applies to this one4 ,air is the respirable fluid which surrounds the earth and forms its atmosphere4 ,it is inodorous1 invisible1 insipid1 colorless1 elastic1 possessed of gravity1 easily moved1 rarefied and condensed1 essential to respiration and combustion1 and is the medium of sound4 ,it is composed by volume of #bj4g parts of oxygen and #gi4c of nitrogen1 by weight1 of #bc of oxygen and #gg of nitrogen4 ,these gases are not chemically united1 but are mixed mechanically4 ,air contains also #a_/bjjj of carbon dioxide1 some aqueous vapor1 about one per cent4 of argon1 and small varying amounts of ammonia1 nitric acid1 ozone1 and organic matter4 ,the specific gravity of the air at #cb ,f is to that of water as #a to #ggc1 and #ajj cubic inches of air at mean temperature and pressure weighs #cj-a_/b grains4 ,ariform fluids are those which have the form of air4 ,many of them are invisible1 or nearly so1 and all of them perform very important operations in the material world4 ,but1 notwithstanding that they are in most instances imperceptible to our sight1 they are really material1 and possess all the essential properties of matter4 ,they possess1 also1 in an eminent degree1 all the properties which have been ascribed to liquids in general1 besides others by which they are distinguished from liquids4 ,elastic fluids are divided into two classes1 namely1 #a1 permanent gases and1 #b1 vapors4 ,the gases cannot be easily converted into the liquid state by any known process of art299 but the vapors are readily reduced to the liquid form either by pressure or diminution of temperature4 ,there is1 however1 no essential difference between the mechanical properties of both classes of fluids4 ,as the air which we breathe1 and which surrounds us1 is the most familiar of all this class of bodies1 it is generally selected as the subject of ,pneumatics4 ,but it must be premised that the same laws1 properties and effects1 which belong to air1 belong in common1 also1 to all ariform fluids or gaseous bodies4 ,there are two principal properties of air1 namely1 gravity and elasticity4 ,these are called the principal properties of this class of bodies1 because they are the means by which their presence and mechanical agency are especially exhibited4 ,although the ariform fluids all have weight1 they appear to possess no cohesive attraction4 ,the pressure of the atmosphere caused by its weight is exerted on all substances1 internally and externally1 and it is a necessary consequence of its fluidity4 ,when the external pressure is artificially removed from any part1 it is immediately felt by the reaction of the internal air4 ,heat insinuates itself between the particles of bodies and forces them asunder1 in opposition to the attraction of cohesion and of gravity4 ,it therefore exerts its power against both the attraction of gravitation and the attraction of cohesion4 ,but1 as the attraction of cohesion does not exist in ariform fluids1 the expansive power of heat upon them has nothing to contend with but gravity4 ,hence1 any increase of temperature1 expands an elastic fluid prodigiously1 and a diminution of heat condenses it4 99,,note4--,carbonic acid gas forms an exception to this assertion4 ,water also is the union of oxygen and hydrogen gas4 ,a column of air1 having a base an inch square1 and reaching to the top of the atmosphere1 weighs about fifteen pounds4 ,this pressure1 like the pressure of liquids1 is exerted equally in all directions4 ,the elasticity of air and other ariform fluids is that property by which they are increased or diminished in extension1 according as they are compressed4 ,this property exists in a much greater degree in air and other similar fluids than in any other substance4 ,in fact1 it has no known limit1 for1 when the pressure is removed from any portion of air1 it immediately expands to such a degree that the smallest quantity will diffuse itself over an indefinitely large space4 ,and1 on the contrary1 when the pressure is increased1 it will be compressed into indefinitely small dimensions4 ,the elasticity or pressure of air and all gases is in direct proportion to their density2 or1 what is the same thing1 inversely proportional to the space which the fluid occupies4 ,this law1 which was discovered by ,mariotte1 is called 8,mariotte's ,law40 ,this law may perhaps be better expressed in the following language2 namely1 the density of an elastic fluid is in direct proportion to the pressure which it sustains4 ,air becomes a mechanical agent by means of its weight1 its elasticity1 its inertia and its fluidity4 ,the fluidity of air invests it1 as it invests all other liquids1 with the power of transmitting pressure2 fluidity is a necessary consequence of the independent gravitation of the particles of a fluid4 ,it may1 therefore1 be included among the effects of weight4 ,the inertia of air is exhibited in the resistance which it opposes to motion1 which has already been noticed under the head of ,mechanics4 ,this is clearly seen in its effects upon falling bodies1 as will be exemplified in the experiments with the air-pump4 ,the great degree of elasticity possessed by all ariform fluids1 renders them susceptible of compression and expansion to an almost unlimited extent4 ,the repulsion of their particles causes them to expand1 while within certain limits they are easily compressed4 ,this materially affects the state of density and rarety under which they are at times exhibited4 ,it may here be stated that all the laws and properties of liquids 7described under the heads of ,hydrostatics and ,hydraulics7 belong also to ariform fluids4 ,the chemical properties of both liquids and fluids belong peculiarly to the science of ,chemistry1 and are1 therefore1 not to any extent1 considered in this volume4 ,the air which we breathe is an elastic fluid1 surrounding the earth1 and extending to an indefinite distance above its surface1 and constantly decreasing upwards in density4 ,it has already been stated that the air near the surface of the earth bears the weight of that which is above it4 ,being compressed1 therefore1 by the weight of that above it1 it must exist in a condensed form near the surface of the earth1 while in the upper regions of the atmosphere1 where there is no pressure1 it is highly rarefied4 ,this condensation1 or pressure1 is very similar to that of water at great depths in the sea4 ,besides the two principal properties1 gravity and elasticity1 the operations of which produce most of the phenomena of ,pneumatics1 it will be recollected that as air1 although an invisible is yet a material substance1 possessing all the common properties of matter1 it possesses also the common property of impenetrability4 ,the ,thermometer is an instrument to indicate the temperature of the atmosphere4 ,it is constructed on the principle that heat expands and cold contracts most substances4 ,the thermometer consists of a capillary tube1 closed at the top and terminating downwards in a bulb4 ,it is filled with mercury which expands and fills the whole length of the tube or contracts altogether into the bulb1 according to the degree of heat or cold to which it is exposed4 ,any other fluid which is expanded by heat and contracted by cold1 may be used instead of mercury4 ,,note4--,the terms 8rarefaction0 and 8condensation10 and 8rarefied0 and 8condensed10 must be clearly understood in this connection4 ,they are applied respectively to the expansion and compression of a body4 ,as it has been proved by experiment that #ajj cubic inches of air weighs #cj-a_/b grains1 it will readily be conceived that the whole atmosphere exercises a considerable pressure on the surface of the earth4 ,the existence of this pressure is shown by the following experiments4 ,on one end of a stout glass cylinder1 about #aj inches high1 and open at both ends1 a piece of bladder is tied quite air-tight4 ,the other end1 the edge of which is ground and well-greased1 is pressed on the plate of the air-pump1 ,fig4 #cca4 ,as soon as the air in the vessel is rarefied by working the air-pump1 the bladder is depressed by the weight of the atmosphere above it1 and finally bursts with a loud report caused by the sudden entrance of air4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cca4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ccb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ccc4 ,the preceding experiment only serves to illustrate the downward pressure of the atmosphere4 ,by means of the ,magdeburg hemispheres1 ,figs4 #ccb and #ccc1 the invention of which is due to ,otto von ,guericke1 burgomaster of ,magdeburg1 it can be shown that the pressure acts in all directions4 ,this apparatus consists of two hollow brass hemispheres of #d to #d-a_/b inches diameter1 the edges of which are made to fit tightly1 and are well greased4 ,one of the hemispheres is provided with a stop-cock1 by which it can be screwed on to the air-pump1 and on the other there is a handle4 ,as long as the hemispheres contain air they can be separated without any difficulty1 for the external pressure of the atmosphere is counterbalanced by the elastic force of the air in the interior4 ,but when the air in the interior is pumped out by means of an air-pump1 the hemispheres cannot be separated without a powerful effort4 ,the ,barometer is an instrument to measure the weight of the atmosphere1 and thereby to indicate the variations of the weather1 etc4 ,it consists of a long glass tube1 about thirty-three inches in length1 closed at the upper end1 and filled with mercury4 ,the tube is then inverted in a cup or leather bag of mercury1 on which the pressure of the atmosphere is exerted4 ,the following experiment1 which was first made in #afdc1 by ,torricelli1 a pupil of ,galileo1 gives an exact measure of the weight of the atmosphere4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ccd4 ,a glass tube is taken1 about a yard long and a quarter of an inch internal diameter1 ,fig4 #ccd4 ,it is sealed at one end1 and is quite filled with mercury4 ,the aperture1 ,c1 being closed by the thumb1 the tube is inverted1 the open end placed in a small mercury trough1 and the thumb removed4 ,the tube being in a vertical position1 the column of mercury sinks1 and1 after oscillating some time1 it finally comes to rest at a height1 ,a1 which at the level of the sea is about #cj inches above the mercury in the trough4 ,the mercury is raised in the tube by pressure of the atmosphere on the mercury in the trough4 ,there is no contrary pressure on the mercury in the tube1 because it is closed2 but1 if the end of the tube be opened1 the atmosphere will press equally inside and outside the tube1 and the mercury will sink to the level of that in the trough4 ,it has been shown that the heights of two columns of liquid in communication with each other are inversely as their densities2 and hence it follows that the pressure of the atmosphere is equal to that of a column of mercury the height of which is #cj inches4 ,if1 however1 the weight of the atmosphere diminishes1 the height of the column which it can sustain must also diminish4 ,why a vacuum gauge is graduated in inches instead of in pounds is thus explained4 ,take a tube say #ce inches long1 closed at one end1 filled with mercury and inverted with its open end in a bowl containing the same liquid4 ,the atmosphere will exert on the surface of the mercury in the bowl a pressure of about #ae pounds per square inch and this pressure will be transmitted to that in the tube so that the upward pressure inside the tube at the level of the mercury in the bowl will be #ae pounds per square inch4 ,below the surface the pressure increases1 due to the depth of mercury1 but the weight of mercury inside the tube below the level in the bowl counteracts the weight of that outside so that the upward pressure per square inch at the surface line is #ae pounds per square inch inside the tube no matter how much or little it is submerged4 ,in the upper end of the tube the mercury has dropped away1 leaving a complete vacuum4 ,,note4--,moreover it has the advantage over a scientifically graduated gauge1 which would be graded at #j for a perfect vacuum and #ae1 or more nearly #ad4g1 for atmospheric pressure1 that the inch indication increases as the vacuum is more complete while the absolute pressure decreases4 ,the inch of mercury has also the advantage over the pound as a unit for measuring the degree of vacuum or the difference between the pressure in the condenser and that of the atmosphere that there are twice as many inches in a perfect vacuum as there are pounds so that the gauge can be read more closely without fractional units4 ,it is easier to say #bc inches than eleven and a half pounds4 ,the #ae pounds will force the mercury up into the tube until the column is high enough to balance that pressure4 ,one cubic inch of mercury weighs about half a pound4 ,it would take two cubic inches to weigh a pound and a column two inches high to exert a pressure of one pound per square inch of base1 or a column #cj inches high to balance the pressure of #ae pounds4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cce4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ccf4 ,if instead of a perfect vacuum there was a pressure of two pounds in the upper end of the tube the column would have to balance a pressure of #ae-b #ac pounds and would be #bf inches high4 ,as the absolute pressure in the top of the tube gets greater1 that is to say1 as the difference between that pressure and that of the atmosphere or the so-called vacuum gets less1 the column of mercury gets lower1 and its height is a measure of the completeness of the vacuum4 ,hero's fountain1 which derives its name from its inventor1 ,hero1 who lived at ,alexandria1 #abj ,b4,c41 depends on the elasticity of the air4 ,it consists of a brass dish1 ,d1 ,fig4 #cce1 and of two glass globes1 ,m and ,n4 ,the dish communicates with the lower part of the globe1 ,n1 by a long tube1 ,b2 and another tube1 ,a1 connects the two globes4 ,a third tube passes through the dish1 ,d1 to the lower part of the globe1 ,m4 ,this tube having been taken out1 the globe1 ,m1 is partially filled with water2 the tube is then replaced and water is poured into the dish4 ,the water flows through the tube1 ,b1 into the lower globe1 and expels the air1 which is forced into the upper globe2 the air1 thus compressed1 acts upon water1 and makes it jet out as represented in the figure4 ,if it were not for the resistance of the atmosphere and friction1 the liquid would rise to a height above the water in the dish equal to the difference of the level in the two globes4 ,the fountain in vacuo1 ,fig4 #ccf1 shows an interesting experiment made with the air-pump1 and shows the elastic force of the air4 ,it consists of a glass vessel1 ,a1 provided at the bottom with a stop-cock1 and a tubulure which projects into the interior4 ,having screwed this apparatus on the air-pump1 it is exhausted1 and the stop-cock being closed1 it is placed in a vessel of water1 ,r4 ,by opening the stop-cock1 the atmospheric pressure upon the water in the vessel makes it jet through the tubulure into the interior of the vessel1 as shown in the drawing4 ,,note4--,reference is hereafter very largely made to the mechanical use of air as a moving power1 or rather as a means for transferring power1 just as it is transferred by a train of wheelwork4 ,compressed air can be employed in this way with great advantage in mines1 tunnels1 and other confined situations1 where the discharge of steam would be attended with inconvenience4 ,the work is really done in these cases by a steam-engine or other prime mover in compressing the air4 ,in the construction of the ,mont ,cenis tunnel the air was first compressed by water-power1 and then carried through pipes into the heart of the mountain to work the boring machines4 ,this use of compressed air in such situations is also of indirect advantage in serving not only to ventilate the place in which it is worked1 but also to cool it2 for it must be remembered that air falls in temperature during expansion1 and therefore1 as its temperature in the machines was only that of the atmosphere1 it must1 on being discharged from them1 fall far below that temperature4 ,this fall is so great that one of the most serious practical difficulties in working machines by compressed air has been found to be the formation of ice in the pipes by the freezing of the moisture in the air1 which frequently chokes them entirely up4 ,,on ,,gases4 ,gases are bodies which1 unlike solids1 have no independent shape1 and1 unlike liquids1 have no independent volume4 ,their molecules possess almost perfect mobility2 they are conceived as darting about in all directions1 and are continually tending to occupy a greater space4 ,this property of gases is known by the names expansibility1 tension1 or elastic force1 from which they are often called elastic fluids4 ,gases and liquids have several properties in common1 and some in which they seem to differ are in reality only different degrees of the same property4 ,thus1 in both1 the particles are capable of moving2 in gases with almost perfect freedom2 in liquids not quite so freely1 owing to a greater degree of viscosity4 ,both are compressible1 though in very different degrees4 ,if a liquid and a gas both exist under the pressure of one atmosphere1 and then the pressure be doubled1 the water is compressed by about the #a_/bjjjj part while the gas is compressed by one-half4 ,in density there is a great difference2 water1 which is the type of liquids1 is #ggj times as heavy as air1 the type of gaseous bodies1 while under the pressure of one atmosphere4 ,a spiral spring only shows elasticity when it is compressed2 it loses its tension when it has returned to its primitive condition4 ,a gas has no original volume2 it is always elastic1 or in other words1 it is always striving to attain a greater volume2 this tendency to indefinite expansion is the chief property by which gases are distinguished from liquids4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ccg4 ,matter assumes the solid1 liquid1 or gaseous form according to the relative strength of the cohesive and repulsive forces exerted between their molecules4 ,in liquids these forces balance2 in gases repulsion preponderates4 ,by the aid of pressure and of low temperatures1 the force of cohesion may be so far increased in many gases that they are readily converted into liquids1 and we know now that with sufficient pressure and cold they may all be liquified4 ,on the other hand1 heat1 which increases the vis viva of the molecules1 converts liquids1 such as water1 alcohol and ether or gas into the ariform state in which they obey all the laws of gases4 ,the ariform state of liquids is known by the name of vapor1 while gases are bodies which1 under ordinary temperature and pressure1 remain in the ariform state4 ,in describing exclusively the properties of gases1 we shall1 for obvious reasons1 refer to atmospheric air as their type4 ,expansibility of ,gases4 ,this property of gases1 their tendency to assume continually a greater volume1 is exhibited by means of the following experiment3--,a bladder1 closed by a stop-cock and about half full of air1 is placed under the receiver of the air pump1 ,fig4 #ccg1 and a vacuum is produced1 on which the bladder immediately distends4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cch4 ,this arises from the fact that the molecules of air flying about in all directions press against the sides of the bladder4 ,under ordinary conditions1 this internal pressure is counterbalanced by the air in the receiver1 which exerts an equal and contrary pressure4 ,but when this pressure is removed1 by exhausting the receiver1 the internal pressure becomes evident4 ,when air is admitted into the receiver1 the bladder resumes its original form4 ,the compressibility of gases is readily shown by the pneumatic syringe1 ,fig4 #cch4 ,this consists of a stout glass tube closed at one end1 and provided with a tight-fitting packed piston4 ,when the rod of the piston is pressed down in the cube1 the air becomes compressed into a smaller volume2 but as soon as the force is removed the air regains its original volume1 and the piston rises to its former position4 ,weight of ,gases4 ,from their extreme fluidity and expansibility1 gases seem to be uninfluenced by the force of gravity3 they nevertheless possess weight like solids and liquids4 ,to show this1 a glass globe of #c or #d quarts' capacity is taken1 ,fig4 #cci1 the neck of which is provided with a stop-cock1 which hermetically closes it1 and by which it can be screwed on the plate of the air-pump4 ,the globe is then exhausted1 and its weight determined by means of a delicate balance4 ,air is now allowed to enter1 and the globe again weighed4 ,the weight in the second case will be found to be greater than before1 and if the capacity of the vessel is known the increase will obviously be the weight of that volume of air4 ,when the atoms or particles which constitute a body are so balanced by a system of attractions and repulsions that they resist any force which tends to change the figure of the body1 they will possess a property1 known by the name of elasticity4 ,elasticity1 therefore1 is the property which causes a body to resume its shape after it has been compressed or expanded4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cci4 ,pressure exerted by ,gases4 ,gases exert on their own molecules1 and on the sides of vessels which contain them1 pressures which may be regarded from two points of view4 ,first1 we may neglect the weight of the gas2 secondly1 we may take account of its weight4 ,if we neglect the weight of any gaseous mass at rest1 and only consider its expansive force1 it will be seen that the pressures due to this force act with the same strength on all points1 both of the mass itself and of the vessel in which it is contained4 ,it is a necessary consequence of the elasticity and fluidity of gases that the repulsive force between the molecules is the same at all points1 and acts equally in all directions4 ,if we consider the weight of any gas1 we shall see that it gives rise to pressures which obey the same laws as those produced by the weight of liquids4 ,let us imagine a cylinder1 with its axis vertical1 several miles high1 closed at both ends and full of air4 ,let us consider any small portion of the air enclosed between two horizontal planes4 ,this portion must sustain the weight of all the air above it1 and transmit that weight to the air beneath it1 and likewise to the curved surface of the cylinder which contains it1 and at each point in a direction at right angles to the surface4 ,thus the pressure increases from the top of the column to the base2 at any given layer it acts equally on equal surfaces1 and at right angles to them1 whether they are horizontal1 vertical1 or inclined4 ,the pressure acts on the sides of the vessel1 and it is equal to the weight of a column of gas whose base is this surface1 and whose height its distance from the summit of the column4 ,the pressure is also independent of the shape and dimensions of the supposed cylinder1 provided the height remain the same4 ,for a small quantity of gas the pressures due to its weight are quite insignificant1 and may be neglected2 but for large quantities1 like the atmosphere1 the pressures are considerable1 and must be allowed for4 ,diffusion of gases4--,liquids mixed together1 gradually separate1 and lie superimposed in the order of their densities1 and the surfaces of the separation of the liquids are horizontal4 ,but when gases are mixed1 they present other conditions of equilibrium1 as follows4 #a4--;,a homogeneous and persistent mixture is formed rapidly1 so that all parts of the same volume are composed of the same proportions of the mixed gases4 #b4--;,in a mixture of gases1 the pressure 7or elastic force71 exercised by each of the gases1 is the same as it was when alone4 #c4--,the rapidity with which the diffusion takes place1 varies with the specific gravity of the gases4 ,the more widely two gases differ in density1 the quicker the process of intermixture4 ,evaporation4--,this is the slow formation of vapor from the surface of a liquid4 ,the elastic force of a vapor which saturates a space containing a gas 7like air71 is the same as in a vacuum4 ,the principal causes which influence the amount and rapidity of evaporation are as follows4 #ast4--,extent of a surface4 ,as the evaporation takes place from the surface1 an increase of surface evidently facilitates evaporation4 #b;d4--,temperature4 ,increasing the elastic force of vapor1 has a most important influence on the rapidity of evaporation2 therefore the temperature of ebullition marks the maximum point of evaporation4 #c;d4--,the quantity of the same liquid already in the atmosphere exercises an important influence on evaporation4 ,the atmosphere can absorb only a certain amount of vapor1 and evaporation ceases entirely when the air is saturated1 but it is greatest when free from vapor1 that is perfectly dry4 #dth4--,renewal of the air4 ,if currents of air are continually removing the saturated atmosphere from above the surface of a liquid1 evaporation takes place most rapidly1 since new portions of air1 capable of absorbing moisture1 are presented to it4 ,evaporation is therefore more rapid in a breeze than in still air4 #eth4--,pressure on the surface of the liquid influences evaporation1 because of the resistance thus offered to the escape of the vapor4 ,that is to say--water boils more freely in an open vessel than within a steam boiler under pressure4 ,hence1 the necessity for having large steam disengaging surfaces to prevent priming or lifting of the water when the boiler is forced beyond its rated capacity4 ,,hand ,,air ,,pumps4 ,the use of compressed air has become very general through the use of small hand pumps2 the cylinder of these must be smooth1 and the plunger is usually packed with a cup leather packing4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cdj4--;,gas ,fitter's ,proving ,pump4 ,fig4 #cdj shows a gas fitter's air proving pump4 ,the gauge is attached to any opening into the system of pipes to be tested1 with a rubber hose leading to the pump4 ,by working the pump the air is forced into the pipes2 upon stopping the pump if the hand upon the gauge remains stationary there are no leaks in the system4 ,if there are leaks the hand of the gauge will gradually return to the zero mark4 ,,note4--,before putting the pressure on it is customary to put some ether into the small cup--near the gauge as shown--this has a cock which must be opened and closed at the proper time so that the ether will be forced into the pipe system and disclose by the sense of smell the location of the leak4 ,fig4 #cda shows a ,portable ,tire ,air ,pump1 which can be used by hand or affixed to a wall or bench2 it is of the lever type1 with #b #h cylinders1 fitted with check valve and extra heavy rubber tubing4 ,as the leverage on the piston-rod increases the resistance on the piston also increases1 thereby securing the powerful leverage of the well-known 8toggle-joint0 principle as the piston finishes its stroke2 thus the best possible results are obtained4 ,fig4 #cdb illustrates a ,hand ,lever ,air ,pump with cylinder #c-a_/d #f-a_/d2 its capacity--one stroke--is #cf cubic inches4 ,the greatest pressure it is intended to operate against is #aej lbs4 to the square inch4 ,in operation this design has the advantage of the leverage of the toggle-joint indicated above4 ,fig4 #cdc exhibits a ,hand ,air ,pump which has the same dimensions as that just described1 screwed to the floor4 ,its particular advantage is the fact that the motion of the lever is natural and easy being horizontal and still retaining the advantages of the toggle-joint4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cda4--;,hand ,pump4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cdb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cdc4 ,,air ,,and ,,vacuum ,,pumps4 ,an air pump is an apparatus for1 #a1 the exhaustion2 #b1 compression or transmission of air4 ,a vacuum pump is an apparatus consisting of1 #a1 a chamber or barrel2 #b1 a suction pipe with a valve to prevent return flow2 #c1 a discharge pipe which has a valve which is closed when the chamber is emptied and1 #d1 a steam induction pipe provided with a valve that is opened when the chamber is filled with water and closed when the chamber is filled with steam4 ,it is not right to call an air pump a vacuum pump1 as the latter does not move air alone2 it removes water1 vapor and air from the condenser to form a vacuum4 ,an air pump is designed to pump air alone4 ,a vacuum is a space entirely devoid of matter4 ,that is1 it is a space that contains nothing--no oxygen1 no hydrogen1 no air1 no water1 no pressure4 ,it is for this reason that a perfect vacuum in practice is very difficult to obtain1 especially as applied in a steam engine1 as a liquid when in the presence of a vacuum generally gives off some vapor1 owing to the fact that the surface is more or less in tension1 besides its usual evaporative quality4 ,among all the liquids it has been found that mercury1 on account of its very high specific gravity1 can be best used to produce a vacuum and maintain it1 and it is for this reason that the words 8vacuum0 and 8inches of mercury0 are synonymous4 ,,note4--,the pressure of the atmosphere will also balance a column of water in a vacuum the same as a column of mercury but the height of the water column must necessarily be greater on account of the lesser weight of the water4 ,a cubic inch of water weighs #ac4f times less than a cubic inch of mercury1 so that the column of water which the atmosphere must balance must be #ac4f higher or #ac4f #cj #djh inches which is equivalent to #cd feet4 ,a water barometer can be made in a similar manner to a mercury barometer except that instead of a tube slightly over #cj inches in length1 a tube over #cd feet in height must be used4 ,advantage of this fact is taken in the so-called gravity condensers which require no air pump1 the condensing apparatus being placed about #cd feet above the level of the hot well1 the discharge pipe being sealed by always keeping its lower end below the level of the water in the hot well4 ,the particular feature that makes steam valuable in producing a vacuum is the fact that when it is condensed1 it decreases #afjj times in volume and except for this small quantity of water and some vapor which even cool water gives off in a vacuum1 a perfect vacuum would be established and it is only necessary to draw off the condensed steam and vapor by proper apparatus to enable the vacuum to be maintained which the condensation has created4 ,the apparatus for doing this is called the air pump and the reservoir in which this condensation takes place is called the condenser4 ,the condensation of steam in the condenser is effected in two ways4 ,the exhaust steam either meets in direct contact the water which is to condense it1 or1 the steam impinges upon cool metallic surfaces the temperature of which is kept down by circulating cool water through them4 ,in the first case the condensed steam and the condensing water meet and mingle4 ,the condenser is an iron pot or shell into which the steam is exhausted and the cooling water enters it in the form of a sheet or spray4 ,such condensers are called jet condensers for this reason1 and the cooling water is called the injection4 ,all water that is used for condensing steam is therefore called the injection water4 ,when the exhaust steam strikes cool surfaces and is condensed by those surfaces1 such condenser is called a surface condenser4 ,the cooling surface is usually a series of pipes or tubes made of brass or copper to secure a rapid transfer of heat4 ,these tubes are usually tinned inside and outside to prevent corrosion and in marine practice are made #e_/h in diameter4 ,in most cases1 condensation is effected by bringing the exhaust steam in contact with the outside of the tubes1 the circulating water being inside4 ,in the surface condenser1 as the circulation does not mingle with the condensed steam1 the air pump has nothing to do with this water but is only required to pump out the condensed steam and air which enter the condenser2 the pump which takes care of the circulation is called the circulating pump4 ,when large quantities of water are used and the difference in level through which the water must be raised is slight as on board ship1 centrifugal pumps are generally used4 ,in the jet type of condenser where the water acts directly on the steam1 the injection water will cause a lower temperature with less water and less apparatus than a surface condenser4 ,the amount of injection water varies from #bj to #cj times the weight of steam to be condensed in cool seasons and from #cj to #ce times the amount in summer season4 ,with fresh water this can be pumped into the boiler when the oil is extracted from it4 ,it is for this reason that surface condensers are universally used for sea-going vessels to avoid salt water4 ,they are also much used on land in places where the feed water contains mineral salts and is injurious to the boiler4 ,in places where the cost of hydrant water is excessive1 it is of importance to use the same injection water over and over again1 but this cannot be done until the water is first cooled4 ,there are numerous methods by means of which this is done4 ,all of these methods utilize the principle of scattering the injection water in the way best calculated to bring the greatest surface in contact with the largest quantity of air so that evaporation may take place quickly and effectively4 ,this is sometimes done by pumping the water through a number of spray nozzles up into the air1 allowing it to fall into a lake or cold well below1 or1 as is more usually the case1 the injection water is allowed to descend in a tower in a fine state of division over tiles or wire gauze or corrugated surfaces4 ,a current of air1 either forced by a fan or drawn up through it1 causes a vaporization of the film of warm water pouring over the different surfaces1 and the air cooling and the evaporation combined withdraw the heat from the water so that when it reaches the bottom it is in condition to be used again4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cdd4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cde4 ,cooling towers are used with either jet or surface condensers and can be used either with or without a fan1 depending upon the design4 ,in general these towers usually lower the temperature of the water from #abj degrees to #hj degrees1 which is sufficient to maintain a vacuum of about #bf inches4 ,as they depend chiefly upon the results of evaporation to do the cooling1 they work better on a dry day than when the air is humid4 ,the figures on the opposite page are designed to illustrate the use of an air pump in connection with a jet condenser2 this combination is properly called a vacuum pump because it not only pumps air1 but water and vapor as well4 ,the steam end of this apparatus is described in ,part ,one1 page #cbd1 of this work4 ,the air and vacuum end has a cylinder lined with composition-brass bored smooth2 the piston has square rubber and canvas packing4 ,the discharge--as shown in cut--is located sufficiently high1 so that the cylinder retains a large portion of water4 ,this forms a seal and causes the pump to work more advantageously than it would with air alone4 ,a small pipe leads from the discharge chamber to the piston-rod stuffing-box4 ,this contains a double packing and the water which flows through this small pipe forms a continuous seal around the piston-rod and thus prevents air from entering4 ,the injection water enters the elbow at the top and is drawn through an annular opening into the condenser4 ,this opening may be regulated by the small hand wheel shown at the top end of the stem4 ,the exhaust from the steam end flows into the condenser through the pipe as may readily be observed--or escapes into the atmosphere by throwing the switch valve4 ,,note4--,utilizing hot discharge water4 ,in manufacturing establishments where large quantities of water are required1 advantage can be taken of the fact that in condensing apparatus of this and similar pumps1 the water1 after performing useful work in the condensing chamber1 can be elevated to a tank in any portion of the building1 and used over again for another purpose1 such as washing1 cooling metal plates1 rolling-mill rolls1 etc4 ,the fact that the temperature of this discharge water will range from #ajj to #abj will1 in many cases1 be advantageous1 and effect a saving in the cost of heating other water for purposes in which this discharge water will answer equally well4 ,when the water is not required in the tank1 the stop-valve may be opened1 and the water allowed to escape into a drain1 or any other convenient place4 ,a ball-float attached to an air valve is located at the right hand of the condenser so that in case the pump should fail to operate from any cause1 the injection water will lift the ball-float1 which in turn will open the air valve and by discharging the vacuum will prevent the flooding of the engine cylinder with water4 ,it is a well-known fact that the atmosphere exerts what is usually termed 8back pressure0 of #ad4g pounds per square inch upon the piston area of a steam engine1 also that water converted into steam1 may be converted into its original state by condensation4 ,now1 if this back pressure1 which is1 in reality1 the weight of the surrounding atmosphere1 be removed from the piston of a steam engine1 the steam on the opposite side of the piston would have that much 7#ad4g lbs47 less work to do4 ,applying this to steam engines means conveying the exhaust1 or expanded steam1 which would otherwise be allowed to escape into the open air1 into a closed chamber1 where it is met by a spray of cold water1 which so rapidly absorbs the heat contained in the steam that it ceases to retain its gaseous form1 and is again reduced to its original bulk as water4 ,a great change has now taken place1 and the steam is reduced to its liquid form4 ,as this water of condensation only occupies about #a_/afjj of the space filled by the steam from which it was formed1 the remainder of the space is vacant1 and no pressure exists4 ,the difference in volume accounts for the atmospheric pressure on the outside of the chamber1 and as the vacuum extends throughout the whole distance which the exhaust steam originally occupied1 it1 of course1 is made available in the cylinder of the engine in the shape of a decreased pressure on the exhaust side of the piston2 the atmospheric pressure remains constant1 therefore we have the atmospheric pressure acting on one side of the piston1 and absent on the other2 the gain being #ad4g pounds per square inch1 if a perfect vacuum could be secured4 ,it amounts in average engineering practice to from #ab to #ac pounds1 or #bd to #bf inches of mercury1 as the graduations usually read on vacuum gauges4 ,jet and ,surface ,condensers are further described and illustrated in a special allotted section of this work4 ,the vacuum pump is usually of the reciprocating order1 although other methods have been employed for emptying condensers1 but not with equally satisfactory results4 ,the gain to be secured by using a condensing apparatus may be measured in two ways3 first1 by the decrease in fuel consumption over that necessary when running non-condensing1 which will represent a constant decrease in running expenses2 or1 second1 by the increase of power working quite up to its economical limit1 in a non-condensing engine4 ,by the use of a condenser a further increase of power is realized in raising the mean effective pressure of steam within the engine cylinder without increasing the demand upon the boiler4 ,the application of a condenser to a steam engine increases its economy from #bj to #be depending upon circumstances1 while by compounding and condensing an economy of #ce to #dj is effected4 ,,single ,,and ,,cross ,,compound ,,double ,,acting ,,vacuum ,,pumps4 ,the vacuum pump shown in the engraving1 ,fig4 #cdf1 represents a single cylinder double acting vertical design having but one set of valves and those used exclusively for the discharge4 ,the suction port is in the middle of the cylinder1 ,a1 shown in the sectional view1 ,fig4 #cdg4 ,the piston1 ,e1 when it passes this port imprisons the water beyond it and pushes this water out of the discharge valves1 ,d ,d1 if the piston is rising1 and out of the valves1 ,c ,c1 if the piston is descending4 ,the main discharge pipe is attached to a flange at ,b4 ,this pump is made to work easily and steadily by adjusting the cushioning valves1 ,f4 ,f4 ,the discharge valves are reached through the holes provided for that purpose and covered by plates shown in the engraving1 ,fig4 #cdg4 ,the main slide valve moves horizontally for the reason that if it moved up and down the force of gravity would seriously interfere with its regular action4 ,this slide is moved by a valve piston in the usual way4 ,the parts of the valve may be inspected and adjusted by removing the cover held by the two studs shown4 ,the outline engraving1 ,fig4 #cdh1 shows a cross-compound double acting vacuum pump1 six-inch high pressure1 nine-inch low pressure cylinders1 by eight-inch stroke1 and two air cylinders1 ten-inch diameter by eight-inch stroke4 ,they are piped up to run either high or low pressure1 also to run independently by manipulating the cocks1 ,c1 and ,d1 as directed in the engraving showing arrangement of valves1 ,fig4 #cdi1 page #da4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cdf4 ,these pipes are simple in design and run direct to the boiler for live steam and convey the exhaust to the atmosphere or condenser as desired4 ,on a recent test at a fair rate of speed the capacity of this pump was shown to be equivalent to taking care of a triple expansion engine of #b1jjj ,i4 ,h4 ,p4 ,on a further test this same pump on a basis of #bj lbs4 weight of steam per ,i4 ,h4 ,p4 per hour demonstrated its ability to take care of #c1jjj ,i4 ,h4 ,p4 triple expansion engine4 ,the advantages claimed for this pump are briefly as follows3 ,unusual light weight and compactness4 ,there being ,,no ,,suction ,,valves1 working-beams1 rock shaft and bearings1 beam-links1 etc41 this pump is simple4 ,it is economical in the use of steam1 by reason of compounding the steam cylinders2 also clearance loss is reduced to a minimum by the perfect regulation that is secured by the valve gear described4 ,full stroke at any and all speeds can be readily maintained4 ,as the air pistons travel within a distance of less than #a_/h inch of the air cylinder heads1 a high efficiency results4 ,although double-acting1 the flow of water and vapors is always in one continuous direction--the same as in a single-acting air pump4 ,either side of pump can run independent of the other1 which means a spare pump to be used in case of accident to the other side of this pump4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cdg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cdh4 ,referring to the accompanying table of tests1 page #da1 it may be claimed that with an average of #cf double strokes per minute this pump handled at the rate of upwards of #bf1jjj pounds of feed-water per hour1 which on a basis of #bj lbs4 engine economy shows this vacuum pump capable of taking care of a #a1cjj ,i4 ,h4 ,p4 engine at this very moderate speed4 ,by comparing the power required to drive this pump 7which aggregated #a4ah ,i4 ,h4 ,p47 to the ,i4 ,h4 ,p4 of an engine of the power here represented it is apparent that this pump did its work on less than one-eleventh of one per cent4 of the ,i4 ,h4 ,p4 of said engine1 which is a very excellent showing4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cdi4--,see page #ch4 ,table ,no4 #d also shows a very excellent vacuum maintained under extreme duty4 ,,table4 ,,number ,,of ,,test4 ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ,no4 #c4 ,no4 #d4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,steam pressure--high #gj #abj #abe steam cylinder lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 -- ,steam pressure--low steam cylinder #bj lbs4 #dj lbs4 #de lbs4 #ej lbs4 ,vacuum in condenser #bg-a_/b;in4 #bg;in4 #bf-a_/d;in4 #be;in4 ,double strokes per minute --high side #cg #fa #hb -- ,double strokes per minute --low side #ce #fj #hb #hh ,temperature of hot well-- #ajf #aje #ajh #aab ,fahrenheit deg4 deg4 deg4 deg4 ,water pumped per hour-- #ac1ejj #bb1gjj #cj1jjj high side lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 -- ,water pumped per hour-- #ab1gjj #bb1cjj #cj1bjj #cf1jjj low side lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,total water per hour #bf1bjj #de1jjj #fj1bjj -- lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,i4 ,h4 ,p4 of high steam cylinder #j4fj -- -- -- ,i4 ,h4 ,p4 of low steam cylinder #j4eh -- -- -- ,total ,i4 ,h4 ,p4 #a4ah -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cej4 ,the ,deane ,vacuum ,pump4 ,there are a number of novel features exhibited in the construction of this pump2 the cylinder has four ports1 that is to say two steam or admission ports and two compression or cushioning ports4 ,referring to the engraving1 page #db1 ,fig4 #f1 shows the main valve to be a plain ,d slide1--directly under it the same valve is shown in section4 ,the projection on the back of this valve fits into the valve piston4 ,the secondary valve1 #e1 surrounds the main valve and contains two plain slide valves1 one on each side4 ,referring to #c1 it will be noted that one of these valves admits steam while the other allows the steam to escape after having done its work of moving the valve piston4 ,a longitudinal section of this secondary valve and steam cylinder are shown1 in #b4 ,in the engraving1 #a1 it is shown that the cylinder for each end of the valve piston is jacketed with live steam so that the cylinder itself heats up as quickly as the valve piston1 hence the piston cannot stick in the cylinder due to unequal expansion of valve and seat4 ,the supplemental valve ports are shown in section #d4 ,to set the valve of this pump3 ,remove the steam chest1 place the piston at mid stroke with the lever1 plumb1 then set the stem at its mid position with the secondary valve in place4 ,see that the tappets measure equal distances either side of the tappet block4 ,,note4--,these small ports are not liable to fill with oil and dirt in practice1 on account of their direct connections4 ,if through leakage or any other reason the valve piston should fail to throw the main slide valve1 the projection ,b 7see #a7 on the valve stem 7of which it is a part7 compels the valves to move mechanically4 ,so when steam is turned on1 this pump is certain to begin its work4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cea4 ,the water end of this pump consists of a cylinder with valve chambers as shown4 ,the piston rod has two stuffing-boxes1 which makes a water seal around the rod so that no air can enter the cylinder1 as the chamber between the two stuffing-boxes is kept constantly filled with water4 ,it will be noticed that the suction pipe enters the pump in such a position in relation to the valves that both suction and discharge valves are perpetually immersed in water4 ,when this pump is pumping air only1 there is sufficient water left within the valve chambers to provide a water seal under all working conditions4 ,the valves in this pump are easily reached for inspection or repairs1 a hand-hole being provided for each valve1 with proper covers1 which are easily and quickly replaced4 ,the ,worthington ,vertical ,beam ,vacuum ,pump with condenser attached is shown in ,fig4 #cea4 ,this is a pump of great simplicity and strength4 ,the figure shows a compound engine for using high pressure steam2 these machines can be built with simple steam cylinders of equal diameters1 but they are not recommended except in special cases2 for example where the steam pressure is very low4 ,each side of the pump end is single-acting1 the buckets being of the form used for years in detached air pumps in marine service4 ,the two sides are connected together by a beam and links attached to the cross-heads4 ,as one side comes down and does little work1 the other side makes an up-stroke and does full duty in emptying the condenser to which the suction is attached4 ,the condensing chamber is usually placed at the rear and connects directly with the channel plate at the bottom of the pump4 ,the opening shown in front is for the discharge water4 ,the steam cylinders are so arranged that either piston may be examined by removing its cylinder head1 without disturbing the other cylinders4 ,the valves are of the ,corliss1 or semi-rotative1 type and the high-pressure cylinders are provided with cut-off valves to assure the desired ratio of expansion4 ,the interior of each air cylinder may be inspected by removing the plates shown in front1 near the middle4 ,there are also two plates at the top for inspection of the discharge valves4 ,the four machinery steel columns form a light but very strong frame allowing free access to the working parts4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ceb4 ,the next four cuts show ,dean ,brothers' twin cylinder air pumps with their special steam valve gear4 ,they are made for and supplied with either surface or jet condensers4 ,see ,fig4 #ceb4 ,the arrangement of the valve gear is such that steam will be applied at the upper end of one piston at the same instant that it begins to act on the lower end of the other4 ,by this device steam is so controlled in the steam chests that no pressure comes on the main pistons1 until the moment that both are ready to move1 after having reached the full limit of their stroke1 thereby securing an exactly uniform1 but opposite1 motion of the pistons4 ,fig4 #ced is a sectional elevation of the steam cylinder and steam chest2 ,fig4 #cec1 a front elevation2 ,fig4 #cee1 a section of the air cylinder1 and ,fig4 #ceb1 an exterior perspective view of the pump4 ,each steam cylinder has its own steam piston1 piston rod1 valve movement1 steam chest1 etc4 ,a sleeve1 a1 is rigidly attached to each piston rod1 and connected to this sleeve is a lever1 b1 the outer end of which connects with a link1 c1 which in turn is connected to a sleeve1 d1 loosely mounted upon the valve rod between collars1 e4 ,the valve rod1 f1 operates the auxiliary slide valve and admits the steam from above and below the auxiliary piston4 ,this piston has attached thereto the main slide valve1 which admits and exhausts steam alternately from above and below the main steam pistons4 ,any movement of the main piston communicates movement in the opposite direction to the sleeve1 d1 which moves the valve rod only when it strikes one or the other of the collars4 ,as there is considerable lost motion between the sleeve and the collars1 the main steam piston will be nearing the end of its stroke when the valve rod begins to move4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cec4 ,extending through the ends of the steam chests are short piston rods1 g1 which are connected to a centrally pivoted vibrating lever1 h1 mounted on a pivot4 ,when the main steam piston has moved from the top to the bottom of the steam cylinder1 the corresponding valve rod has moved in the opposite direction and the auxiliary slide valve has moved upward1 opening the port1 i1 to steam and the port1 k1 to the exhaust port4 ,at the moment the main steam piston has completed its downward stroke the auxiliary piston is forced upward and carries with it the main slide valve1 l4 ,this opens the main steam port and exhaust port1 which reverses the movement of the main piston4 ,when the main piston reaches the upward limit of its stroke the auxiliary valve has moved downward1 opening the port1 k1 to steam and the port1 i1 to the exhaust1 causing the auxiliary piston to move downward1 thus reversing the movement of the main valve and piston4 ,by this arrangement the valve operating piston1 m1 is held at all times immovably at one end of the stroke1 except when the main piston is nearing the end of its stroke and is ready to reverse4 ,supposing the left-hand main piston has not quite reached the upper limit of the stroke1 the steam would still be on the lower side of its auxiliary or main valve operating piston and the exhaust open to the other side4 ,we now have steam on the bottom side of both auxiliary pistons1 and as they are of equal diameters and are connected by the lever1 h1 they are balanced and cannot move the main steam valves4 ,the right-hand main steam piston must wait until the left-hand piston has completed its stroke before it can reverse1 and consequently the movement of the main pistons will always be in opposite directions1 and neither can reverse until both have completed their stroke4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ced4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cee4 ,there are three ways that this apparatus may be operated3 ,first1 the pumps may be operated in conjunction with each other1 as is hereinbefore described4 ,second1 the lever1 h1 may be detached from the auxiliary or main valve operating pistons1 and the two pumps may then run independently of each other or in the ordinary and well-known manner1 each performing its own independent work4 ,third1 by further detaching the link1 c1 on one of the valve gears the auxiliary slide valve1 n1 will remain at rest and the corresponding pump will not move while the other pump continues to operate4 ,these are important features1 because1 as in case of accident1 it may be necessary to use one pump while the other is disabled1 and in some cases it may be desirable to operate the pumps independently4 ,the engineer will appreciate this feature1 as the stoppage of an air pump is a serious matter4 ,the piston rods are separable at the crossheads4 ,the crossheads are of steel4 ,the steam cylinders and pump cylinders are connected by six heavy steel stretcher rods4 ,adjusting valves are fitted to steam cylinders for controlling motion of pistons4 ,the valve gear is provided with a special lever adjustment by which the length of stroke of pistons may at any time be changed1 even while the pump is running4 ,in ,fig4 #cef is shown a form of independent vacuum pump1 with its condenser1 built by the ,conover ,mfg4 ,co4 ,this apparatus consists of a jet condenser with air pump1 boiler feed pump1 and engine to drive both1 combined as one machine4 ,the air pump is a single acting bucket plunger pump1 driven by a crank shaft1 turned by the engine1 which is a single cylinder compound automatic cut-off engine1 and also drives the boiler feed pump2 it is of the trunk pattern1 and the small space around the trunk on the top side of the piston forms the high pressure cylinder4 ,steam is admitted to the high pressure side1 at boiler pressure1 and is cut off and expanded and exhausted into the receiver1 whence it is admitted under the bottom side of the piston1 where it is again cut off and expanded1 finally exhausting into the condenser4 ,the piston makes the down stroke when the air pump makes the up stroke2 and it will be seen by referring to the cut that the engine does nearly all its work when making the downward stroke4 ,when steam is acting on the top side of piston at high pressure1 the vacuum at the same time is pulling on the full area of the piston underneath4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cef4 ,when the engine makes the up stroke1 the steam at low pressure from the receiver acts to push the piston up2 and as the air pump is doing no work then1 being on its down stroke1 the only work of the engine is to keep the machine up to speed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ceg4 ,it will thus be seen that the engine is suited to meet the demand of the large power on one stroke1 and very little on the other1 thus adapting itself admirably to its requirements4 ,the valves are of the ,corliss type1 and do not trip2 the cut-off being set by hand1 does not require to be changed or altered1 as the speed is controlled by a throttling governor4 ,fig4 #ceg shows a cross section through the steam cylinder of this vacuum pump4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ceh4 ,the ,edwards air and vacuum pump is shown in ,figs4 #ceh1 #cei and #cfj1 in which it may be perceived that both foot and bucket valves are dispensed with2 the only valves used are those which in other pumps are known as head or discharge valves4 ,the following brief description of its leading features will be understood by reference to the illustrations3 ,fig4 #ceh is a sectional view through the center of the air pump1 but the piston and rod are shown as a full view4 ,the action of this pump is as follows3 the condensed steam flows continuously by gravity from the condenser into the base of the pump1 and is there dealt with mechanically by the conical bucket working in connection with a base of similar shape4 ,upon the descent of the bucket the water is projected silently and without shock at a high velocity through the ports into the working barrel 7see ,fig4 #cei74 ,the rising water is followed by the rising bucket1 which closes the ports1 and1 sweeping the air and water before it1 discharges them through the valve at the top of the barrel4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cei4 ,it may be said that however slowly an ordinary air pump with foot and bucket valves may be running1 the pressure in the condenser has to be sufficiently above that in the pump to lift the foot valves1 overcome the inertia of the water1 and drive the water up through the valves into the barrel where the water is dealt with mechanically4 ,the higher the speed of the older type of pump the greater is the pressure required to overcome these resistances owing to the very short space of time available1 and as any increase of pressure in the condenser is accompanied by a corresponding increase of back pressure in the low pressure cylinder1 hence the absence of the valves referred to allows a higher speed of the plunger4 ,the elimination of the foot valves it is claimed gives from #a_/b to #a inch better vacuum4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cfj4 ,another advantage claimed for this pump is that clear air inlets are maintained--see ,figs4 #cei and #cfj4 ,under ordinary working conditions1 when the bucket descends and the ports open1 there is no obstruction between the condenser and the pump2 the air has a free entrance while immediately afterward the water is injected into the barrel at a high velocity4 ,thus1 instead of obstructing the entrance of the air1 the water tends to compress that already in the barrel1 and to entrain or carry in more air with it4 ,the bucket or piston is a hollow casting with water grooves instead of packing rings4 ,the valve seat is constructed with a rib between each valve and a lip around the outer edge1 so that each valve stands in its own water and is separated from the others4 ,this forms a ready means of testing the relative tightness of each valve4 ,the cast iron working barrel is lined with brass4 ,the pump rod is ,tobin bronze1 and valve plate and valves of composition4 ,these pumps are either single1 twin1 triplex1 and are steam1 electric or belt driven1 for stationary1 marine or sugar plantation service4 ,the steam driven pumps are built with either single or compound steam cylinders1 fitted with new and improved valve gear1 and with their arrangement of fly-wheels1 insures smooth running1 making full strokes free from vibration4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cfa4--,see page #gj4 ,,air ,,compressors4 ,compressed air is air compressed by mechanical force into a state of more or less increased density4 ,the power obtained from the expansion of greatly compressed air in a cylinder1 on being set free is used in many applications as a substitute for steam or other force as in operating drills1 shop tools and engines which are driven by the elastic force of compressed air4 ,a compressor is a machine usually driven by steam by which air is compressed in a receiver so that its expansion may be utilized as a source of power at distances where an ordinary engine could not be conveniently used4 ,the compressor proper comprises two sets of valves1 usually designed to be opened automatically by excess of pressure under them and to be closed by gravity or by the action of springs when the pressures become equal4 ,the inlet valves open just after the piston commences its stroke1 when the expansion of the compressed air remaining in the cylinder behind the piston has lowered the pressure above the valves4 ,they close at the end of the intake stroke1 just as the piston comes to rest4 ,the outlet valve lifts during the compression stroke1 at about the time the rising pressure in the cylinder becomes equal to that in the outlet passage above the valves2 and they close when the flow of air ceases as the piston completes its stroke4 ,any of the accurately fitted steam engine valve gears may be used for compressors1 observing only that the compressor is in every way a reversed steam engine4 ,compressed air is already used in the operation of #a4 ,cranes1 hoists and motors of all types and of all capacities4 #b4 ,portable drilling1 reaming and tapping machines4 #c4 ,riveters and stay-bolt cutters1 calking and chipping tools4 #d4 ,shop tools of all kinds4 #e4 ,air brakes4 #f4 ,sand blasts4 #g4 ,rock drills and coal mining machines4 #h4 ,pneumatic locomotives and street cars4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cfb4--see page #gj4 and also for the following diversified uses1 #a4 ,pumping water1 sewage1 oil and acids4 #b4 ,raising sunken vessels4 #c4 ,refrigerating and ice making4 #d4 ,transmitting messages through pneumatic tubes4 #e4 ,cleaning carpets and railroad cars and seats4 #f4 ,sinking caissons and driving tunnels through silt and soft earth4 #g4 ,tapping iron furnaces4 #h4 ,transmitting power for all purposes4 ,the office of the air compressor is to store up air under high pressures1 which can be utilized at a greater or less distance1 without sustaining any loss by condensation in the pipes1 as is the case of carrying steam in pipes long distances4 ,air stored under pressure in a reservoir can be used expansively1 in an ordinary steam engine returning an equivalent amount of work that was required to compress it--less the friction4 ,the admission of the air being through a single tube1 it creates a constant flow of air in one direction only1 thus filling the cylinder at each stroke with air at atmospheric pressure4 ,this movement gives a momentum to the air which causes it to fill the cylinder to its fullest extent at each stroke4 ,air compressors may be driven in various ways1 but the most commonly used are those which are directly connected to a steam engine1 thus doing away with intermediate machinery4 ,when the air piston draws in a charge of air1 the air fills the cylinder at atmospheric pressure1 or a little below1 and on the return stroke of the piston it has to be compressed to the same pressure as in the receiver before it can lift the delivery valve1 and as the valve is held to its seat by a spring1 and also by its own weight1 the pressure has to be considerably above that of the receiver before the valve will lift4 ,to overcome this the valves are operated by mechanical means1 which lifts them at a point of the stroke1 when the pressure in the cylinder corresponds with that of the receiver4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cfc4--,see page #ga4 ,this arrangement avoids pounding of the valves as well as the noise caused by the air when rushing at much higher pressure from the cylinder into the receiver4 ,for the sake of economy1 air compressors are compounded1 as for example1 by drawing the air into a large cylinder and compressing it to a certain stage1 whence it passes into a smaller cylinder1 which compresses it to a much higher pressure4 ,in a simple compressor1 for very high pressures1 there is at the end of the stroke a large volume of air left in the clearance space1 which expands on the return stroke1 to atmospheric pressure1 before another charge of air can be drawn in4 ,but in the compound compressor1 the air is delivered from the low pressure receiver to the high pressure cylinder far above atmospheric pressure1 thus the remaining air need not expand so much and allows the cylinder to take a larger volume of air4 ,the load is also distributed more evenly4 ,the following are valuable 8points0 relating to the care and management of air compressors4 ,as in a steam pipe line1 elbows should be avoided in an air pipe line but unlike a steam pipe it should be larger4 ,a mistake is sometimes made in purchasing a compressor built for a low altitude and trying to run it in a higher elevation2 the machine then experiences the same trouble that some people do1 in not being able to get breath enough under the changed conditions4 ,the use of cheap oils1 especially in an air cylinder is a most serious mistake1 as the least tendency to gum will prevent the valves from properly seating1 and even with the best of oils1 it is well to use a small amount of mineral oil at times4 ,in localities where the water is bad1 the water jacket will require extra attention1 as it gets as badly scaled like steam boilers1 principally due to a very slow or retarded circulation1 which allows the sediment to settle1 and should the water supply be shut off1 even for a few minutes1 the cylinder heat will bake it so hard as to give considerable trouble4 ,it is a good plan to put a good boiler compound in the water jacket1 and run the machine for some time without any circulation4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cfd4 7,see page #ga47 ,in this case good judgment must be used not to run too long or too fast1 as the cylinder will heat very quickly and is liable to be damaged4 ,there are many emergency ways of stopping small pipe leaks2 any good sticky substance1 such as tar1 wax1 tallow candles1 or even chewing gum1 melted and applied on narrow strips of cloth and wound as a bandage1 will be found handy4 ,it should be remembered that leaks in an air pipe line are as bad as in a steam pipe line1 and should receive as much care4 ,the theoretical operation of air compressors may be thus explained3 ,if a tight cylindrical vessel1 containing one cubic foot of air at atmospheric pressure1 be fitted with a piston which is free to move up and down but yet perfectly tight1 the air in the vessel will have no means of escape1 and the pressure within and without the vessel1 both being atmospheric1 are balanced4 ,now1 if the piston should be loaded with a weight1 the pressure on the outside would be that due to the atmosphere1 plus the weight1 while the pressure from the inside is simply equal to atmospheric pressure2 thus the piston is forced to descend1 but as the air inside of the cylinder has no means of escape1 the volume it fills being diminished1 its pressure rises until the pressure under the piston balances that above it4 ,if1 for example1 the area of the piston should be #ajj square inches1 and the weight with which it is loaded be #ajj pounds1 assuming the piston to be without weight1 the pressure below will have to react with an equal force to hold the piston stationary1 which in this case would be #a pound to the square inch above atmospheric pressure1 and the piston would have to descend sufficiently to cause this increase of pressure1 which descent would be equal to #a_/af of the total fall of the piston4 ,by adding another #ajj pounds above1 the pressure would rise to #b pounds to the square inch4 ,the cylinder is thus charged with compressed air4 ,liquid ,air is a marvelous result of compression4 ,it liquefies at a pressure of #egc pounds per square inch1 at the reduced temperature of -#bbj ,f42 at atmospheric pressure it boils at-#cab ,f41 at which temperature it can be handled like water4 ,air is the vapor of a liquid1 and acts in its properties like the vapor of other liquids4 ,liquid air in color is like that of a blue sky on a cloudless day4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cfe4 7,see page #ga47 8,denys ,papin was the first to propose and make1 in #afec1 an actual trial of the transmission of power to a distance by compressed air4 ,it was the fertile and mechanical brain of ,papin that first conceived the idea of the pneumatic tube for transmitting parcels by air pressure40 ,historical ,note by ,hiscox4 ,if now the bottom of the cylinder should be connected by means of a pipe to another vessel of larger capacity called a receiver1 the pipe having been closed by a valve in it during compression1 and the valve should be opened1 the piston would at once commence a further descent1 the compressed air escaping into the receiver1 until the pressure in the receiver and cylinder is equalized1 or the piston reaches the bottom of the cylinder1 which it will do1 if the receiver is large enough4 ,then the valve closes1 stopping communication between cylinder and receiver1 and the piston is drawn upward2 at the same time air is again admitted to the cylinder by another valve1 which closes when the piston reaches the top1 and the same operation is again repeated4 ,the receiver can thus be charged with compressed air and by loading the piston very heavy the pressure can be raised quite high4 ,now1 if the piston1 instead of being loaded by weights1 be connected to the piston rod of a steam engine1 or by means of a connecting rod to a crank 7which is rotated by a belt or some other driving mechanism1 and the valves be operated automatically1 as the valves on a water pump71 the simple apparatus is converted into a perfect air compressor1 which really is nothing else than an air pump1 and the air can be pumped into the receiver against a high pressure the same as water is forced into an elevated reservoir by a pump4 ,as air is a compressible gas1 it acts a little different in the air cylinder from the almost incompressible water in a pump4 ,to lift the valves of an air compressor by the compressed air pressure in the cylinder 7added to the pressure of their springs besides the receiver pressure71 the air would have to be compressed considerably above the receiver pressure before it would lift the valve which allows it to flow from the cylinder into the receiver1 and then the valve would not open freely as a pump valve1 but would chatter1 causing a disagreeable noise1 and damaging the valve4 ,to avoid this1 the valves of an air compressor are operated by mechanical means4 ,some devices operate the valve directly as soon as the pressure in the cylinder reaches that of the receiver1 while others simply release it of the spring pressure1 the valve itself being lifted by the air itself4 ,such devices generally give the valves a full free opening1 without noise4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cff4 ,the blowing engine is almost identical with the air compressor4 ,the chief difference between them being the ratio of steam cylinder to air cylinder4 ,while the air compressor furnishes a comparatively small amount of air at very high pressures1 the blowing engine delivers a very large volume at lower pressures4 ,blowing engines are mainly used in large blast furnaces1 smelting works and foundries1 to furnish the air pressure for cupolas1 air furnaces and smelting ovens4 ,in ,fig4 #cff is shown a blowing engine of very large size2 the steam cylinder is #db inches in diameter1 the air cylinder #hd inches1 and the stroke #fj inches4 ,the valve gear is of the ,reynolds-,corliss type4 ,the piston rod is attached to a cross-head extending through the guides1 which are formed by the frame1 with wrist pins upon each end1 from which the two connecting rods are suspended with their lower ends connected to the cranks1 as shown in ,fig4 #cff4 ,there are two air piston rods attached to the main piston and held to the cross-head by nuts at points near the guides4 ,the crank shaft carrying the flywheels1 which also form the cranks attached to the ends of this shaft1 is located below the steam cylinder4 ,this construction is of the return connecting rod engine design1 to economize space4 ,both the air and steam valve gears are worked from eccentrics on an auxiliary shaft1 driven from the main shaft by bevel gears underneath the steam cylinder4 ,the 8,imperial0 air compressor is presented herewith in ,figs4 #cfg and #cfh4 ,the 8,imperial0 compressor is especially designed for use in machine shops1 foundries and other industrial establishments where it is not convenient to use a steam driven compressor4 ,the machine has two vertical1 single-acting cylinders1 each employing long trunk pistons that act as guides for the lower ends of the connecting rods4 ,by this design1 the height of the machine is reduced1 stuffing-boxes and crossheads are eliminated1 and a minimum number of bearings required4 ,the cranks are set opposite to each other1 so that when the piston on one side is ascending1 the other side is descending4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cfg4 ,the machine is made with duplex cylinders for the low pressures used in sand blast work and the like1 and with either duplex or compound cylinders for higher pressures4 ,in the compound type1 an intercooler is supplied1 through which the air passes from the low pressure to the high pressure cylinder4 ,the air cylinders are water-jacketed and provided with hooded heads1 so that air may be supplied to them from outside the compressor-room2 the cylinders are cast in one piece with the frame4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cfh4 ,the air-valves1 both inlet and outlet1 are of the poppet type1 fitted with light springs1 and work vertically4 ,on account of their position at the bottom of the cylinder1 they are well lubricated1 and1 acting vertically1 they have little tendency to wear out of line with their seats4 ,the air intake passage is tapped to receive a supply pipe leading from out-of-doors1 or from some place where cool and clean air is obtainable4 ,the compressed air is discharged into a passage which is tapped for a pipe to convey it to the air-receiver4 ,all parts of the compressor are easily accessible for inspection1 adjustment1 or repair4 ,the air-heads may be removed without disturbing any of the pipe connections4 ,the valves may be taken out by unscrewing the bonnets4 ,,table of parts of the ,imperial ,compressor4 ,number of ,part ,name of ,part ----------------------------------- #a ,frame #b ,main-bearing cap #c ,main-bearing cap-bushing #d ,fly-wheel #e ,fly-wheel key #f ,fly-wheel key set-screw #g ,crank-shaft #h ,crank-disc #i ,crank-disc key #aj ,crank-pin #aa ,crank-pin cap #ab ,crank-pin cap set-screw #ac ,connecting-rod cap #ad ,connecting-rod cap-bushing #ae ,connecting-rod #af ,piston #ag ,piston-pin #ah ,piston-pin bushing #ai ,piston-pin set-screw #bj ,piston1 inside ring #ba ,piston1 outside ring #bb ,adjusting-bolt for piston-pin end of connecting-rod #bc ,connecting-rod bolt #bd ,guard-plate #be ,air-head #bf ,air-head gasket #bg ,air-head studs #bh ,inlet valve and stem #bi ,inlet valve-seat #cj ,inlet valve-spring #ca ,inlet valve-stem head #cb ,inlet valve-stem cotter #cc ,inlet valve-bonnet #cd ,outlet valve #ce ,outlet valve-spring #cf ,outlet valve-bonnet #cg ,water inlet pipe #ch ,water outlet pipe #ci ,air inlet pipe #dj ,air outlet pipe #da ,unloader #db ,main-bearing grease-cup #dc ,crank-pin grease-cup #dd ,piston-pin grease-cup #de ,air-cylinder lubricator #df ,main-bearing studs #dg ,main-bearing liners #dh ,unloader regulating-cylinder ,the ,norwalk standard compressor is shown in ,figs4 #cfa and #cfb1 the latter being a longitudinal section2 ,fig4 #cfa is a perspective view2 the two compressors are driven by a single steam cylinder having an adjustable cut-off4 ,the air valves are operated by a positive crank motion4 ,a view of a ,pelton water wheel operating a compressor it shown in ,fig4 #cfc4 ,the cut represents a compound air compressor in which the valves are operated mechanically4 ,the water which drives the wheel enters through the pipe and nozzle secured in the wheel pit1 as represented4 ,fig4 #cfd exhibits a belted duplex air compressor built by ,allis-,chalmers ,co4 ,fig4 #cfe shows a vertical duplex compressor driven by a belt4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cfi4 ,all the latter1 as may be seen by the engravings1 have the positive valve motion operated by an eccentric4 ,in selecting an air compressor the following points need consideration3 #a1 ,number of cubic feet of free air required per minute2 #b1 ,altitude1 i4e41 the number of feet above the sea level2 #c1 ,steam pressure and air pressure4 ,the use of compressed air for operating mining pumps1 while having advantages in some cases1 is not to be recommended in all1 particularly on account of the low efficiency of the plant as a whole4 ,the loss due to leaks is serious1 and the long line of piping with its numerous joints causes much trouble1 delay and expense4 ,in ,fig4 #cfi is shown a direct acting steam single air compressor2 simplicity in its construction is a leading feature and there are few parts in this pump that are liable to wear4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #cgj ,,and #cga4 ,this apparatus is designed for working pressures up to twenty pounds2 it is intended for use in oil refineries1 smelting works1 blast furnaces and in all situations where compressed air of medium pressure is required4 ,they are variously used for sand blasts1 ventilating purposes1 and for pneumatic deliveries4 ,the steam end and valve motion are the regular ,deane pattern1 assuring positive operation4 ,the air cylinder is provided with a water jacket4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cgb4 ,a power wall or post air compressor is shown in ,figs4 #cgj-cgb4 ,the machine is single acting and is recommended where little space is available1 as it can be bolted to the wall or to a post1 or on the under side of the ceiling4 ,the crank shaft and connecting rod are of cast steel4 ,the bearings are babbitted and adjustable4 ,the piston is of the trunk form1 carrying a pin for the connecting rod1 and is of extra length to act as a guide for the lower end of the connecting rod4 ,the valves are of the poppet type4 ,these compressors are extensively used in electric power stations for supplying air for removing dust from electric machinery1 in bicycle shops for inflating pneumatic tires1 maintaining a supply of air in pressure tanks1 and for various purposes where a limited supply of air is needed4 ,these compressors are of the 8,blake0 design and the following particulars will be of interest4 ,,table4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,diameter of #b-a_/d #c #d #e #f #g ,cylinder4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,stroke4 #f #f #f #f #f #f ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,revolutions ,per #aej #aej #adj #adj #acj #acj ,minute4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,piston ,speed in ,feet #aej #aej #adj #adj #acj #acj ,per ,minute4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,cubic ,feet of ,free ,air #b #c #f #i #ab #ag ,per ,minute4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,working #aej #aej #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj ,pressure4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,horse ,power #e_/h #c_/d #a-a_/b #b #b-a_/b #d ,required4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,pipes4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,suction4 #c_/d #a #a-a_/b #b #b #b-a_/b ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,discharge4 #c_/d #a #a-a_/b #a-a_/b #a-a_/b #a-a_/b ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,dimensions4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,length4 #bb #bb #bd #cj #cf #cf ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,width4 #ac #ad #ae #af #ah #ai-a_/b ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,height4 #cb #cc-a_/b #ch #dj-a_/b #dc #dd ---------------------------------------- ------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,diameter of #b-a_/d #c #d #e #f #g ,cylinder4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,stroke4 #f #f #f #f #f #f ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,revolutions ,per #aej #aej #adj #adj #acj #acj ,minute4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,piston ,speed in ,feet #aej #aej #adj #adj #acj #acj ,per ,minute4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,cubic ,feet of ,free ,air #b #c #f #i #ab #ag ,per ,minute4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,working #ajj #ajj #ij #he #fj #fj ,pressure4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,horse ,power #a_/b #e_/h #a-a_/d #a-c_/d #b #b-a_/b ,required4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,pipes4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,suction4 #c_/d #a #a-a_/b #b #b #b-a_/b ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,discharge4 #c_/d #a #a-a_/b #a-a_/b #a-a_/b #a-a_/b ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,dimensions4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,length4 #af #af #af #bd #bd #cj ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,width4 #ac #ad #ad #ad #ad #ah ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,height4 #bh #bi-a_/bcc-a_/bcg-a_/bcg-a_/b #db ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,with increase in altitude the barometric or atmospheric pressure falls from #ad4g pounds per square inch at sea level to about #aj pounds at #aj1jjj feet above sea level4 ,since the density of the air decreases with its pressure it is obvious that at such an altitude the total weight of air handled by a given displacement is considerably less than at sea level2 and that to fill any volume--a rock drill cylinder1 for instance--with air compressed to #ij pounds1 a greater free-air displacement will be necessary than would be required at sea level4 ,the relative capacities of a given displacement to do work--as through rock drills or pumps--at varying altitudes are figured in the following table3 ,,capacities ,,at ,,varying ,,heights ,,above ,,sea ,,level4 ,feet above,barometer ,relative ,sea ,level ,inches ,capacities ----------------------------- #j #cj4jj #a4jjj #ejj #bi4db 4#ihc #ajjj #bh4hg 4#ifg #aejj #bh4cc 4#ied #bjjj #bg4gi 4#ich #bejj #bg4bg 4#ibd #cjjj #bf4gf 4#iji #cejj #bf4be 4#hid #djjj #be4ge 4#hgi #dejj #be4bf 4#hfg #ejjj #bd4gh 4#hef #fjjj #bc4he 4#hbg #gjjj #bb4ie 4#hjj #hjjj #bb4aj 4#ggb #ijjj #ba4bb 4#gej #ajjjj #bj4dc 4#gbe #abjjj #ah4ib 4#fgg ----------------------------- ,the fact that the heating effect of compressing air from an initial pressure of #aj pounds absolute to #ij pounds gauge pressure is theoretically equivalent to that of compression to #acb pounds at sea level1 makes a two-stage arrangement more imperative in high level work than under ordinary conditions4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cgc4 ,,compounding ,,or ,,two-,,stage ,,compression4 ,the two-stage or multi-stage system of air compression is used generally for high pressure work4 ,the system is most usefully employed between #dj and #abj pounds gauge pressure4 ,for the moderate working pressure of #ij to #ajj lbs41 the two-stage compression has demonstrated its efficiency chiefly for the reason1 that the heat generated in the last half of the stroke of a single compressor is by the two-stage process greatly reduced4 ,further compounding1 for pressures above #ajj pounds1 becomes quite necessary to secure the advantages named hereafter2 the two-stage has proved advantageous up to #ejj lbs41 three-stage up to #a1jjj lbs41 and four-stage compression up to #c1jjj lbs4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cgd4 ,as the pressures increase1 however1 the machines become more and more complicated1 owing not only to the greater power required1 but also to the heating of the air during compression4 ,the use of water-jackets for cooling the air in the compression cylinders is general1 but this does not effect thorough cooling1 as only a small portion of the air in the cylinder comes in contact with the jacketed parts4 ,this difficulty has led to the use of compound machines1 in which case inter-coolers are generally used between the different stages of compression1 which cause the air to shrink in volume between the stages4 ,briefly summed up1 the chief advantages of multi-stage over single-stage compression are3 #a4 ,lower average temperature1 resulting in lower average pressure1 and permitting the compression of the same volume of air with less expenditure of energy4 #b4 ,increased safety and ease of lubrication4 ,when high final temperatures prevail1 part of the lubricating oil vaporizes1 and wear on the piston and cylinder becomes rapid4 ,under exceptional circumstances the combination of air and oil vapor may reach the proportions of an explosive mixture1 and if the compression temperature passes its flash point damage may result4 ,such accidents are1 however1 very rare even in single-stage work2 in multi-stage compression1 with proper intercooling1 they are impossible4 #c4 ,greater effective capacity in free air4 ,the final pressure in the low pressure cylinder is much lower than in a single-stage machine1 and the air confined in the clearance spaces when expanded down to atmospheric pressure occupies comparatively little space4 ,consequently the inflow of air through the suction valves begins at an earlier point in the stroke4 #d4 ,the air delivered by a two-stage or multi-stage compressor is dryer than that furnished by a single cylinder4 ,under constant pressure the power of air to hold watery vapor decreases with its temperature1 and during its passage through the inter-cooler much of the original moisture in the air is precipitated4 ,consequently less trouble is experienced from condensation in the discharge pipe4 ,a properly designed inter-cooler should reduce the air in the cylinders to the temperature of the outside air4 ,the economy of compressing in several stages--or1 in other words1 compound compressors--is shown from the fact that in compressing air up to #ajj lbs4 the heat loss reaches about #cj per cent4 ,by compressing in two stages1 this loss is cut down to less than half2 and in four stages1 it is reduced to four or five per cent4 ,it is evident1 therefore1 that the higher the pressure required the more essential is the use of compound machines4 ,the inter-cooler is the vital feature of the two-stage or multi-stage machine4 ,in this construction the air is partially compressed in one cylinder2 it is then passed through an inter-cooler where it is cooled and finally is compressed to the desired degree in the second or other additional cylinders4 ,an inter-cooler is shown in ,fig4 #cgc4 ,the cooling surface consists of a nest of small brass water tubes4 ,these tubes break up the stream of air entering the cooler1 while their thin walls insure rapid conduction4 ,the receiver volume formed by the connecting pipes and inter-cooler body results in a nearly uniform discharge pressure in the low-pressure cylinder4 ,the air being outside of the tubes encounters practically no frictional resistance1 and its slow passage allows time for cooling4 ,a pocket1 with gauge glass attached1 is so placed as to catch any precipitated moisture which might otherwise enter the high-pressure cylinder4 ,an after-cooler is shown in ,fig4 #cgd4 ,this serves to reduce the temperature of the air after the final compression4 ,the heat of compression1 as may be judged from the foregoing1 relating to inter and after-coolers is a feature of interest4 ,the temperature to which it finally attains depends1 #a1 upon the initial temperature2 #b1 upon the degree of compression1 or in other words1 the amount of work expended upon the compression4 ,the extent of this heating is shown in the following table1 for dry air when compression is performed with no cooling4 ,temperature of air before compression1 #fj #ij ,temperature of air compressed to #ae lbs4 #agg #bab #cj lbs4 #bee #bid #de lbs4 #cag #cfb #fj lbs4 #cfi #dag #ge lbs4 #daf #dfe #ij lbs4 #dee #ejg #aje lbs4 #dij #ede #abj lbs4 #ebd #ehj ,the ,norwalk compound compressor is shown in outline by the cut #cge4 ,the large air cylinder on the left determines the capacity of the compressor2 for illustration assume its piston at #ajj square inches area2 the small air cylinder can have an area of thirty-three and one-third square inches4 ,the small piston only encounters the heaviest pressure2 at #ajj pounds pressure the resistance to its advance is #c1ccc pounds4 ,the resistance against the large piston is its area multiplied by the pressure which is caused by forcing the air from the large cylinder into the smaller cylinder4 ,in this case it is thirty pounds per square inch4 ,but as this thirty pounds pressure acts on the back of the small piston1 and hence assists the machine1 the net resistance to forcing the air from the large into the small cylinder is equal to the difference of the area of the two pistons multiplied by the thirty pounds pressure4 ,this is sixty-six and two-thirds by thirty1 and equals #b1jjj pounds4 ,hence #b1jjj pounds1 the resistance to forcing the air from the larger into the smaller cylinder1 plus #c1ccc pounds1 the resistance in the smaller cylinder to compressing it to #ajj pounds1 is the sum of all the resistances in the compound cylinders at the time of greatest effort4 ,this is #e1ccc pounds4 ,by thus reducing the work to be done at the end of the stroke1 more work is done in the first part1 and the resistance is made nearly uniform for the whole stroke4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cge4 ,,note4--,arrows on the water pipes show the direction of the water circulation4 ,when the pistons move as indicated by the arrow on the piston rod1 steam and air circulate in the direction shown by arrows in the cylinders4 ,a--,inlet ,conduit for ,cold ,air4 ,b--,removable ,hoods of ,wood4 ,c--,inlet ,valve4 ,d--,intake ,cylinder4 ,e--,discharge ,valve4 ,f--,inter-cooler4 ,g--,compressing ,cylinder4 ,h--,discharge ,air ,pipe4 ,j--,steam ,cylinder4 ,k--,steam ,pipe4 ,l--,exhaust ,steam ,pipe4 ,n--,swivel ,connection for ,crosshead4 ,o--,air ,relief ,valve1 to effect easy starting after stopping with all pressure on pipes4 #a--;,cold ,water pipe to ,cooling ,jacket4 #b and #c--,water ,pipes4 #d--,water ,overflow or discharge4 #e--,stone on end of ,foundation4 #f--;,foundation4 #g--,space to get at ,underside of ,cylinder4 #h--;,floor ,line4 ,,the ,,air ,,lift ,,pump4 ,the ,air ,lift is one of the simplest methods of raising water from underground sources4 ,the main principle of its operation may be stated thus3 air under pressure is conveyed into the lower end of the water pipe through a suitable foot piece4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cgf4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cgg4 ,city and town water works1 asylums and hospitals1 plantations1 railway water tanks1 irrigation1 private country houses1 pumping mines1 ice manufactories1 breweries1 cold storage and packing houses1 textile mills1 dye works1 bleacheries1 sewerage installations1 dry docks1 seaside water works1 stock farms2 in fact1 everywhere that clear and abundant water is needed are opportunities for the application of the ,air ,lift ,system of pumping water4 ,nor is it alone for securing public water supplies that the ,air ,lift is of special value4 ,within recent years the question of an abundant and pure water supply for manufacturing1 irrigation and other uses has become one of equal importance4 ,after an extensive experience1 two general systems have been devised for utilizing the water which lies immediately below the surface of the ground4 ,one1 known as the ,deep-well ,pump ,system1 for which a working pump is used1 and the other the ,air ,lift ,system1 which employs compressed air to raise the water1 either by means of its inherent expansive force or the difference in specific gravity between compressed air and water4 ,,note4--,dr4 ,julius ,j4 ,pohle is admitted to be the original inventor of this admirable and useful device4 ,at first all systems by which water or liquids were lifted by compressed air were more or less extravagant1 but with large experience and with improvements in air compressor economy1 the ,air ,lift has made valuable strides4 ,dr4 ,pohle was actively associated with the ,ingersoll ,sargeant ,co4 until his death1 #ahif1 since which time his system has been further improved and developed by a wider application and broader experience4 ,theory of the ,air ,lift4 ,opinions differ as to the true theory of the ,air ,lift4 ,a common ,air ,lift case is one where there is a driven well in which the water has risen approximately near the surface4 ,in this well is placed a large pipe for the discharge of the water1 which is known as an 8eduction pipe40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cgh4 ,this pipe does not touch the bottom of the well1 but is elevated above it so as to freely admit the water through its lower open end4 ,alongside of this pipe1 either on the outside or within1 is a small pipe properly proportioned and intended to convey compressed air to a point near the bottom of the eduction pipe4 ,it is usual to provide a 8foot-piece10 see ,fig4 #cgh1 which forms a nozzle connecting the air pipe with the water pipe1 but in what is known as the 8central pipe system0 this foot-piece is not used1 the air pipe being placed within the eduction-pipe to a point near the bottom1 where it discharges the compressed air into the water column4 ,many neighborhoods are dependent upon well water1 and there are few districts where an ample supply is not to be secured from wells properly made2 this water is generally pure and wholesome4 ,it is also of uniform temperature the year round--cool and pleasant in the summer1 because the underground pipe and earth temperature remain uniformly low4 ,in winter1 well water being warmer than that taken from ponds and rivers1 is not so apt to freeze1 and1 from all considerations of temperature and purity1 well water is greatly to be preferred4 ,many cities located on rivers having a gravel bed formation find that1 by placing wells of suitable construction far enough back from the bank1 there is a natural filter bed1 leaving the water clear1 even when the river itself is muddy4 ,when river or other surface water is good the wells may be sunk close to the edge1 the water flowing down from the top of the wells4 ,there are not many underground formations where wells should be located close together4 ,such wells may affect or rob each other1 and it is usually best to spread them out on a line across what is known to be the underground flow4 ,some finely creviced or tight rock formations have a strong head with but little capacity1 and wells in such formations1 if pumped hard1 yield but little additional water4 ,they should be scattered and pumped moderately1 maintaining a low and economical lift4 ,in other cases1 one well in a group will give as much water as all together1 and more territory must be drawn on4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #cgi-chb4 ,the ,pohle system of elevating liquids is shown in ,fig4 #cgg4 ,the process 8consists in submerging a portion of an open-ended eduction-pipe in a body of the liquid to be raised and continuously introducing into the liquid within the lower part of the pipe a series of bubbles of compressed gaseous fluid containing enough of the fluid to expand immediately across the pipe and fill the same from side to side1 forming pipe-fitting piston-like layers at or just above the point of their entrance into the pipe1 whereby the column of liquid rising in the pipe after the forcing out of the liquid first standing in the latter is subdivided by the gaseous fluid into small portions before it reaches the level of the liquid outside of the pipe1 and a continuously upward-flowing series of well-defined alternate layers of gaseous fluid and short layers of liquid is formed and forced up the pipe40 ,the figures represent the apparatus in a state of action pumping water1 the shaded sections within the eduction-pipe1 ,w1 representing water-layers and the intervening blank spaces air-layers4 ,at and before the beginning of pumping1 the level of the water is the same outside and inside of the discharge-pipe1 ,w1--incidentally1 also1 in the air pipe4 ,hence the vertical pressures per square inch are equal at the submerged end of the discharge pipe4 ,when1 therefore1 compressed air is admitted into the air pipe1 a1 it must first expel the incidental standing water before air can enter the eduction-pipe1 ,w4 ,when this has been accomplished1 the air-pressure is maintained until the water within the eduction-pipe has been forced out1 which it will be in one unbroken column1 free from air-bubbles4 ,when this has occurred the pressure of the air is lowered or its bulk diminished and adjusted to a pressure just sufficient to overcome the external water-pressure4 ,it is thus adjusted for the performance of regular and uniform work1 which will ensue with the inflowing air and water1 which adjust themselves automatically in alternate layers or sections of definite lengths and weights4 ,it will be seen in the figures that the lengths of the water-columns 7shaded7 and air 7blank spaces7 #a and #a are entered at the right of the discharge-pipe1 ,w2 also1 that under the pressure of two layers of water #a and #b1 the length of the air column #b is #f4ga feet long1 and so on4 ,the lengths of aggregate water columns and the air columns which they respectively compress are also entered on the right of the water-pipe4 ,on the left of the water-pipe are entered the pressures per square inch of these water columns or layers4 ,thus the pressure per square inch of column #a is seen to be #a4gd pounds2 that of #b1 consisting of two columns or layers #a and #b each #d4jb feet long1 to be #c4di pounds1 and that of #aj1 consisting of nine columns or layers of water #a to #i1 inclusive1 each #d4jb feet long1 and one of #c4hj feet in length 7viz41 layer #aj7 to be #ag4ce pounds1 and the aggregate length of the layers of water is #ci4ih feet in a total length of ninety-one feet of pipe4 ,it will be noted that the length of pipe below the surface of the water in the well is #ee4e feet1 and that the difference between this and the aggregate length of the water layers 7#ci4ih7 is #ae4eb feet--that is1 on equal areas the pressure outside of the pipe is greater than the pressure on the inside by the weight due this difference of level1 which is #dg4fe pounds for the end of the discharge pipe4 ,it is this difference of #ae4eb feet1 acting as a head that supplies the water pipe1 which puts the contents of the pipe in motion1 and overcomes the resistance in the pipe4 ,in general the water layers are equal each to each1 and the pressure upon any layer of air is due to the number of water layers above it4 ,thus the pressure upon the bottom layer of air #aj in the figure is due to all the layers of water in the pipe 7#ag4ce pounds71 and the pressure upon the uppermost layer of air #a is due to the single layer of water1 #a1 at the moment of its discharges beginning--viz41 #a4gd pounds per square inch4 ,as this discharge progresses this is lessened1 until at the completion of the discharge of the water layer the air layer is of the same tension as the normal atmosphere4 ,the air pipe is connected with an air receiver on the surface1 which is at or near the engine room1 in which there is an air compressor4 ,this air pipe is provided with a valve on the surface4 ,before turning on the air the conditions in the well show water at the same level on the outside and inside of the eduction-pipe4 ,at the first operation there must be sufficient air pressure to discharge the column of water which stands in the eduction-pipe4 ,this goes out en masse1 after which the pump assumes a normal condition1 the air pressure being lowered and standing at such a point as corresponds with the normal conditions in the well4 ,this is determined by the volume of water which the well will yield in a certain time and the elevation to which the water is discharged4 ,,note4--,this extended description of the principles upon which an air lift operates--with its illustrations--is drawn almost word for word from the original patent claims of ,dr4 ,pohle4 ,the occupation of the space in the work is justified by the increasing importance of this system of water supply and its practical applications in the industrial world4 ,year by year the world's visible supply of coal--so long stored and hidden away in the earth's crust awaiting the advent of man--is diminishing1 next will dawn the age of air and water with electric transmission4 ,after the standing water column has been thrown off by the pressure the air rises through the water reduces its weight1 with the result that the water is expelled as fast as the well supplies it1 the water outside the pipe1 acting as a head1 flows into the discharge pipe by the force of gravity4 ,the machinery necessary for a system of pumping comprises1 #a1 an air compressor2 #b1 a receiver to store and equalize the pressure2 #c1 the head piece and foot piece for the well2 and1 #d1 the necessary piping for the air supply and water discharge4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #chc4 ,with an available supply of air under pressure the pump proper consists of simply a water discharge and air pipe1 the latter arranged and properly controlled to inject air into the former at the point of proper submersion4 ,it is readily seen that the apparatus is so simple that as a pump it cannot get out of order2 in cases1 where mud1 sand or gritty material is encountered1 it will handle such matter with the water and without injury to the system1 as nothing comes in contact with the moving parts4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #chd1 #che4 ,absence of all obstructing mechanism in the wells allows each to be operated to its full capacity4 ,production1 therefore1 does not depend upon the pump1 but rather upon the capacity of the well to yield water2 the natural yield of wells is often increased by this process of using compressed air admitted close to the bottom of the discharge pipe1 the water is set in motion at a considerable depth1 and by this action the well is 8cleaned40 ,purification is effected by aeration during the process of pumping1 the absorption of air by the water preventing the formation of unsanitary growths4 ,three styles of well heads are shown in ,figs4 #chc1 #chd and #che4 ,the deflector head1 ,fig4 #chc1 is attached to the well casing or discharge pipe by standards4 ,this form of head piece is generally used where the water is to be raised to the surface1 or just below the surface into a tank1 where the air is allowed to separate itself1 and the water flows to some central collecting reservoir1 where it is used or forced by means of an ordinary pump to a higher elevation4 ,the head piece offers no obstruction to the discharged water4 ,the offset discharge1 ,fig4 #chd1 is adapted to situations where the water is to be pumped by air direct from the well to some elevation above the well4 ,the elbow discharge1 ,fig4 #che1 shows the common form of well head known as the elbow head1 adapted to be used either as a cap for the well casing itself1 or used in connection with a suitable discharge pipe4 ,the foot piece1 or nozzle1 which regulates the admission of air to the discharge pipe at the point where the air comes in contact with the water1 thereby makes it possible to carry air at full pressure to the end of the air pipe1 and utilizes the energy due to the velocity of the discharged air4 ,after a well is once regulated or balanced there is but little occasion to move the adjusting wheel or valve1 the starting and stopping of the flow of any particular well being accomplished by means of an ordinary valve or plug cock on the air pipe at or adjacent to the well4 ,one ,central ,station of suitable capacity will operate several wells no matter how far apart4 ,the necessity of maintaining a number of separate pumping plants is thus done away with1 and in taking a supply of water from an underground source the wells can be located without reference to the power plant1 and at such distances apart as will best maintain the highest average pumping level4 ,although the principle of the action governing all pumps of this description is so simple1 there are a number of factors having a direct influence upon the performance of the pump1 which have been expressed in the following terms by a well-known expert3 7a7 ,depth of submersion of point of air discharge below still water surface4 7b7 ,velocity of water at point of air discharge4 7a7 and 7b7 determine the necessary air pressure4 ,if 7a7 is constant1 the pressure decreases when 7b7 increases4 7c7 ,area of main1 or water discharge pipe4 7d7 ,net lift to point of water discharge1 including velocity head at that point4 7e7 ,volume of air 7at atmospheric pressure7 discharged per unit of time4 7f7 ,ratio of expansion of air as it rises through the main pipe2 7f7 may be considerably modified by the temperature of the water4 7g7 ,total volume of air in main pipe at any instant4 ,this determines the specific gravity of the discharging column4 7h7 ,the volume of each individual bubble within the main4 ,letters are for reference only and do not indicate the order of importance nor of effect4 ,it was at first supposed that in all ,air ,lift cases the water was discharged because of the aeration of the water in the eduction-pipe1 due to the intimate co-mingling of air and water4 ,bubbles of air rising in a water column not only have a tendency to carry particles of water with the air1 but the column is made lighter1 and1 with a submergence or weight of water on the outside of the eduction-pipe1 there would naturally be a constant discharge of air and water4 ,this is known as the ,frizell ,system1 and where the lifts are moderate--that is1 where the water in the well reaches a point near the surface--it is very likely that the discharge is due to simple aeration4 ,most air lift propositions are deep-well cases--that is1 the water is lifted a distance greater than #be feet2 and just in proportion as the lift is increased do we get away from the aerated form idea1 and so when the air pressure is greater than the head of water1 a certain volume of compressed air is received into the eduction-pipe1 the water in this pipe is at that time moving rapidly upward2 that is1 its momentum has been established4 ,hence the air takes up this velocity and goes upward with the water from the energy received from the elasticity of the air due to its compressor4 ,a practical example of the successful working of an air compressor for raising water from a driven well #cai feet is described and illustrated by the ,practical ,engineer as shown in the sketch1 ,fig4 #chf4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #chf4 ,the air compressor forces the air down the inside pipe1 which is #a-a_/d in diameter4 ,the outside pipe1 which is #c in diameter1 has its lower end submerged in the well4 ,the compressed air forces a rising column of air mingled with water in the outer pipe to the supply tanks1 which are situated at the top of the building4 ,direct ,air ,pressure ,pumps4 ,this term is applied to that class of pumps in which the liquid is taken into an air tight vessel and then driven out through pipes to a higher level by the application of compressed air directly on the surface of the liquid in the tank1 thus dispensing with cylinders1 pistons1 valves1 glands1 etc41 of the more common class of pumps4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #chg4 ,fig4 #chg shows the parts of the pump2 its operation is as follows3 ,suppose the compressor to be in operation and the switch set as in the figure2 the air will be drawn out of the right tank and forced into the left tank1 and in so doing will draw water into the former and force it out of the latter4 ,the charge of air in the system is so adjusted that when one tank is emptied the other is filled1 and at that moment the switch will be automatically thrown1 reversing the pipe connections and thereby reversing the action in the tanks4 ,the switch is a simple mechanism placed on the air pipes near the compressor4 ,it can be automatically operated in one of three ways3 ,first1 by means of the suction which occurs in the intake pipe to the compressor1 when water is drawn above its outside level in one of the tanks4 ,the details of the mechanism to utilize this suction are very simple4 ,second1 by a mechanism1 that will throw the switch at some assigned number of strokes of the compressor1 the proper number being that which will empty one tank and fill the other4 ,this can be closely computed beforehand and can be determined exactly by test when commencing operation and the switch adjusted accordingly4 ,third1 by an electrically controlled mechanism1 the circuit being made and broken by a pressure gauge on the intake of the compressor4 ,the ,pneumatic ,engineering ,co4 are the makers of this apparatus1 named the ,harris ,system of raising water by direct pressure4 ,,the ,,steam ,,fire ,,engine ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #chh4 ,,the ,,steam ,,fire ,,engine4 ,the steam fire engine is practically a portable pumping engine4 ,it is in all respects a complete water works on a small scale1 hence1 a modern apparatus must1 within itself1 and each part working harmoniously with every other part1 contain several complex mechanisms4 ,this will readily appear by a study of the several succeeding illustrations2 the first1 which in the figure below exhibits a 8view0 of a complete machine4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #chi4 7,see page #aji47 ,modern steam fire engines are classified as to 8size10 as 8double extra first10 etc42 their capacities and weights are given approximately in the following ,,table4 ,,size ,,of ,,engines4 ,,capacity4 ,,weight4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,double ,extra ,first #a1cjj gallons per min4 #aj1hjj pounds4 ,extra ,first #a1ajj gallons per min4 #i1hjj pounds4 ,first #ijj gallons per min4 #h1hjj pounds4 ,second #gjj gallons per min4 #g1hjj pounds4 ,third #fjj gallons per min4 #f1hjj pounds4 ,fourth #ejj gallons per min4 #e1hjj pounds4 ,fifth #djj gallons per min4 #d1hjj pounds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,the foregoing list of the sizes1 capacities1 etc41 of the fire apparatus now in general use1 affords a very good comparison between it and that which has1 little by little1 progressed for two thousand years to its present high plane4 ,the application of electric power to the operation of the pumps and the propulsion of the apparatus is yet in too elementary a stage for present discussion in a work of this scope for-- ,it is essential that the machinery relied upon for fire protection should at all times be ready for instantaneous and effective service2 this1 because both life and vast property interests are at stake1 hence of all machines made1 the modern steam fire engine is produced with a niceness of finish and accuracy of fit equaled by no other1 when size is considered2 it approaches towards the perfection seen in the mechanism of a fine watch4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #cij1 #cia4 ,this degree of excellence has been arrived at by successive steps4 ,the illustration on page #ib1 ,fig4 #chh exhibits the fire-fighting tools of the early ,romans and similar apparatus was used in ,england as late as the fifteenth century4 ,the implements shown are a syringe1 a sledge hammer1 two fire hooks and three leathern buckets conveniently arranged against a wall4 ,the owners of houses or chimneys that took fire were fined2 and men were appointed to watch for fires and give the alarm4 ,in #adgb a night bellman was employed in ,exeter to alarm the inhabitants in case of fire1 and in #aeeh1 leathern buckets1 ladders and crooks1 were ordered to be provided for the same city2 no application of the pump seems to have been then thought of4 ,syringes continued to be used in ,london till the latter part of the #agth century1 when they were superseded by more improved machines4 ,they were usually made of brass and held from two to four quarts4 ,the smaller ones were about two feet and a half long1 and an inch and a half in diameter2 the bore of the nozzles being half an inch4 ,three men were required to work each1 which they achieved in this manner3 one man on each side1 grasped the cylinder with one hand and the nozzle with the other2 while the third man worked the piston6 ,those who held the instrument plunged the nozzle into a vessel of water1 the operator then drew back the piston and thus charged the cylinder1 and when it was raised by the bearers into the required position1 he pushed in the piston and forced1 or rather endeavored to force1 the contents upon the fire4,a ,a ,,note4--,we are told that some of these syringes are preserved in one or two of the parish churches4 ,it can excite no surprise that ,london should have been almost wholly destroyed in the great fire of #afff1 when such were the machines upon which the inhabitants chiefly depended for protecting their property and dwellings4 ,if the diminutive size of these instruments be considered1 the number of hands required to work each1 beside others to carry water and vessels for them1 the difficulty and often impossibility of approaching sufficiently near so as to reach the flames with the jet1 the loss of part of the stream at the beginning and end of each stroke of the piston1 and the trifling effect produced--the whole act of using them1 appears rather as a farce4 ,these primitive devices were known as 8hand squirts40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cib4 ,figs4 #cij and #cia show an early form of syringe4 ,a description of it translated from the original ,greek1 written by ,hero of the ancient city of ,alexandria1 reads thus--8,a hollow tube of some length is made1 ,a1 ,b2 into this another tube1 ,c1 ,d1 is nicely fitted1 to the extremity of which is fastened a small plate or piston2 at1 ,d1 is a handle1 ,e1 ,f4 ,cover the orifice1 ,a1 of the tube1 ,a1 ,b1 with a plate in which an extremely fine tube1 ,g1 ,h1 is fixed1 its bore communicating with ,a1 ,b1 through the plate--as a vacuum is thus produced in ,a1 ,b1 something else must enter to fill it1 and as there is no other passage but through the mouth of the small tube we shall of necessity draw up through this any fluid that may be near40 ,fig4 #cib is a copy of an old engraving 7,a4,d4 #aefh7 which shows an 8engine0 of this type sufficiently enlarged to contain a barrel or more of water and as a matter of necessity1 placed on a carriage4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cic4 ,to eject the water uniformly1 the inventor moved the piston by a screw2 and when the cylinder was emptied1 it was refilled through the funnel by an attendant1 as the piston was drawn back by reversing the motion of the crank4 ,when recharged1 the stop cock in the pipe of the funnel was closed and the liquid forced out as before4 ,as flexible pipes of leather1 the 8ball and socket0 and 8goose-neck0 joints had not been introduced1 some mode of changing the direction of the jet of this enormous syringe was necessary4 ,to effect this1 it is represented as suspended on pivots1 fastened in two upright posts3 to these are secured 7see figure7 two semi-circular straps of iron1 whose centers coincide with the axis1 or pivots1 on which the syringe is balanced4 ,a number of holes are made in each1 and are so arranged as to be opposite each other4 ,a bolt is passed through two of these1 and also through a similar hole1 in a piece of metal1 that is firmly secured to the upper part of the open end of the cylinder2 and thus holds the latter in any required position4 ,the iron frame to which the box or female part of the screw is attached1 is made fast to the cylinder2 and it is through a projecting piece on the end of this frame that the bolt is passed4 ,by these means1 any elevation could be given to the nozzle1 and the syringe could be secured by passing the bolt through the piece just mentioned1 and through the corresponding holes in the straps4 ,when a lateral change in the jet was required1 the whole machine was moved by a man at the end of the pole1 as in the figure4 ,jointed feet were attached to the frame which were let down when the engine was at work4 ,fig4 #cic shows an engine for extinguishing fires1 which has come down to us from the times of ,hero1 who thus describes it3 ,,note4--,the siphons used in conflagrations are made as follows4 ,take two vessels of bronze1 ,a ,b ,c ,d1 ,e ,f ,g ,h 7,fig4 #cic71 having the inner surface bored in a lathe to fit a piston 7like the barrels of water-organs71 ,k ,l1 ,m ,n1 being the pistons fitted to the boxes4 ,let the cylinders communicate with each other by means of the tube1 ,x ,o ,d ,f1 and be provided with valves1 ,p1 ,r1 such as have been explained above1 within the tube1 ,x ,o ,d ,f1 and opening outwards from the cylinders4 ,in the bases of the cylinders pierce circular apertures1 ,s1 ,t1 covered with polished hemispherical cups1 ,v ,q1 ,w ,y1 through which insert spindles soldered to1 or in some way connected with1 the bases of the cylinders1 and provided with shoulders at the extremities that the cups may not be forced off the spindles4 ,to the center of the pistons fasten the vertical rods1 ,s ,e1 ,s ,e1 and attach to these the beam ,a ,a1 working1 at its center1 about the stationary pin1 ,d1 and about the pins1 ,b1 ,c1 at the rods1 ,s ,e1 ,s ,e4 ,let the vertical tube1 ,s ,e1 communicate with the tube1 ,x ,o ,d ,f1 branching into two arms at1 ,s1 and provided with small pipes through which to force up water1 such as were explained above in the description of the machine for producing a water-jet by means of the compressed air4 ,now1 if the cylinders1 provided with these additions be plunged into a vessel containing water1 ,i ,j ,u ,z1 and the beam1 ,a ,a1 be made to work at its extremities1 ,a1 ,a1 which move alternately about the pin1 ,d1 the pistons1 as they descend1 will drive out the water through the tube1 ,e ,s1 and the revolving mouth1 ,m4 ,for when the piston1 ,m ,n1 ascends it opens the aperture1 ,t1 as the cup1 ,w ,y1 rises1 and shuts the valve1 ,r2 but when it descends it shuts1 ,t1 and opens1 ,r1 through which the water is driven and forced upwards4 ,the action of the other piston1 ,k ,l1 is the same4 ,now the small pipe1 ,m1 which waves backward and forward1 ejects the water to the required height but not in the required direction1 unless the whole machine be turned round2 which on urgent occasions is a tedious and difficult process4 ,in order therefore1 that the water may be ejected to the spot required1 let the tube1 ,e ,s1 consist of two tubes1 fitting closely together lengthwise1 of which one must be attached to the tube1 ,x ,o ,d ,f1 and the other to the part from which the arms branch off at1 ,s2 and thus1 if the upper tube be turned round1 by the inclination of the mouthpiece1 ,m1 the stream of water can be forced to any spot we please4 ,the upper joint of the double tube must be secured to the lower to prevent its being forced from the machine by the violence of the water4 ,this may be effected by holdfasts in the shape of the letter ,l1 soldered to the upper tube1 and sliding on a ring which encircles the lower4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cid4 7,see page #aji47 ,heron or ,hero was an ,alexandrian mathematician of the #c;d ,century ,b4 ,c4 ,he was the inventor of 8,hero's ,fountain0 in which a jet of water was maintained by condensed air and of a machine acting upon the principle of ,barker's ,mill1 in which the motion was produced by steam4 ,fragments of his works on mechanics have been preserved for more than #bjjj years4 ,lack of space forbids following1 as could be done1 the growth of the modern steam fire engine from these primitive beginnings to its present high point of excellence and widely extended use4 ,wherever civilized men are gathered into towns and cities there can be found this admirable mechanism affording protection to both life and property4 ,the ,working ,parts1 ,the ,boiler1 and ,its facilities for ,transportation are the three essential parts of the one mechanism which combined1 form the steam fire engine4 ,in brief reference to the last qualification1 it may be said that these engines are drawn by hand1 by one or more horses1 or other animals and are self-propelled by both steam and electric power2 again the hose carriage can be drawn by hand1 by horses or can be attached to the engine4 ,the main working parts of the machine can be easily divided into two parts1 the engine and the pump4 ,the boiler in all its details has been designed to meet the requirements peculiar to the fire service and needs a full explanation with illustrations4 ,the auxiliary appliances found necessary for the operation of the modern steam fire engine are large in number2 this is owing to the fact that the machine combines within itself so complete a system for extinguishing fires4 ,the supplies needed for its maintenance and use are also in proportion1 as to quantity and variety1 to its complex make up4 ,the boiler1 which is generally of the upright semi-water tube type1 is combined with the engine by means of a strong iron frame1 which carries all the appliances as well as the driver's seat1 and also forms the body of the truck4 ,illustration3 ,,vertical ,,section4 ,,fig4 #cie4 ,the pumps may be of the reciprocating or rotary type1 and are generally placed in front of the boiler4 ,if of the reciprocating type1 two pumps are placed alongside each other1 and are operated either by a double slide valve or piston valve engine4 ,the piston rods connect directly with the plunger rods and are also connected to a crank shaft by means of either connecting rods or yokes1 the cranks being set at right angles1 so that one pump is always acting1 while the other passes the dead center1 thus giving a practically steady stream4 ,the engine exhausts into the stack1 which gives the necessary draft4 ,some engines are equipped with a boiler feed pump1 others only depend upon an injector1 or feed directly from the main pump4 ,the coal box1 which also forms a platform for the engineer to stand upon while under way1 is placed back of the boiler4 ,all engines are equipped with two suctions and two discharge openings1 so that either side may be connected up4 ,the tool box and driver's seat are in front of the engine4 ,the frame rests upon springs1 to make the machine easy running4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cif4 ,the ,fox ,boiler with which the ,metropolitan and other engines are equipped deserves an extended notice4 ,it is shown in vertical section in ,fig4 #cie1 the arrows indicating the steam and water circulation4 ,its design1 while simple1 embodies some original ideas as to the arrangement of the tube surface method of circulation1 etc42 it is a steam generator of the water tube type designed to meet the requirements peculiar to the fire service4 ,the steam take-off and sectional view of shell with the tube system removed is shown in ,fig4 #cig4 ,,note4--,working pressure can be generated in this boiler in six minutes from cold water1 and the provisions for expansion are so near perfect that no bad effect is noticeable from such severe treatment4 ,the manifold tube sections are tested to #fjj pounds pressure1 and are put together with great care2 the manifolds are counter-bored to admit the full diameter of the tube1 leaving none of the threaded portion exposed4 ,illustration3 ,plan showing ,steam ,take-,off4--,,fig4 #cig4 ,illustration3 ,top ,view of ,empty ,shell1 showing manifold ,beam4--,,fig4 #cih4 ,the boiler consists primarily of a simple annular shell heavily stay-bolted throughout1 and constitutes a water-legged fire-box and steam reservoir2 the principal heating surface of the boiler consists of straight water tubes1 manifolded in sectional form and housed within the shell1 the general scheme providing arrangements to make all connections readily accessible1 and permitting the withdrawal from the boiler of any one or all of the several tube sections2 the shell1 being practically a permanent feature1 need seldom be disturbed by reason of subsequent repairs or renewals of the tube systems4 ,it may be noted that the lower part1 or water leg1 of the shell is contracted for the purpose of facilitating the rapid generation of steam1 and also providing the maximum grate area2 at a point somewhat below the water line of the boiler1 the inner shell is flanged inward1 thereby enlarging the annular space between the inner and outer sheets for the purpose of providing a more copious reservoir4 ,the water line being carried in this larger part of the shell1 tends to prevent the rapid fluctuation of the water level1 and the increased area of its surface at this point is favorable to the disengagement of the steam4 ,illustration3 ,sectional ,unit for ,outer-,tube ,system4 ,,fig4 #cii4 ,illustration3 ,sectional ,unit for ,inner-,tube ,system4 ,,fig4 #djj4 ,when held at its normal point1 the water line protects the flanged part of the inner shell2 but no damage can occur1 either from a willful or an accidental drawing down of the water1 as the spray deflected through the nipples of the outer tubes is sufficient to protect the flange1 although the actual water level is well down in the leg4 ,the steam in contact with the upper part of the shell is by no means dry1 and the heat absorbed at this point is amply sufficient to protect it4 ,to insure a delivery of dry steam to the cylinders1 a peculiar 8take-off0 ring is provided at the highest part of the steam reservoir1 the same encircling the inside sheet of the shell4 ,the upper edge of the ring is perforated at a distant point from the throttle1 and the steam entering the ring chamber in small streams is held in close contact with the hot shell at a point closely adjacent to the upper line of rivets2 the steam by this means is dried during its passage to the throttle1 and the heat thus absorbed serves as a protection to the rivets just referred to4 ,,note4--,the life of both water tubes and fire tubes is generally found disproportionate to the heavier parts used in boiler construction1 and experience shows conclusively that the cost of subsequent maintenance is measured directly by1 and may be diminished by1 the facility with which these indispensable parts may be replaced or repaired in an emergency4 ,the principal heating surface of the boiler is contained in the vertical water tube sections1 which comprise and will be referred to1 as an inner and an outer tube system4 ,the outer system1 embraces the short manifold sections which completely encircle the fire-box walls4 ,the top end of each section is screwed and suspended from the flanged part of the shell1 and the lower end is stayed by direct connection with the leg of the fire-box4 ,the tubes are 8staggered0 in their manifolds1 thereby exposing the greatest possible surface to the fire1 and filling out the space due to the difference in the width of the water-leg and steam space of the shell4 ,the direct application of heat to the tubes causes a natural and active upward current therein1 which in turn induces a corresponding downward movement of the water in the leg of the fire-box1 and promotes the flow into the feed pipes4 ,the inner-tube system comprises those tube sections which extend to the upper limits of the boiler1 their number and arrangement being such as to completely fill the interior of the shell above the space required for the combustion of the fuel4 ,the construction of the vertical inner-tube system is simple1 and consists of the required number of manifold sections1 suitably arranged to conform to the circular space occupied1 the flat inner end of each upper manifold being rigidly bolted to a heavy transverse beam1 which in turn is supported in suitable pockets secured to the upper part of the shell4 ,at the top of the boiler1 each section has its own connection with the steam space1 and it is easy to remove either one of the sections separately without disturbing the others2 or the entire inner-tube system can be raised out of the boiler as a whole1 after breaking the proper connections1 all of which are accessible4 ,the current of steam and water carried over through the top connections of the inner system is generally sufficient to keep the tubes clear of scale2 and the point of discharge and disengagement is brought down low1 to prevent its mixture with the drier steam contained in the highest part of the shell4 ,when connected to a stationary boiler1 as is now the general practice in fire departments1 the circulative currents of water reach all parts of the boiler1 hence its contents may be kept uniformly at any desirable temperature4 ,a stationary heater for the fire engine consists of a small boiler1 placed at some convenient point near the same when in quarters4 ,it is connected with the engine boiler by means of suitable circulating pipes1 the entire arrangement being adapted to supply hot water through pipe connections which separate automatically as the engine leaves the house4 ,illustration3 ,top ,view4--,,fig4 #dja4 ,although the best types of fire engine boilers require but a few minutes' time to generate a working pressure from cold water1 the general adoption of many improvements has made the stationary heater an essential part of a complete equipment4 ,illustration3 ,bottom ,view4--,,fig4 #djb4 ,experience proves that the life of the boiler is prolonged by being kept constantly in a state of activity1 and the elevated temperature of the water insures prompt and efficient work by the steamer at the very time when a few moments' delay may breed disaster4 ,the pumps fitted and adapted to steam fire engines comprise two separate and distinct double acting piston pumps united in a single body and akin in many details to the duplex pump4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #djc4 ,calling in mind the well-known fact1 that1 in drawing a water supply the only power available to bring the fluid under forcing influence of the pump's pistons is the limited pressure of the atmosphere1 therefore the importance of all details concerned in first inducing an entry of the water will be readily conceded4 ,easy and unrestricted 8suction ways0 in direct communication with properly proportioned receiving valves 7and these valves suitably arranged in close proximity to the working barrels of the pump71 are the conditions that must always remain paramount1 and to which all other features must give way1 to safely attain the desirable high piston speeds4 ,the value of perfect1 simple and direct water ways1 the passages1 and all which they imply1 has been studied in the design of this pumping engine4 ,see ,figs4 #djc-djg4 ,the facilities provided for exposing the interior mechanism permits all such parts to be quickly reached for examination1 or detached for renewal or repair1 and this can be done without dismounting the entire pumps or greatly disturbing their exterior attachments4 ,it will be seen1 by reference to the cuts1 that all of the valves can be easily and quickly examined1 and also replaced1 by removing the caps that enclose the chambers2 all joints required for this purpose are made between flat surfaces planed true1 as shown in ,fig4 #djd2 gun metal1 or other suitable composition1 is used and no part of the pump body is subject to wear1 either by friction or corrosion4 ,all valve seats are screwed into place1 and either these or the working barrels of the pump may be readily replaced with new ones1 in case the same should become worn4 ,all stud bolts1 nuts1 etc41 coming in contact with water1 are made of drawn phosphor or ,tobin bronze2 nipples1 piping1 etc41 are of brass4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #djd1 #dje1 #djf and #djg4 ,suction or hydrant connection may be made at either side of the engine2 and1 in operation1 the central core of the pump body is practically a continuation of the suction hose1 and serves to establish a direct communication with the receiving pump valves1 arranged on opposite sides of the chamber4 ,this chamber1 as shown in the sectional view1 ,fig4 #djh1 thus becomes the distributing center1 from which the incoming water flows to the suction valves4 ,the current from the suction is not required to change its general direction1 and but little friction is encountered by the water in its diversion through the pump valves4 ,the position of the suction or receiving valves1 in relation to the water cylinders1 may be understood by reference to ,fig4 #djh1 which shows the same arranged in a cluster around the open ends of the barrels4 ,the suction valve area is large1 and the proportions adopted contribute largely to the smooth running of the pump1 under conditions of speed seldom attempted in ordinary practice4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #djh4 ,the valves in this pump are controlled by improved springs1 the tension of which is at all times the same2 and which are made of phosphor bronze2 the force chambers in opposite ends of the pumps are practically equal1 and1 owing to the close proximity of the valves1 the clearance is reduced to a minimum ,the discharging outlets are elevated above the highest point of the valve chambers1 and the communicating passages are designed to prevent conflicting currents1 and also to permit the pump to free itself promptly of air4 ,the pistons are of a frictionless type1 and in accordance with the usual practice of working double pumps in unison1 the cranks controlling the movements of the pistons are placed at #ij degrees4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dji4 ,a convenient and effective arrangement of suction strainers is shown in ,fig4 #dji4 ,perforated cages are introduced into the suction chambers through the inlets on opposite sides of the pump4 ,the ends of these cages are open1 and a short sleeve1 which is permanently secured within the pump1 serves to support and also to establish communication from one cage to the other4 ,the surface of both cages is1 therefore1 available as a strainer1 and any obstruction entering with the water is carried to the opposite side1 to a point where it can be removed1 without first detaching the suction hose4 ,the driving mechanism supplied with the ,american ,pump is shown by ,figs4 #chi and #cid1 which are perspective views engraved from photographs4 ,it may be noted that the design is practically compact and well balanced1 and embodies many excellent advantages found in no other type of fire engine4 ,the pumps1 steam cylinders and driving parts are built as a unit1 and have no direct connection with the boiler other than the necessary stays and pipe connections1 all of which are readily accessible and visible for inspection at any time4 ,the steam cylinders used in connection with the pumps are of the ordinary slide valve type4 ,the valve chests are easily opened from either side of the engine for examination1 and the valve rods are made from a special composition and can not corrode4 ,the valve motion is simple1 and there is nothing connected with the steam ends that may not be quickly understood4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #daj4 ,,maximum ,,dimensions ,,of ,,steam ,,fire ,,engines4 ,,length ,,over ,,all4 ,,width ,,height ,,size ,,of ,,engine4 ------------------------- ,,over ,,hubs4 ,,over ,,dome4 ,,with ,,pole ,,without ,,pole ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,double ,extra ,first#be ft4 #c in4#aj ft4 #f ft4 #g in4#aj ft4 ,extra ,first #bd ft4 #aj in4#i ft4 #aj in4#f ft4 #e in4#i ft4 #aj in4 ,first #bd ft4 #e in4#i ft4 #f in4#f ft4 #b in4#i ft4 #f in4 ,second #bc ft4 #aa in4#i ft4 #a in4#f ft4 #i ft4 #a in4 ,third #bc ft4 #b in4#h ft4 #aa in4#e ft4 #i in4#h ft4 #aa in4 ,fourth #bb ft4 #aa in4#h ft4 #g in4#e ft4 #i in4#h ft4 #g in4 ,fifth #bb ft4 #c in4#h ft4 #e in4#e ft4 #f in4#h ft4 #e in4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,appurtenances4 ,in addition to such special fixtures as may be necessary for their proper working1 the following articles are a part of each engine3 ,smooth bore rubber suction hose1 carried in substantial brackets on the machine and fitted with suitable couplings1 hydrant connections and interchangeable outside suction strainer4 ,polished copper vacuum and air chambers4 ,fuel pan of ample capacity4 ,detachable footboard1 for the engineer and an assistant4 ,driver's seat1 for either one or two men4 ,seat cushion4 ,whip socket4 ,blanket holders1 when desired4 ,foot brake1 to operate from front or rear4 ,horse pole1 with whiffletrees4 ,trace and pole chains or straps with patent snaps4 ,gong attached to driver's footboard or ,locomotive bell mounted over steam cylinders4 ,steam signal whistle4 ,grate bars1 dumping or stationary pattern4 ,stationary sprinkler1 for wetting ashes under grate4 ,pop safety valves4 ,variable regulator for exhaust nozzles4 ,auxiliary steam blast into chimney4 ,nickel-plated brass chimney dome and bands around boiler4 ,two steam pressure gauges4 ,water pressure gauge4 ,glass water gauge on boiler with extra tube4 ,try cocks on boiler4 ,brass feed pump for boiler4 ,auxiliary feed to boiler from main pumps4 ,churn valve1 for feeding boiler when streams are shut off4 ,necessary air1 drain and pet cocks4 ,surface blower from water line of boiler4 ,blow-off cocks and cleaning plugs in fire-box leg4 ,cleaning and 8thaw0 hose with connections4 ,regrinding throttle valve1 with drain cock attached4 ,automatic or sight-feed lubricators4 ,cylinder oil cups4 ,necessary oil cups and lubricating devices4 ,hand oil cans4 ,three-pint reservoir cans for cylinder and lubricating oil4 ,keepers1 attached to all stuffing-box nuts4 ,poker1 shovel and other stoking tools4 ,fire department hand lanterns1 carried in brackets4 ,adjustable screw wrenches4 ,universal spanner for slotted nuts4 ,hose spanner4 ,hammer4 ,tool box1 with all necessary monkey-wrenches1 cold chisels1 and files4 ,two polished play pipes and nozzles4 ,stop valves next to boiler and flow and return pipes for use with stationary ,fire ,engine ,heaters4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #daa4 ,,the ,,silsby ,,rotary ,,steam ,,fire ,,engine4 ,the distinguishing feature of this engine will be found in the fact that1 in both the cylinder and pump1 the rotary type is substituted for the reciprocating or piston principle4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dab4 ,the larger sizes of these engines1 ,fig4 #daa1 are hung on platform truck springs in front and on half-elliptic springs in the rear1 and are braced and stayed to withstand violent shocks in the rapid driving over pavements4 ,although fitted to be drawn by horses only1 they can be supplied with rope reel and drag rope4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dac4 ,the ,silsby steam cylinder consists of two rotary pistons or cams1 mounted on steel shafts and working together within an elliptical steam-tight case4 ,live steam from the boiler enters at the bottom of this case1 and in its passage presses apart their long teeth or abutments1 causes the two cams to rotate1 and exhausts from the top into the tank and feed-water heater2 these cams are provided with teeth or cogs1 adapted to mesh with corresponding recesses in each other1 so that a steam tight joint is maintained between them and leakage thereby prevented from passing directly upward into the exhaust4 ,the sides of these cams have their arcs turned to fit the heads of the case1 and are so adjusted that1 while being practically steam tight1 allowance is made for expansion and contraction4 ,in the ends of the longest teeth of the revolving cams are placed removable packing strips1 which are forced outward into contact with the cylinder walls by means of springs4 ,these packing strips may be removed through openings in the sides of the cylinder1 and readjusted to take up the wear1 which is confined to the ends of these adjustable strips4 ,this can be done without taking the pump or cylinder apart4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dad4 ,the construction of the pump is similar to that of the cylinder2 in this there are three long teeth in each cam instead of two4 ,one shaft of the pump is coupled to the corresponding shaft of the cylinder1 there being outside gears on both cylinder and pump to compel a uniform motion of the cams and to equalize the pressure4 ,this construction secures a transmission of power at once direct and positive in ,fig4 #dab4 ,the stuffing-boxes1 used on both cylinder and pump1 are self-adjusting1 reduce friction and insure tightness4 ,valves are entirely absent from the pump and cylinder4 ,the water ways being large1 anything liable to enter the suction will pass through the pump without injury or interruption2 the pump requires no priming1 but when started will immediately without the aid of a check valve lift water vertically any required distance up to #bi feet4 ,the construction of the boiler ordinarily supplied with this engine is shown in ,figs4 #dad-dae4 ,in the fire-box hangs a series of circulating water tubes arranged in concentric circles and securely screwed into the crown sheet4 ,these drop tubes are closed at their lower ends by means of wrought-iron plugs welded in1 and within each of them is placed a much smaller and thinner tube1 which latter is open at both ends4 ,the cooler water in the boiler descends through the inner tube and is thus brought directly into the hottest part of the furnace1 whence1 after being for the most part converted into steam1 it ascends through the annular spaces between these inner and outer tubes4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dae4 ,the gases of combustion pass from the fire box to the stack through smoke flues1 the lower ends of which are expanded into the crown sheet1 and the upper ends into the top head of the boiler4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #daf4 ,,table ,,of ,,effective ,,fire ,,streams4 ,,using #ajj ,,feet ,,of #b-a_/b-;,,inch ,,ordinary ,,best ,,quality ,,rubber-,,lined ,,hose ,,between ,,nozzle ,,and ,,hydrant1 ,,or ,,pump4 ,smooth ,nozzle1 ,size #c_/d-;inch4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,pressure at ,hydrant1 lbs4 #cb #dc #ed #fe #ge #hf ,pressure at ,nozzle1 lbs4 #cj #dj #ej #fj #gj #hj ,pressure ,lost in #ajj feet1 #b-a_/b-;inch ,hose1 lbs4 #b #c #d #e #e #f ,vertical ,height1 feet #dh #fj #fg #gb #gf #gi ,horizontal ,distance1 feet #cg #dd #ej #ed #eh #fb ,gallons ,discharged per ,minute #ijajdaafabgacgadg ,smooth ,nozzle1 ,size #g_/h-;inch4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,pressure at ,hydrant1 lbs4 #cd #df #eg #fi #hj #ia ,pressure at ,nozzle1 lbs4 #cj #dj #ej #fj #gj #hj ,pressure ,lost in #ajj feet1 #b-a_/b-;inch ,hose1 lbs4 #d #f #g #i #aj #aa ,vertical ,height1 feet #di #fb #ga #gg #ha #he ,horizontal ,distance1 feet #db #di #ee #fa #ff #gj ,gallons ,discharged per ,minute #abcadbaeiagdahhbja ,smooth ,nozzle1 ,size #a-;inch4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,pressure at ,hydrant1 lbs4 #cg #ej #fb #ge #hgajj ,pressure at ,nozzle1 lbs4 #cj #dj #ej #fj #gj #hj ,pressure ,lost in #ajj feet1 #b-a_/b-;inch ,hose1 lbs4 #g #aj #ab #ae #ag #bj ,vertical ,height1 feet #ea #fd #gc #gi #he #hi ,horizontal ,distance1 feet #dg #ee #fa #fg #gb #gf ,gallons ,discharged per ,minute #afaahfbjhbbhbdfbfc ,smooth ,nozzle1 ,size #a-a_/h-;inch4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,pressure at ,hydrant1 lbs4 #db #ef #gj #hd #ihaab ,pressure at ,nozzle1 lbs4 #cj #dj #ej #fj #gj #hj ,pressure ,lost in #ajj feet1 #b-a_/b-;inch ,hose1 lbs4 #ab #af #bj #bd #ah #cb ,vertical ,height of ,stream1 feet #eb #fe #ge #hc #hh #ib ,horizontal ,dist4 of ,stream1 feet #ej #ei #ff #gb #gg #ha ,gallons ,discharged per ,minute #bjfbchbffbiacadccf ,smooth ,nozzle1 ,size #a-a_/d-;inch4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,pressure at ,hydrant1 lbs4 #di #fe #ha #igaacabi ,pressure at ,nozzle1 lbs4 #cj #dj #ej #fj #gj #hj ,pressure ,lost in #ajj feet1 #b-a_/b-;inch ,hose1 lbs4 #i #be #ca #cg #dc #di ,vertical ,height of ,stream1 feet #ec #fg #gg #he #ia #ie ,horizontal ,dist4 of ,stream1 feet #ed #fc #gj #gf #ha #he ,gallons ,discharged per ,minute #befbifccacfccibdai ,smooth ,nozzle1 ,size #a-c_/h-;inch4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,pressure at ,hydrant1 lbs4 #eh #gg #ifaafaceaed ,pressure at ,nozzle1 lbs4 #cj #dj #ej #fj #gj #hj ,pressure ,lost in #ajj feet1 #b-a_/b-;inch ,hose1 lbs4 #bh #cg #df #ef #fe #gd ,vertical ,height of ,stream1 feet #ee #fi #gi #hg #ib #ig ,horizontal ,dist4 of ,stream1 feet #ef #ff #gc #gi #hd #hh ,gallons ,discharged per ,minute #caecfcdjfddedhjead ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,n4,b4--,mr4 ,,john ,r4 ,,freeman1 member of the ,new ,england ,waterworks ,association1 should have the credit of this carefully arranged table4--,see also page #abe for data relating to ,nozzles4 ,the ,clapp ,jones piston engine in design has features peculiar to itself2 ,fig4 #daf represents one of six sizes1 adapted particularly to city service4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dag4 ,the illustrations1 ,figs4 #dag and #dah1 show the vertical pump as built for the larger engines3 namely1 the sizes known as ,extra ,first1 ,first1 ,second1 ,third and ,fourth4 ,the complete engine corresponding to the detailed views is shown by ,fig4 #daf on the preceding page4 ,the principal details are very clear in this engraving4 ,the steam and water ends1 together with the crank and reciprocating mechanism1 are compactly arranged and the complete structure which comprises these parts is rigidly self-contained4 ,the steam cylinders and valve chest are cast in a single piece and while this part is firmly secured to the boiler1 all steam and exhaust connections are entirely independent of these fastenings4 ,the ,clapp boiler is represented in ,fig4 #dai4 ,reference to the annexed illustration makes clear the special features of this boiler1 which consist chiefly of a series of spiral water-tube coils arranged within the fire-box4 ,the coils are of copper and are produced by the seamless drawn process4 ,each coil is connected separately to the boiler1 and the spiral form of these tubes permits freedom for expansion and contraction without strain on the terminal joints4 ,the connections and the ends of the tubes are made by means of threaded nipples1 jam nuts and corrugated copper washers1 and the joints thus made insure tightness1 yet admit of ready disconnection at any time4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dah4 ,the lower ends of the coil tubes are directly joined to the hollow fire-box walls and the upper terminals are arranged to discharge the circulated water over the crown sheet4 ,this upward movement of the water within the spiral coils is caused by the application of heat to the outer surfaces of the tubes1 and the circulation thus set up induces a corresponding downward action in the leg of the boiler4 ,the circulation1 therefore1 continues without interruption so long as fire is maintained on the grate4 ,in operating this boiler the water should be carried a few inches above the level of the crown sheet1 but owing to the protection afforded by the constant distribution of water over the crown sheet1 the limit of safety is not reached until the water is nearly out of the fire-box leg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dai4 ,an improvement in the design of this boiler is the water-circulating deflector1 which was devised to occupy the central space within the coil tubes4 ,this deflector comprises an additional sectional unit1 and its action coincides with the functions served by the coil tubes4 ,the prime object of this device is to break up and direct the gases of combustion in a manner that adds to the heat-absorbing qualities of the coil tubes4 ,see ,figs4 #dbj1 #dba4 ,extending from the crown sheet to the top head are the smoke flues1 which are securely expanded at both ends1 and through which the gases of combustion pass from the fire box to the stack4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dbj4 ,the ,clapp ,jones ,village ,engine4 ,by the illustrations1 ,figs4 #dbb1 #dbc1 #dbd1 etc41 it will be noted that the cylinders and pumps are disposed horizontally and are fitted in a self-contained manner between bars1 which also serve as the main frame of the engine4 ,the steam cylinders are #h inches diameter2 the pumps #d-c_/h inches1 and the stroke common to both is #g inches4 ,these sizes are properly proportioned for effective work and the boiler power provided is ample to drive the pumping mechanism to its rated capacity of #djj gallons per minute4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dba4 ,the pumps are fitted with gates permitting two lines of hose to be worked either independently or at the same time without interference4 ,the machine is mounted on half-elliptic springs1 front and rear1 and the weight of the boiler and pumps is distributed equally over both axles4 ,the front pair of wheels turn completely under the goose necks1 and the engine can therefore be turned on either hind wheel as a pivot4 ,the arch of the main frames under which the wheels pass in turning is immediately forward of the boiler1 and the advantage to be noted in this connection is the reduction in the over-all length of the entire machine4 ,the front axle is equipped with a rope reel1 and the pole is arranged for either hand or horse draft4 ,the wheels are fitted with brakes1 which are operated from the rear footboard4 ,the engine weighs about #d1djj pounds4 ,a detail description of the pump and valve gear follows4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dbb4 ,the valve gear of the ,clapp ,jones village engine is simple yet controls the moving mechanism of the two pumps working in unison4 ,each pump is driven directly by its own steam cylinder1 and the steam valves are actuated by the positive movement of the opposite piston rod4 ,the principle is substantially the same as practiced in the 8,duplex0 pump construction1 and may be readily understood by reference to the detailed views which are given of these parts in other portions of this work4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dbc4 ,the steam cylinders and pump are self-contained1 and aside from the distinctive difference in the reciprocating gear the design of the steam and water ends does not differ from the vertical engines of the ,clapp ,jones type4 ,on these engines intended for use in cold climates a 8thaw-pipe0 is attached1 at the engineer's side1 inside the frame1 and is used in extremely cold weather to prevent the feed-pump1 as well as the main pump and connecting pipes1 from freezing4 ,it is operated by means of a small globe valve4 ,if it is desired to warm the main pump1 the two-way cock used in feeding the boiler should be turned as when feeding directly from the main pump1 when steam will have access both to the main pump and the feed-pump2 but care must be observed not to heat the main pump too warm4 ,when the two-way cock is closed1 and also when it is open as when feeding from the tank1 the steam goes only to the feed-pump4 ,after using it to warm the main pump1 the two-way cock1 should be closed2 otherwise1 if the check-valve should happen to stick fast1 the water would pass out of the boiler through the main pump4 ,always keep the globe valve closed when not in use4 ,it will be observed that the vacuum chamber upon the suction pipe is located within the air chamber upon the discharge passage4 ,the valves of this pump are formed by heavy rubber rings which surround the pump barrel1 as shown in ,fig4 #dbc1 therefore there can be no hammering of these valves when the pump is at work4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dbd4 ,the rubber rings have slots cut into them at each side of each valve so that each valve can open and close without stretching the rubber bands4 ,the steam valve is of the well-known rocker type4 ,the plungers have no packing excepting water4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dbe4--,see page #abb4 ,,nozzles4 ,the sizes of nozzles named below will give the most satisfactory results1 those in italics being the ones best adapted for fire duty4 ,also see page #ic for standard sizes of steam fire engines and page #aag for table of effective ,fire ,streams4 #a1 ,extra first size engine4--#a1ajj to #a1aej gallons capacity4 ,through short lines of hose3 ,one #a-a_/b-;inch smooth-bore nozzle1 for one stream2 one #a-c_/d-;inch ring nozzle1 or one #b-;inch ring3 nozzle2 #a-e_/af-;inch ring nozzles for two streams4 ,with #a1jjj feet of hose1 one #a-e_/af-;inch ring nozzle4 #b1 ,first size engine4--#ijj to #a1jjj gallons capacity4 ,through short lines of hose3 ,one #a-c_/h-;inch smooth-bore nozzle1 for one stream2 one #a-a_/b-;inch ring nozzle1 or one #a-e_/h-;inch ring nozzle2 #a-a_/d-;inch ring nozzles for two streams4 ,with #a1jjj feet of hose1 one #a-a_/d-;inch ring nozzle4 #c1 ,second size engine4--#gjj to #hjj gallons capacity4 ,through short lines of hose3 ,one #a-a_/d-;inch smooth-bore nozzle1 for one stream2 one #a-c_/h-;inch ring nozzle1 or one #a-a_/b-;inch ring nozzle2 #a-a_/h-;inch ring nozzles for two streams4 ,with #a1jjj feet of hose1 one #a-a_/h-;inch ring nozzle4 #d1 ,third size engine4--#fjj to #fej gallons capacity4 ,through1 short lines of hose3 ,one #a-a_/h-;inch smooth-bore nozzle1 for one stream2 one #a-a_/d-;inch ring nozzle1 or one #a-c_/h-;inch ring nozzle2 #a-;inch ring nozzles for two streams4 ,with #a1jjj feet of hose1 one #a-;inch ring nozzle4 #e1 ,fourth size engine4--#ejj to #eej gallons capacity4 ,through short lines of hose3 ,one #a-a_/af-;inch smooth-bore nozzle1 for one stream2 one #a-a_/h-;inch ring nozzle1 or one #a-a_/d-;inch ring nozzle2 #g_/h-;inch ring nozzles for two streams4 ,with #a1jjj feet of hose1 one #a-;inch ring nozzle4 #f1 ,fifth and sixth size engines4--#cjj to #dej gallons capacity4 ,through short lines of hose3 ,one #a-;inch smooth-bore nozzle1 for one stream2 one #a-;inch ring nozzle1 or one #a-a_/h-;inch ring nozzle1 #g_/h-;inch ring nozzles for two streams4 ,with #a1jjj feet of hose1 one #g_/h-;inch ring nozzle4 ,the ,ahrens steam fire engine is not presented as a whole1 but ,figs4 #dbf-dbh show parts of this interesting and widely known apparatus4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dbf4 ,the boiler1 ,fig4 #dbf1 is radically different from others1 and the special features making it so popular in the past are the absence of a crown sheet and smoke flues1 coupled with the advantageous manner in which the water-tube coil sections can be withdrawn from the containing shell of the boiler4 ,the peculiar arrangement of the tubes compels a forced circulation of the water1 and for which purpose an independent steam pump is provided4 ,water drawn from the fire-box leg is forced through the water tubes1 and this relation between the circulating pump and the other elements of the boiler will be more readily understood by reference to the illustrations1 where ,fig4 #dbf is a sectional1 #dbg a top1 and #dbh a bottom view4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dbg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dbh4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dbi4--,see page #ada4 ,,instructions ,,and ,,suggestions4 ,the fire engine is essentially an apparatus adapted to emergencies1 and owing to the intermittent nature of the duty performed1 it is quite likely1 unless the proper precautions are observed1 that its several parts1 more especially its interior mechanism1 will suffer more deterioration while standing idle than from actual service4 ,it is necessary that these interior parts1 as well as those more readily apparent1 be cared for with a view of keeping them constantly in condition to endure the most severe and protracted strains at the shortest notice4 ,while standing in the house1 the engine should at all times be kept ready for immediate service1 with shavings and kindlings in the fire-box1 and as much kindlings and coal in the fuel pan as can be conveniently carried4 ,in winter1 if no heater is attached to the engine1 the room must be kept warm1 to insure against frost4 ,the machine should be started gradually1 but before doing so the engineer ought to satisfy himself that the joints and connections in the suction hose are air tight1 that the discharge gate is open1 the churn valve closed1 that the fire has been properly attended to1 the cylinder cocks open1 the exhaust nearly closed1 and all the bearings and journals well oiled1 and the wheels properly blocked1 especially if the engine is standing on a grade4 ,the automatic air cocks on the upper pump heads must be opened immediately after starting4 ,they serve to promptly relieve the upper pump discharge chambers of air1 and may be closed as soon as water escapes from their orifices4 ,when cylinder condensation has nearly ceased1 the engine being warm1 the drain cocks should be closed and the machine speeded up gradually until a good pressure of steam is obtained4 ,until the engineer has had some experience with the machine1 and is familiar with its workings1 it is not advisable to use more than #ij or #ajj pounds of steam1 which is all that is required for ordinary fire duty2 the necessity for more than #abj pounds will probably never arise4 ,the stuffing-boxes of the engine and pump should be carefully packed4 ,all of the bearings and journals1 as well as the oil cans1 should be well supplied with good oil4 ,the best mineral engine oil is recommended for this purpose1 as it does not gum or change its viscosity with variations in the temperature of the atmosphere1 and it will endure a higher temperature than animal or fish oil without injury4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dcj4--,see page #ada4 ,the engineer should keep all joints tight1 the stuffing-boxes properly packed1 and all bearings thoroughly oiled4 ,if the journal boxes or other working parts require taking up1 remember that a little play is preferable to a close adjustment liable to cripple the engine at a critical moment4 ,to insure perfect safety1 always thoroughly test the apparatus after making such repairs1 by subjecting the parts affected1 to the strains usually encountered in actual service4 ,the principal requirement of the steam cylinders and slide valves is proper and constant lubrication4 ,let this one item be attended to1 and its mechanism will practically take care of itself for many years4 ,the joints and connections in the suction must be perfectly tight4 ,before laying the fire1 see that the grate and fire-box are clean1 also that the grate bars are fast1 so they will not be liable to jar out1 and that all the steam outlets of the boiler are tightly closed4 ,lay on the grate some dry pine shavings--not too many--spread evenly over the grate1 with a few hanging down between the bars2 on the shavings put some finely-split pine or hemlock wood1 then some a little coarser1 and finally a quantity coarser still4 ,it is well to put on the top some finely-split hard wood4 ,these kindlings must all be dry and split--not sawed--and should be put in loosely1 in layers1 the layers being crossed1 so that there will be a free circulation of air between them4 ,to light the fire3 ,apply torch 7described in page #ace7 below the grate1 never in the door2 and while doing so move the torch around to insure thoroughly igniting the shavings4 ,when there is a pressure of #dj to #fj pounds of steam1 begin throwing in coal1 a little at a time1 broken up in pieces about the size of a man's fist4 ,bituminous coal should be used1 the same as that from which illuminating gas is made4 ,it should be of the very best quality1 and very free burning4 ,do not put the wood or coal all close to the fire door1 but scatter it about and spread it evenly over the grate4 ,as soon as the engine is started1 coal should be put on often1 a little at a time1 and the grate should be kept covered1 but not thickly--say to a depth of three or four inches4 ,be particular to fire evenly and regularly1 taking care to cover air holes through the fire1 and to keep the fire door closed as much as possible4 ,the grate bars should be kept well raked out from below1 and the fire and coal occasionally stirred off the grate bars inside the fire-box1 using the flat side of the poker for the latter operation4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dca4--,see page #ach4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dcb4--,see page #ach4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dcc4--,see page #aci4 ,the water in the boiler should be carried as high as six or eight inches in the glass tube as soon as the engine gets fairly to work and a good pressure of steam is raised4 ,the gauges will indicate more water in the boiler when the machine is running than it will with the same quantity of water if it is not at work1 owing to the expansion of water by the application of heat4 ,if there is a tendency to foam1 the feed should be increased and the surface blow-off opened quite frequently to relieve the boiler of the scum and surplus water4 ,if the foaming is unusually violent1 it may be subdued by stopping the engine for a few moments and permitting the water to settle4 ,during temporary stops the fire should be cleaned1 by removing the clinkers and the moving parts of the machinery examined and oiled4 ,the boiler is usually fed by force pumps1 the plungers of which are secured directly to the yokes of the main engines4 ,both pumps are arranged to work in unison2 and the supply is generally taken from the discharging chamber of the main pumps1 and is controlled by an ordinary globe valve4 ,should the water being delivered by the main pumps be unsuitable for feeding the boiler1 this valve must remain closed1 and a supply from a barrel or tank introduced through the connection provided for that purpose4 ,when feeding the boiler1 it is a good plan to occasionally feel the pipe leading from check to boiler with the hand1 as one can tell by this means whether the pump is feeding properly4 ,if feeding all right1 the pipe will be cool4 ,if the pipe is hot1 the pump is not feeding properly1 try the pet cock4 ,always keep a good torch1 ready for use1 in the fuel pan4 ,this can be made by tying some cotton waste on one end of a stick about two feet long and saturating the waste with kerosene oil4 ,the kindling should be carefully prepared1 and the quantity carried sufficient to generate a working pressure in the boiler before coal is added to the fire4 ,care should be taken not to use too large nozzles if two or more streams are being thrown4 ,owing to the contracted diameter of fire hose1 the flow of the water is retarded2 the loss of power due to friction increases directly with the length of the line and nearly as the square of velocity4 ,in other words1 if the loss due to a given flow be #ab pounds for #ajj feet of hose1 then #bd pounds will be required to maintain the same rate through an additional #ajj feet4 ,to double the velocity will require four times the pressure1 or #dh pounds for #ajj feet and #if pounds for #bjj feet4 ,from this brief explanation1 it must be plain that the capacity of any engine is diminished as the length of the line of hose is increased4 ,for this reason1 the greater the lift the smaller the stream that can be thrown effectively1 and the size of nozzle used should depend upon the height the water is draughted1 reducing it one-eighth inch for every five feet above a lift of ten feet4 ,if the engine uses a #a-a_/d-;inch nozzle for ordinary work1 it will answer for any lift up to #aj feet4 ,if water has to be draughted #ae feet1 a #a-a_/h-;inch nozzle should be used2 if #bj feet1 #a-;inch2 and if #be feet1 #g_/h-;inch4 ,never start a fire unless one full gauge cock of water appears in the boiler4 ,the suction basket or strainer should always be attached when draughting water1 and every precaution taken to insure tight connections in the suction4 ,the basket must be kept well under the surface1 to avoid clogging if the water be foul4 ,when the supply is taken from a hydrant1 the valve should be fully turned on2 if opened before water is wanted through the hose the discharge gates on the pumps must be closed4 ,unless the pressure is excessive1 the hydrant is usually permitted to remain open while the steamer is attached1 the discharge during temporary stops being controlled by the pump gates4 ,the apparatus should always be halted1 or placed at a proper point1 with reference to the source of the water supply4 ,when attached to a hydrant or plug1 do not run the engine faster than the water will flow to supply the pump1 and if the supply is not sufficient to allow the pump to work to its full capacity1 avoid using too large nozzles4 ,the safety of life and property is very often dependent upon the skill and good judgment of the engineer1 and as the maximum effect of such apparatus is generally required at the most critical time and under the most exciting circumstances1 it is important that the endeavor by constant and persistent practice to acquire that confidence and proficiency that will insure a correct and decisive action in all matters pertaining to the management of the machine4 ,from three-fourths to one inch of water should be indicated in the glass gauge1 except when there is a heater attached to the engine1 then from four to five inches should be carried4 ,the bottom of the glass tube being on a line with the crown-sheet1 when one inch of water shows in the tube1 the water-line in the boiler is then one inch above the crown-sheet4 ,it is advisable occasionally--say once a month--in towns where fires are not frequent1 to fire up and take the engine out for practice and drill1 and to make sure that it is in proper working order1 after which the boiler should be blown off and refilled with fresh water1 as hereinafter directed4 ,every engine required to pump salt water1 or other water unfit for the boiler supply1 should be provided with a fresh-water feed tank4 ,the purpose of the automatic air cock 7if there is one7 is to prevent the rattling of the check valves when the pumps are being only partially filled2 if the supply is to be drawn from a barrel or tank1 the entrance of air through this cock must be prevented4 ,when draughting the water1 bear in mind that the greater the perpendicular lift the less the quantity of water which can be pumped1 remembering that it is the pressure of the atmosphere which forces the water into the pump1 and not any power exerted by the pump itself1 which simply produces the vacuum4 ,thus1 the nearer the surface of the water the greater the velocity with which it enters the pump1 while the higher the pump the weaker the pressure and the less the quantity of water which enters it1 and at a height of about #cj feet no water at all will go into the pump4 ,if it is suspected that one of the joints in the suction is loose1 the speed of the engine may be slackened without stopping entirely1 until water is thrown eight or ten feet from the nozzle1 when if the pump is taking air the stream will snap and crack instead of flowing out smoothly4 ,if it is found that the pump is taking air through the suction1 and the leak cannot be located in any other way1 it may be found by removing the suction basket and turning the end of the suction up higher than the top of the pump1 and then filling it with water4 ,the water will be forced out through the joints wherever loose1 and leaks can be found in this way4 ,the principal object of the churn valve is to permit the operation of the pumps without discharging any water through the natural channels2 it controls a passage by which the discharging side of the pumps is connected with the suction chamber4 ,in draughting water1 when the pumps are first started1 this valve must remain closed until the pumps are filled with water1 thereby excluding the air which would find its way into the suction chamber if the same were open4 ,it should also be closed when the pumps are at rest1 to prevent the dropping of the water into the suction pipe4 ,when the engine is put to suction1 acquire the habit of feeling this valve to assure its complete closure4 ,if there is anything about the engine that is not fully understood1 or if it fails to do its work properly from any cause1 the maker should be communicated with at once2 inquiries are promptly answered1 and usually required information or suggestions are cheerfully furnished4 ,,the ,,american ,,steam ,,fire ,,engine4 ,the number of appliances and special devices used on and about a steam fire engine is not large1 as it is the aim of both designers and builders to simplify the machine as much as possible without diminishing its efficiency4 ,fig4 #dcd is an appliance known as the ,siamese connection4 ,it is used for stand pipes attached to the outside of buildings1 etc41 and also as a detail of the fire pump4 ,its use is to lead off two lines of hose4 ,the valve shown in the figure1 closes automatically in case of stoppage of one of the engines or the bursting of the hose4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #dcd1 #dce4 ,fig4 #dce exhibits an approved form of strainer for the bottom of the suction pipe4 ,the ,american steam fire engine pump is shown in ,figs4 #dca and #dcb4 ,fig4 #dca being the front view1 one side of it shown in section1 exposing the interior parts for explanation1 and ,fig4 #dcb1 representing the side elevation1 also in section4 ,the pumps1 which are double acting1 are united in a gun-metal casting1 which forms a single body for both1 and permits them to be placed much closer as to centers than could otherwise be done4 ,this method provides an ample suction-chamber which is common to both4 ,in cross section the pump somewhat resembles a box girder4 ,this peculiarity of the pump's combined form furnishes a rigid base for the entire structure1 simplifies the driving mechanism and enables it to endure extraordinary strains without vibration4 ,it will be seen by reference to the cuts that any of the valves can be easily and quickly examined1 and1 if necessary1 replaced1 by simply removing the caps and heads4 ,the pump barrels are provided with removable linings1 which can readily be replaced with new ones in case the same should become worn after years of service4 ,these1 as well as the valve seats1 are made of gun metal1 no cast iron or other material subject to corrosion by water being used in any part of the pumps4 ,both the suction and discharge valves are supplied with improved valve springs1 the tension of which is1 at all times1 the same2 and being made of phosphor bronze1 the springs retain their elasticity and will not corrode4 ,the steam cylinders used in connection with this pump are of the ordinary slide-valve type1 with which most mechanics are familiar1 and are thus easily repaired when necessary4 ,the cylinders and pumps are detached from the boiler1 and are separated therefrom sufficiently to allow every facility for getting at each and every part4 ,all connections1 both steam and water1 are made outside of the boiler4 ,the ,la ,france steam fire engine pump is shown in outline in ,fig4 #dcc1 which consists of a double plain slide-valve engine1 operating a double pump4 ,the steam piston rod of each side connects with its pump rod1 by means of square bars1 two of which are on each side of the crank shaft4 ,the crank is operated by the cross-head through a connecting rod2 the arrangement of these parts can be seen in ,fig4 #dcc4 ,the cross-head guide is entirely done away with1 as the stiffness of the connection between the two piston rods takes the thrust of the connecting rod4 ,the pump barrel is enclosed by an outer casing4 ,the space between barrel and casing is always kept filled with water which is supplied through the suction pipe4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dcf4 ,when the pump barrel is being filled with water the suction valves are lifted from their seats1 which allows the water to pass into the space between the valve-seat plates and thence into the pump barrel4 ,when the pump barrel is being emptied the suction valves are closed while the discharge valves are open1 which allows the water to pass into a triangular shaped space between the front plate and valve-seat plates thence upward to the discharge pipe4 ,the suction and discharge valve of this pump being all grouped together1 it is only necessary to remove the plates which can be seen1 ,fig4 #dcc1 bolted to the front of the pumps and form part of the outer casing2 these plates are in front of the pump and may be quickly unscrewed by a ,t wrench4 ,the ,amoskeag steam fire engine is shown in the views 7,figs4 #dbi and #dcj on pages #abh and #acj74 ,this world widely known machine is made by the ,manchester ,locomotive ,works at ,manchester1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,the former cut represents the extra first1 first1 second1 third and fourth size double steam fire engine of this make4 ,they have 8crane-neck0 frames and are arranged for horse draft and are mounted upon ,endicott's patent platform springs4 ,the effect of this improvement is that the draft strain is transmitted directly from the horses to the axles1 the springs bearing no part of this draft strain4 ,fig4 #dcj shows the 8fifth0 size1 also with 8crane-necked0 frame and made for either horse or hand draft4 ,the boiler used is upright and tubular in style1 is made of the best quality of steel plate1 with seamless copper tubes1 thoroughly riveted and stayed2 it is simple in its construction1 and for strength1 durability1 accessibility for repairs1 and its capacity for generating steam1 has passed a most critical test4 ,for engines of the second size and larger1 the boilers expand downwards at the crown sheet of the fire-box1 thus increasing the grate surface and consequently the steaming capacity of the boiler4 ,the connections with the steam cylinders are simple1 direct and of good capacity1 peculiarly accessible for repairs1 and have the great advantage of being entirely unexposed to the air4 ,the steam cylinders of the single engines are made in one casting2 they are secured to the boiler framing1 and covered with a lagging of wood1 with a metallic jacket on the outside4 ,the pump for the double engines is made entirely of composition1 and its main shell is also in one casting4 ,it is vertical double acting2 its valves are vertical in their action2 the water-ways are free and direct1 and the valves accessible1 so that examination or renewal of these parts may be quickly made4 ,the pump is arranged for receiving suction hose on either side1 and has outlets also on either side for receiving the leading hose4 ,self-propelled steam fire engines are well adapted for city service4 ,in ,fig4 #dcf is shown a double extra1 first size self-propelling engine of the ,amoskeag pattern4 ,the road driving power is applied from one end of the main crank shaft1 through an equalizing compound and two endless chains running over sprocket-wheels on each of the main rear wheels1 permitting these rear wheels to be driven at varying speeds as when turning corners4 ,the driving power is made reversible1 so that the engine may be driven either forward or backward on the road at will4 ,the steering of the engine is effected by means of a steering hand wheel at the front1 adjusting the front axle through a system of bevel and worm gearing1 so arranged that the constant exertion of the steersman is not required to keep the wheels in line on the road4 ,by the removal of a key the driving power may be disconnected from the road driving gearing1 when it is desired to work the pumps when the engine is standing still4 ,,miscellaneous ,,pumps ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dcg4 7,see page #adf47 ,,mining ,,pumps4 ,there are certain well-known difficulties and contingencies in installing and operating mine pumps3 #a1 ,the location of the mine is usually remote from supplies and any renewals or repairs which may be needed1 are liable to be attended with excessive costs and delays2 #b1 ,the nature of the water in the mines is so highly acidulous that corrosion takes place in an incredibly small space of time4 ,the action of sulphuric 7diluted7 acid which is found sometimes as high as two parts out of a hundred begins at once and continues until the iron or steel is destroyed2 #c1 ,the dust1 grit1 mud1 etc41 becomes mixed with the oil used to lubricate the pump2 these ingredients find their way into the stuffing-boxes and cut the plungers4 ,hence1 ample and unusual precautions are made to overcome the foregoing conditions4 ,extreme care has to be used in securing all movable parts of the machine and the connecting pipes4 ,the plungers are generally outside packed and handholes are arranged to permit free access to the water valves4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dch4--,see page #adh4 ,when pumps used in mining service assume large proportions1 they are almost invariably described as pumping engines2 there is no real difference between the two except the proportions4 ,the same combination of engine and pump in the smaller sizes used for boiler feeding1 etc41 are called steam pumps4 ,,note4--,the cost of repairing a half-inch globe valve which 8gave out0 in a mine in ,venezuela1 ,south ,america1 was represented in a #de4 machine charge and a mule ride of #ce miles to the shop containing a foot lathe and the same distance back to the mines4 ,the cost in a more favorable location would be less than a dollar4 ,the ,cataract steam pump1 ,fig4 #dcg1 is largely used in mining operations4 ,many years service has proved its peculiar and curious merits4 ,large columns of water may be raised to great elevation or forced against heavy pressures without shock or jar of any kind and with safety to the machinery and connections2 abrupt and violent action of the water is also avoided4 ,the ,cataract1 it may be explained1 is a regulator invented by ,smeaton for single-acting steam engines4 ,john ,smeaton1 the inventor1 was an ,english civil engineer born in #agbd and died in #agib4 ,the device derives its name from its similarity to the optical disease--a cataract--as it is a supplementary or sliding cylinder with its piston attached very curiously to the main valve stem of the engine4 ,this cylinder--called the ,cataract cylinder--is filled with oil which flows back and forth through a port connecting its two ends4 ,this port is controlled by a valve which increases and diminishes the flow of the oil through the port4 ,by means of the ,cataract1 the movements of the main steam valve are automatically graduated and controlled1 so the speed of the piston is reduced as it nears the end of its stroke1 allowing the valves to seat themselves gently and quietly1 and the moving column of water to come to a gradual and easy rest4 ,the claims of this construction of pumps have been thus summarized-- #ast4 ,the speed of the piston is automatically slowed down at the end of its stroke1 giving time for the column of water to come gradually to rest1 and for the valves to seat gently and quietly1 avoiding all concussion1 jar1 or the slightest tremor4 #b;d4 ,the speed of the engine can be adjusted and automatically maintained as desired under any pressure4 ,should it be working under full head of steam and against a heavy pressure1 and the pressure be instantly removed the speed would continue unchanged4 #c;d4 ,the piston works to the end of its stroke under all pressures1 avoiding the waste of steam incident to the piston falling short of its stroke4 ,it will be understood that there is only a slight waste of oil caused by the use of this apparatus--all the waste that there is1 being the small amount leaking through the stuffing boxes4 ,the term 8,isochronal10 pump meaning equal spaces in equal times has been applied to both these pumps and their valve gear4 ,the sizes1 capacities1 etc41 of the pump described on the opposite page are given in the following ,,table4 ,diameter of ,steam ,diameter ,length ,size of ,no4,cylinderof ,plunger of ,steam ,inches ,inches ,stroke ,pipe -------------------------------------- #a #f-a_/b #d #bj in4 #a-a_/d in4 #b #i #f #c ft4 #a-a_/b #c #aa #f #c #a-a_/b #d #ad #h #c #b #e #ah #i #d #b-a_/b #f #bj #aj-a_/h #d #c #g #bb #ab-a_/d #f #c-a_/d #h #be #ad-a_/d #f #c-a_/d #i #cj #af-a_/d #f #c-a_/b -------------------------------------- ,capacity ,capacity ,vertical ,ordinary,maximumat ordinaryat maximum ,lift ,no4 ,speed ,speed ,speed speed in in ,stroke ,stroke in ,gals4 ,gallons ,feet ---------------------------------------- ------- #a #ej #hj #eb #he #bcj #b #bg #dj #aaj #agj #ahj #c #bg #dj #aaj #agj #bij #d #bg #dj #bjj #cjj #bej #e #bj #cj #bge #cij #cbj #f #bj #cj #cbj #dhj #cbj #g #ae #bb #ejj #gej #bgj #h #ae #bb #gjj #ajjj #bej #i #ae #bb #ijj #acjj #bgj ---------------------------------------- ------- ,the above table is based on a steam pressure of #de to #ej pounds per square inch of steam piston1 and the vertical height is from lower end of suction pipe to discharge4 ,fig4 #dch is designed to show a pump largely used by miners in prospecting4 ,it is double levered so that four men or more can operate it1 two to each lever4 ,the plunger and valves are so designed that they will lift muddy or gritty water without injury to these parts4 ,an electric mining pump is shown on page #bgf1 part one4 ,this is a portable pump mounted on a car running on rails and is designed for the work appertaining to a mine in steady operation4 ,on page #cdj1 part one1 is illustrated a powerful pump with four outside packed plungers designed for mining purposes4 ,,sinking ,,pumps4 ,these special mining pumps are used to drain water from the shaft bottom1 so that work in deepening or repairing may be carried on4 ,as shown in the illustration they are made to be suspended by a chain or bail attached to eye-bolts in the upper cylinder head at points of support which will enable the pump to hang vertically and be raised and lowered at will4 ,the bail is so constructed that while the pump is suspended the cylinder head can1 if necessary on the smaller sizes1 be removed and the steam piston examined and adjusted4 ,as the shaft gets deeper the chain may be lengthened out and an extra joint placed on the end of the delivery pipe4 ,the sinking pump is subjected to the hardest usage of any1 hence any steam pump that is to be used in sinking a mine shaft must be strong1 certain in operation1 capable of handling gritty water and require little attention4 ,fig4 #dch exhibits a hand-power mining pump1 designed especially for prospecting1 etc41 and made by the ,edson ,manufacturing ,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,it is listed for three sizes3 ,no4 #f1 capacity #abjj gallons per hour1 #a man4 ,no4 #h1 capacity #djjj gallons per hour1 #b men4 ,no4 #aj1 capacity #fjjj gallons per hour1 #b men4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dci4 ,the outfit which usually goes with this diaphragm lift and force pump includes special suction and conducting hose1 brass coupling and strainer2 these pumps will raise and force water containing gravel1 sand1 dirt or tailings without choking4 ,the ,deane single vertical sinking pump is shown in ,fig4 #dci2 a table of dimensions and capacities of this pump is also given below4 ,the pump illustrated is double acting and of the differential plunger type2 the water end is in three parts and consists of a water cylinder1 a lower plunger and an upper plunger4 ,the water passes directly up and through the plungers1 both of which are hollow4 ,these plungers are outside packed4 ,the water valves are reached by hand holes provided for that purpose4 ,split pins are used in the ends of the bolts to prevent the nuts from working off4 ,these pumps are designed to stand a working pressure of #aej lbs4 to the square inch4 ,they have the regular ,deane valve motion and will work under water4 ,,table4 ,size4 ,capacity4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,diameter ,diameter,diameter,length ,gallons ,strokes ,gallons of ,steam of ,largeof ,small of per per per ,cylinder4,plunger4,plunger4,stroke4 ,stroke4 ,minute4 ,minute4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #h #e-c_/d #d #af 4#hg #ge #fe #aj #e-c_/d #d #af 4#hg #ge #fe #h #g #e #af #a4ce #ge #aja #aj #g #e #af #a4ce #ge #aja #ab #g #e #af #a4ce #ge #aja #ab #aa-a_/b #h #af #c4dh #ge #bfa #ad #aa-a_/b #h #af #c4dh #ge #bfa #af #aa-a_/b #h #af #c4dh #ge #bfa #ah #aa-a_/b #h #af #c4dh #ge #bfa #af #ad-a_/d #aj #bd #h4af #ej #djh #ah #ad-a_/d #aj #bd #h4af #ej #djh #bj #ad-a_/d #aj #bd #h4af #ej #djh #bd #ad-a_/d #aj #bd #h4af #ej #djh ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,size4 ,pipe ,sizes4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,diameter ,diameter,diameter,length of ,steam of ,largeof ,small of ,steam4,exhaust4,suction4,discharge4 ,cylinder4,plunger4,plunger4,stroke4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #h #e-c_/d #d #af #a #a-a_/b #d #b #aj #e-c_/d #d #af #a-a_/b #b #d #b #h #g #e #af #a #a-a_/b #e #c #aj #g #e #af #a-a_/b #b #e #c #ab #g #e #af #b #b-a_/b #e #c #ab #aa-a_/b #h #af #b #b-a_/b #h #d #ad #aa-a_/b #h #af #b #b-a_/b #h #d #af #aa-a_/b #h #af #b #b-a_/b #h #d #ah #aa-a_/b #h #af #b #b-a_/b #h #d #af #ad-a_/d #aj #bd #b #b-a_/b #aj #f #ah #ad-a_/d #aj #bd #c #c-a_/b #aj #f #bj #ad-a_/d #aj #bd #c #c-a_/b #aj #f #bd #ad-a_/d #aj #bd #d #d-a_/b #aj #f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,approximate ,size4 ,dimensions --------------------------------- in ,inches4 ,diameter ,diameter,diameter,length ------------------- of ,steam of ,largeof ,small of ,space ,cylinder4,plunger4,plunger4,stroke4 ,length4 ,occupied4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #h #e-c_/d #d #af #aaa #be #bc #aj #e-c_/d #d #af #aab #bg #bd #h #g #e #af #aaa #bf #bd #aj #g #e #af #aab #bi #bd #ab #g #e #af #aab #ca #bd #ab #aa-a_/b #h #af #acb #dj #cb #ad #aa-a_/b #h #af #acb #dj #cb #af #aa-a_/b #h #af #acf #dc #cb #ah #aa-a_/b #h #af #acf #dd #cb #af #ad-a_/d #aj #bd #agf #ej #ch #ah #ad-a_/d #aj #bd #agh #ej #ch #bj #ad-a_/d #aj #bd #agh #eb #ch #bd #ad-a_/d #aj #bd #ahj #ed #ch ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,this table refers to ,fig4 #dci4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ddj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dda4 ,the ,cameron vertical plunger sinking pump is shown in ,figs4 #ddj and #dda4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ddb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ddc4 ,this is one of the most successful mine sinking pumps designed2 there are no parts exposed to rust1 and instances have occurred when this pump has started off and cleared a shaft of water when the pump itself had been buried for weeks under a mass of fallen rock and debris4 ,this pump has no outside valve gear1 arms or levers2 all movable parts are inside and enclosed1 to prevent collision with the walls of the mine shaft nor is it likely to receive injury from blast explosions4 ,being fitted with special exhaust cut-off1 it will continue to run as fast as steam will drive it 7with an irregular or intermittent supply of water1 or when the water fails entirely17 not only without danger of the piston striking the heads1 but without injury to the valves4 ,it is designed and intended to handle gritty water4 ,telescopic pipe joint shown in ,figs4 #ddb and #ddc1 supplies a convenient means for lifting and lowering a sinking pump1 and is usually made in lengths of sixteen feet4 ,this enables the operator to drop the pump that distance without disturbing the rest of the pipe2 by its use irregular lengths of pipe can be added1 whereas1 otherwise when the pump is lowered the pipe would have to be cut of equal length4 ,the inside pipe is brass tubing which freely slips through the packing and is non-corrosive4 ,fig4 #dda exhibits the sinking pump in practical operation2 it is the same as that shown on the previous page4 ,,note4--,mining pumps require to be made 8to gauge0 and interchangeable2 an advantage which commends itself to experienced mining engineers4 ,many 8parts0 should be provided in duplicate on account of the rough usage and hard service alluded to above4 ,the 8,scranton0 pattern of a mining pump is illustrated by the cuts shown below 7,figs4 #ddd and #dde74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ddd4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dde4 ,the plungers of this machine work through middle1 exterior stuffing-boxes1 into four separate and distinct water cylinders4 ,the valve areas and water ways are unusually large in proportion to the displacement of the plunger1 so that the velocity and consequent destructive action of the water currents is decreased in passing through the pump4 ,these pumps are designed to withstand safely a working pressure of #bej pounds to the square inch1 and all their attachments are especially strengthened with a view to meeting the rough usage and hard work to which they are liable to be subjected in mining operations4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ddf4 ,,table4 ,diameter ,diameter,length,gallons ,revolutions,gallons of of of ,per ,rev-per ,minute per ,steam ,water ,strokeolution ,minute ,cylinders,plunger ---------------------------------------- --------- #ad #h-a_/b #aj #i4ef #ed #eaf #af #h-a_/b #aj #i4ef #ed #eaf #ah-a_/b #h-a_/b #aj #i4ef #ed #eaf #af #aj-a_/d #aj #ac4ie #ed #gec #ah-a_/b #aj-a_/d #aj #ac4ie #ed #gec #ah-a_/b #ab #aj #ai4af #ed #ajce #bj #ab #aj #ai4af #ed #ajce #ag #h-a_/b #ae #ad4ad #dj #efe #bj #h-a_/b #ae #ad4ad #dj #efe #ag #aj-a_/d #ae #bj4hc #dj #hcc #bj #aj-a_/d #ae #bj4hc #dj #hcc #bj #ab #ae #bh4gh #dj #aaea ---------------------------------------- --------- ,diameter ,diameter,length ,sizes of pipes for of of of ,short ,lengths ,steam ,water ,stroke ,to be increased as ,cylinders,plunger length increases --------------------------- ,steam,exhaust,suction,delivery ,pipe ,pipe ,pipe ,pipe ---------------------------------------- ---------- #ad #h-a_/b #aj #b-a_/b #c #h #f #af #h-a_/b #aj #b-a_/b #c #h #f #ah-a_/b #h-a_/b #aj #c #c-a_/b #h #f #af #aj-a_/d #aj #b-a_/b #c #aj #h #ah-a_/b #aj-a_/d #aj #c #c-a_/b #aj #h #ah-a_/b #ab #aj #d #c-a_/b #ab #aj #bj #ab #aj #b-a_/b #e #ab #aj #ag #h-a_/b #ae #d #c-a_/b #h #f #bj #h-a_/b #ae #b-a_/b #e #h #f #ag #aj-a_/d #ae #d #c-a_/b #aj #h #bj #aj-a_/d #ae #d #e #aj #h #bj #ab #ae #e #e #ab #aj ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,diameter ,diameter,length ,approximate of of of ,space ,steam ,water ,stroke ,occupied ,cylinders,plunger ,feet and ,inches ----------------- ,length ,width ---------------------------------------- #ad #h-a_/b #aj #i #h #c #b #af #h-a_/b #aj #i #i #c #aj #ah-a_/b #h-a_/b #aj #i #aj #d #j #af #aj-a_/d #aj #aj #i #c #aj #ah-a_/b #aj-a_/d #aj #aj #i #d #j #ah-a_/b #ab #aj #aa #a #d #j #bj #ab #aj #aa #b #d #b #ag #h-a_/b #ae #aj #e #c #aa #bj #h-a_/b #ae #aj #f #d #b #ag #aj-a_/d #ae #aa #f #c #aa #bj #aj-a_/d #ae #aa #h #d #a-a_/b #bj #ab #ae #aa #i #d #c ---------------------------------------- ,the ,worthington ,pressure ,pump4 ,this pump1 presented in ,fig4 #ddf1 is specially designed for use in connection with hydraulic lifts and cranes1 cotton presses1 testing machines1 hydraulic riveting and punching machines and hydraulic presses of all kinds4 ,also1 for oil-pipe lines1 mining purposes and services requiring the delivery of liquids under heavy pressures4 ,there are four1 single-acting1 outside-packed plungers1 which work through the ends of the water cylinders1 the latter having central partitions4 ,the arrangement of compound steam cylinders shown in ,fig4 #dde1 or a triple expansion arrangement1 can be applied to these pumps where a saving of fuel is desired4 ,the water valves are easily accessible and are contained in small independent chambers1 capable of resisting very heavy pressure4 ,,marine ,,pumps4 ,these are made both horizontal and vertical2 the prime consideration being in all cases the amount of floor space the pump will require4 ,this is especially true in reference to small steam vessels1 pleasure craft1 etc4 ,owing to the unusual corrosion1 caused by galvanic action1 salt and various impurities1 marine pumps are built of iron with brass linings1 but frequently with the entire water ends of bronze4 ,the arrangement of the water valves in the most approved forms of vertical pumps is such that the pistons are always submerged1 and the water valves sealed1 thereby securing immediate lift of water through the suction pipe1 and steady1 quiet operation of the pump2 many horizontal pumps of the ordinary duplex design are also used on shipboard4 ,the ship's pump is common to all vessels and used to keep the 8hold0 free from water4 ,it is usually worked by hand but it is the law in certain countries that the 8ship's pump10 aside from steam vessels--shall be driven by windmill power2 it is said to be an odd sight to see the practical working of these at sea4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ddg4 ,the illustration on page #aef shows a marine vertical pump of the ,davidson pattern1 designed to work against a pressure of #bej pounds per square inch4 ,the table given herewith will show the sizes and principal details of these pumps4 ,,table4 ,horse-power of ,gallons ,boiler1 based on ,steam ,water ,stroke1 per #cj lbs4 of water,steam ,ex- ,suction ,dis- ,cylin-,cylin-,inches4 ,single per ,h4 ,p4 ,pipe haust ,pipe charge der der ,stroke of per hour1 ,pipe ,pipe ,each which the pump ,piston4 will supply with ease4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #d #b-a_/b #d 4#jhd #afe ,h4 ,p4 #a_/b #c_/d #b #a-a_/b #d-a_/b #b-c_/d #f 4#aed #cjj #a_/b #c_/d #b-a_/b #b #e-a_/b #c-a_/b #f 4#ae #ejj #a #a-a_/d #c #b-a_/b #f #d #h 4#dce #hgj #a #a-a_/d #c-a_/b #c #g #d #h 4#dce #hgj #a-a_/da-a_/b #c-a_/b #c #g #d-a_/b #h 4#ee #a1ajj #a-a_/da-a_/b #d #c #h #e #aj 4#he #a1gjj #a-a_/b #b #d-a_/b #c-a_/b #h #e #ab #a4jb #b1jjj #a-a_/b #b #d-a_/b #c-a_/b #i #e-a_/b #aj #a4jc #b1jjj #a-a_/b #b #d-a_/b #d #aj #f #aj #a4bbe #b1dej #b #b-a_/b #e #d-a_/b #aj #f #ab #a4dfi #b1ijj #b #b-a_/b #e #d-a_/b #ab #g #ab #b4jj #d1jjj #b #b-a_/b #f #e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,the capacity for boiler feeding in the table is based upon sixty single strokes for each pump per minute4 ,the suction and discharge openings1 as will be seen in the figure1 are on both sides4 ,the water piston is packed for hot and cold water and special valves are furnished as may be necessary4 ,,the 8,,wrecking0 ,,pump4 ,the ,worthington wrecking pump1 ,fig4 #ddh1 was constructed many years ago1 for wrecking1 drainage1 or irrigating purposes1 and has proved itself to be remarkably well adapted to such service4 ,it is used generally by the ,wrecking ,companies on the ,atlantic and ,pacific coasts and the lakes1 and is constructed with special reference to reliability1 portability and general efficiency4 ,it is also well adapted for other services requiring the delivery of large quantities of water within the range of lift by suction4 ,it has no forcing power1 the water being delivered over the top of the pump into the curb surrounding it4 ,it is single-acting1 although the discharge is practically constant1 by reason of the quick return of the piston to the bottom of the cylinder1 during which inactive stroke the water continues to flow by the momentum already acquired1 thus the effect of a double-acting pump is almost produced4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ddh4 ,the ordinary slide valve is employed1 moved by an arm striking against tappets on the valve rod4 ,no auxiliary valves are used in connection with it4 ,the water valves are of rubber1 the lower ones being upon a permanent plate at the bottom of the pump4 ,the plunger also is covered with valves4 ,these last open for the passage of water when the piston descends4 ,on account of its short stroke and large diameter1 this pump is extremely efficient1 running on comparatively low pressure of steam1 and with a very small percentage of loss from friction or leakage4 ,it is also simple and durable1 with few parts4 ,the stated capacities of the pumps given in the table can be exceeded in cases of emergency4 ,,table4 ,diameter of ,diameter of ,length of ,diameter of ,gallons ,steam ,cylinder4,water ,plunger4 ,stroke4 ,suction ,pipe4per ,minute4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #f #ab #i #f #cej to #djj #ab #bj #i #aj #ajjj to #abjj #af #be #i #ab #adjj to #afjj #ah-a_/b #cj #i #ad #bjjj to #bcjj #ai-a_/b #cc #ae #af #cbjj to #cfjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,the 8,,ballast0 ,,pump4 ,this machine is constructed to meet the requirements of steamship builders and is recognized and adopted by marine engineers of this and of other countries as the standard design for this service and for oil tank steamer work4 ,it will be observed1 see ,fig4 #ddi1 that its proportions are such as to secure the advantages of large pumping capacity with unusual compactness and moderate weight4 ,this pump is of the packed piston type1 and has the valves so arranged that the water pistons are always submerged1 thus making it particularly well adapted for long and difficult suction lifts such as are met with in steamers carrying petroleum in bulk1 and in steamers having extensive systems of water ballast tanks4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ddi4 ,the demands for water ballast service are generally met by the following two sizes1 as shown in the table below4 ,,table4 ,diameter of ,plunger required in any single ,diameter of ,diameter of ,length of,gallons deliveredcylinder pump to ,steam ,cylinders4,water ,plungers4 ,stroke4 per minute at do the same work ordinary speed4 at same speed4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #f #g-a_/b #f #bhe #aj-a_/d #f #h-a_/b #f #cge #ab ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,sizes of ,pipes for ,short ,lengths ,to be increased as length increases4 ,diameter of ,diameter of ,length of------------------------------ ,steam ,cylinders4,water ,plungers4 ,stroke4 ,steam ,exhaust ,suction,delivery ,pipe4 ,pipe4 ,pipe4 ,pipe4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #f #g-a_/b #f #a in4#a-a_/b in4 #e in4 #d in4 #f #h-a_/b #f #a #a-a_/b #f #e ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,the purposes for which pumps are used on shipboard1 aside from the air and circulating pumps for condensers1 are3 7#a47 ,feeding the boiler4 7#b47 ,emptying the tanks and pumping out bilge4 7#c47 ,supplying water for washing down decks1 extinguishing fires1 filling evaporators and sanitary service4 ,a special pump for each separate purpose is not always supplied1 but one pump may have the necessary pipe connections to serve alternately various duties4 ,feeding the boilers is so important an operation that a supplemental special pump is always required4 ,to make absolutely sure of an ample supply of feed water one of the other pumps is made strong enough to serve the same purpose1 or sometimes an injector is fitted as an auxiliary feeding mechanism4 ,a bilge pump has special fittings1 for the reason that it handles very dirty water1 undesirable to be transmitted through any other pipe system4 ,in small ships1 however1 one pump1 the so-called 8donkey10 often serves for nearly all other purposes1 including auxiliary boiler feeding4 ,a special form of pump in use on ,western river steamers is the so-called 8doctor10 an independent pump with a walking beam1 by which one steam cylinder drives a system of pumps for feed1 fire and bilge pumping purposes 7,fig4 #dej74 ,the feed pump should be of simple construction1 great strength and ample capacity1 to secure great regularity and reliability of service under the severe conditions of high pressure4 ,the main parts of auxiliary feed pumps are often duplicated4 ,this is a desirable point1 as one set of spare parts in piston1 rings1 valves1 etc41 is suitable for both pumps4 ,the main feed pump is1 even in the independent type1 often placed in the engine room1 while the auxiliary pump1 or the injector1 is in the fire room4 ,the feed pumps draw usually from the hot well1 feed heater and feed tanks and discharge through main feed pipe into the boiler4 ,this 8doctor0 pump is a substantial piece of mechanism4 ,the bases of columns and pump chamber flanges are accurately planed1 the cylinder has spring piston packing and the plain slide valve is made of gun metal4 ,the hot water pumps1 #c-a_/b diam4 #aj stroke1 have chambers bored and are fitted with a copper and tin composition for valves and scats2 the latter are driven into their places and riveted over underneath4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dej4 ,,note4--,each valve is reached by removing the bonnet covering it4 ,the joints under caps are made the insertion of sheet lead4 ,the heaters above the frame1 as shown1 are #bb #e #j long1 of hard rolled copper1 with a copper worm #ah #j long by #b-a_/b diameter in each4 ,there is also a baffle plate above the water line in each heater to prevent the exhaust from throwing the water out at the top4 ,,hydraulic ,,gauge ,,test ,,pump4 ,these gauges are apt to get out of order for various reasons namely1 there is no theoretical method of determining the motion of the pointer due to a given pressure2 this is done by tests in which known pressures are employed1 and accordingly the divisions on the graduated scale are usually unequal1 hence these instruments are tested by attaching them either to a mercury column1 or to a dead weight safety valve having for its seat an exact square inch surrounded by a knife edge1 or a piston of standard area loaded with weights4 ,this sharp edge is covered by a fibre washer of leather for moderate pressures1 say #aej lbs4 per square inch1 or vulcanized fibre or its equivalent for higher pressures4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dea4 ,fig4 #dea represents a pump that can be used for pressures up to #aj1jjj lbs4 per square inch4 ,the ,hand-,lever ,pump shown at the right in cut is used for filling the ,pressure ,pump cylinder and connections with oil or glycerine1 and may also serve for testing gauges of low pressures up to #ae or #bj lbs4 ,the suction pipe a is connected with the reservoir containing the oil or glycerine1 which after being used is discharged by valve d and returned into the reservoir by pipe c4 ,in filling the pump the cylinder spindle has to be screwed all the way out1 and the valves b and d closed before it is put under pressure4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #deb4 8,,sugar-,,house0 ,,pumps4 ,the handling of semi-liquids1 commercially known as thick stuff1 has always been considered more or less of a serious problem1 and many designs of mechanism in the form of pumps have been invented for that purpose4 ,for pumping tar the improved forms of rotary pumps have recently come largely into use4 ,these will be described later under their proper heads4 ,fig4 #bab1 page #bcb1 ,part one1 represents a very satisfactory design of plunger pump for handling the heavy stuff alluded to4 ,the ,deane single sugar-house pump is shown in ,fig4 #deb4 ,these are largely used for pumping molasses1 syrup1 cane-juice1 melter-pan products1 etc41 and are fitted with linings1 valves1 etc41 to best suit the condition of the fluid to be pumped4 ,the valves are very large and the motion of the pumps is somewhat slower than for water4 ,by removing one set of bolts all the valves are uncovered4 ,these products of the sugar-house when of a high temperature can be pumped nearly as fast as water2 the following list gives the approved proportions of these pumps4 ,,table4 ,,size4 ,,capacity4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,diameter,diameter,length of,gallons,strokes,gallons of ,steamof ,water ,stroke per per per ,cylinder,cylinder ,stroke ,minute ,minute ---------------------------------------- ------ #d-a_/b #d-a_/b #e 4#cd #abe #dc #e-a_/b #d-a_/b #g 4#dh #abe #fj #f #e-a_/b #g 4#gb #abe #ij #g-a_/b #g #aj #a4ff #ajj #aff #g-a_/b #h #aj #b4ag #ajj #bag #f #f #ab #a4dg #ajj #adg #h #f #ab #a4dg #ajj #adg #h #g #ab #b4jj #ajj #bjj #h #h #ab #b4fa #ajj #bfa ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,size4 ,,pipe ,,sizes4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,diameter,diameter,length of,steam,exhaust,suction,discharge of ,steamof ,water ,stroke ,cylinder,cylinder ---------------------------------------- ------------- #d-a_/b #d-a_/b #e #a_/b #c_/d #b #a-a_/b #e-a_/b #d-a_/b #g #c_/d #a #c #b-a_/b #f #e-a_/b #g #c_/d #a #c #b-a_/b #g-a_/b #g #aj #a #a-a_/b #e #d #g-a_/b #h #aj #a #a-a_/b #e #e #f #f #ab #c_/d #a #d #d #h #f #ab #a #a-a_/b #d #d #h #g #ab #a #a-a_/b #e #d #h #h #ab #a #a-a_/b #e #e ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,the ,single ,magma ,pump4 ,the term magma includes any crude mixture1 especially of organic matters in the form of a thin paste1 it also means 8a confection10 hence1 the name given to the pump illustrated in ,figs4 #dec and #ded is very appropriately applied to a sugar-house apparatus4 ,it is designed for pumping various thick heavy mixtures and semi-liquids and for moving massecuite1 second and third sugar4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dec4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ded4 ,the construction in ,fig4 #dec is such as to insure strength and certainty of operation2 there are no intricate small parts1 and the interior is readily accessible4 ,these pumps are made with brass-lined cylinders1 or cylinders and fittings entirely of composition when needed to overcome the difficulties appertaining to pumping acidulous and corrosive liquid substances4 ,the single fly-wheel magma pump as shown in ,fig4 #ded represents the highest type of machine for this class of work4 ,the steam end is of the plain slide valve pattern4 ,it is fitted with a heavy fly-wheel1 perfectly balanced4 ,the admission of steam is regulated by a throttling governor of approved design4 ,the fly-wheel and governor insure a uniform speed of the pump under variations of load--hence the fly-wheel pump does not require adjustment of throttle for every variation in water pressure1 as is necessary with direct acting pumps4 ,the following table applies to the two styles of the magma pumps--with and without the fly-wheel1 as the pump ends are the same in both4 ,attention is called to the number of strokes per minute 7thirty7 shown in the table as compared with the number of strokes 7#ajj and #abe7 called for in the previous table4 ,this is caused by the different viscosity of the stuff to be handled by these machines4 ,,table4 ,,size4 ,,capacity4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,diameter of ,diameter ,length ,gallons ,strokes ,gallons of ,steam of ,pump of per per per ,cyl4 ,cyl4 ,stroke ,stroke ,minute ,minute ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #e;,b #c #g 4#ba #cj #f #e #d #ab 4#fe #cj #bj #f #e #ab #a4jb #cj #ca #h #f #ab #a4dg #cj #dd #aj #f #ab #a4dg #cj #dd #ab #f #ab #a4dg #cj #dd #h #g #ab #b4jj #cj #fj #aj #g #ab #b4jj #cj #fj #ab #g #ab #b4jj #cj #fj #ad #g #ab #b4jj #cj #fj #h #h #ab #b4fa #cj #gh #aj #h #ab #b4fa #cj #gh #ab #h #ab #b4fa #cj #gh #ad #h #ab #b4fa #cj #gh ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,size4 ,,pipe ,,sizes4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,diameter of ,diameter ,length of ,steam of ,pump of ,steam ,exhaust ,suction ,discharge ,cyl4 ,cyl4 ,stroke ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #e #c #g #c_/d #a #c #b #e #d #ab #c_/d #a #d #d #f #e #ab #c_/d #a #f #e #h #f #ab #a #a-a_/b #h #f #aj #f #ab #a-a_/b #b #h #f #ab #f #ab #b #b-a_/b #h #f #h #g #ab #a #a-a_/b #h #f #aj #g #ab #a-a_/b #b #h #f #ab #g #ab #b #b-a_/b #h #f #ad #g #ab #b #b-a_/b #h #f #h #h #ab #a #a-a_/b #h #f #aj #h #ab #a-a_/b #b #h #f #ab #h #ab #b #b-a_/b #h #f #ad #h #ab #b #b-a_/b #h #f ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,approx4 ,,size4 ,dimensions -------------------------------- in ,feet and ,inches ,diameter of ,diameter ,length ---------------- of ,steam of ,pump of ,cyl4 ,cyl4 ,stroke ,length ,width ---------------------------------------- -------- #e #c #g #d-g #a-c #e #d #ab #f-aa #a-e #f #e #ab #g-j #a-i #h #f #ab #g-e #b-g #aj #f #ab #g-g #b-g #ab #f #ab #g-g #b-g #h #g #ab #g-f #b-g #aj #g #ab #g-g #b-g #ab #g #ab #g-g #b-g #ad #g #ab #g-g #b-g #h #h #ab #g-f #b-h #aj #h #ab #g-g #b-h #ab #h #ab #g-g #b-h #ad #h #ab #g-g #b-h ---------------------------------------- -------- ,b ,this size has ,tappet valve motion4 ,,circulating ,,pumps4 ,the definition of the word circulation conveys the best idea of this mechanism--8,the act of moving in a circle1 or in a course which brings the moving body to the place where its motion began10 hence1 a circulating pump is one which causes the water to flow through a series of pipes or conduits1 as for example1 the water in a steam boiler as in the ,ahrens ,fire ,engine1 see page #abf1 ,fig4 #dbf1 or in marine boilers1 or forces cooling water through a surface condenser4 ,a centrifugal pump driven by an independent engine1 see page #bai1 ,fig4 #dig1 is generally used for the latter purpose4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ded;,a4 ,the annexed engraving1 ,fig4 #ded;,a1 represents a circulating pump attached to a salt water evaporator and distiller for recovering fresh water at sea4 ,the pump at the lower right-hand corner of the engraving takes salt water through the suction at the bottom and passes it upward through the condenser and overboard through the circulation discharge4 ,any steam pump having a sufficient capacity may be used as a circulating pump4 ,,atmospheric ,,pumps4 ,the ,bliss-,heath ,atmospheric ,pumping ,engine represented by ,fig4 #dee is novel in its construction1 consisting of a low-pressure1 upright1 tubular steam boiler1 having a safety valve loaded to carry #a-a_/b lbs4 steam pressure4 ,the large cover lifts under #b lbs4 pressure1 hence explosions cannot occur4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dee4 ,,note4--,the safety valve is shown on the floor alongside of the hand bar arranged to work the feed pump4 ,fig4 #dee4 ,the motor is a simple atmospheric engine operating a plunger pump and a single acting air pump4 ,the operation of this motor is almost noiseless4 ,the motive power is the normal pressure of the atmosphere 7#ad4g lbs4 to the square inch71 utilized by the formation of a vacuum in the power cylinder4 ,the air is expelled from the cylinder by admitting steam without appreciable pressure1 i4e41 to balance that of the atmosphere1 after which the steam exhausts into the surface condenser1 in which a constant vacuum is maintained4 ,steam is then admitted automatically into the power cylinder1 breaking the vacuum and imparting to the piston the required impetus4 ,this principle is identical with that of the ordinary condensing steam engine1 with the exception of the very low steam pressure in this connection4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #def4 ,this engine can be operated satisfactorily in combination with an ordinary house-heating boiler 7low pressure71 hence the expense of running it is very low during the steam-heating season4 ,during the summer months the boiler connected with this engine can be used advantageously4 ,the bearings are self-oiling1 and the cylinder condensation furnishes ample protection for the inside of the engine cylinder4 ,there are no leather packings to burn out1 and this is remarkably free from the objections to the older types of caloric engines4 ,these pumps when required will force a proportionate quantity of water to a greater height than fifty feet1 upon which the following table is based3 ,,table ,,of ,,approximate ,,dimensions ,,and ,,capacities4 ,gallons ,size of ,approx4 ,size of ,size ,per ,hour ,suc4 ,dis4 ,floor ,height ,smoke ,number #ej ft4 ,pipes4 ,space ,pipe ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a #fjj #a-a_/d #dc #bf #ec #e ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #b #abjj #a-a_/b #dc #bf #eh #f ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #c #bjjj #b #dh #cj #fc #g ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #d #cjjj #b-a_/b #dh #cj #fc #g ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,ammonia ,,or ,,acid ,,pumps4 ,in pumping ammonia it is of the greatest importance that this mechanism be simple and compact owing to the peculiar properties--oftentimes dangerous--inherent to ammonia4 ,the plain slide valve with crank1 shaft and fly-wheel probably is less liable to give trouble than many of the other styles of pumps1 and a full stroke is always assured4 ,the pump here presented 7,fig4 #def7 occupies little floor space and is easily accessible2 the bucket plunger is used and also a slotted yoke in place of a connecting rod4 ,the column is in two parts bolted together4 ,in case of accident to either part duplicates may be quickly substituted4 ,,the ,,wood ,,propeller ,,pump4 ,the pump shown herewith lifts the water by propeller screws or 8runners10 each consisting of two half-circular inclined blades fastened to a shaft at intervals of #c to #e feet1 and of slightly less diameter than the casing1 so as to revolve freely within it4 ,experiments have demonstrated that more water can be raised with a given speed by putting the runners close together near the bottom of the pump4 ,a bearing for the shaft is placed immediately underneath each of the runners1 and held in position by a set of spring 8guides0 attached lengthwise to the well-casing4 ,these guides interrupt the whirling motion of the water as it is thrown upward by the runners1 and turns it back in the opposite direction1 thereby delivering it into the revolving runners in a direction opposite their motion4 ,by this method the whirling motion of the water is utilized and the capacity of the pump largely increased without a proportional increase of power to run it4 ,with this pump1 water may be raised from several hundred feet below the surface by extending the shaft and runners down the well-casing to the desired depth2 it being always necessary to submerge the lower runner4 ,as the shaft rotates the lower runner lifts the water up to the runner above it1 and so on to the next1 until the water is delivered at or above the ground if desired2 the distance depending upon the size and pitch of the runner1 the number of runners1 and the speed at which they are driven4 ,speed is not increased for additional depth1 because more runners are added1 and this compounding of the runners increases the efficiency of the pump4 ,a ball bearing is placed over the stuffing-box to carry the entire weight of all the movable parts of the pump1 and also the column of water4 ,in deep wells cone roller bearings are used in place of the ball bearings4 ,the pumps are made to fit all sizes of wells and of any desired capacity4 ,runners of various pitches are made for the different sizes in order to suit the supply of water or the power available4 ,if1 after testing1 the supply of water in the well is found to be limited1 the runners are changed to raise the amount of water due to a given horse-power1 then runners can be furnished with a pitch suited to lifting that particular amount of water4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #deg4 ,for example1 if one runner at a given speed1 gives #aj pounds pressure per square inch1 then two runners would give #bj pounds2 three1 #cj pounds1 and so on4 ,for this reason water may be elevated higher above the discharge with this pump than with a centrifugal1 for it would require a higher rate of speed to lift a given amount of water #bj feet with one runner1 than to lift the same amount #e feet4 ,hence the advantage of compounding the runners as the lift is increased4 ,the compounding of runners is one of the main features of success and efficiency of this pump4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #deh4 ,where the water is beyond the suction limit this pump can be used to raise the water to the surface1 discharging into the suction of the force pump4 ,in this manner1 whatever surplus of power the propeller pump might have in raising the water to the surface1 would be utilized in helping the water through the force pump4 ,the speed of rotary pumps is generally high1 ranging from #hjj revolutions per minute for the small sizes to #bej revolutions for the larger sizes4 ,in a number of experiments made upon this form of pump the highest efficiency was obtained with pressures ranging from #cj to #ej pounds per square inch1 and speeds ranging from #dge to #ege revolutions per minute4 ,the average efficiency of the rotary pump is from #dh to #eb per cent4 ,,the ,,screw ,,pump4 ,the engraving herewith1 ,fig4 #deh1 exhibits the general construction of the ,quimby screw pump4 ,the four screws that act as pistons in propelling the water are mounted in pairs on parallel shafts1 and are so arranged that in each pair the thread of one screw projects to the bottom of the space between the threads of the opposite screws4 ,the screw threads have flat faces and peculiarly undercut sides2 the width of the face and the base of the thread being one-half the pitch4 ,the pump cylinder fits the perimeters of the threads4 ,space enough is left between the screws and the cylinder and between the faces of the intermeshing threads to allow a close running fit without actual contact4 ,there is no end thrust of the screws in their bearings1 because the back pressure of the column of liquid is delivered through the suction1 ,s1 at the middle of the cylinder1 therefore the endwise pressure upon the screws in one direction is exactly counterbalanced by a like pressure in the opposite direction4 ,the suction connection opens into a chamber underneath the pump cylinder4 ,the suction liquid passes through this chamber to the two ends of the cylinder and is forced from the ends toward the center by the action of the two pairs of intermeshing threads2 the discharge being in the middle of the top of the cylinder1 as shown at ,d4 ,the power to drive the pump is applied to one of the shafts1 and the second shaft is driven by means of a pair of gears1 shown at ,g4 ,the pump has no internal packing1 no valves and no small moving parts4 ,the only packing is in the stuffing-boxes where the two shafts pass through the cylinder head4 ,whether driven by a belt1 an electric motor1 or a steam engine1 the driving power is applied directly and without the loss due to intermediate mechanism2 as the screws are not in contact with the cylinder or with each other1 the consequent absence of wearing surfaces gives the pump great durability4 ,these pumps have a high efficiency against a wide range of pressures3 ,the power being applied direct1 the thrust due to the back pressure of the column of liquid in the delivery pipe is balanced4 ,as the action of the screws on the liquid is continuous1 the delivery is free from pulsation4 ,by thus keeping the liquid in constant and uniform motion the efficiency of the pump is increased and the pump is made peculiarly suitable for certain specific purposes as there is no churning effect upon the liquids handled4 ,these pumps are much used in connection with hydraulic elevators by pumping directly into the elevator cylinders1 as there is no pulsation4 ,they are also used to pump oil into pipe lines and are driven by electric motors as well as by belts4 ,for circulating pumps for brine and for fire purposes these pumps have certain peculiar advantages4 ,,table ,,of ,,dimensions ,,and ,,capacities ,,of ,,the ,,quimby ,,screw ,,pump4 ,,piping ,,extreme ,,dimensions ---------------------------------------- --- ,gallons ,revolutions ,discharge ,size per per ,suction from ,discharge,width,length,height ,minute ,minute ,valve ,hood ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #b #g-aj #abjj #a-a_/d -- #a #i #bg #aa #b-a_/b #ae-bj #abjj #b -- #a-a_/b #i #cb #ad #c #cj-ce #abjj #b-a_/b #b-a_/b #b-a_/b #aj #ch #af #c-a_/b #gj-he #abjj #d #c #c #aa #di #be #d #adj-agj #abjj #d #c #d #ac #ed #bh #e #bjj-bde #aajj #e #d #e #ad #fd #ca #f #bge-cej #ijj #f #e #f #ag #ge #cg #g #djj-dhe #gge #h #f #h #ah #gh #ch #i #fej-hjj #gbe #aj #h #aj #be #ib #dh #aj #hbe-ajjj #ege #ab #aj #ab #cb #ih #fj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,dimensions in inches4 ,weights in pounds4 ,,aermotor ,,pumps ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dei4 ,,aermotor ,,pumps4 ,aer is the first element in many compound words of ,greek origin meaning air1 the air1 atmosphere2 in this connection it is combined with motor1 defined as a machine which transforms the energy of water1 steam1 or electricity into mechanical energy--in this instance1 is meant the changing of the power of moving air or wind into mechanical energy4 ,wind is air put in motion4 ,there are two ways in which the motion of the air may arise4 ,it may be considered as an absolute motion of the air1 rarefied by heat and condensed by cold2 or it may be only an apparent motion1 caused by the superior velocity of the earth in its daily revolution4 ,when any portion of the atmosphere is heated it becomes rarefied1 its specific gravity is diminished1 and it consequently rises4 ,the adjacent portions immediately rush into its place to restore the equilibrium4 ,this motion produces a current which rushes into the rarefied spot from all directions4 ,this is what we call wind4 ,meteorology is the science which treats of the atmosphere and its phenomena1 particularly of its variations of heat and cold1 of its winds1 etc4 ,this is the great division of science to which one has to turn when searching for the first principles relating to the operation of aermotor pumps4 ,the vast volumes of air which flow 8hither and yon0 are controlled by physical laws which act as accurately and unceasingly as those which control and hold in check the seemingly solid substance of the earth itself4 ,,note4--,the portions north of the rarefied spot produce a north wind1 those to the south produce a south wind1 while those to the east and west in like manner1 form currents moving in opposite directions4 ,at the rare spot1 agitated as it is by winds from all directions1 turbulent and boisterous weather1 whirlwinds1 hurricanes1 rain1 thunder and lightning1 prevail4 ,this kind of weather occurs most frequently in the torrid zone1 where the heat is greatest4 ,the air1 being more rarefied there than in any other part of the globe1 is lighter1 and1 consequently1 ascends2 that about the polar regions is continually flowing from the poles towards the equator1 to restore the equilibrium2 while the air rising from the equator flows in an upper current towards the poles1 so that the polar regions may not be exhausted4 ,to sum up all observations1 it can be said with truth that the sole force immediately concerned in causing the movements of the atmosphere1 is gravitation4 ,so far as the prevailing winds are concerned it has been shown that where pressure is high1 that is to say1 where there is a surplus of air1 out of such a region winds blow in all directions2 and1 on the other hand where pressure is low1 or where there is a deficiency of air1 towards such a region1 winds blow from all directions in an in-moving special course4 ,this outflow of air currents from a region of air pressure upon a region of low pressure is reducible to a single principle1 as already stated1 viz41 the principle of gravitation4 ,a regular east wind prevails about the equator1 caused in part by the rarefaction of the air produced by the sun in his daily course from east to west4 ,this wind1 combining with that from the poles1 causes a constant north-east wind for about thirty degrees north of the equator1 and a south-east wind at the same distance south of the equator4 ,from what has now been said1 it appears that there is a circulation in the atmosphere2 the air in the lower strata flowing from the poles towards the equator1 and in the upper strata flowing back from the equator towards the poles4 ,it may be remarked1 that the periodical winds are more regular at sea than on the land2 and the reason of this is1 that the land reflects into the atmosphere a much greater quantity of the sun's rays than the water1 therefore that part of the atmosphere which is over the land is more heated and rarefied than that which is over the sea4 ,this occasions the wind to set in upon the land1 as we find it regularly does on the coast of ,guinea and other countries in the torrid zone4 ,there are certain winds1 called trade-winds1 the theory of which may be easily explained on the principle of rarefaction1 affected1 as it is1 by the relative position of the different parts of the earth with the sun at different seasons of the year1 and at various parts of the day4 ,a knowledge of the laws by which these winds are controlled is of importance to the mariner4 ,when the place of the sun with respect to the different positions of the earth at the different seasons of the year is understood1 it will be seen that they all depend upon the same principle4 ,the reason that the wind generally subsides at the going down of the sun is1 that the rarefaction of the air1 in the particular spot which produces the wind1 diminishes as the sun declines1 and1 consequently1 the force of the wind abates4 ,from its importance in practical meteorology ,buys ,ballot's law may be stated in these two convenient forms4 7#a7 ,stand with your back to the wind1 and the center of the depression or the place where the barometer is lowest will be to your left in the northern hemisphere1 and to your right in the southern hemisphere4 ,this is the rule for sailors by which they are guided to steer with reference to storms4 7#b7 ,stand with the high barometer to your right and the low barometer to your left1 and the wind will blow on your back1 these positions in the southern hemisphere being reversed4 ,it is in this form that the prevailing wind of any part of the globe may be worked out from the charts4 ,,wind ,,power4 ,it is as a source of energy1 to be classified with heat1 weight of liquids1 electricity1 etc41 that air in motion 7as in a windmill7 has a place as a prime mover4 ,prime movers1 or receivers of power1 are those pieces or combinations of pieces of mechanism which receive motion and force directly from some natural source of energy4 ,the point where the mechanism belonging to the prime mover ends and that belonging to the train for modifying the force and motion begins may be held to include all pieces which regulate or assist in regulating the transmission of energy from the source of energy4 ,the useful work of the prime mover is the energy exerted by it upon that piece which it directly moves2 and the ratio which this bears to the energy exerted by the source of energy is the efficiency of the prime mover4 ,in all prime movers the loss of energy may be divided into two parts1 one being the unavoidable effect of the circumstances under which the machine necessarily works in the case under consideration2 the other the effect of causes which are1 or may be1 capable of indefinite diminution by practical improvements4 ,those two parts may be denominated as necessary loss and waste4 ,the efficiency which a prime mover would have under given circumstances if the waste of energy were altogether prevented1 and the loss reduced to necessary loss alone1 is called the maximum or the theoretical efficiency under the given circumstances4 ,in windmills1 the air1 being in motion1 presses against1 and moves four or five radiating vanes or sails1 whose surfaces are approximately helical or screw shape1 their axis of rotation being parallel1 or slightly inclined in a vertical plane1 to the direction of the wind4 ,the velocity of the wind determines its pressure1 and the pressure of the wind against the sails of the windmill determines the power developed by the mill4 ,a mill of small diameter acted upon by a high pressure develops as much power as a large mill working under a lower pressure4 ,the mean average velocity of the wind for the entire ,united ,states is very nearly eight miles per hour4 ,however1 for large areas such as the great plains east of the ,rocky ,mountains1 the mean average is about eleven miles per hour1 and yet in certain small areas situated in the mountainous districts the mean average velocity is as low as five miles per hour4 ,therefore1 in selecting and loading a mill1 reference should be had to the wind velocity prevailing in that particular locality4 ,in general1 windmills loaded to operate in ten-mile winds can be depended upon to furnish a sufficient supply of water4 ,the variations in the velocity and pressure of the wind are considerable even within a brief time1 and sometimes sudden and extreme4 ,winds of #ajj miles per hour and upwards are on record4 ,a very violent gale in ,scotland registered by an excellent anemometer a pressure of #de lbs4 per square foot4 ,during the severe storm at ,london1 the anemometer at ,lloyd's registered a pressure of #ce lbs4 to the square foot4 ,the gauge at ,girard ,college1 ,philadelphia1 broke under a strain of #db lbs4 per square foot1 a tornado passing at the moment within a quarter of a mile4 ,at the ,central ,park ,observatory1 a wind was recorded of #bh4e lbs4 pressure per square foot4 ,if the wind were to blow continuously a very small windmill would suffice to do a large quantity of work and no storage capacity would be required1 but when it does blow it is 8free0 and experience dictates that a mill shall be erected sufficiently large to pump enough water1 when the wind does blow1 to last over1 with the assistance of ample storage capacity4 ,average hourly velocity of the wind at following stations of the ,u4 ,s4 ,weather ,bureau1 given in miles per hour3 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 #g ,alpena1 ,mich4 #i ,atlanta1 ,ga4 #i ,atlantic ,city1 ,n4 ,j4 #aj4c ,augusta1 ,ga4 #d4b ,baltimore1 ,md4 #f ,bismarck1 ,n4 ,d4 #i4d ,boise ,city1 ,idaho #d4b ,boston1 ,mass4 #aj4b ,brownsville1 ,tex4 #g4d ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 #aj ,cairo1 ,ill4 #g4f ,cape ,henry1 ,va4 #ab4g ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c4 #h ,charlotte1 ,n4 ,c4 #e4f ,chattanooga1 ,tenn4 #e4e ,cheyenne1 ,wyo4 #aj4e ,chicago1 ,ill4 #aj4e ,cincinnati1 ,ohio #f4c ,cleveland1 ,ohio #i4f ,columbus1 ,ohio #g4f ,davenport1 ,iowa #h4e ,denver1 ,colo4 #f4g ,des ,moines1 ,iowa #g ,detroit1 ,mich4 #h4g ,dodge ,city1 ,kan4 #aa4h ,duluth1 ,minn4 #g ,eastport1 ,me4 #j4f ,el ,paso1 ,tex4 #f4c ,fort ,grant1 ,ariz4 #g ,fort ,sill1 ,i4 ,t4 #aj4g ,galveston1 ,tex4 #aj4c ,grand ,haven1 ,mich4 #aj4g ,hatteras1 ,n4 ,c4 #ad ,helena1 ,mont4 #f4g ,huron1 ,s4 ,d4 #aa ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 #f ,jacksonville1 ,fla4 #f4g ,keokuk1 ,iowa #h ,key ,west1 ,fla4 #i4h ,la ,crosse1 ,wis4 #g4c ,leavenworth1 ,kan4 #g4a ,little ,rock1 ,ark4 #c4f ,los ,angeles1 ,cal4 #d4g ,louisville1 ,ky4 #g4c ,lynchburg1 ,va4 #d ,madison1 ,wis4 #aj4b ,marquette1 ,mich4 #h4g ,memphis1 ,tenn4 #e4h ,mobile1 ,ala4 #f4g ,montgomery1 ,ala4 #e4a ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 #h ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 #g4f ,north ,platte1 ,neb4 #aj4c ,olympia1 ,wash4 #c4h ,omaha1 ,neb4 #h4e ,oswego1 ,n4 ,y4 #i4f ,pensacola1 ,fla4 #h4b ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #aj ,pittsburg1 ,pa4 #f ,portland1 ,me4 #h ,portland1 ,ore4 #e4c ,prescott1 ,ariz4 #f4e ,red ,bluff1 ,cal4 #g ,roseburg1 ,ore4 #e4c ,sacramento1 ,cal4 #f4g ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 #aj4c ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4 #g4f ,st4 ,vincent1 ,minn4 #i4d ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah #e4c ,sandy ,hook1 ,n4 ,j4 #ad4e ,san ,diego1 ,cal4 #e4f ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 #i4d ,savannah1 ,ga4 #g ,shreveport1 ,la4 #e4f ,spokane ,falls1 ,wash4 #d4g ,springfield1 ,ill4 #h4g ,vicksburg1 ,miss4 #e4h ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #f4e ,yuma1 ,ariz4 #f ,yankton1 ,s4 ,d4 #i ,,note4--,windmills are erected to be operated by the lightest winds4 ,a wind which will carry off smoke will move a windmill2 and the absence of a wind of this force means a perfect calm4 ,mr4 ,corcoran says3 8,my experience of thirty years teaches that a calm has seldom1 if ever1 held sway in this part of the world for a longer period than three days4 ,consequently1 with a tank to hold a three days' supply1 it becomes possible to pass over any number of calms40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dfj4 ,,wind ,,power ,,pumps4 ,windmills can be divided into two general classes according to the inclination of the shaft3 #a1 ,horizontal mills1 in which sails are so placed as to turn by the impulse of the wind in a horizontal plane1 and hence about an axis exactly vertical2 and1 #b1 vertical mills1 in which the sails turn in a nearly vertical plane1 i4e41 about an axis nearly horizontal4 ,on account of the many disadvantages connected with the horizontal windmill1 it is seldom brought into use1 being employed only in situations in which the height of the vertical sails would be objectionable1 and this is liable to occur only in extraordinary cases4 ,in this kind of mill six or more sails1 consisting of plain boards1 are set upright upon horizontal arms resting on a tower and attached to a vertical axis1 passing through the tower at its middle part4 ,if the sails are fixed in position1 they are set obliquely to the direction in which the wind strikes them4 ,outside of the whole is then placed a screen or cylindrical arrangement of boards intended to revolve1 the boards being set obliquely and in planes lying in opposite courses to those of the sails4 ,the result is1 from whatever direction the wind may blow against the tower1 it is always admitted by the outer boards to act on the sails most freely in that half of the side it strikes1 or from which the sails are turning away1 and it is partly1 though by no means entirely1 broken from the sails which in the other quadrant of the side are approaching the middle line4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dfa4 ,,note4--,the great objections to the horizontal windmill are3 first1 that only one or two sails can be effectually acted upon at the same moment2 and1 secondly1 that the sails move in a medium of nearly the same density as that by which they are impelled1 and that great resistance is offered to those sails which are approaching the middle4 ,hence with a like area of sails the power of the horizontal is always much less than that of the vertical mill4 ,the illustration on page #ahd1 ,fig4 #dfj1 is a representation of the ,corcoran windmill3 it contrasts most interestingly with the same apparatus shown in ,fig4 #dei--;a windmill of the early part of the #agth century4 ,the figure below1 #dfb1 exhibits in detail the rear view of the ,corcoran mill with the governor4 ,as the speed of the wheel increases it swings the 8tail0 around1 so as to bring the wheel at an angle with the direction of the wind2 the latter failing to strike the blades squarely communicates less force1 and in consequence the speed is diminished2 in case of a very high wind the tail turns so as to present the wheel almost edgewise towards the direction of the blast4 ,,note4--,a windmill of this type was erected at a station on the ,long ,island ,r4 ,r4 to pump #e1jjj1jjj gallons of water yearly4 ,in order to test the work of the windmill1 a water meter was attached to the pump during six months1 and it was shown that the average work of the windmill had been #bb1dbe gallons per day1 #d1bfj1gej gallons during the time stated and an average rate of #h1jjj1jjj gallons per year4 ,the weight of water pumped was #af1afh tons gross and was raised to a height of #ff feet1 and the work was done without mishap with little attention given to the pumping machinery4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dfb4 ,fig4 #dfa represents a ,corcoran double action suction force pump4 ,the base is hollow and contains the suction and discharge valves2 a flange at the left-hand side receives the suction pipe while a corresponding flange on the right-hand side connects with the discharge pipe4 ,an air chamber is attached to the discharge end4 ,the valves may be reached by removing the bonnets on top of the base4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dfc4 ,fig4 #dfc is intended to represent an ,ideal steel tank tower2 the tank is herein located near the top4 ,a force pump is used where water is delivered into an elevated tank as in this case2 a lift pump is employed to discharge water at the spout and not to elevate above it4 ,the common term 8,windmill pump0 distinguishes a wind power pump from a hand pump1 the difference being in an extension of the piston rod above the upper guide with a hole for connection with the pump rod from the windmill4 ,such a pump1 with the 8pit-man0 extending from the pump upwards into the tower1 is shown in ,fig4 #dfe4 ,this figure is introduced to show the tank connections with a regulator on the base of a four-post tower4 ,the float in the water tank throws the mill in or out of gear according as the water rises or falls in the tank4 ,when the tank is filled with water it pulls the mill out of gear and stops the pump2 as a result there can be no overflow or waste4 ,the tank is thus not allowed to become empty and permit its drying apart1 inducing leakage4 ,but through the medium of the float in the tank1 when the water has been lowered but a few inches1 the mill is again put in gear and the tank refilled to the desired height1 at which the float is set4 ,,note4--,these have long been erroneously termed windmill pumps dating to the time when wind furnished the power for driving the grist mills used in grinding grain1 etc4 ,more properly they may now be named windmotors or airmotors4 ,the syphon pump here illustrated1 ,fig4 #dfd1 is used to force water from shallow wells to elevations4 ,the cylinder or barrel is situated within the standard and very convenient for inspection4 ,it has an air chamber which is detachable4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dfd4 ,the subject of tanks and cisterns is one almost vital to the successful operations of ordinary windmills1 owing to the irregularity of the power to be utilized by the use of aermotors4 ,in another part of this work this important subject will be further explained and illustrated4 ,one of the most valuable special features of this windmill is its governor4 ,it is so contrived that it insures immunity of the mill from injuries in destructive storms4 ,it consists of a steel coiled spring of great resiliency1 located at the base of the vane frame4 ,its strength is of such a character as to hold the wheel in the teeth of the wind under all ordinary conditions but is sure to yield under greater pressure4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dfe4 ,,useful ,,data ,,relating ,,to ,,the ,,sizes ,,and ,,capacities ,,of ,,pumping ,,mills4 ,,table ,i4 ,size of #f #h #i #aj #ab #ad #af #bj ,pumping ,mill ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 ,gals4 water raised #a ft4 hourly1 #ae-mile wind #aj1jjjbj1jjjbd1jjjce1jjjfh1jjjaaj1jjjaf j1jjjcjj1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,table ,,ii4 ,average wind velocity1 miles per hour #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,co-efficient #af #h #e #c #b #a4da4 4#he4gj4fj4ed4ej ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,table ,,iii4 ,gallons hourly #ce #agj #bbj #bfj #cjj #cfj #dbj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,cylinder1 diam4 in4 #b #b-a_/db-a_/bb-c_/d #c #c-a_/dc-a_/b ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,discharge pipe1 diam4 in4#a-a_/ba-a_/da-a_/da-a_/ba-a_/b #b #b ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,gallons hourly #eej #hej #abjj #bbjj #cdjj #ejjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,cylinder1 diam4 in4 #d #e #f #h #aj #ab ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,discharge pipe1 diam4 in4 #b #b-a_/bb-a_/bc-a_/b #d #e ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,table ,,iv4 ,,comparative ,,power ,,of ,,back-,,geared ,,mills4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,size of ,mill#d-;ft4#f-;ft4#h-;ft4#i-;ft4#aj-;ft 4#ab-;ft4#ad-;ft4#af-;ft4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,horse-,power #a_/ab #a_/e #c_/aj #b_/e #c_/e #a #a-c_/eb-c_/e ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,table ,v4 ,,force ,,of ,,the ,,wind ,,in ,,pounds ,,pressure4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,velocity ,miles #h #aj #ab #ae #bj #be #cj #dj ---------------------------------------- -- ,force ,pounds#a_/ca_/bc_/d #a #b #c #d-a_/b #h ---------------------------------------- -- ,,table ,,vi4 ,,power ,,of ,,the ,,wind4 ---------------------------------------- ,velocity per ,hour4,pressure per ,sq4 ,foot4 #aj ,miles #a_/b ,lb4 #ae #a #bj #b ,lbs4 #be #c ---------------------------------------- ,,table ,,vii4 ,,gross ,,and ,,efficient ,,power ,,of #ab ,,and #ad ,,foot ,,windmills4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,velocity ,gross ,net ,,size ,,of ,,mill4 of ,wind4 ,horse-power4 ,horse-power4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ab-;,foot ,ideal ,power ,mill #aj ,miles #a_/b #a_/aj #ab #ae #a #c_/e #ab #bj #b #a-c_/e #ab #be #c #b-c_/e #ad #aj #a #c_/e #ad #ae #b #a-c_/e #ad #bj #d #c-c_/e #ad #be #f #e-c_/e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,the preceding tables are based upon tests of the ,sampson windmill as compiled by its makers1 ,the ,stover ,manufacturing ,co42 they deserve careful study by those planning the introduction of aermotors4 ,the power of a windmill depends--first1 on the diameter of the wheel2 and second1 on the velocity of wind4 ,to increase the diameter of the wheel is to increase its power in proportion to the area of the squares4 ,table ,i gives the horse-power of several sizes of mills working in a fifteen-mile wind3 if the wind velocity be increased or diminished1 the power of the windmill will increase or decrease in the ratio of the squares of the velocity4 ,table ,v will show the comparative power or force of the wind in velocities from eight to forty miles per hour for each square foot of surface4 ,rules for approximately determining size of windmill to use4 ,the daily water consumption must be given as a basis for calculation4 ,divide this by #h to find the hourly capacity of windmill1 as if loaded aright the mill will pump on an average eight hours daily4 ,multiply the quotient by total water lift in feet and with the co-efficient given in ,table ,,ii4 ,the product will in ,table ,i show what mill to use4 ,the size of the cylinder and discharge pipe will be found in ,table ,,iii4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dff4 ,table ,i gives the maker's number of the pumping mill1 and the number of gallons each will raise one foot high per hour1 with a wind having a velocity of fifteen miles per hour4 ,example3 ,no4 #i pump will raise #bd1jjj gallons of water one foot high in one hour4 ,now if the water is to be raised #ej feet then by dividing #bd1jjj by #ej the quantity raised becomes #dhj gallons per hour4 ,from ,table ,v it will be seen also that a wind velocity of fifteen miles per hour develops a power three times as great as an eight-mile wind1 and a twenty-mile wind is twice as powerful as a fifteen-mile1 or six times that of an eight-mile4 ,hence1 a small increase in velocity greatly increases the power of the windmill1 while a low velocity gives but little working force4 ,from ,table ,,vi it is seen that a twenty-five mile wind gives six times as much power as a ten-mile wind1 but really gives twenty-six times the net efficient power of the ten-mile wind1 therefore it will not be proper to calculate on using a power windmill in as low a velocity as ten miles4 ,from ,table ,,vii it is seen that the net efficient result is six times as great in a fifteen-mile wind as in a ten-mile wind1 and sixteen times greater in a twenty-mile wind than in a ten-mile wind4 ,therefore1 power windmills give best results when working in fifteen to twenty-five mile winds4 ,a #ab-;foot power windmill working in a fifteen-mile wind will do more work than an average horse1 and when working in a twenty-mile wind will do more work than two average horses4 ,example4--,a person in ,atlanta1 ,ga4 uses #b1fjj gallons of water daily4 ,he has a well in which the water stands #cj feet from ground level4 ,to obtain pressure1 the water is to be elevated into a tank #ej feet above ground4 #b1fjj #h #cbe gallons to be pumped hourly when windmill works4 ,average wind velocity at ,atlanta is #i miles per hour1 answering to coefficient #a4d in ,table ,,ii1 and total water lift is #cj #ej #hj feet4 #cbe #a4d #hj #cf1djj gallons4 ,if first estimate of #b1fjj gallons daily was liberal1 so that for instance #b1djj gallons would be sufficient1 ,table ,i shows that a #aj-;foot mill can be used1 but to keep on the safe side1 choose a #ab-;foot mill4 #cbe gallons hourly gives us in ,table ,,iii #c-a_/d-;inches cylinder with #b-;inches discharge pipe as proper sizes4 ,if the #aj-;foot mill is chosen take the #c-;inch cylinder4 ,a #ad-;foot windmill working in a fifteen-mile wind will do more work than two average horses1 and when working in a twenty-mile wind will do more work than four good horses1 while in a twenty-five mile wind it will do more work than six good horses4 ,giving the above tables a practical application1 a little thought will disclose what a wealth of power stands unappropriated and ready at hand to do many of the drudgeries of work for which large expenditures are annually made4 ,the uses of power windmills are so well understood that it seems out of place to elaborate upon them2 the brief space allowed to giving information as to the power of this class of mills when working in different wind velocities1 is best expressed in tabular form1 ,table ,,vi4 ,fig4 #dff represents the working barrel of a deep well pump1 such as are used frequently in connection with the larger sizes of aermotors4 ,the tube is usually made of heavy brass--this is drawn so perfectly1 as to size and smoothness1 that a re-boring is not needed4 ,the plunger is here shown with four cup leather packings1 with one ball valve2 the bottom valve is also a ball with the seat resting within a conical coupling at the bottom1 this with a leather packing makes a water tight joint4 ,should any accident happen to the bottom valve it may be withdrawn by lowering the sucker-rod until the threaded portion comes in contact with the nut underneath the plunger4 ,by turning the sucker-rod the nut engages the thread on the top of the lower valve-cage4 ,then by withdrawing the sucker-rod both valves may be drawn up for examination or repairs4 ,,rotary ,,and ,,centrifugal ,,pumps ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dfg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dfh4 7,see page #aii47 ,,rotary ,,pumps4 ,this class of pumps differs from the centrifugal pump1 which is described and illustrated hereafter1 in that it includes a revolving piston1 while in the centrifugal pump there is a set of revolving blades which acts upon the liquid in the same way as a fan acts upon the air2 the centrifugal pump receives the water in the center and throws it outward1 while the rotary gathers the fluid up and leads it towards a central discharge4 ,the rotary pump substantially corresponds to the pressure blower1 and in many cases is simply the rotary engine reversed2 while the centrifugal pump is analogous to the fan-blower4 ,the functions of a rotary are almost identical with those of piston and power plunger pumps4 ,the rotary pump on account of its cleanliness has been quite generally adopted for pumping all heavy liquids1 such as starch1 paint1 soap1 gummy oils1 beer and hops1 sewerage1 bleachers1 etc4 ,the rotary pump is used also in places where a piston or steam pump would be objectionable either on account of floor space occupied or for the reason that steam could not be had without too much expense for lifting and forcing water and other liquids which would not nor could not find their way through the tortuous and narrow passages of the average piston and plunger pumps4 ,for low heads of liquids the rotary is also somewhat more efficient than direct acting pumps and the absence of close fitting parts renders it possible to handle water containing a considerable quantity of impurities1 such as silt1 grain and gravel4 ,this type of pump is compact and is generally self-contained1 especially in the smaller sizes1 and will deliver more water for a given weight and space occupied than the reciprocating types1 while its simplicity of construction not only lessens the liability to derangement1 but enables persons having a limited knowledge of machinery to set up and operate these pumps successfully4 ,rotary pumps are driven by means of belts from line shafting and by wheel gearing1 and also by direct connection to any prime mover such as a steam or gas engine1 hydraulic or electric motor4 ,rotary pumps may be divided into several classes according to the forms of1 and methods of working the pistons or impellers1 as they are usually called1 that is1 according to the construction and arrangement of the abutments4 ,the abutment receives the force of the water when driven forward by the pistons or impellers and also prevents the water from being carried around the cylinder1 thus compelling it to enter the delivery pipe4 ,in the construction of the impellers or pistons1 and of the abutments1 lie the principal differences in rotary pumps4 ,in some pumps the abutments are movable1 and are arranged to draw back1 as shown in ,fig4 #dfi1 to allow the piston to pass4 ,in others the pistons give way when passing fixed abutments1 and in others the pistons are fitted with a movable wing1 as in ,fig4 #dgb1 which slides radially in and out when passing the abutment4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dfi4 ,pumps of this type having no packing and springs to prevent leakage and in which the pistons work in cylindrical casings or cylinders are quite durable and in many instances have been known to run for months without stopping4 ,the later construction of this pump is shown in ,fig4 #dgj2 this design of pump is more economical1 as a rule1 owing to the fact that the strain on the belt is uniform at all points in the revolution of the pistons4 ,fig4 #dfg1 page #aid1 represents one of the oldest and most efficient forms of the rotary pump4 ,cog wheels1 the teeth of which are fitted to work accurately into each other1 are inclosed in an elliptical case4 ,the sides of these wheels turn close to those of the case so that water cannot enter between them4 ,the axle of one of the wheels is continued through one end of the case 7which is removed in the figure to show the interior7 and the opening made tight by a stuffing-box or collar of leather4 ,a crank is applied at the end to turn it1 and as one wheel revolves it necessarily turns the other1 the direction of their motions being indicated by the arrows4 ,the water that enters the lower part of the case is swept up by the ends of each cog in rotation2 and as it cannot return between the wheels in consequence of the cogs being always in contact there1 it must necessarily rise in the ascending or forcing pipe4 ,fig4 #dfh represents a pump similarly constructed to the foregoing1 but having cams shaped so as to reduce the wear4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dgj4 ,in ,eve's pump1 shown in ,fig4 #dfi1 a solid or hollow drum1 ,a1 revolves in a cylindrical case4 ,on the drum are three projecting pieces1 which fit close to the inner periphery of the case4 ,the surface of the drum revolves in contact with that of a smaller cylinder1 ,b1 from which a portion is cut off to form a groove or recess sufficiently deep to receive within it each piston as it moves past4 ,the diameter of the small cylinder is just one-third that of the drum4 ,the axles of both are continued through one or both ends of the case1 and the openings made tight with stuffing-boxes4 ,on one end of each axle is fixed a toothed wheel of the same diameter as its respective cylinder2 and these are so geared into one another1 that when the crank attached to the drum-axle is turned 7in the direction of the arrow7 the groove in the small cylinder receives successively each piston1 thus affording room for its passage1 and at the same time1 by the contact of the edge of the piston with its curved part1 preventing water from passing4 ,as the machine is worked1 the water that enters the lower part of the pump through the suction-pipe is forced round and compelled to rise in the discharging one1 as indicated by the arrows4 ,other pumps of the same class have a portion of the small cylinder cut off1 so that the concave surface of the remainder forms a continuation of the case in front of the recess while the pistons are passing2 and then1 by a similar movement to that in the figure described1 the convex part is brought in contact with the periphery of the drum until the return of the piston4 ,,note4--,in the year #ahbe1 one ,mr4 ,j4 ,eve1 an ,american1 took out a patent in ,england which was practically the beginning of the modern era of rotary engines and pumps4 ,his pump consisted chiefly of a revolving cylinder having three teeth or projections and revolved within a case4 ,a second and smaller cylinder was also placed within this case4 ,the smaller cylinder had one side scooped out to permit each of the teeth upon the large cylinder to pass as they came opposite the small cylinder4 ,the two shafts being geared together the small cylinder was caused to revolve three times to one of the large so that the teeth might pass the small cylinder without interruption4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #dga ,,and #dgb4 ,the next improvement in rotary pumps is shown in ,fig4 #dgj1 page #aig4 ,this type was used for many years as a fire pump4 ,the ,silsby fire engine of the present day is practically this pump in design although it has packing strips in the center of each of the long teeth of the elliptical gears4 ,following ,eve's invention were a series of claims which embodied the design shown in the engraving1 see ,fig4 #dga1 where a sliding partition or abutment1 ,a1 was used to imprison the steam4 ,as the piston or inside cylinder turned around1 the abutment was pushed up and fell of its own gravity4 ,a strip of metal supported this abutment and furnished a suitable wearing surface upon the surface of a revolving cylinder and also accommodated itself to the tilting motion introduced by the eccentricity of the revolving cylinder4 ,in ,fig4 #dgb the sliding abutment has been placed in the side of revolving cylinders and the axis of this cylinder is in its center4 ,in this case the abutment is pushed in by its pressure upon the inside of the case and is thrown out by its centrifugal force assisted by spiral springs4 ,the engraving1 ,fig4 #dfh1 gives a view of ,gould's rotary pump1 with the case removed2 long practical experience has demonstrated that the revolving cams or pistons are of such a shape as to produce the minimum of friction and wear with the greatest results4 ,the cases which receive these cams are engine lathe turned and bored and so true and smooth that the cams when in operation create almost a perfect vacuum and will 8pick up0 water for a long distance and hold it efficiently4 ,the cams are carefully and accurately planed to mesh into each other to fit their case4 ,it is a point worth noting that if a little good oil be put into the case of these pumps before and after using at first1 or simply to pump air with the oil a few times1 the cams become as hard upon the surface as tempered steel1 and are almost unaffected by long use afterwards4 ,drip plugs are provided for draining pumps in cold weather4 ,to do this1 turn the cams backward a single revolution to release all water4 ,the ,taber pump is one of the best known of the rotary class4 ,it consists of three parts only1 that is to say1 7#a7 the outside shell or case1 7#b7 the piston1 and 7#c7 the valves4 ,referring to the engravings herewith 7,figs4 #dgd to #dha71 the outside case or shell1 ,a1 is made either of brass or iron as the case may be1 ,fig4 #dgf1 bored out at ,f to receive the piston1 ,c1 ,fig4 #dgh1 to which power is applied at ,g4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dgd4 ,this cylinder has two heads or covers1 ,,bb1 ,figs4 #dge and #dgg1 which close the cylinder and has journal bearings to carry the piston combined with packing boxes to prevent leakage of the liquid passing through the pump4 ,the valves1 ,figs4 #dgi1 #dhj and #dha1 ,,ddd1 are plates of composition which slip through the piston fitting neatly into the slots1 ,,ee1 ,fig4 #dgh4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #dge-dgg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dgh4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #dgi-dha4 ,these valves really perform the work of pumping4 ,it will be observed that substances which would easily clog up an ordinary pump with clack valves1 will pass through this pump without difficulty2 there are no springs in this pump1 nor will it get out of order with the average treatment1 and it pumps all kinds of liquids1 either thick or thin1 such as are found between the two extremes of water1 and brewers' grains4 ,it is designed to handle a large amount of fluids and semi-fluids under a medium pressure1 and being well balanced it may be run fast or slow as desired4 ,directions for setting and operating ,taber pumps4 #ast4 ,bolt pump firmly to the floor1 and if possible set it so that the liquid runs into it1 which will add very much to the life and duty of the pump4 #bnd4 ,see that all parts are well oiled4 #crd4 ,experience has proved that common candle wick soaked in tallow is the best material with which to pack rotary pumps4 ,the wick should be double and twisted into a compact rope and driven into the boxes as tightly as possible with a piece of hard wood tapered to fit the box4 ,such a tool as described is furnished with each pump4 ,do not under any circumstances use iron calking tools which mar the bearing and causes them to quickly cut out the packing4 #dth4 ,if from any cause the pump should become clogged1 do not use a lever in starting it4 ,remove the plug from bottom and work the pulley back and forth till the pump is relieved4 ,if this does not free it1 remove the outside head and all parts will be accessible4 ,,note4--,many of the modern breweries are built with the hop-jack situated upon the upper floors of the brewery1 to which the beer and hops mixed are pumped1 and the beer allowed to flow directly to the coolers4 ,this pump has been very successfully installed for the past five years1 pumping in some breweries #ij feet in height above the pump4 ,the handling of wet brewers' grains by use of chain conveyors1 which are seldom free from infection and which are a continual source of annoyance from breakage1 is now overcome by this pump4 ,all styles of these pumps can be washed out clean after use1 thereby overcoming entirely the noxious smell so disagreeable to this part of the brewery when conveyors are used4 ,there should be a fall of six to eight feet from the wash-tub into the pump and as nearly perpendicular as possible4 ,right angle bends in the discharge pipe should also be avoided4 ,by using twenty-four-inch bends wet grains at #gj moisture can be pumped without additional water4 ,when putting heads back on the pump use ordinary newspaper for packing1 nothing thicker1 as thicker packing destroys the suction4 ,prevent all leaks in suction pipe which would impair the vacuum4 ,the suction should furnish an uninterrupted supply to the pump1 to enable the pump to throw its full capacity4 ,never use pipes smaller than the openings in pump4 ,open all drips in cold weather to prevent freezing4 ,all packing boxes should be kept in order and never allowed to leak4 ,the illustration1 ,fig4 #dhb1 page #bjd1 represents a rotary pump of the ,holyoke pattern to be attached by a clutch to a line shaft--the gears1 as shown1 are merely to transmit the power to the impellers4 ,the safety valve with lever and weight1 shown in the cut1 are designed to be attached to the discharge pipe to guard against over pressure1 which might occur through the closing of valves4 ,fig4 #dhc shows an emergency pump of the ,holyoke rotary pattern4 ,it is of the same general design as the one previously alluded to4 ,it is driven directly from the line shaft by friction gearing instead of toothed wheels4 ,the hand wheel attached to the end of a screw is used to press the smaller friction wheel against the larger and thus transmit the power to drive the pump4 ,this mechanism is not liable to injury by being thrown instantly into gear in case of fire1 as would be the case if gear wheels were used4 ,these pumps are largely used in mills located in the ,eastern ,united ,states1 as they may be started up in a few moments at full speed without slowing down the engine or motor driving the line shaft4 ,the shaft bearings are all made of large proportions to avoid heating and excessive wear when suddenly put under full load4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dhb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dhc4 ,figs4 #dhd and #dhe are views of a rotary pump driven by steam and largely used for fire apparatus4 ,these pumps are in general use in mills and factories1 and can be installed wherever the necessary steam and water supply are available4 ,the pump is built on a rigid iron base plate1 and is furnished with air chamber1 water-pressure gauge1 oil feeders and everything necessary to make it complete and ready for permanent steam and water connections4 ,the discharge outlets can be adapted for forcing water through either pipe or hose4 ,a perspective view of this pump is given in ,fig4 #dhd and a sectional plan of the same appliance appears in ,fig4 #dhe4 ,both engine and pump are of the rotary type and the construction of these parts is precisely as described in connection with its adaptation to use in the ,silsby steam fire engine4 ,these pumps can be thoroughly drained and1 with their interior surface well coated with oil and ,no4 #b pure ,graphite1 they can be 8laid up0 indefinitely and with certainty as to their starting promptly when wanted in an emergency4 ,water accumulated in the steam pipe will pass through this cylinder without causing damage1 and the free action of the pump will not be defeated by the 8sticking0 of valves or the corrosion of exposed parts4 ,in the operation of rotary pumps trouble is often experienced through an improper adjustment of the ends of the case4 ,if the case is too long there will be leaks of water pass the ends of the impellers and on the other hand if the case is too short the ends of the impellers will bind and cut1 through excessive friction4 ,hence great care is necessary in adjusting the ends of the case so that the pump may run freely yet without leaks4 ,the packing boxes around the shafts must not be screwed up too tight otherwise the shaft will be injured4 ,it has been found by costly experience that for emergency fire pumps leather belts are unreliable1 hence these two pumps1 ,figs4 #dhb and #dhc1 are driven by direct connection with the shaft in the first instance and through cast iron friction gearing in the second4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dhd4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dhe4--,see page #bje4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dhf4--,see page #baj4 ,the engraving1 ,fig4 #dhg1 shows ,root's rotary pump4 ,this has two impellers which are geared together and each turn at equal speeds towards one another at the top4 ,the engraving1 ,fig4 #dhh1 also shows a ,root pump with two impellers each having three wings or lobes4 ,the pump proper consists of half circles1 ,,aa1 with air chambers1 ,,dd1 cast with them1 the head plates1 ,b1 carrying the bearings1 and the revolvers1 ,,cc1 together with shafts1 ,,ee4 ,the shafts carry involute gears at each end which keep the lobes of the two impellers in their relative positions1 and rotate them4 ,either shaft may be made the driving shaft and to deliver water1 as shown by the arrows in the cross section1 the shafts revolve so that the tops move toward one another4--,same as in the preceding case4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dhg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dhh4 ,the action of this pump is as follows3 the suction pipe on starting1 being full of air1 the first few revolutions of the pump expel the air until the required vacuum is formed1 which allows atmospheric pressure to raise water into the pump4 ,it then flows between the case and the lobes into the space1 ,f1 and is carried by the impellers to the discharge edge of the case1 point1 ,g1 where it enters the discharge pipe4 ,each succeeding lobe brings up an amount of water equal to spaces1 ,,ff1 thus delivering the contents of the six at each revolution4 ,the irregular form of the lobes keeps them in contact at the center line1 thus preventing the return of water into the suction below4 ,heads of water from #aj to #bej feet are successfully handled by this type of pump1 with a slip of from #e to #ae per cent41 according to the discharge pressure4 ,the three-lobe impellers provide a double lock against the return of water between the case and impellers1 at the same time allowing a very free inlet and outlet for the water4 ,the delivery of water from this pump is smooth and continuous4 ,the large engraving1 ,fig4 #dhf1 page #bjh1 shows the exterior of this same pump with journal bearings and gears encased at each end4 ,this pump may be driven by motor or engine4 ,large rotary pumps for dredging purposes with their engine equipment for salt water service1 include surface condenser outfits with air pumps1 feed pumps1 fire pumps1 etc4 ,the dredges for fresh water are very large cross-compound engines1 double-acting air pumps and jet condensers with the usual complement of vertical duplex feed pumps1 fire pumps1 etc4 ,the air pumps are of a very novel arrangement1 inasmuch as it is possible by the manipulation of valves and cocks provided for the purpose to separate the pumps and run one side entirely independent of the other side4 ,these dredges are self-propelling and sea-going2 some of them are fitted with immense bins in which the dredged material is deposited1 and when full1 the vessel propels herself out to deep water1 dumps the sand or mud and steams back to repeat the operation4 ,,note4--,the operation of these machines is very interesting4 ,a long flexible tube #ab to #ae inches in diameter drops down from the side of the vessel #bj to #cj feet or more to the bottom of the river or harbor upon which the dredging operation is being performed4 ,the upper end of this tube is connected to an immense rotative centrifugal pump revolving at several hundred revolutions per minute and capable of handling many hundreds of tons of water per hour4 ,the lower end of the tube is manipulated from the vessel against the sand bars and mud banks and as the water is sucked upward by the centrifugal pumps a very large proportion of sand and mud goes with it4 ,the centrifugal pumps discharge this water with its suspended material into the tanks on board the vessel or into scows1 where the heavy material quickly settles to the bottom1 the water flowing back into the sea4 ,the mixture of sand and water which is drawn up the suction pipe is forced a distance of #c1hjj feet through a #cj-;inch pipe to the place where it is to be deposited2 the water draining off allows the solid matter to remain4 ,,centrifugal ,,pumps4 ,the centrifugal pump raises the liquid to be displaced1 by means of a rapidly revolving fan having two or more blades straight or curved1 fastened upon a shaft and fitting closely into a case having an inlet for water at the end center and an outlet at one side or on top of the case tangent to the circle described by the fan4 ,most people are practically acquainted with the principle of the centrifugal pump1 viz41 that by which a body revolving round a center tends to recede from it1 and with a force proportioned to its velocity3 thus mud is thrown from the rims of carriage wheels1 when they move rapidly over wet roads2 a stone in a sling darts off the moment it is released2 a bucket of water may be whirled like a stone in a sling and the contents retained even when the bottom is upwards4 ,the earliest history of the centrifugal pump cannot be traced1 but it is known that centrifugal machines for lifting liquids were in use during the latter part of the seventeenth century4 ,about #agjc1 ,denis ,papin1 the famous ,french engineer1 designed his 8,hessian ,suck10 a form of centrifugal pump embodying nearly all of the essential features of the present-day machine4 ,drawings of this pump are in existence which show that ,papin was not only a designer of no mean ability1 but that he had a good comprehension of the principles with which he was dealing4 ,after ,papin there seems to have been no further development of his ideas until #ahah1 when the earliest prototype of the present form of centrifugal was brought out in ,massachusetts and has since been known as the 8,massachusetts pump40 ,this pump was of the type designated 8volute10 and was provided with double suction openings and an open impeller4 ,it was re-invented by ,andrews and others in #ahdf1 and was shortly afterwards introduced into ,england by ,mr4 ,john ,gwynne4 ,,note4--,the term 8volute0 so frequently used in connection with these means 8a spiral scroll of plate40 ,centrifugal pumps have now attained a degree of perfection1 which makes them a serious rival of the plunger pumps4 ,the high-class turbine pumps of to-day are simply machines in which the water is given a velocity which is partially changed to pressure before discharge1 and the pump is designed so that the well-known actions1 outlined above1 proceed along natural lines1 which are1 to use the common phrase1 lines of least resistance4 ,it is simply a question of careful design4 ,the modern pump causes the water to flow along paths naturally due to the forces acting and to guide the stream in such a way as to avoid the production of eddies and whirls within itself which so enormously cut down the efficiency4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dhi4 ,the blades now take the form of 8impellers0 which have warped surfaces whose form is the result of careful calculation1 and the water1 after leaving the impellers1 is guided by vanes of equally and carefully calculated form4 ,it is owing to the correct form of the guide vanes that the nearly perfect conversion of velocity into pressure head is possible1 and this is the principal factor which produces the high efficiency shown in tests4 ,when pumping against high heads1 the units are arranged in stages or series4 ,the discharge from one is led to the inlet of the next in series1 the separate units being usually mounted on one shaft1 and the whole really forms one machine4 ,in this manner heads approaching #b1jjj feet are worked1 still preserving the high efficiency which in some cases reaches between #hj and #ij per cent4 ,the ability to generate such pressures enables them to be used for feeding boilers1 and their efficiency particularly commends them for this purpose4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dij4 ,the centrifugal pump is the converse of the turbine water-wheel4 ,its development has been analogous to that of the steam turbine in that both were abandoned in favor of reciprocating machines before having been thoroughly exploited2 the pump because the principles of its action were not clearly understood1 and the steam turbine because of mechanical difficulties in its construction4 ,opposite the title page of this book can be seen a representation of a centrifugal wheel of ten thousand horse power2 it will repay the careful student to consult also page #acc of part one of this work for the details of this enormous machine2 the curious will also be interested in an early form of the centrifugal pump to be seen in ,fig4 #dhi and its description in the ,note on page #bad4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dia4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dib4 ,where large quantities of water are to be moved quickly and more especially in cases where the water is impure and contains floating matter1 as well as sand1 mud1 coal and the like1 as in wreckage1 the centrifugal pump has its peculiar advantages4 ,it is suited particularly for use in tanneries1 paper mills1 dry docks1 corporation work such as building sewers1 sand dredging1 and with water that contains large quantities of solid matter held in suspension4 ,pumps used for these purposes have to be primed on starting1 and the suction pipe should be as short as possible4 ,long suction pipes very much impair the efficiency of this type of pump4 ,they will draw water upwards of twenty feet but nothing like the full capacity of the pump can be realized under such circumstances4 ,it is always better to lower the pump as much as possible and force the water instead of trying to suck it4 ,,note4--,upon page #bab is represented one of the very earliest types of a turbine pump1 an account of which is left by ,ewbanks1 to whose book on hydraulics credit should be given for the figure4 8,this pump consists of tubes united in the form of a cross or letter ,t placed perpendicularly in the water to be raised4 ,the lower end is supported on a pivot2 perforations are made to admit the water1 and just above them a valve to retain it when the pump is not in motion4 ,the ends of the transverse part are bent downward to discharge the water into a circular trough1 over which they revolve4 ,to charge it the orifices may be closed by loosely inserting a cork into each and then filling the pump through an opening at the top which is then closed by a screw-cap4 ,a rapid rotary motion is imparted to the machine by a pulley fixed on the axis and driven by a band1 from a drum1 c4 ,the centrifugal force thus communicated to the water in the arms or transverse tube1 throws it out2 and the atmosphere pushes more water up the perpendicular tube to supply the place of that ejected4 ,these pumps are sometimes made with a single arm like the letter ,l inverted2 at others quite a number radiate from the upright tube4 ,it has also been made of a series of tubes arranged round a vertical shaft in the form of an inverted cone4 ,a valuable improvement was submitted by ,m4 ,jorge to the ,french ,academy in #ahaf4 ,it consists in imparting motion to the arms only1 thus saving the power consumed in moving the upright tube1 and by which the latter can be inclined as circumstances or locations may require40 ,centrifugal pumps designed to raise clean water alone should not be used for any other purpose1 that is to say1 pumps for handling more or less solid matter mixed with the water have much more clearance in the case than those for pumping clean water4 ,the fan is also made differently so that it cannot be clogged up by lumps of coal1 gravel1 and sticks of wood4 ,the accompanying engravings1 ,figs4 #dij1 #dia and #dib1 illustrate these ideas1 showing the three progressive grades of fans for the kinds of work alluded to4 ,fig4 #dij shows a fan with hollow arms for clean water only4 ,fig4 #dia shows the disc type of fan for water containing grit1 pulp1 etc4 ,fig4 #dib exhibits a fan used in dredging pumps used for all sorts of stuff that will pass through the connecting pipes4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dic4 ,there are two general types of centrifugal pumps1 viz41 #a1 single suction1 ,fig4 #dic1 in which the suction pipe enters the end of case parallel to1 and in line with its center2 #b1 the double suction1 ,fig4 #did1 in which the suction pipe is divided forming a ,u shape and enters the case at both sides of the center4 ,the single suction is used for clear water only1 while the double suction will pass everything that enters the suction pipe--see engravings4 ,when the pump is located above the water1 it has to be primed before it will raise water4 ,for these purposes an ejector1 or exhauster1 is frequently employed1 which will exhaust the air and draw water up from the required depth4 ,the arrangement of the ejector is illustrated at ,a1 in ,fig4 #dif1 and is the smallest and most convenient contrivance that can be used for this work4 ,it is screwed into the highest part of the pump1 and is connected by a separate steam pipe to boiler4 ,in a short time after turning on steam1 the pump will be primed1 the pump remaining stationary during the operation of priming4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #did4 ,to prevent air returning through the discharge pipe1 a check valve1 ,b1 is used4 ,for larger pumps a gate valve is generally employed here4 ,a foot valve fitted with a strainer to keep out obstructions likely to clog the pump should be used as it keeps the pump primed and ready for immediate use4 ,the general form of the blades is of great importance in this type of pump1 because the water is driven through the fan partly by the pressure of the blades on the water and partly by centrifugal force4 ,the ratio which each of these forces bears to the other varies in the same pump1 depending upon the proportion the speed bears to the height of it4 ,with low lifts and high speed the water is discharged with but little rotary motion1 the resistance to the outward motion of the water being so small that the oblique action of the blades is sufficient to effect the discharge without imparting to the water the same speed of rotation as is given to the fan4 ,the principal object in this type of pump is to effect the discharge of as large a volume of water as possible with the least rotary motion4 ,the power absorbed in imparting the latter motion is not given up later on and consequently is lost1 while the rotary motion tends to impede the flow of water4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #die4 ,the passage through the pump should be so timed as to produce a gradually increasing velocity in the water until it reaches the circumference of the fan1 then a gradually decreasing velocity until it is discharged from the pipe4 ,these conditions are met by having a conical end to the suction pipe1 and a spiral casing surrounding the fan4 ,the form of the casing should be such that the water flowing round the casing will move with the same velocity as that issuing from the fan2 the casing enlarges from that locality into the discharge pipe4 ,a small increase in the number of revolutions of the fan after the pump commences to discharge produces a large increase in the volume of water delivered4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dif4--;,for description see page #baf4 ,fig4 #die1 upon the previous page1 is intended to show a ,boggs ,clarke hydraulic dredging or sand centrifugal pump4 ,this is a heavy strong pump fitted with flap valve1 without close fitting joints1 but with ample room for the water to wash away the sand from the working parts4 ,the cut shows the pump with ejector for priming and large elbow to discharge through4 ,the pump is lined with sheet steel fitted so that it can be easily and cheaply replaced4 ,the diameters in which these pumps are made run from #d to #ab inches inclusive4 ,,table4 ,size of ,pipe ,size of ,flanges ,size of ,capacity per ,hour ,pump ,discharge ,suction ,pulley ,cubic ,yards ,sand ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #d #d #e #ab #aj #cj to #dj #e #e #f #ab #aj #dj to #fj #f #f #h #ah #ab #fj to #hj #h #h #aj #bd #ab #hj to #abe #aj #aj #ab #cj #ab #aej to #bej #ab #ab #ad #cf #ad #bej to #djj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dig4 ,smaller sizes for pumping sand and gravel are made with cast chilled linings with chilled piston1 and brass covered shaft especially adapted for stone and marble mills to carry the sand to the saws1 or for mining where there is a large quantity of sand to be pumped with water4 ,the table will convey an idea of the capacity1 sizes1 etc4 ,for pumping sand or heavy material the speed of pump should be increased #be more than for water4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dih4 ,the engraving ,fig4 #dig exhibits a steam-driven centrifugal pump of an approved design constructed by the ,morris ,machine ,works4 ,this pump is directly connected to the engine and has a double suction4 ,pumps directly connected to engines are to be preferred over belt-driven pumps when conditions of elevation1 etc41 will allow1 as they are self-contained1 take up less space and are more economical4 ,the figure #dih shows a #bj-;inch hydraulic dredge1 directly connected to a #dej horse-power triple-expansion engine4 ,a hydraulic dredge consists mainly of a centrifugal pump with its driving engine and boiler1 and hoisting machinery for handling suction pipe and boat2 the pump in operation creates a strong suction flow in the suction pipe1 sufficient to pick up the material and draw it into the pump1 from which it is again delivered through the discharge pipe any distance to point of delivery1 and can at same time be elevated to reasonable heights4 ,sand1 mud1 silt1 etc41 are readily picked up by the suction force only1 but where material is packed it must first be agitated4 ,,table4 ,diameter ,capacity1 ,elevations,size ,steam ,cylinder ,size ,size ,discharge ,gallons in ,feet ------------------,steam ,pipe1,exhaust ,pipe1 ,opening per ,minute up to ,diameter ,stroke ,inches ,inches ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- #b #abj #be #c #c #c_/d #a #b-a_/b #ahj #be #c #c #c_/d #a #c #bfj #be #c #c #c_/d #a #d #dgj #be #d #d #c_/d #a #e #gce #be #e #e #a #a-a_/d #f #ajej #cj #e #e #a #a-a_/d #h #bjjj #cj #h #h #a-a_/b #b-a_/b #aj #cjjj #aj #f #f #a-a_/d #a-a_/b #aj #cjjj #dj #ab #aj #b-a_/b #c #ab #dbjj #bj #i #i #b #c #ab #dbjj #cj #ab #aj #b-a_/b #c #ab #dbjj #dj #ad #ab #c #c-a_/b #ae #gjjj #cj #ad #ad #c #d #ae99 #gjjj #bb #ab #aj #b-a_/b #c #ah #ajjjj #cj #ae #aj #d #e #ah99 #ajjjj #bj #ab #ab #c-a_/b #bj #abjjj #bj #ad #ad #c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- 99 ,low-,lift ,pumps4 ,special ,high-,lift ,pumps4 ,the steam shovel1 bucket or elevator dredge will do efficient service in raising material1 but none are capable of delivering the material except within a very short radius of the dredging operation4 ,the centrifugal dredge not only raises the material1 but also delivers it at the place wanted1 at one operation4 ,besides1 it is practically impossible to build any other type with the enormous capacity that some hydraulic dredges have4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dii4 ,fig4 #dii is a perspective view of a centrifugal vertical pump of the submerged type4 ,this pump is used largely by contractors in excavations and coffer dam work and for keeping pits drained4 ,a double suction centrifugal pump1 driven directly by a steam engine1 is shown in ,fig4 #dig2 these are generally and very satisfactorily used for circulating water through surface condensers and the cooling pipes in refrigerating systems4 ,the engine and pump thus combined occupy small floor space and consequently little masonry is required for a foundation4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ejj4 ,the ,buffalo centrifugal pump is shown in ,fig4 #ejj4 ,these are built by the ,buffalo ,forge ,co4 in two types1 viz41 the submerged and the suction2 the latter is the one shown in the cut4 ,the suction type is employed for pumping from mines1 pits1 etc41 and all places where the supply will not allow of a horizontal pump to be used1 or in others where the supply is either below the pump1 or sometimes above and at other times below4 ,this type possesses merit above the submerged design in that it will work equally well1 when set either above or below the liquid to be pumped4 ,multi-stage centrifugal pumps4 ,experience has demonstrated that by placing several pumps together and discharging from one into the other1 water can be delivered to almost any height4 ,for a long time after the introduction of centrifugal pumps1 it was supposed that about sixty feet was the limit for their economical working1 owing to the high speed at which they had to be run to accomplish the results desired4 ,it was a discovery of importance1 that by coupling two or more pumps in series1 so that each pump worked against only a part of the total delivery head1 water could easily be raised to even two thousand feet or any reasonably high head with satisfactory efficiency4 ,pumps connected in this way will throw more water at a given speed than when operated separately1 and are therefore attended by less wear and tear4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eja4 ,pumps worked in series are built compound1 triple or quadruple as required by service either belt driven or directly connected to engines4 ,owing to the fact that they have no valves or absolutely close-parts1 they are able to pump muddy or gritty water with sand in suspension1 and are1 therefore1 especially in the vertical type1 the only ones that can be successfully used for draining deep mines4 ,fig4 #eja is designed to illustrate a four stage centrifugal pump1 or a quadruple compound pump capable of lifting water #bej feet4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ejb4 ,explanation of diagram page #bbe4 ,in determining the requirements best suited as regards rotation of shaft and connection with the suction and discharge pipes1 in installing a pump1 the figure #ejb1 will be found a convenience4 ,it is important to run the most direct pipes with the least number of elbows or bends4 ,the diagram relates particularly to the centrifugal pumps made by the ,morris ,machine ,works of ,baldwinsville1 ,n4 ,y42 the principle is1 however1 of general application4 ,in making use of the diagram each number represents a particular design4 ,see ,note4 ,how to determine right-or left-hand pumps4 ,if1 when standing at the suction end of pump1 looking over the pump shell toward the pulley1 the top of the shaft revolves from right to left1 or against the hands of clock1 the pump is right-hand1 and from left to right1 or with the hands of clock1 it is left-hand4 ,directions for erecting and running centrifugal pumps4 ,place the pump as near suction water as possible1 and limit suction lift to #bj feet or #be feet4 ,erect the pump so that the pump shaft is level2 in bolting to foundation be careful that the frame is not sprung4 ,see that the bearings are clean and well oiled4 ,the suction pipe and stuffing-boxes must be air-tight4 ,never use pipes smaller than those represented by the flanges on the pump2 avoid elbows or bends as much as possible2 if discharging long distances1 use pipes one or two sizes larger than ordinary4 ,whether a foot valve is used or not1 a strainer should be attached to the suction pipe to prevent large substances from entering1 that might choke or clog the pump1 but be careful that suction area is not contracted4 ,,note4--,in viewing diagrams on page #bbe you are supposed to stand at the outer half of pump shell looking over pump towards the pulley or engine1 if directly connected4 ,the pump can be swiveled around the frame1 so that1 for instance1 if you order pump per diagram ,no4 #ej1 it can after receipt be made ,nos4 #ea1 #eb or #ec4 ,run the pump in proper direction1 as indicated by arrows cast on the pump shell4 ,if the combined length of suction and discharge pipe is more than #ej feet1 the speed must be increased to overcome friction4 ,before starting1 prime the pump so that suction pipe and pump are filled with water4 ,warm water can only be raised by suction to moderate heights1 and if very hot it must flow to the pump4 ,to prevent freezing in cold weather1 drain by unscrewing plug provided in the bottom of the pump shell4 ,sometimes a pump when first started will deliver a good stream of water1 which gradually diminishes in volume until it stops entirely4 ,one reason for this is a leak in suction pipes or stuffing-box of pump1 or1 when suction primer is used1 in the hand pump stuffing-box4 ,another reason might be that the pump lowers the suction supply1 thus increasing the lift until there is not sufficient speed for the elevation4 ,if the pump works indifferently1 delivering a stream obviously too small1 it is generally because the pump was not properly primed and some air remains in the top part of pump shell4 ,unless primed by steam ejector1 the pet cock or plug found on top of pump shell should always be open while priming1 and the pump must not be started until water flows out of same4 ,,note4--8,one feature or fact in centrifugal pumping that is overlooked or not known to many makers1 is that water will not enter a pump when the impeller vanes sweep over the inlet way and are driven at high speed4 ,to illustrate this1 one can not thrust a cane or lath through the spokes of a rapidly revolving wheel4 ,european centrifugal pumps with their small impellers and consequent high speed of rotation1 are especially liable to this repelling action1 and very often are wholly inefficient from this cause4 ,one maker who claims a high duty for his pumps1 attaches a screw at the sides of the impeller to coax the water into the pump1 and the idea is a good one if the difficulty is not otherwise provided for4 ,in this way a pump can be made of smaller diameter for a given duty1 but it is commonly inferior to a larger one for the same work40--,industries4 ,a pump with horizontal top discharge and short length of discharge pipe is sometimes difficult to start1 especially if suction lift is high1 owing to the fact that the water is thrown out of the pump shell before the water in the suction pipe has got fairly started1 thus allowing air to rush back into the pump4 ,if the pump is to work under this condition1 it is better to use a pump with a vertical discharge and deliver through an elbow1 or else lead the discharge pipe upward for a short distance so as to keep a slight pressure1 or head on the pump1 and after priming as high as possible start quickly4 ,generally nothing is gained by running a pump above the proper speed required for a given elevation4 ,in addition to what is said in connection with the priming device illustrated on page #bah1 numerous other methods have been adopted to suit pumps of various designs4 ,the accompanying engravings represent those largely used4 ,fig4 #a illustrates a multi-stage turbine pump with ejector for priming4 ,the ejector is connected to the highest point on the pump casing1 and either steam1 air or water under pressure may be employed in it to produce a vacuum4 ,fig4 #b shows an auxiliary hand pump mounted on top of the discharge casing4 ,when the pump is ready to start1 the gate valve on the discharge is closed1 and by operating the hand pump a vacuum is produced and water drawn in1 filling the suction pipe and casing4 ,the method of priming shown in ,fig4 #c may be resorted to where a foot valve is used on the suction pipe4 ,water is allowed to run into the pump until it reaches the discharge flange1 when the supply is shut off1 and the pump may be started4 ,after the pump has been properly primed1 it should be started before the gate valve on the discharge is opened4 ,when full speed is reached1 the discharge gate may be slowly opened1 and the pump will perform its work4 ,,note4--,the ,worthington centrifugal pumps are divided into three classes1 viz43 ,conoidal1 ,volute and ,turbine4 ,the ,conoidal ,centrifugals 7named from the cone-shaped impeller7 are designed especially for low lifts and large deliveries and are adapted to irrigation work1 the handling of sewage and similar purposes4 ,they are comparatively inexpensive and operate at high rotative speeds1 making possible direct connection to electric motors4 ,for heads up to #cj feet they are unexcelled in the pumping field4 ,the ,volute ,centrifugals 7illustrated on page #bcb7 are built for medium lifts1 but for all capacities4 ,since they run at moderate speeds1 diffusion vanes are not needed1 but the volute casing has been carefully designed to obtain high efficiency and #hf has been shown under test4 ,these pumps are recommended for heads up to #gj feet1 although they will safely withstand #aej feet4 ,it is always best to use a foot valve in connection with centrifugal pumps where the lift is more than three to four feet1 and even under these low lifts where long suction pipes are used to conduct water long distances1 foot valves should always be used to keep the pump and suction pipe charged4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #a1 #b ,,and #c4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ejc4 ,,turbine ,,pumps4 ,the ,turbine ,pump is suited to very high lifts1 even exceeding #b1jjj feet4 ,an admirable example of this class of pumps is described in the following paragraphs3 ,the ,worthington turbine pump has been developed by a long series of experiments4 ,the diffusion vanes which form the distinguishing feature1 take the place of the usual whirlpool chamber and assist in bringing the water to rest without internal commotion or shock4 ,they correspond in function to the guide vanes of turbine water-wheels4 ,one of the difficulties presented by high-lift centrifugal pumps has been the great peripheral speed required when only a single impeller is employed4 ,this has been overcome by mounting a number of discs or impellers1 each operating in a separate chamber1 upon a single shaft and passing the water through the impeller chambers in succession4 ,the lift can thus be multiplied three1 four or five times1 while the number of revolutions is kept within bounds4 ,it has been demonstrated that on the same work and within reasonable limits1 multi-stage centrifugals are more efficient than single-stage pumps1 the increased efficiency being due to a decrease in the frictional losses coincident with the reduced peripheral speed of the impeller4 ,it is well known that the turbine water wheel was perfected less by mathematical processes than by intelligent cut and try methods4 ,it has been the same with the turbine pump1 whereby the vanes and passages have been shaped and tested by practical experiments1 followed in each case by comparison of results4 ,the constant aim has been to avoid eddies and secure a favorable discharge of the water4 ,,note4--,at the ,st4 ,louis ,world's ,exposition three of the #cf-;inch ,worthington turbine pumps1 each of a capacity of #ce1jjj gallons per minute against #afj feet head1 supplied the ,grand ,cascade4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ejd4 ,the ills4 on the opposite page 7,fig4 #ejc71 which represents in outline a ,worthington turbine pump1 indicates the difficulty of exactly and mathematically designing such a mechanism4 ,in the system shown only suction and discharge pipes are employed1 the water entering axially and issuing radially4 ,the impellers remain in perfect longitudinal balance regardless of their number or the head against which the pump is operated1 this balancing of the impeller being secured by an ingenious system of 8triple vanes40 ,the diffusion vanes4 ,in the ,worthington turbine pump the efficient conversion of energy is assured by an original system of diffusion vanes disposed in the throat opening between the periphery of the impeller and the annular casing1 in much the same manner that guide vanes are placed in a reaction turbine water-wheel4 ,these vanes form tangential1 expanding ducts from which the fluid emerges at about the velocity existing in the chamber4 ,they also eliminate all drag and friction between the periphery of the rapidly revolving impeller and the slowly moving water in the discharge chamber4 ,the turbine pump has created an entirely new field of application for centrifugal pumps1 embracing mine drainage1 water-works1 and numerous other services where rotary pumps are desirable but have not been employed1 owing to their former limited efficiency at high heads4 ,as a sinking or station pump for mine service1 the turbine pump is ideal4 ,there are no valves1 guards or springs1 no reciprocating parts1 and1 most important of all1 there is no contact surface in the machine except the shaft and its bearings4 ,the design is such that parts subjected to the action of mine water may be made of acid-resisting metal1 and1 when desired1 lead-lined4 ,,note4--,the space occupied by the turbine pump is less than one-third of that required by a reciprocating pump of equal capacity1 and the first cost1 including the motor for driving1 is only about one-half4 ,since there are no rubbing surfaces exposed to the water1 the pump will run for years without renewal or repairs4 ,in case of accident1 the parts are so few and the construction so simple that any part of the machine can be replaced in less than one hour4 ,the cost of attendance is reduced to the minimum1 since the only necessary attention is to see that the pumps and motors are properly lubricated4 ,the simplicity and reliability of the centrifugal pump make it especially suitable for isolated stations4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eje4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ejf4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ejg4--,see page #bda4 ,turbine pumps of excellent design 7,fig4 #ejg7 of high efficiency are built by the ,byron ,jackson ,machine ,works of ,san ,francisco1 ,california4 ,the operating elements of these pumps are rotating impellers containing spirally-curved water passages1 and fixed guide passage between successive impellers4 ,the water enters the passages of each impeller at the center and by the rotation is forced out into a collecting chamber surrounding the periphery of the impeller4 ,the ducts which lead the water from there back to the center of the next impeller are suitably curved to act as guide passages1 similar in action to the guide buckets of a turbine4 ,the water then enters the next impeller parallel with the shaft1 its rotary motion having been transformed by the guide passages into rectilinear motion4 ,fig4 #eji1 a drawing of a vertical pump in section1 shows the relative arrangement of impellers 7marked ,a7 and guide passages 7,b74 ,this pump has the suction entrance at the top2 the discharge leaves the collecting chamber of the last 7lowest7 impeller tangent to the circle4 ,the shaft rests in a thrust bearing at the top1 and is further held by bearings formed in the successive sections of the case4 ,at the bottom it is provided with a special balancing arrangement1 described here after4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ejh4 ,each impeller1 where it joins the guide passages of the preceding case section1 is fitted into the case so as to form as tight a joint as possible without introducing any great frictional resistance to rotation4 ,with the exception of the entrance opening1 the external surface of the impeller is exposed to the delivery pressure1 so that there is a resultant upward pressure on each impeller1 equal to the area of its entrance multiplied by the difference between the entrance and discharge pressures of that stage4 ,if all the impellers are alike1 the total upward thrust is equal to the product of entrance area multiplied by the total head on the pump4 ,the pumps are so proportioned that this upward thrust slightly exceeds the weight of the rotating portion1 consisting of impellers and shaft4 ,the excess of upward pressure1 however1 is relieved by the balancing device located at the lower end of the shaft1 with the result that the rotating part is precisely balanced1 thus relieving the thrust bearing of all load while the pump is running4 ,the balancing device referred to consists of two chambers1 ,c and ,d1 formed centrally in the bottom of the lowest section of the pump case4 ,the large chamber1 ,c1 encloses a projecting hub1 ,e1 on the lower surface of the impeller4 ,this hub of course rotates with the impeller1 and the joint between the hub and the walls of the chamber is1 therefore1 loose enough to allow water from the delivery side of the last impeller to leak into chamber1 ,c1 and establish the full discharge pressure in that chamber4 ,the small lower chamber1 ,d1 contains a plug1 ,h1 which may be adjusted endways by means of screws4 ,the forward end of this plug fits closely into a recess in the face of the hub1 ,e1 which recess1 communicates1 by way of the hollow central part of the hub and the passage1 g1 with the entrance side of the last impeller4 ,the action of the device is as follows3 when chamber1 ,c1 becomes filled with water1 or rather when leakage through the joint around the tube1 ,e1 has raised the pressure in the chamber1 ,c1 to the delivery pressure1 the total upward pressure on the impellers is greater than the total weight of the rotating part of the pump4 ,the rotating element is therefore lifted until the recess in hub1 ,e1 is raised clear of the plug1 ,h4 ,in this position the pressure in chamber1 ,c1 is relieved through the passage1 g1 with the result that the rotating element again settles down over the adjusting plug1 ,h4 ,as this action tends to recur1 a position of equilibrium is established near the point where the plug just enters the recess in the hub1 ,e4 ,the precise position of this point may be altered by the adjusting screws of the plug1 ,h1 thereby adjusting the endwise position of the impellers in the casing4 ,when the pump is not in operation1 of course the upward pressure of the water does not act1 and the weight of the rotating part must be carried by the thrust bearing4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eji4 ,when these pumps are built with horizontal shaft1 the unbalanced pressure which is thus turned to account in the vertical pump becomes harmful and must be avoided4 ,the arrangement by which this is accomplished is shown in ,fig4 #eaj1 where the letters1 ,a and ,b1 designate respectively the impellers and the guide passages as before4 ,the rear of each impeller1 that is1 the side opposite the entrance opening1 bears a short annular projection1 ,s1 fitting within a similar ring1 t1 projecting from the casing4 ,the circular chamber formed by these two rings communicates1 through holes1 ,v1 in the web of the impeller1 with the entrance side of the impeller4 ,the chamber being slightly larger than the entrance opening of the impeller1 it serves to eliminate all thrust on the impeller in the direction of the suction 7since the remainder of the external surface is exposed to the discharge pressure71 and produces instead a small thrust directed toward the discharge end4 ,this small resultant thrust is taken up by a balancing device at the end of the shaft precisely similar to that used in the vertical type of pump1 as previously described4 ,the balancing action thus secured serves to fix the endwise position of the rotating part2 moreover1 it affords sufficient margin to compensate for longitudinal thrusts which may result from causes such as slightly non-central position of the impellers in their casing4 ,pumps of this design are built for heads of from #ajj to #b1jjj ft41 the number of separate impellers or 8stages0 being properly proportioned to the head4 ,about #ajj to #bej ft4 head per stage appears to be allowed4 ,a high efficiency of working1 from #gj to #hj1 is said to be realized4 ,the horizontal two-stage pump shown in ,fig4 #ejg is one built for the water-works of the city of ,stockton1 ,cal41 to deliver #a1ejj gallons per minute against a head of #adj ft41 at #fij r4 p4 m4 ,it is driven by a #ge-;,,hp4 induction motor of the ,westinghouse ,electric ,mfg4 ,co4 type1 of ,pittsburg1 ,pa4 ,pump and motor are mounted on a common base1 and their shafts are solidly coupled4 ,this pump was guaranteed to have an efficiency of at least #ge1 but we are informed by the manufacturers that the official test showed it to have an efficiency of #hb4 ,the vertical pump of four stages1 shown in ,fig4 #ejh1 has a discharge capacity of #dej gallons per minute and delivers against a head of #ejj ft4 ,the same type of pump1 however1 will work against heads up to #hjj ft4 ,the mounting of the pump in the present instance is at the bottom of a #bjj-;ft4 pit2 the pump shaft leads vertically to the surface1 where it is driven by belt4 ,a closely similar installation has been made1 where two vertical three-stage pumps operate under a head of #caj ft4 ,the pumps are located in a #cj-;ft4 pit1 and their shafts are extended to the surface1 where they carry each a #bjj-;,,hp4 induction motor mounted directly on the shaft4 ,the balancing action of the pump was in this case designed to be sufficient to carry the entire weight of the rotating part1 that is1 motor1 shaft and pump impellers4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eaj4 ,,injectors ,,and ,,ejectors ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eaa4--,see page #bea4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eab4--,see page #bea4 ,,the ,,injector4 ,this consists1 in its most simple form1 of a steam nozzle1 the end of which extends somewhat into the second nozzle1 called the combining or mixing nozzle2 this connects with1 or rather terminates in1 a third nozzle or tube1 termed 8the forcer40 ,at the end of the combining tube1 and before entering the forcer1 is an opening connecting the interior of the nozzle at this point with the surrounding space4 ,this space is connected with the outside air through a check valve1 opening outward in the automatic injectors1 and by a valve termed the overflow valve4 ,the injector nozzles are tubes1 with ends trumpet mouthed to receive and deliver the fluids with the least possible loss by friction and eddies4 ,as a thermodynamical machine1 the injector is nearly perfect1 since all the heat received by it is returned to the boiler1 except a very small part which is lost by radiation2 consequently its thermal efficiency should be in every case nearly #ajj per cent4 ,,note4--,the operation of the injector is based on the fact1 first demonstrated by ,giffard1 that the motion imparted by a jet of steam to a surrounding column of water is sufficient to force it into the boiler from which the steam was taken1 and1 indeed1 into a boiler working at a higher pressure4 ,the steam escaping from under pressure has1 in fact1 a much higher velocity than water would have under the same pressure and condition4 ,the rate of speed at which steam travels--taking it at an average boiler pressure of sixty pounds--when discharged into the atmosphere1 is about #a1gjj feet per second4 ,when discharged with the full velocity developed by the boiler pressure through a pipe1 say an inch in diameter1 the steam encounters the water in the combining chamber4 ,it is immediately condensed and its bulk will be reduced say #a1jjj times1 but its velocity remains practically undiminished4 ,uniting with the body of water in the combining tube1 it imparts to it a large share of its speed1 and the body of water thus set in motion1 operating against a comparatively small area of boiler pressure1 is able to overcome it and flow into the boiler4 ,the weight of the water to which steam imparts its velocity gives it a momentum that is greater in the small area in which its force is exerted than the boiler pressure1 although its force has actually been derived from the boiler pressure itself4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eac4--,see page #beb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ead4--,see page #bea4 ,all injectors are similar in their operation4 ,they are designed to bring a jet of live steam from the boiler in contact with a jet of water so as to cause it to flow continuously in the direction taken by the steam1 the velocity of which it in part assumes1 back into the boiler and against its own pressure4 ,there are three distinct types of live steam injectors1 the 8simple fixed nozzle10 the 8adjustable nozzle10 and the 8double40 ,the first has one steam and one water nozzle which are fixed in position but are so proportioned as to yield good results4 ,there is a steam pressure for every instrument of this type at which it will give a maximum delivery1 greater than the maximum delivery for any other steam pressure either higher or lower4 ,the second type has but one set of nozzles1 but they can be so adjusted relative to each other as to produce the best results throughout a long range of action2 that is to say1 it so adjusts itself that its maximum delivery continually increases with the increase of steam pressure4 ,the third type1 double injectors1 are those in which the delivery from one injector is made the supply of a second1 and they will handle water at a somewhat higher temperature than single ones with fixed nozzles4 ,the double injector makes use of two sets of nozzles1 the 8lifter0 and 8forcer40 ,the lifter draws the water from the reservoir and delivers it to the forcer1 which sends it into the boiler4 ,all double injectors have fixed nozzles4 ,the action of the injector is as follows3 ,steam being turned on1 it rushes with great velocity through the steam nozzle into and through the combining tube4 ,this action causes air to flow from the suction pipe1 which is connected to the combining tube1 with the result that more or less vacuum is formed1 thus inducing a flow of water4 ,,note4--,the motive force of the injector is found in the heat received from the steam4 ,the steam is condensed and surrenders its latent heat and some of its sensible heat4 ,the energy so given up by each pound of steam amounts to about #ijj thermal units1 each of which is equivalent to a mechanical force of #ggh foot pounds4 ,this would be sufficient to raise a great many pounds of water against a very great pressure could it be so applied1 but a large portion of it is used simply to heat the water raised by the injector4 ,the above explanation will apply to every injector in the market1 but ingenious modifications of the principles of construction have been devised in order to meet a variety of requirements4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eae4--,see page #beb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eaf4--,see page #beb4 ,after the water commences to flow into the injector it receives motion from the jet of steam2 it absorbs heat from the steam and finally condenses it1 and thereafter moves on through the forcer tube simply as a stream of water1 at a low velocity compared with that of the steam4 ,at the beginning of the forcer tube1 it is subjected only to atmospheric pressure1 but from this point the pressure increases and the water moves forward under a diminished velocity4 ,that the condensation of the steam is necessary to complete the process will be evident1 for if the steam were not condensed in the combining chamber1 it would remain a light elastic body and1 though moving at high speed1 would have a low degree of energy4 ,some injectors are given special names by their makers1 such as ejectors and inspirators1 but the term injectors is the general name covering the principle upon which all these devices act4 ,the exhaust steam injector is a type different from any of the above-named1 in that it uses the exhaust steam from a non-condensing engine4 ,exhaust steam represents fourteen and seven-tenths 7#ad4g7 pounds of work1 and when the steam entering the injector is condensed the water is forced into the boiler upon the same general principle as in all injectors4 ,the injector can be1 and frequently is1 used as a pump to raise water from one level to another4 ,it has been used as an air compressor1 exhauster and also for receiving the exhaust from a steam engine1 taking the place1 in that case of both condenser and air pump4 ,the injector is not an economical device1 but it is simple and convenient2 it occupies a very small space1 is not expensive and entirely free from severe strains on its durability2 moreover1 where a number of boilers are used in one establishment1 it is very convenient to have the feeding arrangements separate1 so that each boiler may be a complete generating system in itself and independent of its neighbors4 ,the following text is intended to describe the instruments illustrated on pages #bdd1 #bdf1 #bdh and #bej4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eag4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eah4 ,the 8,manhattan0 automatic injector is shown in perspective and outline upon page #bdd4 ,this instrument is made by ,messrs4 ,schaeffer ,budenberg of ,new ,york ,city4 ,this injector is designed for portable and semi-portable engines and boilers1 and is also adapted for stationary boilers requiring no high lift4 ,its main features are simplicity and positive automatic action4 ,it works under pressures ranging from #cj to #aej lbs41 either lifting or non-lifting4 ,the letters in the outline cut refer to the parts3 a4 ,steam ,nozzle4 b4 ,combining ,nozzle with ,flap4 c4 ,delivery ,tube4 d4 ,screw ,cap4 e4 ,cap ,screw for ,overflow4 f4 ,overflow ,valve4 g4 ,tail ,pipe4 h4 ,tail ,pipe ,nut4 ,the 8,peerless0 automatic injector is shown on page #bdf4 ,this is1 in effect1 the same instrument as the 8,manhattan0 except it has a steam spindle with handle to regulate the flow of steam4 ,see figure #ead4 ,two classes of ,peerless injectors are made1 viz43 ,class ,a--for high pressures ranging from #ej to #bjj pounds4 ,b-- low #bj to #hj and they are stamped accordingly4 ,they are adapted for any service requiring the lifting of water4 ,class ,a is made for lifts up to #ab feet4 ,b #h but if so ordered1 they can be arranged for higher lifts4 ,they may also be used as non-lifting injectors4 ,the temperatures of feed water taken by these injectors1 if non-lifting or at a low lift1 can be as follows3 ,,pressure4 #ce to #de #ej to #he #ij #aje lbs4 ,,temperature4 #add to #acf #acc to #acj #abi #abb ,f4 ,,pressure4 #abj #ace #aej lbs4 ,,temperature4 #aah to #aac #aji to #aje #ajd to #ajj ,f4 ,the spindle acts as a valve for the steam inlet2 an extra seam valve is therefore not absolutely required1 but recommended for convenience of detachment4 ,the letters in ,figs4 #ebj-ecc1 page #bed1 relate to the names of 8the parts0 of the ,peerless injector4 a4 ,steam ,nozzle4 b4 ,combining ,nozzle with ,flap4 c4 ,delivery ,tube4 e4 ,cap ,screw for ,overflow4 f4 ,overflow ,valve4 g4 ,tail ,pipe4 h4 ,tail ,pipe ,nut4 j4 ,screw ,plug with ,stuffing-,box4 k4 ,follower ,nut on ,plug j4 l4 ,packing ,sleeve to j4 m4 ,steam ,spindle4 n4 ,crank to ,spindle m4 o4 ,screw ,nut to ,spindle m4 p4 ,handle to ,crank n4 ,the ,monitor injector1 ,fig4 #eac1 page #bdf1 was designed originally for locomotive work4 ,it consists mainly of two parts1 viz41 #a1 the lifting device which raises the water into the injector and1 #b1 the forcing device which 8picks up0 the water and causes it to flow into the boiler4 ,the ,metropolitan double tube injector is shown in the two figures on page #bdh4 ,these are made by the ,hayden ,derby ,mfg4 ,co4 ,this instrument is of the double-tube design and in that particular resembles the ,korting injector described on page #bfd4 ,both the lifting and forcing1 as well as the overflow valves are controlled by one handle4 ,the ,metropolitan single tube injector is represented by the ,figs4 #eag and #eah1 page #bej4 ,the internal parts of this injector1 as may be seen from the sectional engraving1 are stationary4 ,the steam is regulated by the handle1 ,k1 which is attached to the stem1 ,m2 the water supply adjusts itself automatically4 ,the capacity of the leading injectors is nearly the same under similar working conditions as represented by the following ,,table4 ,size of ,pipe ,gallons per ,hour4,gallons per ,hour4 ,connections4 ,maximum4 ,minimum4 ---------------------------------------- ------- #c_/h inch4 #he #ej #a_/b #afe #ge #c_/d #cej #acj #a #ehj #cbe #a-a_/d #ijj #dbe #a-a_/b #agej #gej #b #bhej #aaej ---------------------------------------- ------- ,the figure below shows how the connections or piping should be made in attaching the ,manhattan and ,peerless injectors4 ,the dotted lines indicating pipe and fittings in connection with the suction represent the way the water supply is to be received from a tank located above the level of the injector4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eai4 ,the makers of these two instruments have kindly furnished the following general rules to govern their connection with steam supply3 #a4 ,place injector in a horizontal position4 7,see illustrations #eab and #ead47 ,the flap nozzle must in all cases open upward in direction of air valve4 ,in taking injectors apart be careful to replace it in that position4 #b4 ,take steam from the highest part of boiler2 never connect to pipes furnishing steam for other purposes4 #c4 ,have all joints perfectly tight1 especially the suction pipe1 as no injector will lift water unless atmospheric air is excluded4 #d4 ,have all pipes thoroughly cleaned from red or white lead and scale before the injector is connected2 it will save trouble afterwards4 #e4 ,all pipes must be of the same or larger diameter than the corresponding parts of injector4 #f4 ,avoid all short bends1 and have all pipes as short and straight as practicable4 #g4 ,use a strainer at the end of suction pipe2 the holes in the strainer should be small1 but their total area larger than the area of the supply pipe4 #h4 ,insert stop valves in suction1 steam and delivery pipes1 to facilitate disconnection in cleaning injector and check valve in delivery pipe4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #ebj-ecc4 #i4 ,have valve stems packed well2 they often leak4 #aj4 ,to remove incrustations caused by water containing lime or other impurities1 place parts for a reasonable time in a bath of mineral oil or diluted muriatic acid consisting of #d parts of water to #a part of acid4 ,,note4--,the lettered parts shown above apply to both the 8,manhattan0 and the 8,peerless0 injectors4 ,see page #beb for the names of the parts corresponding with the letters4 ,the exhaust steam injector utilizes the escaping vapor from the engine cylinder1 hence the saving in fuel and water is very marked where certain conditions are favorable4 ,it condenses by means of the smallest possible quantity of cold water the largest possible quantity of exhaust steam and puts it into the boiler without the aid of any other power than the exhaust steam itself4 ,it can be attached to any class of non-condensing engine1 and its use increases the power both of the engine and boilers4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #ecd ,,and #ece4 ,it is worked by waste steam1 just as ordinary injectors are worked by live steam from the boiler4 ,the first cost and subsequent wear and tear of pumps are avoided4 ,the power required to work pumps1 of whatever construction1 is saved3 the exhaust injector doing the same work by the condensation of waste steam4 ,the waste steam1 in passing through the injector1 heats the feed-water to a temperature of about #aij ,f4 ,the condensation in the injector of so large a quantity of waste steam reduces back pressure considerably1 and necessarily increases the power of the engine4 ,it is not uncommon for these injectors to form a vacuum of a half-inch of mercury within the exhaust pipe1 which of course helps the engine to that extent4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ecf4--,see page #bfj4 ,these injectors work with great success on stationary engines and boilers1 also on steamers1 tugs1 dredges1 etc41 as their operation during the roughest weather is not affected by the motion of the vessel4 ,the high pressure exhaust steam injector is shown in ,figs4 #ecg and #ech--the last being an outline exhibiting the internal arrangement of the instrument3 these injectors are made to work at all pressures up to and not exceeding #aej lbs4 to the square inch4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ecg ,,and #ech4 ,the high pressure exhaust steam injector is worked by waste steam up to #ge lbs4 pressure only1 and a little live steam is introduced at the top of the injector to force water against pressures higher than #ge lbs4 ,it will be noticed from sectional cut that the live steam does not come in contact with the water until after the exhaust steam has been condensed and has done its work4 ,the exhaust steam alone gives an impetus to the water equal to #ge lbs42 it also heats it up to about #aij ,f4 ,its advantages are the same as those of the plain exhaust injector1 the heat of the small jet of live steam which is used to overcome the excessive pressure being brought back into the boiler4 ,it raises the temperature of feed-water up to #ij ,fahr4 if working against a pressure of #aje lbs41 and up to #hf ,fahr4 against #abj lbs4 boiler pressure4 ,it is regulated in the same manner as the plain exhaust steam injector4 ,it is not necessary to use live steam while working against any pressure below #ge lbs41 when exhaust steam alone will suffice4 ,fig4 #eci represents the piping of the high pressure exhaust steam injector1 the operation of which is described in the following paragraphs3 ,this injector can be worked under various conditions4 #a4 ,if boiler pressure does not exceed #ge lbs4 per square inch1 exhaust steam only is required4 ,in this case steam is admitted by valve ,a4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eci4 #b4 ,for pressures exceeding #ge lbs4 exhaust steam is admitted as before1 also a little live steam1 slowly1 by valve ,c4 #c4 ,if engine is not running1 live steam is gradually admitted by valve ,b1 so that it may expand in pipe ,f4 ,in case of high boiler pressure additional live steam is introduced by valve ,c4 ,to start this injector4 #a4 ,open steam valves as described4 #b4 ,then open water valve4 #c4 ,regulate water valve1 and1 if necessary1 screw up or down nut ,r at the lower end of injector until overflow ceases4 ,if desired1 a gauge indicating both pressure and vacuum 7a compound gauge7 can be furnished with exhaust steam injectors4 ,,table ,,of ,,sizes4--,,pipe ,,connections4 ,,inside ,,diameter ,,of ,,pipes4 ,delivery ---------------------------------------- --- ,,size ,,of in ,gallons ,branch ,water ,supply,feed-,water ,live ,,injector per ,hour for ,exhaust ,pipe ,pipe ,steam ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,no4 #b #fj #a-a_/d inch #a_/b inch #c_/d inch #a_/d inch #b-a_/b #abj #a-a_/b #c_/d #a #a_/d #c #age #a-a_/b #c_/d #a #a_/d #d #cjj #b #a #a-a_/d #c_/h #e #dhj #b-a_/b #a #a-a_/d #c_/h #f #fhj #b-a_/b #a-a_/d #a-a_/b #c_/h #g #ibj #c #a-a_/d #a-a_/b #a_/b #h #abjj #c-a_/b #a-a_/b #b #a_/b #i #aeej #d #b #b-a_/b #a_/b #aj #aibj #d-a_/b #b #b-a_/b #c_/d #ab #bhjj #f #b-a_/b #c #c_/d #bj #ajjjj #aj #d #d-a_/b #a-a_/d 7,,or ,,larger7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,the ejector is a low lift pump2 it works on the same principle as that of an injector4 ,it has less parts than the latter and is less expensive4 ,the following table applies to ejectors4 ,,table4 ,capacity ,discharge ,suction ,steam ,steam jet per ,hour1 ,size ,pipe ,pipe ,pipe ,diameter in ,gallons ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,no4 #a #a_/b in4 #c_/d in4 #c_/h in4 #aa_/ajj in4 #cjj #b #c_/d #a #c_/h #ae_/ajj #ejj #c #a #a-a_/d #a_/b #bj_/ajj #gej #d #a-a_/d #a-a_/b #a_/b #be_/ajj #a1bjj #e #a-a_/b #b #c_/d #cj_/ajj #a1gjj #f #b #b-a_/b #c_/d #dj_/ajj #c1jjj #g #b-a_/b #c #a #ej_/ajj #e1jjj #h #c #d #a #fj_/ajj #g1ejj #i #d #e #a-a_/d #hj_/ajj #aj1jjj #aj #e #f #a-a_/b #a #ad1jjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #edj and #eda4 ,the accompanying ,figs4 #edj and #eda represent an ejector with a foot strainer4 ,the table1 page #bei1 gives an idea of its pipe sizes and capacities4 ,application of ejectors4 ,the ,fig4 #ecf1 page #bef1 shows two ejectors applied in different ways4 ,one is mounted to lift and force water1 and the other to force only2 the latter is submerged in the water to be elevated1 and placed in a vertical position to reduce the condensation of operating steam to a minimum4 ,in both of these examples of the use of the device it will be noted a strainer is attached to the suction pipe4 ,the arrows show the direction of the flow of both the steam and water4 ,certain ejectors will not work well when the steam pressure is too high4 ,in order to work at all the steam must condense as it flows into the combining tube4 ,therefore1 when the steam pressure is too high1 and the heat is very great1 it is difficult to effect complete condensation2 so that for high pressure steam good results can only be obtained with cool water4 ,it would be well when the feed water is too warm to permit the ejector to work right1 to reduce the pressure1 and consequently the temperature of the steam supply1 as low pressure steam condenses quickly1 and therefore can be employed with better results than high pressure steam4 ,,note4--,this instrument is marketed as 8,van ,duzen's steam jet pump0 7,cincinnati1 ,ohio71 and credit should be given the makers for the useful table on page #bei4 ,for high elevations and high temperature of liquids1 ejectors should be submerged from three to six feet2 the suction pipe should always be provided with a strainer and the makers of the instruments recommend the placing of a check valve in the force pipe to facilitate the cleaning of the suction pipe by steam1 when made necessary through the raising of impure substances4 ,to start the ejector open the steam valve slowly until the suction works satisfactorily1 when full amount of steam should be quickly admitted4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #edb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #edc4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #edd4 ,a double tube ejector is represented in ,fig4 #edb4 ,this is calculated to use steam economically by reason of its having two tubes1 besides it is well made and properly proportioned to raise water to high elevations4 ,fig4 #edc is a cheaper form of apparatus and is designed to elevate water to very moderate heights and where a saving of steam is not of so much consequence as in localities where the price of coal is high4 ,the jet pump presented in ,fig4 #edd is another compact form of this style of ejector and is adapted for its own particular class of work which is but little known to those unaccustomed to use these appliances4 ,when working either an injector or ejector from a long lift or with a long pull through horizontal piping1 it takes several minutes to exhaust the air from the pipe when steam is turned on1 resulting in a considerable waste of steam each time the injector is started4 ,this waste can be done away with by the use of a foot valve4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ede4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #edf4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #edg4 ,universal double-tube injector 7original ,korting injector74 ,this instrument is the combination of two jets 7see ,figs4 #ede and #edf72 it is proportioned for extreme temperature and for quick and strong action1 which includes maximum high suction4 ,the discharge is into the upper jet1 where the water receives the additional strong impulse to carry it into the boiler4 ,the pressure and volume from the lower jet corresponds to the steam pressure1 and this is as it should be to answer the requirements of the upper or forcing jet4 ,the varying volume insures the proper working at high steam pressure as well as at low1 and an increased pressure admits of increased high temperature4 ,the action of the injector is thus explained2 its favorable operation is due to the double-tube principle2 the pieces composing the ,korting injector are shown in the numbered cuts1 page #bfc1 and the names of the parts are given below4 ,number and name of piece4 #a1 ,body2 #b1 handle lever2 #c1 side rods2 #d1 connecting fork2 #e1 cross head for shaft2 #f1 nuts for cross head2 #g1 starting shaft2 #h1 nuts2 #i1 yoke bar2 #aj1 lower steam valve2 #aa1 upper steam valve2 #ab1 lower steam nozzle2 #ac1 upper steam nozzle2 #ad1 lower water nozzle2 #ae1 upper water nozzle2 #af1 front body caps2 #ag1 side body caps2 #ah1 overflow nozzle2 #ai1 check valve compressor2 #bj1 overflow valve compressor2 #ba1 stuffing-box2 #bb1 fol4 for stuffing-box2 #bc1 nuts for stuffing-box2 #bd1 cross head for overflow2 #be1 links for overflow2 #bf1 pin for links2 #bg1 screws2 #bh1 bell cranks2 #bi1 coupling nuts2 #cj1 pipe unions2 #ca1 spanner wrench2 #cb1 sokt4 nozzle wrench2 #cc1 un4 for cop4 pipe4--,regulator complete replaces pieces #aj and #af4 ,,table4 ,size of,steam #ej lbs4,steam #ajj lbs4,steam #aej lbs4,size of ,size ,iron -------------------------------------- ,copper ,no4 ,pipe4 ,gals4 ,h4 ,p4,gals4 ,h4 ,p4 ,gals4 ,h4 ,p4 ,pipe4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #jj #a_/h #cc #g #dh #aj #fj #ab #a_/d #j #a_/d #hc #ag #aja #bj #aab #bb #c_/h #a #c_/h #aab #bc #adc #cj #ahj #cf #a_/b #b #a_/b #agb #ce #baj #dj #bcb #df #e_/h #c #bgh #ef #cch #gj #cig #hj #c-a_/b #c_/d #cih #hj #dgb #ie #edg #aaj #g_/h #d #a #ecc #ajh #fbb #abe #gbj #aej #a-a_/h #e #fge #acf #hjb #afj #ibb #aij #f #a-a_/d #hbe #afe #iij #bjj #aabe #bcj #a-a_/b #g #ajgb #bae #acgb #bhi #afab #cbj #h #a-a_/b #achh #bhj #ahjj #cfj #baae #dcj #a-c_/h #i #afhh #cdj #bajj #dbj #bdge #ejj #aj #b #bjbe #djj #bdch #ejj #bhej #egj #b-a_/d ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,note4--,the above table relates to the double tube injector4 ,the acid syphon pump1 shown in ,fig4 #edh below1 is used by many chemical works1 in lifting their acids and other chemicals to be conveyed to any part of the building4 ,the machine is made of lead1 encased in an iron shell for strength1 and fitted with a platinum steam nozzle to give that part durability4 ,this device is named a syphon pump because it becomes a syphon by turning down the delivery pipe and making that end longer than the suction end4 ,the apparatus1 shaded in the figure1 is really a jet pump and it is simply used to operate the syphon1 i4e41 by turning on the steam the acid will flow through the syphon4 ,at this point the steam should be shut off and the flow of acid will continue4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #edh4 ,noiseless ,water ,heater4 ,this instrument1 ,fig4 #edi1 is used for warming of liquids2 it avoids the noise that is otherwise caused by the action of steam led for that purpose direct into cold liquids4 ,in operation1 the liquid is drawn through the holes in body and discharged through shank1 causing a circulation of the liquid in tank4 ,,table ,,of ,,dimensions4 ,number of ,noiseless ,water ,heater #c #d #e #f #g #h ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,diameter of ,steam ,pipe1 inch #c_/d #a #a-a_/da-a_/ba-a_/b #b ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #edi4 ,water ,pressure ,ejector4 ,this instrument1 ,fig4 #eej1 is worked by water pressure and used to advantage in excavations1 cellars1 etc41 where water pressure can be had and the required elevation does not exceed #ab feet4 ,it has to be inserted into the water pressure pipe in such a manner that it will be entirely covered by the water to be raised4 ,it will raise double the quantity of water which it obtains from the pressure pipe1 i4e41 it will deliver two gallons for every one it receives from the pressure pipe4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eej4 ,,table ,,of ,,dimensions4 ,number of ,water ,pressure ,ejector #a #b #c ---------------------------------------- --------- ,capacity1 gallons per hour #cge #fjj #a1bge ,size of ,water ,pressure ,pipe1 inch #a_/b #c_/d #a ,size of ,delivery ,pipe1 inch #a #a-a_/b #b ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,pulsometer ,,aqua-,,thruster ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eeb4 ,,the ,,pulsometer4 ,the original pulsometer was an instrument called by that name for measuring the force and frequency of the pulse2 it was invented in #afbf by ,santovio of ,padua1 ,italy4 ,the term has been largely applied to a form of vacuum pump1 soon hereafter to be described2 this has a pulsative action--like a heart beat4 ,the pulsometer1 the aqua-thruster1 the pulsator1 and other regular double acting two oval reservoirs 7one filling while the other is discharging7 automatic condensing steam vacuum pumps are all patterned after the ,thomas ,savery pump shown in ,fig4 #eeb2 this was patented in ,england in #afih4 ,it is thus described3 8,the upper end of the suction pipe shown at the mouth of the pit consists of two branches1 which are connected to similar branches on the lower part of the forcing pipe ,n4 ,the suction valves are at ,b ,a and the forcing ones at ,e ,f1 all opening upwards4 ,between these valves two short curved tubes connect the bottoms of the receiver ,i ,m with the branches1 as represented1 and two other bent tubes1 ,p ,q1 unite the top of the receivers with the boiler ,h4 ,on top of this boiler1 and forming a part of it1 is a stout round plate1 having two openings of the same size as the bore of the tubes last mentioned4 ,in these openings the two steam tubes ,p ,q terminate4 ,between the openings1 and on the under side of the plate1 is a movable disk1 which by a short arm is connected to an axle and moved by the long lever shown on the top of the boiler2 so that by moving this lever the disk can be made to open or close either opening1 so as to admit or exclude steam from the receivers1 and answering every purpose of a three-way cock4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eec4 8,the face of the disk is ground smooth1 so as to fit close to the under side of the plate1 against which it is pressed by the steam4 ,the perpendicular axle by which the disk is turned passes through the plate1 and the opening is made tight by a stuffing-box4 7,the plate and movable disk are represented in the small figure at the top1 one of the openings1 ,q1 being covered by the disk and the other1 ,p1 exposed47 ,a small cistern1 ,u1 is placed over the receivers1 and kept supplied with cold water from the forcing pipe by means of a ball cock1 viz43 a cock that is opened and shut by a ball floating in the cistern4 ,from the bottom of this cistern a short pipe1 ,t1 proceeds2 and to it is connected1 by a swivel joint or stuffing-box1 another one at right angles4 ,this pipe furnishes water to condense the steam in the receivers1 over both of which it can be moved by the rod attached to the plug of the cock as shown in the figure4 ,the upper cistern denotes the place where the water raised by the engine is to be discharged4 8,a communication is made between the boilers by a syphon or bent tube1 ,r1 whose legs extend nearly to the bottom of the boilers4 ,in the leg within the small boiler is a valve opening upwards1 which permits the water of ,g to pass into ,h1 but prevents any returning from the latter4 ,when the attendant wishes to inject into ,h a fresh supply of water1 he increases the little fire kept up under the boiler ,g 7which is always kept supplied with water by the pipe ,s71 and as soon as the liquid boils and the force of the steam exceeds that in ,h1 the contents of ,g1 both steam and hot water1 are forced through the valve2 and thus ,h is kept supplied without the action of the machine being stopped4 8,the cock on the pipe ,s is then opened1 the small boiler again charged1 and the water becomes gradually heated2 so that by the time it is wanted in the other boiler1 a small addition to the fuel quickly raises its temperature1 and it is again forced in as before4 ,the quantity of water in the boilers was ascertained by gauge cocks4 ,these were inserted at the top 7see figure7 and pipes soldered to them descended to different depths40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eed4 ,the modern pulsometer is a low-service pump1 and is not recommended for duties exceeding about eighty feet total vertical service4 ,with this limitation1 its uses are many and various and for some purposes it is particularly adapted4 ,years of practical work with the pulsometer1 under widely different conditions1 have demonstrated the merits claimed for it4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eee4 ,its advantages are3 #a4 ,its low cost1 as it does not require an engine or other machinery to operate it4 ,a steam pipe connecting it with the boiler that is to furnish steam supply is all that is necessary1 and after the pump is once adjusted1 it will always be in order with free power when the steam is turned on4 #b4 ,it is absolutely noiseless in its operation2 the slight click of the steam ball-valve in the neck-piece1 as it changes its position1 is the only evidence that it is working4 #c4 ,in its capability of operation while in suspension1 and of being lowered or raised and swung about without at all interfering with its working4 ,the pulsometer does not require oil1 having no pistons1 glands1 stuffing-boxes1 eccentrics1 beams1 levers1 supplementary valves1 complicated mechanism1 etc41 which need attention and adjustment4 ,the ,pulsometer ,steam ,pump ,co41 ,new ,york1 makers of the pump and owners of the word-symbol1 8,pulsometer10 emphasize the importance of its proper installation1 and ask that the questions given in the note below be answered when suggestions relative to the placing of the pump are desired4 ,the body of the pulsometer is shown in ,fig4 #eee1 and a sectional view in ,fig4 #eef4 ,it is a single casting consisting of two bottle-shaped chambers1 ,a1 ,a1 placed side by side4 ,these are called working chambers4 ,they taper toward each other at their upper halves and meet at their upper ends at a point at which is situated the steam valve-ball1 ,c4 ,this oscillates with a slight rolling motion between the seats1 with which it makes a steam tight joint1 formed at the upper entrance to each of the working chambers1 ,a1 ,a4 ,,note4--,for what purpose is the pump to be used8 ,how many gallons per minute or hour are to be pumped8 ,is the liquid hot1 cold1 clear or gritty--fresh1 salt1 alkaline or acidulous8 ,what will be the required vertical height of delivery8 ,what will be the horizontal length of delivery8 ,what will be the required vertical height of suction8 ,what will be the horizontal length of suction8 ,does the level of the liquid vary8 ,if so1 how much8 ,how many bends or elbows will there be in delivery8 ,how many bends or elbows will there be in suction8 ,what horse-power is the boiler8 ,what is the average steam pressure at the boiler8 ,a rough sketch showing how and where it is desired to place the pump will be of considerable assistance in furnishing information4 ,the portion1 ,b1 of the pump1 containing the steam ball-valve1 ,c1 is called the neck-piece1 and is a separate casting bolted to the main body of the pump1 so that it can be readily removed for renewal when necessary4 ,to the top of this neck-piece1 ,b1 the neck-cap is bolted1 into which the steam supply pipe is screwed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eef4 ,the openings communicating between the chambers1 ,a1 ,a1 and the induction1 or foot-valve chamber1 ,d1 are covered by suitable valves1 ,e1 ,e1 called suction valves1 the valve seats1 ,f1 ,f1 and valve guards1 ,i1 ,i1 which latter prevent the valves from opening too far4 ,a third chamber1 ,j1 called the vacuum chamber1 is situated behind the chambers1 ,a1 ,a1 at their lower halves1 and between them at their upper1 or tapering halves1 and communicates with them through the round opening in the induction1 or foot-valve chamber1 ,d4 ,a fourth chamber1 called the discharge chamber1 situated on the lower side of the working chambers1 ,a1 ,a1 opposite to the vacuum chamber1 ,j1 and represented by the dotted lines in the sectional view communicates with each of the working chambers1 ,a1 ,a1 by passages at the lower half of its intersection with these chambers4 ,this discharge chamber contains the discharge valves1 ,e1 ,e1 their valve seats1 ,g1 ,g1 and the valve guards1 ,i1 ,i1 which cover the passages leading from chambers1 ,a1 ,a4 ,the delivery pipe1 ,h1 connects with the discharge opening in the top of the discharge chamber by means of a flanged joint4 ,the induction1 or foot-valve chamber1 ,d1 contains the valve1 ,e1 its valve seat1 ,f1 and the guard1 ,i1 which serve the purpose of holding the charge of water in the pump4 ,the lower end of this chamber is connected to the suction pipe by a flanged joint4 ,parts1 ,k1 ,k1 are oval plates covering the openings through which the seat1 valve and guard are inserted1 to their respective chambers1 and are fastened in position by means of clamps and bolts1 ,n1 ,n4 ,the ends of these clamps fit loosely into suitable recesses and are thus held in position while the cover plates are being applied4 ,another set of similar clamps and bolts serve in a like manner1 to fasten the seats1 valves and guards in place4 ,the object in employing four openings to the pump1 instead of two1 is to make it possible and convenient to get at the interior for examination1 and easy to remove all deposit that may form on the walls of the chambers which could not be reached otherwise4 ,vent plugs are inserted in the cover plates for the purpose of draining off the water in the pump to prevent freezing4 ,near the top of each of the working chambers1 ,a1 ,a1 and of the vacuum chamber1 ,j1 is a small tapped hole1 into which is screwed a brass air check-valve1 so that its check hangs downward4 ,the air check-valves in the chambers1 ,a1 ,a1 allow a small quantity of air to be automatically admitted above the water1 and ahead of the steam1 separating the steam and the water upon their first entrance1 thus preventing condensation1 and forming an air piston1 which is always new and tight4 ,the air check-valve in the chamber1 ,j1 likewise admits air automatically1 which serves to cushion the ram action of water consequent upon the alternate filling of the chambers1 ,a1 ,a4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eeg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eeh4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eei4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #efj4 ,the action of the pulsometer is as follows3 ,when all chambers and pipes are empty1 the air check-valves have to be closed1 and the globe valve opened for an instant2 then steam will enter one of the chambers1 expel the air1 and condense1 forming a vacuum4 ,this operation being repeated several times1 both chambers will be filled with water through the induction pipe4 ,each air-valve in the chambers must now be opened a little1 to secure a regular and successive action1 which will be recognized by the regular pulsations and smooth working of the steam-ball without rattling4 ,steam1 being now admitted1 continuously enters the chamber not closed by the ball1 and forces out the water through the discharge-valves1 until its surface is lowered below the discharge-orifice4 ,at that instant the steam begins to escape into the discharge-pipe1 and condenses2 thus a partial vacuum is formed in the chamber4 ,the water in the other chamber now presses the ball1 which rolls over and closes the first chamber1 when water enters through the induction-valves to fill the vacuum4 ,this operation alternately changes from one chamber to the other4 ,the principal parts of a pulsometer are shown in the seven figures upon this and the preceding pages4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #efa4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #efb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #efc4 ,fig4 #eeg represents the regular flat valve1 seat and guard1 ,fig4 #eeh the guard detached1 while ,fig4 #eei is the plain flat rubber valve4 ,the valve seat for clean water is shown in ,fig4 #efj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #efd4 ,,note4--,for emptying vats or tanks and for distributing the liquors from one tank to another or throughout the building1 the pulsometer arranged as per accompanying ills41 ,fig4 #efd1 will be found to be of great usefulness4 ,at convenient intervals along the steam main and discharge main1 suitable couplings can be provided for quickly attaching a short section of steam and discharge hose1 as the pump1 suspended from a trolley1 is moved along from tank to tank4 ,in pumping muddy water or other liquids containing matter which would obstruct the valve seat shown in ,fig4 #efj the ball valve1 ,fig4 #efa1 is used4 ,the engraving illustrates this valve with its guard and seat4 ,fig4 #efb represents the neck-piece containing the ball steam valve1 while ,fig4 #efc conveys the idea of the manner of covering the ball by the cap after which the neck-piece is ready to be bolted to the top of pump4 ,the ,maslin automatic steam vacuum pump is presented in ,fig4 #eed1 page #bga4 ,its principle is identical with that of the pulsometer but it differs somewhat in detail1 as for example1 the three valves with their seats1 ,h1 ,h1 ,h1 are introduced through one opening or hand-hole4 ,the two suction valves1 ,e1 ,e1 are secured by one bolt1 ,i1 likewise the two discharge valves1 ,k4 ,the combination of the foot valve1 ,g1 in the pump requires no bolting on being held by the bolt1 ,i4 ,the plain cover is of such a shape that no nuts are removed to afford access to the valves2 all that is necessary is to slack up one nut and swing the cover to one side4 ,the valves are of very thick rubber but are cut away near the center so that they readily yield to the pressure underneath1 giving a full area of opening4 ,the two air valves are attached at the end of the neck-piece4 ,there are no projecting set screws or bolts running through the main body of this pump attended as they often are with more or less leakage4 ,a hook is provided to suspend the pump in a shaft or over sewer work4 ,the two drip cocks at the bottom drain the chambers when necessary to prevent freezing1 etc4 ,,note4--8,one of the most important points to be attended to1 and which is so often overlooked1 is that dry steam should be supplied to the pulsometer4 ,take steam from the highest part of the boiler4 ,do not connect steam pipe to a pipe furnishing steam for any other purpose2 but if you have to take steam from a large steam pipe1 tap it on the upper side so as to avoid the drip caused by condensation in the large pipe4 ,when the boiler is some distance from the pulsometer the steam pipe to it should be larger than is needed at the pulsometer1 and be protected by some non-conducting substance4 ,reduce to size required at the pulsometer and provide a pet cock to draw off condensed steam before starting it4 ,be sure and blow out steam pipe thoroughly before connecting the pulsometer so as to remove any dirt1 rust or scale that may have accumulated in pipes1 also remove all burrs on ends of the pipe caused by cutting1 and which in most cases greatly decreases their capacity and effectiveness40 ,the illustration1 ,fig4 #efe1 represents the pulsometer and boiler in portable form4 ,this will be found a very convenient outfit for certain classes of irrigation1 and for pumping out flooded cellars1 excavations1 etc4 ,also for sewer-trench excavating operations1 where water accumulates at different sections of the work1 and where it is desired to move the pump and boiler frequently4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #efe4 ,the pump is suspended from a strong framework and is controlled by a chain hoist1 by means of which it can readily be lowered or raised4 ,when the trench or ditch is too deep for the pulsometer to lift the water to the surface of the ground by suction1 the truck can be run out on planks over the ditch1 when the pump can be lowered to the necessary suction distance from the water4 ,suitable lengths of steam hose1 with universal couplings1 suction hose1 also suitable lengths of light flanged galvanized pipe for the discharge1 which can be readily connected may be carried on the truck1 proper brackets being provided for their reception4 ,as the suction and discharge connections are flanged1 they can be connected or disconnected in a few minutes2 provision is made to prevent the pump from swinging4 ,,pump ,,speed ,,governors ,,pump ,,speed ,,governors4 ,the speed at which a pump is operated is a matter of more or less importance1 according to its widely varying conditions4 ,in all calculations regarding the capacity of a pump the regularity with which it makes its 8stroke0 is taken into consideration2 the uniformity of the supply of water to a boiler is always a subject of anxiety to the attendant4 ,the capacity of a pump is usually determined by its number of strokes in a given time1 hence the need of a pump regulator or governor4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eff4 ,the governor is not only intended to maintain a uniform water pressure in the mains1 but to prevent the pump from racing whenever a greater quantity of water is demanded than the pump is capable of delivering1 as in the case of bursted mains or hose1 or any other contingency whereby the pressure upon the discharge pipe is suddenly relieved4 ,examples of pump governors or regulators follow4-- ,the ,mason ,pump ,governor4 ,this pump governor1 shown in ,figs4 #eff and #efg1 is attached directly to the rock arm of the pump1 and operates a balance valve placed in the steam pipe1 thereby exactly weighing the pressure of steam to the needs of the pump4 ,as all the working parts are immersed in oil1 the wear is reduced to a minimum4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #efg4 ,the ,mason governor consists mainly of a cylindrical shell1 or reservoir1 as shown in sectional view1 filled with oil or glycerine4 ,the plunger1 ,a1 is connected with the arm1 ,i1 to some reciprocating part of the pump and works simultaneously with the strokes of the pump1 thereby drawing the oil up through the check valve1 ,,dd1 into the chambers1 ,,jj1 whence it is forced alternately through the passages1 ,,bb1 through another set of check valves into the pressure chamber1 ,,ee4 ,the oil then runs through the orifice1 ,c1 the size of which is controlled by a key inserted at1 ,n1 into the lower chamber1 to be re-pumped as before4 ,in case the pump or engine works more rapidly than is intended the oil is pumped into the chamber1 ,,ee1 faster than it can escape through the outlet at1 ,c1 and the piston1 ,,gg1 is forced upward1 raising the lever1 ,l1 with its weight1 and throttling the steam4 ,in case the pump runs more slowly than was intended1 a reverse action takes place1 the weight on the end of the lever1 ,l1 forces the piston1 ,,gg1 down and more steam is admitted4 ,as the orifice at1 ,c1 can be increased or diminished by adjusting the screw at1 ,n1 the governor can be set within reasonable limits to maintain any desired speed4 ,the piston1 ,,gg1 fits over the stationary piston1 forming an oil dashpot1 thereby preventing dancing of the governor4 ,this dashpot is fed from the pressure chamber1 ,e1 through a passage which is controlled by an adjusting screw1 ,k1 which is set with a screwdriver1 after removing the cap screw1 ,t4 ,it requires no further attention after being once adjusted4 ,for duplex pumps up to #b-;inch steam pipe1 inclusive1 this governor is fitted with a duplex valve1 which prevents the escape of oil from the pressure chamber through the orifice1 ,c1 and thereby prevents the steam valve from opening wide during the momentary pause of the pump piston4 ,this governor should be placed on the pump at some point where the requisite motion can be obtained for operating it1 and also in such a way that a rod can be run from the knuckle joint on the top lever1 ,i1 to the valve in the steam pipe1 as shown in the engraving4 ,place the valve in the pipe1 so that the stem shall be in a direct line with the knuckle joint on the lever1 and pull out the valve stem to its full extent4 ,with the ball on the governor in its lowest position1 connect the valve rod to the lever4 ,the governor is then ready to be filled with oil4 ,remove the plug on top of the gauge glass1 and fill the governor about half full with a good1 clean1 light grade of mineral oil4 ,the governor is then ready to work4 ,start the pump at about its maximum speed2 place the key in the keyhole on the side of the governor and turn to the right until the speed of the pump has diminished slightly4 ,open the throttle valve wide1 and the pump will be under full control of the governor4 ,should there be much dancing or fluctuation of the ball1 remove the screw1 ,t1 insert a small screwdriver1 and screw the adjusting screw in1 at ,k1 until the irregular motion ceases4 ,after the governor has run a little while1 it will be found that the oil in the glass gauge has dropped considerably4 ,it should then be refilled1 so that the glass will be about half full when the governor is at work4 ,under no circumstances should the gauge be full1 as too much oil will prevent the ball from coming down and opening the valve when the steam pressure falls4 ,as there is no glass pressure upon the glass gauge the governor may be filled while in motion by removing the plug on the top of the gauge4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #efh4 ,the ,mason elevator pump pressure regulator4 ,this regulator1 illustrated in ,fig4 #efi1 is designed for use in connection with the larger sizes of steam pumps operating hydraulic elevators4 ,its important feature is in operating on the slightest change of pressure opening to its fullest extent and closing the steam valve promptly and positively4 ,referring to sectional view1 ,fig4 #egj1 the operation of this valve is as follows3 steam from the boiler enters the regulator at the inlet1 indicated by the arrows and passes through into the pump1 which continues in motion until the required water pressure is obtained in the system1 and through a #a_/d-;inch pipe connected to1 ,a1 acts upon the diaphragm1 ,b4 ,this diaphragm is raised by the excess water pressure1 and carries with it the weighted lever1 ,f1 opens the auxiliary valve1 ,d1 and admits the water pressure from the connection1 ,e1 to the top of the piston1 at the same time opens the exhaust ports under the piston1 and allows the water under the piston to escape into the drip pipe1 thereby pushing the piston down1 closes the steam valve and stops the pump4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #efi4 ,as soon as the pressure in the system is slightly reduced1 the lever1 ,f1 on account of this reduced pressure under the diaphragm1 is forced down by the weight1 carries with it the auxiliary valve1 ,d1 opens the exhaust to the top of the piston1 and also admits water pressure under the piston1 which is forced up and opens the steam valve1 and starts the pump4 ,the speed controlling device of the style ,a governor shown in ,fig4 #ega is simple and can be so set as to prevent the pump from racing1 regardless of the drop in water pressure4 ,surrounding the upper end of the valve stem is a coiled spring1 which acts as a cushion for the valve and stem1 and by the use of a spring1 the stem can be quite small thus reducing the friction in the stuffing-box to a minimum4 ,the tension of this spring is sufficient to firmly seat the valve1 but if excessive pressure is exerted on the piston1 which is often the case when two or more pumps are connected to the same mains1 the spring will be compressed and will allow the sleeve to slide down on the stem1 thus relieving the valve of the increased strain1 which would be liable to injure it or buckle the stem4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #egj4 ,the regulating hand wheel remains cool1 and can be manipulated without injury to the hands4 ,the regulation is very simple1 and is quickly adjusted by simply turning the wheel to the right or left1 to increase or decrease the pressure4 ,no locking device is necessary1 as the wheel will remain in any set position4 ,the cylinder will not become coated with lime1 but will retain its smooth surface over which the piston travels1 insuring free action1 with no leakage around the piston4 ,the drip is located at the extreme upper travel of the piston1 so as to retain sufficient water in the cylinder to prevent any air from coming in contact with leather piston packing4 ,this arrangement insures a tight piston as the leather packing will remain soft and pliable and at the same time the water serves as a lubricant for the interior of the cylinder4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ega4 ,the hand wheel can be placed in different positions and all that is necessary to make the change is to take out the bolts and move the regulating hand wheel to the desired position4 ,by this arrangement the engineer can set the hand wheel regardless of the arrangement of the steam piping4 ,all sizes1 including #a-a_/b-;inch and smaller1 are made as shown in style ,b1 ,fig4 #egb1 and are not provided with an automatic speed controlling device4 ,this style is made especially for boiler feed pumps and for supply pumps for the street system of hot water heating4 ,they are also fitted with a special valve for pumps working under very high steam and low water pressure4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #egb4 ,the finished parts of these ,carr steam pump governors1 ,figs4 #ega and #egb1 are nickel plated4 ,the valves and seats in these governors and regulators are renewable1 ,fig4 #egc4 ,the tools necessary to remove the seats are a wrench and a flat piece of iron wide enough to span the lugs on top of the upper seat4 ,the upper seat is threaded and screwed into the upper opening in the valve chamber4 ,the lower valve seat is fitted into the lower opening1 a steam-tight fit1 but is free to move sufficiently to compensate for the expansion of the valve4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #egc4 ,the bridges1 which unite the valve seats1 contain about an equal quantity of metal1 and are of equal length with the post that binds the valve discs1 thus compensating for the expansion and contraction of the metal and insuring a perfectly tight valve1 regardless of the temperature of the steam4 ,the ,holyoke ,improved ,speed ,governor for water wheels is shown in ,figs4 #egd and #ege4 ,the following is a description of the two figures where the same letters are used to designate the parts appearing in both illustrations3 ,the pulley1 ,a1 is the receiving pulley1 and is designed to run at #djj revolutions per minute1 receiving its power from the water-wheel shaft1 or countershaft belted from the same4 ,contained in the pulley1 ,a1 are the two governing weights1 ,,bb1 of which the centrifugal forces are overcome by the springs1 ,,cc4 ,the varying motions of the governing weights1 ,,bb1 are transmitted through racks and pinions in the hub of pulley1 ,a1 to levers1 ,k and ,l1 which operate the valve1 ,n1 admitting water under a light pressure to the cylinder1 ,o4 ,the water is admitted to the cylinder1 ,o1 through ports at either end1 causing the piston to move forward or backward1 governed by the movement of the governing weights1 ,,bb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #egd4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ege4 ,the pulley1 ,a1 is keyed to the main shaft1 and at the opposite end is keyed a bevel pinion running in mesh with a bevel gear on either side1 all of which are contained in the gear-case1 ,p4 ,these gears cause the clutch discs1 ,d1 to run in opposite directions4 ,in each disc is a clutch1 ,e1 keyed to a shaft1 transmitting power to the pinion1 ,s1 running in mesh with the spur gear1 ,r1 which is loose on the shaft1 ,j1 and transmits its power through the pin clutch1 ,t1 to gate shaft1 ,j4 ,the gate shaft1 ,j1 is connected by a pair of bevel gears to the shaft and hand wheel1 ,q4 ,the motion of the piston rod1 ,i1 caused by the movement of piston in cylinder1 ,o1 is carried by the lever1 ,g1 to the clutch shaft1 ,f1 by means of the pivoted nut at ,v4 ,the clutch shaft1 ,f1 operates either clutch1 ,e1 corresponding to the movement of the governing weights1 ,,bb1 caused by the variation in speed4 ,from the clutch thus engaged1 the power is carried by the clutch shaft1 ,f1 through the gears1 ,s and ,r1 and the pin clutch1 ,t1 to the gate shaft1 ,j4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #egf4 ,the makers of the machine here described1 say3 8,in the year #aijb our attention was called to a new governor invented by ,nathaniel ,lombard1 and after finding by actual tests that this governor possessed advantages over all others then in use1 we were induced to make arrangements for its manufacture and sale4 ,two years have been spent in improving and perfecting this machine1 hence the name #8,the ,improved ,governor4'0 ,the governor is provided with a steadying device operated by the chain1 ,h4 ,the gate shaft1 ,j1 is designed to make four1 six or eight turns to open the gate1 four being the regular number4 ,the receiving pulley and governor gate shaft may revolve in either direction1 as desired4 ,the receiving pulley is designed to run at #djj revolutions per minute1 and is driven by a #d-;inch double belt4 ,the governor gate shaft may be arranged to open the gates in four1 six or eight turns1 and may be extended on either or both sides of the governor to meet the necessary requirements4 ,the governor is capable of exerting a pressure ranging from #be1jjj to #ej1jjj foot pounds on the governor gate shaft4 ,the advantages claimed for this improvement on the ,lombard governor are thus stated3 #a4 ,it requires only a light water pressure to handle the heaviest gates4 #b4 ,it is simple in construction4 ,all parts are easy of access4 #c4 ,there are no pumps working under high pressure4 #d4 ,there are no dash pots to get out of adjustment1 due to the change in temperature of oil1 etc4 #e4 ,there is but one belt on this machine4 #f4 ,all parts which are constantly in motion are equipped with ring-oiling bearings4 ,fig4 #egf is an illustration of the mechanism necessary to raise and lower the head gates which are used to admit and regulate1 also to shut off the water supply from pond or lake to the flume conveying it to the wheel4 ,in this case there are two head gates having racks upon the upright timbers connecting with the gates4 ,two shrouded pinions engage these racks1 which are keyed upon a shaft having a large spur wheel at its end1 as represented4 ,a pinion upon a second shaft engages this spur wheel which in turn has also a spur wheel which engages a pinion upon the crank shaft having two cranks opposite one another4 ,by means of these cranks with two to four men upon each crank the gates are operated very satisfactorily4 ,these shafts and gears are mounted upon heavy cast iron brackets bolted to the floor4 ,altogether it forms a very massive piece of mechanism4 ,the ,utility combination pump governor is shown in the figure below4 ,this mechanism may be bolted on any tank or receiver where the water level is to be automatically maintained4 ,it consists of a closed pocket containing a float1 ,a1 which rises and falls with the water level inside the tank4 ,when the water rises above the desired level the float opens the throttle valve and starts the pump1 and when it subsides the float falls and shuts off the steam4 ,illustration3 ,utility combination pump governor4 ,,condensing ,,apparatus ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #egg4 ,,condensing ,,apparatus4 ,a condenser is an apparatus1 separate from the cylinder1 in which exhaust steam is condensed by the action of cold water2 condensation is the act or process of reducing1 by depression of temperature or increase of pressure1 etc41 to another and denser form1 as gas to the condition of a liquid or steam to water4 ,there is an electrical device called 8a condenser0 which must not be confounded with the hydraulic apparatus of the same name2 there is also an optical instrument designated by the same term1 which belongs to still another division of practical science4 ,a vacuum is defined very properly as an empty space2 a space in which there is neither steam1 water or air--the absolute absence of everything4 ,the condenser is the apparatus by which1 through the cooling of the steam by means of cold water1 a vacuum is obtained4 ,the steam after expelling the air from the condenser fills it with its own volume which is at atmospheric pressure nearly #agjj times that of the same weight of water4 ,now when a vessel is filled with steam at atmospheric pressure1 and this steam is cooled by external application of cold water1 it will immediately give up its heat1 which will pass off in the cooling water1 and the steam will again appear in a liquid state1 occupying only #a_/agjj part of its original volume4 ,but if the vessel be perfectly tight and none of the outside air can enter1 the space in the vessel not occupied by the water contains nothing1 as before stated4 ,the air exerting a pressure of nearly #ae pounds to the square inch of the surface of the vessel tries to collapse it2 now if we take a cylinder fitted with a piston and connect its closed end to this vessel by means of a pipe1 the atmospheric pressure will push this piston down4 ,the old low pressure engines were operated almost entirely upon this principle1 the steam only served to push the piston up and exhaust the air from the cylinder4 ,in ,fig4 #egh is exhibited the effect of jets of water from a spray nozzle meeting a jet of steam2 the latter instead of filling the space with steam is returned to its original condition of water and the space as shown becomes a vacuum4 ,briefly stated condensation and the production of a vacuum may be used to advantage in the following ways3 #a4 ,by increasing the power without increasing the fuel consumption4 #b4 ,by saving fuel without reducing the output of power4 #c4 ,by saving the boiler feed water required in proportion to the saving of fuel4 #d4 ,by furnishing boiler feed water free from lime and other scaling impurities4 #e4 ,by preventing the noise of the escaping exhaust steam4 #f4 ,by permitting the boiler pressure to be lowered ten to twenty pounds without reducing the power or the economy of the engine4 ,the discovery of the advantages arising from the condensation of steam by direct contact with water was accidental4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #egh4 ,in the earliest construction of steam-engines the desired vacuum was produced by the circulation of water through a jacket around the cylinder4 ,this was a slow and tedious process1 the engine making only seven or eight strokes per minute4 8,an accidental unusual circumstance pointed out the remedy1 and greatly increased the effect4 ,as the engine was at work1 the attendants were one day surprised to see it make several strokes much quicker than usual2 and upon searching for the cause1 they found1 says ,desaguliers1 #8a hole through the piston which let the cold water 7kept upon the piston to prevent the entrance of air at the packing7 into the space underneath4' ,the water falling through the steam condensed it almost instantaneously1 and produced a vacuum with far less water than when applied to the exterior of the cylinder4 ,this led ,newcomen to remove the outer cylinder1 and to insert the lower end of the water pipe into the bottom of the cylinder1 so that on opening a cock a jet of cold water was projected through the vapor4 ,this beautiful device is the origin of the injection pipe with a spray nozzle still used in low-pressure engines40 ,the apparatus described above is called the jet-condenser and is in use up to the present day in various forms4 ,in the ,fig4 #egg1 page #bih1 the jet is shown at ,c4 ,it will be understood that steam enters through the cock ,d and comes in contact with a spray of cold water at the bottom1 where it is condensed and passes into the air pump through which it is discharged4 ,by this diagram1 ,fig4 #egg1 may be understood in a simple yet accurate manner the course of steam from the time it leaves the boiler until it is discharged from the condenser4 ,referring to the upper section of the plate1 a sectional view of a steam cylinder1 jet condenser1 air pump and exhaust piping is shown4 ,the high pressure steam 8aa0 is represented by dark shading1 and the low pressure or expanded steam 8bb0 by lighter shading4 ,the steam enters the side 8aa10 is cut off1 and expansion takes place moving the piston in the direction of the arrow to the end of the stroke4 ,the exhaust valve now opens and the piston starts to return4 ,the low pressure steam instead of passing direct to the atmosphere1 as is the case of a high pressure engine1 flows into a chamber 8,c10 and is brought in contact with a spray of cold water4 ,the heat being absorbed by the water1 the steam is condensed and reduced in volume1 thus forming a vacuum4 ,it is1 however1 necessary to remove the water formed by the condensed steam together with the water admitted to condense the steam1 also a small amount of air and vapor4 ,for this purpose1 a pump is required1 which is called the air pump4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #egi4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ehj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eha4 ,condensers are classified into surface condensers and jet condensers1 both again being divided into direct connected and indirect connected condensers4 ,the surface condenser 7see ,fig4 #egi7 is mainly used in marine practice because it gives a better vacuum1 and keeps the condensed steam separate from the cooling water2 it consists of a vessel1 of varied shapes1 having a number of brass tubes passing from head to head4 ,the ends of this vessel are closed by double heads1 the tubes are expanded into the inner one on one end1 while their other ends pass through stuffing-boxes in the other inner head4 ,the 8admiralty0 or rectangular surface condenser is represented in ,fig4 #egi4 ,this form occupies less floor space than the round shell1 and is preferred upon steam yachts and small vessels4 ,steam is condensed on its introduction at the top of the apparatus where it comes in contact with the cool surfaces of the tubes4 ,through these water is circulated by a centrifugal pump driven usually by a separate engine4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ehb4 ,the water of condensation leaves the condenser at the bottom and is drawn off by the vacuum pump4 ,the water from the circulating pump enters at the bottom right-hand end2 following the direction indicated by the arrows1 it flows through the lower half of the tubes towards the left whence it returns through the upper half of the tubes towards the right and escapes overboard through the water outlet pipe4 ,it will be observed that the coolest water encounters the lowest temperature of steam at the bottom1 hence the best results are reached4 ,there is also a baffle plate just above the upper row of tubes to compel a uniform distribution of exhaust steam among the tubes1 as shown in the engraving4 ,these tubes are usually small--#a_/b outside diameter--of brass and coated with tin inside and outside to prevent galvanic action which is liable to attack the brass tubes and cause them to corrode4 ,fig4 #eha shows an end view of the right-hand head of the surface condenser here described4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ehc4 ,a single tube is shown in detail in ,fig4 #ehj4 ,one end of the tube is drawn sufficiently thick to chase upon it deep screw threads1 while a slot facilitates its removal by a screw-driving tool4 ,the other end is packed and held in place by a screw gland1 which is also provided with a slot4 ,in this way the tube is firmly held in one head1 and1 though tightly fitted in the other1 is free to move longitudinally under the influence of expansion or contraction1 due to the varying heat4 ,in some cases engineers prefer the ordinary arrangement of screw glands at both ends of the tubes1 with the usual wick packing4 ,the mechanism illustrated in ,figs4 #ehb and #ehc shows a combined condenser and feed-water heater4 ,a compact and efficient method of heating the feed-water from the hot well is of great importance2 this is the case in cold weather when the circulating water is at a low temperature4 ,the ,volz apparatus is a combined condenser and feed-water heater2 the shell or exhaust steam chamber contains a set of tubes1 through which the feed-water passes1 while the lower part contains the condensing tubes1 both parts being in proper communication with their respective water chambers4 ,the heater tubes being located immediately adjacent to the exhaust inlet1 are exposed to the hottest steam1 and the feed-water becomes nearly as high temperature as that of the vacuum4 ,pages #cjd and #cje show the sectional and outside views4 ,the enclosing shell containing the combined heater and condenser is a well ribbed cylindrical iron casting2 free and independent access is provided to either set of tubes by removing corresponding heads4 ,the illustration1 ,fig4 #ehd1 is a longitudinal section of one side of the condenser pump1 and also a section of the condenser cone1 spray pipe1 exhaust elbow and injection elbow4 8,a0 is the exhaust to which is connected the pipe that conducts to the apparatus the steam or vapor that is to be condensed4 ,the injection water is conveyed by a pipe attached to the injection opening at 8,b40 8,c0 is the spray pipe1 and has1 at its lower extremity1 a number of vertical slits through which the injection water passes and spreads out into thin sheets4 ,the spray cone 8,d0 scatters the water passing over it1 and thus ensures a rapid intermixture with the steam4 ,this spray cone is adjustable by means of a stem passing through a stuffing-box at the top of the condenser1 and is operated by the handle 8,e40 ,the cone should be left far enough down to pass the quantity of water needed for condensation4 ,all regulation of the injection water must be done by an injection valve placed in the injection pipe at a convenient point4 ,,note4--,the surface condensers1 ,figs4 #egi-eha1 are made by the ,wheeler ,condenser and ,engineering ,co41 ,new ,york1 as are also the ,volz combined surface condenser and feed water heater1 shown in ,figs4 #ehb and #ehc4 ,the operation of this condensing apparatus is as follows3 steam being admitted to the cylinders 8,k10 so as to set the pump in motion1 a vacuum is formed in the condenser1 the engine cylinder1 the connecting exhaust pipe1 and the injection pipe4 ,this causes the injection water to enter through the injection pipe attached at 8,b0 and spray pipe 8,c0 into the condenser cone 8,f40 ,the main engine being started1 the exhaust steam enters through the exhaust pipe at 8,a10 and1 coming in contact with the cold water1 is rapidly condensed4 ,the velocity of the steam is communicated to the water1 and the whole passes through the cone 8,f0 into the pump 8,g0 at a high velocity1 carrying with it1 in a comingled condition the air or uncondensable vapor which enters the condenser with the steam4 ,the mingled air and water is discharged by the pump through the valves and pipe at 8,j0 before sufficient time or space has been allowed for separation to occur4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ehd4 ,the exhaust steam induction condenser is based upon the same principle heretofore explained under the section relating to injectors4 ,see ,fig4 #ehe4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ehe4 ,the exhaust steam enters through the nozzle1 ,a4 ,the injection water surrounds this nozzle and issues downward through the annular space between the nozzle and the main casting4 ,the steam meeting the water is condensed1 and by virtue of its weight and of the momentum which it has acquired in flowing into the vacuum the resulting water continues downward1 its velocity being further increased1 and the column solidified by the contraction of the nozzle shown4 ,the air is in this way carried along with the water and it is impossible for it to get back against the rapidly flowing steam in the contracted neck4 ,the condenser will lift its own water twenty feet or so4 ,when water can be had under sufficient head to thus feed itself into the system1 and the hot-well can at the same time be so situated as to drain itself1 it makes a remarkably simple and efficient arrangement4 ,in case the elevation is so great that a pump has to be used to force the injection1 the pump has to do less work than the ordinary air pump1 and its exhaust can be used to heat the feed water4 ,the ,bulkley 8,injector0 condenser is shown in ,fig4 #ehf1 arranged so that the condensing water is supplied by a pump4 ,the condenser is connected to a vertical exhaust pipe from the engine1 at a height of about #cd feet above the level of the 8hot-well40 ,an air-tight discharge pipe extends from the condenser nearly to the bottom of the 8hot-well10 as shown in the engraving4 ,the condenser is supplied by a pump as shown1 or from a tank1 or from a natural 8head0 of water2 the action is continuous1 the water being delivered into the 8hot-well0 below4 ,the area of the contracted 8neck0 of the condenser is greater than that of the annular water inlet described above1 and the height of the water column overcomes the pressure of the atmosphere without4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ehf4 ,the supply pump delivers cool water only1 and is therefore but one-third of the size of the air-pump4 ,the pressure of the atmosphere elevates the water about #bf feet to the condenser4 ,the accompanying diagrams1 ,figs4 #ehg and #ehh1 are worthy of study4 ,they represent a condenser plant designed by the ,schutte ,koerting ,co41 ,philadelphia1 and placed on steam-vessels plying on fresh water4 ,in these drawings the parts are designed by descriptive lettering instead the ordinary way of reference figures2 this adds to the convenience of the student in considering this novel application of the condenser-injector1 the action of which is described in the following paragraphs4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ehg4 ,for steamers plying on fresh water lakes1 bays and rivers it is unnecessary to go to the expense of installing surface condensers such as are used in salt water2 keel condensers1 however1 are used in both cases4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ehh4 ,the keel condenser consists of two copper or brass pipes running parallel and close to the keel1 one on each side united by a return bend at the stern post4 ,the forward ends are connected1 one to the exhaust pipe of the engine while the other end is attached to the suction of the air pump4 ,in other cases both forward ends are attached to the exhaust pipe of the steam engine while the water of condensation is drawn through a smaller pipe connected with the return bend at the stern post which is the lowest part of the keel condenser4 ,fig4 #ehg is much used for vessels running in fresh water4 ,the illustration is a two-thirds midship section of a vessel with pipe connections to the bilge--bottom injection--side injection into the centrifugal pump1 thence upward through suction pipe into the ejector condenser where it meets and condenses the exhaust steam from the engine and so on through the discharge pipe overboard4 ,the plan of piping with valves1 drain pipes and heater are shown in ,fig4 #ehh4 ,in case of the failure of any of the details of this mechanism to perform their respective functions a free exhaust valve and pipe is provided which may be brought instantly into use4 ,the discharge pipe has a 8kink0 in it to form a water seal1 as represented with a plug underneath to drain in case of frost1 or in laying up the vessel in winter4 ,a pipe leads from globe valve 7under discharge elbow7 to feed pump for hot water4 ,condensing ,surface ,required4 ,in the early days of the surface condenser it was thought necessary to provide a cooling surface in the condenser equal to the heating surface in the boilers1 the idea being that it would take as much surface to transfer the heat from a pound of steam to the cooling water and condense the steam as it would to transfer the heat from the hot gases to the water in the boiler and convert it into steam4 ,the difference in temperature1 too1 between the hot gases and the water in the boiler is considerably greater than that between the steam in the condenser and the cooling water4 ,illustration3 ,surface ,condenser4 ,,note4--,the following list gives the numbers with the corresponding names of the parts of the surface condenser1 shown in the above outline sketch3 #a1 condenser shell2 #b1 outside heads2 #c1 exhaust inlet2 #d1 exhaust outlet2 #e1 water inlet2 #f1 water outlet2 #g1 peep holes2 #h1 tube heads2 #i1 partition2 #aj1 rib2 #aa1 tubes2 #ab1 stuffing-boxes4 ,illustration3 ,jet ,condenser4 ,,note4--,the numbers and names of parts in the above figure1 representing in outline a jet condenser1 are as follows3 #a1 condenser body2 #b1 exhaust inlet2 #c1 discharge2 #d1 injection valve2 #e1 spray pipe2 #f1 spraying device4 ,steam1 however1 gives up its heat to a relatively cool surface much more readily than do the hot furnace gases1 and the positively circulated cooling water takes up that heat and keeps the temperature of the surface down1 while in a boiler the absorption depends in a great measure upon the ability of the water by natural circulation to get into contact with the surface and take up the heat by evaporization4 ,it has been found1 therefore1 that a much smaller surface will suffice in a condenser than in the boilers which it serves4 ,the ,wheeler ,condenser and ,engineering ,company1 who make a specialty of surface condensers1 say that one square foot of cooling surface is usually allowed to each #aj pounds of steam to be condensed per hour1 with the condensing water at a normal temperature not exceeding #ge4 ,this figure seems to be generally used for average conditions4 ,special cases require special treatment4 ,for service in the tropics the cooling surface should be at least ten per cent4 greater than this estimate4 ,where there is an abundance of circulating water the surface may be much less1 as with a keel condenser1 where #ej pounds of steam is sometimes condensed per hour per square foot of surface2 or a water works engine1 where all the water pumped is discharged through the condenser and not appreciably raised in temperature1 probably condensing #bj to #dj pounds of steam per hour per square foot of surface4 ,under the division of this volume devoted to 8air and vacuum pumps10 much information has been given relating to the principles of the condensation of steam and also some illustrations of working machines4 ,still it may be well to say this1 in addition1 that-- ,all questions in regard to a vacuum become plain when we consider that the atmosphere itself exerts a pressure of nearly #ae pounds1 and measure everything from an absolute zero1 #ae pounds below the atmospheric pressure4 ,we live at the bottom of an ocean of air4 ,the winds are its currents2 we can heat it1 cool it1 breathe and handle it1 weigh it1 and pump it as we would water4 ,the depth of this atmospheric ocean cannot be determined as positively as could one of liquid1 for the air is elastic and expands as the pressure decreases in the upper layers4 ,its depth is variously estimated at from #bj to #bab miles4 ,we can1 however1 determine very simply how much pressure it exerts per square inch4 ,,utilities ,,and ,,attachments ,illustration3 ,,working ,,ship ,,pumps ,,by ,,ropes4 ,,utilities ,,and ,,attachments4 ,utility is a ,latin word meaning the same as the ,saxon word usefulness1 hence a utility is something to be used to advantage4 ,an attachment is that by which one thing is connected to another2 some adjunct attached to a machine or instrument to enable it to do a special work2 these are too numerous to be described in this work2 moreover their number is being so constantly added to that it would be vain to make the attempt4 ,a few examples only follow4 ,the ,receiver is one of the most important and useful parts or connections of a steam pump4 ,this apparatus1 frequently called 8,pump and ,governor10 and illustrated in ,figs4 #ehi1 #eij and #eia1 is designed to automatically drain heating systems and machines or appliances used in manufacturing which depend upon a free circulation of steam for their efficiency4 ,it furthermore is arranged to automatically pump the water of condensation drained from such systems back to the boilers without loss of heat4 ,by this operation it serves a double purpose3 first to automatically relieve the system of the water of condensation constantly collecting therein1 thus insuring a free and unobstructed circulation1 and1 incidentally1 preventing snapping and hammering in the piping1 which in many cases is due to entrained water2 and second1 to automatically deliver this water1 which in many cases is at the boiling point1 directly to the boilers without the intervention of tanks or other devices commonly used4 ,not only does it relieve the system of a troublesome factor1 but it introduces a supply of feed water to the boiler at a temperature impossible otherwise without the use of a special water heater4 ,the economy resulting from its use is unquestionable1 and the satisfactory and increasing use of this machine leaves no doubt as to its efficiency4 ,as will be seen by the illustrations1 the apparatus consists of a cylinder or oval closed receiver1 which1 together with the pump1 is mounted upon and secured to a substantial base1 making the whole machine compact and self-contained4 ,the automatic action of the pump and its speed are controlled by a float in the receiver operating directly1 without the use of intervening levers1 cranks and stuffing boxes1 to open or close a governor valve in the steam supply pipe to the pump1 thus making the action of the pump conditional upon the rise and fall of the float in the receiver4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ehi4 ,in each of the three receivers shown there is a ball float which appears through the side of the receiver1 ,fig4 #eij2 these depend upon the principle of specific gravity for their operation4 ,the lever fastened to the ball float operates the throttle valve of the pump2 as the vessel fills with water the float rises opens the throttle valve1 and starts the pump4 ,in ,fig4 #ehi is shown the ,deane automatic duplex steam pump and receiver fitted with valves for hot water2 it is also provided with three separate inlets for convenience in connecting the returns4 ,in placing the apparatus1 it is only necessary to so locate it that all returns will drain naturally towards receiver and that there are no pockets in the piping4 ,when it is desired to use the automatic receiver as the sole means of feeding the boilers1 it will be necessary to introduce a small supply of water from some outside source to equalize the loss which occurs4 ,it is desirable that this water should flow into receiver rather than into discharge pipe4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eij4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eia4 ,fig4 #eij shows a ,mason steam pump with receiver attached4 ,this pump is described elsewhere at length4 ,fig4 #eia represents the ,worthington duplex steam pump with its specially designed receiver4 ,the ball cock is a faucet which is opened or closed by means of a ball floating on the surface of the water as it rises and falls in the vessel4 ,in the illustration1 ,fig4 #eib1 to be seen below the principle of its operation may be discerned4 ,the fall of water in the tank lowers the float and opens the valve 7which has in this case a rubber seat7 and a rise of water in the tank closes the valve1 hence this ball float controls and maintains a constant water level in the tank4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eib4 ,the float is a hollow ball of copper attached to one end of a lever while the other end is pivoted by a pin through it and the side of the shell of the valve4 ,the valve itself is held by a screw to the lever and resembles very much an inverted lever safety valve4 ,this principle of construction and operation is applied to many devices among which is that described on page #cah relating to pump receivers4 ,the apparatus constitutes an automatic arrangement for keeping the water at a certain height4 ,it is useful in cisterns1 water backs1 boilers1 etc41 where the supply is constant1 the demand intermittent4 ,,tanks ,,and ,,cisterns4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eic4 ,a tank is an artificial receptacle for liquids1 thus3 a tank engine is one which carries the water and fuel it requires1 thereby dispensing with a tender2 tank-iron or steel is common plate used in building tanks4 ,steel is cheaper than sheet-iron4 ,a cistern is primarily a natural reservoir--a hollow place containing water2 more commonly an underground reservoir or tank4 ,closed pressure tanks are usually cylindrical shells similar to a horizontal steam boiler1 having bumped or rounded heads to save bracing4 ,closed pressure tanks are used extensively in connection with hydraulic elevators2 the requisite pressure for these was formerly derived from an open tank installed upon the roof of the building1 but the closed pressure tank1 located in the engine room1 now very generally takes the place of the open tank4 ,a closed pressure tank is shown in ,fig4 #eif in use with a hydraulic elevator4 ,a reservoir is a place where water is collected and kept for use when wanted1 so as to supply a fountain1 a canal or a city by means of aqueducts or to drive a mill-wheel or the like4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eid4 ,a receiving reservoir is a principal reservoir into which an aqueduct or rising main1 delivers water and from which a distributing reservoir draws its supply4 ,a graduated tank is one fitted with water gauges and indicating marks1 at different heights1 between which1 the capacity of the tank is shown4 ,a ship's ballast tank is the compartment for water to be pumped in and out for the purpose of insuring the proper stability of the vessel1 to avoid capsizing and to secure the greatest effectiveness of the propelling power4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eie4 ,a vat is a cistern or tub1 especially one used for holding liquors in an immature state1 as chemical preparations and tanning liquor for leather4 ,fig4 #eid4 ,a tub is an open wooden vessel formed with staves1 bottom and hoops2 a kind of short cask1 half barrel or firkin1 usually with but one head4 ,fig4 #eie4 ,a gallon 7,u4,s47 is equal to #bca cubic inches or #j4accfh cubic feet and weighs #h-a_/c lbs4 nearly1 7i4e4 #h4ccef74 ,this is almost exactly equivalent to a cylinder #g inches in diameter and #f inches in height4 ,the imperial gallon of ,england contains #bgg4bgd cubic inches1 and is equivalent to #a4b ,u4,s4 gallons and at #fb ,fah4 weighs #aj lbs4 ,a cubic foot contains #g-dhje_/ajjjj 7#g-a_/b nearly7 ,u4,s4 gallons1 and weighs #fb-cee_/ajjj 7#fb-a_/c nearly7 lbs4 ,a barrel #ca-a_/b gallons4 #a hogshead #b bbls4 #fc gallons4 ,the strength of a tank is of the first importance2 #bce-a_/b gallons of water weigh as much as a ton of coal1 but unlike the latter1 it presses in all directions4 ,immense losses both of life and property have been caused by the 8bursting0 or giving way of tanks2 particularly of those of a considerable size and elevation4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eif4 ,,note4--,tank ,valves4 ,the 8,corcoran0 valve is made for either side or bottom outlet and for #a1 #a-a_/d1 #a-a_/b1 #b and #b-a_/b inch pipe2 its action is automatic2 the pull by which it is operated is controlled by a ratchet4 ,this valve closes the pipe inside the tank4 ,it thus becomes easy to empty the pipes in order to prevent freezing4 ,the hoops1 lugs and lock nut nipples are important parts of a well constructed tank4 ,the foundations upon which tanks are supported should be carefully considered1 as the average weight of a well made tank1 when full of water1 is about five tons to #ajjj gallons4 ,the following table gives the capacity of round tanks or cisterns for each #ab inches in depth1 if the tank is #bd inches deep instead of #ab inches1 the result would be1 twice the number of gallons4 ,,table4 ,,diam4 ,,gall4 #be feet #cfga #bj #bcdi #ae #acba #ad #aaej #ac #iib #ab #hdf #aa #gaj #aj #ehg #i #dge #h #cgf #g #bhg #f-a_/b #bdg #f #baa #e #adg #d #id #c #ec #b-a_/b #cf #b #bc ,the contents of cisterns and tanks are estimated either in gallons or in cubic feet4 ,the weight of water in any cistern or tank can be ascertained by multiplying the number of gallons by the weight of one gallon1 which is #h-a_/c pounds1 #h4ccc4 ,for instance1 taking the largest cistern in the above table containing #cfga gallons3 #cfga #h4cc #cjegi4dc lbs4 7nearly74 ,if the cistern is rectangular1 the number of gallons and weight of water are found by multiplying the dimensions of the cistern to get the cubical contents4 ,for instance1 for a cistern or tank #if inches long1 #gb inches wide1 and #dh inches deep1 the formula would be3 #if #gb #dh #cca1ggf cubic inches4 ,as a gallon contains #bca cubic inches2 #cca1ggf divided by #bca gives #a1dcf gallons1 which multiplied by #h4cc will give the weight of water in the cistern4 ,fig4 #eid4 ,for round cisterns or tanks1 the rule is3 ,area of bottom on inside multiplied by the height1 equals cubical capacity4 ,for instance1 taking the last tank or cistern in the table3 area of #bd inches 7diameter7 is #deb4ci1 which multiplied by #ab inches 7height7 gives #eebg4f cubic inches1 and this divided by #bca cubic inches in a gallon gives #bc gallons4 ,fig4 #eie4 ,rule for obtaining the contents of a barrel in gallons4 ,take the diameter at the bung1 then square it1 double it1 then add square of head diameter2 multiply this sum by length of cask1 and that product by 4#bfah which will give volume in cubic inches2 this1 divided by #bca1 will give result in gallons4 ,,strainers ,,for ,,suction ,,pipes1 ,it is very desirable to place an efficient strainer on the suction pipe of a pump where there is the least suspicion that the water contains any sediment or floating matter4 ,several of these useful pump attachments have been already shown1 connected with pumps1 in previous sections of this work1 but a few more are here added4 ,fig4 #eig exhibits a cross section of a strainer of large capacity of long and satisfactory use4 ,it has a semi-cylindrical vessel located in one side of the side pipe4 ,holes are drilled through the flat side extending across the diameter of the side pipe2 any floating matter which will not pass through the holes collects in this strainer vessel and may be easily removed4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #eig ,,and #eih4 ,fig4 #eih represents a longitudinal section of this strainer4 ,the top of the chamber is covered by a bonnet secured by a claw having one bolt1 so that by unscrewing this bolt the claw and bonnet may be unfastened and the settling chamber with perforated plate withdrawn4 ,a suction valve with double strainer is represented by ,fig4 #eii1 in which the outer screen is raised for cleaning4 ,in lowering1 it is guided to its place by the cage around the foot valve chest1 as will be seen in ,fig4 #fjj1 which is a sectional view of this same valve4 ,the suction pipe extension enables the pump to draw water when its surface has fallen below the top of strainer and also below the foot valves4 ,this is often a great advantage where water is scarce and every gallon is needed4 ,this foot valve is a 8double clack0 hinged in the center4 ,there are no openings or perforations in the bottom plate4 ,fig4 #fja is a very convenient form of strainer for large pipes and where it is an advantage to have the strainer in the engine-room or near the pump4 ,this strainer1 like ,fig4 #eig1 can be lifted out for cleaning by removing the claw and bonnet4 ,the chamber may be washed out by removing the plug at the bottom4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eii4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fjj4 ,a most convenient vacuum chamber and strainer is represented in ,fig4 #fjb2 it is located near the pump4 ,by removing the suction chamber the basket or strainer may be lifted out by the handle under the arrow4 ,the outlet is generally attached directly to the pump4 ,the pump may be charged by removing the 8priming plug0 and inserting a hose1 with water turned on4 ,steam boiler feed water impurities consist mainly of chemical substances which are unaffected--as may be readily supposed--by mechanical devices just described2 these impurities are largely invisible being dissolved in the water and hence1 also1 considering their variety1 are most difficult to contend with4 ,how to avoid the actual evils arising from the presence of foreign matter in feed water is of the first importance in steam economy2 enormous losses of money1 danger to life and property are involved in it4 ,it has been said that there are more millions of treasure to be made by properly 8treating0 the water which enters the steam generators of the world than can be extracted from its gold mines4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fja4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fjb4 ,,note4--,strangely1 investigation has proved that water of this purity rapidly corrodes iron1 and attacks even pure iron and steel more readily than 8hard0 water does1 and sometimes gives a great deal of trouble where the metal is not homogeneous4 ,marine boilers would be rapidly ruined by pure distilled water if not previously 8scaled0 about #a_/cb of an inch4 ,to deal properly with this subject the science of chemistry must be largely drawn upon2 chemically pure water is that which has no impurities1 and may be described as colorless1 tasteless1 without smell1 transparent1 and in a very slight degree compressible1 and1 were a quantity evaporated from a perfectly clean vessel1 there would be no solid matter remaining4 ,now1 in dealing with the impurities inside a boiler1 it is to be observed that in no sense do they change the essential nature of water itself4 ,the impurities are simply foreign bodies1 which have no legitimate place in the boiler1 and are to be expelled as thoroughly as possible4 ,the chemical substances to be eliminated are indicated in the note below4 ,water1 on becoming steam1 separates from the impurities which it may have contained1 and these form sediment and incrustation4 ,this is an important fact4 ,corrosion is simply rusting or wasting away of the surfaces of the metals4 ,incrustation means simply a coating over4 ,several approved recipes and 8notes0 of instruction for removing sediment and incrustation from steam boilers will be found near the close of this volume4 ,,note4--,analysis of average boiler scale4 ,parts per #ajj parts of deposit4 ,silica 4#jdb parts ,oxides of iron and aluminium 4#jdd ,carbonate of lime #cj4ghj ,carbonate of magnesia #ea4gcc ,sulphate of soda ,trace ,chloride of sodium ,trace ,carbonate of soda #i4cda ,organic matter #h4jfj ------------ ,total solids #ajj4 parts ,the percentage only of each ingredient the scale is composed of is given1 as it cannot be told how much water was evaporated to leave this amount of solid matter4 ,,the ,,water ,,meter4 ,water meters1 or measurers1 are constructed upon two general principles3 #a1 an arrangement called an 8inferential meter0 made to divert a certain proportion of the water passing in the main pipe and by measuring accurately the small stream diverted1 to infer1 or estimate the larger quantity2 #b1 the positive meter2 rotary piston meters are of the latter class4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fjc4 ,illustration3 ,,longitudinal ,,section4 ,,transverse ,,section4 ,,figs4 #fjd1 #fje4 ,the distinctive difference between the two is1 that the positive meter measures water by means of a chamber alternately filled and emptied4 ,in most of these the flow of water ceases when1 by any derangement1 the motion of the piston is interrupted4 ,but neither the motion nor the stoppage of the inferential meter has any effect upon the water delivery1 so that at times a large amount of water may pass unrecorded4 ,another important mechanical difference is that the motion of a piston meter should be slow1 while that of the inferential wheel is1 and must be1 rapid2 this has much to do with their relative durability4 ,fig4 #fjc is a perspective view of the ,worthington water meter1 the details of which are shown in the ,figs4 #fjd and #fje1 the recording or 8dial0 mechanism is also shown in ,fig4 #fjf4 ,the internal arrangement of the meter is shown in longitudinal section1 ,fig4 #fjd1 and the transverse section1 ,fig4 #fje1 on the opposite page4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fjf4 ,the plungers1 ,,aa1 are closely fitted into parallel rings4 ,the water passes through the inlet and port ,i1 and is admitted under pressure into chamber1 ,d1 at one end of each plunger alternately1 while the connection is made between the chamber at the other end of the outlet4 ,thus1 the plunger in moving displaces its volume1 discharging it through its outlet4 ,the arrangement is such that the stroke of the two plungers alternates1 the valve actuated by one admitting pressure to the other4 ,the plungers are brought to rest at the end of the stroke by the rubber buffers1 ,,ee4 ,one plunger imparts a reciprocating motion to the lever1 ,f1 which operates the counter movement through the spindle and ratchet gear as shown4 ,thus1 it will be seen that the counter is arranged to move the dial pointers once for every four strokes or displacements1 and that water cannot pass through the meter without registration1 for1 in order to pass through1 it must be displaced by the plungers1 and1 therefore1 recorded by the movement of the lever and counter mechanism2 nor can there be an over-registration1 because the plungers cannot move without displacing the fluid4 ,to read the dial4 ,the counter usually registers in cubic feet1 one cubic foot being #g4dh gallons ,u4 ,s4 standard4 ,when desired for special services1 counters are furnished reading in ,u4 ,s4 gallons1 ,imperial gallons1 and ,hectolitres4 ,this counter is read in the same way as the registers of gas meters4 ,the following example and directions may be of use to those unacquainted with this method3 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fjg4 ,if the pointer is between two figures1 the smaller one must invariably be taken2 suppose the pointers of the dial stand1 as shown in ,fig4 #fjf2 starting at the dial marked #aj cubic feet1 we get the figure #d2 from the next marked #ajj cubic feet1 the figure #g2 from the next marked #a1jjj cubic feet1 the figure #h1 and from the next marked #aj1jjj cubic feet1 the figure #f2 the reading is #f1hgd cubic feet4 ,the pointer on the #ajj1jjj cubic foot dial being between the #j and the #a indicates nothing4 ,by subtracting the first reading taken from that taken at the next observation1 the consumption of water for the intermediate time is obtained4 ,a steam trap is an apparatus to remove the water of condensation from steam pipes for heater coils and radiators without permitting steam to escape2 the steam trap is also used to remove the water of condensation or entrained water caught in steam separators1 located near the steam engine in the connecting pipes between the engine and boilers4 ,the problem of saving the water of condensation without allowing the escape of steam is a difficult one1 in view of the early wear of the valves and the valve seats4 ,fig4 #fjg represents the ,anderson improved steam trap4 ,this trap shows at all times what it is doing by the position of the water in the glass gauge attached to the side of the trap and in front4 ,the water of condensation enters at the upper right-hand side1 ,a1 ,fig4 #fjh1 where all scale and dirt from the pipes are caught in the settling chamber which contains a strainer4 ,this strainer can be lifted out with its contents of dirt and scale and replaced in a few moments by unscrewing the plugs1 shown in ,fig4 #fjg just above the inlet4 ,the discharge is connected at the lower left-hand side4 ,the bonnet which contains the valve float and lever can be removed without breaking any pipe joints1 or the valve and seat may be removed by simply unscrewing the cap1 ,h1 at the lower left-hand side without disturbing the bonnet at all4 ,it will be understood that this trap does not dump1 but the discharge of water is regulated by a ball float and valve1 hence there are really but two working parts to this trap1 viz43 the ball float and valve4 ,water is permitted to pass this trap as fast as it comes along1 and no considerable quantity ever accumulates within this trap at any one time4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fjh4 ,the sectional view1 ,fig4 #fjh1 gives a fair idea of the interior of this trap1 being a longitudinal section on center line4 ,the by-pass valve1 ,c1 so-called1 is not a valve1 but is simply a threaded stem and is used to hold up the float in emptying the trap4 ,to blow out the trap this by-pass is screwed in as far as it will go without forcing1 same motion as in closing a globe valve4 ,when the water has been discharged1 this by-pass is unscrewed to its former position1 which permits the float to drop1 closing the valve when the reservoir fills with water1 to its normal position4 ,with three inches of water in the glass the valve is closed and sealed so that no steam can escape4 ,the dotted line represents the water level4 ,the sediment chamber1 ,e1 prevents dirt and scales in the pipes from getting into the valve4 ,the ball float is made of seamless copper with heavy bands to prevent the ball from collapsing under high pressure4 ,these traps work on all pressures from #aej pounds pressure down1 and are also made for higher pressures in special cases--will work against back pressure and with exhaust steam alone--are made in seven sizes1 i4e41 from #a_/b inch to #b-a_/b inches1 inclusive4 ,,tools ,,valves ,,and ,,piping ,illustration3 ,,fig #fji4--,see page #cdh4 ,,tools4 ,the implements described hereafter are called 8hand-tools0 to distinguish them from machine-tools4 ,a portable tool is a tool or machine-tool which can be taken from place to place1 for example a riveting machine4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #faj4 ,tool1 the word1 comes probably from toil1 signifying the thing with which one toils or labors1 a hammer1 file or wrench2 a tool never ceases to be a tool1 i4e41 something which is applied directly to the work2 generally tools in machine practice cut1 abrade1 like a file1 or strike--as a hammer2 a tool is that which is brought to bear directly on the work2 again1 it is any implement used by a craftsman at his work2 it is any instrument employed for performing1 or aiding to perform1 mechanical operations by means of striking1 penetration1 separation1 abrasion1 friction1 etc4 ,again in practical mechanics the word tool has a restrictive meaning2 a single device1 as a chisel1 crowbar or saw1 or a very simple combination of moving parts1 as tongs1 shears1 pincers1 etc4 ,these latter for manual use1 are always called tools1 although embodied in the strict technical definition of machine4 ,such machines as are used in shaping materials in the construction of the parts of other machines1 and also many of those which perform work1 such as boring1 planing1 riveting1 etc41 formerly only done by hand1 and still performed manually to a greater or less extent1 are nearly always called machine tools2 the term1 engine tool1 is more in accord with general usage when referring to large and complicated machines4 ,it is by his knowledge of the application of hand-tools and their practical use1 that the pump attendant is judged by those around him4 ,the skillful mechanic1 who with many others1 constructs a machine1 may be neglected1 but one who skillfully operates the apparatus1 seldom fails of due credit and reward1 hence these paragraphs are intended to emphasize the importance of these more humble implements4 ,fig4 #faj represents a pipe cutter--a hand tool specially used for cutting of wrought iron1 steel or brass pipe4 ,this tool consists of a cast steel body1 tapped in one end to receive the adjusting screw or handle which also serves to rotate the tool when applied to a pipe4 ,the cutting is generally effected by a hardened cast steel cutter with cutting edges having angles of about #fj like a ,v thread2 an enlarged form of this cutter is shown in the engraving4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #faa4 ,fig4 #faa shows a ratchet drill2 this is a tool in which the rotary motion of the drill is derived from a ratchet and pawl actuated by a lever or handle4 ,there are various forms of this class of tools4 ,this one is the 8,packer ratchet40 ,the thread for adjusting or feeding the drill is protected from chips and dirt by a sleeve which covers the shank4 ,the center is of tempered tool steel as well as the ratchet and pawl4 ,the socket is usually made square4 ,in cutting larger sizes of pipes sometimes a special cutting-tool is introduced in place of the circular cutter to accomplish the more difficult work2 in shop practice it is customary to cut the large sizes of pipe in a lathe or screwing machine4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fab4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fac4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fad4 ,the three tools shown on this page are designed to prepare the pipe for the reception of the threaded end of the pipe to be joined4 ,the upper one1 ,fig4 #fab1 is a reamer used to enlarge a hole1 or to round up one that has been drilled or cut with a chisel1 to prepare it for tapping4 ,the lower1 ,fig4 #fad1 is the tap which cuts the thread4 ,the middle1 ,fig4 #fac1 is a combined drill and tap which is operated by a ratchet and is used to drill and tap a hole in water pipe1 etc41 at one operation4 8,tapping0 is the process by which the thread is formed in the interior of a hole1 and is done with a tap2 screwing is the reverse process by which the thread is formed on the outside of a cylindrical surface1 as a pipe or round bar of iron4 ,a tap consists of an external screw of the required size1 formed of steel and more or less tapered1 part of the thread being cut away by longitudinal grooves in order to present a series of cutting edges4 ,by screwing into a nut in the manner of an ordinary bolt this tap forms the thread required4 ,plug-taps are usually made in sets of three4 ,the first1 called the entering tap or taper tap1 generally tapers regularly throughout its length2 the second1 or intermediate tap1 sometimes tapers1 but is usually cylindrical with two or three tapering threads at the end2 the third1 called the plug-tap or bottoming-tap1 is always parallel1 with the full thread carried to the end4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #faf4 ,fig4 #fae shows a crow4 ,this is used to hook underneath a pipe and to support and feed a ratchet drill in cutting a hole4 ,the sliding head is fastened by a double ended gib key which secures it in any desired position4 ,a swivel bench vise is shown in ,fig4 #faf4 ,this tool has cast steel jaws with a wrought iron slide and is attached to the bench with a screw so that it may be turned in any position4 ,a pipe vise is shown in ,fig4 #fag4 ,this is mounted on a journal bearing so that it may be clamped in any position from a horizontal to a perpendicular4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fag4 ,the pipe vise is especially a bench tool2 it is designed to 8grip0 pipes of various sizes while they are being threaded1 cut off or otherwise operated upon4 ,a parallel or ordinary bench vise will only grip a pipe on two opposite sides1 and1 if tightened1 the strain will easily collapse it1 owing to its hollow form2 but a pipe vise is so made that it presses upon four points1 as the jaws or holding portions are formed ,v shaped1 instead of parallel4 ,some pipe vises are formed of two pivoted discs instead of jaws1 having semicircles or recesses1 which fit all diameters of pipes up to two inches1 and bear on the outside of the pipe all around4 ,it is an improvement to have the upper portion of the vise hinged at one side1 and fixed with a pin or collar at the other1 as by opening the jaws it renders more convenient the removal or insertion of the pipe to be operated upon4 ,the upper ,fig4 #fah on page #cdb represents an indispensable tool for cutting pipe threads by hand2 one handle--of which there are two--is shown in the figure immediately beneath the pipe stock and die1 which is the familiar name of the combination4 ,the guard in the illustration is thrown open to allow the die to be removed or exchanged4 ,fig4 #fbj represents the latter2 solid steel dies are commonly used1 but adjustable dies are made4 ,figs4 #fba and #fbb are bushings to fit in the end of the stock to guide the pipe2 there is one bushing for each size of pipe4 ,fig4 #fbc shows a nipple-holder which is used to hold short pieces of pipe by the thread upon one end1 while the die is applied to cut a thread upon the other end4 ,this tool is generally used in a pipe cutting machine1 which is operated by power1 but it can also be held in a common vise4 ,,note4--,the die may be centered on the nipple described above by placing in the die stock a guide bushing that will easily ride over the nipple holder4 ,the thread can now be cut until the die just touches the nipple holder1 and there will be practically no blank space between the threads on the ends4 ,after the die has been backed off the nipple can be removed from the holder by unscrewing the center with a monkey wrench4 ,a nipple holder should be made for each size of pipe that is cut and threaded by hand4 ,a piece of pipe with a coupling on its end may be used as an improvised nipple holder4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fah4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fai4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #fbj-fbb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fbc4 ,fig4 #fbd shows an extension pipe tongs2 this tool may be adjusted to fit a number of different sizes by manipulating the thumb screw1 shown in the cut4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fbd4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fbe4 ,fig4 #fbe represents the ,trimo pipe wrench4 ,this name is an abbreviation of the word ,tremont from the street in ,boston of that name4 ,it is adjusted to its work by a milled nut in the pivoted jaw2 the latter is brought into position at each stroke by a leaf spring attached to the main lever4 ,in the larger sizes the steel jaws are removable or can be detached and replaced after being repaired4 ,the lower engraving1 ,fig4 #fbf1 is a chain tongs with removable1 tool-steel jaws4 ,the hard scale on the piping rapidly destroys the sharp edges on these jaws so that they require frequent sharpening4 ,the links of the chain have a peculiar hook form so that they cannot slip4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fbf4 ,a spanner1 shown in ,fig4 #fbg1 is a special form of wrench1 which circles or spans around2 generally used for twisting a circular-shaped portion1 provided with holes in its circumference4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fbg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fbh4 ,screw or monkey-wrenches are those which have a movable jaw1 so that the tool may be adjusted to fit any sized nut within its compass2 as shown in ,fig4 #fbh4 ,there are many designs of monkey-wrenches4 ,the one here represented is known as the 8knife-handle0 on account of the identical construction of the handle of this wrench and that of a pocket knife4 ,it is strong and the shank is extra heavy so that it is hardly possible to spring the jaws in fair use4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fbi4 ,an interchangeable socket wrench is shown in ,fig4 #fbi4 ,the handle is much like a ratchet drill1 having a pawl and ratchet wheel attached to the sockets2 these are for use upon various sizes of hexagon or square heads1 as represented by figures underneath the handle4 ,some of these socket wrenches have forms of steel for insertion into the hole in the ratchet by which different shaped and sized bolt heads and nuts may be turned without changing the main socket4 ,the word wrench which gives this term to the tools here described is one of the strong words of the ,english language2 wrench means1 primarily1 8a violent twist or turn given to something10 hence1 as derived1 almost any instrument that causes a twist or torsional strain comes under this heading4 ,a wrench is a tool used by hand to turn or rotate other tools1 nuts or bolts4 ,a wrench is specially designated according to its shape and of the jaws or openings1 as an open-end box-wrench1 etc4 ,if the opening is through one end1 it is termed a single-ended wrench2 if it is in the middle1 a double-ended or tap-wrench4 ,if the recess is open1 it is termed an open-ended wrench2 if closed1 forming a square or hexagon opening through the metal1 a box-wrench4 ,a solid wrench having a notched angular recess in its end1 so that any nut or bolt which will enter the jaws can be grasped1 is called an alligator-wrench4 ,the hammer was probably the first tool used by mankind2 hammers of stone are found among the remains of antiquity1 and these are still in common use among barbarous races4 ,the hammer is made in such a variety of forms that it is almost impossible to classify it2 it is named not only for the use to which it is put1 but after the trade-class which uses it1 as the machinist hammer1 the blacksmith-hammer1 etc4 ,the hammer is made of high-grade steel1 carefully tempered head and peen2 the head is usually made cylindrical with slightly rounding face2 the eye of the hammer is the center opening through which the handle is inserted4 ,the peen of a hammer is the opposite end to the face1 and terminates in a rounded or wedge-shaped point4 ,,note4--,in its use the hammer should be grasped near the end of the handle1 giving it a free arm swing1 and carrying the head through a nearly vertical plane4 ,if the plane of the swing approaches a horizontal the weight of the hammer will produce a twisting effort on the fore-arm1 which will be very tiresome4 ,the handle should be grasped with only sufficient force to safely control the blow4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fcj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fca4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fcb4 ,,valves ,,and ,,cocks4 ,the word valve comes from the ,latin--valva--a leaf1 fold or valve of a door 7as of a folding door74 ,a valve may act automatically so as to be opened by the effort of a fluid to pass in one direction and closed by its effort to pass in the other direction1 as a clack valve2 or it may be opened or closed by hand or mechanism1 as a screw valve or a slide valve4 ,in the glossary at the beginning of this work1 the word has been carefully defined and several illustrations have been given of various designs of the device which have come into general use4 ,valves are of several classes4 #a4 ,rotary2 such as cocks1 faucets1 plug throttle-valves4 #b4 ,lifting2 raised clear from the seat by power beneath2 such as ball1 conical1 cup1 safety1 poppet4 #c4 ,hinged2 such as clack1 butterfly4 #d4 ,sliding2 such as the slide1 ,d1 ,b and box4 #e4 ,spring2 such as some forms of safety-valves1 ,snifting and ,relief valves4 #f4 ,inverted-cup2 such as quicksilver valve1 air trap1 etc4 #g4 ,key2 such as those of the organ1 flute1 etc4 ,other names are derived from peculiar shape1 application1 mode of actuation1 etc4 ,a cock is a faucet or rotary valve usually taking its name from its peculiar use or construction1 as3-- ,blow-off cock1 ,cylinder-cock1 ,feed-cock1 ,four-way cock1 ,gage-cock1 ,oil-cock1 ,self-closing cock1 ,steam-cock1 ,stop-cock1 ,three-way cock1 ,try-cock1 ,water-cock1 etc4 ,,note4--,the above classification is that made by ,e4 ,h4 ,knight1 ,civil and mechanical ,engineer1 etc41 and author of ,knight's ,mechanical ,dictionary4 ,he adds3 8,the heart is created upon the principles of hydraulics1 and is furnished with a valve4 ,harvey deduced the circulation of the blood from ,aquapendente's discovery of the valves in the veins40 ,as may be judged by the preceding paragraphs1 giving the names derived from their mechanical and other uses of several only1 of a great many varieties of valves1 it were vain to attempt a complete list of these devices2 it may be said however that the whole system of modern mechanism would be1 almost1 if not quite1 a failure1 if they were not used4 ,hence1 the student will do well to familiarize himself with the valve movements sure to be found in every combination of industrial and mechanical forces4 ,a few illustrations of the adaptation of valves of various designs to useful purposes now follow4-- ,a combined throttle and quick closing trip valve is shown in ,fig4 #fji1 page #ccf2 this is made by ,schutte ,koerting ,co41 ,philadelphia2 this apparatus is designed to fill the requirements of an emergency shut-off2 the valve is balanced and operates as stop and throttle4 ,the object of balancing the valve is to remove the strain from the spindle1 so that its operation can be effected quickly and with the least effort4 ,the piston above the valve is not tight fitting1 and contains a small auxiliary or pilot valve attached to the spindle1 which opens in advance of the opening of the main valve2 thus the pressure above the piston and below the valve is equalized2 little effort is now required to lift the main valve1 at the same time the pilot valve1 ,e1 answers the purpose of a by-pass4 ,the several proportions are such that a slight over-pressure is maintained above the piston to give the valve1 at all times1 a tendency to close4 ,this over-pressure should be but slight1 and to regulate it at will there is 7besides the leak around the piston7 a separate steam admission above the piston1 regulated by the plug1 ,c4 ,depending on the fit of the piston1 this plug is opened more or less1 or entirely closed1 when valve is first put in operation1 and then locked in that position4 ,ordinarily the construction of this valve demands the application of a screw-spindle to actuate it2 it is also made in angle form and can be placed with spindle upward or horizontal4 ,in all positions1 globe1 inverted and angle valves1 steam must always enter above the disc1 viz41 in the direction of the arrows4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fcc4 ,the operation by lever is demanded when a valve is used as a quick emergency shut-off1 either by hand or in connection with automatic appliance of governor1 electrical cut-off or auxiliary1 steam1 air or hydraulic cylinder4 ,the valve itself is of the balanced form1 except that in this valve the spindle carries at the bottom a small piston or sleeve1 ,f1 shown in the figure4 ,the valve is locked open by moving hand lever up till the catch on same engages with the lever1 ,g1 supported on the upright bar4 ,the valve being then open1 steam pressure acts on the area of the piston1 ,f1 with continuous downward force1 which will cause the valve to close as soon as the latch is released4 ,thus1 by connecting the rod on the outer end of lever1 ,g1 with a hand lever1 at any desired location1 the operation is had without effort and promptly4 ,a pressure reducing valve is shown in outline and a side view in ,figs4 #fcc and #fcd2 this is in effect a 7,mason7 pump pressure regulator and it is applicable for fire1 tank1 elevator1 air and water works pumps1 or any class of pumping machinery where it is necessary to maintain a constant pressure4 ,the regulator may be quickly adjusted to any pressure desired by turning the key as shown in ,fig4 #fcc4 ,the especial feature of this regulator is that the pressure chamber into which the water enters is entirely removed and separate from the steam and all working parts4 ,the long cylinder at the bottom of the regulator is a dashpot1 the piston of which is connected with the main valve of the regulator1 thereby preventing sudden and violent 8jumping0 of the pump when the pressure suddenly changes4 ,these valves are made in all the pipe sizes2 those up to and including #b-;inch of the best steam metal2 the largest sizes of cast iron1 lined with steam metal4 ,the springs are made of the finest tool steel1 tempered4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fcd4 ,the ,mason ,regulator ,co41 ,boston1 are to be credited with the following directions3 ,the regulator is placed in the steam pipe leading from the boiler to the steam pump and as near the pump as possible4 ,the connection with the water system is made either from the tank or from the water system1 at some little distance from the pump4 ,brass pipe should be used if possible1 for this connection4 ,the drip should be connected to some pipe where there is no back pressure4 ,the steam from the boiler enters at the point marked 8steam inlet from boiler10 and thence through the passage1 ,x1 through the port1 which is kept open by the tension of the spring1 #gi1 upon the auxiliary valve1 #hj4 ,it continues down through the passage1 ,z1 to the under side of the differential piston1 #gj1 and raises the valve1 #af1 so that the boiler pressure is admitted to the pump through the passage marked 8steam outlet to pump40 ,this starts the pump1 which continues in motion until the required water pressure is obtained in the system and acts through the connection marked 8water pressure inlet0 on the diaphragm1 #gd4 ,this diaphragm is raised by the excess of water pressure1 and carries with it the auxiliary valve1 #hj1 which closes the port for steam pressure4 ,by the closing of this valve1 the boiler pressure is shut off through the passage1 ,z1 from the differential piston1 #gj1 and the steam pressure from the boiler immediately closes the main valve1 #af1 so that no more pressure is admitted to the pump1 which remains inactive until the water pressure in the system drops below the normal joint and relieves the water pressure in the chamber1 ,o1 which causes the auxiliary valve1 #hj1 to open again1 and starts the pump as before described4 ,the check valve1 #ga1 which is placed in the bottom of the piston1 #gj1 allows the pressure regulator to open easily1 but stops the pump quickly4 ,this is a great advantage1 as the pump will not start with a jump1 the moment the water drops4 ,by changing the tension of the spring1 #hc1 through the key stem1 #he1 the amount of water pressure can be regulated4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fce4 ,mason water reducing valve4 ,fig4 #fce is designed to reduce the water pressure from the street water mains to a low pressure1 for houses and buildings4 ,the body or valve portion is fitted with couplings1 so that it may be easily attached to a pipe4 ,that part of the valve above the diaphragm1 and which comes in contact with the water1 is made of the best steam metal1 thus preventing corrosion4 ,the long spring case is made of heavy iron pipe1 at the end of which is an iron bracket1 suitably drilled1 so that the valve may be securely bolted either to the floor or to a beam overhead4 ,the tension of the main spring is adjusted by means of a small rod inserted in a nut at the end of the spring case4 ,the diaphragm is very strong and will hold several times the pressure required4 ,the working of this regulator is very simple4 ,the water enters through the inlet coupling1 #de1 and passes through the chamber1 #fh1 into the low pressure side of the regulator1 the valve1 #dc1 being held open by the tension of the spring1 #ec4 ,when the low pressure has attained the desired limit1 which is also felt in the diaphragm chamber through the hole which communicates with the chamber1 #fh1 it forces down the diaphragm and seats the valve1 #dc4 ,when the pressure again drops in the system1 the diaphragm is forced up by the spring1 #ec1 and the valve1 #dc1 again opens4 ,an automatic throttle valve for a boiler feed pump is shown perspective and outline in ,figs4 #fcf and #fcg2 this is a governor for the pump1 controlled by the relative pressures of steam and water4 ,it is known as ,mullin's automatic controller and is made at ,seattle1 ,wash41 and has the following features3 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fcf4 ,it is simply a balance valve and differential piston2 it is in a class by itself1 both as to its construction and operation in regulating feed water pressure in connection with steam boilers4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fcg4 ,the initial steam pressure being on the ends of the valve1 has access1 through the neck1 to the full area of the piston1 and will force it into a position that gives the full valve opening1 where it will remain until overcome by water pressure from the pump1 acting against the opposite side1 which is of reduced area4 ,it is necessary in operating this valve to have an excess of water pressure over the steam pressure in the boiler4 ,the excess of the water pressure is obtained by the reduction of the area of the water side of the piston--thus to illustrate--if the total area were #aj square inches1 and the reduction was one inch or #aj per cent41 it would require that the water pressure should be #aj per cent4 greater than steam pressure1 to give the same thrust on the piston1 then until the water has reached a pressure #aj per cent4 in excess of the steam1 the valve would be held open1 but thereafter it is held open only wide enough to admit steam to the pump to keep up this #aj per cent4 excess pressure4 ,should the excess pressure attempt to rise above this1 it immediately forces the steam valve nearly shut1 thus nipping the cause of the rise1 namely1 too great a piston speed4 ,,note4--8,in starting the pump1 #8stand by' until it has caught suction1 and accumulated nearly the correct water pressure1 now open the valve on the pulse1 or pressure pipe to the controller and open pump throttle wide1 thus giving the controller free action4 8,suppose the boiler pressure is #ajj pounds1 the water pressure will be #aj per cent4 higher or #aaj lbs4 ,carrying an even fire1 with water at second gauge1 feed valves properly set1 the load suddenly increases1 which pulls steam down to #ii pounds1 the water does not remain at #aaj lbs4 as before1 but is now #aj per cent4 in excess of #ij lbs4 or #ii lbs41 thus in place of #aj lbs4 excess water pressure there is but #i lbs41 which means there will be less water delivered through the feed valves1 which will hardly ever have to be touched4 8,next the load will lighten--steam will rise1 and the excess pressure will automatically increase1 thus restoring the water used at a time when it was most necessary to lighten the feed to temporarily favor the fire4 8,suppose the load continues light1 with good fires1 steam rises to #aaj pounds1 the water will rise to #aj per cent4 more pressure or #aba pounds1 thus automatically giving more pressure to #8feed up' on high steam1 and store away the heat that would be wasted by radiation1 absorption1 or perhaps blowing off40 ,the water pressure will vary only as the steam pressure varies1 always keeping the same per cent4 of excess4 ,the results are directly opposite to what would or does occur where feed water is delivered at a stated pressure4 ,on a battery of boilers1 during the cleaning of fires1 the closing of feed valves on one1 two or more boilers1 does not affect the feed of those already set in the least1 the pump will simply make less strokes necessary to properly feed the others4 ,the regulating is done by the feed valves at the boilers2 if it is desired1 all feeds may be closed1 and the pressure will not rise1 the pump will stop2 if its plungers need packing it will be detected by the fact that the pump will creep1 to keep up the required pressure4 ,when feed valves are once regulated to admit the required amount of water1 to replace the evaporation1 they may be marked1 and when in this position1 they1 with an even steam pressure1 will always admit the same amount of water to the boilers4 ,it is understood that this valve is placed between the ordinary throttle valve and the pump4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fch4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fci4 ,the ,bordo blow-off valve is shown in ,figs4 #fch and #fci2 it consists of a brass or iron body which resembles the shell of a plug-cock1 but with this difference1 it has a sharper taper than the regular plug-cock2 in this device the plug is usually made of brass--tinned on the outside4 ,in process of making and while hot a sheath of babbitt metal or its equivalent is cast upon the plug2 the metals amalgamate and practically become one casting4 ,the parts of valve are as follows1 #a1 the body1 #b1 the plug1 #c1 the packing and lifting gland1 #d1 the lifting cam1 #e1 lock-nut1 #f1 two brass rings of equal size1 with a special gasket between them--all as shown in the engravings4 ,the valve is operated with a wrench on the square of the plug4 ,the lifting gland when adjusted is permanently held by a lock-nut4 ,by releasing the lock-nut with the wrench and turning the gland to the left1 the plug is lifted so that it will turn easily4 ,when the lock-nut is moved up1 the lifting cam 7which couples the packing gland to the plug7 can be pulled out2 the gland is then free to be removed for repacking4 ,in use the best method of handling is to open and close the valve slowly--never with a jerk4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fdj4 ,the tendency toward higher pressure steam boiler installation has made apparent the need of a blow-off1 like this one described1 made of strong material and correct in principle2 in fact the high steam pressures now carried have almost made a revolution in boiler appliances4 ,the ,fig4 #fdj represents two valves applied to the end of a blow-off pipe4 ,the valve next to the boiler is open at all times excepting when the operating valve1 next to the sewer is to be attended to for repairs1 etc4 ,the table below is intended to correspond with the letters to be seen in the illustration1 ,fig4 #fdj4 ,,table4 ,size ,diam4,centre,centre,centre,centre ,diam4 ,no4 ,diam4,thick4 in of to to to to of ,bolt of of of ,inches,flange ,face ,bottom ,top ,bottom,circle ,bolts,bolts,flange ------------------------------ ------ ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,i #a #d-a_/b #b-a_/b #d-a_/b #d-a_/b #b-a_/h #c-a_/d #d #a_/b #aa_/af ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a-a_/d #e #b-c_/d #e-a_/h #e-a_/d #b-a_/b #c-c_/d #d #a_/b #c_/d ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a-a_/b #f #c-a_/d #e-g_/h #f #b-c_/d #d-a_/b #d #e_/h #ac_/af ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #b #f-a_/b #c-c_/d #g #g-a_/d #c-c_/h #e #d #e_/h #g_/h ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #b-a_/bg-a_/b #d-a_/d #h-a_/d #h-e_/h #d #e-g_/h #d #c_/d #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #c #h-a_/d #e #i-a_/b #aj #d-e_/h #f-e_/h #h #e_/h #a-a_/h ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,one cock of this pattern is usually employed1 but to use two 7as shown in the figure7 is the best practice especially for high steam service4 ,,note4--,it will be easily understood that the ,b4 ,o4 is an abbreviation2 it stands for ,bordo4 ,the makers claim for the device that1 #a1 it will not stick or jam1 #b1 it keeps it seat under pressure1 #c1 it has full pipe area in ports1 #d1 it is easily adjusted to take up wear and1 #e1 it opens and closes with a quarter turn and with a very short wrench4 ,,pipes1 ,,joints ,,and ,,fittings ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #fda1 #fdb4--,see page #cfc4 ,,pipes ,,and ,,fittings4 ,a pipe was originally a wind instrument of music1 consisting of a tube or tubes of straw1 reed1 wood or metal2 in the literature of hydraulics this wind instrument becomes 8a long tube or hollow body of wood1 metal1 earthenware1 or the like2 especially1 one used as a conductor of water1 steam1 gas1 etc40 ,a pipe fitter is one who fits pipes together1 or applies pipes1 as to an engine or pump4 ,a pipe fitter uses all the tools already described and in addition several others1 as stretched lines1 the spirit level and plumb-bob2 he also uses special devices to aid in special cases2 these are sometimes invented by himself and sometimes belong to 8the trade-lore0 transmitted in the long and varied operations of every successful shop4 ,a pipe fitting is a piece1 as a coupling1 a valve1 etc41 used for connecting lengths of pipe or as accessory to a pipe4 ,joint comes from the word join and means the place or part where two things or parts are joined or united as a joint in a pipe4 ,see note below4 ,narrow surfaces make better and safer joints than wide ones2 they are more quickly repaired with file or scraper1 and they are less liable to catch dirt at the moment of making a joint4 ,the limit of narrowness is that required to resist strains that might crush the metal and spoil the face of the joint4 ,unless the joint is made metal to metal1 fitting without any orifice1 the jointing material is always softer than the pipes or other things to be joined4 ,in this way the jointing need not have dead-true surfaces1 but1 yielding under pressure1 it adapts itself to the space it has to fill4 ,it must be dense enough and hard enough to resist all the working strains and influences that are likely to act upon it4 ,the jointing of a steam pipe must resist the temperature of the steam1 the water it carries with it1 the changes of temperature when the pipe cools during intervals of work1 and the strains due to the weight of the pipe1 and also the internal pressure of the steam4 ,if it expands differently from the metal in the pipe1 it must be sufficiently elastic to compensate for this expansion1 otherwise it will leak each time the pipes cool down4 ,,note4--,in proportion as steam pressure gets higher joints are made thinner and flanges smoother4 ,in the past rough turning succeeded chipping1 rough filing followed with an application of the surface plate1 and finally the scraper was used to produce a dead-true surface1 which is now only cleaned and wet with heavy mineral oil to withstand any pressure whatsoever4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fdc4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fdd4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fde4 ,the joint should be always inside the line of bolts1 and if any joint material extends beyond1 it would only help to support the flange in case it should spring4 ,this1 of course1 indicates faulty design1 for flanges ought to bear the strains of jointing without perceptible spring4 ,male and female flanges are best for high pressures4 ,a very popular joint is made with a planed or turned surface and a sheet of paper of the quality used to wrap bales of paper4 ,this is the last survival of the millboard4 ,rubbed over the flange with a dirty hand and cut out with a penknife on a board1 this is one of the cheapest jointings known4 ,this paper has no lumps or grit in it1 and if smeared with mineral cylinder oil it may be separated several times before it is spoiled4 ,it is largely used on the faced joints of small engines and steam pumps4 ,the mineral oil increases the life of the paper when exposed to high steam4 ,sheet asbestos is better4 ,hydraulic joints for high pressure require greater rigidity than those of steam1 but they do not have to bear high temperatures4 ,the jointing material may be more or less plastic1 such as leather1 rubber or gutta percha4 ,it is generally inclosed in a groove in the flange1 and compressed by a projection fitting the groove1 so that expansion of the jointing is arrested and the space is completely filled4 ,there is no better principle for joints than this where packing is used between flanges4 ,at a pressure of three tons to the inch1 every square sixteenth of an inch must resist a power equal to twenty-six pounds2 the joint must therefore be non-porous4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fdf4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fdg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fdh4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fdi4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fej4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fea4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #feb4 ,there are compounds used for making joints on which the plastic matter1 which is subject to much change of volume between the liquid and solid state1 is mixed with a neutral substance1 like sand1 which1 combining mechanically with it1 replaces from #ij to #ie per cent4 of the total mass1 and reduces its shrinkage to an inappreciable quantity4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fec4 ,another class of joints is that into which the jointing material is poured in a liquid state4 ,most of those liquids1 such as lead1 pitch1 putty1 sealing-wax1 beeswax1 or clay1 shrink when they dry or cool4 ,others1 like ,portland cement and certain metallic alloys1 do not change in volume4 ,others1 again1 like sulphur and plaster of ,paris1 increase in volume in setting4 ,these substances all vary in their elasticity1 qualities of density1 hardness1 and powers of resisting heat1 cold and moisture4 ,the duty of a joint must1 therefore1 be well considered before the material is chosen1 after which the recess in which it is to lie must be carefully designed so as to firmly hold the material and with the least possible waste4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fed4 ,kerosene1 from its solvent powers1 will destroy joints of rubber or of cements compounded with oils4 ,kerosene tanks are1 therefore1 rust-jointed and calked4 ,as kerosene does not dissolve anything that is soluble in water or alcohol1 kerosene casks are coated with glue to make them tight4 ,india rubber may be used as a kerosene joint if inclosed like the hydraulic joint1 and prevented from swelling4 ,it is then unable to absorb the liquid4 ,but leather is very much better4 ,in making up a piece of piping in which several fittings are quite close together1 each fitting is tightened separately2 do not follow the common practice of making up loosely at first and then tightening all together by applying a wrench to the fitting farthest from the main connection1 as this process does not insure tight joints and the intermediate fittings1 nipples1 etc41 are subjected to an unnecessary torsional strain4 ,the proper arrangement of pipe connections have already been alluded to in ,part ,one1 page #bbb2 it is a subject whose importance can scarcely be magnified for if any difficulty is experienced in making a pump work properly when first started1 it will generally be found to proceed from imperfect connections1 and this remains true quite to the end of the usefulness of the pump4 ,by a careful study of the illustration above mentioned1 a good degree of attention will be repaid4 ,figs4 #fda and #fdb represent pipes which are specially intended for mine pump columns or discharge pipes4 ,they are made in sizes from six inches to thirty inches outside diameter2 they are of wrought iron1 lap welded and tested to a pressure of five hundred pounds to the square inch2 they are fitted with cast iron or steel flanges1 bolts and gaskets which face square with the center line of the pipe4 ,these flanges are shrunk on the pipe as shown in the figures1 expanded and flared inside4 ,fig4 #fdc represents a male and female flange joint metal to metal combined with and forming a part of the pipe2 it is used for special work and conditions4 ,fig4 #fdd is the usual screwed sleeve threaded connection with right hand coupling4 ,fig4 #fde is a much used male and female flange union screwed for the reception of standard wrought iron pipe4 ,fig4 #fdf illustrates the common threaded malleable iron union and ,fig4 #fdg the plain light malleable iron tee4 ,,note4--,attention of the reader is directed to that part of the ,glossary in the opening pages of ,part ,one which relates to pipe and fittings as being closely related to this division of the work and which may be considered as an introduction to what is now added4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fee4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fef4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #feg4 ,steam ,pipe ,lines4 ,these are constructed of cast iron or wrought iron and used for conveying a supply of steam from the boilers to engines1 pumps1 turbines and other machines driven by steam4 ,usually these lines are built up with straight pipe and 8fittings40 ,the names of the latter are as follows3 elbows2 forty-fives 7#de72 tees2 plugs2 caps2 reducers 7or bushings72 nipples2 valves2 unions 7with ground1 perishable1 and flange joints72 couplings 7reducing and right and left72 crosses2 special fittings1 such as elbows and tees of a nominal size reduced at some point to a smaller size to avoid the use of reducers2 angle1 check1 and gate valves1 and plug cocks2 lock-nuts4 ,,note4--,cast iron was formerly entirely employed for steam pipe1 but now it is never used for high pressures4 ,while lead and iron pipe have taken the place of the old log pipes of former days for carrying water and sundry purposes1 there are still uses for which wooden pipe is better adapted than any of the metal pipes2 a new kind of wire wound wooden pipe has been made4 ,each length is built up of staves1 wound with galvanized steel wire under tension4 ,the sizes are made #b to #h inches internal diameter4 ,the staves are kiln-dried1 #g_/h inch to #a-a_/b inch thick4 ,joints are made with a male and female socket on the small sizes1 and a sleeve and butt joint on the larger sizes1 #h-;inch pipe of this type1 wound with ,no4 #d copper wire1 has been tried1 where acid water rapidly destroys ordinary pipes1 with excellent results4 ,this pipe has been tested to #ejj pounds pressure1 it is lighter to handle and is not so liable to burst as cast iron4 ,the proper anchoring and supporting of large steam mains is important4 ,it is preferable to allow the system to expand in the proper direction without stress and at the same time avoiding vibration4 ,the illustrations will give an idea of the method used in supporting pipes and allowing for expansion4 ,fig4 #feg shows a wall bracket upon which the rollers supporting the pipe and allowing for the expansion and contraction are attached4 ,fig4 #fee shows a bracket with an adjustable single roll1 which may be adjusted to suit the pitch of the pipe at the same time allow the pipe to expand4 ,fig4 #fee shows a bracket with one adjustable roll designed for main steam pipes4 ,this is an elaborate device but would be appreciated in buildings where everything is wanted to make up a strictly first class line of details4 ,fig4 #feg represents an extension of the same idea in which one bracket is made to carry two lines of pipe smaller than the one shown in the preceding illustration4 ,fig4 #fef is a support made of one inch round iron and answers every purpose where all of these designs of pipe hangers permit of free expansion and contraction of the pipes4 ,it is bad practice to support the main steam pipes over boilers by hangers from the building as the building may settle in a different degree from the boiler hence the steam pipes are not properly supported1 i4e41 they are either strained unnecessarily by the strain upon the hangers or they are permitted to support themselves2 it is better to support them by iron props underneath1 made by screwing a flange upon the end of a piece of pipe of proper length and having a wrought iron crotch with thread and nut for adjustment inserted in the upper end4 ,the flange on the prop rests upon the boiler walls while the crotch fits the pipe and by means of the nut any desirable elevation of the steam pipe may be secured4 ,for when the boilers settle as they will the pipes and connections all settle together4 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #feh-fff4 ,fig4 #fdh shows the common wrought iron right-hand sleeve coupling and ,fig4 #fdi a plain lock nut4 ,fig4 #fej shows the bell and spigot connection commonly used for joining cast iron water or soil pipes1 the joint being formed by pouring melted lead into the cavity inside the bell4 ,the melted lead is prevented from escaping by damming up the opening with a turn of oakum at the bottom and fire clay at the top of the joint4 ,after the lead cools it is calked with a calking tool4 ,fig4 #fea is similar to ,fig4 #fdc only the latter has plain flanges with a gasket1 ,a1 ,b1 inserted4 ,fig4 #feb represents an improvement on the union shown in ,fig4 #fdf4 ,it is known as the ,dart-union4 ,the improvement consists in the substitution of a ball and socket joint made of composition brass or bronze ground joint and enclosed within the malleable iron case2 unions are particularly desirable for inaccessible locations where it would be next to impossible to reach the union to renew the gasket4 ,fig4 #fec is an extra heavy beaded malleable iron tee1 while ,fig4 #fed shows a common threaded cast iron pipe plug4 ,the figures on page #cff are one half end views1 divided on the center line1 of brass and iron tubing2 they are reduced in size1 but show their relative thickness1 from one eighth inch up to four inches inclusive4 ,the 8,standard0 sizes are shown in ,figs4 #ffc and #ffd4 ,the 8extra strong0 are represented in ,figs4 #feh1 #ffa and #ffb4 ,the double extra strong is shown in ,figs4 #fei1 #ffj1 #ffe and #fff4 ,all 8tubing10 including boiler tubes1 is measured by the outside diameters1 while gas and steam pipe1 including cast iron water pipe is designated by the inside diameter4 ,,note4--,the best way of jointing hydraulic pipes has been the subject of much practical experiment4 ,a gutta percha ring has been universally adopted as the best means of preserving the joint watertight4 ,modified form of this joint is made by casting a projection on the pipe beyond the flange1 the bell and spigot being formed on this projection4 ,the effect is to increase the depth and the strength of the flange1 without an increase of its section at the junction between the flange and the pipe4 ,much might be said regarding duplicate pipe systems1 both for and against4 ,the general practice is coming to be that of subdividing into units1 while in smaller plants the duplicate system is used4 ,the service and conditions govern the method of piping1 which should be such in every instance as to prevent a shut down due to accident in some part of the system4 ,all the fittings in the pipe system of a plant should be of the best quality1 and the piping for high pressures should be extra heavy to withstand the test of time and usage4 ,water pipes1 when of commercial wrought iron1 should be galvanized4 ,in laying out a line of piping or in replacing a portion of an existing line the measurements should be taken from center to center of the various fittings2 the allowance for the threaded part of the pipe can be made after the center-to-center and over-all measurements have been made and before the pipe is cut4 ,experience teaches what to allow for the threaded part on different sizes of pipe4 ,the accompanying engraving gives an illustration of how the measurements on a pipe system are made4 ,illustration3 ,pipe ,system ,measurements4 ,as1 for example1 ,a represents the distance1 center-to-center1 from elbow to tee2 ,b1 from the starting place to center of elbow2 ,c1 the distance1 center-to-center1 of the two elbows2 ,d1 from the starting place to the center of the globe valve2 ,e1 the center of the globe valve to the center of the tee1 and ,f1 from the center of the tee to the center of the elbow4 ,g shows the center of the elbow to the center of the union2 ,h1 from the center of the union to the center of the tee1 and ,i1 from the center of the tee to the center of the elbow2 ,j1 from the center of the elbow to the center of the coupling1 and ,k1 from the center of the coupling to the final tee2 all as indicated by the arrow heads and crosses4 ,,useful ,,notes 8,there are many fingers pointing to the value of a training in science1 as the one thing needful to make the man1 who shall rise above his fellows40--,,frank ,,allen4 ,illustration3 ,ancient device using steam to lift a ball4 8,the motto marked upon our foreheads1 written upon our door-posts1 channeled in the earth1 and wafted upon the waves is and must be #8,labor is honorable and ,idleness is dishonorable4'0--,,carlyle4 8,a heavy wager has been laid ,that there are tricks in every trade40 ,,useful ,,notes ,,relating ,,to ,,pumps ,,and ,,their ,,management ,it happens at times that a pump1 with the full pressure against which it is expected to work1 resting upon the discharge valves1 refuses to lift water for the reason that air within the pump chamber is not dislodged1 but only compressed by the motion of the plunger4 ,it is well1 therefore1 to arrange for running without pressure until the air is expelled and water follows4 ,this is done by placing a check valve in the delivery pipe1 and providing a waste cock in the discharge chamber to be closed after the pump has caught water4 ,a stop valve is also required for shutting off the back pressure when the pump can be opened for examination of the valves4 99 99 99 ,if any difficulty is experienced in making a pump work properly when first started1 it will generally be found in leaks through imperfect connections1 or from the temporary stiffness to be expected in a new machine1 or perhaps leaky valves4 99 99 99 ,if1 when standing at the suction end of a centrifugal pump1 looking over pump shell toward pulley1 the top of shaft revolves from right to left1 or against the sun1 the pump is right hand1 and if from left to right1 or with the sun1 it is left hand4 99 99 99 ,a pump should be located in a convenient as well as a clean place4 ,it should be well set upon a suitable foundation1 so that it may be free from vibration or jar2 this 8note0 applies to direct-acting1 self-contained pumps1 as well as to others4 99 99 99 ,the economical operation of a pump depends1 to a great extent1 upon the kind and condition of the packing in the stuffing-boxes and pistons1 its quality1 adaptability to particular requirements1 and the method of placing it in the stuffing-boxes and plungers4 99 99 99 ,almost all the stuffing-boxes on pumps are too shallow and the glands too short4 ,to keep a rod tight under these conditions the packing must be of the proper size and quality1 and it must be put in with a view to securing the greatest possible degree of elasticity1 so that the rod may be kept tight with the least pressure on the packing4 99 99 99 ,to do this1 it is best to select packing which will permit a number of narrow rings to be used instead of a few wide rings4 ,the rings next to the bottom will become dry and hard before those next to the glands of the box are half worn out4 ,if a number of narrow rings are used1 the dry ones may be removed and duplicated by new ones and replacing the rest of the packing in the stuffing-box4 ,this method economizes packing and secures a tight yet freely working rod4 99 99 99 ,when patent square packings are used1 it makes less difference whether the rings are narrow or wide1 because the surface in contact with the rod will be nearly continuous in either case4 99 99 99 ,when cutting packing rings1 the length should be such that the ends do not come together within #a_/h inch when put into the stuffing-box1 and the rings are put in to break joints1 which prevents leakage through them4 ,when inserting this packing1 the rings are put in one at a time1 using a piece of hard wood to push them to the bottom of the stuffing-box and firmly against one another4 ,the stuffing-box should be filled as full as it can be1 and start the nuts on the studs by hand4 ,screw up the nuts with the hand and then start the pump slowly4 ,if leakage occurs do not attempt to tighten the nut while the rod is in motion1 and in all cases tighten it only enough to stop the leakage4 ,a slight leakage at the water end is not harmful4 ,a little cylinder oil and graphite occasionally applied to the rod will tend to keep it smooth and bright1 which condition is favorable to the durability of the rod and of the packing4 99 99 99 ,when cutting rings of packing for the water piston or plunger1 the rings should be #a_/h inch short1 as previously described1 page #cgb4 99 99 99 ,packing should fit the grooves in solid pistons moderately tight1 so that the packing can be pushed into the grooves with the fingers4 ,the depth of the packing should be such that the piston will fit the bore of the water cylinder snugly when first put in4 ,if packing of the proper depth cannot be obtained1 it is better to have the grooves turned to receive standard sizes of packing and not require special sizes4 ,cutting hydraulic packing is a tedious job1 consuming a great deal of unnecessary time4 99 99 99 ,it takes less power to feed into the bottom of a tank than it does into the top1 on account of the weight of water in the tank4 ,the bottom of the tank holds up all the water except the column directly over the opening of the delivery pipe1 so that the additional pressure on the pump is due only to the depth of water in the tank1 not to the size of the body1 and it is impossible to feed into the top without increasing the height of the column fully as much4 ,it makes no difference whether the height is due to the depth of the water inside the tank or an additional length of pipe outside4 99 99 99 ,the duty of the air pump is solely to get rid of the water and air in the condenser4 ,it adds to the efficiency of the condensing apparatus1 and renders its operation continuous2 its valve being thrown by the action of its own piston1 it must complete its stroke in length whether the piston is moving in air1 water or vapor4 ,pumps should be kept clean internally and externally4 ,in order to keep a pump clean internally it must be inspected and oiled internally at regular intervals the same as it is externally4 99 99 99 ,when pumps fail to work properly the difficulty is generally located in one of three places1 viz43 the water end1 the steam end or the suction pipe4 99 99 99 ,the several parts of the valve gear of a single cylinder pump should be marked when the pump works properly1 then any trouble due to the slipping of the collars or tappets can readily be remedied2 if the nuts and set screws are kept tight1 derangements occur only at long intervals4 99 99 99 ,the principal difficulties encountered with steam pumps are not generally due to improper steam distribution1 but to wear1 as may be seen2 hence by inspecting pumps at regular intervals many unpleasant occurrences and accidents can be avoided4 99 99 99 ,the steam pipe leading to a pump should be so arranged that the water of condensation1 while the pump is idle1 may not pass through the steam chest and cylinders1 and wash off the lubricating oil4 ,drip cocks should be attached to steam pipes and all large pipes should have separators and steam traps4 99 99 99 ,pumps that are generally operated at moderately high speeds and with high lifts may be made to work more smoothly by placing a vacuum chamber on the suction pipe4 99 99 99 ,valves in the suction pipe should have the stems carefully packed and kept tight2 air leaks in valve stem stuffing-boxes are too often overlooked4 99 99 99 ,stoppage of the suction pipes or chamber is generally indicated by a jerky action and pounding of the plungers or water pistons1 while a dull thud at the ends of the stroke is more often due to a lack of air in the air chamber1 or when the speed is high1 to a lack of capacity in the air chamber4 99 99 99 ,the steam ends of pumps require the same lubrication as the cylinders and valves of engines4 ,intermittent lubrication is never to be recommended even for slow running pumps4 ,sight feed oil cups are always preferred4 99 99 99 ,a sight feed lubricator connected to the steam pipe below the throttle or to the steam chest is automatic in its operation4 ,all that is necessary is to fill it4 ,when the speed increases the feed increases and when the pump stops the feed stops4 ,an oil hand pump is also desirable to introduce a mixture of oil and graphite1 about #aj per cent4 of graphite4 99 99 99 ,the water end stuffing-boxes of a pump may be lubricated by putting a heavy grease on the piston rods1 or good cylinder oil may be used when grease is not at hand4 ,some of the grease works into the stuffing-boxes and furnishes better lubrication than can be obtained by the water alone4 ,care must be used not to use too much oil as it must not go beyond the stuffing-boxes and contaminate the water4 99 99 99 ,when a pump works properly under high pressures and fails to work under low pressures1 the difficulty is generally found in the lift of the valves4 99 99 99 ,when the water end of a pump is known to be in good condition failure to run properly will in all probability be discovered in the steam end1 and in single cylinder pumps the fault is generally caused by clogging of the auxiliary valves and ports4 ,sometimes pieces of packing break off and get into these small ports1 thus shutting off the admission or release of steam4 99 99 99 ,when one side of a duplex pump makes a quick stroke it indicates either that the stuffing-box gland of the opposite side is too tight or that the packing in the cylinder of the side making the quick stroke is wearing out or has1 perhaps1 given way4 ,a broken discharge or suction valve will also cause a 8jerky8 motion of the pistons4 99 99 99 ,pumps should be examined frequently in order to know what parts are beginning to wear and how fast the wear is taking place4 ,when this is done the worn parts can1 in the majority of cases1 be taken out and replaced by new ones before they give out entirely1 thus avoiding delay1 but what is better1 duplicated parts kept on hand ready at a moment's notice4 99 99 99 ,the regular inspection of the screen in the separating chamber in the suction pipe renders frequent inspections of the interior of the pump unnecessary1 the inspection previously alluded to is generally easier and more quickly done4 99 99 99 ,considerable wear can and frequently does take place in a pump in the course of six months1 and for this reason it is advisable to inspect the interiors at shorter intervals1 say four months for general service pumps and once in three months for boiler feed pumps4 ,more frequent inspections should be made when handling dirty water4 99 99 99 ,when a pump has to run faster one week than the week previous in order to supply approximately an equal volume of water1 the plungers and valves should be examined1 because such behavior indicates leakage4 99 99 99 ,the sight feed lubricator should be filled in the morning so as to be empty by night1 thus permitting the water to be drained out without wasting oil4 ,draining the delivery valve chest will also drain the delivery pipe up to the check valve if those pipes are above the chest and without water seals in them4 ,if this pipe is arranged below the pump1 then separate drain cocks should be provided and should be placed at the lowest positions in the piping4 99 99 99 ,when a pump fails to start after standing for some time it should be primed by filling the barrel with water and starting the pump slowly4 ,if after priming it fails to raise water1 the suction pipe should be examined and also the plungers and the valves4 ,if the plunger packing has become dry and hard1 merely filling the water end with water will not at once remedy the trouble because the packing must be thoroughly soaked before it will work properly4 99 99 99 ,pumps should be packed with the same care and consideration as is used with the best steam engines4 ,the rods should be packed just tight enough to prevent leakage1 and the packing renewed often enough to keep it soft and pliable1 in which state it readily absorbs oil4 ,old packing will upon examination be frequently found full of sand and small particles of grit4 99 99 99 ,metallic packings are now extensively used on steam piston rods and upon the rods of air pumps4 99 99 99 ,when priming and draining a pump the air cock in the air chamber should also be opened4 ,the drain and cylinder cocks at the steam end should be opened before closing the throttle2 the steam should be shut off at the boiler when stopping at night so as to drain the entire pipe4 99 99 99 ,pumps that are exposed to low temperatures in winter should be provided with removable drain plugs or drain cocks for emptying the cylinders and valve chambers of water and also allowing the water to flow out of the suction pipe4 99 99 99 ,the friction in pipes1 whether of cast iron1 steel or copper1 depends upon the internal smoothness of the pipe and the velocity of the water1 as well as the number and kind of ells1 tees and valves in the pipe4 ,wrought iron lap welded pipe1 for steam1 is preferable to either cast iron or copper4 ,it is smoother internally than cast iron1 and is lighter and costs less than copper1 and is much stronger and safer than either4 99 99 99 ,it may be said when an engine is run without a condenser the steam with which the cylinder is filled at the end of the stroke has to be forced out against the pressure of the atmosphere1 about #ae pounds to the square inch4 ,it is possible from the nature of steam to remove the atmospheric pressure with a decided gain in almost all cases4 99 99 99 ,one pound of steam at atmospheric pressure occupies #a1fdb times as much room as it does in the state of water4 ,if1 therefore1 when the stroke has been completed1 and we are ready for the piston to come back1 we inject a little cold water into the spent steam1 it will condense to about one #afjjth of its volume1 and leave a vacuum into which the piston can return without having to force back the atmosphere4 ,this is the way the earlier vertical engines were run1 the condensation taking place in the cylinder itself1 and1 moreover1 the vacuum was all that made the engine operative1 for the steam carried was but little above atmospheric pressure4 99 99 99 ,the velocity of water entering a suction pipe depends upon two things1 the vacuum in the pipe and the vertical lift of the water4 ,the longer the suction pipe1 vertically1 the greater the frictional resistance to the flow of water2 the flow of water through small discharge pipes should not exceed four hundred feet per minute1 and for large pipes five hundred feet per minute4 99 99 99 ,a locomotive-boiler compound4 ,the lines of a certain great ,r4 ,r4 traverse a country where the water is very hard and they are compelled to resort to some method of precipitating the lime that is held in solution4 ,after many tests and experiments they have made a compound and use it as follows3 in a barrel of water of a capacity of fifty gallons they put #ba lbs4 of carbonate of soda1 or best white soda ash of commerce1 and #ce lbs4 of white caustic soda2 the cost1 per gallon1 is about #b-a_/b cents4 ,the compound is carried in this concentrated form1 in calomine cans on the tender of each locomotive4 ,a certain amount1 according to the necessities of the case1 is poured into the tender at the water tank at each filling4 ,this amount is determined by analysis1 and varies all the way from two to fifteen pints for two thousand gallons of water4 ,the precipitating power of this compound may be taken roughly at #b_/c of a pound of the carbonate of lime1 or equivalent amount of other material1 per pint of the compound4 ,on their western lines where they are dealing with alkali waters and those containing sulphates1 the company use merely #fj pounds of soda ash to a barrel of water4 ,when the water is pumped into the boiler the heat completes the precipitation and aggregation of the particles1 and this does away with all trouble of the boiler or injector tubes clogging up4 99 99 99 ,it has been recently determined by some ,german experimenters that sugar effects a strong action in steam boilers2 it has an acid reaction upon the iron which dissolves it with a disengagement of hydrogen4 ,the amount of damage done increases with the amount of sugar in the water4 ,these results are worthy of note in sugar refineries and places where sugar sometimes finds its way into the boilers by means of the water supplied4 ,the experiments in question also show that zinc is strongly attacked by sugar2 copper1 tin1 lead and aluminium are not attacked4 99 99 99 ,white oak bark1 used by tanners1 has an excellent effect on boiler incrustations4 ,it may be used as follows3 ,throw into the tank or reservoir from which the boilers are fed a quantity of bark in the piece1 in sufficient quantity to turn the water to a light brown color4 ,repeat this operation every month at least1 using only half the quantity after the first month4 ,add a very small quantity of the muriate of ammonia1 about one pound for every #b1jjj gallons of water used4 ,this will have the effect of softening as well as disintegrating the carbonate of lime and other impurities deposited by the action of evaporation4 ,,note4--,care must be exercised in keeping the bark1 as it becomes broken up1 from the pump valves and blow-off valves4 ,this may be accomplished by throwing it into the reservoir confined in a sack4 ,among the best samples of boiler compounds ever sent to the laboratory for analysis were those found to be composed of3 ,sal-soda #dj ,pounds ,catichu #e ,sal-ammoniac #e ,this solution was formerly sold at a good round figure1 but since its nature became more generally known1 it is not found in the market1 but it is largely used1 consumers putting it up in lots sufficient to last a year or so at a time4 ,the above is strongly recommended by those who have used it1 one pound of the mixture being added to each barrel of water used1 but after the scale is once thoroughly removed from the boiler1 the use of sal-soda is all that is necessary4 99 99 99 ,there are other evils sometimes inherent in hard waters above the mere production of a crust4 ,some waters contain a great deal of soluble magnesia salts1 together with common salt4 ,when this is the case there is a great probability of corrosion1 for the former is attacked by steam at high pressure in such a way that muriatic acid fumes are produced1 which seriously corrode the boiler1 and what is far worse1 passes with the steam into the engine1 and sets up corrosion in the cylinders and other delicate fittings with which the steam comes in contact4 ,all this can1 however1 be obviated by the removal of the magnesia from the water4 99 99 99 ,when water attains a high temperature1 as it does under increasing pressure1 ranging from #age to about #dbj ,fahr41 all carbonates1 sulphates and chlorides are deposited in the following order3 ,first4 ,carbonate of lime at #agf and #bdh ,fahr4 ,second4 ,sulphate of lime at #bdh and #dbj4 ,third4 ,magnesia1 or chlorides of magnesium1 at #cbd and #cfd4 ,it is to take advantage of this fact that mechanically arranged jets1 sprinklers and long perforated pipes are introduced into the interior of a steam boiler2 these tend to scatter the depositing impurities and also to bring the feed water more quickly to the highest possible temperature4 ,where fuel is expensive and pumps are used for continuous service under high and unusually high pressures it is oftentimes advisable to operate the pumps condensing4 ,this may be done1 when the pump lifts water by suction1 without a separate condenser by connecting the exhaust pipe with the suction pipe1 as shown in ,fig4 #ffg4 ,assume that the pump has been working properly for from #c to #e minutes with the valve ,a nearly closed and the valve ,b a little open1 the valve ,a is now quickly closed and ,b opened4 ,in operating these valves both hands should be used1 so that they may be opened and closed simultaneously4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ffg4 ,so penetrating is water at high pressure that only special qualities of cast iron will be tight against it4 ,in the early days of the hydraulic jack it was no uncommon thing to see water issuing like a fine needle through the metal1 and the water needle is said to penetrate the flesh as readily as one of steel4 ,the engraving1 ,fig4 #ffh1 represents a novel device for preventing the bursting of water pipes by freezing4 ,this is simply an air chamber placed in the horizontal part of the pipe1 with the chamber on top side so that the ice may expand into this chamber1 and so its force is expended upon the air instead of bursting the pipe4 ,this device also acts as an air chamber and prevents 8water hammer40 ,it is made by the ,anti-bursting pipe ,co41 ,pittsburg1 ,pa4 ,when it becomes necessary to make a quick connection into a main steam pipe without breaking joints1 a saddle such as either of those shown in ,fig4 #ffi and ,fig4 #fgj may be applied by simply cutting or drilling a hole through the main steam pipe4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ffh4 ,to make the joint1 the rough lumps should be filed off the outside of the pipe and red lead rubbed on to mark the surface1 to show when the fit is properly made4 ,then lay on with a brush a thin mixture of red lead and varnish and quickly screw the saddle in place4 ,such joints seldom or never leak when allowed to thoroughly dry before use4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ffi4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fgj4 ,when it becomes necessary to cut square packing to reduce its depth1 place the packing in a vise1 allowing the stock to be removed to project above the jaws1 as shown in ,fig4 #fga4 ,with the aid of a draw-knife the work can be quickly and easily done4 ,it is difficult to cut the packing evenly4 ,if the rings have an uneven bearing on the bottom of the grooves leakage is likely to occur when the pump is first started4 ,the follower type of water piston can readily be packed without removing it from the cylinder1 providing rings of the proper depth and length are at hand4 ,the old packing rings can be removed with a packing hook4 ,take the new ring and start one end with a soft stick1 and push the remainder of the ring firmly against the collar or flange at the inner end of the piston1 as shown in the engraving1 ,fig4 #fgb4 ,arrange the several rings so as to break joints4 ,method of packing a follower piston4 ,coat the sides of the rings with a thick paste of cylinder oil and ,dixon's ,flake graphite1 which will prevent the rings from sticking together4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fga4 ,pump packing cannot be readily examined and is liable to fail at any time1 therefore several rings1 cut to the proper length1 should be kept on hand4 ,this may be easily done by making a pattern ring1 which is nothing more or less than a ring of packing which has been fitted into the piston and is known to be of the proper length4 ,the extra rings can then be cut at odd times1 and when occasion demands it the water piston can be packed very quickly and the pump started4 ,care should be taken when about to pack a boiler feed pump or other pump subjected to high pressure to see that the cylinders are relieved before loosening the cylinder head bolts4 ,this may be accomplished by closing the valve in the delivery pipe1 and also in the suction pipe2 if the pump receives water under pressure1 open the air cock on the air chamber and cylinder cocks4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fgb4 ,pump slip or slippage represents the difference between the calculated and the actual discharge of a pump1 which is generally expressed as a percentage of the calculated discharge4 ,thus1 when the slippage is given as fifteen per cent4 it indicates that the loss due to slip amounts to fifteen per cent4 of the calculated discharge4 ,slippage is due to two causes1 the time required for the suction and discharge valve to seat1 due to excessive speed4 ,when the piston speed is so high that the water cannot enter the pump fast enough to completely fill the cylinder only a partial cylinder full of water is delivered at each stroke4 ,high speeds also increase slippage1 due to the seating of the valves4 ,graphite as a lubricant is almost without a rival4 ,it is one of the forms under which carbon appears in nature2 it is also known under the name of plumbago and black lead2 it is soft and oily to the touch2 it is a conductor of electricity2 it is a lubricant that allows pipe joints to be screwed up to the tightest possible fit4 ,graphite remains upon the threads preventing rust1 and it so preserves its peculiar properties that pipe can be unscrewed without effort eight or ten years after the joints have been made4 ,it is difficult to lift hot water by suction1 but not everyone can explain the cause2 the reason is as follows3 ,illustration3 ,,figs4 #fgc ,,and #fgd4 ,in ,fig4 #fgd1 let ,a be a vessel in which a vacuum exists1 and let it communicate by a tube1 as shown1 to the lower vessel containing water4 ,the pressure of the atmosphere upon the surface will force the water up into the pipe until the column is high enough to exert a pressure per square inch equal to that of the atmosphere4 ,a cubic inch of water weighs about #a_/bh of a pound1 so that it will take #bh cubic inches to weigh a pound1 or a column #bh inches high to exert a pressure of one pound per square inch4 ,the atmospheric pressure is #ad4g pounds1 or to avoid fractions1 say1 #ae pounds4 ,this pressure would then support a column 7#ae #bh7_/ab #ce feet high2 that is1 the column a-c in ,fig4 #fgd would be #ce feet in height4 ,attach a gauge at or above the top1 a1 of a column1 and it will indicate a perfect vacuum2 if the gauge were attached #bh inches below a1 it would indicate a pressure of one pound above absolute zero1 or a vacuum of #ae-a #ad pounds2 and if the gauge were moved further downward1 it would indicate an increasing pressure1 that is1 a diminishing vacuum1 at the rate of one pound for every #bh inches of the water column above it1 until at the level of the water in the tank the pressure would be #ae pounds absolute1 and the vacuum would be zero4 ,now1 suppose the pipe to be lowered until the distance from the bottom of the vessel1 ,a1 to the water level1 c1 is #ba feet4 ,in that case we will have the pressure of the atmosphere 7#ae pounds7 forcing the water up into the vessel1 and the column #ba feet high1 or 7#ba #ab7_/bh #i pounds1 opposing it4 ,the difference1 #ae-i #f pounds1 is available to force the water into the chamber4 ,this arrangement is shown in ,fig4 #fgc1 where ,a is a pump cylinder2 then the difference in pressure1 #f pounds1 lifts the valve1 and the water enters the pump chamber with a velocity due to that pressure4 ,in order to insure smooth and quiet running of the pump1 it is necessary to keep the speed of the piston inside of the velocity with which the cylinder would fill under this pressure1 reduced by the friction of the water1 the pressure required to lift the valves1 etc4 ,but this supposes that there is a perfect vacuum in ,a1 and we cannot realize this in contact with hot water4 ,water at any temperature will boil unless it is under a pressure equal to or greater than that corresponding with the temperature4 ,water at #fj degrees ,f4 will boil if the pressure upon its surface is reduced to a quarter of a pound per square inch1 and in the case shown in ,fig4 #fgd1 it would boil and fill the space ,a with steam at that absolute pressure4 ,,note4--,water at #agj degrees ,f4 will boil if its pressure is reduced below #f pounds absolute1 and if the water were at this temperature in ,fig4 #fgc1 the cylinder1 ,a1 would be filled with steam at #f pounds pressure2 and this added to the #i pounds pressure of the column would completely balance the atmospheric pressure1 and the water would not rise above the level1 ,a4 ,,tables ,,and ,,data ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fge4 ,,tables ,,and ,,data4 ,miner's ,inch ,measurement4 ,the term miner's inch is of ,california origin1 and not known or used in any other locality1 it being a method of measurement adopted by the various ditch companies in disposing of water to their customers4 ,the term is more or less indefinite for the reason that the water companies do not all use the same head above the center of the aperture1 and the inch varies from #a4cf to #a4gc cubic feet per minute each1 but the most common measurement is through an aperture #b inches high and whatever length is required1 and through a plank #a-a_/d inches thick1 as shown in the engraving1 ,fig4 #fge4 ,the lower edge of the aperture should be #b inches above the bottom of the measuring box1 and the plank #e inches high above the aperture1 thus making a #f-;inch head above the center of the stream4 ,each square inch of this opening represents a miner's inch1 which is equal to a flow of #a-a_/b cubic feet per minute4 ,time is not to be considered in any calculation based upon a miner's inch measurement4 ,explanation of ,weir ,dam ,measurement4 ,place a board or plank edgewise across the stream to be measured as illustrated in ,fig4 #fgf4 ,this plank will be supported by posts sufficiently strong to resist the pressure likely to be brought upon it by the head of water which will form in the pond above this temporary dam1 saw out a gap in the top of the dam whose length should be from two to four times its depth for small quantities of water and longer for larger quantities4 ,the edges of this gap should be beveled toward the intake as represented4 ,the over-fall below the bottom of gap should be not less than twice its depth1 that is1 twelve inches if the gap is six inches deep1 etc4 ,drive a stake above the dam at a distance of about six feet from the face of the plank and then obstruct the water until it rises precisely to the bottom of the gap and mark the water level on the stake4 ,complete the dam so that all the water will be compelled to flow through the gap and when the stream has assumed a regular flow mark the stake at this new level4 ,some would prefer to drive the stake with its top precisely level with the bottom edge of gap in dam so that the depth of water in stream may be measured with a rule or steel square placed upon top of this stake at any time after the flow of water has reached its average depth over dam4 ,however the marks upon the stake are preferred by most experts4 ,after the stake has been marked it may be withdrawn and the distance between the first and last marks gives the theoretical flow according to the table1 page #cia4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fgf4 ,measurement in an open stream by velocity and cross section4 ,measure the depth of the water at from #f to #ab places across the stream at equal distances apart4 ,add together all the depths in feet and divide by the number of measurements made2 this will be the average depth of the stream1 which1 multiplied by its width1 will give its area or cross section4 ,multiply this by the velocity of the stream in feet per minute which gives the cubic feet per minute of the stream4 ,cubic ,feet of water per minute that will flow over a ,weir one-inch wide and from #a_/h to #bj-g_/h-;inches deep4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,inches #a_/h #a_/d #c_/h #a_/b #e_/h #c_/d #g_/h ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #j 4#jj 4#ja 4#je 4#ji 4#ad 4#ai 4#bf 4#cb #a 4#dj 4#dg 4#ee 4#fd 4#gc 4#hb 4#ib #a4jb #b #a4ac #a4bc #a4ce #a4df #a4eh #a4gj #a4hb #a4ie #c #b4jg #b4ba #b4cd #b4dh #b4fa #b4gf #b4ij #c4je #d #c4bj #c4ce #c4ej #c4ff #c4ha #c4ig #d4ad #d4cj #e #d4dg #d4fd #d4ha #d4ih #e4ae #e4cc #e4ea #e4fi #f #e4hg #f4jf #f4be #f4dd #f4fb #f4hb #g4ja #g4ba #g #g4dj #g4fj #g4hj #h4ja #h4ba #h4db #h4fc #h4hc #h #i4je #i4bf #i4dg #i4fi #i4ia #aj4ac #aj4ce #aj4eg #i #aj4hj #aa4jb #aa4be #aa4dh #aa4ga #aa4id #ab4ag #ab4da #aj #ab4fd #ab4hh #ac4ab #ac4cf #ac4fj #ac4he #ad4ji #ad4cd #aa #ad4ei #ad4hd #ae4ji #ae4cd #ae4ei #ae4he #af4aa #af4cf #ab #af4fb #af4hh #ag4ae #ag4da #ag4fg #ag4id #ah4ba #ah4dg #ac #ah4gd #ai4ja #ai4bi #ai4ef #ai4hd #bj4aa #bj4ci #bj4fg #ad #bj4ie #ba4bc #ba4ea #ba4hj #bb4jh #bb4cg #bb4fe #bb4id #ae #bc4bc #bc4eb #bc4hb #bd4aa #bd4dj #bd4gj #be4jj #be4cj #af #be4fj #be4ij #bf4bj #bf4ej #bf4hj #bg4aa #bg4db #bg4gb #ag #bh4jc #bh4cd #bh4fe #bh4ig #bi4bh #bi4ei #bi4ia #cj4bb #ah #cj4ed #cj4hf #ca4ah #ca4ej #ca4hb #cb4ae #cb4dg #cb4hj #ai #cc4ab #cc4de #cc4gh #cd4aa #cd4dd #cd4gg #ce4aj #ce4dd #bj #ce4gg #cf4aa #cf4de #cf4gh #cg4ab #cg4df #cg4hj #ch4ae ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,example showing the application of the above table ,suppose the ,weir to be #ff inches long1 and the depth of water on it to be #aa-e_/h inches4 ,follow down the left hand column of the figures in the table until you come to #aa inches4 ,then run across the table on a line with the #aa until under #e_/h on top line you will find #ae4he4 ,this multiplied by #ff1 the length of ,weir1 gives #ajdf4aj1 the number of cubic feet of water passing per minute4 ,,friction-,,loss ,,in ,,pounds ,,pressure1 ,,for ,,each #ajj ,,feet ,,of ,,length ,,in ,,different ,,size ,,clean ,,iron ,,pipes ,,discharging ,,given ,,quantities ,,of ,,water ,,per ,,minute4 ,,also ,,velocity ,,of ,,flow ,,in ,,pipe1 ,,in ,,feet ,,per ,,second4 ,g4 ,a4 ,ellis1 ,c4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gallons #a_/b ,inch4 #c_/d ,inch4 discharged------------------------------ -------------------------- per ,veloc4 in ,pipe ,friction ,loss,veloc4 in ,pipe ,friction ,loss minute4 per second4 in pounds4 per second4 in pounds4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #e #h4ag #bd4f #c4fc #c4c #aj #af4c #if4j #g4be #ac4j #ae 4444 4444 #aj4i #bh4g #bj 4444 4444 #ad4e #ej4d #be 4444 4444 #ah4a #gh4j ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gallons #a ,inch4 #a-a_/d ,inch4 discharged------------------------------ -------------------------- per ,veloc4 in ,pipe ,friction ,loss,veloc4 in ,pipe ,friction ,loss minute4 per second4 in pounds4 per second4 in pounds4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #e #b4jd #j4hd #a4ca #j4ca #aj #d4jh #c4af #b4fa #a4je #ae #f4ac #f4ih #c4ib #b4ch #bj #h4ag #ab4c #e4bb #d4jg #be #aj4b #ai4j #f4ec #f4dj #cj #ab4c #bg4e #g4hd #i4ae #ce #ad4c #cg4j #i4ad #ab4jd #dj #af4c #dh4j #aj4d #af4a #de 444 444 #aa4g #bj4b #ej 444 444 #ac4a #bd4i #ge 444 444 #ai4f #ef4a ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gallons #a-a_/b ,inch4 #b ,inch4 discharged------------------------------ -------------------------- per ,veloc4 in ,pipe ,friction ,loss,veloc4 in ,pipe ,friction ,loss minute4 per second4 in pounds4 per second4 in pounds4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #e #j4ia #j4ab 444 444 #aj #a4hb #j4dg #a4jb #j4ab #ae #b4gc #j4ig 444 444 #bj #c4fc #a4ff #b4jd #j4db #be #d4ed #b4fb 444 444 #cj #e4de #c4ge #c4jf #j4ia #ce #f4cf #e4je 444 444 #dj #g4bf #f4eb #d4ji #a4fj #de #h4ag #h4ae 444 444 #ej #i4jh #aj4j #e4aa #b4dd #ge #ac4f #bb4d #g4ff #e4cb #ajj #ah4b #ci4j #aj4b #i4df #abe 444 444 #ab4h #ad4i #aej 444 444 #ae4c #ba4b #age 444 444 #ag4a #bh4a #bjj 444 444 #bj4d #cg4e ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gallons #b-a_/b ,inch4 #c ,inch4 discharged------------------------------ -------------------------- per ,veloc4 in ,pipe ,friction ,loss,veloc4 in ,pipe ,friction ,loss minute4 per second4 in pounds4 per second4 in pounds4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #be #a4fc #j4ba #a4ac #j4aj #ej #c4bf #j4ha #b4bg #j4ce #ge #d4ij #a4hj #c4dj #j4gd #ajj #f4ec #c4bj #d4ed #a4ca #abe #h4af #d4hi #e4fg #a4ii #aej #i4hj #g4jj #f4ha #b4he #age #aa4d #i4df #g4id #c4he #bjj #ac4a #ab4dg #i4jh #e4jb #bej #af4c #ai4ff #aa4c #g4gf #cjj #ai4f #bh4jf #ac4f #aa4b #cej 444 444 #ae4i #ae4b #djj 444 444 #ah4b #ai4e #dej 444 444 #bj4d #be4j #ejj 444 444 #bb4g #cj4h ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gallons #d ,inch4 #f ,inch4 discharged------------------------------ -------------------------- per ,veloc4 in ,pipe ,friction ,loss,veloc4 in ,pipe ,friction ,loss minute4 per second4 in pounds4 per second4 in pounds4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ej #a4bh #j4ji 444 444 #ge 444 444 444 444 #ajj #b4ee #j4cc #a4ac #j4je #aej #c4hc #j4fi #a4gj #j4aj #bjj #e4aa #a4bb #b4bg #j4ag #bej #f4ci #a4hi #b4hd #j4bf #cjj #g4ff #b4ff #c4dj #j4cg #cej #h4id #c4fe #c4ig #j4ej #djj #aj4b #d4gc #d4ed #j4fe #dej #aa4e #f4ja #e4aa #j4ha #ejj #ab4h #g4dc #e4fg #j4if ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,note4--,the quantity of a fluid discharged through a pipe or an orifice is increased by heating the liquid3 because heat diminishes the cohesion of the particles1 which exists to a certain degree1 in all liquids4 ,,friction ,,loss ,,in ,,pounds ,,pressure1 ,,for ,,each #ajj ,,feet ,,of ,,length ,,in ,,different ,,size ,,clean ,,iron ,,pipes ,,discharging ,,given ,,quantities ,,of ,,water ,,per ,,minute4 ,,also ,,velocity ,,of ,,flow ,,in ,,pipe1 ,,in ,,feet ,,per ,,second4 ,g4 ,a4 ,ellis1 ,c4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,gallons #f ,inch4 #h ,inch4 discharged------------------------------ ------------------------ per ,veloc4 in ,pipe,friction ,loss,veloc4 in ,pipe,friction ,loss minute4 per second4 in pounds4 per second4 in pounds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #bej #b4hd #j4bf #a4ei #j4jg #ejj #e4fg #j4ih #c4ai #j4be #gej #h4ea #b4ba #d4gi #j4ec #a1jjj #aa4c #c4hh #f4ch #j4id #a1bej 444 444 #g4ig #a4df #a1ejj 444 444 #i4eg #b4ji ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,gallons #aj ,inch4 #ab ,inch4 discharged------------------------------ ------------------------ per ,veloc4 in ,pipe,friction ,loss,veloc4 in ,pipe,friction ,loss minute4 per second4 in pounds4 per second4 in pounds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #bej #a4jb #j4jc #j4ga #j4ja #ejj #b4jd #j4ji #a4db #j4jd #gej #c4jf #j4ah #b4ac #j4jh #a1jjj #d4jh #j4cb #b4hd #j4ac #a1bej #e4aj #j4di #c4ee #j4bj #a1ejj #f4ab #j4gj #d4bf #j4bi #a1gej #g4ae #j4ie #d4if #j4ch #b1jjj #h4ag #a4bc #e4fg #j4di #b1bej 444 444 #f4ch #j4fc #b1ejj 444 444 #g4ji #j4gg #c1jjj 444 444 #h4ea #a4aa ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,gallons #ad ,inch4 #af ,inch4 discharged------------------------------ ------------------------ per ,veloc4 in ,pipe,friction ,loss,veloc4 in ,pipe,friction ,loss minute4 per second4 in pounds4 per second4 in pounds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ejj #a4jd #j4jag #j4hj #j4jji #a1jjj #b4jh #j4jfb #a4fj #j4jcf #a1ejj #c4ac #j4ace #b4ci #j4jga #b1jjj #d4ag #j4bcd #c4ai #j4abc #b1ejj #e4ba #j4cfb #c4ii #j4ahh #c1jjj #f4be #j4eae #d4gi #j4bfg #c1ejj #g4bi #j4fig #e4ei #j4cfe #d1jjj #h4cd #j4iaj #f4ch #j4dgb #d1ejj 444 444 #g4ah #j4eic #e1jjj 444 444 #g4ih #j4gcj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,gallons #ah ,inch4 #bj ,inch4 discharged------------------------------ ------------------------ per ,veloc4 in ,pipe,friction ,loss,veloc4 in ,pipe,friction ,loss minute4 per second4 in pounds4 per second4 in pounds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ejj #j4fc #j4jje 444 444 #a1jjj #a4bf #j4jbj #a4jb #j4jab #a1ejj #a4hi #j4jdj 444 444 #b1jjj #b4eb #j4jga #b4jd #j4jdb #b1ejj #c4ae #j4ajg 444 444 #c1jjj #c4gh #j4aej #c4jf #j4jia #c1ejj #d4da #j4bjd 444 444 #d1jjj #e4jd #j4bfc #d4jh #j4aeh #d1ejj #e4fg #j4ccc 444 444 #e1jjj #f4cj #j4djh #e4aa #j4bdd #f1jjj #g4ef #j4ehe #f4ac #j4cdh #g1jjj 444 444 #g4ae #j4dgb #h1jjj 444 444 #h4ag #j4fab ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,gallons #bd ,inch4 #cj ,inch4 discharged------------------------------ ------------------------ per ,veloc4 in ,pipe,friction ,loss,veloc4 in ,pipe,friction ,loss minute4 per second4 in pounds4 per second4 in pounds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a1jjj #j4gb #j4jje #j4de #j4jjb #b1jjj #a4dd #j4jbj #j4ia #j4jjf #c1jjj #b4af #j4jdg #a4cf #j4jab #d1jjj #b4hh #j4jfg #a4hb #j4jbb #e1jjj #d4fj #j4ajb #b4bg #j4jce #f1jjj #d4cb #j4adf #b4gb #j4jdh #g1jjj #e4jd #j4aif #c4ah #j4jfe #h1jjj #e4gf #j4bee #c4fc #j4jhc #i1jjj #f4dg #j4cbc #d4jh #j4aje #aj1jjj #g4ai #j4cih #d4ed #j4aca ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,note4--,the velocity with which a liquid issues from an infinitely small orifice in the bottom or sides of a vessel that is kept full is equal to that which a heavy body would acquire by falling from the surface level to the level of the orifice4 ,,table ,,showing ,,frictional ,,heads ,,at ,,given ,,rates ,,of ,,discharge ,,in ,,clean ,,cast ,,iron ,,pipes ,,for ,,each #ajjj ,,feet ,,of ,,length1 ,,condensed ,,from ,,elaborate ,,tables ,,prepared ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,geo4 ,a4 ,,ellis ,,and ,a4 ,h4 ,,howland1 ,,civil ,,engineers1 ,,boston1 ,,mass4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #d-;,,inch ,,pipe4 #f-;,,inch ,,pipe4 ,u4 ,s4 gallons--------------------------------- --------- ,u4 ,s4 discharged ,friction ,friction gallons per ,velocity ,head4 ,velocity ,head4 discharged twenty-four in ------------ in ------------ per minute4 hours4 ,feet4 ,feet4,pounds ,feet4 ,feet4,pounds ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #be #cfjjj 4#fd 4#ei 4#bf 4#bh 4#aa 4#je #ej #gbjjj #a4bh #b4ja 4#hg 4#eg 4#cb 4#ad #ajj #addjjj #b4ee #g4cf #c4ai #a4ac #a4jh 4#dg #aej #bafjjj #c4hc #af4je #f4ie #a4gj #b4bh 4#ii #bjj #bhhjjj #e4aa #bh4ji #ab4ag #b4bg #c4ib #a4gj #bej #cfjjjj #f4cg #dc4dg #ah4hc #b4hd #f4jj #b4fj #cjj #dcbjjj #g4ff #fb4bj #bf4id #c4dj #h4eb #c4fi #cej #ejdjjj #h4id #hd4bf #cf4ej #c4ig #aa4dh #d4ig #djj #egfjjj #aj4ba #aji4fh #dg4ej #d4ed #ad4hi #f4de #dej #fdhjjj #aa4di #ach4dc #ei4if #e4aa #ah4gc #h4aa #ejj #gbjjjj #ab4gg #agj4ec #gc4hg #e4fg #bc4ja #i4ig #fjj #hfdjjj #ae4cb #bdd4gfajf4jb #f4ha #cb4hi #ad4be #gjj #ajjhjjj #ag4hg #ccb4cfadc4ih #g4id #dd4ed #ai4jh #hjj #aaebjjj 444 444 444 #i4jh #eg4ie #be4aj #ijj #abijjjj 444 444 444 #aj4ba #gc4ab #ca4fg #ajjj #addjjjj 444 444 444 #aa4ce #ij4je #ch4ii #abjj #agbhjjj 444 444 444 #ac4fa #abi4bj #ee4if #adjj #bjafjjj 444 444 444 #ae4hh #age4ch #ge4ig #afjj #bcjdjjj 444 444 444 #ah4ae #bbh4fb #ii4j #ahjj #beibjjj 444 444 444 #bj4db #bhh4ijabe4ad #bjjj #bhhjjjj 444 444 444 #bb4fi #cef4bbaed4cj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #h-;,,inch ,,pipe4 #aj-;,,inch ,,pipe4 ,u4 ,s4 gallons--------------------------------- ----------- ,u4 ,s4 discharged ,friction ,friction gallons per ,velocity ,head4 ,velocity ,head4 discharged twenty-four in ------------- in ------------- per minute4 hours4 ,feet4 ,feet4,pounds ,feet4 ,feet4,pounds ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #be #cfjjj 4#af 4#jd 4#jb 4#aj 4#jb 4#ja #ej #gbjjj 4#cb 4#aj 4#jd 4#bj 4#jd 4#jb #ajj #addjjj 4#fd 4#bi 4#ac 4#da 4#aa 4#je #aej #bafjjj 4#if 4#fj 4#bf 4#fa 4#bb 4#aj #bjj #bhhjjj #a4bh #a4ja 4#dd 4#hb 4#cf 4#af #bej #cfjjjj #a4fj #a4eb 4#ff #a4jb 4#ed 4#bc #cjj #dcbjjj #a4ia #b4ac 4#ib #a4bc 4#ge 4#cb #cej #ejdjjj #b4bc #b4he #a4bd #a4dc 4#ii 4#dc #djj #egfjjj #b4ee #c4fh #a4ei #a4fc #a4bg 4#ee #dej #fdhjjj #b4hg #d4fa #b4jj #a4hc #a4eh 4#fi #ejj #gbjjjj #c4ai #e4fd #b4dd #b4jd #a4ic 4#hd #fjj #hfdjjj #c4hc #h4jc #c4dh #b4de #b4gb #a4ah #gjj #ajjhjjj #d4dg #aj4hc #d4fi #b4hf #c4ff #a4eh #hjj #aaebjjj #e4ji #ad4je #f4jh #c4bg #d4gc #b4je #ijj #abijjjj #e4gd #ag4fh #g4fi #c4fh #e4ic #b4eg #ajjj #addjjjj #f4ch #ba4gd #i4da #d4jh #g4bh #c4ae #abjj #agbhjjj #g4ff #ca4aj #ac4dg #d4ij #aj4ch #d4ej #adjj #bjafjjj #h4id #db4ac #ah4be #e4gb #ad4jb #f4jg #afjj #bcjdjjj #aj4ba #ed4hd #bc4ge #f4ec #ah4bb #g4hi #ahjj #beibjjj #aa4dg #fi4bb #bi4ih #g4ce #bb4if #i4ie #bjjj #bhhjjjj #ab4gg #he4bg #cf4ic #h4ag #bh4be #ab4cd #bejj #cfjjjjj #ae4if #acb4gj #eg4di #aj4ba #dc4hg #ai4jj #cjjj #dcbjjjj 444 444 444 #ab4be #fb4ib #bg4be ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #ab-;,,inch ,,pipe4 #ad-;,,inch ,,pipe4 ,u4 ,s4 gallons--------------------------------- ------------ ,u4 ,s4 discharged ,friction ,friction gallons per ,velocity ,head4 ,velocity ,head4 discharged twenty-four in ------------- in -------------- per minute4 hours4 ,feet4 ,feet4,pounds ,feet4 ,feet4,pounds ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #be #cfjjj 4#jg 4#ja 444 444 444 444 #ej #gbjjj 4#ad 4#jb 4#ja 4#aj 4#ja 444 #ajj #addjjj 4#bh 4#je 4#jb 4#ba 4#jc 4#ja #aej #bafjjj 4#dc 4#aj 4#jd 4#ca 4#je 4#jb #bjj #bhhjjj 4#eg 4#af 4#jg 4#db 4#jh 4#jd #bej #cfjjjj 4#ga 4#bd 4#aj 4#eb 4#ab 4#je #cjj #dcbjjj 4#he 4#cb 4#ad 4#fc 4#af 4#jg #cej #ejdjjj 4#ii 4#dc 4#ah 4#gc 4#ba 4#ji #djj #egfjjj #a4ac 4#ed 4#bc 4#hc 4#bg 4#ab #dej #fdhjjj #a4bh 4#fg 4#bi 4#id 4#cc 4#ad #ejj #gbjjjj #a4db 4#ha 4#ce #a4jd 4#dj 4#ag #fjj #hfdjjj #a4gj #a4ad 4#di #a4be 4#ee 4#bd #gjj #ajjhjjj #a4ih #a4eb 4#ff #a4df 4#gc 4#cb #hjj #aaebjjj #b4bg #a4if 4#he #a4fg 4#id 4#da #ijj #abijjjj #b4ee #b4de #a4jf #a4hh #a4ag 4#ea #ajjj #addjjjj #b4hd #c4jj #a4cj #b4jh #a4dc 4#fb #abjj #agbhjjj #c4dj #d4bf #a4he #b4ej #b4jb 4#hh #adjj #bjafjjj #c4ig #e4gd #b4di #b4ia #b4gb #a4ah #afjj #bcjdjjj #d4ed #g4dd #c4bb #c4cc #c4ea #a4eb #ahjj #beibjjj #e4aa #i4cf #d4jf #c4ge #d4da #a4ia #bjjj #bhhjjjj #e4fg #aa4ej #e4jj #d4ag #e4da #b4cd #bejj #cfjjjjj #g4ji #ag4hb #g4gb #e4ba #h4ce #c4fb #cjjj #dcbjjjj #h4ea #be4ea #aa4je #f4be #aa4ic #e4ag #cejj #ejdjjjj #i4ic #cd4eh #ad4ih #g4bi #af4ad #f4ii #djjj #egfjjjj 444 444 444 #h4cd #ba4jj #i4aj #dejj #fdhjjjj 444 444 444 #i4ch #bf4di #aa4dg ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,note4--,there seems to be no form of water pipe so perfect as to make it fit for use in any and all cases and open to no improvement1 but1 in the present state of knowledge1 tarred cast iron seems to come the nearest to this desideratum4 ,,table ,,showing ,,frictional ,,heads ,,at ,,given ,,rates ,,of ,,discharge ,,in ,,clean ,,cast ,,iron ,,pipes ,,for ,,each #ajjj ,,feet ,,of ,,length1 ,,condensed ,,from ,,elaborate ,,tables ,,prepared ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,geo4 ,a4 ,,ellis ,,and ,a4 ,h4 ,,howland1 ,,civil ,,engineers1 ,,boston1 ,,mass4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,u4,s4 gallons,u4,s4 gallons #af-;,,inch ,,pipe4 #ah-;,,inch ,,pipe4 discharged discharged ---------------------------------------- ----- per minute4 per twenty-,velocity ,friction ,velocity ,friction four hours4 in ,head4 in ,head4 feet4 ------------- feet4 ------------- ,feet4 ,pounds4 ,feet4 ,pounds4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ejj #gbjjjj 4#hj 4#bb 4#ji 4#fc 4#ac 4#jf #ajjj #addjjjj #a4fj 4#gf 4#cd #a4bf 4#dd 4#ai #aejj #bafjjjj #b4ci #a4fc 4#ga #a4hi 4#ic 4#dj #bjjj #bhhjjjj #c4ai #b4hb #a4bb #b4eb #a4fj 4#fi #bejj #cfjjjjj #c4ii #d4cd #a4hh #c4ae #b4de #a4jf #cjjj #dcbjjjj #d4gi #f4ai #b4fh #c4gh #c4dh #a4ea #cejj #ejdjjjj #e4ei #h4cg #c4fc #d4da #d4gj #b4jc #djjj #egfjjjj #f4ch #aj4hg #d4ga #e4jd #f4ji #b4fd #dejj #fdhjjjj #g4ah #ac4gj #e4ic #e4fg #g4fg #c4cb #ejjj #gbjjjjj #g4ih #af4he #g4cj #f4cj #i4dc #d4jh #eejj #gibjjjj #h4gh #bj4cc #h4ga #f4ic #aa4ch #d4ib #fjjj #hfdjjjj 444 444 444 #g4eg #ac4di #e4hd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,u4,s4 gallons,u4,s4 gallons #bj-;,,inch ,,pipe4 #bd-;,,inch ,,pipe4 discharged discharged ---------------------------------------- ---- per minute4 per twenty-,velocity ,friction ,velocity ,friction four hours4 in ,head4 in ,head4 feet4 ------------- feet4 ------------- ,feet4 ,pounds4 ,feet4 ,pounds4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ejj #gbjjjj 4#ea 4#jh 4#jd 4#ce 4#jd 4#jb #ajjj #addjjjj #a4jb 4#bg 4#ab 4#ga 4#ab 4#je #aejj #bafjjjj #a4ec 4#ef 4#bd #a4jf 4#bd 4#aj #bjjj #bhhjjjj #b4jd 4#if 4#db #a4db 4#da 4#ah #bejj #cfjjjjj #b4ee #a4dg 4#fd #a4gg 4#fb 4#bg #cjjj #dcbjjjj #c4jf #b4ji 4#ij #b4ac 4#hg 4#ch #cejj #ejdjjjj #c4eg #b4ha #a4bb #b4dh #a4af 4#ej #djjj #egfjjjj #d4jh #c4fd #a4eh #b4hd #a4ej 4#fe #dejj #fdhjjjj #d4ei #d4eh #a4ih #c4ai #a4hh 4#hb #ejjj #gbjjjjj #e4aa #e4fb #b4dc #c4ee #b4ca #a4jj #eejj #gibjjjj #e4fb #f4gg #b4ic #c4ij #b4gg #a4bj #fjjj #hfdjjjj #f4ac #h4jc #c4dh #d4bf #c4bh #a4db #gjjj #ajjhjjjj #g4ae #aj4hf #d4ga #d4if #d4dc #a4ib #hjjj #aaebjjjj 444 444 444 #e4fg #e4ge #b4di #ijjj #abifjjjj 444 444 444 #f4ch #g4be #c4ad ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,u4,s4 gallons,u4,s4 gallons #cj-;,,inch ,,pipe4 #cf-;,,inch ,,pipe4 discharged discharged ---------------------------------------- --- per minute4 per twenty-,velocity ,friction ,velocity ,friction four hours4 in ,head4 in ,head4 feet4 ------------- feet4 ------------ ,feet4 ,pounds4 ,feet4,pounds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ejj #gbjjjj 4#bc 4#ja 4#jj 4#af 4#ja 4#jj #ajjj #addjjjj 4#de 4#jd 4#jb 4#cb 4#jb 4#ja #aejj #bafjjjj 4#fh 4#ji 4#jd 4#dg 4#jd 4#jb #bjjj #bhhjjjj 4#ia 4#ae 4#jf 4#fc 4#jf 4#jc #bejj #cfjjjjj #a4ac 4#bb 4#ji 4#gi 4#ji 4#jd #cjjj #dcbjjjj #a4cf 4#cj 4#ac 4#ie 4#ac 4#jf #cejj #ejdjjjj #a4ei 4#dj 4#ag #a4aj 4#ag 4#jg #djjj #egfjjjj #a4hb 4#eb 4#bb #a4bf 4#bb 4#ji #dejj #fdhjjjj #b4jd 4#fd 4#bh #a4db 4#bg 4#ab #ejjj #gbjjjjj #b4bg 4#gh 4#cd #a4eh 4#cc 4#ad #eejj #gibjjjj #b4ej 4#id 4#da #a4gc 4#ci 4#ag #fjjj #hfdjjjj #b4gb #a4aa 4#dh #a4hi 4#df 4#bj #gjjj #ajjhjjjj #c4ah #a4di 4#fe #b4ba 4#fb 4#bg #hjjj #aaebjjjj #c4fc #a4ic 4#hd #b4eb 4#hj 4#ce #ijjj #abifjjjj #d4jh #b4dc #a4je #b4hd #a4jj 4#dc #ajjjj #addjjjjj #d4ed #b4ih #a4bi #c4ae #a4bc 4#ec #aajjj #aehdjjjj #e4jj #c4ei #a4ee #c4df #a4dg 4#fd #abjjj #agbhjjjj #e4dd #d4be #a4hd #c4gh #a4gd 4#ge #acjjj #ahgbjjjj #e4ij #d4ig #b4ae #d4ji #b4jc 4#hh #adjjj #bjafjjjj #f4cf #e4ge #b4di #d4da #b4ce #a4jb #aejjj #bafjjjjj #f4hj #f4eh #b4he #d4gc #b4fi #a4ag #afjjj #bcjdjjjj 444 444 444 #e4je #c4df #a4cb #agjjj #bddhjjjj 444 444 444 #e4cf #c4dc #a4di #ahjjj #beibjjjj 444 444 444 #e4fh #c4hc #a4ff #bjjjj #bhhjjjjj 444 444 444 #f4cj #d4ga #b4jd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,note4--,a pressure of one lb4 per sq4 in4 is exerted by a column of water #b4cjic feet or #bg4ga inches high at #fb ,f42 and a pressure of one atmosphere1 or #ad4g lbs4 per sq4 in4 is exerted by a column of water #cc4idg feet high1 or #aj4cdg meters at #fb ,f4 ,,table4 ,the pressure of water in pounds per square inch for every ft4 in height to #cjj feet and then by intervals to #a1jjj feet head4 ,by this table1 from the pounds pressure per square inch1 the feet head is readily obtained and vice versa4 ,feet ,pressure ,head4 per sq4 in4 ------------------ #a #j4dc #b #j4hf #c #a4cj #d #a4gc #e #b4af #f #b4ei #g #c4jc #h #c4df #i #c4hi #aj #d4cc #aa #d4gf #ab #e4bj #ac #e4fc #ad #f4jf #ae #f4di #af #f4ic #ag #g4cf #ah #g4gi #ai #h4bb #bj #h4ff #ba #i4ji #bb #i4ec #bc #i4if #bd #aj4ci #be #aj4hb #bf #aa4bf #bg #aa4fi #bh #ab4ab #bi #ab4ee #cj #ab4ii #ca #ac4db #cb #ac4hf #cc #ad4bi #cd #ad4gb #ce #ae4af #cf #ae4ei #cg #af4jb #ch #af4de #ci #af4hi #dj #ag4cb #da #ag4ge #db #ah4ai #dc #ah4fb #dd #ai4je #de #ai4di #df #ai4ib #dg #bj4ce #dh #bj4gi #di #ba4bb #ej #ba4fe #ea #bb4ji #eb #bb4eb #ec #bb4ie #ed #bc4ci #ee #bc4hb #ef #bd4bf #eg #bd4fi #eh #be4ab #ei #be4ee #fj #be4ii #fa #bf4db #fb #bf4he #fc #bg4bi #fd #bg4gb #fe #bh4ae #ff #bh4eh #fg #bi4jb #fh #bi4de #fi #bi4hh #gj #cj4cb #ga #cj4ge #gb #ca4ah #gc #ca4fb #gd #cb4je #ge #cb4dh #gf #cb4ib #gg #cc4ce #gh #cc4gh #gi #cd4ba #hj #cd4fe #ha #ce4jh #hb #ce4eb #hc #ce4ie #hd #cf4ci #he #cf4hb #hf #cg4be #hg #cg4fh #hh #ch4ab #hi #ch4ec #ij #ch4ih #ia #ci4db #ib #ci4he #ic #dj4bh #id #dj4gb #ie #da4ae #if #da4eh #ig #db4ja #ih #db4de #ii #db4hh #ajj #dc4ca #aja #dc4ge #ajb #dd4ah #ajc #dd4fa #ajd #de4je #aje #de4dh #ajf #de4ia #ajg #df4cd #ajh #df4gh #aji #dg4ba #aaj #dg4fd #aaa #dh4jh #aab #dh4ea #aac #dh4id #aad #di4ch #aae #di4ha #aaf #ej4bd #aag #ej4fh #aah #ea4aa #aai #ea4ed #abj #ea4ih #aba #eb4da #abb #eb4hd #abc #ec4bh #abd #ec4ga #abe #ed4ae #abf #ed4eh #abg #ee4ja #abh #ee4dd #abi #ee4hh #acj #ef4ca #aca #ef4gd #acb #eg4ah #acc #eg4fa #acd #eh4jd #ace #eh4dh #acf #eh4ia #acg #ei4cd #ach #ei4gg #aci #fj4ba #adj #fj4fd #ada #fa4jg #adb #fa4ea #adc #fa4id #add #fb4cg #ade #fb4ha #adf #fc4bd #adg #fc4fg #adh #fd4aj #adi #fd4ed #aej #fd4ig #aea #fe4dj #aeb #fe4hd #aec #ff4bg #aed #ff4gj #aee #fg4ad #aef #fg4eg #aeg #fh4jj #aeh #fh4dc #aei #fh4hg #afj #fi4ca #afa #fi4gd #afb #gj4ag #afc #gj4fa #afd #ga4jd #afe #ga4dg #aff #ga4ia #afg #gb4cd #afh #gb4gg #afi #gc4bi #agj #gc4fd #aga #gd4jg #agb #gd4ej #agc #gd4id #agd #ge4cg #age #ge4hj #agf #gf4bc #agg #gf4fg #agh #gg4aj #agi #gg4ec #ahj #gg4ig #aha #gh4dj #ahb #gh4hd #ahc #gi4bg #ahd #gi4gj #ahe #hj4ad #ahf #hj4eg #ahg #ha4jj #ahh #ha4dc #ahi #ha4hg #aij #hb4cj #aia #hb4gc #aib #hc4ag #aic #hc4fj #aid #hd4jc #aie #hd4dg #aif #hd4ij #aig #he4cc #aih #he4gf #aii #hf4bj #bjj #hf4fc #bja #hg4jg #bjb #hg4ej #bjc #hg4ic #bjd #hh4cf #bje #hh4hj #bjf #hi4ba #bjg #hi4ff #bjh #ij4aj #bji #ij4ec #baj #ij4if #baa #ia4ci #bab #ia4hc #bac #ib4bf #bad #ib4fi #bae #ic4ac #baf #ic4ef #bag #ic4ii #bah #id4dc #bai #id4hf #bbj #ie4cj #bba #ie4gc #bbb #if4af #bbc #if4fj #bbd #ig4jc #bbe #ig4df #bbf #ig4ij #bbg #ih4cc #bbh #ih4gf #bbi #ii4bj #bcj #ii4fc #bca #ajj4jj #bcb #ajj4di #bcc #ajj4ic #bcd #aja4cf #bce #aja4gi #bcf #ajb4bc #bcg #ajb4ff #bch #ajc4ji #bci #ajc4ec #bdj #ajc4if #bda #ajd4ci #bdb #ajd4hc #bdc #aje4bf #bdd #aje4fi #bde #ajf4ac #bdf #ajf4ef #bdg #ajf4ii #bdh #ajg4dc #bdi #ajg4hf #bej #ajh4bi #bea #ajh4gc #beb #aji4ae #bec #aji4ei #bed #aaj4jc #bee #aaj4df #bef #aaj4hi #beg #aaa4cb #beh #aaa4gf #bei #aab4ai #bfj #aab4fb #bfa #aac4jc #bfb #aac4di #bfc #aac4ib #bfd #aad4cf #bfe #aad4gi #bff #aae4bb #bfg #aae4ff #bfh #aaf4ji #bfi #aaf4eb #bgj #aaf4if #bga #aag4ci #bgb #aag4hb #bgc #aah4bf #bgd #aah4fi #bge #aai4ab #bgf #aai4ef #bgg #aai4ii #bgh #abj4db #bgi #abj4he #bhj #aba4bi #bha #aba4gc #bhb #abb4ae #bhc #abb4ei #bhd #abc4jb #bhe #abc4de #bhf #abc4hi #bhg #abd4cb #bhh #abd4ge #bhi #abe4ah #bij #abe4fb #bia #abf4je #bib #abf4dh #bic #abf4ib #bid #abg4ce #bie #abg4gh #bif #abh4bb #big #abh4fe #bih #abi4jh #bii #abi4ea #cjj #abi4ie #caj #acd4bh #cbj #ach4fb #ccj #adb4ie #cdj #adg4bh #cej #aea4fa #cfj #aee4id #cgj #afj4bg #chj #afd4fa #cij #afh4id #djj #agc4bg #ejj #baf4eh #fjj #bei4ij #gjj #cjc4bb #hjj #cdf4ed #ijj #chi4hf #ajjj #dcc4ah --------------- ,,table ,,of ,,friction ,,heads ,,in ,,feet ,,in ,,small ,,pipes #ajj ,,feet ,,long ,,under ,,given ,,discharge4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,gallons #a_/b-;,,in4 ,,diam4 ,gallons discharged---------------------------- discharged per #bd ,velocity in ft4,friction head per minute4 hours4 per second4 in feet4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #b4e #c1fjj #d4jh #ah4bj #e #g1bjj #h4ag #ff4hb #g4e #aj1hjj #ab4be #adb4i #aj #ad1djj #af4cc #bdc4c ---------------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,gallons #c_/d-;,,in4 ,,diam4 ,gallons discharged---------------------------- discharged per #bd ,velocity in ft4,friction head per minute4 hours4 per second4 in feet4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #b4e #c1fjj #a4ha #b4gh #e #g1bjj #c4fc #i4dj #g4e #aj1hjj #e4dd #bj4ag #aj #ad1djj #g4be #cd4gg #ab4e #ah1jjj #i4jf #eb4aa #ae #ba1fjj #aj4hg #gc4fa #ag4e #be1bjj #ab4fi #ih4hj #bj #bh1hjj #ad4ej #abg4f #bb4e #cb1djj #af4ca #afj4g #be #cf1jjj #ah4ab #aig4g ---------------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,gallons #a-;,,in4 ,,diam4 ,gallons discharged---------------------------- discharged per #bd ,velocity in ft4,friction head per minute4 hours4 per second4 in feet4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #b4e #c1fjj #a4jb 4#gd #e #g1bjj #b4jd #b4eb #g4e #aj1hjj #c4jf #e4ad #aj #ad1djj #d4jh #h4ge #ab4e #ah1jjj #e4aj #ac4bb #ae #ba1fjj #f4ac #ah4hd #ag4e #be1bjj #g4ae #be4ad #bj #bh1hjj #h4ag #cb4bg #bb4e #cb1djj #i4ah #dj4ag #be #cf1jjj #aj4bj #dh4ij #cj #dc1bjj #ab4bc #fh4gj #ce #ej1djj #ad4be #ib4aj #dj #eg1fjj #af4bi #aaf4h #de #fd1hjj #ah4cd #aej4f #ej #gb1jjj #bj4cg #ahf4g ---------------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,gallons #a-a_/d-;,,in4 ,,diam4 ,gallons discharged---------------------------- discharged per #bd ,velocity in ft4,friction head per minute4 hours4 per second4 in feet4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #e #g1bjj #a4ca 4#hc #aj #ad1djj #b4fb #b4he #ae #ba1fjj #c4ib #e4ij #bj #bh1hjj #e4bb #aj4ba #be #cf1jjj #f4ec #ae4ej #cj #dc1bjj #g4hd #bb4cd #ce #ej1djj #i4ad #bh4ii #dj #eg1fjj #aj4de #cg4bi #de #fd1hjj #aa4gf #df4dg #ej #gb1jjj #ac4jg #eg4af #ee #gi1bjj #ad4ch #fh4fb #fj #hf1djj #ae4fi #ha4ce #fe #ic1fjj #ag4jj #ie4aa #gj #ajj1hjj #ah4ca #aji4i #ge #ajh1jjj #ai4fb #abf4a ---------------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,gallons #a-a_/b-;,,in4 ,,diam4 ,gallons discharged---------------------------- discharged per #bd ,velocity in ft4,friction head per minute4 hours4 per second4 in feet4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #e #g1bjj 4#ia 4#ea #aj #ad1djj #a4hb #a4cc #ae #ba1fjj #b4gc #b4hj #bj #bh1hjj #c4fc #d4ei #be #cf1jjj #d4ed #f4ii #cj #dc1bjj #e4de #i4hf #ce #ej1djj #f4cf #ac4ad #dj #eg1fjj #g4bf #af4id #de #fd1hjj #h4ag #ba4ji #ej #gb1jjj #i4jh #be4ff #fj #hf1djj #aj4ij #cf4ae #gj #ajj1hjj #ab4gb #dh4hd #hj #aae1bjj #ad4ed #fc4ec #ij #abi1fjj #af4cf #gi4gh #ajj #add1jjj #ah4ag #ih4bc ---------------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,gallons #b-;,,in4 ,,diam4 ,gallons discharged---------------------------- discharged per #bd ,velocity in ft4,friction head per minute4 hours4 per second4 in feet4 ------------------ ------------------------------ #e #g1bjj #a 444 #aj #ad1djj #a4jb 4#ca #bj #bh1hjj #b4jd #a4ag #cj #dc1bjj #c4jf #b4cf #dj #eg1fjj #d4ji #d4ag #ej #gb1jjj #e4aa #f4cd #fj #hf1djj #f4ac #h4ib #gj #ajj1hjj #g4ae #aa4hc #hj #aae1bjj #h4ah #ae4bg #ij #abi1fjj #i4bj #ai4aa #ajj #add1jjj #aj4bb #bc4bc #abe #ahj1jjj #ab4hj #ce4gh #aej #baf1jjj #ae4c #ej4fj #age #beb1jjj #ag4i #fi4ac #bjj #bhh1jjj #bj4d #hi4ea ---------------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,gallons #b-a_/b-;,,in4 ,,diam44 ,gallons discharged---------------------------- discharged per #bd ,velocity in ft4,friction head per minute4 hours4 per second4 in feet4 ------------------ ------------------------------ #be #cf1jjj #a4fc 4#eh #ej #gb1jjj #c4bf #b4aj #ge #ajh1jjj #d4ij #d4eh #ajj #add1jjj #f4ec #g4ie #abe #ahj1jjj #h4af #ab4aj #aej #baf1jjj #i4hj #ag4je #age #beb1jjj #aa4dc #bb4hh #bjj #bhh1jjj #ac4jg #bi4fg #bbe #cbd1jjj #ad4gj #cg4ad #bej #cfj1jjj #af4cd #de4ha #bge #cif1jjj #ag4ig #ee4cb #cjj #dcb1jjj #ai4fj #fe4fh #cej #dfh1jjj #ba4bd #gg4ja #djj #egf1jjj #bb4hg #hi4aa ---------------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,gallons #c-;,,in4 ,,diam4 ,gallons discharged---------------------------- discharged per #bd ,velocity in ft4,friction head per minute4 hours4 per second4 in feet4 ------------------ ------------------------------ #ej #gb1jjj #b4bg 4#hh #ge #ajh1jjj #c4dj #a4ij #ajj #add1jjj #d4ed #c4bi #abe #ahj1jjj #e4fg #e4jj #aej #baf1jjj #f4ha #g4je #age #beb1jjj #g4id #i4da #bjj #bhh1jjj #i4jh #ab4ac #bbe #cbd1jjj #aj4bb #ae4ag #bej #cfj1jjj #aa4cf #ah4fi #bge #cif1jjj #ab4ej #bb4eb #cjj #dcb1jjj #ac4fd #bf4bf #cej #dfh1jjj #ae4ia #ce4hj #djj #egf1jjj #ah4ah #df4fd #dej #fdh1jjj #bj4de #hh4gj #ejj #gbj1jjj #bb4gb #gc4hb ---------------------------------------- --------- ,contents of cylinders1 in cubic feet and in ,u4 ,s4 gallons1 for one foot of length4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,,for #a ,,foot ,,in ,,length4 ---------------------- ,diameter in ,diameter in ,cubic ,feet4,gallons of ,inches4 ,decimals of a,also area in #bca ,cubic ,foot4 square feet4 ,inches4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #a_/d 4#jbjh 4#jjjc 4#jjbf #e_/af 4#jbfj 4#jjje 4#jjdj #c_/h 4#jcac 4#jjjh 4#jjeg #g_/af 4#jcfe 4#jjaj 4#jjgh #a_/b 4#jdag 4#jjad 4#jajb #i_/af 4#jdfi 4#jjag 4#jabi #e_/h 4#jeba 4#jjba 4#jaei #aa_/af 4#jegc 4#jjbf 4#jaic #c_/d 4#jfbe 4#jjca 4#jbcj #ac_/af 4#jfgg 4#jjcf 4#jbgj #g_/h 4#jgbi 4#jjdb 4#jcab #ae_/af 4#jgha 4#jjdh 4#jcei #a4 4#jhcc 4#jjee 4#jdjh #a_/d 4#ajdb 4#jjhe 4#jfch #a_/b 4#abej 4#jabc 4#jiah #c_/d 4#adeh 4#jafh 4#abej #b4 4#affg 4#jbah 4#afcb #a_/d 4#ahge 4#jbgf 4#bjff #a_/b 4#bjhc 4#jcda 4#beej #c_/d 4#bbib 4#jdac 4#cjhe #c4 4#bejj 4#jdia 4#cfgc #a_/d 4#bgjh 4#jegf 4#dcaj #a_/b 4#biag 4#jffh 4#diih #c_/d 4#cabe 4#jgfg 4#egch #d4 4#cccc 4#jhgh 4#febh #a_/d 4#cedb 4#jihe 4#gcgj #a_/b 4#cgej 4#aaje 4#hbfc #c_/d 4#cieh 4#abca 4#ibje #e4 4#dafg 4#acfd #a4jbj #a_/d 4#dcge 4#aejc #a4abd #a_/b 4#dehc 4#afej #a4bcd #c_/d 4#dgib 4#ahjc #a4cdi #f4 4#ejjj 4#aifc #a4dfi #a_/d 4#ebjh 4#bahj #a4eid #a_/b 4#edag 4#bcje #a4gbd #c_/d 4#efbe 4#bdhe #a4hei #g4 4#ehcc 4#bfgc #a4iii #a_/d 4#fjdb 4#bhfh #b4add #a_/b 4#fbej 4#cjfh #b4bie #c_/d 4#fdeh 4#cbge #b4dej #h4 4#fffg 4#cdij #b4faa #a_/d 4#fhge 4#cgac #b4ggg #a_/b 4#gjhc 4#cidj #b4idh #c_/d 4#gbib 4#dage #c4abe #i4 4#gejj 4#ddah #c4cje #a_/d 4#ggjh 4#dffh #c4dib #a_/b 4#giag 4#dibc #c4fhb #c_/d 4#habe 4#eahe #c4hgi #aj4 4#hccc 4#edee #d4jha #a_/d 4#hedb 4#egcj #d4bhf #a_/b 4#hgej 4#fjac #d4dih #c_/d 4#hieh 4#fcjc #d4gad #aa4 4#iafg 4#ffjj #d4icg #a_/d 4#icge 4#fijc #e4afc #a_/b 4#iehc 4#gbac #e4cie #c_/d 4#igib 4#gecj #e4fcc #ab4 #a ,foot4 4#ghed #e4hgf #a_/b #a4jdb 4#hebc #f4cge #ac4 #a4jhc 4#ibah #f4hie #a_/b #a4abe 4#iidj #g4dce #ad4 #a4afg #a4jfi #g4iig #a_/b #a4bjh #a4adg #h4egh #ae4 #a4bej #a4bbg #i4ahj #a_/b #a4bib #a4caj #i4hja #af4 #a4ccc #a4cif #aj4dd #a_/b #a4cge #a4dhe #aa4aa #ag4 #a4dag #a4egf #aa4gi #a_/b #a4deh #a4fgj #ab4ej #ah4 #a4ejj #a4gfg #ac4bb #a_/b #a4edb #a4hfg #ac4ig #ai4 #a4ehc #a4ifi #ad4gc #a_/b #a4fbe #b4jgd #ae4eb #bj4 #a4fff #b4ahb #af4cb #a_/b #a4gjh #b4bib #ag4ae #ba4 #a4gej #b4dje #ag4ii #a_/b #a4gib #b4eba #ah4hf #bb4 #a4hcc #b4fdj #ai4ge #a_/b #a4hge #b4gfa #bj4fe #bc4 #a4iag #b4hhe #ba4eh #a_/b #a4ieh #c4jab #bb4ec #bd4 #b4jjj #c4adb #bc4ej #be4 #b4jhc #c4dji #be4ej #bf4 #b4aff #c4fhg #bg4eh #bg4 #b4bej #c4igf #bi4gd #bh4 #b4ccc #d4bgf #ca4ii #bi4 #b4daf #d4ehg #cd4ca #cj4 #b4ejj #d4iji #cf4gb #ca4 #b4ehc #e4bda #ci4ba #cb4 #b4fff #e4ehe #da4gh #cc4 #b4gej #e4idj #dd4dc #cd4 #b4hcc #f4cje #dg4ag #ce4 #b4iaf #f4fha #di4ih #cf4 #c4jjj #g4jfi #eb4hh #cg4 #c4jhc #g4dfh #ee4hf #ch4 #c4aff #g4hgf #eh4ib #ci4 #c4bej #h4bif #fb4jf #dj4 #c4ccc #h4gbh #fe4bi #da4 #c4daf #i4afh #fh4eh #db4 #c4ejj #i4fbj #ga4if #dc4 #c4ehc #aj4jhd #ge4dc #dd4 #c4fff #aj4efj #gi4jj #de4 #c4gej #aa4jdd #hb4fb #df4 #c4hcc #aa4edj #hf4cb #dg4 #c4iaf #ab4jdh #ij4ab #dh4 #d4jjj #ab4eff #id4jb ---------------------------------------- ------ #bca cubic inches equal one gallon1 and #g4dhje gallons equal one cubic foot4 ,for the contents of a greater diameter than any in the table1 take the quantity opposite one-half said diameter and multiply it by #d4 ,thus1 the number of cubic feet in one foot length of a pipe #hj inches in diameter1 is equal to #h4gbh #d #cd4iab cubic feet4 ,so also with gallons and areas4 ,,schedule ,,of ,,standard ,,flanges4 ,adopted ,july #ah1 #ahid1 by a ,committee of the ,master ,steam and ,hot ,water ,fitters' ,association1 a ,committee of the ,society of ,mechanical ,engineers of the ,united ,states1 and the leading valve and fitting manufacturers of the ,united ,states4 ,pipe thickness1 7,p #ajj7 --------- ,pipe 4#d,s ,thickness ,stress on ,radius size1 nearest pipe per of ,inches4d4#ccc7a-;d_/#ajj7;fraction1 square fillet1 inches4 inch at #bjj;inches4 ,s-#ah1jjj lbs4 lbs4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #b 4#dji #g_/af #dfj #a_/h #b-a_/b 4#dbi #g_/af #eej #a_/h #c 4#ddh #g_/af #fij #a_/h #c-a_/b 4#dff #a_/b #gjj #a_/h #d 4#dhf #a_/b #hjj #a_/h #d-a_/b 4#dih #a_/b #ijj #a_/h #e 4#ebe #a_/b #a1jjj #a_/h #f 4#efc #i_/af #a1jfj #a_/h #g 4#fj #e_/h #a1abj #a_/h #h 4#fci #e_/h #a1bhj #a_/h #i 4#fgh #aa_/af #a1caj #c_/af #aj 4#gac #c_/d #a1ccj #c_/af #ab 4#gi #ac_/af #a1dgj #c_/af #ad 4#hfd #g_/h #a1fjj #c_/af #ae 4#ijd #ae_/af #a1fjj #c_/af #af 4#idf #a #a1fjj #c_/af #ah #a4jb #a-a_/af #a1fij #c_/af #bj #a4ji #a-a_/h #a1ghj #c_/af #bb #a4ah #a-c_/af #a1hej #a_/d #bd #a4be #a-a_/d #a1ibj #a_/d #bf #a4cj #a-e_/af #a1ihj #a_/d #bh #a4ch #a-c_/h #b1jdj #a_/d #cj #a4dh #a-a_/b #b1jjj #a_/d #cf #a4ga #a-c_/d #a1ibj #a_/d #db #a4hg #b #b1ajj #a_/d #dh #b4ag #b-a_/d #b1acj #a_/d ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,flange ,pipe thickness ,flange ,width size1 ,flange at hub thickness flange ,inches4 diameter1 for iron at edge1 face1 inches4 pipe1 inches4 inches4 inches4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #b #f #a #e_/h #b #b-a_/b #g #a-a_/h #aa_/af #b-a_/d #c #g-a_/b #a-a_/d #c_/d #b-a_/d #c-a_/b #h-a_/b #a-a_/d #ac_/af #b-a_/b #d #i #a-c_/h #ae_/af #b-a_/b #d-a_/b #i-a_/d #a-c_/h #ae_/af #b-c_/h #e #aj #a-a_/b #ae_/af #b-a_/b #f #aa #a-a_/b #a #b-a_/b #g #ab-a_/b #a-a_/b #a-a_/af #b-c_/d #h #ac-a_/b #a-c_/d #a-a_/h #b-c_/d #i #ae #a-c_/d #a-a_/h #c #aj #af #b #a-c_/af #c #ab #ai #b #a-a_/d #c-a_/b #ad #ba #b #a-c_/h #c-a_/b #ae #bb-a_/d #b #a-e_/h #c-e_/h #af #bc-a_/b #b-a_/d #a-g_/af #c-c_/d #ah #be 444 #a-i_/af #c-a_/b #bj #bg-a_/b 444 #a-aa_/af #c-c_/d #bb #bi-a_/b 444 #a-ac_/af #c-c_/d #bd #ca-a_/b #cb 444 #a-a_/d #a-g_/h #c-c_/d #d #bf #cc-c_/d #cd-a_/d 444 #a-c_/h #b #c-g_/h #d-a_/h #bh #cf #cf-a_/b 444 #a-g_/af #b-a_/af #d #d-a_/d #cj #ch #ch-c_/d 444 #a-a_/b #b-a_/h #d #d-c_/h #cf #dd-a_/b #de-c_/d 444 #a-c_/d #b-c_/h #d-a_/d #d-g_/h #db #ea #eb-c_/d 444 #a-g_/h #b-e_/h #d-a_/b #e-c_/h #dh #eg-a_/b #ei-a_/b 444 #b #b-c_/d #d-c_/d #e-c_/d ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,stress on each bolt1 ,pipe ,width per square size1 flange ,bolt circle ,number ,bolt size ,bolt inch at ,inches4 face1 diameter1 of diameters1 length1 bottom of inches4 inches4 bolts4 inches4 inches4 thread at #bjj lbs4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #b #b #d-c_/d #d #a_/b #e_/h #b #hbe #b-a_/b #b-a_/d #e-a_/b #d #a_/b #e_/h #b-a_/d #a1jej #c #b-a_/d #f #d #a_/b #e_/h #b-a_/b #a1ccj #c-a_/b #b-a_/b #g #d #a_/b #e_/h #b-a_/b #b1ecj #d #b-a_/b #g-a_/b #d #c_/h #c_/d #b-c_/d #b1ajj #d-a_/b #b-c_/h #g-c_/d #h #e_/h #c_/d #c #a1dcj #e #b-a_/b #h-a_/b #h #e_/h #c_/d #c #a1fcj #f #b-a_/b #i-a_/b #h #e_/h #c_/d #c #b1cfj #g #b-c_/d #aj-c_/d #h #e_/h #c_/d #c-a_/d #c1bjj #h #b-c_/d #aa-c_/d #h #e_/h #c_/d #c-a_/b #d1aij #i #c #ac-a_/d #ab #e_/h #c_/d #c-a_/b #c1faj #aj #c #ad-a_/d #ab #e_/h #g_/h #c-e_/h #b1igj #ab #c-a_/b #ag #ab #c_/d #g_/h #c-c_/d #d1bhj #ad #c-a_/b #ah-c_/d #ab #g_/h #a #d-a_/d #d1bhj #ae #c-e_/h #bj #af #g_/h #a #d-a_/d #c1ffj #af #c-c_/d #ba-a_/d #af #g_/h #a #d-a_/d #d1baj #ah #c-a_/b #bb-c_/d #af #a #a-g_/h #d-c_/d #d1edj #bj #c-c_/d #be #bj #a #a-a_/h #e #d1dij #bb #c-c_/d #bg-a_/d #bj #a #a-a_/d #e-a_/b #d1cbj #bd #c-c_/d #d #bi-a_/d #bi-a_/b #bj #a #a-a_/d #e-a_/b #e1acj #bf #c-g_/h #d-a_/hca-a_/d #ca-c_/d #bd #a #a-a_/d #e-c_/d #e1jcj #bh #d #d-a_/dcc-a_/b #cd #bh #a #a-a_/d #f #e1jjj #cj #d #d-c_/hce-a_/b #cf #bh #a-a_/h #a-c_/h #f-a_/d #d1eij #cf #d-a_/d #d-g_/hdb #db-c_/d #cb #a-a_/h #a-c_/h #f-a_/b #e1gij #db #d-a_/b #e-c_/hdh-a_/b #di-a_/b #cf #a-a_/d #a-a_/b #g-a_/d #e1gjj #dh #d-c_/d #e-c_/ded-c_/d #ef #dd #a-c_/h #a-a_/b #g-c_/d #f1jij ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,dimensions ,,of ,,cast ,,iron ,,pipe1 ,,flanges1 ,,etc4 7,j4 ,e4 ,codman1 ,engineers' ,club of ,philadelphia1 #ahhi47 ---------------------------------------- --- ,diameter,diameter ,diameter,diameter,number of ,pipe4of ,flange4of ,bolt of ,bolt4of ,bolts4 ,circle4 ---------------------------------------- --- #b #f-a_/d #d-c_/d #c_/d #d #c #g-a_/b #e-g_/h #c_/d #d #d #i #g #c_/d #f #e #i-c_/d #h #c_/d #f #f #aj-c_/d #i-a_/h #c_/d #h #h #ac-a_/d #aa-c_/h #c_/d #h #aj #ae-a_/d #ac-a_/d #c_/d #aj #ab #ag-c_/d #ae-c_/d #g_/h #ab #ad #bj #ah #g_/h #ad #af #bb #bj #g_/h #af #ah #bd #bb-a_/d #g_/h #af #bj #bg #bd-a_/b #a #ah #bb #bh-c_/d #bf-a_/b #a #bj #bd #ca-a_/d #bh-c_/d #a #bb #bf #cc-a_/d #ca #a #bd #bh #ce-a_/b #cc-a_/d #a #bd #cj #ch #ce-a_/b #a #bf #cb #dj #cg-a_/b #a-a_/h #bh #cd #db-a_/d #dj #a-a_/h #cj #cf #de #db #a-a_/h #cb #ch #dg #dd #a-a_/h #cb #dj #di #df #a-a_/h #cd #db #ea-a_/d #dh-a_/d #a-a_/h #cd #dd #ec-a_/b #ej-a_/d #a-a_/d #cf #df #ee-c_/d #eb-c_/d #a-a_/d #ch #dh #eh #ee #a-a_/d #dj ---------------------------------------- --- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,diameter,thickness ,thickness ,weight ,weight of of ,pipe4of ,flange4 of ,pipe4 per foot,flange ------------without and ,bolts4 ,frac4 ,dec4,flange4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #b #e_/h #c_/h 4#cgc #f4if #d4da #c #e_/h #ac_/cb 4#cif #aa4af #e4ic #d #aa_/af #g_/af 4#dbj #ae4hd #g4ff #e #c_/d #g_/af 4#ddc #ba4jj #i4fc #f #c_/d #ae_/cb 4#dff #bf4fd #aa4hb #h #ac_/af #a_/b 4#eaa #ci4cf #af4ia #aj #g_/h #i_/af 4#eeg #ed4jj #bc4jj #ab #ae_/af #ai_/cb 4#fjc #gj4ef #cj4ac #ad #a #ba_/cb 4#fdi #hi4jd #ch4cd #af #a-a_/af #aa_/af 4#fie #aji4dd #dg4gj #ah #a-a_/h #c_/d 4#gda #aca4gf #eh4bc #bj #a-c_/af #be_/cb 4#ghg #aef4jj #gj4jj #bb #a-a_/d #bg_/cb 4#hcc #ahb4af #hc4je #bd #a-e_/af #g_/h 4#hgi #baj4bd #ig4db #bf #a-c_/h #ae_/af 4#ibe #bdj4bd #aac4ah #bh #a-g_/af #ca_/cb 4#iga #bgb4af #acj4ce #cj #a-i_/af #a #a4jag #cjf4jj #adi4jj #cb #a-e_/h #a-a_/af #a4jfc #cda4gf #afi4ag #cd #a-aa_/af #a-a_/h #a4aji #cgi4dd #aij4ij #cf #a-c_/d #a-e_/cb #a4aee #dai4jd #bad4bf #ch #a-ac_/af #a-c_/af #a4bja #dfj4ef #bci4bg #dj #a-g_/h #a-a_/d #a4bdg #ejd4jj #bff4jj #db #a-ae_/af #a-e_/af #a4bic #edi4cf #bid4di #dd #b #a-aa_/cba4cci #eif4fd #cbd4gh #df #b-a_/af #a-c_/h #a4che #fde4hd #cef4id #dh #b-a_/h #a-g_/af #a4dca #fif4if #cia4jj ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,flange ,,sizes ,,for ,,extra ,,heavy ,,pipe4 ,adopted by a ,conference of ,manufacturers1 ,june #bh1 #aija4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,size of,diam4 of,thickness ,diameter of ,number of,size of ,pipe4 ,flange4 of ,flange4,bolt ,circle4,bolts4 ,bolts4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,inches4,inches4 ,inches4 ,inches4 ,inches4 #b #f-a_/b #g_/h #e #d #e_/h #b-a_/b #g-a_/b #a #e-g_/h #d #c_/d #c #h-a_/d #a-a_/h #f-e_/h #h #e_/h #c-a_/b #i #a-c_/af #g-a_/d #h #e_/h #d #aj #a-a_/d #g-g_/h #h #c_/d #d-a_/b #aj-a_/b #a-e_/af #h-a_/b #h #c_/d #e #aa #a-c_/h #i-a_/d #h #c_/d #f #ab-a_/b #a-g_/af #aj-e_/h #ab #c_/d #g #ad #a-a_/b #aa-g_/h #ab #g_/h #h #ae #a-e_/h #ac #ab #g_/h #i #af #a-c_/d #ad #ab #g_/h #aj #ag-a_/b #a-g_/h #ae-a_/d #af #g_/h #ab #bj #b #ag-c_/d #af #g_/h #ad #bb-a_/b #b-a_/h #bj #bj #g_/h #ae #bc-a_/b #b-c_/af #ba #bj #a #af #be #b-a_/d #bb-a_/b #bj #a #ah #bg #b-c_/h #bd-a_/b #bd #a #bj #bi-a_/b #b-a_/b #bf-c_/d #bd #a-a_/h #bb #ca-a_/b #b-e_/h #bh-c_/d #bh #a-a_/h #bd #cd #b-c_/d #ca-a_/d #bh #a-a_/h ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,index ,,to ,,part ,,two 8,an index is something intended to point out1 guide1 or direct1 as the hand of a clock or a steam-gage1 the style of a sun dial1 an arm of a guide-post or the figure of a hand 40 ,,the ,,index ,,to ,,part ,,two ,,of ,,rogers ,,pumps ,,and ,,hydraulics4 ,,page ,accidents1 to avoid1 #cgd ,acid1 muriatic fumes1 action of1 #chj syphon pump1 ills4 and des41 #bfe ,adjusting1 care must be exercised in1 #cgb 8,admiralty10 the rectangular surface condenser1 des41 #cjc ,advantages of the ,cataract mining pump1 #adf modern pulsometer1 #bgc ,aer1 def41 #agi ,ariform fluids1 def41 #ae ,aermotor pumps1 #agg-aib ,aermotors1 why so named1 #ahg ,ahrens steam fire engine1 #abf ,air1 des41 #ae and steam1 relative space occupied by1 #cgh and vacuum pumps1 ills4 and des41 #ca steam end of1 #ce table of test1 #da as a mechanical agent1 #ag ,air1 moving power2 note1 #bc 8back pressure0 of1 des41 #cf ,air-bound pumps1 #cga ,air brakes1 use of compressed air in1 des41 #eg chamber1 to prevent freezing1 #cha ,air compressor1 direct acting steam single1 ills4 and des41 #gb power wall or post1 ills4 and des41 #gb the 8,imperial18 ills4 and des41 #fg-gj ,air compressors1 des41 #eg-gh methods of driving1 #ei theoretical operations of1 #fc ,air cooler of condenser1 ills41 #cab ,air1 fluid of1 def41 #ag gravity and elasticity of1 #af leaks in suction must be prevented1 #cgd ,air lift pump1 ills4 and des41 #gi-ij care and management1 #hg-hh lift system1 advantages of1 #gi theory of1 #hj liquid1 des41 #fd pipe of a compressor1 #hd pressure pumps1 direct1 ills4 and des41 #ij ,air pump attached to a condenser becomes a vacuum pump1 #cgc ,dean ,brothers' twin cylinder1 ills4 and des41 #df-ej ,edwards1 ills4 and des41 #ec-ee principles of duty1 #cgc simplest form of1 ills41 #ae used in connection with a jet condenser1 ills41 #cd hand1 des4 and ills41 #bi1 #cj the inertia of1 #ag ,altitude1 effect of1 on atmospheric pressure1 #gc1 #gd ,american pump as attached to steam fire engine1 ills41 #ic driving mechanism of1 ills4 and des41 #ic1 #ih ,american steam fire engine pump1 ills41 #acb1 #acc des41 #ach1 #aci ,ammonia or acid pumps1 ills4 and des41 #aga muriate of1 action1 #cgi ,amoskeag fire engine1 ills41 #ajg1 #abh des41 #ada1 #adb ,anderson steam trap1 des4 and ills41 #ccb1 #ccc ,anti-freezing device1 ills41 #chb ,application of packing1 how done1 #cgb ,appurtenances belonging to steam fire engines1 list of1 #aaa ,aqua-thruster1 #bfg-bfi ,atmosphere1 pressure of1 def41 #af1 #cf surface condenser exerts1 #cad weight of1 on the surface of the earth1 #ai ,atmospheric air1 a type of other gases1 #be ,atmospheric pressure1 effect of altitude upon1 #gc1 #gd pumps1 des4 and ills41 #afi-aga ,attachment1 def4 of1 #cag ,attraction of cohesion1 def41 #af ,automatic action of the pump controlled by a float1 ills4 and des41 #cah1 #cai duplex steam pump and receiver1 ,deane1 ills4 and des41 #cah1 #cai throttle valve for boiler feed pump1 ills4 and des41 #ceb1 #cec 8,back pressure0 of atmosphere1 des41 #cf ,baffle plate1 used in condenser1 ills4 and des41 #cje ,ballast pump1 the1 ills4 and des41 #aei-afa ,ballast tank1 ship's1 def41 #cbb ,ball cock1 ills4 and des41 #cbj ,ball float1 ills4 and des41 #cah-cai how attached in air and vacuum pump1 #cf ,ballot1 ,buys1 law relating to barometers1 #aha ,bark1 care to keep out of pipes and valves1 #cgi mixture1 des41 #cgi white oak1 prevents boiler incrustation1 #cgi ,barometer1 ills4 and des41 #bj water1 how made1 #ca ,barrel1 capacity of in gallons1 #cbc ,bell and spigot connection1 ills4 and des41 #cfg ,belted duplex air compressor 7built by the ,allis-,chalmers ,co471 #fb-ga ,bilge pump1 special fittings for1 #afa 8,blake0 compressor1 #gc ,bliss-,heath atmospheric pumping engine1 ills4 and des41 #afi-aga ,blowing engine1 ills4 and des41 #ff1 #fg ,blow-off cock1 des41 #cdg valve1 ,bordo1 ills4 and des41 #ced1 #cee ,boggs ,clark hydraulic dredging pump1 ills4 and des41 #bag1 #bah ,boiler cleaners1 mechanical1 #chj compound1 cost of1 #cgh action of1 #cgi ,boiler compound1 directions for use1 #cgh for locomotives1 #cgh formula for1 #chj feed pump1 centrifugal form adopted for1 #bbb ,boiler of steam fire engine1 des41 #ii ,boiler of the ,ahrens steam fire engine1 #abf the ,clapp ,jones steam fire engine1 #aah the ,silsby steam fire engine1 #aae ,boiler scale1 table of analysis1 #cbh ,boilers1 ball cock attached to1 #cbj corrosion of1 how caused1 #chj ,bolt circles of standard pipe flanges2 ,table1 #cii ,bolts1 diameters of2 lengths of1 #cii ,bordo blow-off valve1 ills4 and des41 #ced1 #cee ,bottoming-tap1 ills4 and des41 #cci ,box wrench1 des41 #cde ,brewers' grains1 how pumped2 note1 #bjb ,buffalo1 the centrifugal pump1 ills4 and des41 #bbc ,bulkley 8,injector0 condenser1 ills4 and des41 #cjh1 #cji ,buys ,ballot's law relating to barometers1 #aha ,byron ,jackson ,machine ,co4's turbine pumps1 ills4 and des41 #bcf-bdb ,cameron1 the1 vertical plunger sinking pump1 ills41 #aej-aea des41 #aeb ,capacity of cisterns and tanks1 how estimated1 #cfd ,carbonate of lime in boiler scale1 #cbh magnesia in boiler scale1 #cbh ,carbonates deposited in order1 des41 #chj ,care and management of air pumps1 #hg-hh the ,clapp ,jones steam fire engine1 #abc ,carr steam pump governors1 ills4 and des41 #bhh-bia ,cataract steam pump1 ills41 #add des41 #adf ,centrifugal pump1 diagram of right and left-hand methods of discharge1 #bbe early form of1 ills41 #bab des41 #bad four stage1 ills4 and des41 #bbd important note relating to speed of2 quotation from 8,industries01 #bbc-bbi ,morris ,machine ,company's1 steam-driven1 ills4 and des41 #bbj-bba multi-stage1 ill4 and des41 #bbc-bbd the ,buffalo1 ills4 and des41 #bbc the converse of the turbine water-wheel1 #bac vertical1 submerged type of1 ills4 and des41 #bbb-bbc directions for erecting and running1 #bbf-bbh fans used in1 ills41 #bac des41 #bae history of1 #baa ,centrifugal pumps1 how to determine right or left-hand pumps1 #bbf ills4 and des41 #baa-bcj rotary and1 #aic-bbi the ,worthington1 divided into ,conoidal1 volute and ,turbine1 des41 #bbi two general types of1 ills4 and des41 #bae-baf ,centrifugal wheel1 ten thousand horse power1 ills4 and des41 #bac also #acc1 ,part ,one4 ,chain tongs1 #cdc ,chlorides deposited in order1 des41 #chj ,churning in pumps1 causes of1 #cge ,churn valve for feeding the steam fire engine1 des41 #aaa purposes of1 #acg ,circulating pump1 des41 #cb ,circulating pumps1 ills41 #bai des41 #afh ,cistern1 def4 of1 #cba ,cisterns and tanks1 table of capacity for1 #cbd ball cock attached to1 #cbj ,cisterns1 computation for finding weight of1 #cbd contents of round2 ,table1 #cih diameters of1 in decimals of a foot2 ,table1 #cih rule for finding contents of round2 ,table1 #cih ,clapp ,jones steam fire engine1 #aah ,village ,engine1 #aba ,classification of steam fire engines1 #ic ,cleaner1 mechanical boiler1 #chj ,cleaning carpets and railroad cars and seats1 use of vacuum or atmospheric pressure in1 des41 #ei ,cleanliness essential1 #cga ,clogging of suction1 effect of1 #cgd ,closed pressure tanks1 ills4 and des41 #cba-cbc ,coal1 decreasing supply of1 #hd ,cock1 des41 classes of1 #cdg ball1 ills4 and des41 #cbj blow-off1 des41 #cdg cylinder1 des41 #bdg feed1 des41 #cdg four-way1 des41 #cdg gage1 des41 #cdg oil1 des41 #cdg ,cock1 self-closing1 des41 #cdg steam1 des41 #cdg stop1 des41 #cdg three-way1 des41 #cdg ,cock1 try1 des41 #cdg water1 des41 #cdg ,column of water1 pressure of2 ,table1 #cif ,columns1 mine pump1 ills4 and des41 #cfc ,compound1 boiler1 record of results1 #cgh ,compound or two-stage compression1 #gd-ge ,compounds for making pipe joints1 #cfg ,compressed air1 des41 #eg ,compressibility of gases1 #bf ,compression1 compound1 or two-stage1 #gd-ge ,compressor1 belted duplex air 7built by the ,allis-,chalmers ,co471 #fb-ga 8,imperial0 air1 des4 and ills41 #fg-gj ,norwalk compound1 des4 and ills41 #gg-gh ,norwalk standard1 ills4 and des41 #ef-eh power wall or post air1 ills4 and des41 #gb vertical duplex1 #fd-ga ,compressors1 air1 des41 #eg-eh ,computation for finding weight of water in cisterns and tanks1 #cbd obtaining the contents of a barrel in gallons1 #cbd ,miner's ,inch1 with ills41 #chh open stream measurement1 #cij weir dam1 water1 measurement1 #cij relating to water pumped by windmill1 #aia 8,condensation10 def41 #ah ,condenser1 def41 #cb des41 #bii advantages of1 #cjj1 #cgh combined1 and feed-water heater1 ills4 and des41 #cjf cone1 ills41 #cab ,conover1 ills4 and des41 #ej-ec economy of1 #cg elbow1 exhaust and injection1 des4 and ills41 #cjf exhaust pipe into suction1 ills4 and des41 #cha exhaust steam induction1 des4 and ills41 #cjh ,condenser1 jet1 ills4 and des41 #cab jet type of1 #cc keel1 what it consists of1 #caa plant1 marine1 ills4 and des41 #caj-caa pump1 ills4 and des41 #cjf-cjg ,condensers1 classification of1 #cjc ,condenser1 surface1 ills4 and des41 #cac tube1 ills4 and des41 #cje ,condensing apparatus1 des4 and ills41 #big-cad engines1 early1 des41 #cgh ,condensing surface required1 amount of1 #cab-cad ,cone1 condenser1 ills4 and des41 #cjf ,conoidal centrifugal pump1 the ,worthington1 why so named1 des41 #bbi ,conover condenser1 ills4 and des41 #ej-ec ,construction of the ,silsby steam cylinder pump and boiler1 #aae ,contamination of water to be prevented1 #cge ,contents1 ,table of1 ,,xi4 ,controller1 ,mullin's automatic1 ills4 and des41 #ceb-cec ,cooling towers1 des41 #cc ,corcoran double action suction force pump1 des4 and ills41 #ahe-ahf tank valves1 #cbc ,corcoran windmill1 ills4 and des41 #ahd-ahf ,corrosion1 def41 #cbh how prevented1 #chj of boilers1 how caused1 #chj ,cotton presses1 pump for1 ills4 and des41 #aed-aee ,coupling pipe1 ills41 #cfh 8,crane-necked0 steam fire engine1 #ada ,cranes and hoists1 use of compressed air in1 des41 #eg ,crow1 ills4 and des41 #cdj ,cubic foot1 capacity of in gallons41 #cbc ,cutter1 pipe1 ills4 and des41 #cch ,cylinder-cock1 des41 #cdg ,cylinders1 contents of1 in cubic feet for each foot depth2 ,table1 #cih relieved before removing head1 #chc ,dam1 ,weir1 measurement of water1 #cij ,dart union1 ills4 and des41 #cfg ,davidson marine pump1 ills4 and des41 #aef-aeg ,dean ,brothers' twin cylinder air pump1 ills4 and des41 #df-ej ,dean automatic duplex steam pump and receiver1 ills4 and des41 #cah-cai single sugar-house pump1 ills4 and des41 #afd-afe single vertical sinking pump1 ills41 #adh des41 #adi vacuum pump1 ills4 and des41 #db-dc ,deep-well pump1 working barrel of1 #aib ,deflector1 water circulating1 #abj ,derangement of duplex pump1 broken valve may cause it1 #cgf ,diagram of discharge openings of centrifugal right and left-hand pumps1 #bbe ,dial1 to read the1 of a water meter1 ills41 #ccb ,diameters of cisterns in decimals of a foot2 ,table1 #cih ,diaphragm lift and force pump1 ills41 #ade des41 #adh outfit for1 #adi ,diffusion of gases1 #bg vanes of ,worthington centrifugal pump1 des41 #bcc ,direct acting steam single air compressor1 ills4 and des41 #gb ,disadvantages in the use of compressed air for operating mining pumps1 #ga ,discharge per minute under given heads2 ,table1 #cib-cic ,discovery of the advantages arising from the condensation of steam1 #cjj ,distributing reservoir1 def41 #cbb 8,doctor0 independent pump1 ills4 and des41 #afa-afb 8,donkey0 pump1 des41 #afa ,double extra first steam fire engine1 capacity and weight of1 #ic tube injector1 universal1 ills41 #bfb des41 #bfd ,drain for steam pipes1 #cgd ,drain1 necessity for1 #cgd ,draining pump cylinders and pipes1 #cgg plugs1 #cgg ,dredge1 elevator1 des41 #bbb #bj-;inch hydraulic1 ills4 and des41 #bba ,dredges1 self-propelling and sea-going1 des42 note1 #baj ,dredging pump1 hydraulic1 ,boggs ,clark1 ills4 and des41 #bag-bah ,root's large rotary1 ills4 and des41 #bjh-baj ,drill and pipe tap combined1 #cci ,drip cocks1 proper location of1 #cgf ,dry cocks1 centrifugal pump1 particularly adapted for use in building sewers1 in sand dredging1 #bad ,duplex pump1 delays1 avoid by frequent inspections1 #cgf derangements of one side1 #cge jerky motion in1 cause of1 #cgf repairs should be prompt and timely1 #cgf screens1 important that they be kept clean1 #cgf separating chamber requires frequent examination1 #cgf suction valves require much attention1 #cgf worn parts should be replaced1 #cgf ,duplex steam pump and receiver1 ,deane automatic1 ills4 and des41 #cah-cai ,edison ,manufacturing ,co4 hand mining pump1 des41 #adh ,edwards air and vacuum pump1 ills4 and des41 #ec-ee ,ejector1 ills4 with a foot strainer1 #bfj double tube1 ills4 and des41 #bfa or exhauster used for priming centrifugal pumps1 des41 #baf ills41 #bah pump1 ills4 and des41 #bei-bfj water pressure1 ills4 and des41 #bff and injectors1 #bdc-bff application of1 ills41 #bef des41 #bfj ,elastic fluids1 two classes of1 #af ,elasticity1 def41 #bf a property of air1 #af1 #ag of all ariform fluids1 def41 #ag ,elbow1 condenser1 exhaust and injection1 des4 and ills41 #cjf pipe1 ills41 #cfh ,elbows1 des41 #cfd ,electric mining pump1 ills41 part one1 #bgf des41 part two1 #adg ,elevator1 ,mason1 pump pressure regulator1 ills4 and des41 #bhf-bhg ,endicott's platform springs1 des41 #ada ,energy of the steam injector1 whence derived1 note1 #bdg wind as a source of power1 #aha ,engines1 early condensing1 des41 #cgh ,engine1 steam fire1 ills4 and des41 #ia-adb ,entering or taper tap1 ills4 and des41 #cci ,evaporation1 def4 and laws of1 #bh ,eve1 ,j41 inventor of ,eve's rotary pump1 historical note1 #aif ,eve's rotary pump1 des4 and ills41 #aif-aig ,exhaust steam induction condenser1 des4 and ills41 #cjh injector1 ills4 and des41 #bdi1 #bee-bef injector1 high pressure1 ills4 and des41 #beg ,exhaust steam1 utilizing of2 note1 #ce ,expansibility of gases1 def4 and ills41 #be ,expansion and compression of a body1 def41 #ah ,explanations of principles involved in feeding tank1 #cgc exposed pipes1 precautions against freezing1 #cgg ,extra first steam fire engine1 capacity and weight of1 #ic ,failure of pump1 how to find cause1 #cgd ,fans1 ills41 #bac des41 #bae ,feed-cock1 des41 #cdg ,feeding into bottom of tank requires less power than top1 #cgc ,feed-water heater and combined condenser1 ills4 and des41 #cjf ,volz1 ills4 and des41 #cjd-cjf impurities1 des41 note relating to1 #cbg ,fifth steam fire engine1 capacity and weight of1 #ic ,fire engine1 ,silsby steam1 des4 and ills41 #aac steam1 ills4 and des41 #ia-adb ,fire hose flow of water1 how retarded in1 des41 #ace pumps1 ,holyoke pattern of rotary1 #bjc ,first steam fire engine1 capacity and weight of1 #ic ,flange joint1 ills41 and des41 #cfc ,flanges1 diameters of standard2 ,table1 #cii standard1 bolt circles of2 ,table1 #cii table of standard sizes1 #cii thickness of standard1 #cii union1 des4 and ills41 #cfc ,float1 automatic action of the pump controlled by a1 ills4 and des41 #cah-cai ,flow of water over ,weir dam2 ,table1 #cia ,fluid1 particles of1 #ad ,flume1 mechanism to shut off the water supply of1 ills41 #bie ,foot-board of the steam fire engine1 des41 #aaa ,foot valve applied to centrifugal pump1 #baf ,forcer of steam injector1 #bdg ,foundations of tanks1 #cbc suitable1 precautions for1 #cga ,fountain1 ,hero's1 ills4 and des41 #bc in vacuo1 ills4 and des41 #bc ,four stage centrifugal pump1 ills4 and des41 #bbd ,fourth steam fire engine1 capacity and weight of1 #ic ,four-way cock1 des41 #cdg ,fox boiler1 des4 and ills41 #aja-ajc ,freeman1 ,john ,r41 credit given for table1 #aag ,freezing1 anti-1 device1 #cha of pipe1 how prevented1 ills4 and des41 #cha ,friction1 different kinds of pipe1 #cgg ,friction heads2 ,table1 #cid-cie in small pipes2 ,table1 #cig ,friction1 influence of1 on different kinds of pipe1 #cgg loss in pounds pressure2 ,table1 #cib-cic must be kept down1 #cgb ,frizell system of air lift pumps1 #hh ,gage-cock1 des41 #cdg ,gallon1 capacity of1 #cbc imperial1 capacity of1 #cbc ,gallons for each foot of length in pipes1 #cih ,gases and liquids1 properties in common1 des41 #bd compressibility of1 #bf diffusion of1 #bg expansibility of1 def4 and ills41 #be permanent1 def41 #af pressure exerted by1 #bf weight of1 def41 #bf ,gas-fitter's air proving pump1 def4 and ills41 #bi ,gates1 head1 mechanism to raise and lower1 ills41 #bie ,gauge1 hydraulic1 test pump1 ills4 and des41 #afd indicating pressure and vacuum1 des41 #bei vacuum1 why graduated in inches2 note1 #ba ,giffard1 ,inventor of the injector2 historical note1 #bde ,gould's rotary pump1 ills41 #aid des41 #aii ,governor and pump1 des4 and ills41 #cag-cai ,governors1 ,carr steam pump1 ills4 and des41 #bhh-bia ,governor1 ,mason pump1 ills4 and des41 #bhd-bhf utility combination pump1 des4 and ills41 #bif ,governors1 pump speed1 ills4 and des41 #bha-bid ,graduated tank1 des41 #cbb ,grains1 wet1 brewers'1 how pumped2 note1 #bjb ,graphite as a lubricant1 des41 #chd ,graphite1 invaluable about studs1 nuts1 etc41 #chd mix with oil for hand pump1 #cge use of1 on pipe threads1 #chd ,gravitation1 effect on current of air1 #ahj ,gravity1 a property of air1 #af ,grit1 avoid in packing1 #cgg ,guericke1 ,otto von1 inventor1 #ai ,guide vanes of ,worthington centrifugal pump1 des41 #bca des41 #bab ,hammer1 how best used1 des41 #cde ,hand air pumps1 des4 and ills41 #bi-cj ,harris system of raising water by direct pressure1 #ij ,hayden ,derby ,mfg4 ,co41 #beb ,head gates1 mechanism to raise and lower1 ills41 #bie ,heads1 friction at given rates2 ,table1 #cid-cie ,heat1 action of1 on particles of bodies1 #af ,heater1 noiseless water1 ills4 and des41 #bfe-bff stationary1 for the steam fire engine1 #aje ,heron or ,hero1 account of1 #ii of ,alexandria2 historical note relating to steam fire engine1 #ie 8,hero's fountain10 invented by ,hero of ,alexandria1 #ii ills4 and des41 #bc 8,hessian ,suck10 a form of centrifugal pump1 des41 #baa ,hinged valve1 #cdg ,historical notes and ills4 relating to steam fire engine1 #ib-ii ,history of the centrifugal pump1 #baa ,hogshead1 capacity of1 #cbc ,holyoke improved speed governor for water wheels1 ills4 and des41 #bia-bid pattern rotary pump1 #bjc ,horizontal two-stage pump1 ills41 #bcf des41 #bda ,hydraulic dredge1 #bj-;inch1 ills4 and des41 #bba dredging pump1 ,boggs ,clarke1 ills4 and des41 #bag-bah gauge test pump1 ills4 and des41 #afc joints for high pressure1 ills4 and des41 #cfa ,hydraulic lifts and cranes1 pump for1 des4 and ills41 #aed-aee packing1 difficulty in cutting1 #cgc pipes1 best way to join2 ,note1 #cfg riveting and punching1 pump for1 ills4 and des41 #aed-aee ,hydro-pneumatics1 #ae ,ice1 expansion of1 #cha ,ideal steel tank tower1 ills4 and des41 #ahg 8,impellers10 des41 #bab ,impellers of ,worthington centrifugal pump1 des41 #bcc ,impellers or pistons of rotary pumps1 ills4 and des41 #aif 8,imperial0 air compressor1 ills4 and des41 #fg-gj ,imperial gallon1 capacity of1 #cbc ,incrustation1 des41 #cbh ,incrustations of injector pipes1 how removed1 #bed ,injection1 def41 #cb water of air and vacuum pumps1 des41 #ce ,injector1 action of1 #bdg1 #bdi a gauge indicating both pressure and vacuum for the1 #bei 8,injector0 condenser1 ,bulkley1 ills4 and des41 #cjh-cji ,injector1 double tube universal1 ills41 #bfb des41 #bfd exhaust steam1 ills4 and des41 #bee-bef high pressure exhaust steam1 ills4 and des41 #beg how to start the exhaust steam1 #bei ,korting1 des41 #bfd 8,manhattan0 automatic1 ills41 #bdd des41 #bea ,metropolitan double tube1 ills41 #bdh des41 #beb ,metropolitan single tube1 ills41 #bej des41 #beb ,monitor1 ills41 #bdf des41 #beb not an economical device1 #bdi peerless automatic1 ills41 #bdf des41 #bea peerless1 names of parts1 #bea ills41 #bcd peerless1 table of pressure and temperature of the1 #bea the exhaust steam1 #bdi ,injectors and ejectors1 #bdc-bff piping of 8,manhattan0 and peerless1 ills4 and des41 #bec rules to govern the actions1 etc41 of1 #bec-bed table of capacity of1 #beb three distinct types of1 #bdg ,inspection for causes of failure in starting a pump1 #cga ,inspections1 internal and external necessary1 #cgd ,inspirator1 des41 #bdi ,instructions and suggestions for the steam fire engine1 #abi1 #aca1 #ace-acg ,interchangeable socket wrench1 ills4 and des41 #cdd ,inter-cooler1 the1 ills4 and des41 #gd-gh ,intermediate tap1 ills4 and des41 #cci ,interruption of flow by foreign body in suction1 #cge ,inverted-cup valve1 #cdg ,irregularity in duplex pump1 cause of1 #cge ,irregular speed indicates trouble1 #cgf ,duty1 unsteady discharge requires attention1 #cgf 8,isochronal0 pump1 def41 #adg ,jet condenser1 ills4 and des41 #cb1 #cjc1 #cab discovery of1 #cja ,jet pump1 the1 ills4 and des41 #bfa type of condenser1 #cc ,joint1 pipe1 compounds for making1 recipes1 #cfb piping1 des4 and ills41 #cei-cfb ,keel condenser1 what it consists of1 #caa ,kerosene1 effect on pipe joints1 #cfb ,key valve1 #dg 8,kicking down0 a well in the early days1 ills41 ,,viii4 ,knight1 ,e4 ,h41 classification of cocks and valves1 #cdg ,korting injector1 pieces composing the1 shown in cuts page1 #bfc names of the parts1 #bfd ,la ,france steam fire engine pump1 ills41 #acd des41 #aci-ada ,leakage1 indications of1 #cgf slight1 unimportant1 #cgc ,leaks1 often the cause of failure in starting a pump1 #cga ,left and right-hand pumps1 customary rule for1 #cga ,life of boiler of steam fire engine1 how prolonged1 #aje ,lifter of steam injector1 #bdg ,lifting valve1 #cdg ,lime1 carbonate of1 in boiler scale1 #cbh ,liquid air1 des41 #fd ,liquids under heavy pressure1 pump for delivering1 ills4 and des41 #aed-aee ,lobes of rotary pump1 ills4 and des41 #bji-baj ,location for pumps1 proper1 #cga ,lombard1 ,nathaniel1 pump governor2 note1 #bid ,lubrication1 intermittent1 to be avoided1 #cge ,lubrication1 proper1 for packing1 #cgc ,magdeburg cups or hemispheres1 ills4 and des41 #ai ,magma sugar pump1 ills4 and des41 #aff-afg ,magnesia1 carbonate of in boiler scale1 #cbh salt1 etc41 in water1 #chj must be removed1 #chj ,main feed pump1 uses for the1 #afa 8,manhattan0 automatic injector1 ills41 #bdd des41 #bea ,marine pump1 ,davidson pattern1 ills4 and des41 #aef-aeg ,marine pumps1 #aee-afb ,ship's pump1 #aee 8,mariotte's law01 #ag ,marks of parts necessary1 #cgd ,maslin automatic steam vacuum pump1 ills41 #bga des41 #bgi ,mason elevator pump pressure regulator1 ills4 and des41 #bhf-bhg pump governor1 ills4 and des41 #bhd-bhf pump pressure regulator1 ills4 and des41 #cdi-cej steam pump with receiver attached1 ills4 and des41 #cai water reducing valve1 ills4 and des41 #cea 8,massachusetts pump10 des41 #baa ,matter1 properties of1 #bd ,measurements of pipe lines1 how to be taken1 ills41 #cfh ,mechanical boiler cleaners1 #chj ,mercury1 inches of1 def41 #ca ,metallic packings1 popular and good1 #cgg ,meter1 water1 ills4 and des41 #cbi-ccb ,worthington water1 ills4 and des41 #ccj-ccb ,meteorology1 def41 #agi ,metropolitan double tube injector1 ills41 #bdh des41 #beb single tube injector1 ills41 #bej des41 #beb ,mine drainage1 adaptation of the turbine pump for1 #bcc pump columns1 ills4 and des41 #cfc ,miner's inch water measurement1 ills41 #chh ,mining1 ,cataract steam pump1 ills41 #add des41 #adf ,mining pump1 double leather1 ills41 #ade des41 #adg electric1 ills41 ,part ,one1 #bgf des41 ,part ,two1 #adg hand-power1 ills41 #ade des41 #adh the ,cameron vertical plunger sinking1 ills41 #aej-aea des41 #aeb the 8,scranton10 ills4 and des41 #aec-aed ,mining pumps1 des4 and ills41 #ade-aee pumps1 an advantage of2 note1 #aeb note relating to the cost of repairing a half-inch globe valve1 #ade use of compressed air in1 #ga ,miscellaneous pumps1 #adc-agf ,molecules1 repulsive force of1 #bg ,monitor injector1 ills41 #bdf des41 #beb ,monkey-wrenches1 8knife-handle10 ills4 and des41 #cdd ,morris ,machine ,company's centrifugal pump1 steam-driven1 ills4 and des41 #bbj-bba ,mud1 #bj-;inch hydraulic dredge for pumping mud1 silt1 etc41 #bba ,mullin's ,automatic controller1 ills4 and des41 #ceb-cec ,multi-stage centrifugal pump1 ills4 and des41 #bbc-bbd turbine pump1 priming of1 ills4 and des41 #bbh-bbi ,neck-cap of the modern pulsometer1 ills4 and des41 #bgd ,neck-piece of the modern pulsometer1 ills4 and des41 #bgd ,newcomen1 discovery relating to condensation of steam1 #cja ,nipple-,holder1 pipe1 ills4 and des41 #cda ,norwalk compound compressor1 des4 and ills41 #gg-gh standard compressor1 ills4 and des41 #ef-eh note1 #gh ,nozzles of steam fire engine1 #abe three types of1 in steam injector1 #bdg ,nuts and screws must be kept tight1 #cgd ,oak-bark1 directions for use1 #cgi white1 used in boilers1 #cgi ,oil-cock1 des41 #cfg ,oil1 how used in the ,cataract steam pump cylinder1 #adf ,oil-pipe lines1 pump for1 #aee tank steamer pump1 ills4 and des41 #aei-afa ,packing1 care of1 #cgb economy of1 narrow rings1 #cgb for pump plungers1 #cgc for pumps1 suitable1 #cgb how to fit1 #cgb must be elastic1 never rigid1 #cgb for stuffing boxes1 badly proportioned1 glands too short1 #cgb to cut square thinner1 des4 and ills41 #chc ,paper mills1 particularly adapted for use of centrifugal pumps1 #bad ,papin1 ,denis1 inventor1 account of1 #baa historical note1 #fd ,parallel vise1 #cda ,parker1 ,richard ,green1 quotation1 #ad ,peerless automatic injector1 ills41 #bdf des41 #bea ,pelton water wheel1 #fj ,pilot or auxiliary valve1 des41 #cdh ,pipe1 condenser spray1 des41 #cjf connections1 proper arrangements of1 #cfc cutter1 ills4 and des41 #cch fitting1 des41 #cei freezing of1 how prevented1 ills4 and des41 #cha gas and steam1 how measured1 #cfg joint1 des4 and ills41 #cei-cfc telescopic1 ills4 and des41 #aeb ,pipe lines1 how measurements are to be taken1 ills41 #cfh lines1 steam1 #cfd ,pipe1 making up a piece of1 #cfc nipple holder1 des41 #cda originally a musical wind instrument1 #cei saddles for quick connections into pipes1 ills41 #chb spanner1 ills4 and des41 #cdd stock and die1 des41 #cda ,pipe1 suction1 should be drained1 #cgg tail1 of condenser1 ills41 #cab thickness of standard1 #cii ,pipe tongs1 ills4 and des41 #cdc vise1 ills4 and des41 #cdj ,pipe1 wooden1 note relating to1 #cfd wrench1 ,trimo1 ills4 and des41 #cdc advantages and disadvantages of1 #cgg ,pipes and fittings1 note relating to1 #cei exposed1 precautions against freezing1 #cgg flow of water in cast iron2 table1 #cid-cie joints and fittings1 #cei-cfh relative advantages of1 #cgg ,pipes1 small1 rates of discharge2 table1 #cig steam1 to properly drain1 #cgd strainers for suction1 ills4 and des41 #cbe-cbh ,piping of ,manhattan and peerless injectors1 ills4 and des41 #bec of high pressure exhaust steam injector1 ills4 and des41 #beh standard1 8extra strong10 double extra strong1 ills4 and des41 #cfg to remove incrustations from injector1 #bed ,piston1 ,follower type1 how packed1 #chc ,plug pipe1 ills41 #cfh taps1 ills4 and des41 #cci ,plugs1 drain1 #cgg ,plunger1 deep well pump1 ills4 and des41 #aib packing1 dry1 remedy for1 #cgg packing1 how to apply1 #cgc water1 how packed1 des4 and ills41 #chc ,pneumatics1 #ae-cj ,pneumatic syringe1 ills4 and des41 #bf ,pohle1 ,dr4 ,julius ,j41 historical note1 #gi system of elevating liquids1 ills4 and des41 #ha-hd 8,points0 relating to the care and management of air compressors1 #fa ,portable drilling machines1 use of compressed air in1 des41 #eg form of pulsometer and boiler1 ills4 and des41 #bhj tool1 def41 #ccg ,ports1 reducing capacity of1 by substances1 #cge ,power of a windmill1 what it depends upon1 #aij wall or post air compressor1 ills4 and des41 #gb ,practical ,engineer1 ills4 of air lift pump from1 #hi ,preface1 ,,ix ,pressure1 atmosphere1 surface condenser exerts1 #cad exerted by gases1 #bf in pounds for every foot up to #cjj ft4 height1 etc42 ,table1 #cif of air and gases1 def41 #ag of column of water2 ,table1 #cif of the atmosphere1 def41 #af ,pressure per square inch in pounds2 ,table1 #cif reducing valve1 ills4 and des41 #cdi-cej ,prime movers1 def41 #aha ,priming methods adopted to suit centrifugal pumps of various designs1 ills4 and des41 #bbh-bbi ,priming1 to start1 #cgg ,propeller pump1 the wood1 ills4 and des41 #agb-agd ,pulsator1 #bfi ,pulsometer1 des4 and ills41 #bfg-bhj ,pulsometer1 action of1 #bgf-bgg a form of vacuum pump1 #bfi and boiler in portable form1 ills4 and des41 #bhj arrangements of1 for emptying vats or tanks1 ills4 and des41 #bgh historical1 #bfi important points to be attended to2 note1 #bgi ,pulsometer1 suggestions relative to placing of the pump2 note1 #bgc the modern1 ills4 and des41 #bgj-bgc the original1 ills4 and des41 #bfh-bga the principal parts of1 des4 and ills41 #bgg ,pump1 air1 ,dean ,brothers' twin cylinder1 ills4 and des41 #df-ej air lift1 ills4 and des41 #gi-ij ,pump1 ,american1 driving mechanism of1 ills4 and des41 #ic1 #ih and governor1 des4 and ills41 #cag-cai ,buffalo centrifugal1 ills4 and des41 #bbc centrifugal1 diagram of right and left-hand methods of discharge1 #bbe centrifugal1 four-stage1 ills4 and des41 #bbd multi-stage1 ills4 and des41 #bbc-bbd vertical1 submerged type of1 ills4 and des41 #bbb-bbc ,pump1 circulating1 des41 #cb columns1 mine1 ills4 and des41 #cfc ,conover vacuum1 ills4 and des41 #ej-ec ,corcoran double action suction force pump1 ills4 and des41 #ahe-ahf ,davidson1 marine1 ills4 and des41 #aef-aeg ,dean single vertical sinking1 ills41 #adh ,dean vacuum1 ills4 and des41 #db-dc deep well1 working barrel of1 #aib ,pump1 difference between a hand pump and a windmill pump1 #ahg ,pump1 ,edwards' air1 ills4 and des41 #ec-ee ejector1 as a form of1 #bei ,eve's rotary1 des4 and ills41 #aif-aig ,pump1 failure in starting1 cause1 #cga for salt water evaporator and distiller1 ills4 and des41 #afh ,pump1 gas-fitter's air proving1 def4 and ills41 #bi ,gould's rotary1 ills41 #aid des41 #aii ,pump governor1 ,mason1 ills4 and des41 #bhd-bhf ,nathaniel ,lombard1 note1 #bid utility1 combination1 des4 and ills41 #bif ,pump governors1 ,carr steam1 ills4 and des41 #bhh-bia hand oil1 desirable1 #cge 8,hessian ,suck10 des41 #baa hydraulic gauge test1 ills4 and des41 #afc ,pumping water1 use of compressed air in1 des41 #ei 8,isochronal10 def41 #adg ,maslin automatic steam vacuum1 ills41 #bga des41 #bgi 8,massachusetts10 des41 #baa mining1 hand-power1 ills41 #ade des41 #adh ,pump of the ,silsby steam fire engine1 #aac portable fire air1 #bi ,quimby screw1 ills4 and des41 #agd-agf ,root's rotary1 ills4 and des41 #bji ,pump speed governors1 ills4 and des41 #bha-cid steam fire engine1 ills4 and des41 #ia-adb ,american1 ills41 #acb1 #acc des41 #ach-aci ,la ,france1 ills41 #acd des41 #aci-ada syphon1 ills4 and des41 #ahh1 #bfe as attached to steam fire engine1 ills41 #ic the 8,ballast10 ills4 and des41 #aei-afa the ,cameron vertical plunger sinking1 ills41 #aej-aea des41 #aeb the ,deane sugar-house1 ills4 and des41 #afd-afe the 8,doctor0 independent pump1 ills4 and des41 #afa-afb the injector can be used as a1 #bdi the jet1 ill4 and des41 #bfa the ,magna sugar1 ills4 and des41 #aff-afg the 8,scranton0 mining1 ills4 and des41 #aec-aed the ship's1 #aee ,taber rotary1 #bjj-bjb ,pumps1 air and vacuum1 ills4 and des41 #ca air pressure1 ills4 and des41 #ij ammonia or acid1 ills4 and des41 #aga auxiliary feed1 often duplicated1 #afa ,byron ,jackson ,machine ,company's turbine1 #bcf-bdb ,pumps1 centrifugal1 ills4 and des41 #baa-bcj circulating1 ills41 #bai des41 #afh directions for erecting and running1 #bbf-bbh fire1 ,holyoke pattern of rotary1 #bjc ,pumps1 marine1 #aee-afb methods of priming centrifugal pumps1 #bbh-bbi ,pumps1 mining1 #ade-aee an advantage of1 note1 #aeb ,pumps1 miscellaneous1 #adc-agf of steam fire engine1 des4 and ills41 #ajj1 #ajf1 #ajg operation of large dredging1 #baj rotary and centrifugal1 #aic-bbi ,pumps1 rotary1 ills4 and des41 #aid-baj impellers or pistons of1 ills4 and des41 #aif used for pumping thick stuff1 #afe ,pumps1 sinking1 des4 and ills41 #adh 8sugar-house01 #afe-afg ,taber rotary1 #bjj-bjb turbine1 #bcj-bdb vacuum1 single and cross compound double acting1 #cg-ci vacuum1 table of arrangement of valves1 #da wind power1 ills4 and des41 #ahe-aib ,pump1 the wood propeller1 ills4 and des41 #agb-agd the ,worthington pressure1 ills4 and des41 #aed-aee the ,worthington 8wrecking0 pump1 ills4 and des41 #aeg-aei vacuum1 ,worthington vertical beam1 ills4 and des41 #dd-de ,pump1 vertical1 of the ,clapp ,jones steam fire engine1 #aah windmill1 operation of1 #ahg ,purification of water effected by the air lift pump1 #hg ,purifying water1 #cgi ,quimby screw pump1 ills4 and des41 #agd-agf ,raising sunken vessels1 use of compressed air in1 des41 #ei 8,rarefaction10 def41 #ah 8,rarefied10 def41 #ah ,ratchet drill1 ills4 and des41 #cch ,rates of discharge of small pipes2 ,table1 #cig ,reamer1 ills4 and des41 #cci ,receiver1 use of1 #cag ,dean1 ,mason and ,worthington steam pumps with receiver attached1 des4 and ills41 #cah-cai ,receiving reservoir1 def41 #cbb ,rectangular surface condenser1 the 8,admiralty10 des41 #cjc ,refrigerating and ice making1 use of compressed air in1 des41 #ei ,regulator1 ,mason elevator pump pressure1 ills4 and des41 #bhf-bhg ,relieved cylinders1 how to proceed1 #chc ,remedy for air-bound pumps1 #cga ,reservoir1 def41 #cbb distributing1 def41 #cbb receiving1 def41 #cbb ,reynolds-,corliss type1 valve gear of1 #fg ,right and left-hand pumps1 how determined1 #cga ,rings1 how to cut to size1 #cgc pattern1 to be on hand1 #chc ,riveters1 use of compressed air in1 des41 #eg ,root's large rotary pump for dredging purposes1 ills4 and des41 #bjh-baj ,rotary and centrifugal pumps1 #aic-bbi pump driven by steam used for fire purposes1 des41 #bje ills41 #bjf-bjg ,holyoke pattern1 #bjc lobes of1 ills4 and des41 #bji-baj type used by the ,silsby fire engine designers2 sliding abutment of rotary pump1 des41 #aii ills4 and des41 #aid-baj how divided into classes1 #aif impellers or pistons of1 ills4 and des41 #aif speed of1 #agd ,rotary steam fire engine1 ,silsby1 des4 and ills41 #aac valve1 #cdg ,rules for approximately determining the size of a windmill to use in pumping1 #aij for obtaining the contents of a barrel in gallons1 #cbd for setting of ,deane vacuum pump valves1 #dc to govern the actions1 etc41 of injectors1 #bec-bed ,saddles1 how attached to pipes1 des41 #chb pipe1 substitute for tees1 #chb ,sal soda1 use of1 #chj ,salts1 magnesia1 etc41 in water1 #chj ,salt water evaporator and distiller1 pump for1 ills4 and des41 #afh ,root's large rotary pump for salt water service1 #baj ,sampson windmill1 des41 #aij ,sand blasts1 use of compressed air in1 des41 #eg large rotary pump for1 #baj or heavy material for pumping1 speed of pump to be increased1 #bai ,santovio of ,padua1 ,italy1 inventor of the pulsometer1 #bfi ,savery1 ,thomas1 pump1 when patented1 ills4 and des41 #bfh-bga 8,scranton0 mining pump1 ills4 and des41 #aec-aed ,screw pump1 ,quimby1 ills4 and des41 #agd-agf ,schutte ,koerting ,co41 combined throttle and quick closing trip valve1 #cdh condenser plant1 revised by1 ills4 and des41 #caj ,second steam fire engine1 capacity and weight of1 #ic ,self-closing cock1 des41 #cdg ,self-propelled steam fire engines1 ,amoskeag pattern1 #adb ,separators1 necessary1 #cgd ,setting and operating of the ,taber pumps1 #bjj-bjb ,ship's ballast tank1 def41 #cbb pump1 the1 #aee pump1 the 8,donkey10 des41 #afa ,shop tools of all kinds1 use of compressed air in1 des41 #eg ,siamese connection for stand pipes1 #ach ,sight feed cup1 automatic in its operation1 #cge proper place for1 #cge when to fill1 #cgf ,sight feed1 oil cups recommended1 #cge ,silsby rotary steam fire engine1 des4 and ills41 #aac ,sinking caissons and driving tunnels through silt and soft earth1 use of compressed air in1 des41 #ei ,sinking or station pump1 adaptation of the turbine pump for1 #bcc des4 and ills41 #adh ,deane single vertical1 ills41 #ach des41 #adi ,size of rings to use1 #cgc ,sleeve coupling1 ills4 and des41 #cfg ,slide valve1 #cdg ,slippage1 def41 causes of1 #chd ,socket wrench1 interchangeable1 ills4 and des41 #cdd ,spanner1 ills4 and des41 #cdd ,speed controlling device1 style ,a1 ,mason pump1 method of operating1 ills4 and des41 #bhh ,speed governor for water wheels1 ,holyoke improved1 ills4 and des41 #bia-bid pump governors1 ills4 and des41 #bha-bid ,spray pipe and nozzle1 ills41 #cab ,spring valve1 #cdg ,sprinkler1 inside boiler to scatter particles that would otherwise form scale1 #chj ,square packings1 advantages of1 #cgb 8,staggered0 tube system used in steam fire engine1 #ajd ,standard pipe sizes1 ills41 #cfg ,starting a pump1 precautions in1 #cga ,steam and air1 relative space occupied by1 #cgh boiler1 feed water impurities1 des41 #cbg cock1 des41 #cdg cylinders1 engines and pumps synonymous1 require the same lubrication1 #cge driven centrifugal pump1 ,morris ,machine ,company's1 ills4 and des41 #bbj-bba end of air and vacuum pumps1 #ce ,steam fire engine1 ills4 and des41 #ia-adb auxiliary appliances and supplies1 #ii 8crane necked10 frame for1 #ada ,fox boiler1 des4 and ills41 #aja-ajc historical notes and ills41 #ib-ii inner and outer tube system1 des41 #ajd instructions and suggestions1 #abi1 #aca1 #ace-acg nozzles1 #abe parts of1 #ii pumps1 des4 and ills41 #ajf1 #ajg pumps1 piston rods1 exhaust1 coal box1 etc41 #ajj1 #aja self-propelled1 ,amoskeag pattern1 #adb stationary heater for1 des41 #aje suction strainers of1 des4 and ills41 #aji table of effective fire streams for1 #aag 8thaw-pipe0 connected to1 #abc the ,ahrens1 #abf ,steam fire engine pump1 the ,american1 ills41 #acb1 #acc des41 #ach-aci the ,amoskeag1 ills41 #ajg1 #abh des41 #ada-adb the boiler1 des41 #ii the ,clapp ,jones1 #aah the ,la ,france1 ills41 #acd des41 #aci-ada ,steam fire engine1 the ,silsby rotary1 des4 and ills41 #aac appurtenances belonging to1 #aaa ,siamese connections for1 #ach valve motion of1 des41 #aaj ,steam induction condenser1 exhaust1 des4 and ills41 #cjh ,steam injector1 exhaust1 ills4 and des41 #bee-bef injectors1 three distinct types of1 #bdg mains1 bracket for supporting of1 ills4 and des41 #cfd-cfe materials for making1 #cfd pipe lines1 #cfd the proper anchoring and supporting of1 ills4 and des41 #cfe to properly drain1 #cgd ,steam pump1 ,deane automatic duplex1 ills4 and des41 #cah-cai ,steam shovel of service in raising material1 #bbb trap1 des41 #ccc-ccd ,steam1 utilizing of exhaust2 note1 #ce ,stems valve1 in suction must not leak1 #cgd ,stock and die pipe1 ills4 and des41 #cda ,stop-cock1 des41 #cdg ,stopping at night1 precautions for1 #cgg ,stop valve1 necessity of1 #cga ,stover ,manufacturing ,company1 makers of the ,sampson windmill1 #aij ,strainers for suction pipes of steam fire engines1 #ach for suction water pipes1 ills4 and des41 #cbe-cbh suction1 of steam fire engine1 des4 and ills41 #aji ,stress on bolts1 #cii ,stuffing boxes1 failure under high pressure1 cause1 #cge pump end1 how lubricated1 #cge ,submerged type of centrifugal vertical pump1 ills4 and des41 #bbb-bbc ,suction hose for the steam fire engine1 how fitted and carried1 #aaa ,suction pipe should be drained1 #cgg pipes1 strainers for1 ills4 and des41 #cbe-cbh strainers of steam fire engines1 des4 and ills41 #aji valves must be well packed1 #cgd 8,sugar-house0 pumps1 #afe-afg pump1 the ,deane1 ills4 and des41 #afd-afe ,sugar1 action of in boilers1 #cgi no action on copper1 tin1 lead and aluminum1 #cgi ,suggestions how to find the trouble in starting a pump1 #cga ,sulphates deposited in order1 des41 #chj ,surface condenser1 #cb1 #cjc1 #cac extent of a1 #bh ,swivel bench vise1 ills4 and des41 #cdj ,syphon pump1 des4 and ills41 #ahh ,syringe1 ,pneumatic1 ills41 and des41 #bf ,taber pumps1 directions for settling and operating1 #bjj-bjb ,table of analysis of average boiler scale1 #cbh arrangement of valves for air and vacuum pumps1 #da average hourly velocity of the wind in the ,u4 ,s41 #ahc ,bliss-,heath dimensions and capacities of atmospheric pumps1 #aga bolt circles of standard pipe flanges1 #cii ,table of capacities at varying heights above sea level1 #gd capacities1 etc41 of the universal double tube injector1 #bfd and pipe sizes of sugar-house pumps1 #afg for #bj-;inch hydraulic dredge1 #bba of 8,ballast0 pump1 #afa of ,boggs ,clarke hydraulic dredging pump1 #bah of ,davidson marine pump1 #aeg of ,deane single sugar-house pump1 #afe of injectors1 #beb of tanks and cisterns1 #cbd of the ,deane single vertical sinking pump1 #adi of ,worthington 8wrecking0 pump1 #aei ,table of classification of steam fire engines1 #ic of ,contents1 ,,xi4 of contents of cylinders in cubic feet for each foot of depth1 #cih ,table of diameters of cisterns in decimals of a foot1 #cih dimensions of noiseless water heater1 #bff of the ,bordo blow-off valve1 #cef of water pressure ejector1 #bff ,table of discharge per minute under given heads1 #cib-cic of effective fire streams1 #aag of flow of water in cast iron pipes1 #cid-cie ,table of flow of water over ,weir ,dam1 #cia friction heads at given rates1 #cid-cie friction heads in small pipes1 #cig friction1 loss in pounds pressure1 #cib-cic rates of discharge of small pipes1 #cig parts of the 8,imperial0 air compressor1 #gj pressure in pounds for every foot up to #cjj ft4 height1 etc41 #cif ,table of pressure of column of water1 per square inch in pounds1 #cif of sizes1 capacity1 etc41 of the ,cataract steam pump1 #adg of sizes1 etc41 of the 8,blake0 compressor1 #gc sizes and capacities of ejectors1 #bei ,table of standard sizes of flanges1 #cii test of air and vacuum pumps1 #da velocity of flow in pipes1 #cib-cic ,tables and data1 #chg-djj dimensions and capacities of the ,quimby screw pump1 #agf pressure and temperature of the peerless injector1 #bea relating to the sizes and capacities of pumping mills1 #ahi-aij ,tail pipe of condenser1 ills41 #cab 8,take-off0 ring of ,fox boiler1 des4 and ills41 #ajc ,tank1 def4 of1 #cba ball cock1 operation of1 ills4 and des41 #cbj closed pressure1 ills4 and des41 #cba-cbc feeding into top or bottom1 #cgc graduated1 def41 #cbb hoops1 lugs and lock nut nipples1 important parts of1 #cbc needed strength of a1 #cbc valves1 #cbc ,tanks and cisterns1 #ahh1 #cba-cbd table of capacity for1 #cbd arrangements of pulsometer for emptying1 ills4 and des41 #bgh computation for finding weight of1 #cbd foundations for1 #cbc ,tanneries1 particularly adapted for use in centrifugal pump1 #bad ,tap1 ills4 and des41 #cci 8,tapping10 des4 of process1 #cci ,tapping iron furnaces1 use of compressed air in1 des41 #ei ,tee1 beaded malleable iron1 ills4 and des41 #cfg malleable iron1 ills4 and des41 #cfc pipe1 ills41 #cfh ,telescopic pipe joint1 ills4 and des41 #aeb ,temperature of gases1 #bh ,ten thousand horse power turbine wheel1 ills41 ,,iv ,test pump1 hydraulic gauge1 ills4 and des41 #afc 8,thaw-pipe0 connected to ,clapp ,jones steam fire engine1 #abc ,theoretical operations of air compressors1 #fc ,theory of air lift1 #hj ,thermometer1 des41 #ah ,thick stuff1 the handling of1 des41 #afe ,third steam fire engine1 capacity and weight of1 #ic ,three-way cock1 des41 #cdg ,throttle and quick closing trip valve1 ills41 #ccf des41 #cdh valve1 automatic1 for boiler feed pump1 ills4 and des41 #ceb-cec ,thud1 causes of1 in pumps1 #cge ,tire air pump1 #bi ,tongs1 chain1 #cdc pipe1 ills4 and des41 #cdc ,tools1 def41 #ccg valves and piping1 #cce-cef ,towers1 cooling1 des41 #cc ,transmitting messages through pneumatic tubes1 use of compressed air in1 des41 #ei ,trap1 ,anderson steam1 des4 and ills41 #ccb-ccc steam1 des41 #ccc-ccd ,trimo pipe wrench1 ills4 and des41 #cdc ,try-cock1 des41 #cdg ,tub1 des41 #cbc ,tube of condenser1 ills4 and des41 #cje ,tubing1 including boiler tubes1 how measured1 #cfg ,turbine pump1 multi-stage1 how primed1 ills4 and des41 #bbh ,turbine pump1 space occupied by2 note1 #bcc pumps1 #bcj-bdb ,byron ,jackson ,machine ,company's1 #bcf-bdb ,turbine wheel1 ten thousand horse power1 ills41 ,,iv ,two-stage or compounded compression1 #gd-ge ,union1 ,dart1 ills4 and des41 #cfg flange1 ills4 and des41 #cfc pipe1 ills41 #cfh ,universal double tube injector1 ills41 #bfb des41 #bfd ,uses of compressed air1 #eg ,utilities and attachments1 #cae-ccd ,utility1 def4 of1 #cag ,vacuum1 def41 #ca des41 #bii chamber necessary for high lifts1 #cgd remedy for pounding1 #cgd gauge1 why graduated in inches2 note1 #ba pumps1 single and cross compound double acting1 #cg-ci table of arrangement of valves1 #da table of test1 #da synonymous with air1 #cgc the ,conover condenser1 ills4 and des41 #ej-ec the ,deane1 ills4 and des41 #db-dc the ,edwards1 ills4 and des41 #ec-ee the ,maslin automatic steam1 ills41 #bga des41 #bgi the ,worthington vertical beam1 ills4 and des41 #dd-de ,valve1 def41 #cdg automatic throttle1 for boiler feed pump1 ills4 and des41 #ceb-cec auxiliary or pilot1 des41 #cdh ,bordo blow-off1 ills4 and des41 #ced-cee churn1 for feeding the steam fire engine1 des41 #aaa connection of1 #cdf ,valve for ,carr steam pump governors1 ills4 and des41 #bij-bia gear of the ,clapp ,jones ,village ,engine1 #abb of the ,reynolds-,corliss type1 #fg heart created on the principles of1 #cdg hinged1 #cdg inverted-cup1 #cdg key1 #cdg lifting1 #cdg ,mason water reducing1 ills4 and des41 #cea ,valve motion of steam fire engines1 des41 #aaj pressure reducing1 ills4 and des41 #cdi-cej rotary1 #cdg slide1 #cdg spring1 #cdg throttle and quick closing trip1 ills41 #ccf des41 #cdh clogging of1 remedy1 #cge 8,corcoran0 tank1 #cbc lift of1 important for high pressures1 #cge names1 how derived1 #cdg ,valves of an air compressor1 how operated by mechanical means1 #fe rule for setting of ,deane vacuum pump1 #dc several classes of1 #cdg suction1 must be well packed1 #cgd ,vat1 des41 #cbc 8,van ,duzen's steam jet pump02 note1 #bfj ,vapor1 def41 #af ,velocity1 average of the wind for the ,u4 ,s41 #ahb of flow in pipes2 ,table1 #cib-cic water entering suction1 #cgh water in discharge pipes1 #cgh relative1 of water in large and small pipes1 #cgh ,vertical duplex compressor1 #fd-ga pump of four-stage turbine1 ills41 #bch des41 #bda ,vise1 pipe1 ills4 and des41 #cdj swivel bench1 ills4 and des41 #cdj 8,volute10 def4 of1 #baa centrifugal pump1 the ,worthington1 why so named1 des41 #bbi centrifugals1 des41 #bbi ,volz combination of condenser and feed-water heater1 ills4 and des41 #cjd1 #cje1 #cjf ,water 8,ballast0 pump1 des4 and ills41 #afj ,barometer1 how made1 #ca cock1 des41 #cdg contamination of1 to be prevented1 #cge ,weir ,dam measurement1 des4 and ills41 #cij ,water1 discharge per minute under given heads2 ,table1 #cib expansion of1 by freezing1 #cha ,miner's ,inch1 flow of1 #chh ,waterhammer1 prevention of1 ills4 and des41 #cha ,water heater1 noiseless1 ills4 and des41 #bfe-bff meter1 ills4 and des41 #cbi-ccb to read the dial of a1 ills41 #ccb ,worthington1 ills4 and des41 #ccj-ccb ,water1 open stream measurement1 #cij penetrating force of1 under high pressure1 #cha plunger1 how packed1 des4 and ills41 #chc pressure ejector1 ills4 and des41 #bff pressure of column of2 ,table1 #cif purifying of1 #cgi reducing valve1 ,mason1 ills4 and des41 #cea relative velocity of1 in large and small pipes1 #cgh velocity of1 in discharge pipes1 #cgh ,water wheels1 ,holyoke improved speed governors for1 ills4 and des41 #bia-bid ,turbine1 ills41 ,,iv ,water works1 mine drainage1 adaptation of the turbine pump for1 #bcc ,wear of parts1 inspections necessary1 #cgd ,weather bureaus1 table of the average hourly velocity of wind in the ,u4 ,s41 #ahc ,weight of gases1 def41 #bf ,well heads1 three styles of1 des4 and ills41 #hf-hg ,westinghouse ,electric ,mfg4 ,co41 #ge-;,h4 ,p4 induction motor1 #bda ,wheeler ,condenser and ,engineering ,co41 referred to1 #cjf ,windmill governor1 ills4 and des41 #ahh pump1 des41 #ahg operation of1 #ahg rules for approximately determining the size of1 #aij as a prime mover1 #ahb ,windmills1 note relating to1 #ahc the ,corcoran1 ills4 and des41 #ahd-ahf ,windmill1 the power of1 upon what it depends1 #aij ,windmotors1 why so named1 #ahg power pumps ills4 and des41 #ahe1 #aib power as a source of energy1 #aha ,wind produced by gravitation1 #ahj average velocity of1 for the ,u4 ,s41 #ahb ,wooden pipe1 note relating to1 #cfd ,wood propeller pump1 the1 ills4 and des41 #agb-agd ,working1 improper1 to find cause of1 #cge ,worthington centrifugal pumps divided into ,conoidal1 ,volute and ,turbine1 des41 #bbi condensing apparatus1 operation of1 #cjg duplex steam pump with receiver attached1 ills4 and des41 #cai pressure pump1 the1 ills4 and des41 #aed-aee turbine pump1 ills4 and des41 #bcj vertical beam vacuum pump1 ills4 and des41 #dd-de water meter1 ills4 and des41 #ccj-ccb 8wrecking0 pump the1 ills4 and des41 #aeg-aei 8,wrecking0 pump1 ills4 and des41 #aeg-aei ,wrench1 def41 #cde monkey1 ills4 and des41 #cdd interchangeable socket1 ills4 and des41 #cdd single-ended1 double-ended1 open-ended1 box-wrench1 des41 #cde ,trimo pipe1 ills4 and des41 #cdc ,zinc1 attacked strongly by sugar1 #cgi ,illustration3 ,,here ,,is ,,your ,,list ,,of ,,helping ,,hand ,,books ,,for ,,mechanics ,,written ,,so ,,all ,,can ,,understand ,,theo4 ,,audel ,co4 ,,publishers #gb ,,fifth ,,ave4 ,n4,y4 ,,city ,,at ,,last6 ,,simplicity ,,and ,,efficiency 7,,making ,,electricity ,,easy ,,to ,,understand7 ,illustration ,these ,guides will answer your ,,electrical questions and difficulties1 showing you how to approach an electrical problem in the most direct way1 to analyze it without loss of time or effort1 to discover its parts1 and solve your electrical question or difficulty4 ,to get results you must know the facts4 ,do you wish to know the underlying principle of ,modern ,electrical ,practice8 ,the marvelous growth and progress in this line have and are creating many opportunities4 ,hawkins ,practical ,library of ,,electricity ,,in ,,handy ,,pocket ,,form ,,price #a ,,each ,they are not only the best1 but the cheapest works published on ,electricity1 guaranteed in every way or your money will be returned4 ,the numbers will be supplied separately when desired for #a each4 ,read table of contents4 #a4 ,contains #cdh pages1 #chh illustrations4 ,electrical signs and ,symbols4 ,static and ,current ,electricity4 ,primary ,cells4 ,conductors and ,insulators4 ,resistance and ,conductivity4 ,magnetism4 ,induction ,coils4 ,dynamo ,principles4 ,classes of ,dynamos4 ,field ,magnets4 ,armatures4 ,windings4 ,commutation4 ,brushes4 ,brush ,gear4 #b4 ,contains #cdh pages1 #cid illustrations4 ,motor ,principles4 ,armature reaction4 ,motor ,starting4 ,calculations4 ,brake ,horsepower4 ,selection and ,installation of ,dynamos and ,motors4 ,galvanometers4 ,standard ,cells4 ,current ,measurement4 ,resistance ,measurement4 ,voltmeters4 ,wattmeters4 ,watt ,hour ,meters4 ,operation of ,dynamos4 ,operation of ,motors1 ,etc4 #c4 ,contains #cjj pages1 #dbc illustrations4 ,distribution ,systems4 ,wires and ,wire ,calculations4 ,inside ,wiring4 ,outside ,wiring4 ,underground ,wiring4 ,wiring of ,buildings4 ,sign ,flashers4 ,lightning ,protection4 ,storage ,battery4 ,rectifiers4 ,storage ,battery ,systems1 ,etc4 ,boosters4 #d4 ,contains #bgj pages1 #cgi illustrations4 ,alternating ,current ,principles4 ,alternating ,current ,diagrams4 ,a4 ,c4 ,calculations4 ,the ,power ,factor4 ,alternator ,principles4 ,alternator ,construction4 ,windings1 ,etc4 ,grouping of ,phases4 ,turbine ,alternators4 #e4 ,contains #cbj pages1 #fad illustrations4 ,alternating ,current ,motors4 ,synchronous and ,induction ,motor ,principles4 ,a4 ,c4 ,commutator ,motors4 ,induction ,motors4 ,transformers1 ,losses1 ,construction1 ,connections1 ,tests4 ,converters1 ,rotary1 ,voltage ,regulation1 ,frequency ,changing sets1 ,parallel ,operation4 ,cascade ,converters4 ,rectifiers1 ,mechanical1 ,electrolytic1 ,electromagnetic4 ,alternating ,current ,systems4 #f4 ,contains #bih pages1 #dgb illustrations4 ,alternating ,current ,systems4 ,switching ,devices4 ,circuit ,breakers4 ,relays4 ,lightning ,protection ,apparatus4 ,regulating ,devices4 ,synchronous ,condensers4 ,indicating ,devices4 ,meters4 ,power ,factor ,indicators4 ,wave ,form ,measurement4 ,switchboards1 ,etc4 #g4 ,contains #caf pages1 #cgi illustrations4 ,alternating ,current ,wiring4 ,a4 ,c4 ,wiring ,calculations4 ,table3 ,properties of ,copper ,wire4 ,power ,stations4 ,hydro-,electric ,plants4 ,isolated ,plants4 ,sub-,station ,management4 ,turbines4 ,selection1 ,location1 ,erection1 ,running1 ,care and ,repair1 ,station ,testing4 ,telephones4 ,principles and ,construction4 ,various ,systems4 ,wiring ,diagrams4 ,telephone ,troubles4 #h4 ,contains #ccb pages1 #dcf illustrations4 ,telegraph4 ,simultaneous ,telegraphy and ,telephony4 ,wireless ,principles1 ,construction1 ,diagrams4 ,electric ,bells4 ,electric ,lighting4 ,illumination4 ,photometry1 ,etc4 #i4 ,contains #cbb pages1 #fbg illustrations4 ,electric ,railways4 ,r4 ,r4 ,signal ,work4 ,electric ,locomotives4 ,car ,lighting4 ,trolley ,car ,operation4 ,miscellaneous ,applications4 ,motion ,pictures4 ,gas ,engine ,ignition4 ,automobile ,self-,starters and ,lighting ,systems1 ,electric ,vehicles1 ,etc4 #aj4 ,contains #eac pages1 #eii illustrations4 ,elevators4 ,cranes4 ,pumps4 ,air ,compressors4 ,electric ,heating4 ,electric ,welding4 ,soldering and ,brazing4 ,industrial ,electrolysis4 ,electro-,plating4 ,electro-,therapeutics1 ,x-,rays1 ,etc4 ,also a complete #abf-page ready reference index of the complete library4 ,this index has been planned to render easily accessible all the vast information contained in the #aj electrical guides4 ,there are over #ac1ejj cross references4 ,you find what you want to know instantly4 ,a ,,new ,up-to-,date ,,guide ,for ,,marine ,,engineers ,giving ,just the ,needed ,information ,,with ,questions and ,answers on the following subjects ,how to ,figure 7with examples74 ,safety ,valve ,rules4 ,horse ,power ,rules4 ,theory and ,elements of ,engineering4 ,steam ,tables4 ,marine ,boilers4 ,oil ,burners4 ,marine ,engines4 ,turbines4 ,pumps and ,condensers4 ,injectors and ,heaters4 ,steering ,engines4 ,pipes and ,piping4 ,auxiliary ,machines4 ,general ,care and ,management1 with ,suggestions4 ,breakdowns and ,repairs at ,sea4 ,overhauling and ,laying ,up4 ,gasoline ,engines4 ,gas ,producers4 ,heavy ,oil ,engines4 ,diesel ,engines4 ,dynamos and ,motors4 ,electric ,ship ,propulsion4 ,refrigerating4 ,machinery4 ,government ,rules and ,regulations ,relating to ,engineers' ,certificates and ,many ,useful ,questions and ,answers ,covering ,practical1 ,modern and ,approved ,marine ,practice4 ,illustration #hej ,pages #fjj ,illustrations ,flexible ,covers ,pocket ,size ,large ,type ,,price #c ,,post ,,paid ,,this ,,book ,,will ,,help ,,you ,,shipfitters' ,,guide--#b4 ,illustration3 ,,easy ,,to ,,read ,,audels ,,shipfitters' ,,guide ,,steel ,,shipbuilding ,,and ,,repairing ,,fits ,,the ,,pocket #b ,the author has had twenty-five years' experience as a shipfitter1 and makes everything as plain as a pike-staff4 ,a mine of absolutely indispensable information for the man on the job4 ,explains all about the ,parts of a ,steel ,ship4 ,a full list of terms used in shipbuilding and on board ship4 ,problems encountered in shipfitting4 ,work of the mold loft4 ,laying off plans to full size4 ,the making of the template from the planning sheets to the placing of the finished plate on the ship--transferring--punching rivet holes--shearing--bending--,plan reading4 ,how to lay the chalk line--repairing a template--method of lapping boards in template construction4 ,loft work4 ,use of liners4 ,duplicating ,bars or ,angles4 ,lifting a bracket plate from the hull--lifting a bosom bar on the ship--beveling--lifting curved shell from the hull--method of obtaining template sets for curved plates--lifting boss plate from the hull--lifting a margin bar4 ,building a bulk freighter--launching a bulk freighter4 ,including practical helps1 hints and suggestions for the practical shipworker4 ,a handsome book #f-e_/h by #d-g_/h inches4 ,two hundred pages2 illustrated4 ,convenient for the pocket and made to last as long as any book can4 ,audel's ,easy ,lessons ,,wireless #ej;c4 ,a practical ,course of ,instruction ,explaining the ,principles1 ,construction and the ,workings of ,wireless ,apparatus--for students1 experimenters and operators2 fully illustrated and explained in the following ,,important ,,chapters ,,and ,,lessons #a4--;,forms of ,electricity4 #b4--,magnetism and ,electro-magnetic ,induction4 #c4--;,disruptive ,discharge4 #d4--;,electric ,oscillations4 #e4--;,electric ,waves4 #f4--,the ,aerial ,wire ,system4 #g4--,the ,grounded ,terminal4 #h4--,the ,transmitting ,apparatus4 #i4--,the ,receiving ,apparatus4 #aj4--,the ,aerial ,switch and ,other ,apparatus4 #aa4--;,installing the ,apparatus4 #ab4--,some other considerations4 ,with a thorough grasp of the elementary principles and a fair skill with the telegraph key1 the other and more complex things a wireless operator must know1 will come quickly and easily and with them--success4 #bdb pages1 #bei illustrations--well printed and made to fit the vest pocket4 ,,price #ej;c4 ,hawkins' ,electrical ,dictionary4 #b4jj ,a reliable guide for ,engineers1 ,contractors1 ,superintendents1 ,draftsmen1 ,telegraph and ,telephone ,engineers1 ,wire and ,linemen4 ,contains many books in one1 and is an entirely new and original work4 ,clearly and plainly defining the full use and meaning of the thousands upon thousands of words1 terms and phrases used in the various branches and departments of ,electrical ,science4 ,no ,dictionary has to the knowledge of the publishers been printed to date that has kept pace with the rapid development of ,electrical ,engineering4 ,it measures #f-a_/b #h-a_/b inches1 is over one and one-half inches thick2 the book weighs about two and one-half pounds1 giving a finish to the book which is charming4 ,hawkins' ,mechanical ,dictionary4 #b4jj ,if the reader often encounters words and allusions whose meaning is not clear1 or is a busy man1 without time to wade through a whole volume on any subject about which information is desired1 or is a student or a professional man1 feeling the frequent need of a first class reference work1 he will readily appreciate the qualities that are to be found in this most useful book4 ,it is a cyclopdia of words1 terms and phrases in use in the ,mechanic ,arts1 ,trades and ,sciences--8many books in one40 ,it is the one book of reference no student or expert can dispense with4 #gjd pages1 #f-a_/b #h-a_/b inches1 handsomely bound4 ,,audels ,,starting ,,and ,,lighting ,,of ,,automobiles #ej;c4 ,this ,new ,helpful ,book tells all about the various forms of starting and lighting systems in use4 ,written and illustrated in plain language4 ,owners1 ,chauffeurs1 and ,repairmen will find the necessary information for keeping in commission this part of their car1 which if not understood may cause trouble4 ,the ,latest ,improvements are shown1 also directions for installing and operating are given1 making the book a ready reference for the up-to-date motorist4 ,homans' ,automobiles4 #b 8,homans' ,self ,propelled ,vehicles0 gives full details on successful care1 handling1 and how to locate trouble4 ,beginning at the first principles necessary to be known1 and then forward to the principles used in every part of a ,motor ,car4 ,it is a thorough course in the ,science of ,automobiles1 highly approved by manufacturers1 owners1 operators and repairmen4 ,contains over #djj illustrations and diagrams1 making every detail clear1 written in plain language4 ,handsomely bound4 ,audels ,automobile ,guide4 #a4ej ,written so you can understand all about the construction1 care and management of motor cars4 ,the work answers every question that may come up in automobile work4 ,the book is well illustrated and convenient in size for the pocket4 ,audels ,gas ,engine ,manual4 #b ,this volume gives the latest and most helpful information respecting the construction1 care1 management and uses of ,gas1 ,gasoline and ,oil ,engines1 ,marine ,motors and ,automobile ,engines1 including chapters on ,producer ,gas ,plants and the ,alcohol ,motor4 ,the book is a practical educator from cover to cover and is worth many times its price to any one using these motive powers4 ,audels ,answers on ,refrigeration #b ,gives in detail all necessary information on the practical handling of machines and appliances used in ,ice ,making and ,refrigeration4 ,contains #gjd pages1 #bej illustrations1 and written in question and answer form2 gives the last word on refrigerating machinery4 ,well bound and printed in one volume2 complete4 ,rogers' ,erecting and ,operating4 #b ,provides full information on methods successfully proved in modern practice to be the best for use in erecting and installing heavy machinery of all kinds4 ,it includes a systematic course of study and instruction in ,mill ,engineering and ,millwrighting1 together with time saving tables1 diagrams and a quick reference index4 ,rogers' ,drawing and ,design4 #b ,this volume is arranged as a comprehensive1 self-instruction course for both shop and draughting room4 ,contains #ejf pages1 illustrated by over #fjj cuts and diagrams1 very many of them full page drawings2 the book is printed on a very fine grade of paper2 it measures #h-a_/b #aj-a_/b inches and weighs over #c pounds2 it is in every way completely up-to-date4 ,rogers' ,machinists ,guide4 #b ,is a manual for ,engineers and ,machinists on modern machine shop practice1 management1 grinding1 punching1 cutting1 shearing1 bench1 lathe and vise work1 gearing1 turning1 and all the subjects necessary to advance in shop practice1 and the working and handling of machine tools4 ,the most complete book on these subjects4 ,fully illustrated4 ,audel's ,answers on ,practical ,engineering4 #a ,gives you the everyday practice and simple laws relating to the care and management of a steam plant4 ,its #bej pages make you familiar with steam boilers1 steam1 fuel1 heat1 steam gauge1 installation and management of boilers1 pumps1 elevators1 heating1 refrigeration1 engineers' and firemen's law1 turbines1 injectors1 valves1 steam traps1 belts1 gears1 pulleys1 electricity1 etc41 etc4 ,hawkins' ,electricity for ,engineers4 #b ,the introduction of electrical machinery in almost every power plant has created a great demand for competent engineers and others having a knowledge of electricity and capable of operating or supervising the running of electrical machinery4 ,to such persons this pocket-book will be found a great benefactor1 since it contains just the information required1 clearly explained in a practical manner4 ,it contains #eej pages with #cjj illustrations of electrical appliances1 and is bound in heavy red leather1 size #d-a_/b #f-a_/b for the pocket4 ,hawkins' ,engineers' ,examinations4 #b ,this work is an important aid to engineers of all grades1 and is undoubtedly the most helpful ever issued relating to a safe and sure preparation for examination4 ,it presents in a question and answer form the most approved practice in the care and management of ,steam ,boilers1 ,engines1 ,pumps1 ,electrical and ,refrigerating ,machines1 together with much operative information useful to the student4 ,hawkins' ,steam ,engine ,catechism4 #b ,this work is gotten up to fill a long-felt need for a practical book4 ,it gives directions and detailed descriptions for running the various types of steam engines in use4 ,the book also treats generously upon ,marine1 ,locomotive and ,gas ,engines1 and will be found valuable to all users of these motive powers4 ,hawkins' ,steam ,boiler ,practice4 #b ,this instructive book on ,boiler ,room ,practice is indispensable to ,firemen1 ,engineers and all others wishing to perfect themselves in this important branch of ,steam ,engineering4 ,besides a full descriptive treatise on ,stationary1 ,marine and ,locomotive boilers1 it contains sixty management cautions1 all necessary rules and specifications for boilers1 including riveting1 bracing1 finding pressure1 strain on bolts1 etc41 thus being a complete hand-book on the subject4 ,hawkins' ,mechanical ,drawing4 #b ,this work is arranged according to the correct principles of the art of drawing2 each theme being clearly illustrated to aid the student to ready and rapid comprehension4 ,it contains #cbj pages with over #cjj illustrations1 including useful diagrams and suggestions in drawings for practice4 ,handsomely bound in dark green cloth4 ,size #g #aj inches4 ,hawkins' ,calculations for ,engineers4 #b ,the ,hand ,book of ,calculations is a work of instruction and reference relating to the steam engine1 steam boiler1 etc41 and has been said to contain every calculation1 rule and table necessary for the ,engineer1 ,fireman and ,steam ,user4 ,it is a complete course in ,mathematics4 ,all calculations are in plain arithmetical figures1 so that they can be understood at a glance4 ,hawkins' ,steam ,engine ,indicator4 #a ,this work is designed for the use of erecting and operating engineers1 superintendents and students of steam engineering1 relating1 as it does1 to the economical use of steam4 ,the work is profusely illustrated with working cards taken from every day use1 and gives many plain and valuable lessons derived from the diagrams4 ,guarantee4 ,these books we guarantee to be in every way as represented1 and if not found satisfactory can be returned promptly and the amount paid will be willingly refunded4 ,all books shipped post paid4 ,remittances are best sent by ,check1 ,post ,office or ,express ,money ,orders4