,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,psy*ology ,,by ,,william ,,james ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,psy*ology ,,9 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity ,,9 ,,two ,,volumes ,,vol4 ,i ,,new ,,york ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& ,,company #aiah ,,to ,,my ,,de> ,,fri5d ,,fran,,ois ,,pillon4 ,,z ,a ,,tok5 ,,( ,,affection1 ,,& ,,an ,,ackn[l$gm5t ,,( ,,:at ,i ,,owe ,,to ,,! ,,critique ,,philosophique4 ,,preface4 ,! treatise :i* foll[s has 9 ! ma9 gr[n up 9 connection ) ! au?or's class-room in/ruction 9 ,psy*ology1 al?\gh x is true t "s ( ! *apt]s are m 'metaphysical1' & o!rs full] ( detail1 ?an is suitable = /ud5ts :o are go+ ov] ! subject = ! fir/ "t4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is is t1 9 spite ( ! exclusion ( ! important subjects ( pleasure & pa91 & moral & /hetic feel+s & judgm5ts1 ! "w has gr[n to a l5g? :i* no "o c regret m ?an ! writ] himself4 ,! man mu/ inde$ be sangu9e :o1 9 ?is cr[d$ age1 c hope to h _m read]s = f\rte5 hundr$ cont9u\s pages f 8 p54 ,b w] ,vieles br+t wird ,man*em etwas br+52 &1 by judici\sly skipp+ accord+ to _! sev]al ne$s1 ,i am sure t _m sorts ( read]s1 ev5 ^? :o are j beg9n+ ! /udy ( ! subject1 w f9d my book ( use4 ,s9ce ! beg9n]s are mo/ 9 ne$ ( guidance1 ,i sugge/ = _! beho( t !y omit altoge!r on a fir/ read+ *apt]s #f1 #g1 #h1 #aj 7f page #ccj to page #cga71 #ab1 #ac1 #ae1 #ag1 #bj1 #ba1 & #bh4 ,! bett] to awak5 ! neophyte's int]e/1 x is possible t ! wise ord] w\ld be to pass directly f *apt] #d to *apt]s #bc1 #bd1 #be1 & #bf1 & !nce to return to ! fir/ volume aga94 ,*apt] #bj1 on ,space-p]ception1 is a t]rible ?+1 :i*1 unless writt5 ) all t detail1 c\ld n be fairly treat$ at all4 ,an abridgm5t ( x1 call$ ',! ,spatial ,quale1' :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy1 vol4 xiii1 p4 #fd1 may be f\nd by "s p]sons a useful sub/itute = ! entire *apt]4 ,i h kept close to ! po9t ( view ( natural sci5ce ?r\gh\t ! book4 ,e natural sci5ce assumes c]ta9 data uncritically1 & decl9es to *all5ge ! elem5ts betwe5 :i* its own 'laws' obta91 & f :i* its own d$uctions are c>ri$ on4 ,psy*ology1 ! sci5ce ( f9ite individual m9ds1 assumes z its data 7#a7 ?\ghts & feel+s1 & 7#b7 a physical _w 9 "t & space ) :i* !y coexi/ & :i* 7#c7 !y "k4 ,( c\rse ^! data !mselves are discussable2 b ! discussion ( !m 7z ( o!r elem5ts7 is call$ metaphysics & falls outside ! prov9ce ( ?is book4 ,?is book1 assum+ t ?\ghts & feel+s exi/ & are vehicles ( k1 !reupon cont5ds t psy*ology :5 %e has asc]ta9$ ! empirical correlation ( ! v>i\s sorts ( ?\ght or feel+ ) def9ite conditions ( ! bra91 c g no f>!r--c g no f>!r1 t is1 z a natural sci5ce4 ,if %e goes f>!r %e becomes metaphysical4 ,all attempts to expla9 our ph5om5ally giv5 ?\ghts z products ( deep]-ly+ entities 7:e!r ! latt] be nam$ ',s\l1' ',transc5d5tal ,ego1' ',ideas1' or ',elem5t>y ,units ( ,consci\sness'7 are metaphysical4 ,?is book consequ5tly rejects bo? ! associationi/ & ! spirituali/ !ories2 & 9 ?is /rictly positivi/ic po9t ( view consi/s ! only feature ( x = :i* ,i feel tempt$ to claim orig9ality4 ,( c\rse ?is po9t ( view is any?+ b ultimate4 ,m5 mu/ keep ?9k+2 & ! data assum$ by psy*ology1 j l ^? assum$ by physics & ! o!r natural sci5ces1 mu/ "s "t be ov]haul$4 ,! ef=t to ov]haul !m cle>ly & ?or\ghly is metaphysics2 b metaphysics c only p]=m h] task well :5 di/9ctly consci\s ( its great ext5t4 ,metaphysics fragm5t>y1 irresponsible1 & half-awake1 & unconsci\s t %e is metaphysical1 spoils two good ?+s :5 %e injects h]self into a natural sci5ce4 ,& x seems to me t ! !ories bo? ( a spiritual ag5t & ( associat$ 'ideas' are1 z !y figure 9 ! psy*ology-books1 j su* metaphysics z ?is4 ,ev5 if _! results be true1 x w\ld be z well to keep !m1 z ?us pres5t$1 out ( psy*ology z x is to keep ! results ( idealism out ( physics4 ,i h !re=e treat$ our pass+ ?\ghts z integ]s1 & reg>d$ ! m]e laws ( _! coexi/5ce ) bra9-/ates z ! ultimate laws = our sci5ce4 ,! read] w 9 va9 seek = any clos$ sy/em 9 ! book4 ,x is ma9ly a mass ( descriptive details1 runn+ out into qu]ies :i* only a metaphysics alive to ! weight ( h] task c hope successfully to deal )4 ,t w p]haps be c5turies h5ce2 & mean:ile ! be/ m>k ( heal? t a sci5ce c %[ is ?is unf9i%$-seem+ front4 ,! completion ( ! book has be5 s sl[ t sev]al *apt]s h be5 publi%$ successively 9 ,m9d1 ! ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy1 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 & ,scribn]'s ,magaz9e4 ,ackn[l$gm5t is made 9 ! prop] places4 ,! bibliography1 ,i regret to say1 is q unsy/ematic4 ,i h habitually giv5 my au?ority = special exp]im5tal facts2 b beyond t ,i h aim$ ma9ly to cite books t w\ld probably be actually us$ by ! ord9>y ,am]ican college-/ud5t 9 8 collat]al read+4 ,! bibliography 9 ,w4 ,volkmann von ,volkm>'s ,lehrbu* d] ,psy*ologie 7#ahge7 is s complete1 up to its date1 t !re is no ne$ ( an inf]ior duplicate4 ,& = m rec5t ref]5ces1 ,sully's ,outl9es1 ,dewey's ,psy*ology1 & ,baldw9's ,h&book ( ,psy*ology may be advantage\sly us$4 ,f9ally1 :]e "o owes to s _m1 x seems absurd to s+le out p>ticul> cr$itors2 yet ,i _c resi/ ! temptation at ! end ( my fir/ lit]>y v5ture to record my gratitude = ! inspiration ,i h got f ! writ+s ( ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,lotze1 ,r5\vi]1 ,hodgson1 & ,wundt1 & f ! intellectual companion%ip 7to "n only five names7 ( ,*auncey ,wright & ,*>les ,peirce 9 old times1 & m rec5tly ( ,/anley ,hall1 ,james ,putnam1 & ,josiah ,royce4 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity1 ,augu/ #ahij4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,scope ,,( ,,psy*ology1 ,m5tal ,manife/ations dep5d on ,c]ebral ,conditions1 #a4 ,pursuit ( ends & *oice are ! m>ks ( ,m9d's pres5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,functions ,,( ,,! ,,bra9 ,reflex1 semi-reflex1 & volunt>y acts4 ,! ,frog's n]ve-c5tres4 ,g5]al notion ( ! hemisph]es4 ,_! ,education--! ,meyn]t s*eme4 ,! phr5ological contra/$ ) ! physiological conception4 ,! localization ( function 9 ! hemisph]es4 ,! motor zone4 ,motor ,aphasia4 ,! sight-c5tre4 ,m5tal bl9dness4 ,! he>+-c5tre4 ,s5sory ,aphasia4 ,c5tres = smell & ta/e4 ,! t\*-c5tre4 ,man's ,consci\sness limit$ to ! hemisph]es4 ,! re/itution ( function4 ,f9al correction ( ! ,meyn]t s*eme4 ,conclusions4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,on ,,"s ,,g5]al ,,conditions ,,( ,,bra9-,,activity ,! summation ( ,/imuli4 ,reaction-"t4 ,c]ebral blood-supply1 #ig4 ,c]ebral ,!rmometry4 ,phosphorus & ,?\ght4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,habit ,due to pla/icity ( neural matt]4 ,produces ease ( action4 ,dim9i%es att5tion1 #aae4 ,concat5at$ p]=mances4 ,e?ical implications & p$agogic maxims4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,automaton-,,!ory ,! !ory describ$4 ,reasons = x4 ,reasons aga9/ x4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,m9d-,,/uff ,,!ory ,evolution>y ,psy*ology dem&s a ,m9d-du/4 ,"s alleg$ pro(s t x exi/s4 ,refutation ( ^! pro(s4 ,self-comp\nd+ ( m5tal facts is inadmissible4 ,c /ates ( m9d be unconsci\s8 ,refutation ( alleg$ pro(s ( unconsci\s ?\ght4 ,difficulty ( /at+ ! connection betwe5 m9d & bra94 ',! ,s\l' is logically ! lea/ objectionable hypo!sis4 ,conclusion4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,me?ods ,,& ,,sn>es ,,( ,,psy*ology ,psy*ology is a natural ,sci5ce4 ,introspection1 #ahe4 ,exp]im5t4 ,s\rces ( error4 ,! ',psy*ologi/'s fallacy'4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,m9ds ,,to ,,o!r ,,?+s ,"t relations3 lapses ( ,consci\sness--,locke v4 ,desc>tes4 ,! 'unconsci\sness' ( hy/]ics n g5u9e4 ,m9ds may split into dissociat$ p>ts4 ,space-relations3 ! ,seat ( ! ,s\l4 ,cognitive relations4 ,! ,psy*ologi/'s po9t ( view4 ,two k9ds ( k1 acqua9tance & k ab\t4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,/ream ,,( ,,?\ght1 #bbd ,consci\sness t5ds to ! p]sonal =m4 ,x is 9 con/ant *ange4 ,x is s5sibly cont9u\s4 ',sub/antive' & 'transitive' p>ts ( ,consci\sness4 ,feel+s ( relation4 ,feel+s ( t5d5cy4 ,! 'fr+e' ( ! object4 ,! feel+ ( rational sequ5ce4 ,?\ght possible 9 any k9d ( m5tal mat]ial4 ,?\ght & language4 ,consci\sness is cognitive4 ,! ^w ,object4 ,e cognition is due to "o integral pulse ( ?\ght4 ,diagrams ( ,?\ght's /ream4 ,?\ght is always selective4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,consci\sness ,,( ,,self ,! ,empirical ,self or ,me4 ,its con/itu5ts4 ,! mat]ial self4 ,! ,social ,self4 ,! ,spiritual ,self4 ,difficulty ( appreh5d+ ,?\ght z a purely spiritual activity4 ,emotions ( ,self4 ,rivalry & conflict ( "o's diff]5t selves4 ,_! hi]>*y4 ,:at ,self we love 9 ',self-love'4 ,! ,pure ,ego4 ,! v]ifiable gr\nd ( ! s5se ( p]sonal id5tity4 ,! pass+ ,?\ght is ! only ,?9k] :i* ,psy*ology requires4 ,!ories ( ,self-consci\sness3 #a7 ,! !ory ( ! ,s\l4 #b7 ,! ,associationi/ !ory4 #c7 ,! ,transc5d5tali/ !ory4 ,! mutations ( ! ,self4 ,insane delusions4 ,alt]nat+ selves4 ,m$ium%ips or possessions4 ,summ>y4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,att5tion ,its neglect by ,engli% psy*ologi/s4 ,description ( x4 ,to h[ _m ?+s c we att5d at once8 ,wundt's exp]im5ts on displacem5t ( date ( impressions simultane\sly att5d$ to4 ,p]sonal equation4 ,! v>ieties ( att5tion4 ,passive att5tion4 ,volunt>y att5tion4 ,att5tion's effects on s5sation2--on discrim9ation2--on recollection2--on reaction-"t4 ,! neural process 9 att5tion3 #a7 ,accommodation ( s5se-organ4 #b7 ,prep]ception4 ,is volunt>y att5tion a resultant or a =ce8 ,! ef=t to att5d c be conceiv$ z a resultant4 ,conclusion4 ,acquir$ ,inatt5tion4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,conception ,! s5se ( sam5ess4 ,conception def9$4 ,conceptions are un*angeable4 ,ab/ract ideas1 #dfh4 ,univ]sals4 ,! conception '( ! same' is n ! 'same /ate' ( m9d4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,discrim9ation ,,& ,,comp>ison ,locke on discrim9ation4 ,m>t9eau ditto4 ,simultane\s s5sations orig9ally fuse into "o object4 ,! pr9ciple ( m$iate comp>ison4 ,n all diff]5ces are diff]5ces ( composition4 ,! conditions ( discrim9ation4 ,! s5sation ( diff]5ce4 ,! transc5d5tali/ !ory ( ! p]ception ( diff]5ces uncall$ =4 ,! process ( analysis4 ,! process ( ab/raction4 ,! improvem5t ( discrim9ation by practice4 ,its two causes4 ,practical int]e/s limit our discrim9ation4 ,reaction-"t aft] discrim9ation4 ,! p]ception ( lik5ess1 #ebh4 ,! magnitude ( diff]5ces4 ,! measurem5t ( discrim9ative s5sibility3 ,web]'s law4 ,fe*n]'s int]pretation ( ?is z ! psy*o-physic law4 ,criticism !re(4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,association ,! problem ( ! connection ( our ?\ghts4 ,x dep5ds on me*anical conditions4 ,association is ( objects ?\ght (1 n ( 'ideas'4 ,! rapidity ( association4 ,! 'law ( contiguity'4 ,! elem5t>y law ( association4 ,imp>tial r$9tegration4 ,ord9>y or mix$ association4 ,! law ( int]e/4 ,association by simil>ity4 ,elem5t>y expression ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ?ree k9ds ( association4 ,association 9 volunt>y ?\ght4 ,simil>ity no elem5t>y law4 ,hi/ory ( ! doctr9e ( association4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,p]ception ,,( ,,"t1 #fje ,! s5sible pres5t4 ,its duration is ! primitive "t-p]ception4 ,accuracy ( our e/imate ( %ort durations4 ,we h no s5se = empty "t4 ,v>iations ( our "t-e/imate4 ,! feel+ ( pa/ "t is a pres5t feel+4 ,its c]ebral process4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,memory ,prim>y memory4 ,analysis ( ! ph5om5on ( memory4 ,ret5tion & reproduction are bo? caus$ by pa?s ( association 9 ! bra94 ,! conditions ( goodness 9 memory4 ,native ret5tiv5ess is un*angeable4 ,all improvem5t ( memory consi/s 9 bett] ?9k+4 ,o!r conditions ( good memory4 ,recognition1 or ! s5se ( famili>ity4 ,exact measurem5ts ( memory4 ,=gett+4 ,pa?ological cases4 ,pr(essor ,ladd criticis$4 ,,index4 ,,psy*ology4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,scope ,,( ,,psy*ology4 ,psy*ology is ! ,sci5ce ( ,m5tal ,life1 bo? ( its ph5om5a & ( _! conditions4 ,! ph5om5a are su* ?+s z we call feel+s1 desires1 cognitions1 reason+s1 decisions1 & ! l2 &1 sup]ficially consid]$1 _! v>iety & complexity is su* z to leave a *aotic impression on ! obs]v]4 ,! mo/ natural & consequ5tly ! e>lie/ way ( unify+ ! mat]ial 01 fir/1 to classify x z well z might be1 &1 secondly1 to affiliate ! div]se m5tal modes ?us f\nd1 ^u a simple entity1 ! p]sonal ,s\l1 ( :i* !y are tak5 to be s _m facultative manife/ations4 ,n[1 = in/ance1 ! ,s\l manife/s its faculty ( ,memory1 n[ ( ,reason+1 n[ ( ,volition1 or aga9 its ,imag9ation or its ,appetite4 ,?is is ! or?odox 'spirituali/ic' !ory ( s*ola/icism & ( common-s5se4 ,ano!r & a less obvi\s way ( unify+ ! *aos is to seek common elem5ts 9 ! div]s m5tal facts r ?an a common ag5t beh9d !m1 & to expla9 !m con/ructively by ! v>i\s =ms ( arrangem5t ( ^! elem5ts1 z "o expla9s h\ses by /ones & bricks4 ,! 'associationi/' s*ools ( ,h]b>t 9 ,g]many1 & ( ,hume ! ,mills & ,ba9 9 ,brita9 h ?us con/ruct$ a psy*ology )\t a s\l by tak+ discrete 'ideas1' fa9t or vivid1 & %[+ h[1 by _! cohesions1 repulsions1 & =ms ( succession1 su* ?+s z rem9isc5ces1 p]ceptions1 emotions1 volitions1 passions1 !ories1 & all ! o!r furni%+s ( an individual's m9d may be eng5d]$4 ,! v ,self or ego ( ! individual comes 9 ?is way to be view$ no long] z ! pre-exi/+ s\rce ( ! repres5tations1 b r z _! la/ & mo/ complicat$ fruit4 ,n[1 if we /rive rigor\sly to simplify ! ph5om5a 9 ei!r ( ^! ways1 we soon become aw>e ( inadequacies 9 our me?od4 ,any p>ticul> cognition1 = example1 or recollection1 is acc\nt$ = on ! s\l-!ory by be+ ref]r$ to ! spiritual faculties ( ,cognition or ( ,memory4 ,^! faculties !mselves are ?\ght ( z absolute prop]ties ( ! s\l2 t is1 to take ! case ( memory1 no reason is giv5 :y we %\ld rememb] a fact z x happ5$1 except t s to rememb] x con/itutes ! ess5ce ( our ,recollective ,p[]4 ,we may1 z spirituali/s1 try to expla9 our memory's failures & blund]s by second>y causes4 ,b its successes c invoke no factors save ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 objective ?+s to be rememb]$ on ! "o h&1 & ( our faculty ( memory on ! o!r4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ,i recall my graduation-day1 & drag all its incid5ts & emotions up f dea?'s dateless night1 no me*anical cause c expla9 ?is process1 nor c any analysis r$uce x to l[] t]ms or make its nature seem o!r ?an an ultimate datum1 :i*1 :e!r we rebel or n at its my/]i\sness1 mu/ simply be tak5 = grant$ if we are to psy*ologize at all4 ,h[ev] ! associationi/ may repres5t ! pres5t ideas z ?rong+ & arrang+ !mselves1 /ill1 ! spirituali/ insi/s1 he has 9 ! end to admit t some?+1 be x bra91 be x 'ideas1' be x 'association1' kn[s pa/ "t z pa/1 & fills x out ) ?is or t ev5t4 ,& :5 ! spirituali/ calls memory an 'irr$ucible faculty1' he says no m ?an ?is admission ( ! associationi/ already grants4 ,& yet ! admission is f> f be+ a satisfactory simplification ( ! concrete facts4 ,= :y %\ld ?is absolute god-giv5 ,faculty reta9 s mu* bett] ! ev5ts ( ye/]day ?an ^? ( la/ ye>1 &1 be/ ( all1 ^? ( an h\r ago8 ,:y1 aga91 9 old age %\ld its grasp ( *ildhood's ev5ts seem firme/8 ,:y %\ld illness & exhau/ion enfeeble x8 ,:y %\ld repeat+ an exp]i5ce /r5g!n our recollection ( x8 ,:y %\ld drugs1 fev]s1 asphyxia1 & excitem5t resuscitate ?+s long s9ce =gott58 ,if we cont5t ourselves ) m]ely affirm+ t ! faculty ( memory is s peculi>ly con/itut$ by nature z to exhibit j ^! oddities1 we seem little ! bett] = hav+ invok$ x1 = our explanation becomes z complicat$ z t ( ! crude facts ) :i* we />t$4 ,moreov] !re is some?+ grotesque & irrational 9 ! supposition t ! s\l is equipp$ ) elem5t>y p[]s ( su* an +5i\sly intricate sort4 ,:y %\ld our memory cl+ m easily to ! ne> ?an ! remote8 ,:y %\ld x lose its grasp ( prop] soon] ?an ( ab/ract names8 ,su* peculi>ities seem q fanta/ic2 & might1 = aught we c see a priori1 be ! precise opposites ( :at !y are4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 ! faculty does n exi/ absolutely1 b works "u conditions2 & ! que/ ( ! conditions becomes ! psy*ologi/'s mo/ int]e/+ task4 ,h[ev] firmly he may hold to ! s\l & h] rememb]+ faculty1 he mu/ ackn[l$ge t %e nev] ex]ts ! latt] )\t a cue1 & t some?+ mu/ always prec$e & rem9d u ( :atev] we are to recollect4 ,an idea1 says ! associationi/1 an idea associat$ ) ! rememb]$ ?+2 & ?is expla9s also :y ?+s repeat$ly met ) are m easily recollect$1 = _! associates on ! v>i\s occasions furni% s _m di/9ct av5ues ( recall4 ,b ?is does n expla9 ! effects ( fev]1 exhau/ion1 hypnotism1 old age1 & ! l4 ,& 9 g5]al1 ! pure associationi/'s acc\nt ( our m5tal life is almo/ z bewild]+ z t ( ! pure spirituali/4 ,?is multitude ( ideas1 exi/+ absolutely1 yet cl++ toge!r1 & weav+ an endless c>pet ( !mselves1 l dom9oes 9 ceaseless *ange1 or ! bits ( glass 9 a kaleidoscope1--:5ce d !y get _! fanta/ic laws ( cl++1 & :y d !y cl+ 9 j ! %apes !y d8 ,= ?is ! associationi/ mu/ introduce ! ord] ( exp]i5ce 9 ! out] _w4 ,! dance ( ! ideas is a copy1 some:at mutilat$ & alt]$1 ( ! ord] ( ph5om5a4 ,b ! slighte/ reflection %[s t ph5om5a h absolutely no p[] to influ5ce our ideas until !y h fir/ impress$ our s5ses & our bra94 ,! b>e exi/5ce ( a pa/ fact is no gr\nd = our rememb]+ x4 ,unless we h se5 x1 or someh[ und]gone x1 we %all nev] "k ( its hav+ be54 ,! exp$i5ces ( ! body are ?us "o ( ! conditions ( ! faculty ( memory be+ :at x is4 ,& a v small am\nt ( reflection on facts %[s t "o "p ( ! body1 namely1 ! bra91 is ! "p ^: exp]i5ces are directly conc]n$4 ,if ! n]v\s communication be cut (f betwe5 ! bra9 & o!r p>ts1 ! exp]i5ces ( ^? o!r p>ts are non-exi/5t = ! m9d4 ,! eye is bl9d1 ! e> deaf1 ! h& ins5sible & motionless4 ,& conv]sely1 if ! bra9 be injur$1 consci\sness is aboli%$ or alt]$1 ev5 al?\gh e o!r organ 9 ! body be ready to play its normal "p4 ,a bl[ on ! head1 a sudd5 subtraction ( blood1 ! pressure ( an apoplectic hemorrhage1 may h ! fir/ effect2 :il/ a v few ounces ( alcohol or gra9s ( opium or ha%ee%1 or a :iff ( *lor(orm or nitr\s oxide gas1 are sure to h ! second4 ,! delirium ( fev]1 ! alt]$ self ( insanity1 are all due to =eign matt]s circulat+ ?r\gh ! bra91 or to pa?ological *anges 9 t organ's sub/ance4 ,! fact t ! bra9 is ! "o imm$iate bodily condition ( ! m5tal op]ations is inde$ s univ]sally admitt$ n[adays t ,i ne$ sp5d no m "t 9 illu/rat+ x1 b w simply po/ulate x & pass on4 ,! :ole rema9d] ( ! book w be m or less ( a pro( t ! po/ulate 0 correct4 ,bodily exp]i5ces1 !re=e1 & m p>ticul>ly bra9-exp]i5ces1 mu/ take a place among/ ^? conditions ( ! m5tal life ( :i* ,psy*ology ne$ take acc\nt4 ,! spirituali/ & ! associationi/ mu/ bo? be 'c]ebrali/s'1 to ! ext5t at lea/ ( admitt+ t c]ta9 peculi>ities 9 ! way ( work+ ( _! own favorite pr9ciples are explicable only by ! fact t ! bra9 laws are a codet]m9ant ( ! result4 ,our fir/ conclusion1 !n1 is t a c]ta9 am\nt ( bra9-physiology mu/ be presuppos$ or includ$ 9 ,psy*ology4#a 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 /ill ano!r way ! psy*ologi/ is =c$ to be some?+ ( a n]ve-physiologi/4 ,m5tal ph5om5a are n only condition$ a p>te ante by bodily processes2 b !y lead to !m a p>te po/4 ,t !y lead to acts is ( c\rse ! mo/ famili> ( tru?s1 b ,i d n m]ely mean acts 9 ! s5se ( volunt>y & delib]ate muscul> p]=mances4 ,m5tal /ates occasion also *anges 9 ! calibre ( blood-vessels1 or alt]ation 9 ! he>t-beats1 or processes m subtle /ill1 9 gl&s & visc]a4 ,if ^! are tak5 into acc\nt1 z well z acts :i* foll[ at "s remote p]iod because ! m5tal /ate 0 once !re1 x w be safe to lay d[n ! g5]al law t no m5tal modification ev] occurs :i* is n accompani$ or foll[$ by a bodily *ange4 ,! ideas & feel+s1 e4g41 :i* ^! pres5t pr9t$ *>act]s excite 9 ! read]'s m9d n only occasion movem5ts ( 8 eyes & nasc5t movem5ts ( articulation 9 him1 b w "s day make him speak1 or take sides 9 a discussion1 or give advice1 or *oose a book to read1 diff]5tly f :at w\ld h be5 ! case _h !y nev] impress$ 8 ret9a4 ,our psy*ology mu/ !re=e take acc\nt n only ( ! conditions antec$5t to m5tal /ates1 b ( _! resultant consequ5ces z well4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b actions orig9ally prompt$ by consci\s intellig5ce may gr[ s automatic by d9t ( habit z to be app>5tly unconsci\sly p]=m$4 ,/&+1 walk+1 button+ & unbutton+1 piano-play+1 talk+1 ev5 say+ "o's pray]s1 may be done :5 ! m9d is absorb$ 9 o!r ?+s4 ,! p]=mances ( animal in/9ct seem semi-automatic1 & ! reflex acts ( self-pres]vation c]ta9ly are s4 ,yet !y resemble intellig5t acts 9 br++ ab\t ! same ends at :i* ! animals' consci\sness1 on o!r occasions1 delib]ately aims4 ,%all ! /udy ( su* ma*9e-l yet purposive acts z ^! be includ$ 9 ,psy*ology8 ,! b\nd>y-l9e ( ! m5tal is c]ta9ly vague4 ,x is bett] n to be p$antic1 b to let ! sci5ce be z vague z its subject1 & include su* ph5om5a z ^! if by s do+ we c ?r[ any light on ! ma9 bus9ess 9 h&4 ,x w ere long be se51 ,i tru/1 t we c2 & t we ga9 mu* m by a broad ?an by a n>r[ conception ( our subject4 ,at a c]ta9 /age 9 ! developm5t ( e sci5ce a degree ( vagu5ess is :at be/ consi/s ) f]tility4 ,on ! :ole1 few rec5t =mulas h done m real s]vice ( a r\gh sort 9 psy*ology ?an ! ,sp5c]ian "o t ! ess5ce ( m5tal life & ( bodily life are "o1 namely1 '! adju/m5t ( inn] to out] relations4' ,su* a =mula is vagu5ess inc>nate2 b because x takes into acc\nt ! fact t m9ds inhabit environm5ts :i* act on !m & on :i* !y 9 turn react2 because1 9 %ort1 x takes m9d 9 ! mid/ ( all its concrete relations1 x is imm5sely m f]tile ?an ! old-fa%ion$ 'rational psy*ology1' :i* treat$ ! s\l z a deta*$ exi/5t1 suffici5t unto itself1 & assum$ to consid] only its nature & prop]ties4 ,i %all !re=e feel free to make any sallies into zoology or into pure n]ve-physiology :i* may seem in/ructive = our purposes1 b o!rwise %all leave ^? sci5ces to ! physiologi/s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c we /ate m di/9ctly /ill ! mann] 9 :i* ! m5tal life seems to int]v5e betwe5 impressions made f )\t ^u ! body1 & reactions ( ! body ^u ! out] _w aga98 ,let u look at a few facts4 ,if "s iron fil+s be spr9kl$ on a table & a magnet br\ght ne> !m1 !y w fly ?r\gh ! air = a c]ta9 di/ance & /ick to its surface4 ,a savage see+ ! ph5om5on expla9s x z ! result ( an attraction or love betwe5 ! magnet & ! fil+s4 ,b let a c>d cov] ! poles ( ! magnet1 & ! fil+s w press =ev] aga9/ its surface )\t its ev] occurr+ to !m to pass ar\nd its sides & ?us come into m direct contact ) ! object ( _! love4 ,bl[ bubbles ?r\gh a tube into ! bottom ( a pail ( wat]1 !y w rise to ! surface & m+le ) ! air4 ,_! action may aga9 be poetically int]pret$ z due to a long+ to recomb9e ) ! "m-atmosph]e above ! surface4 ,b if y inv]t a j> full ( wat] ov] ! pail1 !y w rise & rema9 lodg$ b5ea? its bottom1 %ut 9 f ! out] air1 al?\gh a slight deflection f _! c\rse at ! outset1 or a re-desc5t t[>ds ! rim ( ! j> :5 !y f\nd _! upw>d c\rse imp$$1 w\ld easily h set !m free4 ,if n[ we pass f su* actions z ^! to ^? ( liv+ ?+s1 we notice a /rik+ diff]5ce4 ,romeo wants ,juliet z ! fil+s want ! magnet2 & if no ob/acles int]v5e he moves t[>ds h] by z /raight a l9e z !y4 ,b ,romeo & ,juliet1 if a wall be built betwe5 !m1 d n rema9 idiotically press+ _! faces aga9/ its opposite sides l ! magnet & ! fil+s ) ! c>d4 ,romeo soon f9ds a circuit\s way1 by scal+ ! wall or o!rwise1 ( t\*+ ,juliet's lips directly4 ,) ! fil+s ! pa? is fix$2 :e!r x rea*es ! end dep5ds on accid5ts4 ,) ! lov] x is ! end :i* is fix$1 ! pa? may be modifi$ indef9itely4 ,suppose a liv+ frog 9 ! position 9 :i* we plac$ our bubbles ( air1 namely1 at ! bottom ( a j> ( wat]4 ,! want ( brea? w soon make him also long to rejo9 ! "m-atmosph]e1 & he w take ! %orte/ pa? to 8 end by swimm+ /raight upw>ds4 ,b if a j> full ( wat] be inv]t$ ov] him1 he w n1 l ! bubbles1 p]petually press 8 nose aga9/ its unyield+ ro(1 b w re/lessly explore ! neighborhood until by re-desc5d+ aga9 he has discov]$ a pa? r\nd its brim to ! goal ( 8 desires4 ,aga9 ! fix$ end1 ! v>y+ means6 ,su* contra/s betwe5 liv+ & inanimate p]=mances end by lead+ m5 to d5y t 9 ! physical _w f9al purposes exi/ at all4 ,loves & desires are to-day no long] imput$ to p>ticles ( iron or ( air4 ,no "o supposes n[ t ! end ( any activity :i* !y may display is an ideal purpose presid+ ov] ! activity f its outset & solicit+ or draw+ x into be+ by a sort ( vis a fronte4 ,! end1 on ! contr>y1 is deem$ a m]e passive result1 pu%$ into be+ a t]go1 hav+ _h1 s to speak1 no voice 9 its own production4 ,alt] ! pre-exi/+ conditions1 & ) inorganic mat]ials y br+ =? ea* "t a diff]5t app>5t end4 ,b ) intellig5t ag5ts1 alt]+ ! conditions *anges ! activity display$1 b n ! end rea*$2 = "h ! idea ( ! yet unrealiz$ end co-op]ates ) ! conditions to det]m9e :at ! activities %all be4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pursuance ( future ends & ! *oice ( means = _! atta9m5t are ?us ! m>k & crit]ion ( ! pres5ce ( m5tality 9 a ph5om5on4 ,we all use ?is te/ to discrim9ate betwe5 an intellig5t & a me*anical p]=mance4 ,we impute no m5tality to /icks & /ones1 because !y nev] seem to move = ! sake ( any?+1 b always :5 pu%$1 & !n indiff]5tly & ) no sign ( *oice4 ,s we unhesitat+ly call !m s5seless4 ,j s we =m our decision ^u ! deepe/ ( all philosophic problems3 ,is ! ,kosmos an expression ( intellig5ce rational 9 its inw>d nature1 or a brute ext]nal fact pure & simple8 ,if we f9d ourselves1 9 contemplat+ x1 unable to bani% ! impression t x is a realm ( f9al purposes1 t x exi/s = ! sake ( some?+1 we place intellig5ce at ! he>t ( x & h a religion4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 9 survey+ its irrem$iable flux1 we c ?9k ( ! pres5t only z s mu* m]e me*anical spr\t+ f ! pa/1 occurr+ ) no ref]5ce to ! future1 we are a!i/s & mat]iali/s4 ,9 ! l5g?y discussions :i* psy*ologi/s h c>ri$ on ab\t ! am\nt ( intellig5ce display$ by l[] mammals1 or ! am\nt ( consci\sness involv$ 9 ! functions ( ! n]ve-c5tres ( reptiles1 ! same te/ has always be5 appli$3 ,is ! "* ( ! actions su* t we mu/ believe !m to be p]=m$ = ! sake ( _! result8 ,! result 9 "q1 z we %all h]eaft] abundantly see1 is z a rule a useful "o1--! animal is1 on ! :ole1 saf] "u ! circum/ances = br++ x =?4 ,s f> ! action has a teleological "*2 b su* m]e outw>d teleology z ?is might /ill be ! bl9d result ( vis a t]go4 ,! gr[? & movem5ts ( plants1 ! processes ( developm5t1 dige/ion1 secretion1 etc41 9 animals1 supply innum]able in/ances ( p]=mances useful to ! individual :i* may nev]!less be1 & by mo/ ( u are suppos$ to be1 produc$ by automatic me*anism4 ,! physiologi/ does n confid5tly ass]t consci\s intellig5ce 9 ! frog's sp9al cord until he has %[n t ! useful result :i* ! n]v\s ma*9]y br+s =? "u a giv5 irritation rema9s ! same :5 ! ma*9]y is alt]$4 ,if1 to take ! /ock in/ance1 ! "r knee ( a headless frog be irritat$ ) acid1 ! "r foot w wipe x (f4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ?is foot is amputat$1 ! animal w (t5 raise ! left foot to ! spot & wipe ! (f5d+ mat]ial away4 ,pflg] & ,lewes reason f su* facts 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,if ! fir/ reaction 7 ! result ( m]e ma*9]y1 !y say2 if t irritat$ portion ( ! sk9 dis*>g$ ! "r leg z a trigg] dis*>ges its own b>rel ( a %ot-gun2 !n amputat+ ! "r foot w\ld inde$ fru/rate ! wip+1 b w\ld n make ! left leg move4 ,x w\ld simply result 9 ! "r /ump mov+ ?r\gh ! empty air 7:i* is 9 fact ! ph5om5on sometimes obs]v$74 ,! "r trigg] makes no ef=t to dis*>ge ! left b>rel if ! "r "o be unload$2 nor does an electrical ma*9e ev] get re/less because x c only emit sp>ks1 & n hem pill[-cases l a sew+-ma*9e4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! "r leg orig9ally mov$ = ! purpose ( wip+ ! acid1 !n no?+ is m natural ?an t1 :5 ! easie/ means ( effect+ t purpose prove fruitless1 o!r means %\ld be tri$4 ,e failure mu/ keep ! animal 9 a /ate ( disappo9tm5t :i* w lead to all sorts ( new trials & devices2 & tranquillity w n ensue till "o ( ^!1 by a happy /roke1 a*ieves ! wi%$-= end4 ,9 a simil> way ,goltz ascribes intellig5ce to ! frog's optic lobes & c]ebellum4 ,we allud$ above to ! mann] 9 :i* a s\nd frog imprison$ 9 wat] w discov] an outlet to ! atmosph]e4 ,goltz f\nd t frogs depriv$ ( _! c]ebral hemisph]es w\ld (t5 exhibit a l +5uity4 ,su* a frog1 aft] ris+ f ! bottom & f9d+ 8 f>!r upw>d progress *eck$ by ! glass bell :i* has be5 inv]t$ ov] him1 w n p]si/ 9 butt+ 8 nose aga9/ ! ob/acle until dead ( suffocation1 b w (t5 re-desc5d & em]ge f "u its rim z if1 n a def9ite me*anical propulsion upw>ds1 b r a consci\s desire to rea* ! air by hook or crook 7 ! ma9-spr+ ( 8 activity4 ,goltz conclud$ f ?is t ! hemisph]es are n ! sole seal ( intellect 9 frogs4 ,he made ! same inf]5ce f obs]v+ t a bra9less frog w turn ov] f 8 back to 8 belly :5 "o ( 8 legs is sew$ up1 al?\gh ! movem5ts requir$ are !n v diff]5t f ^? excit$ "u normal circum/ances by ! same annoy+ position4 ,!y seem det]m9$1 consequ5tly1 n m]ely by ! antec$5t irritant1 b by ! f9al end1--?\gh ! irritant ( c\rse is :at makes ! end desir$4 ,ano!r brilliant ,g]man au?or1 ,liebmann1#b argues aga9/ ! bra9's me*anism acc\nt+ = m5tal action1 by v simil> consid]ations4 ,a ma*9e z su*1 he says1 w br+ =? "r results :5 x is 9 good ord]1 & wrong results if out ( repair4 ,b bo? k9ds ( result fl[ ) equally fatal necessity f _! conditions4 ,we _c suppose ! clock-"w ^: /ructure fatally det]m9es x to a c]ta9 rate ( spe$1 notic+ t ?is spe$ is too sl[ or too fa/ & va9ly try+ to correct x4 ,its consci5ce1 if x h any1 %\ld be z good z t ( ! be/ *ronomet]1 = bo? alike obey equally well ! same et]nal me*anical laws--laws f beh9d4 ,b if ! bra9 be out ( ord] & ! man says ,twice f\r are two1 in/ead ( ,twice f\r are eight1 or else ,i mu/ g to ! coal to buy ! :>f1 in/ead ( ,i mu/ g to ! :>f to buy ! coal1 in/antly !re arises a consci\sness ( error4 ,! wrong p]=mance1 ?\gh x obey ! same me*anical law z ! "r1 is nev]!less condemn$1--condemn$ z contradict+ ! inn] law--! law f 9 front1 ! purpose or ideal = :i* ! bra9 %\ld act1 :e!r x d s or n4 ,we ne$ n discuss "h :e!r ^! writ]s 9 draw+ _! conclusion h done ju/ice to all ! premises ,i involv$ 9 ! cases !y treat (4 ,we quote _! argum5ts only to %[ h[ !y appeal to ! pr9ciple t no actions b su* z are done = an end1 & %[ a *oice ( means1 c be call$ indubitable expressions ( ,m9d4 ,i %all !n adopt ?is z ! crit]ion by :i* to circumscribe ! subject-matt] ( ?is "w s f> z action ent]s into x4 ,_m n]v\s p]=mances w !re=e be unm5tion$1 z be+ purely physiological4 ,nor w ! anatomy ( ! n]v\s sy/em & organs ( s5se be describ$ anew4 ,! read] w f9d 9 ,h4 ,n4 ,m>t9's ',human ,body1' 9 ,g4 ,t4 ,ladd's ',physiological ,psy*ology1' & 9 all ! o!r /&>d ,anatomies & ,physiologies1 a mass ( in=mation :i* we mu/ reg>d z prelim9>y & take = grant$ 9 ! pres5t "w4#c ,( ! functions ( ! c]ebral hemisph]es1 h[ev]1 s9ce !y directly subs]ve consci\sness1 x w be well to give "s little acc\nt4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,cf4 ,geo4 ,t4 ,ladd3 ,elem5ts ( ,physiological ,psy*ology 7#ahhg71 pt4 iii1 *ap4 iii1 #i1 #ab4 #b ,zur ,analysis d] ,wirkli*keit1 p4 #dhi4 #c ,no?+ is easi] ?an to famili>ize "o's self ) ! mammalian bra94 ,get a %eep's head1 a small saw1 *isel1 scalpel & =ceps 7all ?ree c be/ be _h f a surgical-in/rum5t mak]71 & unravel its p>ts ei!r by ! aid ( a human dissect+ book1 su* z ,hold5's ',manual ( ,anatomy1' or by ! specific directions ad hoc giv5 9 su* books z ,fo/] & ,langley's ',practical ,physiology' 7,macmillan7 or ,morrell's ',comp>ative ,anatomy & ,dissection ( ,mammalia' 7,longmans74 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,functions ,,( ,,! ,,bra94 ,if ,i beg9 *opp+ ! foot ( a tree1 its bran*es are unmov$ by my act1 & its leaves murmur z peacefully z ev] 9 ! w9d4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ,i d viol5ce to ! foot ( a fell[-man1 ! re/ ( 8 body in/antly responds to ! aggression by movem5ts ( al>m or def5ce4 ,! reason ( ?is diff]5ce is t ! man has a n]v\s sy/em :il/ ! tree has none2 & ! function ( ! n]v\s sy/em is to br+ ea* "p into h>moni\s co-op]ation ) e o!r4 ,! aff]5t n]ves1 :5 excit$ by "s physical irritant1 be ?is z gross 9 its mode ( op]ation z a *opp+ axe or z subtle z ! waves ( light1 conveys ! excitem5t to ! n]v\s c5tres4 ,! commotion set up 9 ! c5tres does n /op !re1 b dis*>ges itself1 if at all /rong1 ?r\gh ! eff]5t n]ves into muscles & gl&s1 excit+ movem5ts ( ! limbs & visc]a1 or acts ( secretion1 :i* v>y ) ! animal1 & ) ! irritant appli$4 ,^! acts ( response h usually ! common "* ( be+ ( s]vice4 ,!y w>d (f ! noxi\s /imulus & support ! b5eficial "o2 :il/ if1 9 itself indiff]5t1 ! /imulus be a sign ( "s di/ant circum/ance ( practical importance1 ! animal's acts are address$ to ?is circum/ance s z to avoid its p]ils or secure its b5efits1 z ! case may be4 ,to take a common example1 if ,i he> ! conductor call+ ',all abo>d6' z ,i ent] ! depot1 my he>t fir/ /ops1 !n palpitates1 & my legs respond to ! air-waves fall+ on my tympanum by quick5+ _! movem5ts4 ,if ,i /umble z ,i run1 ! s5sation ( fall+ provokes a movem5t ( ! h&s t[>ds ! direction ( ! fall1 ! effect ( :i* is to %ield ! body f too sudd5 a %ock4 ,if a c9d] ent] my eye1 its lids close =cibly & a copi\s fl[ ( te>s t5ds to wa% x out4 ,^! ?ree responses to a s5sational /imulus diff]1 h[ev]1 9 _m respects4 ,! closure ( ! eye & ! la*rymation are q involunt>y1 & s is ! di/urbance ( ! he>t4 ,su* involunt>y responses we "k z 'reflex' acts4 ,! motion ( ! arms to break ! %ock ( fall+ may also be call$ reflex1 s9ce x occurs too quickly to be delib]ately int5d$4 ,:e!r x be in/9ctive or :e!r x result f ! p$e/rian education ( *ildhood may be d\btful2 x is1 at any rate1 less automatic ?an ! previ\s acts1 = a man might by consci\s ef=t le>n to p]=m x m skilfully1 or ev5 to suppress x altoge!r4 ,actions ( ?is k9d1 into :i* in/9ct & volition ent] ^u equal t]ms1 h be5 call$ 'semi-reflex4' ,! act ( runn+ t[>ds ! tra91 on ! o!r h&1 has no in/9ctive elem5t ab\t x4 ,x is purely ! result ( education1 & is prec$$ by a consci\sness ( ! purpose to be atta9$ & a di/9ct m&ate ( ! w4 ,x is a 'volunt>y act4' ,?us ! animal's reflex & volunt>y p]=mances %ade into ea* o!r gradually1 be+ connect$ by acts :i* may (t5 occur automatically1 b may also be modifi$ by consci\s intellig5ce4 ,an outside obs]v]1 unable to p]ceive ! accompany+ consci\sness1 might be :olly at a loss to discrim9ate betwe5 ! automatic acts & ^? :i* volition escort$4 ,b if ! crit]ion ( m9d's exi/5ce be ! *oice ( ! prop] means = ! atta9m5t ( a suppos$ end1 all ! acts seem to be inspir$ by intellig5ce1 = appropriat5ess *>act]izes !m all alike4 ,?is fact1 n[1 has l$ to two q opposite !ories ab\t ! relation to consci\sness ( ! n]v\s functions4 ,"s au?ors1 f9d+ t ! high] volunt>y ones seem to require ! guidance ( feel+1 conclude t ov] ! l[e/ reflexes "s su* feel+ also presides1 ?\gh x may be a feel+ ( :i* we rema9 unconsci\s4 ,o!rs1 f9d+ t reflex & semi-automatic acts may1 not)/&+ _! appropriat5ess1 take place ) an unconsci\sness app>5tly complete1 fly to ! opposite extreme & ma9ta9 t ! appropriat5ess ev5 ( volunt>y actions owes no?+ to ! fact t consci\sness att5ds !m4 ,!y are1 accord+ to ^! writ]s1 results ( physiological me*anism pure & simple4 ,9 a ne> *apt] we %all return to ?is controv]sy aga94 ,let u n[ look a little m closely at ! bra9 & at ! ways 9 :i* its /ates may be suppos$ to condition ^? ( ! m9d4 ,,! ,,frog',s ,,n]ve-,,c5tres4 ,bo? ! m9ute anatomy & ! detail$ physiology ( ! bra9 are a*ievem5ts ( ! pres5t g5]ation1 or r we may say 7beg9n+ ) ,meyn]t7 ( ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,_m po9ts are /ill obscure & subject to controv]sy2 b a g5]al way ( conceiv+ ! organ has be5 rea*$ on all h&s :i* 9 its ma9 feature seems n unlikely to /&1 & :i* ev5 gives a mo/ plausible s*eme ( ! way 9 :i* c]ebral & m5tal op]ations g h& 9 h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,c ,h1 c]ebral ,hemisph]es2 ,o ,?1 ,optic ,?alami2 ,o ,l1 ,optic ,lobes2 ,cb1 ,c]ebellum2 ,m ,o1 ,m$ulla ,oblongata2 ,s ,c1 ,sp9al cord4 ,! be/ way to ent] ! subject w be to take a l[] creature1 l a frog1 & /udy by ! vivisectional me?od ! functions ( 8 diff]5t n]ve-c5tres4 ,! frog's n]ve-c5tres are figur$ 9 ! accompany+ diagram1 :i* ne$s no fur!r explanation4 ,i w fir/ proce$ to /ate :at happ5s :5 v>i\s am\nts ( ! ant]ior p>ts are remov$1 9 diff]5t frogs1 9 ! way 9 :i* an ord9>y /ud5t removes !m2 t is1 ) no extreme precautions z to ! purity ( ! op]ation4 ,we %all 9 ?is way rea* a v simple conception ( ! functions ( ! v>i\s c5tres1 involv+ ! /ronge/ possible contra/ betwe5 ! c]ebral hemisph]es & ! l[] lobes4 ,?is %>p conception w h didactic advantages1 = x is (t5 v in/ructive to />t ) too simple a =mula & correct x lat] on4 ,our fir/ =mula1 z we %all lat] see1 w h to be s(t5$ d[n some:at by ! results ( m c>eful exp]im5tation bo? on frogs & birds1 & by ^? ( ! mo/ rec5t obs]vations on dogs1 monkeys1 & man4 ,b x w put u1 f ! outset1 9 cle> possession ( "s fundam5tal notions & di/9ctions :i* we c\ld o!rwise n ga9 s well1 & none ( :i* ! lat] m complet$ view w ov]turn4 ,if1 !n1 we r$uce ! frog's n]v\s sy/em to ! sp9al cord alone1 by mak+ a section beh9d ! base ( ! skull1 betwe5 ! sp9al cord & ! m$ulla oblongata1 !reby cutt+ (f ! bra9 f all connection ) ! re/ ( ! body1 ! frog w /ill cont9ue to live1 b ) a v peculi>ly modifi$ activity4 ,x ceases to brea! or swall[2 x lies flat on its belly1 & does n1 l a normal frog1 sit up on its =e paws1 ?\gh its h9d legs are kept1 z usual1 fold$ aga9/ its body & imm$iately resume ?is position if drawn out4 ,if ?r[n on its back1 x lies !re quietly1 )\t turn+ ov] l a normal frog4 ,locomotion & voice seem entirely aboli%$4 ,if we susp5d x by ! nose1 & irritate diff]5t portions ( its sk9 by acid1 x p]=ms a set ( rem>kable 'def5sive' movem5ts calculat$ to wipe away ! irritant4 ,?us1 if ! brea/ be t\*$1 bo? =e paws w rub x vigor\sly2 if we t\* ! out] side ( ! elb[1 ! h9d foot ( ! same side w rise directly to ! spot & wipe x4 ,! back ( ! foot w rub ! knee if t be attack$1 :il/ if ! foot be cut away1 ! /ump w make ineffectual movem5ts1 & !n1 9 _m frogs1 a pause w come1 z if = delib]ation1 succe$$ by a rapid passage ( ! opposite unmutilat$ foot to ! acidulat$ spot4 ,! mo/ /rik+ "* ( all ^! movem5ts1 aft] _! teleological appropriat5ess1 is _! precision4 ,!y v>y1 9 s5sitive frogs & ) a prop] am\nt ( irritation1 s little z almo/ to resemble 9 _! ma*9e-l regul>ity ! p]=mances ( a jump+-jack1 ^: legs mu/ twit* :5ev] y pull ! /r+4 ,! sp9al cord ( ! frog ?us conta9s arrangem5ts ( cells & fibres fitt$ to conv]t sk9 irritations into movem5ts ( def5ce4 ,we may call x ! c5tre = def5sive movem5ts 9 ?is animal4 ,we may inde$ g f>!r ?an ?is1 & by cutt+ ! sp9al cord 9 v>i\s places f9d t its sep>ate segm5ts are indep5d5t me*anisms1 = appropriate activities ( ! head & ( ! arms & legs respectively4 ,! segm5t gov]n+ ! arms is especially active1 9 male frogs1 9 ! bre$+ season2 & ^! memb]s alone ) ! brea/ & back app]ta9+ to !m1 ev]y?+ else be+ cut away1 w !n actively grasp a f+] plac$ betwe5 !m & rema9 hang+ to x = a consid]able "t4 ,! sp9al cord 9 o!r animals has analog\s p[]s4 ,ev5 9 man x makes movem5ts ( def5ce4 ,p>aplegics draw up _! legs :5 tickl$2 & ,rob91 on tickl+ ! brea/ ( a crim9al an h\r aft] decapitation1 saw ! arm & h& move t[>ds ! spot4 ,( ! l[] functions ( ! mammalian cord1 /udi$ s ably by ,goltz & o!rs1 ?is is n ! place to speak4 ,if1 9 a second animal1 ! cut be made j beh9d ! optic lobes s t ! c]ebellum & m$ulla oblongata rema9 atta*$ to ! cord1 !n swall[+1 brea?+1 crawl+1 & a r enfeebl$ jump+ & swimm+ are add$ to ! movem5ts previ\sly obs]v$4#d ,!re are o!r reflexes too4 ,! animal1 ?r[n on 8 back1 imm$iately turns ov] to 8 belly4 ,plac$ 9 a %all[ b[l1 :i* is float$ on wat] & made to rotate1 he responds to ! rotation by fir/ turn+ 8 head & !n waltz+ ar\nd ) 8 entire body1 9 ! opposite direction to ! :irl+ ( ! b[l4 ,if 8 support be tilt$ s t 8 head po9ts d[nw>ds1 he po9ts x up2 he po9ts x d[n if x be po9t$ upw>ds1 to ! "r if x be po9t$ to ! left1 etc4 ,b 8 reactions d n g f>!r ?an ^! movem5ts ( ! head4 ,he w n1 l frogs ^: ?alami are pres]v$1 climb up a bo>d if ! latt] be tilt$1 b w slide (f x to ! gr\nd4 ,if ! cut be made on ano!r frog betwe5 ! ?alami & ! optic lobes1 ! locomotion bo? on l& & wat] becomes q normal1 &1 9 addition to ! reflexes already %[n by ! l[] c5tres1 he croaks regul>ly :5ev] he is p9*$ "u ! arms4 ,he comp5sates rotations1 etc41 by movem5ts ( ! head1 & turns ov] f 8 back2 b /ill drops (f 8 tilt$ bo>d4 ,z 8 optic n]ves are de/roy$ by ! usual op]ation1 x is impossible to say :e!r he w avoid ob/acles plac$ 9 8 pa?4 ,:51 f9ally1 a frog's c]ebral hemisph]es alone are cut (f by a section betwe5 !m & ! ?alami :i* pres]ves ! latt]1 an unpractis$ obs]v] w\ld n at fir/ suspect any?+ abnormal ab\t ! animal4 ,n only is he capable1 on prop] in/igation1 ( all ! acts already describ$1 b he guides himself by sight1 s t if an ob/acle be set up betwe5 him & ! light1 & he be =c$ to move =w>d1 he ei!r jumps ov] x or sw]ves to "o side4 ,he manife/s sexual passion at ! prop] season1 &1 unlike an altoge!r bra9less frog1 :i* embraces any?+ plac$ betwe5 8 arms1 po/pones ?is reflex act until a female ( 8 own species is provid$4 ,?us f>1 z a=esaid1 a p]son unfamili> ) frogs might n suspect a mutilation2 b ev5 su* a p]son w\ld soon rem>k ! almo/ entire abs5ce ( spontane\s motion--t is1 motion unprovok$ by any pres5t incitation ( s5se4 ,! cont9u$ movem5ts ( swimm+1 p]=m$ by ! creature 9 ! wat]1 seem to be ! fatal result ( ! contact ( t fluid ) its sk94 ,!y cease :5 a /ick1 = example1 t\*es 8 h&s4 ,?is is a s5sible irritant t[>ds :i* ! feet are automatically drawn by reflex action1 & on :i* ! animal rema9s sitt+4 ,he manife/s no hung]1 & w suff] a fly to crawl ov] 8 nose unsnapp$ at4 ,fe>1 too1 seems to h des]t$ him4 ,9 a ^w1 he is an extremely complex ma*9e ^: actions1 s f> z !y g1 t5d to self-pres]vation2 b /ill a ma*9e1 9 ?is s5se--t x seems to conta9 no incalculable elem5t4 ,by apply+ ! "r s5sory /imulus to him we are almo/ z c]ta9 ( gett+ a fix$ response z an organi/ is ( he>+ a c]ta9 tone :5 he pulls out a c]ta9 /op4 ,b n[ if to ! l[] c5tres we add ! c]ebral hemisph]es1 or if1 9 o!r words1 we make an intact animal ! subject ( our obs]vations1 all ?is is *ang$4 ,9 addition to ! previ\s responses to pres5t incitem5ts ( s5se1 our frog n[ goes ?r\gh long & complex acts ( locomotion spontane\sly1 or z if mov$ by :at 9 ourselves we %\ld call an idea4 ,8 reactions to outw>d /imuli v>y _! =m1 too4 ,in/ead ( mak+ simple def5sive movem5ts ) 8 h9d legs l a headless frog if t\*$1 or ( giv+ "o or two leaps & !n sitt+ /ill l a hemisph]eless "o1 he makes p]si/5t & v>i$ ef=ts at escape1 z if1 n ! m]e contact ( ! physiologi/'s h&1 b ! notion ( dang] sugge/$ by x 7 n[ 8 spur4 ,l$ by ! feel+ ( hung]1 too1 he goes 9 se>* ( insects1 fi%1 or small] frogs1 & v>ies 8 proc$ure ) ea* species ( victim4 ,! physiologi/ _c by manipulat+ him elicit croak+1 crawl+ up a bo>d1 swimm+ or /opp+1 at w4 ,8 conduct has become incalculable4 ,we c no long] =etell x exactly4 ,ef=t to escape is 8 dom9ant reaction1 b he may d any?+ else1 ev5 swell up & become p]fectly passive 9 our h&s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,su* are ! ph5om5a commonly obs]v$1 & su* ! impressions :i* "o naturally receives4 ,c]ta9 g5]al conclusions foll[ irresi/ibly4 ,fir/ ( all ! foll[+3 ,! acts ( all ! c5tres involve ! use ( ! same muscles4 ,:5 a headless frog's h9d leg wipes ! acid1 he calls into play all ! leg-muscles :i* a frog ) 8 full m$ulla oblongata & c]ebellum uses :5 he turns f 8 back to 8 belly4 ,_! contractions are1 h[ev]1 comb9$ diff]5tly 9 ! two cases1 s t ! results v>y widely4 ,we mu/ consequ5tly conclude t specific arrangem5ts ( cells & fibres exi/ 9 ! cord = wip+1 9 ! m$ulla = turn+ ov]1 etc4 ,simil>ly !y exi/ 9 ! ?alami = jump+ ov] se5 ob/acles & = balanc+ ! mov$ body2 9 ! optic lobes = creep+ backw>ds1 or :at n4 ,b 9 ! hemisph]es1 s9ce ! pres5ce ( ^! organs br+s no new elem5t>y =m ( movem5t ) x1 b only det]m9es diff]5tly ! occasions on :i* ! movem5ts %all occur1 mak+ ! usual /imuli less fatal & ma*9e-l2 we ne$ suppose no su* ma*9]y directly co-ord9ative ( muscul> contractions to exi/4 ,we may r assume1 :5 ! m&ate = a wip+-movem5t is s5t =? by ! hemisph]es1 t a curr5t goes /raight to ! wip+-arrangem5t 9 ! sp9al cord1 excit+ ?is arrangem5t z a :ole4 ,simil>ly1 if an intact frog wi%es to jump ov] a /one :i* he sees1 all he ne$ d is to excite f ! hemisph]es ! jump+-c5tre 9 ! ?alami or :]ev] x may be1 & ! latt] w provide = ! details ( ! execution4 ,x is l a g5]al ord]+ a colonel to make a c]ta9 movem5t1 b n tell+ him h[ x %all be done4#e ,! same muscle1 !n1 is repeat$ly repres5t$ at diff]5t heights2 & at ea* x ent]s into a diff]5t comb9ation ) o!r muscles to co-op]ate 9 "s special =m ( conc]t$ movem5t4 ,at ea* height ! movem5t is dis*>g$ by "s p>ticul> =m ( s5sorial /imulus4 ,?us 9 ! cord1 ! sk9 alone occasions movem5ts2 9 ! upp] "p ( ! optic lobes1 ! eyes are add$2 9 ! ?alami1 ! semi-circul> canals w\ld seem to play a "p2 :il/ ! /imuli :i* dis*>ge ! hemisph]es w\ld seem n s mu* to be elem5t>y sorts ( s5sation1 z gr\ps ( s5sations =m+ det]m9ate objects or ?+s4 ,prey is n pursu$ nor are enemies %unn$ by ord9>y hemisph]eless frogs4 ,^? reactions ^u complex circum/ances :i* we call in/9ctive r ?an reflex1 are already 9 ?is animal dep5d5t on ! bra9's highe/ lobes1 & /ill m is ?is ! case ) animals high] 9 ! zoological scale4 ,! results are j ! same if1 in/ead ( a frog1 we take a pigeon1 & cut out 8 hemisph]es z !y are ord9>ily cut out = a lecture-room demon/ration4 ,!re is n a movem5t natural to him :i* ?is bra9less bird _c p]=m if expressly excit$ !reto2 only ! inn] prompt+s seem defici5t1 & :5 left to himself he sp5ds mo/ ( 8 "t cr\*$ on ! gr\nd ) 8 head sunk betwe5 8 %\ld]s z if asleep4 ,,g5]al ,,notion ,,( ,,hemisph]es4 ,all ^! facts lead u1 :5 we ?9k ab\t !m1 to "s su* explanatory conception z ?is3 ,! l[] c5tres act f pres5t s5sational /imuli alone2 ! hemisph]es act f p]ceptions & consid]ations1 ! s5sations :i* !y may receive s]v+ only z sugge/]s ( ^!4 ,b :at are p]ceptions b s5sations gr\p$ toge!r8 & :at are consid]ations b expectations1 9 ! fancy1 ( s5sations :i* w be felt "o way or ano!r accord+ z action takes ?is c\rse or t8 ,if ,i /ep aside on see+ a rattlesnake1 f consid]+ h[ dang]\s an animal he is1 ! m5tal mat]ials :i* con/itute my prud5tial reflection are images m or less vivid ( ! movem5t ( 8 head1 ( a sudd5 pa9 9 my leg1 ( a /ate ( t]ror1 a swell+ ( ! limb1 a *ill1 delirium1 unconsci\sness1 etc41 etc41 & ! ru9 ( my hopes4 ,b all ^! images are con/ruct$ out ( my pa/ exp]i5ces4 ,!y are reproductions ( :at ,i h felt or witness$4 ,!y are1 9 %ort1 remote s5sations2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! hemisph]eless animal & ! :ole "o may be concisely express$ by say+ t ! "o obeys abs5t1 ! o!r only pres5t1 objects4 ,! hemisph]es w\ld !n seem to be ! seat ( memory4 ,ve/iges ( pa/ exp]i5ce mu/ 9 "s way be /or$ up 9 !m1 & mu/1 :5 ar\s$ by pres5t /imuli1 fir/ appe> z repres5tations ( di/ant goods & evils2 & !n mu/ dis*>ge into ! appropriate motor *annels = w>d+ (f ! evil & secur+ ! b5efits ( ! good4 ,if we lik5 ! n]v\s curr5ts to electric curr5ts1 we c comp>e ! n]v\s sy/em1 ,c1 bel[ ! hemisph]es to a direct circuit f s5se-organ to muscle along ! l9e ,s 444 ,c 444 ,m ( ,fig4 #b4 ,! hemisph]e1 ,h1 adds ! long circuit or loop-l9e ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t may pass :5 = any reason ! direct l9e is n us$4 ,?us1 a tir$ wayf>] on a hot day ?r[s himself on ! damp e>? b5ea? a maple-tree4 ,! s5sations ( delici\s re/ & coolness p\r+ !mselves ?r\gh ! direct l9e w\ld naturally dis*>ge into ! muscles ( complete ext5sion3 he w\ld ab&on himself to ! dang]\s repose4 ,b ! loop-l9e be+ op51 "p ( ! curr5t is draft$ along x1 & awak5s rheumatic or cat>rhal rem9isc5ces1 :i* prevail ov] ! in/igations ( s5se1 & make ! man arise & pursue 8 way to :]e he may enjoy 8 re/ m safely4 ,pres5tly we %all exam9e ! mann] 9 :i* ! hemisph]ic loop-l9e may be suppos$ to s]ve z a res]voir = su* rem9isc5ces z ^!4 ,mean:ile ,i w ask ! read] to notice "s coroll>ies ( its be+ su* a res]voir4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,fir/1 no animal )\t x c delib]ate1 pause1 po/pone1 nicely weigh "o motive aga9/ ano!r1 or comp>e4 ,prud5ce1 9 a ^w1 is = su* a creature an impossible virtue4 ,accord+ly we see t nature removes ^? functions 9 ! ex]cise ( :i* prud5ce is a virtue f ! l[] c5tres & h&s !m ov] to ! c]ebrum4 ,:]ev] a creature has to deal ) complex features ( ! environm5t1 prud5ce is a virtue4 ,! high] animals h s to deal2 & ! m complex ! features1 ! high] we call ! animals4 ,! few] ( 8 acts1 !n1 c su* an animal p]=m )\t ! help ( ! organs 9 "q4 ,9 ! frog _m acts devolve :olly on ! l[] c5tres2 9 ! bird few]2 9 ! rod5t few] /ill2 9 ! dog v few inde$2 & 9 apes & m5 h>dly any at all4 ,! advantages ( ?is are obvi\s4 ,take ! preh5sion ( food z an example & suppose x to be a reflex p]=mance ( ! l[] c5tres4 ,! animal w be condemn$ fatally & irresi/ibly to snap at x :5ev] pres5t$1 no matt] :at ! circum/ances may be2 he c no m disobey ?is prompt+ ?an wat] c refuse to boil :5 a fire is k9dl$ "u ! pot4 ,8 life w aga9 & aga9 pay ! =feit ( 8 gluttony4 ,exposure to retaliation1 to o!r enemies1 to traps1 to poisons1 to ! dang]s ( repletion1 mu/ be regul> p>ts ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,8 lack ( all ?\ght by :i* to weigh ! dang] aga9/ ! attractiv5ess ( ! bait1 & ( all volition to rema9 hungry a little :ile long]1 is ! direct measure ( 8 l[ness 9 ! m5tal scale4 ,& ^? fi%es :i*1 l our cunn]s & sculp9s1 are no soon] ?r[n back f ! hook into ! wat]1 ?an !y automatically seize ! hook aga91 w\ld soon expiate ! degradation ( _! intellig5ce by ! ext9ction ( _! type1 did n _! exagg]at$ fecundity atone = _! imprud5ce4 ,appetite & ! acts x prompts h consequ5tly become 9 all high] v]tebrates functions ( ! c]ebrum4 ,!y disappe> :5 ! physiologi/'s knife has left ! subord9ate c5tres alone 9 place4 ,! bra9less pigeon w />ve ?\gh left on a corn-heap4 ,take aga9 ! sexual function4 ,9 birds ?is devolves exclusively ^u ! hemisph]es4 ,:5 ^! are %orn away ! pigeon pays no att5tion to ! bill+s & coo+s ( its mate4 ,& ,goltz f\nd t a bit* 9 heat w\ld excite no emotion 9 male dogs :o _h suff]$ l>ge loss ( c]ebral tissue4 ,^? :o h read ,d>w9's ',desc5t ( ,man' "k :at imm5se importance 9 ! amelioration ( ! bre$ 9 birds ?is au?or ascribes to ! m]e fact ( sexual selection4 ,! sexual act is n p]=m$ until e condition ( circum/ance & s5tim5t is fulfill$1 until "t1 place1 & p>tn] all are fit4 ,b 9 frogs & toads ?is passion devolves on ! l[] c5tres4 ,!y %[ consequ5tly a ma*9e-l ob$i5ce to ! pres5t incitem5t ( s5se1 & an almo/ total exclusion ( ! p[] ( *oice4 ,copulation occurs p] fas aut nefas1 occasionally betwe5 males1 (t5 ) dead females1 9 puddles expos$ on ! highway1 & ! male may be cut 9 two )\t lett+ g 8 hold4 ,e spr+ an imm5se sacrifice ( batra*ian life takes place f ^! causes alone4 ,no "o ne$ be told h[ dep5d5t all human social elevation is ^u ! preval5ce ( *a/ity4 ,h>dly any factor measures m ?an ?is ! diff]5ce betwe5 civilisation & b>b>ism4 ,physiologically int]pret$1 *a/ity means no?+ m ?an ! fact t pres5t solicitations ( s5se are ov]p[]$ by sugge/ions ( /hetic & moral fitness :i* ! circum/ances awak5 9 ! c]ebrum2 & t ^u ! inhibitory or p]missive influ5ce ( ^! alone action directly dep5ds4 ,)9 ! psy*ic life due to ! c]ebrum itself ! same g5]al di/9ction obta9s1 betwe5 consid]ations ( ! m imm$iate & consid]ations ( ! m remote4 ,9 all ages ! man ^: det]m9ations are sway$ by ref]5ce to ! mo/ di/ant ends has be5 held to possess ! highe/ intellig5ce4 ,! tramp :o lives f h\r to h\r2 ! bohemian ^: engagem5ts are f day to day2 ! ba*elor :o builds b = a s+le life2 ! fa!r :o acts = ano!r g5]ation2 ! patriot :o ?9ks ( a :ole community & _m g5]ations2 & f9ally1 ! philosoph] & sa9t ^: c>es are = humanity & = et]nity1--^! range !mselves 9 an unbrok5 hi]>*y1 :]e9 ea* successive grade results f an increas$ manife/ation ( ! special =m ( action by :i* ! c]ebral c5tres are di/+ui%$ f all bel[ !m4 ,9 ! 'loop-l9e' along :i* ! memories & ideas ( ! di/ant are suppos$ to lie1 ! action1 s f> z x is a physical process1 mu/ be int]pret$ aft] ! type ( ! action 9 ! l[] c5tres4 ,if reg>d$ "h z a reflex process1 x mu/ be reflex !re z well4 ,! curr5t 9 bo? places runs out into ! muscles only aft] x has fir/ run 92 b :il/ ! pa? by :i* x runs out is det]m9$ 9 ! l[] c5tres by reflections few & fix$ among/ ! cell-arrangem5ts1 9 ! hemisph]es ! reflections are _m & in/able4 ,?is1 x w be se51 is only a diff]5ce ( degree & n ( k9d1 & does n *ange ! reflex type4 ,! conception ( all action z con=m+ to ?is type is ! fundam5tal conception ( mod]n n]ve-physiology4 ,s mu* = our g5]al prelim9>y conception ( ! n]ve-c5tres6 ,let u def9e x m di/9ctly be=e we see h[ well physiological obs]vation w be> x out 9 detail4 ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,hemisph]es4 ,n]ve-curr5ts run 9 ?r\gh s5se-organs1 & :il/ provok+ reflex acts 9 ! l[] c5tres1 !y ar\se ideas 9 ! hemisph]es1 :i* ei!r p]mit ! reflexes 9 "q1 *eck !m1 or sub/itute o!rs = !m4 ,all ideas be+ 9 ! la/ resort rem9isc5ces1 ! "q to answ] is3 ,h[ c processes become organiz$ 9 ! hemisph]es :i* correspond to rem9isc5ces 9 ! m9d8#f ,no?+ is easi] ?an to conceive a possible way 9 :i* ?is might be done1 provid$ f\r assumptions be grant$4 ,^! assumptions 7:i* aft] all are inevitable 9 any ev5t7 are3 #a7 ,! same c]ebral process :i*1 :5 ar\s$ f )\t by a s5se-organ1 gives ! p]ception ( an object1 w give an idea ( ! same object :5 ar\s$ by o!r c]ebral processes f )94 #b7 ,if processes #a1 #b1 #c1 #d h once be5 ar\s$ toge!r or 9 imm$iate succession1 any subsequ5t ar\sal ( any "o ( !m 7:e!r f )\t or )97 w t5d to ar\se ! o!rs 9 ! orig9al ord]4 ,?is is ! s-call$ law ( association4 #c7 ,e s5sorial excitem5t propagat$ to a l[] c5tre t5ds to spread upw>ds & ar\se an idea4 #d7 ,e idea t5ds ultimately ei!r to produce a movem5t or to *eck "o :i* o!rwise w\ld be produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,suppose n[ 7^! assumptions be+ grant$7 t we h a baby be=e u :o sees a c&le-flame = ! fir/ "t1 &1 by virtue ( a reflex t5d5cy common 9 babies ( a c]ta9 age1 ext5ds 8 h& to grasp x1 s t 8 f+]s get burn$4 ,s f> we h two reflex curr5ts 9 play3 fir/1 f ! eye to ! ext5sion movem5t1 along ! l9e #a--a--a--a ( ,fig4 #c2 & second1 f ! f+] to ! movem5t ( draw+ back ! h&1 along ! l9e #b--b--b--b4 ,if ?is 7 ! baby's :ole n]v\s sy/em1 & if ! reflexes 7 once = all organic1 we %\ld h no alt]ation 9 8 behavior1 no matt] h[ (t5 ! exp]i5ce recurr$4 ,! ret9al image ( ! flame w\ld always make ! arm %oot =w>d1 ! burn+ ( ! f+] w\ld always s5d x back4 ,b we "k t '! burnt *ild dreads ! fire1' & t "o exp]i5ce usually protects ! f+]s =ev]4 ,! po9t is to see h[ ! hemisph]es may br+ ?is result to pass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,! dott$ l9es /& = aff]5t pa?s1 ! brok5 l9es = pa?s betwe5 ! c5tres2 ! entire l9es = eff]5t pa?s4 ,we mu/ complicate our diagram 7see ,fig4 #d74 ,let ! curr5t #a--a1 f ! eye1 dis*>ge upw>d z well z d[nw>d :5 x rea*es ! l[] c5tre = vision1 & ar\se ! p]ceptional process s#a 9 ! hemisph]es2 let ! feel+ ( ! arm's ext5sion also s5d up a curr5t :i* leaves a trace ( itself1 m#a2 let ! burnt f+] leave an analog\s trace1 s#b2 & let ! movem5t ( retraction leave m#b4 ,^! f\r processes w n[1 by virtue ( assumption #b71 be associat$ toge!r by ! pa? s#a--m#a--s#b--m#b1 runn+ f ! fir/ to ! la/1 s t if any?+ t\*es (f s#a1 ideas ( ! ext5sion1 ( ! burnt f+]1 & ( ! retraction w pass 9 rapid succession ?r\gh ! m9d4 ,! effect on ! *ild's conduct :5 ! c&le-flame is next pres5t$ is easy to imag9e4 ,( c\rse ! sight ( x ar\ses ! grasp+ reflex2 b x ar\ses simultane\sly ! idea !re(1 toge!r ) t ( ! consequ5t pa91 & ( ! f9al retraction ( ! h&2 & if ^! c]ebral processes prevail 9 /r5g? ov] ! imm$iate s5sation 9 ! c5tres bel[1 ! la/ idea w be ! cue by :i* ! f9al action is dis*>g$4 ,! grasp+ w be arre/$ 9 mid-c>e]1 ! h& drawn back1 & ! *ild's f+]s sav$4 ,9 all ?is we assume t ! hemisph]es d n natively c\ple any p>ticul> s5se-impression ) any special motor dis*>ge4 ,!y only regi/]1 & pres]ve traces (1 su* c\pl+s z are already organiz$ 9 ! reflex c5tres bel[4 ,b ?is br+s x inevitably ab\t t1 :5 a *a9 ( exp]i5ces has be5 already regi/]$ & ! fir/ l9k is impress$ once aga9 f )\t1 ! la/ l9k w (t5 be awak5$ 9 idea long be=e x c exi/ 9 fact4 ,& if ?is la/ l9k 7 previ\sly c\pl$ ) a motion1 t motion may n[ come f ! m]e ideal sugge/ion )\t wait+ = ! actual impression to arise4 ,?us an animal ) hemisph]es acts 9 anticipation ( future ?+s2 or1 to use our previ\s =mula1 he acts f consid]ations ( di/ant good & ill4 ,if we give ! "n ( p>tn]s to ! orig9al c\pl+s ( impressions ) motions 9 a reflex way1 !n we may say t ! function ( ! hemisph]es is simply to br+ ab\t ex*anges among ! p>tn]s4 ,movem5t mn1 :i* natively is s5sation sn's p>tn]1 becomes ?r\gh ! hemisph]es ! p>tn] ( s5sation s#a1 s#b1 or s#c4 ,x is l ! great commutat+ swit*-bo>d at a c5tral telephone /ation4 ,no new elem5t>y process is involv$2 no impression nor any motion peculi> to ! hemisph]es2 b any numb] ( comb9ations impossible to ! l[] ma*9]y tak5 alone1 & an endless consequ5t increase 9 ! possibilities ( behavior on ! creature's "p4 ,all ?is1 z a m]e s*eme1#g is s cle> & s concordant ) ! g5]al look ( ! facts z almo/ to impose itself on our belief2 b x is any?+ b cle> 9 detail4 ,! bra9-physiology ( late ye>s has ) great ef=t s\ght to "w out ! pa?s by :i* ^! c\pl+s ( s5sations ) movem5ts take place1 bo? 9 ! hemisph]es & 9 ! c5tres bel[4 ,s we mu/ next te/ our s*eme by ! facts discov]$ m ?is direction4 ,we %all conclude1 ,i ?9k1 aft] tak+ !m all into acc\nt1 t ! s*eme probably makes ! l[] c5tres too ma*9e-l & ! hemisph]es n q ma*9e-l en\gh1 & mu/ consequ5tly be s(t5$ d[n a little4 ,s mu* ,i may say 9 advance4 ,mean:ile1 be=e plung+ into ! details :i* await u1 x w some:at cle> our ideas if we contra/ ! mod]n way ( look+ at ! matt] ) ! phr5ological conception :i* b lately prec$$ x4 ,,! ,,phr5ological ,,conception4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se ,gall 0 ! fir/ to seek to expla9 9 detail h[ ! bra9 c\ld subs]ve our m5tal op]ations4 ,8 way ( proce$+ 0 only too simple4 ,he took ! faculty-psy*ology z 8 ultimatum on ! m5tal side1 & he made no f>!r psy*ological analysis4 ,:]ev] he f\nd an individual ) "s /rongly-m>k$ trait ( "* he exam9$ 8 head2 & if he f\nd ! latt] prom95t 9 a c]ta9 region1 he said )\t m ado t t region 0 ! 'organ' ( ! trait or faculty 9 "q4 ,! traits 7 ( v div]se con/itution1 "s be+ simple s5sibilities l 'weight' or 'color2' "s be+ in/9ctive t5d5cies l 'alim5tiv5ess' or 'amativ5ess2' & o!rs1 aga91 be+ complex resultants l 'consci5ti\sness1' 'individuality4' ,phr5ology fell promptly into disrepute among sci5tific m5 because obs]vation seem$ to %[ t l>ge faculties & l>ge 'bumps' might fail to coexi/2 because ! s*eme ( ,gall 0 s va/ z h>dly to admit ( accurate det]m9ation at all--:o ( u c say ev5 ( 8 own bro!rs :e!r _! p]ceptions ( weight & ( "t are well develop$ or n8--because ! foll[]s ( ,gall & ,spurzheim 7 unable to re=m ^! errors 9 any appreciable degree2 &1 f9ally1 because ! :ole analysis ( faculties 0 vague & errone\s f a psy*ologic po9t ( view4 ,popul> pr(essors ( ! lore h nev]!less cont9u$ to comm& ! admiration ( popul> audi5ces2 & !re seems no d\bt t ,phr5ology1 h[ev] little x satisfy our sci5tific curiosity ab\t ! functions ( diff]5t portions ( ! bra91 may /ill be1 9 ! h&s ( intellig5t practition]s1 a useful help 9 ! art ( read+ "*4 ,a hook$ nose & a firm jaw are usually signs ( practical en]gy2 s(t1 delicate h&s are signs ( ref9$ s5sibility4 ,ev5 s may a prom95t eye be a sign ( p[] ov] language1 & a bull-neck a sign ( s5suality4 ,b ! bra9 beh9d ! eye & neck ne$ no m be ! organ ( ! signifi$ faculty ?an ! jaw is ! organ ( ! w or ! h& ! organ ( ref9em5t4 ,^! correlations betwe5 m9d & body are1 h[ev]1 s frequ5t t ! '*>act]s' giv5 by phr5ologi/s are (t5 rem>kable = kn[+ness & insight4 ,phr5ology h>dly does m ?an re/ate ! problem4 ,to answ] ! "q1 ,:y d ,i l *ildr58 by say+1 ,because y h a l>ge organ ( philoprog5itiv5ess1 b r5ames ! ph5om5on to be expla9$4 ,:at is my philoprog5itiv5ess8 ,( :at m5tal elem5ts does x consi/8 ,& h[ c a "p ( ! bra9 be its organ8 ,a sci5ce ( ! m9d mu/ r$uce su* complex manife/ations z 'philoprog5itiv5ess' to _! elem5ts4 ,a sci5ce ( ! bra9 mu/ po9t out ! functions ( its elem5ts4 ,a sci5ce ( ! relations ( m9d & bra9 mu/ %[ h[ ! elem5t>y +r$i5ts ( ! =m] correspond to ! elem5t>y functions ( ! latt]4 ,b phr5ology1 except by occasional co9cid5ce1 takes no acc\nt ( elem5ts at all4 ,its 'faculties1' z a rule1 are fully equipp$ p]sons 9 a p>ticul> m5tal attitude4 ,take1 = example1 ! 'faculty' ( language4 ,x involves 9 reality a ho/ ( di/9ct p[]s4 ,we mu/ fir/ h images ( concrete ?+s & ideas ( ab/ract qualities & relations2 we mu/ next h ! memory ( words & !n ! capacity s to associate ea* idea or image ) a p>ticul> ^w t1 :5 ! ^w is he>d1 ! idea %all =?) ent] our m9d4 ,we mu/ conv]sely1 z soon z ! idea arises 9 our m9d1 associate ) x a m5tal image ( ! ^w1 & by means ( ?is image we mu/ inn]vate our articulatory app>atus s z to reproduce ! ^w z physical s\nd4 ,to read or to write a language o!r elem5ts /ill mu/ be introduc$4 ,b x is pla9 t ! faculty ( spok5 language alone is s complicat$ z to call into play almo/ all ! elem5t>y p[]s :i* ! m9d possesses1 memory1 imag9ation1 association1 judgm5t1 & volition4 ,a portion ( ! bra9 compet5t to be ! adequate seat ( su* a faculty w\ld ne$s be an entire bra9 9 m9iature1--j z ! faculty itself is really a specification ( ! entire man1 a sort ( homunculus4 ,yet j su* homunculi are = ! mo/ "p ! phr5ological organs4 ,z ,lange says3 ,we h a p>liam5t ( little m5 toge!r1 ea* "o ( :om1 z happ5s also 9 a real p>liam5t1 possesses b a s+le idea :i* he ceaselessly /rives to make prevail--b5evol5ce1 firmness1 hope1 & ! re/4 ,in/ead ( "o s\l1 phr5ology gives u =ty1 ea* alone z enigmatic z ! full aggregate psy*ic life c be4 ,in/ead ( divid+ ! latt] into effective elem5ts1 %e divides x into p]sonal be+s ( peculi> "*4444 ',h]r ,pa/or1 sure !re be a horse inside1' call$ out ! peasants to ,x aft] _! spiritual %eph]d _h sp5t h\rs 9 expla9+ to !m ! con/ruction ( ! locomotive4 ,) a horse inside truly ev]y?+ becomes cle>1 ev5 ?\gh x be a que] en\gh sort ( horse--! horse itself calls = no explanation6 ,phr5ology takes a />t to get beyond ! po9t ( view ( ! gho/-l s\l entity1 b %e ends by populat+ ! :ole skull ) gho/s ( ! same ord]4#h ,mod]n ,sci5ce conceives ( ! matt] 9 a v diff]5t way4 ,bra9 & m9d alike consi/ ( simple elem5ts1 s5sory & motor4 ,all n]v\s c5tres1 says ,dr4 ,hughl+s ,jackson1#i f ! l[e/ to ! v highe/ 7! sub/rata ( consci\sness71 are made up ( no?+ else ?an n]v\s arrangem5ts1 repres5t+ impressions & movem5ts4444 ,i d n see ( :at o!r mat]ials ! bra9 c be made4 ,meyn]t repres5ts ! matt] simil>ly :5 he calls ! cortex ( ! hemisph]es ! surface ( projection = e muscle & e s5sitive po9t ( ! body4 ,! muscles & ! s5sitive po9ts are repres5t$ ea* by a cortical po9t1 & ! bra9 is no?+ b ! sum ( all ^! cortical po9ts1 to :i*1 on ! m5tal side1 z _m ideas correspond4 ,ideas ( s5sation1 ideas ( motion are1 on ! o!r h&1 ! elem5t>y factors out ( :i* ! m9d is built up by ! associationi/s 9 psy*ology4 ,!re is a complete p>allelism betwe5 ! two analyses1 ! same diagram ( little dots1 circles1 or triangles jo9$ by l9es symbolizes equally well ! c]ebral & m5tal processes3 ! dots /& = cells or ideas1 ! l9es = fibres or associations4 ,we %all h lat] to criticise ?is analysis s f> z x relates to ! m9d2 b !re is no d\bt t x is a mo/ conv5i5t1 & has be5 a mo/ useful1 hypo!sis1 =mulat+ ! facts 9 an extremely natural way4 ,if1 !n1 we grant t motor & s5sory ideas v>i\sly associat$ are ! mat]ials ( ! m9d1 all we ne$ d to get a complete diagram ( ! m9d's & ! bra9's relations %\ld be to asc]ta9 :i* s5sory idea corresponds to :i* s5sational surface ( projection1 & :i* motor idea to :i* muscul> surface ( projection4 ,! associations w\ld !n correspond to ! fibr\s connections betwe5 ! v>i\s surfaces4 ,?is di/9ct c]ebral localization ( ! v>i\s elem5t>y sorts ( idea has be5 treat$ z a 'po/ulate' by _m physiologi/s 7e4g4 ,munk72 & ! mo/ /irr+ controv]sy 9 n]ve-physiology :i* ! pres5t g5]ation has se5 has be5 ! localization-"q4 ,,! ,,localization ,,( ,,functions ,,9 ,,! ,,hemisph]es4 ,up to #ahgj1 ! op9ion :i* prevail$ 0 t :i* ! exp]im5ts ( ,fl\r5s on pigeons' bra9s _h made plausible1 namely1 t ! diff]5t functions ( ! hemisph]es 7 n locally sep>at$1 b c>ri$ on ea* by ! aid ( ! :ole organ4 ,hitzig 9 #ahgj %[$1 h[ev]1 t 9 a dog's bra9 highly specializ$ movem5ts c\ld be produc$ by electric irritation ( det]m9ate regions ( ! cortex2 & ,f]ri] & ,munk1 half a doz5 ye>s lat]1 seem$ to prove1 ei!r by irritations or excisions or bo?1 t !re 7 equally det]m9ate regions connect$ ) ! s5ses ( sight1 t\*1 he>+1 & smell4 ,munk's special s5sorial localizations1 h[ev]1 disagre$ ) ,f]ri]'s2 & ,goltz1 f 8 extirpation-exp]im5ts1 came to a conclusion adv]se to /rict localization ( any k9d4 ,! controv]sy is n yet ov]4 ,i w n pret5d to say any?+ m ( x hi/orically1 b give a brief acc\nt ( ! condition 9 :i* matt]s at pres5t /&4 ,! "o ?+ :i* is p]fectly well e/abli%$ is ?is1 t ! 'c5tral' convolutions1 on ei!r side ( ! fissure ( ,rol&o1 & 7at lea/ 9 ! monkey7 ! calloso-m>g9al convolution 7:i* is cont9u\s ) !m on ! mesial surface :]e "o hemisph]e is appli$ aga9/ ! o!r71 =m ! region by :i* all ! motor incitations :i* leave ! cortex pass out1 on _! way to ^? executive c5tres 9 ! region ( ! pons1 m$ulla1 & sp9al cord f :i* ! muscul> contractions are dis*>g$ 9 ! la/ resort4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is s-call$ 'motor zone' is e/abli%$ by ! l9es ( evid5ce successively giv5 bel[3 7#a7 ,cortical ,irritations4 ,electrical curr5ts ( small int5sity appli$ to ! surface ( ! said convolutions 9 dogs1 monkeys1 & o!r animals1 produce well-def9$ movem5ts 9 face1 =e-limb1 h9d-limb1 tail1 or trunk1 accord+ z "o po9t or ano!r ( ! surface is irritat$4 ,^! movem5ts affect almo/ inv>iably ! side opposite to ! bra9 irritations3 ,if ! left hemisph]e be excit$1 ! movem5t is ( ! "r leg1 side ( face1 etc4 ,all ! objections at fir/ rais$ aga9/ ! validity ( ^! exp]im5ts h be5 ov]come4 ,! movem5ts are c]ta9ly n due to irritations ( ! base ( ! bra9 by ! d[nw>d spread ( ! curr5t1 =3 a7 me*anical irritations w produce !m1 ?\gh less easily ?an electrical2 b7 %ift+ ! electrodes to a po9t close by on ! surface *anges ! movem5t 9 ways q inexplicable by *ang$ physical conduction ( ! curr5t2 c7 if ! cortical 'c5tre' = a c]ta9 movem5t be cut "u ) a %>p knife b left 9 situ1 al?\gh ! electric conductivity is physically unalt]$ by ! op]ation1 ! physiological conductivity is gone & curr5ts ( ! same /r5g? no long] produce ! movem5ts :i* !y did2 d7 ! "t-int]val betwe5 ! application ( ! electric /imulus to ! cortex & ! resultant movem5t is :at x w\ld be if ! cortex act$ physiologically & n m]ely physically 9 transmitt+ ! irritation4 ,x is namely a well-kn[n fact t :5 a n]ve-curr5t has to pass ?r\gh ! sp9al cord to excite a muscle by reflex action1 ! "t is long] ?an if x passes directly d[n ! motor n]ve3 ! cells ( ! cord take a c]ta9 "t to dis*>ge4 ,simil>ly1 :5 a /imulus is appli$ directly to ! cortex ! muscle contracts two or ?ree hundr$?s ( a second lat] ?an x does :5 ! place on ! cortex is cut away & ! electrodes are appli$ to ! :ite fibres bel[4#aj 7#b7 ,cortical ,ablations4 ,:5 ! cortical spot :i* is f\nd to produce a movem5t ( ! =e-leg1 9 a dog1 is excis$ 7see spot #e 9 ,fig4 #e71 ! leg 9 "q becomes peculi>ly affect$4 ,at fir/ x seems p>alyz$4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 x is us$ ) ! o!r legs1 b badly4 ,! animal does n be> 8 weight on x1 all[s x to re/ on its dorsal surface1 /&s ) x cross+ ! o!r leg1 does n remove x if x hangs ov] ! edge ( a table1 c no long] 'give ! paw' at ^w ( comm& if able to d s be=e ! op]ation1 does n use x = scrat*+ ! gr\nd1 or hold+ a bone z =m]ly1 lets x slip out :5 runn+ on a smoo? surface or :5 %ak+ himself1 etc41 etc4 ,s5sibility ( all k9ds seems dim9i%$ z well z motility1 b ( ?is ,i %all speak lat] on4 ,moreov] ! dog t5ds 9 volunt>y movem5ts to sw]ve t[>ds ! side ( ! bra9-lesion in/ead ( go+ /raight =w>d4 ,all ^! symptoms gradually decrease1 s t ev5 ) a v sev]e bra9-lesion ! dog may be outw>dly indi/+ui%able f a well dog aft] eight or t5 weeks4 ,/ill1 a slight *lor(ormization w reproduce ! di/urbances1 ev5 !n4 ,!re is a c]ta9 appe>ance ( ataxic 9-coord9ation 9 ! movem5ts--! dog lifts 8 =e-feet high & br+s !m d[n ) m /r5g? ?an usual1 & yet ! tr\ble is n ord9>y lack ( co-ord9ation4 ,nei!r is !re p>alysis4 ,! /r5g? ( :atev] movem5ts are made is z great z ev]--dogs ) ext5sive de/ruction ( ! motor zone c jump z high & bite z h>d z ev] !y did1 b !y seem less easily mov$ to d any?+ ) ! affect$ p>ts4 ,dr4 ,loeb1 :o has /udi$ ! motor di/urbances ( dogs m c>efully ?an any "o1 conceives ( !m en masse z effects ( an increas$ in]tia 9 all ! processes ( inn]vation t[>ds ! side oppos$ to ! lesion4 ,all su* movem5ts require an unwont$ ef=t = _! execution2 & :5 only ! normally usual ef=t is made !y fall beh9d 9 effectiv5ess4#aa ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,left ,hemisph]e ( ,dog's ,bra91 aft] ,f]ri]4 ,a1 ! fissure ( ,sylvius4 ,b1 ! crucial sulcus4 ,o1 ! olfactory bulb4 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,,iv1 indicate ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 & f\r? ext]nal convolutions respectively4 7#a71 7#d71 & 7#e7 are on ! sigmoid gyrus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,left ,hemisph]e ( ,monkey's ,bra94 ,out] ,surface4 ,ev5 :5 ! entire motor zone ( a dog is remov$1 !re is no p]man5t p>alysis ( any "p1 b only ?is curi\s sort ( relative in]tia :5 ! two sides ( ! body are comp>$2 & ?is itself becomes h>dly noticeable aft] a numb] ( weeks h elaps$4 ,pr(4 ,goltz has describ$ a dog ^: entire left hemisph]e 0 de/roy$1 & :o reta9$ only a slight motor in]tia on ! "r half ( ! body4 ,9 p>ticul> he c\ld use 8 "r paw = hold+ a bone :il/ gnaw+ x1 or = rea*+ aft] a piece ( meat4 ,_h he be5 taught to give 8 paw ,be=e ! op]ations1 x w\ld h be5 curi\s to see :e!r t faculty also came back4 ,8 tactile s5sibility 0 p]man5tly dim9i%$ on ! "r side4#ab ,9 monkeys a g5u9e p>alysis foll[s ^u ablations ( ! cortex 9 ! motor region4 ,?is p>alysis affects p>ts ( ! body :i* v>y ) ! bra9-p>ts remov$4 ,! monkey's opposite arm or leg hangs flaccid1 or at mo/ takes a small "p 9 associat$ movem5ts4 ,:5 ! entire region is remov$ !re is a g5u9e & p]man5t hemiplegia 9 :i* ! arm is m affect$ ?an ! leg2 & ?is is foll[$ mon?s lat] by contracture ( ! muscles1 z 9 man aft] invet]ate hemiplegia4#ac ,accord+ to ,s*aef] & ,horsley1 ! trunk-muscles also become p>alyz$ aft] de/ruction ( ! m>g9al convolution on bo? sides 7see ,fig4 #g74 ,^! diff]5ces betwe5 dogs & monkeys %[ ! dang] ( draw+ g5]al conclusions f exp]im5ts done on any "o sort ( animal4 ,i subjo9 ! figures giv5 by ! la/-nam$ au?ors ( ! motor regions 9 ! monkey's bra94#ad ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,left ,hemisph]e ( ,monkey's ,bra94 ,mesial ,surface4 ,9 man we are necess>ily r$uc$ to ! obs]vation po/-mortem ( cortical ablations produc$ by accid5t or disease 7tumor1 hemorrhage1 s(t5+1 etc474 ,:at results dur+ life f su* conditions is ei!r localiz$ spasm1 or palsy ( c]ta9 muscles ( ! opposite side4 ,! cortical regions :i* inv>iably produce ^! results are homolog\s ) ^? :i* we h j be5 /udy+ 9 ! dog1 cat1 ape1 etc4 ,figs4 #h & #i %[ ! result ( #afi cases c>efully /udi$ by ,exn]4 ,! p>ts %ad$ are regions :]e lesions produc$ no motor di/urbance4 ,^? left :ite 71 on ! contr>y1 nev] injur$ )\t motor di/urbances ( "s sort4 ,:]e ! injury to ! cortical sub/ance is pr(\nd 9 man1 ! p>alysis is p]man5t & is succe$$ by muscul> rigidity 9 ! p>alyz$ p>ts1 j z x may be 9 ! monkey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,"r ,hemisph]e ( ,human ,bra94 ,lat]al ,surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,"r ,hemisph]e ( ,human ,bra94 ,mesial ,surface4 7#c7 ,desc5d+ deg5]ations %[ ! intimate connection ( ! rol&ic regions ( ! cortex ) ! motor tracts ( ! cord4 ,:51 ei!r 9 man or 9 ! l[] animals1 ^! regions are de/roy$1 a peculi> deg5]ative *ange kn[n z second>y scl]osis is f\nd to ext5d d[nw>ds ?r\gh ! :ite fibr\s sub/ance ( ! bra9 9 a p]fectly def9ite mann]1 affect+ c]ta9 di/9ct /r&s :i* pass ?r\gh ! inn] capsule1 crura1 & pons1 into ! ant]ior pyramids ( ! m$ulla oblongata1 & f !nce 7p>tly cross+ to ! o!r side7 d[nw>ds into ! ant]ior 7direct7 & lat]al 7cross$7 columns ( ! sp9al cord4 7#d7 ,anatomical pro( ( ! cont9uity ( ! rol&ic regions ) ^! motor columns ( ! cord is also cle>ly giv54 ,fle*sig's ',pyramid5bahn' =ms an un9t]rupt$ /r& 7di/9ctly traceable 9 human embryos1 be=e its fibres h acquir$ _! :ite 'm$ull>y %ea?'7 pass+ upw>ds f ! pyramids ( ! m$ulla1 & trav]s+ ! int]nal capsule & corona radiata to ! convolutions 9 "q 7,fig4 #aj74 ,none ( ! inf]ior gray matt] ( ! bra9 seems to h any connection ) ?is important fibr\s /r&4 ,x passes directly f ! cortex to ! motor arrangem5ts 9 ! cord1 dep5d+ = its prop] nutrition 7z ! facts ( deg5]ation %[7 on ! influ5ce ( ! cortical cells1 j z motor n]ves dep5d = _! nutrition on t ( ! cells ( ! sp9al cord4 ,electrical /imulation ( ?is motor /r& 9 any accessible "p ( its c\rse has be5 %[n 9 dogs to produce movem5ts analog\s to ^? :i* excitem5t ( ! cortical surface calls =?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,s*ematic ,transv]se ,section ( ,bra9 %[+ ,motor ,/r&4--,aft] ,ed+]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ in/ructive pro(s ( motor localization 9 ! cortex is t furni%$ by ! disease n[ call$ aphemia1 or motor ,aphasia4 ,motor aphasia is nei!r loss ( voice nor p>alysis ( ! tongue or lips4 ,! pati5t's voice is z /rong z ev]1 & all ! inn]vations ( 8 hypoglossal & facial n]ves1 except ^? necess>y = speak+1 may g on p]fectly well4 ,he c laugh & cry1 & ev5 s+2 b he ei!r is unable to utt] any words at all2 or a few mean+less /ock phrases =m 8 only spee*2 or else he speaks incoh]5tly & confus$ly1 mispron\nc+1 misplac+1 & misus+ 8 words 9 v>i\s degrees4 ,sometimes 8 spee* is a m]e bro? ( un9telligible syllables4 ,9 cases ( pure motor aphasia ! pati5t recognizes 8 mi/akes & suff]s acutely f !m4 ,n[ :5ev] a pati5t dies 9 su* a condition z ?is1 & an exam9ation ( 8 bra9 is p]mitt$1 x is f\nd t ! l[e/ frontal gyrus 7see ,fig4 #aa7 is ! seat ( injury4 ,broca fir/ notic$ ?is fact 9 #ahfa1 & s9ce !n ! gyrus has gone by ! "n ( ,broca's convolution4 ,! injury 9 "r-h&$ p is f\nd on ! left hemisph]e1 & 9 left-h&$ p on ! "r hemisph]e4 ,mo/ p1 9 fact1 are left-bra9$1 t is1 all _! delicate & specializ$ movem5ts are h&$ ov] to ! *>ge ( ! left hemisph]e4 ,! ord9>y "r-h&$ness = su* movem5ts is only a consequ5ce ( t fact1 a consequ5ce :i* %[s outw>dly on acc\nt ( t ext5sive decussation ( ! fibres :]eby mo/ ( ^? f ! left hemisph]e pass to ! "r half ( ! body only4 ,b ! left-bra9$ness might exi/ 9 equal measure & n %[ outw>dly4 ,?is w\ld happ5 :]ev] organs on bo? sides ( ! body c\ld be gov]n$ by ! left hemisph]e2 & j su* a case seems (f]$ by ! vocal organs1 9 t highly delicate & special motor s]vice :i* we call spee*4 ,ei!r hemisph]e c inn]vate !m bilat]ally1 j z ei!r seems able to inn]vate bilat]ally ! muscles ( ! trunk1 ribs1 & diaphragm4 ,( ! special movem5ts ( spee*1 h[ev]1 x w\ld appe> 7f ! facts ( aphasia7 t ! left hemisph]e 9 mo/ p]sons habitually takes exclusive *>ge4 ,) t hemisph]e ?r[n out ( ge>1 spee* is undone2 ev5 ?\gh ! opposite hemisph]e /ill be !re = ! p]=mance ( less specializ$ acts1 su* z ! v>i\s movem5ts requir$ 9 eat+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,s*ematic ,pr(ile ( ,left ,hemisph]e1 ) ! p>ts %ad$ ^: de/ruction causes motor 7',broca'7 & s5sory 7',w]nicke'7 ,aphasia4 ,x w be notic$ t ,broca's region is homolog\s ) ! p>ts asc]ta9$ to produce movem5ts ( ! lips1 tongue1 & l>ynx :5 excit$ by electric curr5ts 9 apes 7cf4 ,fig4 #f74 ,! evid5ce is !re=e z complete z x well c be t ! motor incitations to ^! organs leave ! bra9 by ! l[] frontal region4 ,victims ( motor aphasia g5]ally h o!r disord]s4 ,"o :i* int]e/s u 9 ?is connection has be5 call$ agraphia3 !y h lo/ ! p[] to write4 ,!y c read writ+ & und]/& x2 b ei!r _c use ! p5 at all or make egregi\s mi/akes ) x4 ,! seat ( ! lesion "h is less well det]m9$1 ow+ to an insuffici5t numb] ( good cases to conclude f4#ae ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t x is 79 "r-h&$ p7 on ! left side1 & little d\bt t x consi/s ( elem5ts ( ! h&-&-arm region specializ$ = t s]vice1 ,! symptom may exi/ :5 !re is little or no disability 9 ! h& = o!r uses4 ,if x does n get well1 ! pati5t usually educates 8 "r hemisph]e1 i4e4 le>ns to write ) 8 left h&4 ,9 o!r cases ( :i* we %all say m a few pages lat] on1 ! pati5t c write bo? spontane\sly & at dictation1 b _c read ev5 :at he has himself writt56 ,all ^! ph5om5a are n[ q cle>ly expla9$ by sep>ate bra9-c5tres = ! v>i\s feel+s & movem5ts & tracts = associat+ ^! toge!r4 ,b _! m9ute discussion belongs to m$ic9e r ?an to g5]al psy*ology1 & ,i c only use !m "h to illu/rate ! pr9ciples ( motor localization4#af ,"u ! heads ( sight & he>+ ,i %all h a little m to say4 ,! diff]5t l9es ( pro( :i* ,i h tak5 up e/abli% conclusively ! proposition t all ! motor impulses :i* leave ! cortex pass out1 9 heal?y animals1 f ! convolutions ab\t ! fissure ( ,rol&o4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x comes to def9+ precisely :at is involv$ 9 a motor impulse leav+ ! cortex1 ?+s gr[ m obscure4 ,does ! impulse />t indep5d5tly f ! convolutions 9 "q1 or does x />t else:]e & m]ely fl[ ?r\gh8 ,& to :at p>ticul> phase ( psy*ic activity does ! activity ( ^! c5tres correspond8 ,op9ions & au?orities "h divide2 b x w be bett]1 be=e ent]+ into ^! deep] aspects ( ! problem1 to ca/ a glance at ! facts :i* h be5 made out conc]n+ ! relations ( ! cortex to sight1 he>+1 & smell4 ,sight4 ,f]ri] 0 ! fir/ 9 ! field "h4 ,he f\nd1 :5 ! angul> convolution 7t ly+ betwe5 ! 'intra p>ietal' & 'ext]nal occipital' fissures1 & b5d+ r\nd ! top ( ! fissure ( ,sylvius1 9 ,fig4 #f7 0 excit$ 9 ! monkey1 t movem5ts ( ! eyes & head z if = vision occurr$2 & t :5 x 0 extirpat$1 :at he suppos$ to be total & p]man5t bl9dness ( ! opposite eye foll[$4 ,munk almo/ imm$iately decl>$ total & p]man5t bl9dness to foll[ f de/ruction ( ! occipital lobe 9 monkeys z well z dogs1 & said t ! angul> gyrus _h no?+ to d ) sight1 b 0 only ! c5tre = tactile s5sibility ( ! eyeball4 ,hunk's absolute tone ab\t 8 obs]vations & 8 !oretic arrogance h l$ to 8 ru9 z an au?ority4 ,b he did two ?+s ( p]man5t value4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to di/+ui% 9 ^! vivisections betwe5 s5sorial & psy*ic bl9dness1 & to describe ! ph5om5on ( re/itution ( ! visual function aft] its fir/ impairm5t by an op]ation2 & ! fir/ to notice ! hemiopic "* ( ! visual di/urbances :i* result :5 only "o hemisph]e is injur$4 ,s5sorial bl9dness is absolute ins5sibility to light2 psy*ic bl9dness is inability to recognize ! mean+ ( ! optical impressions1 z :5 we see a page ( ,*9ese pr9t b x sugge/s no?+ to u4 ,a hemiopic di/urbance ( vision is "o 9 :i* nei!r ret9a is affect$ 9 its totality1 b 9 :i*1 = example1 ! left portion ( ea* ret9a is bl9d1 s t ! animal sees no?+ situat$ 9 space t[>ds its "r4 ,lat] obs]vations h corroborat$ ?is hemiopic "* ( all ! di/urbances ( sight f injury to a s+le hemisph]e 9 ! high] animals2 & ! "q :e!r an animal's app>5t bl9dness is s5sorial or only psy*ic has1 s9ce ,munk's fir/ publications1 be5 ! mo/ urg5t "o to answ]1 9 all obs]vations relative to ! function ( sight4 ,goltz almo/ simultane\sly ) ,f]ri] & ,munk report$ exp]im5ts :i* l$ him to d5y t ! visual function 0 ess5tially b\nd up ) any "o localiz$ portion ( ! hemisph]es4 ,o!r div]g5t results soon came 9 f _m qu>t]s1 s t1 )\t go+ into ! hi/ory ( ! matt] any m1 ,i may report ! exi/+ /ate ( ! case z foll[s3#ag ,9 fi%es1 frogs1 & liz>ds vision p]si/s :5 ! hemisph]es are entirely remov$4 ,?is is admitt$ = frogs & fi%es ev5 by ,munk1 :o d5ies x = birds4 ,all ( ,munk's birds seem$ totally bl9d 7bl9d s5sorially7 aft] removal ( ! hemisph]es by 8 op]ation4 ,! foll[+ ( a c&le by ! head & w9k+ at a ?reat5$ bl[1 :i* are ord9>ily held to prove ! ret5tion ( crude optical s5sations by ! l[] c5tres 9 suppos$ hemisph]eless pigeons1 are by ,munk ascrib$ to ve/iges ( ! visual sph]e ( ! cortex left beh9d by ! imp]fection ( ! op]ation4 ,b ,s*rad]1 :o op]at$ aft] ,munk & ) e app>5t gu>antee ( complet5ess1 f\nd t all 8 pigeons saw aft] two or ?ree weeks _h elaps$1 & ! inhibitions result+ f ! w\nd _h pass$ away4 ,!y inv>iably avoid$ ev5 ! slighte/ ob/acles1 flew v regul>ly t[>ds c]ta9 p]*es1 etc41 diff]+ toto clo 9 ^! respects ) c]ta9 simply bl9d$ pigeons :o 7 kept ) !m = comp>ison4 ,!y did n pick up food /rewn on ! gr\nd1 h[ev]4 ,s*rad] f\nd t !y w\ld d ?is if ev5 a small "p ( ! frontal region ( ! hemisph]es 0 left1 & ascribes _! non-self-fe$+ :5 depriv$ ( _! occipital c]ebrum n to a visual1 b to a motor1 defect1 a sort ( alim5t>y aphasia4#ah ,9 pres5ce ( su* discord z t betwe5 ,munk & 8 oppon5ts "o mu/ c>efully note h[ diff]5tly significant is loss1 f pres]vation1 ( a function aft] an op]ation on ! bra94 ,! loss ( ! function does n necess>ily %[ t x is dep5d5t on ! "p cut out2 b its pres]vation does %[ t x is n dep5d5t3 & ?is is true ?\gh ! loss %\ld be obs]v$ n9ety-n9e times & ! pres]vation only once 9 a hundr$ simil> excisions4 ,t birds & mammals c be bl9d$ by cortical ablation is und\bt$2 ! only "q is1 mu/ !y be s8 ,only !n c ! cortex be c]ta9ly call$ ! 'seat ( sight4' ,! bl9dness may always be due to "o ( ^? remote effects ( ! w\nd on di/ant p>ts1 inhibitions1 ext5sions ( inflammation1--int]f]5ces1 9 a ^w1--^u :i* ,br[n-,squ>d & ,goltz h rightly insi/$1 & ! importance ( :i* becomes m manife/ e day4 ,su* effects are transi5t2 :]eas ! symptoms ( deprivation 7,ausfalls]s*e9ung51 z ,goltz calls !m7 :i* come f ! actual loss ( ! cut-out region mu/ f ! nature ( ! case be p]man5t4 ,bl9dness 9 ! pigeons1 s f> z x passes away1 _c possibly be *>g$ to _! seat ( vision be+ lo/1 b only to "s influ5ce :i* tempor>ily depresses ! activity ( t seat4 ,! same is true mutatis mut&is ( all ! o!r effects ( op]ations1 & z we pass to mammals we %all see /ill m ! importance ( ! rem>k4 ,9 rabbits loss ( ! entire cortex seems compatible ) ! pres]vation ( en\gh sight to guide ! poor animals' movem5ts1 & enable !m to avoid ob/acles4 ,*ri/iani's obs]vations & discussions seem conclusively to h e/abli%$ ?is1 al?\gh ,munk f\nd t all 8 animals 7 made totally bl9d4#ai ,9 dogs also ,munk f\nd absolute /one-bl9dness aft] ablation ( ! occipital lobes4 ,he w5t f>!r & mapp$ out det]m9ate portions ( ! cortex !reupon1 :i* he consid]$ correlat$ ) def9ite segm5ts ( ! two ret91 s t de/ruction ( giv5 portions ( ! cortex produces bl9dness ( ! ret9al c5tre1 top1 bottom1 or "r or left side1 ( ! same or opposite eye4 ,!re seems little d\bt t ?is def9ite correlation is my?ological4 ,o!r obs]v]s1 ,hitzig1 ,goltz1 ,luciani1 ,loeb1 ,exn]1 etc41 f9d1 :atev] "p ( ! cortex may be ablat$ on "o side1 t !re usually results a hemiopic di/urbance ( bo? eyes1 slight & transi5t :5 ! ant]ior lobes are ! p>ts attack$1 grave :5 an occipital lobe is ! seat ( injury1 & la/+ 9 proportion to ! latt]'s ext5t4 ,accord+ to ,loeb1 ! defect is a dimness ( vision 7'hemiamblyopia'7 9 :i* 7h[ev] sev]e7 ! c5tres rema9 ! be/ see+ portions ( ! ret9a1 j z !y are 9 normal dogs4 ,! lat]al or temporal "p ( ea* ret9a seems to be 9 exclusive connection ) ! cortex ( its own side4 ,! c5tre & nasal "p ( ea* seems1 on ! contr>y1 to be connect$ ) ! cortex ( ! opposite hemisph]es4 ,loeb1 :o takes broad] views ?an any "o1 conceives ! hemiamblyopia z he conceives ! motor di/urbances1 namely1 z ! expression ( an increas$ in]tia 9 ! :ole optical ma*9]y1 ( :i* ! result is to make ! animal respond ) great] ef=t to impressions com+ f ! half ( space oppos$ to ! side ( ! lesion4 ,if a dog has "r hemiamblyopia1 say1 & two pieces ( meat are hung be=e him at once1 he inv>iably turns fir/ to ! "o on 8 left4 ,b if ! lesion be a slight "o1 %ak+ slightly ! piece ( meat on 8 "r 7?is makes ( x a /rong] /imulus7 makes him seize ^u x fir/4 ,if only "o piece ( meat be (f]$1 he takes x1 on :i*ev] side x be4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ab & #ac4 ,! ,dog's visual c5tre accord+ to ,munk1 ! entire /riat$ region1 ,a1 ,a1 be+ ! exclusive seat ( vision1 & ! d>k c5tral circle1 ,a#a1 be+ correlat$ ) ! ret9al c5tre ( ! opposite eye4 ,:5 bo? occipital lobes are ext5sively de/roy$ total bl9dness may result4 ,munk maps out 8 ',sehsphre' def9itely1 & says t bl9dness mu/ result :5 ! entire %ad$ "p1 m>k$ ,a1 ,a1 9 ,figs4 #ab & #ac1 is involv$ 9 ! lesion4 ,discrepant reports ( o!r obs]vations he expla9s z due to incomplete ablation4 ,luciani1 ,goltz1 & ,lannegrace1 h[ev]1 cont5d t !y h made complete bilat]al extirpations ( ,munk's ,sehsphre m ?an once1 & f\nd a sort ( crude indiscrim9at+ sight ( objects to return 9 a few weeks4#bj ,! "q :e!r a dog is bl9d or n is h>d] to solve ?an w\ld at fir/ appe>2 = simply bl9d$ dogs1 9 places to :i* !y are accu/om$1 %[ little ( _! loss & avoid all ob/acles2 :il/ dogs ^: occipital lobes are gone may run aga9/ ?+s frequ5tly & yet see not)/&+4 ,! be/ pro( t !y may see is t :i* ,goltz's dogs furni%$3 !y c>efully avoid$1 z x seem$1 /rips ( sun%9e or pap] on ! floor1 z if !y 7 solid ob/acles4 ,?is no really bl9d dog w\ld d4 ,luciani te/$ 8 dogs :5 hungry 7a condition :i* %>p5s _! att5tion7 by /rew+ pieces ( meat & pieces ( cork be=e !m4 ,if !y w5t /raight at !m1 !y saw2 & if !y *ose ! meat & left ! cork1 !y saw discrim9at+ly4 ,! qu>rel is v acrimoni\s2 inde$ ! subject ( localization ( functions 9 ! bra9 seems to h a peculi> effect on ! temp] ( ^? :o cultivate x exp]im5tally4 ,! am\nt ( pres]v$ vision :i* ,goltz & ,luciani report seems h>dly to be wor? consid]+1 on ! "o h&2 & on ! o!r1 ,munk admits 9 8 p5ultimate pap] t out ( #he dogs he only 'succe$$' #d times 9 8 op]ation ( produc+ complete bl9dness by complete extirpation ( 8 ',sehsphre4'#ba ,! safe conclusion = u is t ,luciani's diagram1 ,fig4 #ad1 repres5ts some?+ l ! tru?4 ,! occipital lobes are f> m important = vision ?an any o!r "p ( ! cortex1 s t _! complete de/ruction makes ! animal almo/ bl9d4 ,z = ! crude s5sibility to light :i* may !n rema91 no?+ exact is kn[n ei!r ab\t its nature or its seat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,di/ribution ( ! ,visual ,function 9 ! ,cortex1 accord+ to ,luciani4 ,9 ! monkey1 doctors also disagree4 ,! tru? seems1 h[ev]1 to be t ! occipital lobes 9 ?is animal also are ! "p connect$ mo/ intimately ) ! visual function4 ,! function w\ld seem to g on :5 v small portions ( !m are left1 = ,f]ri] f\nd no 'appreciable impairm5t' ( x aft] almo/ complete de/ruction ( !m on bo? sides4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he f\nd complete & p]man5t bl9dness to ensue :5 !y & ! angul> gyri 9 addition 7 de/roy$ on bo? sides4 ,munk1 z well z ,br[n & ,s*aef]1 f\nd no di/urbance ( sight f de/roy+ ! angul> gyri alone1 al?\gh ,f]ri] f\nd bl9dness to ensue4 ,?is bl9dness 0 probably due to inhibitions ex]t$ 9 di/ans1 or to cutt+ ( ! :ite optical fibres pass+ "u ! angul> gyri on _! way to ! occipital lobes4 ,br[n & ,s*aef] got complete & p]man5t bl9dness 9 "o monkey f total de/ruction ( bo? occipital lobes4 ,luciani & ,seppili1 p]=m+ ?is op]ation on two monkeys1 f\nd t ! animals 7 only m5tally1 n s5sorially1 bl9d4 ,aft] "s weeks !y saw _! food1 b c\ld n di/+ui% by sight betwe5 figs & pieces ( cork4 ,luciani & ,seppili seem1 h[ev]1 n to h extirpat$ ! entire lobes4 ,:5 "o lobe only is injur$ ! affection ( sight is hemiopic 9 monkeys3 9 ?is all obs]v]s agree4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ,munk's orig9al location ( vision 9 ! occipital lobes is confirm$ by ! lat] evid5ce4#bb ,9 man we h m exact results1 s9ce we are n driv5 to int]pret ! vision f ! outw>d conduct4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 we _c vivisect1 b mu/ wait = pa?ological lesions to turn up4 ,! pa?ologi/s :o h discuss$ ^! 7! lit]ature is t$i\s ad libitum7 conclude t ! occipital lobes are ! indisp5sable "p = vision 9 man4 ,hemiopic di/urbance 9 bo? eyes comes f lesion ( ei!r "o ( !m1 & total bl9dness1 s5sorial z well z psy*ic1 f de/ruction ( bo?4 ,hemiopia may also result f lesion 9 o!r p>ts1 especially ! neighbor+ angul> & supra-m>g9al gyri1 & x may accompany ext5sive injury 9 ! motor region ( ! cortex4 ,9 ^! cases x seems probable t x is due to an actio 9 di/ans1 probably to ! int]ruption ( fibres proce$+ f ! occipital lobe4 ,!re seem to be a few cases on record :]e !re 0 injury to ! occipital lobes )\t visual defect4 ,f]ri] has collect$ z _m z possible to prove 8 localization 9 ! angul> gyrus4#bc ,a /rict application ( logical pr9ciples w\ld make "o ( ^! cases outweigh "o hundr$ contr>y ones4 ,& yet1 rememb]+ h[ imp]fect obs]vations may be1 & h[ individual bra9s may v>y1 x w\ld c]ta9ly be ra% = _! sake to ?r[ away ! enorm\s am\nt ( positive evid5ce = ! occipital lobes4 ,individual v>iability is always a possible explanation ( an anomal\s case4 ,!re is no m prom95t anatomical fact ?an t ( ! 'decussation ( ! pyramids1' nor any m usual pa?ological fact ?an its consequ5ce1 t left-h&$ hemorrhages into ! motor region produce "r-h&$ p>alyses4 ,& yet ! decussation is v>iable 9 am\nt1 & seems sometimes to be abs5t altoge!r4#bd ,if1 9 su* a case z ?is la/1 ! left bra9 7 to become ! seat ( apoplexy1 ! left & n ! "r half ( ! body w\ld be ! "o to suff] p>alysis4 ,! s*ema bel[ ,fig4 #ae1 copi$ f ,dr4 ,segu91 expresses1 on ! :ole1 ! probable tru? ab\t ! regions conc]n$ 9 vision4 ,n ! entire occipital lobes1 b ! s-call$ cunei1 & ! fir/ convolutions1 are ! cortical p>ts mo/ intimately conc]n$4 ,no?nagel agrees ) ,segu9 9 ?is limitation ( ! ess5tial tracts4#be ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,s*eme ( ! me*anism ( vision1 aft] ,segu94 ,! cuneus convolution 7,cu7 ( ! "r occipital lobe is suppos$ to be injur$1 & all ! p>ts :i* lead to x are d>kly %ad$ to %[ t !y fail to ex]t _! function4 ,f4 ,o4 are ! intra-hemisph]ic optical fibres4 ,p4 ,o4 ,c4 is ! region ( ! l[] optic c5tres 7corpora g5iculata & quadrigem9a74 ,t4 ,o4 ,d4 is ! "r optic tract2 ,c1 ! *iasma2 ,f4 ,l4 ,d4 are ! fibres go+ to ! lat]al or temporal half ,t ( ! "r ret9a2 & ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 are ^? go+ to ! c5tral or nasal half ( ! left ret9a4 ,o4 ,d4 is ! "r1 & ,o4 ,s4 ! left eyeball4 ,! rightw>d half ( ea* is !re=e bl9d3 9 o!r words1 ! "r nasal field1 ,r4 ,n4 ,f41 & ! left temporal field ,l4 ,t4 ,f41 h become invisible to ! subject ) ! lesion at ,cu4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a mo/ int]e/+ effect ( cortical disord] is m5tal bl9dness4 ,?is consi/s n s mu* 9 ins5sibility to optical impressions1 z 9 inability to und]/& !m4 ,psy*ologically x is int]pretable z loss ( associations betwe5 optical s5sations & :at !y signify2 & any int]ruption ( ! pa?s betwe5 ! optic c5tres & ! c5tres = o!r ideas ought to br+ x ab\t4 ,?us1 pr9t$ lett]s ( ! alphabet1 or words1 signify c]ta9 s\nds & c]ta9 articulatory movem5ts4 ,if ! connection betwe5 ! articulat+ or auditory c5tres1 on ! "o h&1 & ! visual c5tres on ! o!r1 be ruptur$ we ought a priori to expect t ! sight ( words w\ld fail to awak5 ! idea ( _! s\nd1 or ! movem5t = pron\nc+ !m4 ,we ought1 9 %ort1 to h alexia1 or inability to read3 & ?is is j :at we d h 9 _m cases ( ext5sive injury ab\t ! fronto-temporal regions1 z a complication ( aphasic disease4 ,no?nagel sugge/s t :il/ ! cuneus is ! seat ( optical s5sations1 ! o!r p>ts ( ! occipital lobe may be ! field ( optical memories & ideas1 f ! loss ( :i* m5tal bl9dness %\ld ensue4 ,9 fact1 all ! m$ical au?ors speak ( m5tal bl9dness z if x mu/ consi/ 9 ! loss ( visual images f ! memory4 ,x seems to me1 h[ev]1 t ?is is a psy*ological misappreh5sion4 ,a man ^: p[] ( visual imag9ation has decay$ 7no unusual ph5om5on 9 its light] grades7 is n m5tally bl9d 9 ! lea/1 = he recognizes p]fectly all t he sees4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he may be m5tally bl9d1 ) 8 optical imag9ation well pres]v$2 z 9 ! int]e/+ case publi%$ by ,wilbr& 9 #ahhg4bf ,9 ! /ill m int]e/+ case ( m5tal bl9dness rec5tly publi%$ by ,lissau]1#bg ?\gh ! pati5t made ! mo/ ludicr\s mi/akes1 call+ = in/ance a clo!s-bru% a pair ( spectacles1 an umbrella a plant ) fl[]s1 an apple a portrait ( a lady1 etc4 etc41 he seem$1 accord+ to ! report]1 to h 8 m5tal images fairly well pres]v$4 ,x is 9 fact ! mom5t>y loss ( our non-optical images :i* makes u m5tally bl9d1 j z x is t ( our non-auditory images :i* makes u m5tally deaf4 ,i am m5tally deaf if1 he>+ a bell1 ,i c't recall h[ x looks2 & m5tally bl9d if1 see+ x1 ,i c't recall its s\nd or its "n4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,i %\ld h to be n m]ely m5tally bl9d1 b /one-bl9d1 if all my visual images 7 lo/4 ,= al?\gh ,i am bl9d to ! "r half ( ! field ( view if my left occipital region is injur$1 & to ! left half if my "r region is injur$1 su* hemianopsia does n deprive me ( visual images1 exp]i5ce seem+ to %[ t ! unaffect$ hemisph]e is always suffici5t = production ( ^!4 ,to aboli% !m entirely ,i %\ld h to be depriv$ ( bo? occipital lobes1 & t w\ld deprive me n only ( my inw>d images ( sight1 b ( my sight altoge!r4#bh ,rec5t pa?ological annals seem to (f] a few su* cases4#bi ,mean:ile !re are a numb] ( cases ( m5tal bl9dness1 especially = writt5 language1 c\pl$ ) hemianopsia1 usually ( ! rightw>d field ( view4 ,^! are all explicable by ! break+ d[n1 ?r\gh disease1 ( ! connect+ tracts betwe5 ! occipital lobes & o!r p>ts ( ! bra91 especially ^? :i* g to ! c5tres = spee* 9 ! frontal & temporal regions ( ! left hemisph]e4 ,!y are to be class$ among di/urbances ( conduction or ( association2 & n[h]e c ,i f9d any fact :i* %\ld =ce u to believe t optical images ne$#cj be lo/ 9 m5tal bl9dness1 or t ! c]ebral c5tres = su* images are locally di/9ct f ^? = direct s5sations f ! eyes4#ca ,:]e an object fails to be recogniz$ by sight1 x (t5 happ5s t ! pati5t w recognize & "n x z soon z he t\*es x ) 8 h&4 ,?is %[s 9 an int]e/+ way h[ num]\s ! associative pa?s are :i* all end by runn+ out ( ! bra9 ?r\gh ! *annel ( spee*4 ,! h&-pa? is op51 ?\gh ! eye-pa? be clos$4 ,:5 m5tal bl9dness is mo/ complete1 nei!r sight1 t\*1 nor s\nd avails to /e] ! pati5t1 & a sort ( dem5tia :i* has be5 call$ asymbolia or apraxia is ! result4 ,! commone/ articles are n und]/ood4 ,! pati5t w put 8 bree*es on "o %\ld] & 8 hat ^u ! o!r1 w bite into ! soap & lay 8 %oes on ! table1 or take 8 food into 8 h& & ?r[ x d[n aga91 n kn[+ :at to d ) x1 etc4 ,su* disord] c only come f ext5sive bra9-injury4#cb ,! me?od ( deg5]ation corroborates ! o!r evid5ce localiz+ ! tracts ( vision4 ,9 "y animals "o gets second>y deg5]ation ( ! occipital regions f de/roy+ an eyeball1 &1 vice v]s1 deg5]ation ( ! optic n]ves f de/roy+ ! occipital regions4 ,! corpora g5iculata1 ?alami1 & subcortical fibres lead+ to ! occipital lobes are also f\nd atrophi$ 9 ^! cases4 ,! ph5om5a are n uni=m1 b are indisputable2#cc s t1 tak+ all l9es ( evid5ce toge!r1 ! special connection ( vision ) ! occipital lobes is p]fectly made out4 ,x %\ld be add$1 t ! occipital lobes h frequ5tly be5 f\nd %runk5 9 cases ( invet]ate bl9dness 9 man4 ,he>+4 ,he>+ is h>dly z def9itely localiz$ z sight4 ,9 ! dog1 ,luciani's diagram w %[ ! regions :i* directly or indirectly affect x = ! worse :5 injur$4 ,z ) sight1 "o-sid$ lesions produce symptoms on bo? sides4 ,! mixture ( black dots & gray dots 9 ! diagram is meant to repres5t ?is mixture ( 'cross$' & 'uncross$' connections1 ?\gh ( c\rse no topographical exactitude is aim$ at4 ,( all ! region1 ! temporal lobe is ! mo/ important "p2 yet p]man5t absolute deafness did n result 9 a dog ( ,luciani's1 ev5 f bilat]al de/ruction ( bo? temporal lobes 9 _! entirety4#cd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,luciani's ,he>+ ,region4 ,9 ! monkey1 ,f]ri] & ,yeo once f\nd p]man5t deafness to foll[ de/ruction ( ! upp] temporal convolution 7! "o j bel[ ! fissure ( ,sylvius 9 ,fig4 #f7 on bo? sides4 ,br[n & ,s*aef] f\nd1 on ! contr>y1 t 9 sev]al monkeys ?is op]ation fail$ to noticeably affect ! he>+4 ,9 "o animal1 inde$1 bo? entire temporal lobes 7 de/roy$4 ,aft] a week or two ( depression ( ! m5tal faculties ?is bea/ recov]$ & became "o ( ! brighte/ monkeys possible1 dom9e]+ ov] all 8 mates1 & admitt$ by all :o saw him to h all 8 s5ses1 includ+ he>+1 'p]fectly acute4'#ce ,t]rible recrim9ations h1 z usual1 ensu$ betwe5 ! inve/igators1 ,f]ri] d5y+ t ,br[n & ,s*aef]'s ablations 7 complete1#cf ,s*aef] t ,f]ri]'s monkey 0 really deaf4#cg ,9 ?is unsatisfactory condition ! subject mu/ be left1 al?\gh !re seems no reason to d\bt t ,br[n & ,s*aef]'s obs]vation is ! m important ( ! two4 ,9 man ! temporal lobe is unque/ionably ! seat ( ! he>+ function1 & ! sup]ior convolution adjac5t to ! sylvian fissure is its mo/ important "p4 ,! ph5om5a ( aphasia %[ ?is4 ,we /udi$ motor aphasia a few pages back2 we mu/ n[ consid] s5sory aphasia4 ,our k ( ?is disease has _h ?ree /ages3 we may talk ( ! p]iod ( ,broca1 ! p]iod ( ,w]nicke1 & ! p]iod ( ,*>cot4 ,:at ,broca's discov]y 0 we h se54 ,w]nicke 0 ! fir/ to discrim9ate ^? cases 9 :i* ! pati5t c n ev5 und]/& spee* f ^? 9 :i* he c und]/&1 only n talk2 & to ascribe ! =m] condition to lesion ( ! temporal lobe4#ch ,! condition 9 "q is ^w-deafness1 & ! disease is auditory aphasia4 ,! late/ /ati/ical survey ( ! subject is t by ,dr4 ,all5 ,/>r4#ci ,9 ! sev5 cases ( pure ^w-deafness :i* he has collect$1 cases 9 :i* ! pati5t c\ld read1 talk1 & write1 b n und]/& :at 0 said to him1 ! lesion 0 limit$ to ! fir/ & second temporal convolutions 9 _! po/]ior two ?irds4 ,! lesion 79 "r-h&$1 i4e4 left-bra9$1 p]sons7 is always on ! left side1 l ! lesion 9 motor aphasia4 ,crude he>+ w\ld n be aboli%$1 ev5 7 ! left c5tre = x utt]ly de/roy$2 ! "r c5tre w\ld /ill provide = t4 ,b ! l+ui/ic use ( he>+ appe>s b\nd up ) ! integrity ( ! left c5tre m or less exclusively4 ,"h x mu/ be t words he>d ent] into association ) ! ?+s :i* !y repres5t1 on ! "o h&1 & ) ! movem5ts necess>y = pron\nc+ !m1 on ! o!r4 ,9 a l>ge majority ( ,dr4 ,/>r's fifty cases1 ! p[] ei!r to "n objects or to talk coh]5tly 0 impair$4 ,?is %[s t 9 mo/ ( u 7z ,w]nicke said7 spee* mu/ g on f auditory cues2 t is1 x mu/ be t our ideas d n inn]vate our motor c5tres directly1 b only aft] fir/ ar\s+ ! m5tal s\nd ( ! words4 ,?is is ! imm$iate /imulus to articulation2 & :]e ! possibility ( ?is is aboli%$ by ! de/ruction ( its usual *annel 9 ! left temporal lobe1 ! articulation mu/ suff]4 ,9 ! few cases 9 :i* ! *annel is aboli%$ ) no bad effect on spee* we mu/ suppose an idiosyncrasy4 ,! pati5t mu/ inn]vate 8 spee*-organs ei!r f ! correspond+ portion ( ! o!r hemisph]e or directly f ! c5tres ( ideation1 ^?1 namely1 ( vision1 t\*1 etc41 )\t lean+ on ! auditory region4 ,x is ! m9ut] analysis ( ! facts 9 ! light ( su* individual diff]5ces z ^! :i* con/itutes ,*>cot's contribution t[>ds cle>+ up ! subject4 ,e nameable ?+1 act1 or relation has num]\s prop]ties1 qualities1 or aspects4 ,9 our m9ds ! prop]ties ( ea* ?+1 toge!r ) its "n1 =m an associat$ gr\p4 ,if diff]5t p>ts ( ! bra9 are sev]ally conc]n$ ) ! sev]al prop]ties1 & a f>!r "p ) ! he>+1 & /ill ano!r ) ! utt]+1 ( ! "n1 !re mu/ inevitably be br\ght ab\t 7?r\gh ! law ( association :i* we %all lat] /udy7 su* a dynamic connection among/ all ^! bra9-p>ts t ! activity ( any "o ( !m w be likely to awak5 ! activity ( all ! re/4 ,:5 we are talk+ z we ?9k1 ! ultimate process is t ( utt]ance4 ,if ! bra9-"p = t be injur$1 spee* is impossible or disord]ly1 ev5 ?\gh all ! o!r bra9-p>ts be intact3 & ?is is j ! condition ( ?+s :i*1 on page #cg1 we f\nd to be br\ght ab\t by limit$ lesion ( ! left inf]ior frontal convolution4 ,b back ( t la/ act v>i\s ord]s ( succession are possible 9 ! associations ( a talk+ man's ideas4 ,! m usual ord] seems to be f ! tactile1 visual1 or o!r prop]ties ( ! ?+s ?\ght-ab\t to ! s\nd ( _! names1 & !n to ! latt]'s utt]ance4 ,b if 9 a c]ta9 individual ! ?\ght ( ! look ( an object or ( ! look ( its pr9t$ "n be ! process :i* habitually prec$es articulation1 !n ! loss ( ! he>+ c5tre w pro tanto n affect t individual's spee*4 ,he w be m5tally deaf1 i4e4 8 und]/&+ ( spee* w suff]1 b he w n be aphasic4 ,9 ?is way x is possible to expla9 ! sev5 cases ( pure ^w-deafness :i* figure 9 ,dr4 ,/>r's table4 ,if ?is ord] ( association be +ra9$ & habitual 9 t individual1 injury to 8 visual c5tres w make him n only ^w-bl9d1 b aphasic z well4 ,8 spee* w become confus$ 9 consequ5ce ( an occipital lesion4 ,naunyn1 consequ5tly1 plott+ out on a diagram ( ! hemisph]e ! #ga irreproa*ably report$ cases ( aphasia :i* he 0 able to collect1 f9ds t ! lesions conc5trate !mselves 9 ?ree places3 fir/1 on ,broca's c5tre2 second1 on ,w]nicke's2 ?ird1 on ! supra-m>g9al & angul> gyri "u :i* ^? fibres pass :i* connect ! visual c5tres ) ! re/ ( ! bra9#dj 7see ,fig4 #ag74 ,) ?is result ,dr4 ,/>r's analysis ( purely s5sory cases agrees4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,9 a lat] *apt] we %all aga9 return to ^! diff]5ces 9 ! effectiv5ess ( ! s5sory sph]es 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,mean:ile few ?+s %[ m beautifully ?an ! hi/ory ( our k ( aphasia h[ ! sagacity & pati5ce ( _m b&$ work]s are 9 "t c]ta9 to analyze ! d>ke/ confusion into an ord]ly display4#da ,!re is no 'c5tre ( ,spee*' 9 ! bra9 any m ?an !re is a faculty ( ,spee* 9 ! m9d4 ,! entire bra91 m or less1 is at "w 9 a man :o uses language4 ,! subjo9$ diagram1 f ,boss1 %[s ! f\r p>ts mo/ critically conc]n$1 &1 9 ! light ( our text1 ne$s no f>!r explanation 7see ,fig4 #ah74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,smell4 ,ev]y?+ conspires to po9t to ! m$ian desc5d+ "p ( ! temporal lobes z be+ ! organs ( smell4 ,ev5 ,f]ri] & ,munk agree on ! hippocampal gyrus1 ?\gh ,f]ri] re/ricts olfaction1 z ,munk does n1 to ! lobule or unc9ate process ( ! convolution1 res]v+ ! re/ ( x = t\*4 ,anatomy & pa?ology also po9t to ! hippocampal gyrus2 b z ! matt] is less int]e/+ f ! po9t ( view ( human psy*ology ?an 7 sight & he>+1 ,i w say no m1 b simply add ,luciani & ,seppili's diagram ( ! dog's smell-c5tre4#db ,( ,ta/e we "k little t is def9ite4 ,:at little !re is po9ts to ! l[] temporal regions aga94 ,consult ,f]ri] z bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,luciani's ,olfactory ,region 9 ! ,dog4 ,t\*4 ,int]e/+ problems arise ) reg>d to ! seat ( tactile & muscul> s5sibility4 ,hitzig1 ^: exp]im5ts on dogs' bra9s fifte5 ye>s ago op5$ ! entire subject :i* we are discuss+1 ascrib$ ! disord]s ( motility obs]v$ aft] ablations ( ! motor region to a loss ( :at he call$ muscul> consci\sness4 ,! animals d n notice ecc5tric positions ( _! limbs1 w /& ) _! legs cross$1 ) ! affect$ paw re/+ on its back or hang+ ov] a table's edge1 etc42 & d n resi/ our b5d+ & /ret*+ ( x z !y resi/ ) ! unaffect$ paw4 ,goltz1 ,munk1 ,s*iff1 ,h]z51 & o!rs promptly asc]ta9$ an equal defect ( cutane\s s5sibility to pa91 t\*1 & cold4 ,! paw is n )drawn :5 p9*$1 rema9s /&+ 9 cold wat]1 etc4 ,f]ri] mean:ile d5i$ t !re 0 any true an/hesia produc$ by ablations 9 ! motor zone1 & expla9s ! appe>ance ( x z an effect ( ! sluggi% motor responses ( ! affect$ side4#dc ,munk#dd & ,s*iff#de1 on ! contr>y1 conceive ( ! 'motor zone' z ess5tially s5sory1 & 9 diff]5t ways expla9 ! motor disord]s z second>y results ( ! an/hesia :i* is always !re1 ,munk calls ! motor zone ! ,fhlsphre ( ! animal's limbs1 etc41 & makes x cord9ate ) ! ,sehsphre1 ! ,hrsphre1 etc41 ! entire cortex be+1 accord+ to him1 no?+ b a projection-surface = s5sations1 ) no exclusively or ess5tially motor "p4 ,su* a view w\ld be important if true1 ?r\gh its be>+s on ! psy*ology ( volition4 ,:at is ! tru?8 ,z reg>ds ! fact ( cutane\s an/hesia f motor-zone ablations1 all o!r obs]v]s are aga9/ ,f]ri]1 s t he is probably wrong 9 d5y+ x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,munk & ,s*iff are wrong 9 mak+ ! motor symptoms dep5d on ! an/hesia1 = 9 c]ta9 r>e cases !y h be5 obs]v$ to exi/ n only )\t ins5sibility1 b ) actual hyp]/hesia ( ! p>ts4#df ,! motor & s5sory symptoms seem1 !re=e1 to be indep5d5t v>iables4 ,9 monkeys ! late/ exp]im5ts are ^? ( ,horsley & ,s*aef]1#dg ^: results ,f]ri] accepts4 ,!y f9d t excision ( ! hippocampal convolution produces transi5t ins5sibility ( ! opposite side ( ! body1 & t p]man5t ins5sibility is produc$ by de/ruction ( its cont9uation upw>ds above ! corpus callosum1 ! s-call$ gyrus =nicatus 7! "p j bel[ ! 'calloso-m>g9al fissure' 9 ,fig4 #g74 ,! ins5sibility is at its maximum :5 ! entire tract compris+ bo? convolutions is de/roy$4 ,f]ri] says t ! s5sibility ( monkeys is 'entirely unaffect$' by ablations ( ! motor zone1#dh & ,horsley & ,s*aef] consid] x by no means necess>ily aboli%$4#di ,luciani f\nd x dim9i%$ 9 8 ?ree exp]im5ts on apes4#ej ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,luciani's ,tactile ,region 9 ! ,dog4 ,9 man we h ! fact t "o-sid$ p>alysis f disease ( ! opposite motor zone may or may n be accompani$ ) an/hesia ( ! p>ts4 ,luciani1 :o believes t ! motor zone is also s5sory1 tries to m9imize ! value ( ?is evid5ce by po9t+ to ! insuffici5cy ) :i* pati5ts are exam9$4 ,he himself believes t 9 dogs ! tactile sph]e ext5ds backw>ds & =w>ds ( ! directly excitable region1 into ! frontal & p>ietal lobes 7see ,fig4 #bj74 ,no?nagel consid]s t pa?ological evid5ce po9ts 9 ! same direction2#ea & ,dr4 ,mills1 c>efully review+ ! evid5ce1 adds ! gyri =nicatus & hippocampi to ! cutaneo-muscul> region 9 man4#eb ,if "o comp>e ,luciani's diagrams toge!r 7,figs4 #ad1 #af1 #ai1 #bj7 "o w see t ! entire p>ietal region ( ! dog's skull is common to ! f\r s5ses ( sight1 he>+1 smell1 & t\*1 includ+ muscul> feel+4 ,! correspond+ region 9 ! human bra9 7upp] p>ietal & supra-m>g9al gyri--see ,fig4 #ag7 seems to be a some:at simil> place ( conflux4 ,optical aphasias & motor & tactile di/urbances all result f its injury1 especially :5 t is on ! left side4#ec ,! l[] we g 9 ! animal scale ! less diff]5tiat$ ! functions ( ! sev]al bra9-p>ts seem to be4#ed ,x may be t ! region 9 "q /ill repres5ts 9 ourselves some?+ l ?is primitive condition1 & t ! surr\nd+ p>ts1 9 adapt+ !mselves m & m to specializ$ & n>r[ functions1 h left x z a sort ( c>ref\r ?r\gh :i* !y s5d curr5ts & conv]se4 ,t x %\ld be connect$ ) musculo-cutane\s feel+ is1 h[ev]1 no reason :y ! motor zone prop] %\ld n be s connect$ too4 ,& ! cases ( p>alysis f ! motor zone ) no accompany+ an/hesia may be explicable )\t d5y+ all s5sory function to t region4 ,=1 z my colleague ,dr4 ,james ,putnam in=ms me1 s5sibility is always h>d] to kill ?an motility1 ev5 :]e we "k = a c]ta9ty t ! lesion affects tracts t are bo? s5sory & motor4 ,p]sons ^: h& is p>alyz$ 9 its movem5ts f compression ( arm-n]ves dur+ sleep1 /ill feel ) _! f+]s2 & !y may /ill feel 9 _! feet :5 _! legs are p>alyz$ by bruis+ ( ! sp9al cord4 ,9 a simil> way1 ! motor cortex might be s5sitive z well z motor1 & yet by ?is great] subtlety 7or :atev] ! peculi>ity may be7 9 ! s5sory curr5ts1 ! s5sibility might survive an am\nt ( injury !re by :i* ! motility 0 de/roy$4 ,no?nagel consid]s t !re are gr\nds = suppos+ ! muscul> s5se to be exclusively connect$ ) ! p>ietal lobe & n ) ! motor zone4 ,disease ( ?is lobe gives pure ataxy )\t palsy1 & ( ! motor zone pure palsy )\t loss ( muscul> s5se4#ee ,he fails1 h[ev]1 to conv9ce m compet5t critics ?an ! pres5t writ]1#ef s ,i conclude ) !m t z yet we h no decisive gr\nds = locat+ muscul> & cutane\s feel+ ap>t4 ,mu* /ill rema9s to be le>n$ ab\t ! relations betwe5 musculo-cutane\s s5sibility & ! cortex1 b "o ?+ is c]ta93 t nei!r ! occipital1 ! =w>d frontal1 nor ! temporal lobes seem to h any?+ ess5tial to d ) x 9 man4 ,x is knit up ) ! p]=mances ( ! motor zone & ( ! convolutions backw>ds & midw>ds ( !m4 ,! read] mu/ rememb] ?is conclusion :5 we come to ! *apt] on ! ,w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i mu/ add a ^w ab\t ! connection ( aphasia ) ! tactile s5se4 ,on p4 #dj ,i spoke ( ^? cases 9 :i* ! pati5t c write b n read 8 own writ+4 ,he _c read by 8 eyes2 b he c read by ! feel+ 9 8 f+]s1 if he retrace ! lett]s 9 ! air4 ,x is conv5i5t = su* a pati5t to h a p5 9 h& :il/ read+ 9 ?is way1 9 ord] to make ! usual feel+ ( writ+ m complete4#eg ,9 su* a case we mu/ suppose t ! pa? betwe5 ! optical & ! graphic c5tres rema9s op51 :il/ t betwe5 ! optical & ! auditory & articulatory c5tres is clos$4 ,only ?us c we und]/& h[ ! look ( ! writ+ %\ld fail to sugge/ ! s\nd ( ! words to ! pati5t's m9d1 :il/ x /ill sugge/s ! prop] movem5ts ( graphic imitation4 ,^! movem5ts 9 _! turn mu/ ( c\rse be felt1 & ! feel+ ( !m mu/ be associat$ ) ! c5tres = he>+ & pron\nc+ ! words4 ,! injury 9 cases l ?is :]e v special comb9ations fail1 :il/ o!rs g on z usual1 mu/ always be suppos$ to be ( ! nature ( increas$ resi/ance to ! passage ( c]ta9 curr5ts ( association4 ,if any ( ! elem5ts ( m5tal function 7 de/roy$ ! incapacity w\ld necess>ily be mu* m =midable4 ,a pati5t :o c bo? read & write ) 8 f+]s mo/ likely uses an id5tical 'graphic' c5tre1 at once s5sory & motor1 = bo? op]ations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h n[ giv51 z f> z ! nature ( ?is book w all[1 a complete acc\nt ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! localization-"q4 ,9 its ma9 outl9es x /&s firm1 ?\gh mu* has /ill to be discov]$4 ,! ant]ior frontal lobes1 = example1 s f> z is yet kn[n1 h no def9ite functions4 ,goltz f9ds t dogs b]eft ( !m bo? are incessantly 9 motion1 & excitable by e small /imulus4 ,!y are irascible & amative 9 an extraord9>y degree1 & _! sides gr[ b>e ) p]petual reflex scrat*+2 b !y %[ no local tr\bles ( ei!r motion or s5sibility4 ,9 monkeys n ev5 ?is lack ( inhibitory ability is %[n1 & nei!r /imulation nor excision ( ! prefrontal lobes produces any symptoms :atev]4 ,"o monkey ( ,horsley & ,s*aef]'s 0 z tame1 & did c]ta9 tricks z well1 aft] z be=e ! op]ation4#eh ,x is probable t we h ab\t rea*$ ! limits ( :at c be le>n$ ab\t bra9-functions f vivisect+ inf]ior animals1 & t we mu/ h]eaft] look m exclusively to human pa?ology = light4 ,! exi/5ce ( sep>ate spee* & writ+ c5tres 9 ! left hemisph]e 9 man2 ! fact t palsy f cortical injury is s mu* m complete & endur+ 9 man & ! monkey ?an 9 dogs2 & ! f>!r fact t x seems m difficult to get complete s5sorial bl9dness f cortical ablations 9 ! l[] animals ?an 9 man1 all %[ t functions get m specially localiz$ z evolution goes on4 ,9 birds localization seems h>dly to exi/1 & 9 rod5ts x is mu* less conspicu\s ?an 9 c>nivora4 ,ev5 = man1 h[ev]1 ,munk's way ( mapp+ out ! cortex into absolute areas )9 :i* only "o movem5t or s5sation is repres5t$ is surely false4 ,! tru? seems to be r t1 al?\gh !re is a correspond5ce ( c]ta9 regions ( ! bra9 to c]ta9 regions ( ! body1 yet ! sev]al p>ts )9 ea* bodily region are repres5t$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! correspond+ bra9-region l pepp] & salt spr9kl$ f ! same ca/]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n prev5t ea* '"p' f hav+ its focus at "o spot )9 ! bra9-region4 ,! v>i\s bra9-regions m]ge into ea* o!r 9 ! same mix$ way4 ,z ,mr4 ,horsley says3 ,!re are bord] c5tres1 & ! area ( repres5tation ( ! face m]ges into t = ! repres5tation ( ! upp] limb4 ,if !re 0 a focal lesion at t po9t1 y w\ld h ! movem5ts ( ^! two p>ts />t+ toge!r4#ei ,! accompany+ figure f ,pane? %[s j h[ ! matt] /&s 9 ! dog4#fj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,dog's motor c5tres1 "r hemisph]e1 accord+ to ,pane?4--,! po9ts ( ! motor region are correlat$ z foll[s ) muscles3 ! loops ) ! orbicul>is palpebr>um2 ! pla9 crosses ) ! flexor1 ! crosses inscrib$ 9 circles ) ! ext5sor1 digitorum communis ( ! =e-paw2 ! pla9 circles ) ! abductor pollicis longus2 ! d\ble crosses ) ! ext5sor communis ( ! h9d-limb4 ,i am speak+ n[ ( localizations bread?wise ov] ! bra9-surface4 ,x is conceivable t !re might be also localizations dep?wise ?r\gh ! cortex4 ,! m sup]ficial cells are small]1 ! deepe/ lay] ( !m is l>ge2 & x has be5 sugge/$ t ! sup]ficial cells are s5sorial1 ! deep] ones motor2#fa or t ! sup]ficial ones 9 ! motor region are correlat$ ) ! extremities ( ! organs to be mov$ 7f+]s1 etc471 ! deep] ones ) ! m c5tral segm5ts 7wri/1 elb[1 etc474#fb ,x ne$ h>dly be said t all su* !ories are z yet b guesses4 ,we ?us see t ! po/ulate ( ,meyn]t & ,jackson :i* we />t$ ) on p4 #cj is on ! :ole mo/ satisfactorily corroborat$ by subsequ5t objective rese>*4 ,! highe/ c5tres d probably conta9 no?+ b arrangem5ts = repres5t+ impressions & movem5ts1 & o!r arrangem5ts = c\pl+ ! activity ,( ^! arrangem5ts toge!r4#fc ,curr5ts p\r+ 9 f ! s5se-organs fir/ excite "s arrangem5ts1 :i* 9 turn excite o!rs1 until at la/ a motor dis*>ge d[nw>ds ( "s sort occurs4 ,:5 ?is is once cle>ly grasp$ !re rema9s little gr\nd = keep+ up t old controv]sy ab\t ! motor zone1 z to :e!r x is 9 reality motor or s5sitive4 ,! :ole cortex1 inasmu* z curr5ts run ?r\gh x1 is bo?4 ,all ! curr5ts probably h feel+s go+ ) !m1 & soon] or lat] br+ movem5ts ab\t4 ,9 "o aspect1 !n1 e c5tre is aff]5t1 9 ano!r eff]5t1 ev5 ! motor cells ( ! sp9al cord hav+ ^! two aspects insep>ably conjo9$4 ,m>ique1#fd & ,exn] & ,pane?#fe h %[n t by cutt+ r\nd a 'motor' c5tre & s sep>at+ x f ! influ5ce ( ! re/ ( ! cortex1 ! same disord]s are produc$ z by cutt+ x out1 s t really x is only ! m\? ( ! funnel1 z x 71 ?r\gh :i* ! /ream ( inn]vation1 />t+ f else:]e1 p\rs2#ff consci\sness accompany+ ! /ream1 & be+ ma9ly ( ?+s se5 if ! /ream is /ronge/ occipitally1 ( ?+s he>d if x is /ronge/ temporally1 ( ?+s felt1 etc41 if ! /ream occupies mo/ int5sely ! 'motor zone4' ,x seems to me t "s broad & vague =mulation l ?is is z mu* z we c safely v5ture on 9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce2 & 9 subsequ5t *apt]s ,i expect to give confirmatory reasons = my view4 ,,man',s ,,consci\sness ,,limit$ ,,to ,,! ,,hemisph]es4 ,b is ! consci\sness :i* accompanies ! activity ( ! cortex ! only consci\sness t man has8 or are 8 l[] c5tres consci\s z well8 ,?is is a difficult "q to decide1 h[ difficult "o only le>ns :5 "o discov]s t ! cortex-consci\sness itself ( c]ta9 objects c be seem+ly annihilat$ 9 any good hypnotic subject by a b>e wave ( 8 op]ator's h&1 & yet be prov$ by circum/antial evid5ce to exi/ all ! :ile 9 a split-(f condition1 q z 'ejective'#fg to ! re/ ( ! subject's m9d z t m9d is to ! m9d ( ! by/&]s4#fh ,! l[] c5tres !mselves may conceivably all ! :ile h a split-(f consci\sness ( _! own1 simil>ly ejective to ! cortex-consci\sness2 b :e!r !y h x or n c nev] be kn[n f m]ely introspective evid5ce4 ,mean:ile ! fact t occipital de/ruction 9 man may cause a bl9dness :i* is app>5tly absolute 7no feel+ rema9+ ei!r ( light or d>k ov] "o half ( ! field ( view71 w\ld lead u to suppose t if our l[] optical c5tres1 ! corpora quadrigem9a1 & ?alami1 d h any consci\sness1 x is at all ev5ts a consci\sness :i* does n mix ) t :i* accompanies ! cortical activities1 & :i* has no?+ to d ) our p]sonal ,self4 ,9 l[] animals ?is may n be s mu* ! case4 ,! traces ( sight f\nd 7supra1 p4 #df7 9 dogs & monkeys ^: occipital lobes 7 entirely de/roy$1 may possibly h be5 due to ! fact t ! l[] c5tres ( ^! animals saw1 & t :at !y saw 0 n ejective b objective to ! rema9+ cortex1 i4e4 x =m$ "p ( "o & ! same inn] _w ) ! ?+s :i* t cortex p]ceiv$4 ,x may be1 h[ev]1 t ! ph5om5a 7 due to ! fact t 9 ^! animals ! cortical 'c5tres' = vision rea* outside ( ! occipital zone1 & t de/ruction ( ! latt] fails to remove !m z completely z 9 man4 ,?is1 z we "k1 is ! op9ion ( ! exp]im5t]s !mselves4 ,= practical purposes1 nev]!less1 & limit+ ! mean+ ( ! ^w consci\sness to ! p]sonal self ( ! individual1 we c pretty confid5tly answ] ! "q prefix$ to ?is p>agraph by say+ t ! cortex is ! sole organ ( consci\sness 9 man4#fi ,if !re be any consci\sness p]ta9+ to ! l[] c5tres1 x is a consci\sness ( :i* ! self kn[s no?+4 ,,! ,,re/itution ,,( ,,function4 ,ano!r problem1 n s metaphysical1 rema9s4 ,! mo/ g5]al & /rik+ fact connect$ ) cortical injury is t ( ! re/oration ( function4 ,functions lo/ at fir/ are aft] a few days or weeks re/or$4 ,h[ are we to und]/& ?is re/itution8 ,two !ories are 9 ! field3 #a7 ,re/itution is due to ! vic>i\s action ei!r ( ! re/ ( ! cortex or ( c5tres l[] d[n1 acquir+ functions :i* until !n !y _h n p]=m$2 #b7 ,x is due to ! rema9+ c5tres 7:e!r cortical or 'l[]'7 resum+ functions :i* !y _h always _h1 b ( :i* ! w\nd _h tempor>ily inhibit$ ! ex]cise4 ,?is is ! view ( :i* ,goltz & ,br[n-,squ>d are ! mo/ di/+ui%$ def5d]s4 ,inhibition is a v]a causa1 ( t !re c be no d\bt4 ,! pneumoga/ric n]ve inhibits ! he>t1 ! splan*nic inhibits ! inte/9al movem5ts1 & ! sup]ior l>yngeal ^? ( inspiration4 ,! n]ve-irritations :i* may inhibit ! contraction ( art]ioles are innum]able1 & reflex actions are (t5 repress$ by ! simultane\s excitem5t ( o!r s5sory n]ves4 ,= all su* facts ! read] mu/ consult ! treatises on physiology4 ,:at conc]ns u "h is ! inhibition ex]t$ by diff]5t p>ts ( ! n]ve-c5tres1 :5 irritat$1 on ! activity ( di/ant p>ts4 ,! flaccidity ( a frog f '%ock1' = a m9ute or s aft] 8 m$ulla oblongata is cut1 is an inhibition f ! seat ( injury :i* quickly passes away4 ,:at is kn[n z 'surgical %ock '7unconsci\sness1 pallor1 dilatation ( splan*nic blood-vessels1 & g5]al syncope & collapse7 9 ! human subject is an inhibition :i* la/s a long] "t4 ,goltz1 ,freusb]g1 & o!rs1 cutt+ ! sp9al cord 9 dogs1 prov$ t !re 7 functions inhibit$ /ill long] by ! w\nd1 b :i* re-e/abli%$ !mselves ultimately if ! animal 0 kept alive4 ,! lumb> region ( ! cord 0 ?us f\nd to conta9 indep5d5t vaso-motor c5tres1 c5tres = erection1 = control ( ! sph9ct]s1 etc41 :i* c\ld be excit$ to activity by tactile /imuli & z readily re9hibit$ by o!rs simultane\sly appli$4#gj ,we may !re=e plausibly suppose t ! rapid reappe>ance ( motility1 vision1 etc41 aft] _! fir/ disappe>ance 9 consequ5ce ( a cortical mutilation1 is due to ! pass+ (f ( inhibitions ex]t$ by ! irritat$ surface ( ! w\nd4 ,! only "q is :e!r all re/orations ( function mu/ be expla9$ 9 ?is "o simple way1 or :e!r "s "p ( !m may n be ow+ to ! =mation ( entirely new pa?s 9 ! rema9+ c5tres1 by :i* !y become 'educat$' to duties :i* !y did n orig9ally possess4 ,9 favor ( an indef9ite ext5sion ( ! inhibition !ory facts may be cit$ su* z ! foll[+3 ,9 dogs ^: di/urbances due to cortical lesion h disappe>$1 !y may 9 consequ5ce ( "s inn] or out] accid5t reappe> 9 all _! int5sity = #bd h\rs or s & !n disappe> aga94#ga ,9 a dog made half bl9d by an op]ation1 & !n %ut up 9 ! d>k1 vision comes back j z quickly z 9 o!r simil> dogs ^: sight is ex]cis$ sy/ematically e day4#gb ,a dog :i* has le>n$ to beg be=e ! op]ation recomm5ces ?is practice q spontane\sly a week aft] a d\ble-sid$ ablation ( ! motor zone4#gc ,occasionally1 9 a pigeon 7or ev51 x is said1 9 a dog7 we see ! di/urbances less m>k$ imm$iately aft] ! op]ation ?an !y are half an h\r lat]4#gd ,?is w\ld be impossible 7 !y due to ! subtraction ( ! organs :i* normally c>ri$ !m on4 ,moreov] ! entire drift ( rec5t physiological & pa?ological speculation is t[>ds en?ron+ inhibition z an ev]-pres5t & indisp5sable condition ( ord]ly activity4 ,we %all see h[ great is its importance1 9 ! *apt] on ! ,w4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,m]ci] consid]s t no muscul> contraction1 once begun1 w\ld ev] /op )\t x1 %ort ( exhau/ion ( ! sy/em2#ge & ,br[n-,squ>d has = ye>s be5 accumulat+ examples to %[ h[ f> its influ5ce ext5ds4#gf ,"u ^! circum/ances x seems z if error might m probably lie 9 curtail+ its sph]e too mu* ?an 9 /ret*+ x too f> z an explanation ( ! ph5om5a foll[+ cortical lesion4#gg ,on ! o!r h&1 if we admit no re-education ( c5tres1 we n only fly 9 ! face ( an a priori probability1 b we f9d ourselves compell$ by facts to suppose an almo/ incr$ible numb] ( functions natively lodg$ 9 ! c5tres bel[ ! ?alami or ev5 9 ^? bel[ ! corpora quadrigem9a4 ,i w consid] ! a priori objection aft] fir/ tak+ a look at ! facts :i* ,i h 9 m9d4 ,!y confront u ! mom5t we ask ourselves j :i* are ! p>ts :i* p]=m ! functions aboli%$ by an op]ation aft] suffici5t "t has elaps$ = re/oration to occur8 ,! fir/ obs]v]s ?\ght t !y mu/ be ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! opposite or intact hemisph]e4 ,b z long ago z #ahge ,c>ville & ,duret te/$ ?is by cutt+ out ! =e-leg-c5tre on "o side1 9 a dog1 & !n1 aft] wait+ till re/itution _h occurr$1 cutt+ x out on ! opposite side z well4 ,goltz & o!rs h done ! same ?+4#gh ,if ! opposite side 7 really ! seat ( ! re/or$ function1 ! orig9al palsy %\ld h appe>$ aga9 & be5 p]man5t4 ,b x did n appe> at all2 !re appe>$ only a palsy ( ! hi!rto unaffect$ side4 ,! next supposition is t ! p>ts surr\nd+ ! cut-out region le>n vic>i\sly to p]=m its duties4 ,b "h1 aga91 exp]im5t seems to upset ! hypo!sis1 s f> z ! motor zone goes at lea/2 = we may wait till motility has return$ 9 ! affect$ limb1 & !n bo? irritate ! cortex surr\nd+ ! w\nd )\t excit+ ! limb to movem5t1 & ablate x1 )\t br++ back ! vani%$ palsy4#gi ,x w\ld accord+ly seem t ! c]ebral c5tres bel[ ! cortex mu/ be ! seat ( ! rega9$ activities4 ,b ,goltz de/roy$ a dog's entire left hemisph]e1 toge!r ) ! corpus /riatum & ! ?alamus on t side1 & kept him alive until a surpris+ly small am\nt ( motor & tactile di/urbance rema9$4#hj ,^! c5tres _c "h h acc\nt$ = ! re/itution4 ,he has ev51 z x w\ld appe>1#ha ablat$ bo? ! hemisph]es ( a dog1 & kept him alive #ea days1 able to walk & /&4 ,! corpora /riata & ?alami 9 ?is dog 7 also practically gone4 ,9 view ( su* results we seem driv51 ) ,m4 ,franois-,franck1#hb to fall back on ! ganglia l[] /ill1 or ev5 on ! sp9al cord z ! 'vic>i\s' organ ( :i* we are 9 que/4 ,if ! abeyance ( function betwe5 ! op]ation & ! re/oration 0 due exclusively to inhibition1 !n we mu/ suppose ^! l[e/ c5tres to be 9 reality extremely accompli%$ organs4 ,!y mu/ always h done :at we n[ f9d !m do+ aft] function is re/or$1 ev5 :5 ! hemisph]es 7 intact4 ,( c\rse ?is is conceivably ! case2 yet x does n seem v plausible4 ,& ! a priori consid]ations :i* a mom5t s9ce ,i said ,i %\ld urge1 make x less plausible /ill4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! bra9 is ess5tially a place ( curr5ts1 :i* run 9 organiz$ pa?s4 ,loss ( function c only mean "o ( two ?+s1 ei!r t a curr5t c no long] run 91 or t if x runs 91 x c no long] run out1 by its old pa?4 ,ei!r ( ^! inabilities may come f a local ablation2 & 're/itution' c !n only mean t1 9 spite ( a tempor>y block1 an inrunn+ curr5t has at la/ become enabl$ to fl[ out by its old pa? aga9--e4g41 ! s\nd ( 'give y\r paw' dis*>ges aft] "s weeks into ! same can9e muscles into :i* x us$ to dis*>ge be=e ! op]ation4 ,z f> z ! cortex itself goes1 s9ce "o ( ! purposes = :i* x actually exi/s is ! production ( new pa?s1#hc ! only "q be=e u is3 ,is ! =mation ( ^! p>ticul> 'vic>i\s' pa?s too mu* to expect ( its pla/ic p[]s8 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be too mu* to expect t a hemisph]e %\ld receive curr5ts f optic fibres ^: arriv+-place )9 x is de/roy$1 or t x %\ld dis*>ge into fibres ( ! pyramidal /r& if _! place ( exit is brok5 d[n4 ,su* lesions z ^! mu/ be irrep>able )9 t hemisph]e4 ,yet ev5 !n1 ?r\gh ! o!r hemisph]e1 ! corpus callosum1 & ! bilat]al connections 9 ! sp9al cord1 "o c imag9e "s road by :i* ! old muscles might ev5tually be inn]vat$ by ! same incom+ curr5ts :i* inn]vat$ !m be=e ! block4 ,& = all m9or int]ruptions1 n involv+ ! arriv+-place ( ! 'cortico-petal' or ! place ( exit ( ! 'cortico-fugal' fibres1 r\ndab\t pa?s ( "s sort ?r\gh ! affect$ hemisph]e itself mu/ exi/1 = e po9t ( x is1 remotely at lea/1 9 pot5tial communication ) e o!r po9t4 ,! normal pa?s are only pa?s ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,if !y get block$ or cut1 pa?s =m]ly m resi/ant become ! lea/ resi/ant pa?s "u ! *ang$ conditions4 ,x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t a curr5t t runs 9 has got to run out some:]e2 & if x only once succe$s by accid5t 9 /rik+ into its old place ( exit aga91 ! ?rill ( satisfaction :i* ! consci\sness connect$ ) ! :ole residual bra9 !n receives w re9=ce & fix ! pa?s ( t mom5t & make !m m likely to be /ruck into aga94 ,! resultant feel+ t ! old habitual act is at la/ successfully back aga91 becomes itself a new /imulus :i* /amps all ! exi/+ curr5ts 94 ,x is matt] ( exp]i5ce t su* feel+s ( successful a*ievem5t d t5d to fix 9 our memory :atev] processes h l$ to !m2 & we %all h a good deal m to say ^u ! subject :5 we come to ! ,*apt] on ! ,w4 ,my conclusion !n is ?is3 t "s ( ! re/itution ( function 7especially :]e ! cortical lesion is n too great7 is probably due to g5u9ely vic>i\s function on ! "p ( ! c5tres t rema92 :il/ "s ( x is due to ! pass+ (f ( inhibitions4 ,9 o!r words1 bo? ! vic>i\s !ory & ! inhibition !ory are true 9 _! measure4 ,b z = det]m9+ t measure1 or say+ :i* c5tres are vic>i\s1 & to :at ext5t !y c le>n new tricks1 t is impossible at pres5t4 ,,f9al ,,correction ,,( ,,! ,,meyn]t ,,s*eme4 ,& n[1 aft] le>n+ all ^! facts1 :at are we to ?9k ( ! *ild & ! c&le-flame1 & ( t s*eme :i* provisionally impos$ itself on our acceptance aft] survey+ ! actions ( ! frog8 7,cf4 pp4 #be-f1 supra47 ,x w be rememb]$ t we !n consid]$ ! l[] c5tres en masse z ma*9es = respond+ to pres5t s5se-impressions exclusively1 & ! hemisph]es z equally exclusive organs ( action f inw>d consid]ations or ideas2 & t1 foll[+ ,meyn]t1 we suppos$ ! hemisph]es to h no native t5d5cies to det]m9ate activity1 b to be m]ely sup]add$ organs = break+ up ! v>i\s reflexes p]=m$ by ! l[] c5tres1 & comb9+ _! motor & s5sory elem5ts 9 novel ways4 ,x w also be rememb]$ t ,i prophesi$ t we %\ld be oblig$ to s(t5 d[n ! %>pness ( ?is di/9ction aft] we _h complet$ our survey ( ! f>!r facts4 ,! "t has n[ come = t correction to be made4 ,wid] & complet] obs]vations %[ u bo? t ! l[] c5tres are m spontane\s1 & t ! hemisph]es are m automatic1 ?an ! ,meyn]t s*eme all[s4 ,s*rad]'s obs]vations 9 ,goltz's ,laboratory on hemisph]eless frogs#hd & pigeons#he give an idea q diff]5t f ! picture ( ^! creatures :i* is classically curr5t4 ,/e9]'s#hf obs]vations on frogs already w5t a good way 9 ! same direction1 %[+1 = example1 t locomotion is a well-develop$ function ( ! m$ulla oblongata4 ,b ,s*rad]1 by great c>e 9 ! op]ation1 & by keep+ ! frogs a long "t alive1 f\nd t at lea/ 9 "s ( !m ! sp9al cord w\ld produce movem5ts ( locomotion :5 ! frog 0 sm>tly r\s$ by a poke1 & t swimm+ & croak+ c\ld sometimes be p]=m$ :5 no?+ above ! m$ulla oblongata rema9$4#hg ,s*rad]'s hemisph]eless frogs mov$ spontane\sly1 ate flies1 buri$ !mselves 9 ! gr\nd1 & 9 %ort did _m ?+s :i* be=e 8 obs]vations 7 suppos$ to be impossible unless ! hemisph]es rema9$4 ,/e9]#hh & ,vulpian h rem>k$ an ev5 great] vivacity 9 fi%es depriv$ ( _! hemisph]es4 ,vulpian says ( 8 bra9less c>ps#hi t ?ree days aft] ! op]ation "o ( !m d>t$ at food & at a knot ti$ on ! end ( a /r+1 hold+ ! latt] s tight betwe5 8 jaws t 8 head 0 drawn out ( wat]4 ,lat]1 !y see morsels ( :ite ( egg2 ! mom5t ^! s9k ?r\gh ! wat] 9 front ( !m1 !y foll[ & seize !m1 sometimes aft] !y are on ! bottom1 sometimes be=e !y h rea*$ x4 ,9 captur+ & swall[+ ?is food !y execute j ! same movem5ts z ! intact c>ps :i* are 9 ! same aqu>ium4 ,! only diff]5ce is t !y seem to see !m at less di/ance1 seek !m ) less impetuosity & less p]sev]ance 9 all ! po9ts ( ! bottom ( ! aqu>ium1 b !y /ruggle 7s to speak7 sometimes ) ! s\nd c>ps to grasp ! morsels4 ,x is c]ta9 t !y d n conf\nd ^! bits ( :ite ( egg ) o!r :ite bodies1 small pebbles = example1 :i* are at ! bottom ( ! wat]4 ,! same c>p :i*1 ?ree days aft] op]ation1 seiz$ ! knot on a piece ( /r+1 no long] snaps at x n[1 b if "o br+s x ne> h]1 %e draws away f x by swimm+ backw>ds be=e x comes into contact ) h] m\?4#ij ,already on pp4 #i-aj1 z ! read] may rememb]1 we in/anc$ ^? adaptations ( conduct to new conditions1 on ! "p ( ! frog's sp9al cord & ?alami1 :i* l$ ,pflg] & ,lewes on ! "o h& & ,goltz on ! o!r to locate 9 ^! organs an intellig5ce ak9 to t ( :i* ! hemisph]es are ! seat4 ,:5 x comes to birds depriv$ ( _! hemisph]es1 ! evid5ce t "s ( _! acts h consci\s purpose beh9d !m is q z p]suasive4 ,9 pigeons ,s*rad] f\nd t ! /ate ( somnol5ce la/$ only ?ree or f\r days1 aft] :i* "t ! birds began indefatigably to walk ab\t ! room4 ,!y climb$ out ( boxes 9 :i* !y 7 put1 jump$ ov] or flew up ^u ob/acles1 & _! sight 0 s p]fect t nei!r 9 walk+ nor fly+ did !y ev] /rike any object 9 ! room4 ,!y _h also def9ite ends or purposes1 fly+ /raight = m conv5i5t p]*+ places :5 made uncom=table by movem5ts imp>t$ to ^? on :i* !y /ood2 & ( sev]al possible p]*es !y always *ose ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,if we give ! dove ! *oice ( a horizontal b> 7,reck7 or an equally di/ant table to fly to1 %e always gives decid$ pref]5ce to ! table4 ,inde$ %e *ooses ! table ev5 if x is sev]al met]s f>!r (f ?an ! b> or ! *air4 ,plac$ on ! back ( a *air1 %e flies fir/ to ! seat & !n to ! floor1 & 9 g5]al w =sake a high position1 al?\gh x give h] suffici5tly firm support1 & 9 ord] to rea* ! gr\nd w make use ( ! environ+ objects z int]m$iate goals ( flight1 %[+ a p]fectly correct judgm5t ( _! di/ance4 ,al?\gh able to fly directly to ! gr\nd1 %e pref]s to make ! j\rney 9 successive /ages4444 ,once on ! gr\nd1 %e h>dly ev] rises spontane\sly into ! air4#ia ,"y rabbits depriv$ ( _! hemisph]es w /&1 run1 />t at noises1 avoid ob/acles 9 _! pa?1 & give responsive cries ( suff]+ :5 hurt4 ,rats w d ! same1 & ?r[ !mselves moreov] into an attitude ( def5ce4 ,dogs nev] survive su* an op]ation if p]=m$ at once4 ,b ,goltz's late/ dog1 m5tion$ on p4 #gj1 :i* is said to h be5 kept alive = fifty-"o days aft] bo? hemisph]es _h be5 remov$ by a s]ies ( ablations & ! corpora /riata & ?alami _h s(t5$ away1 %[s h[ mu* ! mid-bra9 c5tres & ! cord c d ev5 9 ! can9e species4 ,tak5 toge!r1 ! numb] ( reactions %[n to exi/ 9 ! l[] c5tres by ^! obs]vations make out a pretty good case = ! ,meyn]t s*eme1 z appli$ to ^! l[] animals4 ,t s*eme dem&s hemisph]es :i* %all be m]e supplem5ts or organs ( repetition1 & 9 ! light ( ^! obs]vations !y obvi\sly are s to a great ext5t4 ,b ! ,meyn]t s*eme also dem&s t ! reactions ( ! l[] c5tres %all all be native1 & we are n absolutely sure t "s ( ^? :i* we h be5 consid]+ may n h be5 acquir$ aft] ! injury2 & x fur!rmore dem&s t !y %\ld be ma*9e-l1 :]eas ! expression ( "s ( !m makes u d\bt :e!r !y may n be guid$ by an intellig5ce ( l[ degree4 ,ev5 9 ! l[] animals1 !n1 !re is reason to s(t5 d[n t opposition betwe5 ! hemisph]es & ! l[] c5tres :i* ! s*eme dem&s4 ,! hemisph]es may1 x is true1 only supplem5t ! l[] c5tres1 b ! latt] resemble ! =m] 9 nature & h "s small am\nt at lea/ ( 'spontaneity' & *oice4 ,b :5 we come to monkeys & man ! s*eme well-nigh breaks d[n altoge!r2 = we f9d t ! hemisph]es d n simply repeat volunt>ily actions :i* ! l[] c5tres p]=m z ma*9es4 ,!re are _m functions :i* ! l[] c5tres _c by !mselves p]=m at all4 ,:5 ! motor cortex is injur$ 9 a man or a monkey g5u9e p>alysis ensues1 :i* 9 man is incurable1 & almo/ or q equally s 9 ! ape4 ,dr4 ,segu9 knew a man ) hemi-bl9dness1 f cortical injury1 :i* _h p]si/$ unalt]$ = tw5ty-?ree ye>s4 ',traumatic inhibition' _c possibly acc\nt = ?is4 ,! bl9dness mu/ h be5 an ',ausfalls]s*e9ung1' due to ! loss ( vision's ess5tial organ4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t 9 ^! high] creatures ! l[] c5tres mu/ be less adequate ?an !y are f>!r d[n 9 ! zoological scale2 & t ev5 = c]ta9 elem5t>y comb9ations ( movem5t & impression ! co-op]ation ( ! hemisph]es is necess>y f ! />t4 ,ev5 9 birds & dogs ! p[] ( eat+ prop]ly is lo/ :5 ! frontal lobes are cut (f4#ib ,! pla9 tru? is t nei!r 9 man nor bea/ are ! hemisph]es ! virg9 organs :i* our s*eme call$ !m4 ,s f> f be+ unorganiz$ at bir?1 !y mu/ h native t5d5cies to reaction ( a det]m9ate sort4#ic ,^! are ! t5d5cies :i* we "k z emotions & in/9cts1 & :i* we mu/ /udy ) "s detail 9 lat] *apt]s ( ?is book4 ,bo? in/9cts & emotions are reactions ^u special sorts ( objects ( p]ception2 !y dep5d on ! hemisph]es2 & !y are 9 ! fir/ in/ance reflex1 t is1 !y take place ! fir/ "t ! excit+ object is met1 are accompani$ by no =e?\ght or delib]ation1 & are irresi/ible4 ,b !y are modifiable to a c]ta9 ext5t by exp]i5ce1 & on lat] occasions ( meet+ ! excit+ object1 ! in/9cts especially h less ( ! bl9d impulsive "* :i* !y _h at fir/4 ,all ?is w be expla9$ at "s l5g? 9 ,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,mean:ile we c say t ! multiplicity ( emotional & in/9ctive reactions 9 man1 toge!r ) 8 ext5sive associative p[]1 p]mit ( ext5sive rec\pl+s ( ! orig9al s5sory & motor p>tn]s4 ,! consequ5ces ( "o in/9ctive reaction (t5 prove to be ! incit]s ( an opposite reaction1 & be+ sugge/$ on lat] occasions by ! orig9al object1 may !n suppress ! fir/ reaction altoge!r1 j z 9 ! case ( ! *ild & ! flame4 ,= ?is education ! hemisph]es d n ne$ to be tabul ras at fir/1 z ! ,meyn]t s*eme w\ld h !m2 & s f> f _! be+ educat$ by ! l[] c5tres exclusively1 !y educate !mselves4#id ,we h already notic$ ! abs5ce ( reactions f fe> & hung] 9 ! ord9>y bra9less frog4 ,s*rad] gives a /rik+ acc\nt ( ! in/9ctless condition ( 8 bra9less pigeons1 active z !y 7 9 ! way ( locomotion & voice4 ,! hemisph]eless animal moves 9 a _w ( bodies :i* 444 are all ( equal value = him4444 ,he is1 to use ,goltz's apt expression1 imp]sonal4444 ,e object is = him only a space-occupy+ mass1 he turns out ( 8 pa? = an ord9>y pigeon no o!rwise ?an = a /one4 ,he may try to climb ov] bo?4 ,all au?ors agree t !y nev] f\nd any diff]5ce1 :e!r x 0 an inanimate body1 a cat1 a dog1 or a bird ( prey :i* came 9 _! pigeon's way4 ,! creature kn[s nei!r fri5ds nor enemies1 9 ! ?icke/ company x lives l a h]mit4 ,! langui%+ coo+ ( ! male awak5s no m impression ?an ! rattl+ ( ! peas1 or ! call-:i/le :i* 9 ! days be=e ! injury us$ to make ! birds ha/5 to be f$4 ,q z little z ! e>li] obs]v]s h ,i se5 hemisph]eless %e-birds answ] ! c\rt+ ( ! male4 ,a hemisph]eless male w coo all day long & %[ di/9ct signs ( sexual excitem5t1 b 8 activity is )\t any object1 x is entirely indiff]5t to him :e!r ! %e-bird be !re or n4 ,if "o is plac$ ne> him1 he leaves h] unnotic$4444 ,z ! male pays no att5tion to ! female1 s %e pays none to h] "y4 ,! brood may foll[ ! "m ceaselessly call+ = food1 b !y might z well ask x f a /one4444 ,! hemisph]eless sph]eless pigeon is 9 ! highe/ degree tame1 & fe>s man z little z cat or bird ( prey4#ie ,putt+ toge!r n[ all ! facts & reflections :i* we h be5 ?r\gh1 x seems to me t we c no long] hold /rictly to ! ,meyn]t s*eme4 ,if any:]e1 x w apply to ! l[e/ animals2 b 9 !m especially ! l[] c5tres seem to h a degree ( spontaneity & *oice4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i ?9k t we are driv5 to sub/itute = x "s su* g5]al conception z ! foll[+1 :i* all[s = zoological diff]5ces z we "k !m1 & is vague & ela/ic en\gh to receive any numb] ( future discov]ies ( detail4 ,,conclusion4 ,all ! c5tres1 9 all animals1 :il/ !y are 9 "o aspect me*anisms1 probably are1 or at lea/ once 71 organs ( consci\sness 9 ano!r1 al?\gh ! consci\sness is d\btless mu* m develop$ 9 ! hemisph]es ?an x is any:]e else4 ,! consci\sness mu/ ev]y:]e pref] "s ( ! s5sations :i* x gets to o!rs2 & if x c rememb] ^! 9 _! abs5ce1 h[ev] dimly1 !y mu/ be its ends ( desire4 ,if1 moreov]1 x c id5tify 9 memory any motor dis*>ges :i* may h l$ to su* ends1 & associate ! latt] ) !m1 !n ^! motor dis*>ges !mselves may 9 turn become desir$ z means4 ,?is is ! developm5t ( w2 & its realization mu/ ( c\rse be proportional to ! possible complication ( ! consci\sness4 ,ev5 ! sp9al cord may possibly h "s little p[] ( w 9 ?is s5se1 & ( ef=t t[>ds modifi$ behavior 9 consequ5ce ( new exp]i5ces ( s5sibility4#if ,all n]v\s c5tres h !n 9 ! fir/ in/ance "o ess5tial function1 t ( 'intellig5t' action4 ,!y feel1 pref] "o ?+ to ano!r1 & h 'ends4' ,l all o!r organs1 h[ev]1 !y evolve f ance/or to desc5dant1 & _! evolution takes two directions1 ! l[] c5tres pass+ d[nw>ds into m unhesitat+ automatism1 & ! high] ones upw>ds into l>g] intellectuality4#ig ,?us x may happ5 t ^? functions :i* c safely gr[ uni=m & fatal become lea/ accompani$ by m9d1 & t _! organ1 ! sp9al cord1 becomes a m & m s\lless ma*9e2 :il/ on ! contr>y ^? functions :i* x b5efits ! animal to h adapt$ to delicate environ+ v>iations pass m & m to ! hemisph]es1 ^: anatomical /ructure & att5dant consci\sness gr[ m & m elaborate z zoological evolution proce$s4 ,9 ?is way x might come ab\t t 9 man & ! monkeys ! basal ganglia %\ld d few] ?+s by !mselves ?an !y c d 9 dogs1 few] 9 dogs ?an 9 rabbits1 few] 9 rabbits ?an 9 hawks1#ih few] 9 hawks ?an 9 pigeons1 few] 9 pigeons ?an 9 frogs1 few] 9 frogs ?an 9 fi%es1 & t ! hemisph]es %\ld correspond+ly d m4 ,?is passage ( functions =w>d to ! ev]-enl>g+ hemisph]es w\ld be itself "o ( ! evolutive *anges1 to be expla9$ l ! developm5t ( ! hemisph]es !mselves1 ei!r by =tunate v>iation or by inh]it$ effects ( use4 ,! reflexes1 on ?is view1 ^u :i* ! education ( our human hemisph]es dep5ds1 w\ld n be due to ! basal ganglia alone4 ,!y w\ld be t5d5cies 9 ! hemisph]es !mselves1 modifiable by education1 unlike ! reflexes ( ! m$ulla oblongata1 pons1 optic lobes & sp9al cord4 ,su* c]ebral reflexes1 if !y exi/1 =m a basis q z good z t :i* ! ,meyn]t s*eme (f]s1 = ! acquisition ( memories & associations :i* may lat] result 9 all sorts ( '*anges ( p>tn]s' 9 ! psy*ic _w4 ,! diagram ( ! baby & ! c&le 7see page #be7 c be re-edit$1 if ne$ be1 z an entirely cortical transaction4 ,! orig9al t5d5cy to t\* w be a cortical in/9ct2 ! burn w leave an image 9 ano!r "p ( ! cortex1 :i*1 be+ recall$ by association1 w inhibit ! t\*+ t5d5cy ! next "t ! c&le is p]ceiv$1 & excite ! t5d5cy to )draw--s t ! ret9al picture w1 ^u t next "t1 be c\pl$ ) ! orig9al motor p>tn] ( ! pa94 ,we ?us get :atev] psy*ological tru? ! ,meyn]t s*eme possesses )\t entangl+ ourselves on a dubi\s anatomy & physiology4 ,"s su* %ad[y view ( ! evolution ( ! c5tres1 ( ! relation ( consci\sness to !m1 & ( ! hemisph]es to ! o!r lobes1 is1 x seems to me1 t 9 :i* x is safe/ to indulge4 ,if x has no o!r advantage1 x at any rate makes u realize h[ enorm\s are ! gaps 9 our k1 ! mom5t we try to cov] ! facts by any "o =mula ( a g5]al k9d4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,x %\ld be said t ?is p>ticul> cut commonly proves fatal4 ,! text ref]s to ! r>e cases :i* survive4 #e ,i conf9e myself to ! frog = simplicity's sake4 ,9 high] animals1 especially ! ape & man1 x w\ld seem z if n only det]m9ate comb9ations ( muscles1 b limit$ gr\ps or ev5 s+le muscles c\ld be inn]vat$ f ! hemisph]es4 #f ,i hope t ! read] w take no umbrage at my s mix+ ! physical & m5tal1 & talk+ ( reflex acts & hemisph]es & rem9isc5ces 9 ! same brea?1 z if !y 7 homog5e\s quantities & factors ( "o causal *a94 ,i h done s delib]ately2 = al?\gh ,i admit t f ! radically physical po9t ( view x is easy to conceive ( ! *a9 ( ev5ts among/ ! cells & fibres z complete 9 itself1 & t :il/ s conceiv+ x "o ne$ make no m5tion ( 'ideas1' ,i yet suspect t po9t ( view ( be+ an unreal ab/raction4 ,reflexes 9 c5tres may take place ev5 :]e accompany+ feel+s or ideas guide !m4 ,9 ano!r *apt] ,i %all try to %[ reasons = n ab&on+ ?is common-s5se position2 mean:ile language l5ds itself s mu* m easily to ! mix$ way ( describ+1 t ,i w cont9ue to employ ! latt]4 ,! m radical-m9d$ read] c always read 'ideational process' = 'idea4' #g ,i %all call x h]eaft] = %ortness '! ,meyn]t s*eme2' = ! *ild-&-flame example1 z well z ! :ole g5]al notion t ! hemisph]es are a sup]num]>y surface = ! projection & association ( s5sations & movem5ts natively c\pl$ 9 ! c5tres bel[1 is due to ,?4 ,meyn]t1 ! ,au/rian anatomi/4 ,= a popul> acc\nt ( 8 views1 see 8 pamphlet ',zur ,me*anik des ,gehirnbaues1' ,vi5na1 #ahgd4 ,8 mo/ rec5t developm5t ( !m is embodi$ 9 8 ',psy*iatry1' a cl9ical treatise on diseases ( ! =ebra91 translat$ by ,b4 ,sa*s1 ,new ,york1 #ahhe4 #h ,ges*i*te des ,mat]ialismus1 #b;d ed41 ii1 p4 #cde4 #i ,we/ ,rid+ ,asylum ,reports1 #ahgf1 p4 #bfg4 #aj ,= a ?or\gh discussion ( ! v>i\s objections1 see ,f]ri]'s ',functions ( ! ,bra91' #b;d ed41 pp4 #bbg-bcd1 & ,franois-,franck's ',leons sur les ,fonctions ,motrices du ,c]veau' 7#ahhg71 ,leon #ca4 ,! mo/ m9utely accurate exp]im5ts on irritation ( cortical po9ts are ^? ( ,pane?1 9 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 vol #cg1 p4 #ebh4--,rec5tly ! skull has be5 fe>lessly op5$ by surgeons1 & op]ations ^u ! human bra9 p]=m$1 sometimes ) ! happie/ results4 ,9 "s ( ^! op]ations ! cortex has be5 electrically excit$ = ! purpose ( m exactly localiz+ ! spot1 & ! movem5ts fir/ obs]v$ 9 dogs & monkeys h !n be5 v]ifi$ 9 m54 #aa ,j4 ,loeb3 ,beitrge zur ,physiologie des ,gros%irns2 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 xxxix1 #bic4 ,i simplify ! au?or's /atem5t4 #ab ,goltz3 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 xlii1 #dai4 #ac ',hemiplegia' means "o-sid$ palsy4 #ad ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 #agi1 pp4 #f1 #aj 7#ahhh74 ,9 a lat] pap] 7ibid4 p4 #bje7 ,messrs4 ,beevor & ,horsley g into ! localization /ill m m9utely1 %[+ spots f :i* s+le muscles or s+le digits c be made to contract4 #ae ,no?nagel und ,naunyn2 ,die ,localization 9 d5 ,gehirnkrankheit5 7,wiesbad51 #ahhg71 p4 #cd4 #af ,an accessible acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( our k ( motor aphasia is 9 ,w4 ,a4 ,hammond's ',treatise on ! ,diseases ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em1' *apt] vii4 #ag ,! hi/ory up to #ahhe may be f\nd 9 ,a4 ,*ri/iani3 ,zur ,physiologie des ,gehirnes 7,b]l91 #ahhe74 #ah ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 vol4 #dd1 p4 #agf4 ,munk 7,b]l9 ,academy ,sitzsungb]i*te1 #ahhi1 xxxi7 returns to ! *>ge1 d5y+ ! extirpations ( ,s*rad] to be complete3 ,microscopic portions ( ! ,sehsphre mu/ rema94 #ai ,a4 ,*ri/iani2 ,zur ,physiol4 d4 ,gehirnes 7,b]l91 #ahhe71 *aps4 ii1 iii1 iv1 ,h4 ,munk3 ,b]l9 ,akad4 ,/zgsb4 #ahhd1 xxiv4 #bj ,luciani und ,seppili3 ,die ,functions-,localization auf d] ,gros%irnr9de 7,deuts* von ,fra5kel71 ,leipzig1 #ahhf1 ,dogs ,m1 ,n1 & ,s4 ,goltz 9 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 vol4 #cd1 pp4 #dij-f2 vol4 #db1 p4 #ded4 ,cf4 also ,munk3 ,b]l9 ,akad4 ,/zgsb4 #ahhf1 vii1 viii1 pp4 #aac-aba1 & ,loeb3 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 vol4 #ci1 p4 #ccg4 #ba ,b]l9 ,akad4 ,sitzungsb]i*te1 #ahhf1 vii1 viii1 p4 #abd4 #bb ,h4 ,munk3 ,function5 d] ,gros%irnr9de 7,b]l91 #ahha71 pp4 #cf-dj4 ,f]ri]3 ,functions1 etc41 #b;d ed41 *ap1 ix1 pt4 i4 ,br[n & ,s*aef]1 ,philos4 ,transactions1 vol4 #agi1 p4 #cba4 ,luciani u4 ,seppili1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aca-ach4 ,lannegrace f\nd traces ( sight ) bo? occipital lobes de/roy$1 & 9 "o monkey ev5 :5 angul> gyri & occipital lobes 7 de/roy$ altoge!r4 ,8 pap] is 9 ! ,ar*ives de ,mdec9e ,exprim5tale = ,janu>y & ,m>*1 #ahhi4 ,i only "k x f ! ab/ract 9 ! ,neurologis*es ,c5tralblatt1 #ahhi1 pp4 #ajh-dbj4 ,! report] d\bts ! evid5ce ( vision 9 ! monkey4 ,x appe>s to h consi/$ 9 avoid+ ob/acles & 9 emotional di/urbance 9 ! pres5ce ( m54 #bc ,localization ( ,c]ebral ,disease 7#ahgh71 pp4 #aag-h4 #bd ,= cases see ,fle*sig3 ,die ,leitungsbahn5 9 ,gehirn u4 ,rck5m>k 7,leipzig1 #ahgf71 pp4 #aab1 #bgb2 ,exn]'s ,unt]su*ung51 etc41 p4 #hc2 ,f]ri]'s ,localization1 etc41 p4 #aa2 ,franois-,franck's ,c]veau ,moteur1 p4 #fc1 note4 #be ,e4 ,c4 ,segu93 ,hemianopsia ( ,c]ebral ,orig91 9 ,j\rnal ( ,n]v\s & ,m5tal ,disease1 vol4 xiii1 p4 #cj4 ,no?nagel und ,naunyn3 ,ueb] die ,localization d] ,gehirnkrankheit5 7,wiesbad51 #ahhg71 p4 #af4 #bf ,die ,seel5bl9dheit1 etc41 p4 #ea ff4 ,! m5tal bl9dness 0 9 ?is woman's case mod]ate 9 degree4 #bg ,ar*iv f4 ,psy*iatrie1 vol4 #ba1 p4 #bbb4 #bh ,no?nagel 7loc4 cit4 p4 #bb7 says3 ,dies trifft ab] ni*t zu4 ,he gives1 h[ev]1 no case 9 support ( 8 op9ion t d\ble-sid$ cortical lesion may make "o /one-bl9d & yet n de/roy "o's visual images2 s t ,i d n "k :e!r x is an obs]vation ( fact or an a priori assumption4 #bi ,9 a case publi%$ by ,c4 ,s4 ,freund3 ,ar*iv f4 ,psy*iatrie1 vol4 xx1 ! occipital lobes 7 injur$1 b _! cortex 0 n de/roy$1 on bo? sides4 ,!re 0 /ill vision4 ,cf4 pp4 #bia-e4 #cj ,i say 'ne$1' = ,i d n ( c\rse d5y ! possible coexi/5ce ( ! two symptoms4 ,_m a bra9-lesion might block optical associations & at ! same "t impair optical imag9ation1 )\t entirely /opp+ vision4 ,su* a case seems to h be5 ! rem>kable "o f ,*>cot :i* ,i %all give r fully 9 ! *apt] on ,imag9ation4 #ca ,freund 79 ! article cit$ above ',ueb] optis*e ,aphasie und ,seel5bl9dheit'7 & ,bruns 7',e9 ,fall von ,alexie1' etc41 9 ! ,neurologis*es ,c5tralblatt = #ahhh1 pp4 #eha1 #eji7 expla9 _! cases by brok5-d[n conduction4 ,wilbr&1 ^: pa9/ak+ monograph on m5tal bl9dness 0 ref]r$ to a mom5t ago1 gives none b a priori reasons = 8 belief t ! optical ',er9n]ungsfeld' mu/ be locally di/9ct f ! ,wahrnehmungsfeld 7cf4 pp4 #hd1 #ic74 ,! a priori reasons are really ! o!r way4 ,mau?n] 7',gehirn u4 ,auge' 7#ahha71 p4 #dhg ff47 tries to %[ t ! 'm5tal bl9dness' ( ,munk's dogs & apes aft] occipital mutilation 0 n su*1 b real dimness ( sight4 ,! be/ case ( m5tal bl9dness yet report$ is t by ,lissau]1 z above4 ,! read] w also d well to read ,b]n>d3 ,de l',aphasie 7#ahhe7 *ap4 v2 ,ballet3 ,le ,langage ,intrieur 7#ahhf71 *ap4 viii2 & ,jas4 ,boss's little book on ,aphasia 7#ahhg71 p4 #gd4 #cb ,= a case see ,w]nicke's ,lehrb4 d4 ,gehirnkrankheit51 vol4 ii1 p4 #eed 7#ahha74 #cc ,! late/ acc\nt ( !m is ! pap] 'b] die optis*5 ,c5tr5 u4 ,bahn5' by von ,monak[ 9 ! ,ar*iv fr ,psy*iatrie1 vol4 xx1 p4 #gad4 #cd ,die ,functions-,localization1 etc41 ,dog ,x2 see also p4 #afa4 #ce ,philos4 ,trans41 vol4 #agi1 p4 #cab4 #cf ,bra91 vol4 xi1 p4 #aj4 #cg ,ibid4 p4 #adg4 #ch ,d] aphasis*e ,symptom5complex 7#ahgd74 ,see 9 ,fig4 #aa ! convolution m>k$ ,,w]nicke4 #ci ',! ,pa?ology ( ,s5sory ,aphasia1' ',bra91' ,july1 #ahhi4 #dj ,no?nagel und ,naunyn2 op4 cit4 plates4 #da ,ballet's & ,b]n>d's works cit$ on p4 #ea are ! mo/ accessible docum5ts ( ,*>cot's s*ool4 ,ba/ian's book on ! ,bra9 z an ,organ ( ,m9d 7la/ ?ree *apt]s7 is also good4 #db ,= details1 see ,f]ri]'s ',functions1' *ap4 ix1 pt4 iii1 & ,*as4 ,k4 ,mills3 ,transactions ( ,congress ( ,am]ican ,physicians & ,surgeons1 #ahhh1 vol4 i1 p4 #bgh4 #dc ,functions ( ! ,bra91 *ap4 x1 #ad4 #dd ,ueb] die ,function5 d4 ,gros%irnr9de 7#ahha71 p4 #ej4 #de ,lezioni di ,fisiologia sp]im5tale sul si/ema n]voso encefalico 7l4 #gc71 p4 #ebg ff4 ,also ',bra91' vol4 ix1 p4 #bih4 #df ,be*t]ew 7,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 vol4 #ce1 p4 #acg7 f\nd no an/hesia 9 a cat ) motor symptoms f ablation ( sigmoid gyrus4 ,luciani got hyp]/hesia coexi/5t ) cortical motor defect 9 a dog1 by simultane\sly hemisect+ ! sp9al cord 7,luciani u4 ,seppili1 op4 cit4 p4 #bcd74 ,goltz frequ5tly f\nd hyp]/hesia ( ! :ole body to accompany motor defect aft] ablation ( bo? frontal lobes1 & he once f\nd x aft] ablat+ ! motor zone 7,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 vol4 #cd1 p4 #dga74 #dg ,philos4 ,transactions1 vol4 #agi1 p4 #bj ff4 #dh ,functions1 p4 #cge4 #di ,pp4 #ae-ag4 #ej ,luciani u4 ,seppili1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bge-bhh4 #ea ,op4 cit4 p4 #ah4 #eb ,trans4 ( ,congress1 etc41 p4 #bgb4 #ec ,see ,exn]'s ,unt]s4 b4 ,localization1 plate xxv4 #ed ,cf4 ,f]ri]'s ,functions1 etc41 *ap4 iv1 & *ap4 x1 #f to #i4 #ee ,op4 cit4 p4 #ag4 #ef ,e4g4 ,/>r1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bgb2 ,leyd51 ,beitrge zur ,lehre v4 d4 ,localization im ,gehirn 7#ahhh71 p4 #gb4 #eg ,b]n>d1 op4 cit4 p4 #hd4 #eh ,philos4 ,trans41 vol4 #agi1 p4 #c4 #ei ,trans4 ( ,congress ( ,am4 ,phys4 & ,surg4 #ahhh1 vol4 i1 p4 #cdc4 ,beevor & ,horsley's pap] on electric /imulation ( ! monkey's bra9 is ! mo/ beautiful "w yet done = precision4 ,see ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 #agi1 p4 #bje1 especially ! plates4 #fj ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 vol4 #cg1 p4 #ebc 7#ahhe74 #fa ,by ,luys 9 8 g5]ally prepo/]\s book ',! ,bra9'2 also by ,horsley4 #fb ,c4 ,m]ci]3 ,! ,n]v\s ,sy/em & ! ,m9d1 p4 #abd4 #fc ,! frontal lobes z yet rema9 a puzzle4 ,wundt tries to expla9 !m z an organ ( 'app]ception' 7,grundzge d4 ,physiologis*5 ,psy*ologie1 #c;d ed41 vol4 i1 p4 #bcc ff471 b ,i confess myself unable to appreh5d cle>ly ! ,wundtian philosophy s f> z ?is ^w ent]s into x1 s mu/ be cont5t$ ) ?is b>e ref]5ce4--,until q rec5tly x 0 common to talk ( an 'ideational c5tre' z ( some?+ di/9ct f ! aggregate ( o!r c5tres4 ,=tunately ?is cu/om is already on ! wane4 #fd ,re*4 ,exp4 sur le ,fonctionnem5t des ,c5tres ,psy*o-moteurs 7,brussels1 #ahhe74 #fe ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 vol4 #dd1 p4 #edd4 #ff ,i ought to add1 h[ev]1 t ,franois-,franck 7,fonctions ,motrices1 p4 #cgj7 got1 9 two dogs & a cat1 a diff]5t result f ?is sort ( 'circumvallation4' #fg ,= ?is ^w1 see ,t4 ,k4 ,clif=d's ,lectures & ,essays 7#ahgi71 vol4 ii1 p4 #gb4 #fh ,see bel[1 ,*apt] ,,viii4 #fi ,cf4 ,f]ri]'s ,functions1 pp4 #abj1 #adg1 #dad4 ,see also ,vulpian3 ,leons sur la ,physiol4 du ,sy/4 ,n]veux1 p4 #edh2 ,luciani u4 ,seppili1 op4 cit4 pp4 #djd-e2 ,h4 ,maudsley3 ,physiology ( ,m9d 7#ahgf71 pp4 #ach ff41 #aig ff41 & #bda ff4 ,9 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes's ,physical ,basis ( ,m9d1 ,problem ,,iv3 ',! ,reflex ,!ory1' a v full hi/ory ( ! "q is giv54 #gj ,goltz3 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 vol4 #h1 p4 #dfj2 ,freusb]g3 ibid4 vol4 #aj1 p4 #agd4 #ga ,goltz3 ,v]ri*tung5 des ,gros%irns1 p4 #gh4 #gb ,loeb3 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 vol4 #hi1 p4 #bgf4 #gc ,ibid4 p4 #bhi4 #gd ,s*rad]3 ibid4 vol4 #dd1 p4 #bah4 #ge ,! ,n]v\s ,sy/em & ! ,m9d 7#ahhh71 *aps4 iii1 vi2 also 9 ,bra91 vol4 xi1 p4 #cfa4 #gf ,br[n-,squ>d has giv5 a resume ( 8 op9ions 9 ! ,ar*ives de ,physiologie = ,oct4 #ahhi1 #eme4 ,srie1 vol4 i1 p #gea4 #gg ,goltz fir/ appli$ ! inhibition !ory to ! bra9 9 8 ',v]ri*tung5 des ,gros%irns1' p4 #ci ff4 ,on ! g5]al philosophy ( ,inhibition ! read] may consult ,brunton's ',ph>makology & ,!rapeutics1' p4 #aed ff41 & also ',nature1' vol4 #bg1 p4 #dai ff4 #gh ,e4g4 ,h]z51 ,h]man u4 ,s*walbe's ,jahres-b]i*t = #ahhf1 ,physiol4 ,ab?4 p4 #ch4 7,exp]im5ts on new-born puppies47 #gi ,franois-,franck3 op4 cit4 p4 #chb4 ,results are some:at contradictory4 #hj ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 vol4 #db1 p4 #dai4 #ha ,neurologis*es ,c5tralblatt1 #ahhi1 p4 #cgb4 #hb ,op4 cit4 p4 #chg4 ,see pp4 #cgh to #chh = a discussion ( ! :ole "q4 ,comp>e also ,wundt's ,physiol4 ,psy*41 #c;d ed41 i1 #bbe ff41 & ,luciani u4 ,seppili1 pp4 #bdc1 #bic4 #hc ,! ,*apt]s on ,habit1 ,association1 ,memory1 & ,p]ception w *ange our pres5t prelim9>y conjecture t t is "o ( its ess5tial uses1 into an un%akable conviction4 #hd ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 vol4 #da1 p4 #ge 7#ahhg74 #he ,ibid4 vol4 #dd1 p4 #age 7#ahhi74 #hf ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,physiologie des ,fros*hirns4 #ahhe4 #hg ,loc4 cit4 pp4 #hj1 #hb-c4 ,s*rad] also f\nd a bit+-reflex develop$ :5 ! m$ulla oblongata is cut ?r\gh j beh9d ! c]ebellum4 #hh ,b]l9 ,akad4 ,sitzungsb]i*te = #ahhf4 #hi ,comptes ,r5dus1 vol4 #ajb1 p4 #ij4 #ij ,comptes ,r5dus de l',acad4 d4 ,sci5ces1 vol4 #ajb1 p4 #aecj4 #ia ,loc4 cit4 p4 #baj4 #ib ,goltz3 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 vol4 #db1 p4 #ddg2 ,s*rad]3 ibid4 vol4 #dd1 p4 #bai ff4 ,x is possible t ?is symptom may be an effect ( traumatic inhibition1 h[ev]4 #ic ,a few ye>s ago "o ( ! /ronge/ argum5ts = ! !ory t ! hemisph]es are purely sup]num]>y 0 ,soltmann's (t5-quot$ obs]vation t 9 new-born puppies ! motor zone ( ! cortex is n excitable by electricity & only becomes s 9 ! c\rse ( a =tnight1 presumably aft] ! exp]i5ces ( ! l[] c5tres h educat$ x to motor duties4 ,pane?'s lat] obs]vations1 h[ev]1 seem to %[ t ,soltmann may h be5 misl$ ?r\gh ov]n>cotiz+ 8 victims 7,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 vol4 #cg1 p4 #bjb74 ,9 ! ,neurologis*es ,c5tralblatt = #ahhi1 p4 #eac1 ,be*t]ew returns to ! subject on ,soltmann's side )\t1 h[ev]1 notic+ ,pane?'s "w4 #id ,mn/]b]g 7,die ,will5%&lung1 #ahhh1 p4 #acd7 *all5ges ,meyn]t's s*eme 9 toto1 say+ t :il/ we h 9 our p]sonal exp]i5ce pl5ty ( examples ( acts :i* 7 at fir/ volunt>y becom+ second>ily automatic & reflex1 we h no consci\s record ( a s+le orig9ally reflex act gr[+ volunt>y4--,z f> z consci\s record is conc]n$1 we c\ld n possibly h x ev5 if ! ,meyn]t s*eme 7 :olly true1 = ! education ( ! hemisph]es :i* t s*eme po/ulates mu/ 9 ! nature ( ?+s ant$ate recollection4 ,b x seems to me t ,mn/]b]g's rejection ( ! s*eme may possibly be correct z reg>ds reflexes f ! l[] c5tres4 ,ev]y:]e 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( psy*og5esis we are made to feel h[ ignorant we really are4 #ie ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 vol4 #dd1 p4 #bcj-a4 #if ,naturally1 z ,s*iff long ago po9t$ out 7,lehrb4 d4 ,muskel-u4 ,n]v5physiologie1 #ahei1 p4 #bac ff471 ! ',rck5m>ksseele1' if x n[ exi/1 c h no high] s5se-consci\sness1 = its incom+ curr5ts are solely f ! sk94 ,b x may1 9 its dim way1 bo? feel1 pref]1 & desire4 ,see1 = ! view favorable to ! text3 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes1 ,! ,physiology ( ,common ,life 7#ahfj71 *ap4 ix4 ,goltz 7,n]v5c5tr5 des ,fros*es #ahfi1 pp4 #ajb-acj7 ?9ks t ! frog's cord has no adaptative p[]4 ,?is may be ! case 9 su* exp]im5ts z 81 because ! behead$ frog's %ort span ( life does n give x "t to le>n ! new tricks ask$ =4 ,b ,ros5?al 7,biologis*es ,c5tralblatt1 vol4 iv1 p4 #bdg7 & ,m5delssohn 7,b]l9 ,akad4 ,sitzungsb]i*te1 #ahhe1 p4 #ajg7 9 _! inve/igations on ! simple reflexes ( ! frog's cord1 %[ t !re is "s adaptation to new conditions1 inasmu* z :5 usual pa?s ( conduction are int]rupt$ by a cut1 new pa?s are tak54 ,accord+ to ,ros5?al1 ^! gr[ m p]vi\s 7i4e4 require a small] /imulus7 9 proportion z !y are m (t5 trav]s$4 #ig ,:e!r ?is evolution takes place ?r\gh ! inh]itance ( habits acquir$1 or ?r\gh ! pres]vation ( lucky v>iations1 is an alt]native :i* we ne$ n discuss "h4 ,we %all consid] x 9 ! la/ *apt] 9 ! book4 ,= our pres5t purpose ! modus op]&i ( ! evolution makes no diff]5ce1 provid$ x be admitt$ to occur4 #ih ,see ,s*rad]'s ,obs]vations1 loc4 cit4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,on ,,"s ,,g5]al ,,conditions ,,( ,,bra9-,,activity4 ,! elem5t>y prop]ties ( n]ve-tissue on :i* ! bra9-functions dep5d are f> f be+ satisfactorily made out4 ,! s*eme t sugge/s itself 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! m9d1 because x is s obvi\s1 is c]ta9ly false3 ,i mean ! notion t ea* cell /&s = an idea or "p ( an idea1 & t ! ideas are associat$ or 'b\nd into bundles' 7to use a phrase ( ,locke's7 by ! fibres4 ,if we make a symbolic diagram on a blackbo>d1 ( ! laws ( association betwe5 ideas1 we are inevitably l$ to draw circles1 or clos$ figures ( "s k9d1 & to connect !m by l9es4 ,:5 we he> t ! n]ve-c5tres conta9 cells :i* s5d (f fibres1 we say t ,nature has realiz$ our diagram = u1 & t ! me*anical sub/ratum ( ?\ght is pla94 ,9 "s way1 x is true1 our diagram mu/ be realiz$ 9 ! bra92 b surely 9 no su* visible & palpable way z we at fir/ suppose4#ii ,an enorm\s numb] ( ! cellul> bodies 9 ! hemisph]es are fibreless4 ,:]e fibres are s5t (f !y soon divide into untraceable ramifications2 & n[h]e d we see a simple co>se anatomical connection1 l a l9e on ! blackbo>d1 betwe5 two cells4 ,too mu* anatomy has be5 f\nd to ord] = !oretic purposes1 ev5 by ! anatomi/s2 & ! popul>-sci5ce notions ( cells & fibres are almo/ :olly wide ( ! tru?4 ,let u !re=e relegate ! subject ( ! intimate work+s ( ! bra9 to ! physiology ( ! future1 save 9 respect to a few po9ts ( :i* a ^w mu/ n[ be said4 ,& fir/ ( ,,! ,,summation ,,( ,,/imuli 9 ! same n]ve-tract4 ,?is is a prop]ty extremely important = ! und]/&+ ( a great _m ph5om5a ( ! neural1 & consequ5tly ( ! m5tal1 life2 & x behooves u to ga9 a cle> conception ( :at x means be=e we proce$ any f>!r4 ,! law is ?is1 t a /imulus :i* w\ld be inadequate by itself to excite a n]ve-c5tre to effective dis*>ge may1 by act+ ) "o or m o!r /imuli 7equally ineffectual by !mselves alone7 br+ ! dis*>ge ab\t4 ,! natural way to consid] ?is is z a summation ( t5sions :i* at la/ ov]come a resi/ance4 ,! fir/ ( !m produce a 'lat5t excitem5t' or a 'height5$ irritability'--! phrase is immat]ial s f> z practical consequ5ces g2 ! la/ is ! /raw :i* breaks ! camel's back4 ,:]e ! neural process is "o t has consci\sness = its accompanim5t1 ! f9al explosion w\ld 9 all cases seem to involve a vivid /ate ( feel+ ( a m or less sub/antive k9d4 ,b !re is no gr\nd = suppos+ t ! t5sions :il/ yet submaximal or outw>dly ineffective1 may n also h a %>e 9 det]m9+ ! total consci\sness pres5t 9 ! individual at ! "t4 ,9 lat] *apt]s we %all see abundant reason to suppose t !y d h su* a %>e1 & t )\t _! contribution ! fr+e ( relations :i* is at e mom5t a vital +r$i5t ( ! m9d's object1 w\ld n come to consci\sness at all4 ,! subject belongs too mu* to physiology = ! evid5ce to be cit$ 9 detail 9 ^! pages4 ,i w ?r[ into a note a few ref]5ces = su* read]s z may be int]e/$ 9 foll[+ x out1#ajj & simply say t ! direct electrical irritation ( ! cortical c5tres suffici5tly proves ! po9t4 ,= x 0 f\nd by ! e>lie/ exp]im5t]s "h t :]eas x takes an exce$+ly /rong curr5t to produce any movem5t :5 a s+le induction-%ock is us$1 a rapid succession ( induction-%ocks 7'f>adization'7 w produce movem5ts :5 ! curr5t is comp>atively weak4 ,a s+le quotation f an excell5t inve/igation w exhibit ?is law "u fur!r aspects3 ,if we cont9ue to /imulate ! cortex at %ort int]vals ) ! /r5g? ( curr5t :i* produces ! m9imal muscul> contraction ( ! dog's digital ext5sor muscle1 ! am\nt ( contraction gradually increases till x rea*es ! maximum4 ,ea* e>li] /imulation leaves ?us an effect beh9d x1 :i* increases ! efficacy ( ! foll[+ "o4 ,9 ?is summation ( ! /imuli4444 ! foll[+ po9ts may be not$3 #a7 ,s+le /imuli entirely inefficaci\s :5 alone may become efficaci\s by suffici5tly rapid reit]ation4 ,if ! curr5t us$ is v mu* less ?an t :i* provokes ! fir/ beg9n+ ( contraction1 a v l>ge numb] ( successive %ocks may be ne$$ be=e ! movem5t appe>s--#bj1 #ej1 once #ajf %ocks 7 ne$$4 #b7 ,! summation takes place easily 9 proportion to ! %ortness ( ! int]val betwe5 ! /imuli4 ,a curr5t too weak to give effective summation :5 its %ocks are #c seconds ap>t w be capable ( s do+ :5 ! int]val is %ort5$ to #a second4 #c7 ,n only electrical irritation leaves a modification :i* goes to swell ! foll[+ /imulus1 b e sort ( irritant :i* c produce a contraction does s4 ,if 9 any way a reflex contraction ( ! muscle exp]im5t$ on has be5 produc$1 or if x is contract$ spontane\sly by ! animal 7z n unfrequ5tly happ5s 'by sympa?y1' dur+ a deep inspiration71 x is f\nd t an electrical /imulus1 until !n inop]ative1 op]ates en]getically if imm$iately appli$4#aja ,fur!rmore3 ,9 a c]ta9 /age ( ! morphia-n>cosis an ineffectively weak %ock w become p[]fully effective1 if1 imm$iately be=e its application to ! motor c5tre1 ! sk9 ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body is expos$ to g5tle tactile /imulation4444 ,if1 hav+ asc]ta9$ ! subm9imal /r5g? ( curr5t & conv9c$ "o's self repeat$ly ( its inefficacy1 we draw our h& a s+le "t lightly ov] ! sk9 ( ! paw ^: cortical c5tre is ! object ( /imulation1 we f9d ! curr5t at once /rongly effective4 ,! increase ( irritability la/s "s seconds be=e x disappe>s4 ,sometimes ! effect ( a s+le light /rok+ ( ! paw is only suffici5t to make ! previ\sly ineffectual curr5t produce a v weak contraction4 ,repeat+ ! tactile /imulation w !n1 z a rule1 increase ! contraction's ext5t4#ajb ,we con/antly use ! summation ( /imuli 9 our practical appeals4 ,if a c>-horse balks1 ! f9al way ( />t+ him is by apply+ a numb] ( cu/om>y incitem5ts at once4 ,if ! driv] uses re9s & voice1 if "o by/&] pulls at 8 head1 ano!r la%es 8 h9d qu>t]s1 & ! conductor r+s ! bell1 & ! dism\nt$ pass5g]s %ove ! c>1 all at ! same mom5t1 8 ob/9acy g5]ally yields1 & he goes on 8 way rejoic+4 ,if we are /riv+ to rememb] a lo/ "n or fact1 we ?9k ( z _m 'cues' z possible1 s t by _! jo9t action !y may recall :at no "o ( !m c recall alone4 ,! sight ( a dead prey w (t5 n /imulate a bea/ to pursuit1 b if ! sight ( movem5t be add$ to t ( =m1 pursuit occurs4 ,brcke not$ t 8 bra9less h51 :i* made no attempt to peck at ! gra9 "u h] v eyes1 began peck+ if ! gra9 7 ?r[n on ! gr\nd ) =ce1 s z to produce a rattl+ s\nd4#ajc ,dr4 ,all5 ,?omson hat*$ out "s *ick5s on a c>pet1 :]e he kept !m = sev]al days4 ,!y %[$ no incl9ation to scrape1444 b :5 ,dr4 ,?omson spr9kl$ a little gravel on ! c>pet1444 ! *ick5s imm$iately began _! scrap+ movem5ts4#ajd ,a /range p]son1 & d>kness1 are bo? ( !m /imuli to fe> & mi/ru/ 9 dogs 7& = ! matt] ( t1 9 m574 ,nei!r circum/ance alone may awak5 outw>d manife/ations1 b toge!r1 i4e4 :5 ! /range man is met 9 ! d>k1 ! dog w be excit$ to viol5t defiance4#aje ,/reet-hawk]s well "k ! efficacy ( summation1 = !y arrange !mselves 9 a l9e ^u ! sidewalk1 & ! pass] (t5 buys f ! la/ "o ( !m1 ?r\gh ! effect ( ! reit]at$ solicitation1 :at he refus$ to buy f ! fir/ 9 ! r[4 ,aphasia %[s _m examples ( summation4 ,a pati5t :o _c "n an object simply %[n him1 w "n x if he t\*es z well z sees x1 etc4 ,in/ances ( summation might be multipli$ indef9itely1 b x is h>dly wor? :ile to =e/all subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,^? on ,in/9ct1 ! ,/ream ( ,?\ght1 ,att5tion1 ,discrim9ation1 ,association1 ,memory1 /hetics1 & ,w1 w conta9 num]\s exemplifications ( ! rea* ( ! pr9ciple 9 ! purely psy*ological field4 ,,reaction-,,"t4 ,"o ( ! l9es ( exp]im5tal inve/igation mo/ dilig5tly foll[$ ( late ye>s is t ( ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! "t occupi$ by n]v\s ev5ts4 ,helmholtz l$ (f by discov]+ ! rapidity ( ! curr5t 9 ! sciatic n]ve ( ! frog4 ,b ! me?ods he us$ 7 soon appli$ to ! s5sory n]ves & ! c5tres1 & ! results caus$ mu* popul> sci5tific admiration :5 describ$ z measurem5ts ( ! 'velocity ( ?\ght4' ,! phrase 'quick z ?\ght' _h f "t immemorial signifi$ all t 0 wond]ful & elusive ( det]m9ation 9 ! l9e ( spe$2 & ! way 9 :i* ,sci5ce laid h] doomful h& ^u ?is my/]y rem9d$ p ( ! day :5 ,frankl9 fir/ 'eripuit clo fulm51' =e%ad[+ ! reign ( a new] & cold] race ( gods4 ,we %all take up ! v>i\s op]ations measur$1 ea* 9 ! *apt] to :i* x m naturally p]ta9s4 ,i may say1 h[ev]1 imm$iately1 t ! phrase 'velocity ( ?\ght' is mislead+1 = x is by no means cle> 9 any ( ! cases :at p>ticul> act ( ?\ght occurs dur+ ! "t :i* is measur$4 ',velocity ( n]ve-action' is liable to ! same criticism1 = 9 mo/ cases we d n "k :at p>ticul> n]ve-processes occur4 ,:at ! times 9 "q really repres5t is ! total duration ( c]ta9 reactions ^u /imuli4 ,c]ta9 ( ! conditions ( ! reaction are prep>$ be=eh&2 !y consi/ 9 ! assumption ( ^? motor & s5sory t5sions :i* we "n ! expectant /ate4 ,j :at happ5s dur+ ! actual "t occupi$ by ! reaction 79 o!r words1 j :at is add$ to ! pre-exi/5t t5sions to produce ! actual dis*>ge7 is n made out at pres5t1 ei!r f ! neural or f ! m5tal po9t ( view4 ,! me?od is ess5tially ! same 9 all ^! inve/igations4 ,a signal ( "s sort is communicat$ to ! subject1 & at ! same in/ant records itself on a "t-regi/]+ app>atus4 ,! subject !n makes a muscul> movem5t ( "s sort1 :i* is ! 'reaction1' & :i* also records itself automatically4 ,! "t f\nd to h elaps$ betwe5 ! two records is ! total "t ( t obs]vation4 ,! "t-regi/]+ in/rum5ts are ( v>i\s types4 ,"o type is t ( ! revolv+ drum cov]$ ) smok$ pap]1 on :i* "o electric p5 traces a l9e :i* ! signal breaks & ! 'reaction' draws aga92 :il/ ano!r electric p5 7connect$ ) a p5dulum or a rod ( metal vibrat+ at a kn[n rate7 traces alongside ( ! =m] l9e a '"t-l9e' ( :i* ea* undulation or l9k /&s = a c]ta9 fraction ( a second1 & aga9/ :i* ! break 9 ! reaction-l9e c be measur$4 ,comp>e ,fig4 #ba1 :]e ! l9e is brok5 by ! signal at ! fir/ arr[1 & cont9u$ aga9 by ! reaction at ! second4 ,ludwig's ,kymograph1 ,m>ey's ,*ronograph are good examples ( ?is type ( in/rum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,ano!r type ( in/rum5t is repres5t$ by ! /opwat*1 ( :i* ! mo/ p]fect =m is ,hipp's ,*ronoscope4 ,! h& on ! dial measures int]vals z %ort z #a_/ajjj ( a second4 ,! signal 7by an appropriate electric connection7 />ts x2 ! reaction /ops x2 & by read+ (f its initial & t]m9al positions we h imm$iately & ) no f>!r tr\ble ! "t we seek4 ,a /ill simpl] in/rum5t1 ?\gh "o n v satisfactory 9 its work+1 is ! 'psy*odomet]' ( ,exn] ,ob]/e9]1 ( :i* ,i picture a modification devis$ by my colleague ,pr(essor ,h4 ,p4 ,b[dit*1 :i* works v well4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,b[dit*'s ,reaction-tim]4 ,f1 tun+-=k c>ry+ a little plate :i* holds ! pap] on :i* ! electric p5 ,m makes ! trac+1 & slid+ 9 grooves on ! base-bo>d4 ,p1 a plug :i* spreads ! prongs ( ! =k ap>t :5 x is pu%$ =w>d to its extreme limit1 & releases !m :5 x is drawn back to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,! =k !n vibrates1 &1 its backw>d movem5t cont9u+1 an undulat+ l9e is drawn on ! smok$ pap] by ! p54 ,at ,t is a tongue fix$ to ! c>riage ( ! =k1 & at ,k an electric key :i* ! tongue op5s & ) :i* ! electric p5 is connect$4 ,at ! in/ant ( op5+1 ! p5 *anges its place & ! undulat+ l9e is drawn at a diff]5t level on ! pap]4 ,! op5+ c be made to s]ve z a signal to ! react] 9 a v>iety ( ways1 & 8 reaction c be made to close ! p5 aga91 :5 ! l9e returns to its fir/ level4 ,! reaction "t ! numb] ( undulations trac$ at ! second level4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! signal & reaction are connect$ ) ! *ronographic app>atus v>ies indef9itely 9 diff]5t exp]im5ts4 ,e new problem requires "s new electric or me*anical disposition ( app>atus4#ajf ,! lea/ complicat$ "t-measurem5t is t kn[n z simple reaction-"t1 9 :i* !re is b "o possible signal & "o possible movem5t1 & bo? are kn[n 9 advance4 ,! movem5t is g5]ally ! clos+ ( an electric key ) ! h&4 ,! foot1 ! jaw1 ! lips1 ev5 ! eyelid1 h be5 9 turn made organs ( reaction1 & ! app>atus has be5 modifi$ accord+ly4#ajg ,! "t usually elaps+ betwe5 /imulus & movem5t lies betwe5 "o & ?ree t5?s ( a second1 v>y+ accord+ to circum/ances :i* w be m5tion$ anon4 ,! subject ( exp]im5t1 :5ev] ! reactions are %ort & regul>1 is 9 a /ate ( extreme t5sion1 & feels1 :5 ! signal comes1 z if x />t$ ! reaction1 by a sort ( fatality1 & z if no psy*ic process ( p]ception or volition _h a *ance to int]v5e4 ,! :ole succession is s rapid t p]ception seems to be retrospective1 & ! "t-ord] ( ev5ts to be read (f 9 memory r ?an kn[n at ! mom5t4 ,?is at lea/ is my own p]sonal exp]i5ce 9 ! matt]1 & ) x ,i f9d o!rs to agree4 ,! "q is1 ,:at happ5s inside ( u1 ei!r 9 bra9 or m9d8 & to answ] t we mu/ analyze j :at processes ! reaction involves4 ,x is evid5t t "s "t is lo/ 9 ea* ( ! foll[+ /ages3 #a4 ,! /imulus excites ! p]iph]al s5se-organ adequately = a curr5t to pass into ! s5sory n]ve2 #b4 ,! s5sory n]ve is trav]s$2 #c4 ,! trans=mation 7or reflection7 ( ! s5sory into a motor curr5t occurs 9 ! c5tres2 #d4 ,! sp9al cord & motor n]ve are trav]s$2 #e4 ,! motor curr5t excites ! muscle to ! contract+ po9t4 ,"t is also lo/1 ( c\rse1 outside ! muscle1 9 ! jo9ts1 sk91 etc41 & betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! app>atus2 & :5 ! /imulus :i* s]ves z signal is appli$ to ! sk9 ( ! trunk or limbs1 "t is lo/ 9 ! s5sorial conduction ?r\gh ! sp9al cord4 ,! /age m>k$ #c is ! only "o t int]e/s u "h4 ,! o!r /ages answ] to purely physiological processes1 b /age #c is psy*o-physical2 t is1 x is a high]-c5tral process1 & has probably "s sort ( consci\sness accompany+ x4 ,:at sort8 ,wundt has little difficulty 9 decid+ t x is consci\sness ( a q elaborate k9d4 ,he di/+ui%es betwe5 two /ages 9 ! consci\s reception ( an impression1 call+ "o p]ception1 & ! o!r app]ception1 & lik5+ ! "o to ! m]e entrance ( an object into ! p]iph]y ( ! field ( vision1 & ! o!r to its com+ to occupy ! focus or po9t ( view4 ,inatt5tive aw>5ess ( an object1 & att5tion to x1 are1 x seems to me1 equival5ts = p]ception & app]ception1 z ,wundt uses ! words4 ,to ^! two =ms ( aw>5ess ( ! impression ,wundt adds ! consci\s volition to react1 gives to ! trio ! "n ( 'psy*o-physical' processes1 & assumes t !y actually foll[ ^u ea* o!r 9 ! succession 9 :i* !y h be5 nam$4#ajh ,s at lea/ ,i und]/& him4 ,! simple/ way to det]m9e ! "t tak5 up by ?is psy*o-physical /age ,no4 #c w\ld be to det]m9e sep>ately ! duration ( ! sev]al purely physical processes1 #a1 #b1 #d1 & #e1 & to subtract !m f ! total reaction-"t4 ,su* attempts h be5 made4#aji ,b ! data = calculation are too inaccurate = use1 &1 z ,wundt himself admits1#aaj ! precise duration ( /age #c mu/ at pres5t be left envelop$ ) t ( ! o!r processes1 9 ! total reaction-"t4 ,my own belief is t no su* succession ( consci\s feel+s z ,wundt describes takes place dur+ /age #c4 ,x is a process ( c5tral excitem5t & dis*>ge1 ) :i* d\btless "s feel+ coexi/s1 b :at feel+ we _c tell1 because x is s fugitive & s imm$iately eclips$ by ! m sub/antive & endur+ memory ( ! impression z x came 91 & ( ! execut$ movem5t ( response4 ,feel+ ( ! impression1 att5tion to x1 ?\ght ( ! reaction1 volition to react1 w\ld1 und\bt$ly1 all be l9ks ( ! process "u o!r conditions1#aaa & w\ld lead to ! same reaction--aft] an indef9itely long] "t4 ,b ^! o!r conditions are n ^? ( ! exp]im5ts we are discuss+2 & x is my?ological psy*ology 7( :i* we %all see _m lat] examples7 to conclude t because two m5tal processes lead to ! same result !y mu/ be simil> 9 _! inw>d subjective con/itution4 ,! feel+ ( /age #c is c]ta9ly no articulate p]ception4 ,x c be no?+ b ! m]e s5se ( a reflex dis*>ge4 ,! reaction ^: "t is measur$ is1 9 %ort1 a reflex action pure & simple1 & n a psy*ic act4 ,a =ego+ psy*ic condition is1 x is true1 a pr]equisite = ?is reflex action4 ,! prep>ation ( ! att5tion & volition2 ! expectation ( ! signal & ! read9ess ( ! h& to move1 ! in/ant x %all come2 ! n]v\s t5sion 9 :i* ! subject waits1 are all conditions ( ! =mation 9 him = ! "t be+ ( a new pa? or arc ( reflex dis*>ge4 ,! tract f ! s5se-organ :i* receives ! /imulus1 into ! motor c5tre :i* dis*>ges ! reaction1 is already t+l+ ) premonitory inn]vation1 is rais$ to su* a pit* ( height5$ irritability by ! expectant att5tion1 t ! signal is in/antane\sly suffici5t to cause ! ov]fl[4#aab ,no o!r tract ( ! n]v\s sy/em is1 at ! mom5t1 9 ?is hair-trigg] condition4 ,! consequ5ce is t "o sometimes responds to a wrong signal1 especially if x be an impression ( ! same k9d ) ! signal we expect4#aac ,b if by *ance we are tir$1 or ! signal is unexpect$ly weak1 & we d n react in/antly1 b only aft] an express p]ception t ! signal has come1 & an express volition1 ! "t becomes q disproportionately long 7a second or m1 accord+ to ,exn]#aad71 & we feel t ! process is 9 nature altoge!r diff]5t4 ,9 fact1 ! reaction-"t exp]im5ts are a case to :i* we c imm$iately apply :at we h j le>n$ ab\t ! summation ( /imuli4 ',expectant att5tion' is b ! subjective "n = :at objectively is a p>tial /imulation ( a c]ta9 pa?way1 ! pa?way f ! 'c5tre' = ! signal to t = ! dis*>ge4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xi we %all see t all att5tion involves excitem5t f )9 ( ! tract conc]n$ 9 feel+ ! objects to :i* att5tion is giv54 ,! tract "h is ! excito-motor arc ab\t to be trav]s$4 ,! signal is b ! sp>k f )\t :i* t\*es (f a tra9 already laid4 ,! p]=mance1 "u ^! conditions1 exactly resembles any reflex action4 ,! only diff]5ce is t :il/1 9 ! ord9>ily s-call$ reflex acts1 ! reflex arc is a p]man5t result ( organic gr[?1 x is "h a transi5t result ( previ\s c]ebral conditions4#aae ,i am happy to say t s9ce ! prec$+ p>agraphs 7& ! notes !reto app]ta9+7 7 writt51 ,wundt has himself become conv]t$ to ! view :i* ,i def5d4 ,he n[ admits t 9 ! %orte/ reactions !re is nei!r app]ception nor w1 b t !y are m]ely bra9-reflexes due to practice4#aaf ,! means ( 8 conv]sion are c]ta9 exp]im5ts p]=m$ 9 8 laboratory by ,h]r ,l4 ,lange1#aag :o 0 l$ to di/+ui% betwe5 two ways ( sett+ ! att5tion 9 react+ on a signal1 & :o f\nd t !y gave v diff]5t "t-results4 ,9 ! 'extreme s5sorial' way1 z ,lange calls x1 ( react+1 "o keeps "o's m9d z int5t z possible ^u ! expect$ signal1 & 'purposely avoids'#aah ?9k+ ( ! movem5t to be execut$2 9 ! 'extreme muscul>' way "o 'does n ?9k at all'#aai ( ! signal1 b /&s z ready z possible = ! movem5t4 ,! muscul> reactions are mu* %ort] ?an ! s5sorial ones1 ! av]age diff]5ce be+ 9 ! neighborhood ( a t5? ( a second4 ,wundt accord+ly calls !m '%ort5$ reactions' &1 ) ,lange1 admits !m to be m]e reflexes2 :il/ ! s5sorial reactions he calls 'complete1' & holds to 8 orig9al conception z f> z !y are conc]n$4 ,! facts1 h[ev]1 d n seem to me to w>rant ev5 ?is am\nt ( fidelity to ! orig9al ,wundtian position4 ,:5 we beg9 to react 9 ! 'extreme s5sorial' way1 ,lange says t we get times s v long t !y mu/ be reject$ f ! c\nt z non-typical4 ,only aft] ! react] has succe$$ by repeat$ & consci5ti\s practice 9 br++ ab\t an extremely precise co-ord9ation ( 8 volunt>y impulse ) 8 s5se-impression d we get times :i* c be reg>d$ z typical s5sorial reaction-times4#abj ,n[ x seems to me t ^! excessive & 'untypical' times are probably ! real 'complete times1' ! only ones 9 :i* di/9ct processes ( actual p]ception & volition occur 7see above1 pp4 #hh-i74 ,! typical s5sorial "t :i* is atta9$ by practice is probably ano!r sort ( reflex1 less p]fect ?an ! reflexes prep>$ by /ra9+ "o's att5tion t[>ds ! movem5t4#aba ,! times are mu* m v>iable 9 ! s5sorial way ?an 9 ! muscul>4 ,! sev]al muscul> reactions diff] little f ea* o!r4 ,only 9 !m does ! ph5om5on occur ( react+ on a false signal1 or ( react+ be=e ! signal4 ,times int]m$iate betwe5 ^! two types occur accord+ z ! att5tion fails to turn itself exclusively to "o ( ! extremes4 ,x is obvi\s t ,h]r ,lange's di/9ction betwe5 ! two types ( reaction is a highly important "o1 & t ! 'extreme muscul> me?od1' giv+ bo? ! %orte/ times & ! mo/ con/ant ones1 ought to be aim$ at 9 all comp>ative inve/igations4 ,h]r ,lange's own muscul> "t av]ag$ #j''4abc2 8 s5sorial "t1 #j''4bcj4 ,^! reaction-"t exp]im5ts are !n 9 no s5se measurem5ts ( ! swiftness ( ?\ght4 ,only :5 we complicate !m is !re a *ance = any?+ l an intellectual op]ation to occur4 ,!y may be complicat$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! reaction may be )held until ! signal has consci\sly awak5$ a di/9ct idea 7,wundt's discrim9ation-"t1 association-"t7 & !n p]=m$4 ,or !re may be a v>iety ( possible signals1 ea* ) a diff]5t reaction assign$ to x1 & ! react] may be unc]ta9 :i* "o he is ab\t to receive4 ,! reaction w\ld !n h>dly seem to occur )\t a prelim9>y recognition & *oice4 ,we %all see1 h[ev]1 9 ! appropriate *apt]s1 t ! discrim9ation & *oice involv$ 9 su* a reaction are widely diff]5t f ! intellectual op]ations ( :i* we are ord9>ily consci\s "u ^? names4 ,mean:ile ! simple reaction-"t rema9s z ! />t+ po9t ( all ^! sup]9duc$ complications4 ,x is ! fundam5tal physiological con/ant 9 all "t-measurem5ts4 ,z su*1 its own v>iations h an int]e/1 & mu/ be briefly pass$ 9 review4#abb ,! reaction-"t v>ies ) ! individual & 8 age4 ,an individual may h x p>ticul>ly long 9 respect ( signals ( "o s5se 7,buccola1 p4 #adg71 b n ( o!rs4 ,old & uncultivat$ p h x long 7ne>ly a second1 9 an old paup] obs]v$ by ,exn]1 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 vii1 #fab-d74 ,*ildr5 h x long 7half a second1 ,h]z5 9 ,buccola1 p4 #aeb74 ,practice %ort5s x to a quantity :i* is = ea* individual a m9imum beyond :i* no f>!r r$uction c be made4 ,! a=esaid old paup]'s "t 01 aft] mu* practice1 r$uc$ to #j4ahff sec4 7loc4 cit4 p4 #fbf74 ,fatigue l5g!ns x4 ,conc5tration ( att5tion %ort5s x4 ,details w be giv5 9 ! *apt] on ,att5tion4 ,! nature ( ! signal makes x v>y4#abc ,wundt writes3 ,i f\nd t ! reaction-"t = impressions on ! sk9 ) electric /imulus is less ?an = true t\*-s5sations1 z ! foll[+ av]ages %[3 ,av]age4 ,av]age ,v>iation ,s\nd #j4afg sec4 #j4jbba sec4 ,light #j4bbb sec4 #j4jbai sec4 ,electric sk9-s5sation #j4bja sec4 #j4jaae sec4 ,t\*-s5sations #j4bac sec4 #j4jacd sec4 ,i "h br+ toge!r ! av]ages :i* h be5 obta9$ by "s o!r obs]v]s3 ,hirs*4 ,hankel4 ,exn]4 ,s\nd #j4adi #j4aeje #j4acfj ,light #j4bjj #j4bbdf #j4aejf ,sk9-s5sation #j4ahb #j4aedf #j4accgabd ,!rmic reactions h be5 lately measur$ by ,a4 ,golds*eid] & by ,v9ts*gau 7#ahhg71 :o f9d !m sl[] ?an reactions f t\*4 ,t f heat especially is v sl[1 m s ?an f cold1 ! diff]5ces 7accord+ to ,golds*eid]7 dep5d+ on ! n]ve-t]m9ations 9 ! sk94 ,gu/atory reactions 7 measur$ by ,v9ts*gau4 ,!y diff]$ accord+ to ! sub/ances us$1 runn+ up to half a second z a maximum :5 id5tification took place4 ,! m]e p]ception ( ! pres5ce ( ! sub/ance on ! tongue v>i$ f #j''4aei to #j''4bai 7,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 xiv1 #ebi74 ,olfactory reactions h be5 /udi$ by ,v9ts*gau1 ,buccola1 & ,beaunis4 ,!y are sl[1 av]ag+ ab\t half a second 7cf4 ,beaunis1 ,re*]*es exp4 sur l',activit ,crbrale1 #ahhd1 p4 #di ff474 ,x w be obs]v$ t s\nd is m promptly react$ on ?an ei!r sight or t\*4 ,ta/e & smell are sl[] ?an ei!r4 ,"o individual1 :o react$ to t\* ^u ! tip ( ! tongue 9 #j''4abe1 took #j''4iic to react ^u ! ta/e ( qu99e appli$ to ! same spot4 ,9 ano!r1 ^u ! base ( ! tongue1 ! reaction to t\* be+ #j''4ada1 t to sug> 0 #j''4eeb 7,v9ts*gau1 quot$ by ,buccola1 p4 #ajc74 ,buccola f\nd ! reaction to odors to v>y f #j''4ccd to #j''4fha1 accord+ to ! p]fume us$ & ! individual4 ,! int5sity ( ! signal makes a diff]5ce4 ,! int5s] ! /imulus ! %ort] ! "t4 ,h]z5 7,grundl9i5 e9] allgem4 ,psy*ophysiologie1 p4 #aja7 comp>$ ! reaction f a corn on ! toe ) t f ! sk9 ( ! h& ( ! same subject4 ,! two places 7 /imulat$ simultane\sly1 & ! subject tri$ to react simultane\sly ) bo? h& & foot1 b ! foot always w5t quicke/4 ,:5 ! s\nd sk9 ( ! foot 0 t\*$ in/ead ( ! corn1 x 0 ! h& :i* always react$ fir/4 ,wundt tries to %[ t :5 ! signal is made b>ely p]ceptible1 ! "t is probably ! same 9 all ! s5ses1 namely1 ab\t #j4ccb'' 7,physiol4 ,psy*41 #b;d ed41 ii1 #bbd74 ,:]e ! signal is ( t\*1 ! place to :i* x is appli$ makes a diff]5ce 9 ! resultant reaction-"t4 ,g4 ,s4 ,hall & ,v4 ,kries f\nd 7,ar*iv f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol41 #ahgi7 t :5 ! f+]-tip 0 ! place ! reaction 0 %ort] ?an :5 ! middle ( ! upp] arm 0 us$1 9 spite ( ! great] l5g? ( n]ve-trunk to be trav]s$ 9 ! latt] case4 ,?is discov]y invalidates ! measurem5ts ( ! rapidity ( transmission ( ! curr5t 9 human n]ves1 = !y are all bas$ on ! me?od ( comp>+ reaction-times f places ne> ! root & ne> ! extremity ( a limb4 ,! same obs]v]s f\nd t signals se5 by ! p]iph]y ( ! ret9a gave long] times ?an ! same signals se5 by direct vision4 ,! season makes a diff]5ce1 ! "t be+ "s hundr$?s ( a second %ort] on cold w9t] days 7,v9ts*gau apud ,exn]1 ,h]mann's ,hdbh41 p4 #bgj74 ,intoxicants alt] ! "t4 ,c(fee & tea appe> to %ort5 x4 ,small doses ( w9e & alcohol fir/ %ort5 & !n l5g!n x2 b ! %ort5+ /age t5ds to disappe> if a l>ge dose be giv5 imm$iately4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is ! report ( two ,g]man obs]v]s4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,w>r51 ^: obs]vations are m ?or\gh ?an any previ\s ones1 c\ld f9d no v decid$ effects f ord9>y doses 7,j\rnal ( ,physiology1 viii1 #caa74 ,morphia l5g!ns ! "t4 ,amyl-nitrite l5g!ns x1 b aft] ! inhalation x may fall to less ?an ! normal4 ,e!r & *lor(orm l5g!n x 7= au?orities1 etc41 see ,buccola1 p4 #ahi74 ,c]ta9 diseas$ /ates naturally l5g!n ! "t4 ,! hypnotic trance has no con/ant effect1 sometimes %ort5+ & sometimes l5g!n+ x 7,hall1 ,m9d1 viii1 #agj2 ,james1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,soc4 = ,psy*4 ,rese>*1 #bdf74 ,! "t tak5 to inhibit a movem5t 7e4g4 to cease contraction ( jaw-muscles7 seems to be ab\t ! same z to produce "o 7,gad1 ,ar*iv f4 7,anat4 u47 ,physiol41 #ahhg1 #dfh2 ,or*ansky1 ibid4#ahhi1 #ahhe74 ,an imm5se am\nt ( "w has be5 done on reaction-"t1 ( :i* ,i h cit$ b a small "p4 ,x is a sort ( "w :i* appeals p>ticul>ly to pati5t & exact m9ds1 & !y h n fail$ to pr(it by ! opportunity4 ,,c]ebral ,,blood-,,supply4 ,! next po9t to occupy our att5tion is ! *anges ( circulation :i* accompany c]ebral activity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,sphymographic pulse-trac+4 ,a1 dur+ intellectual repose2 ,b1 dur+ intellectual activity4 7,mosso47 ,all p>ts ( ! cortex1 :5 electrically excit$1 produce alt]ations bo? ( respiration & circulation4 ,! blood-pressure rises1 z a rule1 all ov] ! body1 no matt] :]e ! cortical irritation is appli$1 ?\gh ! motor zone is ! mo/ s5sitive region = ! purpose4 ,else:]e ! curr5t mu/ be /rong en\gh = an epileptic attack to be produc$4#abe ,sl[+ & quick5+ ( ! he>t are also obs]v$1 & are indep5d5t ( ! vaso-con/rictive ph5om5on4 ,mosso1 us+ 8 +5i\s 'ple?ysmograph' z an indicator1 discov]$ t ! blood-supply to ! arms dim9i%$ dur+ intellectual activity1 & f\nd fur!rmore t ! art]ial t5sion 7z %[n by ! sphygmograph7 0 increas$ 9 ^! memb]s 7see ,fig4 #bc74 ,s slight an emotion z t produc$ by ! entrance ( ,pr(essor ,ludwig into ! laboratory 0 in/antly foll[$ by a %r9kage ( ! arms4#abf ,! bra9 itself is an excessively vascul> organ1 a sponge full ( blood1 9 fact2 & ano!r ( ,mosso's inv5tions %[$ t :5 less blood w5t to ! arms1 m w5t to ! head4 ,! subject to be obs]v$ lay on a delicately balanc$ table :i* c\ld tip d[nw>d ei!r at ! head or at ! foot if ! weight ( ei!r end 7 increas$4 ,! mom5t emotional or intellectual activity began 9 ! subject1 d[n w5t ! balance at ! head-end1 9 consequ5ce ( ! r$i/ribution ( blood 9 8 sy/em4 ,b ! be/ pro( ( ! imm$iate afflux ( blood to ! bra9 dur+ m5tal activity is due to ,mosso's obs]vations on ?ree p]sons ^: bra9 _h be5 laid b>e by lesion ( ! skull4 ,by means ( app>atus describ$ 9 8 book1#abg ?is physiologi/ 0 enabl$ to let ! bra9-pulse record itself directly by a trac+4 ,! intra-cranial blood-pressure rose imm$iately :5ev] ! subject 0 spok5 to1 or :5 he began to ?9k actively1 z 9 solv+ a problem 9 m5tal ari?metic4 ,mosso gives 9 8 "w a l>ge numb] ( reproductions ( trac+s :i* %[ ! in/antaneity ( ! *ange ( blood-supply1 :5ev] ! m5tal activity 0 quick5$ by any cause :atev]1 intellectual or emotional4 ,he relates ( 8 female subject t "o day :il/ trac+ h] bra9-pulse he obs]v$ a sudd5 rise ) no app>5t out] or inn] cause4 ,%e h[ev] confess$ to him aft]w>ds t at t mom5t %e _h caught sight ( a skull on top ( a piece ( furniture 9 ! room1 & t ?is _h giv5 h] a slight emotion4 ,! fluctuations ( ! blood supply to ! bra9 7 indep5d5t ( respiratory *anges1#abh & foll[$ ! quick5+ ( m5tal activity almo/ imm$iately4 ,we mu/ suppose a v delicate adju/m5t :]eby ! circulation foll[s ! ne$s ( ! c]ebral activity4 ,blood v likely may ru% to ea* region ( ! cortex accord+ z x is mo/ active1 b ( ?is we "k no?+4 ,i ne$ h>dly say t ! activity ( ! n]v\s matt] is ! prim>y ph5om5on1 & ! afflux ( blood its second>y consequ5ce4 ,_m popul> writ]s talk z if x 7 ! o!r way ab\t1 & z if m5tal activity 7 due to ! afflux ( blood4 ,b1 z ,pr(essor ,h4 ,n4 ,m>t9 has well said1 t belief has no physiological f\ndation :atev]2 x is ev5 directly oppos$ to all t we "k ( cell life4#abi ,a *ronic pa?ological conge/ion may1 x is true1 h second>y consequ5ces1 b ! prim>y conge/ions :i* we h be5 consid]+ foll[ ! activity ( ! bra9-cells by an adaptive reflex vaso-motor me*anism d\btless z elaborate z t :i* h>monizes blood-supply ) cell-action 9 any muscle or gl&4 ,( ! *anges 9 ! c]ebral circulation dur+ sleep ,i w speak 9 ! *apt] :i* treats ( t subject4 ,,c]ebral ,,!rmometry4 ,bra9-activity seems accompani$ by a local dis5gagem5t ( heat4 ,! e>lie/ c>eful "w 9 ?is direction 0 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,lomb>d 9 #ahfg4 ,dr4 ,lomb>d's late/ results include ! records ( ov] #fj1jjj obs]vations4#acj ,he not$ ! *anges 9 delicate !rmomet]s & electric piles plac$ aga9/ ! scalp 9 human be+s1 & f\nd t any intellectual ef=t1 su* z comput+1 compos+1 recit+ poetry sil5tly or al\d1 & especially t emotional excitem5t su* z an ang] fit1 caus$ a g5]al rise ( temp]ature1 :i* r>ely exce$$ a degree ,fahr5heit4 ,! rise 0 9 mo/ cases m m>k$ 9 ! middle region ( ! head ?an else:]e4 ,/range to say1 x 0 great] 9 recit+ poetry sil5tly ?an 9 recit+ x al\d4 ,dr4 ,lomb>d's explanation is t 9 int]nal recitation an additional portion ( en]gy1 :i* 9 recitation al\d 0 conv]t$ into n]v\s & muscul> =ce1 n[ appe>s z heat4#aca ,i %\ld sugge/ r1 if we mu/ h a !ory1 t ! surplus ( heat 9 recitation to "o's self is due to inhibitory processes :i* are abs5t :5 we recite al\d4 ,9 ! *apt] on ! ,w we %all see t ! simple c5tral process is to speak :5 we ?9k2 to ?9k sil5tly involves a *eck 9 addition4 ,9 #ahgj ! indefatigable ,s*iff took up ! subject1 exp]im5t+ on live dogs & *ick5s1 plung+ !rmo-electric ne$les into ! sub/ance ( _! bra91 to elim9ate possible errors f vascul> *anges 9 ! sk9 :5 ! !rmomet]s 7 plac$ ^u ! scalp4 ,aft] habituation 0 e/abli%$1 he te/$ ! animals ) v>i\s s5sations1 tactile1 optic1 olfactory1 & auditory4 ,he f\nd v regul>ly an imm$iate deflection ( ! galvanomet]1 indicat+ an abrupt alt]ation ( ! intra-c]ebral temp]ature4 ,:51 = in/ance1 he pres5t$ an empty roll ( pap] to ! nose ( 8 dog z x lay motionless1 !re 0 a small deflection1 b :5 a piece ( meat 0 9 ! pap] ! deflection 0 mu* great]4 ,s*iff conclud$ f ^! & o!r exp]im5ts t s5sorial activity heats ! bra9-tissue1 b he did n try to localize ! increm5t ( heat beyond f9d+ t x 0 9 bo? hemisph]es1 :atev] might be ! s5sation appli$4#acb ,dr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,amidon 9 #ahhj made a f>!r /ep =w>d1 9 localiz+ ! heat produc$ by volunt>y muscul> contractions4 ,apply+ a numb] ( delicate surface-!rmomet]s simultane\sly aga9/ ! scalp1 he f\nd t :5 diff]5t muscles ( ! body 7 made to contract vigor\sly = t5 m9utes or m1 diff]5t regions ( ! scalp rose 9 temp]ature1 t ! regions 7 well focaliz$1 & t ! rise ( temp]ature 0 (t5 consid]ably ov] a ,fahr5heit degree4 ,z a result ( 8 inve/igations he gives a diagram 9 :i* numb]$ regions repres5t ! c5tres ( highe/ temp]ature = ! v>i\s special movem5ts :i* 7 inve/igat$4 ,to a l>ge ext5t !y correspond to ! c5tres = ! same movem5ts assign$ by ,f]ri] & o!rs on o!r gr\nds2 only !y cov] m ( ! skull4#acc ,phosphorus & ,?\ght4 ,*emical action mu/ ( c\rse accompany bra9-activity4 ,b little def9ite is kn[n ( its exact nature4 ,*ole/]9 & creat9 are bo? excrem5titi\s products1 & are bo? f\nd 9 ! bra94 ,! subject belongs to *emi/ry r ?an to psy*ology1 & ,i only m5tion x "h = ! sake ( say+ a ^w ab\t a wide-spread popul> error ab\t bra9-activity & phosphorus4 ',ohne ,phosphor1 ke9 ,g$anke1' 0 a not$ w>-cry ( ! 'mat]iali/s' dur+ ! excitem5t on t subject :i* fill$ ,g]many 9 ! '#fjs4 ,! bra91 l e o!r organ ( ! body1 conta9s phosphorus1 & a score ( o!r *emicals besides4 ,:y ! phosphorus %\ld be pick$ out z its ess5ce1 no "o kn[s4 ,x w\ld be equally true to say ',ohne ,wass] ke9 ,g$anke1' or ',ohne ,ko*salz ke9 ,g$anke'2 = ?\ght w\ld /op z quickly if ! bra9 %\ld dry up or lose its ,na,cl z if x lo/ its phosphorus4 ,9 ,am]ica ! phosphorus-delusion has tw9$ itself r\nd a say+ quot$ 7rightly or wrongly7 f ,pr(essor ,l4 ,agassiz1 to ! effect t fi%]m5 are m intellig5t ?an f>m]s because !y eat s mu* fi%1 :i* conta9s s mu* phosphorus4 ,all ! facts may be d\bt$4 ,! only /raight way to asc]ta9 ! importance ( phosphorus to ?\ght w\ld be to f9d :e!r m is excret$ by ! bra9 dur+ m5tal activity ?an dur+ re/4 ,un=tunately we _c d ?is directly1 b c only gauge ! am\nt ( ,,po#e 9 ! ur9e1 :i* repres5ts o!r organs z well z ! bra91 & ?is proc$ure1 z ,dr4 ,edes says1 is l measur+ ! rise ( wat] at ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi to tell :]e !re has be5 a ?und]-/orm 9 ,m9nesota4#acd ,x has be5 adopt$1 h[ev]1 by a v>iety ( obs]v]s1 "s ( :om f\nd ! phosphates 9 ! ur9e dim9i%$1 :il/ o!rs f\nd !m increas$1 by intellectual "w4 ,on ! :ole1 x is impossible to trace any con/ant relation4 ,9 maniacal excitem5t less phosphorus ?an usual seems to be excret$4 ,m is excret$ dur+ sleep4 ,!re are diff]5ces betwe5 ! alkal9e & e>?y phosphates into :i* ,i w n ent]1 z my only aim is to %[ t ! popul> way ( look+ at ! matt] has no exact f\ndation4#ace ,! fact t phosphorus-prep>ations may d good 9 n]v\s exhau/ion proves no?+ z to ! "p play$ by phosphorus 9 m5tal activity4 ,l iron1 ars5ic1 & o!r rem$ies x is a /imulant or tonic1 ( ^: intimate work+s 9 ! sy/em we "k absolutely no?+1 & :i* moreov] does good 9 an extremely small numb] ( ! cases 9 :i* x is prescrib$4 ,! phosphorus-philosoph]s h (t5 comp>$ ?\ght to a secretion4 ,! bra9 secretes ?\ght1 z ! kidneys secrete ur9e1 or z ! liv] secretes bile1 are phrases :i* "o sometimes he>s4 ,! lame analogy ne$ h>dly be po9t$ out4 ,! mat]ials :i* ! bra9 p\rs into ! blood 7*ole/]91 creat91 xan?91 or :atev] !y may be7 are ! analogues ( ! ur9e & ! bile1 be+ 9 fact real mat]ial excreta4 ,z f> z ^! matt]s g1 ! bra9 is a ductless gl&4 ,b we "k ( no?+ connect$ ) liv]-& kidney-activity :i* c be 9 ! remote/ degree comp>$ ) ! /ream ( ?\ght t accompanies ! bra9's mat]ial secretions4 ,!re rema9s ano!r feature ( g5]al bra9-physiology1 & inde$ = psy*ological purposes ! mo/ important feature ( all4 ,i ref] to ! aptitude ( ! bra9 = acquir+ habits4 ,b ,i w treat ( t 9 a *apt] by itself4 ,,footnotes3 #ii ,i %all myself 9 lat] places indulge 9 mu* ( ?is s*ematization4 ,! read] w und]/& once = all t x is symbolic2 & t ! use ( x is h>dly m ?an to %[ :at a deep congruity !re is betwe5 m5tal processes & me*anical processes ( "s k9d1 n necess>ily ( ! exact k9d portray$4 #ajj ,val5t93 ,ar*iv f4 d4 gesammt4 ,physiol41 #ahgc1 p4 #deh4 ,/irl+3 ,leipzig ,acad4 ,b]i*te1 #ahge1 p4 #cgb 7,j\rnal ( ,physiol41 #ahge74 ,j4 ,w>d3 ,ar*iv f4 7,anat4 u47 ,physiol41 #ahhj1 p4 #gb4 ,h4 ,sewall3 ,johns ,hopk9s ,/udies1 #ahhj1 p4 #cj4 ,kroneck] u4 ,nicolaides3 ,ar*iv f4 7,anat4 u47 ,physiol41 #ahhj1 p4 #dcg4 ,exn]3 ,ar*iv f4 die ges4 ,physiol41 ,bd4 #bh1 p4 #dhg 7#ahhb74 ,eckh>d3 9 ,h]mann's ,hdb*4 d4 ,physiol41 ,bd4 ,i1 ,?l4 ii1 p4 #ca4 ,franois-,franck3 ,leons sur les ,fonctions motrices du ,c]veau1 p4 #ea ff41 #cci4--;,= ! process ( summation 9 n]ves & muscles1 cf4 ,h]mann3 ibid4 ,?l4 i1 p4 #aji1 & vol4 i1 p4 #dj4 ,also ,wundt3 ,physiol4 ,psy*41 i1 #bdc ff42 ,ri*et3 ,travaux du ,laboratoire de ,m>ey1 #ahgg1 p4 #ig2 ,l',homme et l',intellig5ce1 pp4 #bd ff41 #dfh2 ,revue ,philosophique1 t4 xxi1 p4 #efd4 ,kroneck] u4 ,hall3 ,ar*iv f4 7,anat4 u47 ,physiol41 #ahgi2 ,s*nle93 ibid4#ahhb1 p4 #ceg4 ,s]toli 7,h(mann & ,s*walbe's ,jahres-b]i*t71 #ahhb1 p4 #be4 ,de ,watteville3 ,neurologis*es ,c5tralblatt1 #ahhc1 ,no4 #g4 ,grnhag53 ,ar*4 f4 d4 ges4 ,physiol41 ,bd4 #cd1 p4 #cja 7#ahhd74 #aja ,bubn(f und ,heid5ha93 ,ueb] ,erregungs- und ,hemmungsvorgnge inn]halb d] motoris*5 ,hirnc5tr54 ,ar*iv f4 d4 ges4 ,physiol41 ,bd4 #bf1 p4 #aef 7#ahha74 #ajb ,ar*iv f4 d4 ges4 ,physiol41 ,bd4 #bf1 p4 #agf 7#ahha74 ,exn] ?9ks 7ibid4 ,bd4 #bh1 p4 #dig 7#ahhb77 t ! summation "h occurs 9 ! sp9al cord4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :]e ?is p>ticul> summation occurs1 s f> z ! g5]al philosophy ( summation goes4 #ajc ,g ,h4 ,lewes3 ,physical ,basis ( ,m9d1 p4 #dgi1 :]e _m simil> examples are giv51 #dhg-i4 #ajd ,romanes3 ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,animals1 p4 #afh4 #aje ,see a simil> in/ance 9 ,ma*3 ,beitrge zur ,analyse d] ,empf9dung51 p4 #cf1 a sp>r[ be+ ! animal4 ,my "y *ildr5 are afraid ( _! own pug-dog1 if he ent]s _! room aft] !y are 9 b$ & ! lights are out4 ,comp>e ?is /atem5t also3 ,! fir/ "q to a peasant seldom proves m ?an a flapp] to r\se ! torpid adju/m5ts ( 8 e>s4 ,! inv>iable answ] ( a ,scotti% peasant is1 ',:at's y\r wull8'--t ( ! ,engli%1 a vacant />e4 ,a second & ev5 a ?ird "q may be requir$ to elicit an answ]4 7,r4 ,f[l]2 ,"s ,obs]vations on ! ,m5tal ,/ate ( ! ,bl9d1 & ,deaf1 & ,dumb 7,salisbury1 #ahdc71 p4 #ad47 #ajf ,! read] w f9d a great deal ab\t *ronographic app>atus 9 ,j4 ,m>ey3 ,la ,m?ode ,graphique1 pt4 ii1 *ap4 ii4 ,"o c make pretty fair measurem5ts ) no o!r in/rum5t ?an a wat*1 by mak+ a l>ge numb] ( reactions1 ea* s]v+ z a signal = ! foll[+ "o1 & divid+ ! total "t !y take by _! numb]4 ,dr4 ,o4 ,w4 ,holmes fir/ sugge/$ ?is me?od1 :i* has be5 +5i\sly elaborat$ & appli$ by ,pr(essor ,ja/r[4 ,see ',sci5ce' = ,septemb] #aj1 #ahhf4 #ajg ,see1 = a few modifications1 ,cattell1 ,m9d1 xi1 #bbj ff4 #ajh ,physiol4 ,psy*41 ii1 #bba-b4 ,cf4 also ! fir/ edition1 #gbh-i4 ,i mu/ confess to f9d+ all ,wundt's utt]ances ab\t 'app]ception' bo? vacillat+ & obscure4 ,i see no use :atev] = ! ^w1 z he employs x1 9 ,psy*ology4 ,att5tion1 p]ception1 conception1 volition1 are its ample equival5ts4 ,:y we %\ld ne$ a s+le ^w to d5ote all ^! ?+s by turns1 ,wundt fails to make cle>4 ,consult1 h[ev]1 8 pupil ,/aude's article1 ',ueb] d5 ,begriff d] ,app]ception1' etc41 9 ,wundt's p]iodical ,philosophis*e ,/udi51 i1 #adi1 :i* may be suppos$ (ficial4 ,= a m9ute criticism ( ,wundt's 'app]ception1' see ,m>ty3 ,vi]teljahrs*rift f4 wiss4 ,philos41 x1 #cdf4 #aji ,by ,exn]1 = example1 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 vii1 #fbh ff4 #aaj ,p4 #bbb4 ,cf4 also ,ri*et1 ,rev4 ,philos41 vi1 #cie-f4 #aaa ,= in/ance1 if1 on ! previ\s day1 "o _h resolv$ to act on a signal :5 x %\ld come1 & x n[ came :il/ we 7 engag$ 9 o!r ?+s1 & rem9d$ u ( ! resolve4 #aab ,i ne$ h>dly m5tion t success 9 ^! exp]im5ts dep5ds 9 a high degree on our conc5tration ( att5tion4 ,if inatt5tive1 "o gets v discrepant figures4444 ,?is conc5tration ( ! att5tion is 9 ! highe/ degree exhau/+4 ,aft] "s exp]im5ts 9 :i* ,i 0 conc]n$ to get results z uni=m z possible1 ,i 0 cov]$ ) p]spiration & excessively fatigu$ al?\gh ,i _h sat quietly 9 my *air all ! :ile4 7,exn]1 loc4 cit4 vii1 #fah47 #aac ,wundt1 ,physiol4 ,psy*41 ii1 #bbf #aad ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 vii1 #faf4 #aae ,9 %ort1 :at ,m4 ,delbuf calls an 'organe adv5tice4' ,! reaction-"t1 moreov]1 is q compatible ) ! reaction itself be+ ( a reflex ord]4 ,"s reflexes 7sneez+1 e4g47 are v sl[4 ,! only "t-measurem5t ( a reflex act 9 ! human subject ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ is ,exn]'s measurem5t ( w9k+ 79 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv f4 d4 gesammt4 ,physiol41 ,bd4 viii1 p4 #ebf1 #ahgd74 ,he f\nd t :5 ! /imulus 0 a fla% ( light x took ! w9k #j4bafh sec4 to occur4 ,a /rong electric %ock to ! cornea %ort5$ ! "t to #j4jegh sec4 ,! ord9>y 'reaction-"t' is midway betwe5 ^! values4 ,exn] 'r$uces' 8 times by elim9at+ ! physiological process ( conduction4 ,8 'r$uc$ m9imum w9k+-"t' is !n #j4jdga 7ibid4 #eca71 :il/ 8 r$uc$ reaction-"t is #j4jhbh 7ibid4 vii1 #fcg74 ,^! figures h really no sci5tific value beyond t ( %[+1 accord+ to ,exn]'s own belief 7vii1 #eca71 t reaction-"t & reflex-"t measure processes ( ess5tially ! same ord]4 ,8 description1 moreov]1 ( ! process is an excell5t description ( a reflex act4 ,e "o1 says he1 :o makes reaction-"t exp]im5ts = ! fir/ "t is surpris$ to f9d h[ little he is ma/] ( 8 own movem5ts1 s soon z x becomes a "q ( execut+ !m ) a maximum ( spe$4 ,n only does _! en]gy lie1 z x 71 outside ! field ( *oice1 b ev5 ! "t 9 :i* ! movem5t occurs dep5ds only p>tly ^u ourselves4 ,we j]k our arm1 & we c aft]w>ds tell ) a/oni%+ precision :e!r we h j]k$ x quick] or sl[] ?an ano!r "t1 al?\gh we h no p[] to j]k x exactly at ! wi%$-= mom5t4--,wundt himself admits t :5 we await a /rong signal ) t5se prep>ation !re is no consci\sness ( any duality ( 'app]ception' & motor response2 ! two are cont9u\s 7,physiol4 ,psy*41 ii1 #bbf74--,mr4 ,cattell's view is id5tical ) ! "o ,i def5d4 ,i ?9k1 he says1 t if ! processes ( p]ception & will+ are pres5t at all !y are v rudim5t>y4444 ,! subject1 by a volunt>y ef=t be=e ! signal comes1 puts ! l9es ( communication betwe5 ! c5tre = ! /imulus & ! c5tre = ! co-ord9ation ( motions 444 9 a /ate ( un/able equilibrium4 ,:51 !re=e1 a n]v\s impulse rea*es ! =m] c5tre1 x causes bra9-*anges 9 two directions2 an impulse moves along to ! cortex & calls =? !re a p]ception correspond+ to ! /imulus1 :ile at ! same "t an impulse foll[s a l9e ( small resi/ance to ! c5tre = ! co-ord9ation ( motions1 & ! prop] n]v\s impulse1 already prep>$ & wait+ = ! signal1 is s5t f ! c5tre to ! muscle ( ! h&4 ,:5 ! reaction has (t5 be5 made ! entire c]ebral process becomes automatic1 ! impulse ( itself takes ! well-travell$ way to ! motor c5tre1 & releases ! motor impulse4 7,m9d1 xi1 #bcb-c47--;,f9ally1 ,pr(4 ,lipps has1 9 8 elaborate way 7,grundtatsa*51 #agi-ahh71 made m9ce-meat ( ! view t /age #c involves ei!r consci\s p]ception or consci\s w4 #aaf ,physiol4 ,psy*41 #c;d edition 7#ahhg71 vol4 ii1 p4 #bff4 #aag ,philosophis*e ,/udi51 vol4 iv1 p4 #dgi 7#ahhh74 #aah ,loc4 cit4 p4 #dhh4 #aai ,loc4 cit4 p4 #dhg4 #abj ,loc4 cit4 p4 #dhi4 #aba ,lange has an int]e/+ hypo!sis z to ! bra9-process conc]n$ 9 ! latt]1 = :i* ,i c only ref] to 8 essay4 #abb ,! read] :o wi%es to "k m ab\t ! matt] w f9d a mo/ fai?ful compilation ( all t has be5 done1 toge!r ) mu* orig9al matt]1 9 ,g4 ,buccola's ',legge del ,tempo1' etc4 ,see also *apt] xvi ( ,wundt's ,physiol4 ,psy*ology2 ,exn] 9 ,h]mann's ,hdb*41 ,bd4 #b1 ,?l4 ii1 pp4 #beb-bhj2 also ,ribot's ,contemp4 ,g]m4 ,psy*4 *ap4 viii4 #abc ,! nature ( ! movem5t also seems to make x v>y4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,i4 ,gilman & ,i react$ to ! same signal by simply rais+ our h&1 & aga9 by c>ry+ our h& t[>ds our back4 ,! mom5t regi/]$ 0 always t at :i* ! h& broke an electric contact 9 />t+ to move4 ,b x />t$ "o or two hundr$?s ( a second lat] :5 ! m ext5sive movem5t 0 ! "o to be made4 ,or*ansky1 on ! o!r h&1 exp]im5t+ on contractions ( ! masset] muscle1 f\nd 7,ar*iv f4 7,anat4 u47 ,physiol41 #ahhi1 p4 #ahg7 t ! great] ! amplitude ( contraction int5d$1 ! %ort] grew ! "t ( reaction4 ,he expla9s ?is by ! fact t a m ample contraction makes a great] appeal to ! att5tion1 & t ?is %ort5s ! times4 #abd ,physiol4 ,psy*41 ii1 #bbc4 #abe ,franois-,franck1 ,fonctions ,motrices1 ,leon xxii4 #abf ,la ,paura 7#ahhd71 p4 #aag4 #abg ,ueb] d5 ,kreislauf des ,blutes im m5s*li*5 ,gehirn 7#ahha71 *ap4 ii4 ,! ,introduction gives ! hi/ory ( our previ\s k ( ! subject4 #abh ,9 ?is conclusion ,m4 ,gley 7,ar*ives de ,physiologie1 #ahha1 p4 #gdb7 agrees ) ,pr(essor ,mosso4 ,gley f\nd 8 pulse rise #a-c beats1 8 c>otid dilate1 & 8 radial art]y contract dur+ h>d m5tal "w4 #abi ,address be=e ,m$4 & ,*irurg4 ,society ( ,m>yl&1 #ahgi4 #acj ,see 8 book2 ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es on ! ,regional ,temp]ature ( ! ,head 7,london1 #ahgi74 #aca ,loc4 cit4 p4 #aie4 #acb ,! mo/ conv5i5t acc\nt ( ,s*iff's exp]im5ts is by ,pr(4 ,hi]z51 9 ! ,revue ,philosophique1 vol4 iii1 p4 #cf4 #acc ,a ,new ,/udy ( ,c]ebral ,cortical ,localization 7,n4 ,y41 ,putnam1 #ahhj71 pp4 #dh-ec4 #acd ,ar*ives ( ,m$ic9e1 vol4 x1 ,no4 #a 7#ahhc74 #ace ,)\t multiply+ ref]5ces1 ,i w simply cite ,m5del 7,ar*iv f4 ,psy*iatrie1 vol4 iii1 #ahga71 ,mairet 7,ar*ives de ,neurologie1 vol4 ix1 #ahhe71 & ,beaunis 7,re*4 ,exprim5tales sur l',activit ,crbrale1 #ahhg74 ,ri*et gives a p>tial bibliography 9 ! ,revue ,sci5tifique1 vol4 #ch1 p4 #ghh 7#ahhf74 ,,*apt] ,,iv4#acf ,,habit4 ,:5 we look at liv+ creatures f an outw>d po9t ( view1 "o ( ! fir/ ?+s t /rike u is t !y are bundles ( habits4 ,9 wild animals1 ! usual r\nd ( daily behavior seems a necessity implant$ at bir?2 9 animals dome/icat$1 & especially 9 man1 x seems1 to a great ext5t1 to be ! result ( education4 ,! habits to :i* !re is an innate t5d5cy are call$ in/9cts2 "s ( ^? due to education w\ld by mo/ p]sons be call$ acts ( reason4 ,x ?us appe>s t habit cov]s a v l>ge "p ( life1 & t "o engag$ 9 /udy+ ! objective manife/ations ( m9d is b\nd at ! v outset to def9e cle>ly j :at its limits are4 ,! mom5t "o tries to def9e :at habit is1 "o is l$ to ! fundam5tal prop]ties ( matt]4 ,! laws ( ,nature are no?+ b ! immutable habits :i* ! diff]5t elem5t>y sorts ( matt] foll[ 9 _! actions & reactions ^u ea* o!r4 ,9 ! organic _w1 h[ev]1 ! habits are m v>iable ?an ?is4 ,ev5 in/9cts v>y f "o individual to ano!r ( a k9d2 & are modifi$ 9 ! same individual1 z we %all lat] see1 to suit ! exig5cies ( ! case4 ,! habits ( an elem5t>y p>ticle ( matt] _c *ange 7on ! pr9ciples ( ! atomi/ic philosophy71 because ! p>ticle is itself an un*angeable ?+2 b ^? ( a comp\nd mass ( matt] c *ange1 because !y are 9 ! la/ in/ance due to ! /ructure ( ! comp\nd1 & ei!r outw>d =ces or inw>d t5sions c1 f "o h\r to ano!r1 turn t /ructure into some?+ diff]5t f :at x 04 ,t is1 !y c d s if ! body be pla/ic en\gh to ma9ta9 its integrity1 & be n disrupt$ :5 its /ructure yields4 ,! *ange ( /ructure "h spok5 ( ne$ n involve ! outw>d %ape2 x may be invisible & molecul>1 z :5 a b> ( iron becomes magnetic or cry/all9e ?r\gh ! action ( c]ta9 outw>d causes1 or ,india-rubb] becomes friable1 or pla/] 'sets4' ,all ^! *anges are r sl[2 ! mat]ial 9 "q opposes a c]ta9 resi/ance to ! modify+ cause1 :i* x takes "t to ov]come1 b ! gradual yield+ :]e( (t5 saves ! mat]ial f be+ dis9tegrat$ altoge!r4 ,:5 ! /ructure has yield$1 ! same in]tia becomes a condition ( its comp>ative p]man5ce 9 ! new =m1 & ( ! new habits ! body !n manife/s4 ,pla/icity1 !n1 9 ! wide s5se ( ! ^w1 means ! possession ( a /ructure weak en\gh to yield to an influ5ce1 b /rong en\gh n to yield all at once4 ,ea* relatively /able phase ( equilibrium 9 su* a /ructure is m>k$ by :at we may call a new set ( habits4 ,organic matt]1 especially n]v\s tissue1 seems end[$ ) a v extraord9>y degree ( pla/icity ( ?is sort2 s t we may )\t hesitation lay d[n z our fir/ proposition ! foll[+1 t ! ph5om5a ( habit 9 liv+ be+s are due to ! pla/icity#acg ( ! organic mat]ials ( :i* _! bodies are compos$4 ,b ! philosophy ( habit is ?us1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 a *apt] 9 physics r ?an 9 physiology or psy*ology4 ,t x is at bottom a physical pr9ciple is admitt$ by all good rec5t writ]s on ! subject4 ,!y call att5tion to analogues ( acquir$ habits exhibit$ by dead matt]4 ,?us1 ,m4 ,lon ,dumont1 ^: essay on habit is p]haps ! mo/ philosophical acc\nt yet publi%$1 writes3 ,e "o kn[s h[ a g>m5t1 aft] hav+ be5 worn a c]ta9 "t1 cl+s to ! %ape ( ! body bett] ?an :5 x 0 new2 !re has be5 a *ange 9 ! tissue1 & ?is *ange is a new habit ( cohesion4 ,a lock works bett] aft] be+ us$ "s "t2 at ! outset m =ce 0 requir$ to ov]come c]ta9 r\ghnesses 9 ! me*anism4 ,! ov]com+ ( _! resi/ance is a ph5om5on ( habituation4 ,x co/s less tr\ble to fold a pap] :5 x has be5 fold$ already4 ,?is sav+ ( tr\ble is due to ! ess5tial nature ( habit1 :i* br+s x ab\t t1 to reproduce ! effect1 a less am\nt ( ! outw>d cause is requir$4 ,! s\nds ( a viol9 improve by use 9 ! h&s ( an able arti/1 because ! fibres ( ! wood at la/ contract habits ( vibration con=m$ to h>monic relations4 ,?is is :at gives su* ine/imable value to in/rum5ts t h belong$ to great ma/]s4 ,wat]1 9 fl[+1 holl[s out = itself a *annel1 :i* gr[s broad] & deep]2 &1 aft] hav+ ceas$ to fl[1 x resumes1 :5 x fl[s aga91 ! pa? trac$ by itself be=e4 ,j s1 ! impressions ( out] objects fa%ion = !mselves 9 ! n]v\s sy/em m & m appropriate pa?s1 & ^! vital ph5om5a recur "u simil> excitem5ts f )\t1 :5 !y h be5 int]rupt$ a c]ta9 "t4#ach ,n 9 ! n]v\s sy/em alone4 ,a sc> any:]e is a locus m9oris resi/5ti1 m liable to be abrad$1 inflam$1 to suff] pa9 & cold1 ?an are ! neighbor+ p>ts4 ,a spra9$ ankle1 a dislocat$ arm1 are 9 dang] ( be+ spra9$ or dislocat$ aga92 jo9ts t h once be5 attack$ by rheumatism or g\t1 muc\s membranes t h be5 ! seat ( cat>rh1 are ) ea* fre% recurr5ce m prone to a relapse1 until (t5 ! morbid /ate *ronically sub/itutes itself = ! s\nd "o4 ,& if we asc5d to ! n]v\s sy/em1 we f9d h[ _m s-call$ functional diseases seem to keep !mselves go+ simply because !y happ5 to h once begun2 & h[ ! =cible cutt+ %ort by m$ic9e ( a few attacks is (t5 suffici5t to enable ! physiological =ces to get possession ( ! field aga91 & to br+ ! organs back to functions ( heal?4 ,epilepsies1 neuralgias1 convulsive affections ( v>i\s sorts1 insomnias1 are s _m cases 9 po9t4 ,&1 to take :at are m obvi\sly habits1 ! success ) :i* a 'wean+' treatm5t c (t5 be appli$ to ! victims ( unheal?y indulg5ce ( passion1 or ( m]e compla9+ or irascible disposition1 %[s u h[ mu* ! morbid manife/ations !mselves 7 due to ! m]e in]tia ( ! n]v\s organs1 :5 once laun*$ on a false c>e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c we n[ =m a notion ( :at ! inw>d physical *anges may be l1 9 organs ^: habits h ?us /ruck into new pa?s8 ,9 o!r words1 c we say j :at me*anical facts ! expression '*ange ( habit' cov]s :5 x is appli$ to a n]v\s sy/em8 ,c]ta9ly we _c 9 any?+ l a m9ute or def9ite way4 ,b our usual sci5tific cu/om ( int]pret+ hidd5 molecul> ev5ts aft] ! analogy ( visible massive ones enables u to frame easily an ab/ract & g5]al s*eme ( processes :i* ! physical *anges 9 "q may be l4 ,& :5 once ! possibility ( "s k9d ( me*anical int]pretation is e/abli%$1 ,me*anical ,sci5ce1 9 h] pres5t mood1 w n hesitate to set h] br& ( own]%ip ^u ! matt]1 feel+ sure t x is only a "q ( "t :5 ! exact me*anical explanation ( ! case %all be f\nd out4 ,if habits are due to ! pla/icity ( mat]ials to outw>d ag5ts1 we c imm$iately see to :at outw>d influ5ces1 if to any1 ! bra9-matt] is pla/ic4 ,n to me*anical pressures1 n to !rmal *anges1 n to any ( ! =ces to :i* all ! o!r organs ( our body are expos$2 = nature has c>efully %ut up our bra9 & sp9al cord 9 bony boxes1 :]e no influ5ces ( ?is sort c get at !m4 ,%e has float$ !m 9 fluid s t only ! sev]e/ %ocks c give !m a concussion1 & blanket$ & wrapp$ !m ab\t 9 an altoge!r exceptional way4 ,! only impressions t c be made ^u !m are ?r\gh ! blood1 on ! "o h&1 & ?r\gh ! s5sory n]ve-roots1 on ! o!r2 & x is to ! inf9itely att5uat$ curr5ts t p\r 9 ?r\gh ^! latt] *annels t ! hemisph]ical cortex %[s itself to be s peculi>ly susceptible4 ,! curr5ts1 once 91 mu/ f9d a way out4 ,9 gett+ out !y leave _! traces 9 ! pa?s :i* !y take4 ,! only ?+ !y c d1 9 %ort1 is to deep5 old pa?s or to make new ones2 & ! :ole pla/icity ( ! bra9 sums itself up 9 two words :5 we call x an organ 9 :i* curr5ts p\r+ 9 f ! s5se-organs make ) extreme facility pa?s :i* d n easily disappe>4 ,=1 ( c\rse1 a simple habit1 l e o!r n]v\s ev5t--! habit ( snuffl+1 = example1 or ( putt+ "o's h&s into "o's pockets1 or ( bit+ "o's nails--is1 me*anically1 no?+ b a reflex dis*>ge2 & its anatomical sub/ratum mu/ be a pa? 9 ! sy/em4 ,! mo/ complex habits1 z we %all pres5tly see m fully1 are1 f ! same po9t ( view1 no?+ b concat5at$ dis*>ges 9 ! n]ve-c5tres1 due to ! pres5ce !re ( sy/ems ( reflex pa?s1 s organiz$ z to wake ea* o!r up successively--! impression produc$ by "o muscul> contraction s]v+ z a /imulus to provoke ! next1 until a f9al impression inhibits ! process & closes ! *a94 ,! only difficult me*anical problem is to expla9 ! =mation de novo ( a simple reflex or pa? 9 a pre-exi/+ n]v\s sy/em4 ,"h1 z 9 s _m o!r cases1 x is only ! premi] pas qui cote4 ,= ! entire n]v\s sy/em is no?+ b a sy/em ( pa?s betwe5 a s5sory t]m9us a quo & a muscul>1 gl&ul>1 or o!r t]m9us ad quem4 ,a pa? once trav]s$ by a n]ve-curr5t might be expect$ to foll[ ! law ( mo/ ( ! pa?s we "k1 & to be scoop$ out & made m p]meable ?an be=e2#aci & ?is ought to be repeat$ ) ea* new passage ( ! curr5t4 ,:atev] ob/ructions may h kept x at fir/ f be+ a pa? %\ld !n1 little by little1 & m & m1 be swept out ( ! way1 until at la/ x might become a natural dra9age-*annel4 ,?is is :at happ5s :]e ei!r solids or liquids pass ov] a pa?2 !re seems no reason :y x %\ld n happ5 :]e ! ?+ t passes is a m]e wave ( re>rangem5t 9 matt] t does n displace itself1 b m]ely *anges *emically or turns itself r\nd 9 place1 or vibrates across ! l9e4 ,! mo/ plausible views ( ! n]ve-curr5t make x out to be ! passage ( "s su* wave ( re>rangem5t z ?is4 ,if only a "p ( ! matt] ( ! pa? 7 to 're>range' itself1 ! neighbor+ p>ts rema9+ in]t1 x is easy to see h[ _! in]tness might oppose a friction :i* x w\ld take _m waves ( re>rangem5t to break d[n & ov]come4 ,if we call ! pa? itself ! 'organ1' & ! wave ( re>rangem5t ! 'function1' !n x is obvi\sly a case = repeat+ ! celebrat$ ,fr5* =mula ( ',la fonction fait l'organe4' ,s no?+ is easi] ?an to imag9e h[1 :5 a curr5t once has trav]s$ a pa?1 x %\ld trav]se x m readily /ill a second "t4 ,b :at made x ev] trav]se x ! fir/ "t8#adj ,9 answ]+ ?is "q we c only fall back on our g5]al conception ( a n]v\s sy/em z a mass ( matt] ^: p>ts1 con/antly kept 9 /ates ( diff]5t t5sion1 are z con/antly t5d+ to equalize _! /ates4 ,! equalization betwe5 any two po9ts occurs ?r\gh :atev] pa? may at ! mom5t be mo/ p]vi\s4 ,b1 z a giv5 po9t ( ! sy/em may belong1 actually or pot5tially1 to _m diff]5t pa?s1 &1 z ! play ( nutrition is subject to accid5tal *anges1 blocks may f "t to "t occur1 & make curr5ts %oot ?r\gh unwont$ l9es4 ,su* an unwont$ l9e w\ld be a new-creat$ pa?1 :i* if trav]s$ repeat$ly1 w\ld become ! beg9n+ ( a new reflex arc4 ,all ?is is vague to ! la/ degree1 & am\nts to little m ?an say+ t a new pa? may be =m$ by ! sort ( *ances t 9 n]v\s mat]ial are likely to occur4 ,b1 vague z x is1 x is really ! la/ ^w ( our wisdom 9 ! matt]4#ada ,x mu/ be notic$ t ! gr[? ( /ructural modification 9 liv+ matt] may be m rapid ?an 9 any lifeless mass1 because ! incessant nutritive r5ovation ( :i* ! liv+ matt] is ! seat t5ds (t5 to corroborate & fix ! impress$ modification1 r ?an to c\nt]act x by r5ew+ ! orig9al con/itution ( ! tissue t has be5 impress$4 ,?us1 we notice aft] ex]cis+ our muscles or our bra9 9 a new way1 t we c d s no long] at t "t2 b aft] a day or two ( re/1 :5 we resume ! discipl9e1 our increase 9 skill n seldom surprises u4 ,i h (t5 notic$ ?is 9 le>n+ a tune2 & x has l$ a ,g]man au?or to say t we le>n to swim dur+ ! w9t] & to skate dur+ ! summ]4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] writes3#adb ,x is a matt] ( univ]sal exp]i5ce t e k9d ( tra9+ = special aptitudes is bo? f> m effective1 & leaves a m p]man5t impress1 :5 ex]t$ on ! gr[+ organism ?an :5 br\ght to be> on ! adult4 ,! effect ( su* tra9+ is %[n 9 ! t5d5cy ( ! organ to 'gr[ to' ! mode 9 :i* x is habitually ex]cis$2 z is evid5c$ by ! increas$ size & p[] ( p>ticul> sets ( muscles1 & ! extraord9>y flexibility ( jo9ts1 :i* are acquir$ by su* z h be5 e>ly ex]cis$ 9 gymna/ic p]=mances4444 ,!re is no "p ( ! organism ( man 9 :i* ! recon/ructive activity is s great1 dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( life1 z x is 9 ! ganglionic sub/ance ( ! bra94 ,?is is indicat$ by ! enorm\s supply ( blood :i* x receives4444 ,x is1 moreov]1 a fact ( great significance t ! n]ve-sub/ance is specially di/+ui%$ by its rep>ative p[]4 ,= :ile injuries ( o!r tissues 7su* z ! muscul>7 :i* are di/+ui%$ by ! speciality ( _! /ructure & end[m5ts1 are repair$ by sub/ance ( a l[] or less specializ$ type1 ^? ( n]ve-sub/ance are repair$ by a complete reproduction ( ! normal tissue2 z is evid5c$ 9 ! s5sibility ( ! newly =m+ sk9 :i* is clos+ ov] an op5 w\nd1 or 9 ! recov]y ( ! s5sibility ( a piece ( 'transplant$' sk91 :i* has = a "t be5 r5d]$ ins5sible by ! complete int]ruption ( ! cont9uity ( its n]ves4 ,! mo/ rem>kable example ( ?is reproduction1 h[ev]1 is af=d$ by ! results ( ,m4 ,br[n-,squ>d's#adc exp]im5ts ^u ! gradual re/oration ( ! functional activity ( ! sp9al cord aft] its complete division2 :i* takes place 9 a way t indicates r a reproduction ( ! :ole1 or ! l[] "p ( ! cord & ( ! n]ves proce$+ f x1 ?an a m]e reunion ( divid$ surfaces4 ,?is reproduction is b a special manife/ation ( ! recon/ructive *ange :i* is always tak+ place 9 ! n]v\s sy/em2 x be+ n less obvi\s to ! eye ( reason t ! 'wa/e' occasion$ by its functional activity mu/ be con/antly repair$ by ! production ( new tissue1 ?an x is to ! eye ( s5se t su* rep>ation supplies an actual loss ( sub/ance by disease or injury4 ,n[1 9 ?is con/ant & active recon/ruction ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 we recognize a mo/ m>k$ con=mity to ! g5]al plan manife/$ 9 ! nutrition ( ! organism z a :ole4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 x is obvi\s t !re is a t5d5cy to ! production ( a det]m9ate type ( /ructure2 :i* type is (t5 n m]ely t ( ! species1 b "s special modification ( x :i* *>act]iz$ "o or bo? ( ! prog5itors4 ,b ?is type is peculi>ly liable to modification dur+ ! e>ly p]iod ( life2 9 :i* ! functional activity ( ! n]v\s sy/em 7& p>ticul>ly ( ! bra97 is extraord9>ily great1 & ! recon/ructive process proportionally active4 ,& ?is modifiability expresses itself 9 ! =mation ( ! me*anism by :i* ^? second>ily automatic modes ( movem5t come to be e/abli%$1 :i*1 9 man1 take ! place ( ^? t are cong5ital 9 mo/ ( ! animals b5ea? him2 & ^? modes ( s5se-p]ception come to be acquir$1 :i* are else:]e cle>ly in/9ctive4 ,= !re c be no reasonable d\bt t1 9 bo? cases1 a n]v\s me*anism is develop$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is self-education1 correspond+ ) t :i* ! l[] animals inh]it f _! p>5ts4 ,! plan ( t rebuild+ process1 :i* is necess>y to ma9ta9 ! integrity ( ! organism g5]ally1 & :i* goes on ) peculi> activity 9 ?is portion ( x1 is ?us be+ incessantly modifi$2 & 9 ?is mann] all t portion ( x :i* m9i/]s to ! ext]nal life ( s5se & motion t is %>$ by man ) ! animal k+dom at l>ge1 becomes at adult age ! expression ( ! habits :i* ! individual has acquir$ dur+ ! p]iod ( gr[? & developm5t4 ,( ^! habits1 "s are common to ! race g5]ally1 :ile o!rs are peculi> to ! individual2 ^? ( ! =m] k9d 7su* z walk+ erect7 be+ univ]sally acquir$1 save :]e physical inability prev5ts2 :ile = ! latt] a special tra9+ is ne$$1 :i* is usually ! m effective ! e>li] x is begun--z is rem>kably se5 9 ! case ( su* feats ( dext]ity z require a conjo9t education ( ! p]ceptive & ( ! motor p[]s4 ,& :5 ?us develop$ dur+ ! p]iod ( gr[?1 s z to h become a "p ( ! con/itution ( ! adult1 ! acquir$ me*anism is !nce=? ma9ta9$ 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ! nutritive op]ations1 s z to be ready = use :5 call$ ^u1 ev5 aft] long inaction4 ,:at is s cle>ly true ( ! n]v\s app>atus ( animal life c sc>cely be o!rwise ?an true ( t :i* m9i/]s to ! automatic activity ( ! m9d4 ,=1 z already %[n1 ! /udy ( psy*ology has evolv$ no m c]ta9 result ?an t !re are uni=mities ( m5tal action :i* are s entirely con=mable to ^? ( bodily action z to indicate _! intimate relation to a 'me*anism ( ?\ght & feel+1' act+ "u ! l conditions ) t ( s5se & motion4 ,! psy*ical pr9ciples ( association1 inde$1 & ! physiological pr9ciples ( nutrition1 simply express--! =m] 9 t]ms ( m9d1 ! latt] 9 t]ms ( bra9--! univ]sally admitt$ fact t any sequ5ce ( m5tal action :i* has be5 frequ5tly repeat$ t5ds to p]petuate itself2 s t we f9d ourselves automatically prompt$ to ?9k1 feel1 or d :at we h be5 be=e accu/om$ to ?9k1 feel1 or d1 "u l circum/ances1 )\t any consci\sly =m$ purpose1 or anticipation ( results4 ,= !re is no reason to reg>d ! c]ebrum z an exception to ! g5]al pr9ciple t1 :ile ea* "p ( ! organism t5ds to =m itself 9 accordance ) ! mode 9 :i* x is habitually ex]cis$1 ?is t5d5cy w be especially /rong 9 ! n]v\s app>atus1 9 virtue ( t incessant reg5]ation :i* is ! v condition ( its functional activity4 ,x sc>cely1 inde$1 admits ( d\bt t e /ate ( ideational consci\sness :i* is ei!r v /rong or is habitually repeat$ leaves an organic impression on ! c]ebrum2 9 virtue ( :i* t same /ate may be reproduc$ at any future "t1 9 respond5ce to a sugge/ion fitt$ to excite x4444 ,! '/r5g? ( e>ly association' is a fact s univ]sally recogniz$ t ! expression ( x has become prov]bial2 & ?is precisely accords ) ! physiological pr9ciple t1 dur+ ! p]iod ( gr[? & developm5t1 ! =mative activity ( ! bra9 w be mo/ am5able to direct+ influ5ces4 ,x is 9 ?is way t :at is e>ly 'le>n$ by he>t' becomes br&$ 9 7z x 77 ^u ! c]ebrum2 s t its 'traces' are nev] lo/1 ev5 ?\gh ! consci\s memory ( x may h completely fad$ out4 ,=1 :5 ! organic modification has be5 once fix$ 9 ! gr[+ bra91 x becomes a "p ( ! normal fabric1 & is regul>ly ma9ta9$ by nutritive sub/itution2 s t x may endure to ! end ( life1 l ! sc> ( a w\nd4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]'s phrase t our n]v\s sy/em gr[s to ! modes 9 :i* x has be5 ex]cis$ expresses ! philosophy ( habit 9 a nut%ell4 ,we may n[ trace "s ( ! practical applications ( ! pr9ciple to human life4 ,! fir/ result ( x is t habit simplifies ! movem5ts requir$ to a*ieve a giv5 result1 makes !m m accurate & dim9i%es fatigue4 ,! beg9n] at ! piano n only moves 8 f+] up & d[n 9 ord] to depress ! key1 he moves ! :ole h&1 ! =e>m & ev5 ! entire body1 especially mov+ its lea/ rigid "p1 ! head1 z if he w\ld press d[n ! key ) t organ too4 ,(t5 a contraction ( ! abdom9al muscles occurs z well4 ,pr9cipally1 h[ev]1 ! impulse is det]m9$ to ! motion ( ! h& & ( ! s+le f+]4 ,?is is1 9 ! fir/ place1 because ! movem5t ( ! f+] is ! movem5t ?\ght ( &1 9 ! second place1 because its movem5t & t ( ! key are ! movem5ts we try to p]ceive1 along ) ! results ( ! latt] on ! e>4 ,! m (t5 ! process is repeat$1 ! m easily ! movem5t foll[s1 on acc\nt ( ! increase 9 p]meability ( ! n]ves engag$4 ,b ! m easily ! movem5t occurs1 ! slight] is ! /imulus requir$ to set x up2 & ! slight] ! /imulus is1 ! m its effect is conf9$ to ! f+]s alone4 ,?us1 an impulse :i* orig9ally spread its effects ov] ! :ole body1 or at lea/ ov] _m ( its movable p>ts1 is gradually det]m9$ to a s+le def9ite organ1 9 :i* x effects ! contraction ( a few limit$ muscles4 ,9 ?is *ange ! ?\ghts & p]ceptions :i* />t ! impulse acquire m & m intimate causal relations ) a p>ticul> gr\p ( motor n]ves4 ,to recur to a simile1 at lea/ p>tially apt1 imag9e ! n]v\s sy/em to repres5t a dra9age-sy/em1 incl9+1 on ! :ole1 t[>d c]ta9 muscles1 b ) ! escape ?i!r some:at clogg$4 ,!n /reams ( wat] w1 on ! :ole1 t5d mo/ to fill ! dra9s t g t[>ds ^! muscles & to wa% out ! escape4 ,9 case ( a sudd5 'flu%+1' h[ev]1 ! :ole sy/em ( *annels w fill itself1 & ! wat] ov]fl[ ev]y:]e be=e x escapes4 ,b a mod]ate quantity ( wat] invad+ ! sy/em w fl[ ?r\gh ! prop] escape alone4 ,j s ) ! piano-play]4 ,z soon z 8 impulse1 :i* has gradually le>n$ to conf9e itself to s+le muscles1 gr[s extreme1 x ov]fl[s into l>g] muscul> regions4 ,he usually plays ) 8 f+]s1 8 body be+ at re/4 ,b no soon] does he get excit$ ?an 8 :ole body becomes 'animat$1' & he moves 8 head & trunk1 9 p>ticul>1 z if ^! also 7 organs ) :i* he meant to belabor ! keys4#add ,man is born ) a t5d5cy to d m ?+s ?an he has ready-made arrangem5ts = 9 8 n]ve-c5tres4 ,mo/ ( ! p]=mances ( o!r animals are automatic4 ,b 9 him ! numb] ( !m is s enorm\s1 t mo/ ( !m mu/ be ! fruit ( pa9ful /udy4 ,if practice did n make p]fect1 nor habit economize ! exp5se ( n]v\s & muscul> en]gy1 he w\ld !re=e be 9 a sorry plight4 ,z ,dr4 ,maudsley says3#ade ,if an act became no easi] aft] be+ done sev]al times1 if ! c>eful direction ( consci\sness 7 necess>y to its accompli%m5t on ea* occasion1 x is evid5t t ! :ole activity ( a lifetime might be conf9$ to "o or two de$s--t no progress c\ld take place 9 developm5t4 ,a man might be occupi$ all day 9 dress+ & undress+ himself2 ! attitude ( 8 body w\ld absorb all 8 att5tion & en]gy2 ! wa%+ ( 8 h&s or ! fa/5+ ( a button w\ld be z difficult to him on ea* occasion z to ! *ild on its fir/ trial2 & he w\ld1 fur!rmore1 be completely exhau/$ by 8 ex]tions4 ,?9k ( ! pa9s necess>y to tea* a *ild to /&1 ( ! _m ef=ts :i* x mu/ make1 & ( ! ease ) :i* x at la/ /&s1 unconsci\s ( any ef=t4 ,= :ile second>ily automatic acts are accompli%$ ) comp>atively little we>9ess--9 ?is reg>d approa*+ ! organic movem5ts1 or ! orig9al reflex movem5ts--! consci\s ef=t ( ! w soon produces exhau/ion4 ,a sp9al cord )\t 444 memory w\ld simply be an idiotic sp9al cord4444 ,x is impossible = an individual to realize h[ mu* he owes to its automatic ag5cy until disease has impair$ its functions4 ,! next result is t habit dim9i%es ! consci\s att5tion ) :i* our acts are p]=m$4 ,"o may /ate ?is ab/ractly ?us3 ,if an act require = its execution a *a91 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 etc41 ( successive n]v\s ev5ts1 !n 9 ! fir/ p]=mances ( ! action ! consci\s w mu/ *oose ea* ( ^! ev5ts f a numb] ( wrong alt]natives t t5d to pres5t !mselves2 b habit soon br+s x ab\t t ea* ev5t calls up its own appropriate successor )\t any alt]native (f]+ itself1 & )\t any ref]5ce to ! consci\s w1 until at la/ ! :ole *a91 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 rattles itself (f z soon z ,a occurs1 j z if ,a & ! re/ ( ! *a9 7 fus$ into a cont9u\s /ream4 ,:5 we are le>n+ to walk1 to ride1 to swim1 skate1 f5ce1 write1 play1 or s+1 we int]rupt ourselves at e /ep by unnecess>y movem5ts & false notes4 ,:5 we are pr(ici5ts1 on ! contr>y1 ! results n only foll[ ) ! v m9imum ( muscul> action requisite to br+ !m =?1 !y also foll[ f a s+le in/antane\s 'cue4' ,! m>ksman sees ! bird1 &1 be=e he kn[s x1 he has aim$ & %ot4 ,a gleam 9 8 adv]s>y's eye1 a mom5t>y pressure f 8 rapi]1 & ! f5c] f9ds t he has in/antly made ! "r p>ry & return4 ,a glance at ! musical hi]oglyphics1 & ! piani/'s f+]s h rippl$ ?r\gh a cat>act ( notes4 ,& n only is x ! "r ?+ at ! "r "t t we ?us involunt>ily d1 b ! wrong ?+ also1 if x be an habitual ?+4 ,:o is !re t has nev] w\nd up 8 wat* on tak+ (f 8 wai/coat 9 ! daytime1 or tak5 8 lat*-key out on arriv+ at ! door-/ep ( a fri5d8 ,v abs5t-m9d$ p]sons 9 go+ to _! b$room to dress = d9n] h be5 kn[n to take (f "o g>m5t aft] ano!r & f9ally to get into b$1 m]ely because t 0 ! habitual issue ( ! fir/ few movem5ts :5 p]=m$ at a lat] h\r4 ,! writ] well rememb]s h[1 on revisit+ ,p>is aft] t5 ye>s' abs5ce1 &1 f9d+ himself 9 ! /reet 9 :i* = "o w9t] he _h att5d$ s*ool1 he lo/ himself 9 a br[n /udy1 f :i* he 0 awak5$ by f9d+ himself ^u ! /airs :i* l$ to ! ap>tm5t 9 a h\se _m /reets away 9 :i* he _h liv$ dur+ t e>li] "t1 & to :i* 8 /eps f ! s*ool _h !n habitually l$4 ,we all ( u h a def9ite r\t9e mann] ( p]=m+ c]ta9 daily (fices connect$ ) ! toilet1 ) ! op5+ & %utt+ ( famili> cupbo>ds1 & ! l4 ,our l[] c5tres "k ! ord] ( ^! movem5ts1 & %[ _! k by _! 'surprise' if ! objects are alt]$ s z to oblige ! movem5t to be made 9 a diff]5t way4 ,b our high] ?\ght-c5tres "k h>dly any?+ ab\t ! matt]4 ,few m5 c tell (f-h& :i* sock1 %oe1 or tr\s]s-leg !y put on fir/4 ,!y mu/ fir/ m5tally rehe>se ! act2 & ev5 t is (t5 insuffici5t--! act mu/ be p]=m$4 ,s ( ! que/ions1 ,:i* valve ( my d\ble door op5s fir/8 ,:i* way does my door sw+8 etc4 ,i _c tell ! answ]2 yet my h& nev] makes a mi/ake4 ,no "o c describe ! ord] 9 :i* he bru%es 8 hair or tee?2 yet x is likely t ! ord] is a pretty fix$ "o 9 all ( u4 ,^! results may be express$ z foll[s3 ,9 action gr[n habitual1 :at in/igates ea* new muscul> contraction to take place 9 its appo9t$ ord] is n a ?\ght or a p]ception1 b ! s5sation occasion$ by ! muscul> contraction j f9i%$4 ,a /rictly volunt>y act has to be guid$ by idea1 p]ception1 & volition1 ?r\gh\t its :ole c\rse4 ,9 an habitual action1 m]e s5sation is a suffici5t guide1 & ! upp] regions ( bra9 & m9d are set comp>atively free4 ,a diagram w make ! matt] cle>3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,let ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g repres5t an habitual *a9 ( muscul> contractions1 & let a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f /& = ! respective s5sations :i* ^! contractions excite 9 u :5 !y are successively p]=m$4 ,su* s5sations w usually be ( ! muscles1 sk91 or jo9ts ( ! p>ts mov$1 b !y may also be effects ( ! movem5t ^u ! eye or ! e>4 ,?r\gh !m1 & ?r\gh !m alone1 we are made aw>e :e!r ! contraction has or has n occurr$4 ,:5 ! s]ies1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 is be+ le>n$1 ea* ( ^! s5sations becomes ! object ( a sep>ate p]ception by ! m9d4 ,by x we te/ ea* movem5t1 to see if x be "r be=e advanc+ to ! next4 ,we hesitate1 comp>e1 *oose1 revoke1 reject1 etc41 by intellectual means2 & ! ord] by :i* ! next movem5t is dis*>g$ is an express ord] f ! ideational c5tres aft] ?is delib]ation has be5 gone ?r\gh4 ,9 habitual action1 on ! contr>y1 ! only impulse :i* ! c5tres ( idea or p]ception ne$ s5d d[n is ! initial impulse1 ! comm& to />t4 ,?is is repres5t$ 9 ! diagram by ,v2 x may be a ?\ght ( ! fir/ movem5t or ( ! la/ result1 or a m]e p]ception ( "s ( ! habitual conditions ( ! *a91 ! pres5ce1 e4g41 ( ! keybo>d ne> ! h&4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 no soon] has ! consci\s ?\ght or volition in/igat$ movem5t ,a1 ?an ,a1 ?r\gh ! s5sation a ( its own occurr5ce1 awak5s ,b reflexly2 ,b !n excites ,c ?r\gh b1 & s on till ! *a9 is end$1 :5 ! intellect g5]ally takes cognizance ( ! f9al result4 ,! process1 9 fact1 resembles ! passage ( a wave ( 'p]i/altic' motion d[n ! b[els4 ,! intellectual p]ception at ! end is indicat$ 9 ! diagram by ! effect ( ,g be+ repres5t$1 at ,g'1 9 ! ideational c5tres above ! m]ely s5sational l9e4 ,! s5sational impressions1 a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 are all suppos$ to h _! seat bel[ ! ideational l9es4 ,t our ideational c5tres1 if involv$ at all by a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 are involv$ 9 a m9imal degree1 is %[n by ! fact t ! att5tion may be :olly absorb$ else:]e4 ,we may say our pray]s1 or repeat ! alphabet1 ) our att5tion f> away4 ,a musical p]=m] w play a piece :i* has become famili> by repetition :ile c>ry+ on an animat$ conv]sation1 or :ile cont9u\sly engross$ by "s tra9 ( deeply int]e/+ ?\ght2 ! accu/om$ sequ5ce ( movem5ts be+ directly prompt$ by ! sight ( ! notes1 or by ! rememb]$ succession ( ! s\nds 7if ! piece is play$ f memory71 aid$ 9 bo? cases by ! guid+ s5sations d]iv$ f ! muscles !mselves4 ,b1 fur!r1 a high] degree ( ! same 'tra9+' 7act+ on an organism specially fitt$ to pr(it by x7 enables an accompli%$ piani/ to play a difficult piece ( music at sight2 ! movem5ts ( ! h&s & f+]s foll[+ s imm$iately ^u ! sight ( ! notes t x seems impossible to believe t any b ! v %orte/ & mo/ direct track c be ! *annel ( ! n]v\s communication ?r\gh :i* !y are call$ =?4 ,! foll[+ curi\s example ( ! same class ( acquir$ aptitudes1 :i* diff] f in/9cts only 9 be+ prompt$ to action by ! w1 is furni%$ by ,rob]t ,h\d93 ',) a view ( cultivat+ ! rapidity ( visual & tactile p]ception1 & ! precision ( respond5t movem5ts1 :i* are necess>y = success 9 e k9d ( pre/idigitation1 ,h\d9 e>ly practis$ ! art ( juggl+ ) balls 9 ! air2 & hav+1 aft] a mon?'s practice1 become ?or\gh ma/] ( ! art ( keep+ up f\r balls at once1 he plac$ a book be=e him1 &1 :ile ! balls 7 9 ! air1 accu/om$ himself to read )\t hesitation4 ',?is1' he says1 'w probably seem to my read]s v extraord9>y2 b ,i %all surprise !m /ill m :5 ,i say t ,i h j amus$ myself ) repeat+ ?is curi\s exp]im5t4 ,?\gh ?irty ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ! "t ,i 0 writ+1 & ?\gh ,i h sc>cely once t\*$ ! balls dur+ t p]iod1 ,i c /ill manage to read ) ease :ile keep+ ?ree balls up4'7,autobiography1 p4 #bf47adf ,we h call$ a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 ! antec$5ts ( ! successive muscul> attractions1 by ! "n ( s5sations4 ,"s au?ors seem to d5y t !y are ev5 ?is4 ,if n ev5 ?is1 !y c only be c5tripetal n]ve-curr5ts1 n suffici5t to ar\se feel+1 b suffici5t to ar\se motor response4#adg ,x may be at once admitt$ t !y are n di/9ct volitions4 ,! w1 if any w be pres5t1 limits itself to a p]mission t !y ex]t _! motor effects4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] writes3 ,!re may /ill be metaphysicians :o ma9ta9 t actions :i* 7 orig9ally prompt$ by ! w ) a di/9ct int5tion1 & :i* are /ill entirely "u its control1 c nev] cease to be volitional2 & t ei!r an inf9itesimally small am\nt ( w is requir$ to su/a9 !m :5 !y h be5 once set go+1 or t ! w is 9 a sort ( p5dulum-l oscillation betwe5 ! two actions--! ma9t5ance ( ! tra9 ( ?\ght1 & ! ma9t5ance ( ! tra9 ( movem5t4 ,b if only an inf9itesimally small am\nt ( w is necess>y to su/a9 !m1 is n ?is tantam\nt to say+ t !y g on by a =ce ( _! own8 ,& does n ! exp]i5ce ( ! p]fect cont9uity ( our tra9 ( ?\ght dur+ ! p]=mance ( movem5ts t h become habitual1 entirely negative ! hypo!sis ( oscillation8 ,besides1 if su* an oscillation exi/$1 !re mu/ be int]vals 9 :i* ea* action goes on ( itself2 s t its ess5tially automatic "* is virtually admitt$4 ,! physiological explanation1 t ! me*anism ( locomotion1 z ( o!r habitual movem5ts1 gr[s to ! mode 9 :i* x is e>ly ex]cis$1 & t x !n works automatically "u ! g5]al control & direction ( ! w1 c sc>cely be put d[n by any assumption ( an hypo!tical necessity1 :i* re/s only on ! basis ( ignorance ( "o side ( our composite nature4#adh ,b if n di/9ct acts ( w1 ^! imm$iate antec$5ts ( ea* movem5t ( ! *a9 are at any rate accompani$ by consci\sness ( "s k9d4 ,!y are s5sations to :i* we are usually inatt5tive1 b :i* imm$iately call our att5tion if !y g wrong4 ,s*neid]'s acc\nt ( ^! s5sations des]ves to be quot$4 ,9 ! act ( walk+1 he says1 ev5 :5 our att5tion is entirely (f1 we are cont9u\sly aw>e ( c]ta9 muscul> feel+s2 & we h1 moreov]1 a feel+ ( c]ta9 impulses to keep our equilibrium & to set d[n "o leg aft] ano!r4 ,x is d\btful :e!r we c\ld pres]ve equilibrium if no s5sation ( our body's attitude 7 !re1 & d\btful :e!r we %\ld advance our leg if we _h no s5sation ( its movem5t z execut$1 & n ev5 a m9imal feel+ ( impulse to set x d[n4 ,knitt+ appe>s altoge!r me*anical1 & ! knitt] keeps up h] knitt+ ev5 :ile %e reads or is engag$ 9 lively talk4 ,b if we ask h] h[ ?is be possible1 %e w h>dly reply t ! knitt+ goes on ( itself4 ,%e w r say t %e has a feel+ ( x1 t %e feels 9 h] h&s t %e knits & h[ %e mu/ knit1 & t !re=e ! movem5ts ( knitt+ are call$ =? & regulat$ by ! s5sations associat$ !re)al1 ev5 :5 ! att5tion is call$ away4 ,s ( e "o :o practises1 app>5tly automatically1 a long-famili> h&icraft4 ,! smi? turn+ 8 tongs z he smites ! iron1 ! c>p5t] wield+ 8 plane1 ! lace-mak] ) h] bobb91 ! weav] at 8 loom1 all w answ] ! same "q 9 ! same way by say+ t !y h a feel+ ( ! prop] managem5t ( ! implem5t 9 _! h&s4 ,9 ^! cases1 ! feel+s :i* are conditions ( ! appropriate acts are v fa9t4 ,b none ! less are !y necess>y4 ,imag9e y\r h&s n feel+2 y\r movem5ts c\ld !n only be provok$ by ideas1 & if y\r ideas 7 !n div]t$ away1 ! movem5ts ought to come to a /&/ill1 :i* is a consequ5ce t seldom occurs4#adi ,aga93 ,an idea makes y take1 = example1 a viol9 into y\r left h&4 ,b x is n necess>y t y\r idea rema9 fix$ on ! contraction ( ! muscles ( ! left h& & f+]s 9 ord] t ! viol9 may cont9ue to be held fa/ & n let fall4 ,! s5sations !mselves :i* ! hold+ ( ! in/rum5t awak5s 9 ! h&1 s9ce !y are associat$ ) ! motor impulse ( grasp+1 are suffici5t to cause ?is impulse1 :i* !n la/s z long z ! feel+ itself la/s1 or until ! impulse is inhibit$ by ! idea ( "s antagoni/ic motion4 ,& ! same may be said ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! "r h& holds ! b[3 ,x sometimes happ5s1 9 beg9n+ ^! simultane\s comb9ations1 t "o movem5t or impulse w cease if ! consci\sness turn p>ticul>ly t[>d ano!r1 because at ! outset ! guid+ s5sations mu/ all be /rongly felt4 ,! b[ w p]haps slip f ! f+]s1 because "s ( ! muscles h relax$4 ,b ! slipp+ is a cause ( new s5sations />t+ up 9 ! h&1 s t ! att5tion is 9 a mom5t br\ght back to ! grasp+ ( ! b[4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t %[s ?is well3 ,:5 "o beg9s to play on ! viol91 to keep him f rais+ 8 "r elb[ 9 play+ a book is plac$ "u 8 "r armpit1 :i* he is ord]$ to hold fa/ by keep+ ! upp] arm tight aga9/ 8 body4 ,! muscul> feel+s1 & feel+s ( contact connect$ ) ! book1 provoke an impulse to press x tight4 ,b (t5 x happ5s t ! beg9n]1 ^: att5tion gets absorb$ 9 ! production ( ! notes1 lets drop ! book4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 ?is nev] happ5s2 ! fa9te/ s5sations ( contact suffice to awak5 ! impulse to keep x 9 its place1 & ! att5tion may be :olly absorb$ by ! notes & ! f+]+ ) ! left h&4 ,! simultane\s comb9ation ( movem5ts is ?us 9 ! fir/ in/ance condition$ by ! facility ) :i* 9 u1 alongside ( intellectual processes1 processes ( inatt5tive feel+ may /ill g on4#aej ,?is br+s u by a v natural transition to ! e?ical implications ( ! law ( habit4 ,!y are num]\s & mom5t\s4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 f ^: ',m5tal ,physiology' we h quot$1 has s prom95tly en=c$ ! pr9ciple t our organs gr[ to ! way 9 :i* !y h be5 ex]cis$1 & dwelt ^u its consequ5ces1 t 8 book almo/ des]ves to be call$ a "w ( edification1 on ?is acc\nt alone4 ,we ne$ make no apology1 !n1 = trac+ a few ( ^! consequ5ces ourselves3 ,habit a second nature6 ,habit is t5 times nature1 ! ,duke ( ,well+ton is said to h exclaim$2 & ! degree to :i* ?is is true no "o c probably appreciate z well z "o :o is a vet]an soldi] himself4 ,! daily drill & ! ye>s ( discipl9e end by fa%ion+ a man completely ov] aga91 z to mo/ ( ! possibilities ( 8 conduct4 ,!re is a /ory1 :i* is cr$ible en\gh1 ?\gh x may n be true1 ( a practical jok]1 :o1 see+ a dis*>g$ vet]an c>ry+ home 8 d9n]1 sudd5ly call$ out1 ',att5tion6' :]eupon ! man in/antly br\ght 8 h&s d[n1 & lo/ 8 mutton & potatoes 9 ! gutt]4 ,! drill _h be5 ?or\gh1 & its effects _h become embodi$ 9 ! man's n]v\s /ructure4#aea ,rid]less cavalry-horses1 at _m a battle1 h be5 se5 to come toge!r & g ?r\gh _! cu/om>y evolutions at ! s\nd ( ! bugle-call4 ,mo/ tra9$ dome/ic animals1 dogs & ox51 & omnibus- & c>-horses1 seem to be ma*9es almo/ pure & simple1 und\bt+ly1 unhesitat+ly do+ f m9ute to m9ute ! duties !y h be5 taught1 & giv+ no sign t ! possibility ( an alt]native ev] sugge/s itself to _! m9d4 ,m5 gr[n old 9 prison h ask$ to be readmitt$ aft] be+ once set free4 ,9 a railroad accid5t to a travell+ m5ag]ie 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates "s "t 9 #ahha1 a tig]1 ^: cage _h brok5 op51 is said to h em]g$1 b pres5tly crept back aga91 z if too mu* bewild]$ by 8 new responsibilities1 s t he 0 )\t difficulty secur$4 ,habit is ?us ! enorm\s fly-:eel ( society1 its mo/ preci\s cons]vative ag5t4 ,x alone is :at keeps u all )9 ! b\nds ( ord9ance1 & saves ! *ildr5 ( =tune f ! envi\s upris+s ( ! poor4 ,x alone prev5ts ! h>de/ & mo/ repulsive walks ( life f be+ des]t$ by ^? br\ght up to tread !re94 ,x keeps ! fi%]man & ! deck-h& at sea ?r\gh ! w9t]2 x holds ! m9] 9 8 d>kness1 & nails ! c\ntryman to 8 log-cab9 & 8 lonely f>m ?r\gh all ! mon?s ( sn[2 x protects u f invasion by ! natives ( ! des]t & ! froz5 zone4 ,x dooms u all to fight out ! battle ( life ^u ! l9es ( our nurture or our e>ly *oice1 & to make ! be/ ( a pursuit t disagrees1 because !re is no o!r = :i* we are fitt$1 & x is too late to beg9 aga94 ,x keeps diff]5t social /rata f mix+4 ,already at ! age ( tw5ty-five y see ! pr(essional mann]ism settl+ d[n on ! "y comm]cial travell]1 on ! "y doctor1 on ! "y m9i/]1 on ! "y c\nsellor-at-law4 ,y see ! little l9es ( cleavage runn+ ?r\gh ! "*1 ! tricks ( ?\ght1 ! prejudices1 ! ways ( ! '%op1' 9 a ^w1 f :i* ! man c by-&-by no m escape ?an 8 coat-sleeve c sudd5ly fall into a new set ( folds4 ,on ! :ole1 x is be/ he %\ld n escape4 ,x is well = ! _w t 9 mo/ ( u1 by ! age ( ?irty1 ! "* has set l pla/]1 & w nev] s(t5 aga94 ,if ! p]iod betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty is ! critical "o 9 ! =mation ( intellectual & pr(essional habits1 ! p]iod bel[ tw5ty is m important /ill = ! fix+ ( p]sonal habits1 prop]ly s call$1 su* z vocalization & pronunciation1 ge/ure1 motion1 & address4 ,h>dly ev] is a language le>n$ aft] tw5ty spok5 )\t a =eign acc5t2 h>dly ev] c a y\? transf]r$ to ! society ( 8 bett]s unle>n ! nasality & o!r vices ( spee* br$ 9 him by ! associations ( 8 gr[+ ye>s4 ,h>dly ev]1 inde$1 no matt] h[ mu* money !re be 9 8 pocket1 c he ev5 le>n to dress l a g5tleman-born4 ,! m]*ants (f] _! w>es z eag]ly to him z to ! v]ie/ 'swell1' b he simply _c buy ! "r ?+s4 ,an invisible law1 z /rong z gravitation1 keeps him )9 8 orbit1 array$ ?is ye> z he 0 ! la/2 & h[ 8 bett]-br$ acqua9tances contrive to get ! ?+s !y we> w be = him a my/]y till 8 dy+ day4 ,! great ?+1 !n1 9 all education1 is to make our n]v\s sy/em our ally in/ead ( our enemy4 ,x is to fund & capitalize our acquisitions1 & live at ease ^u ! int]e/ ( ! fund4 ,= ?is we mu/ make automatic & habitual1 z e>ly z possible1 z _m useful actions z we c1 & gu>d aga9/ ! gr[+ into ways t are likely to be disadvantage\s to u1 z we %\ld gu>d aga9/ ! plague4 ,! m ( ! details ( our daily life we c h& ov] to ! ef=tless cu/ody ( automatism1 ! m our high] p[]s ( m9d w be set free = _! own prop] "w4 ,!re is no m mis]able human be+ ?an "o 9 :om no?+ is habitual b indecision1 & = :om ! light+ ( e cig>1 ! dr9k+ ( e cup1 ! "t ( ris+ & go+ to b$ e day1 & ! beg9n+ ( e bit ( "w1 are subjects ( express volitional delib]ation4 ,full half ! "t ( su* a man goes to ! decid+1 or regrett+1 ( matt]s :i* ought to be s +ra9$ 9 him z practically n to exi/ = 8 consci\sness at all4 ,if !re be su* daily duties n yet +ra9$ 9 any "o ( my read]s1 let him beg9 ?is v h\r to set ! matt] "r4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,ba9's *apt] on ',! ,moral ,habits' !re are "s admirable practical rem>ks laid d[n4 ,two great maxims em]ge f 8 treatm5t4 ,! fir/ is t 9 ! acquisition ( a new habit1 or ! leav+ (f ( an old "o1 we mu/ take c>e to laun* ourselves ) z /rong & decid$ an initiative z possible4 ,accumulate all ! possible circum/ances :i* %all re-en=ce ! "r motives2 put y\rself assidu\sly 9 conditions t enc\rage ! new way2 make engagem5ts incompatible ) ! old2 take a public pl$ge1 if ! case all[s2 9 %ort1 envelop y\r resolution ) e aid y "k4 ,?is w give y\r new beg9n+ su* a mom5tum t ! temptation to break d[n w n occur z soon z x o!rwise might2 & e day dur+ :i* a breakd[n is po/pon$ adds to ! *ances ( its n occurr+ at all4 ,! second maxim is3 ,nev] suff] an exception to occur till ! new habit is securely root$ 9 y\r life4 ,ea* lapse is l ! lett+ fall ( a ball ( /r+ :i* "o is c>efully w9d+ up2 a s+le slip undoes m ?an a great _m turns w w9d aga94 ,cont9uity ( tra9+ is ! great means ( mak+ ! n]v\s sy/em act infallibly "r4 ,z ,pr(essor ,ba9 says3 ,! peculi>ity ( ! moral habits1 contradi/+ui%+ !m f ! intellectual acquisitions1 is ! pres5ce ( two ho/ile p[]s1 "o to be gradually rais$ into ! asc5dant ov] ! o!r4 ,x is necess>y1 above all ?+s1 9 su* a situation1 nev] to lose a battle4 ,e ga9 on ! wrong side undoes ! effect ( _m conque/s on ! "r4 ,! ess5tial precaution1 !re=e1 is s to regulate ! two oppos+ p[]s t ! "o may h a s]ies ( un9t]rupt$ successes1 until repetition has =tifi$ x to su* a degree z to enable x to cope ) ! opposition1 "u any circum/ances4 ,?is is ! !oretically be/ c>e] ( m5tal progress4 ,! ne$ ( secur+ success at ! outset is imp]ative4 ,failure at fir/ is apt to damp5 ! en]gy ( all future attempts1 :]eas pa/ exp]i5ce ( success n]ves "o to future vigor4 ,goe! says to a man :o consult$ him ab\t an ent]prise b mi/ru/$ 8 own p[]s3 ,a*6 y ne$ only bl[ on y\r h&s6 ,& ! rem>k illu/rates ! effect on ,goe!'s spirits ( 8 own habitually successful c>e]4 ,pr(4 ,baumann1 f :om ,i borr[ ! anecdote1#aeb says t ! collapse ( b>b>ian nations :5 ,europeans come among !m is due to _! despair ( ev] succe$+ z ! new-com]s d 9 ! l>g] tasks ( life4 ,old ways are brok5 & new ones n =m$4 ,! "q ( 'tap]+-(f1' 9 ab&on+ su* habits z dr9k & opium-indulg5ce1 comes 9 "h1 & is a "q ab\t :i* exp]ts diff] )9 c]ta9 limits1 & 9 reg>d to :at may be be/ = an individual case4 ,9 ! ma91 h[ev]1 all exp]t op9ion w\ld agree t abrupt acquisition ( ! new habit is ! be/ way1 if !re be a real possibility ( c>ry+ x out4 ,we mu/ be c>eful n to give ! w s /iff a task z to insure its defeat at ! v outset2 b1 provid$ "o c /& x1 a %>p p]iod ( suff]+1 & !n a free "t1 is ! be/ ?+ to aim at1 :e!r 9 giv+ up a habit l t ( opium1 or 9 simply *ang+ "o's h\rs ( ris+ or ( "w4 ,x is surpris+ h[ soon a desire w die ( inanition if x be nev] f$4 ,"o mu/ fir/ le>n1 unmov$1 look+ nei!r to ! "r nor left1 to walk firmly on ! /raight & n>r[ pa?1 be=e "o c beg9 'to make "o's self ov] aga94' ,he :o e day makes a fre% resolve is l "o :o1 arriv+ at ! edge ( ! dit* he is to leap1 =ev] /ops & returns = a fre% run4 ,)\t unbrok5 advance !re is no su* ?+ z accumulation ( ! e?ical =ces possible1 & to make ?is possible1 & to ex]cise u & habituate u 9 x1 is ! sov]eign bless+ ( regul> "w4#aec ,a ?ird maxim may be add$ to ! prec$+ pair3 ,seize ! v fir/ possible opportunity to act on e resolution y make1 & on e emotional prompt+ y may exp]i5ce 9 ! direction ( ! habits y aspire to ga94 ,x is n 9 ! mom5t ( _! =m+1 b 9 ! mom5t ( _! produc+ motor effects1 t resolves & aspirations communicate ! new 'set' to ! bra94 ,z ! au?or la/ quot$ rem>ks3 ,! actual pres5ce ( ! practical opportunity alone furni%es ! fulcrum ^u :i* ! lev] c re/1 by means ( :i* ! moral w may multiply its /r5g?1 & raise itself al(t4 ,he :o has no solid gr\nd to press aga9/ w nev] get beyond ! /age ( empty ge/ure-mak+4 ,no matt] h[ full a res]voir ( maxims "o may possess1 & no matt] h[ good "o's s5tim5ts may be1 if "o h n tak5 advantage ( e concrete opportunity to act1 "o's "* may rema9 entirely unaffect$ = ! bett]4 ,) m]e good int5tions1 hell is prov]bially pav$4 ,& ?is is an obvi\s consequ5ce ( ! pr9ciples we h laid d[n4 ,a '"*1' z ,j4 ,s4 ,mill says1 'is a completely fa%ion$ w'2 & a w1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* he means x1 is an aggregate ( t5d5cies to act 9 a firm & prompt & def9ite way ^u all ! pr9cipal em]g5cies ( life4 ,a t5d5cy to act only becomes effectively +ra9$ 9 u 9 proportion to ! un9t]rupt$ frequ5cy ) :i* ! actions actually occur1 & ! bra9 'gr[s' to _! use4 ,e "t a resolve or a f9e gl[ ( feel+ evaporates )\t be>+ practical fruit is worse ?an a *ance lo/2 x works s z positively to h9d] future resolutions & emotions f tak+ ! normal pa? ( dis*>ge4 ,!re is no m contemptible type ( human "* ?an t ( ! n]veless s5tim5tali/ & dream]1 :o sp5ds 8 life 9 a welt]+ sea ( s5sibility & emotion1 b :o nev] does a manly concrete de$4 ,r\sseau1 inflam+ all ! mo!rs ( ,france1 by 8 eloqu5ce1 to foll[ ,nature & nurse _! babies !mselves1 :ile he s5ds 8 own *ildr5 to ! f\ndl+ hospital1 is ! classical example ( :at ,i mean4 ,b e "o ( u 9 8 measure1 :5ev]1 aft] gl[+ = an ab/ractly =mulat$ ,good1 he practically ignores "s actual case1 among ! squalid 'o!r p>ticul>s' ( :i* t same ,good lurks disguis$1 treads /raight on ,r\sseau's pa?4 ,all ,goods are disguis$ by ! vulg>ity ( _! concomitants1 9 ?is "w-a-day _w2 b woe to him :o c only recognize !m :5 he ?9ks !m 9 _! pure & ab/ract =m6 ,! habit ( excessive novel-read+ & !atre-go+ w produce true mon/]s 9 ?is l9e4 ,! weep+ ( a ,russian lady ov] ! fictiti\s p]sonages 9 ! play1 :ile h] coa*man is freez+ to dea? on 8 seat outside1 is ! sort ( ?+ t ev]y:]e happ5s on a less gl>+ scale4 ,ev5 ! habit ( excessive indulg5ce 9 music1 = ^? :o are nei!r p]=m]s !mselves nor musically gift$ en\gh to take x 9 a purely intellectual way1 has probably a relax+ effect ^u ! "*4 ,"o becomes fill$ ) emotions :i* habitually pass )\t prompt+ to any de$1 & s ! in]tly s5tim5tal condition is kept up4 ,! rem$y w\ld be1 nev] to suff] "o's self to h an emotion at a conc]t1 )\t express+ x aft]w>d 9 "s active way4#aed ,let ! expression be ! lea/ ?+ 9 ! _w--speak+ g5ially to "o's aunt1 or giv+ up "o's seat 9 a horse-c>1 if no?+ m h]oic (f]s--b let x n fail to take place4 ,^! latt] cases make u aw>e t x is n simply p>ticul> l9es ( dis*>ge1 b also g5]al =ms ( dis*>ge1 t seem to be groov$ out by habit 9 ! bra94 ,j z1 if we let our emotions evaporate1 !y get into a way ( evaporat+2 s !re is reason to suppose t if we (t5 fl9* f mak+ an ef=t1 be=e we "k x ! ef=t-mak+ capacity w be gone2 & t1 if we suff] ! w&]+ ( our att5tion1 pres5tly x w w&] all ! "t4 ,att5tion & ef=t are1 z we %all see lat]1 b two names = ! same psy*ic fact4 ,to :at bra9-processes !y correspond we d n "k4 ,! /ronge/ reason = believ+ t !y d dep5d on bra9-processes at all1 & are n pure acts ( ! _s1 is j ?is fact1 t !y seem 9 "s degree subject to ! law ( habit1 :i* is a mat]ial law4 ,z a f9al practical maxim1 relative to ^! habits ( ! w1 we may1 !n1 (f] some?+ l ?is3 ,keep ! faculty ( ef=t alive 9 y by a little gratuit\s ex]cise e day4 ,t is1 be sy/ematically ascetic or h]oic 9 little unnecess>y po9ts1 d e day or two some?+ = no o!r reason ?an t y w\ld r n d x1 s t :5 ! h\r ( dire ne$ draws nigh1 x may f9d y n unn]v$ & untra9$ to /& ! te/4 ,asceticism ( ?is sort is l ! insurance :i* a man pays on 8 h\se & goods4 ,! tax does him no good at ! "t1 & possibly may nev] br+ him a return4 ,b if ! fire does come1 8 hav+ paid x w be 8 salvation f ru94 ,s ) ! man :o has daily inur$ himself to habits ( conc5trat$ att5tion1 en]getic volition1 & self-d5ial 9 unnecess>y ?+s4 ,he w /& l a t[] :5 ev]y?+ rocks ar\nd him1 & :5 8 s(t] fell[-mortals are w9n[$ l *aff 9 ! bla/4 ,! physiological /udy ( m5tal conditions is ?us ! mo/ p[]ful ally ( hortatory e?ics4 ,! hell to be endur$ h]eaft]1 ( :i* !ology tells1 is no worse ?an ! hell we make = ourselves 9 ?is _w by habitually fa%ion+ our *>act]s 9 ! wrong way4 ,c\ld ! "y b realize h[ soon !y w become m]e walk+ bundles ( habits1 !y w\ld give m he$ to _! conduct :ile 9 ! pla/ic /ate4 ,we are sp9n+ our own fates1 good or evil1 & nev] to be undone4 ,e smalle/ /roke ( virtue or ( vice leaves its nev] s little sc>4 ,! drunk5 ,rip ,van ,w9kle1 9 ,jeff]son's play1 excuses himself = e fre% d]eliction by say+1 ',i won't c\nt ?is "t6' ,well6 he may n c\nt x1 & a k9d ,heav5 may n c\nt x2 b x is be+ c\nt$ none ! less4 ,d[n among 8 n]ve-cells & fibres ! molecules are c\nt+ x1 regi/]+ & /or+ x up to be us$ aga9/ him :5 ! next temptation comes4 ,no?+ we ev] d is1 9 /rict sci5tific lit]alness1 wip$ out4 ,( c\rse1 ?is has its good side z well z its bad "o4 ,z we become p]man5t drunk>ds by s _m sep>ate dr9ks1 s we become sa9ts 9 ! moral1 & au?orities & exp]ts 9 ! practical & sci5tific sph]es1 by s _m sep>ate acts & h\rs ( "w4 ,let no y\? h any anxiety ab\t ! up%ot ( 8 education1 :atev] ! l9e ( x may be4 ,if he keep fai?fully busy ea* h\r ( ! work+-day1 he may safely leave ! f9al result to itself4 ,he c ) p]fect c]ta9ty c\nt on wak+ up "s f9e morn+1 to f9d himself "o ( ! compet5t ones ( 8 g5]ation1 9 :atev] pursuit he may h s+l$ out4 ,sil5tly1 betwe5 all ! details ( 8 bus9ess1 ! p[] ( judg+ 9 all t class ( matt] w h built itself up )9 him z a possession t w nev] pass away4 ,"y p %\ld "k ?is tru? 9 advance4 ,! ignorance ( x has probably eng5d]$ m disc\ragem5t & fa9t-he>t$ness 9 y\?s emb>k+ on ardu\s c>e]s ?an all o!r causes put toge!r4 ,,footnotes3 #acf ,?is *apt] has already appe>$ 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,febru>y #ahhg4 #acg ,9 ! s5se above expla9$1 :i* applies to inn] /ructure z well z to out] =m4 #ach ,revue ,philosophique1 i1 #cbd4 #aci ,"s pa?s1 to be sure1 are bank$ up by bodies mov+ ?r\gh !m "u too great pressure1 & made imp]vi\s4 ,^! special cases we disreg>d4 #adj ,we _c say ! w1 =1 ?\gh _m1 p]haps mo/1 human habits 7 once volunt>y actions1 no action1 z we %all see 9 a lat] *apt]1 c be prim>ily su*4 ,:ile an habitual action may once h be5 volunt>y1 ! volunt>y action mu/ be=e t1 at lea/ once1 h be5 impulsive or reflex4 ,x is ?is v fir/ occurr5ce ( all t we consid] 9 ! text4 #ada ,^? :o desire a m def9ite =mulation may consult ,j4 ,fiske's ',cosmic ,philosophy1' vol4 ii1 pp4 #adb-adf & ,sp5c]'s ',pr9ciples ( ,biology1' sections #cjb & #cjc1 & ! "p entitl$ ',physical ,syn!sis' ( 8 ',pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology4' ,mr4 ,sp5c] !re tries1 n only to %[ h[ new actions may arise 9 n]v\s sy/ems & =m new reflex arcs !re91 b ev5 h[ n]v\s tissue may actually be born by ! passage ( new waves ( isometric trans=mation ?r\gh an orig9ally indiff]5t mass4 ,i _c help ?9k+ t ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s data1 "u a great %[ ( precision1 conceal vagu5ess & improbability1 & ev5 self-contradiction4 #adb ',m5tal ,physiology' 7#ahgd7 pp4 #cci-cde4 #adc ,see1 lat]1 ,masius 9 ,van ,b5$5s' & ,van ,bambeke's ',ar*ives de ,biologie1' vol4 i 7,lige1 #ahhj74--,w4 ,j4 #add ,g4 ,h4 ,s*neid]3 ',d] m5s*li*e ,wille' 7#ahhb71 pp4 #dag-dai 7freely translat$74 ,= ! dra9-simile1 see also ,sp5c]'s ',psy*ology1' "p v1 *ap4 viii4 #ade ,physiology ( ,m9d1 p4 #aee4 #adf ,c>p5t]'s ',m5tal ,physiology' 7#ahgd71 pp4 #bag1 #bah4 #adg ,von ,h>tmann devotes a *apt] ( 8 ',philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s' 7,engli% translation1 vol4 i1 p4 #gb7 to prov+ t !y mu/ be bo? ideas & unconsci\s4 #adh ',m5tal ,physiology1' p4 #bj4 #adi ',d] m5s*li*e ,wille1' pp4 #ddg1 #ddh4 #aej ',d] m5s*li*e ,wille1' p4 #dci4 ,! la/ s5t5ce is r freely translat$--! s5se is unalt]$4 #aea ,huxley's ',elem5t>y ,lessons 9 ,physiology1' lesson xii4 #aeb ,see ! admirable passage ab\t success at ! outset1 9 8 ,h&bu* d] ,moral 7#ahgh71 pp4 #ch-dc4 #aec ,j4 ,bahns53 ',beitrge zu ,*>akt]ologie' 7#ahfg71 vol i1 p4 #bji4 #aed ,see = rem>ks on ?is subject a readable article by ,miss ,v4 ,scudd] on ',musical ,devotees & ,morals1' 9 ! ,&ov] ,review = ,janu>y4 #ahhg4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,automaton-,,!ory4 ,9 describ+ ! functions ( ! hemisph]es a %ort way back1 we us$ language d]iv$ f bo? ! bodily & ! m5tal life1 say+ n[ t ! animal made indet]m9ate & un=eseeable reactions1 & anon t he 0 sway$ by consid]ations ( future good & evil2 treat+ 8 hemisph]es sometimes z ! seat ( memory & ideas 9 ! psy*ic s5se1 & sometimes talk+ ( !m z simply a complicat$ addition to 8 reflex ma*9]y4 ,?is sort ( vacillation 9 ! po9t ( view is a fatal incid5t ( all ord9>y talk ab\t ^! que/ions2 b ,i mu/ n[ settle my scores ) ^? read]s to :om ,i already dropp$ a ^w 9 pass+ 7see ,footnote #f7 & :o h probably be5 dissatisfi$ ) my conduct ev] s9ce4 ,suppose we re/rict our view to facts ( "o & ! same plane1 & let t be ! bodily plane3 _c all ! outw>d ph5om5a ( intellig5ce /ill be exhau/ively describ$8 ,^? m5tal images1 ^? 'consid]ations1' :]e( we spoke1--presumably !y d n arise )\t neural processes aris+ simultane\sly ) !m1 & presumably ea* consid]ation corresponds to a process sui g5]is1 & unlike all ! re/4 ,9 o!r words1 h[ev] num]\s & delicately diff]5tiat$ ! tra9 ( ideas may be1 ! tra9 ( bra9-ev5ts t runs alongside ( x mu/ 9 bo? respects be exactly its mat*1 & we mu/ po/ulate a neural ma*9]y t (f]s a liv+ c\nt]p>t = e %ad+1 h[ev] f9e1 ( ! hi/ory ( its own]'s m9d4 ,:atev] degree ( complication ! latt] may rea*1 ! complication ( ! ma*9]y mu/ be q z extreme1 o!rwise we %\ld h to admit t !re may be m5tal ev5ts to :i* no bra9-ev5ts correspond4 ,b su* an admission z ?is ! physiologi/ is reluctant to make4 ,x w\ld violate all 8 beliefs4 ',no psy*osis )\t neurosis1' is "o =m :i* ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity takes 9 8 m9d4 ,b ?is pr9ciple =ces ! physiologi/ to make /ill ano!r /ep4 ,if neural action is z complicat$ z m9d2 & if 9 ! sympa!tic sy/em & l[] sp9al cord we see :at1 s f> z we "k1 is unconsci\s neural action execut+ de$s t to all outw>d int5t may be call$ intellig5t2 :at is !re to h9d] u f suppos+ t ev5 :]e we "k consci\sness to be !re1 ! /ill m complicat$ neural action :i* we believe to be its insep>able companion is alone & ( itself ! real ag5t ( :atev] intellig5t de$s may appe>8 ,z actions ( a c]ta9 degree ( complexity are br\ght ab\t by m]e me*anism1 :y may n actions ( a /ill great] degree ( complexity be ! result ( a m ref9$ me*anism8 ,! conception ( reflex action is surely "o ( ! be/ conque/s ( physiological !ory2 :y n be radical ) x8 ,:y n say t j z ! sp9al cord is a ma*9e ) few reflexes1 s ! hemisph]es are a ma*9e ) _m1 & t t is all ! diff]5ce8 ,! pr9ciple ( cont9uity w\ld press u to accept ?is view4 ,b :at on ?is view c\ld be ! function ( ! consci\sness itself8 ,me*anical function x w\ld h none4 ,! s5se-organs w\ld awak5 ! bra9-cells2 ^! w\ld awak5 ea* o!r 9 rational & ord]ly sequ5ce1 until ! "t = action came2 & !n ! la/ bra9-vibration w\ld dis*>ge d[nw>d into ! motor tracts4 ,b ?is w\ld be a q autonom\s *a9 ( occurr5ces1 & :atev] m9d w5t ) x w\ld be !re only z an 'epiph5om5on1' an in]t spectator1 a sort ( 'foam1 aura1 or melody' z ,mr4 ,hodgson says1 ^: opposition or ^: fur!rance w\ld be alike p[]less ov] ! occurr5ces !mselves4 ,:5 talk+1 "s "t ago1 we ought n1 accord+ly1 z physiologi/s1 to h said any?+ ab\t 'consid]ations' z guid+ ! animal4 ,we ought to h said 'pa?s left 9 ! hemisph]ical cortex by =m] curr5ts1' & no?+ m4 ,n[ s simple & attractive is ?is conception f ! consi/5tly physiological po9t ( view1 t x is q wond]ful to see h[ late x 0 /umbl$ on 9 philosophy1 & h[ few p1 ev5 :5 x has be5 expla9$ to !m1 fully & easily realize its import4 ,mu* ( ! polemic writ+ aga9/ x is by m5 :o h z yet fail$ to take x into _! imag9ations4 ,s9ce ?is has be5 ! case1 x seems wor? :ile to devote a few m words to mak+ x plausible1 be=e criticis+ x ourselves4 ,to ,desc>tes belongs ! cr$it ( hav+ fir/ be5 bold en\gh to conceive ( a completely self-suffic+ n]v\s me*anism :i* %\ld be able to p]=m complicat$ & app>5tly intellig5t acts4 ,by a s+ul>ly arbitr>y re/riction1 h[ev]1 ,desc>tes /opp$ %ort at man1 & :ile cont5d+ t 9 bea/s ! n]v\s ma*9]y 0 all1 he held t ! high] acts ( man 7 ! result ( ! ag5cy ( 8 rational s\l4 ,! op9ion t bea/s h no consci\sness at all 0 ( c\rse too p>adoxical to ma9ta9 itself long z any?+ m ?an a curi\s item 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,& ) its ab&onm5t ! v notion t ! n]v\s sy/em p] se might "w ! "w ( intellig5ce1 :i* 0 an integral1 ?\gh deta*able "p ( ! :ole !ory1 seem$ also to slip out ( m5's conception1 until1 9 ?is c5tury1 ! elaboration ( ! doctr9e ( reflex action made x possible & natural t x %\ld aga9 arise4 ,b x 0 n till #ahgj1 ,i believe1 t ,mr4 ,hodgson made ! decisive /ep1 by say+ t feel+s1 no matt] h[ int5sely !y may be pres5t1 c h no causal efficacy :atev]1 & comp>+ !m to ! colors laid on ! surface ( a mosaic1 ( :i* ! ev5ts 9 ! n]v\s sy/em are repres5t$ by ! /ones4#aee ,obvi\sly ! /ones are held 9 place by ea* o!r & n by ! sev]al colors :i* !y support4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,mr4 ,spald+1 & a little lat] ,messrs4 ,huxley & ,clif=d1 gave great publicity to an id5tical doctr9e1 ?\gh 9 _! case x 0 back$ by less ref9$ metaphysical consid]ations4#aef ,a few s5t5ces f ,huxley & ,clif=d may be subjo9$ to make ! matt] entirely cle>4 ,pr(essor ,huxley says3 ,! consci\sness ( brutes w\ld appe> to be relat$ to ! me*anism ( _! body simply z a collat]al product ( its work+1 & to be z completely )\t any p[] ( modify+ t work+ z ! /eam-:i/le :i* accompanies ! "w ( a locomotive eng9e is )\t influ5ce on its ma*9]y4 ,_! volition1 if !y h any1 is an emotion indicative ( physical *anges1 n a cause ( su* *anges4444 ,! s\l /&s relat$ to ! body z ! bell ( a clock to ! works1 & consci\sness answ]s to ! s\nd :i* ! bell gives out :5 x is /ruck4444 ,?us f> ,i h /rictly conf9$ myself to ! automatism ( brutes4444 ,x is q true t1 to ! be/ ( my judgm5t1 ! argum5tation :i* applies to brutes holds equally good ( m52 &1 !re=e1 t all /ates ( consci\sness 9 u1 z 9 !m1 are imm$iately caus$ by molecul> *anges ( ! bra9-sub/ance4 ,x seems to me t 9 m51 z 9 brutes1 !re is no pro( t any /ate ( consci\sness is ! cause ( *ange 9 ! motion ( ! matt] ( ! organism4 ,if ^! positions are well bas$1 x foll[s t our m5tal conditions are simply ! symbols 9 consci\sness ( ! *anges :i* take place automatically 9 ! organism2 & t1 to take an extreme illu/ration1 ! feel+ we call volition is n ! cause ( a volunt>y act1 b ! symbol ( t /ate ( ! bra9 :i* is ! imm$iate cause ( t act4 ,we are consci\s automata4 ,pr(essor ,clif=d writes3 ,all ! evid5ce t we h goes to %[ t ! physical _w gets along entirely by itself1 accord+ to practically univ]sal rules4444 ,! tra9 ( physical facts betwe5 ! /imulus s5t into ! eye1 or to any "o ( our s5ses1 & ! ex]tion :i* foll[s x1 & ! tra9 ( physical facts :i* goes on 9 ! bra91 ev5 :5 !re is no /imulus & no ex]tion1--^! are p]fectly complete physical trams1 & e /ep is fully acc\nt$ = by me*anical conditions4444 ,! two ?+s are on utt]ly diff]5t plat=ms--! physical facts g along by !mselves1 & ! m5tal facts g along by !mselves4 ,!re is a p>allelism betwe5 !m1 b !re is no int]f]5ce ( "o ) ! o!r4 ,aga91 if anybody says t ! w influ5ces matt]1 ! /atem5t is n untrue1 b x is nons5se4 ,su* an ass]tion belongs to ! crude mat]ialism ( ! savage4 ,! only ?+ :i* influ5ces matt] is ! position ( surr\nd+ matt] or ! motion ( surr\nd+ matt]4444 ,! ass]tion t ano!r man's volition1 a feel+ 9 8 consci\sness t ,i _c p]ceive1 is "p ( ! tra9 ( physical facts :i* ,i may p]ceive1--?is is nei!r true nor untrue1 b nons5se2 x is a comb9ation ( words ^: correspond+ ideas w n g toge!r4444 ,sometimes "o s]ies is kn[n bett]1 & sometimes ! o!r2 s t 9 tell+ a /ory we speak sometimes ( m5tal & sometimes ( mat]ial facts4 ,a feel+ ( *ill made a man run2 /rictly speak+1 ! n]v\s di/urbance :i* coexi/$ ) t feel+ ( *ill made him run1 if we want to talk ab\t mat]ial facts2 or ! feel+ ( *ill produc$ ! =m ( sub-consci\sness :i* coexi/s ) ! motion ( legs1 if we want to talk ab\t m5tal facts4444 ,:51 !re=e1 we ask3 ',:at is ! physical l9k betwe5 ! +o+ message f *ill$ sk9 & ! outgo+ message :i* moves ! leg8 '& ! answ] is1 ',a man's w1' we h z mu* "r to be amus$ z if we _h ask$ our fri5d ) ! picture :at pigm5t 0 us$ 9 pa9t+ ! cannon 9 ! =egr\nd1 & receiv$ ! answ]1 ',wr\ght iron4' ,x w be f\nd excell5t practice 9 ! m5tal op]ations requir$ by ?is doctr9e to imag9e a tra91 ! =e "p ( :i* is an eng9e & ?ree c>riages l9k$ ) iron c\pl+s1 & ! h9d "p ?ree o!r c>riages l9k$ ) iron c\pl+s2 ! bond betwe5 ! two p>ts be+ made up out ( ! s5tim5ts ( amity subsi/+ betwe5 ! /ok] & ! gu>d4 ,to compreh5d completely ! consequ5ces ( ! dogma s confid5tly enunciat$1 "o %\ld unfl9*+ly apply x to ! mo/ complicat$ examples4 ,! movem5ts ( our tongues & p5s1 ! fla%+s ( our eyes 9 conv]sation1 are ( c\rse ev5ts ( a mat]ial ord]1 & z su* _! causal antec$5ts mu/ be exclusively mat]ial4 ,if we knew ?or\ghly ! n]v\s sy/em ( ,%akespe>e1 & z ?or\ghly all 8 environ+ conditions1 we %\ld be able to %[ :y at a c]ta9 p]iod ( 8 life 8 h& came to trace on c]ta9 %eets ( pap] ^? crabb$ little black m>ks :i* we = %ortness' sake call ! manuscript ( ,hamlet4 ,we %\ld und]/& ! rationale ( e erasure & alt]ation !re91 & we %\ld und]/& all ?is )\t 9 ! slighte/ degree ackn[l$g+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ?\ghts 9 ,%akespe>e's m9d4 ,! words & s5t5ces w\ld be tak51 n z signs ( any?+ beyond !mselves1 b z little outw>d facts1 pure & simple4 ,9 l mann] we might exhau/ively write ! biography ( ^? two hundr$ p\nds1 m or less1 ( w>mi% album9oid matt] call$ ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 )\t ev] imply+ t x felt4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 no?+ 9 all ?is c\ld prev5t u f giv+ an equally complete acc\nt ( ei!r ,lu!r's or ,%akespe>e's spiritual hi/ory1 an acc\nt 9 :i* e gleam ( ?\ght & emotion %\ld f9d its place4 ,! m9d-hi/ory w\ld run alongside ( ! body-hi/ory ( ea* man1 & ea* po9t 9 ! "o w\ld correspond to1 b n react ^u1 a po9t 9 ! o!r4 ,s ! melody floats f ! h>p-/r+1 b nei!r *ecks nor quick5s its vibrations2 s ! %ad[ runs alongside ! p$e/rian1 b 9 no way influ5ces 8 /eps4 ,ano!r inf]5ce1 app>5tly m p>adoxical /ill1 ne$s to be made1 ?\gh1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 ,dr4 ,hodgson is ! only writ] :o has explicitly drawn x4 ,t inf]5ce is t feel+s1 n caus+ n]ve-actions1 _c ev5 cause ea* o!r4 ,to ord9>y common s5se1 felt pa9 is1 z su*1 n only ! cause ( outw>d te>s & cries1 b also ! cause ( su* inw>d ev5ts z sorr[1 compunction1 desire1 or inv5tive ?\ght4 ,s ! consci\sness ( good news is ! direct produc] ( ! feel+ ( joy1 ! aw>5ess ( premises t ( ! belief 9 conclusions4 ,b accord+ to ! automaton-!ory1 ea* ( ! feel+s m5tion$ is only ! correlate ( "s n]ve-movem5t ^: cause lay :olly 9 a previ\s n]ve-movem5t4 ,! fir/ n]ve-movem5t call$ up ! second2 :atev] feel+ 0 atta*$ to ! second consequ5tly f\nd itself foll[+ ^u ! feel+ t 0 atta*$ to ! fir/4 ,if1 = example1 good news 0 ! consci\sness correlat$ ) ! fir/ movem5t1 !n joy turn$ out to be ! correlate 9 consci\sness ( ! second4 ,b all ! :ile ! items ( ! n]ve s]ies 7 ! only ones 9 causal cont9uity2 ! items ( ! consci\s s]ies1 h[ev] inw>dly rational _! sequ5ce1 7 simply juxtapos$4 ,,reasons ,,= ,,! ,,!ory4 ,! 'consci\s automaton-!ory1' z ?is conception is g5]ally call$1 is ?us a radical & simple conception ( ! mann] 9 :i* c]ta9 facts may possibly occur4 ,b betwe5 conception & belief1 pro( ought to lie4 ,& :5 we ask1 ',:at proves t all ?is is m ?an a m]e conception ( ! possible8' x is n easy to get a suffici5t reply4 ,if we />t f ! frog's sp9al cord & reason by cont9uity1 say+1 z t acts s intellig5tly1 ?\gh unconsci\s1 s ! high] c5tres1 ?\gh consci\s1 may h ! intellig5ce !y %[ q z me*anically bas$2 we are imm$iately met by ! exact c\nt]-argum5t f cont9uity1 an argum5t actually urg$ by su* writ]s z ,pflg] & ,lewes1 :i* />ts f ! acts ( ! hemisph]es1 & says3 ,z ^! owe _! intellig5ce to ! consci\sness :i* we "k to be !re1 s ! intellig5ce ( ! sp9al cord's acts mu/ really be due to ! invisible pres5ce ( a consci\sness l[] 9 degree4 ,all argum5ts f cont9uity "w 9 two ways3 y c ei!r level up or level d[n by _! means4 ,& x is cle> t su* argum5ts z ^! c eat ea* o!r up to all et]nity4 ,!re rema9s a sort ( philosophic fai?1 br$ l mo/ fai?s f an /hetic dem&4 ,m5tal & physical ev5ts are1 on all h&s1 admitt$ to pres5t ! /ronge/ contra/ 9 ! entire field ( be+4 ,! *asm :i* yawns betwe5 !m is less easily bridg$ ov] by ! m9d ?an any int]val we "k4 ,:y1 !n1 n call x an absolute *asm1 & say n only t ! two worlds are diff]5t1 b t !y are indep5d5t8 ,?is gives u ! com=t ( all simple & absolute =mulas1 & x makes ea* *a9 homog5e\s to our consid]ation4 ,:5 talk+ ( n]v\s tremors & bodily actions1 we may feel secure aga9/ intrusion f an irrelevant m5tal _w4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 we speak ( feel+s1 we may ) equal consi/5cy use t]ms always ( "o d5om9ation1 & nev] be annoy$ by :at ,ari/otle calls 'slipp+ into ano!r k9d4' ,! desire on ! "p ( m5 educat$ 9 laboratories n to h _! physical reason+s mix$ up ) su* incomm5surable factors z feel+s is c]ta9ly v /rong4 ,i h he>d a mo/ intellig5t biologi/ say3 ,x is high "t = sci5tific m5 to prote/ aga9/ ! recognition ( any su* ?+ z consci\sness 9 a sci5tific inve/igation4 ,9 a ^w1 feel+ con/itutes ! 'unsci5tific' half ( exi/5ce1 & any "o :o enjoys call+ himself a 'sci5ti/' w be too happy to pur*ase an untrammell$ homog5eity ( t]ms 9 ! /udies ( 8 pr$ilection1 at ! slight co/ ( admitt+ a dualism :i*1 9 ! same brea? t x all[s to m9d an indep5d5t /atus ( be+1 bani%es x to a limbo ( causal in]tness1 f :5ce no intrusion or int]ruption on its "p ne$ ev] be fe>$4 ,ov] & above ?is great po/ulate t matt]s mu/ be kept simple1 !re is1 x mu/ be confess$1 /ill ano!r highly ab/ract reason = d5y+ causal efficacity to our feel+s4 ,we c =m no positive image ( ! modus op]&i ( a volition or o!r ?\ght affect+ ! c]ebral molecules4 ,let u try to imag9e an idea1 say ( food1 produc+ a movem5t1 say ( c>ry+ food to ! m\?4444 ,:at is ! me?od ( its action8 ,does x assi/ ! decomposition ( ! molecules ( ! gray matt]1 or does x ret>d ! process1 or does x alt] ! direction 9 :i* ! %ocks are di/ribut$8 ,let u imag9e ! molecules ( ! gray matt] comb9$ 9 su* a way t !y w fall into simpl] comb9ations on ! impact ( an incid5t =ce4 ,n[ suppose ! incid5t =ce1 9 ! %ape ( a %ock f "s o!r c5tre1 to imp+e ^u ^! molecules4 ,by hypo!sis x w decompose !m1 & !y w fall into ! simpl] comb9ation4 ,h[ is ! idea ( food to prev5t ?is decomposition8 ,manife/ly x c d s only by increas+2 ! =ce :i* b9ds ! molecules toge!r4 ,good6 ,try to imag9e ! idea ( a beef/eak b9d+ two molecules toge!r4 ,x is impossible4 ,equally impossible is x to imag9e a simil> idea loos5+ ! attractive =ce betwe5 two molecules4#aeg ,?is passage f an exce$+ly clev] writ] expresses admirably ! difficulty to :i* ,i allude4 ,comb9$ ) a /rong s5se ( ! '*asm' betwe5 ! two worlds1 & ) a lively fai? 9 reflex ma*9]y1 ! s5se ( ?is difficulty c h>dly fail to make "o turn consci\sness out ( ! door z a sup]fluity s f> z "o's explanations g4 ,"o may b[ h] out politely1 all[ h] to rema9 z an 'epiph5om5on' 7invaluable ^w671 b "o insi/s t matt] %all hold all ! p[]4 ,hav+ ?or\ghly recogniz$ ! fa?omless abyss t sep>ates m9d f matt]1 & hav+ s bl5d$ ! v notion into 8 v nature t !re is no *ance ( 8 ev] =gett+ x or fail+ to saturate ) x all 8 m$itations1 ! /ud5t ( psy*ology has next to appreciate ! association betwe5 ^! two ord]s ( ph5om5a4444 ,!y are associat$ 9 a mann] s intimate t "s ( ! greate/ ?9k]s consid] !m diff]5t aspects ( ! same process4444 ,:5 ! re>rangem5t ( molecules takes place 9 ! high] regions ( ! bra91 a *ange ( consci\sness simultane\sly occurs4444 ,! *ange ( consci\sness nev] takes place )\t ! *ange 9 ! bra92 ! *ange 9 ! bra9 nev] 444 )\t ! *ange 9 consci\sness4 ,b :y ! two occur toge!r1 or :at ! l9k is :i* connects !m1 we d n "k1 & mo/ au?orities believe t we nev] %all & nev] c "k4 ,hav+ firmly & t5aci\sly grasp$ ^! two notions1 ( ! absolute sep>at5ess ( m9d & matt]1 & ( ! inv>iable concomitance ( a m5tal *ange ) a bodily *ange1 ! /ud5t w ent] on ! /udy ( psy*ology ) half 8 difficulties surm\nt$4#aeh ,half 8 difficulties ignor$1 ,i %\ld pref] to say4 ,= ?is 'concomitance' 9 ! mid/ ( 'absolute sep>at5ess' is an utt]ly irrational notion4 ,x is to my m9d q inconceivable t consci\sness %\ld h no?+ to d ) a bus9ess :i* x s fai?fully att5ds4 ,& ! "q1 ',:at has x to d8' is "o :i* psy*ology has no "r to 'surm\nt1' = x is h] pla9 duty to consid] x4 ,! fact is t ! :ole "q ( int]action & influ5ce betwe5 ?+s is a metaphysical "q1 & _c be discuss$ at all by ^? :o are unwill+ to g into matt]s ?or\ghly4 ,x is truly en\gh h>d to imag9e ! 'idea ( a beef/eak b9d+ two molecules toge!r2' b s9ce ,hume's "t x has be5 equally h>d to imag9e any?+ b9d+ !m toge!r4 ,! :ole notion ( 'b9d+' is a my/]y1 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! solution ( :i* is to cle> s*ola/ic rubbi% out ( ! way4 ,popul> sci5ce talks ( '=ces1' 'attractions' or 'aff9ities' z b9d+ ! molecules2 b cle> sci5ce1 ?\gh %e may use su* words to abbreviate disc\rse1 has no use = ! conceptions1 & is satisfi$ :5 %e c express 9 simple 'laws' ! b>e space-relations ( ! molecules z functions ( ea* o!r & ( "t4 ,to ! m curi\sly inquir+ m9d1 h[ev]1 ?is simplifi$ expression ( ! b>e facts is n en\gh2 !re mu/ be a 'reason' = !m1 & some?+ mu/ 'det]m9e' ! laws4 ,& :5 "o s]i\sly sits d[n to consid] :at sort ( a ?+ "o means :5 "o asks = a 'reason1' "o is l$ s f> afield1 s f> away f popul> sci5ce & its s*ola/icism1 z to see t ev5 su* a fact z ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce 9 ! univ]se ( '! idea ( a beef/eak' may n be :olly indiff]5t to o!r facts 9 ! same univ]se1 & 9 p>ticul> may h some?+ to d ) det]m9+ ! di/ance at :i* two molecules 9 t univ]se %all lie ap>t4 ,if ?is is s1 !n common-s5se1 ?\gh ! intimate nature ( causality & ( ! connection ( ?+s 9 ! univ]se lies beyond h] pitifully b\nd$ horizon1 has ! root & gi/ ( ! tru? 9 h] h&s :5 %e ob/9ately holds to x t feel+s & ideas are causes4 ,h[ev] inadequate our ideas ( causal efficacy may be1 we are less wide ( ! m>k :5 we say t our ideas & feel+s h x1 ?an ! ,automati/s are :5 !y say !y hav5't x4 ,z 9 ! night all cats are gray1 s 9 ! d>kness ( metaphysical criticism all causes are obscure4 ,b "o has no "r to pull ! pall ov] ! psy*ic half ( ! subject only1 z ! automati/s d1 & to say t t causation is un9telligible1 :il/ 9 ! same brea? "o dogmatizes ab\t mat]ial causation z if ,hume1 ,kant1 & ,lotze _h nev] be5 born4 ,"o _c ?us bl[ hot & cold4 ,"o mu/ be imp>tially naif or imp>tially critical4 ,if ! latt]1 ! recon/ruction mu/ be ?or\gh-go+ or 'metaphysical1' & w probably pres]ve ! common-s5se view t ideas are =ces1 9 "s translat$ =m4 ,b ,psy*ology is a m]e natural sci5ce1 accept+ c]ta9 t]ms uncritically z h] data1 & /opp+ %ort ( metaphysical recon/ruction4 ,l physics1 %e mu/ be naive2 & if %e f9ds t 9 h] v peculi> field ( /udy ideas seem to be causes1 %e _h bett] cont9ue to talk ( !m z su*4 ,%e ga9s absolutely no?+ by a brea* ) common-s5se 9 ?is matt]1 & %e loses1 to say ! lea/1 all naturalness ( spee*4 ,if feel+s are causes1 ( c\rse _! effects mu/ be fur!rances & *eck+s ( int]nal c]ebral motions1 ( :i* 9 !mselves we are entirely )\t k4 ,x is probable t = ye>s to come we %all h to inf] :at happ5s 9 ! bra9 ei!r f our feel+s or f motor effects :i* we obs]ve4 ,! organ w be = u a sort ( vat 9 :i* feel+s & motions someh[ g on /ew+ toge!r1 & 9 :i* innum]able ?+s happ5 ( :i* we cat* b ! /ati/ical result4 ,:y1 "u ^! circum/ances1 we %\ld be ask$ to =swe> ! language ( our *ildhood ,i _c well imag9e1 especially z x is p]fectly compatible ) ! language ( physiology4 ,! feel+s c produce no?+ absolutely new1 !y c only re9=ce & inhibit reflex curr5ts :i* already exi/1 & ! orig9al organization ( ^! by physiological =ces mu/ always be ! gr\nd-"w ( ! psy*ological s*eme4 ,my conclusion is t to urge ! automaton-!ory ^u u1 z x is n[ urg$1 on purely a priori & quasi-metaphysical gr\nds1 is an unw>rantable imp]t95ce 9 ! pres5t /ate ( psy*ology4 ,,reasons ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,!ory4 ,b !re are mu* m positive reasons ?an ?is :y we ought to cont9ue to talk 9 psy*ology z if consci\sness _h causal efficacy4 ,! p>ticul>s ( ! di/ribution ( consci\sness1 s f> z we "k !m1 po9t to its be+ efficaci\s4 ,let u trace "s ( !m4 ,x is v g5]ally admitt$1 ?\gh ! po9t w\ld be h>d to prove1 t consci\sness gr[s ! m complex & int5se ! high] we rise 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,t ( a man mu/ exce$ t ( an oy/]4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x seems an organ1 sup]add$ to ! o!r organs :i* ma9ta9 ! animal 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 & ! presumption ( c\rse is t x helps him 9 "s way 9 ! /ruggle1 j z !y d4 ,b x _c help him )\t be+ 9 "s way efficaci\s & influ5c+ ! c\rse ( 8 bodily hi/ory4 ,if n[ x c\ld be %[n 9 :at way consci\sness might help him1 & if1 moreov]1 ! defects ( 8 o!r organs 7:]e consci\sness is mo/ develop$7 are su* z to make !m ne$ j ! k9d ( help t consci\sness w\ld br+ provid$ x 7 efficaci\s2 :y1 !n ! plausible inf]5ce w\ld be t x came j because ( its efficacy--9 o!r words1 its efficacy w\ld be inductively prov$4 ,n[ ! /udy ( ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness :i* we %all make ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ?is book w %[ u t consci\sness is at all times prim>ily a select+ ag5cy4#aei ,:e!r we take x 9 ! l[e/ sph]e ( s5se1 or 9 ! highe/ ( intellection1 we f9d x always do+ "o ?+1 *oos+ "o out ( sev]al ( ! mat]ials s pres5t$ to its notice1 emphasiz+ & acc5tuat+ t & suppress+ z f> z possible all ! re/4 ,! item emphasiz$ is always 9 close connection ) "s int]e/ felt by consci\sness to be p>am\nt at ! "t4 ,b :at are n[ ! defects ( ! n]v\s sy/em 9 ^? animals ^: consci\sness seems mo/ highly develop$8 ,*ief among !m mu/ be in/ability4 ,! c]ebral hemisph]es are ! *>act]i/ically 'high' n]ve-c5tres1 & we saw h[ indet]m9ate & un=eseeable _! p]=mances 7 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ! basal ganglia & ! cord4 ,b ?is v vagu5ess con/itutes _! advantage4 ,!y all[ _! possessor to adapt 8 conduct to ! m9ute/ alt]ations 9 ! environ+ circum/ances1 any "o ( :i* may be = him a sign1 sugge/+ di/ant motives m p[]ful ?an any pres5t solicitations ( s5se4 ,x seems z if c]ta9 me*anical conclusions %\ld be drawn f ?is /ate ( ?+s4 ,an organ1 sway$ by slight impressions is an organ ^: natural /ate is "o ( un/able equilibrium4 ,we may imag9e ! v>i\s l9es ( dis*>ge 9 ! c]ebrum to be almo/ on a p> 9 po9t ( p]meability--:at dis*>ge a giv5 small impression w produce may be call$ accid5tal1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we say x is a matt] ( accid5t :e!r a ra9-drop fall+ on a m\nta9 ridge desc5d ! ea/]n or ! we/]n slope4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t we may call x a matt] ( accid5t :e!r a *ild be a boy or a girl4 ,! ovum is s un/able a body t c]ta9 causes too m9ute = our appreh5sion may at a c]ta9 mom5t tip x "o way or ! o!r4 ,! natural law ( an organ con/itut$ aft] ?is fa%ion c be no?+ b a law ( caprice4 ,i d n see h[ "o c\ld reasonably expect f x any c]ta9 pursuance ( useful l9es ( reaction1 su* z ! few & fatally det]m9$ p]=mances ( ! l[] c5tres con/itute )9 _! n>r[ sph]e4 ,! dilemma 9 reg>d to ! n]v\s sy/em seems1 9 %ort1 to be ( ! foll[+ k9d4 ,we may con/ruct "o :i* w react infallibly & c]ta9ly1 b x w !n be capable ( react+ to v few *anges 9 ! environm5t--x w fail to be adapt$ to all ! re/4 ,we may1 on ! o!r h&1 con/ruct a n]v\s sy/em pot5tially adapt$ to respond to an inf9ite v>iety ( m9ute features 9 ! situation2 b its fallibility w !n be z great z its elaboration4 ,we c nev] be sure t its equilibrium w be upset 9 ! appropriate direction4 ,9 %ort1 a high bra9 may d _m ?+s1 & may d ea* ( !m at a v slight h9t4 ,b its hair-trigg] organization makes ( x a happy-g-lucky1 hit-or-miss affair4 ,x is z likely to d ! crazy z ! sane ?+ at any giv5 mom5t4 ,a l[ bra9 does few ?+s1 & 9 do+ !m p]fectly =feits all o!r use4 ,! p]=mances ( a high bra9 are l dice ?r[n =ev] on a table4 ,unless !y be load$1 :at *ance is !re t ! highe/ numb] w turn up (t5] ?an ! l[e/8 ,all ?is is said ( ! bra9 z a physical ma*9e pure & simple4 ,c consci\sness increase its effici5cy by load+ its dice8 ,su* is ! problem4 ,load+ its dice w\ld mean br++ a m or less con/ant pressure to be> 9 favor ( ^? ( its p]=mances :i* make = ! mo/ p]man5t int]e/s cf ! bra9's own]2 x w\ld mean a con/ant inhibition ( ! t5d5cies to /ray aside4 ,well1 j su* pressure & su* inhibition are :at consci\sness seems to be ex]t+ all ! :ile4 ,& ! int]e/s 9 ^: favor x seems to ex]t !m are its int]e/s & its alone1 int]e/s :i* x creates1 & :i*1 b = x1 w\ld h no /atus 9 ! realm ( be+ :atev]4 ,we talk1 x is true1 :5 we are d>w9iz+1 z if ! m]e body t owns ! bra9 _h int]e/s2 we speak ab\t ! utilities ( its v>i\s organs & h[ !y help or h9d] ! body's survival2 & we treat ! survival z if x 7 an absolute end1 exi/+ z su* 9 ! physical _w1 a sort ( actual %\ld-be1 presid+ ov] ! animal & judg+ 8 reactions1 q ap>t f ! pres5ce ( any comm5t+ intellig5ce outside4 ,we =get t 9 ! abs5ce ( "s su* sup]add$ comm5t+ intellig5ce 7:e!r x be t ( ! animal itself1 or only ours or ,mr4 ,d>w9's71 ! reactions _c be prop]ly talk$ ( z 'useful' or 'hurtful' at all4 ,consid]$ m]ely physically1 all t c be said ( !m is t if !y occur 9 a c]ta9 way survival w z a matt] ( fact prove to be _! incid5tal consequ5ce4 ,! organs !mselves1 & all ! re/ ( ! physical _w1 w1 h[ev]1 all ! "t be q indiff]5t to ?is consequ5ce1 & w\ld q z *e]fully1 ! circum/ances *ang$1 compass ! animal's de/ruction4 ,9 a ^w1 survival c ent] into a purely physiological discussion only z an hypo!sis made by an onlook]1 ab\t ! future4 ,b ! mom5t y br+ a consci\sness into ! mid/1 survival ceases to be a m]e hypo!sis4 ,no long] is x1 if survival is to occur1 !n s & s mu/ bra9 & o!r organs "w4 ,x has n[ become an imp]ative decree3 ,survival %all occur1 & !re=e organs mu/ s "w6 ,real ends appe> = ! fir/ "t n[ ^u ! _w's /age4 ,! conception ( consci\sness z a purely cognitive =m ( be+1 :i* is ! pet way ( reg>d+ x 9 _m ideali/ic s*ools1 mod]n z well z anci5t1 is ?or\ghly anti-psy*ological1 z ! rema9d] ( ?is book w %[4 ,e actually exi/+ consci\sness seems to itself at any rate to be a fight] = ends1 ( :i* _m1 b = its pres5ce1 w\ld n be ends at all4 ,its p[]s ( cognition are ma9ly subs]vi5t to ^! ends1 disc]n+ :i* facts fur!r !m & :i* d n4 ,n[ let consci\sness only be :at x seems to itself1 & x w help an in/able bra9 to compass its prop] ends4 ,! movem5ts ( ! bra9 p] se yield ! means ( atta9+ ^! ends me*anically1 b only out ( a lot ( o!r ends1 if s !y may be call$1 :i* are n ! prop] ones ( ! animal1 b (t5 q oppos$4 ,! bra9 is an in/rum5t ( possibilities1 b ( no c]ta9ties4 ,b ! consci\sness1 ) its own ends pres5t to x1 & kn[+ also well :i* possibilities lead !reto & :i* away1 w1 if end[$ ) causal efficacy1 re9=ce ! favorable possibilities & repress ! unfavorable or indiff]5t ones4 ,! n]ve-curr5ts1 c\rs+ ?r\gh ! cells & fibres1 mu/ 9 ?is case be suppos$ /r5g!n$ by ! fact ( _! awak+ "o consci\sness & damp5$ by awak+ ano!r4 ,h[ su* reaction ( ! consci\sness ^u ! curr5ts may occur mu/ rema9 at pres5t unsolv$3 x is en\gh = my purpose to h %[n t x may n uselessly exi/1 & t ! matt] is less simple ?an ! bra9-automati/s hold4 ,all ! facts ( ! natural hi/ory ( consci\sness l5d color to ?is view4 ,consci\sness1 = example1 is only int5se :5 n]ve-processes are hesitant4 ,9 rapid1 automatic1 habitual action x s9ks to a m9imum4 ,no?+ c\ld be m fitt+ ?an ?is1 if consci\sness h ! teleological function we suppose2 no?+ m mean+less1 if n4 ,habitual actions are c]ta91 & be+ 9 no dang] ( go+ a/ray f _! end1 ne$ no extrane\s help4 ,9 hesitant action1 !re seem _m alt]native possibilities ( f9al n]v\s dis*>ge4 ,! feel+ awak5$ by ! nasc5t excitem5t ( ea* alt]native n]ve-tract seems by its attractive or repulsive quality to det]m9e :e!r ! excitem5t %all abort or %all become complete4 ,:]e indecision is great1 z be=e a dang]\s leap1 consci\sness is agoniz+ly int5se4 ,feel+1 f ?is po9t ( view1 may be lik5$ to a cross-section ( ! *a9 ( n]v\s dis*>ge1 asc]ta9+ ! l9ks already laid d[n1 & grop+ among ! fre% ends pres5t$ to x = ! "o :i* seems be/ to fit ! case4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ph5om5a ( 'vic>i\s function' :i* we /udi$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii seem to =m ano!r bit ( circum/antial evid5ce4 ,a ma*9e 9 work+ ord] acts fatally 9 "o way4 ,our consci\sness calls ?is ! "r way4 ,take out a valve1 ?r[ a :eel out ( ge> or b5d a pivot1 & x becomes a diff]5t ma*9e1 act+ j z fatally 9 ano!r way :i* we call ! wrong way4 ,b ! ma*9e itself kn[s no?+ ( wrong or "r3 matt] has no ideals to pursue4 ,a locomotive w c>ry its tra9 ?r\gh an op5 drawbridge z *e]fully z to any o!r de/9ation4 ,a bra9 ) "p ( x scoop$ out is virtually a new ma*9e1 & dur+ ! fir/ days aft] ! op]ation functions 9 a ?or\ghly abnormal mann]4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 its p]=mances become f day to day m normal1 until at la/ a practis$ eye may be ne$$ to suspect any?+ wrong4 ,"s ( ! re/oration is und\bt$ly due to 'inhibitions' pass+ away4 ,b if ! consci\sness :i* goes ) ! re/ ( ! bra91 be !re n only 9 ord] to take cognizance ( ea* functional error1 b also to ex]t an effici5t pressure to *eck x if x be a s9 ( commission1 & to l5d a /r5g!n+ h& if x be a weakness or s9 ( omission1--no?+ seems m natural ?an t ! rema9+ p>ts1 assi/$ 9 ?is way1 %\ld by virtue ( ! pr9ciple ( habit gr[ back to ! old teleological modes ( ex]cise = :i* !y 7 at fir/ incapacitat$4 ,no?+1 on ! contr>y1 seems at fir/ sight m unnatural ?an t !y %\ld vic>i\sly take up ! duties ( a "p n[ lo/ )\t ^? duties z su* ex]t+ any p]suasive or co]cive =ce4 ,at ! end ( ,*apt] ,,xxvi ,i %all return to ?is aga94 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is yet ano!r set ( facts :i* seem explicable on ! supposition t consci\sness has causal efficacy4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t pleasures are g5]ally associat$ ) b5eficial1 pa9s ) detrim5tal1 exp]i5ces4 ,all ! fundam5tal vital processes illu/rate ?is law4 ,/>vation1 suffocation1 privation ( food1 dr9k & sleep1 "w :5 exhau/$1 burns1 w\nds1 inflammation1 ! effects ( poison1 are z disagreeable z fill+ ! hungry /oma*1 enjoy+ re/ & sleep aft] fatigue1 ex]cise aft] re/1 & a s\nd sk9 & unbrok5 bones at all times1 are pleasant4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] & o!rs h sugge/$ t ^! co9cid5ces are due1 n to any pre-e/abli%$ h>mony1 b to ! m]e action ( natural selection :i* w\ld c]ta9ly kill (f 9 ! long-run any bre$ ( creatures to :om ! fundam5tally noxi\s exp]i5ce seem$ enjoyable4 ,an animal t %\ld take pleasure 9 a feel+ ( suffocation w\ld1 if t pleasure 7 efficaci\s en\gh to make him imm]se 8 head 9 wat]1 enjoy a longevity ( f\r or five m9utes4 ,b if pleasures & pa9s h no efficacy1 "o does n see 7)\t "s su* a priori rational h>mony z w\ld be sc\t$ by ! 'sci5tific' *ampions ( ! automaton-!ory7 :y ! mo/ noxi\s acts1 su* z burn+1 might n give ?rills ( delight1 & ! mo/ necess>y ones1 su* z brea?+1 cause agony4 ,! exceptions to ! law are1 x is true1 num]\s1 b relate to exp]i5ces t are ei!r n vital or n univ]sal4 ,drunk5ness1 = in/ance1 :i* ?\gh noxi\s1 is to _m p]sons delightful1 is a v exceptional exp]i5ce4 ,b1 z ! excell5t physiologi/ ,pick rem>ks1 if all riv]s & spr+s ran alcohol in/ead ( wat]1 ei!r all m5 w\ld n[ be born to hate x or our n]ves w\ld h be5 select$ s z to dr9k x ) impunity4 ,! only consid]able attempt1 9 fact1 t has be5 made to expla9 ! di/ribution ( our feel+s is t ( ,mr4 ,grant ,all5 9 8 sugge/ive little "w ,physiological /hetics2 & 8 reason+ is bas$ exclusively on t causal efficacy ( pleasures & pa9s :i* ! 'd\ble-aspect' p>tisans s /r5u\sly d5y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?us1 !n1 f e po9t ( view ! circum/antial evid5ce aga9/ t !ory is /rong4 ,a priori analysis ( bo? bra9-action & consci\s action %[s u t if ! latt] 7 efficaci\s x w\ld1 by its selective emphasis1 make am5ds = ! indet]m9at5ess ( ! =m]2 :il/ ! /udy a po/]iori ( ! di/ribution ( consci\sness %[s x to be exactly su* z we might expect 9 an organ add$ = ! sake ( /e]+ a n]v\s sy/em gr[n too complex to regulate itself4 ,! conclusion t x is useful is1 aft] all ?is1 q ju/ifiable4 ,b1 if x is useful1 x mu/ be s ?r\gh its causal efficaci\sness1 & ! automaton-!ory mu/ succumb to ! !ory ( common-s5se4 ,i1 at any rate 7p5d+ metaphysical recon/ructions n yet successfully a*iev$71 %all h no hesitation 9 us+ ! language ( common-s5se ?r\gh\t ?is book4 ,,footnotes3 #aee ,! ,!ory ( ,practice1 vol4 i1 p4 #daf ff4 #aef ,! pres5t writ] recalls h[ 9 #ahfi1 :5 /ill a m$ical /ud5t1 he began to write an essay %[+ h[ almo/ e "o :o speculat$ ab\t bra9-processes illicitly int]polat$ into 8 acc\nt ( !m l9ks d]iv$ f ! entirely het]og5e\s univ]se ( ,feel+4 ,sp5c]1 ,hodgson 79 8 ,"t & ,space71 ,maudsley1 ,lockh>t ,cl>ke1 ,ba91 ,dr4 ,s4 ,c>p5t]1 & o!r au?ors 7 cit$ z hav+ be5 guilty ( ! confusion4 ,! writ+ 0 soon /opp$ because he p]ceiv$ t ! view :i* he 0 uphold+ aga9/ ^! au?ors 0 a pure conception1 ) no pro(s to be adduc$ ( its reality4 ,lat] x seem$ to him t :atev] pro(s exi/$ really told 9 favor ( _! view4 #aeg ,*as4 ,m]ci]3 ,! ,n]v\s ,sy/em & ! ,m9d 7#ahhh71 p4 #i4 #aeh ,op4 cit4 p4 #aa4 #aei ,see 9 p>ticul> ! end ( ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,m9d-,,/uff ,,!ory4 ,! read] :o f\nd himself swamp$ ) too mu* metaphysics 9 ! la/ *apt] w h a /ill worse "t ( x 9 ?is "o1 :i* is exclusively metaphysical4 ,metaphysics means no?+ b an unusually ob/9ate ef=t to ?9k cle>ly4 ,! fundam5tal conceptions ( psy*ology are practically v cle> to u1 b !oretically !y are v confus$1 & "o easily makes ! obscure/ assumptions 9 ?is sci5ce )\t realiz+1 until *all5g$1 :at int]nal difficulties !y involve4 ,:5 ^! assumptions h once e/abli%$ !mselves 7z !y h a way ( do+ 9 our v descriptions ( ! ph5om5al facts7 x is almo/ impossible to get rid ( !m aft]w>ds or to make any "o see t !y are n ess5tial features ( ! subject4 ,! only way to prev5t ?is disa/] is to scrut9ize !m be=eh& & make !m give an articulate acc\nt ( !mselves be=e lett+ !m pass4 ,"o ( ! obscure/ ( ! assumptions ( :i* ,i speak is ! assumption t our m5tal /ates are composite 9 /ructure1 made up ( small] /ates conjo9$4 ,?is hypo!sis has outw>d advantages :i* make x almo/ irresi/ibly attractive to ! intellect1 & yet x is inw>dly q un9telligible4 ,( its un9telligibility1 h[ev]1 half ! writ]s on psy*ology seem unaw>e4 ,z our own aim is to und]/& if possible1 ,i make no apology = s+l+ out ?is p>ticul> notion = v explicit treatm5t be=e tak+ up ! descriptive "p ( our "w4 ,! !ory ( 'm9d-/uff' is ! !ory t our m5tal /ates are comp\nds1 express$ 9 its mo/ radical =m4 ,,evolution>y ,,psy*ology ,,dem&s ,a ,,m9d-,,du/4 ,9 a g5]al !ory ( evolution ! inorganic comes fir/1 !n ! l[e/ =ms ( animal & vegetable life1 !n =ms ( life t possess m5tality1 & f9ally ^? l ourselves t possess x 9 a high degree4 ,z long z we keep to ! consid]ation ( purely outw>d facts1 ev5 ! mo/ complicat$ facts ( biology1 our task z evolutioni/s is comp>atively easy4 ,we are deal+ all ! "t ) matt] & its aggregations & sep>ations2 & al?\gh our treatm5t mu/ p]=ce be hypo!tical1 ?is does n prev5t x f be+ cont9u\s4 ,! po9t :i* z evolutioni/s we are b\nd to hold fa/ to is t all ! new =ms ( be+ t make _! appe>ance are really no?+ m ?an results ( ! r$i/ribution ( ! orig9al & un*ang+ mat]ials4 ,! self-same atoms :i*1 *aotically disp]s$1 made ! nebula1 n[1 jamm$ & tempor>ily caught 9 peculi> positions1 =m our bra9s2 & ! 'evolution' ( ! bra9s1 if und]/ood1 w\ld be simply ! acc\nt ( h[ ! atoms came to be s caught & jamm$4 ,9 ?is /ory no new natures1 no factors n pres5t at ! beg9n+1 are introduc$ at any lat] /age4 ,b ) ! dawn ( consci\sness an entirely new nature seems to slip 91 some?+ :]e( ! pot5cy 0 n giv5 9 ! m]e outw>d atoms ( ! orig9al *aos4 ,! enemies ( evolution h be5 quick to p\nce ^u ?is und5iable discont9uity 9 ! data ( ! _w & _m ( !m1 f ! failure ( evolution>y explanations at ?is po9t1 h inf]r$ _! g5]al incapacity all along ! l9e4 ,e "o admits ! entire incomm5surability ( feel+ z su* ) mat]ial motion z su*4 ,a motion became a feel+6--no phrase t our lips c frame is s devoid ( appreh5sible mean+4 ,accord+ly1 ev5 ! vague/ ( evolution>y en?usia/s1 :5 delib]ately comp>+ mat]ial ) m5tal facts1 h be5 z =w>d z any "o else to emphasize ! '*asm' betwe5 ! inn] & ! out] worlds4 ,c ! oscillations ( a molecule1 says ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 be repres5t$ side by side ) a n]v\s %ock he means a m5tal %ock1 & ! two be recogniz$ z "o8 ,no ef=t enables u to assimilate !m4 ,t a unit ( feel+ has no?+ 9 common ) a unit ( motion becomes m ?an ev] manife/ :5 we br+ ! two into juxtaposition4#afj ,& aga93 ,suppose x to h become q cle> t a %ock 9 consci\sness & a molecul> motion are ! subjective & objective faces ( ! same ?+2 we cont9ue utt]ly incapable ( unit+ ! two1 s z to conceive t reality ( :i* !y are ! opposite faces4#afa ,9 o!r words1 incapable ( p]ceiv+ 9 !m any common "*4 ,s ,tyndall1 9 t lucky p>agraph :i* has be5 quot$ s (t5 t e "o kn[s x by he>t3 ,! passage f ! physics ( ! bra9 to ! correspond+ facts ( consci\sness is un?9kable4 ,grant$ t a def9ite ?\ght & a def9ite molecul> action 9 ! bra9 occur simultane\sly2 we d n possess ! intellectual organ1 nor app>5tly any rudim5t ( ! organ1 :i* w\ld enable u to pass1 by a process ( reason+1 f "o to ! o!r4#afb ,or 9 ?is o!r passage3 ,we c trace ! developm5t ( a n]v\s sy/em & correlate ) x ! p>allel ph5om5a ( s5sation & ?\ght4 ,we see ) und\bt+ c]ta9ty t !y g h& 9 h&4 ,b we try to so> 9 a vacuum ! mom5t we seek to compreh5d ! connection betwe5 !m4444 ,!re is no fusion possible betwe5 ! two classes ( facts--no motor en]gy 9 ! intellect ( man to c>ry x )\t logical rupture f ! "o to ! o!r4#afc ,none ! less easily1 h[ev]1 :5 ! evolution>y afflatus is ^u !m1 d ! v same writ]s leap ov] ! brea* ^: flagrancy !y are ! =emo/ to ann\nce1 & talk z if m9d grew out ( body 9 a cont9u\s way4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 look+ back on 8 review ( m5tal evolution1 tells u h[ 9 trac+ up ! increase we f\nd ourselves pass+ )\t break f ! ph5om5a ( bodily life to ! ph5om5a ( m5tal life4#afd ,& ,mr4 ,tyndall1 9 ! same ,belfa/ ,address f :i* we j quot$1 deliv]s 8 o!r fam\s passage3 ,ab&on+ all disguise1 ! confession t ,i feel b\nd to make be=e y is t ,i prolong ! vision backw>d across ! b\nd>y ( ! exp]im5tal evid5ce1 & disc]n 9 t matt] :i* we1 9 our ignorance & not)/&+ our pr(ess$ rev]5ce = its ,creator1 h hi!rto cov]$ ) opprobrium ! promise & pot5cy ( e =m & quality ( life4#afe --m5tal life includ$1 z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,s /rong a po/ulate is cont9uity6 ,n[ ?is book w t5d to %[ t m5tal po/ulates are on ! :ole to be respect$4 ,! dem& = cont9uity has1 ov] l>ge tracts ( sci5ce1 prov$ itself to possess true prophetic p[]4 ,we ought !re=e ourselves s9c]ely to try e possible mode ( conceiv+ ! dawn ( consci\sness s t x may n appe> equival5t to ! irruption into ! univ]se ( a new nature1 non-exi/5t until !n4 ,m]ely to call ! consci\sness 'nasc5t' w n s]ve our turn4#aff ,x is true t ! ^w signifies n yet q born1 & s seems to =m a sort ( bridge betwe5 exi/5ce & non5tity4 ,b t is a v]bal quibble4 ,! fact is t discont9uity comes 9 if a new nature comes 9 at all4 ,! quantity ( ! latt] is q immat]ial4 ,! girl 9 ',mid%ipman ,easy' c\ld n excuse ! illegitimacy ( h] *ild by say+1 'x 0 a little small "o4' ,& ,consci\sness1 h[ev] little1 is an illegitimate bir? 9 any philosophy t />ts )\t x1 & yet pr(esses to expla9 all facts by cont9u\s evolution4 ,if evolution is to "w smoo?ly1 consci\sness 9 "s %ape mu/ h be5 pres5t at ! v orig9 ( ?+s4 ,accord+ly we f9d t ! m cle>-sight$ evolution>y philosoph]s are beg9n+ to posit x !re4 ,ea* atom ( ! nebula1 !y suppose1 mu/ h _h an aborig9al atom ( consci\sness l9k$ ) x2 &1 j z ! mat]ial atoms h =m$ bodies & bra9s by mass+ !mselves toge!r1 s ! m5tal atoms1 by an analog\s process ( aggregation1 h fus$ into ^? l>g] consci\snesses :i* we "k 9 ourselves & suppose to exi/ 9 our fell[-animals4 ,"s su* doctr9e ( atomi/ic hylozoism z ?is is an indisp5sable "p ( a ?or\gh-go+ philosophy ( evolution4 ,accord+ to x !re mu/ be an inf9ite numb] ( degrees ( consci\sness1 foll[+ ! degrees ( complication & aggregation ( ! primordial m9d-du/4 ,to prove ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( ^! degrees ( consci\sness by indirect evid5ce1 s9ce direct intuition ( !m is n to be _h1 becomes !re=e ! fir/ duty ( psy*ological evolutionism4 ,,"s ,,alleg$ ,,pro(s ,,t ,,m9d-,,du/ ,,exi/s4 ,"s ( ?is duty we f9d already p]=m$ by a numb] ( philosoph]s :o1 ?\gh n int]e/$ at all 9 evolution1 h nev]!less on indep5d5t gr\nds conv9c$ !mselves ( ! exi/5ce ( a va/ am\nt ( sub-consci\s m5tal life4 ,! criticism ( ?is g5]al op9ion & its gr\nds w h to be po/pon$ = a :ile4 ,at pres5t let u m]ely deal ) ! argum5ts assum$ to prove aggregation ( bits ( m9d-/uff into di/9ctly s5sible feel+s4 ,!y are cle> & admit ( a cle> reply4 ,! ,g]man physiologi/ ,a4 ,fick1 9 #ahfb1 01 s f> z ,i "k1 ! fir/ to use !m4 ,he made exp]im5ts on ! discrim9ation ( ! feel+s ( w>m? & ( t\*1 :5 only a v small portion ( ! sk9 0 excit$ ?r\gh a hole 9 a c>d1 ! surr\nd+ p>ts be+ protect$ by ! c>d4 ,he f\nd t "u ^! circum/ances mi/akes 7 frequ5tly made by ! pati5t1#afg & conclud$ t ?is mu/ be because ! numb] ( s5sations f ! elem5t>y n]ve-tips affect$ 0 too small to sum itself di/9ctly into ei!r ( ! qualities ( feel+ 9 "q4 ,he tri$ to %[ h[ a diff]5t mann] ( ! summation might give rise 9 "o case to ! heat & 9 ano!r to ! t\*4 ,a feel+ ( temp]ature1 he says1 arises :5 ! int5sities ( ! units ( feel+ are ev5ly gradat$1 s t betwe5 two elem5ts a & b no o!r unit c spatially int]v5e ^: int5sity is n also betwe5 t ( a & b4 ,a feel+ ( contact p]haps arises :5 ?is condition is n fulfill$4 ,bo? k9ds ( feel+1 h[ev]1 are compos$ ( ! same units4 ,b x is obvi\sly f> cle>] to int]pret su* a gradation ( int5sities z a bra9-fact ?an z a m9d-fact4 ,if 9 ! bra9 a tract 7 fir/ excit$ 9 "o ( ! ways sugge/$ by ,pr(4 ,fick1 & !n aga9 9 ! o!r1 x might v well happ51 = aught we c say to ! contr>y1 t ! psy*ic accompanim5t 9 ! "o case w\ld be heat1 & 9 ! o!r pa94 ,! pa9 & ! heat w\ld1 h[ev]1 n be compos$ ( psy*ic units1 b w\ld ea* be ! direct result ( "o total bra9-process4 ,s long z ?is latt] int]pretation rema9s op51 ,fick _c be held to h prov$ psy*ic summation4 ,lat]1 bo? ,sp5c] & ,ta9e1 indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 took up ! same l9e ( ?\ght4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s reason+ is wor? quot+ 9 ext5so4 ,he writes3 ,al?\gh ! individual s5sations & emotions1 real or ideal1 ( :i* consci\sness is built up1 appe> to be sev]ally simple1 homog5e\s1 unanalyzable1 or ( inscrutable natures1 yet !y are n s4 ,!re is at lea/ "o k9d ( feel+ :i*1 z ord9>ily exp]i5c$1 seems elem5t>y1 t is demon/rably n elem5t>y4 ,& aft] resolv+ x into its proximate compon5ts1 we c sc>cely help suspect+ t o!r app>5tly-elem5t>y feel+s are also comp\nd1 & may h proximate compon5ts l ^? :i* we c 9 ?is "o in/ance id5tify4 ,musical s\nd is ! "n we give to ?is seem+ly simple feel+ :i* is cle>ly resolvable into simpl] feel+s4 ,well-kn[n exp]im5ts prove t :5 equal bl[s or taps are made "o aft] ano!r at a rate n exce$+ "s sixte5 p] second1 ! effect ( ea* is p]ceiv$ z a sep>ate noise2 b :5 ! rapidity ) :i* ! bl[s foll[ "o ano!r exce$s ?is1 ! noises are no long] id5tifi$ 9 sep>ate /ates ( consci\sness1 & !re arises 9 place ( !m a cont9u\s /ate ( consci\sness1 call$ a tone4 ,9 fur!r increas+ ! rapidity ( ! bl[s1 ! tone und]goes ! *ange ( quality di/+ui%$ z rise 9 pit*2 & x cont9ues to rise 9 pit* z ! bl[s cont9ue to increase 9 rapidity1 until x rea*es an acut5ess beyond :i* x is no long] appreciable z a tone4 ,s t out ( units ( feel+ ( ! same k9d1 _m feel+s di/+ui%able f "o ano!r 9 quality result1 accord+ z ! units are m or less integrat$4 ,?is is n all4 ,! inquiries ( ,pr(essor ,helmholtz h %[n t :51 along ) "o s]ies ( ^! rapidly-recurr+ noises1 !re is g5]at$ ano!r s]ies 9 :i* ! noises are m rapid ?\gh n s l\d1 ! effect is a *ange 9 t quality kn[n z its timbre4 ,z v>i\s musical in/rum5ts %[ u1 tones :i* are alike 9 pit* & /r5g? are di/+ui%able by _! h>%ness or sweetness1 _! r++ or _! liquid *>act]s2 & all _! specific peculi>ities are prov$ to arise f ! comb9ation ( "o1 two1 ?ree1 or m1 supplem5t>y s]ies ( recurr5t noises ) ! *ief s]ies ( recurr5t noises4 ,s t :ile ! unlik5esses ( feel+ kn[n z diff]5ces ( pit* 9 tones are due to diff]5ces ( integration among ! recurr5t noises ( "o s]ies1 ! unlik5esses ( feel+ kn[n z diff]5ces ( timbre1 are due to ! simultane\s integration ) ?is s]ies ( o!r s]ies hav+ o!r degrees ( integration4 ,& ?us an enorm\s numb] ( qualitatively-contra/$ k9ds ( consci\sness t seem sev]ally elem5t>y prove to be compos$ ( "o simple k9d ( consci\sness1 comb9$ & recomb9$ ) itself 9 multitud9\s ways4 ,c we /op %ort "h8 ,if ! diff]5t s5sations kn[n z s\nds are built out ( a common unit1 is x n to be rationally inf]r$ t s likewise are ! diff]5t s5sations kn[n z ta/es1 & ! diff]5t s5sations kn[n z odors1 & ! diff]5t s5sations kn[n z colors8 ,nay1 %all we n reg>d x z probable t !re is a unit common to all ^! /rongly-contra/$ classes ( s5sations8 ,if ! unlik5esses among ! s5sations ( ea* class may be due to unlik5esses among ! modes ( aggregation ( a unit ( consci\sness common to !m all2 s too may ! mu* great] unlik5esses betwe5 ! s5sations ( ea* class & ^? ( o!r classes4 ,!re may be a s+le primordial elem5t ( consci\sness1 & ! c\ntless k9ds ( consci\sness may be produc$ by ! comp\nd+ ( ?is elem5t ) itself & ! recomp\nd+ ( its comp\nds ) "o ano!r 9 high] & high] degrees3 s produc+ increas$ multiplicity1 v>iety1 & complexity4 ,h we any clue to ?is primordial elem5t8 ,i ?9k we h4 ,t simple m5tal impression :i* proves to be ! unit ( composition ( ! s5sation ( musical tone1 is alli$ to c]ta9 o!r simple m5tal impressions diff]5tly orig9at$4 ,! subjective effect produc$ by a crack or noise t has no appreciable duration is little else ?an a n]v\s %ock4 ,?\gh we di/+ui% su* a n]v\s %ock z belong+ to :at we call s\nds1 yet x does n diff] v mu* f n]v\s %ocks ( o!r k9ds4 ,an electric dis*>ge s5t ?r\gh ! body causes a feel+ ak9 to t :i* a sudd5 l\d report causes4 ,a /rong unexpect$ impression made ?r\gh ! eyes1 z by a fla% ( lightn+1 simil>ly gives rise to a />t or %ock2 & ?\gh ! feel+ s nam$ seems1 l ! electric %ock1 to h ! body at l>ge = its seat1 & may !re=e be reg>d$ z ! correlative r ( ! eff]5t ?an ( ! aff]5t di/urbance1 yet on rememb]+ ! m5tal *ange t results f ! in/antane\s transit ( an object across ! field ( vision1 ,i ?9k x may be p]ceiv$ t ! feel+ accompany+ ! eff]5t di/urbance is itself r$uc$ v ne>ly to ! same =m4 ,! /ate ( consci\sness s g5]at$ is1 9 fact1 comp>able 9 quality to ! initial /ate ( consci\sness caus$ by a bl[ 7di/+ui%+ x f ! pa9 or o!r feel+ t comm5ces ! in/ant aft]72 :i* /ate ( consci\sness caus$ by a bl[ may be tak5 z ! primitive & typical =m ( ! n]v\s %ock4 ,! fact t sudd5 brief di/urbances ?us set up by diff]5t /imuli ?r\gh diff]5t sets ( n]ves cause feel+s sc>cely di/+ui%able 9 quality w n appe> /range :5 we recollect t di/+ui%abl5ess ( feel+ implies appreciable duration2 & t :5 ! duration is greatly abridg$1 no?+ m is kn[n ?an t "s m5tal *ange has occurr$ & ceas$4 ,to h a s5sation ( r$ness1 to "k a tone z acute or grave1 to be consci\s ( a ta/e z sweet1 implies 9 ea* case a consid]able cont9uity ( /ate4 ,if ! /ate does n la/ long en\gh to admit ( its be+ contemplat$1 x _c be class$ z ( ?is or t k9d2 & becomes a mom5t>y modification v simil> to mom5t>y modifications o!rwise caus$4 ,x is possible1 !n--may we n ev5 say probable8--t some?+ ( ! same ord] z t :i* we call a n]v\s %ock is ! ultimate unit ( consci\sness2 & t all ! unlik5esses among our feel+s result f unlike modes ( integration ( ?is ultimate unit4 ,i say ( ! same ord]1 because !re are disc]nible diff]5ces among n]v\s %ocks t are diff]5tly caus$2 & ! primitive n]v\s %ock probably diff]s some:at f ea* ( !m4 ,& ,i say ( ! same ord]1 = ! fur!r reason t :ile we may ascribe to !m a g5]al lik5ess 9 nature1 we mu/ suppose a great unlik5ess 9 degree4 ,! n]v\s %ocks recogniz$ z su* are viol5t--mu/ be viol5t be=e !y c be p]ceiv$ amid ! procession ( multitud9\s vivid feel+s sudd5ly int]rupt$ by !m4 ,b ! rapidly-recurr+ n]v\s %ocks ( :i* ! diff]5t =ms ( feel+ consi/1 we mu/ assume to be ( comp>atively mod]ate1 or ev5 ( v slight int5sity4 ,7 our v>i\s s5sations & emotions compos$ ( rapidly-recurr+ %ocks z /rong z ^? ord9>ily call$ %ocks1 !y w\ld be unbe>able2 inde$ life w\ld cease at once4 ,we mu/ ?9k ( !m r z successive fa9t pulses ( subjective *ange1 ea* hav+ ! same quality z ! /rong pulse ( subjective *ange di/+ui%$ z a n]v\s %ock4#afh ,,insuffici5cy ,,( ,,^! ,,pro(s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,conv9c+ z ?is argum5t ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s may appe> on a fir/ read+1 x is s+ul> h[ weak x really is4#afi ,we d1 x is true1 :5 we /udy ! connection betwe5 a musical note & its outw>d cause1 f9d ! note simple & cont9u\s :ile ! cause is multiple & discrete4 ,some:]e1 !n1 !re is a trans=mation1 r$uction1 or fusion4 ,! "q is1 ,:]e8--9 ! n]ve-_w or 9 ! m9d-_w8 ,really we h no exp]im5tal pro( by :i* to decide2 & if decide we mu/1 analogy & a priori probability c alone guide u4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] assumes t ! fusion mu/ come to pass 9 ! m5tal _w1 & t ! physical processes get ?r\gh air & e>1 auditory n]ve & m$ulla1 l[] bra9 & hemisph]es1 )\t _! numb] be+ r$uc$4 ,figure #be w make ! po9t cle>4 ,let ! l9e a--b repres5t ! ?re%old ( consci\sness3 !n ev]y?+ drawn bel[ t l9e w symbolize a physical process1 ev]y?+ above x w mean a fact ( m9d4 ,let ! crosses /& = ! physical bl[s1 ! circles = ! ev5ts 9 successively high] ord]s ( n]ve-cells1 & ! horizontal m>ks = ! facts ( feel+4 ,sp5c]'s argum5t implies t ea* ord] ( cells transmits j z _m impulses z x receives to ! cells above x2 s t if ! bl[s come at ! rate ( #bj1jjj 9 a second ! cortical cells dis*>ge at ! same rate1 & "o unit ( feel+ corresponds to ea* "o ( ! #bj1jjj dis*>ges4 ,!n1 & only !n1 does 'integration' occur1 by ! #bj1jjj units ( feel+ 'comp\nd+ ) !mselves' into ! 'cont9u\s /ate ( consci\sness' repres5t$ by ! %ort l9e at ! top ( ! figure4 ,n[ su* an int]pretation z ?is flies 9 ! face ( physical analogy1 no less ?an ( logical intelligibility4 ,consid] physical analogy fir/1 ,a p5dulum may be deflect$ by a s+le bl[1 & sw+ back4 ,w x sw+ back ! m (t5 ! m we multiply ! bl[s8 ,no2 = if !y ra9 ^u ! p5dulum too fa/1 x w n sw+ at all b rema9 deflect$ 9 a s5sibly /ation>y /ate4 ,9 o!r words1 increas+ ! cause num]ically ne$ n equally increase num]ically ! effect4 ,bl[ ?r\gh a tube3 y get a c]ta9 musical note2 & increas+ ! bl[+ increases = a c]ta9 "t ! l\dness ( ! note4 ,w ?is be true indef9itely8 ,no2 = :5 a c]ta9 =ce is rea*$1 ! note1 in/ead ( gr[+ l\d]1 sudd5ly disappe>s & is replac$ by its high] octave4 ,turn on ! gas slightly & light x3 y get a t9y flame4 ,turn on m gas1 & ! bread? ( ! flame increases4 ,w ?is relation increase indef9itely8 ,no1 aga92 = at a c]ta9 mom5t up %oots ! flame into a ragg$ /ream] & beg9s to hiss4 ,s5d sl[ly ?r\gh ! n]ve ( a frog's ga/rocnemius muscle a succession ( galvanic %ocks3 y get a succession ( twit*es4 ,increas+ ! numb] ( %ocks does n increase ! twit*+2 on ! contr>y1 x /ops x1 & we h ! muscle 9 ! app>5tly /ation>y /ate ( contraction call$ tetanus4 ,?is la/ fact is ! true analogue ( :at mu/ happ5 betwe5 ! n]ve-cell & ! s5sory fibre4 ,x is c]ta9 t cells are m in]t ?an fibres1 & t rapid vibrations 9 ! latt] c only ar\se relatively simple processes or /ates 9 ! =m]4 ,! high] cells may h ev5 a sl[] rate ( explosion ?an ! l[]1 & s ! tw5ty ?\s& suppos$ bl[s ( ! out] air may be 'integrat$' 9 ! cortex into a v small numb] ( cell-dis*>ges 9 a second4 ,?is o!r diagram w s]ve to contra/ ?is supposition ) ,sp5c]'s4 ,9 ,fig4 #bf all 'integration' occurs bel[ ! ?re%old ( consci\sness4 ,! frequ5cy ( cell-ev5ts becomes m & m r$uc$ z we approa* ! cells to :i* feel+ is mo/ directly atta*$1 until at la/ we come to a condition ( ?+s symboliz$ by ! l>g] ellipse1 :i* may be tak5 to /& = "s r massive & sl[ process ( t5sion & dis*>ge 9 ! cortical c5tres1 to :i*1 z a :ole1 ! feel+ ( musical tone symboliz$ by ! l9e at ! top ( ! diagram simply & totally corresponds4 ,x is z if a long file ( m5 7 to />t "o aft] ! o!r to rea* a di/ant po9t4 ,! road at fir/ is good & !y keep _! orig9al di/ance ap>t4 ,pres5tly x is int]sect$ by bogs ea* worse ?an ! la/1 s t ! front m5 get s ret>d$ t ! h9d] ones cat* up ) !m be=e ! j\rney is done1 & all arrive toge!r at ! goal4#agj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,on ?is supposition !re are no unp]ceiv$ units ( m9d-/uff prec$+ & compos+ ! full consci\sness4 ,! latt] is itself an imm$iate psy*ic fact & be>s an imm$iate relation to ! neural /ate :i* is its unconditional accompanim5t4 ,did ea* neural %ock give rise to its own psy*ic %ock1 & ! psy*ic %ocks !n comb9e1 x w\ld be impossible to und]/& :y sev]+ "o "p ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em f ano!r %\ld break up ! integrity ( ! consci\sness4 ,! cut has no?+ to d ) ! psy*ic _w4 ,! atoms ( m9d-/uff ought to float (f f ! n]ve-matt] on ei!r side ( x1 & come toge!r ov] x & fuse1 j z well z if x _h n be5 made4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t !y d n2 t sev]ance ( ! pa?s ( conduction betwe5 a man's left auditory c5tre or optical c5tre & ! re/ ( 8 cortex w sev] all communication betwe5 ! words :i* he he>s or sees writt5 & ! re/ ( 8 ideas4 ,moreov]1 if feel+s c mix into a t]tium quid1 :y d we n take a feel+ ( gre5ness & a feel+ ( r$ness1 & make a feel+ ( yell[ness out ( !m8 ,:y has optics neglect$ ! op5 road to tru?1 & wa/$ c5turies 9 disput+ ab\t !ories ( color-composition :i* two m9utes ( introspection w\ld h settl$ =ev]#aga ,we _c mix feel+s z su*1 ?\gh we may mix ! objects we feel1 & f _! mixture get new feel+s4 ,we _c ev5 7z we %all lat] see7 h two feel+s 9 our m9d at once4 ,at mo/ we c comp>e toge!r objects previ\sly pres5t$ to u 9 di/9ct feel+s2 b !n we f9d ea* object /ubbornly ma9ta9+ its sep>ate id5tity be=e consci\sness1 :atev] ! v]dict ( ! comp>ison may be4#agb ,,self-,,comp\nd+ ,,( ,,m5tal ,,facts ,,is ,,inadmissible4 ,b !re is a /ill m fatal objection to ! !ory ( m5tal units 'comp\nd+ ) !mselves' or 'integrat+4' ,x is logically un9telligible2 x leaves out ! ess5tial feature ( all ! 'comb9ations' we actually "k4 ,all ! 'comb9ations' :i* we actually "k are ,,effects1 wr\ght by ! units said to be 'comb9$1' ,,^u ,,"s ,,entity ,,o!r ,,?an ,,!mselves4 ,)\t ?is feature ( a m$ium or vehicle1 ! notion ( comb9ation has no s5se4 ,a multitude ( contractile units1 by jo9t action1 & by be+ all connect$1 = in/ance1 ) a s+le t5don1 w pull at ! same1 & w br+ ab\t a dynamical effect :i* is und\bt$ly ! resultant ( _! comb9$ individual en]gies4444 ,on ! :ole1 t5dons are to muscul> fibres1 & bones are to t5dons1 comb9+ recipi5ts ( me*anical en]gies4 ,a m$ium ( composition is indisp5sable to ! summation ( en]gies4 ,to realize ! complete dep5d5ce ( me*anical resultants on a comb9+ sub/ratum1 "o may fancy = a mom5t all ! individually contract+ muscul> elem5ts sev]$ f _! atta*m5ts4 ,!y might !n /ill be capable ( contract+ ) ! same en]gy z be=e1 yet no co-op]ative result w\ld be accompli%$4 ,! m$ium ( dynamical comb9ation w\ld be want+4 ,! multiple en]gies1 s+ly ex]t$ on no common recipi5t1 w\ld lose !mselves on entirely isolat$ & disconnect$ ef=ts4#agc ,9 o!r words1 no possible numb] ( entities 7call !m z y l1 :e!r =ces1 mat]ial p>ticles1 or m5tal elem5ts7 c sum !mselves toge!r4 ,ea* rema9s1 9 ! sum1 :at x always 02 & ! sum itself exi/s only = a by/&] :o happ5s to ov]look ! units & to appreh5d ! sum z su*2 or else x exi/s 9 ! %ape ( "s o!r effect on an entity ext]nal to ! sum itself4 ,let x n be object$ t ,h#b & ,o comb9e ( !mselves into 'wat]1' & !nce=w>d exhibit new prop]ties4 ,!y d n4 ,! 'wat]' is j ! old atoms 9 ! new position1 ,h-,o-,h2 ! 'new prop]ties' are j _! comb9$ effects1 :5 9 ?is position1 ^u ext]nal m$ia1 su* z our s5se-organs & ! v>i\s reag5ts on :i* wat] may ex]t its prop]ties & be kn[n4 ,aggregations are organiz$ :oles only :5 !y behave z su* 9 ! pres5ce ( o!r ?+s4 ,a /atue is an aggregation ( p>ticles ( m>ble1 b z su* x has no unity4 ,= ! spectator x is "o2 9 itself x is an aggregate2 j z1 to ! consci\sness ( an ant crawl+ ov] x1 x may aga9 appe> a m]e aggregate4 ,no summ+ up ( p>ts c make an unity ( a mass ( discrete con/itu5ts1 unless ?is unity exi/ = "s o!r subject1 n = ! mass itself4#agd ,j s1 9 ! p>allelogram ( =ces1 ! '=ces' !mselves d n comb9e into ! diagonal resultant2 a body is ne$$ on :i* !y may imp+e1 to exhibit _! resultant effect4 ,no m d musical s\nds comb9e p] se into concords or discords4 ,concord & discord are names = _! comb9$ effects on t ext]nal m$ium1 ! e>4 ,:]e ! elem5tal units are suppos$ to be feel+s1 ! case is 9 no wise alt]$4 ,take a hundr$ ( !m1 %uffle !m & pack !m z close toge!r z y c 7:atev] t may mean72 /ill ea* rema9s ! same feel+ x always 01 %ut 9 its own sk91 w9d[less1 ignorant ( :at ! o!r feel+s are & mean4 ,!re w\ld be a hundr$-&-fir/ feel+ !re1 if1 :5 a gr\p or s]ies ( su* feel+s 7 set up1 a consci\sness belong+ to ! gr\p z su* %\ld em]ge4 ,& ?is #aja/ feel+ w\ld be a totally new fact2 ! #ajj orig9al feel+s might1 by a curi\s physical law1 be a signal = its creation1 :5 !y came toge!r2 b !y w\ld h no sub/antial id5tity ) x1 nor x ) !m1 & "o c\ld nev] d$uce ! "o f ! o!rs1 or 79 any intelligible s5se7 say t !y evolv$ x4 ,take a s5t5ce ( a doz5 words1 & take twelve m5 & tell to ea* "o ^w4 ,!n /& ! m5 9 a r[ or jam !m 9 a bun*1 & let ea* ?9k ( 8 ^w z int5tly z he w2 n[h]e w !re be a consci\sness ( ! :ole s5t5ce4#age ,we talk ( ! '_s ( ! age1' & ! 's5tim5t ( ! p1' & 9 v>i\s ways we hypo/atize 'public op9ion4' ,b we "k ?is to be symbolic spee*1 & nev] dream t ! _s1 op9ion1 s5tim5t1 etc41 con/itute a consci\sness o!r ?an1 & additional to1 t ( ! sev]al individuals :om ! words 'age1' 'p1' or 'public' d5ote4 ,! private m9ds d n agglom]ate into a high] comp\nd m9d4 ,?is has always be5 ! inv9cible cont5tion ( ! spirituali/s aga9/ ! associationi/s 9 ,psy*ology1--a cont5tion :i* we %all take up at great] l5g? 9 ,*apt] ,x4 ,! associationi/s say ! m9d is con/itut$ by a multiplicity ( di/9ct 'ideas' associat$ into a unity4 ,!re is1 !y say1 an idea ( a1 & also an idea ( b4 ,!re=e1 !y say1 !re is an idea ( a b1 or ( a & b toge!r4 ,:i* is l say+ t ! ma!matical squ>e ( a plus t ( b is equal to ! squ>e ( a b1 a palpable untru?4 ,idea ( a idea ( b is n id5tical ) idea ( 7a b74 ,x is "o1 !y are two2 9 x1 :at kn[s a also kn[s b2 9 !m1 :at kn[s a is expressly posit$ z n kn[+ b2 etc4 ,9 %ort1 ! two sep>ate ideas c nev] by any logic be made to figure z "o & ! same ?+ z ! 'associat$' idea4 ,?is is :at ! spirituali/s keep say+2 & s9ce we d1 z a matt] ( fact1 h ! 'comp\nd$' idea1 & d "k a & b toge!r1 !y adopt a f>!r hypo!sis to expla9 t fact4 ,! sep>ate ideas exi/1 !y say1 b affect a ?ird entity1 ! s\l4 ,?is has ! 'comp\nd$' idea1 if y please s to call x2 & ! comp\nd$ idea is an altoge!r new psy*ic fact to :i* ! sep>ate ideas /& 9 ! relation1 n ( con/itu5ts1 b ( occasions ( production4 ,?is argum5t ( ! spirituali/s aga9/ ! associationi/s has nev] be5 answ]$ by ! latt]4 ,x holds good aga9/ any talk ab\t self-comp\nd+ among/ feel+s1 aga9/ any 'bl5d+1' or 'complication1' or 'm5tal *emi/ry1' or 'psy*ic syn!sis1' :i* supposes a resultant consci\sness to float (f f ! con/itu5ts p] se1 9 ! abs5ce ( a sup]num]>y pr9ciple ( consci\sness :i* !y may affect4 ,! m9d-/uff !ory1 9 %ort1 is un9telligible4 ,atoms ( feel+ _c compose high] feel+s1 any m ?an atoms ( matt] c compose physical ?+s6 ,! '?+s1' = a cle>-head$ atomi/ic evolutioni/1 are n4 ,no?+ is b ! ev]la/+ atoms4 ,:5 gr\p$ 9 a c]ta9 way1 we "n !m ?is '?+' or t2 b ! ?+ we "n has no exi/5ce out ( our m9d4 ,s ( ! /ates ( m9d :i* are suppos$ to be comp\nd because !y "k _m diff]5t ?+s toge!r4 ,s9ce indubitably su* /ates d exi/1 !y mu/ exi/ z s+le new facts1 effects1 possibly1 z ! spirituali/s say1 on ! ,s\l 7we w n decide t po9t "h71 b at any rate indep5d5t & integral1 & n comp\nd$ ( psy*ic atoms4#agf ,,c ,,/ates ,,( ,,m9d ,,be ,,unconsci\s8 ,! passion = unity & smoo?ness is 9 "s m9ds s insatiate t1 9 spite ( ! logical cle>ness ( ^! reason+s & conclusions1 _m w fail to be influ5c$ by !m4 ,!y e/abli% a sort ( disjo9t$ness 9 ?+s :i* 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s w appe> intol]able4 ,!y sweep away all *ance ( 'pass+ )\t break' ei!r f ! mat]ial to ! m5tal1 or f ! l[] to ! high] m5tal2 & !y ?ru/ u back into a pluralism ( consci\snesses--ea* aris+ discont9u\sly 9 ! mid/ ( two disconnect$ worlds1 mat]ial & m5tal--:i* is ev5 worse ?an ! old notion ( ! sep>ate creation ( ea* p>ticul> s\l4 ,b ! malcont5ts w h>dly try to refute our reason+s by direct attack4 ,x is m probable t1 turn+ _! back ^u !m altoge!r1 !y w devote !mselves to sapp+ & m9+ ! region r\ndab\t until x is a bog ( logical liquefaction1 into ! mid/ ( :i* all def9ite conclusions ( any sort may be tru/$ ere long to s9k & disappe>4 ,our reason+s h assum$ t ! 'integration' ( a ?\s& psy*ic units mu/ be ei!r j ! units ov] aga91 simply rebaptiz$1 or else some?+ real1 b !n o!r ?an & additional to ^? units2 t if a c]ta9 exi/+ fact is t ( a ?\s& feel+s1 x _c at ! same "t be t ( ,,"o feel+2 = ! ess5ce ( feel+ is to be felt1 & z a psy*ic exi/5t feels1 s x mu/ be4 ,if ! "o feel+ feels l no "o ( ! ?\s&1 9 :at s5se c x be said to be ! ?\s&8 ,^! assumptions are :at ! moni/s w seek to und]m9e4 ,! ,hegeliz]s among/ !m w take high gr\nd at once1 & say t ! glory & beauty ( ! psy*ic life is t 9 x all contradictions f9d _! reconciliation2 & t x is j because ! facts we are consid]+ are facts ( ! self t !y are bo? "o & _m at ! same "t4 ,) ?is intellectual temp] ,i confess t ,i _c cont5d4 ,z 9 /rik+ at "s unresi/+ gossam] ) a club1 "o b ov]rea*es "o's self1 & ! ?+ "o aims at gets no h>m4 ,s ,i leave ?is s*ool to its devices4 ,! o!r moni/s are ( less deliquesc5t frame1 & try to break d[n di/9ctness among m5tal /ates by mak+ a di/9ction4 ,?is s\nds p>adoxical1 b x is only +5i\s4 ,! di/9ction is t betwe5 ! unconsci\s & ! consci\s be+ ( ! m5tal /ate4 ,x is ! sov]eign means = believ+ :at "o likes 9 psy*ology1 & ( turn+ :at might become a sci5ce into a tumbl+-gr\nd = :imsies4 ,x has num]\s *ampions1 & elaborate reasons to give = itself4 ,we mu/ !re=e accord x due consid]ation4 ,9 discuss+ ! "q3 ,,d ,,unconsci\s ,,m5tal ,,/ates ,,exi/8 x w be be/ to give ! li/ ( s-call$ pro(s z briefly z possible1 & to foll[ ea* by its objection1 z 9 s*ola/ic books4#agg ,fir/ ,pro(4 ,! m9imum visibile1 ! m9imum audibile1 are objects compos$ ( p>ts4 ,h[ c ! :ole affect ! s5se unless ea* "p does8 ,& yet ea* "p does s )\t be+ sep>ately s5sible4 ,leibnitz calls ! total consci\sness an 'ap]ception1' ! suppos$ ins5sible consci\sness by ! "n ( 'petites p]ceptions4' ,to judge ( ! latt]1 he says1 ,i am accu/om$ to use ! example ( ! ro>+ ( ! sea ) :i* "o is assail$ :5 ne> ! %ore4 ,to he> ?is noise z "o does1 "o mu/ he> ! p>ts :i* compose its totality1 t is1 ! noise ( ea* wave1444 al?\gh ?is noise w\ld n be notic$ if its wave 7 alone4 ,"o mu/ be affect$ a little by ! movem5t ( "o wave1 "o mu/ h "s p]ception ( ea* sev]al noise1 h[ev] small x be4 ,o!rwise "o w\ld n he> t ( #ajj1jjj waves1 = ( #ajj1jjj z]os "o c nev] make a quantity4#agh ,reply4 ,?is is an excell5t example ( ! s-call$ 'fallacy ( division1' or pr$icat+ :at is true only ( a collection1 ( ea* memb] ( ! collection di/ributively4 ,x no m foll[s t if a ?\s& ?+s toge!r cause s5sation1 "o ?+ alone mu/ cause x1 ?an x foll[s t if "o p\nd weight moves a balance1 !n "o ounce weight mu/ move x too1 9 less degree4 ,"o ounce weight does n move x at all2 its movem5t beg9s ) ! p\nd4 ,at mo/ we c say t ea* ounce affects x 9 "s way :i* helps ! adv5t ( t movem5t4 ,& s ea* infra-s5sible /imulus to a n]ve no d\bt affects ! n]ve & helps ! bir? ( s5sation :5 ! o!r /imuli come4 ,b ?is affection is a n]ve-affection1 & !re is n ! slighte/ gr\nd = suppos+ x to be a 'p]ception' unconsci\s ( itself4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( ! cause may be a necess>y condition to ! production ( any ( ! effect1#agi :5 ! latt] is a m5tal /ate4 ,second ,pro(4 ,9 all acquir$ dext]ities & habits1 second>ily automatic p]=mances z !y are call$1 we d :at orig9ally requir$ a *a9 ( delib]ately consci\s p]ceptions & volitions4 ,z ! actions /ill keep _! intellig5t "*1 intellig5ce mu/ /ill preside ov] _! execution4 ,b s9ce our consci\sness seems all ! :ile else:]e engag$1 su* intellig5ce mu/ consi/ ( unconsci\s p]ceptions1 inf]5ces1 & volitions4 ,reply4 ,!re is m ?an "o alt]native explanation 9 accordance ) l>g] bodies ( fact4 ,"o is t ! p]ceptions & volitions 9 habitual actions may be p]=m$ consci\sly1 only s quickly & inatt5tively t no memory ( !m rema9s4 ,ano!r is t ! consci\sness ( ^! actions exi/s1 b is split-(f f ! re/ ( ! consci\sness ( ! hemisph]es4 ,we %all f9d 9 ,*apt] ,x num]\s pro(s ( ! reality ( ?is split-(f condition ( portions ( consci\sness4 ,s9ce 9 man ! hemisph]es indubitably co-op]ate 9 ^! second>ily automatic acts1 x w n d to say ei!r t !y occur )\t consci\sness or t _! consci\sness is t ( ! l[] c5tres1 :i* we "k no?+ ab\t4 ,b ei!r lack ( memory or split-(f cortical consci\sness w c]ta9ly acc\nt = all ( ! facts4#ahj ,?ird ,pro(4 ,?9k+ ( ,a1 we pres5tly f9d ourselves ?9k+ ( ,c4 ,n[ ,b is ! natural logical l9k betwe5 ,a & ,c1 b we h no consci\sness ( hav+ ?\ght ( ,b4 ,x mu/ h be5 9 our m9d 'unconsci\sly1' & 9 t /ate affect$ ! sequ5ce ( our ideas4 ,reply4 ,"h aga9 we h a *oice betwe5 m plausible explanations4 ,ei!r ,b 0 consci\sly !re1 b ! next in/ant =gott51 or its bra9-tract alone 0 adequate to d ! :ole "w ( c\pl+ ,a ) ,c1 )\t ! idea ,b be+ ar\s$ at all1 :e!r consci\sly or 'unconsci\sly4' ,f\r? ,pro(4 ,problems unsolv$ :5 we g to b$ are f\nd solv$ 9 ! morn+ :5 we wake4 ,somnambuli/s d rational ?+s4 ,we awak5 punctually at an h\r pr$et]m9$ ov]night1 etc4 ,unconsci\s ?9k+1 volition1 "t-regi/ration1 etc41 mu/ h presid$ ov] ^! acts4 ,reply4 ,consci\sness =gott51 z 9 ! hypnotic trance4 ,fif? ,pro(4 ,"s pati5ts w (t51 9 an attack ( epilepti=m unconsci\sness1 g ?r\gh complicat$ processes1 su* z eat+ a d9n] 9 a re/aurant & pay+ = x1 or mak+ a viol5t homicidal attack4 ,9 trance1 artificial or pa?ological1 long & complex p]=mances1 involv+ ! use ( ! reason+ p[]s1 are execut$1 ( :i* ! pati5t is :olly unaw>e on com+ to4 ,reply4 ,rapid & complete oblivesc5ce is c]ta9ly ! explanation "h4 ,! analogue aga9 is hypnotism4 ,tell ! subject ( an hypnotic trance1 dur+ 8 trance1 t he w rememb]1 & he may rememb] ev]y?+ p]fectly :5 he awakes1 ?\gh )\t y\r tell+ him no memory w\ld h rema9$4 ,! extremely rapid oblivesc5ce ( common dreams is a famili> fact4 ,six? ,pro(4 ,9 a musical concord ! vibrations ( ! sev]al notes are 9 relatively simple ratios4 ,! m9d mu/ unconsci\sly c\nt ! vibrations1 & be pleas$ by ! simplicity :i* x f9ds4 ,reply4 ,! bra9-process produc$ by ! simple ratios may be z directly agreeable z ! consci\s process ( comp>+ !m w\ld be4 ,no c\nt+1 ei!r consci\s or 'unconsci\s1' is requir$4 ,sev5? ,pro(4 ,e h\r we make !oretic judgm5ts & emotional reactions1 & exhibit practical t5d5cies1 = :i* we c give no explicit logical ju/ification1 b :i* are good inf]5ces f c]ta9 premises4 ,we "k m ?an we c say4 ,our conclusions run ahead ( our p[] to analyze _! gr\nds4 ,a *ild1 ignorant ( ! axiom t two ?+s equal to ! same are equal to ea* o!r1 applies x nev]!less 9 8 concrete judgm5ts un]r+ly4 ,a boor w use ! dictum de omni et nullo :o is unable to und]/& x 9 ab/ract t]ms4 ,we seldom consci\sly ?9k h[ our h\se is pa9t$1 :at ! %ade ( x is1 :at ! patt]n ( our furniture is1 or :e!r ! door op5s to ! "r or left1 or out or 94 ,b h[ quickly %\ld we notice a *ange 9 any ( ^! ?+s6 ,?9k ( ! door y h mo/ (t5 op5$1 & tell1 if y c1 :e!r x op5s to ! "r or left1 out or 94 ,yet :5 y op5 ! door y nev] put ! h& on ! wrong side to f9d ! lat*1 nor try to pu% x :5 x op5s ) a pull4444 ,:at is ! precise *>act]i/ic 9 y\r fri5d's /ep t enables y to recognize x :5 he is com+8 ,did y ev] consci\sly ?9k ! idea1 'if ,i run into a solid piece ( matt] ,i %all get hurt1 or be h9d]$ 9 my progress'8 & d y avoid runn+ into ob/acles because y ev] di/9ctly conceiv$1 or consci\sly acquir$ & ?\ght1 t idea8#aha ,mo/ ( our k is at all times pot5tial4 ,we act 9 accordance ) ! :ole drift ( :at we h le>n$1 b few items rise into consci\sness at ! "t4 ,_m ( !m1 h[ev]1 we may recall at w4 ,all ?is co-op]ation ( unrealiz$ pr9ciples & facts1 ( pot5tial k1 ) our actual ?\ght is q inexplicable unless we suppose ! p]petual exi/5ce ( an imm5se mass ( ideas 9 an unconsci\s /ate1 all ( !m ex]t+ a /eady pressure & influ5ce ^u our consci\s ?9k+1 & _m ( !m 9 su* cont9uity ) x z ev] & anon to become consci\s !mselves4 ,reply4 ,no su* mass ( ideas is supposable4 ,b !re are all k9ds ( %ort-cuts 9 ! bra92 & processes n ar\s$ /rongly en\gh to give any 'idea' di/9ct en\gh to be a premise1 may1 nev]!less1 help to det]m9e j t resultant process ( ^: psy*ic accompanim5t ! said idea w\ld be a premise1 if ! idea exi/$ at all4 ,a c]ta9 ov]tone may be a feature ( my fri5d's voice1 & may conspire ) ! o!r tones !re( to ar\se 9 my bra9 ! process :i* sugge/s to my consci\sness 8 "n4 ,& yet ,i may be ignorant ( ! ov]tone p] se1 & unable1 ev5 :5 he speaks1 to tell :e!r x be !re or no4 ,x leads me to ! idea ( ! "n2 b x produces 9 me no su* c]ebral process z t to :i* ! idea ( ! ov]tone w\ld correspond4 ,& simil>ly ( our le>n+4 ,ea* subject we le>n leaves beh9d x a modification ( ! bra91 :i* makes x impossible = ! latt] to react ^u ?+s j z x did be=e2 & ! result ( ! diff]5ce may be a t5d5cy to act1 ?\gh ) no idea1 mu* z we %\ld if we 7 consci\sly ?9k+ ab\t ! subject4 ,! becom+ consci\s ( ! latt] at w is equally readily expla9$ z a result ( ! bra9-modification4 ,?is1 z ,wundt phrases x1 is a 'pr$isposition' to br+ =? ! consci\s idea ( ! orig9al subject1 a pr$isposition :i* o!r /imuli & bra9-processes may conv]t into an actual result4 ,b su* a pr$isposition is no 'unconsci\s idea2' x is only a p>ticul> collocation ( ! molecules 9 c]ta9 tracts ( ! bra94 ,eigh? ,pro(4 ,in/9cts1 z pursuits ( ends by appropriate means1 are manife/ations ( intellig5ce2 b z ! ends are n =ese51 ! intellig5ce mu/ be unconsci\s4 ,reply4 ,*apt] ,,xxiv w %[ t all ! ph5om5a ( in/9ct are explicable z actions ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 me*anically dis*>g$ by /imuli to ! s5ses4 ,n9? ,pro(4 ,9 s5se-p]ception we h results 9 abundance1 :i* c only be expla9$ z conclusions drawn by a process ( unconsci\s inf]5ce f data giv5 to s5se4 ,a small human image on ! ret9a is ref]r$1 n to a pygmy1 b to a di/ant man ( normal size4 ,a c]ta9 gray pat* is inf]r$ to be a :ite object se5 9 a dim light4 ,(t5 ! inf]5ce leads u a/ray3 e4g41 pale gray aga9/ pale gre5 looks r$1 because we take a wrong premise to argue f4 ,we ?9k a gre5 film is spread ov] ev]y?+2 & kn[+ t "u su* a film a r$ ?+ w\ld look gray1 we wrongly inf] f ! gray appe>ance t a r$ ?+ mu/ be !re4 ,our /udy ( space-p]ception 9 ,*apt] ,,xviii w give abundant additional examples bo? ( ! tru?ful & illusory p]cepts :i* h be5 expla9$ to result f unconsci\s logic op]ations4 ,reply4 ,t *apt] w also 9 _m cases refute ?is explanation4 ,color-& light-contra/ are c]ta9ly purely s5sational affairs1 9 :i* inf]5ce plays no "p4 ,?is has be5 satisfactorily prov$ by ,h]+1#ahb & %all be treat$ ( aga9 9 ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,our rapid judgm5ts ( size1 %ape1 di/ance1 & ! l1 are be/ expla9$ z processes ( simple c]ebral association4 ,c]ta9 s5se-impressions directly /imulate bra9-tracts1 ( ^: activity ready-made consci\s p]cepts are ! imm$iate psy*ic c\nt]p>ts4 ,!y d ?is by a me*anism ei!r connate or acquir$ by habit4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t ,wundt & ,helmholtz1 :o 9 _! e>li] writ+s did m ?an any "o to give vogue to ! notion t unconsci\s inf]5ce is a vital factor 9 s5se-p]ception1 h se5 fit on lat] occasions to modify _! views & to admit t results l ^? ( reason+ may accrue )\t any actual reason+ process unconsci\sly tak+ place4#ahc ,maybe ! excessive & riot\s applications made by ,h>tmann ( _! pr9ciple h l$ !m to ?is *ange4 ,x w\ld be natural to feel t[>ds him z ! sailor 9 ! /ory felt t[>ds ! horse :o got 8 foot into ! /irrup1--,if y're go+ to get on1 ,i mu/ get (f4 ,h>tmann fairly boxes ! compass ( ! univ]se ) ! pr9ciple ( unconsci\s ?\ght4 ,= him !re is no namable ?+ t does n exemplify x4 ,b 8 logic is s lax & 8 failure to consid] ! mo/ obvi\s alt]natives s complete t x w\ld1 on ! :ole1 be a wa/e ( "t to look at 8 argum5ts 9 detail4 ,! same is true ( ,s*op5hau]1 9 :om ! my?ology rea*es its climax4 ,! visual p]ception1 = example1 ( an object 9 space results1 accord+ to him1 f ! intellect p]=m+ ! foll[+ op]ations1 all unconsci\s4 ,fir/1 x appreh5ds ! inv]t$ ret9al image & turns x "r side up1 con/ruct+ flat space z a prelim9>y op]ation2 !n x computes f ! angle ( conv]g5ce ( ! eyeballs t ! two ret9al images mu/ be ! projection ( b a s+le object2 ?irdly1 x con/ructs ! ?ird dim5sion & sees ?is object solid2 f\r?ly1 x assigns its di/ance2 & fif?ly1 9 ea* & all ( ^! op]ations x gets ! objective "* ( :at x 'con/ructs' by unconsci\sly inf]r+ x z ! only possible cause ( "s s5sation :i* x unconsci\sly feels4#ahd ,comm5t on ?is seems h>dly call$ =4 ,x is1 z ,i said1 pure my?ology4 ,none ( ^! facts1 !n1 appeal$ to s confid5tly 9 pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ideas 9 an unconsci\s /ate1 prove any?+ ( ! sort4 ,!y prove ei!r t consci\s ideas 7 pres5t :i* ! next in/ant 7 =gott52 or !y prove t c]ta9 results1 simil> to results ( reason+1 may be wr\ght out by rapid bra9-processes to :i* no ideation seems atta*$4 ,b !re is "o m argum5t to be alleg$1 less obvi\sly insuffici5t ?an ^? :i* we h review$1 & dem&+ a new sort ( reply4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t5? ,pro(4 ,!re is a great class ( exp]i5ces 9 our m5tal life :i* may be describ$ z discov]ies t a subjective condition :i* we h be5 hav+ is really some?+ diff]5t f :at we _h suppos$4 ,we sudd5ly f9d ourselves bor$ by a ?+ :i* we ?\ght we 7 enjoy+ well en\gh2 or 9 love ) a p]son :om we imag9$ we only lik$4 ,or else we delib]ately analyze our motives1 & f9d t at bottom !y conta9 jeal\sies & cupidities :i* we little suspect$ to be !re4 ,our feel+s t[>ds p are p]fect wells ( motivation1 unconsci\s ( itself1 :i* introspection br+s to light4 ,& our s5sations likewise3 we con/antly discov] new elem5ts 9 s5sations :i* we h be5 9 ! habit ( receiv+ all our days1 elem5ts1 too1 :i* h be5 !re f ! fir/1 s9ce o!rwise we %\ld h be5 unable to di/+ui% ! s5sations conta9+ !m f o!rs ne>ly alli$4 ,! elem5ts mu/ exi/1 = we use !m to discrim9ate by2 b !y mu/ exi/ 9 an unconsci\s /ate1 s9ce we s completely fail to s+le !m out4#ahe ,! books ( ! analytic s*ool ( psy*ology ab\nd 9 examples ( ! k9d4 ,:o kn[s ! c\ntless associations t m+le ) 8 ea* & e ?\ght8 ,:o c pick ap>t all ! nameless feel+s t /ream 9 at e mom5t f 8 v>i\s int]nal organs1 muscles1 he>t1 gl&s1 lungs1 etc41 & compose 9 _! totality 8 s5se ( bodily life8 ,:o is aw>e ( ! "p play$ by feel+s ( inn]vation & sugge/ions ( possible muscul> ex]tion 9 all 8 judgm5ts ( di/ance1 %ape1 & size8 ,consid]1 too1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a s5sation :i* we simply h & "o :i* we att5d to4 ,att5tion gives results t seem l fre% creations2 & yet ! feel+s & elem5ts ( feel+ :i* x reveals mu/ h be5 already !re--9 an unconsci\s /ate4 ,we all "k practically ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! s-call$ sonant & ! s-call$ surd consonants1 betwe5 ,d1 ,b1 ,z1 ,g1 ,v1 & ,t1 ,p1 ,s1 ,k1 ,f1 respectively4 ,b comp>atively few p]sons "k ! diff]5ce !oretically1 until _! att5tion has be5 call$ to :at x is1 :5 !y p]ceive x readily en\gh4 ,! sonants are no?+ b ! surds plus a c]ta9 elem5t1 :i* is alike 9 all1 sup]add$4 ,t elem5t is ! l>yngeal s\nd ) :i* !y are utt]$1 surds hav+ no su* accompanim5t4 ,:5 we he> ! sonant lett]1 bo? its compon5t elem5ts mu/ really be 9 our m9d2 b we rema9 unconsci\s ( :at !y really are1 & mi/ake ! lett] = a simple quality ( s\nd until an ef=t ( att5tion tea*es u its two compon5ts4 ,!re exi/ a ho/ ( s5sations :i* mo/ m5 pass ?r\gh life & nev] att5d to1 & consequ5tly h only 9 an unconsci\s way4 ,! feel+s ( op5+ & clos+ ! glottis1 ( mak+ t5se ! tympanic membrane1 ( accommodat+ = ne> vision1 ( int]cept+ ! passage f ! no/rils to ! ?roat1 are in/ances ( :at ,i mean4 ,e "o gets ^! feel+s _m times an h\r2 b few read]s1 probably1 are consci\s ( exactly :at s5sations are meant by ! names ,i h j us$4 ,all ^! facts1 & an enorm\s numb] m1 seem to prove conclusively t1 9 addition to ! fully consci\s way 9 :i* an idea may exi/ 9 ! m9d1 !re is also an unconsci\s way2 t x is unque/ionably ! same id5tical idea :i* exi/s 9 ^! two ways2 & t !re=e any argum5ts aga9/ ! m9d-/uff !ory1 bas$ on ! notion t esse 9 our m5tal life is s5tiri1 & t an idea mu/ consci\sly be felt z :at x is1 fall to ! gr\nd4 ,objection4 ,^! reason+s are "o tissue ( confusion4 ,two /ates ( m9d :i* ref] to ! same ext]nal reality1 or two /ates ( m9d ! lat] "o ( :i* ref]s to ! e>li]1 are describ$ z ! same /ate ( m9d1 or 'idea1' publi%$ z x 7 9 two editions2 & !n :atev] qualities ( ! second edition are f\nd op5ly lack+ 9 ! fir/ are expla9$ z hav+ really be5 !re1 only 9 an 'unconsci\s' way4 ,x w\ld be difficult to believe t intellig5t m5 c\ld be guilty ( s pat5t a fallacy1 7 n ! hi/ory ( psy*ology !re to give ! pro(4 ,! psy*ological /ock-9-trade ( "s au?ors is ! belief t two ?\ghts ab\t "o ?+ are virtually ! same ?\ght1 & t ?is same ?\ght may 9 subsequ5t reflections become m & m consci\s ( :at x really 0 all along f ! fir/4 ,b once make ! di/9ction betwe5 simply hav+ an idea at ! mom5t ( its pres5ce & subsequ5tly kn[+ all sorts ( ?+s ab\t x2 make moreov] t betwe5 a /ate ( m9d itself1 tak5 z a subjective fact1 on ! "o h&1 & ! objective ?+ x kn[s1 on ! o!r1 & "o has no difficulty 9 escap+ f ! labyr9?4 ,take ! latt] di/9ction fir/3 ,imm$iately all ! argum5ts bas$ on s5sations & ! new features 9 !m :i* att5tion br+s to light fall to ! gr\nd4 ,! s5sations ( ! ,b & ! ,v :5 we att5d to ^! s\nds & analyze out ! l>yngeal contribution :i* makes !m diff] f ,p & ,f respectively1 are diff]5t s5sations f ^? ( ! ,b & ! ,v tak5 9 a simple way4 ,!y /&1 x is true1 = ! same lett]s1 & ?us mean ! same out] realities2 b !y are diff]5t m5tal affections1 & c]ta9ly dep5d on widely diff]5t processes ( c]ebral activity4 ,x is unbelievable t two m5tal /ates s diff]5t z ! passive reception ( a s\nd z a :ole1 & ! analysis ( t :ole into di/9ct +r$i5ts by volunt>y att5tion1 %\ld be due to processes at all simil>4 ,& ! subjective diff]5ce does n consi/ 9 t ! fir/-nam$ /ate is ! second 9 an 'unconsci\s' =m4 ,x is an absolute psy*ic diff]5ce1 ev5 great] ?an t betwe5 ! /ates to :i* two diff]5t surds w give rise4 ,! same is true ( ! o!r s5sations *os5 z examples4 ,! man :o le>ns = ! fir/ "t h[ ! closure ( 8 glottis feels1 exp]i5ces 9 ?is discov]y an absolutely new psy*ic modification1 ! l ( :i* he nev] _h be=e4 ,he _h ano!r feel+ be=e1 a feel+ incessantly r5ew$1 & ( :i* ! same glottis 0 ! organic />t+ po9t2 b t 0 n ! lat] feel+ 9 an 'unconsci\s' /ate2 x 0 a feel+ sui g5]is altoge!r1 al?\gh x took cognizance ( ! same bodily "p1 ! glottis4 ,we %all see1 h]eaft]1 t ! same reality c be cogniz$ by an endless numb] ( psy*ic /ates1 :i* may diff] toto clo among !mselves1 )\t ceas+ on t acc\nt to ref] to ! reality 9 "q4 ,ea* ( !m is a consci\s fact3 none ( !m has any mode ( be+ :atev] except a c]ta9 way ( be+ felt at ! mom5t ( be+ pres5t4 ,x is simply un9telligible & fanta/ical to say1 because !y po9t to ! same out] reality1 t !y mu/ !re=e be s _m editions ( ! same 'idea1' n[ 9 a consci\s & n[ 9 an 'unconsci\s' phase4 ,!re is only "o 'phase' 9 :i* an idea c be1 & t is a fully consci\s condition4 ,if x is n 9 t condition1 !n x is n at all4 ,some?+ else is1 9 its place4 ,! some?+ else may be a m]ely physical bra9-process1 or x may be ano!r consci\s idea4 ,ei!r ( ^! ?+s may p]=m mu* ! same function z ! fir/ idea1 ref] to ! same object1 & r\ghly /& 9 ! same relations to ! up%ot ( our ?\ght4 ,b t is no reason :y we %\ld ?r[ away ! logical pr9ciple ( id5tity 9 psy*ology1 & say t1 h[ev] x may f>e 9 ! out] _w1 ! m9d at any rate is a place 9 :i* a ?+ c be all k9ds ( o!r ?+s )\t ceas+ to be itself z well4 ,n[ take ! o!r cases alleg$1 & ! o!r di/9ction1 t namely betwe5 hav+ a m5tal /ate & kn[+ all ab\t x4 ,! tru? is "h ev5 simpl] to unravel4 ,:5 ,i decide t ,i h1 )\t kn[+ x1 be5 = sev]al weeks 9 love1 ,i am simply giv+ a "n to a /ate :i* previ\sly ,i h n nam$1 b :i* 0 fully consci\s2 :i* _h no residual mode ( be+ except ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 consci\s2 & :i*1 ?\gh x 0 a feel+ t[>ds ! same p]son = :om ,i n[ h a mu* m inflam$ feel+1 & ?\gh x cont9u\sly l$ into ! latt]1 & is simil> en\gh to be call$ by ! same "n1 is yet 9 no s5se id5tical ) ! latt]1 & lea/ ( all 9 an 'unconsci\s' way4 ,aga91 ! feel+s f our visc]a & o!r dimly-felt organs1 ! feel+s ( inn]vation 7if su* !re be71 & ^? ( muscul> ex]tion :i*1 9 our spatial judgm5ts1 are suppos$ unconsci\sly to det]m9e :at we %all p]ceive1 are j exactly :at we feel !m1 p]fectly det]m9ate consci\s /ates1 n vague editions ( o!r consci\s /ates4 ,!y may be fa9t & weak2 !y may be v vague cogniz]s ( ! same realities :i* o!r consci\s /ates cognize & "n exactly2 !y may be unconsci\s ( mu* 9 ! reality :i* ! o!r /ates are consci\s (4 ,b t does n make !m 9 !mselves a :it dim or vague or unconsci\s4 ,!y are et]nally z !y feel :5 !y exi/1 & c1 nei!r actually nor pot5tially1 be id5tifi$ ) any?+ else ?an _! own fa9t selves4 ,a fa9t feel+ may be look$ back ^u & classifi$ & und]/ood 9 its relations to :at w5t be=e or aft] x 9 ! /ream ( ?\ght4 ,b x1 on ! "o h&1 & ! lat] /ate ( m9d :i* kn[s all ^! ?+s ab\t x1 on ! o!r1 are surely n two conditions1 "o consci\s & ! o!r 'unconsci\s1' ( ! same id5tical psy*ic fact4 ,x is ! de/9y ( ?\ght t1 on ! :ole1 our e>ly ideas are sup]s$$ by lat] ones1 giv+ full] acc\nts ( ! same realities4 ,b none ! less d ! e>li] & ! lat] ideas pres]ve _! own sev]al sub/antive id5tities z s _m sev]al successive /ates ( m9d4 ,to believe ! contr>y w\ld make any def9ite sci5ce ( psy*ology impossible4 ,! only id5tity to be f\nd among our successive ideas is _! simil>ity ( cognitive or repres5tative function z deal+ ) ! same objects4 ,id5tity ( be+1 !re is none2 & ,i believe t ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ?is volume ! read] w reap ! advantages ( ! simpl] way ( =mulat+ ! facts :i* is "h begun4#ahf 99 99 99 99 99 ,s we seem n only to h asc]ta9$ ! un9telligibility ( ! notion t a m5tal fact c be two ?+s at once1 & t :at seems l "o feel+1 ( blu5ess = example1 or ( hatr$1 may really & 'unconsci\sly' be t5 ?\s& elem5t>y feel+s :i* d n resemble blu5ess or hatr$ at all1 b we f9d t we c express all ! obs]v$ facts 9 o!r ways4 ,! m9d-/uff !ory1 h[ev]1 ?\gh scot*$1 is1 we may be sure1 n kill$4 ,if we ascribe consci\sness to unicellul> animalcules1 !n s+le cells c h x1 & analogy %\ld make u ascribe x to ! sev]al cells ( ! bra91 ea* individually tak54 ,& :at a conv5i5ce w\ld x n be = ! psy*ologi/ if1 by ! add+ toge!r ( v>i\s doses ( ?is sep>ate-cell-consci\sness1 he c\ld treat ?\ght z a k9d ( /uff or mat]ial1 to be measur$ out 9 great or small am\nt1 increas$ & subtract$ f1 & bal$ ab\t at w6 ,he feels an imp]i\s crav+ to be all[$ to con/ruct syn!tically ! successive m5tal /ates :i* he describes4 ,! m9d-/uff !ory s easily admits ( ! con/ruction be+ made1 t x seems c]ta9 t 'man's unconqu]able m9d' w devote mu* future p]t9acity & +5uity to sett+ x on its legs aga9 & gett+ x into "s sort ( plausible work+-ord]4 ,i w !re=e conclude ! *apt] ) "s consid]ation ( ! rema9+ difficulties :i* beset ! matt] z x at pres5t /&s4 ,,difficulty ,,( ,,/at+ ,,! ,,connection ,,betwe5 ,,m9d ,,& ,,bra94 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 our criticism ( ! !ory ( ! integration ( successive consci\s units into a feel+ ( musical pit*1 we decid$ t :atev] integration !re 0 0 t ( ! air-pulses into a simpl] & simpl] sort ( physical effect1 z ! propagations ( mat]ial *ange got high] & high] 9 ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,at la/1 we said 7p4 #bc71 !re results "s simple & massive process 9 ! auditory c5tres ( ! hemisph]ical cortex1 to :i*1 z a :ole1 ! feel+ ( musical pit* directly corresponds4 ,already1 9 discuss+ ! localization ( functions 9 ! bra91 ,i _h said 7pp4 #aeh-i7 t consci\sness accompanies ! /ream ( inn]vation ?r\gh t organ & v>ies 9 quality ) ! "* ( ! curr5ts1 be+ ma9ly ( ?+s se5 if ! occipital lobes are mu* involv$1 ( ?+s he>d if ! action is focaliz$ 9 ! temporal lobes1 etc41 etc42 & ,i _h add$ t a vague =mula l ?is 0 z mu* z "o c\ld safely v5ture on 9 ! actual /ate ( physiology4 ,! facts ( m5tal deafness & bl9dness1 ( auditory & optical aphasia1 %[ u t ! :ole bra9 mu/ act toge!r if c]ta9 ?\ghts are to occur4 ,! consci\sness1 :i* is itself an integral ?+ n made ( p>ts1 'corresponds' to ! entire activity ( ! bra91 :atev] t may be1 at ! mom5t4 ,?is is a way ( express+ ! relation ( m9d & bra9 f :i* ,i %all n dep>t dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! book1 because x expresses ! b>e ph5om5al fact ) no hypo!sis1 & is expos$ to no su* logical objections z we h f\nd to cl+ to ! !ory ( ideas 9 comb9ation4 ,nev]!less1 ?is =mula :i* is s unobjectionable if tak5 vaguely1 positivi/ically1 or sci5tifically1 z a m]e empirical law ( concomitance betwe5 our ?\ghts & our bra91 tumbles to pieces entirely if we assume to repres5t any?+ m intimate or ultimate by x4 ,! ultimate ( ultimate problems1 ( c\rse1 9 ! /udy ( ! relations ( ?\ght & bra91 is to und]/& :y & h[ su* disp>ate ?+s are connect$ at all4 ,b be=e t problem is solv$ 7if x ev] is solv$7 !re is a less ultimate problem :i* mu/ fir/ be settl$4 ,be=e ! connection ( ?\ght & bra9 c be expla9$1 x mu/ at lea/ be /at$ 9 an elem5t>y =m2 & !re are great difficulties ab\t s /at+ x4 ,to /ate x 9 elem5t>y =m "o mu/ r$uce x to its l[e/ t]ms & "k :i* m5tal fact & :i* c]ebral fact are1 s to speak1 9 imm$iate juxtaposition4 ,we mu/ f9d ! m9imal m5tal fact ^: be+ reposes directly on a bra9-fact2 & we mu/ simil>ly f9d ! m9imal bra9-ev5t :i* w h a m5tal c\nt]p>t at all4 ,betwe5 ! m5tal & ! physical m9ima ?us f\nd !re w be an imm$iate relation1 ! expression ( :i*1 if we _h x1 w\ld be ! elem5t>y psy*o-physic law4 ,our own =mula escapes ! un9telligibility ( psy*ic atoms by tak+ ! entire ?\ght 7ev5 ( a complex object7 z ! m9imum ) :i* x deals on ! m5tal side4 ,b 9 tak+ ! entire bra9-process z its m9imal fact on ! mat]ial side x confronts o!r difficulties almo/ z bad4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x ignores analogies on :i* c]ta9 critics w insi/1 ^?1 namely1 betwe5 ! composition ( ! total bra9-process & t ( ! object ( ! ?\ght4 ,! total bra9-process is compos$ ( p>ts1 ( simultane\s processes 9 ! see+1 ! he>+1 ! feel+1 & o!r c5tres4 ,! object ?\ght ( is also compos$ ( p>ts1 "s ( :i* are se51 o!rs he>d1 o!rs p]ceiv$ by t\* & muscul> manipulation4 ,h[ !n1 ^! critics w say1 %\ld ! ?\ght n itself be compos$ ( p>ts1 ea* ! c\nt]p>t ( a "p ( ! object & ( a "p ( ! bra9-process8 ,s natural is ?is way ( look+ at ! matt] t x has giv5 rise to :at is on ! :ole ! mo/ fl\ri%+ ( all psy*ological sy/ems--t ( ! ,lockian s*ool ( associat$ ideas--( :i* s*ool ! m9d-/uff !ory is no?+ b ! la/ & subtle/ (f%oot4 ,! second difficulty is deep] /ill4 ,! 'entire bra9-process' is n a physical fact at all4 ,x is ! appe>ance to an onlook+ m9d ( a multitude ( physical facts4 ',entire bra9' is no?+ b our "n = ! way 9 :i* a million ( molecules arrang$ 9 c]ta9 positions may affect our s5se4 ,on ! pr9ciples ( ! corpuscul> or me*anical philosophy1 ! only realities are ! sep>ate molecules1 or at mo/ ! cells4 ,_! aggregation into a 'bra9' is a fiction ( popul> spee*4 ,su* a fiction _c s]ve z ! objectively real c\nt]p>t to any psy*ic /ate :atev]4 ,only a g5u9ely physical fact c s s]ve4 ,b ! molecul> fact is ! only g5u9e physical fact--:]eupon we seem1 if we are to h an elem5t>y psy*o-physic law at all1 ?ru/ "r back ^u some?+ l ! m9d-/uff !ory1 = ! molecul> fact1 be+ an elem5t ( ! 'bra91' w\ld seem naturally to correspond1 n to ! total ?\ghts1 b to elem5ts 9 ! ?\ght4 ,:at %all we d8 ,_m w\ld f9d relief at ?is po9t 9 celebrat+ ! my/]y ( ! ,unkn[able & ! 'awe' :i* we %\ld feel at hav+ su* a pr9ciple to take f9al *>ge ( our p]plexities4 ,o!rs w\ld rejoice t ! f9ite & sep>ati/ view ( ?+s ) :i* we />t$ _h at la/ develop$ its contradictions1 & 0 ab\t to lead u dialectically upw>ds to "s 'high] syn!sis' 9 :i* inconsi/5cies cease f tr\bl+ & logic is at re/4 ,x may be a con/itutional infirmity1 b ,i c take no com=t 9 su* devices = mak+ a luxury ( intellectual defeat4 ,!y are b spiritual *lor(orm4 ,bett] live on ! ragg$ edge1 bett] gnaw ! file =ev]6 ,,! ,,mat]ial-,,monad ,,!ory4 ,! mo/ rational ?+ to d is to suspect t !re may be a ?ird possibility1 an alt]native supposition :i* we h n consid]$4 ,n[ !re is an alt]native supposition--a supposition moreov] :i* has be5 frequ5tly made 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 & :i* is fre] f logical objections ?an ei!r ( ! views we h ourselves discuss$4 ,x may be call$ ! !ory ( polyzoism or multiple monadism2 & x conceives ! matt] ?us3 ,e bra9-cell has its own individual consci\sness1 :i* no o!r cell kn[s any?+ ab\t1 all individual consci\snesses be+ 'ejective' to ea* o!r4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 among ! cells "o c5tral or pontifical "o to :i* our consci\sness is atta*$4 ,b ! ev5ts ( all ! o!r cells physically influ5ce ?is ar*-cell2 & ?r\gh produc+ _! jo9t effects on x1 ^! o!r cells may be said to 'comb9e4' ,! ar*-cell is1 9 fact1 "o ( ^? 'ext]nal m$ia' )\t :i* we saw t no fusion or integration ( a numb] ( ?+s c occur4 ,! physical modifications ( ! ar*-cell ?us =m a sequ5ce ( results 9 ! production :]e( e o!r cell has a %>e1 s t1 z "o might say1 e o!r cell is repres5t$ !re94 ,& simil>ly1 ! consci\s correlates to ^! physical modifications =m a sequ5ce ( ?\ghts or feel+s1 ea* "o ( :i* is1 z to its sub/antive be+1 an integral & uncomp\nd$ psy*ic ?+1 b ea* "o ( :i* may 79 ! ex]cise ( its cognitive function7 be aw>e ( ,,?+s _m & complicat$ 9 proportion to ! numb] ( o!r cells t h help$ to modify ! c5tral cell4 ,by a conception ( ?is sort1 "o incurs nei!r ( ! int]nal contradictions :i* we f\nd to beset ! o!r two !ories4 ,"o has no un9telligible self-comb9+ ( psy*ic units to acc\nt = on ! "o h&2 & on ! o!r h&1 "o ne$ n treat z ! physical c\nt]p>t ( ! /ream ( consci\sness "u obs]vation1 a 'total bra9-activity' :i* is non-exi/5t z a g5u9ely physical fact4 ,b1 to (fset ^! advantages1 "o has physiological difficulties & improbabilities4 ,!re is no cell or gr\p ( cells 9 ! bra9 ( su* anatomical or functional pre-em95ce z to appe> to be ! key/one or c5tre ( gravity ( ! :ole sy/em4 ,& ev5 if !re 7 su* a cell1 ! !ory ( multiple monadism w\ld1 9 /rictness ( ?\ght1 h no "r to /op at x & treat x z a unit4 ,! cell is no m a unit1 mat]ially consid]$1 ?an ! total bra9 is a unit4 ,x is a comp\nd ( molecules1 j z ! bra9 is a comp\nd ( cells & fibres4 ,& ! molecules1 accord+ to ! preval5t physical !ories1 are 9 turn comp\nds ( atoms4 ,! !ory 9 "q1 !re=e1 if radically c>ri$ out1 mu/ set up = its elem5t>y & irr$ucible psy*o-physic c\ple1 n ! cell & its consci\sness1 b ! primordial & et]nal atom & its consci\sness4 ,we are back at ,leibnitzian monadism1 & !re) leave physiology beh9d u & dive into regions inaccessible to exp]i5ce & v]ification2 & our doctr9e1 al?\gh n self-contradictory1 becomes s remote & unreal z to be almo/ z bad z if x 74 ,speculative m9ds alone w take an int]e/ 9 x2 & metaphysics1 n psy*ology1 w be responsible = its c>e]4 ,t ! c>e] may be a successful "o mu/ be admitt$ z a possibility--a !ory :i* ,leibnitz1 ,h]b>t1 & ,lotze h tak5 "u _! protection mu/ h "s sort ( a de/9y4 ,,! ,,s\l-,,!ory4 ,b is ?is my la/ ^w8 ,by no means4 ,_m read]s h c]ta9ly be5 say+ to !mselves = ! la/ few pages3 ,:y on e>? doesn't ! poor man say ! ,s\l & h done ) x8 ,o!r read]s1 ( anti-spirituali/ic tra9+ & prepossessions1 advanc$ ?9k]s1 or popul> evolutioni/s1 w p]haps be a little surpris$ to f9d ?is mu*-despis$ ^w n[ sprung ^u !m at ! end ( s physiological a tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,b ! pla9 fact is t all ! argum5ts = a 'pontifical cell' or an 'ar*-monad' are also argum5ts = t well-kn[n spiritual ag5t 9 :i* s*ola/ic psy*ology & common-s5se h always believ$4 ,& my only reason = beat+ ! bu%es s1 & n br++ x 9 e>li] z a possible solution ( our difficulties1 has be5 t by ?is proc$ure ,i might p]haps =ce "s ( ^! mat]iali/ic m9ds to feel ! m /rongly ! logical respectability ( ! spirituali/ic position4 ,! fact is t "o _c af=d to despise any ( ^! great traditional objects ( belief4 ,:e!r we realize x or n1 !re is always a great drift ( reasons1 positive & negative1 t[+ u 9 _! direction4 ,if !re be su* entities z ,s\ls 9 ! univ]se1 !y may possibly be affect$ by ! manifold occurr5ces t g on 9 ! n]v\s c5tres4 ,to ! /ate ( ! entire bra9 at a giv5 mom5t !y may respond by inw>d modifications ( _! own4 ,^! *anges ( /ate may be pulses ( consci\sness1 cognitive ( objects few or _m1 simple or complex4 ,! s\l w\ld be ?us a m$ium ^u :i* 7to use our e>li] phraseology7 ! manifold bra9-processes comb9e _! effects4 ,n ne$+ to consid] x z ! 'inn] aspect' ( any ar*-molecule or bra9-cell1 we escape t physiological improbability2 & z its pulses ( consci\sness are unit>y & integral affairs f ! outset1 we escape ! absurdity ( suppos+ feel+s :i* exi/ sep>ately & !n 'fuse toge!r' by !mselves4 ,! sep>at5ess is 9 ! bra9-_w1 on ?is !ory1 & ! unity 9 ! s\l-_w2 & ! only tr\ble t rema9s to haunt u is ! metaphysical "o ( und]/&+ h[ "o sort ( _w or exi/5t ?+ c affect or influ5ce ano!r at all4 ,?is tr\ble1 h[ev]1 s9ce x also exi/s inside ( bo? worlds1 & involves nei!r physical improbability nor logical contradiction1 is relatively small4 ,i confess1 !re=e1 t to posit a s\l influ5c$ 9 "s my/]i\s way by ! bra9-/ates & respond+ to !m by consci\s affections ( its own1 seems to me ! l9e ( lea/ logical resi/ance1 s f> z we yet h atta9$4 ,if x does n /rictly expla9 any?+1 x is at any rate less positively objectionable ?an ei!r m9d-/uff or a mat]ial-monad cre$4 ,! b>e ,,ph5om5on1 h[ev]1 ! ,,imm$iately ,,kn[n ?+ :i* on ! m5tal side is 9 apposition ) ! entire bra9-process is ! /ate ( consci\sness & n ! s\l itself4 ,_m ( ! /an*e/ believ]s 9 ! s\l admit t we "k x only z an inf]5ce f exp]i5c+ its /ates4 ,9 ,*apt] ,x1 accord+ly1 we mu/ return to its consid]ation aga91 & ask ourselves :e!r1 aft] all1 ! asc]ta9m5t ( a blank unm$iat$ correspond5ce1 t]m = t]m1 ( ! succession ( /ates ( consci\sness ) ! succession ( total bra9-processes1 be n ! simple/ psy*o-physic =mula1 & ! la/ ^w ( a psy*ology :i* cont5ts itself ) v]ifiable laws1 & seeks only to be cle>1 & to avoid unsafe hypo!ses4 ,su* a m]e admission ( ! empirical p>allelism w !re appe> ! wise/ c\rse4 ,by keep+ to x1 our psy*ology w rema9 positivi/ic & non-metaphysical2 & al?\gh ?is is c]ta9ly only a provisional halt+-place1 & ?+s mu/ "s day be m ?or\ghly ?\ght out1 we %all abide !re 9 ?is book1 & j z we h reject$ m9d-du/1 we %all take no acc\nt ( ! s\l4 ,! spirituali/ic read] may nev]!less believe 9 ! s\l if he w2 :il/ ! positivi/ic "o :o wi%es to give a t+e ( my/]y to ! expression ( 8 positivism c cont9ue to say t nature 9 h] unfa?omable designs has mix$ u ( clay & flame1 ( bra9 & m9d1 t ! two ?+s hang indubitably toge!r & det]m9e ea* o!r's be+1 b h[ or :y1 no mortal may ev] "k4 ,,footnotes3 #afj ,psy*ol4 #fb4 #afa ,ibid4 #bgb4 #afb ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce1 #e? ed41 p4 #dbj4 #afc ,belfa/ ,address1 ',nature1' ,augu/ #bj1 #ahgd1 p4 #cah4 ,i _c help rem>k+ t ! disp>ity betwe5 motions & feel+s on :i* ^! au?ors lay s mu* /ress1 is some:at less absolute ?an at fir/ sight x seems4 ,!re are categories common to ! two worlds4 ,n only temporal succession 7z ,helmholtz admits1 ,physiol4 ,optik1 p4 #dde71 b su* attributes z int5sity1 volume1 simplicity or complication1 smoo? or imp$$ *ange1 re/ or agitation1 are habitually pr$icat$ ( bo? physical facts & m5tal facts4 ,:]e su* analogies obta91 ! ?+s d h some?+ 9 common4 #afd ,psy*ology1 #aca #afe ',nature1' z above1 #cag-h4 #aff ',nasc5t' is ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s great ^w4 ,9 %[+ h[ at a c]ta9 po9t consci\sness mu/ appe> ^u ! evolv+ sc5e ?is au?or fairly outdoes himself 9 vagu5ess4 ,9 its high] =ms1 ,in/9ct is probably accompani$ by a rudim5t>y consci\sness4 ,!re _c be co-ord9ation ( _m /imuli )\t "s ganglion ?r\gh :i* !y are all br\ght into relation4 ,9 ! process ( br++ !m into relation1 ?is ganglion mu/ be subject to ! influ5ce ( ea*--mu/ und]go _m *anges4 ,& ! quick succession ( *anges 9 a ganglion1 imply+ z x does p]petual exp]i5ces ( diff]5ces & lik5esses1 con/itutes ! raw mat]ial ( consci\sness4 ,! implication is t z fa/ z ,in/9ct is develop$1 "s k9d ( consci\sness becomes nasc5t4 7,psy*ology1 #aie47 ,! words 'raw mat]ial' & 'implication' :i* ,i h italiciz$ are ! words :i* d ! evolv+4 ,!y are suppos$ to h all ! rigor :i* ! 'syn!tic philosophy' requires4 ,9 ! foll[+ passage1 :5 'impressions' pass ?r\gh a common 'c5tre ( communication' 9 succession 7mu* z p might pass into a !atre ?r\gh a turn/ile7 consci\sness1 non-exi/5t until !n1 is suppos$ to result3 ,sep>ate impressions are receiv$ by ! s5ses--by diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,if !y g no fur!r ?an ! places at :i* !y are receiv$1 !y are useless4 ,or if only "s ( !m are br\ght into relation ) "o ano!r1 !y are useless4 ,t an effectual adju/m5t may be made1 !y mu/ be all br\ght into relation ) "o ano!r4 ,b ?is implies "s c5tre ( communication common to !m all1 ?r\gh :i* !y sev]ally pass2 & z !y _c pass ?r\gh x simultane\sly1 !y mu/ pass ?r\gh x 9 succession4 ,s t z ! ext]nal ph5om5a respond$ to become great] 9 numb] & m complicat$ 9 k9d1 ! v>iety & rapidity ( ! *anges to :i* ?is common c5tre ( communication is subject mu/ increase--!re mu/ result an unbrok5 s]ies ( ^! *anges-!re mu/ arise a consci\sness4 ,h5ce ! progress ( ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! organism & its environm5t necessitates a gradual r$uction ( ! s5sorial *anges to a succession2 & by s do+ evolves a di/9ct consci\sness--a consci\sness t becomes high] z ! succession becomes m rapid & ! correspond5ce m complete4 7,ibid4 #agi47 ,x is true t 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review 7vol4 xiv1 p4 #gaf7 ,mr4 ,sp5c] d5ies t he means by ?is passage to tell u any?+ ab\t ! orig9 ( consci\sness at all4 ,x resembles1 h[ev]1 too _m o!r places 9 8 ,psy*ology 7e4g4 #dc1 #aaj1 #bdd7 n to be tak5 z a s]i\s attempt to expla9 h[ consci\sness mu/ at a c]ta9 po9t be 'evolv$4' ,t1 :5 a critic calls 8 att5tion to ! inanity ( 8 words1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] %\ld say he nev] meant any?+ p>ticul> by !m1 is simply an example ( ! sc&al\s vagu5ess ) :i* ?is sort ( '*romo-philosophy' is c>ri$ on4 #afg ,8 own words are3 ,mi/akes are made 9 ! s5se t he admits hav+ be5 t\*$1 :5 9 reality x 0 radiant heat t affect$ 8 sk94 ,9 our own be=e-m5tion$ exp]im5ts !re 0 nev] any deception on ! entire palm> side ( ! h& or on ! face4 ,on ! back ( ! h& 9 "o case 9 a s]ies ( #fj /imulations #d mi/akes occurr$1 9 ano!r case #b mi/akes 9 #de /imulations4 ,on ! ext5sor side ( ! upp] arm #c deceptions out ( #dh /imulations 7 notic$1 & 9 ! case ( ano!r individual1 #a out ( #ca4 ,9 "o case ov] ! sp9e #c deceptions 9 a s]ies ( #aa excitations 7 obs]v$2 9 ano!r1 #d out ( #ai4 ,on ! lumb> sp9e #f deceptions came among #bi /imulations1 & aga9 #d out ( #g4 ,!re is c]ta9ly n yet en\gh mat]ial on :i* to re/ a calculation ( probabilities1 b any "o c easily conv9ce himself t on ! back !re is no "q ( ev5 a mod]ately accurate discrim9ation betwe5 w>m? & a light pressure s f> z b small portions ( sk9 come into play4 ,x has be5 z yet impossible to make correspond+ exp]im5ts ) reg>d to s5sibility to cold4 7,lehrb4 d4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol4 d4 ,s9nesorgane 7#ahfb71 p4 #bi47 #afh ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 #fj4 #afi ,oddly en\gh1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] seems q unaw>e ( ! g5]al function ( ! !ory ( elem5t>y units ( m9d-/uff 9 ! evolution>y philosophy4 ,we h se5 x to be absolutely indisp5sable1 if t philosophy is to "w1 to po/ulate consci\sness 9 ! nebula1---! simple/ way be+1 ( c\rse1 to suppose e atom animat$4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 h[ev]1 w h x 7e4g4 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 #ga7 t consci\sness is only ! occasional result ( ! 'trans=mation' ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( 'physical =ce' to :i* x is 'equival5t4' ,presumably a bra9 mu/ already be !re be=e any su* 'trans=mation' c take place2 & s ! argum5t quot$ 9 ! text /&s z a m]e local detail1 )\t g5]al be>+s4 #agj ,! comp\nd+ ( colors may be dealt ) 9 an id5tical way4 ,helmholtz has %[n t if gre5 light & r$ light fall simultane\sly on ! ret9a1 we see ! color yell[4 ,! m9d-/uff !ory w\ld int]pret ?is z a ease :]e ! feel+ gre5 & ! feel+ r$ 'comb9e' into ! t]tium quid ( feel+1 yell[4 ,:at really occurs is no d\bt t a ?ird k9d ( n]ve-process is set up :5 ! comb9$ lights imp+e on ! ret9a1--n simply ! process ( r$ plus ! process ( gre51 b some?+ q diff]5t f bo? or ei!r4 ,( c\rse1 !n1 !re are no feel+s1 ei!r ( r$ or ( gre51 pres5t to ! m9d at all2 b ! feel+ ( yell[ :i* is !re1 answ]s z directly to ! n]ve-process :i* mom5t>ily !n exi/s1 z ! feel+s ( gre5 & r$ w\ld answ] to _! respective n]ve-processes did ! latt] happ5 to be tak+ place4 #aga ,cf4 ,mill's ,logic1 book vi1 *ap4 iv1 #c4 #agb ,i f9d 9 my /ud5ts an almo/ inv9cible t5d5cy to ?9k t we c imm$iately p]ceive t feel+s d comb9e4 ,:at6 !y say1 is n ! ta/e ( lemonade compos$ ( t ( lemon plus t ( sug>8 ,?is is tak+ ! comb9+ ( objects = t ( feel+s4 ,! physical lemonade conta9s bo? ! lemon & ! sug>1 b its ta/e does n conta9 _! ta/es1 = if !re are any two ?+s :i* are c]ta9ly n pres5t 9 ! ta/e ( lemonade1 ^? are ! lemon-s\r on ! "o h& & ! sug>-sweet on ! o!r4 ,^! ta/es are abs5t utt]ly4 ,! entirely new ta/e :i* is pres5t resembles1 x is true1 bo? ^? ta/es2 b 9 ,*apt] ,,xiii we %all see t resemblance c n always be held to involve p>tial id5tity4 #agc ,e4 ,montgom]y1 9 ',m9d1' v1 #ah-ai4 ,see also pp4 #bd-e4 #agd ,j4 ,royce1 ',m9d1' vi1 p4 #cgf4 ,lotze has set =? ! tru? ( ?is law m cle>ly & copi\sly ?an any o!r writ]4 ,un=tunately he is too l5g?y to quote4 ,see 8 ,microcosmus1 bk4 ii1 *4 i1 #e2 ,metaphysik1 #bdb1 #bfj2 ,outl9es ( ,metaphysics1 "p ii1 *ap4 i1 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,comp>e also ,reid's ,intellectual ,p[]s1 essay v1 *ap4 iii1 ad f942 ,b[ne's ,metaphysics1 pp4 #cfa-gf2 ,/4 ,j4 ,miv>t3 ,nature & ,?\ght1 pp4 #ih-aja2 ,e4 ,gurney3 ',monism1' 9 ',m9d1' vi1 #aec2 & ! article by ,pr(4 ,royce1 j quot$1 on ',m9d-/uff & ,reality4' ,9 def5ce ( ! m9d-/uff view1 see ,w4 ,k4 ,clif=d3 ',m9d1' iii1 #eg 7repr9t$ 9 8 ',lectures & ,essays1' ii1 #ga72 ,g4 ,t4 ,fe*n]1 ,psy*ophysik1 ,bd4 ii1 cap4 xlv2 ,h4 ,ta9e3 on ,intellig5ce1 bk4 iii2 ,e4 ,haeckel3 ',zellseel5 u4 ,seel5zell5' 9 ,gesammelte pop4 ,vortrge1 ,bd4 i1 p4 #adc2 ,w4 ,s4 ,duncan3 ,consci\s ,matt]1 passim2 ,h4 ,zlln]3 ,natur d4 ,comet51 pp4 #cbj ff42 ,alfr$ ,b>ratt3 ',physical ,e?ic' & ',physical ,metempiric1' passim2 ,j4 ,s\ry3 ',hylozoismus1' 9 ',kosmos1' ,v4 ,jahrg41 ,heft x1 p4 #bda2 ,a4 ,ma93 ',m9d1' i1 #bib1 #dca1 #eff2 ii1 #abi1 #djb2 ,id4 ,revue ,philos41 ii1 #hf1 #hh1 #dai2 iii1 #ea1 #ejb2 iv1 #djb2 ,f4 ,w4 ,frankl&3 ',m9d1' vi1 #aaf2 ,:ittak]3 ',m9d1' vi1 #dih 7hi/orical72 ,morton ,pr9ce3 ,! ,nature ( ,m9d & ,human ,automatism 7#ahhe72 ,a4 ,riehl3 ,d] philosophis*e ,kriticismus1 ,bd4 ii1 ,!il #b1 #bt] ,abs*nitt1 #btes ,cap4 7#ahhg74 ,! cle>e/ ( all ^! ,/atem5ts is1 z f> z x goes1 t ( ,pr9ce4 #age ,someone might say t al?\gh x is true t nei!r a bl9d man nor a deaf man by himself c comp>e s\nds ) colors1 yet s9ce "o he>s & ! o!r sees !y might d s bo? toge!r4444 ,b :e!r !y are ap>t or close toge!r makes no diff]5ce2 n ev5 if !y p]man5tly keep h\se toge!r2 no1 n if !y 7 ,siamese tw9s1 or m ?an ,siamese tw9s1 & 7 insep>ably gr[n toge!r1 w\ld x make ! assumption any m possible4 ,only :5 s\nd & color are repres5t$ 9 ! same reality is x ?9kable t !y %\ld be comp>$4 7,br5tano3 ,psy*ologie1 p4 #bji47 #agf ,! read] mu/ obs]ve t we are reason+ altoge!r ab\t ! ,logic ( ! m9d-/uff !ory1 ab\t :e!r x c exi/ 9 ! con/itution ( high] m5tal /ates by view+ !m z id5tical ) l[] ones summ$ toge!r4 ,we say ! two sorts ( fact are n id5tical3 a high] /ate is n a lot ( l[] /ates2 x is itself4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a lot ( l[] /ates h come toge!r1 or :5 c]ta9 bra9-conditions occur toge!r :i*1 if !y occurr$ sep>ately1 w\ld produce a lot ( l[] /ates1 we h n = a mom5t pret5d$ t a high] /ate may n em]ge4 ,9 fact x does em]ge "u ^? conditions2 & our ,*apt] ,,ix w be ma9ly devot$ to ! pro( ( ?is fact4 ,b su* em]g5ce is t ( a new psy*ic entity1 & is toto clo diff]5t f su* an 'integration' ( ! l[] /ates z ! m9d-/uff !ory affirms4 ,x may seem /range to suppose t anyone %\ld mi/ake criticism ( a c]ta9 !ory ab\t a fact = d\bt ( ! fact itself4 ,& yet ! confusion is made 9 high qu>t]s en\gh to ju/ify our rem>ks4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w>d1 9 8 article ,psy*ology 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 speak+ ( ! hypo!sis t a s]ies ( feel+s c be aw>e ( itself z a s]ies1 says 7p4 #ci73 ,p>adox is too mild a ^w = x1 ev5 contradiction w h>dly suffice4 ,:]eupon1 ,pr(essor ,ba9 takes him ?us to task3 ,z to 'a s]ies ( /ates be+ aw>e ( itself1' ,i confess ,i see no insurm\ntable difficulty4 ,x may be a fact1 or n a fact2 x may be a v clumsy expression = :at x is appli$ to2 b x is nei!r p>adox nor contradiction4 ,a s]ies m]ely contradicts an individual1 or x may be two or m individuals z coexi/+2 b t is too g5]al to exclude ! possibility ( self-k4 ,x c]ta9ly does n br+ ! prop]ty ( self-k into ! =egr\nd1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n ! same z d5y+ x4 ,an algebraic s]ies might "k itself1 )\t any contradiction3 ! only ?+ aga9/ x is ! want ( evid5ce ( ! fact4 7',m9d1' xi1 #dei74 ,pr(4 ,ba9 ?9ks1 !n1 t all ! bo!r is ab\t ! difficulty ( see+ h[ a s]ies ( feel+s c h ! k ( itself add$ to x666 ,z if anybody ev] 0 tr\bl$ ab\t t4 ,t1 notori\sly en\gh1 is a fact3 our consci\sness is a s]ies ( feel+s to :i* e n[ & !n is add$ a retrospective consci\sness t !y h come & gone4 ,:at ,mr4 ,w>d & ,i are tr\bl$ ab\t is m]ely ! sill9ess ( ! m9d-/uffi/s & associationi/s cont9u+ to say t ! 's]ies ( /ates' is ! 'aw>5ess ( itself2' t if ! /ates be posit$ sev]ally1 _! collective consci\sness is eo ipso giv52 & t we ne$ no f>!r explanation1 or 'evid5ce ( ! fact4' #agg ,! writ]s ab\t 'unconsci\s c]ebration' seem sometimes to mean t & sometimes unconsci\s ?\ght4 ,! argum5ts :i* foll[ are cull$ f v>i\s qu>t]s4 ,! read] w f9d !m mo/ sy/ematically urg$ by ,e4 von ,h>tmann3 ,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 vol4 i2 & by ,e4 ,cols5et3 ,la ,vie ,inconsci5te de l',esprit 7#ahhj74 ,consult also ,t4 ,laycock3 ,m9d & ,bra91 vol4 i1 *ap4 v 7#ahfj72 ,w4 ,b4 ,c>p5t]3 ,m5tal ,physiology1 *ap4 xiii2 ,f4 ,p4 ,cobbe3 ,d>w9ism 9 ,morals & o!r ,essays1 essay xi1 ,unconsci\s ,c]ebration 7#ahgb72 ,f4 ,b[53 ,mod]n ,philosophy1 pp4 #dbh-dhj2 ,r4 ,h4 ,hutton3 ,contempor>y ,review1 vol4 xxiv1 p4 #bja2 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill3 ,exam4 ( ,hamilton1 *ap4 xv2 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes3 ,problems ( ,life & ,m9d1 #c;d s]ies1 ,prob4 ii1 *ap4 x1 & also ,prob4 iii1 *ap4 ii2 ,d4 ,g4 ,?ompson3 ,a ,sy/em ( ,psy*ology1 *ap4 xxxiii2 ,j4 ,m4 ,baldw91 ,h&book ( ,psy*ology1 *ap4 iv4 #agh ,n\veaux ,essais1 ,avant-propos4 #agi ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,exam4 ( ,hamilton1 *ap4 xv4 #ahj ,cf4 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ,elem5ts1 *ap4 ii4 #aha ,j4 ,e4 ,maude3 ',! ,unconsci\s 9 ,education1' 9 ',education1' vol4 i1 p4 #dja 7#ahhb74 #ahb ,zur ,lehre vor ,li*ts9ne 7#ahgh74 #ahc ,cf4 ,wundt3 ,ueb] d5 ,e9fluss d] ,philosophie1 etc4--,antrittsr$e 7#ahgf71 pp4 #aj-aa2--;,helmholtz3 ,die ,?atsa*5 9 d] ,wahrnehmung 7#ahgi71 p4 #bg4 #ahd ,cf4 ,satz vom ,grunde1 pp4 #ei-fe4 ,comp>e also ,f4 ,zlln]'s ,natur d] ,komet51 pp4 #cdb ff4 & #dbe4 #ahe ,cf4 ! /atem5ts f ,helmholtz to be f\nd lat] 9 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 #ahf ,! text 0 writt5 be=e ,pr(essor ,lipps's ,grundtatsa*5 des ,seel5leb5s 7#ahhc7 came into my h&s4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,iii ( t book ! notion ( unconsci\s ?\ght is subject$ to ! cle>e/ & mo/ se>*+ criticism :i* x has yet receiv$4 ,"s passages are s simil> to :at ,i h myself writt5 t ,i mu/ quote !m 9 a note4 ,aft] prov+ t dimness & cle>ness1 incomplet5ess & complet5ess d n p]ta9 to a /ate ( m9d z su*--s9ce e /ate ( m9d mu/ be exactly :at x is1 & no?+ else--b only p]ta9 to ! way 9 :i* /ates ( m9d /& = objects1 :i* !y m or less dimly1 m or less cle>ly1 repres5t2 ,lipps takes ! case ( ^? s5sations :i* att5tion is said to make m cle>4 ,i p]ceive an object1 he says1 n[ 9 cle> daylight1 & aga9 at night4 ,call ! cont5t ( ! day-p]ception a1 & t ( ! ev5+-p]ception a#a4 ,!re w probably be a consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 a & a#a4 ,! colors ( a w be v>i$ & int5se1 & w be %>ply b\nd$ by ea* o!r2 ^? ( a#a w be less lum9\s1 & less /rongly contra/$1 & w approa* a common gray or br[n1 & m]ge m into ea* o!r4 ,bo? p]cepts1 h[ev]1 z su*1 are completely det]m9ate & di/9ct f all o!rs4 ,! colors ( a#a appe> be=e my eye nei!r m nor less decid$ly d>k & blurr$ ?an ! colors ( a appe> bright & %>ply b\nd$4 ,b n[ ,i "k1 or believe ,i "k1 t "o & ! same real ,object ,a corresponds to bo? a & a#a4 ,i am conv9c$1 moreov]1 t a repres5ts ,a bett] ?an does a#a4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( giv+ to my conviction ?is1 its only correct1 expression1 & keep+ ! cont5t ( my consci\sness & ! real object1 ! repres5tation & :at x means1 di/9ct f ea* o!r1 ,i sub/itute ! real object = ! cont5t ( ! consci\sness1 & talk ( ! exp]i5ce z if x consi/$ 9 "o & ! same object 7namely1 ! surreptiti\sly introduc$ real "o71 con/itut+ twice ov] ! cont5t ( my consci\sness1 once 9 a cle> & di/9ct1 ! o!r "t 9 an obscure & vague fa%ion4 ,i talk n[ ( a di/9ct] & ( a less di/9ct consci\sness ( ,a1 :]eas ,i am only ju/ifi$ 9 talk+ ( two consci\snesses1 a & a#a1 equally di/9ct 9 se1 b to :i* ! suppos$ ext]nal object ,a corresponds ) diff]5t degrees ( di/9ctness4 7,p4 #ch-i47 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,me?ods ,,& ,,sn>es ,,( ,,psy*ology ,we h n[ f9i%$ ! physiological prelim9>ies ( our subject & mu/ 9 ! rema9+ *apt]s /udy ! m5tal /ates !mselves ^: c]ebral conditions & concomitants we h be5 consid]+ hi!rto4 ,beyond ! bra91 h[ev]1 !re is an out] _w to :i* ! bra9-/ates !mselves 'correspond4' ,& x w be well1 ere we advance f>!r1 to say a ^w ab\t ! relation ( ! m9d to ?is l>g] sph]e ( physical fact4 ,,psy*ology ,,is ,a ,,natural ,,sci5ce4 ,t is1 ! m9d :i* ! psy*ologi/ /udies is ! m9d ( di/9ct individuals inhabit+ def9ite portions ( a real space & ( a real "t4 ,) any o!r sort ( m9d1 absolute ,intellig5ce1 ,m9d unatta*$ to a p>ticul> body1 or ,m9d n subject to ! c\rse ( "t1 ! psy*ologi/ z su* has no?+ to d4 ',m9d1' 9 8 m\?1 is only a class "n = m9ds4 ,=tunate w x be if 8 m mode/ inquiry result 9 any g5]alizations :i* ! philosoph] devot$ to absolute ,intellig5ce z su* c use4 ,to ! psy*ologi/1 !n1 ! m9ds he /udies are objects1 9 a _w ( o!r objects4 ,ev5 :5 he introspectively analyzes 8 own m9d1 & tells :at he f9ds !re1 he talks ab\t x 9 an objective way4 ,he says1 = in/ance1 t "u c]ta9 circum/ances ! color gray appe>s to him gre51 & calls ! appe>ance an illusion4 ,?is implies t he comp>es two objects1 a real color se5 "u c]ta9 conditions1 & a m5tal p]ception :i* he believes to repres5t x1 & t he decl>es ! relation betwe5 !m to be ( a c]ta9 k9d4 ,9 mak+ ?is critical judgm5t1 ! psy*ologi/ /&s z mu* outside ( ! p]ception :i* he criticises z he does ( ! color4 ,bo? are 8 objects4 ,& if ?is is true ( him :5 he reflects on 8 own consci\s /ates1 h[ mu* tru] is x :5 he treats ( ^? ( o!rs6 ,9 ,g]man philosophy s9ce ,kant ! ^w ,erk5ntnis/heorie1 criticism ( ! faculty ( k1 plays a great "p4 ,n[ ! psy*ologi/ necess>ily becomes su* an ,erk5ntnis/heoretik]4 ,b ! k he !orizes ab\t is n ! b>e function ( k :i* ,kant criticises--he does n inquire into ! possibility ( k b]haupt4 ,he assumes x to be possible1 he does n d\bt its pres5ce 9 himself at ! mom5t he speaks4 ,! k he criticises is ! k ( p>ticul> m5 ab\t ! p>ticul> ?+s t surr\nd !m4 ,?is he may1 ^u occasion1 9 ! light ( 8 own unque/ion$ k1 pron\nce true or false1 & trace ! reasons by :i* x has become "o or ! o!r4 ,x is highly important t ?is natural-sci5ce po9t ( view %\ld be und]/ood at ! outset4 ,o!rwise m may be dem&$ ( ! psy*ologi/ ?an he ought to be expect$ to p]=m4 ,a diagram w exhibit m emphatically :at ! assumptions ( ,psy*ology mu/ be3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #a #b #c #d ,! ,! ,?\ght ,! ,?\ght's ,! ,psy*ologi/'s ,psy*ologi/ ,/udi$ ,object ,reality ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,^! f\r squ>es conta9 ! irr$ucible data ( psy*ology4 ,no4 #a1 ! psy*ologi/1 believes ,nos4 #b1 #c1 & #d1 :i* toge!r =m 8 total object1 to be realities1 & reports !m & _! mutual relations z truly z he c )\t tr\bl+ himself ) ! puzzle ( h[ he c report !m at all4 ,ab\t su* ultimate puzzles he 9 ! ma9 ne$ tr\ble himself no m ?an ! geomet]1 ! *emi/1 or ! botani/ d1 :o make precisely ! same assumptions z he4#ahg ,( c]ta9 fallacies to :i* ! psy*ologi/ is expos$ by reason ( 8 peculi> po9t ( view--t ( be+ a report] ( subjective z well z ( objective facts1 we mu/ pres5tly speak4 ,b n until we h consid]$ ! me?ods he uses = asc]ta9+ :at ! facts 9 "q are4 ,,! ,,me?ods ,,( ,,inve/igation4 ,introspective ,obs]vation is :at we h to rely on fir/ & =emo/ & always4 ,! ^w introspection ne$ h>dly be def9$--x means1 ( c\rse1 ! look+ into our own m9ds & report+ :at we !re discov]4 ,e "o agrees t we !re discov] /ates ( consci\sness4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 ! exi/5ce ( su* /ates has nev] be5 d\bt$ by any critic1 h[ev] sceptical 9 o!r respects he may h be54 ,t we h cogitations ( "s sort is ! inconcussum 9 a _w mo/ ( ^: o!r facts h at "s "t tott]$ 9 ! brea? ( philosophic d\bt4 ,all p unhesitat+ly believe t !y feel !mselves ?9k+1 & t !y di/+ui% ! m5tal /ate z an inw>d activity or passion1 f all ! objects ) :i* x may cognitively deal4 ,i reg>d ?is belief z ! mo/ fundam5tal ( all ! po/ulates ( ,psy*ology1 & %all disc>d all curi\s inquiries ab\t its c]ta9ty z too metaphysical = ! scope ( ?is book4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,"q ( ,nom5clature4 ,we ought to h "s g5]al t]m by :i* to designate all /ates ( consci\sness m]ely z su*1 & ap>t f _! p>ticul> quality or cognitive function4 ,un=tunately mo/ ( ! t]ms 9 use h grave objections4 ',m5tal /ate1' '/ate ( consci\sness1' 'consci\s modification1' are cumbr\s & h no k9dr$ v]bs4 ,! same is true ( 'subjective condition4' ',feel+' has ! v]b 'to feel1' bo? active & neut]1 & su* d]ivatives z 'feel+ly1' 'felt1' 'feltness1' etc41 :i* make x extremely conv5i5t4 ,b on ! o!r h& x has specific mean+s z well z its g5]ic "o1 sometimes /&+ = pleasure & pa91 & be+ sometimes a synonym ( 's5sation' z oppos$ to ?\ght2 :]eas we wi% a t]m to cov] s5sation & ?\ght indiff]5tly4 ,moreov]1 'feel+' has acquir$ 9 ! he>ts ( platoniz+ ?9k]s a v opprobri\s set ( implications2 & s9ce "o ( ! great ob/acles to mutual und]/&+ 9 philosophy is ! use ( words eulogi/ically & disp>ag+ly1 imp>tial t]ms ought always1 if possible1 to be pref]r$4 ,! ^w psy*osis has be5 propos$ by ,mr4 ,huxley4 ,x has ! advantage ( be+ correlative to neurosis 7! "n appli$ by ! same au?or to ! correspond+ n]ve-process71 & is moreov] te*nical & devoid ( p>tial implications4 ,b x has no v]b or o!r grammatical =m alli$ to x4 ,! expressions 'affection ( ! s\l1' 'modification ( ! ego1' are clumsy1 l '/ate ( consci\sness1' & !y implicitly ass]t !ories :i* x is n well to embody 9 t]m9ology be=e !y h be5 op5ly discuss$ & approv$4 ',idea' is a good vague neutral ^w1 & 0 by ,locke employ$ 9 ! broade/ g5]ic way2 b not)/&+ 8 au?ority x has n dome/icat$ itself 9 ! language s z to cov] bodily s5sations1 & x moreov] has no v]b4 ',?\ght' w\ld be by f> ! be/ ^w to use if x c\ld be made to cov] s5sations4 ,x has no opprobri\s connotation su* z 'feel+' has1 & x imm$iately sugge/s ! omnipres5ce ( cognition 7or ref]5ce to an object o!r ?an ! m5tal /ate itself71 :i* we %all soon see to be ( ! m5tal life's ess5ce4 ,b c ! expression '?\ght ( a too?a*e' ev] sugge/ to ! read] ! actual pres5t pa9 itself8 ,x is h>dly possible2 & we ?us seem ab\t to be =c$ back on "s pair ( t]ms l ,hume's 'impression & idea1' or ,hamilton's 'pres5tation & repres5tation1' or ! ord9>y 'feel+ & ?\ght1' if we wi% to cov] ! :ole gr\nd4 ,9 ?is qu&>y we c make no def9itive *oice1 b mu/1 accord+ to ! conv5i5ce ( ! context1 use sometimes "o1 sometimes ano!r ( ! synonyms t h be5 m5tion$4 ,my own p>tiality is = ei!r ,,feel+ or ,,?\ght4 ,i %all probably (t5 use bo? words 9 a wid] s5se ?an usual1 & alt]nately />tle two classes ( read]s by _! unusual s\nd2 b if ! connection makes x cle> t m5tal /ates at l>ge1 irrespective ( _! k9d1 are meant1 ?is w d no h>m1 & may ev5 d "s good4#ahh 99 99 99 99 99 ,! inaccuracy ( introspective obs]vation has be5 made a subject ( debate4 ,x is important to ga9 "s fix$ ideas on ?is po9t be=e we proce$4 ,! commone/ spirituali/ic op9ion is t ! ,s\l or ,subject ( ! m5tal life is a metaphysical entity1 inaccessible to direct k1 & t ! v>i\s m5tal /ates & op]ations ( :i* we reflectively become aw>e are objects ( an inn] s5se :i* does n lay hold ( ! real ag5t 9 itself1 any m ?an sight or he>+ gives u direct k ( matt] 9 itself4 ,f1 ?is po9t ( view introspection is1 ( c\rse1 incompet5t to lay hold ( any?+ m ?an ! ,s\l's ph5om5a4 ,b ev5 !n ! "q rema9s1 ,h[ well c x "k ! ph5om5a !mselves8 ,"s au?ors take high gr\nd "h & claim = x a sort ( infallibility4 ,?us ,ueb]weg3 ,:5 a m5tal image1 z su*1 is ! object ( my appreh5sion1 !re is no mean+ 9 seek+ to di/+ui% its exi/5ce 9 my consci\sness 79 me7 f its exi/5ce out ( my consci\sness 79 itself72 = ! object appreh5d$ is1 9 ?is case1 "o :i* does n ev5 exi/1 z ! objects ( ext]nal p]ception d1 9 itself outside ( my consci\sness4 ,x exi/s only )9 me4#ahi ,& ,br5tano3 ,! ph5om5a inw>dly appreh5d$ are true 9 !mselves4 ,z !y appe>--( ?is ! evid5ce ) :i* !y are appreh5d$ is a w>rant--s !y are 9 reality4 ,:o1 !n1 c d5y t 9 ?is a great sup]iority ( ,psy*ology ov] ! physical sci5ces comes to light8 ,& aga93 ,no "o c d\bt :e!r ! psy*ic condition he appreh5ds 9 himself be1 & be s1 z he appreh5ds x4 ,:oev] %\ld d\bt ?is w\ld h rea*$ t f9i%$ d\bt :i* de/roys itself 9 de/roy+ e fix$ po9t f :i* to make an attack ^u k4#aij ,o!rs h gone to ! opposite extreme1 & ma9ta9$ t we c h no introspective cognition ( our own m9ds at all4 ,a deliv]ance ( ,augu/e ,comte to ?is effect has be5 s (t5 quot$ z to be almo/ classical2 & "s ref]5ce to x seems !re=e indisp5sable "h4 ,philosoph]s1 says ,comte1#aia h 9 ^! latt] days imag9$ !mselves able to di/+ui%1 by a v s+ul> subtlety1 two sorts ( obs]vation ( equal importance1 "o ext]nal1 ! o!r int]nal1 ! latt] be+ solely de/9$ = ! /udy ( intellectual ph5om5a4444 ,i limit myself to po9t+ out ! pr9cipal consid]ation :i* proves cle>ly t ?is pret5d$ direct contemplation ( ! m9d by itself is a pure illusion4444 ,x is 9 fact evid5t t1 by an inv9cible necessity1 ! human m9d c obs]ve directly all ph5om5a except its own prop] /ates4 ,= by :om %all ! obs]vation ( ^! be made8 ,x is conceivable t a man might obs]ve himself ) respect to ! passions t animate him1 = ! anatomical organs ( passion are di/9ct f ^? ^: function is obs]vation4 ,?\gh we h all made su* obs]vations on ourselves1 !y c nev] h mu* sci5tific value1 & ! be/ mode ( kn[+ ! passions w always be t ( obs]v+ !m f )\t2 = e /rong /ate ( passion 444 is necess>ily incompatible ) ! /ate ( obs]vation4 ,b1 z = obs]v+ 9 ! same way intellectual ph5om5a at ! "t ( _! actual pres5ce1 t is a manife/ impossibility4 ,! ?9k] _c divide himself into two1 ( :om "o reasons :il/ ! o!r obs]ves him reason4 ,! organ obs]v$ & ! organ obs]v+ be+1 9 ?is case1 id5tical1 h[ c\ld obs]vation take place8 ,?is pret5d$ psy*ological me?od is !n radically null & void4 ,on ! "o h&1 !y advise y to isolate y\rself1 z f> z possible1 f e ext]nal s5sation1 especially e intellectual "w1--= if y 7 to busy y\rself ev5 ) ! simple/ calculation1 :at w\ld become ( int]nal obs]vation8--on ! o!r h&1 aft] hav+ ) ! utmo/ c>e atta9$ ?is /ate ( intellectual slumb]1 y mu/ beg9 to contemplate ! op]ations go+ on 9 y\r m9d1 :5 no?+ !re takes place6 ,our desc5dants w d\btless see su* pret5sions "s day ridicul$ ^u ! /age4 ,! results ( s /range a proc$ure h>monize entirely ) its pr9ciple4 ,= all ! two ?\s& ye>s dur+ :i* metaphysicians h ?us cultivat$ psy*ology1 !y are n agre$ ab\t "o intelligible & e/abli%$ proposition4 ',int]nal obs]vation' gives almo/ z _m div]g5t results z !re are individuals :o ?9k !y practise x4 ,comte h>dly c\ld h kn[n any?+ ( ! ,engli%1 & no?+ ( ! ,g]man1 empirical psy*ology4 ,! 'results' :i* he _h 9 m9d :5 writ+ 7 probably s*ola/ic ones1 su* z pr9ciples ( int]nal activity1 ! faculties1 ! ego1 ! lib]um arbitrium indiff]5ti1 etc4 ,john ,mill1 9 reply+ to him1#aib says3 ,x might h occurr$ to ,m4 ,comte t a fact may be /udi$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( memory1 n at ! v mom5t ( our p]ceiv+ x1 b ! mom5t aft]3 & ?is is really ! mode 9 :i* our be/ k ( our intellectual acts is g5]ally acquir$4 ,we reflect on :at we h be5 do+ :5 ! act is pa/1 b :5 its impression 9 ! memory is /ill fre%4 ,unless 9 "o ( ^! ways1 we c\ld n h acquir$ ! k :i* nobody d5ies u to h1 ( :at passes 9 our m9ds4 ,m4 ,comte w\ld sc>cely h affirm$ t we are n aw>e ( our own intellectual op]ations4 ,we "k ( our obs]v+s & our reason+s1 ei!r at ! v "t1 or by memory ! mom5t aft]2 9 ei!r case1 by direct k1 & n 7l ?+s done by u 9 a /ate ( somnambulism7 m]ely by _! results4 ,?is simple fact de/roys ! :ole ( ,m4 ,comte's argum5t4 ,:atev] we are directly aw>e (1 we c directly obs]ve4 ,:]e n[ does ! tru? lie8 ,our quotation f ,mill is obvi\sly ! "o :i* expresses ! mo/ ( practical tru? ab\t ! matt]4 ,ev5 ! writ]s :o insi/ ^u ! absolute v]acity ( our imm$iate inn] appreh5sion ( a consci\s /ate h to contra/ ) ?is ! fallibility ( our memory or obs]vation ( x1 a mom5t lat]4 ,no "o has emphasiz$ m %>ply ?an ,br5tano himself ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! imm$iate feltness ( a feel+1 & its p]ception by a subsequ5t reflective act4 ,b :i* mode ( consci\sness ( x is t :i* ! psy*ologi/ mu/ dep5d on8 ,if to h feel+s or ?\ghts 9 _! imm$iacy 7 en\gh1 babies 9 ! cradle w\ld be psy*ologi/s1 & infallible ones4 ,b ! psy*ologi/ mu/ n only h 8 m5tal /ates 9 _! absolute v]itabl5ess1 he mu/ report !m & write ab\t !m1 "n !m1 classify & comp>e !m & trace _! relations to o!r ?+s4 ,:il/ alive !y are _! own prop]ty2 x is only po/-mortem t !y become 8 prey4#aic ,& z 9 ! nam+1 class+1 & kn[+ ( ?+s 9 g5]al we are notori\sly fallible1 :y n also "h8 ,comte is q "r 9 lay+ /ress on ! fact t a feel+1 to be nam$1 judg$1 or p]ceiv$1 mu/ be already pa/4 ,no subjective /ate1 :il/ pres5t1 is its own object2 its object is always some?+ else4 ,!re are1 x is true1 cases 9 :i* we appe> to be nam+ our pres5t feel+1 & s to be exp]i5c+ & obs]v+ ! same inn] fact at a s+le /roke1 z :5 we say ',i feel tir$1' ',i am angry1' etc4 ,b ^! are illusory1 & a little att5tion unmasks ! illusion4 ,! pres5t consci\s /ate1 :5 ,i say ',i feel tir$1' is n ! direct /ate ( tire2 :5 ,i say ',i feel angry1' x is n ! direct /ate ( ang]4 ,x is ! /ate ( say+-,i-feel-tir$1 ( say+-,i-feel-angry1--entirely diff]5t matt]s1 s diff]5t t ! fatigue & ang] app>5tly includ$ 9 !m are consid]able modifications ( ! fatigue & ang] directly felt ! previ\s in/ant4 ,! act ( nam+ !m has mom5t>ily detract$ f _! =ce4#aid ,! only s\nd gr\nds on :i* ! infallible v]acity ( ! introspective judgm5t might be ma9ta9$ are empirical4 ,if we _h reason to ?9k x has nev] yet deceiv$ u1 we might cont9ue to tru/ x4 ,?is is ! gr\nd actually ma9ta9$ by ,h]r ,mohr4 ,! illusions ( our s5ses1 says ?is au?or1 h und]m9$ our belief 9 ! reality ( ! out] _w2 b 9 ! sph]e ( inn] obs]vation our confid5ce is intact1 = we h nev] f\nd ourselves to be 9 error ab\t ! reality ( an act ( ?\ght or feel+4 ,we h nev] be5 misl$ into ?9k+ we 7 n 9 d\bt or 9 ang] :5 ^! conditions 7 really /ates ( our consci\sness4#aie ,b s\nd z ! reason+ "h w\ld be1 7 ! premises correct1 ,i fe> ! latt] _c pass4 ,h[ev] x may be ) su* /rong feel+s z d\bt or ang]1 ab\t weak] feel+s1 & ab\t ! relations to ea* o!r ( all feel+s1 we f9d ourselves 9 cont9ual error & unc]ta9ty s soon z we are call$ on to "n & class1 & n m]ely to feel4 ,:o c be sure ( ! exact ord] ( 8 feel+s :5 !y are excessively rapid8 ,:o c be sure1 9 8 s5sible p]ception ( a *air1 h[ mu* comes f ! eye & h[ mu* is suppli$ out ( ! previ\s k ( ! m9d8 ,:o c comp>e ) precision ! quantities ( disp>ate feel+s ev5 :]e ! feel+s are v mu* alike8 ,= in/ance1 :]e an object is felt n[ aga9/ ! back & n[ aga9/ ! *eek1 :i* feel+ is mo/ ext5sive8 ,:o c be sure t two giv5 feel+s are or are n exactly ! same8 ,:o c tell :i* is brief] or long] ?an ! o!r :5 bo? occupy b an in/ant ( "t8 ,:o kn[s1 ( _m actions1 = :at motive !y 7 done1 or if = any motive at all8 ,:o c enum]ate all ! di/9ct +r$i5ts ( su* a complicat$ feel+ z ang]8 & :o c tell (f-h& :e!r or no a p]ception ( di/ance be a comp\nd or a simple /ate ( m9d8 ,! :ole m9d-/uff controv]sy w\ld /op if we c\ld decide conclusively by introspection t :at seem to u elem5t>y feel+s are really elem5t>y & n comp\nd4 ,mr4 ,sully1 9 8 "w on ,illusions1 has a *apt] on ^? ( ,introspection f :i* we might n[ quote4 ,b1 s9ce ! re/ ( ?is volume w be little m ?an a collection ( illu/rations ( ! difficulty ( discov]+ by direct introspection exactly :at our feel+s & _! relations are1 we ne$ n anticipate our own future details1 ,i b j /ate our g5]al conclusion t introspection is difficult & fallible2 & t ! difficulty is simply t ( all obs]vation ( :atev] k9d4 ,some?+ is be=e u2 we d our be/ to tell :at x is1 b 9 spite ( our good w we may g a/ray1 & give a description m applicable to "s o!r sort ( ?+4 ,! only safegu>d is 9 ! f9al cons5sus ( our f>!r k ab\t ! ?+ 9 "q1 lat] views correct+ e>li] ones1 until at la/ ! h>mony ( a consi/5t sy/em is rea*$4 ,su* a sy/em1 gradually work$ out1 is ! be/ gu>antee ! psy*ologi/ c give = ! s\ndness ( any p>ticul> psy*ologic obs]vation :i* he may report4 ,su* a sy/em we ourselves mu/ /rive1 z f> z may be1 to atta94 ,! ,engli% writ]s on psy*ology1 & ! s*ool ( ,h]b>t 9 ,g]many1 h 9 ! ma9 cont5t$ !mselves ) su* results z ! imm$iate introspection ( s+le individuals gave1 & %[n :at a body ( doctr9e !y may make4 ,! works ( ,locke1 ,hume1 ,reid1 ,h>tley1 ,/ew>t1 ,br[n1 ! ,mills1 w always be classics 9 ?is l9e2 & 9 ,pr(essor ,ba9's ,treatises we h probably ! la/ ^w ( :at ?is me?od tak5 ma9ly by itself c d--! la/ monum5t ( ! y\? ( our sci5ce1 /ill unte*nical & g5]ally intelligible1 l ! ,*emi/ry ( ,lavoisi]1 or ,anatomy be=e ! microscope 0 us$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,exp]im5tal ,me?od4 ,b psy*ology is pass+ into a less simple phase4 ,)9 a few ye>s :at "o may call a microscopic psy*ology has aris5 9 ,g]many1 c>ri$ on by exp]im5tal me?ods1 ask+ ( c\rse e mom5t = introspective data1 b elim9at+ _! unc]ta9ty by op]at+ on a l>ge scale & tak+ /ati/ical means4 ,?is me?od taxes pati5ce to ! utmo/1 & c\ld h>dly h aris5 9 a c\ntry ^: natives c\ld be bor$4 ,su* ,g]mans z ,web]1 ,fe*n]1 ,vi]ordt1 & ,wundt obvi\sly _c2 & _! success has br\ght into ! field an array ( y\ng] exp]im5tal psy*ologi/s1 b5t on /udy+ ! elem5ts ( ! m5tal life1 dissect+ !m out f ! gross results 9 :i* !y are emb$d$1 & z f> z possible r$uc+ !m to quantitative scales4 ,! simple & op5 me?od ( attack hav+ done :at x c1 ! me?od ( pati5ce1 />v+ out1 & h>ass+ to dea? is tri$2 ! ,m9d mu/ submit to a regul> siege1 9 :i* m9ute advantages ga9$ night & day by ! =ces t hem h] 9 mu/ sum !mselves up at la/ into h] ov]?r[4 ,!re is little ( ! gr& /yle ab\t ^! new prism1 p5dulum1 & *ronograph-philosoph]s4 ,!y mean bus9ess1 n *ivalry4 ,:at g5]\s div9ation1 & t sup]iority 9 virtue :i* 0 ?\ght by ,cic]o to give a man ! be/ insight into nature1 h fail$ to d1 _! spy+ & scrap+1 _! deadly t5acity & almo/ diabolic cunn+1 w d\btless "s day br+ ab\t4 ,no g5]al description ( ! me?ods ( exp]im5tal psy*ology w\ld be in/ructive to "o unfamili> ) ! in/ances ( _! application1 s we w wa/e no words ^u ! attempt4 ,! pr9cipal fields ( exp]im5tation s f> h be53 #a7 ! connection ( consci\s /ates ) _! physical conditions1 includ+ ! :ole ( bra9-physiology1 & ! rec5t m9utely cultivat$ physiology ( ! s5se-organs1 toge!r ) :at is te*nically kn[n z 'psy*o-physics1' or ! laws ( correlation betwe5 s5sations & ! outw>d /imuli by :i* !y are ar\s$2 #b7 ! analysis ( space-p]ception into its s5sational elem5ts2 #c7 ! measurem5t ( ! duration ( ! simple/ m5tal processes2 #d7 t ( ! accuracy ( reproduction 9 ! memory ( s5sible exp]i5ces & ( int]vals ( space & "t2 #e7 t ( ! mann] 9 :i* simple m5tal /ates influ5ce ea* o!r1 call ea* o!r up1 or inhibit ea* o!r's reproduction2 #f7 t ( ! numb] ( facts :i* consci\sness c simultane\sly disc]n2 f9ally1 #g7 t ( ! elem5t>y laws ( oblivesc5ce & ret5tion4 ,x mu/ be said t 9 "s ( ^! fields ! results h z yet borne little !oretic fruit comm5surate ) ! great labor exp5d$ 9 _! acquisition4 ,b facts are facts1 & if we only get en\gh ( !m !y are sure to comb9e4 ,new gr\nd w f ye> to ye> be brok51 & !oretic results w gr[4 ,mean:ile ! exp]im5tal me?od has q *ang$ ! face ( ! sci5ce s f> z ! latt] is a record ( m]e "w done4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! comp>ative me?od1 f9ally1 supplem5ts ! introspective & exp]im5tal me?ods4 ,?is me?od presupposes a normal psy*ology ( introspection to be e/abli%$ 9 its ma9 features4 ,b :]e ! orig9 ( ^! features1 or _! dep5d5ce ^u "o ano!r1 is 9 "q1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance to trace ! ph5om5on consid]$ ?r\gh all its possible v>iations ( type & comb9ation4 ,s x has come to pass t in/9cts ( animals are ransack$ to ?r[ light on our own2 & t ! reason+ faculties ( bees & ants1 ! m9ds ( savages1 infants1 madm51 idiots1 ! deaf & bl9d1 crim9als1 & ecc5trics1 are all invok$ 9 support ( ?is or t special !ory ab\t "s "p ( our own m5tal life4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ces1 moral & political in/itutions1 & languages1 z types ( m5tal product1 are press$ into ! same s]vice4 ,messrs4 ,d>w9 & ,galton h set ! example ( circul>s ( que/ions s5t out by ! hundr$ to ^? suppos$ able to reply4 ,! cu/om has spread1 & x w be well = u 9 ! next g5]ation if su* circul>s be n rank$ among ! common pe/s ( life4 ,mean:ile in=mation gr[s1 & results em]ge4 ,!re are great s\rces ( error 9 ! comp>ative me?od4 ,! int]pretation ( ! 'psy*oses' ( animals1 savages1 & infants is necess>ily wild "w1 9 :i* ! p]sonal equation ( ! inve/igator has ?+s v mu* its own way4 ,a savage w be report$ to h no moral or religi\s feel+ if 8 actions %ock ! obs]v] unduly4 ,a *ild w be assum$ )\t self-consci\sness because he talks ( himself 9 ! ?ird p]son1 etc41 etc4 ,no rules c be laid d[n 9 advance4 ,comp>ative obs]vations1 to be def9ite1 mu/ usually be made to te/ "s pre-exi/+ hypo!sis2 & ! only ?+ !n is to use z mu* sagacity z y possess1 & to be z c&id z y c4 ,,! ,,s\rces ,,( ,,error ,,9 ,,psy*ology4 ,! fir/ ( !m arises f ! ,mislead+ ,influ5ce ( ,spee*4 ,language 0 orig9ally made by m5 :o 7 n psy*ologi/s1 & mo/ m5 to-day employ almo/ exclusively ! vocabul>y ( outw>d ?+s4 ,! c>d9al passions ( our life1 ang]1 love1 fe>1 hate1 hope1 & ! mo/ compreh5sive divisions ( our intellectual activity1 to rememb]1 expect1 ?9k1 "k1 dream1 ) ! broade/ g5]a ( /hetic feel+1 joy1 sorr[1 pleasure1 pa91 are ! only facts ( a subjective ord] :i* ?is vocabul>y deigns to note by special words4 ,! elem5t>y qualities ( s5sation1 bright1 l\d1 r$1 blue1 hot1 cold1 are1 x is true1 susceptible ( be+ us$ 9 bo? an objective & a subjective s5se4 ,!y /& = out] qualities & = ! feel+s :i* ^! ar\se4 ,b ! objective s5se is ! orig9al s5se2 & /ill to-day we h to describe a l>ge numb] ( s5sations by ! "n ( ! object f :i* !y h mo/ frequ5tly be5 got4 ,an orange color1 an odor ( violets1 a *eesy ta/e1 a ?und]\s s\nd1 a fi]y sm>t1 etc41 w recall :at ,i mean4 ,?is abs5ce ( a special vocabul>y = subjective facts h9d]s ! /udy ( all b ! v co>se/ ( !m4 ,empirici/ writ]s are v fond ( emphasiz+ "o great set ( delusions :i* language inflicts on ! m9d4 ,:5ev] we h made a ^w1 !y say1 to d5ote a c]ta9 gr\p ( ph5om5a1 we are prone to suppose a sub/antive entity exi/+ beyond ! ph5om5a1 ( :i* ! ^w %all be ! "n4 ,b ! lack ( a ^w q z (t5 leads to ! directly opposite error4 ,we are !n prone to suppose t no entity c be !re2 & s we come to ov]look ph5om5a ^: exi/5ce w\ld be pat5t to u all1 _h we only gr[n up to he> x famili>ly recogniz$ 9 spee*4#aif ,x is h>d to focus our att5tion on ! nameless1 & s !re results a c]ta9 vacu\sness 9 ! descriptive p>ts ( mo/ psy*ologies4 ,b a worse defect ?an vacu\sness comes f ! dep5d5ce ( psy*ology on common spee*4 ,nam+ our ?\ght by its own objects1 we almo/ all ( u assume t z ! objects are1 s ! ?\ght mu/ be4 ,! ?\ght ( sev]al di/9ct ?+s c only consi/ ( sev]al di/9ct bits ( ?\ght1 or 'ideas2' t ( an ab/ract or univ]sal object c only be an ab/ract or univ]sal idea4 ,z ea* object may come & g1 be =gott5 & !n ?\ght ( aga91 x is held t ! ?\ght ( x has a precisely simil> indep5d5ce1 self-id5tity1 & mobility4 ,! ?\ght ( ! object's recurr5t id5tity is reg>d$ z ! id5tity ( its recurr5t ?\ght2 & ! p]ceptions ( multiplicity1 ( coexi/5ce1 ( succession1 are sev]ally conceiv$ to be br\ght ab\t only ?r\gh a multiplicity1 a coexi/5ce1 a succession1 ( p]ceptions4 ,! cont9u\s fl[ ( ! m5tal /ream is sacrific$1 & 9 its place an atomism1 a brickbat plan ( con/ruction1 is prea*$1 = ! exi/5ce ( :i* no good introspective gr\nds c be br\ght =w>d1 & out ( :i* pres5tly gr[ all sorts ( p>adoxes & contradictions1 ! h]itage ( woe ( /ud5ts ( ! m9d4 ,^! words are meant to impea* ! entire ,engli% psy*ology d]iv$ f ,locke & ,hume1 & ! entire ,g]man psy*ology d]iv$ f ,h]b>t1 s f> z !y bo? treat 'ideas' z sep>ate subjective entities t come & g4 ,examples w soon make ! matt] cle>]4 ,mean:ile our psy*ologic insight is vitiat$ by /ill o!r sn>es4 ',! ,psy*ologi/'s ,fallacy4' ,! great sn>e ( ! psy*ologi/ is ! confusion ( 8 own /&po9t ) t ( ! m5tal fact ab\t :i* he is mak+ 8 report4 ,i %all h]eaft] call ?is ! 'psy*ologi/'s fallacy' p> excell5ce4 ,= "s ( ! mis*ief1 "h too1 language is to blame4 ,! psy*ologi/1 z we rem>k$ above 7p4 #ahc71 /&s outside ( ! m5tal /ate he speaks (4 ,bo? itself & its object are objects = him4 ,n[ :5 x is a cognitive /ate 7p]cept1 ?\ght1 concept1 etc471 he ord9>ily has no o!r way ( nam+ x ?an z ! ?\ght1 p]cept1 etc41 ( t object4 ,he himself1 mean:ile1 kn[+ ! self-same object 9 8 way1 gets easily l$ to suppose t ! ?\ght1 :i* is ( x1 kn[s x 9 ! same way 9 :i* he kn[s x1 al?\gh ?is is (t5 v f> f be+ ! case4#aig ,! mo/ fictiti\s puzzles h be5 introduc$ into our sci5ce by ?is means4 ,! s-call$ "q ( pres5tative or repres5tative p]ception1 ( :e!r an object is pres5t to ! ?\ght t ?9ks x by a c\nt]feit image ( itself1 or directly & )\t any int]v5+ image at all2 ! "q ( nom9alism & conceptualism1 ( ! %ape 9 :i* ?+s are pres5t :5 only a g5]al notion ( !m is be=e ! m9d2 are comp>atively easy que/ions :5 once ! psy*ologi/'s fallacy is elim9at$ f _! treatm5t1--z we %all ere long see 79 ,*apt] ,,xii74 ,ano!r v>iety ( ! psy*ologi/'s fallacy is ! assumption t ! m5tal /ate /udi$ mu/ be consci\s ( itself z ! psy*ologi/ is consci\s ( x4 ,! m5tal /ate is aw>e ( itself only f )92 x grasps :at we call its own cont5t1 & no?+ m4 ,! psy*ologi/1 on ! contr>y1 is aw>e ( x f )\t1 & kn[s its relations ) all sorts ( o!r ?+s4 ,:at ! ?\ght sees is only its own object2 :at ! psy*ologi/ sees is ! ?\ght's object1 plus ! ?\ght itself1 plus possibly all ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,we mu/ be v c>eful !re=e1 9 discuss+ a /ate ( m9d f ! psy*ologi/'s po9t ( view1 to avoid foi/+ into its own k5 matt]s t are only !re = ours4 ,we mu/ avoid sub/itut+ :at we "k ! consci\sness is1 = :at x is a consci\sness (1 & c\nt+ its outw>d1 & s to speak physical1 relations ) o!r facts ( ! _w1 9 among ! objects ( :i* we set x d[n z aw>e4 ,crude z su* a confusion ( /&po9ts seems to be :5 ab/ractly /at$1 x is nev]!less a sn>e into :i* no psy*ologi/ has kept himself at all times f fall+1 & :i* =ms almo/ ! entire /ock-9-trade ( c]ta9 s*ools4 ,we _c be too wat*ful aga9/ its subtly corrupt+ influ5ce4 ,summ>y4 ,to sum up ! *apt]1 ,psy*ology assumes t ?\ghts successively occur1 & t !y "k objects 9 a _w :i* ! psy*ologi/ also kn[s4 ,^! ?\ghts are ! subjective data ( :i* he treats1 & _! relations to _! objects1 to ! bra91 & to ! re/ ( ! _w con/itute ! subject-matt] ( psy*ologic sci5ce4 ,its me?ods are introspection1 exp]im5tation1 & comp>ison4 ,b introspection is no sure guide to tru?s ab\t our m5tal /ates2 & 9 p>ticul> ! pov]ty ( ! psy*ological vocabul>y leads u to drop out c]ta9 /ates f our consid]ation1 & to treat o!rs z if !y knew !mselves & _! objects z ! psy*ologi/ kn[s bo?1 :i* is a disa/r\s fallacy 9 ! sci5ce4 ,,footnotes3 #ahg ,on ! relation betwe5 ,psy*ology & ,g5]al ,philosophy1 see ,g4 ,c4 ,rob]tson1 ',m9d1' vol4 viii1 p4 #a1 & ,j4 ,w>d1 ibid4 p4 #aec2 ,j4 ,dewey ibid4 vol4 ix1 p4 #a4 #ahh ,comp>e "s rem>ks 9 ,mill's ,logic1 bk4 i1 *ap4 iii1 #b1 #c4 #ahi ,logic1 #dj4 #aij ,psy*ologie1 bk4 ii1 *ap4 iii1 #a1 #b4 #aia ,c\rs de ,philosophie ,positive1 i1 #cd-h4 #aib ,augu/e ,comte & ,positivism1 #c;d edition 7#ahhb71 p4 #fd4 #aic ,wundt says3 ,! fir/ rule = utiliz+ inw>d obs]vation consi/s 9 tak+1 z f> z possible1 exp]i5ces t are accid5tal1 unexpect$1 & n int5tionally br\ght ab\t4444 ,fir/ x is be/ z f> z possible to rely on ,memory & n on imm$iate ,appreh5sion4444 ,second1 int]nal obs]vation is bett] fitt$ to grasp cle>ly consci\s /ates1 especially volunt>y m5tal acts3 su* inn] processes z are obscurely consci\s & involunt>y w almo/ entirely elude x1 because ! ef=t to obs]ve int]f]es ) !m1 & because !y seldom abide 9 memory4 7,logik1 ii1 #dcb47 #aid ,9 cases l ?is1 :]e ! /ate outla/s ! act ( nam+ x1 exi/s be=e x1 & recurs :5 x is pa/1 we probably run little practical risk ( error :5 we talk z if ! /ate knew itself4 ,! /ate ( feel+ & ! /ate ( nam+ ! feel+ are cont9u\s1 & ! infallibility ( su* prompt introspective judgm5ts is probably great4 ,b ev5 "h ! c]ta9ty ( our k ought n to be argu$ on ! a priori gr\nd t p]cipi & esse are 9 psy*ology ! same4 ,! /ates are really two2 ! nam+ /ate & ! nam$ /ate are ap>t2 'p]cipi is esse' is n ! pr9ciple t applies4 #aie ,j4 ,mohr3 ,grundlage d] ,empiris*5 ,psy*ologie 7,leipzig1 #ahhb71 p4 #dg4 #aif ,9 ,engli% we h n ev5 ! g5]ic di/9ction betwe5 !-?+-?\ght-( & !-?\ght-?9k+-x1 :i* 9 ,g]man is express$ by ! opposition betwe5 ,g$a*tes & ,g$anke1 9 ,lat9 by t betwe5 cogitatum & cogitatio4 #aig ,comp>e ,b4 ,p4 ,b[ne's ,metaphysics 7#ahhb71 p4 #djh4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,m9ds ,,to ,,o!r ,,?+s4 ,s9ce1 = psy*ology1 a m9d is an object 9 a _w ( o!r objects1 its relation to ^? o!r objects mu/ next be survey$4 ,fir/ ( all1 to its ,,"t-,,relations4 ,m9ds1 z we "k !m1 are tempor>y exi/5ces4 ,:e!r my m9d _h a be+ prior to ! bir? ( my body1 :e!r x %all h "o aft] ! latt]'s decease1 are que/ions to be decid$ by my g5]al philosophy or !ology r ?an by :at we call 'sci5tific facts'--,i leave out ! facts ( s-call$ spiritualism1 z be+ /ill 9 dispute4 ,psy*ology1 z a natural sci5ce1 conf9es itself to ! pres5t life1 9 :i* e m9d appe>s yok$ to a body ?r\gh :i* its manife/ations appe>4 ,9 ! pres5t _w1 !n1 m9ds prec$e1 succe$1 & coexi/ ) ea* o!r 9 ! common receptacle ( "t1 & ( _! collective relations to ! latt] no?+ m c be said4 ,! life ( ! individual consci\sness 9 "t seems1 h[ev]1 to be an int]rupt$ "o1 s t ! "q3 ,are we ev] :olly unconsci\s8 becomes "o :i* mu/ be discuss$4 ,sleep1 fa9t+1 coma1 epilepsy1 & o!r 'unconsci\s' conditions are apt to break 9 ^u & occupy l>ge durations ( :at we nev]!less consid] ! m5tal hi/ory ( a s+le man4 ,&1 ! fact ( int]ruption be+ admitt$1 is x n possible t x may exi/ :]e we d n suspect x1 & ev5 p]haps 9 an incessant & f9e-gra9$ =m8 ,?is might happ51 & yet ! subject himself nev] "k x4 ,we (t5 take e!r & h op]ations p]=m$ )\t a suspicion t our consci\sness has suff]$ a brea*4 ,! two ends jo9 ea* o!r smoo?ly ov] ! gap2 & only ! sight ( our w\nd assures u t we mu/ h be5 liv+ ?r\gh a "t :i* = our imm$iate consci\sness 0 non-exi/5t4 ,ev5 9 sleep ?is sometimes happ5s3 ,we ?9k we h _h no nap1 & x takes ! clock to assure u t we are wrong4#aih ,we ?us may live ?r\gh a real outw>d "t1 a "t kn[n by ! psy*ologi/ :o /udies u1 & yet n feel ! "t1 or inf] x f any inw>d sign4 ,! "q is1 h[ (t5 does ?is happ58 ,is consci\sness really discont9u\s1 incessantly int]rupt$ & recomm5c+ 7f ! psy*ologi/'s po9t ( view78 & does x only seem cont9u\s to itself by an illusion analog\s to t ( ! zoetrope8 ,or is x at mo/ times z cont9u\s outw>dly z x inw>dly seems8 ,x mu/ be confess$ t we c give no rigor\s answ] to ?is "q4 ,c>tesians1 :o hold t ! ess5ce ( ! s\l is to ?9k1 c ( c\rse solve x a priori1 & expla9 ! appe>ance ( ?\ghtless int]vals ei!r by lapses 9 our ord9>y memory1 or by ! s9k+ ( consci\sness to a m9imal /ate1 9 :i* p]haps all t x feels is a b>e exi/5ce :i* leaves no p>ticul>s beh9d to be recall$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o h no doctr9e ab\t ! s\l or its ess5ce1 "o is free to take ! appe>ances = :at !y seem to be1 & to admit t ! m9d1 z well z ! body1 may g to sleep4 ,locke 0 ! fir/ prom95t *ampion ( ?is latt] view1 & ! pages 9 :i* he attacks ! ,c>tesian belief are z spirit$ z any 9 8 ,essay4 ,e dr[sy nod %akes _! doctr9e :o tea* t _! s\l is always ?9k+4 ,he w n believe t m5 s easily =get4 ,m4 ,j\ffroy & ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 attack+ ! "q 9 ! same empirical way1 are l$ to an opposite conclusion4 ,_! reasons1 briefly /at$1 are ^!3 ,9 somnambulism1 natural or induc$1 !re is (t5 a great display ( intellectual activity1 foll[$ by complete oblivion ( all t has pass$4#aii ,on be+ sudd5ly awak5$ f a sleep1 h[ev] pr(\nd1 we always cat* ourselves 9 ! middle ( a dream4 ,common dreams are (t5 rememb]$ = a few m9utes aft] wak+1 & !n irretrievably lo/4 ,frequ5tly1 :5 awake & abs5t-m9d$1 we are visit$ by ?\ghts & images :i* ! next in/ant we _c recall4 ,our ins5sibility to habitual noises1 etc41 :il/ awake1 proves t we c neglect to att5d to t :i* we nev]!less feel4 ,simil>ly 9 sleep1 we gr[ inur$1 & sleep s\ndly 9 pres5ce ( s5sations ( s\nd1 cold1 contact1 etc41 :i* at fir/ prev5t$ our complete repose4 ,we h le>n$ to neglect !m :il/ asleep z we %\ld :il/ awake4 ,! m]e s5se-impressions are ! same :5 ! sleep is deep z :5 x is light2 ! diff]5ce mu/ lie 9 a judgm5t on ! "p ( ! app>5tly slumb]+ m9d t !y are n wor? notic+4 ,?is discrim9ation is equally %[n by nurses ( ! sick & mo!rs ( infants1 :o w sleep ?r\gh mu* noise ( an irrelevant sort1 b wak5 at ! slighte/ /irr+ ( ! pati5t or ! babe4 ,?is la/ fact %[s ! s5se-organ to be p]vi\s = s\nds4 ,_m p h a rem>kable faculty ( regi/]+ :5 asleep ! flight ( "t4 ,!y w habitually wake up at ! same m9ute day aft] day1 or w wake punctually at an unusual h\r det]m9$ ^u ov]night4 ,h[ c ?is k ( ! h\r 7m accurate (t5 ?an any?+ ! wak+ consci\sness %[s7 be possible )\t m5tal activity dur+ ! int]val8 ,su* are :at we may call ! classical reasons = admitt+ t ! m9d is active ev5 :5 ! p]son aft]w>ds ignores ! fact4#bjj ,( late ye>s1 or r1 "o may say1 ( late mon?s1 !y h be5 re9=c$ by a lot ( curi\s obs]vations made on hy/]ical & hypnotic subjects1 :i* prove ! exi/5ce ( a highly develop$ consci\sness 9 places :]e x has hi!rto n be5 suspect$ at all4 ,^! obs]vations ?r[ su* a novel light ^u human nature t ,i mu/ give !m 9 "s detail4 ,t at lea/ f\r diff]5t & 9 a c]ta9 s5se rival obs]v]s %\ld agree 9 ! same conclusion ju/ifies u 9 accept+ ! conclusion z true4 ',unconsci\sness' 9 ,hy/]ics4 ,"o ( ! mo/ con/ant symptoms 9 p]sons suff]+ f hy/]ic disease 9 its extreme =ms consi/s 9 alt]ations ( ! natural s5sibility ( v>i\s p>ts & organs ( ! body4 ,usually ! alt]ation is 9 ! direction ( defect1 or an/hesia4 ,"o or bo? eyes are bl9d1 or color-bl9d1 or !re is hemianopsia 7bl9dness to "o half ! field ( view71 or ! field is contract$4 ,he>+1 ta/e1 smell may simil>ly disappe>1 9 "p or 9 totality4 ,/ill m /rik+ are ! cutane\s an/hesias4 ,! old wit*-f9d]s look+ = ! 'devil's seals' le>n$ well ! exi/5ce ( ^? ins5sible pat*es on ! sk9 ( _! victims1 to :i* ! m9ute physical exam9ations ( rec5t m$ic9e h b rec5tly attract$ att5tion aga94 ,!y may be scatt]$ any:]e1 b are v apt to affect "o side ( ! body4 ,n infrequ5tly !y affect an entire lat]al half1 f head to foot2 & ! ins5sible sk9 (1 say1 ! left side w !n be f\nd sep>at$ f ! naturally s5sitive sk9 ( ! "r by a p]fectly %>p l9e ( dem>cation d[n ! middle ( ! front & back4 ,sometimes1 mo/ rem>kable ( all1 ! entire sk91 h&s1 feet1 face1 ev]y?+1 & ! muc\s membranes1 muscles & jo9ts s f> z !y c be explor$1 become completely ins5sible )\t ! o!r vital functions becom+ gravely di/urb$4 ,^! hy/]ical an/hesias c be made to disappe> m or less completely by v>i\s odd processes4 ,x has be5 rec5tly f\nd t magnets1 plates ( metal1 or ! electrodes ( a batt]y1 plac$ aga9/ ! sk91 h ?is peculi> p[]4 ,& :5 "o side is reliev$ 9 ?is way1 ! an/hesia is (t5 f\nd to h transf]r$ itself to ! opposite side1 :i* until !n 0 well4 ,:e!r ^! /range effects ( magnets & metals be due to _! direct physiological action1 or to a prior effect on ! pati5t's m9d 7'expectant att5tion' or 'sugge/ion'7 is /ill a moot$ "q4 ,a /ill bett] awak5] ( s5sibility is ! hypnotic trance1 into :i* _m ( ^! pati5ts c be v easily plac$1 & 9 :i* _! lo/ s5sibility n infrequ5tly becomes entirely re/or$4 ,su* returns ( s5sibility succe$ ! times ( ins5sibility & alt]nate ) !m4 ,b ,messrs4 ,pi]re ,janet#bja & ,a4 ,b9et#bjb h %[n t dur+ ! times ( an/hesia1 & coexi/+ ) x1 s5sibility to ! an/hetic p>ts is also !re1 9 ! =m ( a second>y consci\sness entirely cut (f f ! prim>y or normal "o1 b susceptible ( be+ tapp$ & made to te/ify to its exi/5ce 9 v>i\s odd ways4 ,*ief among/ ^! is :at ,m4 ,janet calls '! me?od ( di/raction4' ,^! hy/]ics are apt to possess a v n>r[ field ( att5tion1 & to be unable to ?9k ( m ?an "o ?+ at a "t4 ,:5 talk+ ) any p]son !y =get ev]y?+ else4 ,:5 ,lucie talk$ directly ) any "o1 says ,m4 ,janet1 %e ceas$ to be able to he> any o!r p]son4 ,y may /& beh9d h]1 call h] by "n1 %\t abuse into h] e>s1 )\t mak+ h] turn r\nd2 or place y\rself be=e h]1 %[ h] objects1 t\* h]1 etc41 )\t attract+ h] notice4 ,:5 f9ally %e becomes aw>e ( y1 %e ?9ks y h j come into ! room aga91 & greets y accord+ly4 ,?is s+ul> =getfulness makes h] liable to tell all h] secrets al\d1 unre/ra9$ by ! pres5ce ( unsuitable auditors4 ,n[ ,m4 ,janet f\nd 9 sev]al subjects l ?is t if he came up beh9d !m :il/ !y 7 plung$ 9 conv]sation ) a ?ird p>ty1 & address$ !m 9 a :isp]1 tell+ !m to raise _! h& or p]=m o!r simple acts1 !y w\ld obey ! ord] giv51 al?\gh _! talk+ intellig5ce 0 q unconsci\s ( receiv+ x4 ,lead+ !m f "o ?+ to ano!r1 he made !m reply by signs to 8 :isp]$ que/ions1 & f9ally made !m answ] 9 writ+1 if a p5cil 7 plac$ 9 _! h&4 ,! prim>y consci\sness mean:ile w5t on ) ! conv]sation1 entirely unaw>e ( ^! p]=mances on ! h&'s "p4 ,! consci\sness :i* presid$ ov] ^! latt] appe>$ 9 its turn to be q z little di/urb$ by ! upp] consci\sness's conc]ns4 ,?is pro( by 'automatic' writ+1 ( a second>y consci\sness's exi/5ce1 is ! mo/ cog5t & /rik+ "o2 b a cr[d ( o!r facts prove ! same ?+4 ,if ,i run ?r\gh !m rapidly1 ! read] w probably be conv9c$4 ,! app>5tly an/hetic h& ( ^! subjects1 = "o ?+1 w (t5 adapt itself discrim9at+ly to :atev] object may be put into x4 ,) a p5cil x w make writ+ movem5ts2 into a pair ( scissors x w put its f+]s & w op5 & %ut !m1 etc41 etc4 ,! prim>y consci\sness1 s to call x1 is mean:ile unable to say :e!r or no any?+ is 9 ! h&1 if ! latt] be hidd5 f sight4 ,i put a pair ( eyeglasses into ,lonie's an/hetic h&1 ?is h& op5s x & raises x t[>ds ! nose1 b half way ?i!r x ent]s ! field ( vision ( ,lonie1 :o sees x & /ops /upefi$3 ',:y1' says %e1 ',i h an eye-glass 9 my left h&6' ,m4 ,b9et f\nd a v curi\s sort ( connection betwe5 ! app>5tly an/hetic sk9 & ! m9d 9 "s ,salptrire-subjects4 ,?+s plac$ 9 ! h& 7 n felt1 b ?\ght ( 7app>5tly 9 visual t]ms7 & 9 no wise ref]r$ by ! subject to _! />t+ po9t 9 ! h&'s s5sation4 ,a key1 a knife1 plac$ 9 ! h& occasion$ ideas ( a key or a knife1 b ! h& felt no?+4 ,simil>ly ! subject ?\ght ( ! numb] #c1 #f1 etc41 if ! h& or f+] 0 b5t ?ree or six times by ! op]ator1 or if he /rok$ x ?ree1 six1 etc41 times4 ,9 c]ta9 individuals !re 0 f\nd a /ill odd] ph5om5on1 :i* rem9ds "o ( t curi\s idiosyncrasy ( 'color$ he>+' ( :i* a few cases h be5 lately describ$ ) great c>e by =eign writ]s4 ,^! individuals1 namely1 saw ! impression receiv$ by ! h&1 b c\ld n feel x2 & ! ?+ se5 appe>$ by no means associat$ ) ! h&1 b m l an indep5d5t vision1 :i* usually int]e/$ & surpris$ ! pati5t4 ,h] h& be+ hidd5 by a scre51 %e 0 ord]$ to look at ano!r scre5 & to tell ( any visual image :i* might project itself !reon4 ,numb]s w\ld !n come1 correspond+ to ! numb] ( times ! ins5sible memb] 0 rais$1 t\*$1 etc4 ,color$ l9es & figures w\ld come1 correspond+ to simil> ones trac$ on ! palm2 ! h& itself or its f+]s w\ld come :5 manipulat$ & f9ally objects plac$ 9 x w\ld come2 b on ! h& itself no?+ w\ld ev] be felt4 ,( c\rse simulation w\ld n be h>d "h2 b ,m4 ,b9et disbelieves ?is 7usually v %all[7 explanation to be a probable "o 9 cases 9 "q4#bjc ,! usual way 9 :i* doctors measure ! delicacy ( our t\* is by ! compass-po9ts4 ,two po9ts are normally felt z "o :5ev] !y are too close toge!r = discrim9ation2 b :at is 'too close' on "o "p ( ! sk9 may seem v f> ap>t on ano!r4 ,9 ! middle ( ! back or on ! ?igh1 less ?an #c in*es may be too close2 on ! f+]-tip a t5? ( an in* is f> en\gh ap>t4 ,n[1 z te/$ 9 ?is way1 ) ! appeal made to ! prim>y consci\sness1 :i* talks ?r\gh ! m\? & seems to hold ! field alone1 a c]ta9 p]son's sk9 may be entirely an/hetic & n feel ! compass-po9ts at all2 & yet ?is same sk9 w prove to h a p]fectly normal s5sibility if ! appeal be made to t o!r second>y or sub-consci\sness1 :i* expresses itself automatically by writ+ or by movem5ts ( ! h&4 ,m4 ,b9et1 ,m4 ,pi]re ,janet1 & ,m4 ,jules ,janet h all f\nd ?is4 ,! subject1 :5ev] t\*$1 w\ld signify '"o po9t' or 'two po9ts1' z accurately z if %e 7 a normal p]son4 ,%e w\ld signify x only by ^! movem5ts2 & ( ! movem5ts !mselves h] prim>y self w\ld be z unconsci\s z ( ! facts !y signifi$1 = :at ! subm]g$ consci\sness makes ! h& d automatically is unkn[n to ! consci\sness :i* uses ! m\?4 ,messrs4 ,b]nheim & ,pitres h also prov$1 by obs]vations too complicat$ to be giv5 9 ?is spot1 t ! hy/]ical bl9dness is no real bl9dness at all4 ,! eye ( an hy/]ic :i* is totally bl9d :5 ! o!r or see+ eye is %ut1 w d its %>e ( vision p]fectly well :5 bo? eyes are op5 toge!r4 ,b ev5 :]e bo? eyes are semi-bl9d f hy/]ical disease1 ! me?od ( automatic writ+ proves t _! p]ceptions exi/1 only cut (f f communication ) ! upp] consci\sness4 ,m4 ,b9et has f\nd ! h& ( 8 pati5ts unconsci\sly writ+ d[n words :i* _! eyes 7 va9ly endeavor+ to 'see1' i4e41 to br+ to ! upp] consci\sness4 ,_! subm]g$ consci\sness 0 ( c\rse see+ !m1 or ! h& c\ld n h writt5 z x did4 ,colors are simil>ly p]ceiv$ by ! sub-consci\s self1 :i* ! hy/]ically color-bl9d eyes _c br+ to ! normal consci\sness4 ,pricks1 burns1 & p9*es on ! an/hetic sk91 all unnotic$ by ! upp] self1 are recollect$ to h be5 suff]$1 & compla9$ (1 z soon z ! "u self gets a *ance to express itself by ! passage ( ! subject into hypnotic trance4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 !re=e1 t 9 c]ta9 p]sons1 at lea/1 ! total possible consci\sness may be split into p>ts :i* coexi/ b mutually ignore ea* o!r1 & %>e ! objects ( k betwe5 !m4 ,m rem>kable /ill1 !y are complem5t>y4 ,give an object to "o ( ! consci\snesses1 & by t fact y remove x f ! o!r or o!rs4 ,b>r+ a c]ta9 common fund ( in=mation1 l ! comm& ( language1 etc41 :at ! upp] self kn[s ! "u self is ignorant (1 & vice v]s4 ,m4 ,janet has prov$ ?is beautifully 9 8 subject ,lucie4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t w s]ve z ! type ( ! re/3 ,9 h] trance he cov]$ h] lap ) c>ds1 ea* be>+ a numb]4 ,he !n told h] t on wak+ %e %\ld n see any c>d ^: numb] 0 a multiple ( ?ree4 ,?is is ! ord9>y s-call$ 'po/-hypnotic sugge/ion1' n[ well kn[n1 & = :i* ,lucie 0 a well-adapt$ subject4 ,accord+ly1 :5 %e 0 awak5$ & ask$ ab\t ! pap]s on h] lap1 %e c\nt$ & said %e saw ^? only ^: numb] 0 n a multiple ( #c4 ,to ! #ab1 #ah1 #i1 etc41 %e 0 bl9d4 ,b ! h&1 :5 ! sub-consci\s self 0 int]rogat$ by ! usual me?od ( engross+ ! upp] self 9 ano!r conv]sation1 wrote t ! only c>ds 9 ,lucie's lap 7 ^? numb]$ #ab1 #ah1 #i1 etc41 & on be+ ask$ to pick up all ! c>ds :i* 7 !re1 pick$ up ^! & let ! o!rs lie4 ,simil>ly :5 ! sight ( c]ta9 ?+s 0 sugge/$ to ! sub-consci\s ,lucie1 ! normal ,lucie sudd5ly became p>tially or totally bl9d4 ,:at is ! matt]8 ,i c't see6 ! normal p]sonage sudd5ly cri$ out 9 ! mid/ ( h] conv]sation1 :5 ,m4 ,janet :isp]$ to ! second>y p]sonage to make use ( h] eyes4 ,! an/hesias1 p>alyses1 contractions & o!r irregul>ities f :i* hy/]ics suff] seem !n to be due to ! fact t _! second>y p]sonage has enri*$ itself by robb+ ! prim>y "o ( a function :i* ! latt] ought to h reta9$4 ,! curative indication is evid5t3 get at ! second>y p]sonage1 by hypnotization or 9 :atev] o!r way1 & make h] give up ! eye1 ! sk91 ! arm1 or :atev] ! affect$ "p may be4 ,! normal self !reupon rega9s possession1 sees1 feels1 or is able to move aga94 ,9 ?is way ,m4 ,jules ,janet easily cur$ ! well-kn[n subject ( ! ,salptrire1 ,wit44441 ( all sorts ( afflictions :i*1 until he discov]$ ! secret ( h] deep] trance1 x _h be5 difficult to subdue4 ,cessez cette mauvaise plaisant]ie1 he said to ! second>y self--& ! latt] obey$4 ,! way 9 :i* ! v>i\s p]sonages %>e ! /ock ( possible s5sations betwe5 !m seems to be amus+ly illu/rat$ 9 ?is "y woman4 ,:5 awake1 h] sk9 is ins5sible ev]y:]e except on a zone ab\t ! arm :]e %e habitually we>s a gold bracelet4 ,?is zone has feel+2 b 9 ! deepe/ trance1 :5 all ! re/ ( h] body feels1 ?is p>ticul> zone becomes absolutely an/hetic4 ,sometimes ! mutual ignorance ( ! selves leads to incid5ts :i* are /range en\gh4 ,! acts & movem5ts p]=m$ by ! sub-consci\s self are )drawn f ! consci\s "o1 & ! subject w d all sorts ( incongru\s ?+s ( :i* he rema9s q unaw>e4 ,i ord] ,lucie by ! me?od ( di/raction to make a pi$ de nez1 & h] h&s g =?) to ! end ( h] nose4 ,ask$ :at %e is do+1 %e replies t %e is do+ no?+1 & cont9ues = a long "t talk+1 ) no app>5t suspicion t h] f+]s are mov+ 9 front ( h] nose4 ,i make h] walk ab\t ! room2 %e cont9ues to speak & believes h]self sitt+ d[n4 ,m4 ,janet obs]v$ simil> acts 9 a man 9 alcoholic delirium4 ,:il/ ! doctor 0 que/ion+ him1 ,m4 ,j4 made him by :isp]$ sugge/ion walk1 sit1 kneel1 & ev5 lie d[n on 8 face on ! floor1 he all ! :ile believ+ himself to be /&+ beside 8 b$4 ,su* biz>r]ies s\nd incr$ible1 until "o has se5 _! l4 ,long ago1 )\t und]/&+ x1 ,i myself saw a small example ( ! way 9 :i* a p]son's k may be %>$ by ! two selves4 ,a "y woman :o _h be5 writ+ automatically 0 sitt+ ) a p5cil 9 h] h&1 try+ to recall at my reque/ ! "n ( a g5tleman :om %e _h once se54 ,%e c\ld only recollect ! fir/ syllable4 ,h] h& mean:ile1 )\t h] k1 wrote d[n ! la/ two syllables4 ,9 a p]fectly heal?y "y man :o c write ) ! plan*ette1 ,i lately f\nd ! h& to be entirely an/hetic dur+ ! writ+ act2 ,i c\ld prick x sev]ely )\t ! ,subject kn[+ ! fact4 ,! writ+ on ! plan*ette1 h[ev]1 accus$ me 9 /rong t]ms ( hurt+ ! h&4 ,pricks on ! o!r 7non-writ+7 h&1 mean:ile1 :i* awak5$ /rong prote/ f ! "y man's vocal organs1 7 d5i$ to exi/ by ! self :i* made ! plan*ette g4#bjd ,we get exactly simil> results 9 ! s-call$ po/-hypnotic sugge/ion4 ,x is a famili> fact t c]ta9 subjects1 :5 told dur+ a trance to p]=m an act or to exp]i5ce an halluc9ation aft] wak+1 w :5 ! "t comes1 obey ! comm&4 ,h[ is ! comm& regi/]$8 ,h[ is its p]=mance s accurately tim$8 ,^! problems 7 long a my/]y1 = ! prim>y p]sonality rememb]s no?+ ( ! trance or ! sugge/ion1 & w (t5 trump up an improvis$ pretext = yield+ to ! unacc\ntable impulse :i* possesses ! man s sudd5ly & :i* he _c resi/4 ,edmund ,gurney 0 ! fir/ to discov]1 by means ( automatic writ+1 t ! second>y self is awake1 keep+ its att5tion con/antly fix$ on ! comm& & wat*+ = ! signal ( its execution4 ,c]ta9 trance-subjects :o 7 also automatic writ]s1 :5 r\s$ f trance & put to ! plan*ette1--n kn[+ !n :at !y wrote1 & hav+ _! upp] att5tion fully engross$ by read+ al\d1 talk+1 or solv+ problems 9 m5tal ari?metic1--w\ld inscribe ! ord]s :i* !y _h receiv$1 toge!r ) notes relative to ! "t elaps$ & ! "t yet to run be=e ! execution4#bje ,x is !re=e to no 'automatism' 9 ! me*anical s5se t su* acts are due3 a self presides ov] !m1 a split-(f1 limit$ & buri$1 b yet a fully consci\s1 self4 ,m ?an ?is1 ! buri$ self (t5 comes to ! surface & drives out ! o!r self :il/ ! acts are p]=m+4 ,9 o!r words1 ! subject lapses into trance aga9 :5 ! mom5t arrives = execution1 & has no subsequ5t recollection ( ! act :i* he has done4 ,gurney & ,beaunis e/abli%$ ?is fact1 :i* has s9ce be5 v]ifi$ on a l>ge scale2 & ,gurney also %[$ t ! pati5t became sugge/ible aga9 dur+ ! brief "t ( ! p]=mance4 ,m4 ,janet's obs]vations1 9 _! turn1 well illu/rate ! ph5om5on4 ,i tell ,lucie to keep h] arms rais$ aft] %e %all h awak5$4 ,h>dly is %e 9 ! normal /ate1 :5 up g h] arms above h] head1 b %e pays no att5tion to !m4 ,%e goes1 comes1 conv]ses1 hold+ h] arms high 9 ! air4 ,if ask$ :at h] arms are do+1 %e is surpris$ at su* a "q1 & says v s9c]ely3 ',my h&s are do+ no?+2 !y are j l y\rs4'444 ,i comm& h] to weep1 & :5 awake %e really sobs1 b cont9ues 9 ! mid/ ( h] te>s to talk ( v gay matt]s4 ,! sobb+ ov]1 !re rema9$ no trace ( ?is grief1 :i* seem$ to h be5 q sub-consci\s4 ,! prim>y self (t5 has to inv5t an halluc9ation by :i* to mask & hide f its own view ! de$s :i* ! o!r self is enact+4 ,lonie #cbjf writes real lett]s :il/ ,lonie #a believes t %e is knitt+2 or ,lucie #b really comes to ! doctor's (fice1 :il/ ,lucie #a believes h]self to be at home4 ,?is is a sort ( delirium4 ,! alphabet1 or ! s]ies ( numb]s1 :5 h&$ ov] to ! att5tion ( ! second>y p]sonage may = ! "t be lo/ to ! normal self4 ,:il/ ! h& writes ! alphabet1 ob$i5tly to comm&1 ! 'subject1' to h] great /upefaction1 f9ds h]self unable to recall x1 etc4 ,few ?+s are m curi\s ?an ^! relations ( mutual exclusion1 ( :i* all gradations exi/ betwe5 ! sev]al p>tial consci\snesses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h[ f> ?is splitt+ up ( ! m9d into sep>ate consci\snesses may exi/ 9 ea* "o ( u is a problem4 ,m4 ,janet holds t x is only possible :]e !re is abnormal weakness1 & consequ5tly a defect ( unify+ or co-ord9at+ p[]4 ,an hy/]ical woman ab&ons "p ( h] consci\sness because %e is too weak n]v\sly to hold x toge!r4 ,! ab&on$ "p mean:ile may solidify into a second>y or sub-consci\s self4 ,9 a p]fectly s\nd subject1 on ! o!r h&1 :at is dropp$ out ( m9d at "o mom5t keeps com+ back at ! next4 ,! :ole fund ( exp]i5ces & kn[l$ges rema9s integrat$1 & no split-(f portions ( x c get organiz$ /ably en\gh to =m subord9ate selves4 ,! /ability1 monotony1 & /upidity ( ^! latt] is (t5 v /rik+4 ,! po/-hypnotic sub-consci\sness seems to ?9k ( no?+ b ! ord] :i* x la/ receiv$2 ! cataleptic sub-consci\sness1 ( no?+ b ! la/ position impr9t$ on ! limb4 ,m4 ,janet c\ld cause def9itely circumscrib$ r$d5+ & tumefaction ( ! sk9 on two ( 8 subjects1 by sugge/+ to !m 9 hypnotism ! halluc9ation ( a mu/>d-p\ltice ( any special %ape4 ,j'ai t\t le temps p5s votre s9apisme1 says ! subject1 :5 put back into trance aft] ! sugge/ion has tak5 effect4 ,a man ,n41 :om ,m4 ,janet op]at$ on at long int]vals1 0 betwe5:iles tamp]$ ) by ano!r op]ator1 & :5 put to sleep aga9 by ,m4 ,janet1 said he 0 'too f> away to receive ord]s1 be+ 9 ,algi]s4' ,! o!r op]ator1 hav+ sugge/$ t halluc9ation1 _h =gott5 to remove x be=e wak+ ! subject f 8 trance1 & ! poor passive trance-p]sonality _h /uck = weeks 9 ! /agnant dream4 ,lonie's sub-consci\s p]=mances hav+ be5 illu/rat$ to a call]1 by a 'pi$ de nez' execut$ ) h] left h& 9 ! c\rse ( conv]sation1 :51 a ye> lat]1 %e meets him aga91 up goes ! same h& to h] nose aga91 )\t ,lonie's normal self suspect+ ! fact4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all ^! facts1 tak5 toge!r1 =m unque/ionably ! beg9n+ ( an inquiry :i* is de/9$ to ?r[ a new light into ! v abysses ( our nature4 ,x is = t reason t ,i h cit$ !m at su* l5g? 9 ?is e>ly *apt] ( ! book4 ,!y prove "o ?+ conclusively1 namely1 t we mu/ nev] take a p]son's te/imony1 h[ev] s9c]e1 t he has felt no?+1 z pro( positive t no feel+ has be5 !re4 ,x may h be5 !re z "p ( ! consci\sness ( a 'second>y p]sonage1' ( ^: exp]i5ces ! prim>y "o :om we are consult+ c naturally give no acc\nt4 ,9 hypnotic subjects 7z we %all see 9 a lat] *apt]7 j z x is ! easie/ ?+ 9 ! _w to p>alyze a movem5t or memb] by simple sugge/ion1 s x is easy to produce :at is call$ a sy/ematiz$ an/hesia by ^w ( comm&4 ,a sy/ematiz$ an/hesia means an ins5sibility1 n to any "o elem5t ( ?+s1 b to "s "o concrete ?+ or class ( ?+s4 ,! subject is made bl9d or deaf to a c]ta9 p]son 9 ! room & to no "o else1 & !reupon d5ies t t p]son is pres5t1 or has spok51 etc4 ,m4 ,p4 ,janet's ,lucie1 bl9d to "s ( ! numb]$ c>ds 9 h] lap 7p4 #bjg above71 is a case 9 po9t4 ,n[ :5 ! object is simple1 l a r$ waf] or a black cross1 ! subject1 al?\gh he d5ies t he sees x :5 he looks /raight at x1 nev]!less gets a 'negative aft]-image' ( x :5 he looks away aga91 %[+ t ! optical impression ( x has be5 receiv$4 ,moreov] reflection %[s t su* a subject mu/ di/+ui% ! object f o!rs l x 9 ord] to be bl9d to x4 ,make him bl9d to "o p]son 9 ! room1 set all ! p]sons 9 a r[1 & tell him to c\nt !m4 ,he w c\nt all b t "o4 ,b h[ c he tell :i* "o n to c\nt )\t recogniz+ :o he is8 ,9 l mann]1 make a /roke on pap] or blackbo>d1 & tell him x is n !re1 & he w see no?+ b ! clean pap] or bo>d4 ,next 7he n look+7 surr\nd ! orig9al /roke ) o!r /rokes exactly l x1 & ask him :at he sees4 ,he w po9t out "o by "o all ! new /rokes1 & omit ! orig9al "o e "t1 no matt] h[ num]\s ! new /rokes may be1 or 9 :at ord] !y are arrang$4 ,simil>ly1 if ! orig9al s+le /roke to :i* he is bl9d be d\bl$ by a prism ( "s sixte5 degrees plac$ be=e "o ( 8 eyes 7bo? be+ kept op571 he w say t he n[ sees "o /roke1 & po9t 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! image se5 ?r\gh ! prism lies1 ignor+ /ill ! orig9al /roke4 ,obvi\sly1 !n1 he is n bl9d to ! k9d ( /roke 9 ! lea/4 ,he is bl9d only to "o individual /roke ( t k9d 9 a p>ticul> position on ! bo>d or pap]--t is to a p>ticul> complex object2 &1 p>adoxical z x may seem to say s1 he mu/ di/+ui% x ) great accuracy f o!rs l x1 9 ord] to rema9 bl9d to x :5 ! o!rs are br\ght ne>4 ,he discrim9ates x1 z a prelim9>y to n see+ x at all4 ,aga91 :5 by a prism be=e "o eye a previ\sly invisible l9e has be5 made visible to t eye1 & ! o!r eye is !reupon clos$ or scre5$1 its closure makes no diff]5ce2 ! l9e /ill rema9s visible4 ,b if !n ! prism be remov$1 ! l9e w disappe> ev5 to ! eye :i* a mom5t ago saw x1 & bo? eyes w rev]t to _! orig9al bl9d /ate4 ,we h1 !n1 to deal 9 ^! cases nei!r ) a bl9dness ( ! eye itself1 nor ) a m]e failure to notice1 b ) some?+ mu* m complex2 namely1 an active c\nt+ out & positive exclusion ( c]ta9 objects4 ,x is z :5 "o 'cuts' an acqua9tance1 'ignores' a claim1 or 'refuses to be influ5c$' by a consid]ation4 ,b ! p]ceptive activity :i* works to ?is result is disconnect$ f ! consci\sness :i* is p]sonal1 s to speak1 to ! subject1 & makes ( ! object conc]n+ :i* ! sugge/ion is made1 its own private possession & prey4#bjg ,! "m :o is asleep to e s\nd b ! /irr+s ( h] babe1 evid5tly has ! babe-portion ( h] auditory s5sibility sy/ematically awake4 ,relatively to t1 ! re/ ( h] m9d is 9 a /ate ( sy/ematiz$ an/hesia4 ,t dep>tm5t1 split (f & disconnect$ f ! sleep+ "p1 c none ! less wake ! latt] up 9 case ( ne$4 ,s t on ! :ole ! qu>rel betwe5 ,desc>tes & ,locke z to :e!r ! m9d ev] sleeps is less ne> to solution ?an ev]4 ,on a priori speculative gr\nds ,locke's view t ?\ght & feel+ may at times :olly disappe> seems ! m plausible4 ,z gl&s cease to secrete & muscles to contract1 s ! bra9 %\ld sometimes cease to c>ry curr5ts1 & ) ?is m9imum ( its activity might well coexi/ a m9imum ( consci\sness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we see h[ deceptive are appe>ances1 & are =c$ to admit t a "p ( consci\sness may sev] its connections ) o!r p>ts & yet cont9ue to be4 ,on ! :ole x is be/ to ab/a9 f a conclusion4 ,! sci5ce ( ! ne> future w d\btless answ] ?is "q m wisely ?an we c n[4 ,let u turn n[ to consid] ! ,,relations ,,( ,,consci\sness ,,to ,,space4 ,?is is ! problem kn[n 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy z ! "q ( ! seat ( ! s\l4 ,x has giv5 rise to mu* lit]ature1 b we mu/ ourselves treat x v briefly4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds on :at we conceive ! s\l to be1 an ext5d$ or an inext5d$ entity4 ,if ! =m]1 x may occupy a seat4 ,if ! latt]1 x may n2 ?\gh x has be5 ?\ght t ev5 !n x might /ill h a position4 ,mu* hair-splitt+ has aris5 ab\t ! possibility ( an inext5d$ ?+ nev]!less be+ pres5t ?r\gh\t a c]ta9 am\nt ( ext5sion4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% ! k9ds ( pres5ce4 ,9 "s mann] our consci\sness is 'pres5t' to ev]y?+ ) :i* x is 9 relation4 ,i am cognitively pres5t to ,orion :5ev] ,i p]ceive t con/ellation1 b ,i am n dynamically pres5t !re1 ,i "w no effects4 ,to my bra91 h[ev]1 ,i am dynamically pres5t1 inasmu* z my ?\ghts & feel+s seem to react ^u ! processes !re(4 ,if1 !n1 by ! seat ( ! m9d is meant no?+ m ?an ! locality ) :i* x /&s 9 imm$iate dynamic relations1 we are c]ta9 to be "r 9 say+ t its seat is some:]e 9 ! cortex ( ! bra94 ,desc>tes1 z is well kn[n1 ?\ght t ! inext5d$ s\l 0 imm$iately pres5t to ! p9eal gl&4 ,o!rs1 z ,lotze 9 8 e>li] days1 & ,w4 ,volkmann1 ?9k its position mu/ be at "s po9t ( ! /ructureless matrix ( ! anatomical bra9-elem5ts1 at :i* po9t !y suppose t all n]ve-curr5ts may cross & comb9e4 ,! s*ola/ic doctr9e is t ! s\l is totally pres5t1 bo? 9 ! :ole & 9 ea* & e "p ( ! body4 ,?is mode ( pres5ce is said to be due to ! s\l's inext5d$ nature & to its simplicity4 ,two ext5d$ entities c\ld only correspond 9 space ) "o ano!r1 "p to "p1--b n s does ! s\l1 :i* has no p>ts1 correspond ) ! body4 ,sir ,wm4 ,hamilton & ,pr(essor ,b[5 def5d some?+ l ?is view4 ,i4 ,h4 ,fi*te1 ,ulrici1 &1 among ,am]ican philosoph]s1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,walt]1#bjh ma9ta9 ! s\l to be a space-fill+ pr9ciple4 ,fi*te calls x ! inn] body1 ,ulrici lik5s x to a fluid ( non-molecul> composition4 ,^! !ories rem9d u ( ! '!osophic' doctr9es ( ! pres5t day1 & c>ry u back to times :5 ! s\l z vehicle ( consci\sness 0 n discrim9at$1 z x n[ is1 f ! vital pr9ciple presid+ ov] ! =mation ( ! body4 ,plato gave head1 brea/1 & abdom5 to ! immortal reason1 ! c\rage1 & ! appetites1 z _! seats respectively4 ,ari/otle argues t ! he>t is ! sole seat4 ,else:]e we f9d ! blood1 ! bra91 ! lungs1 ! liv] ! kidneys ev51 9 turn assign$ z seat ( ! :ole or "p ( ! s\l4#bji ,! tru? is t if ! ?9k+ pr9ciple is ext5d$ we nei!r "k its =m nor its seat2 :il/ if unext5d$1 x is absurd to speak ( its hav+ any space-relations at all4 ,space-relations we %all see h]eaft] to be s5sible ?+s4 ,! only objects t c h mutual relations ( position are objects t are p]ceiv$ coexi/+ 9 ! same felt space4 ,a ?+ n p]ceiv$ at all1 su* z ! inext5d$ s\l mu/ be1 _c coexi/ ) any p]ceiv$ objects 9 ?is way4 ,no l9es c be felt /ret*+ f x to ! o!r objects4 ,x c =m no t]m9us to any space-int]val4 ,x c !re=e 9 no intelligible s5se enjoy position4 ,its relations _c be spatial1 b mu/ be exclusively cognitive or dynamic1 z we h se54 ,s f> z !y are dynamic1 to talk ( ! s\l be+ 'pres5t' is only a figure ( spee*4 ,hamilton's doctr9e t ! s\l is pres5t to ! :ole body is at any rate false3 = cognitively its pres5ce ext5ds f> beyond ! body1 & dynamically x does n ext5d beyond ! bra94#baj ,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,m9ds ,,to ,,o!r ,,objects are ei!r relations to o!r m9ds1 or to mat]ial ?+s4 ,! mat]ial ?+s are ei!r ! m9d's own bra91 on ! "o h&1 or any?+ else1 on ! o!r4 ,! relations ( a m9d to its own bra9 are ( a unique & utt]ly my/]i\s sort2 we discuss$ !m 9 ! la/ two *apt]s1 & c add no?+ to t acc\nt4 ,! m9d's relations to o!r objects ?an ! bra9 are cognitive & emotional relations exclusively1 s f> z we "k4 ,x kn[s !m1 & x inw>dly welcomes or rejects !m1 b x has no o!r deal+s ) !m4 ,:5 x seems to act ^u !m1 x only does s ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y ( its own body1 s t n x b ! body is :at acts on !m1 & ! bra9 mu/ fir/ act ^u ! body4 ,! same is true :5 o!r ?+s seem to act on x--!y only act on ! body1 & ?r\gh t on its bra94#baa ,all t x c d directly is to "k o!r ?+s1 miskn[ or ignore !m1 & to f9d t !y int]e/ x1 9 ?is fa%ion or 9 t4 ,n[ ! relation ( kn[+ is ! mo/ my/]i\s ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,if we ask h[ "o ?+ c "k ano!r we are l$ into ! he>t ( ,erk5ntnis/heorie & metaphysics4 ,! psy*ologi/1 = 8 "p1 does n consid] ! matt] s curi\sly z ?is4 ,f9d+ a _w be=e him :i* he _c b believe t he kn[s1 & sett+ himself to /udy 8 own pa/ ?\ghts1 or someone else's ?\ghts1 ( :at he believes to be t same _w2 he _c b conclude t ^? o!r ?\ghts "k x aft] _! fa%ion ev5 z he kn[s x aft] 84 ,k becomes = him an ultimate relation t mu/ be admitt$1 :e!r x be expla9$ or n1 j l diff]5ce or resemblance1 :i* no "o seeks to expla94 ,7 our topic ,absolute ,m9d in/ead ( be+ ! concrete m9ds ( individuals dwell+ 9 ! natural _w1 we c\ld n tell :e!r t ,m9d _h ! function ( kn[+ or n1 z kn[+ is commonly und]/ood4 ,we might le>n ! complexion ( its ?\ghts2 b1 z we %\ld h no realities outside ( x to comp>e !m )1--= if we _h1 ! ,m9d w\ld n be ,absolute1--we c\ld n criticise !m1 & f9d !m ei!r "r or wrong2 & we %\ld h to call !m simply ! ?\ghts1 & n ! k1 ( ! ,absolute ,m9d4 ,f9ite m9ds1 h[ev]1 c be judg$ 9 a diff]5t way1 because ! psy*ologi/ himself c g bail = ! indep5d5t reality ( ! objects ( :i* !y ?9k4 ,he kn[s ^! to exi/ outside z well z inside ! m9ds 9 "q2 he ?us kn[s :e!r ! m9ds ?9k & "k1 or only ?9k2 & ?\gh 8 k is ( c\rse t ( a fallible mortal1 !re is no?+ 9 ! conditions t %\ld make x m likely to be wrong 9 ?is case ?an 9 any o!r4 ,n[ by :at te/s does ! psy*ologi/ decide :e!r ! /ate ( m9d he is /udy+ is a bit ( k1 or only a subjective fact n ref]r+ to any?+ outside itself8 ,he uses ! te/s we all practically use4 ,if ! /ate ( m9d resembles 8 own idea ( a c]ta9 reality2 or if )\t resembl+ 8 idea ( x1 x seems to imply t reality & ref] to x by op]at+ ^u x ?r\gh ! bodily organs2 or ev5 if x resembles & op]ates on "s o!r reality t implies1 & leads up to1 & t]m9ates 91 ! fir/ "o1--9 ei!r or all ( ^! cases ! psy*ologi/ admits t ! /ate ( m9d takes cognizance1 directly or remotely1 di/9ctly or vaguely1 truly or falsely1 ( ! reality's nature & position 9 ! _w4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! m5tal /ate "u exam9ation nei!r resembles nor op]ates on any ( ! realities kn[n to ! psy*ologi/1 he calls x a subjective /ate pure & simple1 possess$ ( no cognitive wor?4 ,if1 aga91 x resemble a reality or a set ( realities z he kn[s !m1 b altoge!r fail to op]ate on !m or modify _! c\rse by produc+ bodily motions :i* ! psy*ologi/ sees1 !n ! psy*ologi/1 l all ( u1 may be 9 d\bt4 ,let ! m5tal /ate1 = example1 occur dur+ ! sleep ( its subject4 ,let ! latt] dream ( ! dea? ( a c]ta9 man1 & let ! man simultane\sly die4 ,is ! dream a m]e co9cid5ce1 or a v]itable cognition ( ! dea?8 ,su* puzzl+ cases are :at ! ,societies = ',psy*ical ,rese>*' are collect+ & try+ to int]pret 9 ! mo/ reasonable way4 ,if ! dream 7 ! only "o ( ! k9d ! subject ev] _h 9 8 life1 if ! context ( ! dea? 9 ! dream diff]$ 9 _m p>ticul>s f ! real dea?'s context1 & if ! dream l$ to no action ab\t ! dea?1 unque/ionably we %\ld all call x a /range co9cid5ce1 & naught besides4 ,b if ! dea? 9 ! dream _h a long context1 agree+ po9t = po9t ) e feature t att5d$ ! real dea?2 if ! subject 7 con/antly hav+ su* dreams1 all equally p]fect1 & if on awak+ he _h a habit ( act+ imm$iately z if !y 7 true & s gett+ '! />t' ( 8 m t>dily in=m$ neighbors1--we %\ld probably all h to admit t he _h "s my/]i\s k9d ( clairvoyant p[]1 t 8 dreams 9 an inscrutable way knew j ^? realities :i* !y figur$1 & t ! ^w 'co9cid5ce' fail$ to t\* ! root ( ! matt]4 ,& :atev] d\bts any "o pres]v$ w\ld completely vani% if x %\ld appe> t f ! mid/ ( 8 dream he _h ! p[] ( int]f]+ ) ! c\rse ( ! reality1 & mak+ ! ev5ts 9 x turn ?is way or t1 accord+ z he dream$ !y %\ld4 ,!n at lea/ x w\ld be c]ta9 t he & ! psy*ologi/ 7 deal+ ) ! same4 ,x is by su* te/s z ^! t we are conv9c$ t ! wak+ m9ds ( our fell[s & our own m9ds "k ! same ext]nal _w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! psy*ologi/'s attitude t[>ds cognition w be s important 9 ! sequel t we mu/ n leave x until x is made p]fectly cle>4 ,x is a ?or\ghgo+ dualism4 ,x supposes two elem5ts1 m9d kn[+ & ?+ kn[n1 & treats !m z irr$ucible4 ,nei!r gets out ( itself or into ! o!r1 nei!r 9 any way is ! o!r1 nei!r makes ! o!r4 ,!y j /& face to face 9 a common _w1 & "o simply kn[s1 or is kn[n unto1 its c\nt]p>t4 ,?is s+ul> relation is n to be express$ 9 any l[] t]ms1 or translat$ into any m intelligible "n4 ,"s sort ( signal mu/ be giv5 by ! ?+ to ! m9d's bra91 or ! kn[+ w n occur--we f9d z a matt] ( fact t ! m]e exi/5ce ( a ?+ outside ! bra9 is n a suffici5t cause = our kn[+ x3 x mu/ /rike ! bra9 9 "s way1 z well z be !re1 to be kn[n4 ,b ! bra9 be+ /ruck1 ! k is con/itut$ by a new con/ruction t occurs altoge!r 9 ! m9d4 ,! ?+ rema9s ! same :e!r kn[n or n4#bab ,& :5 once !re1 ! k may rema9 !re1 :atev] becomes ( ! ?+4 ,by ! anci5ts1 & by unreflect+ p p]haps to-day1 k is expla9$ z ! passage ( some?+ f )\t into ! m9d--! latt]1 s f>1 at lea/1 z its s5sible affections g1 be+ passive & receptive4 ,b ev5 9 m]e s5se-impression ! duplication ( ! object by an inn] con/ruction mu/ take place4 ,consid]1 ) ,pr(essor ,b[ne1 :at happ5s :5 two p conv]se toge!r & "k ea* o!r's m9d4 ,no ?\ghts leave ! m9d ( "o & cross into ! m9d ( ! o!r4 ,:5 we speak ( an ex*ange ( ?\ght1 ev5 ! crude/ m9d kn[s t ?is is a m]e figure ( spee*4444 ,to p]ceive ano!r's ?\ght1 we mu/ con/ruct 8 ?\ght )9 ourselves2444 ?is ?\ght is our own & is /rictly orig9al ) u4 ,at ! same "t we owe x to ! o!r2 & if x _h n orig9at$ ) him1 x w\ld probably n h orig9at$ ) u4 ,b :at has ! o!r done8444 ,?is3 by an entirely my/]i\s _w-ord]1 ! speak] is enabl$ to produce a s]ies ( signs :i* are totally unlike ! ?\ght1 b :i*1 by virtue ( ! same my/]i\s ord]1 act z a s]ies ( incitem5ts ^u ! he>]1 s t he con/ructs )9 himself ! correspond+ m5tal /ate4 ,! act ( ! speak] consi/s 9 avail+ himself ( ! prop] incitem5ts4 ,! act ( ! he>] is imm$iately only ! reaction ( ! s\l aga9/ ! incitem5t4444 ,all communion betwe5 f9ite m9ds is ( ?is sort4444 ,probably no reflect+ p]son w\ld d5y ?is conclusion1 b :5 we say t :at is ?us true ( p]ception ( ano!r's ?\ght is equally true ( ! p]ception ( ! out] _w 9 g5]al1 _m m9ds w be dispos$ to "q1 & n a few w d5y x outright4 ,yet !re is no alt]native b to affirm t to p]ceive ! univ]se we mu/ con/ruct x 9 ?\ght1 & t our k ( ! univ]se is b ! unfold+ ( ! m9d's inn] nature4444 ,by describ+ ! m9d z a wax5 tablet1 & ?+s z impress+ !mselves ^u x1 we seem to get great insight until we ?9k to ask :]e ?is ext5d$ tablet is1 & h[ ?+s /amp !mselves on x1 & h[ ! p]ceptive act w\ld be expla9$ ev5 if !y did4444 ,! imm$iate antec$5ts ( s5sation & p]ception are a s]ies ( n]v\s *anges 9 ! bra94 ,:atev] we "k ( ! out] _w is reveal$ only 9 & ?r\gh ^! n]v\s *anges4 ,b ^! are totally unlike ! objects assum$ to exi/ z _! causes4 ,if we might conceive ! m9d z 9 ! light1 & 9 direct contact ) its objects1 ! imag9ation at lea/ w\ld be com=t$2 b :5 we conceive ! m9d z com+ 9 contact ) ! out] _w only 9 ! d>k *amb] ( ! skull1 & !n n 9 contact ) ! objects p]ceiv$1 b only ) a s]ies ( n]ve-*anges ( :i*1 moreov]1 x kn[s no?+1 x is pla9 t ! object is a long way (f4 ,all talk ( pictures1 impressions1 etc41 ceases because ( ! lack ( all ! conditions to give su* figures any mean+4 ,x is n ev5 cle> t we %all ev] f9d our way out ( ! d>kness into ! _w ( light & reality aga94 ,we beg9 ) complete tru/ 9 physics & ! s5ses1 & are =?) l$ away f ! object into a n]v\s labyr9?1 :]e ! object is entirely displac$ by a set ( n]v\s *anges :i* are totally unlike any?+ b !mselves4 ,f9ally1 we l& 9 ! d>k *amb] ( ! skull4 ,! object has gone completely1 & k has n yet appe>$4 ,n]v\s signs are ! raw mat]ial ( all k ( ! out] _w accord+ to ! mo/ decid$ realism4 ,b 9 ord] to pass beyond ^! signs into a k ( ! out] _w1 we mu/ posit an int]pret] :o %all read back ^! signs into _! objective mean+4 ,b t int]pret]1 aga91 mu/ implicitly conta9 ! mean+ ( ! univ]se )9 itself2 & ^! signs are really b excitations :i* cause ! s\l to unfold :at is )9 itself4 ,inasmu* z by common cons5t ! s\l communicates ) ! out] _w only ?r\gh ^! signs1 & nev] comes ne>] to ! object ?an su* signs c br+ x1 x foll[s t ! pr9ciples ( int]pretation mu/ be 9 ! m9d itself1 & t ! result+ con/ruction is prim>ily only an expression ( ! m9d's own nature4 ,all reaction is ( ?is sort2 x expresses ! nature ( ! react+ ag5t1 & k comes "u ! same head1 ?is fact makes x necess>y = u ei!r to admit a pre-e/abli%$ h>mony betwe5 ! laws & nature ( ?\ght & ! laws & nature ( ?+s1 or else to all[ t ! objects ( p]ception1 ! univ]se z x appe>s1 are purely ph5om5al1 be+ b ! way 9 :i* ! m9d reacts aga9/ ! gr\nd ( its s5sations4#bac ,! dualism ( ,object & ,subject & _! pre-e/abli%$ h>mony are :at ! psy*ologi/ z su* mu/ assume1 :atev] ult]ior moni/ic philosophy he may1 z an individual :o has ! "r also to be a metaphysician1 h 9 res]ve4 ,i hope t ?is g5]al po9t is n[ made cle>1 s t we may leave x1 & desc5d to "s di/9ctions ( detail4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are two k9ds ( k broadly & practically di/+ui%able3 we may call !m respectively k ( acqua9tance & k-ab\t4 ,mo/ languages express ! di/9ction2 ?us1 1 2 nosc]e1 scire2 k5n51 wiss52 connatre1 savoir4#bad ,i am acqua9t$ ) _m p & ?+s1 :i* ,i "k v little ab\t1 except _! pres5ce 9 ! places :]e ,i h met !m4 ,i "k ! color blue :5 ,i see x1 & ! flavor ( a pe> :5 ,i ta/e x2 ,i "k an in* :5 ,i move my f+] ?r\gh x2 a second ( "t1 :5 ,i feel x pass2 an ef=t ( att5tion :5 ,i make x2 a diff]5ce betwe5 two ?+s :5 ,i notice x2 b ab\t ! inn] nature ( ^! facts or :at makes !m :at !y are1 ,i c say no?+ at all4 ,i _c imp>t acqua9tance ) !m to any "o :o has n already made x himself4 ,i _c describe !m1 make a bl9d man guess :at blue is l1 def9e to a *ild a syllogism1 or tell a philosoph] 9 j :at respect di/ance is j :at x is1 & diff]s f o!r =ms ( relation4 ,at mo/1 ,i c say to my fri5ds1 ,g to c]ta9 places & act 9 c]ta9 ways1 & ^! objects w probably come4 ,all ! elem5t>y natures ( ! _w1 its highe/ g5]a1 ! simple qualities ( matt] & m9d1 toge!r ) ! k9ds ( relation t subsi/ betwe5 !m1 mu/ ei!r n be kn[n at all1 or kn[n 9 ?is dumb way ( acqua9tance )\t k-ab\t4 ,9 m9ds able to speak at all !re is1 x is true1 "s k ab\t ev]y?+4 ,?+s c at lea/ be class$1 & ! times ( _! appe>ance told4 ,b 9 g5]al1 ! less we analyze a ?+1 & ! few] ( its relations we p]ceive1 ! less we "k ab\t x & ! m our famili>ity ) x is ( ! acqua9tance-type4 ,! two k9ds ( k are1 !re=e1 z ! human m9d practically ex]ts !m1 relative t]ms4 ,t is1 ! same ?\ght ( a ?+ may be call$ k-ab\t x 9 comp>ison ) a simpl] ?\ght1 or acqua9tance ) x 9 comp>ison ) a ?\ght ( x t is m articulate & explicit /ill4 ,! grammatical s5t5ce expresses ?is4 ,its 'subject' /&s = an object ( acqua9tance :i*1 by ! addition ( ! pr$icate1 is to get some?+ kn[n ab\t x4 ,we may already "k a good deal1 :5 we he> ! subject nam$--its "n may h ri* connotations4 ,b1 "k we mu* or little !n1 we "k m /ill :5 ! s5t5ce is done4 ,we c relapse at w into a m]e condition ( acqua9tance ) an object by scatt]+ our att5tion & />+ at x 9 a vacu\s trance-l way4 ,we c asc5d to k ab\t x by rally+ our wits & proce$+ to notice & analyze & ?9k4 ,:at we are only acqua9t$ ) is only pres5t to our m9ds2 we h x1 or ! idea ( x4 ,b :5 we "k ab\t x1 we d m ?an m]ely h x2 we seem1 z we ?9k ov] its relations1 to subject x to a sort ( treatm5t & to op]ate ^u x ) our ?\ght4 ,! words feel+ & ?\ght give voice to ! anti!sis4 ,?r\gh feel+s we become acqua9t$ ) ?+s1 b only by our ?\ghts d we "k ab\t !m4 ,feel+s are ! g]m & />t+ po9t ( cognition1 ?\ghts ! develop$ tree4 ,! m9imum ( grammatical subject1 ( objective pres5ce1 ( reality kn[n ab\t1 ! m]e beg9n+ ( k1 mu/ be nam$ by ! ^w t says ! lea/4 ,su* a ^w is ! int]jection1 z lo6 !re6 ecco6 voil6 or ! article or demon/rative pron\n introduc+ ! s5t5ce1 z !1 x1 t4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xii we %all see a little deep] into :at ?is di/9ction1 betwe5 ! m]e m5tal hav+ or feel+ ( an object & ! ?9k+ ( x1 port5ds4 ,! m5tal /ates usually di/+ui%$ z feel+s are ! emotions1 & ! s5sations we get f sk91 muscle1 viscus1 eye1 e>1 nose1 & palate4 ,! '?\ghts1' z recogniz$ 9 popul> p>lance1 are ! conceptions & judgm5ts4 ,:5 we treat ( ^! m5tal /ates 9 p>ticul> we %all h to say a ^w ab\t ! cognitive function & value ( ea*4 ,x may p]haps be well to notice n[ t our s5ses only give u acqua9tance ) facts ( body1 & t ( ! m5tal /ates ( o!r p]sons we only h conceptual k4 ,( our own pa/ /ates ( m9d we take cognizance 9 a peculi> way4 ,!y are 'objects ( memory1' & appe> to u end[$ ) a sort ( w>m? & intimacy t makes ! p]ception ( !m seem m l a process ( s5sation ?an l a ?\ght4 ,,footnotes3 #aih ,messrs4 ,payton ,sp5ce 7,j\rnal ( ,spec4 ,phil41 x1 #cch1 xiv1 #bhf7 & ,m4 ,m4 ,g>v] 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ( ,sci5ce1 #c;d s]ies1 xx1 #ahi7 argue1 ! "o f speculative1 ! o!r f exp]im5tal gr\nds1 t1 ! physical condition ( consci\sness be+ neural vibration1 ! consci\sness mu/ itself be incessantly int]rupt$ by unconsci\sness--ab\t fifty times a second1 accord+ to ,g>v]4 #aii ,t ! appe>ance ( m5tal activity "h is real c be prov$ by sugge/+ to ! 'hypnotiz$' somnambuli/ t he %all rememb] :5 he awakes4 ,he w !n (t5 d s4 #bjj ,= m details1 cf4 ,malebran*e1 ,re*4 de la ,v]it1 bk4 iii1 *ap4 i2 ,j4 ,locke1 ,essay conc4 ,h4 ,u41 book iii1 *4 i2 ,c4 ,wolf1 ,psy*ol4 rationalis1 #ei2 ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 ,lectures on ,metaph41 lecture xvii2 ,j4 ,bascom1 ,sci5ce ( ,m9d1 #ab2 ,?4 ,j\ffroy1 ,mlanges ,philos41 'du ,sommeil'2 ,h4 ,holl&1 ,*apt]s on ,m5tal ,physiol41 p4 #hj2 ,b4 ,brodie1 ,psy*ol4 ,rese>*es1 p4 #adg2 ,e4 ,m4 ,*esley1 ,j\rn4 ( ,spec4 ,phil41 vol4 xi1 p4 #gb2 ,?4 ,ribot1 ,maladies de la ,p]sonnalit1 pp4 #h-aj2 ,h4 ,lotze1 ,metaphysics1 #ecc4 #bja ,l',automatisme ,psy*ologique1 ,p>is1 #ahhi1 passim4 #bjb ,see 8 articles 9 ! ,*icago ,op5 ,c\rt1 = ,july1 ,augu/ & ,novemb]1 #ahhi4 ,also 9 ! ,revue ,philosophique = #ahhi & '#ij4 #bjc ,?is :ole ph5om5on %[s h[ an idea :i* rema9s itself bel[ ! ?re%old ( a c]ta9 consci\s self may occasion associative effects !re94 ,! sk9-s5sations unfelt by ! pati5t's prim>y consci\sness awak5 nev]!less _! usual visual associates !re94 #bjd ,see ,proce$+s ( ,am]ican ,soc4 = ,psy*4 ,rese>*1 vol4 i1 p4 #edh4 #bje ,proce$+s ( ! 7,london7 ,soc4 = ,psy*4 ,rese>*1 ,may1 #ahhg1 p4 #bfh ff4 #bjf ,m4 ,janet designates by numb]s ! diff]5t p]sonalities :i* ! subject may display4 #bjg ,h[ to conceive ( ?is /ate ( m9d is n easy4 ,x w\ld be mu* simpl] to und]/& ! process1 if add+ new /rokes made ! fir/ "o visible4 ,!re w\ld !n be two diff]5t objects app]ceiv$ z totals1--pap] ) "o /roke1 pap] ) _m /rokes2 &1 bl9d to ! =m]1 he w\ld see all t 0 9 ! latt]1 because he w\ld h app]ceiv$ x z a diff]5t total 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,a process ( ?is sort occurs sometimes 7n always7 :5 ! new /rokes1 in/ead ( be+ m]e repetitions ( ! orig9al "o1 are l9es :i* comb9e ) x into a total object1 say a human face4 ,! subject ( ! trance !n may rega9 8 sight ( ! l9e to :i* he _h previ\sly be5 bl9d1 by see+ x z "p ( ! face4 #bjh ,p]ception ( ,space & ,matt]1 #ahgi1 "p ii1 *ap4 #c4 #bji ,= a v good cond5s$ hi/ory ( ! v>i\s op9ions1 see ,w4 ,volkmann von ,volkm>1 ,lehrbu* d4 ,psy*ologie1 #af1 ,anm4 ,complete ref]5ces to ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton are giv5 9 ,j4 ,e4 ,walt]1 ,p]ception ( ,space & ,matt]1 pp4 #fe-f4 #baj ,mo/ contempor>y writ]s ignore ! "q ( ! s\l's seat4 ,lotze is ! only "o :o seems to h be5 mu* conc]n$ ab\t x1 & 8 views h v>i$4 ,cf4 ,m$ic9is*e ,psy*ol41 #aj4 ,microcosmus1 bk4 iii1 *4 #b4 ,metaphysic1 bk4 iii1 *4 #e4 ,outl9es ( ,psy*ol41 "p ii1 *4 #c4 ,see also ,g4 ,t4 ,fe*n]1 ,psy*ophysik1 *ap4 xxxvii4 #baa ,i purposely ignore 'clairvoyance' & action ^u di/ant ?+s by 'm$iums1' z n yet matt]s ( common cons5t4 #bab ,i disreg>d consequ5ces :i* may lat] come to ! ?+ f ! fact t x is kn[n4 ,! kn[+ p] se 9 no wise affects ! ?+4 #bac ,b4 ,p4 ,b[ne3 ,metaphysics1 pp4 #djg-aj4 ,cf4 also ,lotze3 ,logik1 #cjh1 #cbf-g4 #bad ,cf4 ,john ,grote3 ,exploratio ,philosophica1 p4 #fj2 ,h4 ,helmholtz1 ,popul> ,sci5tific ,lectures1 ,london1 p4 #cjh-i4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4#bae ,,! ,,/ream ,,( ,,?\ght4 ,we n[ beg9 our /udy ( ! m9d f )94 ,mo/ books />t ) s5sations1 z ! simple/ m5tal facts1 & proce$ syn!tically1 con/ruct+ ea* high] /age f ^? bel[ x4 ,b ?is is ab&on+ ! empirical me?od ( inve/igation4 ,no "o ev] _h a simple s5sation by itself4 ,consci\sness1 f our natal day1 is ( a teem+ multiplicity ( objects & relations1 & :at we call simple s5sations are results ( discrim9ative att5tion1 pu%$ (t5 to a v high degree4 ,x is a/oni%+ :at havoc is wr\ght 9 psy*ology by admitt+ at ! outset app>5tly innoc5t suppositions1 t nev]!less conta9 a flaw4 ,! bad consequ5ces develop !mselves lat] on1 & are irrem$iable1 be+ wov5 ?r\gh ! :ole texture ( ! "w4 ,! notion t s5sations1 be+ ! simple/ ?+s1 are ! fir/ ?+s to take up 9 psy*ology is "o ( ^! suppositions4 ,! only ?+ :i* psy*ology has a "r to po/ulate at ! outset is ! fact ( ?9k+ itself1 & t mu/ fir/ be tak5 up & analyz$4 ,if s5sations !n prove to be among/ ! elem5ts ( ! ?9k+1 we %all be no worse (f z respects !m ?an if we _h tak5 !m = grant$ at ! />t4 ,! fir/ fact = u1 !n1 z psy*ologi/s1 is t ?9k+ ( "s sort goes on4 ,i use ! ^w ?9k+1 9 accordance ) :at 0 said on p4 #ahf1 = e =m ( consci\sness indiscrim9ately4 ,if we c\ld say 9 ,engli% 'x ?9ks1' z we say 'x ra9s 'or 'x bl[s1' we %\ld be /at+ ! fact mo/ simply & ) ! m9imum ( assumption4 ,z we _c1 we mu/ simply say t ?\ght goes on4 ,,five ,,*>act]s ,,9 ,,?\ght4 ,h[ does x g on8 ,we notice imm$iately five important *>act]s 9 ! process1 ( :i* x %all be ! duty ( ! pres5t *apt] to treat 9 a g5]al way3 #a7 ,e ?\ght t5ds to be "p ( a p]sonal consci\sness4 #b7 ,)9 ea* p]sonal consci\sness ?\ght is always *ang+4 #c7 ,)9 ea* p]sonal consci\sness ?\ght is s5sibly cont9u\s4 #d7 ,x always appe>s to deal ) objects indep5d5t ( itself4 #e7 ,x is int]e/$ 9 "s p>ts ( ^! objects to ! exclusion ( o!rs1 & welcomes or rejects--*ooses f among !m1 9 a ^w--all ! :ile4 ,9 consid]+ ^! five po9ts successively1 we %all h to plunge 9 m$ias res z reg>ds our vocabul>y1 & use psy*ological t]ms :i* c only be adequately def9$ 9 lat] *apt]s ( ! book4 ,b e "o kn[s :at ! t]ms mean 9 a r\gh way2 & x is only 9 a r\gh way t we are n[ to take !m4 ,?is *apt] is l a pa9t]'s fir/ *>coal sket* ^u 8 canvas1 9 :i* no niceties appe>4 #a7 ,?\ght t5ds to ,p]sonal ,=m4 ,:5 ,i say e ?\ght is "p ( a p]sonal consci\sness1 'p]sonal consci\sness' is "o ( ! t]ms 9 "q4 ,its mean+ we "k s long z no "o asks u to def9e x1 b to give an accurate acc\nt ( x is ! mo/ difficult ( philosophic tasks4 ,?is task we mu/ confront 9 ! next *apt]2 "h a prelim9>y ^w w suffice4 ,9 ?is room--?is lecture-room1 say--!re are a multitude ( ?\ghts1 y\rs & m9e1 "s ( :i* coh]e mutually1 & "s n4 ,!y are z little ea*-=-itself & reciprocally indep5d5t z !y are all-belong+-toge!r4 ,!y are nei!r3 no "o ( !m is sep>ate1 b ea* belongs ) c]ta9 o!rs & ) none beside4 ,my ?\ght belongs ) my o!r ?\ghts1 & y\r ?\ght ) y\r o!r ?\ghts4 ,:e!r any:]e 9 ! room !re be a m]e ?\ght1 :i* is nobody's ?\ght1 we h no means ( asc]ta9+1 = we h no exp]i5ce ( its l4 ,! only /ates ( consci\sness t we naturally deal ) are f\nd 9 p]sonal consci\snesses1 m9ds1 selves1 concrete p>ticul> ,i's & y's4 ,ea* ( ^! m9ds keeps its own ?\ghts to itself4 ,!re is no giv+ or b>t]+ betwe5 !m4 ,no ?\ght ev5 comes into direct sight ( a ?\ght 9 ano!r p]sonal consci\sness ?an its own4 ,absolute insulation1 irr$ucible pluralism1 is ! law4 ,x seems z if ! elem5t>y psy*ic fact 7 n ?\ght or ?is ?\ght or t ?\ght1 b my ?\ght1 e ?\ght be+ own$4 ,nei!r contemporaneity1 nor proximity 9 space1 nor simil>ity ( quality & cont5t are able to fuse ?\ghts toge!r :i* are sund]$ by ?is b>ri] ( belong+ to diff]5t p]sonal m9ds4 ,! brea*es betwe5 su* ?\ghts are ! mo/ absolute brea*es 9 nature4 ,ev]yone w recognize ?is to be true1 s long z ! exi/5ce ( some?+ correspond+ to ! t]m 'p]sonal m9d' is all t is insi/$ on1 )\t any p>ticul> view ( its nature be+ impli$4 ,on ^! t]ms ! p]sonal self r ?an ! ?\ght might be treat$ z ! imm$iate datum 9 psy*ology4 ,! univ]sal consci\s fact is n 'feel+s & ?\ghts exi/1' b ',i ?9k' & ',i feel4'#baf ,no psy*ology1 at any rate1 c "q ! exi/5ce ( p]sonal selves4 ,! wor/ a psy*ology c d is s to int]pret ! nature ( ^! selves z to rob !m ( _! wor?4 ,a ,fr5* writ]1 speak+ ( our ideas1 says some:]e 9 a fit ( anti-spirituali/ic excitem5t t1 misl$ by c]ta9 peculi>ities :i* !y display1 we 'end by p]sonify+' ! procession :i* !y make1--su* p]sonification be+ reg>d$ by him z a great philosophic blund] on our "p4 ,x c\ld only be a blund] if ! notion ( p]sonality meant some?+ ess5tially diff]5t f any?+ to be f\nd 9 ! m5tal procession4 ,b if t procession be itself ! v 'orig9al' ( ! notion ( p]sonality1 to p]sonify x _c possibly be wrong4 ,x is already p]sonifi$4 ,!re are no m>ks ( p]sonality to be ga!r$ aliunde1 & !n f\nd lack+ 9 ! tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,x has !m all already2 s t to :atev] f>!r analysis we may subject t =m ( p]sonal selfhood "u :i* ?\ghts appe>1 x is1 & mu/ rema91 true t ! ?\ghts :i* psy*ology /udies d cont9ually t5d to appe> z p>ts ( p]sonal selves4 ,i say 't5d to appe>' r ?an 'appe>1' on acc\nt ( ^? facts ( sub-consci\s p]sonality1 automatic writ+1 etc41 ( :i* we /udi$ a few 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,! buri$ feel+s & ?\ghts prov$ n[ to exi/ 9 hy/]ical an/hetics1 9 recipi5ts ( po/-hypnotic sugge/ion1 etc41 !mselves are p>ts ( second>y p]sonal selves4 ,^! selves are = ! mo/ "p v /upid & contract$1 & are cut (f at ord9>y times f communication ) ! regul> & normal self ( ! individual2 b /ill !y =m consci\s unities1 h cont9u\s memories1 speak1 write1 inv5t di/9ct names = !mselves1 or adopt names t are sugge/$2 &1 9 %ort1 are entirely wor?y ( t title ( second>y p]sonalities :i* is n[ commonly giv5 !m4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,janet ^! second>y p]sonalities are always abnormal1 & result f ! splitt+ ( :at ought to be a s+le complete self into two p>ts1 ( :i* "o lurks 9 ! backgr\nd :il/ ! o!r appe>s on ! surface z ! only self ! man or woman has4 ,= our pres5t purpose x is unimportant :e!r ?is acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( second>y selves is applicable to all possible cases ( !m or n1 = x c]ta9ly is true ( a l>ge numb] ( !m4 ,n[ al?\gh ! size ( a second>y self ?us =m$ w dep5d on ! numb] ( ?\ghts t are ?us split-(f f ! ma9 consci\sness1 ! =m ( x t5ds to p]sonality1 & ! lat] ?\ghts p]ta9+ to x rememb] ! e>li] ones & adopt !m z _! own4 ,m4 ,janet caught ! actual mom5t ( inspissation 7s to speak7 ( "o ( ^! second>y p]sonalities 9 8 an/hetic somnambuli/ ,lucie4 ,he f\nd t :5 ?is "y woman's att5tion 0 absorb$ 9 conv]sation ) a ?ird p>ty1 h] an/hetic h& w\ld write simple answ]s to que/ions :isp]$ to h] by himself4 ,d y he>8 he ask$4 ,no1 0 ! unconsci\sly writt5 reply4 ,b to answ] y mu/ he>4 ,yes1 q s4 ,!n h[ d y manage8 ,i don't "k4 ,!re mu/ be "s "o :o he>s me4 ,yes4 ,:o8 ,someone o!r ?an ,lucie4 ,ah6 ano!r p]son4 ,%all we give h] a "n8 ,no4 ,yes1 x w be m conv5i5t4 ,well1 ,adri5ne1 !n4 ,once baptiz$1 ! subconsci\s p]sonage1 ,m4 ,janet cont9ues1 gr[s m def9itely outl9$ & displays bett] h] psy*ological *>act]s4 ,9 p>ticul> %e %[s u t %e is consci\s ( ! feel+s exclud$ f ! consci\sness ( ! prim>y or normal p]sonage4 ,%e x is :o tells u t ,i am p9*+ ! arm or t\*+ ! little f+] 9 :i* ,lucie = s long has _h no tactile s5sations4#bag ,9 o!r cases ! adoption ( ! "n by ! second>y self is m spontane\s4 ,i h se5 a numb] ( incipi5t automatic writ]s & m$iums z yet imp]fectly 'develop$1' :o imm$iately & ( _! own accord write & speak 9 ! "n ( dep>t$ spirits4 ,^! may be public *>act]s1 z ,moz>t1 ,f>aday1 or real p]sons =m]ly kn[n to ! subject1 or altoge!r imag9>y be+s4 ,)\t prejudic+ ! "q ( real '_s-control' 9 ! m develop$ sorts ( trance-utt]ance1 ,i incl9e to ?9k t ^! 7(t5 deplorably un9tellig5t7 rudim5t>y utt]ances are ! "w ( an inf]ior fraction ( ! subject's own natural m9d1 set free f control by ! re/1 & work+ aft] a set patt]n fix$ by ! prejudices ( ! social environm5t4 ,9 a spirituali/ic community we get optimi/ic messages1 :il/ 9 an ignorant ,ca?olic village ! second>y p]sonage calls itself by ! "n ( a demon1 & pr(f]s blasphemies & obsc5ities1 in/ead ( tell+ u h[ happy x is 9 ! summ]-l&4#bah ,b5ea? ^! tracts ( ?\ght1 :i*1 h[ev] rudim5t>y1 are /ill organiz$ selves ) a memory1 habits1 & s5se ( _! own id5tity1 ,m4 ,janet ?9ks t ! facts ( catalepsy 9 hy/]ic pati5ts drive u to suppose t !re are ?\ghts q unorganiz$ & imp]sonal4 ,a pati5t 9 cataleptic trance 7:i* c be produc$ artificially 9 c]ta9 hypnotiz$ subjects7 is )\t memory on wak+1 & seems ins5sible & unconsci\s z long z ! cataleptic condition la/s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o raises ! arm ( su* a subject x /ays 9 t position1 & ! :ole body c ?us be m\ld$ l wax "u ! h&s ( ! op]ator1 reta9+ = a consid]able "t :atev] attitude he communicates to x4 ,9 hy/]ics ^: arm1 = example1 is an/hetic1 ! same ?+ may happ54 ,! an/hetic arm may rema9 passively 9 positions :i* x is made to assume2 or if ! h& be tak5 & made to hold a p5cil & trace a c]ta9 lett]1 x w cont9ue trac+ t lett] indef9itely on ! pap]4 ,^! acts1 until rec5tly1 7 suppos$ to be accompani$ by no consci\sness at all3 !y 7 physiological reflexes4 ,m4 ,janet consid]s ) mu* m plausibility t feel+ escorts !m4 ,! feel+ is probably m]ely t ( ! position or movem5t ( ! limb1 & x produces no m ?an its natural effects :5 x dis*>ges into ! motor c5tres :i* keep ! position ma9ta9$1 or ! movem5t incessantly r5ew$4#bai ,su* ?\ghts z ^!1 says ,m4 ,janet1 are kn[n by no "o1 = disaggregat$ s5sations r$uc$ to a /ate ( m5tal du/ are n syn!tiz$ 9 any p]sonality4#bbj ,he admits1 h[ev]1 t ^! v same unutt]ably /upid ?\ghts t5d to develop memory1--! cataleptic ere long moves h] arm at a b>e h9t2 s t !y =m no important exception to ! law t all ?\ght t5ds to assume ! =m ( p]sonal consci\sness4 #b7 ,?\ght is 9 ,con/ant ,*ange4 ,i d n mean necess>ily t no "o /ate ( m9d has any duration--ev5 if true1 t w\ld be h>d to e/abli%4 ,! *ange :i* ,i h m p>ticul>ly 9 view is t :i* takes place 9 s5sible int]vals ( "t2 & ! result on :i* ,i wi% to lay /ress is ?is1 t no /ate once gone c recur & be id5tical ) :at x 0 be=e4 ,let u beg9 ) ,mr4 ,%adwor? ,hodgson's description3 ,i g /raight to ! facts1 )\t say+ ,i g to p]ception1 or s5sation1 or ?\ght1 or any special mode at all4 ,:at ,i f9d :5 ,i look at my consci\sness at all is t :at ,i _c dive/ myself (1 or n h 9 consci\sness1 if ,i h any consci\sness at all1 is a sequ5ce ( diff]5t feel+s4 ,i may %ut my eyes & keep p]fectly /ill1 & try n to contribute any?+ ( my own w2 b :e!r ,i ?9k or d n ?9k1 :e!r ,i p]ceive ext]nal ?+s or n1 ,i always h a succession ( diff]5t feel+s4 ,any?+ else t ,i may h also1 ( a m special "*1 comes 9 z p>ts ( ?is succession1 ,n to h ! succession ( diff]5t feel+s is n to be consci\s at all4444 ,! *a9 ( consci\sness is a sequ5ce ( diff]5ts4#bba ,su* a description z ?is c awak5 no possible prote/ f any "o4 ,we all recognize z diff]5t great classes ( our consci\s /ates4 ,n[ we are see+1 n[ he>+2 n[ reason+1 n[ will+2 n[ recollect+1 n[ expect+2 n[ lov+1 n[ hat+2 & 9 a hundr$ o!r ways we "k our m9ds to be alt]nately engag$4 ,b all ^! are complex /ates4 ,! aim ( sci5ce is always to r$uce complexity to simplicity2 & 9 psy*ological sci5ce we h ! celebrat$ '!ory ( ideas' :i*1 admitt+ ! great diff]5ce among ea* o!r ( :at may be call$ concrete conditions ( m9d1 seeks to %[ h[ ?is is all ! resultant effect ( v>iations 9 ! comb9ation ( c]ta9 simple elem5ts ( consci\sness t always rema9 ! same4 ,^! m5tal atoms or molecules are :at ,locke call$ 'simple ideas4' ,"s ( ,locke's successors made out t ! only simple ideas 7 ! s5sations /rictly s call$4 ,:i* ideas ! simple ones may be does n1 h[ev]1 n[ conc]n u4 ,x is en\gh t c]ta9 philosoph]s h ?\ght !y c\ld see "u ! dissolv+-view-appe>ance ( ! m9d elem5t>y facts ( any sort t rema9$ un*ang$ amid ! fl[4 ,& ! view ( ^! philosoph]s has be5 call$ little into "q1 = our common exp]i5ce seems at fir/ sight to corroborate x entirely4 ,are n ! s5sations we get f ! same object1 = example1 always ! same8 ,does n ! same piano-key1 /ruck ) ! same =ce1 make u he> 9 ! same way8 ,does n ! same grass give u ! same feel+ ( gre51 ! same sky ! same feel+ ( blue1 & d we n get ! same olfactory s5sation no matt] h[ _m times we put our nose to ! same flask ( cologne8 ,x seems a piece ( metaphysical sophi/ry to sugge/ t we d n2 & yet a close att5tion to ! matt] %[s t !re is no pro( t ! same bodily s5sation is ev] got by u twice4 ,:at is got twice is ! same ,,object4 ,we he> ! same note ov] & ov] aga92 we see ! same quality ( gre51 or smell ! same objective p]fume1 or exp]i5ce ! same species ( pa94 ,! realities1 concrete & ab/ract1 physical & ideal1 ^: p]man5t exi/5ce we believe 91 seem to be con/antly com+ up aga9 be=e our ?\ght1 & lead u1 9 our c>elessness1 to suppose t our 'ideas' ( !m are ! same ideas4 ,:5 we come1 "s "t lat]1 to ! *apt] on ,p]ception1 we %all see h[ invet]ate is our habit ( n att5d+ to s5sations z subjective facts1 b ( simply us+ !m z /epp+-/ones to pass ov] to ! recognition ( ! realities ^: pres5ce !y reveal4 ,! grass out ( ! w9d[ n[ looks to me ( ! same gre5 9 ! sun z 9 ! %ade1 & yet a pa9t] w\ld h to pa9t "o "p ( x d>k br[n1 ano!r "p bright yell[1 to give its real1 s5sational effect4 ,we take no he$1 z a rule1 ( ! diff]5t way 9 :i* ! same ?+s look & s\nd & smell at diff]5t di/ances & "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,! sam5ess ( ! ?+s is :at we are conc]n$ to asc]ta92 & any s5sations t assure u ( t w probably be consid]$ 9 a r\gh way to be ! same ) ea* o!r4 ,?is is :at makes (f-h& te/imony ab\t ! subjective id5tity ( diff]5t s5sations well-nigh wor?less z a pro( ( ! fact4 ,! entire hi/ory ( ,s5sation is a comm5t>y on our inability to tell :e!r two s5sations receiv$ ap>t are exactly alike4 ,:at appeals to our att5tion f> m ?an ! absolute quality or quantity ( a giv5 s5sation is its ratio to :atev] o!r s5sations we may h at ! same "t4 ,:5 ev]y?+ is d>k a some:at less d>k s5sation makes u see an object :ite4 ,helmholtz calculates t ! :ite m>ble pa9t$ 9 a picture repres5t+ an ar*itectural view by moonlight is1 :5 se5 by daylight1 f t5 to tw5ty ?\s& times bright] ?an ! real moonlit m>ble w\ld be4#bbb ,su* a diff]5ce z ?is c\ld nev] h be5 s5sibly le>n$2 x _h to be inf]r$ f a s]ies ( indirect consid]ations4 ,!re are facts :i* make u believe t our s5sibility is alt]+ all ! "t1 s t ! same object _c easily give u ! same s5sation ov] aga94 ,! eye's s5sibility to light is at its maximum :5 ! eye is fir/ expos$1 & blunts itself ) surpris+ rapidity4 ,a long night's sleep w make x see ?+s twice z brightly on wak5+1 z simple re/ by closure w make x see !m lat] 9 ! day4#bbc ,we feel ?+s diff]5tly accord+ z we are sleepy or awake1 hungry or full1 fre% or tir$2 diff]5tly at night & 9 ! morn+1 diff]5tly 9 summ] & 9 w9t]1 & above all ?+s diff]5tly 9 *ildhood1 manhood1 & old age4 ,yet we nev] d\bt t our feel+s reveal ! same _w1 ) ! same s5sible qualities & ! same s5sible ?+s occupy+ x4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! s5sibility is %[n be/ by ! diff]5ce ( our emotion ab\t ! ?+s f "o age to ano!r1 or :5 we are 9 diff]5t organic moods4 ,:at 0 bright & excit+ becomes we>y1 flat1 & unpr(itable4 ,! bird's song is t$i\s1 ! breeze is m\rnful1 ! sky is sad4 ,to ^! indirect presumptions t our s5sations1 foll[+ ! mutations ( our capacity = feel+1 are always und]go+ an ess5tial *ange1 mu/ be add$ ano!r presumption1 bas$ on :at mu/ happ5 9 ! bra94 ,e s5sation corresponds to "s c]ebral action4 ,= an id5tical s5sation to recur x w\ld h to occur ! second "t 9 an unmodifi$ bra94 ,b z ?is1 /rictly speak+1 is a physiological impossibility1 s is an unmodifi$ feel+ an impossibility2 = to e bra9-modification1 h[ev] small1 mu/ correspond a *ange ( equal am\nt 9 ! feel+ :i* ! bra9 subs]ves4 ,all ?is w\ld be true if ev5 s5sations came to u pure & s+le & n comb9$ into '?+s4' ,ev5 !n we %\ld h to confess t1 h[ev] we might 9 ord9>y conv]sation speak ( gett+ ! same s5sation aga91 we nev] 9 /rict !oretic accuracy c\ld d s2 & t :atev] 0 true ( ! riv] ( life1 ( ! riv] ( elem5t>y feel+1 x w\ld c]ta9ly be true to say1 l ,h]aclitus1 t we nev] desc5d twice into ! same /ream4 ,b if ! assumption ( 'simple ideas ( s5sation' recurr+ 9 immutable %ape is s easily %[n to be baseless1 h[ mu* m baseless is ! assumption ( immutability 9 ! l>g] masses ( our ?\ght6 ,= !re x is obvi\s & palpable t our /ate ( m9d is nev] precisely ! same4 ,e ?\ght we h ( a giv5 fact is1 /rictly speak+1 unique1 & only be>s a resemblance ( k9d ) our o!r ?\ghts ( ! same fact4 ,:5 ! id5tical fact recurs1 we mu/ ?9k ( x 9 a fre% mann]1 see x "u a some:at diff]5t angle1 appreh5d x 9 diff]5t relations f ^? 9 :i* x la/ appe>$4 ,& ! ?\ght by :i* we cognize x is ! ?\ght ( x-9-^?-relations1 a ?\ght suffus$ ) ! consci\sness ( all t dim context4 ,(t5 we are ourselves /ruck at ! /range diff]5ces 9 our successive views ( ! same ?+4 ,we wond] h[ we ev] c\ld h op9$ z we did la/ mon? ab\t a c]ta9 matt]4 ,we h outgr[n ! possibility ( t /ate ( m9d1 we "k n h[4 ,f "o ye> to ano!r we see ?+s 9 new lights4 ,:at 0 unreal has gr[n real1 & :at 0 excit+ is insipid4 ,! fri5ds we us$ to c>e ! _w = are %runk5 to %ad[s2 ! wom51 once s div9e1 ! />s1 ! woods1 & ! wat]s1 h[ n[ s dull & common6 ! "y girls t br\ght an aura ( inf9ity1 at pres5t h>dly di/+ui%able exi/5ces2 pictures s empty2 & z = ! books1 :at 0 !re to f9d s my/]i\sly significant 9 ,goe!1 or 9 ,john ,mill s full ( weight8 ,in/ead ( all ?is1 m ze/ful ?an ev] is ! "w1 ! "w2 & full] & deep] ! import ( common duties & ( common goods4 ,b :at "h /rikes u s =cibly on ! flagrant scale exi/s on e scale1 d[n to ! imp]ceptible transition f "o h\r's outlook to t ( ! next4 ,exp]i5ce is rem\ld+ u e mom5t1 & our m5tal reaction on e giv5 ?+ is really a resultant ( our exp]i5ce ( ! :ole _w up to t date4 ,! analogies ( bra9-physiology mu/ aga9 be appeal$ to to corroborate our view4 ,our e>li] *apt]s h taught u to believe t1 :il/ we ?9k1 our bra9 *anges1 & t1 l ! aurora borealis1 its :ole int]nal equilibrium %ifts ) e pulse ( *ange4 ,! precise nature ( ! %ift+ at a giv5 mom5t is a product ( _m factors4 ,! accid5tal /ate ( local nutrition or blood-supply may be among !m4 ,b j z "o ( !m c]ta9ly is ! influ5ce ( outw>d objects on ! s5se-organs dur+ ! mom5t1 s is ano!r c]ta9ly ! v special susceptibility 9 :i* ! organ has be5 left at t mom5t by all x has gone ?r\gh 9 ! pa/4 ,e bra9-/ate is p>tly det]m9$ by ! nature ( ?is entire pa/ succession4 ,alt] ! latt] 9 any "p1 & ! bra9-/ate mu/ be some:at diff]5t4 ,ea* pres5t bra9-/ate is a record 9 :i* ! eye ( ,omnisci5ce might read all ! =egone hi/ory ( its own]4 ,x is out ( ! "q1 !n1 t any total bra9-/ate %\ld id5tically recur4 ,some?+ l x may recur2 b to suppose x to recur w\ld be equival5t to ! absurd admission t all ! /ates t _h int]v5$ betwe5 its two appe>ances _h be5 pure non5tities1 & t ! organ aft] _! passage 0 exactly z x 0 be=e4 ,& 7to consid] %ort] p]iods7 j z1 9 ! s5ses1 an impression feels v diff]5tly accord+ to :at has prec$$ x2 z "o color succe$+ ano!r is modifi$ by ! contra/1 sil5ce s\nds delici\s aft] noise1 & a note1 :5 ! scale is sung up1 s\nds unlike itself :5 ! scale is sung d[n2 z ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 l9es 9 a figure *anges ! app>5t =m ( ! o!r l9es1 & z 9 music ! :ole /hetic effect comes f ! mann] 9 :i* "o set ( s\nds alt]s our feel+ ( ano!r2 s1 9 ?\ght1 we mu/ admit t ^? portions ( ! bra9 t h j be5 maximally excit$ reta9 a k9d ( sor5ess :i* is a condition ( our pres5t consci\sness1 a codet]m9ant ( h[ & :at we n[ %all feel4#bbd ,ev] "s tracts are wan+ 9 t5sion1 "s wax+1 :il/ o!rs actively dis*>ge4 ,! /ates ( t5sion h z positive an influ5ce z any 9 det]m9+ ! total condition1 & 9 decid+ :at ! psy*osis %all be4 ,all we "k ( submaximal n]ve-irritations1 & ( ! summation ( app>5tly ineffective /imuli1 t5ds to %[ t no *anges 9 ! bra9 are physiologically ineffective1 & t presumably none are b>e ( psy*ological result4 ,b z ! bra9-t5sion %ifts f "o relative /ate ( equilibrium to ano!r1 l ! gyrations ( a kaleidoscope1 n[ rapid & n[ sl[1 is x likely t its fai?ful psy*ic concomitant is heavi]-foot$ ?an itself1 & t x _c mat* ea* "o ( ! organ's irradiations by a %ift+ inw>d iridesc5ce ( its own8 ,b if x c d ?is1 its inw>d iridesc5ces mu/ be inf9ite1 = ! bra9-r$i/ributions are 9 inf9ite v>iety4 ,if s co>se a ?+ z a telephone-plate c be made to ?rill = ye>s & nev] r$uplicate its inw>d condition1 h[ mu* m mu/ ?is be ! case ) ! inf9itely delicate bra98 ,i am sure t ?is concrete & total mann] ( reg>d+ ! m9d's *anges is ! only true mann]1 difficult z x may be to c>ry x out 9 detail4 ,if any?+ seems obscure ab\t x1 x w gr[ cle>] z we advance4 ,mean:ile1 if x be true1 x is c]ta9ly also true t no two 'ideas' are ev] exactly ! same1 :i* is ! proposition we />t$ to prove4 ,! proposition is m important !oretically ?an x at fir/ sight seems4 ,= x makes x already impossible = u to foll[ ob$i5tly 9 ! footpr9ts ( ei!r ! ,lockian or ! ,h]b>tian s*ool1 s*ools :i* h _h almo/ unlimit$ influ5ce 9 ,g]many & among ourselves4 ,no d\bt x is (t5 conv5i5t to =mulate ! m5tal facts 9 an atomi/ic sort ( way1 & to treat ! high] /ates ( consci\sness z if !y 7 all built out ( un*ang+ simple ideas4 ,x is conv5i5t (t5 to treat curves z if !y 7 compos$ ( small /raight l9es1 & electricity & n]ve-=ce z if !y 7 fluids4 ,b 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r we mu/ nev] =get t we are talk+ symbolically1 & t !re is no?+ 9 nature to answ] to our words4 ,a p]man5tly exi/+ 'idea' or ',vor/ellung' :i* makes its appe>ance be=e ! footlights ( consci\sness at p]iodical int]vals1 is z my?ological an entity z ! ,jack ( ,spades4 ,:at makes x conv5i5t to use ! my?ological =mulas is ! :ole organization ( spee*1 :i*1 z 0 rem>k$ a :ile ago1 0 n made by psy*ologi/s1 b by m5 :o 7 z a rule only int]e/$ 9 ! facts _! m5tal /ates reveal$4 ,!y only spoke ( _! /ates z ideas ( ?is or ( t ?+4 ,:at wond]1 !n1 t ! ?\ght is mo/ easily conceiv$ "u ! law ( ! ?+ ^: "n x be>s6 ,if ! ?+ is compos$ ( p>ts1 !n we suppose t ! ?\ght ( ! ?+ mu/ be compos$ ( ! ?\ghts ( ! p>ts4 ,if "o "p ( ! ?+ h appe>$ 9 ! same ?+ or 9 o!r ?+s on =m] occasions1 :y !n we mu/ be hav+ ev5 n[ ! v same 'idea' ( t "p :i* 0 !re on ^? occasions4 ,if ! ?+ is simple1 its ?\ght is simple4 ,if x is multitud9\s1 x mu/ require a multitude ( ?\ghts to ?9k x4 ,if a succession1 only a succession ( ?\ghts c "k x4 ,if p]man5t1 its ?\ght is p]man5t4 ,& s on ad libitum4 ,:at aft] all is s natural z to assume t "o object1 call$ by "o "n1 %\ld be kn[n by "o affection ( ! m9d8 ,b1 if language mu/ ?us influ5ce u1 ! agglut9ative languages1 & ev5 ,greek & ,lat9 ) _! decl5sions1 w\ld be ! bett] guides4 ,names did n appe> 9 !m inalt]able1 b *ang$ _! %ape to suit ! context 9 :i* !y lay4 ,x mu/ h be5 easi] !n ?an n[ to conceive ( ! same object z be+ ?\ght ( at diff]5t times 9 non-id5tical consci\s /ates4 ,?is1 too1 w gr[ cle>] z we proce$4 ,mean:ile a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! belief 9 p]man5t self-id5tical psy*ic facts t abs5t !mselves & recur p]iodically is ! ,humian doctr9e t our ?\ght is compos$ ( sep>ate indep5d5t p>ts & is n a s5sibly cont9u\s /ream4 ,t ?is doctr9e entirely misrepres5ts ! natural appe>ances is :at ,i next %all try to %[4 #c7 ,)9 ea* p]sonal consci\sness1 ?\ght is s5sibly cont9u\s4 ,i c only def9e 'cont9u\s' z t :i* is )\t brea*1 crack1 or division4 ,i h already said t ! brea* f "o m9d to ano!r is p]haps ! greate/ brea* 9 nature4 ,! only brea*es t c well be conceiv$ to occur )9 ! limits ( a s+le m9d w\ld ei!r be int]ruptions1 "t-gaps dur+ :i* ! consci\sness w5t out altoge!r to come into exi/5ce aga9 at a lat] mom5t2 or !y w\ld be breaks 9 ! quality1 or cont5t1 ( ! ?\ght1 s abrupt t ! segm5t t foll[$ _h no connection :atev] ) ! "o t w5t be=e4 ,! proposition t )9 ea* p]sonal consci\sness ?\ght feels cont9u\s1 means two ?+s3 #a4 ,t ev5 :]e !re is a "t-gap ! consci\sness aft] x feels z if x belong$ toge!r ) ! consci\sness be=e x1 z ano!r "p ( ! same self2 #b4 ,t ! *anges f "o mom5t to ano!r 9 ! quality ( ! consci\sness are nev] absolutely abrupt4 ,! case ( ! "t-gaps1 z ! simple/1 %all be tak5 fir/4 ,& fir/ ( all a ^w ab\t "t-gaps ( :i* ! consci\sness may n be itself aw>e4 ,on page #bjj we saw t su* "t-gaps exi/$1 & t !y might be m num]\s ?an is usually suppos$4 ,if ! consci\sness is n aw>e ( !m1 x _c feel !m z int]ruptions4 ,9 ! unconsci\sness produc$ by nitr\s oxide & o!r an/hetics1 9 t ( epilepsy & fa9t+1 ! brok5 edges ( ! s5ti5t life may meet & m]ge ov] ! gap1 mu* z ! feel+s ( space ( ! opposite m>g9s ( ! 'bl9d spot' meet & m]ge ov] t objective int]ruption to ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! eye4 ,su* consci\sness z ?is1 :atev] x be = ! onlook+ psy*ologi/1 is = itself unbrok54 ,x feels unbrok52 a wak+ day ( x is s5sibly a unit z long z t day la/s1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! h\rs !mselves are units1 z hav+ all _! p>ts next ea* o!r1 ) no intrusive ali5 sub/ance betwe54 ,to expect ! consci\sness to feel ! int]ruptions ( its objective cont9uity z gaps1 w\ld be l expect+ ! eye to feel a gap ( sil5ce because x does n he>1 or ! e> to feel a gap ( d>kness because x does n see4 ,s mu* = ! gaps t are unfelt4 ,) ! felt gaps ! case is diff]5t4 ,on wak+ f sleep1 we usually "k t we h be5 unconsci\s1 & we (t5 h an accurate judgm5t ( h[ long4 ,! judgm5t "h is c]ta9ly an inf]5ce f s5sible signs1 & its ease is due to long practice 9 ! p>ticul> field4#bbe ,! result ( x1 h[ev]1 is t ! consci\sness is1 = itself1 n :at x 0 9 ! =m] case1 b int]rupt$ & discont9u\s1 9 ! m]e s5se ( ! words4 ,b 9 ! o!r s5se ( cont9uity1 ! s5se ( ! p>ts be+ inw>dly connect$ & belong+ toge!r because !y are p>ts ( a common :ole1 ! consci\sness rema9s s5sibly cont9u\s & "o4 ,:at n[ is ! common :ole8 ,! natural "n = x is myself1 ,i1 or me4 ,:5 ,paul & ,pet] wake up 9 ! same b$1 & recognize t !y h be5 asleep1 ea* "o ( !m m5tally rea*es back & makes connection ) b "o ( ! two /reams ( ?\ght :i* 7 brok5 by ! sleep+ h\rs4 ,z ! curr5t ( an electrode buri$ 9 ! gr\nd un]r+ly f9ds its way to its own simil>ly buri$ mate1 across no matt] h[ mu* int]v5+ e>?2 s ,pet]'s pres5t in/antly f9ds out ,pet]'s pa/1 & nev] by mi/ake knits itself on to t ( ,paul4 ,paul's ?\ght 9 turn is z little liable to g a/ray4 ,! pa/ ?\ght ( ,pet] is appropriat$ by ! pres5t ,pet] alone4 ,he may h a k1 & a correct "o too1 ( :at ,paul's la/ dr[sy /ates ( m9d 7 z he sank into sleep1 b x is an entirely diff]5t sort ( k f t :i* he has ( 8 own la/ /ates4 ,he rememb]s 8 own /ates1 :il/ he only conceives ,paul's4 ,remembrance is l direct feel+2 its object is suffus$ ) a w>m? & intimacy to :i* no object ( m]e conception ev] atta9s4 ,?is quality ( w>m? & intimacy & imm$iacy is :at ,pet]'s pres5t ?\ght also possesses = itself4 ,s sure z ?is pres5t is me1 is m9e1 x says1 s sure is any?+ else t comes ) ! same w>m? & intimacy & imm$iacy1 me & m9e4 ,:at ! qualities call$ w>m? & intimacy may 9 !mselves be w h to be matt] = future consid]ation4 ,b :atev] pa/ feel+s appe> ) ^? qualities mu/ be admitt$ to receive ! greet+ ( ! pres5t m5tal /ate1 to be own$ by x1 & accept$ z belong+ toge!r ) x 9 a common self4 ,?is community ( self is :at ! "t-gap _c break 9 twa91 & is :y a pres5t ?\ght1 al?\gh n ignorant ( ! "t-gap1 c /ill reg>d itself z cont9u\s ) c]ta9 *os5 portions ( ! pa/4 ,consci\sness1 !n1 does n appe> to itself *opp$ up 9 bits4 ,su* words z '*a9' or 'tra9' d n describe x fitly z x pres5ts itself 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,x is no?+ jo9t$2 x fl[s4 ,a 'riv]' or a '/ream' are ! metaphors by :i* x is mo/ naturally describ$4 ,9 talk+ ( x h]eaft]1 let u call x ! /ream ( ?\ght1 ( consci\sness1 or ( subjective life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b n[ !re appe>s1 ev5 )9 ! limits ( ! same self1 & betwe5 ?\ghts all ( :i* alike h ?is same s5se ( belong+ toge!r1 a k9d ( jo9t+ & sep>at5ess among ! p>ts1 ( :i* ?is /atem5t seems to take no acc\nt4 ,i ref] to ! breaks t are produc$ by sudd5 contra/s 9 ! quality ( ! successive segm5ts ( ! /ream ( ?\ght ,if ! words '*a9' & 'tra9' _h no natural fitness 9 !m1 h[ came su* words to be us$ at all8 ,does n a l\d explosion r5d ! consci\sness ^u :i* x abruptly breaks1 9 twa98 ,does n e sudd5 %ock1 appe>ance ( a new object1 or *ange 9 a s5sation1 create a real int]ruption1 s5sibly felt z su*1 :i* cuts ! consci\s /ream across at ! mom5t at :i* x appe>s8 ,d n su* int]ruptions smite u e h\r ( our lives1 & h we ! "r1 9 _! pres5ce1 /ill to call our consci\sness a cont9u\s /ream8 ,?is objection is bas$ p>tly on a confusion & p>tly on a sup]ficial introspective view4 ,! confusion is betwe5 ! ?\ghts !mselves1 tak5 z subjective facts1 & ! ?+s ( :i* !y are aw>e4 ,x is natural to make ?is confusion1 b easy to avoid x :5 once put on "o's gu>d4 ,! ?+s are discrete & discont9u\s2 !y d pass be=e u 9 a tra9 or *a91 mak+ (t5 explosive appe>ances & r5d+ ea* o!r 9 twa94 ,b _! com+s & go+s & contra/s no m break ! fl[ ( ! ?\ght t ?9ks !m ?an !y break ! "t & ! space 9 :i* !y lie4 ,a sil5ce may be brok5 by a ?und]-clap1 & we may be s /unn$ & confus$ = a mom5t by ! %ock z to give no in/ant acc\nt to ourselves ( :at has happ5$4 ,b t v confusion is a m5tal /ate1 & a /ate t passes u /raight ov] f ! sil5ce to ! s\nd4 ,! transition betwe5 ! ?\ght ( "o object & ! ?\ght ( ano!r is no m a break 9 ! ?\ght ?an a jo9t 9 a bamboo is a break 9 ! wood4 ,x is a "p ( ! consci\sness z mu* z ! jo9t is a "p ( ! bamboo4 ,! sup]ficial introspective view is ! ov]look+1 ev5 :5 ! ?+s are contra/$ ) ea* o!r mo/ viol5tly1 ( ! l>ge am\nt ( aff9ity t may /ill rema9 betwe5 ! ?\ghts by ^: means !y are cogniz$4 ,into ! aw>5ess ( ! ?und] itself ! aw>5ess ( ! previ\s sil5ce creeps & cont9ues2 = :at we he> :5 ! ?und] cra%es is n ?und] pure1 b ?und]-break+-^u-sil5ce-&-contra/+-)-x4#b bf ,our feel+ ( ! same objective ?und]1 com+ 9 ?is way1 is q diff]5t f :at x w\ld be 7 ! ?und] a cont9uation ( previ\s ?und]4 ,! ?und] itself we believe to aboli% & exclude ! sil5ce2 b ! feel+ ( ! ?und] is also a feel+ ( ! sil5ce z j gone2 & x w\ld be difficult to f9d 9 ! actual concrete consci\sness ( man a feel+ s limit$ to ! pres5t z n to h an inkl+ ( any?+ t w5t be=e4 ,"h1 aga91 language works aga9/ our p]ception ( ! tru?4 ,we "n our ?\ghts simply1 ea* aft] its ?+1 z if ea* knew its own ?+ & no?+ else4 ,:at ea* really kn[s is cle>ly ! ?+ x is nam$ =1 ) dimly p]haps a ?\s& o!r ?+s4 ,x ought to be nam$ aft] all ( !m1 b x nev] is4 ,"s ( !m are always ?+s kn[n a mom5t ago m cle>ly2 o!rs are ?+s to be kn[n m cle>ly a mom5t h5ce4#bbg ,our own bodily position1 attitude1 condition1 is "o ( ! ?+s ( :i* "s aw>5ess1 h[ev] inatt5tive1 inv>iably accompanies ! k ( :atev] else we "k4 ,we ?9k2 & z we ?9k we feel our bodily selves z ! seat ( ! ?9k+4 ,if ! ?9k+ be our ?9k+1 x mu/ be suffus$ ?r\gh all its p>ts ) t peculi> w>m? & intimacy t make x come z ours4 ,:e!r ! w>m? & intimacy be any?+ m ?an ! feel+ ( ! same old body always !re1 is a matt] = ! next *apt] to decide4 ,:atev] ! cont5t ( ! ego may be1 x is habitually felt ) ev]y?+ else by u humans1 & mu/ =m a liaison betwe5 all ! ?+s ( :i* we become successively aw>e4#bbh ,on ?is gradualness 9 ! *anges ( our m5tal cont5t ! pr9ciples ( n]ve-action c ?r[ "s m light4 ,:5 /udy+1 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 ! summation ( n]v\s activities1 we saw t no /ate ( ! bra9 c be suppos$ in/antly to die away4 ,if a new /ate comes1 ! in]tia ( ! old /ate w /ill be !re & modify ! result accord+ly4 ,( c\rse we _c tell1 9 our ignorance1 :at 9 ea* in/ance ! modifications ought to be4 ,! commone/ modifications 9 s5se-p]ception are kn[n z ! ph5om5a ( contra/4 ,9 /hetics !y are ! feel+s ( delight or displeasure :i* c]ta9 p>ticul> ord]s 9 a s]ies ( impressions give4 ,9 ?\ght1 /rictly & n>r[ly s call$1 !y are unque/ionably t consci\sness ( ! :5ce & ! :i!r t always accompanies its fl[s4 ,if rec5tly ! bra9-tract a 0 vividly excit$1 & !n b1 & n[ vividly c1 ! total pres5t consci\sness is n produc$ simply by c's excitem5t1 b also by ! dy+ vibrations ( a & b z well4 ,if we want to repres5t ! bra9-process we mu/ write x ?us3 abc--?ree diff]5t processes coexi/+1 & correlat$ ) !m a ?\ght :i* is no "o ( ! ?ree ?\ghts :i* !y w\ld h produc$ _h ea* ( !m occurr$ alone4 ,b :atev] ?is f\r? ?\ght may exactly be1 x seems impossible t x %\ld n be some?+ l ea* ( ! ?ree o!r ?\ghts ^: tracts are conc]n$ 9 its production1 ?\gh 9 a fa/-wan+ phase4 ,x all goes back to :at we said 9 ano!r connection only a few pages ago 7p4 #bcc74 ,z ! total neurosis *anges1 s does ! total psy*osis *ange4 ,b z ! *anges ( neurosis are nev] absolutely discont9u\s1 s mu/ ! successive psy*oses %ade gradually into ea* o!r1 al?\gh _! rate ( *ange may be mu* fa/] at "o mom5t ?an at ! next4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! rate ( *ange lies at ! basis ( a diff]5ce ( subjective /ates ( :i* we ought imm$iately to speak4 ,:5 ! rate is sl[ we are aw>e ( ! object ( our ?\ght 9 a comp>atively re/ful & /able way4 ,:5 rapid1 we are aw>e ( a passage1 a relation1 a transition f x1 or betwe5 x & some?+ else4 ,z we take1 9 fact1 a g5]al view ( ! wond]ful /ream ( our consci\sness1 :at /rikes u fir/ is ?is diff]5t pace ( its p>ts4 ,l a bird's life1 x seems to be made ( an alt]nation ( flights & p]*+s4 ,! rhy?m ( language expresses ?is1 :]e e ?\ght is express$ 9 a s5t5ce1 & e s5t5ce clos$ by a p]iod4 ,! re/+-places are usually occupi$ by s5sorial imag9ations ( "s sort1 ^: peculi>ity is t !y c be held be=e ! m9d = an indef9ite "t1 & contemplat$ )\t *ang+2 ! places ( flight are fill$ ) ?\ghts ( relations1 /atic or dynamic1 t = ! mo/ "p obta9 betwe5 ! matt]s contemplat$ 9 ! p]iods ( comp>ative re/4 ,let u call ! re/+-places ! 'sub/antive p>ts1' & ! places ( flight ! 'transitive p>ts1' ( ! /ream ( ?\ght4 ,x !n appe>s t ! ma9 end ( our ?9k+ is at all times ! atta9m5t ( "s o!r sub/antive "p ?an ! "o f :i* we h j be5 dislodg$4 ,& we may say t ! ma9 use ( ! transitive p>ts is to lead u f "o sub/antive conclusion to ano!r4 ,n[ x is v difficult1 introspectively1 to see ! transitive p>ts = :at !y really are4 ,if !y are b flights to a conclusion1 /opp+ !m to look at !m be=e ! conclusion is rea*$ is really annihilat+ !m4 ,:il/ if we wait till ! conclusion be rea*$1 x s exce$s !m 9 vigor & /ability t x q eclipses & swall[s !m up 9 its gl>e4 ,let anyone try to cut a ?\ght across 9 ! middle & get a look at its section1 & he w see h[ difficult ! introspective obs]vation ( ! transitive tracts is4 ,! ru% ( ! ?\ght is s headlong t x almo/ always br+s u up at ! conclusion be=e we c arre/ x4 ,or if our purpose is nimble en\gh & we d arre/ x1 x ceases =?) to be itself4 ,z a sn[-flake cry/al caught 9 ! w>m h& is no long] a cry/al b a drop1 s1 in/ead ( cat*+ ! feel+ ( relation mov+ to its t]m1 we f9d we h caught "s sub/antive ?+1 usually ! la/ ^w we 7 pron\nc+1 /atically tak51 & ) its function1 t5d5cy1 & p>ticul> mean+ 9 ! s5t5ce q evaporat$4 ,! attempt at introspective analysis 9 ^! cases is 9 fact l seiz+ a sp9n+ top to cat* its motion1 or try+ to turn up ! gas quickly en\gh to see h[ ! d>kness looks4 ,& ! *all5ge to produce ^! psy*oses1 :i* is sure to be ?r[n by d\bt+ psy*ologi/s at anyone :o cont5ds = _! exi/5ce1 is z unfair z ,z5o's treatm5t ( ! advocates ( motion1 :51 ask+ !m to po9t out 9 :at place an arr[ is :5 x moves1 he argues ! falsity ( _! !sis f _! inability to make to s prepo/]\s a "q an imm$iate reply4 ,! results ( ?is introspective difficulty are baleful4 ,if to hold fa/ & obs]ve ! transitive p>ts ( ?\ght's /ream be s h>d1 !n ! great blund] to :i* all s*ools are liable mu/ be ! failure to regi/] !m1 & ! undue emphasiz+ ( ! m sub/antive p>ts ( ! /ream4 ,7 we n ourselves a mom5t s9ce 9 dang] ( ignor+ any feel+ transitive betwe5 ! sil5ce & ! ?und]1 & ( treat+ _! b\nd>y z a sort ( break 9 ! m9d8 ,n[ su* ignor+ z ?is has hi/orically work$ 9 two ways4 ,"o set ( ?9k]s h be5 l$ by x to ,s5sationalism4 ,unable to lay _! h&s on any co>se feel+s correspond+ to ! innum]able relations & =ms ( connection betwe5 ! facts ( ! _w1 f9d+ no nam$ subjective modifications mirror+ su* relations1 !y h = ! mo/ "p d5i$ t feel+s ( relation exi/1 & _m ( !m1 l ,hume1 h gone s f> z to d5y ! reality ( mo/ relations out ( ! m9d z well z 9 x4 ,sub/antive psy*oses1 s5sations & _! copies & d]ivatives1 juxtapos$ l dom9oes 9 a game1 b really sep>ate1 ev]y?+ else v]bal illusion1--su* is ! up%ot ( ?is view4#bbi ,! ,intellectuali/s1 on ! o!r h&1 unable to give up ! reality ( relations extra m5tem1 b equally unable to po9t to any di/9ct sub/antive feel+s 9 :i* !y 7 kn[n1 h made ! same admission t ! feel+s d n exi/4 ,b !y h drawn an opposite conclusion4 ,! relations mu/ be kn[n1 !y say1 9 some?+ t is no feel+1 no m5tal modification cont9u\s & consub/antial ) ! subjective tissue out ( :i* s5sations & o!r sub/antive /ates are made4 ,!y are kn[n1 ^! relations1 by some?+ t lies on an entirely diff]5t plane1 by an actus purus ( ,?\ght1 ,intellect1 or ,reason1 all writt5 ) capitals & consid]$ to mean some?+ unutt]ably sup]ior to any fact ( s5sibility :atev]4 ,b f our po9t ( view bo? ,intellectuali/s & ,s5sationali/s are wrong4 ,if !re be su* ?+s z feel+s at all1 !n s surely z relations betwe5 objects exi/ 9 r]um natur1 s surely1 & m surely1 d feel+s exi/ to :i* ^! relations are kn[n4 ,!re is n a conjunction or a preposition1 & h>dly an adv]bial phrase1 syntactic =m1 or inflection ( voice1 9 human spee*1 t does n express "s %ad+ or o!r ( relation :i* we at "s mom5t actually feel to exi/ betwe5 ! l>g] objects ( our ?\ght4 ,if we speak objectively1 x is ! real relations t appe> reveal$2 if we speak subjectively1 x is ! /ream ( consci\sness t mat*es ea* ( !m by an inw>d color+ ( its own4 ,9 ei!r case ! relations are numb]less1 & no exi/+ language is capable ( do+ ju/ice to all _! %ades4 ,we ought to say a feel+ ( &1 a feel+ ( if1 a feel+ ( b1 & a feel+ ( by1 q z readily z we say a feel+ ( blue or a feel+ ( cold4 ,yet we d n3 s invet]ate has our habit become ( recogniz+ ! exi/5ce ( ! sub/antive p>ts alone1 t language almo/ refuses to l5d itself to any o!r use4 ,! ,empirici/s h always dwelt on its influ5ce 9 mak+ u suppose t :]e we h a sep>ate "n1 a sep>ate ?+ mu/ ne$s be !re to correspond ) x2 & !y h rightly d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ! mob ( ab/ract entities1 pr9ciples1 & =ces1 9 ^: favor no o!r evid5ce ?an ?is c\ld be br\ght up4 ,b !y h said no?+ ( t obv]se error1 ( :i* we said a ^w 9 ,*apt] ,,vii1 7see p4 #aie71 ( suppos+ t :]e !re is no "n no entity c exi/4 ,all dumb or anonym\s psy*ic /ates h1 ow+ to ?is error1 be5 coolly suppress$2 or1 if recogniz$ at all1 h be5 nam$ aft] ! sub/antive p]ception !y l$ to1 z ?\ghts 'ab\t' ?is object or 'ab\t' t1 ! /olid ^w ab\t engulf+ all _! delicate idiosyncrasies 9 its monoton\s s\nd4 ,?us ! great] & great] acc5tuation & isolation ( ! sub/antive p>ts h cont9ually gone on4 ,once m take a look at ! bra94 ,we believe ! bra9 to be an organ ^: int]nal equilibrium is always 9 a /ate ( *ange1--! *ange affect+ e "p4 ,! pulses ( *ange are d\btless m viol5t 9 "o place ?an 9 ano!r1 _! rhy?m m rapid at ?is "t ?an at t4 ,z 9 a kaleidoscope revolv+ at a uni=m rate1 al?\gh ! figures are always re>rang+ !mselves1 !re are in/ants dur+ :i* ! trans=mation seems m9ute & int]/itial & almo/ abs5t1 foll[$ by o!rs :5 x %oots ) magical rapidity1 relatively /able =ms ?us alt]nat+ ) =ms we %\ld n di/+ui% if se5 aga92 s 9 ! bra9 ! p]petual re>rangem5t mu/ result 9 "s =ms ( t5sion l+]+ relatively long1 :il/ o!rs simply come & pass4 ,b if consci\sness corresponds to ! fact ( re>rangem5t itself1 :y1 if ! re>rangem5t /op n1 %\ld ! consci\sness ev] cease8 ,& if a l+]+ re>rangem5t br+s ) x "o k9d ( consci\sness1 :y %\ld n a swift re>rangem5t br+ ano!r k9d ( consci\sness z peculi> z ! re>rangem5t itself8 ,! l+]+ consci\snesses1 if ( simple objects1 we call 's5sations' or 'images1' accord+ z !y are vivid or fa9t2 if ( complex objects1 we call !m 'p]cepts' :5 vivid1 'concepts' or '?\ghts' :5 fa9t4 ,= ! swift consci\snesses we h only ^? names ( 'transitive /ates1' or 'feel+s ( relation1' :i* we h us$4#bcj ,z ! bra9-*anges are cont9u\s1 s d all ^! consci\snesses melt into ea* o!r l dissolv+ views4 ,prop]ly !y are b "o protract$ consci\sness1 "o unbrok5 /ream4 ,feel+s ( ,t5d5cy4 ,s mu* = ! transitive /ates4 ,b !re are o!r unnam$ /ates or qualities ( /ates t are j z important & j z cognitive z !y1 & j z mu* unrecogniz$ by ! traditional s5sationali/ & intellectuali/ philosophies ( m9d4 ,! fir/ fails to f9d !m at all1 ! second f9ds _! cognitive function1 b d5ies t any?+ 9 ! way ( feel+ has a %>e 9 br++ x ab\t4 ,examples w make cle> :at ^! in>ticulate psy*oses1 due to wax+ & wan+ excitem5ts ( ! bra91 are l4#bca ,suppose ?ree successive p]sons say to u3 ',wait6' ',h>k6' ',look6' ,our consci\sness is ?r[n into ?ree q diff]5t attitudes ( expectancy1 al?\gh no def9ite object is be=e x 9 any "o ( ! ?ree cases4 ,leav+ out diff]5t actual bodily attitudes1 & leav+ out ! rev]b]at+ images ( ! ?ree words1 :i* are ( c\rse div]se1 probably no "o w d5y ! exi/5ce ( a residual consci\s affection1 a s5se ( ! direction f :i* an impression is ab\t to come1 al?\gh no positive impression is yet !re4 ,mean:ile we h no names = ! psy*oses 9 "q b ! names h>k1 look1 & wait4 ,suppose we try to recall a =gott5 "n4 ,! /ate ( our consci\sness is peculi>4 ,!re is a gap !re92 b no m]e gap4 ,x is a gap t is int5sely active4 ,a sort ( wrai? ( ! "n is 9 x1 beckon+ u 9 a giv5 direction1 mak+ u at mom5ts t+le ) ! s5se ( our clos5ess1 & !n lett+ u s9k back )\t ! long$-= t]m4 ,if wrong names are propos$ to u1 ?is s+ul>ly def9ite gap acts imm$iately s z to negate !m4 ,!y d n fit into its m\ld4 ,& ! gap ( "o ^w does n feel l ! gap ( ano!r1 all empty ( cont5t z bo? might seem necess>ily to be :5 describ$ z gaps4 ,:5 ,i va9ly try to recall ! "n ( ,spald+1 my consci\sness is f> remov$ f :at x is :5 ,i va9ly try to recall ! "n ( ,b[les4 ,"h "s +5i\s p]sons w say3 ,h[ c ! two consci\snesses be diff]5t :5 ! t]ms :i* might make !m diff]5t are n !re8 ,all t is !re1 s long z ! ef=t to recall is va91 is ! b>e ef=t itself4 ,h[ %\ld t diff] 9 ! two cases8 ,y are mak+ x seem to diff] by prematurely fill+ x out ) ! diff]5t names1 al?\gh ^!1 by ! hypo!sis1 h n yet come4 ,/ick to ! two ef=ts z !y are1 )\t nam+ !m aft] facts n yet exi/5t1 & y'll be q unable to designate any po9t 9 :i* !y diff]4 ,designate1 truly en\gh4 ,we c only designate ! diff]5ce by borr[+ ! names ( objects n yet 9 ! m9d4 ,:i* is to say t our psy*ological vocabul>y is :olly inadequate to "n ! diff]5ces t exi/1 ev5 su* /rong diff]5ces z ^!4 ,b namelessness is compatible ) exi/5ce4 ,!re are innum]able consci\snesses ( empt9ess1 no "o ( :i* tak5 9 itself has a "n1 b all diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,! ord9>y way is to assume t !y are all empt9esses ( consci\sness1 & s ! same /ate4 ,b ! feel+ ( an abs5ce is toto clo o!r ?an ! abs5ce ( a feel+4 ,x is an int5se feel+4 ,! rhy?m ( a lo/ ^w may be !re )\t a s\nd to clo! x2 or ! evanesc5t s5se ( some?+ :i* is ! initial v[el or consonant may mock u fitfully1 )\t gr[+ m di/9ct4 ,e "o mu/ "k ! tantaliz+ effect ( ! blank rhy?m ( "s =gott5 v]se1 re/lessly danc+ 9 "o's m9d1 /riv+ to be fill$ out ) words4 ,aga91 :at is ! /range diff]5ce betwe5 an exp]i5ce ta/$ = ! fir/ "t & ! same exp]i5ce recogniz$ z famili>1 z hav+ be5 enjoy$ be=e1 ?\gh we _c "n x or say :]e or :58 ,a tune1 an odor1 a flavor sometimes c>ry ?is in>ticulate feel+ ( _! famili>ity s deep into our consci\sness t we are fairly %ak5 by its my/]i\s emotional p[]4 ,b /rong & *>act]i/ic z ?is psy*osis is--x probably is due to ! submaximal excitem5t ( wide-spread+ associational bra9-tracts--! only "n we h = all its %ad+s is 's5se ( famili>ity4' ,:5 we read su* phrases z 'naught b1' 'ei!r "o or ! o!r1' 'a is b1 b1' 'al?\gh x is1 nev]!less1' 'x is an exclud$ middle1 !re is no t]tium quid1' & a ho/ ( o!r v]bal skeletons ( logical relation1 is x true t !re is no?+ m 9 our m9ds ?an ! words !mselves z !y pass8 ,:at !n is ! mean+ ( ! words :i* we ?9k we und]/& z we read8 ,:at makes t mean+ diff]5t 9 "o phrase f :at x is 9 ! o!r8 ',:o8' ',:58' ',:]e8' ,is ! diff]5ce ( felt mean+ 9 ^! int]rogatives no?+ m ?an _! diff]5ce ( s\nd8 ,& is x n 7j l ! diff]5ce ( s\nd itself7 kn[n & und]/ood 9 an affection ( consci\sness correlative to x1 ?\gh s impalpable to direct exam9ation8 ,is n ! same true ( su* negatives z 'no1' 'nev]1' 'n yet'8 ,! tru? is t l>ge tracts ( human spee* are no?+ b signs ( direction 9 ?\ght1 ( :i* direction we nev]!less h an acutely discrim9ative s5se1 ?\gh no def9ite s5sorial image plays any "p 9 x :atsoev]4 ,s5sorial images are /able psy*ic facts2 we c hold !m /ill & look at !m z long z we l4 ,^! b>e images ( logical movem5t1 on ! contr>y1 are psy*ic transitions1 always on ! w+1 s to speak1 & n to be glimps$ except 9 flight4 ,_! function is to lead f "o set ( images to ano!r4 ,z !y pass1 we feel bo? ! wax+ & ! wan+ images 9 a way altoge!r peculi> & a way q diff]5t f ! way ( _! full pres5ce4 ,if we try to hold fa/ ! feel+ ( direction1 ! full pres5ce comes & ! feel+ ( direction is lo/4 ,! blank v]bal s*eme ( ! logical movem5t gives u ! fleet+ s5se ( ! movem5t z we read x1 q z well z does a rational s5t5ce awak5+ def9ite imag9ations by its words4 ,:at is t fir/ in/antane\s glimpse ( "s "o's mean+ :i* we h1 :5 9 vulg> phrase we say we 'twig' x8 ,surely an altoge!r specific affection ( our m9d4 ,& has ! read] nev] ask$ himself :at k9d ( a m5tal fact is 8 int5tion ( say+ a ?+ be=e he has said x8 ,x is an entirely def9ite int5tion1 di/9ct f all o!r int5tions1 an absolutely di/9ct /ate ( consci\sness1 !re=e2 & yet h[ mu* ( x consi/s ( def9ite s5sorial images1 ei!r ( words or ( ?+s8 ,h>dly any?+6 ,l+]1 & ! words & ?+s come into ! m9d2 ! anticipatory int5tion1 ! div9ation is !re no m4 ,b z ! words t replace x arrive1 x welcomes !m successively & calls !m "r if !y agree ) x1 x rejects !m & calls !m wrong if !y d n4 ,x has !re=e a nature ( its own ( ! mo/ positive sort1 & yet :at c we say ab\t x )\t us+ words t belong to ! lat] m5tal facts t replace x8 ,! int5tion to-say-s-&-s is ! only "n x c receive4 ,"o may admit t a good ?ird ( our psy*ic life consi/s 9 ^! rapid premonitory p]spective views ( s*emes ( ?\ght n yet articulate4 ,h[ comes x ab\t t a man read+ some?+ al\d = ! fir/ "t is able imm$iately to emphasize all 8 words aright1 unless f ! v fir/ he h a s5se ( at lea/ ! =m ( ! s5t5ce yet to come1 :i* s5se is fus$ ) 8 consci\sness ( ! pres5t ^w1 & modifies its emphasis 9 8 m9d s z to make him give x ! prop] acc5t z he utt]s x8 ,emphasis ( ?is k9d is almo/ altoge!r a matt] ( grammatical con/ruction4 ,if we read 'no m' we expect pres5tly to come ^u a '?an'2 if we read 'h[ev]' at ! outset ( a s5t5ce x is a 'yet1' a '/ill1' or a 'nev]!less1' t we expect4 ,a n\n 9 a c]ta9 position dem&s a v]b 9 a c]ta9 mood & numb]1 9 ano!r position x expects a relative pron\n4 ,adjectives call = n\ns1 v]bs = adv]bs1 etc41 etc4 ,& ?is =ebod+ ( ! com+ grammatical s*eme comb9$ ) ea* successive utt]$ ^w is s practically accurate t a read] incapable ( und]/&+ f\r ideas ( ! book he is read+ al\d1 c nev]!less read x ) ! mo/ delicately modulat$ expression ( intellig5ce4 ,"s w int]pret ^! facts by call+ !m all cases 9 :i* c]ta9 images1 by laws ( association1 awak5 o!rs s v rapidly t we ?9k aft]w>ds we felt ! v t5d5cies ( ! nasc5t images to arise1 be=e !y 7 actually !re4 ,= ?is s*ool ! only possible mat]ials ( consci\sness are images ( a p]fectly def9ite nature4 ,t5d5cies exi/1 b !y are facts = ! outside psy*ologi/ r ?an = ! subject ( ! obs]vation4 ,! t5d5cy is ?us a psy*ical z]o2 only its results are felt4 ,n[ :at ,i cont5d =1 & accumulate examples to %[1 is t 't5d5cies' are n only descriptions f )\t1 b t !y are among ! objects ( ! /ream1 :i* is ?us aw>e ( !m f )91 & mu/ be describ$ z 9 v l>ge measure con/itut$ ( feel+s ( t5d5cy1 (t5 s vague t we are unable to "n !m at all4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 ! re-in/atem5t ( ! vague to its prop] place 9 our m5tal life :i* ,i am s anxi\s to press on ! att5tion4 ,mr4 ,galton & ,pr(4 ,huxley h1 z we %all see 9 ,*apt] ,,xviii1 made "o /ep 9 advance 9 explod+ ! ridicul\s !ory ( ,hume & ,b]keley t we c h no images b ( p]fectly def9ite ?+s4 ,ano!r is made 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! equally ridicul\s notion t1 :il/ simple objective qualities are reveal$ to our k 9 subjective feel+s1 relations are n4 ,b ^! re=ms are n half sweep+ & radical en\gh4 ,:at mu/ be admitt$ is t ! def9ite images ( traditional psy*ology =m b ! v smalle/ "p ( our m9ds z !y actually live4 ,! traditional psy*ology talks l "o :o %\ld say a riv] consi/s ( no?+ b pailsful1 spoonsful1 qu>tpotsful1 b>relsful1 & o!r m\ld$ =ms ( wat]4 ,ev5 7 ! pails & ! pots all actually /&+ 9 ! /ream1 /ill betwe5 !m ! free wat] w\ld cont9ue to fl[4 ,x is j ?is free wat] ( consci\sness t psy*ologi/s resolutely ov]look4 ,e def9ite image 9 ! m9d is /eep$ & dy$ 9 ! free wat] t fl[s r\nd x4 ,) x goes ! s5se ( its relations1 ne> & remote1 ! dy+ e*o ( :5ce x came to u1 ! dawn+ s5se ( :i!r x is to lead4 ,! significance1 ! value1 ( ! image is all 9 ?is halo or p5umbra t surr\nds & escorts x1--or r t is fus$ into "o ) x & has become bone ( its bone & fle% ( its fle%2 leav+ x1 x is true1 an image ( ! same ?+ x 0 be=e1 b mak+ x an image ( t ?+ newly tak5 & fre%ly und]/ood4 ,:at is t %ad[y s*eme ( ! '=m' ( an op]a1 play1 or book1 :i* rema9s 9 our m9d & on :i* we pass judgm5t :5 ! actual ?+ is done8 ,:at is our notion ( a sci5tific or philosophical sy/em8 ,great ?9k]s h va/ premonitory glimpses ( s*emes ( relation betwe5 t]ms1 :i* h>dly ev5 z v]bal images ent] ! m9d1 s rapid is ! :ole process4#bcb ,we all ( u h ?is p]man5t consci\sness ( :i!r our ?\ght is go+4 ,x is a feel+ l any o!r1 a feel+ ( :at ?\ghts are next to arise1 be=e !y h aris54 ,?is field ( view ( consci\sness v>ies v mu* 9 ext5t1 dep5d+ l>gely on ! degree ( m5tal fre%ness or fatigue4 ,:5 v fre%1 our m9ds c>ry an imm5se horizon ) !m4 ,! pres5t image %oots its p]spective f> be=e x1 irradiat+ 9 advance ! regions 9 :i* lie ! ?\ghts z yet unborn4 ,"u ord9>y conditions ! halo ( felt relations is mu* m circumscrib$4 ,& 9 /ates ( extreme bra9-fag ! horizon is n>r[$ almo/ to ! pass+ ^w1--! associative ma*9]y1 h[ev]1 provid+ = ! next ^w turn+ up 9 ord]ly sequ5ce1 until at la/ ! tir$ ?9k] is l$ to "s k9d ( a conclusion4 ,at c]ta9 mom5ts he may f9d himself d\bt+ :e!r 8 ?\ghts h n come to a full /op2 b ! vague s5se ( a plus ultra makes him ev] /ruggle on t[>ds a m def9ite expression ( :at x may be2 :il/ ! sl[ness ( 8 utt]ance %[s h[ difficult1 "u su* conditions1 ! labor ( ?9k+ mu/ be4 ,! aw>5ess t our def9ite ?\ght has come to a /op is an entirely diff]5t ?+ f ! aw>5ess t our ?\ght is def9itively complet$4 ,! expression ( ! latt] /ate ( m9d is ! fall+ inflection :i* betok5s t ! s5t5ce is end$1 & sil5ce4 ,! expression ( ! =m] /ate is 'hemm+ & haw+1' or else su* phrases z 'et cet]a1' or '& s =?4' ,b notice t e "p ( ! s5t5ce to be left incomplete feels diff]5tly z x passes1 by reason ( ! premonition we h t we %all be unable to end x4 ,! '& s =?' ca/s its %ad[ back1 & is z integral a "p ( ! object ( ! ?\ght z ! di/9cte/ ( images w\ld be4 ,aga91 :5 we use a common n\n1 su* z man1 9 a univ]sal s5se1 z signify+ all possible m51 we are fully aw>e ( ?is int5tion on our "p1 & di/+ui% x c>efully f our int5tion :5 we mean a c]ta9 gr\p ( m51 or a solit>y individual be=e u4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,conception we %all see h[ important ?is diff]5ce ( int5tion is4 ,x ca/s its influ5ce ov] ! :ole ( ! s5t5ce1 bo? be=e & aft] ! spot 9 :i* ! ^w man is us$4 ,no?+ is easi] ?an to symbolize all ^! facts 9 t]ms ( bra9-action4 ,j z ! e*o ( ! :5ce1 ! s5se ( ! />t+ po9t ( our ?\ght1 is probably due to ! dy+ excitem5t ( processes b a mom5t s9ce vividly ar\s$2 s ! s5se ( ! :i!r1 ! =eta/e ( ! t]m9us1 mu/ be due to ! wax+ excitem5t ( tracts or processes :i*1 a mom5t h5ce1 w be ! c]ebral correlatives ( "s ?+ :i* a mom5t h5ce w be vividly pres5t to ! ?\ght4 ,repres5t$ by a curve1 ! neurosis und]ly+ consci\sness mu/ at any mom5t be l ?is3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,ea* po9t ( ! horizontal l9e /&s = "s bra9-tract or process4 ,! height ( ! curve above ! l9e /&s = ! int5sity ( ! process4 ,all ! processes are pres5t1 9 ! int5sities %[n by ! curve4 ,b ^? be=e ! latt]'s apex 7 m int5se a mom5t ago2 ^? aft] x w be m int5se a mom5t h5ce4 ,if ,i recite a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 g1 at ! mom5t ( utt]+ d1 nei!r a1 b1 c1 nor e1 f1 g1 are out ( my consci\sness altoge!r1 b bo?1 aft] _! respective fa%ions1 'mix _! dim lights' ) ! /rong] "o ( ! d1 because _! neuroses are bo? awake 9 "s degree4 ,!re is a common class ( mi/akes :i* %[s h[ bra9-processes beg9 to be excit$ be=e ! ?\ghts atta*$ to !m are due--due1 t is1 9 sub/antive & vivid =m4 ,i mean ^? mi/akes ( spee* or writ+ by :i*1 9 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]'s words1 we mispron\nce or misspell a ^w1 by introduc+ into x a lett] or syllable ( "s o!r1 ^: turn is %ortly to come2 or1 x may be1 ! :ole ( ! anticipat$ ^w is sub/itut$ = ! "o :i* ought to h be5 express$4#bcc ,9 ^! cases "o ( two ?+s mu/ h happ5$3 ei!r "s local accid5t ( nutrition blocks ! process t is due1 s t o!r processes dis*>ge t ought z yet to be b nasc5tly ar\s$2 or "s opposite local accid5t fur!rs ! latt] processes & makes !m explode be=e _! "t4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,association ( ,ideas1 num]\s in/ances w come be=e u ( ! actual effect on consci\sness ( neuroses n yet maximally ar\s$4 ,x is j l ! 'ov]tones' 9 music4 ,diff]5t in/rum5ts give ! 'same note1' b ea* 9 a diff]5t voice1 because ea* gives m ?an t note1 namely1 v>i\s upp] h>monics ( x :i* diff] f "o in/rum5t to ano!r4 ,!y are n sep>ately he>d by ! e>2 !y bl5d ) ! fundam5tal note1 & suffuse x1 & alt] x2 & ev5 s d ! wax+ & wan+ bra9-processes at e mom5t bl5d ) & suffuse & alt] ! psy*ic effect ( ! processes :i* are at _! culm9at+ po9t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u use ! words psy*ic ov]tone1 suffusion1 or fr+e1 to designate ! influ5ce ( a fa9t bra9-process ^u our ?\ght1 z x makes x aw>e ( relations & objects b dimly p]ceiv$4#bcd ,if we !n consid] ! cognitive function ( diff]5t /ates ( m9d1 we may feel assur$ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^? t are m]e 'acqua9tance1' & ^? t are 'kn[l$ges-ab\t' 7see p4 #bba7 is r$ucible almo/ entirely to ! abs5ce or pres5ce ( psy*ic fr+es or ov]tones4 ,k ab\t a ?+ is k ( its relations4 ,acqua9tance ) x is limitation to ! b>e impression :i* x makes4 ,( mo/ ( its relations we are only aw>e 9 ! p5umbral nasc5t way ( a 'fr+e' ( un>ticulat$ aff9ities ab\t x4 ,&1 be=e pass+ to ! next topic 9 ord]1 ,i mu/ say a little ( ?is s5se ( aff9ity1 z itself "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( ! subjective /ream4 ,9 all our volunt>y ?9k+ !re is "s topic or subject ab\t :i* all ! memb]s ( ! ?\ght revolve4 ,half ! "t ?is topic is a problem1 a gap we _c yet fill ) a def9ite picture1 ^w1 or phrase1 b :i*1 9 ! mann] describ$ "s "t back1 influ5ces u 9 an int5sely active & det]m9ate psy*ic way4 ,:atev] may be ! images & phrases t pass be=e u1 we feel _! relation to ?is a*+ gap4 ,to fill x up is our ?\ghts' de/9y4 ,"s br+ u ne>] to t consummation4 ,"s ! gap negates z q irrelevant4 ,ea* swims 9 a felt fr+e ( relations ( :i* ! a=esaid gap is ! t]m4 ,or in/ead ( a def9ite gap we may m]ely c>ry a mood ( int]e/ ab\t ) u4 ,!n1 h[ev] vague ! mood1 x w /ill act 9 ! same way1 ?r[+ a mantle ( felt aff9ity ov] su* repres5tations1 ent]+ ! m9d1 z suit x1 & t+e+ ) ! feel+ ( t$i\sness or discord all ^? ) :i* x has no conc]n4 ,relation1 !n1 to our topic or int]e/ is con/antly felt 9 ! fr+e1 & p>ticul>ly ! relation ( h>mony & discord1 ( fur!rance or h9drance ( ! topic4 ,:5 ! s5se ( fur!rance is !re1 we are 'all "r2' ) ! s5se ( h9drance we are dissatisfi$ & p]plex$1 & ca/ ab\t u = o!r ?\ghts4 ,n[ any ?\ght ! quality ( ^: fr+e lets u feel ourselves 'all "r1' is an acceptable memb] ( our ?9k+1 :atev] k9d ( ?\ght x may o!rwise be4 ,provid$ we only feel x to h a place 9 ! s*eme ( relations 9 :i* ! int]e/+ topic also lies1 t is q suffici5t to make ( x a relevant & appropriate portion ( our tra9 ( ideas4 ,= ! important ?+ ab\t a tra9 ( ?\ght is its conclusion4 ,t is ! mean+1 or1 z we say1 ! topic ( ! ?\ght4 ,t is :at abides :5 all its o!r memb]s h fad$ f memory4 ,usually ?is conclusion is a ^w or phrase or p>ticul> image1 or practical attitude or resolve1 :e!r ris+ to answ] a problem or fill a pre-exi/+ gap t worri$ u1 or :e!r accid5tally /umbl$ on 9 rev]y4 ,9 ei!r case x /&s out f ! o!r segm5ts ( ! /ream by reason ( ! peculi> int]e/ atta*+ to x4 ,?is int]e/ arre/s x1 makes a sort ( crisis ( x :5 x comes1 induces att5tion ^u x & makes u treat x 9 a sub/antive way4 ,! p>ts ( ! /ream t prec$e ^! sub/antive conclusions are b ! means ( ! latt]'s atta9m5t4 ,&1 provid$ ! same conclusion be rea*$1 ! means may be z mutable z we l1 = ! 'mean+' ( ! /ream ( ?\ght w be ! same4 ,:at diff]5ce does x make :at ! means are8 ,qu'importe le flacon1 p\rvu qu'on ait l'ivresse8 ,! relative unimportance ( ! means appe>s f ! fact t :5 ! conclusion is !re1 we h always =gott5 mo/ ( ! /eps prec$+ its atta9m5t4 ,:5 we h utt]$ a proposition1 we are r>ely able a mom5t aft]w>ds to recall our exact words1 ?\gh we c express x 9 diff]5t words easily en\gh4 ,! practical up%ot ( a book we read rema9s ) u1 ?\gh we may n recall "o ( its s5t5ces4 ,! only p>adox w\ld seem to lie 9 suppos+ t ! fr+e ( felt aff9ity & discord c be ! same 9 two het]og5e\s sets ( images4 ,take a tra9 ( words pass+ ?r\gh ! m9d & lead+ to a c]ta9 conclusion on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r h& an almo/ wordless set ( tactile1 visual & o!r fancies lead+ to ! same conclusion4 ,c ! halo1 fr+e1 or s*eme 9 :i* we feel ! words to lie be ! same z t 9 :i* we feel ! images to lie8 ,does n ! discrepancy ( t]ms involve a discrepancy ( felt relations among !m8 ,if ! t]ms be tak5 qu m]e s5sations1 x assur$ly does4 ,= in/ance1 ! words may rhyme ) ea* o!r1--! visual images c h no su* aff9ity z t4 ,b qu ?\ghts1 qu s5sations und]/ood1 ! words h contract$ by long association fr+es ( mutual repugnance or aff9ity ) ea* o!r & ) ! conclusion1 :i* run exactly p>allel ) l fr+es 9 ! visual1 tactile & o!r ideas4 ,! mo/ important elem5t ( ^! fr+es is1 ,i repeat1 ! m]e feel+ ( h>mony or discord1 ( a "r or wrong direction 9 ! ?\ght4 ,dr4 ,campbell has1 s f> z ,i "k1 made ! be/ analysis ( ?is fact1 & 8 words1 (t5 quot$1 des]ve to be quot$ aga94 ,! *apt] is entitl$ ,:at is ! cause t nons5se s (t5 escapes be+ detect$1 bo? by ! writ] & by ! read]8 ,! au?or1 9 answ]+ ?is "q1 makes 7int] alia7 ! foll[+ rem>ks3#bce ,t connection he says or relation :i* comes gradually to subsi/ among ! diff]5t words ( a language1 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o speak x1444 is m]ely consequ5t on ?is1 t ^? words are employ$ z signs ( connect$ or relat$ ?+s4 ,x is an axiom 9 geometry t ?+s equal to ! same ?+ are equal to "o ano!r4 ,x may1 9 l mann]1 be admitt$ z an axiom 9 psy*ology t ideas associat$ by ! same idea w associate "o ano!r4 ,h5ce x w happ5 t if1 f exp]i5c+ ! connection ( two ?+s1 !re results1 z infallibly !re w result1 an association betwe5 ! ideas or notions annex$ to !m1 z ea* idea w moreov] be associat$ by its sign1 !re w likewise be an association betwe5 ! ideas ( ! signs4 ,h5ce ! s\nds consid]$ z signs w be conceiv$ to h a connection analog\s to t :i* subsi/e? among ! ?+s signifi$2 ,i say1 ! s\nds consid]$ z signs2 = ?is way ( consid]+ !m con/antly att5ds u 9 speak+1 writ+1 he>+1 & read+4 ,:5 we purposely ab/ract f x1 & reg>d !m m]ely z s\nds1 we are in/antly s5sible t !y are q unconnect$1 & h no o!r relation ?an :at arise? f similitude ( tone or acc5t4 ,b to consid] !m 9 ?is mann] commonly results f previ\s design1 & requires a k9d ( ef=t :i* is n ex]t$ 9 ! ord9>y use ( spee*4 ,9 ord9>y use !y are reg>d$ solely z signs1 or1 r1 !y are conf\nd$ ) ! ?+s !y signify2 ! consequ5ce ( :i* is t1 9 ! mann] j n[ expla9$1 we come ins5sibly to conceive a connection among !m ( a v diff]5t sort f t ( :i* s\nds are naturally susceptible4 ,n[ ?is conception1 habit1 or t5d5cy ( ! m9d1 call x :i* y please1 is consid]ably /r5g!n$ by ! frequ5t use ( language & by ! /ructure ( x4 ,language is ! sole *annel ?r\gh :i* we communicate our k & discov]ies to o!rs1 & ?r\gh :i* ! k & discov]ies ( o!rs are communicat$ to u4 ,by reit]at$ rec\rse to ?is m$ium1 x necess>ily happ5s t :5 ?+s are relat$ to ea* o!r1 ! words signify+ ^? ?+s are m commonly br\ght toge!r 9 disc\rse4 ,h5ce ! words & names by !mselves1 by cu/om>y vic9ity1 contract 9 ! fancy a relation additional to t :i* !y d]ive purely f be+ ! symbols ( relat$ ?+s4 ,f>!r1 ?is t5d5cy is /r5g!n$ by ! /ructure ( language4 ,all languages :atev]1 ev5 ! mo/ b>b>\s1 z f> z ha? yet appe>$1 are ( a regul> & analogical make4 ,! consequ5ce is t simil> relations 9 ?+s w be express$ simil>ly2 t is1 by simil> inflections1 d]ivations1 compositions1 arrangem5t ( words1 or juxtaposition ( p>ticles1 accord+ to ! g5ius or grammatical =m ( ! p>ticul> tongue4 ,n[ z1 by ! habitual use ( a language 7ev5 ?\gh x 7 q irregul>71 ! signs w\ld ins5sibly become connect$ 9 ! imag9ation :]ev] ! ?+s signifi$ are connect$ 9 nature1 s1 by ! regul> /ructure ( a language1 ?is connection among ! signs is conceiv$ z analog\s to t :i* subsi/e? among _! ar*etypes4 ,if we "k ,engli% & ,fr5* & beg9 a s5t5ce 9 ,fr5*1 all ! lat] words t come are ,fr5*2 we h>dly ev] drop into ,engli%4 ,& ?is aff9ity ( ! ,fr5* words = ea* o!r is n some?+ m]ely op]at+ me*anically z a bra9-law1 x is some?+ we feel at ! "t4 ,our und]/&+ ( a ,fr5* s5t5ce he>d nev] falls to s l[ an ebb t we are n aw>e t ! words l+ui/ically belong toge!r4 ,our att5tion c h>dly s w&] t if an ,engli% ^w be sudd5ly introduc$ we %all n />t at ! *ange4 ,su* a vague s5se z ?is ( ! words belong+ toge!r is ! v m9imum ( fr+e t c accompany !m1 if '?\ght' at all4 ,usually ! vague p]ception t all ! words we he> belong to ! same language & to ! same special vocabul>y 9 t language1 & t ! grammatical sequ5ce is famili>1 is practically equival5t to an admission t :at we he> is s5se4 ,b if an unusual =eign ^w be introduc$1 if ! gramm> trip1 or if a t]m f an incongru\s vocabul>y sudd5ly appe>1 su* z 'rat-trap' or 'plumb]'s bill' 9 a philosophical disc\rse1 ! s5t5ce detonates1 z x 71 we receive a %ock f ! incongruity1 & ! dr[sy ass5t is gone4 ,! feel+ ( rationality 9 ^! cases seems r a negative ?an a positive ?+1 be+ ! m]e abs5ce ( %ock1 or s5se ( discord1 betwe5 ! t]ms ( ?\ght4 ,s delicate & incessant is ?is recognition by ! m9d ( ! m]e fitness ( words to be m5tion$ toge!r t ! slighte/ misread+1 su* z 'casualty' = 'causality1' or 'p]petual' = 'p]ceptual1' w be correct$ by a li/5] ^: att5tion is s relax$ t he gets no idea ( ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce at all4 ,conv]sely1 if words d belong to ! same vocabul>y1 & if ! grammatical /ructure is correct1 s5t5ces ) absolutely no mean+ may be utt]$ 9 good fai? & pass un*all5g$4 ,disc\rses at pray]-meet+s1 re%uffl+ ! same collection ( cant phrases1 & ! :ole g5us ( p5ny-a-l9e-isms & newspap]-report]'s fl\ri%es give illu/rations ( ?is4 ,! birds fill$ ! tree-tops ) _! morn+ song1 mak+ ! air moi/1 cool1 & pleasant1 is a s5t5ce ,i rememb] read+ once 9 a report ( "s a?letic ex]cises 9 ,j]ome ,p>k4 ,x 0 probably writt5 unconsci\sly by ! hurri$ report]1 & read uncritically by _m read]s4 ,an entire volume ( #ghd pages lately publi%$ 9 ,bo/on#bcf is compos$ ( /uff l ?is passage pick$ out at r&om3 ,! fl[ ( ! eff]5t fluids ( all ^! vessels f _! outlets at ! t]m9al loop ( ea* culm9ate l9k on ! surface ( ! nucle> organism is cont9u\s z _! respective atmosph]ic fruitage up to ! altitud9al limit ( _! expansibility1 :5ce1 :5 atmosph]$ by l b coalesc+ ess5ces f high] altitudes1--^? s5sibly express$ z ! ess5tial qualities ( ext]nal =ms1--!y desc5d1 & become assimilat$ by ! aff]5ts ( ! nucle> organism4#bcg ,!re are e ye> works publi%$ ^: cont5ts %[ !m to be by real lunatics4 ,to ! read]1 ! book quot$ f seems pure nons5se f beg9n+ to end4 ,x is impossible to div9e1 9 su* a case1 j :at sort ( feel+ ( rational relation betwe5 ! words may h appe>$ to ! au?or's m9d4 ,! bord] l9e betwe5 objective s5se & nons5se is h>d to draw2 t betwe5 subjective s5se & nons5se1 impossible4 ,subjectively1 any collocation ( words may make s5se--ev5 ! wilde/ words 9 a dream--if "o only does n d\bt _! belong+ toge!r4 ,take ! obscur] passages 9 ,hegel3 x is a fair "q :e!r ! rationality includ$ 9 !m be any?+ m ?an ! fact t ! words all belong to a common vocabul>y1 & are /rung toge!r on a s*eme ( pr$ication & relation1--imm$iacy1 self-relation1 & :at n1--:i* has habitually recurr$4 ,yet !re seems no reason to d\bt t ! subjective feel+ ( ! rationality ( ^! s5t5ces 0 /rong 9 ! writ] z he p5n$ !m1 or ev5 t "s read]s by /ra9+ may h reproduc$ x 9 !mselves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to sum up1 c]ta9 k9ds ( v]bal associate1 c]ta9 grammatical expectations fulfill$1 /& = a good "p ( our impression t a s5t5ce has a mean+ & is dom9at$ by ! ,unity ( "o ,?\ght4 ,nons5se 9 grammatical =m s\nds half rational2 s5se ) grammatical sequ5ce upset s\nds nons5sical2 e4g41 ,elba ! ,napoleon ,engli% fai? _h bani%$ brok5 to be ,sa9t because ,hel5a at4 ,f9ally1 !re is ab\t ea* ^w ! psy*ic 'ov]tone' ( feel+ t x br+s u ne>] to a =efelt conclusion4 ,suffuse all ! words ( a s5t5ce1 z !y pass1 ) ^! ?ree fr+es or haloes ( relation1 let ! conclusion seem wor? arriv+ at1 & all w admit ! s5t5ce to be an expression ( ?or\ghly cont9u\s1 unifi$1 & rational ?\ght4#bch ,ea* ^w1 9 su* a s5t5ce1 is felt1 n only z a ^w1 b z hav+ a mean+4 ,! 'mean+' ( a ^w tak5 ?us dynamically 9 a s5t5ce may be q diff]5t f its mean+ :5 tak5 /atically or )\t context4 ,! dynamic mean+ is usually r$uc$ to ! b>e fr+e we h describ$1 ( felt suitability or unfitness to ! context & conclusion4 ,! /atic mean+1 :5 ! ^w is concrete1 z 'table1' ',bo/on1' consi/s ( s5sory images awak5$2 :5 x is ab/ract1 z 'crim9al legislation1' 'fallacy1' ! mean+ consi/s ( o!r words ar\s$1 =m+ ! s-call$ 'def9ition4' ,hegel's celebrat$ dictum t pure be+ is id5tical ) pure no?+ results f 8 tak+ ! words /atically1 or )\t ! fr+e !y we> 9 a context4 ,tak5 9 isolation1 !y agree 9 ! s+le po9t ( awak5+ no s5sorial images4 ,b tak5 dynamically1 or z significant1--z ?\ght1--_! fr+es ( relation1 _! aff9ities & repugnances1 _! function & mean+1 are felt & und]/ood to be absolutely oppos$4 ,su* consid]ations z ^! remove all appe>ance ( p>adox f ^? cases ( extremely defici5t visual imag]y ( ^: exi/5ce ,mr4 ,galton has made u aw>e 7see bel[74 ,an exceptionally intellig5t fri5d in=ms me t he c frame no image :atev] ( ! appe>ance ( 8 breakfa/-table4 ,:5 ask$ h[ he !n rememb]s x at all1 he says he simple 'kn[s' t x seat$ f\r p1 & 0 cov]$ ) a :ite clo? on :i* 7 a butt]-di%1 a c(fee-pot1 radi%es1 & s =?4 ,! m9d-/uff ( :i* ?is 'kn[+' is made seems to be v]bal images exclusively4 ,b if ! words 'c(fee1' 'bacon1' 'muff9s1' & 'eggs' lead a man to speak to 8 cook1 to pay 8 bills1 & to take measures = ! morr['s meal exactly z visual & gu/atory memories w\ld1 :y are !y n1 = all practical int5ts & purposes1 z good a k9d ( mat]ial 9 :i* to ?9k8 ,9 fact1 we may suspect !m to be = mo/ purposes bett] ?an t]ms ) a ri*] imag9ative color+4 ,! s*eme ( relation%ip & ! conclusion be+ ! ess5tial ?+s 9 ?9k+1 t k9d ( m9d-/uff :i* is h&ie/ w be ! be/ = ! purpose4 ,n[ words1 utt]$ or unexpress$1 are ! h&ie/ m5tal elem5ts we h4 ,n only are !y v rapidly revivable1 b !y are revivable z actual s5sations m easily ?an any o!r items ( our exp]i5ce4 ,did !y n possess "s su* advantage z ?is1 x w\ld h>dly be ! case t ! old] m5 are & ! m effective z ?9k]s1 ! m1 z a rule1 !y h lo/ _! visualiz+ p[] & dep5d on words4 ,?is 0 asc]ta9$ by ,mr4 ,galton to be ! case ) memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,! pres5t writ] obs]ves x 9 8 own p]son mo/ di/9ctly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a deaf & dumb man c weave 8 tactile & visual images into a sy/em ( ?\ght q z effective & rational z t ( a ^w-us]4 ,! "q :e!r ?\ght is possible )\t language has be5 a favorite topic ( discussion among philosoph]s4 ,"s int]e/+ rem9isc5ces ( 8 *ildhood by ,mr4 ,ball>d1 a deaf-mute in/ructor 9 ! ,national ,college at ,wa%+ton1 %[ x to be p]fectly possible4 ,a few p>agraphs may be quot$ "h4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! loss ( my he>+ 9 infancy1 ,i 0 deb>r$ f enjoy+ ! advantages :i* *ildr5 9 ! full possession ( _! s5ses d]ive f ! ex]cises ( ! common prim>y s*ool1 f ! e-day talk ( _! s*ool-fell[s & playmates1 & f ! conv]sation ( _! p>5ts & o!r gr[n-up p]sons4 ,i c\ld convey my ?\ghts & feel+s to my p>5ts & bro!rs by natural signs or pantomime1 & ,i c\ld und]/& :at !y said to me by ! same m$ium2 our int]c\rse be+1 h[ev]1 conf9$ to ! daily r\t9e ( home affairs & h>dly go+ beyond ! circle ( my own obs]vation4444 ,my fa!r adopt$ a c\rse :i* he ?\ght w\ld1 9 "s measure1 comp5sate me = ! loss ( my he>+4 ,x 0 t ( tak+ me ) him :5 bus9ess requir$ him to ride abroad2 & he took me m frequ5tly ?an he did my bro!rs2 giv+1 z ! reason = 8 app>5t p>tiality1 t !y c\ld acquire in=mation ?r\gh ! e>1 :ile ,i dep5d$ solely ^u my eye = acqua9tance ) affairs ( ! outside _w4444 ,i h a vivid recollection ( ! delight ,i felt 9 wat*+ ! diff]5t sc5es we pass$ ?r\gh1 obs]v+ ! v>i\s phases ( nature1 bo? animate & inanimate2 ?\gh we did n1 ow+ to my infirmity1 engage 9 conv]sation4 ,x 0 dur+ ^? delightful rides1 "s two or ?ree ye>s be=e my initiation into ! rudim5ts ( writt5 language1 t ,i began to ask myself ! "q3 ,h[ came ! _w into be+8 ,:5 ?is "q occurr$ to my m9d1 ,i set myself to ?9k+ x ov] a long "t4 ,my curiosity 0 awak5$ z to :at 0 ! orig9 ( human life 9 its fir/ appe>ance ^u ! e>?1 & ( vegetable life z well1 & also ! cause ( ! exi/5ce ( ! e>?1 sun1 moon1 & />s4 ,i rememb] at "o "t :5 my eye fell ^u a v l>ge old /ump :i* we happ5$ to pass 9 "o ( our rides1 ,i ask$ myself1 ',is x possible t ! fir/ man t ev] came into ! _w rose out ( t /ump8 ,b t /ump is only a remnant ( a once noble magnific5t tree1 & h[ came t tree8 ,:y1 x came only by beg9n+ to gr[ out ( ! gr\nd j l ^? little trees n[ com+ up4' ,& ,i dismiss$ f my m9d1 z an absurd idea1 ! connection betwe5 ! orig9 ( man & a decay+ old /ump4444 ,i h no recollection ( :at x 0 t fir/ sugge/$ to me ! "q z to ! orig9 ( ?+s4 ,i _h be=e ?is "t ga9$ ideas ( ! desc5t f p>5t to *ild1 ( ! propagation ( animals1 & ( ! production ( plants f se$s4 ,! "q t occurr$ to my m9d 03 :5ce came ! fir/ man1 ! fir/ animal1 & ! fir/ plant1 at ! remote/ di/ance ( "t1 be=e :i* !re 0 no man1 no animal1 no plant2 s9ce ,i knew !y all _h a beg9n+ & an end4 ,x is impossible to /ate ! exact ord] 9 :i* ^! diff]5t que/ions arose1 i4e41 ab\t m51 animals1 plants1 ! e>?1 sun1 moon1 etc4 ,! l[] animals did n receive s mu* ?\ght z 0 be/[$ ^u man & ! e>?2 p]haps because ,i put man & bea/ 9 ! same class1 s9ce ,i believ$ t man w\ld be annihilat$ & !re 0 no resurrection beyond ! grave1--?\gh ,i am told by my "m t1 9 answ] to my "q1 9 ! case ( a deceas$ uncle :o look$ to me l a p]son 9 sleep1 %e _h tri$ to make me und]/& t he w\ld awake 9 ! f> future4 ,x 0 my belief t man & bea/ d]iv$ _! be+ f ! same s\rce1 & 7 to be laid d[n 9 ! du/ 9 a /ate ( annihilation4 ,consid]+ ! brute animal z ( second>y importance1 & alli$ to man on a l[] level1 man & ! e>? 7 ! two ?+s on :i* my m9d dwell$ mo/4 ,i ?9k ,i 0 five ye>s old1 :5 ,i began to und]/& ! desc5t f p>5t to *ild & ! propagation ( animals4 ,i 0 ne>ly elev5 ye>s old1 :5 ,i ent]$ ! ,in/itution :]e ,i 0 educat$2 & ,i rememb] di/9ctly t x 0 at lea/ two ye>s be=e ?is "t t ,i began to ask myself ! "q z to ! orig9 ( ! univ]se4 ,my age 0 !n ab\t eight1 n ov] n9e ye>s4 ,( ! =m ( ! e>?1 ,i _h no idea 9 my *ildhood1 except t1 f a look at a map ( ! hemisph]es1 ,i inf]r$ !re 7 two imm5se disks ( matt] ly+ ne> ea* o!r4 ,i also believ$ ! sun & moon to be r\nd1 flat plates ( illum9at+ matt]2 & = ^? lum9>ies ,i ent]ta9$ a sort ( rev]5ce on acc\nt ( _! p[] ( light+ & heat+ ! e>?4 ,i ?\ght f _! com+ up & go+ d[n1 travell+ across ! sky 9 s regul> a mann] t !re mu/ be a c]ta9 some?+ hav+ p[] to gov]n _! c\rse4 ,i believ$ ! sun w5t into a hole at ! we/ & came out ( ano!r at ! ea/1 travell+ ?r\gh a great tube 9 ! e>?1 describ+ ! same curve z x seem$ to describe 9 ! sky4 ,! />s seem$ to me to be t9y lights /udd$ 9 ! sky4 ,! s\rce f :i* ! univ]se came 0 ! "q ab\t :i* my m9d revolv$ 9 a va9 /ruggle to grasp x1 or r to fight ! way up to atta9 to a satisfactory answ]4 ,:5 ,i _h occupi$ myself ) ?is subject a consid]able "t1 ,i p]ceiv$ t x 0 a matt] mu* great] ?an my m9d c\ld compreh5d2 & ,i rememb] well t ,i became s appall$ at its my/]y & s bewild]$ at my inability to grapple ) x t ,i laid ! subject aside & out ( my m9d1 glad to escape be+1 z x 71 drawn into a vortex ( inextricable confusion4 ,?\gh ,i felt reliev$ at ?is escape1 yet ,i c\ld n resi/ ! desire to "k ! tru?2 & ,i return$ to ! subject2 b z be=e1 ,i left x1 aft] ?9k+ x ov] = "s "t4 ,9 ?is /ate ( p]plexity1 ,i hop$ all ! "t to get at ! tru?1 /ill believ+ t ! m ,i gave ?\ght to ! subject1 ! m my m9d w\ld p5etrate ! my/]y4 ,?us ,i 0 toss$ l a %uttlecock1 return+ to ! subject & recoil+ f x1 till ,i came to s*ool4 ,i rememb] t my "m once told me ab\t a be+ up above1 po9t+ h] f+] t[>ds ! sky & ) a solemn look on h] c\nt5ance4 ,i d n recall ! circum/ance :i* l$ to ?is communication4 ,:5 %e m5tion$ ! my/]i\s be+ up 9 ! sky1 ,i 0 eag] to take hold ( ! subject1 & pli$ h] ) que/ions conc]n+ ! =m & appe>ance ( ?is unkn[n be+1 ask+ if x 0 ! sun1 moon1 or "o ( ! />s4 ,i knew %e meant t !re 0 a liv+ "o some:]e up 9 ! sky2 b :5 ,i realiz$ t %e c\ld n answ] my que/ions1 ,i gave x up 9 despair1 feel+ sorr[ful t ,i c\ld n obta9 a def9ite idea ( ! my/]i\s liv+ "o up 9 ! sky4 ,"o day1 :ile we 7 hay+ 9 a field1 !re 0 a s]ies ( heavy ?und]-claps4 ,i ask$ "o ( my bro!rs :]e !y came f4 ,he po9t$ to ! sky & made a zigzag motion ) 8 f+]1 signify+ lightn+4 ,i imag9$ !re 0 a great man some:]e 9 ! blue vault1 :o made a l\d noise ) 8 voice out ( x2 & ea* "t ,i he>d#bci a ?und]-clap ,i 0 fright5$1 & look$ up at ! sky1 fe>+ he 0 speak+ a ?reat5+ ^w4#bdj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,"h we may pause4 ,! read] sees by ?is "t t x makes little or no diff]5ce 9 :at sort ( m9d-/uff1 9 :at quality ( imag]y1 8 ?9k+ goes on4 ,! only images intr9sically important are ! halt+-places1 ! sub/antive conclusions1 provisional or f9al1 ( ! ?\ght4 ,?r\gh\t all ! re/ ( ! /ream1 ! feel+s ( relation are ev]y?+1 & ! t]ms relat$ almo/ naught4 ,^! feel+s ( relation1 ^! psy*ic ov]tones1 halos1 suffusions1 or fr+es ab\t ! t]ms1 may be ! same 9 v diff]5t sy/ems ( imag]y4 ,a diagram may help to acc5tuate ?is indiff]5ce ( ! m5tal means :]e ! end is ! same4 ,let ,a be "s exp]i5ce f :i* a numb] ( ?9k]s />t4 ,let ,z be ! practical conclusion rationally inf]rible f x4 ,"o gets to ! conclusion by "o l9e1 ano!r by ano!r2 "o foll[s a c\rse ( ,engli%1 ano!r ( ,g]man1 v]bal imag]y4 ,) "o1 visual images pr$om9ate2 ) ano!r1 tactile4 ,"s tra9s are t+$ ) emotions1 o!rs n2 "s are v abridg$1 syn!tic & rapid1 o!rs1 hesitat+ & brok5 into _m /eps4 ,b :5 ! p5ultimate t]ms ( all ! tra9s1 h[ev] diff]+ int] se1 f9ally %oot into ! same conclusion1 we say & rightly say1 t all ! ?9k]s h _h sub/antially ! same ?\ght4 ,x w\ld probably a/\nd ea* ( !m beyond measure to be let into 8 neighbor's m9d & to f9d h[ diff]5t ! sc5]y !re 0 f t 9 8 own4 ,?\ght is 9 fact a k9d ( ,algebra1 z ,b]keley long ago said1 9 :i*1 ?\gh a p>ticul> quantity be m>k$ by ea* lett]1 yet to proce$ "r1 x is n requisite t 9 e /ep ea* lett] sugge/ to y\r ?\ghts t p>ticul> quantity x 0 appo9t$ to /& =4 ,mr4 ,lewes has develop$ ?is algebra-analogy s well t ,i mu/ quote 8 words3 ,! lead+ *>act]i/ic ( algebra is t ( op]ation on relations4 ,?is also is ! lead+ *>act]i/ic ( ,?\ght4 ,algebra _c exi/ )\t values1 nor ,?\ght )\t ,feel+s4 ,! op]ations are s _m blank =ms till ! values are assign$4 ,words are vacant s\nds1 ideas are blank =ms1 unless !y symbolize images & s5sations :i* are _! values4 ,nev]!less x is rigor\sly true1 & ( ! greate/ importance1 t analy/s c>ry on v ext5sive op]ations ) blank =ms1 nev] paus+ to supply ! symbols ) values until ! calculation is complet$2 & ord9>y m51 no less ?an philosoph]s1 c>ry on long tra9s ( ?\ght )\t paus+ to translate _! ideas 7words7 into images4444 ,suppose "s "o f a di/ance %\ts 'a lion6' ,at once ! man />ts 9 al>m4444 ,to ! man ! ^w is n only an 444 expression ( all t he has se5 & he>d ( lions1 capable ( recall+ v>i\s exp]i5ces1 b is also capable ( tak+ its place 9 a connect$ s]ies ( ?\ghts )\t recall+ any ( ^? exp]i5ces1 )\t reviv+ an image1 h[ev] fa9t1 ( ! lion--simply z a sign ( a c]ta9 relation includ$ 9 ! complex s nam$4 ,l an algebraic symbol x may be op]at$ on )\t convey+ o!r significance ?an an ab/ract relation3 x is a sign ( ,dang]1 relat$ to fe> ) all its motor sequ5ces4 ,its logical position suffices4444 ,ideas are sub/itutions :i* require a second>y process :5 :at is symboliz$ by !m is translat$ into ! images & exp]i5ces x replaces2 & ?is second>y process is frequ5tly n p]=m$ at all1 g5]ally only p]=m$ to a v small ext5t4 ,let anyone closely exam9e :at has pass$ 9 8 m9d :5 he has con/ruct$ a *a9 ( reason+1 & he w be surpris$ at ! fewness & fa9tness ( ! images :i* h accompani$ ! ideas4 ,suppose y in=m me t '! blood ru%$ viol5tly f ! man's he>t1 quick5+ 8 pulse at ! sight ( 8 enemy4' ,( ! _m lat5t images 9 ?is phrase1 h[ _m 7 sali5t 9 y\r m9d & 9 m9e8 ,probably two--! man & 8 enemy--& ^! images 7 fa9t4 ,images ( blood1 he>t1 viol5t ru%+1 pulse1 quick5+1 & sight1 7 ei!r n reviv$ at all1 or 7 pass+ %ad[s4 ,_h any su* images aris51 !y w\ld h hamp]$ ?\ght1 ret>d+ ! logical process ( judgm5t by irrelevant connections4 ,! symbols _h sub/itut$ relations = ^! values4444 ,!re are no images ( two ?+s & ?ree ?+s1 :5 ,i say 'two & ?ree equal five2' !re are simply famili> symbols hav+ precise relations4444 ,! v]bal symbol 'horse1' :i* /&s = all our exp]i5ces ( horses1 s]ves all ! purposes ( ,?\ght1 )\t recall+ "o ( ! images clu/]$ 9 ! p]ception ( horses1 j z ! sight ( a horse's =m s]ves all ! purposes ( recognition )\t recall+ ! s\nd ( its neigh+ or its tramp1 its qualities z an animal ( draught1 & s =?4#bda ,x ne$ only be add$ t z ! ,algebri/1 ?\gh ! sequ5ce ( 8 t]ms is fix$ by _! relations r ?an by _! sev]al values1 mu/ give a real value to ! f9al "o he rea*es2 s ! ?9k] 9 words mu/ let 8 conclud+ ^w or phrase be translat$ into its full s5sible-image-value1 "u p5alty ( ! ?\ght be+ left unrealiz$ & pale4 ,?is is all ,i h to say ab\t ! s5sible cont9uity & unity ( our ?\ght z contra/$ ) ! app>5t discret5ess ( ! words1 images1 & o!r means by :i* x seems to be c>ri$ on4 ,betwe5 all _! sub/antive elem5ts !re is 'transitive' consci\sness1 & ! words & images are 'fr+$1' & n z discrete z to a c>eless view !y seem4 ,let u advance n[ to ! next head 9 our description ( ,?\ght's /ream4 #d4 ,human ?\ght appe>s to deal ) objects indep5d5t ( itself2 t is1 x is cognitive1 or possesses ! function ( kn[+4 ,= ,absolute ,idealism1 ! inf9ite ,?\ght & its objects are "o4 ,! ,objects are1 ?r\gh be+ ?\ght2 ! et]nal ,m9d is1 ?r\gh ?9k+ !m4 ,7 a human ?\ght alone 9 ! _w !re w\ld be no reason = any o!r assumption reg>d+ x4 ,:atev] x might h be=e x w\ld be its vision1 w\ld be !re1 9 its '!re1' or !n1 9 its '!n'2 & ! "q w\ld nev] arise :e!r an extra-m5tal duplicate ( x exi/$ or n4 ,! reason :y we all believe t ! objects ( our ?\ghts h a duplicate exi/5ce outside1 is t !re are _m human ?\ghts1 ea* ) ! same objects1 z we _c help suppos+4 ,! judgm5t t my ?\ght has ! same object z 8 ?\ght is :at makes ! psy*ologi/ call my ?\ght cognitive ( an out] reality4 ,! judgm5t t my own pa/ ?\ght & my own pres5t ?\ght are ( ! same object is :at makes me take ! object out ( ei!r & project x by a sort ( triangulation into an indep5d5t position1 f :i* x may appe> to bo?4 ,sam5ess 9 a multiplicity ( objective appe>ances is ?us ! basis ( our belief 9 realities outside ( ?\ght4#bdb ,9 ,*apt] ,,xii we %all h to take up ! judgm5t ( sam5ess aga94 ,to %[ t ! "q ( reality be+ extra-m5tal or n is n likely to arise 9 ! abs5ce ( repeat$ exp]i5ces ( ! same1 take ! example ( an altoge!r unprec$5t$ exp]i5ce1 su* z a new ta/e 9 ! ?roat4 ,is x a subjective quality ( feel+1 or an objective quality felt8 ,y d n ev5 ask ! "q at ?is po9t4 ,x is simply t ta/e4 ,b if a doctor he>s y describe x1 & says3 ,ha6 ,n[ y "k :at he>tburn is1 !n x becomes a quality already exi/5t extra m5tem tuam1 :i* y 9 turn h come ^u & le>n$4 ,! fir/ spaces1 times1 ?+s1 qualities1 exp]i5c$ by ! *ild probably appe>1 l ! fir/ he>tburn1 9 ?is absolute way1 z simple be+s1 nei!r 9 nor out ( ?\ght4 ,b lat]1 by hav+ o!r ?\ghts ?an ?is pres5t "o1 & mak+ repeat$ judgm5ts ( sam5ess among _! objects1 he corroborates 9 himself ! notion ( realities1 pa/ & di/ant z well z pres5t1 :i* realities no "o s+le ?\ght ei!r possesses or eng5d]s1 b :i* all may contemplate & "k4 ,?is1 z 0 /at$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 is ! psy*ological po9t ( view1 ! relatively uncritical non-ideali/ic po9t ( view ( all natural sci5ce1 beyond :i* ?is book _c g4 ,a m9d :i* has become consci\s ( its own cognitive function1 plays :at we h call$ '! psy*ologi/' ^u itself4 ,x n only kn[s ! ?+s t appe> be=e x2 x kn[s t x kn[s !m4 ,?is /age ( reflective condition is1 m or less explicitly1 our habitual adult /ate ( m9d4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be reg>d$ z primitive4 ,! consci\sness ( objects mu/ come fir/4 ,we seem to lapse into ?is primordial condition :5 consci\sness is r$uc$ to a m9imum by ! inhalation ( an/hetics or dur+ a fa9t4 ,_m p]sons te/ify t at a c]ta9 /age ( ! an/hetic process objects are /ill cogniz$ :il/ ! ?\ght ( self is lo/4 ,pr(essor ,h]z5 says3#bdc ,dur+ ! syncope !re is absolute psy*ic annihilation1 ! abs5ce ( all consci\sness2 !n at ! beg9n+ ( com+ to1 "o has at a c]ta9 mom5t a vague1 limitless1 inf9ite feel+--a s5se ( exi/5ce 9 g5]al )\t ! lea/ trace ( di/9ction betwe5 ! me & ! n-me4 ,dr4 ,%oemak] ( ,philadelphia describes dur+ ! deepe/ consci\s /age ( e!r-intoxication a vision ( two endless p>allel l9es 9 swift longitud9al motion 444 on a uni=m mi/y backgr\nd 444 toge!r ) a con/ant s\nd or :irr1 n l\d b di/9ct 444 :i* seem$ to be connect$ ) ! p>allel l9es4444 ,^! ph5om5a occupi$ ! :ole field4 ,!re 7 pres5t no dreams or visions 9 any way connect$ ) human affairs1 no ideas or impressions ak9 to any?+ 9 pa/ exp]i5ce1 no emotions1 ( c\rse no idea ( p]sonality4 ,!re 0 no conception z to :at be+ x 0 t 0 reg>d+ ! two l9es1 or t !re exi/$ any su* ?+ z su* a be+2 ! l9es & waves 7 all4#bdd ,simil>ly a fri5d ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 quot$ by him 9 ',m9d' 7vol iii1 p4 #eef71 speaks ( an undi/urb$ empty quiet ev]y:]e except t a /upid pres5ce lay l a heavy intrusion some:]e--a blot* on ! calm4 ,?is s5se ( objectivity & lapse ( subjectivity1 ev5 :5 ! object is almo/ indef9able1 is1 x seems to me1 a some:at famili> phase 9 *lor(ormization1 ?\gh 9 my own case x is too deep a phase = any articulate aft]-memory to rema94 ,i only "k t z x vani%es ,i seem to wake to a s5se ( my own exi/5ce z some?+ additional to :at _h previ\sly be5 !re4#bde ,_m philosoph]s1 h[ev]1 hold t ! reflective consci\sness ( ! self is ess5tial to ! cognitive function ( ?\ght4 ,!y hold t a ?\ght1 9 ord] to "k a ?+ at all1 mu/ expressly di/+ui% betwe5 ! ?+ & its own self4#bdf ,?is is a p]fectly wanton assumption1 & n ! fa9te/ %ad[ ( reason exi/s = suppos+ x true4 ,z well might ,i cont5d t ,i _c dream )\t dream+ t ,i dream1 swe> )\t swe>+ t ,i swe>1 d5y )\t d5y+ t ,i d5y1 z ma9ta9 t ,i _c "k )\t kn[+ t ,i "k4 ,i may h ei!r acqua9tance-)1 or k-ab\t1 an object ,o )\t ?9k ab\t myself at all4 ,x suffices = ?is t ,i ?9k ,o1 & t x exi/4 ,if1 9 addition to ?9k+ ,o1 ,i also ?9k t ,i exi/ & t ,i "k ,o1 well & good2 ,i !n "k "o m ?+1 a fact ab\t ,o1 ( :i* ,i previ\sly 0 unm9dful4 ,t1 h[ev]1 does n prev5t me f hav+ already kn[n ,o a good deal4 ,o p] se1 or ,o plus ,p1 are z good objects ( k z ,o plus me is4 ,! philosoph]s 9 "q simply sub/itute "o p>ticul> object = all o!rs1 & call x ! object p> excell5ce4 ,x is a case ( ! 'psy*ologi/'s fallacy' 7see p4 #aig74 ,!y "k ! object to be "o ?+ & ! ?\ght ano!r2 & !y =?) foi/ _! own k into t ( ! ?\ght ( :i* !y pret5d to give a true acc\nt4 ,to conclude1 !n1 ?\ght may1 b ne$ n1 9 kn[+1 discrim9ate betwe5 its object & itself4 ,we h be5 us+ ! ^w ,object4 ,some?+ mu/ n[ be said ab\t ! prop] use ( ! t]m ,object 9 ,psy*ology4 ,9 popul> p>lance ! ^w object is commonly tak5 )\t ref]5ce to ! act ( k1 & treat$ z synonym\s ) individual subject ( exi/5ce4 ,?us if anyone ask :at is ! m9d's object :5 y say ',columbus discov]$ ,am]ica 9 #adib1' mo/ p w reply ',columbus1' or ',am]ica1' or1 at mo/1 '! discov]y ( ,am]ica4' ,!y w "n a sub/antive k]nel or nucleus ( ! consci\sness1 & say ! ?\ght is 'ab\t' t1--z inde$ x is1--& !y w call t y\r ?\ght's 'object4' ,really t is usually only ! grammatical object1 or m likely ! grammatical subject1 ( y\r s5t5ce4 ,x is at mo/ y\r 'fractional object2' or y may call x ! 'topic' ( y\r ?\ght1 or ! 'subject ( y\r disc\rse4' ,b ! ,object ( y\r ?\ght is really its entire cont5t or deliv]ance1 nei!r m nor less4 ,x is a vici\s use ( spee* to take out a sub/antive k]nel f its cont5t & call t its object2 & x is an equally vici\s use ( spee* to add a sub/antive k]nel n articulately includ$ 9 its cont5t1 & to call t its object4 ,yet ei!r "o ( ^! two s9s we commit1 :5ev] we cont5t ourselves ) say+ t a giv5 ?\ght is simply 'ab\t' a c]ta9 topic1 or t t topic is its 'object4' ,! object ( my ?\ght 9 ! previ\s s5t5ce1 = example1 is /rictly speak+ nei!r ,columbus1 nor ,am]ica1 nor its discov]y4 ,x is no?+ %ort ( ! entire s5t5ce1 ',columbus-discov]$-,am]ica-9-#adib4' ,& if we wi% to speak ( x sub/antively1 we mu/ make a sub/antive ( x by writ+ x out ?us ) hyph5s betwe5 all its words4 ,no?+ b ?is c possibly "n its delicate idiosyncrasy4 ,& if we wi% to feel t idiosyncrasy we mu/ reproduce ! ?\ght z x 0 utt]$1 ) e ^w fr+$ & ! :ole s5t5ce ba!d 9 t orig9al halo ( obscure relations1 :i*1 l an horizon1 !n spread ab\t its mean+4 ,our psy*ological duty is to cl+ z closely z possible to ! actual con/itution ( ! ?\ght we are /udy+4 ,we may err z mu* by excess z by defect4 ,if ! k]nel or 'topic1' ,columbus1 is 9 "o way less ?an ! ?\ght's object1 s 9 ano!r way x may be m4 ,t is1 :5 nam$ by ! psy*ologi/1 x may mean mu* m ?an actually is pres5t to ! ?\ght ( :i* he is report]4 ,?us1 = example1 suppose y %\ld g on to ?9k3 ',he 0 a d>+ g5ius6' ,an ord9>y psy*ologi/ w\ld n hesitate to say t ! object ( y\r ?\ght 0 /ill ',columbus4' ,true1 y\r ?\ght is ab\t ,columbus4 ,x 't]m9ates' 9 ,columbus1 leads f & to ! direct idea ( ,columbus4 ,b = ! mom5t x is n fully & imm$iately ,columbus1 x is only 'he1' or r 'he-0-a-d>+-g5ius2' :i*1 ?\gh x may be an unimportant diff]5ce = conv]sational purposes1 is1 = introspective psy*ology1 z great a diff]5ce z !re c be4 ,! object ( e ?\ght1 !n1 is nei!r m nor less ?an all t ! ?\ght ?9ks1 exactly z ! ?\ght ?9ks x1 h[ev] complicat$ ! matt]1 & h[ev] symbolic ! mann] ( ! ?9k+ may be4 ,x is ne$less to say t memory c seldom accurately reproduce su* an object1 :5 once x has pass$ f be=e ! m9d4 ,x ei!r makes too little or too mu* ( x4 ,its be/ plan is to repeat ! v]bal s5t5ce1 if !re 0 "o1 9 :i* ! object 0 express$4 ,b = in>ticulate ?\ghts !re is n ev5 ?is res\rce1 & introspection mu/ confess t ! task exce$s h] p[]s4 ,! mass ( our ?9k+ vani%es = ev]1 beyond hope ( recov]y1 & psy*ology only ga!rs up a few ( ! crumbs t fall f ! fea/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! next po9t to make cle> is t1 h[ev] complex ! object may be1 ! ?\ght ( x is "o undivid$ /ate ( consci\sness4 ,z ,?omas ,br[n says3#bdg ,i h already spok5 too (t5 to require aga9 to caution y aga9/ ! mi/ake into :i*1 ,i confess1 t ! t]ms :i* ! pov]ty ( our language obliges u to use might ( !mselves v naturally lead y2 ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t ! mo/ complex /ates ( m9d are n truly1 9 _! v ess5ce1 z mu* "o & indivisible z ^? :i* we t]m simple--! complexity & seem+ coexi/5ce :i* !y involve be+ relative to our feel+#bdh only1 n to _! own absolute nature4 ,i tru/ ,i ne$ n repeat to y t1 9 itself1 e notion1 h[ev] seem+ly complex1 is1 & mu/ be1 truly simple--be+ "o /ate or affection1 ( "o simple sub/ance1 m9d4 ,our conception ( a :ole army1 = example1 is z truly ?is "o m9d exi/+ 9 ?is "o /ate1 z our conception ( any ( ! individuals t compose an army4 ,our notion ( ! ab/ract numb]s1 eight1 f\r1 two1 is z truly "o feel+ ( ! m9d z our notion ( simple unity4 ,! ord9>y associationi/-psy*ology supposes1 9 contra/ ) ?is1 t :5ev] an object ( ?\ght conta9s _m elem5ts1 ! ?\ght itself mu/ be made up ( j z _m ideas1 "o idea = ea* elem5t1 & all fus$ toge!r 9 appe>ance1 b really sep>ate4#bdi ,! enemies ( ?is psy*ology f9d 7z we h already se57 little tr\ble 9 %[+ t su* a bundle ( sep>ate ideas w\ld nev] =m "o ?\ght at all1 & !y cont5d t an ,ego mu/ be add$ to ! bundle to give x unity1 & br+ ! v>i\s ideas into relation ) ea* o!r4#bej ,we w n discuss ! ego j yet1 b x is obvi\s t if ?+s are to be ?\ght 9 relation1 !y mu/ be ?\ght toge!r1 & 9 "o some?+1 be t some?+ ego1 psy*osis1 /ate ( consci\sness1 or :atev] y please4 ,if n ?\ght ) ea* o!r1 ?+s are n ?\ght 9 relation at all4 ,n[ mo/ believ]s 9 ! ego make ! same mi/ake z ! associationi/s & s5sationi/s :om !y oppose4 ,bo? agree t ! elem5ts ( ! subjective /ream are discrete & sep>ate & con/itute :at ,kant calls a 'manifold4' ,b :ile ! associationi/s ?9k t a 'manifold' c =m a s+le k1 ! egoi/s d5y ?is1 & say t ! k comes only :5 ! manifold is subject$ to ! syn!tiz+ activity ( an ego4 ,bo? make an id5tical initial hypo!sis2 b ! egoi/1 f9d+ x won't express ! facts1 adds ano!r hypo!sis to correct x4 ,n[ ,i d n wi% j yet to 'commit myself' ab\t ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( ! ego1 b ,i d cont5d t we ne$ n invoke x = ?is p>ticul> reason--namely1 because ! manifold ( ideas has to be r$uc$ to unity4 ,!re is no manifold ( coexi/+ ideas2 ! notion ( su* a ?+ is a *im]a4 ,:atev] ?+s are ?\ght 9 relation are ?\ght f ! outset 9 a unity1 9 a s+le pulse ( subjectivity1 a s+le psy*osis1 feel+1 or /ate ( m9d4 ,! reason :y ?is fact is s /rangely g>bl$ 9 ! books seems to be :at on an e>li] page 7see p4 #aif ff47 ,i call$ ! psy*ologi/'s fallacy4 ,we h ! invet]ate habit1 :5ev] we try introspectively to describe "o ( our ?\ghts1 ( dropp+ ! ?\ght z x is 9 itself & talk+ ( some?+ else4 ,we describe ! ?+s t appe> to ! ?\ght1 & we describe o!r ?\ghts ab\t ^? ?+s--z if ^! & ! orig9al ?\ght 7 ! same4 ,if1 = example1 ! ?\ght be '! pack ( c>ds is on ! table1' we say1 ,well1 isn't x a ?\ght ( ! pack ( c>ds8 ,isn't x ( ! c>ds z includ$ 9 ! pack8 ,isn't x ( ! table8 ,& ( ! legs ( ! table z well8 ,! table has legs--h[ c y ?9k ! table )\t virtually ?9k+ its legs8 ,hasn't our ?\ght !n1 all ^! p>ts--"o "p = ! pack & ano!r = ! table8 ,& )9 ! pack-"p a "p = ea* c>d1 z )9 ! table-"p a "p = ea* leg8 ,& isn't ea* ( ^! p>ts an idea8 ,& c our ?\ght1 !n1 be any?+ b an assemblage or pack ( ideas1 ea* answ]+ to "s elem5t ( :at x kn[s8 ,n[ n "o ( ^! assumptions is true4 ,! ?\ght tak5 z an example is1 9 ! fir/ place1 n ( 'a pack ( c>ds4' ,x is ( '!-pack-(-c>ds-is-on-!-table1' an entirely diff]5t subjective ph5om5on1 ^: ,object implies ! pack1 & e "o ( ! c>ds 9 x1 b ^: consci\s con/itution be>s v little resemblance to t ( ! ?\ght ( ! pack p] se4 ,:at a ?\ght is1 & :at x may be develop$ into1 or expla9$ to /& =1 & be equival5t to1 are two ?+s1 n "o4#bea ,an analysis ( :at passes ?r\gh ! m9d z we utt] ! phrase ! pack ( c>ds is on ! table w1 ,i hope1 make ?is cle>1 & may at ! same "t cond5se into a concrete example a good deal ( :at has gone be=e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,! ,/ream ( ,consci\sness4 ,x takes "t to utt] ! phrase4 ,let ! horizontal l9e 9 ,fig4 #bi repres5t "t4 ,e "p ( x w !n /& = a fraction1 e po9t = an in/ant1 ( ! "t4 ,( c\rse ! ?\ght has "t-p>ts4 ,! "p #b-c ( x1 ?\gh cont9u\s ) #a-b1 is yet a diff]5t "p f #a-b4 ,n[ ,i say ( ^! "t-p>ts t we _c take any "o ( !m s %ort t x w n aft] "s fa%ion or o!r be a ?\ght ( ! :ole object '! pack ( c>ds is on ! table4' ,!y melt into ea* o!r l dissolv+ views1 & no two ( !m feel ! object j alike1 b ea* feels ! total object 9 a unit>y undivid$ way4 ,?is is :at ,i mean by d5y+ t 9 ! ?\ght any p>ts c be f\nd correspond+ to ! object's p>ts4 ,"t-p>ts are n su* p>ts4 ,n[ let ! v]tical dim5sions ( ! figure /& = ! objects or cont5ts ( ! ?\ghts4 ,a l9e v]tical to any po9t ( ! horizontal1 z #a-a'1 w !n symbolize ! object 9 ! m9d at ! in/ant #a2 a space above ! horizontal1 z #a-a'-b'-b1 w symbolize all t passes ?r\gh ! m9d dur+ ! "t #a-b ^: l9e x cov]s4 ,! entire diagram f #j to #j' repres5ts a f9ite l5g? ( ?\ght's /ream4 ,c we n[ def9e ! psy*ic con/itution ( ea* v]tical section ( ?is segm5t8 ,we c1 ?\gh 9 a v r\gh way4 ,imm$iately aft] #j1 ev5 be=e we h op5$ our m\?s to speak1 ! entire ?\ght is pres5t to our m9d 9 ! =m ( an int5tion to utt] t s5t5ce4 ,?is int5tion1 ?\gh x has no simple "n1 & ?\gh x is a transitive /ate imm$iately displac$ by ! fir/ ^w1 is yet a p]fectly det]m9ate phase ( ?\ght1 unlike any?+ else 7see p4 #bec74 ,aga91 imm$iately be=e #j'1 aft] ! la/ ^w ( ! s5t5ce is spok51 all w admit t we aga9 ?9k its entire cont5t z we inw>dly realize its complet$ deliv]ance4 ,all v]tical sections made ?r\gh any o!r p>ts ( ! diagram w be respectively fill$ ) o!r ways ( feel+ ! s5t5ce's mean+4 ,?r\gh #b1 = example1 ! c>ds w be ! "p ( ! object mo/ emphatically pres5t to ! m9d2 ?r\gh #d1 ! table4 ,! /ream is made high] 9 ! draw+ at its end ?an at its beg9n+1 because ! f9al way ( feel+ ! cont5t is full] & ri*] ?an ! initial way4 ,z ,j\b]t says1 we only "k j :at we meant to say1 aft] we h said x4 ,& z ,m4 ,v4 ,egg] rem>ks1 be=e speak+1 "o b>ely kn[s :at "o int5ds to say1 b aft]w>ds "o is fill$ ) admiration & surprise at hav+ said & ?\ght x s well4 ,?is latt] au?or seems to me to h kept at mu* clos] qu>t]s ) ! facts ?an any o!r analy/ ( consci\sness4#beb ,b ev5 he does n q hit ! m>k1 =1 z ,i und]/& him1 he ?9ks t ea* ^w z x occupies ! m9d displaces ! re/ ( ! ?\ght's cont5t4 ,he di/+ui%es ! 'idea' 7:at ,i h call$ ! total object or mean+7 f ! consci\sness ( ! words1 call+ ! =m] a v feeble /ate1 & contra/+ x ) ! livel9ess ( ! words1 ev5 :5 ^! are only sil5tly rehe>s$4 ,! feel+1 he says1 ( ! words makes t5 or tw5ty times m noise 9 our consci\sness ?an ! s5se ( ! phrase1 :i* = consci\sness is a v slight matt]4#bec ,& hav+ di/+ui%$ ^! two ?+s1 he goes on to sep>ate !m 9 "t1 say+ t ! idea may ei!r prec$e or foll[ ! words1 b t x is a 'pure illusion' to suppose !m simultane\s4#bed ,n[ ,i believe t 9 all cases :]e ! words are und]/ood1 ! total idea may be & usually is pres5t n only be=e & aft] ! phrase has be5 spok51 b also :il/ ea* sep>ate ^w is utt]$4#bee ,x is ! ov]tone1 halo1 or fr+e ( ! ^w1 z spok5 9 t s5t5ce4 ,x is nev] abs5t2 no ^w 9 an und]/ood s5t5ce comes to consci\sness z a m]e noise4 ,we feel its mean+ z x passes2 & al?\gh our object diff]s f "o mom5t to ano!r z to its v]bal k]nel or nucleus1 yet x is simil> ?r\gh\t ! entire segm5t ( ! /ream4 ,! same object is kn[n ev]y:]e1 n[ f ! po9t ( view1 if we may s call x1 ( ?is ^w1 n[ f ! po9t ( view ( t4 ,& 9 our feel+ ( ea* ^w !re *imes an e*o or =eta/e ( e o!r4 ,! consci\sness ( ! ',idea' & t ( ! words are ?us consub/antial4 ,!y are made ( ! same 'm9d-/uff1' & =m an unbrok5 /ream4 ,annihilate a m9d at any in/ant1 cut its ?\ght ?r\gh :il/ yet uncomplet$1 & exam9e ! object pres5t to ! cross-section ?us sudd5ly made2 y w f9d1 n ! bald ^w 9 process ( utt]ance1 b t ^w suffus$ ) ! :ole idea4 ,! ^w may be s l\d1 z ,m4 ,egg] w\ld say1 t we _c tell j h[ its suffusion1 z su*1 feels1 or h[ x diff]s f ! suffusion ( ! next ^w4 ,b x does diff]2 & we maybe sure t1 c\ld we see into ! bra91 we %\ld f9d ! same processes active ?r\gh ! entire s5t5ce 9 diff]5t degrees1 ea* "o 9 turn becom+ maximally excit$ & !n yield+ ! mom5t>y v]bal 'k]nel1' to ! ?\ght's cont5t1 at o!r times be+ only sub-excit$1 & !n comb9+ ) ! o!r sub-excit$ processes to give ! ov]tone or fr+e4#bef ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,we may illu/rate ?is by a f>!r developm5t ( ! diagram on p4 #bgi4 ,let ! objective cont5t ( any v]tical section ?r\gh ! /ream be repres5t$ no long] by a l9e1 b by a plane figure1 highe/ opposite :atev] "p ( ! object is mo/ prom95t 9 consci\sness at ! mom5t :5 ! section is made4 ,?is "p1 9 v]bal ?\ght1 w usually be "s ^w4 ,a s]ies ( sections #a-a'1 tak5 at ! mom5ts #a1 #b1 #c1 w\ld !n look l ?is3 horizontal bread? /&s = ! entire object 9 ea* ( ! figures2 ! height ( ! curve above ea* "p ( t object m>ks ! relative prom95ce ( t "p 9 ! ?\ght4 ,at ! mom5t symboliz$ by ! fir/ figure pack is ! prom95t "p2 9 ! ?ird figure x is table1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,we c easily add all ^! plane sections toge!r to make a solid1 "o ( ^: solid dim5sions w repres5t "t1 :il/ a cut across ?is at "r angles w give ! ?\ght's cont5t at ! mom5t :5 ! cut is made4 ,let x be ! ?\ght1 ',i am ! same ,i t ,i 0 ye/]day4' ,if at ! f\r? mom5t ( "t we annihilate ! ?9k] & exam9e h[ ! la/ pulsation ( 8 consci\sness 0 made1 we f9d t x 0 an aw>5ess ( ! :ole cont5t ) same mo/ prom95t1 & ! o!r p>ts ( ! ?+ kn[n relatively less di/9ct4 ,) ea* prolongation ( ! s*eme 9 ! "t-direction1 ! summit ( ! curve ( section w\ld come fur!r t[>ds ! end ( ! s5t5ce4 ,if we make a solid wood5 frame ) ! s5t5ce writt5 on its front1 & ! "t-scale on "o ( its sides1 if we spread flatly a %eet ( ,india rubb] ov] its top1 on :i* rectangul> co-ord9ates are pa9t$1 & slide a smoo? ball "u ! rubb] 9 ! direction f #j to 'ye/]day1' ! bulg+ ( ! membrane along ?is diagonal at successive mom5ts w symbolize ! *ang+ ( ! ?\ght's cont5t 9 a way pla9 en\gh1 aft] :at has be5 said1 to call = no m explanation4 ,or to express x 9 c]ebral t]ms1 x w %[ ! relative int5sities1 at successive mom5ts1 ( ! sev]al n]ve-processes to :i* ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ?\ght-object correspond4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! la/ peculi>ity ( consci\sness to :i* att5tion is to be drawn 9 ?is fir/ r\gh description ( its /ream is t #e7 ,x is always int]e/$ m 9 "o "p ( its object ?an 9 ano!r1 & welcomes & rejects1 or *ooses1 all ! :ile x ?9ks4 ,! ph5om5a ( selective att5tion & ( delib]ative w are ( c\rse pat5t examples ( ?is *oos+ activity4 ,b few ( u are aw>e h[ incessantly x is at "w 9 op]ations n ord9>ily call$ by ^! names4 ,acc5tuation & ,emphasis are pres5t 9 e p]ception we h4 ,we f9d x q impossible to disp]se our att5tion imp>tially ov] a numb] ( impressions4 ,a monoton\s succession ( sonor\s /rokes is brok5 up into rhy?ms1 n[ ( "o sort1 n[ ( ano!r1 by ! diff]5t acc5t :i* we place on diff]5t /rokes4 ,! simple/ ( ^! rhy?ms is ! d\ble "o1 tick-tck1 tick-tck1 tick-tck4 ,dots disp]s$ on a surface are p]ceiv$ 9 r[s & gr\ps4 ,l9es sep>ate into div]se figures4 ,! ubiquity ( ! di/9ctions1 ?is & t1 "h & !re1 n[ & !n1 9 our m9ds is ! result ( our lay+ ! same selective emphasis on p>ts ( place & "t4 ,b we d f> m ?an emphasize ?+s1 & unite "s1 & keep o!rs ap>t4 ,we actually ignore mo/ ( ! ?+s be=e u4 ,let me briefly %[ h[ ?is goes on4 ,to beg9 at ! bottom1 :at are our v s5ses !mselves b organs ( selection8 ,out ( ! inf9ite *aos ( movem5ts1 ( :i* physics tea*es u t ! out] _w consi/s1 ea* s5se-organ picks out ^? :i* fall )9 c]ta9 limits ( velocity4 ,to ^! x responds1 b ignores ! re/ z completely z if !y did n exi/4 ,x ?us acc5tuates p>ticul> movem5ts 9 a mann] = :i* objectively !re seems no valid gr\nd2 =1 z ,lange says1 !re is no reason :atev] to ?9k t ! gap 9 ,nature betwe5 ! highe/ s\nd-waves & ! l[e/ heat-waves is an abrupt break l t ( our s5sations2 or t ! diff]5ce betwe5 violet & ultra-violet rays has any?+ l ! objective importance subjectively repres5t$ by t betwe5 light & d>kness4 ,out ( :at is 9 itself an undi/+ui%able1 sw>m+ cont9uum1 devoid ( di/9ction or emphasis1 our s5ses make = u1 by att5d+ to ?is motion & ignor+ t1 a _w full ( contra/s1 ( %>p acc5ts1 ( abrupt *anges1 ( picturesque light & %ade4 ,if ! s5sations we receive f a giv5 organ h _! causes ?us pick$ out = u by ! con=mation ( ! organ's t]m9ation1 ,att5tion1 on ! o!r h&1 out ( all ! s5sations yield$1 picks out c]ta9 ones z wor?y ( its notice & suppresses all ! re/4 ,helmholtz's "w on ,optics is little m ?an a /udy ( ^? visual s5sations ( :i* common m5 nev] become aw>e--bl9d spots1 musc volitantes1 aft]-images1 irradiation1 *romatic fr+es1 m>g9al *anges ( color1 d\ble images1 a/igmatism1 movem5ts ( accommodation & conv]g5ce1 ret9al rivalry1 & m besides4 ,we d n ev5 "k )\t special tra9+ on :i* ( our eyes an image falls4 ,s habitually ignorant are mo/ m5 ( ?is t "o may be bl9d = ye>s ( a s+le eye & nev] "k ! fact4 ,helmholtz says t we notice only ^? s5sations :i* are signs to u ( ?+s4 ,b :at are ?+s8 ,no?+1 z we %all abundantly see1 b special gr\ps ( s5sible qualities1 :i* happ5 practically or /hetically to int]e/ u1 to :i* we !re=e give sub/antive names1 & :i* we exalt to ?is exclusive /atus ( indep5d5ce & dignity4 ,b 9 itself1 ap>t f my int]e/1 a p>ticul> du/-wrea? on a w9dy day is j z mu* ( an individual ?+1 & j z mu* or z little des]ves an individual "n1 z my own body does4 ,& !n1 among ! s5sations we get f ea* sep>ate ?+1 :at happ5s8 ,! m9d selects aga94 ,x *ooses c]ta9 ( ! s5sations to repres5t ! ?+ mo/ truly1 & consid]s ! re/ z its appe>ances1 modifi$ by ! conditions ( ! mom5t4 ,?us my table-top is nam$ squ>e1 aft] b "o ( an inf9ite numb] ( ret9al s5sations :i* x yields1 ! re/ ( !m be+ s5sations ( two acute & two obtuse angles2 b ,i call ! latt] p]spective views1 & ! f\r "r angles ! true =m ( ! table1 & erect ! attribute squ>5ess2 into ! table's ess5ce1 = /hetic reasons ( my own4 ,9 l mann]1 ! real =m ( ! circle is deem$ to be ! s5sation x gives :5 ! l9e ( vision is p]p5dicul> to its c5tre--all its o!r s5sations are signs ( ?is s5sation4 ,! real s\nd ( ! cannon is ! s5sation x makes :5 ! e> is close by4 ,! real color ( ! brick is ! s5sation x gives :5 ! eye looks squ>ely at x f a ne> po9t1 out ( ! sun%9e & yet n 9 ! gloom2 "u o!r circum/ances x gives u o!r color-s5sations :i* are b signs ( ?is--we !n see x looks p9k] or black] ?an x really is4 ,! read] kn[s no object :i* he does n repres5t to himself by pref]5ce z 9 "s typical attitude1 ( "s normal size1 at "s *>act]i/ic di/ance1 ( "s /&>d t9t1 etc41 etc4 ,b all ^! ess5tial *>act]i/ics1 :i* toge!r =m = u ! g5u9e objectivity ( ! ?+ & are contra/$ ) :at we call ! subjective s5sations x may yield u at a giv5 mom5t1 are m]e s5sations l ! latt]4 ,! m9d *ooses to suit itself1 & decides :at p>ticul> s5sation %all be held m real & valid ?an all ! re/4 ,?us p]ception involves a tw(old *oice4 ,out ( all pres5t s5sations1 we notice ma9ly su* z are significant ( abs5t ones2 & out ( all ! abs5t associates :i* ^! sugge/1 we aga9 pick out a v few to /& = ! objective reality p> excell5ce4 ,we c\ld h no m exquisite example ( selective indu/ry4 ,t indu/ry goes on to deal ) ! ?+s ?us giv5 9 p]ception4 ,a man's empirical ?\ght dep5ds on ! ?+s he has exp]i5c$1 b :at ^! %all be is to a l>ge ext5t det]m9$ by 8 habits ( att5tion4 ,a ?+ may be pres5t to him a ?\s& times1 b if he p]si/5tly fails to notice x1 x _c be said to ent] into 8 exp]i5ce4 ,we are all see+ flies1 mo?s1 & beetles by ! ?\s&1 b to :om1 save an entomologi/1 d !y say any?+ di/9ct8 ,on ! o!r h&1 a ?+ met only once 9 a lifetime may leave an indelible exp]i5ce 9 ! memory4 ,let f\r m5 make a t\r 9 ,europe4 ,"o w br+ home only picturesque impressions--co/umes & colors1 p>ks & views & works ( ar*itecture1 pictures & /atues4 ,to ano!r all ?is w be non-exi/5t2 & di/ances & prices1 populations & dra9age-arrangem5ts1 door- & w9d[-fa/5+s1 & o!r useful /ati/ics w take _! place4 ,a ?ird w give a ri* acc\nt ( ! !atres1 re/aurants1 & public balls1 & naught beside2 :il/ ! f\r? w p]haps h be5 s wrapp$ 9 8 own subjective brood+s z to tell little m ?an a few names ( places ?r\gh :i* he pass$4 ,ea* has select$1 out ( ! same mass ( pres5t$ objects1 ^? :i* suit$ 8 private int]e/ & has made 8 exp]i5ce !reby4 ,if1 n[1 leav+ ! empirical comb9ation ( objects1 we ask h[ ! m9d proce$s rationally to connect !m1 we f9d selection aga9 to be omnipot5t4 ,9 a future *apt] we %all see t all ,reason+ dep5ds on ! ability ( ! m9d to break up ! totality ( ! ph5om5on reason$ ab\t1 into p>ts1 & to pick out f among ^! ! p>ticul> "o :i*1 9 our giv5 em]g5cy1 may lead to ! prop] conclusion4 ,ano!r pr$icam5t w ne$ ano!r conclusion1 & require ano!r elem5t to be pick$ out4 ,! man ( g5ius is he :o w always /ick 9 8 bill at ! "r po9t1 & br+ x out ) ! "r elem5t--'reason' if ! em]g5cy be !oretical1 'means' if x be practical--transfix$ ^u x4 ,i "h conf9e myself to ?is brief /atem5t1 b x may suffice to %[ t ,reason+ is b ano!r =m ( ! selective activity ( ! m9d4 ,if n[ we pass to its /hetic dep>tm5t1 our law is /ill m obvi\s4 ,! arti/ notori\sly selects 8 items1 reject+ all tones1 colors1 %apes1 :i* d n h>monize ) ea* o!r & ) ! ma9 purpose ( 8 "w4 ,t unity1 h>mony1 'conv]g5ce ( *>act]s1' z ,m4 ,ta9e calls x1 :i* gives to works ( art _! sup]iority ov] works ( nature1 is :olly due to elim9ation4 ,any natural subject w d1 if ! arti/ has wit en\gh to p\nce ^u "s "o feature ( x z *>act]i/ic1 & suppress all m]ely accid5tal items :i* d n h>monize ) ?is4 ,asc5d+ /ill high]1 we rea* ! plane ( ,e?ics1 :]e *oice reigns notori\sly supreme4 ,an act has no e?ical quality :atev] unless x be *os5 out ( sev]al all equally possible4 ,to su/a9 ! argum5ts = ! good c\rse & keep !m ev] be=e u1 to /ifle our long+ = m fl[]y ways1 to keep ! foot unfl9*+ly on ! ardu\s pa?1 ^! are *>act]i/ic e?ical en]gies4 ,b m ?an ^!2 = ^! b deal ) ! means ( compass+ int]e/s already felt by ! man to be supreme4 ,! e?ical en]gy p> excell5ce has to g f>!r & *oose :i* int]e/ out ( sev]al1 equally co]cive1 %all become supreme4 ,! issue "h is ( ! utmo/ pregnancy1 = x decides a man's entire c>e]4 ,:5 he debates1 ,%all ,i commit ?is crime8 *oose t pr(ession8 accept t (fice1 or m>ry ?is =tune8--8 *oice really lies betwe5 "o ( sev]al equally possible future ,*>act]s4 ,:at he %all become is fix$ by ! conduct ( ?is mom5t4 ,s*op5hau]1 :o en=ces 8 det]m9ism by ! argum5t t ) a giv5 fix$ "* only "o reaction is possible "u giv5 circum/ances1 =gets t1 9 ^! critical e?ical mom5ts1 :at consci\sly seems to be 9 "q is ! complexion ( ! "* itself4 ,! problem ) ! man is less :at act he %all n[ *oose to d1 ?an :at be+ he %all n[ resolve to become4 ,look+ back1 !n1 ov] ?is review1 we see t ! m9d is at e /age a !atre ( simultane\s possibilities4 ,consci\sness consi/s 9 ! comp>ison ( ^! ) ea* o!r1 ! selection ( "s1 & ! suppression ( ! re/ by ! re9=c+ & inhibit+ ag5cy ( att5tion4 ,! highe/ & mo/ elaborat$ m5tal products are filt]$ f ! data *os5 by ! faculty next b5ea?1 out ( ! mass (f]$ by ! faculty bel[ t1 :i* mass 9 turn 0 sift$ f a /ill l>g] am\nt ( yet simpl] mat]ial1 & s on4 ,! m9d1 9 %ort1 works on ! data x receives v mu* z a sculptor works on 8 block ( /one4 ,9 a s5se ! /atue /ood !re f et]nity4 ,b !re 7 a ?\s& diff]5t ones beside x1 & ! sculptor alone is to ?ank = hav+ extricat$ ?is "o f ! re/4 ,j s ! _w ( ea* ( u1 h[soev] diff]5t our sev]al views ( x may be1 all lay emb$d$ 9 ! primordial *aos ( s5sations1 :i* gave ! m]e matt] to ! ?\ght ( all ( u indiff]5tly4 ,we may1 if we l1 by our reason+s unw9d ?+s back to t black & jo9tless cont9uity ( space & mov+ cl\ds ( sw>m+ atoms :i* sci5ce calls ! only real _w4 ,b all ! :ile ! _w we feel & live 9 w be t :i* our ance/ors & we1 by sl[ly cumulative /rokes ( *oice1 h extricat$ out ( ?is1 l sculptors1 by simply reject+ c]ta9 portions ( ! giv5 /uff4 ,o!r sculptors1 o!r /atues f ! same /one6 ,o!r m9ds1 o!r worlds f ! same monoton\s & inexpressive *aos6 ,my _w is b "o 9 a million alike emb$d$1 alike real to ^? :o may ab/ract !m4 ,h[ diff]5t mu/ be ! worlds 9 ! consci\sness ( ant1 cuttle-fi%1 or crab6 99 99 99 99 99 ,b 9 my m9d & y\r m9d ! reject$ portions & ! select$ portions ( ! orig9al _w-/uff are to a great ext5t ! same4 ,! human race z a :ole l>gely agrees z to :at x %all notice & "n1 & :at n4 ,& among ! notic$ p>ts we select 9 mu* ! same way = acc5tuation & pref]5ce or subord9ation & dislike4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o entirely extraord9>y case 9 :i* no two m5 ev] are kn[n to *oose alike4 ,"o great splitt+ ( ! :ole univ]se into two halves is made by ea* ( u2 & = ea* ( u almo/ all ( ! int]e/ atta*es to "o ( ! halves2 b we all draw ! l9e ( division betwe5 !m 9 a diff]5t place4 ,:5 ,i say t we all call ! two halves by ! same2 names1 & t ^? names are 'me' & 'n-me' respectively1 x w at once be se5 :at ,i mean4 ,! altoge!r unique k9d ( int]e/ :i* ea* human m9d feels 9 ^? p>ts ( creation :i* x c call me or m9e may be a moral riddle1 b x is a fundam5tal psy*ological fact4 ,no m9d c take ! same int]e/ 9 8 neighbor's me z 9 8 own4 ,! neighbor's me falls toge!r ) all ! re/ ( ?+s 9 "o =eign mass1 aga9/ :i* 8 own me /&s out 9 />tl+ relief4 ,ev5 ! trodd5 worm1 z ,lotze some:]e says1 contra/s 8 own suff]+ self ) ! :ole rema9+ univ]se1 ?\gh he h no cle> conception ei!r ( himself or ( :at ! univ]se may be4 ,he is = me a m]e "p ( ! _w2 = him x is ,i :o am ! m]e "p4 ,ea* ( u di*otomizes ! ,kosmos 9 a diff]5t place4 ,desc5d+ n[ to f9] "w ?an ?is fir/ g5]al sket*1 let u 9 ! next *apt] try to trace ! psy*ology ( ?is fact ( self-consci\sness to :i* we h ?us once m be5 l$4 ,,footnotes3 #bae ,a good deal ( ?is *apt] is repr9t$ f an article ',on "s ,omissions ( ,introspective ,psy*ology' :i* appe>$ 9 ',m9d' = ,janu>y #ahhd4 #baf ,b4 ,p4 ,b[ne3 ,metaphysics1 p4 #cfb4 #bag ,l',automatisme ,psy*ologique1 p4 #cah4 #bah ,cf4 ,a4 ,con/ans3 ,relation sur une pidmie d'hy/ro-dmonopa?ie en #ahfa4 #bme ed4 ,p>is1 #ahfc4--;,*iap e ,franzol93 ,l',epidemia d'i/]o-demonopatie 9 ,v]zegnis4 ,reggio1 #ahgi4--,see also ,j4 ,k]n]'s little "w3 ,na*ri*t von dem ,vorkomm5 des ,besess5se9s4 #ahcf4 #bai ,= ! ,physiology ( ?is comp>e ! *apt] on ! ,w4 #bbj ,loc4 cit4 p4 #caf4 #bba ,! ,philosophy ( ,reflection1 i1 #bdh1 #bij4 #bbb ,populre ,wiss5s*aftli*e ,vortrge1 ,drittes ,heft 7#ahgf74 p4 #gb4 #bbc ,fick1 9 ,l4 ,h]mann's ,h&b4 d4 ,physiol41 ,bd4 iii1 ,?4 i1 p4 #bbe4 #bbd ,x ne$ ( c\rse n foll[1 because a total bra9-/ate does n recur1 t no po9t ( ! bra9 c ev] be twice 9 ! same condition4 ,t w\ld be z improbable a consequ5ce z t 9 ! sea a wave-cre/ %\ld nev] come twice at ! same po9t ( space4 ,:at c h>dly come twice is an id5tical comb9ation ( wave-=ms all ) _! cre/s & holl[s reoccupy+ id5tical places4 ,= su* a total comb9ation z ?is is ! analogue ( ! bra9-/ate to :i* our actual consci\sness at any mom5t is due4 #bbe ,! accurate regi/ration ( ! 'h[ long' is /ill a little my/]i\s4 #bbf ,cf4 ,br5tano2 ,psy*ologie1 vol4 i1 pp4 #bai-bj4 ,altoge!r ?is *apt] ( ,br5tano's on ! ,unity ( ,consci\sness is z good z any?+ ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 #bbg ,honor to :om honor is due6 ,! mo/ explicit ackn[l$gm5t ,i h any:]e f\nd ( all ?is is 9 a buri$ & =gott5 pap] by ! ,rev4 ,jas4 ,wills1 on ',accid5tal ,association1' 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 vol xxi1 "p i 7#ahdf74 ,mr4 ,wills writes3 ,at e in/ant ( consci\s ?\ght !re is a c]ta9 sum ( p]ceptions1 or reflections1 or bo? toge!r1 pres5t1 & toge!r con/itut+ "o :ole /ate ( appreh5sion4 ,( ?is "s def9ite portion may be f> m di/9ct ?an all ! re/2 & ! re/ be 9 consequ5ce proportionally vague1 ev5 to ! limit ( oblit]ation4 ,b /ill1 )9 ?is limit1 ! mo/ dim %ade ( p]ception ent]s into1 & 9 "s inf9itesimal degree modifies1 ! :ole exi/+ /ate4 ,?is /ate w ?us be 9 "s way modifi$ by any s5sation or emotion1 or act ( di/9ct att5tion1 t may give prom95ce to any "p ( x2 s t ! actual result is capable ( ! utmo/ v>iation1 accord+ to ! p]son or ! occasion4444 ,to any portion ( ! entire scope "h describ$ !re may be a special direction ( ! att5tion1 & ?is special direction is recogniz$ z /rictly :at is recogniz$ z ! idea pres5t to ! m9d4 ,?is idea is evid5tly n comm5surate ) ! entire /ate ( appreh5sion1 & mu* p]plexity has aris5 f n obs]v+ ?is fact4 ,h[ev] deeply we may suppose ! att5tion to be engag$ by any ?\ght1 any consid]able alt]ation ( ! surr\nd+ ph5om5a w\ld /ill be p]ceiv$2 ! mo/ ab/ruse demon/ration 9 ?is room w\ld n prev5t a li/5]1 h[ev] absorb$1 f notic+ ! sudd5 ext9ction ( ! lights4 ,our m5tal /ates h always an ess5tial unity1 su* t ea* /ate ( appreh5sion1 h[ev] v>i\sly comp\nd$1 is a s+le :ole1 ( :i* e compon5t is1 !re=e1 /rictly appreh5d$ 7s f> z x is appreh5d$7 z a "p4 ,su* is ! elem5t>y basis f :i* all our intellectual op]ations comm5ce4 #bbh ,comp>e ! *>m+ passage 9 ,ta9e on ,intellig5ce 7,n4 ,y4 ed471 i1 #hc-d4 #bbi ,e4g43 ,! /ream ( ?\ght is n a cont9u\s curr5t1 b a s]ies ( di/9ct ideas1 m or less rapid 9 _! succession2 ! rapidity be+ measurable by ! numb] t pass ?r\gh ! m9d 9 a giv5 "t4 7,ba93 ,e4 & ,w41 p4 #bi47 #bcj ,few writ]s h admitt$ t we cognize relations ?r\gh feel+4 ,! intellectuali/s h explicitly d5i$ ! possibility ( su* a ?+--e4g41 ,pr(4 ,t4 ,h4 ,gre5 7',m9d1' vol4 vii1 p4 #bh73 ,no feel+1 z su* or z felt1 is (8 a relation4444 ,ev5 a relation betwe5 feel+s is n itself a feel+ or felt4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s5sationi/s h ei!r smuggl$ 9 ! cognition )\t giv+ any acc\nt ( x1 or h d5i$ ! relations to be cogniz$1 or ev5 to exi/1 at all4 ,a few honorable exceptions1 h[ev]1 des]ve to be nam$ among ! s5sationi/s4 ,de/utt de ,tracy1 ,l>omiguire1 ,c>daillac1 ,br[n1 & f9ally ,sp5c]1 h explicitly cont5d$ = feel+s ( relation1 consub/antial ) our feel+s or ?\ghts ( ! t]ms 'betwe5' :i* !y obta94 ,?us ,de/utt de ,tracy says 7lm5ts d',idologie1 ,t4 ,i]1 *ap4 iv73 ,! faculty ( judgm5t is itself a sort ( s5sibility1 = x is ! faculty ( feel+ ! relations among our ideas2 & to feel relations is to feel4 ,l>omiguire writes 7,leons de ,philosophie1 ,i,ime ,p>tie1 #cme ,leon73 ,!re is no "o ^: intellig5ce does n embrace simultane\sly _m ideas1 m or less di/9ct1 m or less confus$4 ,n[1 :5 we h _m ideas at once1 a peculi> feel+ arises 9 u3 we feel1 among ^! ideas1 resemblances1 diff]5ces1 relations4 ,let u call ?is mode ( feel+1 common to u all1 ! feel+ ( relation1 or relation-feel+ 7s5tim5t-rapport74 ,"o sees imm$iately t ^! relation-feel+s1 result+ f ! prop9quity ( ideas1 mu/ be inf9itely m num]\s ?an ! s5sation-feel+s 7s5tim5ts-s5sations7 or ! feel+s we h ( ! action ( our faculties4 ,! slighte/ k ( ! ma!matical !ory ( comb9ations w prove ?is4444 ,ideas ( relation orig9ate 9 feel+s ( relation4 ,!y are ! effect ( our comp>+ !m & reason+ ab\t !m4 ,simil>ly1 de ,c>daillac 7tudes lm5taires de ,philosophie1 ,section i1 *ap4 vii73 ,by a natural consequ5ce1 we are l$ to suppose t at ! same "t t we h sev]al s5sations or sev]al ideas 9 ! m9d1 we feel ! relations :i* exi/ betwe5 ^! s5sations1 & ! relations :i* exi/ betwe5 ^! ideas4444 ,if ! feel+ ( relations exi/s 9 u1444 x is necess>ily ! mo/ v>i$ & ! mo/ f]tile ( all human feel+s3 #a1 ! mo/ v>i$1 because1 relations be+ m num]\s ?an be+s1 ! feel+s ( relation mu/ be 9 ! same proportion m num]\s ?an ! s5sations ^: pres5ce gives rise to _! =mation2 #b1 ! mo/ f]tile1 = ! relative ideas ( :i* ! feel+-(-relation is ! s\rce 444 are m important ?an absolute ideas1 if su* exi/4444 ,if we int]rogate common spee*1 we f9d ! feel+ ( relation express$ !re 9 a ?\s& diff]5t ways4 ,if x is easy to seize a relation1 we say t x is s5sible1 to di/+ui% x f "o :i*1 because its t]ms are too remote1 _c be z quickly p]ceiv$4 ,a s5sible diff]5ce1 or resemblance4444 ,:at is ta/e 9 ! arts1 9 intellectual productions8 ,:at b ! feel+ ( ^? relations among ! p>ts :i* con/itutes _! m]it8444 ,did we n feel relations we %\ld nev] atta9 to true k1444 = almo/ all our k is ( relations4444 ,we nev] h an isolat$ s5sation2444 we are !re=e nev] )\t ! feel+ ( relation4444 ,an object /rikes our s5ses2 we see 9 x only a s5sation4444 ,! relative is s ne> ! absolute1 ! relation-feel+ s ne> ! s5sation-feel+1 ! two are s intimately fus$ 9 ! composition ( ! object1 t ! relation appe>s to u z "p ( ! s5sation itself4 ,x is d\btless to ?is sort ( fusion betwe5 s5sations & feel+s ( relation t ! sil5ce ( metaphysicians z to ! latt] is due2 & x is = ! same reason t !y h ob/9ately p]si/$ 9 ask+ f s5sation alone ^? ideas ( relation :i* x 0 p[]less to give4 ,dr4 ,?omas ,br[n writes 7,lectures1 xlv1 init473 ,!re is an ext5sive ord] ( our feel+s :i* involve ?is notion ( relation1 & :i* consi/ inde$ 9 ! m]e p]ception ( a relation ( "s sort4444 ,:e!r ! relation be ( two or ( _m ext]nal objects1 or ( two or _m affections ( ! m9d1 ! feel+ ( ?is relation 444 is :at ,i t]m a relative sugge/ion2 t phrase be+ ! simple/ :i* x is possible to employ1 = express+1 )\t any !ory1 ! m]e fact ( ! rise ( c]ta9 feel+s ( relation1 aft] c]ta9 o!r feel+s :i* prec$e !m2 & !re=e1 z involv+ no p>ticul> !ory1 & simply expressive ( an und\bt$ fact4444 ,t ! feel+s ( relation are /ates ( ! m9d ess5tially diff]5t f our simple p]ceptions1 or conceptions ( ! objects1444 t !y are n :at ,condillac t]ms trans=m$ s5sations1 ,i prov$ 9 a =m] lecture1 :5 ,i combat$ ! excessive simplification ( t +5i\s b n v accurate philosoph]4 ,!re is an orig9al t5d5cy or susceptibility ( ! m9d1 by :i*1 on p]ceiv+ toge!r diff]5t objects1 we are in/antly1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any o!r m5tal process1 s5sible ( _! relation 9 c]ta9 respects1 z truly z !re is an orig9al t5d5cy or susceptibility by :i*1 :5 ext]nal objects are pres5t & h produc$ a c]ta9 affection ( our s5sorial organ1 we are in/antly affect$ ) ! prim>y elem5t>y feel+s ( p]ception2 &1 ,i may add1 t z our s5sations or p]ceptions are ( v>i\s species1 s are !re v>i\s species ( relations2--! numb] ( relations1 inde$1 ev5 ( ext]nal ?+s1 be+ almo/ inf9ite1 :ile ! numb] ( p]ceptions is1 necess>ily1 limit$ by t ( ! objects :i* h ! p[] ( produc+ "s affection ( our organs ( s5sation4444 ,)\t t susceptibility ( ! m9d by :i* x has ! feel+ ( relation1 our consci\sness w\ld be z truly limit$ to a s+le po9t1 z our body w\ld become1 7 x possible to fett] x to a s+le atom4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] is ev5 m explicit4 ,8 philosophy is crude 9 t he seems to suppose t x is only 9 transitive /ates t outw>d relations are kn[n2 :]eas 9 tru? space-relations1 relations ( contra/1 etc41 are felt along ) _! t]ms1 9 sub/antive /ates z well z 9 transitive /ates1 z we %all abundantly see4 ,nev]!less ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s passage is s cle> t x also des]ves to be quot$ 9 full 7,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 #fe73 ,! proximate compon5ts ( ,m9d are ( two broadly-contra/$ k9ds--,feel+s & ! relations betwe5 feel+s4 ,among ! memb]s ( ea* gr\p !re exi/ multitud9\s unlik5esses1 _m ( :i* are extremely /rong2 b su* unlik5esses are small comp>$ ) ^? :i* di/+ui% memb]s ( ! "o gr\p f memb]s ( ! o!r4 ,let u1 9 ! fir/ place1 consid] :at are ! *>act]s :i* all ,feel+s h 9 common1 & :at are ! *>act]s :i* all ,relations betwe5 feel+s h 9 common4 ,ea* feel+1 z we "h def9e x1 is any portion ( consci\sness :i* occupies a place suffici5tly l>ge to give x a p]ceivable individuality2 :i* has its individuality m>k$ (f f adjac5t portions ( consci\sness by qualitative contra/s2 & :i*1 :5 introspectively contemplat$1 appe>s to be homog5e\s4 ,^! are ! ess5tials4 ,obvi\sly if1 "u introspection1 a /ate ( consci\sness is decomposable into unlike p>ts t exi/ ei!r simultane\sly or successively1 x is n "o feel+ b two or m4 ,obvi\sly if x is indi/+ui%able f an adjac5t portion ( consci\sness1 x =ms "o ) t portion--is n an individual feel+1 b "p ( "o4 ,& obvi\sly if x does n occupy 9 consci\sness an appreciable area1 or an appreciable duration1 x _c be kn[n z a feel+4 ,a ,relation betwe5 feel+s is1 on ! contr>y1 *>act]iz$ by occupy+ no appreciable "p ( consci\sness4 ,take away ! t]ms x unites1 & x disappe>s along ) !m2 hav+ no indep5d5t place1 no individuality ( its own4 ,x is true t1 "u an ultimate analysis1 :at we call a relation proves to be itself a k9d ( feel+--! mom5t>y feel+ accompany+ ! transition f "o conspicu\s feel+ to an adjac5t conspicu\s feel+4 ,& x is true t1 not)/&+ its extreme brevity1 its qualitative "* is appreciable2 = relations are 7z we %all h]eaft] see7 di/+ui%able f "o ano!r only by ! unlik5esses ( ! feel+s :i* accompany ! mom5t>y transitions4 ,ea* relational feel+ may1 9 fact1 be reg>d$ z "o ( ^? n]v\s %ocks :i* we suspect to be ! units ( composition ( feel+s2 &1 ?\gh in/antane\s1 x is kn[n z ( great] or less /r5g?1 & z tak+ place ) great] or less facility4 ,b ! contra/ betwe5 ^! relational feel+s & :at we ord9>ily call feel+s is s /rong t we mu/ class !m ap>t4 ,_! extreme brevity1 _! small v>iety1 & _! dep5d5ce on ! t]ms !y unite1 diff]5tiate !m 9 an unmi/akable way4 ,p]haps x w be well to recognize m fully ! tru? t ?is di/9ction _c be absolute4 ,besides admitt+ t1 z an elem5t ( consci\sness1 a relation is a mom5t>y feel+1 we mu/ also admit t j z a relation c h no exi/5ce ap>t f ! feel+s :i* =m its t]ms1 s a feel+ c exi/ only by relations to o!r feel+s :i* limit x 9 space or "t or bo?4 ,/rictly speak+1 nei!r a feel+ nor a relation is an indep5d5t elem5t ( consci\sness3 !re is ?r\gh\t a dep5d5ce su* t ! appreciable areas ( consci\sness occupi$ by feel+s c no m possess individualities ap>t f ! relations :i* l9k !m1 ?an ^! relations c possess individualities ap>t f ! feel+s !y l9k4 ,! ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 ! two1 !n1 appe>s to be t :]eas a relational feel+ is a portion ( consci\sness insep>able into p>ts1 a feel+1 ord9>ily s call$1 is a portion ( consci\sness t admits imag9>y division into l p>ts :i* are relat$ to "o ano!r 9 sequ5ce or coexi/5ce4 ,a feel+ prop] is ei!r made up ( l p>ts t occupy "t1 or x is made up ( l p>ts t occupy space1 or bo?4 ,9 any case1 a feel+ prop] is an aggregate ( relat$ l p>ts1 :ile a relational feel+ is undecomposable4 ,& ?is is exactly ! contra/ betwe5 ! two :i* mu/ result if1 z we h inf]r$1 feel+s are compos$ ( units ( feel+s1 or %ocks4 #bca ,m4 ,paulhan 7,revue ,philosophique1 xx1 #dee-f71 aft] speak+ ( ! fa9t m5tal images ( objects & emotions1 says3 ,we f9d o!r vagu] /ates /ill1 ^u :i* att5tion seldom re/s1 except 9 p]sons :o by nature or pr(ession are addict$ to int]nal obs]vation4 ,x is ev5 difficult to "n !m precisely1 = !y are little kn[n & n class$2 b we may cite z an example ( !m t peculi> impression :i* we feel :51 /rongly preoccupi$ by a c]ta9 subject1 we nev]!less are engag$ )1 & h our att5tion almo/ completely absorb$ by1 matt]s q disconnect$ !re)al4 ,we d n !n exactly ?9k ( ! object ( our preoccupation2 we d n repres5t x 9 a cle> mann]2 & yet our m9d is n z x w\ld be )\t ?is preoccupation4 ,its object1 abs5t f consci\sness1 is nev]!less repres5t$ !re by a peculi> unmi/akable impression1 :i* (t5 p]si/s long & is a /rong feel+1 al?\gh s obscure = our intellig5ce4 ,a m5tal sign ( ! k9d is ! unfavorable disposition left 9 our m9d t[>ds an individual by pa9ful incid5ts ere:ile exp]i5c$ & n[ p]haps =gott54 ,! sign rema9s1 b is n und]/ood2 its def9ite mean+ is lo/4 7,p4 #deh47 #bcb ,moz>t describes ?us 8 mann] ( compos+3 ,fir/ bits & crumbs ( ! piece come & gradually jo9 toge!r 9 8 m9d2 !n ! s\l gett+ w>m$ to ! "w1 ! ?+ gr[s m & m1 & ,i spread x out broad] & cle>]1 & at la/ x gets almo/ f9i%$ 9 my head1 ev5 :5 x is a long piece1 s t ,i c see ! :ole ( x at a s+le glance 9 my m9d1 z if x 7 a beautiful pa9t+ or a h&some human be+2 9 :i* way ,i d n he> x 9 my imag9ation at all z a succession--! way x mu/ come lat]--b all at once1 z x 74 ,if is a r>e fea/6 ,all ! inv5t+ & mak+ goes on 9 me z 9 a beautiful /rong dream4 ,b ! be/ ( all is ! he>+ ( x all at once4 #bcc ,m5tal ,physiology1 #bcf4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]'s explanation diff]s mat]ially f t giv5 9 ! text4 #bcd ,cf4 also ,s4 ,/rick]3 ,vorlesung5 b] allg4 u4 exp4 ,pa?ologie 7#ahgi71 pp4 #dfb-c1 #eja1 #edg2 ,romanes3 ,orig9 ( ,human ,faculty1 p4 #hb4 ,x is s h>d to make "o's self cle> t ,i may adv]t to a misund]/&+ ( my views by ! late ,pr(4 ,?os4 ,maguire ( ,dubl9 7,lectures on ,philosophy1 #ahhe74 ,?is au?or consid]s t by ! 'fr+e' ,i mean "s sort ( psy*ic mat]ial by :i* s5sations 9 !mselves sep>ate are made to coh]e toge!r1 & wittily says t ,i ought to see t unit+ s5sations by _! 'fr+es' is m vague ?an to con/ruct ! univ]se out ( oy/]s by platt+ _! be>ds 7p4 #baa74 ,b ! fr+e1 z ,i use ! ^w1 means no?+ l ?is2 x is "p ( ! object cogniz$1--sub/antive qualities & ?+s appe>+ to ! m9d 9 a fr+e ( relations4 ,"s p>ts--! transitive p>ts--( our /ream ( ?\ght cognize ! relations r ?an ! ?+s2 b bo? ! transitive & ! sub/antive p>ts =m "o cont9u\s /ream1 ) no discrete 's5sations' 9 x su* z ,pr(4 ,maguire supposes1 & supposes me to suppose1 to be !re4 #bce ,george ,campbell3 ,philosophy ( ,rhetoric1 book ii1 *ap4 vii4 #bcf ,sub/antialism or ,philosophy ( ,k1 by ',jean ,/ory' 7#ahgi74 #bcg ,m4 ,g4 ,t>de1 quot+ 79 ,delbuf1 ,le ,sommeil et les ,rves 7#ahhe71 p4 #bbf7 "s nons5se-v]ses f a dream1 says !y %[ h[ prosodic =ms may subsi/ 9 a m9d f :i* logical rules are effac$4444 ,i 0 able1 9 dream+1 to pres]ve ! faculty ( f9d+ two words :i* rhym$1 to appreciate ! rhyme1 to fill up ! v]se z x fir/ pres5t$ itself ) o!r words :i*1 add$1 gave ! "r numb] ( syllables1 & yet ,i 0 ignorant ( ! s5se ( ! words4444 ,?us we h ! extraord9>y fact t ! words call$ ea* o!r up1 )\t call+ up _! s5se4444 ,ev5 :5 awake1 x is m difficult to asc5d to ! mean+ ( a ^w ?an to pass f "o ^w to ano!r2 or to put x o!rwise1 x is h>d] to be a ?9k] ?an to be a rhetorician1 & on ! :ole no?+ is common] ?an tra9s ( words n und]/ood4 #bch ,we ?9k x odd t "y *ildr5 %\ld li/5 ) su* rapt att5tion to ! read+ ( /ories express$ 9 words half ( :i* !y d n und]/&1 & ( none ( :i* !y ask ! mean+4 ,b _! ?9k+ is 9 =m j :at ours is :5 x is rapid4 ,bo? ( u make fly+ leaps ov] l>ge portions ( ! s5t5ces utt]$ & we give att5tion only to sub/antive />t+ po9ts1 turn+ po9ts1 & conclusions "h & !re4 ,all ! re/1 'sub/antive' & sep>ately intelligible z x may pot5tially be1 actually s]ves only z s mu* transitive mat]ial4 ,x is int]nodal consci\sness1 giv+ u ! s5se ( cont9uity1 b hav+ no significance ap>t f its m]e gap-fill+ function4 ,! *ildr5 probably feel no gap :5 ?r\gh a lot ( un9telligible words !y are swiftly c>ri$ to a famili> & intelligible t]m9us4 #bci ,n lit]ally he>d1 ( c\rse4 ,deaf mutes are quick to p]ceive %ocks & j>s t c be felt1 ev5 :5 s slight z to be unnotic$ by ^? :o c he>4 #bdj ,quot$ by ,samuel ,port]3 ',is ,?\ght possible )\t ,language8' 9 ,pr9ceton ,review1 #eg? ye>1 pp4 #ajh-ab 7,jan4 #ahha874 ,cf4 also ,w4 ,w4 ,irel&3 ,! ,blot ^u ! ,bra9 7#ahhf71 ,pap] x1 "p ii2 ,g4 ,j4 ,romanes3 ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,man1 pp4 #ha-hc1 & ref]5ces !re9 made4 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] gives a v complete hi/ory ( ?is controv]sy 9 pp4 #cj-fd ( 8 ',sci5ce ( ,?\ght' 7#ahhg74 ,8 own view is t ,?\ght & ,spee* are insep>able2 b "u spee* he includes any conceivable sort ( symbolism or ev5 m5tal imag]y1 & he makes no all[ance = ! wordless summ>y glimpses :i* we h ( sy/ems ( relation & direction4 #bda ,problems ( ,life & ,m9d1 #c;d ,s]ies1 ,problem iv1 *apt] #e4 ,comp>e also ,victor ,egg]3 ,la ,p>ole ,intrieure 7,p>is1 #ahha71 *ap4 vi4 #bdb ,if b "o p]son sees an app>ition we consid] x 8 private halluc9ation4 ,if m ?an "o1 we beg9 to ?9k x may be a real ext]nal pres5ce4 #bdc ,revue ,philosophique1 vol4 xxi1 p4 #fga4 #bdd ,quot$ f ! ,!rapeutic ,gazette1 by ! ,n4 ,y4 ,semi-weekly ,ev5+ ,po/ = ,nov4 #b1 #ahhf4 #bde ,9 half-/unn$ /ates self-consci\sness may lapse4 ,a fri5d writes me3 ,we 7 driv+ back f ---- 9 a wagonette4 ,! door flew op5 & ,x41 alias ',baldy1' fell out on ! road4 ,we pull$ up at once1 & !n he said1 ',did anybody fall out8' or ',:o fell out8'--,i don't exactly rememb] ! words4 ,:5 told t ,baldy fell out1 he said1 ',did ,baldy fall out8 ,poor ,baldy6' #bdf ,kant orig9at$ ?is view4 ,i subjo9 a few ,engli% /atem5ts ( x4 ,j4 ,f]ri]1 ,in/itutes ( ,metaphysic1 ,proposition i3 ,along ) :atev] any intellig5ce kn[s x mu/1 z ! gr\nd or condition ( its k1 h "s k ( itself4 ,sir ,wm4 ,hamilton1 ,discussions1 p4 #dg3 ,we "k1 & we "k t we "k1--^! propositions1 logically di/9ct1 are really id5tical2 ea* implies ! o!r4444 ,s true is ! s*ola/ic broc>d3 non s5timus nisi s5tiamus nos s5tire4 ,h4 ,l4 ,mansel1 ,metaphysics1 p4 #eh3 ,:atev] v>iety ( mat]ials may exi/ )9 rea* ( my m9d1 ,i c become consci\s ( !m only by recogniz+ !m z m9e4444 ,relation to ! consci\s self is ?us ! p]man5t & univ]sal feature :i* e /ate ( consci\sness z su* mu/ exhibit4 ,t4 ,h4 ,gre51 ,introduction to ,hume1 p4 #ab3 ,a consci\sness by ! man 444 ( himself1 9 negative relation to ! ?+ t is 8 object1 & ?is consci\sness mu/ be tak5 to g along ) ! p]ceptive act itself4 ,n less ?an ?is inde$ c be involv$ 9 any act t is to be ! beg9n+ ( k at all4 ,x is ! m9imum ( possible ?\ght or intellig5ce4 #bdg ,lectures on ! ,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d1 ,lecture #de4 #bdh ,in/ead ( say+ to our feel+ only1 he %\ld h said1 to ! object only4 #bdi ,!re c be no difficulty 9 admitt+ t association does =m ! ideas ( an indef9ite numb] ( individuals into "o complex idea2 because x is an ackn[l$g$ fact4 ,h we n ! idea ( an army8 ,& is n t precisely ! ideas ( an indef9ite numb] ( m5 =m$ into "o idea8 7,jas4 ,mill's ,analysis ( ! ,human ,m9d 7,j4 ,s4 ,mill's ,edition71 vol4 i1 p4 #bfd47 #bej ,= _! argum5ts1 see above4 #bea ,i "k !re are read]s :om no?+ c conv9ce t ! ?\ght ( a complex object has n z _m p>ts z are discrim9at$ 9 ! object itself4 ,well1 !n1 let ! ^w p>ts pass4 ,only obs]ve t ^! p>ts are n ! sep>ate 'ideas' ( traditional psy*ology4 ,no "o ( !m c live out ( t p>ticul> ?\ght1 any m ?an my head c live (f ( my p>ticul> %\ld]s4 ,9 a s5se a soap-bubble has p>ts2 x is a sum ( juxtapos$ sph]ical triangles4 ,b ^! triangles are n sep>ate realities2 nei!r are ! 'p>ts' ( ! ?\ght sep>ate realities4 ,t\* ! bubble & ! triangles are no m4 ,dismiss ! ?\ght & out g its p>ts4 ,y c no m make a new ?\ght out ( 'ideas' t h once s]v$ ?an y c make a new bubble out ( old triangles ,ea* bubble1 ea* ?\ght1 is a fre% organic unity1 sui g5]is4 #beb ,9 8 "w1 ,la ,p>ole ,intrieure 7,p>is1 #ahha71 especially *apt]s vi & vii4 #bec ,page #cja4 #bed ,page #bah4 ,to prove ?is po9t1 ,m4 ,egg] appeals to ! fact t we (t5 he> "s "o speak :il/ our m9d is preoccupi$1 b d n und]/& him until "s mom5ts aft]w>ds1 :5 we sudd5ly 'realize' :at he meant4 ,also to our digg+ out ! mean+ ( a s5t5ce 9 an unfamili> tongue1 :]e ! words are pres5t to u long be=e ! idea is tak5 94 ,9 ^! special cases ! ^w does inde$ prec$e ! idea4 ,! idea1 on ! contr>y1 prec$es ! ^w :5ev] we try to express ourselves ) ef=t1 z 9 a =eign tongue1 or 9 an unusual field ( intellectual inv5tion4 ,bo? sets ( cases1 h[ev]1 are exceptional1 & ,m4 ,egg] w\ld probably himself admit1 on reflection1 t 9 ! =m] class !re is "s sort ( a v]bal suffusion1 h[ev] evanesc5t1 ( ! idea1 :5 x is grasp$--we he> ! e*o ( ! words z we cat* _! mean+4 ,& he w\ld probably admit t 9 ! second class ( cases ! idea p]si/s aft] ! words t came ) s mu* ef=t are f\nd4 ,9 normal cases ! simultaneity1 z he admits1 is obvi\sly !re4 #bee ,a good way to get ! words & ! s5se sep>ately is to inw>dly articulate ^w = ^w ! disc\rse ( ano!r4 ,"o !n f9ds t ! mean+ w (t5 come to ! m9d 9 pulses1 aft] clauses or s5t5ces are f9i%$4 #bef ,! ne>e/ approa* 7) :i* ,i am acqua9t$7 to ! doctr9e set =? "h is 9 ,o4 ,liebmaun's ,zur ,analysis d] ,wirkli*keit1 pp4 #dbg-dch4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,consci\sness ,,( ,,self4 ,let u beg9 ) ! ,self 9 its wide/ acceptation1 & foll[ x up to its mo/ delicate & subtle =m1 advanc+ f ! /udy ( ! empirical1 z ! ,g]mans call x1 to t ( ! pure1 ,ego4 ,,! ,,empirical ,,self ,,or ,,me4 ,! ,empirical ,self ( ea* ( u is all t he is tempt$ to call by ! "n ( me4 ,b x is cle> t betwe5 :at a man calls me & :at he simply calls m9e ! l9e is difficult to draw4 ,we feel & act ab\t c]ta9 ?+s t are ours v mu* z we feel & act ab\t ourselves4 ,our fame1 our *ildr51 ! "w ( our h&s1 may be z de> to u z our bodies are1 & ar\se ! same feel+s & ! same acts ( reprisal if attack$4 ,& our bodies !mselves1 are !y simply ours1 or are !y u8 ,c]ta9ly m5 h be5 ready to dis[n _! v bodies & to reg>d !m z m]e ve/ures1 or ev5 z prisons ( clay f :i* !y %\ld "s day be glad to escape4 ,we see !n t we are deal+ ) a fluctuat+ mat]ial4 ,! same object be+ sometimes treat$ z a "p ( me1 at o!r times z simply m9e1 & !n aga9 z if ,i _h no?+ to d ) x at all4 ,9 its wide/ possible s5se1 h[ev]1 a man's ,self is ! sum total ( all t he ,,c call 81 n only 8 body & 8 psy*ic p[]s1 b 8 clo!s & 8 h\se1 8 wife & *ildr51 8 ance/ors & fri5ds1 8 reputation & works1 8 l&s & horses1 & ya*t & bank-acc\nt4 ,all ^! ?+s give him ! same emotions4 ,if !y wax & prosp]1 he feels triumphant2 if !y dw9dle & die away1 he feels ca/ d[n1--n necess>ily 9 ! same degree = ea* ?+1 b 9 mu* ! same way = all4 ,und]/&+ ! ,self 9 ?is wide/ s5se1 we may beg9 by divid+ ! hi/ory ( x into ?ree p>ts1 relat+ respectively to-- #a4 ,its con/itu5ts2 #b4 ,! feel+s & emotions !y ar\se1--,self-feel+s2 #c4 ,! actions to :i* !y prompt1--,self-seek+ & ,self-pres]vation4 99 99 99 99 99 #a4 ,! con/itu5ts ( ! ,self may be divid$ into two classes1 ^? :i* make up respectively-- 7a7 ,! mat]ial ,self2 7b7 ,! social ,self2 7c7 ,! spiritual ,self2 & 7d7 ,! pure ,ego4 7a7 ,! body is ! inn]mo/ "p ( ! mat]ial ,self 9 ea* ( u2 & c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body seem m intimately ours ?an ! re/4 ,! clo!s come next4 ,! old say+ t ! human p]son is compos$ ( ?ree p>ts--s\l1 body & clo!s--is m ?an a joke4 ,we s appropriate our clo!s & id5tify ourselves ) !m t !re are few ( u :o1 if ask$ to *oose betwe5 hav+ a beautiful body clad 9 raim5t p]petually %abby & unclean1 & hav+ an ugly & blemi%$ =m always spotlessly attir$1 w\ld n hesitate a mom5t be=e mak+ a decisive reply4#beg ,next1 our imm$iate family is a "p ( ourselves4 ,our fa!r & "m1 our wife & babes1 are bone ( our bone & fle% ( our fle%4 ,:5 !y die1 a "p ( our v selves is gone4 ,if !y d any?+ wrong1 x is our %ame4 ,if !y are insult$1 our ang] fla%es =? z readily z if we /ood 9 _! place4 ,our home comes next4 ,its sc5es are "p ( our life2 its aspects awak5 ! t5d]e/ feel+s ( affection2 & we d n easily =give ! /rang] :o1 9 visit+ x1 f9ds fault ) its arrangem5ts or treats x ) contempt4 ,all ^! diff]5t ?+s are ! objects ( in/9ctive pref]5ces c\pl$ ) ! mo/ important practical int]e/s ( life4 ,we all h a bl9d impulse to wat* ov] our body1 to deck x ) clo?+ ( an ornam5tal sort1 to *]i% p>5ts1 wife & babes1 & to f9d = ourselves a home ( our own :i* we may live 9 & 'improve4' ,an equally in/9ctive impulse drives u to collect prop]ty2 & ! collections ?us made become1 ) diff]5t degrees ( intimacy1 p>ts ( our empirical selves4 ,! p>ts ( our weal? mo/ intimately ours are ^? :i* are saturat$ ) our labor4 ,!re are few m5 :o w\ld n feel p]sonally annihilat$ if a life-long con/ruction ( _! h&s or bra9s--say an entomological collection or an ext5sive "w 9 manuscript--7 sudd5ly swept away4 ,! mis] feels simil>ly t[>ds 8 gold1 & al?\gh x is true t a "p ( our depression at ! loss ( possessions is due to our feel+ t we mu/ n[ g )\t c]ta9 goods t we expect$ ! possessions to br+ 9 _! tra91 yet 9 e case !re rema9s1 ov] & above ?is1 a s5se ( ! %r9kage ( our p]sonality1 a p>tial conv]sion ( ourselves to no?+ness1 :i* is a psy*ological ph5om5on by itself4 ,we are all at once assimilat$ to ! tramps & poor devils :om we s despise1 & at ! same "t remov$ f>!r ?an ev] away f ! happy sons ( e>? :o "l x ov] l& & sea & m5 9 ! full-bl[n lu/ihood t weal? & p[] c give1 & be=e :om1 /iff5 ourselves z we w by appeal+ to anti-snobbi% fir/ pr9ciples1 we _c escape an emotion1 op5 or sneak+1 ( respect & dread4 99 99 99 99 99 7b7 ,a man's ,social ,self is ! recognition :i* he gets f 8 mates4 ,we are n only greg>i\s animals1 lik+ to be 9 sight ( our fell[s1 b we h an innate prop5sity to get ourselves notic$1 & notic$ favorably1 by our k9d4 ,no m fi5di% puni%m5t c\ld be devis$1 7 su* a ?+ physically possible1 ?an t "o %\ld be turn$ loose 9 society & rema9 absolutely unnotic$ by all ! memb]s !re(4 ,if no "o turn$ r\nd :5 we ent]$1 answ]$ :5 we spoke1 or m9d$ :at we did1 b if e p]son we met 'cut u dead1' & act$ z if we 7 non-exi/+ ?+s1 a k9d ( rage & impot5t despair w\ld ere long well up 9 u1 f :i* ! cruelle/ bodily tortures w\ld be a relief2 = ^! w\ld make u feel t1 h[ev] bad might be our plight1 we _h n sunk to su* a dep? z to be unwor?y ( att5tion at all4 ,prop]ly speak+1 a man has z _m social selves z !re are individuals :o recognize him & c>ry an image ( him 9 _! m9d4 ,to w\nd any "o ( ^! 8 images is to w\nd him4#beh ,b z ! individuals :o c>ry ! images fall naturally into classes1 we may practically say t he has z _m diff]5t social selves z !re are di/9ct gr\ps ( p]sons ab\t ^: op9ion he c>es4 ,he g5]ally %[s a diff]5t side ( himself to ea* ( ^! diff]5t gr\ps4 ,_m a y\? :o is demure en\gh be=e 8 p>5ts & tea*]s1 swe>s & swagg]s l a pirate among 8 't\gh' "y fri5ds4 ,we d n %[ ourselves to our *ildr5 z to our club-companions1 to our cu/om]s z to ! labor]s we employ1 to our own ma/]s & employ]s z to our intimate fri5ds4 ,f ?is !re results :at practically is a division ( ! man into sev]al selves2 & ?is may be a discordant splitt+1 z :]e "o is afraid to let "o set ( 8 acqua9tances "k him z he is else:]e2 or x may be a p]fectly h>moni\s division ( labor1 z :]e "o t5d] to 8 *ildr5 is /]n to ! soldi]s or prison]s "u 8 comm&4 ,! mo/ peculi> social self :i* "o is apt to h is 9 ! m9d ( ! p]son "o is 9 love )4 ,! good or bad =tunes ( ?is self cause ! mo/ int5se elation & dejection--unreasonable en\gh z measur$ by e o!r /&>d ?an t ( ! organic feel+ ( ! individual4 ,to 8 own consci\sness he is n1 s long z ?is p>ticul> social self fails to get recognition1 & :5 x is recogniz$ 8 cont5tm5t passes all b\nds4 ,a man's fame1 good or bad1 & 8 honor or di%onor1 are names = "o ( 8 social selves4 ,! p>ticul> social self ( a man call$ 8 honor is usually ! result ( "o ( ^? splitt+s ( :i* we h spok54 ,x is 8 image 9 ! eyes ( 8 own 'set1' :i* exalts or condemns him z he con=ms or n to c]ta9 requirem5ts t may n be made ( "o 9 ano!r walk ( life4 ,?us a layman may ab&on a city infect$ ) *ol]a2 b a prie/ or a doctor w\ld ?9k su* an act incompatible ) 8 honor4 ,a soldi]'s honor requires him to fight or to die "u circum/ances :]e ano!r man c apologize or run away ) no /a9 ^u 8 social self4 ,a judge1 a /atesman1 are 9 l mann] deb>r$ by ! honor ( _! clo? f ent]+ into pecuni>y relations p]fectly honorable to p]sons 9 private life4 ,no?+ is common] ?an to he> p discrim9ate betwe5 _! diff]5t selves ( ?is sort3 ,z a man ,i pity y1 b z an (ficial ,i mu/ %[ y no m]cy2 z a politician ,i reg>d him z an ally1 b z a morali/ ,i loa! him2 etc41 etc4 ,:at may be call$ 'club-op9ion' is "o ( ! v /ronge/ =ces 9 life4#bei ,! ?ief mu/ n /eal f o!r ?ieves2 ! gambl] mu/ pay 8 gambl+-debts1 ?\gh he pay no o!r debts 9 ! _w4 ,! code ( honor ( fa%ionable society has ?r\gh\t hi/ory be5 full ( p]missions z well z ( vetoes1 ! only reason = foll[+ ei!r ( :i* is t s we be/ s]ve "o ( our social selves4 ,y mu/ n lie 9 g5]al1 b y may lie z mu* z y please if ask$ ab\t y\r relations ) a lady2 y mu/ accept a *all5ge f an equal1 b if *all5g$ by an inf]ior y may laugh him to scorn3 ^! are examples ( :at is meant4 99 99 99 99 99 7c7 ,by ! ,spiritual ,self1 s f> z x belongs to ! ,empirical ,me1 ,i mean a man's inn] or subjective be+1 8 psy*ic faculties or dispositions1 tak5 concretely2 n ! b>e pr9ciple ( p]sonal ,unity1 or 'pure' ,ego1 :i* rema9s /ill to be discuss$4 ,^! psy*ic dispositions are ! mo/ endur+ & intimate "p ( ! self1 t :i* we mo/ v]ily seem to be4 ,we take a pur] self-satisfaction :5 we ?9k ( our ability to argue & discrim9ate1 ( our moral s5sibility & consci5ce1 ( our indomitable w1 ?an :5 we survey any ( our o!r possessions4 ,only :5 ^! are alt]$ is a man said to be ali5atus a se4 ,n[ ?is spiritual self may be consid]$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,we may divide x into faculties1 z j in/anc$1 isolat+ !m "o f ano!r1 & id5tify+ ourselves ) ei!r 9 turn4 ,?is is an ab/ract way ( deal+ ) consci\sness1 9 :i*1 z x actually pres5ts itself1 a plurality ( su* faculties are always to be simultane\sly f\nd2 or we may insi/ on a concrete view1 & !n ! spiritual self 9 u w be ei!r ! entire /ream ( our p]sonal consci\sness1 or ! pres5t 'segm5t' or 'section' ( t /ream1 accord+ z we take a broad] or a n>r[] view--bo? ! /ream & ! section be+ concrete exi/5ces 9 "t1 & ea* be+ a unity aft] its own peculi> k9d4 ,b :e!r we take x ab/ractly or concretely1 our consid]+ ! spiritual self at all is a reflective process1 is ! result ( our ab&on+ ! outw>d-look+ po9t ( view1 & ( our hav+ become able to ?9k ( subjectivity z su*1 to ?9k ourselves z ?9k]s4 ,?is att5tion to ?\ght z su*1 & ! id5tification ( ourselves ) x r ?an ) any ( ! objects :i* x reveals1 is a mom5t\s & 9 "s respects a r my/]i\s op]ation1 ( :i* we ne$ "h only say t z a matt] ( fact x exi/s2 & t 9 ev]yone1 at an e>ly age1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ?\ght z su*1 & :at x is '(' or 'ab\t1' has become famili> to ! m9d4 ,! deep] gr\nds = ?is discrim9ation may possibly be h>d to f9d2 b sup]ficial gr\nds are pl5ty & ne> at h&4 ,almo/ anyone w tell u t ?\ght is a diff]5t sort ( exi/5ce f ?+s1 because _m sorts ( ?\ght are ( no ?+s--e4g41 pleasures1 pa9s1 & emotions2 o!rs are ( non-exi/5t ?+s--errors & fictions2 o!rs aga9 ( exi/5t ?+s1 b 9 a =m t is symbolic & does n resemble !m--ab/ract ideas & concepts2 :il/ 9 ! ?\ghts t d resemble ! ?+s !y are '(' 7p]cepts1 s5sations71 we c feel1 alongside ( ! ?+ kn[n1 ! ?\ght ( x go+ on z an altoge!r sep>ate act & op]ation 9 ! m9d4 ,n[ ?is subjective life ( ours1 di/+ui%$ z su* s cle>ly f ! objects kn[n by its means1 may1 z a=esaid1 be tak5 by u 9 a concrete or 9 an ab/ract way4 ,( ! concrete way ,i w say no?+ j n[1 except t ! actual 'section' ( ! /ream w ere long1 9 our discussion ( ! nature ( ! pr9ciple ( unity 9 consci\sness1 play a v important "p4 ,! ab/ract way claims our att5tion fir/4 ,if ! /ream z a :ole is id5tifi$ ) ! ,self f> m ?an any outw>d ?+1 a c]ta9 portion ( ! /ream ab/ract$ f ! re/ is s id5tifi$ 9 an altoge!r peculi> degree1 & is felt by all m5 z a sort ( inn]mo/ c5tre )9 ! circle1 ( sanctu>y )9 ! citadel1 con/itut$ by ! subjective life z a :ole4 ,comp>$ ) ?is elem5t ( ! /ream1 ! o!r p>ts1 ev5 ( ! subjective life1 seem transi5t ext]nal possessions1 ( :i* ea* 9 turn c be dis[n$1 :il/ t :i* dis[ns !m rema9s4 ,n[1 :at is ?is self ( all ! o!r selves8 ,probably all m5 w\ld describe x 9 mu* ! same way up to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,!y w\ld call x ! active elem5t 9 all consci\sness2 say+ t :atev] qualities a man's feel+s may possess1 or :atev] cont5t 8 ?\ght may include1 !re is a spiritual some?+ 9 him :i* seems to g out to meet ^! qualities & cont5ts1 :il/ !y seem to come 9 to be receiv$ by x4 ,x is :at welcomes or rejects4 ,x presides ov] ! p]ception ( s5sations1 & by giv+ or )hold+ its ass5t x influ5ces ! movem5ts !y t5d to ar\se4 ,x is ! home ( int]e/1--n ! pleasant or ! pa9ful1 n ev5 pleasure or pa91 z su*1 b t )9 u to :i* pleasure & pa91 ! pleasant & ! pa9ful1 speak4 ,x is ! s\rce ( ef=t & att5tion1 & ! place f :i* appe> to emanate ! fiats ( ! w4 ,a physiologi/ :o %\ld reflect ^u x 9 8 own p]son c\ld h>dly help1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 connect+ x m or less vaguely ) ! process by :i* ideas or incom+ s5sations are 'reflect$' or pass ov] into outw>d acts4 ,n necess>ily t x %\ld be ?is process or ! m]e feel+ ( ?is process1 b t x %\ld be 9 "s close way relat$ to ?is process2 = x plays a "p analog\s to x 9 ! psy*ic life1 be+ a sort ( junction at :i* s5sory ideas t]m9ate & f :i* motor ideas proce$1 & =m+ a k9d ( l9k betwe5 ! two4 ,be+ m incessantly !re ?an any o!r s+le elem5t ( ! m5tal life1 ! o!r elem5ts end by seem+ to accrete r\nd x & to belong to x4 ,x become oppos$ to !m z ! p]man5t is oppos$ to ! *ang+ & incon/ant4 ,"o may1 ,i ?9k1 )\t fe> ( be+ upset by any future ,galtonian circul>s1 believe t all m5 mu/ s+le out f ! re/ ( :at !y call !mselves "s c5tral pr9ciple ( :i* ea* w\ld recognize ! =ego+ to be a fair g5]al description1--accurate en\gh1 at any rate1 to d5ote :at is meant1 & keep x unconfus$ ) o!r ?+s4 ,! mom5t1 h[ev]1 !y came to clos] qu>t]s ) x1 try+ to def9e m accurately its precise nature1 we %\ld f9d op9ions beg9n+ to div]ge4 ,"s w\ld say t x is a simple active sub/ance1 ! s\l1 ( :i* !y are ?us consci\s2 o!rs1 t x is no?+ b a fiction1 ! imag9>y be+ d5ot$ by ! pron\n ,i2 & betwe5 ^! extremes ( op9ion all sorts ( int]m$i>ies w\ld be f\nd4 ,lat] we mu/ ourselves discuss !m all1 & suffici5t to t day w be ! evil !re(4 ,n[1 let u try to settle = ourselves z def9itely z we c1 j h[ ?is c5tral nucleus ( ! ,self may feel1 no matt] :e!r x be a spiritual sub/ance or only a delusive ^w4 ,= ?is c5tral "p ( ! ,self is felt4 ,x may be all t ,transc5d5tali/s say x is1 & all t ,empirici/s say x is into ! b>ga91 b x is at any rate no m]e ens rationis1 cogniz$ only 9 an intellectual way1 & no m]e summation ( memories or m]e s\nd ( a ^w 9 our e>s4 ,x is some?+ ) :i* we also h direct s5sible acqua9tance1 & :i* is z fully pres5t at any mom5t ( consci\sness 9 :i* x is pres5t1 z 9 a :ole lifetime ( su* mom5ts4 ,:51 j n[1 x 0 call$ an ab/raction1 t did n mean t1 l "s g5]al notion1 x c\ld n be pres5t$ 9 a p>ticul> exp]i5ce4 ,x only meant t 9 ! /ream ( consci\sness x nev] 0 f\nd all alone4 ,b :5 x is f\nd1 x is felt2 j z ! body is felt1 ! feel+ ( :i* is also an ab/raction1 because nev] is ! body felt all alone1 b always toge!r ) o!r ?+s4 ,n[ c we tell m precisely 9 :at ! feel+ ( ?is c5tral active self consi/s1--n necess>ily z yet :at ! active self is1 z a be+ or pr9ciple1 b :at we feel :5 we become aw>e ( its exi/5ce8 ,i ?9k ,i c 9 my own case2 & z :at ,i say w be likely to meet ) opposition if g5]aliz$ 7z inde$ x may be 9 "p inapplicable to o!r individuals71 ,i _h bett] cont9ue 9 ! fir/ p]son1 leav+ my description1 to be accept$ by ^? to ^: introspection x may comm5d itself z true1 & confess+ my inability to meet ! dem&s ( o!rs1 if o!rs !re be4 ,fir/ ( all1 ,i am aw>e ( a con/ant play ( fur!rances & h9drances 9 my ?9k+1 ( *ecks & releases1 t5d5cies :i* run ) desire1 & t5d5cies :i* run ! o!r way4 ,among ! matt]s ,i ?9k (1 "s range !mselves on ! side ( ! ?\ght's int]e/s1 :il/ o!rs play an unfri5dly "p !reto4 ,! mutual inconsi/5cies & agreem5ts1 re9=cem5ts & ob/ructions1 :i* obta9 among/ ^! objective matt]s rev]b]ate backw>ds & produce :at seem to be incessant reactions ( my spontaneity ^u !m1 welcom+ or oppos+1 appropriat+ or dis[n+1 /riv+ ) or aga9/1 say+ yes or no4 ,?is palpitat+ inw>d life is1 9 me1 t c5tral nucleus :i* ,i j tri$ to describe 9 t]ms t all m5 might use4 ,b :5 ,i =sake su* g5]al descriptions & grapple ) p>ticul>s1 com+ to ! close/ possible qu>t]s ) ! facts1 x is difficult = me to detect 9 ! activity any purely spiritual elem5t at all4 ,:5ev] my introspective glance succe$s 9 turn+ r\nd quickly en\gh to cat* "o ( ^! manife/ations ( spontaneity 9 ! act1 all x c ev] feel di/9ctly is "s bodily process1 = ! mo/ "p tak+ place )9 ! head4 ,omitt+ = a mom5t :at is obscure 9 ^! introspective results1 let me try to /ate ^? p>ticul>s :i* to my own consci\sness seem indubitable & di/9ct4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! acts ( att5d+1 ass5t+1 negat+1 mak+ an ef=t1 are felt z movem5ts ( some?+ 9 ! head4 ,9 _m cases x is possible to describe ^! movem5ts q exactly4 ,9 att5d+ to ei!r an idea or a s5sation belong+ to a p>ticul> s5se-sph]e1 ! movem5t is ! adju/m5t ( ! s5se-organ1 felt z x occurs4 ,i _c ?9k 9 visual t]ms1 = example1 )\t feel+ a fluctuat+ play ( pressures1 conv]g5ces1 div]g5ces1 & accommodations 9 my eyeballs4 ,! direction 9 :i* ! object is conceiv$ to lie det]m9es ! "* ( ^! movem5ts1 ! feel+ ( :i* becomes1 = my consci\sness1 id5tifi$ ) ! mann] 9 :i* ,i make myself ready to receive ! visible ?+4 ,my bra9 appe>s to me z if all %ot across ) l9es ( direction1 ( :i* ,i h become consci\s z my att5tion has %ift$ f "o s5se-organ to ano!r1 9 pass+ to successive out] ?+s1 or 9 foll[+ tra9s ( v>y+ s5se-ideas4 ,:5 ,i try to rememb] or reflect1 ! movem5ts 9 "q1 in/ead ( be+ direct$ t[>ds ! p]iph]y1 seem to come f ! p]iph]y inw>ds & feel l a sort ( )drawal f ! out] _w4 ,z f> z ,i c detect1 ^! feel+s are due to an actual roll+ outw>ds & upw>ds ( ! eyeballs1 su* z ,i believe occurs 9 me 9 sleep1 & is ! exact opposite ( _! action 9 fixat+ a physical ?+4 ,9 reason+1 ,i f9d t ,i am apt to h a k9d ( vaguely localiz$ diagram 9 my m9d1 ) ! v>i\s fractional objects ( ! ?\ght dispos$ at p>ticul> po9ts !re(2 & ! oscillations ( my att5tion f "o ( !m to ano!r are mo/ di/9ctly felt z alt]nations ( direction 9 movem5ts occurr+ inside ! head4#bfj ,9 cons5t+ & negat+1 & 9 mak+ a m5tal ef=t1 ! movem5ts seem m complex1 & ,i f9d !m h>d] to describe4 ,! op5+ & clos+ ( ! glottis play a great "p 9 ^! op]ations1 &1 less di/9ctly1 ! movem5ts ( ! s(t palate1 etc41 %utt+ (f ! po/]ior n>es f ! m\?4 ,my glottis is l a s5sitive valve1 int]cept+ my brea? in/antane\sly at e m5tal hesitation or felt av]sion to ! objects ( my ?\ght1 & z quickly op5+1 to let ! air pass ?r\gh my ?roat & nose1 ! mom5t ! repugnance is ov]come4 ,! feel+ ( ! movem5t ( ?is air is1 9 me1 "o /rong +r$i5t ( ! feel+ ( ass5t4 ,! movem5ts ( ! muscles ( ! br[ & eyelids also respond v s5sitively to e fluctuation 9 ! agreeabl5ess or disagreeabl5ess ( :at comes be=e my m9d4 ,9 ef=t ( any sort1 contractions ( ! jaw-muscles & ( ^? ( respiration are add$ to ^? ( ! br[ & glottis1 & ?us ! feel+ passes out ( ! head prop]ly s call$4 ,x passes out ( ! head :5ev] ! welcom+ or reject+ ( ! object is /rongly felt4 ,!n a set ( feel+s p\r 9 f _m bodily p>ts1 all 'expressive' ( my emotion1 & ! head-feel+s prop] are swall[$ up 9 ?is l>g] mass4 ,9 a s5se1 !n1 x may be truly said t1 9 "o p]son at lea/1 ! ',self ( selves1' :5 c>efully exam9$1 is f\nd to consi/ ma9ly ( ! collection ( ^! peculi> motions 9 ! head or betwe5 ! head & ?roat4 ,i d n = a mom5t say t ?is is all x consi/s (1 = ,i fully realize h[ desp]ately h>d is introspection 9 ?is field4 ,b ,i feel q sure t ^! cephalic motions are ! portions ( my inn]mo/ activity ( :i* ,i am mo/ di/9ctly aw>e4 ,if ! dim portions :i* ,i _c yet def9e %\ld prove to be l unto ^! di/9ct portions 9 me1 & ,i l o!r m51 x w\ld foll[ t our entire feel+ ( spiritual activity1 or :at commonly passes by t "n1 is really a feel+ ( bodily activities ^: exact nature is by mo/ m5 ov]look$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[1 )\t pl$g+ ourselves 9 any way to adopt ?is hypo!sis1 let u dally ) x = a :ile to see to :at consequ5ces x might lead if x 7 true4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! nucle> "p ( ! ,self1 int]m$i>y betwe5 ideas & ov]t acts1 w\ld be a collection ( activities physiologically 9 no ess5tial way diff]5t f ! ov]t acts !mselves4 ,if we divide all possible physiological acts into adju/m5ts & executions1 ! nucle> self w\ld be ! adju/m5ts collectively consid]$2 & ! less intimate1 m %ift+ self1 s f> z x 0 active1 w\ld be ! executions4 ,b bo? adju/m5ts & executions w\ld obey ! reflex type4 ,bo? w\ld be ! result ( s5sorial & ideational processes dis*>g+ ei!r into ea* o!r )9 ! bra91 or into muscles & o!r p>ts outside4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! adju/m5ts w\ld be t !y are m9imal reflexes1 few 9 numb]1 incessantly repeat$1 con/ant amid great fluctuations 9 ! re/ ( ! m9d's cont5t1 & entirely unimportant & un9t]e/+ except ?r\gh _! uses 9 fur!r+ or inhibit+ ! pres5ce ( v>i\s ?+s1 & actions be=e consci\sness4 ,^! *>act]s w\ld naturally keep u f introspectively pay+ mu* att5tion to !m 9 detail1 :il/ !y w\ld at ! same "t make u aw>e ( !m z a coh]5t gr\p ( processes1 /rongly contra/$ ) all ! o!r ?+s consci\sness conta9$1--ev5 ) ! o!r con/itu5ts ( ! ',self1' mat]ial1 social1 or spiritual1 z ! case might be4 ,!y are reactions1 & !y are prim>y reactions4 ,ev]y?+ ar\ses !m2 = objects :i* h no o!r effects w = a mom5t contract ! br[ & make ! glottis close4 ,x is z if all t visit$ ! m9d _h to /& an entrance-exam9ation1 & j %[ its face s z to be ei!r approv$ or s5t back4 ,^! prim>y reactions are l ! op5+ or ! clos+ ( ! door4 ,9 ! mid/ ( psy*ic *ange !y are ! p]man5t core ( turn+s-t[>ds & turn+s-f1 ( yield+s & arre/s1 :i* naturally seem c5tral & int]ior 9 comp>ison ) ! =eign matt]s1 a propos to :i* !y occur1 & hold a sort ( arbitrat+1 decisive position1 q unlike t held by any ( ! o!r con/itu5ts ( ! ,me4 ,x w\ld n be surpris+1 !n1 if we 7 to feel !m z ! bir?place ( conclusions & ! />t+ po9t ( acts1 or if !y came to appe> z :at we call$ a :ile back ! 'sanctu>y )9 ! citadel' ( our p]sonal life4#bfa ,if !y really 7 ! inn]mo/ sanctu>y1 ! ultimate "o ( all ! selves ^: be+ we c ev] directly exp]i5ce1 x w\ld foll[ t all t is exp]i5c$ is1 /rictly consid]$1 objective2 t ?is ,objective falls asund] into two contra/$ p>ts1 "o realiz$ z ',self1' ! o!r z 'n-,self2 '& t ov] & above ^! p>ts !re is no?+ save ! fact t !y are kn[n1 ! fact ( ! /ream ( ?\ght be+ !re z ! indisp5sable subjective condition ( _! be+ exp]i5c$ at all4 ,b ?is condition ( ! exp]i5ce is n "o ( ! ?+s exp]i5c$ at ! mom5t2 ?is kn[+ is n imm$iately kn[n4 ,x is only kn[n 9 subsequ5t reflection4 ,in/ead1 !n1 ( ! /ream ( ?\ght be+ "o ( con-sci\sness1 ?9k+ its own exi/5ce along ) :atev] else x ?9ks1 7z ,f]ri] says7 x might be bett] call$ a /ream ( ,sci\sness pure & simple1 ?9k+ objects ( "s ( :i* x makes :at x calls a ',me1' & only aw>e ( its 'pure' ,self 9 an ab/ract1 hypo!tic or conceptual way4 ,ea* 'section' ( ! /ream w\ld !n be a bit ( sci\sness or k ( ?is sort1 includ+ & contemplat+ its 'me' & its 'n-me' z objects :i* "w out _! drama toge!r1 b n yet includ+ or contemplat+ its own subjective be+4 ,! sci\sness 9 "q w\ld be ! ,?9k]1 & ! exi/5ce ( ?is ?9k] w\ld be giv5 to u r z a logical po/ulate ?an z t direct inn] p]ception ( spiritual activity :i* we naturally believe ourselves to h4 ',matt]1' z some?+ beh9d physical ph5om5a1 is a po/ulate ( ?is sort4 ,betwe5 ! po/ulat$ ,matt] & ! po/ulat$ ,?9k]1 ! %eet ( ph5om5a w\ld !n sw+1 "s ( !m 7! 'realities'7 p]ta9+ m to ! matt]1 o!rs 7! fictions1 op9ions1 & errors7 p]ta9+ m to ! ,?9k]4 ,b :o ! ,?9k] w\ld be1 or h[ _m di/9ct ,?9k]s we ought to suppose 9 ! univ]se1 w\ld all be subjects = an ult]ior metaphysical inquiry4 ,speculations l ?is trav]se common-s5se2 & n only d !y trav]se common s5se 7:i* 9 philosophy is no insup]able objection7 b !y contradict ! fundam5tal assumption ( e philosophic s*ool4 ,spirituali/s1 transc5d5tali/s1 & empirici/s alike admit 9 u a cont9ual direct p]ception ( ! ?9k+ activity 9 ! concrete4 ,h[ev] !y may o!rwise disagree1 !y vie ) ea* o!r 9 ! cordiality ( _! recognition ( our ?\ghts z ! "o sort ( exi/5t :i* skepticism _c t\*4#bfb ,i w !re=e treat ! la/ few pages z a p>5!tical digression1 & f n[ to ! end ( ! volume rev]t to ! pa? ( common-s5se aga94 ,i mean by ?is t ,i w cont9ue to assume 7z ,i h assum$ all along1 especially 9 ! la/ *apt]7 a direct aw>5ess ( ! process ( our ?9k+ z su*1 simply insi/+ on ! fact t x is an ev5 m inw>d & subtle ph5om5on ?an mo/ ( u suppose4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! volume1 h[ev]1 ,i may p]mit myself to rev]t aga9 to ! d\bts "h provisionally moot$1 & w indulge 9 "s metaphysical reflections sugge/$ by !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at pres5t1 !n1 ! only conclusion ,i come to is ! foll[+3 ,t 79 "s p]sons at lea/7 ! "p ( ! inn]mo/ ,self :i* is mo/ vividly felt turns out to consi/ = ! mo/ "p ( a collection ( cephalic movem5ts ( 'adju/m5ts' :i*1 = want ( att5tion & reflection1 usually fail to be p]ceiv$ & class$ z :at !y are2 t ov] & above ^! !re is an obscur] feel+ ( some?+ m2 b :e!r x be ( fa9t] physiological processes1 or ( no?+ objective at all1 b r ( subjectivity z su*1 ( ?\ght become 'its own object1' mu/ at pres5t rema9 an op5 "q1--l ! "q :e!r x be an indivisible active s\l-sub/ance1 or ! "q :e!r x be a p]sonification ( ! pron\n ,i1 or any o!r ( ! guesses z to :at its nature may be4 ,f>!r ?an ?is we _c z yet g cle>ly 9 our analysis ( ! ,self's con/itu5ts4 ,s let u proce$ to ! emotions ( ,self :i* !y ar\se4 #b4 ,,self-,,feel+4 ,^! are prim>ily self-complac5cy & self-dissatisfaction4 ,( :at is call$ 'self-love1' ,i w treat a little f>!r on4 ,language has synonyms en\gh = bo? prim>y feel+s4 ,?us pride1 conceit1 vanity1 self-e/eem1 arrogance1 va+lory1 on ! "o h&2 & on ! o!r mode/y1 humility1 confusion1 diffid5ce1 %ame1 mortification1 contrition1 ! s5se ( obloquy & p]sonal despair4 ,^! two opposite classes ( affection seem to be direct & elem5t>y end[m5ts ( our nature4 ,associationi/s w\ld h x t !y are1 on ! o!r h&1 second>y ph5om5a aris+ f a rapid computation ( ! s5sible pleasures or pa9s to :i* our prosp]\s or debas$ p]sonal pr$icam5t is likely to lead1 ! sum ( ! repres5t$ pleasures =m+ ! self-satisfaction1 & ! sum ( ! repres5t$ pa9s =m+ ! opposite feel+ ( %ame4 ,no d\bt1 :5 we are self-satisfi$1 we d fondly rehe>se all possible rew>ds = our des]t1 & :5 9 a fit ( self-despair we =ebode evil4 ,b ! m]e expectation ( rew>d is n ! self-satisfaction1 & ! m]e appreh5sion ( ! evil is n ! self-despair1 = !re is a c]ta9 av]age tone ( self-feel+ :i* ea* "o ( u c>ries ab\t ) him1 & :i* is indep5d5t ( ! objective reasons we may h = satisfaction or discont5t4 ,t is1 a v meanly-condition$ man may ab\nd 9 unfalt]+ conceit1 & "o ^: success 9 life is secure & :o is e/eem$ by all may rema9 diffid5t ( 8 p[]s to ! end4 ,"o may say1 h[ev]1 t ! normal provocative ( self-feel+ is "o's actual success or failure1 & ! good or bad actual position "o holds 9 ! _w4 ,he put 9 8 ?umb & pull$ out a plum1 & said :at a good boy am ,i4 ,a man ) a broadly ext5d$ empirical ,ego1 ) p[]s t h uni=mly br\ght him success1 ) place & weal? & fri5ds & fame1 is n likely to be visit$ by ! morbid diffid5ces & d\bts ab\t himself :i* he _h :5 he 0 a boy4 ,is n ?is great ,babylon1 :i* ,i h plant$8#bfc ,:]eas he :o has made "o blund] aft] ano!r1 & /ill lies 9 middle life among ! failures at ! foot ( ! hill1 is liable to gr[ all sickli$ o'er ) self-di/ru/1 & to %r9k f trials ) :i* 8 p[]s c really cope4 ,! emotions !mselves ( self-satisfaction & abasem5t are ( a unique sort1 ea* z wor?y to be class$ z a primitive emotional species z are1 = example1 rage or pa94 ,ea* has its own peculi> physiognomical expression4 ,9 self-satisfaction ! ext5sor muscles are inn]vat$1 ! eye is /rong & glori\s1 ! gait roll+ & ela/ic1 ! no/ril dilat$1 & a peculi> smile plays ^u ! lips4 ,?is :ole complex ( symptoms is se5 9 an exquisite way 9 lunatic asylums1 :i* always conta9 "s pati5ts :o are lit]ally mad ) conceit1 & ^: fatu\s expression & absurdly /rutt+ or swagg]+ gait is 9 tragic contra/ ) _! lack ( any valuable p]sonal quality4 ,x is 9 ^! same ca/les ( despair t we f9d ! /ronge/ examples ( ! opposite physiognomy1 9 good p :o ?9k !y h committ$ '! unp>donable s9' & are lo/ =ev]1 :o cr\* & cr+e & sl9k f notice1 & are unable to speak al\d or look u 9 ! eye4 ,l fe> & l ang]1 9 simil> morbid conditions1 ^! opposite feel+s ( ,self may be ar\s$ ) no adequate excit+ cause4 ,& 9 fact we ourselves "k h[ ! b>omet] ( our self-e/eem & confid5ce rises & falls f "o day to ano!r ?r\gh causes t seem to be visc]al & organic r ?an rational1 & :i* c]ta9ly answ] to no correspond+ v>iations 9 ! e/eem 9 :i* we are held by our fri5ds4 ,( ! orig9 ( ^! emotions 9 ! race1 we c speak bett] :5 we h treat$ (-- #c4 ,,self-,,seek+ ,,& ,,self-,,pres]vation4 ,^! words cov] a l>ge numb] ( our fundam5tal in/9ctive impulses4 ,we h ^? ( bodily self-seek+1 ^? ( social self-seek+1 & ^? ( spiritual self-seek+4 ,all ! ord9>y useful reflex actions & movem5ts ( alim5tation & def5ce are acts ( bodily self-pres]vation4 ,fe> & ang] prompt to acts t are useful 9 ! same way4 ,:il/ if by self-seek+ we mean ! provid+ = ! future z di/+ui%$ f ma9ta9+ ! pres5t1 we mu/ class bo? ang] & fe> ) ! hunt+1 ! acquisitive1 ! home-con/ruct+ & ! tool-con/ruct+ in/9cts1 z impulses to self-seek+ ( ! bodily k9d4 ,really1 h[ev]1 ^! latt] in/9cts1 ) amativ5ess1 p>5tal fondness1 curiosity & emulation1 seek n only ! developm5t ( ! bodily ,self1 b t ( ! mat]ial ,self 9 ! wide/ possible s5se ( ! ^w4 ,our social self-seek+1 9 turn1 is c>ri$ on directly ?r\gh our amativ5ess & fri5dl9ess1 our desire to please & attract notice & admiration1 our emulation & jeal\sy1 our love ( glory1 influ5ce1 & p[]1 & indirectly ?r\gh :i*ev] ( ! mat]ial self-seek+ impulses prove s]viceable z means to social ends4 ,t ! direct social self-seek+ impulses are probably pure in/9cts is easily se54 ,! notewor?y ?+ ab\t ! desire to be 'recogniz$' by o!rs is t its /r5g? has s little to d ) ! wor? ( ! recognition comput$ 9 s5sational or rational t]ms4 ,we are crazy to get a visit+-li/ :i* %all be l>ge1 to be able to say :5 any "o is m5tion$1 ,oh6 ,i "k him well1 & to be b[$ to 9 ! /reet by half ! p we meet4 ,( c\rse di/+ui%$ fri5ds & admir+ recognition are ! mo/ desirable--,?ack]ay some:]e asks 8 read]s to confess :e!r x w\ld n give ea* ( !m an exquisite pleasure to be met walk+ d[n ,pall ,mall ) a duke on ei!r arm4 ,b 9 default ( dukes & envi\s salutations almo/ any?+ w d = "s ( u2 & !re is a :ole race ( be+s to-day ^: passion is to keep _! names 9 ! newspap]s1 no matt] "u :at head+1 'arrivals & dep>tures1' 'p]sonal p>agraphs1' 'int]views1'--gossip1 ev5 sc&al1 w suit !m if no?+ bett] is to be _h4 ,guiteau1 ,g>field's assass91 is an example ( ! extremity to :i* ?is sort ( crav+ = ! notoriety ( pr9t may g 9 a pa?ological case4 ,! newspap]s b\nd$ 8 m5tal horizon2 & 9 ! poor wret*'s pray] on ! scaffold1 "o ( ! mo/ he>tfelt expressions 03 ,! newspap] press ( ?is l& has a big bill to settle ) !e1 ,o ,"l6 ,n only ! p b ! places & ?+s ,i "k enl>ge my ,self 9 a sort ( metaphoric social way4 a me connat1 z ! ,fr5* workman says ( ! implem5t he c use well4 ,s t x comes ab\t t p]sons = ^: op9ion we c>e no?+ are nev]!less p]sons ^: notice we woo2 & t _m a man truly great1 _m a woman truly fa/idi\s 9 mo/ respects1 w take a deal ( tr\ble to dazzle "s insignificant cad ^: :ole p]sonality !y he>tily despise4 ,"u ! head ( spiritual self-seek+ ought to be includ$ e impulse t[>ds psy*ic progress1 :e!r intellectual1 moral1 or spiritual 9 ! n>r[ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t mu* t commonly passes = spiritual self-seek+ 9 ?is n>r[ s5se is only mat]ial & social self-seek+ beyond ! grave4 ,9 ! ,mohamm$an desire = p>adise & ! ,*ri/ian aspiration n to be damn$ 9 hell1 ! mat]iality ( ! goods s\ght is undisguis$4 ,9 ! m positive & ref9$ view ( heav5 _m ( its goods1 ! fell[%ip ( ! sa9ts & ( our dead ones1 & ! pres5ce ( ,god1 are b social goods ( ! mo/ exalt$ k9d4 ,x is only ! se>* ( ! r$eem$ inw>d nature1 ! spotlessness f s91 :e!r "h or h]eaft]1 t c c\nt z spiritual self-seek+ pure & undef9$4 ,b ?is broad ext]nal review ( ! facts ( ! life ( ! ,self w be incomplete )\t "s acc\nt ( ! ,,rivalry ,,& ,,conflict ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,selves4 ,) mo/ objects ( desire1 physical nature re/ricts our *oice to b "o ( _m repres5t$ goods1 & ev5 s x is "h4 ,i am (t5 confront$ by ! necessity ( /&+ by "o ( my empirical selves & rel9qui%+ ! re/4 ,n t ,i w\ld n1 if ,i c\ld1 be bo? h&some & fat & well dress$1 & a great a?lete1 & make a million a ye>1 be a wit1 a bon-vivant1 & a lady-kill]1 z well z a philosoph]2 a philan?ropi/1 /atesman1 w>rior1 & ,african explor]1 z well z a 'tone-poet' & sa9t4 ,b ! ?+ is simply impossible4 ,! millionaire's "w w\ld run c\nt] to ! sa9t's2 ! bon-vivant & ! philan?ropi/ w\ld trip ea* o!r up2 ! philosoph] & ! lady-kill] c\ld n well keep h\se 9 ! same t5em5t ( clay4 ,su* diff]5t *>act]s may conceivably at ! outset ( life be alike possible to a man4 ,b to make any "o ( !m actual1 ! re/ mu/ m or less be suppress$4 ,s ! seek] ( 8 true/1 /ronge/1 deepe/ self mu/ review ! li/ c>efully1 & pick out ! "o on :i* to /ake 8 salvation4 ,all o!r selves !reupon become unreal1 b ! =tunes ( ?is self are real4 ,its failures are real failures1 its triumphs real triumphs1 c>ry+ %ame & gladness ) !m4 ,?is is z /rong an example z !re is ( t selective indu/ry ( ! m9d on :i* ,i insi/$ "s pages back 7p4 #bhd ff474 ,our ?\ght1 incessantly decid+1 among _m ?+s ( a k9d1 :i* ones = x %all be realities1 "h *ooses "o ( _m possible selves or *>act]s1 & =?) reckons x no %ame to fail 9 any ( ^? n adopt$ expressly z its own4 ,i1 :o = ! "t h /ak$ my all on be+ a psy*ologi/1 am mortifi$ if o!rs "k mu* m psy*ology ?an ,i4 ,b ,i am cont5t$ to wall[ 9 ! grosse/ ignorance ( ,greek4 ,my defici5cies !re give me no s5se ( p]sonal humiliation at all4 ,_h ,i 'pret5sions' to be a l+ui/1 x w\ld h be5 j ! rev]se4 ,s we h ! p>adox ( a man %am$ to dea? because he is only ! second pugili/ or ! second o>sman 9 ! _w4 ,t he is able to beat ! :ole population ( ! globe m9us "o is no?+2 he has 'pitt$' himself to beat t "o2 & z long z he doesn't d t no?+ else c\nts4 ,he is to 8 own reg>d z if he 7 n1 inde$ he is n4 ,yond] puny fell[1 h[ev]1 :om e "o c beat1 suff]s no *agr9 ab\t x1 = he has long ago ab&on$ ! attempt to 'c>ry t l9e1' z ! m]*ants say1 ( self at all4 ,) no attempt !re c be no failure2 ) no failure no humiliation4 ,s our self-feel+ 9 ?is _w dep5ds entirely on :at we back ourselves to be & d4 ,x is det]m9$ by ! ratio ( our actualities to our suppos$ pot5tialities2 a fraction ( :i* our pret5sions are ! d5om9ator & ! num]ator our success3 ?us1 ,self-e/eem ,success_/ ,pret5sions4 ,su* a fraction may be increas$ z well by dim9i%+ ! d5om9ator z by increas+ ! num]ator4#bfd ,to give up pret5sions is z bless$ a relief z to get !m gratifi$2 & :]e disappo9tm5t is incessant1 & ! /ruggle un5d+1 ?is is :at m5 w always d4 ,! hi/ory ( evangelical !ology1 ) its conviction ( s91 its self-despair1 & its ab&onm5t ( salvation by works1 is ! deepe/ ( possible examples1 b we meet o!rs 9 e walk ( life4 ,!re is ! /range/ lightness ab\t ! he>t :5 "o's no?+ness 9 a p>ticul> l9e is once accept$ 9 good fai?4 ,all is n bitt]ness 9 ! lot ( ! lov] s5t away by ! f9al inexorable ',no4' ,_m ,bo/onians1 cr$e exp]to 7& inhabitants ( o!r cities1 too1 ,i fe>71 w\ld be happi] wom5 & m5 to-day1 if !y c\ld once = all ab&on ! notion ( keep+ up a ,musical ,self1 & )\t %ame let p he> !m call a symphony a nuisance4 ,h[ pleasant is ! day :5 we give up /riv+ to be "y1--or sl5d]6 ,?ank ,god6 we say1 ^? illusions are gone4 ,ev]y?+ add$ to ! ,self is a burd5 z well z a pride4 ,a c]ta9 man :o lo/ e p5ny dur+ our civil w> w5t & actually roll$ 9 ! du/1 say+ he _h n felt s free & happy s9ce he 0 born4 ,once m1 !n1 our self-feel+ is 9 our p[]4 ,z ,c>lyle says3 ,make ?y claim ( wages a z]o1 !n ha/ ?\ ! _w "u ?y feet4 ,well did ! wise/ ( our "t write1 x is only ) r5unciation t life1 prop]ly speak+1 c be said to beg94 ,nei!r ?reats nor plead+s c move a man unless !y t\* "s "o ( 8 pot5tial or actual selves4 ,only ?us c we1 z a rule1 get a 'pur*ase' on ano!r's w4 ,! fir/ c>e ( diplomati/s & mon>*s & all :o wi% to rule or influ5ce is1 accord+ly1 to f9d out _! victim's /ronge/ pr9ciple ( self-reg>d1 s z to make t ! fulcrum ( all appeals4 ,b if a man has giv5 up ^? ?+s :i* are subject to =eign fate1 & ceas$ to reg>d !m z p>ts ( himself at all1 we are well-nigh p[]less ov] him4 ,! ,/oic receipt = cont5tm5t 0 to dispossess y\rself 9 advance ( all t 0 out ( y\r own p[]1--!n =tune's %ocks might ra9 d[n unfelt4 ,epictetus exhorts u1 by ?us n>r[+ & at ! same "t solidify+ our ,self to make x invuln]able3 ,i mu/ die2 well1 b mu/ ,i die groan+ too8 ,i w speak :at appe>s to be "r1 & if ! despot says1 !n ,i w put y to dea?1 ,i w reply1 ',:5 did ,i ev] tell y t ,i 0 immortal8 ,y w d y\r "p & ,i m9e2 x is y\rs to kill & m9e to die intrepid2 y\rs to bani%1 m9e to dep>t untr\bl$4' ,h[ d we act 9 a voyage8 ,we *oose ! pilot1 ! sailors1 ! h\r4 ,aft]w>ds comes a /orm4 ,:at h ,i to c>e =8 ,my "p is p]=m$4 ,?is matt] belongs to ! pilot4 ,b ! %ip is s9k+2 :at !n h ,i to d8 ,t :i* alone ,i c d--submit to be+ dr[n$ )\t fe>1 )\t clamor or accus+ ( ,god1 b z "o :o kn[s t :at is born mu/ likewise die4#bfe ,?is ,/oic fa%ion1 ?\gh efficaci\s & h]oic en\gh 9 its place & "t1 is1 x mu/ be confess$1 only possible z an habitual mood ( ! s\l to n>r[ & unsympa!tic *>act]s4 ,x proce$s altoge!r by exclusion4 ,if ,i am a ,/oic1 ! goods ,i _c appropriate cease to be my goods1 & ! temptation lies v ne> to d5y t !y are goods at all4 ,we f9d ?is mode ( protect+ ! ,self by exclusion & d5ial v common among p :o are 9 o!r respects n ,/oics4 ,all n>r[ p intr5* _! ,me1 !y retract x1--f ! region ( :at !y _c securely possess4 ,p :o don't resemble !m1 or :o treat !m ) indiff]5ce1 p ov] :om !y ga9 no influ5ce1 are p on ^: exi/5ce1 h[ev] m]itori\s x may intr9sically be1 !y look ) *ill negation1 if n ) positive hate4 ,:o w n be m9e ,i w exclude f exi/5ce altoge!r2 t is1 z f> z ,i c make x s1 su* p %all be z if !y 7 n4#bff ,?us may a c]ta9 absolut5ess & def9it5ess 9 ! outl9e ( my ,me console me = ! smallness ( its cont5t4 ,sympa!tic p1 on ! contr>y1 proce$ by ! entirely opposite way ( expansion & inclusion4 ,! outl9e ( _! self (t5 gets unc]ta9 en\gh1 b = ?is ! spread ( its cont5t m ?an atones4 ,nil humani a me ali5um4 ,let !m despise ?is little p]son ( m9e1 & treat me l a dog1 ,i %all n negate !m s long z ,i h a s\l 9 my body4 ,!y are realities z mu* z ,i am4 ,:at positive good is 9 !m %all be m9e too1 etc41 etc4 ,! magnanimity ( ^! expansive natures is (t5 t\*+ inde$4 ,su* p]sons c feel a sort ( delicate rapture 9 ?9k+ t1 h[ev] sick1 ill-favor$1 mean-condition$1 & g5]ally =sak5 !y may be1 !y yet are integral p>ts ( ! :ole ( ?is brave _w1 h a fell['s %>e 9 ! /r5g? ( ! dray-horses1 ! happ9ess ( ! "y p1 ! wisdom ( ! wise ones1 & are n altoge!r )\t "p or lot 9 ! good =tunes ( ! ,v&]bilts & ! ,hoh5zoll]ns !mselves4 ,?us ei!r by negat+ or by embrac+1 ! ,ego may seek to e/abli% itself 9 reality4 ,he :o1 ) ,m>cus ,aurelius1 c truly say1 ,o ,univ]se1 ,i wi% all t ?\ wi%e/1 has a self f :i* e trace ( negativ5ess & ob/ructiv5ess has be5 remov$--no w9d c bl[ except to fill its sails4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a tol]ably unanim\s op9ion ranges ! diff]5t selves ( :i* a man may be 'seiz$ & possess$1' & ! consequ5t diff]5t ord]s ( 8 self-reg>d1 9 an hi]>*ical scale1 ) ! bodily ,self at ! bottom1 ! spiritual ,self at top1 & ! extracorporeal mat]ial selves & ! v>i\s social selves betwe54 ,our m]ely natural self-seek+ w\ld lead u to aggr&ize all ^! selves2 we give up delib]ately only ^? among !m :i* we f9d we _c keep4 ,our unselfi%ness is ?us apt to be a 'virtue ( necessity'2 & x is n )\t all %[ ( reason t cynics quote ! fable ( ! fox & ! grapes 9 describ+ our progress !re94 ,b ?is is ! moral education ( ! race2 & if we agree 9 ! result t on ! :ole ! selves we c keep are ! intr9sically be/1 we ne$ n compla9 ( be+ l$ to ! k ( _! sup]ior wor? 9 su* a tortu\s way4 ,( c\rse ?is is n ! only way 9 :i* we le>n to subord9ate our l[] selves to our high]4 ,a direct e?ical judgm5t unque/ionably also plays its "p1 & la/1 n lea/1 we apply to our own p]sons judgm5ts orig9ally call$ =? by ! acts ( o!rs4 ,x is "o ( ! /range/ laws ( our nature t _m ?+s :i* we are well satisfi$ ) 9 ourselves disgu/ u :5 se5 9 o!rs4 ,) ano!r man's bodily 'hoggi%ness' h>dly anyone has any sympa?y2--almo/ z little ) 8 cupidity1 8 social vanity & eag]ness1 8 jeal\sy1 8 despotism1 & 8 pride4 ,left absolutely to myself ,i %\ld probably all[ all ^! spontane\s t5d5cies to luxuriate 9 me un*eck$1 & x w\ld be long be=e ,i =m$ a di/9ct notion ( ! ord] ( _! subord9ation4 ,b hav+ con/antly to pass judgm5t on my associates1 ,i come ere long to see1 z ,h]r ,horwicz says1 my own lu/s 9 ! mirror ( ! lu/s ( o!rs1 & to ?9k ab\t !m 9 a v diff]5t way f t 9 :i* ,i simply feel4 ,( c\rse1 ! moral g5]alities :i* f *ildhood h be5 in/ill$ into me accel]ate enorm\sly ! adv5t ( ?is reflective judgm5t on myself4 ,s x comes to pass t1 z a=esaid1 m5 h arrang$ ! v>i\s selves :i* !y may seek 9 an hi]>*ical scale accord+ to _! wor?4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( bodily selfi%ness is requir$ z a basis = all ! o!r selves4 ,b too mu* s5suality is despis$1 or at be/ condon$ on acc\nt ( ! o!r qualities ( ! individual4 ,! wid] mat]ial selves are reg>d$ z high] ?an ! imm$iate body4 ,he is e/eem$ a poor creature :o is unable to =ego a little meat & dr9k & w>m? & sleep = ! sake ( gett+ on 9 ! _w4 ,! social self z a :ole1 aga91 ranks high] ?an ! mat]ial self z a :ole4 ,we mu/ c>e m = our honor1 our fri5ds1 our human ties1 ?an = a s\nd sk9 or weal?4 ,& ! spiritual self is s supremely preci\s t1 r ?an lose x1 a man ought to be will+ to give up fri5ds & good fame1 & prop]ty1 & life itself4 ,9 ea* k9d ( self1 mat]ial1 social1 & spiritual1 m5 di/+ui% betwe5 ! imm$iate & actual1 & ! remote & pot5tial1 betwe5 ! n>r[] & ! wid] view1 to ! detrim5t ( ! =m] & advantage ( ! latt]4 ,"o mu/ =ego a pres5t bodily enjoym5t = ! sake ( "o's g5]al heal?2 "o mu/ ab&on ! doll> 9 ! h& = ! sake ( ! hundr$ doll>s to come2 "o mu/ make an enemy ( 8 pres5t int]locutor if !reby "o makes fri5ds ( a m valu$ circle2 "o mu/ g )\t le>n+ & grace1 & wit1 ! bett] to compass "o's s\l's salvation4 ,( all ^! wid]1 m pot5tial selves1 ! pot5tial social self is ! mo/ int]e/+1 by reason ( c]ta9 app>5t p>adoxes to :i* x leads 9 conduct1 & by reason ( its connection ) our moral & religi\s life4 ,:5 = motives ( honor & consci5ce ,i brave ! condemnation ( my own family1 club1 & 'set'2 :51 z a prote/ant1 ,i turn ca?olic2 z a ca?olic1 free?9k]2 z a 'regul> practition]1' homopa?1 or :at n1 ,i am always inw>dly /r5g!n$ 9 my c\rse & /eel$ aga9/ ! loss ( my actual social self by ! ?\ght ( o!r & bett] possible social judges ?an ^? ^: v]dict goes aga9/ me n[4 ,! ideal social self :i* ,i ?us seek 9 appeal+ to _! decision may be v remote3 x may be repres5t$ z b>ely possible4 ,i may n hope = its realization dur+ my lifetime2 ,i may ev5 expect ! future g5]ations1 :i* w\ld approve me if !y knew me1 to "k no?+ ab\t me :5 ,i am dead & gone4 ,yet /ill ! emotion t beckons me on is indubitably ! pursuit ( an ideal social self1 ( a self t is at lea/ wor?y ( approv+ recognition by ! highe/ possible judg+ companion1 if su* companion !re be4#bfg ,?is self is ! true1 ! intimate1 ! ultimate1 ! p]man5t ,me :i* ,i seek4 ,?is judge is ,god1 ! ,absolute ,m9d1 ! ',great ,companion4' ,we he>1 9 ^! days ( sci5tific enlight5m5t1 a great deal ( discussion ab\t ! efficacy ( pray]2 & _m reasons are giv5 u :y we %\ld n pray1 :il/ o!rs are giv5 u :y we %\ld4 ,b 9 all ?is v little is said ( ! reason :y we d pray1 :i* is simply t we _c help pray+4 ,x seems probable t1 9 spite ( all t 'sci5ce' may d to ! contr>y1 m5 w cont9ue to pray to ! end ( "t1 unless _! m5tal nature *anges 9 a mann] :i* no?+ we "k %\ld lead u to expect4 ,! impulse to pray is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! fact t :il/ ! inn]mo/ ( ! empirical selves ( a man is a ,self ( ! social sort1 x yet c f9d its only adequate ,socius 9 an ideal _w4 ,all progress 9 ! social ,self is ! sub/itution ( high] tribunals = l[]2 ?is ideal tribunal is ! highe/2 & mo/ m51 ei!r cont9ually or occasionally1 c>ry a ref]5ce to x 9 _! brea/4 ,! humble/ outca/ on ?is e>? c feel himself to be real & valid by means ( ?is high] recognition4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 = mo/ ( u1 a _w ) no su* inn] refuge :5 ! out] social self fail$ & dropp$ f u w\ld be ! abyss ( horror4 ,i say '= mo/ ( u1' because x is probable t individuals diff] a good deal 9 ! degree 9 :i* !y are haunt$ by ?is s5se ( an ideal spectator4 ,x is a mu* m ess5tial "p ( ! consci\sness ( "s m5 ?an ( o!rs4 ,^? :o h ! mo/ ( x are possibly ! mo/ religi\s m54 ,b ,i am sure t ev5 ^? :o say !y are altoge!r )\t x deceive !mselves1 & really h x 9 "s degree4 ,only a non-greg>i\s animal c\ld be completely )\t x4 ,probably no "o c make sacrifices = '"r1' )\t to "s degree p]sonify+ ! pr9ciple ( "r = :i* ! sacrifice is made1 & expect+ ?anks f x4 ,complete social unselfi%ness1 9 o!r words1 c h>dly exi/2 complete social suicide h>dly occur to a man's m9d4 ,ev5 su* texts z ,job's1 ,?\gh ,he slay me yet w ,i tru/ ,him1 or ,m>cus ,aurelius's1 ,if gods hate me & my *ildr51 !re is a reason = x1 c lea/ ( all be cit$ to prove ! contr>y4 ,= beyond all d\bt ,job revell$ 9 ! ?\ght ( ,jehovah's recognition ( ! wor%ip aft] ! slay+ %\ld h be5 done2 & ! ,roman emp]or felt sure ! ,absolute ,reason w\ld n be all indiff]5t to 8 acquiesc5ce 9 ! gods' dislike4 ,! old te/ ( piety1 ,are y will+ to be damn$ = ! glory ( ,god8 0 probably nev] answ]$ 9 ! affirmative except by ^? :o felt sure 9 _! he>t ( he>ts t ,god w\ld 'cr$it' !m ) _! will+ness1 & set m /ore by !m ?us ?an if 9 ,8 unfa?omable s*eme ,he _h n damn$ !m at all4 ,all ?is ab\t ! impossibility ( suicide is said on ! supposition ( positive motives4 ,:5 possess$ by ! emotion ( fe>1 h[ev]1 we are 9 a negative /ate ( m9d2 t is1 our desire is limit$ to ! m]e bani%+ ( some?+1 )\t reg>d to :at %all take its place4 ,9 ?is /ate ( m9d !re c unque/ionably be g5u9e ?\ghts1 & g5u9e acts1 ( suicide1 spiritual & social1 z well z bodily4 ,any?+1 any?+1 at su* times1 s z to escape & n to be6 ,b su* conditions ( suicidal fr5zy are pa?ological 9 _! nature & run dead aga9/ ev]y?+ t is regul> 9 ! life ( ! ,self 9 man4 ,,:at ,,self ,,is ,,lov$ ,,9 ',,self-,,love'8 ,we mu/ n[ try to int]pret ! facts ( self-love & self-seek+ a little m delicately f )94 ,a man 9 :om self-seek+ ( any sort is l>gely develop$ is said to be selfi%4#bfh ,he is on ! o!r h& call$ unselfi% if he %[s consid]ation = ! int]e/s ( o!r selves ?an 8 own4 ,n[ :at is ! intimate nature ( ! selfi% emotion 9 him8 & :at is ! prim>y object ( its reg>d8 ,we h describ$ him pursu+ & fo/]+ z 8 self fir/ "o set ( ?+s & !n ano!r2 we h se5 ! same set ( facts ga9 or lose int]e/ 9 8 eyes1 leave him indiff]5t1 or fill him ei!r ) triumph or despair accord+ z he made pret5sions to appropriate !m1 treat$ !m z if !y 7 pot5tially or actually p>ts ( himself1 or n4 ,we "k h[ little x matt]s to u :e!r "s man1 a man tak5 at l>ge & 9 ! ab/ract1 prove a failure or succe$ 9 life1--he may be hang$ = aught we c>e1--b we "k ! utt] mom5t\sness & t]ribl5ess ( ! alt]native :5 ! man is ! "o ^: "n we ourselves be>4 ,i mu/ n be a failure1 is ! v l\de/ ( ! voices t clamor 9 ea* ( our brea/s3 let fail :o may1 ,i at lea/ mu/ succe$4 ,n[ ! fir/ conclusion :i* ^! facts sugge/ is t ea* ( u is animat$ by a direct feel+ ( reg>d = 8 own pure pr9ciple ( individual exi/5ce1 :atev] t may be1 tak5 m]ely z su*4 ,x appe>s z if all our concrete manife/ations ( selfi%ness might be ! conclusions ( z _m syllogisms1 ea* ) ?is pr9ciple z ! subject ( its major premiss1 ?us3 ,:atev] is me is preci\s2 ?is is me2 !re=e ?is is preci\s2 :atev] is m9e mu/ n fail2 ?is is m9e2 !re=e ?is mu/ n fail1 etc4 ,x appe>s1 ,i say1 z if ?is pr9ciple inoculat$ all x t\*$ ) its own intimate quality ( wor?2 z if1 previ\s to ! t\*+1 ev]y?+ might be matt] ( indiff]5ce1 & no?+ int]e/+ 9 its own "r2 z if my reg>d = my own body ev5 7 an int]e/ n simply 9 ?is body1 b 9 ?is body only s f> z x is m9e4 ,b :at is ?is ab/ract num]ical pr9ciple ( id5tity1 ?is ',numb] ,"o' )9 me1 = :i*1 accord+ to prov]bial philosophy1 ,i am suppos$ to keep s con/ant a 'look\t'8 ,is x ! inn] nucleus ( my spiritual self1 t collection ( obscurely felt 'adju/m5ts1' plus p]haps t /ill m obscurely p]ceiv$ subjectivity z su*1 ( :i* we rec5tly spoke8 ,or is x p]haps ! concrete /ream ( my ?\ght 9 its entirety1 or "s "o section ( ! same8 ,or may x be ! indivisible ,s\l-,sub/ance1 9 :i*1 accord+ to ! or?odox tradition1 my faculties inh]e8 ,or1 f9ally1 c x be ! m]e pron\n ,i8 ,surely x is none ( ^! ?+s1 t self = :i* ,i feel su* hot reg>d4 ,?\gh all ( !m toge!r 7 put )9 me1 ,i %\ld /ill be cold1 & fail to exhibit any?+ wor?y ( ! "n ( selfi%ness or ( devotion to ',numb] ,"o4' ,to h a self t ,i c c>e =1 nature mu/ fir/ pres5t me ) "s object int]e/+ en\gh to make me in/9ctively wi% to appropriate x = its own sake1 & out ( x to manufacture "o ( ^? mat]ial1 social1 or spiritual selves1 :i* we h already pass$ 9 review4 ,we %all f9d t all ! facts ( rivalry & sub/itution t h s /ruck u1 all ! %ift+s & expansions & contractions ( ! sph]e ( :at %all be consid]$ me & m9e1 are b results ( ! fact t c]ta9 ?+s appeal to primitive & in/9ctive impulses ( our nature1 & t we foll[ _! de/9ies ) an excitem5t t owes no?+ to a reflective s\rce4 ,^! objects our consci\sness treats z ! primordial con/itu5ts ( its ,me4 ,:atev] o!r objects1 :e!r by association ) ! fate ( ^!1 or 9 any o!r way1 come to be foll[$ ) ! same sort ( int]e/1 =m our remot] & m second>y self4 ,! words ,,me1 !n1 & ,,self1 s f> z !y ar\se feel+ & connote emotional wor?1 are ,,objective designations1 mean+ ,,all ,,! ,,?+s :i* h ! p[] to produce 9 a /ream ( consci\sness excitem5t ( a c]ta9 peculi> sort4 ,let u try to ju/ify ?is proposition 9 detail4 ,! mo/ palpable selfi%ness ( a man is 8 bodily selfi%ness2 & 8 mo/ palpable self is ! body to :i* t selfi%ness relates4 ,n[ ,i say t he id5tifies himself ) ?is body because he loves x1 & t he does n love x because he f9ds x to be id5tifi$ ) himself4 ,rev]t+ to natural hi/ory-psy*ology w help u to see ! tru? ( ?is4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,in/9cts we %all le>n t e creature has a c]ta9 selective int]e/ 9 c]ta9 portions ( ! _w1 & t ?is int]e/ is z (t5 connate z acquir$4 ,our int]e/ 9 ?+s means ! att5tion & emotion :i* ! ?\ght ( !m w excite1 & ! actions :i* _! pres5ce w evoke4 ,?us e species is p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 its own prey or food1 its own enemies1 its own sexual mates1 & its own "y4 ,^! ?+s fasc9ate by _! intr9sic p[] to d s2 !y are c>$ = = _! own sakes4 ,well1 x /&s n 9 ! lea/ o!rwise ) our bodies4 ,!y too are p]cepts 9 our objective field--!y are simply ! mo/ int]e/+ p]cepts !re4 ,:at happ5s to !m excites 9 u emotions & t5d5cies to action m en]getic & habitual ?an any :i* are excit$ by o!r portions ( ! 'field4' ,:at my comrades call my bodily selfi%ness or self-love1 is no?+ b ! sum ( all ! out] acts :i* ?is int]e/ 9 my body spontane\sly draws f me4 ,my 'selfi%ness' is "h b a descriptive "n = gr\p+ toge!r ! outw>d symptoms :i* ,i %[4 ,:5 ,i am l$ by self-love to keep my seat :il/ ladies /&1 or to grab some?+ fir/ & cut out my neighbor1 :at ,i really love is ! com=table seat1 is ! ?+ itself :i* ,i grab4 ,i love !m prim>ily1 z ! "m loves h] babe1 or a g5]\s man an h]oic de$4 ,:]ev]1 z "h1 self-seek+ is ! outcome ( simple in/9ctive prop5sity1 x is b a "n = c]ta9 reflex acts4 ,some?+ rivets my att5tion fatally1 & fatally provokes ! 'selfi%' response4 ,c\ld an automaton be s skilfully con/ruct$ z to ape ^! acts1 x w\ld be call$ selfi% z prop]ly z ,i4 ,x is true t ,i am no automaton1 b a ?9k]4 ,b my ?\ghts1 l my acts1 are "h conc]n$ only ) ! outw>d ?+s4 ,!y ne$ nei!r "k nor c>e = any pure pr9ciple )94 ,9 fact ! m utt]ly 'selfi%' ,i am 9 ?is primitive way1 ! m bl9dly absorb$ my ?\ght w be 9 ! objects & impulses ( my lu/s1 & ! m devoid ( any inw>d look+ glance4 ,a baby1 ^: consci\sness ( ! pure ,ego1 ( himself z a ?9k]1 is n usually suppos$ develop$1 is1 9 ?is way1 z "s ,g]man has said1 'd] voll5dete/e ,egoi/4' ,8 corporeal p]son1 & :at m9i/]s to its ne$s1 are ! only self he c possibly be said to love4 ,8 s-call$ self-love is b a "n = 8 ins5sibility to all b ?is "o set ( ?+s4 ,x may be t he ne$s a pure pr9ciple ( subjectivity1 a s\l or pure ,ego 7he c]ta9ly ne$s a /ream ( ?\ght7 to make him s5sible at all to any?+1 to make him discrim9ate & love b]haupt1--h[ t may be1 we %all see ere long2 b ?is pure ,ego1 :i* w\ld !n be ! condition ( 8 lov+1 ne$ no m be ! object ( 8 love ?an x ne$ be ! object ( 8 ?\ght4 ,if 8 int]e/s lay altoge!r 9 o!r bodies ?an 8 own1 if all 8 in/9cts 7 altrui/ic & all 8 acts suicidal1 /ill he w\ld ne$ a pr9ciple ( consci\sness j z he does n[4 ,su* a pr9ciple _c !n be ! pr9ciple ( 8 bodily selfi%ness any m ?an x is ! pr9ciple ( any o!r t5d5cy he may %[4 ,s mu* = ! bodily self-love4 ,b my social self-love1 my int]e/ 9 ! images o!r m5 h fram$ ( me1 is also an int]e/ 9 a set ( objects ext]nal to my ?\ght4 ,^! ?\ghts 9 o!r m5's m9ds are out ( my m9d & 'ejective' to me4 ,!y come & g1 & gr[ & dw9dle1 & ,i am puff$ up ) pride1 or blu% ) %ame1 at ! result1 j z at my success or failure 9 ! pursuit ( a mat]ial ?+4 ,s t "h aga91 j z 9 ! =m] case1 ! pure pr9ciple seems out ( ! game z an object ( reg>d1 & pres5t only z ! g5]al =m or condition "u :i* ! reg>d & ! ?9k+ g on 9 me at all4 ,b1 x w imm$iately be object$1 ?is is giv+ a mutilat$ acc\nt ( ! facts4 ,^? images ( me 9 ! m9ds ( o!r m5 are1 x is true1 ?+s outside ( me1 ^: *anges ,i p]ceive j z ,i p]ceive any o!r outw>d *ange4 ,b ! pride & %ame :i* ,i feel are n conc]n$ m]ely ) ^? *anges4 ,i feel z if some?+ else _h *ang$ too1 :5 ,i p]ceive my image 9 y\r m9d to h *ang$ = ! worse1 some?+ 9 me to :i* t image belongs1 & :i* a mom5t ago ,i felt inside ( me1 big & /rong & lu/y1 b n[ weak1 contract$1 & collaps$4 ,is n ?is latt] *ange ! *ange ,i feel ! %ame ab\t8 ,is n ! condition ( ?is ?+ inside ( me ! prop] object ( my egoi/ic conc]n1 ( my self-reg>d8 ,& is x n1 aft] all1 my pure ,ego1 my b>e num]ical pr9ciple ( di/9ction f o!r m51 & no empirical "p ( me at all8 ,no1 x is no su* pure pr9ciple1 x is simply my total empirical selfhood aga91 my hi/oric ,me1 a collection ( objective facts1 to :i* ! depreciat$ image 9 y\r m9d 'belongs4' ,9 :at capacity is x t ,i claim & dem& a respectful greet+ f y in/ead ( ?is expression ( disda98 ,x is n z be+ a b>e ,i t ,i claim x2 x is z be+ an ,i :o has always be5 treat$ ) respect1 :o belongs to a c]ta9 family & 'set1' :o has c]ta9 p[]s1 possessions1 & public functions1 s5sibilities1 duties1 & purposes1 & m]its & des]ts4 ,all ?is is :at y\r disda9 negates & contradicts2 ?is is '! ?+ inside ( me' ^: *ang$ treatm5t ,i feel ! %ame ab\t2 ?is is :at 0 lu/y1 & n[1 9 consequ5ce ( y\r conduct1 is collaps$2 & ?is c]ta9ly is an empirical objective ?+4 ,inde$1 ! ?+ t is felt modifi$ & *ang$ = ! worse dur+ my feel+ ( %ame is (t5 m concrete ev5 ?an ?is1--x is simply my bodily p]son1 9 :i* y\r conduct imm$iately & )\t any reflection at all on my "p works ^? muscul>1 gl&ul>1 & vascul> *anges :i* toge!r make up ! 'expression' ( %ame4 ,9 ?is in/9ctive1 reflex sort ( %ame1 ! body is j z mu* ! entire vehicle ( ! self-feel+ z1 9 ! co>s] cases :i* we fir/ took up1 x 0 ! vehicle ( ! self-seek+4 ,z1 9 simple 'hoggi%ness1' a succul5t morsel gives rise1 by ! reflex me*anism1 to behavior :i* ! by/&]s f9d 'gre$y1' & consid] to fl[ f a c]ta9 sort ( 'self-reg>d2' s "h y\r disda9 gives rise1 by a me*anism q z reflex & imm$iate1 to ano!r sort ( behavior1 :i* ! by/&]s call '%ame-fac$' & :i* !y consid] due to ano!r k9d ( self-reg>d4 ,b 9 bo? cases !re may be no p>ticul> self reg>d$ at all by ! m9d3 & ! "n self-reg>d may be only a descriptive title impos$ f )\t ! reflex acts !mselves1 & ! feel+s t imm$iately result f _! dis*>ge4 ,aft] ! bodily & social selves come ! spiritual4 ,b :i* ( my spiritual selves d ,i really c>e =8 ,my ,s\l-sub/ance8 my 'transc5d5tal ,ego1 or ,?9k]'8 my pron\n ,i8 my subjectivity z su*8 my nucleus ( cephalic adju/m5ts8 or my m ph5om5al & p]i%able p[]s1 my loves & hates1 will+nesses & s5sibilities1 & ! l8 ,surely ! latt]4 ,b !y1 relatively to ! c5tral pr9ciple1 :atev] x may be1 are ext]nal & objective4 ,!y come & g1 & x rema9s--s %akes ! magnet1 & s /&s ! pole4 ,x may inde$ h to be !re = !m to be lov$1 b be+ !re is n id5tical ) be+ lov$ itself4 ,to sum up1 !n1 we see no reason to suppose t 'self-love' is prim>ily1 or second>ily1 or ev]1 love = "o's m]e pr9ciple ( consci\s id5tity4 ,x is always love = some?+ :i*1 z comp>$ ) t pr9ciple1 is sup]ficial1 transi5t1 liable to be tak5 up or dropp$ at w4 ,& zoological psy*ology aga9 comes to ! aid ( our und]/&+ & %[s u t ?is mu/ ne$s be s4 ,9 fact1 9 answ]+ ! "q :at ?+s x is t a man loves 9 8 self-love1 we h implicitly answ]$ ! f>!r "q1 ( :y he loves !m4 ,unless 8 consci\sness 7 some?+ m ?an cognitive1 unless x exp]i5c$ a p>tiality = c]ta9 ( ! objects1 :i*1 9 succession1 occupy its k51 x c\ld n long ma9ta9 itself 9 exi/5ce2 =1 by an inscrutable necessity1 ea* human m9d's appe>ance on ?is e>? is condition$ ^u ! integrity ( ! body ) :i* x belongs1 ^u ! treatm5t :i* t body gets f o!rs1 & ^u ! spiritual dispositions :i* use x z _! tool1 & lead x ei!r t[>ds longevity or to de/ruction4 ,its own body1 !n1 fir/ ( all1 its fri5ds next1 & f9ally its spiritual dispositions1 ,,mu/ be ! supremely int]e/+ ,,objects = ea* human m9d4 ,ea* m9d1 to beg9 )1 mu/ h a c]ta9 m9imum ( selfi%ness 9 ! %ape ( in/9cts ( bodily self-seek+ 9 ord] to exi/4 ,?is m9imum mu/ be !re z a basis = all f>!r consci\s acts1 :e!r ( self-negation or ( a selfi%ness m subtle /ill4 ,all m9ds mu/ h come1 by ! way ( ! survival ( ! fitte/1 if by no direct] pa?1 to take an int5se int]e/ 9 ! bodies to :i* !y are yok$1 altoge!r ap>t f any int]e/ 9 ! pure ,ego :i* !y also possess4 ,& simil>ly ) ! images ( _! p]son 9 ! m9ds ( o!rs4 ,i %\ld n be extant n[ _h ,i n become s5sitive to looks ( approval or disapproval on ! faces among :i* my life is ca/4 ,looks ( contempt ca/ on o!r p]sons ne$ affect me 9 no su* peculi> way4 ,7 my m5tal life dep5d5t exclusively on "s o!r p]son's welf>e1 ei!r directly or 9 an indirect way1 !n natural selection w\ld unque/ionably h br\ght x ab\t t ,i %\ld be z s5sitive to ! social vicissitudes ( t o!r p]son z ,i n[ am to my own4 ,in/ead ( be+ egoi/ic ,i %\ld be spontane\sly altrui/ic1 !n4 ,b 9 ?is case1 only p>tially realiz$ 9 actual human conditions1 ?\gh ! self ,i empirically love w\ld h *ang$1 my pure ,ego or ,?9k] w\ld h to rema9 j :at x is n[4 ,my spiritual p[]s1 aga91 mu/ int]e/ me m ?an ^? ( o!r p1 & = ! same reason4 ,i %\ld n be "h at all unless ,i _h cultivat$ !m & kept !m f decay4 ,& ! same law :i* made me once c>e = !m makes me c>e = !m /ill4 ,my own body & :at m9i/]s to its ne$s are ?us ! primitive object1 in/9ctively det]m9$1 ( my egoi/ic int]e/s4 ,o!r objects may become int]e/+ d]ivatively ?r\gh association ) any ( ^! ?+s1 ei!r z means or z habitual concomitants2 & s 9 a ?\s& ways ! primitive sph]e ( ! egoi/ic emotions may enl>ge & *ange its b\nd>ies4 ,?is sort ( int]e/ is really ! mean+ ( ! ^w 'my4' ,:atev] has x is eo ipso a "p ( me4 ,my *ild1 my fri5d dies1 & :]e he goes ,i feel t "p ( myself n[ is & ev]more %all be3 ,= ?is los+ is true dy+2 ,?is is lordly man's d[n-ly+2 ,?is 8 sl[ b sure recl9+1 ,/> by /> 8 _w resign+4 ,! fact rema9s1 h[ev]1 t c]ta9 special sorts ( ?+ t5d primordially to possess ?is int]e/1 & =m ! natural me4 ,b all ^! ?+s are objects1 prop]ly s call$1 to ! subject :i* does ! ?9k+4#bfi ,& ?is latt] fact upsets at once ! dictum ( ! old-fa%ion$ s5sationali/ psy*ology1 t altrui/ic passions & int]e/s are contradictory to ! nature ( ?+s1 & t if !y appe> any:]e to exi/1 x mu/ be z second>y products1 resolvable at bottom into cases ( selfi%ness1 taught by exp]i5ce a hypocritical disguise4 ,if ! zoological & evolution>y po9t ( view is ! true "o1 !re is no reason :y any object :atev] might n ar\se passion & int]e/ z primitively & in/9ctively z any o!r1 :e!r connect$ or n ) ! int]e/s ( ! me4 ,! ph5om5on ( passion is 9 orig9 & ess5ce ! same1 :atev] be ! t>get ^u :i* x is dis*>g$2 & :at ! t>get actually happ5s to be is solely a "q ( fact4 ,i might conceivably be z mu* fasc9at$1 & z primitively s1 by ! c>e ( my neighbor's body z by ! c>e ( my own4 ,! only *eck to su* exub]ant altrui/ic int]e/s is natural selection1 :i* w\ld we$ out su* z 7 v h>mful to ! individual or to 8 tribe4 ,_m su* int]e/s1 h[ev]1 rema9 unwe$$ out--! int]e/ 9 ! opposite sex1 = example1 :i* seems 9 mank9d /rong] ?an is call$ = by its utilit>ian ne$2 & alongside ( !m rema9 int]e/s1 l t 9 alcoholic intoxication1 or 9 musical s\nds1 :i*1 = aught we c see1 are )\t any utility :atev]4 ,! sympa!tic in/9cts & ! egoi/ic ones are ?us co-ord9ate4 ,!y arise1 s f> z we c tell1 on ! same psy*ologic level4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m is1 t ! in/9cts call$ egoi/ic =m mu* ! l>g] mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! only au?or :om ,i "k to h discuss$ ! "q :e!r ! 'pure ,ego1' p] se1 c be an object ( reg>d1 is ,h]r ,horwicz1 9 8 extremely able & acute ,psy*ologis*e ,analys54 ,he too says t all self-reg>d is reg>d = c]ta9 objective ?+s4 ,he disposes s well ( "o k9d ( objection t ,i mu/ conclude by quot+ a "p ( 8 own words3 ,fir/1 ! objection3 ,! fact is indubitable t "o's own *ildr5 always pass = ! prettie/ & brighte/1 ! w9e f "o's own cell> = ! be/--at lea/ = its price1--"o's own h\se & horses = ! f9e/4 ,) :at t5d] admiration d we con ov] our own little de$ ( b5evol5ce6 our own frailties & misdemeanors1 h[ ready we are to acquit ourselves = !m1 :5 we notice !m at all1 on ! gr\nd ( 'ext5uat+ circum/ances'6 ,h[ mu* m really comic are our own jokes ?an ^? ( o!rs1 :i*1 unlike ours1 w n be> be+ repeat$ t5 or twelve times ov]6 ,h[ eloqu5t1 /rik+1 p[]ful1 our own spee*es are6 ,h[ appropriate our own address6 ,9 %ort1 h[ mu* m intellig5t1 s\lful1 bett]1 is ev]y?+ ab\t u ?an 9 anyone else4 ,! sad *apt] ( arti/s' & au?ors' conceit & vanity belongs "h4 ,! preval5ce ( ?is obvi\s pref]5ce :i* we feel = ev]y?+ ( our own is inde$ /rik+4 ,does x n look z if our de> ,ego mu/ fir/ l5d its color & flavor to any?+ 9 ord] to make x please u8444 ,is x n ! simple/ explanation = all ^! ph5om5a1 s consi/5t among !mselves1 to suppose t ! ,ego1 ! self1 :i* =ms ! orig9 & c5tre ( our ?9k+ life1 is at ! same "t ! orig9al & c5tral object ( our life ( feel+1 & ! gr\nd bo? ( :atev] special ideas & ( :atev] special feel+s ensue8 ,h]r ,horwicz goes on to ref] to :at we h already notic$1 t v>i\s ?+s :i* disgu/ u 9 o!rs d n disgu/ u at all 9 ourselves4 ,to mo/ ( u ev5 ! bodily w>m? ( ano!r1 = example ! *air w>m f ano!r's sitt+1 is felt unpleasantly1 :]eas !re is no?+ disagreeable 9 ! w>m? ( ! *air 9 :i* we h be5 sitt+ ourselves4 ,aft] "s fur!r rem>ks1 he replies to ^! facts & reason+s z foll[s2 ,we may ) confid5ce affirm t our own possessions 9 mo/ cases please u bett] n because !y are ours1 b simply because we "k !m bett]1 'realize' !m m intimately1 feel !m m deeply4 ,we le>n to appreciate :at is ours 9 all its details & %ad+s1 :il/ ! goods ( o!rs appe> to u 9 co>se outl9es & rude av]ages4 ,"h are "s examples3 ,a piece ( music :i* "o plays "o's self is he>d & und]/ood bett] ?an :5 x is play$ by ano!r4 ,we get m exactly all ! details1 p5etrate m deeply into ! musical ?\ght4 ,we may mean:ile p]ceive p]fectly well t ! o!r p]son is ! bett] p]=m]1 & yet nev]!less--at times--get m enjoym5t f our own play+ because x br+s ! melody & h>mony s mu* ne>] home to u4 ,?is case may almo/ be tak5 z typical = ! o!r cases ( self-love4 ,on close exam9ation1 we %all almo/ always f9d t a great "p ( our feel+ ab\t :at is ours is due to ! fact t we live clos] to our own ?+s1 & s feel !m m ?or\ghly & deeply4 ,z a fri5d ( m9e 0 ab\t to m>ry1 he (t5 bor$ me by ! repeat$ & m9ute way 9 :i* he w\ld discuss ! details ( 8 new h\sehold arrangem5ts4 ,i wond]$ t s intellectual a man %\ld be s deeply int]e/$ 9 ?+s ( s ext]nal a nature4 ,b z ,i ent]$1 a few ye>s lat]1 ! same condition myself1 ^! matt]s acquir$ = me an entirely diff]5t int]e/1 & x became my turn to turn !m ov] & talk ( !m unceas+ly4444 ,! reason 0 simply ?is1 t 9 ! fir/ in/ance ,i und]/ood no?+ ( ^! ?+s & _! importance = dome/ic com=t1 :il/ 9 ! latt] ease !y came home to me ) irresi/ible urg5cy1 & vividly took possession ( my fancy4 ,s x is ) _m a "o :o mocks at decorations & titles1 until he ga9s "o himself4 ,& ?is is also surely ! reason :y "o's own portrait or reflection 9 ! mirror is s peculi>ly int]e/+ a ?+ to contemplate 444 n on acc\nt ( any absolute 'c'e/ moi1' b j z ) ! music play$ by ourselves4 ,:at greets our eyes is :at we "k be/1 mo/ deeply und]/&2 because we ourselves h felt x & liv$ ?r\gh x4 ,we "k :at has pl\gh$ ^! furr[s1 deep5$ ^! %ad[s1 blan*$ ?is hair2 & o!r faces may be h&som]1 b none c speak to u or int]e/ u l ?is4#bgj ,moreov]1 ?is au?or goes on to %[ t our own ?+s are full] = u ?an ^? ( o!rs because ( ! memories !y awak5 & ! practical hopes & expectations !y ar\se4 ,?is alone w\ld emphasize !m1 ap>t f any value d]iv$ f _! belong+ to ourselves4 ,we may conclude ) him1 !n1 t an orig9al c5tral self-feel+ c nev] expla9 ! passionate w>m? ( our self-reg>d+ emotions1 :i* mu/1 on ! contr>y1 be address$ directly to special ?+s less ab/ract & empty ( cont5t4 ,to ^! ?+s ! "n ( 'self' may be giv51 or to our conduct t[>ds !m ! "n ( 'selfi%ness1' b nei!r 9 ! self nor ! selfi%ness does ! pure ,?9k] play ! 'title-role4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,only "o m po9t connect$ ) our self-reg>d ne$ be m5tion$4 ,we h spok5 ( x s f> z active in/9ct or emotion4 ,x rema9s to speak ( x z cold intellectual self-e/imation4 ,we may weigh our own ,me 9 ! balance ( praise & blame z easily z we weigh o!r p1--?\gh ) difficulty q z fairly4 ,! j man is ! "o :o c weigh himself imp>tially4 ,imp>tial weigh+ presupposes a r>e faculty ( ab/raction f ! vividness ) :i*1 z ,h]r ,horwicz has po9t$ out1 ?+s kn[n z intimately z our own possessions & p]=mances appeal to our imag9ation2 & an equally r>e p[] ( vividly repres5t+ ! affairs ( o!rs4 ,b1 grant+ ^! r>e p[]s1 !re is no reason :y a man %\ld n pass judgm5t on himself q z objectively & well z on anyone else4 ,no matt] h[ he feels ab\t himself1 unduly elat$ or unduly depress$1 he may /ill truly "k 8 own wor? by measur+ x by ! outw>d /&>d he applies to o!r m51 & c\nt]act ! inju/ice ( ! feel+ he _c :olly escape4 ,?is self-measur+ process has no?+ to d ) ! in/9ctive self-reg>d we h hi!rto be5 deal+ )4 ,be+ m]ely "o application ( intellectual comp>ison1 x ne$ no long] deta9 u "h4 ,please note aga91 h[ev]1 h[ ! pure ,ego appe>s m]ely z ! vehicle 9 :i* ! e/imation is c>ri$ on1 ! objects e/imat$ be+ all ( !m facts ( an empirical sort1#bga "o's body1 "o's cr$it1 "o' fame1 "o's intellectual ability1 "o's goodness1 or :atev] ! case may be4 ,! empirical life ( ,self is divid$1 z bel[1 into ,,mat]ial4 ,,social4 ,,spiritual4 ,,self- ,bodily ,appetites ,desire to please1 be ,intellectual1 ,moral ,,seek+4 & ,in/9cts notic$1 admir$1 etc4 & ,religi\s ,love ( ,adornm5t1 ,sociability1 ,emulation1 ,aspiration1 ,fopp]y1 ,envy1 ,love1 ,consci5ti\sness4 ,acquisitiv5ess1 ,pursuit ( ,honor1 ,con/ructiv5ess1 ,ambition1 etc4 ,love ( ,home1 etc4 ,,self- ,p]sonal ,vanity1 ,social & ,family ,s5se ( ,moral or ,,e/imation4 ,mode/y1 etc4 ,pride1 ,va+lory1 ,m5tal ,sup]iority1 ,pride ( ,weal?1 ,snobb]y1 ,humility1 ,purity1 etc4 ,fe> ( ,pov]ty ,%ame1 etc4 ,s5se ( ,inf]iority or ( ,guilt ,,! ,,pure ,,ego4 ,hav+ summ$ up 9 ! above table ! pr9cipal results ( ! *apt] ?us f>1 ,i h said all t ne$ be said ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! ph5om5al self1 & ( ! nature ( self-reg>d4 ,our decks are consequ5tly cle>$ = ! /ruggle ) t pure pr9ciple ( p]sonal id5tity :i* has met u all along our prelim9>y exposition1 b :i* we h always %i$ f & treat$ z a difficulty to be po/pon$4 ,ev] s9ce ,hume's "t1 x has be5 ju/ly reg>d$ z ! mo/ puzzl+ puzzle ) :i* psy*ology has to deal2 & :atev] view "o may esp\se1 "o has to hold 8 position aga9/ heavy odds4 ,if1 ) ! ,spirituali/s1 "o cont5d = a sub/antial s\l1 or transc5d5tal pr9ciple ( unity1 "o c give no positive acc\nt ( :at t may be4 ,& if1 ) ! ,humians1 "o d5y su* a pr9ciple & say t ! /ream ( pass+ ?\ghts is all1 "o runs aga9/ ! entire common-s5se ( mank9d1 ( :i* ! belief 9 a di/9ct pr9ciple ( selfhood seems an integral "p4 ,:atev] solution be adopt$ 9 ! pages to come1 we may z well make up our m9ds 9 advance t x w fail to satisfy ! majority ( ^? to :om x is address$4 ,! be/ way ( approa*+ ! matt] w be to take up fir/-- ,! ,s5se ( ,p]sonal ,id5tity4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] x 0 /at$ 9 z radical a way z possible t ! ?\ghts :i* we actually "k to exi/ d n fly ab\t loose1 b seem ea* to belong to "s "o ?9k] & n to ano!r4 ,ea* ?\ght1 out ( a multitude ( o!r ?\ghts ( :i* x may ?9k1 is able to di/+ui% ^? :i* belong to its own ,ego f ^? :i* d n4 ,! =m] h a w>m? & intimacy ab\t !m ( :i* ! latt] are completely devoid1 be+ m]ely conceiv$1 9 a cold & =eign fa%ion1 & n appe>+ z blood-relatives1 br++ _! greet+s to u f out ( ! pa/4 ,n[ ?is consci\sness ( p]sonal sam5ess may be treat$ ei!r z a subjective ph5om5on or z an objective deliv]ance1 z a feel+1 or z a tru?4 ,we may expla9 h[ "o bit ( ?\ght c come to judge o!r bits to belong to ! same ,ego ) itself2 or we may criticise its judgm5t & decide h[ f> x may tally ) ! nature ( ?+s4 ,z a m]e subjective ph5om5on ! judgm5t pres5ts no difficulty or my/]y peculi> to itself4 ,x belongs to ! great class ( judgm5ts ( sam5ess2 & !re is no?+ m rem>kable 9 mak+ a judgm5t ( sam5ess 9 ! fir/ p]son ?an 9 ! second or ! ?ird4 ,! intellectual op]ations seem ess5tially alike1 :e!r ,i say ',i am ! same1' or :e!r ,i say '! p5 is ! same1 z ye/]day4' ,x is z easy to ?9k ?is z to ?9k ! opposite & say 'nei!r ,i nor ! p5 is ! same4' ,?is sort ( br++ ( ?+s toge!r into ! object ( a s+le judgm5t is ( c\rse ess5tial to all ?9k+4 ,! ?+s are conjo9$ 9 ! ?\ght1 :atev] may be ! relation 9 :i* !y appe> to ! ?\ght4 ,! ?9k+ !m is ?9k+ !m toge!r1 ev5 if only ) ! result ( judg+ t !y d n belong toge!r4 ,?is sort ( subjective syn!sis1 ess5tial to k z su* 7:5ev] x has a complex object71 mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) objective syn!sis or union in/ead ( diff]5ce or disconnection1 kn[n among ! ?+s4#bgb ,! subjective syn!sis !sis is involv$ 9 ?\ght's m]e exi/5ce4 ,ev5 a really disconnect$ _w c\ld only be kn[n to be su* by hav+ its p>ts tempor>ily unit$ 9 ! ,object ( "s pulse ( consci\sness4#bgc ,! s5se ( p]sonal id5tity is n1 !n1 ?is m]e syn!tic =m ess5tial to all ?\ght4 ,x is ! s5se ( a sam5ess p]ceiv$ by ?\ght & pr$icat$ ( ?+s ?\ght-ab\t4 ,^! ?+s are a pres5t self & a self ( ye/]day4 ,! ?\ght n only ?9ks !m bo?1 b ?9ks t !y are id5tical4 ,! psy*ologi/1 look+ on & play+ ! critic1 might prove ! ?\ght wrong1 & %[ !re 0 no real id5tity1--!re might h be5 no ye/]day1 or1 at any rate1 no self ( ye/]day2 or1 if !re 71 ! sam5ess pr$icat$ might n obta91 or might be pr$icat$ on insuffici5t gr\nds4 ,9 ei!r case ! p]sonal id5tity w\ld n exi/ z a fact2 b x w\ld exi/ z a feel+ all ! same2 ! consci\sness ( x by ! ?\ght w\ld be !re1 & ! psy*ologi/ w\ld /ill h to analyze t1 & %[ :]e its illusor9ess lay4 ,let u n[ be ! psy*ologi/ & see :e!r x be "r or wrong :5 x says1 ,i am ! same self t ,i 0 ye/]day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we may imm$iately call x "r & intelligible s f> z x posits a pa/ "t ) pa/ ?\ghts or selves conta9$ !re9--^! 7 data :i* we assum$ at ! outset ( ! book4 ,"r also & intelligible s f> z x ?9ks ( a pres5t self--t pres5t self we h j /udi$ 9 its v>i\s =ms4 ,! only "q = u is z to :at ! consci\sness may mean :5 x calls ! pres5t self ! same ) "o ( ! pa/ selves :i* x has 9 m9d4 ,we spoke a mom5t s9ce ( w>m? & intimacy4 ,?is leads u to ! answ] s\ght4 ,=1 :atev] ! ?\ght we are criticis+ may ?9k ab\t its pres5t self1 t self comes to its acqua9tance1 or is actually felt1 ) w>m? & intimacy4 ,( c\rse ?is is ! case ) ! bodily "p ( x2 we feel ! :ole cubic mass ( our body all ! :ile1 x gives u an unceas+ s5se ( p]sonal exi/5ce4 ,equally d we feel ! inn] 'nucleus ( ! spiritual self1' ei!r 9 ! %ape ( yon fa9t physiological adju/m5ts1 or 7adopt+ ! univ]sal psy*ological belief71 9 t ( ! pure activity ( our ?\ght tak+ place z su*4 ,our remot] spiritual1 mat]ial1 & social selves1 s f> z !y are realiz$1 come also ) a gl[ & a w>m?2 = ! ?\ght ( !m infallibly br+s "s degree ( organic emotion 9 ! %ape ( quick5$ he>t-beats1 oppress$ brea?+1 or "s o!r alt]ation1 ev5 ?\gh x be a slight "o1 9 ! g5]al bodily tone4 ,! "* ( 'w>m?1' !n1 9 ! pres5t self1 r$uces itself to ei!r ( two ?+s1--some?+ 9 ! feel+ :i* we h ( ! ?\ght itself1 z ?9k+1 or else ! feel+ ( ! body's actual exi/5ce at ! mom5t1--or f9ally to bo?4 ,we _c realize our pres5t self )\t simultane\sly feel+ "o or o!r ( ^! two ?+s4 ,any o!r fact :i* br+s ^! two ?+s ) x into consci\sness w be ?\ght ) a w>m? & an intimacy l ^? :i* cl+ to ! pres5t self4 ,any di/ant self :i* fulfils ?is condition w be ?\ght ) su* w>m? & intimacy4 ,b :i* di/ant selves d fulfil ! condition1 :5 repres5t$8 ,obvi\sly ^?1 & only ^?1 :i* fulfill$ x :5 !y 7 alive4 ,!m we %all imag9e ) ! animal w>m? ^u !m1 to !m may possibly cl+ ! aroma1 ! e*o ( ! ?9k+ tak5 9 ! act4 ,& by a natural consequ5ce1 we %all assimilate !m to ea* o!r & to ! w>m & intimate self we n[ feel )9 u z we ?9k1 & sep>ate !m z a collection f :atev] selves h n ?is m>k1 mu* z out ( a h]d ( cattle let loose = ! w9t] on "s wide we/]n prairie ! own] picks out & sorts toge!r :5 ! "t = ! r\nd-up comes 9 ! spr+1 all ! bea/s on :i* he f9ds 8 own p>ticul> br&4 ,! v>i\s memb]s ( ! collection ?us set ap>t are felt to belong ) ea* o!r :5ev] !y are ?\ght at all4 ,! animal w>m?1 etc41 is _! h]d-m>k1 ! br& f :i* !y c nev] m escape4 ,x runs ?r\gh !m all l a ?read ?r\gh a *aplet & makes !m into a :ole1 :i* we treat z a unit1 no matt] h[ mu* 9 o!r ways ! p>ts may diff] int] se4 ,add to ?is "* ! f>!r "o t ! di/ant selves appe> to our ?\ght z hav+ = h\rs ( "t be5 cont9u\s ) ea* o!r1 & ! mo/ rec5t ones ( !m cont9u\s ) ! ,self ( ! pres5t mom5t1 melt+ into x by sl[ degrees2 & we get a /ill /rong] bond ( union4 ,z we ?9k we see an id5tical bodily ?+ :51 9 spite ( *anges ( /ructure1 x exi/s cont9u\sly be=e our eyes1 or :51 h[ev] int]rupt$ its pres5ce1 its quality returns un*ang$2 s "h we ?9k we exp]i5ce an id5tical ,self :5 x appe>s to u 9 an analog\s way4 ,cont9uity makes u unite :at dissimil>ity might o!rwise sep>ate2 simil>ity makes u unite :at discont9uity might hold ap>t4 ,& ?us x is1 f9ally1 t ,pet]1 awak5+ 9 ! same b$ ) ,paul1 & recall+ :at bo? _h 9 m9d be=e !y w5t to sleep1 reid5tifies & appropriates ! 'w>m' ideas z 81 & is nev] tempt$ to confuse !m ) ^? cold & pale-appe>+ ones :i* he ascribes to ,paul4 ,z well might he conf\nd ,paul's body1 :i* he only sees1 ) 8 own body1 :i* he sees b also feels4 ,ea* ( u :5 he awak5s says1 ,"h's ! same old self aga91 j z he says1 ,"h's ! same old b$1 ! same old room1 ! came old _w4 ,! s5se ( our own p]sonal id5tity1 !n1 is exactly l any "o ( our o!r p]ceptions ( sam5ess among ph5om5a4 ,x is a conclusion gr\nd$ ei!r on ! resemblance 9 a fundam5tal respect2 or on ! cont9uity be=e ! m9d1 ( ! ph5om5a comp>$4 ,& x mu/ n be tak5 to mean m ?an ^! gr\nds w>rant1 or treat$ z a sort ( metaphysical or absolute ,unity 9 :i* all diff]5ces are ov]:elm$4 ,! pa/ & pres5t selves comp>$ are ! same j s f> z !y are ! same1 & no f>!r4 ,a uni=m feel+ ( 'w>m?1' ( bodily exi/5ce 7or an equally uni=m feel+ ( pure psy*ic en]gy87 p]vades !m all2 & ?is is :at gives !m a g5]ic unity1 & makes !m ! same 9 k9d4 ,b ?is g5]ic unity coexi/s ) g5]ic diff]5ces j z real z ! unity4 ,& if f ! "o po9t ( view !y are "o self1 f o!rs !y are z truly n "o b _m selves4 ,& simil>ly ( ! attribute ( cont9uity2 x gives its own k9d ( unity to ! self--t ( m]e connect$ness1 or unbrok5ness1 a p]fectly def9ite ph5om5al ?+--b x gives n a jot or tittle m4 ,& ?is unbrok5ness 9 ! /ream ( selves1 l ! unbrok5ness 9 an exhibition ( 'dissolv+ views1' 9 no wise implies any f>!r unity or contradicts any am\nt ( plurality 9 o!r respects4 ,& accord+ly we f9d t1 :]e ! resemblance & ! cont9uity are no long] felt1 ! s5se ( p]sonal id5tity goes too4 ,we he> f our p>5ts v>i\s anecdotes ab\t our infant ye>s1 b we d n appropriate !m z we d our own memories4 ,^? brea*es ( decorum awak5 no blu%1 ^? bright say+s no self-complac5cy4 ,t *ild is a =eign creature ) :i* our pres5t self is no m id5tifi$ 9 feel+ ?an x is ) "s /rang]'s liv+ *ild to-day4 ,:y8 ,p>tly because great "t-gaps break up all ^! e>ly ye>s--we _c asc5d to !m by cont9u\s memories2 & p>tly because no repres5tation ( h[ ! *ild felt comes up ) ! /ories4 ,we "k :at he said & did2 b no s5tim5t ( 8 little body1 ( 8 emotions1 ( 8 psy*ic /riv+s z !y felt to him1 comes up to contribute an elem5t ( w>m? & intimacy to ! n>rative we he>1 & ! ma9 bond ( union ) our pres5t self ?us disappe>s4 ,x is ! same ) c]ta9 ( our dimly-recollect$ exp]i5ces4 ,we h>dly "k :e!r to appropriate !m or to dis[n !m z fancies1 or ?+s read or he>d & n liv$ ?r\gh4 ,_! animal heat has evaporat$2 ! feel+s t accompani$ !m are s lack+ 9 ! recall1 or s diff]5t f ^? we n[ enjoy1 t no judgm5t ( id5tity c be decisively ca/4 ,resemblance among ! p>ts ( a cont9uum ( feel+s 7especially bodily feel+s7 exp]i5c$ along ) ?+s widely diff]5t 9 all o!r reg>ds1 ?us con/itutes ! real & v]ifiable 'p]sonal id5tity' :i* we feel4 ,!re is no o!r id5tity ?an ?is 9 ! '/ream' ( subjective consci\sness :i* we describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,its p>ts diff]1 b "u all _! diff]5ces !y are knit 9 ^! two ways2 & if ei!r way ( knitt+ disappe>s1 ! s5se ( unity dep>ts4 ,if a man wakes up "s f9e day unable to recall any ( 8 pa/ exp]i5ces1 s t he has to le>n 8 biography afre%1 or if he only recalls ! facts ( x 9 a cold ab/ract way z ?+s t he is sure once happ5$2 or if1 )\t ?is loss ( memory1 8 bodily & spiritual habits all *ange dur+ ! night1 ea* organ giv+ a diff]5t tone1 & ! act ( ?\ght becom+ aw>e ( itself 9 a diff]5t way2 he feels1 & he says1 t he is a *ang$ p]son4 ,he dis[ns 8 =m] me1 gives himself a new "n1 id5tifies 8 pres5t life ) no?+ f out ( ! old] "t4 ,su* cases are n r>e 9 m5tal pa?ology2 b1 z we /ill h "s reason+ to d1 we _h bett] give no concrete acc\nt ( !m until ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,?is description ( p]sonal id5tity w be recogniz$ by ! in/ruct$ read] z ! ord9>y doctr9e pr(ess$ by ! empirical s*ool4 ,associationi/s 9 ,engl& & ,france1 ,h]b>tians 9 ,g]many1 all describe ! ,self z an aggregate ( :i* ea* "p1 z to its be+1 is a sep>ate fact4 ,s f> s good1 !n2 ?us mu* is true :atev] f>!r ?+s may be true2 & x is to ! imp]i%able glory ( ,hume & ,h]b>t & _! successors to h tak5 s mu* ( ! mean+ ( p]sonal id5tity out ( ! cl\ds & made ( ! ,self an empirical & v]ifiable ?+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b 9 leav+ ! matt] "h1 & say+ t ?is sum ( pass+ ?+s is all1 ^! writ]s h neglect$ c]ta9 m subtle aspects ( ! ,unity ( ,consci\sness1 to :i* we next mu/ turn4 ,our rec5t simile ( ! h]d ( cattle w help u4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! bea/s 7 br\ght toge!r into "o h]d because _! own] f\nd on ea* ( !m 8 br&4 ,! 'own]' symbolizes "h t 'section' ( consci\sness1 or pulse ( ?\ght1 :i* we h all along repres5t$ z ! vehicle ( ! judgm5t ( id5tity2 & ! 'br&' symbolizes ! *>act]s ( w>m? & cont9uity1 by reason ( :i* ! judgm5t is made4 ,!re is f\nd a self-br&1 j z !re is f\nd a h]d-br&4 ,ea* br&1 s f>1 is ! m>k1 or cause ( our kn[+1 t c]ta9 ?+s belong-toge!r4 ,b if ! br& is ! ratio cognosc5di ( ! belong+1 ! belong+1 9 ! case ( ! h]d1 is 9 turn ! ratio exi/5di ( ! br&4 ,no bea/ w\ld be s br&$ unless he belong$ to ! own] ( ! h]d4 ,!y are n 8 because !y are br&$2 !y are br&$ because !y are 84 ,s t x seems z if our description ( ! belong+-toge!r ( ! v>i\s selves1 z a belong+-toge!r :i* is m]ely repres5t$1 9 a lat] pulse ( ?\ght1 _h knock$ ! bottom out ( ! matt]1 & omitt$ ! mo/ *>act]i/ic "o ( all ! features f\nd 9 ! h]d--a feature :i* common-s5se f9ds 9 ! ph5om5on ( p]sonal id5tity z well1 & = our omission ( :i* %e w hold u to a /rict acc\nt4 ,= common-s5se insi/s t ! unity ( all ! selves is n a m]e appe>ance ( simil>ity or cont9uity1 asc]ta9$ aft] ! fact4 ,%e is sure t x involves a real belong+ to a real ,own]1 to a pure spiritual entity ( "s k9d4 ,relation to ?is entity is :at makes ! self's con/itu5ts /ick toge!r z !y d = ?\ght4 ,! individual bea/s d n /ick toge!r1 = all t !y we> ! same br&4 ,ea* w&]s ) :atev] accid5tal mates x f9ds4 ,! h]d's unity is only pot5tial1 its c5tre ideal1 l ! 'c5tre ( gravity' 9 physics1 until ! h]dsman or own] comes4 ,he furni%es a real c5tre ( accretion to :i* ! bea/s are driv5 & by :i* !y are held4 ,! bea/s /ick toge!r by /ick+ sev]ally to him4 ,j s1 common-s5se insi/s1 !re mu/ be a real proprietor 9 ! case ( ! selves1 or else _! actual accretion into a 'p]sonal consci\sness' w\ld nev] h tak5 place4 ,to ! usual empirici/ explanation ( p]sonal consci\sness ?is is a =midable repro(1 because all ! individual ?\ghts & feel+s :i* h succe$$ ea* o!r 'up to date' are repres5t$ by ord9>y ,associationism z 9 "s inscrutable way 'integrat+' or gumm+ !mselves toge!r on _! own acc\nt1 & ?us fus+ into a /ream4 ,all ! incompreh5sibilities :i* 9 ,*apt] ,,vi we saw to atta* to ! idea ( ?+s fus+ )\t a m$ium apply to ! empirici/ description ( p]sonal id5tity4 ,b 9 our own acc\nt ! m$ium is fully assign$1 ! h]dsman is !re1 9 ! %ape ( some?+ n among ! ?+s collect$1 b sup]ior to !m all1 namely1 ! real1 pres5t onlook+1 rememb]+1 'judg+ ?\ght' or id5tify+ 'section' ( ! /ream4 ,?is is :at collects1--'owns' "s ( ! pa/ facts :i* x surveys1 & dis[ns ! re/1--& s makes a unity t is actualiz$ & an*or$ & does n m]ely float 9 ! blue air ( possibility4 ,& ! reality ( su* pulses ( ?\ght1 ) _! function ( kn[+1 x w be rememb]$ t we did n seek to d$uce or expla91 b simply assum$ !m z ! ultimate k9d ( fact t ! psy*ologi/ mu/ admit to exi/4 ,b ?is assumption1 ?\gh x yields mu*1 /ill does n yield all t common-s5se dem&s4 ,! unity into :i* ! ,?\ght--z ,i %all = a "t proce$ to call1 ) a capital ,t1 ! pres5t m5tal /ate--b9ds ! individual pa/ facts ) ea* o!r & ) itself1 does n exi/ until ! ,?\ght is !re4 ,x is z if wild cattle 7 lasso$ by a newly-creat$ settl] & !n own$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,b ! ess5ce ( ! matt] to common-s5se is t ! pa/ ?\ghts nev] 7 wild cattle1 !y 7 always own$4 ,! ,?\ght does n capture !m1 b z soon z x comes into exi/5ce x f9ds !m already its own4 ,h[ is ?is possible unless ! ,?\ght h a sub/antial id5tity ) a =m] own]1--n a m]e cont9uity or a resemblance1 z 9 our acc\nt1 b a real unity8 ,common-s5se 9 fact w\ld drive u to admit :at we may = ! mom5t call an ,ar*-,ego1 dom9at+ ! entire /ream ( ?\ght & all ! selves t may be repres5t$ 9 x1 z ! ev] self-same & *angeless pr9ciple impli$ 9 _! union4 ,! ',s\l' ( ,metaphysics & ! ',transc5d5tal ,ego' ( ! ,kantian ,philosophy1 are1 z we %all soon see1 b attempts to satisfy ?is urg5t dem& ( common-s5se4 ,b1 = a "t at lea/1 we c /ill express )\t any su* hypo!ses t appe>ance ( nev]-laps+ own]%ip = :i* common-s5se cont5ds4 ,= h[ w\ld x be if ! ,?\ght1 ! pres5t judg+ ,?\ght1 in/ead ( be+ 9 any way sub/antially or transc5d5tally id5tical ) ! =m] own] ( ! pa/ self1 m]ely inh]it$ 8 'title1' & ?us /ood z 8 legal repres5tative n[8 ,x w\ld !n1 if its bir? co9cid$ exactly ) ! dea? ( ano!r own]1 f9d ! pa/ self already its own z soon z x f\nd x at all1 & ! pa/ self w\ld ?us nev] be wild1 b always own$1 by a title t nev] laps$4 ,we c imag9e a long succession ( h]dsm5 com+ rapidly into possession ( ! same cattle by transmission ( an orig9al title by beque/4 ,may n ! 'title' ( a collective self be pass$ f "o ,?\ght to ano!r 9 "s analog\s way8 ,x is a pat5t fact ( consci\sness t a transmission l ?is actually occurs4 ,ea* pulse ( cognitive consci\sness1 ea* ,?\ght1 dies away & is replac$ by ano!r4 ,! o!r1 among ! ?+s x kn[s1 kn[s its own pr$ecessor1 & f9d+ x 'w>m1' 9 ! way we h describ$1 greets x1 say+3 ,?\ art m9e1 & "p ( ! same self ) me4 ,ea* lat] ,?\ght1 kn[+ & includ+ ?us ! ,?\ghts :i* w5t be=e1 is ! f9al receptacle--& appropriat+ !m is ! f9al own]--( all t !y conta9 & own4 ,ea* ,?\ght is ?us born an own]1 & dies own$1 transmitt+ :atev] x realiz$ z its ,self to its own lat] proprietor4 ,z ,kant says1 x is z if ela/ic balls 7 to h n only motion b k ( x1 & a fir/ ball 7 to transmit bo? its motion & its consci\sness to a second1 :i* took bo? up into its consci\sness & pass$ !m to a ?ird1 until ! la/ ball held all t ! o!r balls _h held1 & realiz$ x z its own4 ,x is ?is trick :i* ! nasc5t ?\ght has ( imm$iately tak+ up ! expir+ ?\ght & 'adopt+' x1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( ! appropriation ( mo/ ( ! remot] con/itu5ts ( ! self4 ,:o owns ! la/ self owns ! self be=e ! la/1 = :at possesses ! possessor possesses ! possess$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is impossible to discov] any v]ifiable features 9 p]sonal id5tity1 :i* ?is sket* does n conta91 impossible to imag9e h[ any transc5d5t non-ph5om5al sort ( an ,ar*-,ego1 7 he !re1 c\ld %ape matt]s to any o!r result1 or be kn[n 9 "t by any o!r fruit1 ?an j ?is production ( a /ream ( consci\sness ea* 'section' ( :i* %\ld "k1 & kn[+1 hug to itself & adopt1 all ^? t w5t be=e1--?us /&+ z ! repres5tative ( ! entire pa/ /ream2 & :i* %\ld simil>ly adopt ! objects already adopt$ by any portion ( ?is spiritual /ream4 ,su* /&+-z-repres5tative1 & su* adopt+1 are p]fectly cle> ph5om5al relations4 ,! ,?\ght :i*1 :il/ x kn[s ano!r ,?\ght & ! ,object ( t ,o!r1 appropriates ! ,o!r & ! ,object :i* ! ,o!r appropriat$1 is /ill a p]fectly di/9ct ph5om5on f t ,o!r2 x may h>dly resemble x2 x may be f> remov$ f x 9 space & "t4 ,! only po9t t is obscure is ! act ( appropriation itself4 ,already 9 enum]at+ ! con/itu5ts ( ! self & _! rivalry1 ,i _h to use ! ^w appropriate4 ,& ! quick-witt$ read] probably notic$ at ! "t1 9 he>+ h[ "o con/itu5t 0 let drop & dis[n$ & ano!r "o held fa/ to & esp\s$1 t ! phrase 0 mean+less unless ! con/itu5ts 7 objects 9 ! h&s ( some?+ else4 ,a ?+ _c appropriate itself2 x is itself2 & /ill less c x dis[n itself4 ,!re mu/ be an ag5t ( ! appropriat+ & dis[n+2 b t ag5t we h already nam$4 ,x is ! ,?\ght to :om ! v>i\s 'con/itu5ts' are kn[n4 ,t ,?\ght is a vehicle ( *oice z well z ( cognition2 & among ! *oices x makes are ^! appropriations1 or repudiations1 ( its 'own4' ,b ! ,?\ght nev] is an object 9 its own h&s1 x nev] appropriates or dis[ns itself4 ,x appropriates to itself1 x is ! actual focus ( accretion1 ! hook f :i* ! *a9 ( pa/ selves dangles1 plant$ firmly 9 ! ,pres5t1 :i* alone passes = real1 & ?us keep+ ! *a9 f be+ a purely ideal ?+4 ,anon ! hook itself w drop into ! pa/ ) all x c>ries1 & !n be treat$ z an object & appropriat$ by a new ,?\ght 9 ! new pres5t :i* w s]ve z liv+ hook 9 turn4 ,! pres5t mom5t ( consci\sness is ?us1 z ,mr4 ,hodgson says1 ! d>ke/ 9 ! :ole s]ies4 ,x may feel its own imm$iate exi/5ce--we h all along admitt$ ! possibility ( ?is1 h>d z x is by direct introspection to asc]ta9 ! fact--b no?+ c be kn[n ab\t x till x be dead & gone4 ,its appropriations are !re=e less to itself ?an to ! mo/ intimately felt "p ( its pres5t ,object1 ! body1 & ! c5tral adju/m5ts1 :i* accompany ! act ( ?9k+1 9 ! head4 ,^! are ! real nucleus ( our p]sonal id5tity1 & x is _! actual exi/5ce1 realiz$ z a solid pres5t fact1 :i* makes u say 'z sure z ,i exi/1 ^? pa/ facts 7 "p ( myself4' ,!y are ! k]nel to :i* ! repres5t$ p>ts ( ! ,self are assimilat$1 accret$1 & knit on2 & ev5 7 ,?\ght entirely unconsci\s ( itself 9 ! act ( ?9k+1 ^! 'w>m' p>ts ( its pres5t object w\ld be a firm basis on :i* ! consci\sness ( p]sonal id5tity w\ld re/4#bgd ,su* consci\sness1 !n1 z a psy*ologic fact1 c be fully describ$ )\t suppos+ any o!r ag5t ?an a succession ( p]i%+ ?\ghts1 end[$ ) ! functions ( appropriation & rejection1 & ( :i* "s c "k & appropriate or reject objects already kn[n1 appropriat$1 or reject$ by ! re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,to illu/rate by diagram1 let ,a1 ,b1 & ,c /& = ?ree successive ?\ghts1 ea* ) its object inside ( x4 ,if ,b's object be ,a1 & ,c's object be ,b2 !n ,a1 ,b1 & ,c w\ld /& = ?ree pulses 9 a consci\sness ( p]sonal id5tity4 ,ea* pulse w\ld be some?+ diff]5t f ! o!rs2 b ,b w\ld "k & adopt ,a1 & ,c w\ld "k & adopt ,a & ,b4 ,?ree successive /ates ( ! same bra91 on :i* ea* exp]i5ce 9 pass+ leaves its m>k1 might v well eng5d] ?\ghts diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 j su* a way z ?is4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pass+ ,?\ght !n seems to be ! ,?9k]2 & ?\gh !re may be ano!r non-ph5om5al ,?9k] beh9d t1 s f> we d n seem to ne$ him to express ! facts4 ,b we _c def9itively make up our m9d ab\t him until we h he>d ! reasons t h hi/orically be5 us$ to prove 8 reality4 ,,! ,,pure ,,self ,,or ,,inn] ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,p]sonal ,,unity4 ,to a brief survey ( ! !ories ( ! ,ego let u !n next proce$4 ,!y are ?ree 9 numb]1 z foll[s3 #a7 ,! ,spirituali/ !ory2 #b7 ,! ,associationi/ !ory2 #c7 ,! ,transc5d5tali/ !ory4 ,! ,!ory ( ! ,s\l4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,vi we 7 l$ ourselves to ! spirituali/ !ory ( ! ',s\l1' z a means ( escape f ! un9telligibilities ( m9d-/uff 'integrat+' ) itself1 & f ! physiological improbability ( a mat]ial monad1 ) ?\ght atta*$ to x1 9 ! bra94 ,b at ! end ( ! *apt] we said we %\ld exam9e ! ',s\l' critically 9 a lat] place1 to see :e!r x _h any o!r advantages z a !ory ov] ! simple ph5om5al notion ( a /ream ( ?\ght accompany+ a /ream ( c]ebral activity1 by a law yet unexpla9$4 ,! !ory ( ! ,s\l is ! !ory ( popul> philosophy & ( s*ola/icism1 :i* is only popul> philosophy made sy/ematic4 ,x decl>es t ! pr9ciple ( individuality )9 u mu/ be sub/antial1 = psy*ic ph5om5a are activities1 & !re c be no activity )\t a concrete ag5t4 ,?is sub/antial ag5t _c be ! bra9 b mu/ be some?+ immat]ial2 = its activity1 ?\ght1 is bo? immat]ial1 & takes cognizance ( immat]ial ?+s1 & ( mat]ial ?+s 9 g5]al & intelligible1 z well z 9 p>ticul> & s5sible ways1--all :i* p[]s are incompatible ) ! nature ( matt]1 ( :i* ! bra9 is compos$4 ,?\ght moreov] is simple1 :il/ ! activities ( ! bra9 are comp\nd$ ( ! elem5t>y activities ( ea* ( its p>ts4 ,fur!rmore1 ?\ght is spontane\s or free1 :il/ all mat]ial activity is det]m9$ ab extra2 & ! w c turn itself aga9/ all corporeal goods & appetites1 :i* w\ld be impossible 7 x a corporeal function4 ,= ^! objective reasons ! pr9ciple ( psy*ic life mu/ be bo? immat]ial & simple z well z sub/antial1 mu/ be :at is call$ a ,s\l4 ,! same consequ5ce foll[s f subjective reasons4 ,our consci\sness ( p]sonal id5tity assures u ( our ess5tial simplicity3 ! own] ( ! v>i\s con/itu5ts ( ! self1 z we h se5 !m1 ! hypo!tical ,ar*-,ego :om we provisionally conceiv$ z possible1 is a real entity ( ^: exi/5ce self-consci\sness makes u directly aw>e4 ,no mat]ial ag5t c\ld ?us turn r\nd & grasp itself--mat]ial activities always grasp some?+ else ?an ! ag5t4 ,& if a bra9 c\ld grasp itself & be self-consci\s1 x w\ld be consci\s ( itself z a bra9 & n z some?+ ( an altoge!r diff]5t k9d4 ,! ,s\l !n exi/s z a simple spiritual sub/ance 9 :i* ! v>i\s psy*ic faculties1 op]ations1 & affections inh]e4 ,if we ask :at a ,sub/ance is1 ! only answ] is t x is a self-exi/5t be+1 or "o :i* ne$s no o!r subject 9 :i* to inh]e4 ,at bottom its only positive det]m9ation is ,be+1 & ?is is some?+ ^: mean+ we all realize ev5 ?\gh we f9d x h>d to expla94 ,! ,s\l is moreov] an individual be+1 & if we ask :at t is1 we are told to look 9 ^u our ,self1 & we %all le>n by direct intuition bett] ?an ?r\gh any ab/ract reply4 ,our direct p]ception ( our own inw>d be+ is 9 fact by _m deem$ to be ! orig9al prototype out ( :i* our notion ( simple active sub/ance 9 g5]al is fa%ion$4 ,! consequ5ces ( ! simplicity & sub/antiality ( ! ,s\l are its incorruptibility & natural immortality--no?+ b ,god's direct fiat c annihilate x--& its responsibility at all times = :atev] x may h ev] done4 ,?is sub/antiali/ view ( ! s\l 0 ess5tially ! view ( ,plato & ( ,ari/otle4 ,x receiv$ its completely =mal elaboration 9 ! middle ages4 ,x 0 believ$ 9 by ,hobbes1 ,desc>tes1 ,locke1 ,leibnitz1 ,wolf1 ,b]keley1 & is n[ def5d$ by ! entire mod]n duali/ic or spirituali/ic or common-s5se s*ool4 ,kant held to x :ile d5y+ its fruitfulness z a premise = d$uc+ consequ5ces v]ifiable "h bel[4 ,kant's successors1 ! absolute ideali/s1 pr(ess to h disc>d$ x1--h[ t may be we %all inquire ere long4 ,let u make up our m9ds :at to ?9k ( x ourselves4 ,x is at all ev5ts ne$less = express+ ! actual subjective ph5om5a ( consci\sness z !y appe>4 ,we h =mulat$ !m all )\t its aid1 by ! supposition ( a /ream ( ?\ghts1 ea* sub/antially diff]5t f ! re/1 b cognitive ( ! re/ & 'appropriative' ( ea* o!r's cont5t4 ,at lea/1 if ,i h n already succe$$ 9 mak+ ?is plausible to ! read]1 ,i am hopeless ( conv9c+ him by any?+ ,i c\ld add n[4 ,! unity1 ! id5tity1 ! individuality1 & ! immat]iality t appe> 9 ! psy*ic life are ?us acc\nt$ = z ph5om5al & temporal facts exclusively1 & ) no ne$ ( ref]5ce to any m simple or sub/antial ag5t ?an ! pres5t ,?\ght or 'section' ( ! /ream4 ,we h se5 x to be s+le & unique 9 ! s5se ( hav+ no sep>able p>ts 7above1 p4 #bci ff47--p]haps t is ! only k9d ( simplicity meant to be pr$icat$ ( ! s\l4 ,! pres5t ,?\ght also has be+1--at lea/ all believ]s 9 ! ,s\l believe s--& if !re be no o!r ,be+ 9 :i* x 'inh]es1' x ought itself to be a 'sub/ance4' ,if ?is k9d ( simplicity & sub/antiality 7 all t is pr$icat$ ( ! ,s\l1 !n x might appe> t we _h be5 talk+ ( ! s\l all along1 )\t kn[+ x1 :5 we treat$ ! pres5t ,?\ght z an ag5t1 an own]1 & ! l4 ,b ! ,?\ght is a p]i%+ & n an immortal or incorruptible ?+4 ,its successors may cont9u\sly succe$ to x1 resemble x1 & appropriate x1 b !y are n x1 :]eas ! ,s\l-,sub/ance is suppos$ to be a fix$ un*ang+ ?+4 ,by ! ,s\l is always meant some?+ beh9d ! pres5t ,?\ght1 ano!r k9d ( sub/ance1 exi/+ on a non-ph5om5al plane4 ,:5 we br\ght 9 ! ,s\l at ! end ( ,*apt] ,,vi1 z an entity :i* ! v>i\s bra9-processes 7 suppos$ to affect simultane\sly1 & :i* respond$ to _! comb9$ influ5ce by s+le pulses ( its ?\ght1 x 0 to escape integrat$ m9d-/uff on ! "o h&1 & an improbable c]ebral monad on ! o!r4 ,b :5 7z n[1 aft] all we h be5 ?r\gh s9ce t e>li] passage7 we take ! two =mulations1 fir/ ( a bra9 to ^: processes pulses ( ?\ght simply correspond1 & second1 ( "o to ^: processes pulses ( ?\ght 9 a ,s\l correspond1 & comp>e !m toge!r1 we see t at bottom ! second =mulation is only a m r\ndab\t way ?an ! fir/1 ( express+ ! same bald fact4 ,t bald fact is t :5 ! bra9 acts1 a ?\ght occurs4 ,! spirituali/ic =mulation says t ! bra9-processes knock ! ?\ght1 s to speak1 out ( a ,s\l :i* /&s !re to receive _! influ5ce4 ,! simpl] =mulation says t ! ?\ght simply comes4 ,b :at positive mean+ has ! ,s\l1 :5 scrut9iz$1 b ! gr\nd ( possibility ( ! ?\ght8 ,& :at is ! 'knock+' b ! det]m9+ ( ! possibility to actuality8 ,& :at is ?is aft] all b giv+ a sort ( concret$ =m to "o's belief t ! com+ ( ! ?\ght1 :5 ! bra9-processes occur1 has "s sort ( gr\nd 9 ! nature ( ?+s8 ,if ! _w ,s\l be und]/ood m]ely to express t claim1 x is a good ^w to use4 ,b if x be held to d m1 to gratify ! claim1--= in/ance1 to connect rationally ! ?\ght :i* comes1 ) ! processes :i* occur1 & to m$iate intelligibly betwe5 _! two disp>ate natures1--!n x is an illusory t]m4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ) ! ^w ,s\l z ) ! ^w ,sub/ance 9 g5]al4 ,to say t ph5om5a inh]e 9 a ,sub/ance is at bottom only to record "o's prote/ aga9/ ! notion t ! b>e exi/5ce ( ! ph5om5a is ! total tru?4 ,a ph5om5on w\ld n itself be1 we insi/1 unless !re 7 some?+ m ?an ! ph5om5on4 ,to ! m we give ! provisional "n ( ,sub/ance4 ,s1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 we ought c]ta9ly to admit t !re is m ?an ! b>e fact ( coexi/5ce ( a pass+ ?\ght ) a pass+ bra9-/ate4 ,b we d n answ] ! "q ',:at is t m8' :5 we say t x is a ',s\l' :i* ! bra9-/ate affects4 ,?is k9d ( m expla9s no?+2 & :5 we are once try+ metaphysical explanations we are fooli% n to g z f> z we c4 ,= my own "p ,i confess t ! mom5t ,i become metaphysical & try to def9e ! m1 ,i f9d ! notion ( "s sort ( an anima mundi ?9k+ 9 all ( u to be a m promis+ hypo!sis1 9 spite ( all its difficulties1 ?an t ( a lot ( absolutely individual s\ls4 ,mean:ile1 z psy*ologi/s1 we ne$ n be metaphysical at all4 ,! ph5om5a are en\gh1 ! pass+ ,?\ght itself is ! only v]ifiable ?9k]1 & its empirical connection ) ! bra9-process is ! ultimate kn[n law4 ,to ! o!r argum5ts :i* w\ld prove ! ne$ ( a s\l1 we may also turn a deaf e>4 ,! argum5t f free-w c conv9ce only ^? :o believe 9 free-w2 & ev5 !y w h to admit t spontaneity is j z possible1 to say ! lea/1 9 a tempor>y spiritual ag5t l our ',?\ght' z 9 a p]man5t "o l ! suppos$ ,s\l4 ,! same is true ( ! argum5t f ! k9ds ( ?+s cogniz$4 ,ev5 if ! bra9 c\ld n cognize univ]sal1 immat]ials1 or its ',self1' /ill ! ',?\ght' :i* we h reli$ ^u 9 our acc\nt is n ! bra91 closely z x seems connect$ ) x2 & aft] all1 if ! bra9 c\ld cognize at all1 "o does n well see :y x might n cognize "o sort ( ?+ z well z ano!r4 ,! great difficulty is 9 see+ h[ a ?+ c cognize any?+4 ,?is difficulty is n 9 ! lea/ remov$ by giv+ to ! ?+ t cognizes ! "n ( ,s\l4 ,! ,spirituali/s d n d$uce any ( ! prop]ties ( ! m5tal life f o!rwise kn[n prop]ties ( ! s\l4 ,!y simply f9d v>i\s *>act]s ready-made 9 ! m5tal life1 & ^! !y clap into ! ,s\l1 say+1 ,lo6 behold ! s\rce f :5ce !y fl[6 ,! m]ely v]bal "* ( ?is 'explanation' is obvi\s4 ,! ,s\l invok$1 f> f mak+ ! ph5om5a m intelligible1 c only be made intelligible itself by borr[+ _! =m1--x mu/ be repres5t$1 if at all1 z a transc5d5t /ream ( consci\sness duplicat+ ! "o we "k4 ,altoge!r1 ! ,s\l is an outbir? ( t sort ( philosophiz+ ^: great maxim1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,hodgson1 is3 ,:atev] y are totally ignorant (1 ass]t to be ! explanation ( ev]y?+ else4 99 99 99 99 99 ,locke & ,kant1 :il/ /ill believ+ 9 ! s\l1 began ! "w ( und]m9+ ! notion t we "k any?+ ab\t x4 ,mo/ mod]n writ]s ( ! mitigat$ spirituali/ic1 or duali/ic philosophy--! ,scot* s*ool1 z x is (t5 call$ among u--are =w>d to proclaim ?is ignorance1 & to att5d exclusively to ! v]ifiable ph5om5a ( self-consci\sness1 z we h laid !m d[n4 ,dr4 ,wayl&1 = example1 beg9s 8 ,elem5ts ( ,intellectual ,philosophy ) ! phrase ,( ! ess5ce ( ,m9d we "k no?+1 & goes on3 ,all t we are able to affirm ( x is t x is some?+ :i* p]ceives1 reflects1 rememb]s1 imag9es1 & wills2 b :at t some?+ is :i* ex]ts ^! en]gies we "k n4 ,x is only z we are consci\s ( ! action ( ^! en]gies t we are consci\s ( ! exi/5ce ( m9d4 ,x is only by ! ex]tion ( its own p[]s t ! m9d becomes cognizant ( _! exi/5ce4 ,! cognizance ( its p[]s1 h[ev]1 gives u no k ( t ess5ce ( :i* !y are pr$icat$4 ,9 ^! respects our k ( m9d is precisely analog\s to our k ( matt]4 ,?is analogy ( our two ignorances is a favorite rem>k 9 ! ,scot* s*ool4 ,x is b a /ep to lump !m toge!r into a s+le ignorance1 t ( ! ',unkn[able' to :i* any "o fond ( sup]fluities 9 philosophy may accord ! hospitality ( 8 belief1 if x s please him1 b :i* any "o else may z freely ignore & reject4 ,! ,s\l-!ory is1 !n1 a complete sup]fluity1 s f> z acc\nt+ = ! actually v]ifi$ facts ( consci\s exp]i5ce goes4 ,s f>1 no "o c be compell$ to subscribe to x = def9ite sci5tific reasons4 ,! case w\ld re/ "h1 & ! read] be left free to make 8 *oice1 7 x n = o!r dem&s ( a m practical k9d4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ,immortality1 = :i* ! simplicity & sub/antiality ( ! ,s\l seem to (f] a solid gu>antee4 ,a '/ream' ( ?\ght1 = aught t we see to be conta9$ 9 its ess5ce1 may come to a full /op at any mom5t2 b a simple sub/ance is incorruptible1 & w1 by its own in]tia1 p]si/ 9 ,be+ s long z ! ,creator does n by a direct miracle snuff x out4 ,unque/ionably ?is is ! /ronghold ( ! spirituali/ic belief1--z inde$ ! popul> t\*/one = all philosophies is ! "q1 ,:at is _! be>+ on a future life8 ,! ,s\l1 h[ev]1 :5 closely scrut9iz$1 gu>antees no immortality ( a sort we c>e =4 ,! enjoym5t ( ! atom-l simplicity ( _! sub/ance 9 scula sculorum w\ld n to mo/ p seem a consummation dev\tly to be wi%$4 ,! sub/ance mu/ give rise to a /ream ( consci\sness cont9u\s ) ! pres5t /ream1 9 ord] to ar\se our hope1 b ( ?is ! m]e p]si/5ce ( ! sub/ance p] se (f]s no gu>antee4 ,moreov]1 9 ! g5]al advance ( our moral ideas1 !re has come to be some?+ ridicul\s 9 ! way our =efa!rs _h ( gr\nd+ _! hopes ( immortality on ! simplicity ( _! sub/ance4 ,! dem& = immortality is n[adays ess5tially teleological4 ,we believe ourselves immortal because we believe ourselves fit = immortality4 ,a 'sub/ance' ought surely to p]i%1 we ?9k1 if n wor?y to survive2 & an insub/antial '/ream' to prolong itself1 provid$ x be wor?y1 if ! nature ( ,?+s is organiz$ 9 ! rational way 9 :i* we tru/ x is4 ,sub/ance or no sub/ance1 s\l or '/ream1' :at ,lotze says ( immortality is ab\t all t human wisdom c say3 ,we h no o!r pr9ciple = decid+ x ?an ?is g5]al ideali/ic belief3 t e creat$ ?+ w cont9ue ^: cont9uance belongs to ! mean+ ( ! _w1 & s long z x does s belong2 :il/ e "o w pass away ^: reality is ju/ifi$ only 9 a transitory phase ( ! _w's c\rse4 ,t ?is pr9ciple admits ( no fur!r application 9 human h&s ne$ h>dly be said4 ,we surely "k n ! m]its :i* may give to "o be+ a claim on et]nity1 nor ! defects :i* w\ld cut o!rs (f4#bge ,a second alleg$ necessity = a s\l-sub/ance is our =5sic responsibility be=e ,god4 ,locke caus$ an upro> :5 he said t ! unity ( consci\sness made a man ! same p]son1 :e!r support$ by ! same sub/ance or no1 & t ,god w\ld n1 9 ! great day1 make a p]son answ] = :at he rememb]$ no?+ (4 ,x 0 suppos$ sc&al\s t our =getfulness might ?us deprive ,god ( ! *ance ( c]ta9 retributions1 :i* o!rwise w\ld h enhanc$ 8 'glory4' ,?is is c]ta9ly a good speculative gr\nd = reta9+ ! ,s\l--at lea/ = ^? :o dem& a pl5itude ( retribution4 ,! m]e /ream ( consci\sness1 ) its lapses ( memory1 _c possibly be z 'responsible' z a s\l :i* is at ! judgm5t day all t x ev] 04 ,to mod]n read]s1 h[ev]1 :o are less insatiate = retribution ?an _! gr&fa!rs1 ?is argum5t w h>dly be z conv9c+ z x seems once to h be54 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o great use ( ! ,s\l has always be5 to acc\nt =1 & at ! same "t to gu>antee1 ! clos$ individuality ( ea* p]sonal consci\sness4 ,! ?\ghts ( "o s\l mu/ unite into "o self1 x 0 suppos$1 & mu/ be et]nally insulat$ f ^? ( e o!r s\l4 ,b we h already begun to see t1 al?\gh unity is ! rule ( ea* man's consci\sness1 yet 9 "s individuals1 at lea/1 ?\ghts may split away f ! o!rs & =m sep>ate selves4 ,z = insulation1 x w\ld be ra%1 9 view ( ! ph5om5a ( ?\ght-transf]5ce1 mesm]ic influ5ce & _s-control1 :i* are be+ alleg$ n[adays on bett] au?ority ?an ev] be=e1 to be too sure ab\t t po9t ei!r4 ,! def9itively clos$ nature ( our p]sonal consci\sness is probably an av]age /ati/ical resultant ( _m conditions1 b n an elem5t>y =ce or fact2 s t1 if "o wi%es to pres]ve ! ,s\l1 ! less he draws 8 argum5ts f t qu>t] ! bett]4 ,s long z our self1 on ! :ole1 makes itself good & practically ma9ta9s itself z a clos$ individual1 :y1 z ,lotze says1 is n t en\gh8 ,& :y is ! be+-an-individual 9 "s inaccessible metaphysical way s mu* pr\d] an a*ievem5t8#bgf ,my f9al conclusion1 !n1 ab\t ! sub/antial ,s\l is t x expla9s no?+ & gu>antees no?+4 ,its successive ?\ghts are ! only intelligible & v]ifiable ?+s ab\t x1 & def9itely to asc]ta9 ! correlations ( ^! ) bra9-processes is z mu* z psy*ology c empirically d4 ,f ! metaphysical po9t ( view1 x is true t "o may claim t ! correlations h a rational gr\nd2 & if ! ^w ,s\l c\ld be tak5 to mean m]ely "s su* vague problematic gr\nd1 x w\ld be unobjectionable4 ,b ! tr\ble is t x pr(esses to give ! gr\nd 9 positive t]ms ( a v dubi\sly cr$ible sort4 ,i !re=e feel entirely free to disc>d ! ^w ,s\l f ! re/ ( ?is book4 ,if ,i ev] use x1 x w be 9 ! vague/ & mo/ popul> way4 ,! read] :o f9ds any com=t 9 ! idea ( ! ,s\l1 is1 h[ev]1 p]fectly free to cont9ue to believe 9 x2 = our reason+s h n e/abli%$ ! non-exi/5ce ( ! ,s\l2 !y h only prov$ its sup]fluity = sci5tific purposes4 ,! next !ory ( ! pure ,self to :i* we pass is ,! ,associationi/ ,!ory4 ,locke pav$ ! way = x by ! hypo!sis he sugge/$ ( ! same sub/ance hav+ two successive consci\snesses1 or ( ! same consci\sness be+ support$ by m ?an "o sub/ance4 ,he made 8 read]s feel t ! important unity ( ! ,self 0 its v]ifiable & felt unity1 & t a metaphysical or absolute unity w\ld be insignificant1 s long z a consci\sness ( div]sity might be !re4 ,hume %[$ h[ great ! consci\sness ( div]sity actually 04 ,9 ! fam\s *apt] on ,p]sonal ,id5tity1 9 8 ,treatise on ,human ,nature1 he writes z foll[s3 ,!re are "s philosoph]s :o imag9e we are e mom5t intimately consci\s ( :at we call our ,,self2 t we feel its exi/5ce & its cont9uance 9 exi/5ce1 & are c]ta91 beyond ! evid5ce ( a demon/ration1 bo? ( its p]fect id5tity & simplicity4444 ,unluckily all ^! positive ass]tions are contr>y to t v exp]i5ce :i* is plead$ = !m1 nor h we any idea ( ,self1 aft] ! mann] x is "h expla9$4444 ,x mu/ be "s "o impression t gives rise to e real idea4444 ,if any impression gives rise to ! idea ( ,self1 t impression mu/ cont9ue inv>iably ! same ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( our lives1 s9ce self is suppos$ to exi/ aft] t mann]4 ,b !re is no impression con/ant & inv>iable4 ,pa9 & pleasure1 grief & joy1 passions & s5sations succe$ ea* o!r1 & nev] all exi/ at ! same "t4444 ,= my "p1 :5 ,i ent] mo/ intimately into :at ,i call myself1 ,i always /umble on "s p>ticul> p]ception or o!r ( heat or cold1 light or %ade1 love or hatr$1 pa9 or pleasure4 ,i nev] c cat* myself at any "t )\t a p]ception1 & nev] c obs]ve any?+ b ! p]ception4 ,:5 my p]ceptions are remov$ = any "t1 z by s\nd sleep1 s long am ,i ins5sible ( myself & may truly be said n to exi/4 ,& 7 all my p]ceptions remov$ by dea?1 & c\ld ,i nei!r ?9k1 nor feel1 nor see1 nor love1 nor hate aft] ! dissolution ( my body1 ,i %\ld be entirely annihilat$1 nor d ,i conceive :at is f>!r requisite to make me a p]fect non-entity4 ,if anyone1 ^u s]i\s & unprejudic$ reflection1 ?9ks he has a diff]5t notion ( himself ,i mu/ confess ,i c reason no long] ) him4 ,all ,i c all[ him is1 t he may be 9 ! "r z well z ,i1 & t we are ess5tially diff]5t 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,he may1 p]haps1 p]ceive some?+ simple & cont9u$ :i* he calls himself2 ?\gh ,i am c]ta9 !re is no su* pr9ciple 9 me4 ,b sett+ aside "s metaphysicians ( ?is k9d1 ,i may v5ture to affirm ( ! re/ ( mank9d t !y are no?+ b a bundle or collection ( diff]5t p]ceptions1 :i* succe$ ea* o!r ) an inconceivable rapidity1 & are 9 a p]petual flux & movem5t4 ,our eyes _c turn 9 _! sockets )\t v>y+ our p]ceptions4 ,our ?\ght is /ill m v>iable ?an our sight2 & all our o!r s5ses & faculties contribute to ?is *ange2 nor is !re any s+le p[] ( ! s\l :i* rema9s unalt]ably ! same1 p]haps = "o mom5t ,! m9d is a k9d ( !atre1 :]e sev]al p]ceptions successively make _! appe>ance2 pass1 repass1 glide away & m+le 9 an inf9ite v>iety ( po/ures & situations4 ,!re is prop]ly no simplicity 9 x at "o "t1 nor id5tity 9 diff]5t2 :atev] natural prop5sion we may h to imag9e t simplicity & id5tity4 ,! comp>ison ( ! !atre mu/ n mislead u4 ,!y are ! successive p]ceptions only1 t con/itute ! m9d2 nor h we ! mo/ di/ant notion ( ! place :]e ^! sc5es are repres5t$1 nor ( ! mat]ial ( :i* x is compos$4 ,b ,hume1 aft] do+ ?is good piece ( introspective "w1 proce$s to p\r out ! *ild ) ! ba?1 & to fly to z great an extreme z ! sub/antiali/ philosoph]s4 ,z !y say ! ,self is no?+ b ,unity1 unity ab/ract & absolute1 s ,hume says x is no?+ b ,div]sity1 div]sity ab/ract & absolute2 :]eas 9 tru? x is t mixture ( unity & div]sity :i* we ourselves h already f\nd s easy to pick ap>t4 ,we f\nd among ! objects ( ! /ream c]ta9 feel+s t h>dly *ang$1 t /ood out w>m & vivid 9 ! pa/ j z ! pres5t feel+ does n[2 & we f\nd ! pres5t feel+ to be ! c5tre ( accretion to :i*1 de pro*e en pro*e1 ^! o!r feel+s are1 by ! judg+ ,?\ght1 felt to cl+4 ,hume says no?+ ( ! judg+ ,?\ght2 & he d5ies ?is ?read ( resemblance1 ?is core ( sam5ess runn+ ?r\gh ! +r$i5ts ( ! ,self1 to exi/ ev5 z a ph5om5al ?+4 ,to him !re is no t]tium quid betwe5 pure unity & pure sep>at5ess4 ,a succession ( ideas connect$ by a close relation af=ds to an accurate view z p]fect a notion ( div]sity z if !re 0 no mann] ( relation at all4 ,all our di/9ct p]ceptions are di/9ct exi/5ces1 & ! m9d nev] p]ceives any real connection among di/9ct exi/5ces4 ,did our p]ceptions ei!r inh]e 9 some?+ simple or individual1 or did ! m9d p]ceive "s real connection among !m1 !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 ! case4 ,= my "p1 ,i mu/ plead ! privilege ( a sceptic & confess t ?is difficulty is too h>d = my und]/&+1 ,i pret5d n1 h[ev]1 to pron\nce x insup]able4 ,o!rs1 p]haps1444 may discov] "s hypo!sis t w reconcile ^! contradictions4#bgg ,hume is at bottom z mu* ( a metaphysician z ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,no wond] he c discov] no 'hypo!sis4' ,! unity ( ! p>ts ( ! /ream is j z 'real' a connection z _! div]sity is a real sep>ation2 bo? connection & sep>ation are ways 9 :i* ! pa/ ?\ghts appe> to ! pres5t ,?\ght2--unlike ea* o!r 9 respect ( date & c]ta9 qualities--?is is ! sep>ation2 alike 9 o!r qualities1 & cont9u\s 9 "t--?is is ! connection4 ,9 dem&+ a m 'real' connection ?an ?is obvi\s & v]ifiable lik5ess & cont9uity1 ,hume seeks '! _w beh9d ! look+ glass1' & gives a /rik+ example ( t ,absolutism :i* is ! great disease ( philosophic ,?\ght4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! *a9 ( di/9ct exi/5ces into :i* ,hume ?us *opp$ up our '/ream' 0 adopt$ by all ( 8 successors z a complete inv5tory ( ! facts4 ,! associationi/ ,philosophy 0 f\nd$4 ,someh[1 out ( 'ideas1' ea* sep>ate1 ea* ignorant ( its mates1 b /ick+ toge!r & call+ ea* o!r up accord+ to c]ta9 laws1 all ! high] =ms ( consci\sness 7 to be expla9$1 & among !m ! consci\sness ( our p]sonal id5tity4 ,! task 0 a h>d "o1 9 :i* :at we call$ ! psy*ologi/'s fallacy 7p4 #aif ff47 bore ! brunt ( ! "w4 ,two ideas1 "o ( ',a1' succe$$ by ano!r ( ',b1' 7 transmut$ into a ?ird idea ( ',b aft] ,a4' ,an idea f la/ ye> return+ n[ 0 tak5 to be an idea ( la/ ye>2 two simil> ideas /ood = an idea ( simil>ity1 & ! l2 palpable confusions1 9 :i* c]ta9 facts ab\t ! ideas1 possible only to an outside kn[] ( !m1 7 put into ! place ( ! ideas' own prop] & limit$ deliv]ance & cont5t4 ,out ( su* recurr5ces & resemblances 9 a s]ies ( discrete ideas & feel+s a k 0 someh[ suppos$ to be eng5d]$ 9 ea* feel+ t x 0 recurr5t & resembl+1 & t x help$ to =m a s]ies to ^: unity ! "n ,i came to be jo9$4 ,9 ! same way1 sub/antially1 ,h]b>t1#bgh 9 ,g]many1 tri$ to %[ h[ a conflict ( ideas w\ld fuse into a mann] ( repres5t+ itself = :i* ,i 0 ! consecrat$ "n4#bgi ,! defect ( all ^! attempts is t ! conclusion pret5d$ to foll[ f c]ta9 premises is by no means rationally involv$ 9 ! premises4 ,a feel+ ( any k9d1 if x simply returns1 ought to be no?+ else ?an :at x 0 at fir/4 ,if memory ( previ\s exi/5ce & all sorts ( o!r cognitive functions are attribut$ to x :5 x returns1 x is no long] ! same1 b a widely diff]5t feel+1 & ought to be s describ$4 ,we h s describ$ x ) ! greate/ explicitness4 ,we h said t feel+s nev] d return4 ,we h n pret5d$ to expla9 ?is2 we h record$ x z an empirically asc]ta9$ law1 analog\s to c]ta9 laws ( bra9-physiology2 &1 seek+ to def9e ! way 9 :i* new feel+s d diff] f ! old1 we h f\nd !m to be cognizant & appropriative ( ! old1 :]eas ! old 7 always cognizant & appropriative ( some?+ else4 ,once m1 ?is acc\nt pret5d$ to be no?+ m ?an a complete description ( ! facts4 ,x expla9$ !m no m ?an ! associationi/ acc\nt expla9s !m4 ,b ! latt] bo? assumes to expla9 !m & 9 ! same brea? falsifies !m1 & = ea* reason /&s condemn$4 ,x is b j to say t ! associationi/ writ]s z a rule seem to h a lurk+ bad consci5ce ab\t ! ,self2 & t al?\gh !y are explicit en\gh ab\t :at x is1 namely1 a tra9 ( feel+s or ?\ghts1 !y are v %y ab\t op5ly tackl+ ! problem ( h[ x comes to be aw>e ( itself4 ,nei!r ,ba9 nor ,sp5c]1 = example1 directly t\* ?is problem4 ,z a rule1 associationi/ writ]s keep talk+ ab\t '! m9d' & ab\t :at 'we' d2 & s1 smuggl+ 9 surreptiti\sly :at !y ought av[$ly to h po/ulat$ 9 ! =m ( a pres5t 'judg+ ,?\ght1' !y ei!r trade ^u _! read]'s lack ( disc]nm5t or are undisc]n+ !mselves4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,g4 ,?ompson is ! only associationi/ writ] ,i "k :o p]fectly escapes ?is confusion1 & po/ulates op5ly :at he ne$s4 ,all /ates ( consci\sness1 he says1 imply & po/ulate a subject ,ego1 ^: sub/ance is unkn[n & unkn[able1 to :i* :y n say by :i*8 /ates ( consci\sness are ref]r$ z attributes1 b :i* 9 ! process ( ref]5ce becomes objectifi$ & becomes itself an attribute ( a subject ,ego :i* lies /ill beyond1 & :i* ev] eludes cognition ?\gh ev] po/ulat$ = cognition4#bhj ,?is is exactly our judg+ & rememb]+ pres5t ',?\ght1' describ$ 9 less simple t]ms4 ,aft] ,mr4 ,?ompson1 ,m4 ,ta9e & ! two ,mills des]ve cr$it = seek+ to be z cle> z !y c4 ,ta9e tells u 9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 ',intellig5ce' :at ! ,ego is1--a cont9u\s web ( consci\s ev5ts no m really di/9ct f ea* o!r#bha ?an rhomboids1 triangles1 & squ>es m>k$ ) *alk on a plank are really di/9ct1 = ! plank itself is "o4 ,9 ! second volume he says all ^! p>ts h a common "* emb$d$ 9 !m1 t ( be+ int]nal ?is is our "* ( 'w>mness1' o!rwise nam$4 ,?is "* is ab/ract$ & isolat$ by a m5tal fiction1 & is :at we are consci\s ( z our self--'?is /able )9 is :at ea* ( u calls ,i or me4' ,obvi\sly ,m4 ,ta9e =gets to tell u :at ?is 'ea* ( u' is1 :i* sudd5ly />ts up & p]=ms ! ab/raction & 'calls' its product ,i or me4 ,! "* does n ab/ract itself4 ,ta9e means by 'ea* ( u' m]ely ! pres5t 'judg+ ,?\ght' ) its memory & t5d5cy to appropriate1 b he does n "n x di/9ctly en\gh1 & lapses into ! fiction t ! entire s]ies ( ?\ghts1 ! entire 'plank1' is ! reflect+ psy*ologi/4 ,james ,mill1 aft] def9+ ,memory z a tra9 ( associat$ ideas beg9n+ ) t ( my pa/ self & end+ ) t ( my pres5t self1 def9es my ,self z a tra9 ( ideas ( :i* ,memory decl>es ! fir/ to be cont9u\sly connect$ ) ! la/4 ,! successive associat$ ideas 'run1 z x 71 into a s+le po9t ( consci\sness4#bhb ,john ,mill1 annotat+ ?is acc\nt1 says3 ,! ph5om5on ( ,self & t ( ,memory are m]ely two sides ( ! same fact1 or two diff]5t modes ( view+ ! same fact4 ,we may1 z psy*ologi/s1 set out f ei!r ( !m1 & ref] ! o!r to x4444 ,b x is h>dly all[able to d bo?4 ,at lea/ x mu/ be said t by do+ s we expla9 nei!r4 ,we only %[ t ! two ?+s are ess5tially ! same2 t my memory ( hav+ asc5d$ ,skiddaw on a giv5 day1 & my consci\sness ( be+ ! same p]son :o asc5d$ ,skiddaw on t day1 are two modes ( /at+ ! same fact3 a fact :i* psy*ology has z yet fail$ to resolve into any?+ m elem5t>y4 ,9 analyz+ ! complex ph5om5a ( consci\sness1 we mu/ come to some?+ ultimate2 & we seem to h rea*$ two elem5ts :i* h a good prima facie claim to t title4 ,!re is1 fir/1444 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a fact & ! ,?\ght ( t fact3 a di/9ction :i* we are able to cognize 9 ! pa/1 & :i* !n con/itutes ,memory1 & 9 ! future1 :5 x con/itutes ,expectation2 b 9 nei!r case c we give any acc\nt ( x except t x exi/s4444 ,secondly1 9 addition to ?is1 & sett+ out f ! belief 444 t ! idea ,i n[ h 0 d]iv$ f a previ\s s5sation 444 !re is ! fur!r conviction t ?is s5sation 444 0 my own2 t x happ5$ to my self4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i am aw>e ( a long & un9t]rupt$ succession ( pa/ feel+s1 go+ back z f> z memory rea*es1 & t]m9at+ ) ! s5sations ,i h at ! pres5t mom5t1 all ( :i* are connect$ by an inexplicable tie1 t di/+ui%es !m n only f any succession or comb9ation 9 m]e ?\ght1 b also f ! p>allel successions ( feel+s :i* ,i believe1 on satisfactory evid5ce1 to h happ5$ to ea* ( ! o!r be+s1 %ap$ l myself1 :om ,i p]ceive ar\nd me4 ,?is succession ( feel+s1 :i* ,i call my memory ( ! pa/1 is t by :i* ,i di/+ui% my ,self4 ,myself is ! p]son :o _h t s]ies ( feel+s1 & ,i "k no?+ ( myself1 by direct k1 except t ,i _h !m4 ,b !re is a bond ( "s sort among all ! p>ts ( ! s]ies1 :i* makes me say t !y 7 feel+s ( a p]son :o 0 ! same p]son ?r\gh\t accord+ to u ?is is _! 'w>m?' & resemblance to ! 'c5tral spiritual self' n[ actually felt & a diff]5t p]son f ^? :o _h any ( ! p>allel successions ( feel+s2 & ?is bond1 to me1 con/itutes my ,ego4 ,"h ,i ?9k ! "q mu/ re/1 until "s psy*ologi/ succe$s bett] ?an anyone else has done1 9 %[+ a mode 9 :i* ! analysis c be c>ri$ fur!r4#bhc ,! read] mu/ judge ( our own success 9 c>ry+ ! analysis f>!r4 ,! v>i\s di/9ctions we h made are all p>ts ( an endeavor s to d4 ,john ,mill himself1 9 a lat]-writt5 passage1 s f> f advanc+ 9 ! l9e ( analysis1 seems to fall back ^u some?+ p]il\sly ne> to ! ,s\l4 ,he says3 ,! fact ( recogniz+ a s5sation1444 rememb]+ t x has be5 felt be=e1 is ! simple/ & mo/ elem5t>y fact ( memory3 & ! inexplicable tie 444 :i* connects ! pres5t consci\sness ) ! pa/ "o ( :i* x rem9ds me1 is z ne> z ,i ?9k we c get to a positive conception ( ,self4 ,t !re is some?+ real 9 ?is tie1 real z ! s5sations !mselves1 & n a m]e product ( ! laws ( ?\ght )\t any fact correspond+ to x1 ,i hold to be indubitable4444 ,?is orig9al elem5t1444 to :i* we _c give any "n b its own peculi> "o1 )\t imply+ "s false or ungr\nd$ !ory1 is ! ,ego1 or ,self4 ,z su* ,i ascribe a reality to ! ,ego--to my own m9d--diff]5t f t real exi/5ce z a ,p]man5t ,possibility1 :i* is ! only reality ,i ackn[l$ge 9 ,matt]4444 ,we are =c$ to appreh5d e "p ( ! s]ies z l9k$ ) ! o!r p>ts by some?+ 9 common :i* is n ! feel+s !mselves1 any m ?an ! succession ( ! feel+s is ! feel+s !mselves2 & z t :i* is ! same 9 ! fir/ z 9 ! second1 9 ! second z 9 ! ?ird1 9 ! ?ird z 9 ! f\r?1 & s on1 mu/ be ! same 9 ! fir/ & 9 ! fiftie?1 ?is common elem5t is a p]man5t elem5t4 ,b beyond ?is we c affirm no?+ ( x except ! /ates ( consci\sness !mselves4 ,! feel+s or consci\snesses :i* belong or h belong$ to x1 & its possibilities ( hav+ m1 are ! only facts !re are to be ass]t$ ( ,self--! only positive attributes1 except p]man5ce1 :i* we c ascribe to x4#bhd ,mr4 ,mill's habitual me?od ( philosophiz+ 0 to affirm boldly "s g5]al doctr9e d]iv$ f 8 fa!r1 & !n make s _m concessions ( detail to its enemies z practically to ab&on x altoge!r4#bhe ,9 ?is place ! concessions am\nt1 s f> z !y are intelligible1 to ! admission ( some?+ v l ! ,s\l4 ,?is 'inexplicable tie' :i* connects ! feel+s1 ?is 'some?+ 9 common' by :i* !y are l9k$ & :i* is n ! pass+ feel+s !mselves1 b some?+ 'p]man5t1' ( :i* we c 'affirm no?+' save its attributes & its p]man5ce1 :at is x b metaphysical ,sub/ance come aga9 to life8 ,mu* z "o mu/ respect ! fairness ( ,mill's temp]1 q z mu* mu/ "o regret 8 failure ( acum5 at ?is po9t4 ,at bottom he makes ! same blund] z ,hume3 ! s5sations p] se1 he ?9ks1 h no 'tie4' ,! tie ( resemblance & cont9uity :i* ! rememb]+ ,?\ght f9ds among !m is n a 'real tie' b 'a m]e product ( ! laws ( ?\ght2' & ! fact t ! pres5t ,?\ght 'appropriates' !m is also no real tie4 ,b :]eas ,hume 0 cont5t$ to say t !re might aft] all be no 'real tie1' ,mill1 unwill+ to admit ?is possibility1 is driv51 l any s*ola/ic1 to place x 9 a non-ph5om5al _w4 ,john ,mill's concessions may be reg>d$ z ! def9itive bankruptcy ( ! associationi/ description ( ! consci\sness ( self1 />t+1 z x does1 ) ! be/ int5tions1 & dimly consci\s ( ! pa?1 b 'p]plex$ 9 ! extreme' at la/ ) ! inadequacy ( ^? 'simple feel+s1' non-cognitive1 non-transc5d5t ( !mselves1 :i* 7 ! only baggage x 0 will+ to take along4 ,"o mu/ beg memory1 k on ! "p ( ! feel+s ( some?+ outside !mselves4 ,t grant$1 e o!r true ?+ foll[s naturally1 & x is h>d to g a/ray4 ,! k ! pres5t feel+ has ( ! pa/ ones is a real tie betwe5 !m1 s is _! resemblance2 s is _! cont9uity2 s is ! "o's 'appropriation' ( ! o!r3 all are real ties1 realiz$ 9 ! judg+ ,?\ght ( e mom5t1 ! only place :]e disconnections c\ld be realiz$1 did !y exi/4 ,hume & ,mill bo? imply t a disconnection c be realiz$ !re1 :il/ a tie _c4 ,b ! ties & ! disconnections are exactly on a p>1 9 ?is matt] ( self-consci\sness4 ,! way 9 :i* ! pres5t ,?\ght appropriates ! pa/ is a real way1 s long z no o!r own] appropriates x 9 a m real way1 & s long z ! ,?\ght has no gr\nds = repudiat+ x /rong] ?an ^? :i* lead to its appropriation4 ,b no o!r own] ev] does 9 po9t ( fact pres5t himself = my pa/2 & ! gr\nds :i* ,i p]ceive = appropriat+ x--viz41 cont9uity & resemblance ) ! pres5t--outweigh ^? ,i p]ceive = dis[n+ x--viz41 di/ance 9 "t4 ,my pres5t ,?\ght /&s ?us 9 ! pl5itude ( own]%ip ( ! tra9 ( my pa/ selves1 is own] n only de facto1 b de jure1 ! mo/ real own] !re c be1 & all )\t ! supposition ( any 'inexplicable tie1' b 9 a p]fectly v]ifiable & ph5om5al way4 ,turn we n[ to :at we may call ,,! ,,transc5d5tali/ ,,!ory4 :i* owes its orig9 to ,kant4 ,kant's own /atem5ts are too l5g?y & obscure = v]batim quotation "h1 s ,i mu/ give _! sub/ance only4 ,kant />ts1 z ,i und]/& him1 f a view ( ! ,object ess5tially l our own description ( x on p4 #bge ff41 t is1 x is a sy/em ( ?+s1 qualities or facts 9 relation4 ,object is t 9 ! k 7,begriff7 ( :i* ! ,manifold ( a giv5 ,p]ception is connect$4#bhf ,b :]eas we simply begg$ ! vehicle ( ?is connect$ k 9 ! %ape ( :at we call ! pres5t ,?\ght1 or section ( ! ,/ream ( ,consci\sness 7:i* we decl>$ to be ! ultimate fact = psy*ology71 ,kant d5ies ?is to be an ultimate fact & insi/s on analyz+ x into a l>ge numb] ( di/9ct1 ?\gh equally ess5tial1 elem5ts4 ,! ',manifoldness' ( ! ,object is due to ,s5sibility1 :i* p] se is *aotic1 & ! unity is due to ! syn!tic h&l+ :i* ?is ,manifold receives f ! high] faculties ( ,intuition1 ,appreh5sion1 ,imag9ation1 ,und]/&+1 & ,app]ception4 ,x is ! "o ess5tial spontaneity ( ! ,und]/&+ :i*1 "u ^! diff]5t names1 br+s unity into ! manifold ( s5se4 ,! ,und]/&+ is1 9 fact1 no?+ m ?an ! faculty ( b9d+ toge!r a priori1 & ( br++ ! ,manifold ( giv5 ideas "u ! unity ( ,app]ception1 :i* consequ5tly is ! supreme pr9ciple 9 all human k 7 #af74 ,! mat]ial connect$ mu/ be giv5 by l[] faculties to ! ,und]/&+1 = ! latt] is n an intuitive faculty1 b by nature 'empty4' ,& ! br++ ( ?is mat]ial '"u ! unity ( ,app]ception' is expla9$ by ,kant to mean ! ?9k+ x always s t1 :atev] its o!r det]m9ations be1 x may be kn[n z ?\ght by me4#bhg ,?\gh ?is consci\sness1 t ,i ?9k x1 ne$ n be at e mom5t explicitly realiz$1 x is always capable ( be+ realiz$4 ,= if an object incapable ( be+ comb9$ ) ! idea ( a ?9k] 7 !re1 h[ c\ld x be kn[n1 h[ relat$ to o!r objects1 h[ =m "p ( 'exp]i5ce' at all8 ,! aw>5ess t ,i ?9k is !re=e impli$ 9 all exp]i5ce4 ,no connect$ consci\sness ( any?+ )\t t ( ,self z its presupposition & 'transc5d5tal' condition6 ,all ?+s1 !n1 s f> z !y are intelligible at all1 are s ?r\gh comb9ation ) pure consci\sness ( ,self1 & ap>t f ?is1 at lea/ pot5tial1 comb9ation no?+ is kn[able to u at all4 ,b ?is self1 ^: consci\sness ,kant ?us e/abli%$ d$uctively z a conditio s9e qu non ( exp]i5ce1 is 9 ! same brea? d5i$ by him to h any positive attributes4 ,al?\gh ,kant's "n = x--! 'orig9al transc5d5tal syn!tic ,unity ( ,app]ception'--is s long1 our consci\sness ab\t x is1 accord+ to him1 %ort en\gh4 ,self-consci\sness ( ?is 'transc5d5tal' sort tells u1 'n h[ we appe>1 n h[ we inw>dly are1 b only t we are' 7 #be74 ,at ! basis ( our k ( our selves !re lies only ! simple & utt]ly empty idea3 ,i2 ( :i* we _c ev5 say we h a notion1 b only a consci\sness :i* accompanies all notions4 ,9 ?is ,i1 or he or x 7! ?+7 :i* ?9ks1 no?+ m is repres5t$ ?an ! b>e transc5d5tal ,subject ( ! k x1 :i* is only recogniz$ by ! ?\ghts :i* are its pr$icates1 & ( :i*1 tak5 by itself1 we _c =m ! lea/ conception 7ibid4 ',p>alogisms'74 ,! pure ,ego ( all app]ception is ?us = ,kant n ! s\l1 b only t ',subject' :i* is ! necess>y correlate ( ! ,object 9 all k4 ,!re is a s\l1 ,kant ?9ks1 b ?is m]e ego-=m ( our consci\sness tells u no?+ ab\t x1 nei!r :e!r x be sub/antial1 nor :e!r x be immat]ial1 nor :e!r x be simple1 nor :e!r x be p]man5t4 ,^! decl>ations on ,kant's "p ( ! utt] b>r5ness ( ! consci\sness ( ! pure ,self1 & ( ! consequ5t impossibility ( any d$uctive or 'rational' psy*ology1 are :at1 m ?an any?+ else1 e>n$ = him ! title ( ! 'all-de/roy]4' ,! only self we "k any?+ positive ab\t1 he ?9ks1 is ! empirical me1 n ! pure ,i2 ! self :i* is an object among o!r objects & ! 'con/itu5ts' ( :i* we ourselves h se51 & recogniz$ to be ph5om5al ?+s appe>+ 9 ! =m ( space z well z "t4 ,?is1 = our purposes1 is a suffici5t acc\nt ( ! 'transc5d5tal' ,ego4 ,^? purposes g no f>!r ?an to asc]ta9 :e!r any?+ 9 ,kant's conception ought to make u give up our own1 ( a rememb]+ & appropriat+ ,?\ght incessantly r5ew$4 ,9 _m respects ,kant's mean+ is obscure1 b x w n be necess>y = u to squeeze ! texts 9 ord] to make sure :at x actually & hi/orically 04 ,if we c def9e cle>ly two or ?ree ?+s :i* x may possibly h be51 t w help u j z mu* to cle> our own ideas4 ,on ! :ole1 a def5sible int]pretation ( ,kant's view w\ld take some:at ! foll[+ %ape4 ,l ourselves he believes 9 a ,reality outside ! m9d ( :i* he writes1 b ! critic :o v\*es = t reality does s on gr\nds ( fai?1 = x is n a v]ifiable ph5om5al ?+4 ,nei!r is x manifold4 ,! ',manifold' :i* ! intellectual functions comb9e is a m5tal manifold altoge!r1 :i* ?us /&s betwe5 ! ,ego ( ,app]ception & ! out] ,reality1 b /ill /&s inside ! m9d4 ,9 ! function ( kn[+ !re is a multiplicity to be connect$1 & ,kant br+s ?is multiplicity inside ! m9d4 ,! ,reality becomes a m]e empty locus1 or unkn[able1 ! s-call$ ,n\m5on2 ! manifold ph5om5on is 9 ! m9d4 ,we1 on ! contr>y1 put ! ,multiplicity ) ! ,reality outside1 & leave ! m9d simple4 ,bo? ( u deal ) ! same elem5ts--?\ght & object--! only "q is 9 :i* ( !m ! multiplicity %all be lodg$4 ,:]ev] x is lodg$ x mu/ be 'syn!tiz$' :5 x comes to be ?\ght4 ,& t p>ticul> way ( lodg+ x w be ! bett]1 :i*1 9 addition to describ+ ! facts naturally1 makes ! 'my/]y ( syn!sis' lea/ h>d to und]/&4 ,well1 ,kant's way ( describ+ ! facts is my?ological4 ,! notion ( our ?\ght be+ ?is sort ( an elaborate int]nal ma*9e-%op /&s condemn$ by all we said 9 favor ( its simplicity on pages #bgf ff4 ,our ,?\ght is n compos$ ( p>ts1 h[ev] s compos$ its objects may be4 ,!re is no orig9ally *aotic manifold 9 x to be r$uc$ to ord]4 ,!re is some?+ almo/ %ock+ 9 ! notion ( s *a/e a function c>ry+ ?is ,kantian hurly-burly 9 h] womb4 ,if we are to h a dualism ( ,?\ght & ,reality at all1 ! multiplicity %\ld be lodg$ 9 ! latt] & n 9 ! =m] memb] ( ! c\ple ( relat$ t]ms4 ,! p>ts & _! relations surely belong less to ! kn[] ?an to :at is kn[n4 ,b ev5 7 all ! my?ology true1 ! process ( syn!sis w\ld 9 no :it be expla9$ by call+ ! inside ( ! m9d its seat4 ,no my/]y w\ld be made light] by su* means4 ,x is j z mu* a puzzle h[ ! ',ego' c employ ! productive ,imag9ation to make ! ,und]/&+ use ! categories to comb9e ! data :i* ,recognition1 ,association1 & ,appreh5sion receive f s5sible ,intuition1 z h[ ! ,?\ght c comb9e ! objective facts4 ,phrase x z "o may1 ! difficulty is always ! same3 ! ,_m kn[n by ! ,"o4 ,or does "o s]i\sly ?9k he und]/&s bett] h[ ! kn[] 'connects' its objects1 :5 "o calls ! =m] a transc5d5tal ,ego & ! latt] a ',manifold ( ,intuition' ?an :5 "o calls !m ,?\ght & ,?+s respectively8 ,kn[+ mu/ h a vehicle4 ,call ! vehicle ,ego1 or call x ,?\ght1 ,psy*osis1 ,s\l1 ,intellig5ce1 ,consci\sness1 ,m9d1 ,reason1 ,feel+1--:at y l--x mu/ "k4 ,! be/ grammatical subject = ! v]b "k w\ld1 if possible1 be "o f ^: o!r prop]ties ! kn[+ c\ld be d$uc$4 ,& if !re be no su* subject1 ! be/ "o w\ld be t ) ! fewe/ ambiguities & ! lea/ pret5ti\s "n4 ,by ,kant's confession1 ! transc5d5tal ,ego has no prop]ties1 & f x no?+ c be d$uc$4 ,its "n is pret5ti\s1 &1 z we %all pres5tly see1 has its mean+ ambigu\sly mix$ up ) t ( ! sub/antial s\l4 ,s on e possible acc\nt we are excus$ f us+ x in/ead ( our own t]m ( ! pres5t pass+ ',?\ght1' z ! pr9ciple by :i* ! ,_m is simultane\sly kn[n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ambiguity ref]r$ to 9 ! mean+ ( ! transc5d5tal ,ego is z to :e!r ,kant signifi$ by x an ,ag5t1 & by ! ,exp]i5ce x helps to con/itute1 an op]ation2 or :e!r ! exp]i5ce is an ev5t produc$ 9 an unassign$ way1 & ! ,ego a m]e indwell+ elem5t !re9 conta9$4 ,if an op]ation be meant1 !n ,ego & ,manifold mu/ bo? be exi/5t prior to t collision :i* results 9 ! exp]i5ce ( "o by ! o!r4 ,if a m]e analysis is meant1 !re is no su* prior exi/5ce1 & ! elem5ts only are 9 s f> z !y are 9 union4 ,n[ ,kant's tone & language are ev]y:]e ! v words ( "o :o is talk+ ( op]ations & ! ag5ts by :i* !y are p]=m$4#bhh ,& yet !re is reason to ?9k t at bottom he may h _h no?+ ( ! sort 9 m9d4#bhi ,9 ?is unc]ta9ty we ne$ aga9 d no m ?an decide :at to ?9k ( 8 transc5d5tal ,ego if x be an ag5t4 ,well1 if x be s1 ,transc5d5talism is only ,sub/antialism gr[n %ame-fac$1 & ! ,ego only a '*eap & na/y' edition ( ! s\l4 ,all our reasons = pref]r+ ! ',?\ght' to ! ',s\l' apply ) r$\bl$ =ce :5 ! ,s\l is %runk to ?is e/ate4 ,! ,s\l truly expla9$ no?+2 ! 'syn!ses1' :i* %e p]=m$1 7 simply tak5 ready-made & clapp$ on to h] z expressions ( h] nature tak5 aft] ! fact2 b at lea/ %e _h "s semblance ( nobility & outlook4 ,%e 0 call$ active2 might select2 0 responsible1 & p]man5t 9 h] way4 ,! ,ego is simply no?+3 z ineffectual & w9dy an abortion z ,philosophy c %[4 ,x w\ld inde$ be "o ( ,reason's trag$ies if ! good ,kant1 ) all 8 hone/y & /r5u\s pa9s1 %\ld h deem$ ?is conception an important outbir? ( 8 ?\ght4 ,b we h se5 t ,kant deem$ x ( next to no importance at all4 ,x 0 res]v$ = 8 ,fi*tean & ,hegelian successors to call x ! fir/ ,pr9ciple ( ,philosophy1 to spell its "n 9 capitals & pron\nce x ) adoration1 to act1 9 %ort1 z if !y 7 go+ up 9 a balloon1 :5ev] ! notion ( x cross$ _! m9d4 ,"h aga91 h[ev]1 ,i am unc]ta9 ( ! facts ( hi/ory1 & "k t ,i may n read my au?ors aright4 ,! :ole lesson ( ,kantian & po/-,kantian speculation is1 x seems to me1 ! lesson ( simplicity4 ,) ,kant1 complication bo? ( ?\ght & /atem5t 0 an inborn infirmity1 enhanc$ by ! mu/y academicism ( 8 ,knigsb]g exi/5ce4 ,) ,hegel x 0 a rag+ fev]4 ,t]ribly1 !re=e1 d ! s\r grapes :i* ^! fa!rs ( philosophy h eat5 set our tee? on edge4 ,we h 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 a contempor>y cont9uation ( ,hegelism f :i*1 =tunately1 some:at simpl] deliv]ances come2 &1 unable to f9d any def9ite psy*ology 9 :at ,hegel1 ,ros5kranz1 or ,erdmann tells u ( ! ,ego1 ,i turn to ,caird & ,gre54 99 99 99 99 99 ,! great diff]5ce1 practically1 betwe5 ^! au?ors & ,kant is _! complete ab/raction f ! onlook+ ,psy*ologi/ & f ! ,reality he ?9ks he kn[s2 or r x is ! absorption ( bo? ( ^! outly+ t]ms into ! prop] topic ( ,psy*ology1 viz41 ! m5tal exp]i5ce ( ! m9d "u obs]vation4 ,! ,reality coalesces ) ! connect$ ,manifold1 ! ,psy*ologi/ ) ! ,ego1 kn[+ becomes 'connect+1' & !re results no long] a f9ite or criticisable1 b an 'absolute' ,exp]i5ce1 ( :i* ! ,object & ! ,subject are always ! same4 ,our f9ite ',?\ght' is virtually & pot5tially ?is et]nal 7or r ?is 'timeless'71 absolute ,ego1 & only provisionally & speci\sly ! limit$ ?+ :i* x seems prima facie to be4 ,! lat] 'sections' ( our ',/ream1' :i* come & appropriate ! e>li] ones1 are ^? e>li] ones1 j z 9 sub/antialism ! ,s\l is ?r\gh\t all "t ! same4#bij ,?is 'solipsi/ic' "* ( an ,exp]i5ce conceiv$ z absolute really annihilates psy*ology z a di/9ct body ( sci5ce4 ,psy*ology is a natural sci5ce1 an acc\nt ( p>ticul> f9ite /reams ( ?\ght1 coexi/+ & succe$+ 9 "t4 ,x is ( c\rse conceivable 7?\gh f> f cle>ly s7 t 9 ! la/ metaphysical resort all ^! /reams ( ?\ght may be ?\ght by "o univ]sal ,all-?9k]4 ,b 9 ?is metaphysical notion !re is no pr(it = psy*ology2 = grant t "o ,?9k] does ?9k 9 all ( u1 /ill :at ,he ?9ks 9 me & :at 9 y c nev] be d$uc$ f ! b>e idea ( ,him4 ,! idea ( ,him seems ev5 to ex]t a positively p>alyz+ effect on ! m9d4 ,! exi/5ce ( f9ite ?\ghts is suppress$ altoge!r4 ,?\ght's *>act]i/ics1 z ,pr(essor ,gre5 says1 are n to be s\ght 9 ! incid5ts ( individual lives :i* la/ b = a day4444 ,no k1 nor any m5tal act involv$ 9 k1 c prop]ly be call$ a 'ph5om5on ( consci\sness4'444 ,= a ph5om5on is a s5sible ev5t1 relat$ 9 ! way ( antec$5ce or consequ5ce to o!r s5sible ev5ts1 b ! consci\sness :i* con/itutes a k 444 is n an ev5t s relat$ nor made up ( su* ev5ts4 ,aga91 if we exam9e ! con/itu5ts ( any p]ceiv$ object1444 we %all f9d alike t x is only = consci\sness t !y c exi/1 & t ! consci\sness = :i* !y ?us exi/ _c be m]ely a s]ies ( ph5om5a or a succession ( /ates4444 ,x !n becomes cle> t !re is a function ( consci\sness1 z ex]cis$ 9 ! mo/ rudim5t>y exp]i5ce namely1 ! function ( syn!sis :i* is incompatible ) ! def9ition ( consci\sness z any sort ( succession ( any sort ( ph5om5a4#bia ,7 we to foll[ ^! rem>ks1 we %\ld h to ab&on our notion ( ! ',?\ght' 7p]5nially r5ew$ 9 "t1 b always cognitive !re(71 & to esp\se in/ead ( x an entity copi$ f ?\ght 9 all ess5tial respects1 b diff]+ f x 9 be+ 'out ( "t4' ,:at psy*ology c ga9 by ?is b>t] w\ld be h>d to div9e4 ,moreov] ?is resemblance ( ! timeless ,ego to ! ,s\l is complet$ by o!r resemblances /ill4 ,! monism ( ! po/-,kantian ideali/s seems always laps+ into a regul> old-fa%ion$ spirituali/ic dualism4 ,!y incessantly talk z if1 l ! ,s\l1 _! ,all-?9k] 7 an ,ag5t1 op]at+ on deta*$ mat]ials ( s5se4 ,?is may come f ! accid5tal fact t ! ,engli% writ+s ( ! s*ool h be5 m polemic ?an con/ructive1 & t a read] may (t5 take = a positive pr(ession a /atem5t ad hom9em meant z "p ( a r$uction to ! absurd1 or mi/ake ! analysis ( a bit ( k into elem5ts = a dramatic my? ab\t its creation4 ,b ,i ?9k ! matt] has pr(\nd] roots4 ,pr(essor ,gre5 con/antly talks ( ! 'activity' ( ,self z a 'condition' ( k tak+ place4 ,facts are said to become incorporat$ ) o!r facts only ?r\gh ! 'action ( a comb9+ self-consci\sness ^u data ( s5sation4' ,e object we p]ceive 444 requires1 9 ord] to its pres5tation1 ! action ( a pr9ciple ( consci\sness1 n itself subject to conditions ( "t1 ^u successive appe>ances1 su* action z may hold ! appe>ances toge!r1 )\t fusion1 9 an appreh5d$ fact4#bib ,x is ne$less to repeat t ! connection ( ?+s 9 our k is 9 no :it expla9$ by mak+ x ! de$ ( an ag5t ^: ess5ce is self-id5tity & :o is out ( "t4 ,! ag5cy ( ph5om5al ?\ght com+ & go+ 9 "t is j z easy to und]/&4 ,& :5 x is fur!rmore said t ! ag5t t comb9es is ! same 'self-di/+ui%+ subject' :i* '9 ano!r mode ( its activity' pres5ts ! manifold object to itself1 ! un9telligibilities become q p>oxysmal1 & we are =c$ to confess t ! entire s*ool ( ?\ght 9 "q1 9 spite ( occasional glimpses ( some?+ m ref9$1 /ill dwells habitually 9 t my?ological /age ( ?\ght :]e ph5om5a are expla9$ z results ( dramas enact$ by entities :i* b r$uplicate ! *>act]s ( ! ph5om5a !mselves4 ,! self mu/ n only "k its object1--t is too bald & dead a relation to be writt5 d[n & left 9 its /atic /ate4 ,! kn[+ mu/ be pa9t$ z a 'fam\s victory' 9 :i* ! object's di/9ctness is 9 "s way 'ov]come4' ,! self exi/s z "o self only z x opposes itself1 z object1 to itself z subject1 & imm$iately d5ies & transc5ds t opposition4 ,only because x is su* a concrete unity1 :i* has 9 itself a resolv$ contradiction1 c ! intellig5ce cope ) all ! manifoldness & division ( ! mighty univ]se1 & hope to ma/] its secrets4 ,z ! lightn+ sleeps 9 ! dew-drop1 s 9 ! simple & transp>5t unity ( self-consci\sness !re is held 9 equilibrium t vital antagonism ( opposites :i* 444 seems to r5d ! _w asund]4 ,! intellig5ce is able to und]/& ! _w1 or1 9 o!r words1 to break d[n ! b>ri] betwe5 itself & ?+s & f9d itself 9 !m1 j because its own exi/5ce is implicitly ! solution ( all ! division & conflict ( ?+s4#bic ,?is dynamic 7,i _h almo/ writt5 dynamitic7 way ( repres5t+ k has ! m]it ( n be+ tame4 ,to turn f x to our own psy*ological =mulation is l turn+ f ! fireworks1 trap-doors1 & trans=mations ( ! pantomime into ! insipidity ( ! midnight1 :]e gha/ly ?r\gh ! drizzl+ ra91 ,on ! bald /reet breaks ! blank day6#bid ,& yet turn we mu/1 ) ! confession t our ',?\ght'--a cognitive ph5om5al ev5t 9 "t--is1 if x exi/ at all1 itself ! only ,?9k] :i* ! facts require4 ,! only s]vice t transc5d5tal egoism has done to psy*ology has be5 by its prote/s aga9/ ,hume's 'bundle'-!ory ( m9d4 ,b ?is s]vice has be5 ill-p]=m$2 = ! ,egoi/s !mselves1 let !m say :at !y w1 believe 9 ! bundle1 & 9 _! own sy/em m]ely tie x up1 ) _! special transc5d5tal /r+1 inv5t$ = t use alone4 ,besides1 !y talk z if1 ) ?is miracul\s ty+ or 'relat+1' ! ,ego's duties 7 done4 ,( its f> m important duty ( *oos+ "s ( ! ?+s x ties & appropriat+ !m1 to ! exclusion ( ! re/1 !y tell u nev] a ^w4 ,to sum up1 !n1 my own op9ion ( ! transc5d5tali/ s*ool1 x is 7:atev] ult]ior metaphysical tru? x may div9e7 a s*ool 9 :i* psy*ology at lea/ has naught to le>n1 & ^: deliv]ances ab\t ! ,ego 9 p>ticul> 9 no wise oblige u to revise our own =mulation ( ! ,/ream ( ,?\ght4#bie 99 99 99 99 99 ,) ?is1 all possible rival =mulations h be5 discuss$4 ,! lit]ature ( ! ,self is l>ge1 b all its au?ors may be class$ z radical or mitigat$ repres5tatives ( ! ?ree s*ools we h nam$1 sub/antialism1 associationism1 or transc5d5talism4 ,our own op9ion mu/ be class$ ap>t1 al?\gh x incorporates ess5tial elem5ts f all ?ree s*ools4 ,!re ne$ nev] h be5 a qu>rel betwe5 associationism & its rivals if ! =m] _h admitt$ ! indecomposable unity ( e pulse ( ?\ght1 & ! latt] be5 will+ to all[ t 'p]i%+' pulses ( ?\ght might recollect & "k4 ,we may sum up by say+ t p]sonality implies ! incessant pres5ce ( two elem5ts1 an objective p]son1 kn[n by a pass+ subjective ,?\ght & recogniz$ z cont9u+ 9 "t4 ,h]eaft] let u use ! words ,,me & ,i = ! empirical p]son & ! judg+ ,?\ght4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c]ta9 vicissitudes 9 ! me dem& our notice4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 al?\gh its *anges are gradual1 !y become 9 "t great4 ,! c5tral "p ( ! me is ! feel+ ( ! body & ( ! adju/m5ts 9 ! head2 & 9 ! feel+ ( ! body %\ld be includ$ t ( ! g5]al emotional tones & t5d5cies1 = at bottom ^! are b ! habits 9 :i* organic activities & s5sibilities run4 ,well1 f infancy to old age1 ?is assemblage ( feel+s1 mo/ con/ant ( all1 is yet a prey to sl[ mutation4 ,our p[]s1 bodily & m5tal1 *ange at lea/ z fa/4#bif ,our possessions notori\sly are p]i%able facts4 ,! id5tity :i* ! ,i discov]s1 z x surveys ?is long procession1 c only be a relative id5tity1 t ( a sl[ %ift+ 9 :i* !re is always "s common +r$i5t reta9$4#big ,! commone/ elem5t ( all1 ! mo/ uni=m1 is ! possession ( ! same memories4 ,h[ev] diff]5t ! man may be f ! y\?1 bo? look back on ! same *ildhood1 & call x _! own4 ,?us ! id5tity f\nd by ! ,i 9 its me is only a loosely con/ru$ ?+1 an id5tity 'on ! :ole1' j l t :i* any outside obs]v] might f9d 9 ! same assemblage ( facts4 ,we (t5 say ( a man 'he is s *ang$ "o w\ld n "k him'2 & s does a man1 less (t51 speak ( himself4 ,^! *anges 9 ! me1 recogniz$ by ! ,i1 or by outside obs]v]s1 may be grave or slight4 ,!y des]ve "s notice "h4 ,,! ,,mutations ,,( ,,! ,,self may be divid$ into two ma9 classes3 #a4 ,alt]ations ( memory2 & #b4 ,alt]ations 9 ! pres5t bodily & spiritual selves4 99 99 99 99 99 #a4 ,alt]ations ( memory are ei!r losses or false recollections4 ,9 ei!r case ! me is *ang$4 ,%\ld a man be puni%$ = :at he did 9 8 *ildhood & no long] rememb]s8 ,%\ld he be puni%$ = crimes enact$ 9 po/-epileptic unconsci\sness1 somnambulism1 or 9 any involunt>ily induc$ /ate ( :i* no recollection is reta9$8 ,law1 9 accord ) common-s5se1 says3 ,no2 he is n ! same p]son =5sically n[ :i* he 0 !n4 ,^! losses ( memory are a normal incid5t ( extreme old age1 & ! p]son's me %r9ks 9 ! ratio ( ! facts t h disappe>$4 ,9 dreams we =get our wak+ exp]i5ces2 !y are z if !y 7 n4 ,& ! conv]se is also true4 ,z a rule1 no memory is reta9$ dur+ ! wak+ /ate ( :at has happ5$ dur+ mesm]ic trance1 al?\gh :5 aga9 entranc$ ! p]son may rememb] x di/9ctly1 & may !n =get facts belong+ to ! wak+ /ate4 ,we ?us h1 )9 ! b\nds ( heal?y m5tal life1 an approa* to an alt]nation ( me's4 ,false memories are by no means r>e occurr5ces 9 mo/ ( u1 &1 :5ev] !y occur1 !y di/ort ! consci\sness ( ! me4 ,mo/ p1 probably1 are 9 d\bt ab\t c]ta9 matt]s ascrib$ to _! pa/4 ,!y may h se5 !m1 may h said !m1 done !m1 or !y may only h dream$ or imag9$ !y did s4 ,! cont5t ( a dream w (t5times ins]t itself into ! /ream ( real life 9 a mo/ p]plex+ way4 ,! mo/ frequ5t s\rce ( false memory is ! acc\nts we give to o!rs ( our exp]i5ces4 ,su* acc\nts we almo/ always make bo? m simple & m int]e/+ ?an ! tru?4 ,we quote :at we %\ld h said or done1 r ?an :at we really said or did2 & 9 ! fir/ tell+ we may be fully aw>e ( ! di/9ction4 ,b ere long ! fiction expels ! reality f memory & reigns 9 its /ead alone4 ,?is is "o great s\rce ( ! fallibility ( te/imony meant to be q hone/4 ,especially :]e ! m>vell\s is conc]n$1 ! /ory takes a tilt t way1 & ! memory foll[s ! /ory4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] quotes f ,miss ,cobbe ! foll[+1 z an in/ance ( a v common sort3 ,x happ5$ once to ! ,writ] to he> a mo/ scrupul\sly consci5ti\s fri5d n>rate an incid5t ( table-turn+1 to :i* %e app5d$ an assurance t ! table rapp$ :5 nobody 0 )9 a y>d ( x4 ,! writ] be+ conf\nd$ by ?is latt] fact1 ! lady1 ?\gh fully satisfi$ ( ! accuracy ( h] /atem5t1 promis$ to look at ! note %e _h made t5 ye>s previ\sly ( ! transaction4 ,! note 0 exam9$1 & 0 f\nd to conta9 ! di/9ct /atem5t t ! table rapp$ :5 ! h&s ( six p]sons re/$ on x6 ,! lady's memory z to all o!r po9ts prov$ to be /rictly correct2 & 9 ?is po9t %e _h err$ 9 entire good fai?4#bih ,x is next to impossible to get a /ory ( ?is sort accurate 9 all its details1 al?\gh x is ! iness5tial details t suff] mo/ *ange4#bii ,dick5s & ,balzac 7 said to h con/antly m+l$ _! fictions ) _! real exp]i5ces4 ,e "o mu/ h kn[n "s specim5 ( our mortal du/ s intoxicat$ ) ! ?\ght ( 8 own p]son & ! s\nd ( 8 own voice z nev] to be able ev5 to ?9k ! tru? :5 8 autobiography 0 9 "q4 ,amiable1 h>mless1 radiant ,j4 ,v46 may/ ?\ ne'er wake to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?y real & ?y fondly-imag9$ self6#cjj #b4 ,:5 we pass beyond alt]ations ( memory to abnormal alt]ations 9 ! pres5t self we h /ill grav] di/urbances4 ,^! alt]ations are ( ?ree ma9 types1 f ! descriptive po9t ( view4 ,b c]ta9 cases unite features ( two or m types2 & our k ( ! elem5ts & causes ( ^! *anges ( p]sonality is s slight t ! division into types mu/ n be reg>d$ z hav+ any pr(\nd significance4 ,! types are3 7#a7 ,insane delusions2 7#b7 ,alt]nat+ selves2 7#c7 ,m$ium%ips or possessions4 99 99 99 99 99 #a7 ,9 insanity we (t5 h delusions project$ into ! pa/1 :i* are melan*olic or sangu9e accord+ to ! "* ( ! disease4 ,b ! wor/ alt]ations ( ! self come f pres5t p]v]sions ( s5sibility & impulse :i* leave ! pa/ undi/urb$1 b induce ! pati5t to ?9k t ! pres5t me is an altoge!r new p]sonage4 ,some?+ ( ?is sort happ5s normally 9 ! rapid expansion ( ! :ole "*1 intellectual z well z volitional1 :i* takes place aft] ! "t ( pub]ty4 ,! pa?ological cases are curi\s en\gh to m]it long] notice4 ,! basis ( our p]sonality1 z ,m4 ,ribot says1 is t feel+ ( our vitality :i*1 because x is s p]petually pres5t1 rema9s 9 ! backgr\nd ( our consci\sness4 ,x is ! basis because1 always pres5t1 always act+1 )\t peace or re/1 x kn[s nei!r sleep nor fa9t+1 & la/s z long z life itself1 ( :i* x is "o =m4 ,x s]ves z a support to t self-consci\s me :i* memory con/itutes1 x is ! m$ium ( association among its o!r p>ts4444 ,suppose n[ t x 7 possible at once to *ange our body & put ano!r into its place3 skeleton1 vessels1 visc]a1 muscles1 sk91 ev]y?+ made new1 except ! n]v\s sy/em ) its /or$-up memory ( ! pa/4 ,!re c be no d\bt t 9 su* a case ! afflux ( unaccu/om$ vital s5sations w\ld produce ! grave/ disord]s4 ,betwe5 ! old s5se ( exi/5ce engrav$ on ! n]v\s sy/em1 & ! new "o act+ ) all ! int5sity ( its reality & novelty1 !re w\ld be irreconcilable contradiction4#cja ,) ! beg9n+s ( c]ebral disease !re (t5 happ5s some?+ q comp>able to ?is3 ,masses ( new s5sation1 hi!rto =eign to ! individual1 impulses & ideas ( ! same inexp]i5c$ k9d1 = example t]rors1 repres5tations ( enact$ crime1 ( enemies pursu+ "o1 etc4 ,at ! outset1 ^! /& 9 contra/ ) ! old famili> me1 z a /range1 (t5 a/oni%+ & abhorr5t ?\4#cjb ,(t5 _! invasion into ! =m] circle ( feel+s is felt z if ! old self 7 be+ tak5 possession ( by a d>k ov]p[]+ might1 & ! fact ( su* 'possession' is describ$ 9 fanta/ic images4 ,always ?is d\bl5ess1 ?is /ruggle ( ! old self aga9/ ! new discordant =ms ( exp]i5ce1 is accompani$ ) pa9ful m5tal conflict1 ) passion1 ) viol5t emotional excitem5t4 ,?is is 9 great "p ! reason = ! common exp]i5ce1 t ! fir/ /age 9 ! imm5se majority ( cases ( m5tal disease is an emotional alt]ation p>ticul>ly ( a melan*olic sort4 ,if n[ ! bra9-affection1 :i* is ! imm$iate cause ( ! new abnormal tra9 ( ideas1 be n reliev$1 ! latt] becomes confirm$4 ,x may gradually contract associations ) ! tra9s ( ideas :i* *>act]iz$ ! old self1 or portions ( ! latt] may be ext+ui%$ & lo/ 9 ! progress ( ! c]ebral malady1 s t little by little ! opposition ( ! two consci\s me's abates1 & ! emotional /orms are calm$4 ,b by t "t ! old me itself has be5 falsifi$ & turn$ into ano!r by ^? associations1 by t reception into itself ( ! abnormal elem5ts ( feel+ & ( w4 ,! pati5t may aga9 be quiet1 & 8 ?\ght sometimes logically correct1 b 9 x ! morbid errone\s ideas are always pres5t1 ) ! adhesions !y h contract$1 z uncontrollable premises1 & ! man is no long] ! same1 b a really new p]son1 8 old self trans=m$4#cjc ,b ! pati5t himself r>ely cont9ues to describe ! *ange 9 j ^! t]ms unless new bodily s5sations 9 him or ! loss ( old ones play a pr$om9ant "p4 ,m]e p]v]sions ( sight & he>+1 or ev5 ( impulse1 soon cease to be felt z contradictions ( ! unity ( ! me4 ,:at ! p>ticul> p]v]sions ( ! bodily s5sibility may be1 :i* give rise to ^! contradictions1 is = ! mo/ "p impossible = a s\nd-m9d$ p]son to conceive4 ,"o pati5t has ano!r self t repeats all 8 ?\ghts = him4 ,o!rs1 among :om are "s ( ! fir/ *>act]s 9 hi/ory1 h famili> dmons :o speak ) !m1 & are repli$ to4 ,9 ano!r someone 'makes' 8 ?\ghts = him4 ,ano!r has two bodies1 ly+ 9 diff]5t b$s4 ,"s pati5ts feel z if !y _h lo/ p>ts ( _! bodies1 tee?1 bra91 /oma*1 etc4 ,9 "s x is made ( wood1 glass1 butt]1 etc4 ,9 "s x does n exi/ any long]1 or is dead1 or is a =eign object q sep>ate f ! speak]'s self4 ,occasionally1 p>ts ( ! body lose _! connection = consci\sness ) ! re/1 & are treat$ z belong+ to ano!r p]son & mov$ by a ho/ile w4 ,?us ! "r h& may fight ) ! left z ) an enemy4#cjd ,or ! cries ( ! pati5t himself are assign$ to ano!r p]son ) :om ! pati5t expresses sympa?y4 ,! lit]ature ( insanity is fill$ ) n>ratives ( su* illusions z ^!4 ,m4 ,ta9e quotes f a pati5t ( ,dr4 ,kri%ab] an acc\nt ( suff]+s1 f :i* x w be se5 h[ completely alo( f :at is normal a man's exp]i5ce may sudd5ly become3 ,aft] ! fir/ or second day x 0 = "s weeks impossible to obs]ve or analyze myself4 ,! suff]+--ang9a pectoris--0 too ov]:elm+4 ,x 0 n till ! fir/ days ( ,janu>y t ,i c\ld give an acc\nt to myself ( :at ,i exp]i5c$4444 ,"h is ! fir/ ?+ ( :i* ,i reta9 a cle> remembrance4 ,i 0 alone1 & already a prey to p]man5t visual tr\ble1 :5 ,i 0 sudd5ly seiz$ ) a visual tr\ble inf9itely m pron\nc$4 ,objects grew small & rec$$ to inf9ite di/ances--m5 & ?+s toge!r4 ,i 0 myself immeasurably f> away1 ,i look$ ab\t me ) t]ror & a/oni%m5t2 ! _w 0 escap+ f me4444 ,i rem>k$ at ! same "t t my voice 0 extremely f> away f me1 t x s\nd$ no long] z if m9e4 ,i /ruck ! gr\nd ) my foot1 & p]ceiv$ its resi/ance2 b ?is resi/ance seem$ illusory--n t ! soil 0 s(t1 b t ! weight ( my body 0 r$uc$ to almo/ no?+4444 ,i _h ! feel+ ( be+ )\t weight4444 ,9 addition to be+ s di/ant1 objects appe>$ to me flat4 ,:5 ,i spoke ) anyone1 ,i saw him l an image cut out ( pap] ) no relief4444 ,?is s5sation la/$ int]mitt5tly = two ye>s4444 ,con/antly x seem$ z if my legs did n belong to me4 ,x 0 almo/ z bad ) my arms4 ,z = my head1 x seem$ no long] to exi/4444 ,i appe>$ to myself to act automatically1 by an impulsion =eign to myself4444 ,!re 0 inside ( me a new be+1 & ano!r "p ( myself1 ! old be+1 :i* took no int]e/ 9 ! new-com]4 ,i di/9ctly rememb] say+ to myself t ! suff]+s ( ?is new be+ 7 to me indiff]5t4 ,i 0 nev] really dupe ( ^! illusions1 b my m9d grew (t5 tir$ ( incessantly correct+ ! new impressions1 & ,i let myself g & liv$ ! unhappy life ( ?is new entity4 ,i _h an ard5t desire to see my old _w aga91 to get back to my old self4 ,?is desire kept me f kill+ myself4444 ,i 0 ano!r1 & ,i hat$1 ,i despis$ ?is o!r2 he 0 p]fectly odi\s to me2 x 0 c]ta9ly ano!r :o _h tak5 my =m & assum$ my functions4#cje ,9 cases simil> to ?is1 x is z c]ta9 t ! ,i is unalt]$ z t ! me is *ang$4 ,t is to say1 ! pres5t ,?\ght ( ! pati5t is cognitive ( bo? ! old me & ! new1 s long z its memory holds good4 ,only1 )9 t objective sph]e :i* =m]ly l5t itself s simply to ! judgm5t ( recognition & ( egoi/ic appropriation1 /range p]plexities h aris54 ,! pres5t & ! pa/ bo? se5 !re9 w n unite4 ,:]e is my old me8 ,:at is ?is new "o8 ,are !y ! same8 ,or h ,i two8 ,su* que/ions1 answ]$ by :atev] !ory ! pati5t is able to conjure up z plausible1 =m ! beg9n+ ( 8 insane life4#cjf ,a case ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ ?r\gh ,dr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,fi%] ( ,tewksbury has possibly its orig9 9 ?is way4 ,! woman1 ,bridget ,f41 has be5 _m ye>s insane1 & always speaks ( h] suppos$ self z '! rat1' ask+ me to 'bury ! little rat1' etc4 ,h] real self %e speaks ( 9 ! ?ird p]son z '! good woman1' say+1 ',! good ,woman knew ,dr4 ,f4 & us$ to "w = him1' etc4 ,sometimes %e sadly asks3 ',d y ?9k ! good woman w ev] come back8' ,%e works at ne$lework1 knitt+1 laundry1 etc41 & %[s h] "w1 say+1 ',isn't t good = only a rat8' ,%e has1 dur+ p]iods ( depression1 hid h]self "u build+s1 & crawl$ into holes & "u boxes4 ',%e 0 only a rat1 & wants to die1' %e w\ld say :5 we f\nd h]4 #b4 ,! ph5om5on ( alt]nat+ p]sonality 9 its simple/ phases seems bas$ on lapses ( memory4 ,any man becomes1 z we say1 inconsi/5t ) himself if he =gets 8 engagem5ts1 pl$ges1 kn[l$ges1 & habits2 & x is m]ely a "q ( degree at :at po9t we %all say t 8 p]sonality is *ang$4 ,9 ! pa?ological cases kn[n z ^? ( d\ble or alt]nate p]sonality ! lapse ( memory is abrupt1 & is usually prec$$ by a p]iod ( unconsci\sness or syncope la/+ a v>iable l5g? ( "t4 ,9 ! hypnotic trance we c easily produce an alt]ation ( ! p]sonality1 ei!r by tell+ ! subject to =get all t has happ5$ to him s9ce su* or su* a date1 9 :i* case he becomes 7x may be7 a *ild aga91 or by tell+ him he is ano!r altoge!r imag9>y p]sonage1 9 :i* case all facts ab\t himself seem = ! "t be+ to lapse f out 8 m9d1 & he ?r[s himself into ! new "* ) a vivacity proportionate to ! am\nt ( hi/rionic imag9ation :i* he possesses4#cjg ,b 9 ! pa?ological cases ! trans=mation is spontane\s4 ,! mo/ fam\s case1 p]haps1 on record is t ( ,flida ,x41 report$ by ,dr4 ,azam ( ,bordeaux4#cjh ,at ! age ( f\rte5 ?is woman began to pass into a 'second>y' /ate *>act]iz$ by a *ange 9 h] g5]al disposition & "*1 z if c]ta9 'inhibitions1' previ\sly exi/+1 7 sudd5ly remov$4 ,dur+ ! second>y /ate %e rememb]$ ! fir/ /ate1 b on em]g+ f x into ! fir/ /ate %e rememb]$ no?+ ( ! second4 ,at ! age ( =ty-f\r ! duration ( ! second>y /ate 7:i* 0 on ! :ole sup]ior 9 quality to ! orig9al /ate7 _h ga9$ ^u ! latt] s mu* z to occupy mo/ ( h] "t4 ,dur+ x %e rememb]s ! ev5ts belong+ to ! orig9al /ate1 b h] complete oblivion ( ! second>y /ate :5 ! orig9al /ate recurs is (t5 v di/ress+ to h]1 z1 = example1 :5 ! transition takes place 9 a c>riage on h] way to a fun]al1 & %e hasn't ! lea/ idea :i* "o ( h] fri5ds may be dead4 ,%e actually became pregnant dur+ "o ( h] e>ly second>y /ates1 & dur+ h] fir/ /ate _h no k ( h[ x _h come to pass4 ,h] di/ress at ^! blanks ( memory is sometimes int5se & once drove h] to attempt suicide4 ,to take ano!r example1 ,dr4 ,rieg] gives an acc\nt#cji ( an epileptic man :o = sev5te5 ye>s _h pass$ 8 life alt]nately free1 9 prisons1 or 9 asylums1 8 "* be+ ord]ly en\gh 9 ! normal /ate1 b alt]nat+ ) p]iods1 dur+ :i* he w\ld leave 8 home = sev]al weeks1 lead+ ! life ( a ?ief & vagabond1 be+ s5t to jail1 hav+ epileptic fits & excitem5t1 be+ accus$ ( mal+]+1 etc41 etc41 & ) nev] a memory ( ! abnormal conditions :i* 7 to blame = all 8 wret*$ness4 ,i h nev] got f anyone1 says ,dr4 ,rieg]1 s s+ul> an impression z f ?is man1 ( :om x c\ld n be said t he _h any prop]ly consci\s pa/ at all4444 ,x is really impossible to ?9k "o's self into su* a /ate ( m9d4 ,8 la/ l>c5y _h be5 p]=m$ 9 ,nrnb]g1 he knew no?+ ( x1 & saw himself be=e ! c\rt & !n 9 ! hospital1 b )\t 9 ! lea/ und]/&+ ! reason :y4 ,t he _h epileptic attacks1 he knew4 ,b x 0 impossible to conv9ce him t = h\rs toge!r he rav$ & act$ 9 an abnormal way4 ,ano!r rem>kable case is t ( ,m>y ,reynolds1 lately republi%$ aga9 by ,dr4 ,weir ,mit*ell4#caj ,?is dull & melan*oly "y woman1 inhabit+ ! ,p5nsylvania wild]ness 9 #ahaa1 0 f\nd "o morn+1 long aft] h] habitual "t = ris+1 9 a pr(\nd sleep f :i* x 0 impossible to ar\se h]4 ,aft] eighte5 or tw5ty h\rs ( sleep+ %e awak5$1 b 9 a /ate ( unnatural consci\sness4 ,memory _h fl$4 ,to all int5ts & purposes %e 0 z a be+ = ! fir/ "t u%]$ into ! _w4 ',all ( ! pa/ t rema9$ to h] 0 ! faculty ( pron\nc+ a few words1 & ?is seems to h be5 z purely in/9ctive z ! wail+s ( an infant2 = at fir/ ! words :i* %e utt]$ 7 connect$ ) no ideas 9 h] m9d4' ,until %e 0 taught _! significance !y 7 unmean+ s\nds4 ',h] eyes 7 virtually = ! fir/ "t op5$ ^u ! _w4 ,old ?+s _h pass$ away2 all ?+s _h become new4' ,h] p>5ts1 bro!rs1 si/]s1 fri5ds1 7 n recogniz$ or ackn[l$g$ z su* by h]4 ,%e _h nev] se5 !m be=e1--nev] kn[n !m1--0 n aw>e t su* p]sons _h be54 ,n[ = ! fir/ "t %e 0 introduc$ to _! company & acqua9tance4 ,to ! sc5es by :i* %e 0 surr\nd$ %e 0 a p]fect /rang]4 ,! h\se1 ! fields1 ! =e/1 ! hills1 ! vales1 ! /reams1--all 7 novelties4 ,! beauties ( ! l&scape 7 all unexplor$4 ,%e _h n ! slighte/ consci\sness t %e _h ev] exi/$ previ\s to ! mom5t 9 :i* %e awoke f t my/]i\s slumb]4 ',9 a ^w1 %e 0 an infant1 j born1 yet born 9 a /ate ( maturity1 ) a capacity = reli%+ ! ri*1 sublime1 luxuriant wond]s ( creat$ nature4' ,! fir/ lesson 9 h] education 0 to tea* h] by :at ties %e 0 b\nd to ^? by :om %e 0 surr\nd$1 & ! duties devolv+ ^u h] accord+ly4 ,?is %e 0 v sl[ to le>n1 &1 'inde$1 nev] did le>n1 or1 at lea/1 nev] w\ld ackn[l$ge ! ties ( consangu9ity1 or sc>cely ^? ( fri5d%ip4 ,%e consid]$ ^? %e _h once kn[n z = ! mo/ "p /rang]s & enemies1 among :om %e 01 by "s rem>kable & unacc\ntable means1 transplant$1 ?\gh f :at region or /ate ( exi/5ce 0 a problem unsolv$4' ,! next lesson 0 to re-tea* h] ! arts ( read+ & writ+4 ,%e 0 apt en\gh1 & made su* rapid progress 9 bo? t 9 a few weeks %e _h readily re-le>n$ to read & write4 ,9 copy+ h] "n :i* h] bro!r _h writt5 = h] z a fir/ lesson1 %e took h] p5 9 a v awkw>d mann] & began to copy f "r to left 9 ! ,hebrew mode1 z ?\gh %e _h be5 transplant$ f an ,ea/]n soil4444 ,! next ?+ t is notewor?y is ! *ange :i* took place 9 h] disposition4 ,in/ead ( be+ melan*oly %e 0 n[ *e]ful to extremity4 ,in/ead ( be+ res]v$ %e 0 buoyant & social4 ,=m]ly taciturn & retir+1 %e 0 n[ m]ry & jocose4 ,h] disposition 0 totally & absolutely *ang$4 ,:ile %e 01 9 ?is second /ate1 extravagantly fond ( company1 %e 0 mu* m enam\r$ ( nature's works1 z exhibit$ 9 ! =e/s1 hills1 vales1 & wat]-c\rses4 ,%e us$ to />t 9 ! morn+1 ei!r on foot or horseback1 & ramble until nightfall ov] ! :ole c\ntry2 nor 0 %e at all p>ticul> :e!r %e 7 on a pa? or 9 ! trackless =e/4 ,h] pr$ilection = ?is mann] ( life may h be5 occasion$ by ! re/ra9t necess>ily impos$ ^u h] by h] fri5ds1 :i* caus$ h] to consid] !m h] enemies & n companions1 & %e 0 glad to keep out ( _! way4 ,%e knew no fe>1 & z be>s & pan!rs 7 num]\s 9 ! woods1 & rattlesnakes & copp]heads ab\nd$ ev]y:]e1 h] fri5ds told h] ( ! dang] to :i* %e expos$ h]self1 b x produc$ no o!r effect ?an to draw =? a contemptu\s laugh1 z %e said1 ',i "k y only want to fright5 me & keep me at home1 b y miss x1 = ,i (t5 see y\r be>s & ,i am p]fectly conv9c$ t !y are no?+ m ?an black hogs4' ,"o ev5+1 aft] h] return f h] daily excursion1 %e told ! foll[+ incid5t3 ',z ,i 0 rid+ to-day along a n>r[ pa? a great black hog came out ( ! woods & /opp$ be=e me4 ,i nev] saw su* an impud5t black hog be=e4 ,x /ood up on its h9d feet & gr9n$ & gna%$ its tee? at me4 ,i c\ld n make ! horse g on4 ,i told him he 0 a fool to be fright5$ at a hog1 & tri$ to :ip him pa/1 b he w\ld n g & want$ to turn back4 ,i told ! hog to get out ( ! way1 b he did n m9d me4 ,well1 said ,i1 if y won't = words1 ,i'll try bl[s2 s ,i got (f & took a /ick1 & walk$ up t[>d x4 ,:5 ,i got pretty close by1 x got d[n on all f\rs & walk$ away sl[ly & sull5ly1 /opp+ e few /eps & look+ back & gr9n+ & gr[l+4 ,!n ,i got on my horse & rode on4'444 ,?us x cont9u$ = five weeks1 :5 "o morn+1 aft] a protract$ sleep1 %e awoke & 0 h]self aga94 ,%e recogniz$ ! p>5tal1 ! bro!rly1 & si/]ly ties z ?\gh no?+ _h happ5$1 & imm$iately w5t ab\t ! p]=mance ( duties incumb5t ^u h]1 & :i* %e _h plann$ five weeks previ\sly4 ,great 0 h] surprise at ! *ange :i* "o night 7z %e suppos$7 _h produc$4 ,nature bore a diff]5t aspect4 ,n a trace 0 left 9 h] m9d ( ! giddy sc5es ?r\gh :i* %e _h pass$4 ,h] rambl+s ?r\gh ! =e/1 h] tricks & humor1 all 7 fad$ f h] memory1 & n a %ad[ left beh9d4 ,h] p>5ts saw _! *ild2 h] bro!rs & si/]s saw _! si/]4 ,%e n[ _h all ! k t %e _h possess$ 9 h] fir/ /ate previ\s to ! *ange1 /ill fre% & 9 z vigor\s ex]cise z ?\gh no *ange _h be54 ,b any new acquisitions %e _h made1 & any new ideas %e _h obta9$1 7 lo/ to h] n[--yet n lo/1 b laid up out ( sight 9 safe-keep+ = future use4 ,( c\rse h] natural disposition return$2 h] melan*oly 0 deep5$ by ! in=mation ( :at _h occurr$4 ,all w5t on 9 ! old-fa%ion$ way1 & x 0 fondly hop$ t ! my/]i\s occurr5ces ( ^? five weeks w\ld nev] be repeat$1 b ^! anticipations 7 n to be realiz$4 ,aft] ! lapse ( a few weeks %e fell into a pr(\nd sleep1 & awoke 9 h] second /ate1 tak+ up h] new life aga9 precisely :]e %e _h left x :5 %e be=e pass$ f t /ate4 ,%e 0 n n[ a daught] or a si/]4 ,all ! k %e possess$ 0 t acquir$ dur+ ! few weeks ( h] =m] p]iod ( second consci\sness4 ,%e knew no?+ ( ! int]v5+ "t4 ,two p]iods widely sep>at$ 7 br\ght into contact4 ,%e ?\ght x 0 b "o night4 ,9 ?is /ate %e came to und]/& p]fectly ! facts ( h] case1 n f memory1 b f in=mation4 ,yet h] buoyancy ( spirits 0 s great t no depression 0 produc$4 ,on ! contr>y1 x add$ to h] *e]fulness1 & 0 made ! f\ndation1 z 0 ev]y?+ else1 ( mir?4 ,^! alt]nations f "o /ate to ano!r cont9u$ at int]vals ( v>y+ l5g? = fifte5 or sixte5 ye>s1 b f9ally ceas$ :5 %e atta9$ ! age ( ?irty-five or ?irty-six1 leav+ h] p]man5tly 9 h] second /ate4 ,9 ?is %e rema9$ )\t *ange = ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury ( h] life4 ,! emotional opposition ( ! two /ates seems1 h[ev]1 to h become gradually effac$ 9 ,m>y ,reynolds3 ,! *ange f a gay1 hy/]ical1 mis*iev\s woman1 fond ( je/s & subject to absurd beliefs or delusive convictions1 to "o reta9+ ! joy\sness & love ( society1 b sob]$ d[n to levels ( practical usefulness1 0 gradual4 ,! mo/ ( ! tw5ty-five ye>s :i* foll[$ %e 0 z diff]5t f h] melan*oly1 morbid self z f ! hil>i\s condition ( ! e>ly ye>s ( h] second /ate4 ,"s ( h] family spoke ( x z h] ?ird /ate4 ,%e is describ$ z becom+ rational1 indu/ri\s1 & v *e]ful1 yet reasonably s]i\s2 possess$ ( a well-balanc$ temp]am5t1 & n hav+ ! slighte/ indication ( an injur$ or di/urb$ m9d4 ,= "s ye>s %e taught s*ool1 & 9 t capacity 0 bo? useful & acceptable1 be+ a g5]al favorite ) old & "y4 ,dur+ ^! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s %e liv$ 9 ! same h\se ) ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,john ,v4 ,reynolds1 h] nephew1 "p ( t "t keep+ h\se = him1 %[+ a s\nd judgm5t & a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ! duties ( h] position4 ,dr4 ,reynolds1 :o is /ill liv+ 9 ,meadville1 says ,dr4 ,mit*ell1 & :o has mo/ k9dly plac$ ! facts at my disposal1 /ates 9 8 lett] to me ( ,janu>y #d1 #ahhh1 t at a lat] p]iod ( h] life %e said %e did sometimes seem to h a dim1 dreamy idea ( a %ad[y pa/1 :i* %e c\ld n fully grasp1 & c\ld n be c]ta9 :e!r x orig9at$ 9 a p>tially re/or$ memory or 9 ! /atem5ts ( ! ev5ts by o!rs dur+ h] abnormal /ate4 ,miss ,reynolds di$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahed1 at ! age ( sixty-"o4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! day ( h] dea? %e rose 9 h] usual heal?1 ate h] breakfa/1 & sup]9t5d$ h\sehold duties4 ,:ile ?us employ$ %e sudd5ly rais$ h] h&s to h] head & exclaim$3 ',oh6 ,i wond] :at is ! matt] ) my head6' & imm$iately fell to ! floor4 ,:5 c>ri$ to a s(a %e gasp$ once or twice & di$4 ,9 su* cases z ! prec$+1 9 :i* ! second>y "* is sup]ior to ! fir/1 !re seems reason to ?9k t ! fir/ "o is ! morbid "o4 ,! ^w inhibition describes its dulness & melan*oly4 ,flida ,x4's orig9al "* 0 dull & melan*oly 9 comp>ison ) t :i* %e lat] acquir$1 & ! *ange may be reg>d$ z ! removal ( inhibitions :i* _h ma9ta9$ !mselves f e>li] ye>s4 ,su* inhibitions we all "k tempor>ily1 :5 we c n recollect or 9 "s o!r way comm& our m5tal res\rces4 ,! sy/ematiz$ amnesias 7losses ( memory7 ( hypnotic subjects ord]$ to =get all n\ns1 or all v]bs1 or a p>ticul> lett] ( ! alphabet1 or all t is relative to a c]ta9 p]son1 are inhibitions ( ! sort on a m ext5sive scale4 ,!y sometimes occur spontane\sly z symptoms ( disease4#caa ,n[ ,m4 ,pi]re ,janet has %[n t su* inhibitions :5 !y be> on a c]ta9 class ( s5sations 7mak+ ! subject an/hetic !reto7 & also on ! memory ( su* s5sations1 are ! basis ( *anges ( p]sonality4 ,! an/hetic & 'amnesic' hy/]ic is "o p]son2 b :5 y re/ore h] inhibit$ s5sibilities & memories by plung+ h] into ! hypnotic trance--9 o!r words1 :5 y rescue !m f _! 'dissociat$' & split-(f condition1 & make !m rejo9 ! o!r s5sibilities & memories--%e is a diff]5t p]son4 ,z said above 7p4 #bjc71 ! hypnotic trance is "o me?od ( re/or+ s5sibility 9 hy/]ics4 ,b "o day :5 ! hy/]ic an/hetic nam$ ,lucie 0 already 9 ! hypnotic trance1 ,m4 ,janet = a c]ta9 reason cont9u$ to make passes ov] h] = a full half-h\r z if %e 7 n already asleep4 ,! result 0 to ?r[ h] into a sort ( syncope f :i*1 aft] half an h\r1 %e reviv$ 9 a second somnambulic condition entirely unlike t :i* _h *>act]iz$ h] ?i!rto--diff]5t s5sibilities1 a diff]5t memory1 a diff]5t p]son1 9 %ort4 ,9 ! wak+ /ate ! poor "y woman 0 an/hetic all ov]1 ne>ly deaf1 & ) a badly contract$ field ( vision4 ,bad z x 01 h[ev]1 sight 0 h] be/ s5se1 & %e us$ x z a guide 9 all h] movem5ts4 ,) h] eyes b&ag$ %e became entirely helpless1 & l o!r p]sons ( a simil> sort ^: cases h be5 record$1 %e almo/ imm$iately fell asleep 9 consequ5ce ( ! )drawal ( h] la/ s5sorial /imulus4 ,m4 ,janet calls ?is wak+ or prim>y 7"o c h>dly 9 su* a connection say 'normal'7 /ate by ! "n ( ,lucie #a4 ,9 ,lucie #b1 h] fir/ sort ( hypnotic trance1 ! an/hesias 7 dim9i%$ b n remov$4 ,9 ! deep] trance1 ',lucie #c1' br\ght ab\t z j describ$1 no trace ( !m rema9$4 ,h] s5sibility became p]fect1 & in/ead ( be+ an extreme example ( ! 'visual' type1 %e 0 trans=m$ into :at 9 ,pr(4 ,*>cot's t]m9ology is kn[n z a motor4 ,t is to say1 t :]eas :5 awake %e _h ?\ght 9 visual t]ms exclusively1 & c\ld imag9e ?+s only by rememb]+ h[ !y look$1 n[ 9 ?is deep] trance h] ?\ghts & memories seem$ to ,m4 ,janet to be l>gely compos$ ( images ( movem5t & ( t\*4 ,hav+ discov]$ ?is deep] trance & *ange ( p]sonality 9 ,lucie1 ,m4 ,janet naturally became eag] to f9d x 9 8 o!r subjects4 ,he f\nd x 9 ,rose1 9 ,m>ie1 & 9 ,lonie2 & 8 bro!r1 ,dr4 ,jules ,janet1 :o 0 int]ne at ! ,salptrire ,hospital1 f\nd x 9 ! celebrat$ subject ,wit4444 ^: trances _h be5 /udi$ = ye>s by ! v>i\s doctors ( t in/itution )\t any ( !m hav+ happ5$ to awak5 ?is v peculi> individuality4#cab ,) ! return ( all ! s5sibilities 9 ! deep] trance1 ^! subjects turn$1 z x 71 into normal p]sons4 ,_! memories 9 p>ticul> grew m ext5sive1 & h]eupon ,m4 ,janet sp9s a !oretic g5]alization4 ,:5 a c]ta9 k9d ( s5sation1 he says1 is aboli%$ 9 an hy/]ic pati5t1 !re is also aboli%$ along ) x all recollection ( pa/ s5sations ( t k9d4 ,if1 = example1 he>+ be ! an/hetic s5se1 ! pati5t becomes unable ev5 to imag9e s\nds & voices1 & has to speak 7:5 spee* is /ill possible7 by means ( motor or articulatory cues4 ,if ! motor s5se be aboli%$1 ! pati5t mu/ w ! movem5ts ( 8 limbs by fir/ def9+ !m to 8 m9d 9 visual t]ms1 & mu/ inn]vate 8 voice by premonitory ideas ( ! way 9 :i* ! words are go+ to s\nd4 ,! practical consequ5ces ( ?is law w\ld be great1 = all exp]i5ces belong+ to a sph]e ( s5sibility :i* aft]w>ds became an/hetic1 z1 = example1 t\*1 w\ld h be5 /or$ away & rememb]$ 9 tactile t]ms1 & w\ld be incont95tly =gott5 z soon z ! cutane\s & muscul> s5sibility %\ld come to be cut out 9 ! c\rse ( disease4 ,memory ( !m w\ld be re/or$ aga91 on ! o!r h&1 s soon z ! s5se ( t\* came back4 ,n[1 9 ! hy/]ic subjects on :om ,m4 ,janet exp]im5t$1 t\* did come back 9 ! /ate ( trance4 ,! result 0 t all sorts ( memories1 abs5t 9 ! ord9>y condition1 came back too1 & !y c\ld !n g back & expla9 ! orig9 ( _m o!rwise inexplicable ?+s 9 _! life4 ,"o /age 9 ! great convulsive crisis ( hy/]o-epilepsy1 = example1 is :at ,fr5* writ]s call ! phase des attitudes passionelles1 9 :i* ! pati5t1 )\t speak+ or giv+ any acc\nt ( h]self1 w g ?r\gh ! outw>d movem5ts ( fe>1 ang]1 or "s o!r emotional /ate ( m9d4 ,usually ?is phase is1 ) ea* pati5t1 a ?+ s /]eotyp$ z to seem automatic1 & d\bts h ev5 be5 express$ z to :e!r any consci\sness exi/s :il/ x la/s4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! pati5t ,lucie's tactile s5sibility came back 9 ! deep] trance1 %e expla9$ ! orig9 ( h] hy/]ic crisis 9 a great fright :i* %e _h _h :5 a *ild1 on a day :5 c]ta9 m51 hid beh9d ! curta9s1 _h jump$ out ^u h]2 %e told h[ %e w5t ?r\gh ?is sc5e aga9 9 all h] crises2 %e told ( h] sleep-walk+ fits ?r\gh ! h\se :5 a *ild1 & h[ = sev]al mon?s %e _h be5 %ut 9 a d>k room because ( a disord] ( ! eyes4 ,all ^! 7 ?+s ( :i* %e recollect$ no?+ :5 awake1 because !y 7 records ( exp]i5ces ma9ly ( motion & ( t\*4 ,b ,m4 ,janet's subject ,lonie is int]e/+1 & %[s be/ h[ ) ! s5sibilities & motor impulses ! memories & "* w *ange4 ,?is woman1 ^: life s\nds m l an improbable romance ?an a g5u9e hi/ory1 has _h attacks ( natural somnambulism s9ce ! age ( ?ree ye>s4 ,%e has be5 hypnotiz$ con/antly by all sorts ( p]sons f ! age ( sixte5 upw>ds1 & %e is n[ =ty-five4 ,:il/ h] normal life develop$ 9 "o way 9 ! mid/ ( h] poor c\ntry surr\nd+s1 h] second life 0 pass$ 9 draw+-rooms & doctors' (fices1 & naturally took an entirely diff]5t direction4 ,to-day1 :5 9 h] normal /ate1 ?is poor peasant woman is a s]i\s & r sad p]son1 calm & sl[1 v mild ) e "o1 & extremely timid3 to look at h] "o w\ld nev] suspect ! p]sonage :i* %e conta9s4 ,b h>dly is %e put to sleep hypnotically :5 a metamorphosis occurs4 ,h] face is no long] ! same4 ,%e keeps h] eyes clos$1 x is true1 b ! acut5ess ( h] o!r s5ses supplies _! place4 ,%e is gay1 noisy1 re/less1 sometimes insupportably s4 ,%e rema9s good-natur$1 b has acquir$ a s+ul> t5d5cy to irony & %>p je/+4 ,no?+ is m curi\s ?an to he> h] aft] a sitt+ :5 %e has receiv$ a visit f /rang]s :o wi%$ to see h] asleep4 ,%e gives a ^w-portrait ( !m1 apes _! mann]s1 pret5ds to "k _! little ridicul\s aspects & passions1 & = ea* inv5ts a romance4 ,to ?is "* mu/ be add$ ! possession ( an enorm\s numb] ( recollections1 ^: exi/5ce %e does n ev5 suspect :5 awake1 = h] amnesia is !n complete4444 ,%e refuses ! "n ( ,lonie & takes t ( ,lont9e 7,lonie #b7 to :i* h] fir/ magnetiz]s _h accu/om$ h]4 ',t good woman is n myself1' %e says1 '%e is too /upid6' ,to h]self1 ,lont9e or ,lonie #b1 %e attributes all ! s5sations & all ! actions1 9 a ^w all ! consci\s exp]i5ces :i* %e has und]gone 9 somnambulism1 & knits !m toge!r to make ! hi/ory ( h] already long life4 ,to ,lonie #a z ,m4 ,janet calls ! wak+ woman on ! o!r h&1 %e exclusively ascribes ! ev5ts liv$ ?r\gh 9 wak+ h\rs4 ,i 0 at fir/ /ruck by an important exception to ! rule1 & 0 dispos$ to ?9k t !re might be some?+ arbitr>y 9 ?is p>tition ( h] recollections4 ,9 ! normal /ate ,lonie has a husb& & *ildr52 b ,lonie #b1 ! somnambuli/1 :il/ ackn[l$g+ ! *ildr5 z h] own1 attributes ! husb& to '! o!r4' ,?is *oice1 0 p]haps explicable1 b x foll[$ no rule4 ,x 0 n till lat] t ,i le>n$ t h] magnetiz]s 9 e>ly days1 z audaci\s z c]ta9 hypnotiz]s ( rec5t date1 _h somnambuliz$ h] = h] fir/ acc\*em5ts1 & t %e _h laps$ into t /ate spontane\sly 9 ! lat] ones4 ,lonie #b 0 ?us q "r 9 ascrib+ to h]self ! *ildr5--x 0 %e :o _h _h !m1 & ! rule t h] fir/ trance-/ate =ms a diff]5t p]sonality 0 n brok54 ,b x is ! same ) h] second or deepe/ /ate ( trance4 ,:5 aft] ! r5ew$ passes1 syncope1 etc41 %e rea*es ! condition :i* ,i h call$ ,lonie #c1 %e is ano!r p]son /ill4 ,s]i\s & grave1 in/ead ( be+ a re/less *ild1 %e speaks sl[ly & moves b little4 ,aga9 %e sep>ates h]self f ! wak+ ,lonie #a4 ',a good b r /upid woman1' %e says1 '& n me4' ,& %e also sep>ates h]self f ,lonie #b3 ',h[ c y see any?+ ( me 9 t crazy creature8' %e says4 ',=tunately ,i am no?+ = h]4' ,lonie #a kn[s only ( h]self2 ,lonie #b1 ( h]self & ( ,lonie #a2 ,lonie #c kn[s ( h]self & ( bo? ! o!rs4 ,lonie #a has a visual consci\sness2 ,lonie #b has "o bo? visual & auditory2 9 ,lonie #c x is at once visual1 auditory1 & tactile4 ,pr(4 ,janet ?\ght at fir/ t he 0 ,lonie #c's discov]]4 ,b %e told him t %e _h be5 frequ5tly 9 t condition be=e4 ,a =m] magnetiz] _h hit ^u h] j z ,m4 ,janet _h1 9 seek+ by means ( passes to deep5 ! sleep ( ,lonie #b4 ,?is resurrection ( a somnambulic p]sonage :o _h be5 ext9ct = tw5ty ye>s is curi\s en\gh2 & 9 speak+ to ,lonie #c1 ,i naturally n[ adopt ! "n ( ,lonore :i* 0 giv5 h] by h] fir/ ma/]4 ,! mo/ c>efully /udi$ case ( multiple p]sonality is t ( ! hy/]ic y\? ,l\is ,v4 ab\t :om ,,mm4 ,b\rru & ,burot h writt5 a book4#cac ,! symptoms are too intricate to be reproduc$ "h ) detail4 ,suffice x t ,l\is ,v4 _h l$ an irregul> life1 9 ! army1 9 hospitals1 & 9 h\ses ( correction1 & _h _h num]\s hy/]ic an/hesias1 p>alyses1 & contractures attack+ him diff]5tly at diff]5t times & :5 he liv$ at diff]5t places4 ,at eighte51 at an agricultural ,h\se ( ,correction he 0 bitt5 by a vip]1 :i* br\ght on a convulsive crisis & left bo? ( 8 legs p>alyz$ = ?ree ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is condition he 0 g5tle1 moral1 & indu/ri\s4 ,b sudd5ly at la/1 aft] a long convulsive seizure1 8 p>alysis disappe>$1 & ) x 8 memory = all ! "t dur+ :i* x _h endur$4 ,8 "* also *ang$3 he became qu>relsome1 glutton\s1 impolite1 /eal+ 8 comrades' w9e1 & money f an att5dant1 & f9ally escap$ f ! e/abli%m5t & f\ght furi\sly :5 he 0 ov]tak5 & caught4 ,lat]1 :5 he fir/ fell "u ! obs]vation ( ! au?ors1 8 "r side 0 half p>alyz$ & ins5sible1 & 8 "* intol]able2 ! application ( metals transf]r$ ! p>alysis to ! left side1 aboli%$ 8 recollections ( ! o!r condition1 & c>ri$ him psy*ically back to ! hospital ( ,bictre :]e he _h be5 treat$ = a simil> physical condition4 ,8 "*1 op9ions1 education1 all und]w5t a concomitant trans=mation4 ,he 0 no long] ! p]sonage ( ! mom5t be=e4 ,x appe>$ ere long t any pres5t n]v\s disord] 9 him c\ld be tempor>ily remov$ by metals1 magnets1 electric or o!r ba?s1 etc42 & t any pa/ disord] c\ld be br\ght back by hypnotic sugge/ion4 ,he also w5t ?r\gh a rapid spontane\s repetition ( 8 s]ies ( pa/ disord]s aft] ea* ( ! convulsive attacks :i* occurr$ 9 him at int]vals4 ,x 0 obs]v$ t ea* physical /ate 9 :i* he f\nd himself1 exclud$ c]ta9 memories & br\ght ) x a def9ite modification ( "*4 ,! law ( ^! *anges1 say ! au?ors1 is q cle>4 ,!re exi/ precise1 con/ant1 & necess>y relations betwe5 ! bodily & ! m5tal /ate1 su* t x is impossible to modify ! "o )\t modify+ ! o!r 9 a p>allel fa%ion4#cad ,! case ( ?is protei=m individual w\ld seem1 !n1 nicely to corroborate ,m4 ,p4 ,janet's law t an/hesias & gaps 9 memory g toge!r4 ,c\pl+ ,janet's law ) ,locke's t *anges ( memory br+ *anges ( p]sonality1 we %\ld h an app>5t explanation ( "s cases at lea/ ( alt]nate p]sonality4 ,b m]e an/hesia does n suffici5tly expla9 ! *anges ( disposition1 :i* are probably due to modifications 9 ! p]vi\sness ( motor & associative pa?s1 co-ord9ate ) ^? ( ! s5sorial pa?s r ?an consecutive ^u !m4 ,& inde$ a glance at o!r cases ?an ,m4 ,janet's own1 suffices to %[ u t s5sibility & memory are n c\pl$ 9 any inv>iable way4#cae ,m4 ,janet's law1 true ( 8 own cases1 does n seem to hold good 9 all4 ,( c\rse x is m]e guesswork to speculate on :at may be ! cause ( ! amnesias :i* lie at ! bottom ( *anges 9 ! ,self4 ,*anges ( blood-supply h naturally be5 invok$4 ,alt]nate action ( ! two hemisph]es 0 long ago propos$ by ,dr4 ,wigan 9 8 book on ! ,duality ( ! ,m9d4 ,i %all rev]t to ?is explanation aft] consid]+ ! ?ird class ( alt]ations ( ! ,self1 ^?1 namely1 :i* ,i h call$ 'possessions4' ,i h myself become q rec5tly acqua9t$ ) ! subject ( a case ( alt]nate p]sonality ( ! 'ambulatory' sort1 :o has giv5 me p]mission to "n him 9 ^! pages4#caf ,! ,rev4 ,ansel ,b\rne1 ( ,gre5e1 ,r4 ,i41 0 br\ght up to ! trade ( a c>p5t]2 b1 9 consequ5ce ( a sudd5 tempor>y loss1 ( sight & he>+ "u v peculi> circum/ances1 he became conv]t$ f ,a!ism to ,*ri/ianity j be=e 8 ?irtie? ye>1 & has s9ce t "t = ! mo/ "p liv$ ! life ( an it9]ant prea*]4 ,he has be5 subject to heada*es & tempor>y fits ( depression ( spirits dur+ mo/ ( 8 life1 & has _h a few fits ( unconsci\sness la/+ an h\r or less4 ,he also has a region ( some:at dim9i%$ cutane\s s5sibility on ! left ?igh4 ,o!rwise 8 heal? is good1 & 8 muscul> /r5g? & endurance excell5t4 ,he is ( a firm & self-reliant disposition1 a man ^: yea is yea & 8 nay1 nay2 & 8 "* = uprightness is su* 9 ! community t no p]son :o kn[s him w = a mom5t admit ! possibility ( 8 case n be+ p]fectly g5u9e4 ,on ,janu>y #ag1 #ahhg1 he drew #eea doll>s f a bank 9 ,provid5ce ) :i* to pay = a c]ta9 lot ( l& 9 ,gre5e1 paid c]ta9 bills1 & got into a ,pawtucket horse-c>4 ,?is is ! la/ incid5t :i* he rememb]s4 ,he did n return home t day1 & no?+ 0 he>d ( him = two mon?s4 ,he 0 publi%$ 9 ! pap]s z miss+1 & f\l play be+ suspect$1 ! police s\ght 9 va9 8 :]eab\ts4 ,on ! morn+ ( ,m>* #ad?1 h[ev]1 at ,norri/[n1 ,p5nsylvania1 a man call+ himself ,a4 ,j4 ,br[n1 :o _h r5t$ a small %op six weeks previ\sly1 /ock$ x ) /ation]y1 confection]y1 fruit & small articles1 & c>ri$ on 8 quiet trade )\t seem+ to any "o unnatural or ecc5tric1 woke up 9 a fright & call$ 9 ! p ( ! h\se to tell him :]e he 04 ,he said t 8 "n 0 ,ansel ,b\rne1 t he 0 entirely ignorant ( ,norri/[n1 t he knew no?+ ( %op-keep+1 & t ! la/ ?+ he rememb]$--x seem$ only ye/]day--0 draw+ ! money f ! bank1 etc41 9 ,provid5ce4 ,he w\ld n believe t two mon?s _h elaps$4 ,! p ( ! h\se ?\ght him insane2 & s1 at fir/1 did ,dr4 ,l\is ,h4 ,read1 :om !y call$ 9 to see him4 ,b on telegraph+ to ,provid5ce1 confirmatory messages came1 & pres5tly 8 nephew1 ,mr4 ,&rew ,h>ris1 arriv$ ^u ! sc5e1 made ev]y?+ /raight1 & took him home4 ,he 0 v weak1 hav+ lo/ app>5tly ov] tw5ty p\nds ( fle% dur+ 8 escapade1 & _h su* a horror ( ! idea ( ! c&y-/ore t he refus$ to set foot 9 x aga94 ,! fir/ two weeks ( ! p]iod rema9$ unacc\nt$ =1 z he _h no memory1 aft] he _h once resum$ 8 normal p]sonality1 ( any "p ( ! "t1 & no "o :o knew him seems to h se5 him aft] he left home4 ,! rem>kable "p ( ! *ange is1 ( c\rse1 ! peculi> occupation :i* ! s-call$ ,br[n indulg$ 94 ,mr4 ,b\rne has nev] 9 8 life _h ! slighte/ contact ) trade4 ',br[n' 0 describ$ by ! neighbors z taciturn1 ord]ly 9 8 habits1 & 9 no way que]4 ,he w5t to ,philadelphia sev]al times2 repl5i%$ 8 /ock2 cook$ = himself 9 ! back %op1 :]e he also slept2 w5t regul>ly to *ur*2 & once at a pray]-meet+ made :at 0 consid]$ by ! he>]s a good address1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he relat$ an incid5t :i* he _h witness$ 9 8 natural /ate ( ,b\rne4 ,?is 0 all t 0 kn[n ( ! case up to ,june #ahij1 :5 ,i induc$ ,mr4 ,b\rne to submit to hypnotism1 s z to see :e!r1 9 ! hypnotic trance1 8 ',br[n' memory w\ld n come back4 ,x did s ) surpris+ read9ess2 s mu* s inde$ t x prov$ q impossible to make him :il/ 9 ! hypnosis rememb] any ( ! facts ( 8 normal life4 ,he _h he>d ( ,ansel ,b\rne1 b didn't "k z he _h ev] met ! man4 ,:5 confront$ ) ,mrs4 ,b\rne he said t he _h nev] se5 ! woman be=e1 etc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he told ( 8 p]egr9ations dur+ ! lo/ =tnight1#cag & gave all sorts ( details ab\t ! ,norri/[n episode4 ,! :ole ?+ 0 prosaic en\gh2 & ! ,br[n-p]sonality seems to be no?+ b a r %runk51 deject$1 & amnesic extract ( ,mr4 ,b\rne himself4 ,he gives no motive = ! w&]+ except t !re 0 'tr\ble back !re' & he 'want$ re/4' ,dur+ ! trance he looks old1 ! corn]s ( 8 m\? are drawn d[n1 8 voice is sl[ & weak1 & he sits scre5+ 8 eyes & try+ va9ly to rememb] :at lay be=e & aft] ! two mon?s ( ! ,br[n exp]i5ce4 ,i'm all h$g$ 91 he says3 ,i c't get out at ei!r end4 ,i don't "k :at set me d[n 9 t ,pawtucket horse-c>1 & ,i don't "k h[ ,i ev] left t /ore1 or :at became ( x4 ,8 eyes are practically normal1 & all 8 s5sibilities 7save = t>di] response7 ab\t ! same 9 hypnosis z 9 wak+4 ,i _h hop$ by sugge/ion1 etc41 to run ! two p]sonalities into "o1 & make ! memories cont9u\s1 b no artifice w\ld avail to accompli% ?is1 & ,mr4 ,b\rne's skull to-day /ill cov]s two di/9ct p]sonal selves4 ,! case 7:e!r x conta9 an epileptic elem5t or n7 %\ld app>5tly be class$ z "o ( spontane\s hypnotic trance1 p]si/+ = two mon?s4 ,! peculi>ity ( x is t no?+ else l x ev] occurr$ 9 ! man's life1 & t no ecc5tricity ( "* came out4 ,9 mo/ simil> cases1 ! attacks recur1 & ! s5sibilities & conduct m>k$ly *ange4#cah 99 99 99 99 99 #c4 ,9 'm$ium%ips' or 'possessions' ! invasion & ! pass+ away ( ! second>y /ate are bo? relatively abrupt1 & ! duration ( ! /ate is usually %ort--i4e41 f a few m9utes to a few h\rs4 ,:5ev] ! second>y /ate is well develop$ no memory = aught t happ5$ dur+ x rema9s aft] ! prim>y consci\sness comes back4 ,! subject dur+ ! second>y consci\sness speaks1 writes1 or acts z if animat$ by a =eign p]son1 & (t5 names ?is =eign p]son & gives 8 hi/ory4 ,9 old times ! =eign 'control' 0 usually a demon1 & is s n[ 9 communities :i* favor t belief4 ,) u he gives himself out at ! wor/ = an ,indian or o!r grotesquely speak+ b h>mless p]sonage4 ,usually he purports to be ! _s ( a dead p]son kn[n or unkn[n to ^? pres5t1 & ! subject is !n :at we call a 'm$ium4' ,m$iumi/ic possession 9 all its grades seems to =m a p]fectly natural special type ( alt]nate p]sonality1 & ! susceptibility to x 9 "s =m is by no means an uncommon gift1 9 p]sons :o h no o!r obvi\s n]v\s anomaly4 ,! ph5om5a are v intricate1 & are only j beg9n+ to be /udi$ 9 a prop] sci5tific way4 ,! l[e/ phase ( m$ium%ip is automatic writ+1 & ! l[e/ grade ( t is :]e ! ,subject kn[s :at words are com+1 b feels impell$ to write !m z if f )\t4 ,!n comes writ+ unconsci\sly1 ev5 :il/ engag$ 9 read+ or talk4 ,inspirational speak+1 play+ on musical in/rum5ts1 etc41 also belong to ! relatively l[] phases ( possession1 9 :i* ! normal self is n exclud$ f consci\s p>ticipation 9 ! p]=mance1 ?\gh _! initiative seems to come f else:]e4 ,9 ! highe/ phase ! trance is complete1 ! voice1 language1 & ev]y?+ are *ang$1 & !re is no aft]-memory :atev] until ! next trance comes4 ,"o curi\s ?+ ab\t trance-utt]ances is _! g5]ic simil>ity 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,! 'control' "h 9 ,am]ica is ei!r a grotesque1 slangy1 & flippant p]sonage 7',indian' controls1 call+ ! ladies 'squaws1' ! m5 'braves1' ! h\se a 'wigwam1' etc41 etc41 are excessively common72 or1 if he v5tures on high] intellectual flights1 he ab\nds 9 a curi\sly vague optimi/ic philosophy-&-wat]1 9 :i* phrases ab\t _s1 h>mony1 beauty1 law1 progression1 developm5t1 etc41 keep recurr+4 ,x seems exactly z if "o au?or compos$ m ?an half ( ! trance-messages1 no matt] by :om !y are utt]$4 ,:e!r all sub-consci\s selves are peculi>ly susceptible to a c]ta9 /ratum ( ! ,zeitgei/1 & get _! inspiration f x1 ,i "k n2 b ?is is obvi\sly ! case ) ! second>y selves :i* become 'develop$' 9 spirituali/ circles4 ,!re ! beg9n+s ( ! m$ium trance are indi/+ui%able f effects ( hypnotic sugge/ion4 ,! subject assumes ! rle ( a m$ium simply because op9ion expects x ( him "u ! conditions :i* are pres5t2 & c>ries x out ) a feebl5ess or a vivacity proportionate to 8 hi/rionic gifts4 ,b ! odd ?+ is t p]sons unexpos$ to spirituali/ traditions w s (t5 act 9 ! same way :5 !y become entranc$1 speak 9 ! "n ( ! dep>t$1 g ?r\gh ! motions ( _! sev]al dea?-agonies1 s5d messages ab\t _! happy home 9 ! summ]-l&1 & describe ! ailm5ts ( ^? pres5t4 ,i h no !ory to publi% ( ^! cases1 sev]al ( :i* ,i h p]sonally se54 ,z an example ( ! automatic writ+ p]=mances ,i w quote f an acc\nt ( 8 own case k9dly furni%$ me by ,mr4 ,sidney ,dean ( ,w>r51 ,r ,i41 memb] ( ,congress f ,connecticut f #ahee to #ahei1 :o has be5 all 8 life a robu/ & active j\rnali/1 au?or1 & man ( affairs4 ,he has = _m ye>s be5 a writ+ subject1 & has a l>ge collection ( manuscript automatically produc$4 ,"s ( x1 he writes u1 is 9 hi]oglyph1 or /range comp\nd$ arbitr>y *>act]s1 ea* s]ies possess+ a seem+ unity 9 g5]al design or "*1 foll[$ by :at purports to be a translation or r5d]+ into "m ,engli%4 ,i nev] attempt$ ! seem+ly impossible feat ( copy+ ! *>act]s4 ,!y 7 cut ) ! precision ( a grav]'s tool1 & g5]ally ) a s+le rapid /roke ( ! p5cil4 ,_m languages1 "s obsolete & pass$ f hi/ory1 are pr(ess$ly giv54 ,to see !m w\ld satisfy y t no "o c\ld copy !m except by trac+4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are b a small "p ( ! ph5om5a4 ,! 'automatic' has giv5 place to ! impressional1 & :5 ! "w is 9 progress ,i am 9 ! normal condition1 & seem+ly two m9ds1 intellig5ces1 p]sons1 are practically engag$4 ,! writ+ is 9 my own h& b ! dictation n ( my own m9d & w1 b t ( ano!r1 ^u subjects ( :i* ,i c h no k & h>dly a !ory2 & ,i1 myself1 consci\sly criticise ! ?\ght1 fact1 mode ( express+ x1 etc41 :ile ! h& is record+ ! subject-matt] & ev5 ! words impress$ to be writt54 ,if ,i refuse to write ! s5t5ce1 or ev5 ! ^w1 ! impression in/antly ceases1 & my will+ness mu/ be m5tally express$ be=e ! "w is resum$1 & x is resum$ at ! po9t ( cessation1 ev5 if x %\ld be 9 ! middle ( a s5t5ce4 ,s5t5ces are comm5c$ )\t k ( m9e z to _! subject or end+4 ,9 fact1 ,i h nev] kn[n 9 advance ! subject ( disquisition4 ,!re is 9 progress n[1 at unc]ta9 times1 n subject to my w1 a s]ies ( tw5ty-f\r *apt]s ^u ! sci5tific features ( life1 moral1 spiritual1 et]nal4 ,sev5 h already be5 writt5 9 ! mann] indicat$4 ,^! 7 prec$$ by tw5ty-f\r *apt]s relat+ g5]ally to ! life beyond mat]ial dea?1 its *>act]i/ics1 etc4 ,ea* *apt] is sign$ by ! "n ( "s p]son :o has liv$ on e>?1--"s ) :om ,i h be5 p]sonally acqua9t$1 o!rs kn[n 9 hi/ory4444 ,i "k no?+ ( ! alleg$ au?or%ip ( any *apt] until x is complet$ & ! "n impress$ & app5d$4444 ,i am int]e/$ n only 9 ! reput$ au?or%ip1--( :i* ,i h no?+ corroborative1--b 9 ! philosophy taught1 ( :i* ,i 0 9 ignorance until ^! *apt]s appe>$4 ,f my /&po9t ( life--:i* has be5 t ( biblical or?odoxy--! philosophy is new1 seems to be reasonable1 & is logically put4 ,i confess to an inability to successfully controv]t x to my own satisfaction4 ,x is an intellig5t ego :o writes1 or else ! influ5ce assumes individuality1 :i* practically makes ( ! influ5ce a p]sonality4 ,x is n myself2 ( t ,i am consci\s at e /ep ( ! process4 ,i h also trav]s$ ! :ole field ( ! claims ( 'unconsci\s c]ebration1' s call$1 s f> z ,i am compet5t to critically exam9e x1 & x fails1 z a !ory1 9 numb]less po9ts1 :5 appli$ to ?is /range "w ?r\gh me4 ,x w\ld be f> m reasonable & satisfactory = me to accept ! silly hypo!sis ( re-inc>nation1--! old doctr9e ( metempsy*osis1--z taught by "s spirituali/s to-day1 & to believe t ,i liv$ a =m] life "h1 & t once 9 a :ile x dom9ates my intellectual p[]s1 & writes *apt]s ^u ! philosophy ( life1 or op5s a po/-(fice = spirits to drop _! effusions1 & h !m put into ,engli% script4 ,no2 ! easie/ & mo/ natural solution to me is to admit ! claim made1 i4e41 t x is a dec>nat$ intellig5ce :o writes4 ,b :o8 t is ! "q4 ,! names ( s*ol>s & ?9k]s :o once liv$ are affix$ to ! mo/ ungrammatical & weake/ ( bo%4444 ,x seems reasonable to me--^u ! hypo!sis t x is a p]son us+ ano!r's m9d or bra9--t !re mu/ be m or less ( t o!r's /yle or tone incorporat$ 9 ! message1 & t to ! unse5 p]sonality1 i4e41 ! p[] :i* impresses1 ! ?\ght1 ! fact1 or ! philosophy1 & n ! /yle or tone1 belongs4 ,= in/ance1 :ile ! influ5ce is impress+ my bra9 ) ! greate/ =ce & rapidity1 s t my p5cil fairly flies ov] ! pap] to record ! ?\ghts1 ,i am consci\s t1 9 _m cases1 ! vehicle ( ! ?\ght1 i4e41 ! language1 is v natural & famili> to me1 z if1 someh[1 my p]sonality z a writ] 0 gett+ mix$ up ) ! message4 ,&1 aga91 ! /yle1 language1 ev]y?+1 is entirely =eign to my own /yle4 ,i am myself p]suad$ by abundant acqua9tance ) ! trances ( "o m$ium t ! 'control' may be altoge!r diff]5t f any possible wak+ self ( ! p]son4 ,9 ! case ,i h 9 m9d1 x pr(esses to be a c]ta9 dep>t$ ,fr5* doctor2 & is1 ,i am conv9c$1 acqua9t$ ) facts ab\t ! circum/ances1 & ! liv+ & dead relatives & acqua9tances1 ( numb]less sitt]s :om ! m$ium nev] met be=e1 & ( :om %e has nev] he>d ! names4 ,i record my b>e op9ion "h unsupport$ by ! evid5ce1 n1 ( c\rse1 9 ord] to conv]t anyone to my view1 b because ,i am p]suad$ t a s]i\s /udy ( ^! trance-ph5om5a is "o ( ! greate/ ne$s ( psy*ology1 & ?9k t my p]sonal confession may possibly draw a read] or two into a field :i* ! soi-disant 'sci5ti/' usually refuses to explore4 ,_m p]sons h f\nd evid5ce conclusive to _! m9ds t 9 "s cases ! control is really ! dep>t$ _s :om x pret5ds to be4 ,! ph5om5a %ade (f s gradually into cases :]e ?is is obvi\sly absurd1 t ! presumption 7q ap>t f a priori 'sci5tific' prejudice7 is great aga9/ its be+ true4 ,! case ( ,lurancy ,v5num is p]haps z extreme a case ( 'possession' ( ! mod]n sort z "o c f9d4#cai ,lurancy 0 a "y girl ( f\rte51 liv+ ) h] p>5ts at ,watseka1 ,ill41 :o 7aft] v>i\s di/ress+ hy/]ical disord]s & spontane\s trances1 dur+ :i* %e 0 possess$ by dep>t$ spirits ( a m or less grotesque sort7 f9ally decl>$ h]self to be animat$ by ! _s ( ,m>y ,r(f 7a neighbor's daught]1 :o _h di$ 9 an insane asylum twelve ye>s be=e7 & insi/$ on be+ s5t 'home' to ,mr4 ,r(f's h\se4 ,aft] a week ( 'homesickness' & importunity on h] "p1 h] p>5ts agre$1 & ! ,r(fs1 :o piti$ h]1 & :o 7 spirituali/s into ! b>ga91 took h] 94 ,once !re1 %e seems to h conv9c$ ! family t _! dead ,m>y _h ex*ang$ habitations ) ,lurancy4 ,lurancy 0 said to be tempor>ily 9 heav51 & ,m>y's _s n[ controll$ h] organism1 & liv$ aga9 9 h] =m] e>?ly home4 ,! girl1 n[ 9 h] new home1 seem$ p]fectly happy & cont5t1 kn[+ e p]son & ev]y?+ t ,m>y knew :5 9 h] orig9al body1 twelve to tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 recogniz+ & call+ by "n ^? :o 7 fri5ds & neighbors ( ! family f #aheb to #ahfe1 :5 ,m>y di$1 call+ att5tion to scores1 yes1 hundr$s ( incid5ts t transpir$ dur+ h] natural life4 ,dur+ all ! p]iod ( h] soj\rn at ,mr4 ,r(f's %e _h no k (1 & did n recognize1 any ( ,mr4 ,v5num's family1 _! fri5ds or neighbors1 yet ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,v5num & _! *ildr5 visit$ h] & ,mr4 ,r(f's p1 %e be+ introduc$ to !m z to any /rang]s4 ,aft] frequ5t visits1 & he>+ !m (t5 & favorably spok5 (1 %e le>n$ to love !m z acqua9tances1 & visit$ !m ) ,mrs4 ,r(f ?ree times4 ,f day to day %e appe>$ natural1 easy1 affable1 & indu/ri\s1 att5d+ dilig5tly & fai?fully to h] h\sehold duties1 assi/+ 9 ! g5]al "w ( ! family z a fai?ful1 prud5t daught] might be suppos$ to d1 s++1 read+1 or conv]s+ z opportunity (f]$1 ^u all matt]s ( private or g5]al int]e/ to ! family4 ,! s-call$ ,m>y :il/ at ! ,r(fs' w\ld sometimes 'g back to heav51' & leave ! body 9 a 'quiet trance1' i4e41 )\t ! orig9al p]sonality ( ,lurancy return+4 ,aft] eight or n9e weeks1 h[ev]1 ! memory & mann] ( ,lurancy w\ld sometimes p>tially1 b n entirely1 return = a few m9utes4 ,once ,lurancy seems to h tak5 full possession = a %ort "t4 ,at la/1 aft] "s f\rte5 weeks1 con=mably to ! prophecy :i* ',m>y' _h made :5 %e fir/ assum$ 'control1' %e dep>t$ def9itively & ! ,lurancy-consci\sness came back = good4 ,mr4 ,r(f writes3 ,%e want$ me to take h] home1 :i* ,i did4 ,%e call$ me ,mr4 ,r(f1 & talk$ ) me z a "y girl w\ld1 n be+ acqua9t$4 ,i ask$ h] h[ ?+s appe>$ to h]--if !y seem$ natural4 ,%e said x seem$ l a dream to h]4 ,%e met h] p>5ts & bro!rs 9 a v affectionate mann]1 hugg+ & kiss+ ea* "o 9 te>s ( gladness4 ,%e clasp$ h] arms ar\nd h] fa!r's neck a long "t1 fairly smo!r+ him ) kisses4 ,i saw h] fa!r j n[ 7elev5 o'clock74 ,he says %e has be5 p]fectly natural1 & seems entirely well4 ,lurancy's "m writes1 a c\ple ( mon?s lat]1 t %e 0 p]fectly & entirely well & natural4 ,= two or ?ree weeks aft] h] return home1 %e seem$ a little /range to :at %e _h be5 be=e %e 0 tak5 sick la/ summ]1 b only1 p]haps1 ! natural *ange t _h tak5 place ) ! girl1 & except x seem$ to h] z ?\gh %e _h be5 dream+ or sleep+1 etc4 ,lurancy has be5 sm>t]1 m intellig5t1 m indu/ri\s1 m womanly1 & m polite ?an be=e4 ,we give ! cr$it ( h] complete cure & re/oration to h] family1 to ,dr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,/ev5s1 & ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,r(f1 by _! obta9+ h] removal to ,mr4 ,r(f's1 :]e h] cure 0 p]fect$4 ,we firmly believe t1 _h %e rema9$ at home1 %e w\ld h di$1 or we w\ld h be5 oblig$ to s5d h] to ! insane asylum2 & if s1 t %e w\ld h di$ !re2 & fur!r1 t ,i c\ld n h liv$ b a %ort "t ) ! c>e & tr\ble devolv+ on me4 ,sev]al ( ! relatives ( ,lurancy1 includ+ ourselves1 n[ believe %e 0 cur$ by _s p[]1 & t ,m>y ,r(f controll$ ! girl4 ,eight ye>s lat]1 ,lurancy 0 report$ to be m>ri$ & a "m1 & 9 good heal?4 ,%e _h app>5tly outgr[n ! m$iumi/ic phase ( h] exi/5ce4#cbj 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ! condition ( ! s5sibility dur+ ^! invasions1 few obs]vations h be5 made4 ,i h f\nd ! h&s ( two automatic writ]s an/hetic dur+ ! act4 ,9 two o!rs ,i h f\nd ?is n to be ! case4 ,automatic writ+ is usually prec$$ by %oot+ pa9s along ! arm-n]ves & irregul> contractions ( ! arm-muscles4 ,i h f\nd "o m$ium's tongue & lips app>5tly ins5sible to p9-pricks dur+ h] 7speak+7 trance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if we speculate on ! bra9-condition dur+ all ^! diff]5t p]v]sions ( p]sonality1 we see t x mu/ be suppos$ capable ( successively *ang+ all its modes ( action1 & ab&on+ ! use = ! "t be+ ( :ole sets ( well-organiz$ association-pa?s4 ,9 no o!r way c we expla9 ! loss ( memory 9 pass+ f "o alt]nat+ condition to ano!r4 ,& n only ?is1 b we mu/ admit t organiz$ sy/ems ( pa?s c be ?r[n out ( ge> ) o!rs1 s t ! processes 9 "o sy/em give rise to "o consci\sness1 & ^? ( ano!r sy/em to ano!r simultane\sly exi/+ consci\sness4 ,?us only c we und]/& ! facts ( automatic writ+1 etc41 :il/ ! pati5t is out ( trance1 & ! false an/hesias & amnesias ( ! hy/]ic type4 ,b j :at sort ( dissociation ! phrase '?r[n out ( ge>' may /& =1 we _c ev5 conjecture2 only ,i ?9k we ought n to talk ( ! d\bl+ ( ! self z if x consi/$ 9 ! failure to comb9e on ! "p ( c]ta9 sy/ems ( ideas :i* usually d s4 ,x is bett] to talk ( objects usually comb9$1 & :i* are n[ divid$ betwe5 ! two 'selves1' 9 ! hy/]ic & automatic cases 9 "q4 ,ea* ( ! selves is due to a sy/em ( c]ebral pa?s act+ by itself4 ,if ! bra9 act$ normally1 & ! dissociat$ sy/ems came toge!r aga91 we %\ld get a new affection ( consci\sness 9 ! =m ( a ?ird ',self' diff]5t f ! o!r two1 b kn[+ _! objects toge!r1 z ! result4--,aft] all ,i h said 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ?is h>dly ne$s fur!r rem>k4 ,"s peculi>ities 9 ! l[] automatic p]=mances sugge/ t ! sy/ems ?r[n out ( ge> ) ea* o!r are conta9$ "o 9 ! "r & ! o!r 9 ! left hemisph]e4 ,! subjects1 e4g41 (t5 write backw>ds1 or !y transpose lett]s1 or !y write mirror-script4 ,all ^! are symptoms ( agraphic disease4 ,! left h&1 if left to its natural impulse1 w 9 mo/ p write mirror-script m easily ?an natural script4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,h4 ,my]s has laid /ress on ^! analogies4#cba ,he has also call$ att5tion to ! usual inf]ior moral tone ( ord9>y plan*ette writ+4 ,on ,hughl+s ,jackson's pr9ciples1 ! left hemisph]e1 be+ ! m evolv$ organ1 at ord9>y times inhibits ! activity ( ! "r "o2 b ,mr4 ,my]s sugge/s t dur+ ! automatic p]=mances ! usual inhibition may be remov$ & ! "r hemisph]e set free to act all by itself4 ,?is is v likely to "s ext5t to be ! case4 ,b ! crude explanation ( 'two' selves by 'two' hemisph]es is ( c\rse f> f ,mr4 ,my]s's ?\ght4 ,! selves may be m ?an two1 & ! bra9-sy/ems sev]ally us$ = ea* mu/ be conceiv$ z int]p5etrat+ ea* o!r 9 v m9ute ways4 ,,summ>y4 ,to sum up n[ ?is long *apt]4 ,! consci\sness ( ,self involves a /ream ( ?\ght1 ea* "p ( :i* z ',i' c #a7 rememb] ^? :i* w5t be=e1 & "k ! ?+s !y knew2 & #b7 emphasize & c>e p>am\ntly = c]ta9 ones among !m z 'me1' & appropriate to ^! ! re/4 ,! nucleus ( ! 'me' is always ! bodily exi/5ce felt to be pres5t at ! "t4 ,:atev] rememb]$-pa/-feel+s resemble ?is pres5t feel+ are deem$ to belong to ! same me ) x4 ,:atev] o!r ?+s are p]ceiv$ to be associat$ ) ?is feel+ are deem$ to =m "p ( t me's exp]i5ce2 & ( !m c]ta9 ones 7:i* fluctuate m or less7 are reckon$ to be !mselves con/itu5ts ( ! me 9 a l>g] s5se1--su* are ! clo!s1 ! mat]ial possessions1 ! fri5ds1 ! honors & e/eem :i* ! p]son receives or may receive4 ,?is me is an empirical aggregate ( ?+s objectively kn[n4 ,! ,i :i* kn[s !m _c itself be an aggregate1 nei!r = psy*ological purposes ne$ x be consid]$ to be an un*ang+ metaphysical entity l ! ,s\l1 or a pr9ciple l ! pure ,ego1 view$ z 'out ( "t4' ,x is a ,?\ght1 at ea* mom5t diff]5t f t ( ! la/ mom5t1 b appropriative ( ! latt]1 toge!r ) all t ! latt] call$ its own4 ,all ! exp]i5tial facts f9d _! place 9 ?is description1 un5cumb]$ ) any hypo!sis save t ( ! exi/5ce ( pass+ ?\ghts or /ates ( m9d4 ,! same bra9 may subs]ve _m consci\s selves1 ei!r alt]nate or coexi/+2 b by :at modifications 9 its action1 or :e!r ultra-c]ebral conditions may int]v5e1 are que/ions :i* _c n[ be answ]$4 ,if anyone urge t ,i assign no reason :y ! successive pass+ ?\ghts %\ld inh]it ea* o!r's possessions1 or :y !y & ! bra9-/ates %\ld be functions 79 ! ma!matical s5se7 ( ea* o!r1 ,i reply t ! reason1 if !re be any1 mu/ lie :]e all real reasons lie1 9 ! total s5se or mean+ ( ! _w4 ,if !re be su* a mean+1 or any approa* to x 7z we are b\nd to tru/ !re is71 x alone c make cle> to u :y su* f9ite human /reams ( ?\ght are call$ into exi/5ce 9 su* functional dep5d5ce ^u bra9s4 ,?is is z mu* z to say t ! special natural sci5ce ( psy*ology mu/ /op ) ! m]e functional =mula4 ,if ! pass+ ?\ght be ! directly v]ifiable exi/5t :i* no s*ool has hi!rto d\bt$ x to be1 !n t ?\ght is itself ! ?9k]1 & psy*ology ne$ n look beyond4 ,! only pa?way t ,i c discov] = br++ 9 a m transc5d5tal ?9k] w\ld be to d5y t we h any direct k ( ! ?\ght z su*4 ,! latt]'s exi/5ce w\ld !n be r$uc$ to a po/ulate1 an ass]tion t !re mu/ be a kn[] correlative to all ?is kn[n2 & ! problem :o t kn[] is w\ld h become a metaphysical problem4 ,) ! "q once /at$ 9 ^! t]ms1 ! spirituali/ & transc5d5tali/ solutions mu/ be consid]$ z prima facie on a p> ) our own psy*ological "o1 & discuss$ imp>tially4 ,b t c>ries u beyond ! psy*ological or naturali/ic po9t ( view4 ,,footnotes3 #beg ,see1 = a *>m+ passage on ! ,philosophy ( ,dress1 ,h4 ,lotze's ,microcosmus1 ,eng4 tr4 vol4 i1 p4 #eib ff4 #beh ,:o fil*es f me my good "n1 etc4 #bei ,he :o imag9es comm5dation & disgrace n to be /rong motives on m5 444 seems little skill$ 9 ! nature & hi/ory ( mank9d2 ! greate/ "p :]e( he %all f9d to gov]n !mselves *iefly1 if n solely1 by ?is law ( fa%ion2 & s !y d t :i* keeps !m 9 reputation ) _! company1 little reg>d ! laws ( ,god or ! magi/rate4 ,! p5alties t att5d ! brea* ( ,god's laws "s1 nay1 mo/1 m5 seldom s]i\sly reflect on2 & among/ ^? t d1 _m1 :il/ !y break ! laws1 ent]ta9 ?\ghts ( future reconciliation1 & mak+ _! peace = su* brea*es3 & z to ! puni%m5ts due f ! laws ( ! commonweal?1 !y frequ5tly flatt] !mselves ) ! hope ( impunity4 ,b no man escapes ! puni%m5t ( _! c5sure & dislike :o (f5ds aga9/ ! fa%ion & op9ion ( ! company he keeps1 & w\ld recomm5d himself to4 ,nor is !re "o 9 t5 ?\s& :o is /iff & ins5sible en\gh to be> up "u ! con/ant dislike & condemnation ( 8 own club4 ,he mu/ be ( a /range & unusual con/itution :o c cont5t himself to live 9 con/ant disgrace & disrepute ) 8 own p>ticul> society4 ,solitude _m m5 h s\ght & be5 reconcil$ to2 b nobody t has ! lea/ ?\ght or s5se ( a man ab\t him c live 9 society "u ! con/ant dislike & ill op9ion ( 8 famili>s & ^? he conv]ses )4 ,?is is a burd5 too heavy = human suff]ance3 & he mu/ be made up ( irreconcilable contradictions :o c take pleasure 9 company & yet be ins5sible ( contempt & disgrace f 8 companions4 7,locke's ,essay1 book ii1 *4 xxviii1 #ab47 #bfj ,= "s f>!r rem>ks on ^! feel+s ( movem5t see ! next *apt]4 #bfa ,wundt's acc\nt ( ,self-consci\sness des]ves to be comp>$ ) ?is4 ,:at ,i h call$ 'adju/m5ts' he calls processes ( ',app]ception4' ,9 ?is developm5t 7( consci\sness7 "o p>ticul> gr\p ( p]cepts claims a prom95t significance1 namely1 ^? ( :i* ! spr+ lies 9 ourselves4 ,! images ( feel+s we get f our own body1 & ! repres5tations ( our own movem5ts di/+ui% !mselves f all o!rs by =m+ a p]man5t gr\p4 ,z !re are always "s muscles 9 a /ate ei!r ( t5sion or ( activity x foll[s t we nev] lack a s5se1 ei!r dim or cle>1 ( ! positions or movem5ts ( our body4444 ,?is p]man5t s5se1 moreov]1 has ?is peculi>ity1 t we are aw>e ( our p[] at any mom5t volunt>ily to ar\se any "o ( its +r$i5ts4 ,we excite ! s5sations ( movem5t imm$iately by su* impulses ( ! w z %all ar\se ! movem5ts !mselves2 & we excite ! visual & tactile feel+s ( our body by ! volunt>y movem5t ( our organs ( s5se4 ,s we come to conceive ?is p]man5t mass ( feel+ z imm$iately or remotely subject to our w1 & call x ! consci\sness ( ourself4 ,?is self-consci\sness is1 at ! outset1 ?or\ghly s5sational1444 only gradually ! second-nam$ ( its *>act]s1 its subjection to our w1 atta9s pr$om9ance4 ,9 proportion z ! app]ception ( all our m5tal objects appe>s to u z an inw>d ex]cise ( w1 does our self-consci\sness beg9 bo? to wid5 itself & to n>r[ itself at ! same "t4 ,x wid5s itself 9 t e m5tal act :atev] comes to /& 9 relation to our w2 & x n>r[s itself 9 t x conc5trates itself m & m ^u ! inn] activity ( app]ception1 ov] aga9/ :i* our own body & all ! repres5tations connect$ ) x appe> z ext]nal objects1 diff]5t f our prop] self4 ,?is consci\sness1 contract$ d[n to ! process ( app]ception1 we call our ,ego2 & ! app]ception ( m5tal objects 9 g5]al1 may ?us1 aft] ,leibnitz1 be designat$ z ! rais+ ( !m into our self-consci\sness4 ,?us ! natural developm5t ( self-consci\sness implicitly involves ! mo/ ab/ract =ms 9 :i* ?is faculty has be5 describ$ 9 philosophy2 only philosophy is fond ( plac+ ! ab/ract ego at ! outset1 & s rev]s+ ! process ( developm5t4 ,nor %\ld we ov]look ! fact t ! completely ab/ract ego z pure activity1 al?\gh sugge/$ by ! natural developm5t ( our consci\sness1 is nev] actually f\nd !re94 ,! mo/ speculative ( philosoph]s is incapable ( disjo9+ 8 ego f ^? bodily feel+s & images :i* =m ! incessant backgr\nd ( 8 aw>5ess ( himself4 ,! notion ( 8 ego z su* is1 l e notion1 d]iv$ f s5sibility1 = ! process ( app]ception itself comes to our k *iefly ?r\gh ^? feel+s ( t5sion :at ,i h above call$ inw>d adju/m5ts :i* accompany x4 7,physiologis*e ,psy*ologie1 #bte ,aufl4 ,bd4 ii1 pp4 #bag-ai47 #bfb ,! only exception ,i "k ( is ,m4 ,j4 ,s\riau1 9 8 important article 9 ! ,revue ,philosophique1 vol4 xxi1 p4 #ddi4 ,m4 ,s\riau's conclusion is 'que la consci5ce n'exi/e pas' 7p4 #dgb74 #bfc ,see ! excell5t rem>ks by ,pr(4 ,ba9 on ! ',emotion ( ,p[]' 9 8 ',emotions & ! ,w4' #bfd ,cf4 ,c>lyle3 ,s>tor ,res>tus1 ',! ,ev]la/+ ,yea4' ,i tell !e1 blockhead1 x all comes ( ?y vanity2 ( :at ?\ fancie/ ^? same des]ts ( ?9e to be4 ,fancy t ?\ des]ve/ to be hang$ 7z is mo/ likely71 ?\ wilt feel x happ9ess to be only %ot3 fancy t ?\ des]ve/ to be hang$ 9 a hair halt]1 x w be a luxury to die 9 hemp4444 ,:at act ( legislature 0 !re t ?\ %\ld/ be happy8 ,a little :ile ago ?\ had/ no "r to be at all4 etc41 etc4 #bfe ,t4 ,w4 ,higg9son's translation 7#ahff71 p4 #aje4 #bff ,! usual mode ( less5+ ! %ock ( disappo9tm5t or dise/eem is to contract1 if possible1 a l[ e/imate ( ! p]sons t inflict x4 ,?is is our rem$y = ! unju/ c5sures ( p>ty _s1 z well z ( p]sonal malignity4 7,ba93 ,emotion & ,w1 p4 #bji47 #bfg ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! qualities ( ! ,self ?us ideally con/itut$ are all qualities approv$ by my actual fell[s 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 & t my reason = n[ appeal+ f _! v]dict to t ( ! ideal judge lies 9 "s outw>d peculi>ity ( ! imm$iate case4 ,:at once 0 admir$ 9 me z c\rage has n[ become 9 ! eyes ( m5 'imp]t95ce'2 :at 0 =titude is ob/9acy2 :at 0 fidelity is n[ fanaticism4 ,! ideal judge alone1 ,i n[ believe1 c read my qualities1 my will+nesses1 my p[]s1 = :at !y truly are4 ,my fell[s1 misl$ by int]e/ & prejudice1 h gone a/ray4 #bfh ,! k9d ( selfi%ness v>ies ) ! self t is s\ght4 ,if x be ! m]e bodily self2 if a man grabs ! be/ food1 ! w>m corn]1 ! vacant seat2 if he makes room = no "o1 spits ab\t1 & bel*es 9 our faces1--we call x hoggi%ness4 ,if x be ! social self1 9 ! =m ( popul>ity or influ5ce1 = :i* he is gre$y1 he may 9 mat]ial ways subord9ate himself to o!rs z ! be/ means to 8 end2 & 9 ?is case he is v apt to pass = a dis9t]e/$ man4 ,if x be ! 'o!r-worldly' self :i* he seeks1 & if he seeks x ascetically1--ev5 ?\gh he w\ld r see all mank9d damn$ et]nally ?an lose 8 individual s\l1--'sa9tl9ess' w probably be ! "n by :i* 8 selfi%ness w be call$4 #bfi ,lotze1 ,m$4 ,psy*4 #dih-eja2 ,microcosmos1 bk4 ii1 *ap4 v1 #c1 #d4 #bgj ,psy*ologis*e ,analys5 auf ,physiologis*] ,grundlage4 ,!il ii1 #bte ,hlfte1 #aa4 ,! :ole section ought to be read4 #bga ,pr(essor ,ba91 9 8 *apt] on ',emotions ( ,self1' does scant ju/ice to ! primitive nature ( a l>ge "p ( our self-feel+1 & seems to r$uce x to reflective self-e/imation ( ?is sob] intellectual sort1 :i* c]ta9ly mo/ ( x is n4 ,he says t :5 ! att5tion is turn$ inw>d ^u self z a ,p]sonality1 we are putt+ =? t[>ds ourselves ! k9d ( ex]cise t prop]ly accompanies our contemplation ( o!r p]sons4 ,we are accu/om$ to scrut9ize ! actions & conduct ( ^? ab\t u1 to set a high] value ^u "o man ?an ^u ano!r1 by comp>+ ! two2 to pity "o 9 di/ress2 to feel complac5cy t[>ds a p>ticul> individual2 to congratulate a man on "s good =tune t x pleases u to see him ga92 to admire greatness or excell5ce z display$ by any ( our fell[s4 ,all ^! ex]cises are intr9sically social1 l ,love & ,res5tm5t2 an isolat$ individual c\ld nev] atta9 to !m1 nor ex]cise !m4 ,by :at means1 !n1 ?r\gh :at fiction 6 c we turn r\nd & play !m (f ^u self8 ,or h[ comes x t we obta9 any satisfaction by putt+ self 9 ! place ( ! o!r p>ty8 ,p]haps ! simple/ =m ( ! reflect$ act is t express$ by ,self-wor? & ,self-e/imation1 bas$ & begun ^u obs]vation ( ! ways & conduct ( our fell[-be+s4 ,we soon make comp>isons among ! individuals ab\t u2 we see t "o is /rong] & does m "w ?an ano!r1 &1 9 consequ5ce p]haps1 receives m pay4 ,we see "o putt+ =? p]haps m k9dness ?an ano!r1 & 9 consequ5ce receiv+ m love4 ,we see "s individuals surpass+ ! re/ 9 a/oni%+ feats1 & draw+ aft] !m ! gaze & admiration ( a cr[d4 ,we acquire a s]ies ( fix$ associations t[>ds p]sons s situat$2 favorable 9 ! case ( ! sup]ior1 & unfavorable to ! inf]ior4 ,to ! /rong & labori\s man we atta* an e/imate ( great] rew>d1 & feel t to be 9 8 place w\ld be a happi] lot ?an falls to o!rs4 ,desir+1 z we d1 f ! prim>y motives ( our be+1 to possess good ?+s1 & obs]v+ ^! to come by a man's sup]ior ex]tions1 we feel a respect = su* ex]tion & a wi% t x might be ours4 ,we "k t we also put =? ex]tions = our %>e ( good ?+s2 & on witness+ o!rs1 we are apt to be rem9d$ ( ourselves & to make comp>isons ) ourselves1 :i* comp>isons d]ive _! int]e/ f ! sub/antial consequ5ces4 ,hav+ ?us once le>n$ to look at o!r p]sons z p]=m+ labors1 great] or less1 & z realiz+ fruits to accord2 be+1 moreov]1 9 all respects l our fell[s1--we f9d x an ex]cise nei!r difficult nor unmean+ to contemplate self z do+ "w & receiv+ ! rew>d4444 ,z we decide betwe5 "o man & ano!r1--:i* is wor?i]1444 s we decide betwe5 self & all o!r m52 be+1 h[ev]1 9 ?is decision "u ! bias ( our own desires4 ,a c\ple ( pages f>!r on we read3 ,by ! t]ms ,self-complac5cy4 ,self-gratulation1 is indicat$ a positive enjoym5t 9 dwell+ ^u our own m]its & belong+s4 ,z 9 o!r modes1 s "h1 ! />t+ po9t is ! contemplation ( excell5ce or pleas+ qualities 9 ano!r p]son1 accompani$ m or less ) fondness or love4 ,self-pity is also reg>d$ by ,pr(essor ,ba91 9 ?is place1 z an emotion div]t$ to ourselves f a m imm$iate object1 9 a mann] t we may t]m fictiti\s & unreal4 ,/ill1 z we c view self 9 ! light ( ano!r p]son1 we c feel t[>ds x ! emotion ( pity call$ =? by o!rs 9 our situation4 ,?is acc\nt ( ,pr(essor ,ba9's is1 x w be obs]v$1 a good specim5 ( ! old-fa%ion$ mode ( expla9+ ! sev]al emotions z rapid calculations ( results1 & ! transf] ( feel+ f "o object to ano!r1 associat$ by contiguity or simil>ity ) ! fir/4 ,zoological evolutionism1 :i* came up s9ce ,pr(essor ,ba9 fir/ wrote1 has made u see1 on ! contr>y1 t _m emotions mu/ be primitively ar\s$ by special objects4 ,none are m wor?y ( be+ rank$ primitive ?an ! self-gratulation & humiliation att5dant on our own successes & failures 9 ! ma9 functions ( life4 ,we ne$ no borr[$ reflection = ^! feel+s4 ,pr(essor ,ba9's acc\nt applies to b t small fraction ( our self-feel+ :i* reflective criticism c add to1 or subtract f1 ! total mass4--,lotze has "s pages on ! modifications ( our self-reg>d by univ]sal judgm5ts1 9 ,microcosmus1 book v1 *ap4 v1 #e4 #bgb ,also nur dadur*1 dass i* e9 ,mannigfaltiges gegeh5] ,vor/ellung5 9 e9em ,bewus/se9 v]b9d5 kann1 i/ es mgli* dass i* die ,id5titt des ,bewus/se9s 9 dies5 ,vor/ellung5 selb/ vor/elle1 d4 h4 die analytis*e ,e9heit d] ,app]ception i/ nur unt] d] ,voraussetzung irg5d e9] syn!tis*5 mgli*4 ,9 ?is passage 7,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 #bte ,aufl4 #af7 ,kant calls by ! names ( analytic & syn!tic app]ception :at we "h mean by objective & subjective syn!sis respectively4 ,x 7 mu* to be desir$ t "s "o might inv5t a good pair ( t]ms 9 :i* to record ! di/9ction--^? us$ 9 ! text are c]ta9ly v bad1 b ,kant's seem to me /ill worse4 ',categorical unity' & 'transc5d5tal syn!sis' w\ld also be good ,kantian1 b h>dly good human1 spee*4 #bgc ,s t we might say1 by a sort ( bad pun1 only a connect$ _w c be kn[n z disconnect$4 ,i say bad pun1 because ! po9t ( view %ifts betwe5 ! connect$ness & ! disconnect$ness4 ,! disconnect$ness is ( ! realities kn[n2 ! connect$ness is ( ! k ( !m2 & reality & k ( x are1 f ! psy*ological po9t ( view held fa/ to 9 ^! pages1 two diff]5t facts4 #bgd ,"s subtle read] w object t ! ,?\ght _c call any "p ( its ,object ',i' & knit o!r p>ts on to x1 )\t fir/ knitt+ t "p on to ,itself2 & t x _c knit x on to ,itself )\t kn[+ ,itself2--s t our supposition 7above1 p4 #cjd7 t ! ,?\ght may conceivably h no imm$iate k ( ,itself is ?us ov]?r[n4 ,to :i* ! reply is t we mu/ take c>e n to be dup$ by words4 ,! words ,i & me signify no?+ my/]i\s & unexampl$--!y are at bottom only names ( emphasis2 & ,?\ght is always emphasiz+ some?+4 ,)9 a tract ( space :i* x cognizes1 x contra/s a "h ) a !re2 )9 a tract ( "t a n[ ) a !n2 ( a pair ( ?+s x calls "o ?is1 ! o!r t4 ,i & ?\1 ,i & x1 are di/9ctions exactly on a p> ) ^!1--di/9ctions possible 9 an exclusively objective field ( k1 ! ',i' mean+ = ! ,?\ght no?+ b ! bodily life :i* x mom5t>ily feels4 ,! s5se ( my bodily exi/5ce1 h[ev] obscurely recogniz$ z su*1 may !n be ! absolute orig9al ( my consci\s selfhood1 ! fundam5tal p]ception t ,i am4 ,all appropriations may be made to x1 by a ,?\ght n at ! mom5t imm$iately cogniz$ by itself4 ,:e!r ^! are n only logical possibilities b actual facts is some?+ n yet dogmatically decid$ 9 ! text4 #bge ,metaphysik1 #bde f94 ,?is writ]1 :o 9 8 e>ly "w1 ! ,m$iz9is*e ,psy*ologie1 0 7to my read+7 a /rong def5d] ( ! ,s\l-,sub/ance !ory1 has writt5 9 #bdc-e ( 8 ,metaphysik ! mo/ beautiful criticism ( ?is !ory :i* exi/s4 #bgf ,on ! empirical & transc5d5tal conceptions ( ! self's unity1 see ,lotze1 ,metaphysic1 #bdd4 #bgg ,app5dix to book i ( ,hume's ,treatise on ,human ,nature4 #bgh ,h]b>t believ$ 9 ! ,s\l1 too2 b = him ! ',self' ( :i* we are 'consci\s' is ! empirical ,self--n ! s\l4 #bgi ,comp>e aga9 ! rem>ks on pp4 #aeh-afb above4 #bhj ,sy/em ( ,psy*ology 7#ahhd74 vol4 i1 p4 #aad4 #bha ',di/9ct only to obs]vation1' he adds4 ,to ^: obs]vation8 ! outside psy*ologi/'s1 ! ,ego's1 _! own1 or ! plank's8 ,d>auf kommt es an6 #bhb ,analysis1 etc41 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill's ,edition1 vol4 i1 p4 #cca4 ,! 'z x 7' is delightfully *>act]i/ic ( ! s*ool4 #bhc ,j4 ,mill's ,analysis1 vol4 ii1 p4 #age4 #bhd ,exam9ation ( ,hamilton4 #d? ed4 p4 #bfc4 #bhe ,8 *apt] on ! ,psy*ological ,!ory ( ,m9d is a beautiful case 9 po9t1 & 8 concessions !re h become s celebrat$ t !y mu/ be quot$ = ! read]'s b5efit4 ,he ends ! *apt] ) ^! words 7loc4 cit4 p4 #bdg73 ,! !ory1 !re=e1 :i* resolves ,m9d into a s]ies ( feel+s1 ) a backgr\nd ( possibilities ( feel+1 c effectually )/& ! mo/ invidi\s ( ! argum5ts direct$ aga9/ x4 ,b gr\ndless z are ! extr9sic objections1 ! !ory has intr9sic difficulties :i* we h n set =?1 & :i* x seems to me beyond ! p[] ( metaphysical analysis to remove4444 ,! ?read ( consci\sness :i* composes ! m9d's ph5om5al life consi/ n only ( pres5t s5sations1 b likewise1 9 "p1 ( memories & expectations4 ,n[ :at are ^!8 ,9 !mselves1 !y are pres5t feel+s1 /ates ( pres5t consci\sness1 & 9 t respect n di/+ui%$ f s5sations4 ,!y all1 moreov]1 resemble "s giv5 s5sations or feel+s1 ( :i* we h previ\sly _h exp]i5ce4 ,b !y are att5d$ ) ! peculi>ity t ea* ( !m involves a belief 9 m ?an its own pres5t exi/5ce4 ,a s5sation involves only ?is2 b a remembrance ( s5sation1 ev5 if n ref]r$ to any p>ticul> date1 involves ! sugge/ion & belief t a s5sation1 ( :i* x is a copy or repres5tation1 actually exi/$ 9 ! pa/2 & an expectation involves ! belief1 m or less positive1 t a s5sation or o!r feel+ to :i* x directly ref]s w exi/ 9 ! future4 ,nor c ! ph5om5a involv$ 9 ^! two /ates ( consci\sness be adequately express$1 )\t say+ t ! belief !y include is1 t ,i myself =m]ly _h1 or t ,i myself1 & no o!r1 %all h]eaft] h1 ! s5sations rememb]$ or expect$4 ,! fact believ$ is1 t ! s5sations did actually =m1 or w h]eaft] =m1 "p ( ! self-same s]ies ( /ates1 or ?read ( consci\sness1 ( :i* ! remembrance or expectation ( ^? s5sations is ! "p n[ pres5t4 ,if1 !re=e1 we speak ( ! m9d z a s]ies ( feel+s we are oblig$ to complete ! /atem5t by call+ x a s]ies ( feel+s :i* is aw>e ( itself z pa/ & future2 & we are r$uc$ to ! alt]native ( believ+ t ! m9d1 or ,ego1 is some?+ diff]5t f any s]ies ( feel+s1 or possibilities ( !m1 or ( accept+ ! p>adox t some?+ :i* ex hypo!si is b a s]ies ( feel+s1 c be aw>e ( itself z a s]ies4 ,! tru? is1 t we are "h face to face ) t f9al inexplicability1 at :i*1 z ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton obs]ves1 we inevitably arrive :5 we rea* ultimate facts2 & 9 g5]al1 "o mode ( /at+ x only appe>s m incompreh5sible ?an ano!r1 because ! :ole ( human language is accommodat$ to ! "o1 & is s incongru\s ) ! o!r t x _c be express$ 9 any t]ms :i* d n d5y its tru?4 ,! real /umbl+-block is p]haps n 9 any !ory ( ! fact1 b 9 ! fact itself4 ,! true incompreh5sibility p]haps is1 t some?+ :i* has ceas$1 or is n yet 9 exi/5ce1 c /ill be1 9 a mann]1 pres5t2 t a s]ies ( feel+s1 ! inf9itely great] "p ( :i* is pa/ or future1 c be ga!r$ up1 z x 71 into a simple pres5t conception1 accompani$ by a belief ( reality4 ,i ?9k by f> ! wise/ ?+ we c d is to accept ! inexplicable fact1 )\t any !ory ( h[ x takes place2 & :5 we are oblig$ to speak ( x 9 t]ms :i* assume a !ory1 to use !m ) a res]vation z to _! mean+4 ,9 a lat] place 9 ! same book 7p4 #efa7 ,mill1 speak+ ( :at may rightly be dem&$ ( a !ori/1 says3 ,he is n entitl$ to frame a !ory f "o class ( ph5om5a1 ext5d x to ano!r class :i* x does n fit1 & excuse himself by say+ t if we _c make x fit1 x is because ultimate facts are inexplicable4 ,! class ( ph5om5a :i* ! associationi/ s*ool takes to frame its !ory ( ! ,ego are feel+s unaw>e ( ea* o!r4 ,! class ( ph5om5a ! ,ego pres5ts are feel+s ( :i* ! lat] ones are int5sely aw>e ( ^? t w5t be=e4 ,! two classes d n 'fit1' & no ex]cise ( +5uity c ev] make !m fit4 ,no %uffl+ ( unaw>e feel+s c make !m aw>e4 ,to get ! aw>5ess we mu/ op5ly beg x by po/ulat+ a new feel+ :i* has x4 ,?is new feel+ is no ',!ory' ( ! ph5om5a1 b a simple /atem5t ( !m2 & z su* ,i po/ulate 9 ! text ! pres5t pass+ ,?\ght z a psy*ic integ]1 ) its k ( s mu* t has gone be=e4 #bhf ,kritik d4 re95 ,v]nunft1 #bte ,aufl4 #ag4 #bhg ,x mu/ be notic$1 9 ju/ice to :at 0 said above on page #bgd ff41 t nei!r ,kant nor 8 successors any:]e discrim9ate betwe5 ! pres5ce ( ! app]ceiv+ ,ego to ! comb9$ object1 & ! aw>5ess by t ,ego ( its own pres5ce & ( its di/9ctness f :at x app]ceives4 ,t ! ,object mu/ be kn[n to some?+ :i* ?9ks1 & t x mu/ be kn[n to some?+ :i* ?9ks t x ?9ks1 are treat$ by !m z id5tical necessities1--by :at logic1 does n appe>4 ,kant tries to s(t5 ! jump 9 ! reason+ by say+ ! ?\ght ( itself on ! "p ( ! ,ego ne$ only be pot5tial--! ',i ?9k' mu/ be capable ( accompany+ all o!r k--b a ?\ght :i* is only pot5tial is actually no ?\ght at all1 :i* practically gives up ! case4 #bhh ,z reg>ds ! s\l1 n[1 or ! ',i1' ! '?9k]1' ! :ole drift ( ,kant's advance ^u ,hume & s5sational psy*ology is t[>ds ! demon/ration t ! subject ( k is an ,ag5t4 7,g4 ,s4 ,morris1 ,kant's ,critique1 etc4 7,*icago1 #ahhb71 p4 #bbd47 #bhi ,9 ,kant's ,prolegom5a1 says ,h4 ,coh51--,i d n myself f9d ! passage1--x is expressly said t ! problem is n to %[ h[ exp]i5ce arises 7en/eht71 b ( :at x consi/s 7be/eht74 7,kant's ,!orie d4 ,erfahrung 7#ahga71 p4 #ach47 #bij ,! contra/ betwe5 ! ,monism ?us rea*$ & our own psy*ological po9t ( view c be exhibit$ s*ematically ?us1 ! t]ms 9 squ>es /&+ = :at1 = u1 are ! ultimate irr$ucible data ( psy*ological sci5ce1 & ! v9cula above x symboliz+ ! r$uctions :i* po/-,kantian idealism p]=ms3 ,absolute ,self-consci\sness ,reason or ,exp]i5ce4 _/ ,transc5d5tal ,ego ,_w _/ _/ ,psy*ologi/ ,?\ght ,?\ght's ,object ,psy*ologi/'s ,reality _/ _/ ,psy*ologi/'s ,object4 ,^! r$uctions acc\nt = ! ubiquit\sness ( ! 'psy*ologi/'s fallacy 7bk4 ii1 *4 i1 p4 #cb7 9 ! mod]n moni/ic writ+s4 ,= u x is an unp>donable logical s91 :5 talk+ ( a ?\ght's k 7ei!r ( an object or ( itself71 to *ange ! t]ms )\t w>n+1 &1 sub/itut+ ! psy*ologi/'s k !re=1 /ill make z if we 7 cont9u+ to talk ( ! same ?+4 ,= moni/ic idealism1 ?is is ! v enfran*isem5t ( philosophy1 & ( c\rse _c be too mu* indulg$ 94 #bia ,t4 ,h4 ,gre51 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 #eg1 #fa1 #fd4 #bib ,loc4 cit4 #fd4 #bic ,e4 ,caird3 ,hegel 7#ahhc71 p4 #adi4 #bid ,"o is almo/ tempt$ to believe t ! pantomime-/ate ( m9d & t ( ! ,hegelian dialectics are1 emotionally consid]$1 "o & ! same ?+4 ,9 ! pantomime all common ?+s are repres5t$ to happ5 9 impossible ways1 p jump d[n ea* o!r's ?roats1 h\ses turn inside out1 old wom5 become "y m51 ev]y?+ 'passes into its opposite' ) inconceivable cel]ity & skill2 & ?is1 s f> f produc+ p]plexity1 br+s rapture to ! behold]'s m9d4 ,& s 9 ! ,hegelian logic1 relations else:]e recogniz$ "u ! insipid "n ( di/9ctions 7su* z t betwe5 kn[] & object1 _m & "o7 mu/ fir/ be translat$ into impossibilities & contradictions1 !n 'transc5d$' & id5tifi$ by miracle1 ere ! prop] temp] is induc$ = ?or\ghly enjoy+ ! spectacle !y %[4 #bie ,! read] w please und]/& t ,i am q will+ to leave ! hypo!sis ( ! transc5d5tal ,ego z a sub/itute = ! pass+ ,?\ght op5 to discussion on g5]al speculative gr\nds4 ,only 9 ?is book ,i pref] to /ick by ! common s5se assumption t we h successive consci\s /ates1 because all psy*ologi/s make x1 & because "o does n see h[ !re c be a ,psy*ology writt5 :i* does n po/ulate su* ?\ghts z its ultimate data4 ,! data ( all natural sci5ces become 9 turn subjects ( a critical treatm5t m ref9$ ?an t :i* ! sci5ces !mselves accord2 & s x may f>e 9 ! end ) our pass+ ,?\ght4 ,we h ourselves se5 7pp4 #bii-cje7 t ! s5sible c]ta9ty ( its exi/5ce is less /rong ?an is usually assum$4 ,my qu>rel ) ! transc5d5tal ,egoi/s is ma9ly ab\t _! gr\nds = _! belief4 ,did !y consi/5tly propose x z a sub/itute = ! pass+ ,?\ght1 did !y consi/5tly d5y ! latt]'s exi/5ce1 ,i %\ld respect _! position m4 ,b s f> z ,i c und]/& !m1 !y habitually believe 9 ! pass+ ,?\ght also4 ,!y seem ev5 to believe 9 ! ,lockian /ream ( sep>ate ideas1 = ! *ief glory ( ! ,ego 9 _! pages is always its p[] to 'ov]come' ?is sep>at5ess & unite ! naturally disunit$1 'syn!tiz+1' 'connect+1' or 'relat+' ! ideas toge!r be+ us$ z synonyms1 by transc5d5tali/ writ]s1 = kn[+ v>i\s objects at once4 ,n ! be+ consci\s at all1 b ! be+ consci\s ( _m ?+s toge!r is held to be ! difficult ?+1 9 our psy*ic life1 :i* only ! wond]-work+ ,ego c p]=m4 ,b on :at slipp]y gr\nd does "o get ! mom5t "o *anges ! def9ite notion ( kn[+ an object into ! altoge!r vague "o ( unit+ or syn!tiz+ ! ideas ( its v>i\s p>ts6--,9 ! *apt] on ,s5sation we %all come ^u all ?is aga94 #bif ,:5 we comp>e ! li/less inactivity ( ! infant1 slumb]+ f ! mom5t at :i* he takes 8 milky food to ! mom5t at :i* he wakes to require x aga91 ) ! re/less en]gies ( t mighty be+ :i* he is to become 9 8 matur] ye>s1 p\r+ tru? aft] tru?1 9 rapid & dazzl+ pr(usion1 ^u ! _w1 or grasp+ 9 8 s+le h& ! de/9y ( empires1 h[ few are ! circum/ances ( resemblance :i* we c trace1 ( all t intellig5ce :i* is aft]w>ds to be display$2 h[ little m is se5 ?an :at s]ves to give feeble motion to ! m]e ma*9]y ( life6444 ,e age1 if we may speak ( _m ages 9 ! few ye>s ( human life1 seems to be m>k$ ) a di/9ct "*4 ,ea* has its peculi> objects :i* excite lively affections2 & 9 ea*1 ex]tion is excit$ by affections1 :i* 9 o!r p]iods t]m9ate )\t induc+ active desire4 ,! boy f9ds a _w 9 less space ?an t :i* b\nds 8 visible horizon2 he w&]s ov] 8 range ( field & exhau/s 8 /r5g? 9 ! pursuit ( objects :i*1 9 ! ye>s t foll[1 are se5 only to be neglect$2 :ile to him ! objects t are aft]w>ds to absorb 8 :ole s\l are z indiff]5t z ! objects ( 8 pres5t passions are de/9$ !n to appe>4444 ,h[ _m opportunities mu/ e "o h _h ( witness+ ! progress ( intellectual decay1 & ! coldness t /eals ^u ! once b5evol5t he>t6 ,we quit our c\ntry1 p]haps at an e>ly p]iod ( life1 & aft] an abs5ce ( _m ye>s we return ) all ! remembrances ( pa/ pleasure :i* gr[ m t5d] z !y approa* _! objects4 ,we eag]ly seek him to ^: pat]nal voice we h be5 accu/om$ to li/5 ) ! same rev]5ce z if its pr$ictions _h possess$ oracul> c]ta9ty1--:o fir/ l$ u into k1 & ^: image has be5 con/antly jo9$ 9 our m9d ) all t v5]ation :i* does n =bid love4 ,we f9d him sunk1 p]haps1 9 ! imbecility ( idiotism1 unable to recognize u1--ignorant alike ( ! pa/ & ( ! future1 & liv+ only 9 ! s5sibility ( animal gratification4 ,we seek ! favorite companion ( our *ildhood1 ^: t5d]ness ( he>t1 etc4444 ,we f9d him h>d5$ into a man1 meet+ u sc>cely ) ! cold hypocrisy ( dissembl$ fri5d%ip--9 8 g5]al relations to ! _w c>eless ( ! mis]y he is n to feel4444 ,:5 we obs]ve all ?is1444 d we use only a metaphor ( little mean+ :5 we say ( him t he is become a diff]5t p]son1 & t 8 m9d & "* are *ang$8 ,9 :at does ! id5tity consi/8444 ,! suppos$ te/ ( id5tity1 :5 appli$ to ! m9d 9 ^! cases1 completely fails4 ,x nei!r affects1 nor is affect$1 9 ! same mann] 9 ! same circum/ances4 ,x !re=e1 if ! te/ be a j "o1 is n ! same id5tical m9d4 7,t4 ,br[n3 ,lectures on ! ,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d1 'on ,m5tal ,id5tity4'7 #big ,sir ,john ,cutl] _h a pair ( black wor/$ /ock+s1 :i* 8 maid d>n$ s (t5 ) silk t !y became at la/ a pair ( silk /ock+s4 ,n[1 suppos+ ^! /ock+s ( ,sir ,john's endu$ ) "s degree ( consci\sness at e p>ticul> d>n+1 !y w\ld h be5 s5sible t !y 7 ! same individual pair ( /ock+s bo? be=e & aft] ! d>n+2 & ?is s5sation w\ld h cont9u$ 9 !m ?r\gh all ! succession ( d>n+s2 & yet aft] ! la/ ( all1 !re 0 n p]haps "o ?read left ( ! fir/ pair ( /ock+s3 b !y 7 gr[n to be silk /ock+s1 z 0 said be=e4 7,pope's ,m>t9us ,scribl]us1 quot$ by ,br[n1 ibid47 #bih ,h\rs ( ,"w & ,play1 p4 #ajj4 #bii ,= a c>eful /udy ( ! errors 9 n>ratives1 see ,e4 ,gurney3 ,phantasms ( ! ,liv+1 vol4 i1 pp4 #abf-aeh4 ,9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>* = ,may #ahhg ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,hodgson %[s by an extraord9>y array ( in/ances h[ utt]ly inaccurate ev]yone's description f memory ( a rapid s]ies ( ev5ts is c]ta9 to be4 #cjj ,see ,josiah ,royce 7,m9d1 vol4 #ac1 p4 #bdd1 & ,proce$+s ( ,am4 ,soc4 ( ,psy*4 ,rese>*1 vol4 i1 p4 #cff71 = evid5ce t a c]ta9 sort ( halluc9ation ( memory :i* he calls 'pseudo-pres5tim5t' is no uncommon ph5om5on4 #cja ,maladies de la ,mmoire1 p4 #he4 ,! little t w\ld be left ( p]sonal consci\sness if all our s5ses /opp$ _! "w is +5u\sly %[n 9 ! rem>k ( ! extraord9>y an/hetic y\? ^: case ,pr(essor ,/rmpell reports 79 ! ,deuts*es ,ar*iv f4 kl94 ,m$41 xxii1 #hdg1 #ahgh74 ,?is boy1 :om we %all lat] f9d in/ructive 9 _m connections1 0 totally an/hetic )\t & 7s f> z c\ld be te/$7 )91 save = ! sight ( "o eye & ! he>+ ( "o e>4 ,:5 8 eye 0 clos$1 he said3 ,w5n i* ni*t seh5 kann1 da ,,b9 i* g> ni*t--,i no long] am4 #cjb ,"o c comp>e ! /ate ( ! pati5t to no?+ s well z to t ( a cat]pill>1 :i*1 keep+ all its cat]pill>'s ideas & remembrances1 %\ld sudd5ly become a butt]fly ) a butt]fly's s5ses & s5sations4 ,betwe5 ! old & ! new /ate1 betwe5 ! fir/ self1 t ( ! cat]pill>1 & ! second self1 t ( ! butt]fly1 !re is a deep scission1 a complete rupture4 ,! new feel+s f9d no ant]ior s]ies to :i* !y c knit !mselves on2 ! pati5t c nei!r int]pret nor use !m2 he does n recognize !m2 !y are unkn[n4 ,h5ce two conclusions1 ! fir/ :i* consi/s 9 8 say+1 ,i no long] am2 ! second1 some:at lat]1 :i* consi/s 9 8 say+1 ,i am ano!r p]son4 7,h4 ,ta9e3 de l',intellig5ce1 #cme dition 7#ahgh71 p4 #dfb74 #cjc ,w4 ,gries+]3 ,m5tal ,diseases1 #bi4 #cjd ,see ! int]e/+ case ( 'old ,/ump' 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am4 ,soc4 = ,psy*4 ,rese>*1 p4 #eeb4 #cje ,de l',intellig5ce1 #cme dition 7#ahgh71 vol4 ii1 note1 p4 #dfa4 ,kri%ab]'s book 7,la ,nvropa?ie ,crbro-c>diaque1 #ahgc7 is full ( simil> obs]vations4 #cjf ,sudd5 alt]ations 9 outw>d =tune (t5 produce su* a *ange 9 ! empirical me z almo/ to am\nt to a pa?ological di/urbance ( self-consci\sness4 ,:5 a poor man draws ! big prize 9 a lott]y1 or unexpect$ly inh]its an e/ate2 :5 a man high 9 fame is publicly disgrac$1 a millionaire becomes a paup]1 or a lov+ husb& & fa!r sees 8 family p]i% at "o fell swoop1 !re is tempor>ily su* a rupture betwe5 all pa/ habits1 :e!r ( an active or a passive k9d1 & ! exig5cies & possibilities ( ! new situation1 t ! individual may f9d no m$ium ( cont9uity or association to c>ry him ov] f ! "o phase to ! o!r ( 8 life4 ,"u ^! conditions m5tal d]angem5t is no unfrequ5t result4 #cjg ,! numb] ( subjects :o c d ?is ) any f]tility & exub]ance is relatively q small4 #cjh ,fir/ 9 ! ,revue ,sci5tifique = ,may #bf1 #ahgf1 !n 9 8 book1 ,hypnotisme1 ,d\ble ,consci5ce1 et ,altrations de la ,p]sonnalit 7,p>is1 #ahhg74 #cji ,d] ,hypnotismus 7#ahhd71 pp4 #aji-ae4 #caj ,transactions ( ! ,college ( ,physicians ( ,philadelphia1 ,april #d1 #ahhh4 ,also1 less complete1 9 ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e1 ,may #ahfj4 #caa ,cf4 ,ribot's ,diseases ( ,memory = cases4 ,see also a l>ge numb] ( !m 9 ,=bes ,w9sl['s ,obscure ,diseases ( ! ,bra9 & ,m9d1 *apt]s xiii-xvii4 #cab ,see ! int]e/+ acc\nt by ,m4 ,j4 ,janet 9 ! ,revue ,sci5tifique1 ,may #ai1 #ahhh4 #cac ,v>iations de la ,p]sonnalit 7,p>is1 #ahhh74 #cad ,op4 cit4 p4 #hd4 ,9 ?is "w & 9 ,dr4 ,azam's 7cit$ on a previ\s page71 z well z 9 ,pr(4 ,?4 ,ribot's ,maladies de la ,p]sonnalit 7#ahhe71 ! read] w f9d in=mation & ref]5ces relative to ! o!r kn[n cases ( ! k9d4 #cae ,8 own bro!r's subject ,wit44441 al?\gh 9 h] an/hetic wak+ /ate %e recollect$ no?+ ( ei!r ( h] trances1 yet rememb]$ h] deep] trance 79 :i* h] s5sibilities became p]fect--see above1 p4 #bjg7 :5 %e 0 9 h] light] trance4 ,nev]!less 9 ! latt] %e 0 z an/hetic z :5 awake4 7,loc4 cit4 p4 #fai47--;,x does n appe> t !re 0 any important diff]5ce 9 ! s5sibility ( ,flida ,x4 betwe5 h] two /ates--z f> z "o c judge f ,m4 ,azam's acc\nt %e 0 to "s degree an/hetic 9 bo? 7op4 cit4 pp4 #ga1 #if74--;,9 ! case ( d\ble p]sonality report$ by ,m4 ,dufay 7,revue ,sci5tifique1 vol4 xviii1 p4 #fi71 ! memory seems to h be5 be/ 9 ! m an/hetic condition4--,hypnotic subjects made bl9d d n necess>ily lose _! visual ideas4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 bo? t amnesias may occur )\t an/hesias1 & an/hesias )\t amnesias1 ?\gh !y may also occur 9 comb9ation4 ,hypnotic subjects made bl9d by sugge/ion w tell y t !y cle>ly imag9e ! ?+s :i* !y c no long] see4 #caf ,a full acc\nt ( ! case1 by ,mr4 ,r4 ,hodgson1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>* = #ahia4 #cag ,he _h sp5t an aft]noon 9 ,bo/on1 a night 9 ,new ,york1 an aft]noon 9 ,new>k1 & t5 days or m 9 ,philadelphia1 fir/ 9 a c]ta9 hotel & next 9 a c]ta9 bo>d+-h\se1 mak+ no acqua9tances1 're/+1' read+1 & 'look+ r\nd4' ,i h un=tunately be5 unable to get indep5d5t corroboration ( ^! details1 z ! hotel regi/]s are de/roy$1 & ! bo>d+-h\se nam$ by him has be5 pull$ d[n4 ,he =gets ! "n ( ! two ladies :o kept x4 #cah ,! details ( ! case1 x w be se51 are all compatible ) simulation4 ,i c only say ( t1 t no "o :o has exam9$ ,mr4 ,b\rne 7includ+ ,dr4 ,read1 ,dr4 ,weir ,mit*ell1 ,dr4 ,guy ,h9sdale1 & ,mr4 ,r4 ,hodgson7 practically d\bts 8 +ra9$ hone/y1 nor1 s f> z ,i c discov]1 d any ( 8 p]sonal acqua9tances indulge 9 a sceptical view4 #cai ,! ,watseka ,wond]1 by ,e4 ,w4 ,/ev5s4 ,*icago1 ,religio-,philosophical ,publi%+ ,h\se1 #ahhg4 #cbj ,my fri5d ,mr4 ,r4 ,hodgson in=ms me t he visit$ ,watseka 9 ,april #ahij1 & cross-exam9$ ! pr9cipal witnesses ( ?is case4 ,8 confid5ce 9 ! orig9al n>rative 0 /r5g!n$ by :at he le>n$2 & v>i\s unpubli%$ facts 7 asc]ta9$1 :i* increas$ ! plausibility ( ! spirituali/ic int]pretation ( ! ph5om5on4 #cba ,see 8 highly important s]ies ( articles on ,automatic ,writ+1 etc41 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,soc4 = ,psy*4 ,rese>*1 especially ,article ii 7,may #ahhe74 ,comp>e also ,dr4 ,maudsley's in/ructive article 9 ,m9d1 vol4 xiv1 p4 #afa1 & ,luys's essay1 ',sur le ,dd\blem5t1' etc41 9 l',encphale = #ahhi4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,att5tion4 ,/range to say1 s pat5t a fact z ! p]petual pres5ce ( selective att5tion has receiv$ h>dly any notice f psy*ologi/s ( ! ,engli% empirici/ s*ool4 ,! ,g]mans h explicitly treat$ ( x1 ei!r z a faculty or z a resultant1 b 9 ! pages ( su* writ]s z ,locke1 ,hume1 ,h>tley1 ! ,mills1 & ,sp5c] ! ^w h>dly occurs1 or if x does s1 x is p>5!tically & z if by inadv]t5ce4#cbb ,! motive ( ?is ignor+ ( ! ph5om5on ( att5tion is obvi\s en\gh4 ,^! writ]s are b5t on %[+ h[ ! high] faculties ( ! m9d are pure products ( 'exp]i5ce2' & exp]i5ce is suppos$ to be ( some?+ simply giv54 ,att5tion1 imply+ a degree ( reactive spontaneity1 w\ld seem to break ?r\gh ! circle ( pure receptivity :i* con/itutes 'exp]i5ce1' & h5ce mu/ n be spok5 ( "u p5alty ( int]f]+ ) ! smoo?ness ( ! tale4 ,b ! mom5t "o ?9ks ( ! matt]1 "o sees h[ false a notion ( exp]i5ce t is :i* w\ld make x tantam\nt to ! m]e pres5ce to ! s5ses ( an outw>d ord]4 ,millions ( items ( ! outw>d ord] are pres5t to my s5ses :i* nev] prop]ly ent] into my exp]i5ce4 ,:y8 ,because !y h no int]e/ = me4 ,my exp]i5ce is :at ,i agree to att5d to4 ,only ^? items :i* ,i notice %ape my m9d--)\t selective int]e/1 exp]i5ce is an utt] *aos4 ,int]e/ alone gives acc5t & emphasis1 light & %ade1 backgr\nd & =egr\nd--intelligible p]spective1 9 a ^w4 ,x v>ies 9 e creature1 b )\t x ! consci\sness ( e creature w\ld be a gray *aotic indiscrim9at5ess1 impossible = u ev5 to conceive4 ,su* an empirici/ writ] z ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 = example1 reg>ds ! creature z absolutely passive clay1 ^u :i* 'exp]i5ce' ra9s d[n4 ,! clay w be impress$ mo/ deeply :]e ! drops fall ?icke/1 & s ! f9al %ape ( ! m9d is m\ld$4 ,give "t en\gh1 & all s5ti5t ?+s ought1 at ?is rate1 to end by assum+ an id5tical m5tal con/itution--= 'exp]i5ce1' ! sole %ap]1 is a con/ant fact1 & ! ord] ( its items mu/ end by be+ exactly reflect$ by ! passive mirror :i* we call ! s5ti5t organism4 ,if su* an acc\nt 7 true1 a race ( dogs br$ = g5]ations1 say 9 ! ,vatican1 ) *>act]s ( visual %ape1 sculptur$ 9 m>ble1 pres5t$ to _! eyes1 9 e v>iety ( =m & comb9ation1 ought to discrim9ate be=e long ! f9e/ %ades ( ^! peculi> *>act]s4 ,9 a ^w1 !y ought to become1 if "t 7 giv51 accompli%$ connoisseurs ( sculpture4 ,anyone may judge ( ! probability ( ?is consummation4 ,surely an et]nity ( exp]i5ce ( ! /atues w\ld leave ! dog z in>ti/ic z he 0 at fir/1 = ! lack ( an orig9al int]e/ to knit 8 discrim9ations on to4 ,mean:ile ! odors at ! bases ( ! p$e/als w\ld h organiz$ !mselves 9 ! consci\sness ( ?is bre$ ( dogs into a sy/em ( 'correspond5ces' to :i* ! mo/ h]$it>y ca/e ( cu/odi w\ld nev] approximate1 m]ely because to !m1 z human be+s1 ! dog's int]e/ 9 ^? smells w\ld = ev] be an inscrutable my/]y4 ,^! writ]s h1 !n1 utt]ly ignor$ ! gl>+ fact t subjective int]e/ may1 by lay+ its weighty index-f+] on p>ticul> items ( exp]i5ce1 s acc5t !m z to give to ! lea/ frequ5t associations f> m p[] to %ape our ?\ght ?an ! mo/ frequ5t ones possess4 ,! int]e/ itself1 ?\gh its g5esis is d\btless p]fectly natural1 makes exp]i5ce m ?an x is made by x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e "o kn[s :at att5tion is4 ,x is ! tak+ possession by ! m9d1 9 cle> & vivid =m1 ( "o out ( :at seem sev]al simultane\sly possible objects or tra9s ( ?\ght4 ,focalization1 conc5tration1 ( consci\sness are ( its ess5ce4 ,x implies )drawal f "s ?+s 9 ord] to deal effectively ) o!rs1 & is a condition :i* has a real opposite 9 ! confus$1 daz$1 scatt]-bra9$ /ate :i* 9 ,fr5* is call$ di/raction1 & ,z]/reu!it 9 ,g]man4 ,we all "k ?is latt] /ate1 ev5 9 its extreme degree4 ,mo/ p probably fall sev]al times a day into a fit ( some?+ l ?is3 ,! eyes are fix$ on vacancy1 ! s\nds ( ! _w melt into confus$ unity1 ! att5tion is disp]s$ s t ! :ole body is felt1 z x 71 at once1 & ! =egr\nd ( consci\sness is fill$1 if by any?+1 by a sort ( solemn s5se ( surr5d] to ! empty pass+ ( "t4 ,9 ! dim backgr\nd ( our m9d we "k mean:ile :at we ought to be do+3 gett+ up1 dress+ ourselves1 answ]+ ! p]son :o has spok5 to u1 try+ to make ! next /ep 9 our reason+4 ,b someh[ we _c />t2 ! p5se de d]rire la tte fails to pi]ce ! %ell ( le?>gy t wraps our /ate ab\t4 ,e mom5t we expect ! spell to break1 = we "k no reason :y x %\ld cont9ue4 ,b x does cont9ue1 pulse aft] pulse1 & we float ) x1 until--also )\t reason t we c discov]--an en]gy is giv51 some?+--we "k n :at--enables u to ga!r ourselves toge!r1 we w9k our eyes1 we %ake our heads1 ! backgr\nd-ideas become effective1 & ! :eels ( life g r\nd aga94 ,?is curi\s /ate ( inhibition c = a few mom5ts be produc$ at w by fix+ ! eyes on vacancy4 ,"s p]sons c volunt>ily empty _! m9ds & '?9k ( no?+4' ,) _m1 z ,pr(essor ,exn] rem>ks ( himself1 ?is is ! mo/ efficaci\s means ( fall+ asleep4 ,x is difficult n to suppose some?+ l ?is scatt]$ condition ( m9d to be ! usual /ate ( brutes :5 n actively engag$ 9 "s pursuit4 ,fatigue1 monoton\s me*anical occupations t end by be+ automatically c>ri$ on1 t5d to produce x 9 m54 ,x is n sleep2 & yet :5 ar\s$ f su* a /ate1 a p]son w (t5 h>dly be able to say :at he has be5 ?9k+ ab\t ,subjects ( ! hypnotic trance seem to lapse into x :5 left to !mselves2 ask$ :at !y are ?9k+ (1 !y reply1 '( no?+ p>ticul>'6#cbc ,! abolition ( ?is condition is :at we call ! awak5+ ( ! att5tion4 ,"o pr9cipal object comes !n into ! focus ( consci\sness1 o!rs are tempor>ily suppress$4 ,! awak5+ may come ab\t ei!r by reason ( a /imulus f )\t1 or 9 consequ5ce ( "s unkn[n inn] alt]ation2 & ! *ange x br+s ) x am\nts to a conc5tration ^u "o s+le object ) exclusion ( aught besides1 or to a condition any:]e betwe5 ?is & ! completely disp]s$ /ate4 ,,to ,,h[ ,,_m ,,?+s ,,c ,,we ,,att5d ,,at ,,once8 ,! "q ( ! 'span' ( consci\sness has (t5 be5 ask$ & answ]$--sometimes a priori1 sometimes by exp]im5t4 ,?is seems ! prop] place = u to t\* ^u x2 & our answ]1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ,*apt] ,,ix1 w n be difficult4 ,! numb] ( ?+s we may att5d to is altoge!r indef9ite1 dep5d+ on ! p[] ( ! individual intellect1 on ! =m ( ! appreh5sion1 & on :at ! ?+s are4 ,:5 appreh5d$ conceptually z a connect$ sy/em1 _! numb] may be v l>ge4 ,b h[ev] num]\s ! ?+s1 !y c only be kn[n 9 a s+le pulse ( consci\sness = :i* !y =m "o complex 'object' 7p4 #bgf ff471 s t prop]ly speak+ !re is be=e ! m9d at no "t a plurality ( ideas1 prop]ly s call$4 ,! 'unity ( ! s\l' has be5 suppos$ by _m philosoph]s1 :o also believ$ 9 ! di/9ct atomic nature ( 'ideas1' to preclude ! pres5ce to x ( m ?an "o objective fact1 manife/$ 9 "o idea1 at a "t4 ,ev5 ,dugald ,/u>t op9es t e m9imum visibile ( a pictur$ figure con/itutes j z di/9ct an object ( att5tion to ! m9d z if x 7 sep>at$ by an int]val ( empty space f ! re/4444 ,x is impossible = ! m9d to att5d to m ?an "o ( ^! po9ts at once2 & z ! p]ception ( ! figure implies a k ( ! relative situation ( ! diff]5t po9ts ) respect to ea* o!r1 we mu/ conclude t ! p]ception ( figure by ! eye is ! result ( a numb] ( diff]5t acts ( att5tion4 ,^! acts ( att5tion1 h[ev]1 are p]=m$ ) su* rapidity1 t ! effect1 ) respect to u1 is ! same z if ! p]ception 7 in/antane\s4#cbd ,su* gl>+ly artificial views c only come f fanta/ic metaphysics or f ! ambiguity ( ! ^w 'idea1' :i*1 /&+ sometimes = m5tal /ate & sometimes = ?+ kn[n1 leads m5 to ascribe to ! ?+1 n only ! unity :i* belongs to ! m5tal /ate1 b ev5 ! simplicity :i* is ?\ght to reside 9 ! ,s\l4 ,:5 ! ?+s are appreh5d$ by ! s5ses1 ! numb] ( !m t c be att5d$ to at once is small1 ,pluribus int5tus1 m9or e/ ad s+ula s5sus4 ,by ,*>les ,bonnet ! ,m9d is all[$ to h a di/9ct notion ( six objects at once2 by ,abraham ,tuck] ! numb] is limit$ to f\r2 :ile ,de/utt ,tracy aga9 amplifies x to six4 ,! op9ion ( ! fir/ & la/ ( ^! philosoph]s cont9ues ,sir ,wm4 ,hamilton seems to me correct4 ,y c easily make ! exp]im5ts = y\rselves1 b y mu/ bew>e ( gr\p+ ! objects into classes4 ,if y ?r[ a h&ful ( m>bles on ! floor1 y w f9d x difficult to view at once m ?an six1 or sev5 at mo/1 )\t confusion2 b if y gr\p !m into twos1 or ?rees1 or fives1 y c compreh5d z _m gr\ps z y c units2 because ! m9d consid]s ^! gr\ps only z units--x views !m z :oles1 & ?r[s _! p>ts out ( consid]ation4#cbe ,pr(essor ,jevons1 repeat+ ?is obs]vation1 by c\nt+ in/antane\sly beans ?r[n into a box1 f\nd t ! numb] #f 0 guess$ correctly #abj times out ( #adg1 #e correctly #ajb times out ( #ajg1 & #d & #c always "r4#cbf ,x is obvi\s t su* obs]vations decide no?+ at all ab\t our att5tion1 prop]ly s call$4 ,!y r measure 9 "p ! di/9ctness ( our vision--especially ( ! prim>y-memory-image#cbg--;9 "p ! am\nt ( association 9 ! individual betwe5 se5 arrangem5ts & ! names ( numb]s4#cbh ,ea* numb]-"n is a way ( grasp+ ! beans z "o total object4 ,9 su* a total object1 all ! p>ts conv]ge h>moni\sly to ! "o resultant concept2 no s+le bean has special discrepant associations ( its own2 & s1 ) practice1 !y may gr[ q num]\s ere we fail to e/imate !m aright4 ,b :]e ! 'object' be=e u breaks into p>ts disconnect$ ) ea* o!r1 & =m+ ea* z x 7 a sep>ate object or sy/em1 n conceivable 9 union ) ! re/1 x becomes h>d] to appreh5d all ^! p>ts at once1 & ! m9d t5ds to let g ( "o :il/ x att5ds to ano!r4 ,/ill1 )9 limits ?is c be done4 ,m4 ,paulhan has exp]im5t$ c>efully on ! matt] by declaim+ "o poem al\d :il/ he repeat$ a diff]5t "o m5tally1 or by writ+ "o s5t5ce :il/ speak+ ano!r1 or by p]=m+ calculations on pap] :il/ recit+ poetry4#cbi ,he f\nd t ! mo/ favorable condition = ! d\bl+ ( ! m9d 0 its simultane\s application to two easy & het]og5e\s op]ations4 ,two op]ations ( ! same sort1 two multiplications1 two recitations1 or ! recit+ "o poem & writ+ ano!r1 r5d] ! process m unc]ta9 & difficult4 ,! att5tion (t51 b n always1 oscillates dur+ ^! p]=mances2 & sometimes a ^w f "o "p ( ! task slips into ano!r4 ,i myself f9d :5 ,i try to simultane\sly recite "o ?+ & write ano!r t ! beg9n+ ( ea* ^w or segm5t ( a phrase is :at requires ! att5tion4 ,once />t$1 my p5 runs on = a ^w or two z if by its own mom5tum4 ,m4 ,paulhan comp>$ ! "t occupi$ by ! same two op]ations done simultane\sly or 9 succession1 & f\nd t !re 0 (t5 a consid]able ga9 ( "t f do+ !m simultane\sly4 ,= in/ance3 ,i write ! fir/ f\r v]ses ( ,a?alie1 :il/ recit+ elev5 ( ,musset4 ,! :ole p]=mance occupies #dj seconds4 ,b recit+ alone takes #bb & writ+ alone #ca1 or #ec altoge!r1 s t !re is a diff]5ce 9 favor ( ! simultane\s op]ations4 ,or aga93 ,i multiply #dba #cab #bab by #b2 ! op]ation takes #f seconds2 ! recitation ( #d v]ses also takes #f seconds4 ,b ! two op]ations done at once only take #f seconds1 s t !re is no loss ( "t f comb9+ !m4 ,( c\rse ^! "t-measurem5ts lack precision4 ,) ?ree sy/ems ( object 7writ+ ) ea* h& :il/ recit+7 ! op]ation became mu* m difficult4 ,if1 !n1 by ! orig9al "q1 h[ _m ideas or ?+s c we att5d to at once1 be meant h[ _m entirely disconnect$ sy/ems or processes ( conception c g on simultane\sly1 ! answ] is1 n easily m ?an "o1 unless ! processes are v habitual2 b !n two1 or ev5 ?ree1 )\t v mu* oscillation ( ! att5tion4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! processes are less automatic1 z 9 ! /ory ( ,julius ,cs> dictat+ f\r lett]s :il/ he writes a fif?1#ccj !re mu/ be a rapid oscillation ( ! m9d f "o to ! next1 & no consequ5t ga9 ( "t4 ,)9 any "o ( ! sy/ems ! p>ts may be numb]less1 b we att5d to !m collectively :5 we conceive ! :ole :i* !y =m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ! ?+s to be att5d$ to are small s5sations1 & :5 ! ef=t is to be exact 9 not+ !m1 x is f\nd t att5tion to "o int]f]es a good deal ) ! p]ception ( ! o!r4 ,a good deal ( f9e "w has be5 done 9 ?is field1 ( :i* ,i mu/ give "s acc\nt4 ,x has long be5 notic$1 :5 expectant att5tion is conc5trat$ ^u "o ( two s5sations1 t ! o!r "o is apt to be displac$ f consci\sness = a mom5t & to appe> subsequ5t2 al?\gh 9 reality ! two may h be5 contemporane\s ev5ts4 ,?us1 to use ! /ock example ( ! books1 ! surgeon w\ld sometimes see ! blood fl[ f ! arm ( ! pati5t :om he 0 ble$+1 be=e he saw ! in/rum5t p5etrate ! sk94 ,simil>ly ! smi? may see ! sp>ks fly be=e he sees ! hamm] smite ! iron1 etc4 ,!re is ?us a c]ta9 difficulty 9 p]ceiv+ ! exact date ( two impressions :5 !y d n int]e/ our att5tion equally1 & :5 !y are ( a disp>ate sort4 ,pr(essor ,exn]1 ^: exp]im5ts on ! m9imal p]ceptible succession 9 "t ( two s5sations we %all h to quote 9 ano!r *apt]1 makes "s notewor?y rem>ks ab\t ! way 9 :i* ! att5tion mu/ be set to cat* ! int]val & ! "r ord] ( ! s5sations1 :5 ! "t is exce$+ small4 ,! po9t 0 to tell :e!r two signals 7 simultane\s or successive2 &1 if successive1 :i* "o ( !m came fir/4 ,! fir/ way ( att5d+ :i* he f\nd himself to fall into1 0 :5 ! signals did n diff] greatly--:51 e4g41 !y 7 simil> s\nds he>d ea* by a diff]5t e>4 ,"h he lay 9 wait = ! fir/ signal1 :i*ev] x might be1 & id5tifi$ x ! next mom5t 9 memory4 ,! second1 :i* c\ld !n always be kn[n by default1 0 (t5 n cle>ly di/+ui%$ 9 itself4 ,:5 ! "t 0 too %ort1 ! fir/ c\ld n be isolat$ f ! second at all4 ,! second way 0 to accommodate ! att5tion = a c]ta9 sort ( signal1 & ! next mom5t to become aw>e 9 memory ( :e!r x came be=e or aft] its mate4 ,?is way br+s great unc]ta9ty ) x4 ,! impression n prep>$ = comes to u 9 ! memory m weak ?an ! o!r1 obscure z x 71 badly fix$ 9 "t4 ,we t5d to take ! subjectively /rong] /imulus1 t :i* we 7 int5t ^u1 = ! fir/1 j z we are apt to take an objectively /rong] /imulus to be ! fir/4 ,/ill1 x may happ5 o!rwise4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts f t\* to sight x (t5 seem$ to me z if ! impression = :i* ! att5tion 0 n prep>$ 7 !re already :5 ! o!r came4 ,exn] f\nd himself employ+ ?is me?od (t5e/ :5 ! impressions diff]$ /rongly4#cca ,9 su* obs]vations 7:i* mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ^? :]e ! two signals 7 id5tical & _! successiv5ess kn[n z m]e d\bl5ess1 )\t di/9ction ( :i* came fir/71 x is obvi\s t ea* signal mu/ comb9e /ably 9 our p]ception ) a diff]5t in/ant ( "t4 ,x is ! simple/ possible case ( two discrepant concepts simultane\sly occupy+ ! m9d4 ,n[ ! case ( ! signals be+ simultane\s seems ( a diff]5t sort4 ,we mu/ turn to ,wundt = obs]vations fit to ca/ a ne>] light !reon4 ,! read] w rememb] ! reaction-"t exp]im5ts ( :i* we treat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,x happ5$ occasionally 9 ,wundt's exp]im5ts t ! reaction-"t 0 r$uc$ to z]o or ev5 assum$ a negative value1 :i*1 be+ translat$ into common spee*1 means t ! obs]v] 0 sometimes s int5t ^u ! signal t 8 reaction actually co9cid$ 9 "t ) x1 or ev5 prec$$ x1 in/ead ( com+ a fraction ( a second aft] x1 z 9 ! nature ( ?+s x %\ld4 ,m w be said ( ^! results anon4 ,mean:ile ,wundt1 9 expla9+ !m1 says ?is3 ,9 g5]al we h a v exact feel+ ( ! simultaneity ( two /imuli1 if !y d n diff] mu* 9 /r5g?4 ,& 9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 :i* a w>n+ prec$es1 at a fix$ int]val1 ! /imulus1 we involunt>ily try to react1 n only z promptly z possible1 b also 9 su* wise t our movem5t may co9cide ) ! /imulus itself4 ,we seek to make our own feel+s ( t\* & inn]vation muscul> contraction objectively contemporane\s ) ! signal :i* we he>2 & exp]i5ce %[s t 9 _m cases we approximately succe$4 ,9 ^! cases we h a di/9ct consci\sness ( he>+ ! signal1 react+ ^u x1 & feel+ our reaction take place1--all at "o & ! same mom5t4#ccb ,9 ano!r place1 ,wundt adds3 ,! difficulty ( ^! obs]vations & ! comp>ative infrequ5cy ) :i* ! reaction-"t c be made ?us to disappe> %[s h[ h>d x is1 :5 our att5tion is int5se1 to keep x fix$ ev5 on two diff]5t ideas at once4 ,note besides t :5 ?is happ5s1 "o always tries to br+ ! ideas into a c]ta9 connection1 to grasp !m z compon5ts ( a c]ta9 complex repres5tation4 ,?us 9 ! exp]im5ts 9 "q1 x has (t5 seem$ to me t ,i produc$ by my own record+ movem5t ! s\nd :i* ! ball made 9 dropp+ on ! bo>d4#ccc ,! 'difficulty1' 9 ! cases ( :i* ,wundt speaks1 is t ( =c+ two non-simultane\s ev5ts into app>5t comb9ation ) ! same in/ant ( "t4 ,!re is no difficulty1 z he admits1 9 s divid+ our att5tion betwe5 two really simultane\s impressions z to feel !m to be su*4 ,! cases he describes are really cases ( ana*roni/ic p]ception1 ( subjective "t-displacem5t1 to use 8 own t]m4 ,/ill m curi\s cases ( x h be5 mo/ c>efully /udi$ by him4 ,!y c>ry u a /ep f>!r 9 our rese>*1 s ,i w quote !m1 us+ z f> z possible 8 exact words3 ,! conditions become m complicat$ :5 we receive a s]ies ( impressions sep>at$ by di/9ct int]vals1 into ! mid/ ( :i* a het]og5e\s impression is sudd5ly br\ght4 ,!n comes ! "q1 ) :i* memb] ( ! s]ies d we p]ceive ! additional impression to co9cide8 ) t memb] ) ^: pres5ce x really coexi/s1 or is !re "s ab]ration8444 ,if ! additional /imulus belongs to a diff]5t s5se v consid]able ab]rations may occur4 ,! be/ way to exp]im5t is ) a numb] ( visual impressions 7:i* "o c easily get f a mov+ object7 = ! s]ies1 & ) a s\nd z ! disp>ate impression4 ,let1 e4g41 an index-h& move ov] a circul> scale ) uni=m & suffici5tly sl[ velocity1 s t ! impressions x gives w n fuse1 b p]mit its position at any in/ant to be di/9ctly se54 ,let ! clockwork :i* turns x h an arrangem5t :i* r+s a bell once 9 e revolution1 b at a po9t :i* c be v>i$1 s t ! obs]v] ne$ nev] "k 9 advance j :5 ! bell-/roke takes place4 ,9 su* obs]vations ?ree cases are possible4 ,! bell-/roke c be p]ceiv$ ei!r exactly at ! mom5t to :i* ! index po9ts :5 x s\nds--9 ?is case !re w be no "t-displacem5t2 or we c comb9e x ) a lat] position ( ! index--444 positive "t-displacem5t1 z we %all call x2 or f9ally we c comb9e x ) a position ( ! index e>li] ?an t at :i* ! s\nd occurr$--& ?is we w call a negative displacem5t4 ,! mo/ natural displacem5t w\ld app>5tly be ! positive1 s9ce = app]ception a c]ta9 "t is always requir$4444 ,b exp]i5ce %[s t ! opposite is ! case3 x happ5s mo/ frequ5tly t ! s\nd appe>s e>li] ?an its real date--f> less (t5 co9cid5t ) x1 or lat]4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t 9 all ^! exp]im5ts x takes "s "t to get a di/9ctly p]ceiv$ comb9ation ( ! s\nd ) a p>ticul> position ( ! index1 & t a s+le revolution ( ! latt] is nev] en\gh = ! purpose4 ,! motion mu/ g on long en\gh = ! s\nds !mselves to =m a regul> s]ies--! outcome be+ a simultane\s p]ception ( two di/9ct s]ies ( ev5ts1 ( :i* ei!r may by *anges 9 its rapidity modify ! result4 ,! fir/ ?+ "o rem>ks is t ! s\nd belongs 9 a c]ta9 region ( ! scale2 only gradually is x p]ceiv$ to comb9e ) a p>ticul> position ( ! index4 ,b ev5 a result ga9$ by obs]vation ( _m revolutions may be defici5t 9 c]ta9ty1 = accid5tal comb9ations ( att5tion h a great influ5ce ^u x4 ,if we delib]ately try to comb9e ! bell-/roke ) an arbitr>ily *os5 position ( ! index1 we succe$ )\t difficulty1 provid$ ?is position be n too remote f ! true "o4 ,if1 aga91 we cov] ! :ole scale1 except a s+le division ov] :i* we may see ! index pass1 we h a /rong t5d5cy to comb9e ! bell-/roke ) ?is actually se5 position2 & 9 s do+ may easily ov]look m ?an #a_/d ( a second ( "t4 ,results1 !re=e1 to be ( any value1 mu/ be drawn f long-cont9u$ & v num]\s obs]vations1 9 :i* su* irregul> oscillations ( ! att5tion neutralize ea* o!r accord+ to ! law ( great numb]s1 & all[ ! true laws to appe>4 ,al?\gh my own exp]im5ts ext5d ov] _m ye>s 7) int]ruptions71 !y are n ev5 yet num]\s en\gh to exhau/ ! subject--/ill1 !y br+ out ! pr9cipal laws :i* ! att5tion foll[s "u su* conditions4#ccd ,wundt accord+ly di/+ui%es ! direction f ! am\nt ( ! app>5t displacem5t 9 "t ( ! bell-/roke4 ,! direction dep5ds on ! rapidity ( ! movem5t ( ! index & 7consequ5tly7 on t ( ! succession ( ! bell-/rokes4 ,! mom5t at :i* ! bell /ruck 0 e/imat$ by him ) ! lea/ t5d5cy to error1 :5 ! revolutions took place once 9 a second4 ,fa/] ?an ?is1 positive errors began to prevail2 sl[]1 negative ones almo/ always 7 pres5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! rapidity w5t quick5+1 errors became negative2 if sl[+1 positive4 ,! am\nt ( error is1 9 g5]al1 ! great] ! sl[] ! spe$ & its alt]ations4 ,f9ally1 individual diff]5ces prevail1 z well z diff]5ces 9 ! same individual at diff]5t times4#cce ,wundt's pupil von ,ts*is* has c>ri$ out ^! exp]im5ts on a /ill m elaborate scale1#ccf us+1 n only ! s+le bell-/roke1 b #b1 #c1 #d1 or #e simultane\s impressions1 s t ! att5tion _h to note ! place ( ! index at ! mom5t :5 a :ole gr\p ( ?+s 0 happ5+4 ,! s+le bell-/roke 0 always he>d too e>ly by von ,ts*is*--! displacem5t 0 inv>iably 'negative4' ,z ! o!r simultane\s impressions 7 add$1 ! displacem5t fir/ became z]o & f9ally positive1 i4e4 ! impressions 7 connect$ ) a position ( ! index t 0 too late4 ,?is ret>dation 0 great] :5 ! simultane\s impressions 7 disp>ate 7electric tactile /imuli on diff]5t places1 simple t\*-/imuli1 diff]5t s\nds7 ?an :5 !y 7 all ( ! same sort4 ,! increm5t ( ret>dation became relatively less ) ea* additional impression1 s t x is probable t six impressions w\ld h giv5 almo/ ! same result z five1 :i* 0 ! maximum numb] us$ by ,h]r von ,t4 ,wundt expla9s all ^! results by 8 previ\s obs]vation t a reaction sometimes ant$ates ! signal 7see above1 p4 #daa74 ,! m9d1 he supposes1 is s int5t ^u ! bell-/rokes t its 'app]ception' keeps rip5+ p]iodically aft] ea* /roke 9 anticipation ( ! next4 ,its mo/ natural rate ( rip5+ may be fa/] or sl[] ?an ! rate at :i* ! /rokes come4 ,if fa/]1 !n x he>s ! /roke too e>ly2 if sl[]1 x he>s x too late4 ,! position ( ! index on ! scale1 mean:ile1 is not$ at ! mom5t1 e>ly or late1 at :i* ! bell-/roke is subjectively he>d4 ,sub/itut+ sev]al impressions = ! s+le bell-/roke makes ! rip5+ ( ! p]ception sl[]1 & ! index is se5 too late4 ,s1 at lea/1 d ,i und]/& ! explanations :i* ,h]r5 ,wundt & v4 ,ts*is* give4#ccg ,?is is all ,i h to say ab\t ! difficulty ( hav+ two discrepant concepts toge!r1 & ab\t ! numb] ( ?+s to :i* we c simultane\sly att5d4 ,,! ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,att5tion4 ,! ?+s to :i* we att5d are said to int]e/ u4 ,our int]e/ 9 !m is suppos$ to be ! cause ( our att5d+4 ,:at makes an object int]e/+ we %all see pres5tly2 & lat] inquire 9 :at s5se int]e/ may cause att5tion4 ,mean:ile ,att5tion may be divid$ into k9ds 9 v>i\s ways4 ,x is ei!r to a7 ,objects ( s5se 7s5sorial att5tion72 or to b7 ,ideal or repres5t$ objects 7intellectual att5tion74 ,x is ei!r c7 ,imm$iate2 or d7 ,d]iv$3 imm$iate1 :5 ! topic or /imulus is int]e/+ 9 itself1 )\t relation to any?+ else2 d]iv$1 :5 x owes its int]e/ to association ) "s o!r imm$iately int]e/+ ?+4 ,:at ,i call d]iv$ att5tion has be5 nam$ 'app]ceptive' att5tion4 ,fur!rmore1 ,att5tion may be ei!r e7 ,passive1 reflex1 non-volunt>y1 ef=tless2 or f7 ,active & volunt>y4 ,volunt>y att5tion is always d]iv$2 we nev] make an ef=t to att5d to an object except = ! sake ( "s remote int]e/ :i* ! ef=t w s]ve4 ,b bo? s5sorial & intellectual att5tion may be ei!r passive or volunt>y4 ,9 passive imm$iate s5sorial att5tion ! /imulus is a s5se-impression1 ei!r v int5se1 volum9\s1 or sudd51--9 :i* case x makes no diff]5ce :at its nature may be1 :e!r sight1 s\nd1 smell1 bl[1 or inn] pa91--or else x is an in/9ctive /imulus1 a p]ception :i*1 by reason ( its nature r ?an its m]e =ce1 appeals to "s "o ( our normal cong5ital impulses & has a directly excit+ quality4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,in/9ct we %all see h[ ^! /imuli diff] f "o animal to ano!r1 & :at mo/ ( !m are 9 man3 /range ?+s1 mov+ ?+s1 wild animals1 bright ?+s1 pretty ?+s1 metallic ?+s1 words1 bl[s1 blood1 etc41 etc41 etc4 ,s5sitiv5ess to imm$iately excit+ s5sorial /imuli *>act]izes ! att5tion ( *ildhood & y\?4 ,9 mature age we h g5]ally select$ ^? /imuli :i* are connect$ ) "o or m s-call$ p]man5t int]e/s1 & our att5tion has gr[n irresponsive to ! re/4#cch ,b *ildhood is *>act]iz$ by great active en]gy1 & has few organiz$ int]e/s by :i* to meet new impressions & decide :e!r !y are wor?y ( notice or n1 & ! consequ5ce is t extreme mobility ( ! att5tion ) :i* we are all famili> 9 *ildr51 & :i* makes _! fir/ lessons su* r\gh affairs4 ,any /rong s5sation :atev] produces accommodation ( ! organs :i* p]ceive x1 & absolute oblivion1 = ! "t be+1 ( ! task 9 h&4 ,?is reflex & passive "* ( ! att5tion :i*1 z a ,fr5* writ] says1 makes ! *ild seem to belong less to himself ?an to e object :i* happ5s to cat* 8 notice1 is ! fir/ ?+ :i* ! tea*] mu/ ov]come4 ,x nev] is ov]come 9 "s p1 ^: "w1 to ! end ( life1 gets done 9 ! int]/ices ( _! m9d-w&]+4 ,! passive s5sorial att5tion is d]iv$ :5 ! impression1 )\t be+ ei!r /rong or ( an in/9ctively excit+ nature1 is connect$ by previ\s exp]i5ce & education ) ?+s t are s4 ,^! ?+s may be call$ ! motives ( ! att5tion4 ,! impression draws an int]e/ f !m1 or p]haps x ev5 fuses into a s+le complex object ) !m2 ! result is t x is br\ght into ! focus ( ! m9d4 ,a fa9t tap p] se is n an int]e/+ s\nd2 x may well escape be+ discrim9at$ f ! g5]al rumor ( ! _w4 ,b :5 x is a signal1 z t ( a lov] on ! w9d[-pane1 x w h>dly g unp]ceiv$4 ,h]b>t writes3 ,h[ a bit ( bad gramm> w\nds ! e> ( ! puri/6 ,h[ a false note hurts ! musician6 or an (f5ce aga9/ good mann]s ! man ( ! _w6 ,h[ rapid is progress 9 a sci5ce :5 its fir/ pr9ciples h be5 s well impress$ ^u u t we reproduce !m m5tally ) p]fect di/9ctness & ease6 ,h[ sl[ & unc]ta91 on ! o!r h&1 is our le>n+ ( ! pr9ciples !mselves1 :5 famili>ity ) ! /ill m elem5t>y p]cepts connect$ ) ! subject has n giv5 u an adequate pr$isposition6--,app]ceptive att5tion may be pla9ly obs]v$ 9 v small *ildr5 :51 he>+ ! spee* ( _! eld]s1 z yet un9telligible to !m1 !y sudd5ly cat* a s+le kn[n ^w "h & !re1 & repeat x to !mselves2 yes6 ev5 9 ! dog :o looks r\nd at u :5 we speak ( him & pron\nce 8 "n4 ,n f> remov$ is ! tal5t :i* m9d-w&]+ s*ool-boys display dur+ ! h\rs ( in/ruction1 ( notic+ e mom5t 9 :i* ! tea*] tells a /ory4 ,i rememb] classes 9 :i*1 in/ruction be+ un9t]e/+1 & discipl9e relax$1 a buzz+ murmur 0 always to be he>d1 :i* inv>iably /opp$ = z long a "t z an anecdote la/$4 ,h[ c\ld ! boys1 s9ce !y seem$ to he> no?+1 notice :5 ! anecdote began8 ,d\btless mo/ ( !m always he>d some?+ ( ! tea*]'s talk2 b mo/ ( x _h no connection ) _! previ\s k & occupations1 & !re=e ! sep>ate words no soon] ent]$ _! consci\sness ?an !y fell out ( x aga92 b1 on ! o!r h&1 no soon] did ! words awak5 old ?\ghts1 =m+ /rongly-connect$ s]ies ) :i* ! new impression easily comb9$1 ?an out ( new & old toge!r a total int]e/ result$ :i* drove ! vagrant ideas bel[ ! ?re%old ( consci\sness1 & br\ght = a :ile settl$ att5tion into _! place4#cci ,passive intellectual att5tion is imm$iate :5 we foll[ 9 ?\ght a tra9 ( images excit+ or int]e/+ p] se2 d]iv$1 :5 ! images are int]e/+ only z means to a remote end1 or m]ely because !y are associat$ ) some?+ :i* makes !m de>4 ,ow+ to ! way 9 :i* imm5se numb]s ( real ?+s become integrat$ into s+le objects ( ?\ght = u1 !re is no cle> l9e to be drawn betwe5 imm$iate & d]iv$ att5tion ( an intellectual sort4 ,:5 absorb$ 9 intellectual att5tion we may become s inatt5tive to out] ?+s z to be 'abs5t-m9d$1' 'ab/ract$1' or 'di/raits4' ,all rev]y or conc5trat$ m$itation is apt to ?r[ u into ?is /ate4 ,ar*im$es1 x is well kn[n1 0 s absorb$ 9 geometrical m$itation t he 0 fir/ aw>e ( ! /orm+ ( ,syracuse by 8 own dea?-w\nd1 & 8 exclamation on ! entrance ( ! ,roman soldi]s 03 ,noli turb>e circulos meos6 ,9 l mann] ,joseph ,scalig]1 ! mo/ le>n$ ( m51 :5 a ,prote/ant /ud5t 9 ,p>is1 0 s engross$ 9 ! /udy ( ,hom] t he became aw>e ( ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 & ( 8 own escape1 only on ! day subsequ5t to ! cata/rophe4 ,! philosoph] ,c>neades 0 habitually liable to fits ( m$itation s pr(\nd t1 to prev5t him s9k+ f inanition1 8 maid f\nd x necess>y to fe$ him l a *ild4 ,& x is report$ ( ,newton t1 :ile engag$ 9 8 ma!matical rese>*es1 he sometimes =got to d9e4 ,c>dan1 "o ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( philosoph]s & ma!maticians1 0 once1 ^u a j\rney1 s lo/ 9 ?\ght t he =got bo? 8 way & ! object ( 8 j\rney4 ,to ! que/ions ( 8 driv] :e!r he %\ld proce$1 he made no answ]2 & :5 he came to himself at nightfall1 he 0 surpris$ to f9d ! c>riage at a /&/ill1 & directly "u a gall[s4 ,! ma!matician ,vieta 0 sometimes s buri$ 9 m$itation t = h\rs he bore m resemblance to a dead p]son ?an to a liv+1 & 0 !n :olly unconsci\s ( ev]y?+ go+ on ar\nd him4 ,on ! day ( 8 m>riage ! great ,budu =got ev]y?+ 9 8 philological speculations1 & he 0 only awak5$ to ! affairs ( ! ext]nal _w by a t>dy embassy f ! m>riage-p>ty1 :o f\nd him absorb$ 9 ! composition ( 8 ,comm5t>ii4#cdj ,! absorption may be s deep z n only to bani% ord9>y s5sations1 b ev5 ! sev]e/ pa94 ,pascal1 ,wesley1 ,rob]t ,hall1 are said to h _h ?is capacity4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] says ( himself t he has frequ5tly begun a lecture :il/ suff]+ neuralgic pa9 s sev]e z to make him appreh5d t he w\ld f9d x impossible to proce$2 yet no soon] has he by a det]m9$ ef=t fairly laun*$ himself into ! /ream ( ?\ght1 ?an he has f\nd himself cont9u\sly borne along )\t ! lea/ di/raction1 until ! end has come1 & ! att5tion has be5 releas$2 :5 ! pa9 has recurr$ ) a =ce t has ov]ma/]$ all resi/ance1 mak+ him wond] h[ he c\ld h ev] ceas$ to feel x4#cda ,dr4 ,c>p5t] speaks ( laun*+ himself by a det]m9$ ef=t4 ,?is ef=t *>act]izes :at we call$ active or volunt>y att5tion4 ,x is a feel+ :i* e "o kn[s1 b :i* mo/ p w\ld call q indescribable4 ,we get x 9 ! s5sorial sph]e :5ev] we seek to cat* an impression ( extreme fa9tness1 be x ( sight1 he>+1 ta/e1 smell1 or t\*2 we get x :5ev] we seek to discrim9ate a s5sation m]g$ 9 a mass ( o!rs t are simil>2 we get x :5ev] we resi/ ! attractions ( m pot5t /imuli & keep our m9d occupi$ ) "s object t is naturally unimpressive4 ,we get x 9 ! intellectual sph]e "u exactly simil> conditions3 z :5 we /rive to %>p5 & make di/9ct an idea :i* we b vaguely seem to h2 or pa9fully discrim9ate a %ade ( mean+ f its simil>s2 or resolutely hold fa/ to a ?\ght s discordant ) our impulses t1 if left unaid$1 x w\ld quickly yield place to images ( an excit+ & impassion$ k9d4 ,all =ms ( att5tive ef=t w\ld be ex]cis$ at once by "o :om we might suppose at a d9n]-p>ty resolutely to li/5 to a neighbor giv+ him insipid & unwelcome advice 9 a l[ voice1 :il/ all ar\nd ! gue/s 7 l\dly laugh+ & talk+ ab\t excit+ & int]e/+ ?+s4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z volunt>y att5tion su/a9$ = m ?an a few seconds at a "t4 ,:at is call$ su/a9$ volunt>y att5tion is a repetition ( successive ef=ts :i* br+ back ! topic to ! m9d4#cdb ,! topic once br\ght back1 if a cong5ial "o1 develops2 & if its developm5t is int]e/+ x engages ! att5tion passively = a "t4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 a mom5t back1 describ$ ! /ream ( ?\ght1 once ent]$1 z 'be>+ him along4' ,?is passive int]e/ may be %ort or long4 ,z soon z x flags1 ! att5tion is div]t$ by "s irrelevant ?+1 & !n a volunt>y ef=t may br+ x back to ! topic aga92 & s on1 "u favorable conditions1 = h\rs toge!r4 ,dur+ all ?is "t1 h[ev]1 note t x is n an id5tical object 9 ! psy*ological s5se 7p4 #bge71 b a succession ( mutually relat$ objects =m+ an id5tical topic only1 ^u :i* ! att5tion is fix$4 ,no "o c possibly att5d cont9u\sly to an object t does n *ange4 ,n[ !re are always "s objects t = ! "t be+ w n develop4 ,!y simply g out2 & to keep ! m9d ^u any?+ relat$ to !m requires su* incessantly r5ew$ ef=t t ! mo/ resolute ,w ere long gives out & lets its ?\ghts foll[ ! m /imulat+ solicitations aft] x has )/ood !m = :at l5g? ( "t x c4 ,!re are topics kn[n to e man f :i* he %ies l a fright5$ horse1 & :i* to get a glimpse ( is to %un4 ,su* are 8 ebb+ assets to ! sp5d?rift 9 full c>e]4 ,b :y s+le out ! sp5d?rift :5 to e man actuat$ by passion ! ?\ght ( int]e/s :i* negate ! passion c h>dly = m ?an a fleet+ in/ant /ay be=e ! m9d8 ,x is l 'mem5to mori' 9 ! heyday ( ! pride ( life4 ,nature rises at su* sugge/ions1 & excludes !m f ! view3--,h[ long1 ,o heal?y read]1 c y n[ cont9ue ?9k+ ( y\r tomb8--,9 mild] in/ances ! difficulty is z great1 especially :5 ! bra9 is fagg$4 ,"o snat*es at any & e pass+ pretext1 no matt] h[ trivial or ext]nal1 to escape f ! odi\sness ( ! matt] 9 h&4 ,i "k a p]son1 = example1 :o w poke ! fire1 set *airs /raight1 pick du/-specks f ! floor1 arrange 8 table1 snat* up ! newspap]1 take d[n any book :i* cat*es 8 eye1 trim 8 nails1 wa/e ! morn+ anyh[1 9 %ort1 & all )\t prem$itation1--simply because ! only ?+ he ought to att5d to ,is ! prep>ation ( a noonday lesson 9 =mal logic :i* he dete/s4 ,any?+ b t6 ,once m1 ! object mu/ *ange4 ,:5 x is "o ( sight1 x w actually become invisible2 :5 ( he>+1 inaudible1--if we att5d to x too unmov+ly4 ,helmholtz1 :o has put 8 s5sorial att5tion to ! sev]e/ te/s1 by us+ 8 eyes on objects :i* 9 common life are expressly ov]look$1 makes "s int]e/+ rem>ks on ?is po9t 9 8 *apt] on ret9al rivalry4#cdc ,! ph5om5on call$ by t "n is ?is1 t if we look ) ea* eye ^u a diff]5t picture 7z 9 ! annex$ /]eoscopic slide71 sometimes "o picture1 sometimes ! o!r1 or p>ts ( bo?1 w come to consci\sness1 b h>dly ev] bo? comb9$4 ,helmholtz n[ says3 ,i f9d t ,i am able to att5d volunt>ily1 n[ to "o & n[ to ! o!r sy/em ( l9es2 & t !n ?is sy/em rema9s visible alone = a c]ta9 "t1 :il/ ! o!r completely vani%es4 ,?is happ5s1 = example1 :5ev] ,i try to c\nt ! l9es fir/ ( "o & !n ( ! o!r sy/em4444 ,b x is extremely h>d to *a9 ! att5tion d[n to "o ( ! sy/ems = long1 unless we associate ) our look+ "s di/9ct purpose :i* keeps ! activity ( ! att5tion p]petually r5ew$4 ,su* a "o is c\nt+ ! l9es1 comp>+ _! int]vals1 or ! l4 ,an equilibrium ( ! att5tion1 p]si/5t = any l5g? ( "t1 is "u no circum/ances atta9able4 ,! natural t5d5cy ( att5tion :5 left to itself is to w&] to ev] new ?+s2 & s soon z ! int]e/ ( its object is ov]1 s soon z no?+ new is to be notic$ !re1 x passes1 9 spite ( our w1 to some?+ else4 ,if we wi% to keep x ^u "o & ! same object1 we mu/ seek con/antly to f9d out some?+ new ab\t ! latt]1 especially if o!r p[]ful impressions are attract+ u away4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,& aga9 criticis+ an au?or :o _h treat$ ( att5tion z an activity absolutely subject to ! consci\s w1 ,helmholtz writes3 ,?is is only re/rict$ly true4 ,we move our eyes by our w2 b "o )\t tra9+ _c s easily execute ! int5tion ( mak+ !m conv]ge4 ,at any mom5t1 h[ev]1 he c execute t ( look+ at a ne> object1 9 :i* act conv]g5ce is involv$4 ,n[ j z little c we c>ry out our purpose to keep our att5tion /eadily fix$ ^u a c]ta9 object1 :5 our int]e/ 9 ! object is exhau/$1 & ! purpose is inw>dly =mulat$ 9 ?is ab/ract way4 ,b we c set ourselves new que/ions ab\t ! object1 s t a new int]e/ 9 x arises1 & !n ! att5tion w rema9 rivet$4 ,! relation ( att5tion to w is1 !n1 less "o ( imm$iate ?an ( m$iate control4 ,^! words ( ,helmholtz are ( fundam5tal importance4 ,& if true ( s5sorial att5tion1 h[ mu* m true are !y ( ! intellectual v>iety6 ,! conditio s9e qu non ( su/a9$ att5tion to a giv5 topic ( ?\ght is t we %\ld roll x ov] & ov] incessantly & consid] diff]5t aspects & relations ( x 9 turn4 ,only 9 pa?ological /ates w a fix$ & ev] monoton\sly recurr+ idea possess ! m9d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[ we c see :y x is t :at is call$ su/a9$ att5tion is ! easi]1 ! ri*] 9 acquisitions & ! fre%] & m orig9al ! m9d4 ,9 su* m9ds1 subjects bud & spr\t & gr[4 ,at e mom5t1 !y please by a new consequ5ce & rivet ! att5tion afre%4 ,b an intellect unfurni%$ ) mat]ials1 /agnant1 unorig9al1 w h>dly be likely to consid] any subject long4 ,a glance exhau/s its possibilities ( int]e/4 ,g5iuses are commonly believ$ to excel o!r m5 9 _! p[] ( su/a9$ att5tion4#cdd ,9 mo/ ( !m1 x is to be fe>$1 ! s-call$ 'p[]' is ( ! passive sort4 ,_! ideas coruscate1 e subject bran*es inf9itely be=e _! f]tile m9ds1 & s = h\rs !y may be rapt4 ,b x is _! g5ius mak+ !m att5tive1 n _! att5tion mak+ g5iuses ( !m4 ,&1 :5 we come d[n to ! root ( ! matt]1 we see t !y diff] f ord9>y m5 less 9 ! "* ( _! att5tion ?an 9 ! nature ( ! objects ^u :i* x is successively be/[$4 ,9 ! g5ius1 ^! =m a concat5at$ s]ies1 sugge/+ ea* o!r mutually by "s rational law4 ,!re=e we call ! att5tion 'su/a9$' & ! topic ( m$itation = h\rs '! same4' ,9 ! common man ! s]ies is = ! mo/ "p incoh]5t1 ! objects h no rational bond1 & we call ! att5tion w&]+ & unfix$4 ,x is probable t g5ius t5ds actually to prev5t a man f acquir+ habits ( volunt>y att5tion1 & t mod]ate intellectual end[m5ts are ! soil 9 :i* we may be/ expect1 "h z else:]e1 ! virtues ( ! w1 /rictly s call$1 to ?rive4 ,b1 :e!r ! att5tion come by grace ( g5ius or by d9t ( w1 ! long] "o does att5d to a topic ! m ma/]y ( x "o has4 ,& ! faculty ( volunt>ily br++ back a w&]+ att5tion1 ov] & ov] aga91 is ! v root ( judgm5t1 "*1 & w4 ,no "o is compos sui if he h x n4 ,an education :i* %\ld improve ?is faculty w\ld be ! education p> excell5ce4 ,b x is easi] to def9e ?is ideal ?an to give practical directions = br++ x ab\t4 ,! only g5]al p$agogic maxim be>+ on att5tion is t ! m int]e/ ! *ild has 9 advance 9 ! subject1 ! bett] he w att5d4 ,induct him !re=e 9 su* a way z to knit ea* new ?+ on to "s acquisition already !re2 & if possible awak5 curiosity1 s t ! new ?+ %all seem to come z an answ]1 or "p ( an answ]1 to a "q pre-exi/+ 9 8 m9d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at pres5t hav+ describ$ ! v>ieties1 let u turn to ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,att5tion4 ,its remote effects are too incalculable to be record$4 ,! practical & !oretical life ( :ole species1 z well z ( individual be+s1 results f ! selection :i* ! habitual direction ( _! att5tion involves4 ,9 ,*apt]s ,,xiv & ,,xv "s ( ^! consequ5ces w come to light4 ,suffice x mean:ile t ea* ( u lit]ally *ooses1 by 8 ways ( att5d+ to ?+s1 :at sort ( a univ]se he %all appe> to himself to inhabit4 ,! imm$iate effects ( att5tion are to make u3 a7 p]ceive-- b7 conceive-- c7 di/+ui%-- d7 rememb]-- bett] ?an o!rwise we c\ld--bo? m successive ?+s & ea* ?+ m cle>ly4 ,x also 7e7 %ort5s 'reaction-"t4' 99 99 99 99 99 a & b4 ,mo/ p w\ld say t a s5sation att5d$ to becomes /rong] ?an x o!rwise w\ld be4 ,?is po9t is1 h[ev]1 n q pla91 & has occasion$ "s discussion4#cde ,f ! /r5g? or int5sity ( a s5sation mu/ be di/+ui%$ its cle>ness2 & to increase ?is is1 = "s psy*ologi/s1 ! utmo/ t att5tion c d4 ,:5 ! facts are survey$1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be admitt$ t to "s ext5t ! relative int5sity ( two s5sations may be *ang$ :5 "o ( !m is att5d$ to & ! o!r n4 ,e arti/ kn[s h[ he c make a sc5e be=e 8 eyes appe> w>m] or cold] 9 color1 accord+ to ! way he sets 8 att5tion4 ,if = w>m1 he soon beg9s to see ! r$ color />t out ( ev]y?+2 if = cold1 ! blue4 ,simil>ly 9 li/5+ = c]ta9 notes 9 a *ord1 or ov]tones 9 a musical s\nd1 ! "o we att5d to s\nds probably a little m l\d z well z m emphatic ?an x did be=e4 ,:5 we m5tally break a s]ies ( monoton\s /rokes into a rhy?m1 by acc5tuat+ e second or ?ird "o1 etc41 ! /roke on :i* ! /ress ( att5tion is laid seems to become /rong] z well z m emphatic4 ,! increas$ visibility ( optical aft]-images & ( d\ble images1 :i* close att5tion br+s ab\t1 c h>dly be int]pret$ o!rwise ?an z a real /r5g!n+ ( ! ret9al s5sations !mselves4 ,& ?is view is r5d]$ p>ticul>ly probable by ! fact t an imag9$ visual object may1 if att5tion be conc5trat$ ^u x long en\gh1 acquire be=e ! m9d's eye almo/ ! brilliancy ( reality1 & 79 ! case ( c]ta9 exceptionally gift$ obs]v]s7 leave a negative aft]-image ( itself :5 x passes away 7see ,*apt] ,,xviii74 ,confid5t expectation ( a c]ta9 int5sity or quality ( impression w (t5 make u s5sibly see or he> x 9 an object :i* really falls f> %ort ( x4 ,9 face ( su* facts x is ra% to say t att5tion _c make a s5se-impression m int5se4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! int5sification :i* may be br\ght ab\t seems nev] to lead ! judgm5t a/ray4 ,z we rightly p]ceive & "n ! same color "u v>i\s lights1 ! same s\nd at v>i\s di/ances2 s we seem to make an analog\s sort ( all[ance = ! v>y+ am\nts ( att5tion ) :i* objects are view$2 & :atev] *anges ( feel+ ! att5tion may br+ we *>ge1 z x 71 to ! att5tion's acc\nt1 & /ill p]ceive & conceive ! object z ! same4 ,a gray pap] appe>s to u no light]1 ! p5dulum-beat ( a clock no l\d]1 no matt] h[ mu* we increase ! /ra9 ( our att5tion ^u !m4 ,no "o1 by do+ ?is1 c make ! gray pap] look :ite1 or ! /roke ( ! p5dulum s\nd l ! bl[ ( a /rong hamm]1--ev]yone1 on ! contr>y1 feels ! increase z t ( 8 own consci\s activity turn$ ^u ! ?+4#cdf ,7 x o!rwise1 we %\ld n be able to note int5sities by att5d+ to !m4 ,weak impressions w\ld1 z ,/umpf says1#cdg become /rong] by ! v fact ( be+ obs]v$4 ,i %\ld n be able to obs]ve fa9t s\nds at all1 b only su* z appe>$ to me ( maximal /r5g?1 or at lea/ ( a /r5g? t increas$ ) ! am\nt ( my obs]vation4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ,i c1 ) /eadily increas+ att5tion1 foll[ a dim9u5do p]fectly well4 ,! subject is "o :i* w\ld well repay exact exp]im5t1 if me?ods c\ld be devis$4 ,mean:ile !re is no "q :atev] t att5tion augm5ts ! cle>ness ( all t we p]ceive or conceive by its aid4 ,b :at is meant by cle>ness "h8 99 99 99 99 99 c4 ,cle>ness1 s f> z att5tion produces x1 means di/9ction f o!r ?+s & int]nal analysis or subdivision4 ,^! are ess5tially products ( intellectual discrim9ation1 involv+ comp>ison1 memory1 & p]ception ( v>i\s relations4 ,! att5tion p] se does n di/+ui% & analyze & relate4 ,! mo/ we c say is t x is a condition ( our do+ s4 ,& z ^! processes are to be describ$ lat]1 ! cle>ness !y produce _h bett] n be f>!r discuss$ "h4 ,! important po9t to notice "h is t x is n att5tion's imm$iate fruit4#cdh 99 99 99 99 99 d4 ,:atev] future conclusion we may rea* z to ?is1 we _c d5y t an object once att5d$ to w rema9 9 ! memory1 :il/ "o inatt5tively all[$ to pass w leave no traces beh9d4 ,already 9 ,*apt] ,,vi 7see pp4 #afc ff47 we discuss$ :e!r c]ta9 /ates ( m9d 7 'unconsci\s1' or :e!r !y 7 n r /ates to :i* no att5tion _h be5 paid1 & ( ^: passage recollection c\ld aft]w>ds f9d no ve/iges4 ,dugald ,/ew>t says3#cdi ,! connection betwe5 att5tion & memory has be5 rem>k$ by _m au?ors4 ,he quotes ,qu9tilian1 ,locke1 & ,helvetius2 & goes on at great l5g? to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( 'second>y automatism' 7see above1 p4 #aad ff47 by ! pres5ce ( a m5tal action gr[n s inatt5tive z to pres]ve no memory ( itself4 ,9 our *apt] on ,memory1 lat] on1 ! po9t w come up aga94 99 99 99 99 99 e7 ,"u ?is head1 ! %ort5+ ( reaction-"t1 !re is a good deal to be said ( ,att5tion's effects4 ,s9ce ,wundt has probably work$ ov] ! subject m ?or\ghly ?an any o!r inve/igator & made x peculi>ly 8 own1 :at foll[s _h bett]1 z f> z possible1 be 9 8 words4 ,! read] w rememb] ! me?od & results ( exp]im5tation on 'reaction-"t1' z giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! facts ,i proce$ to quote may also be tak5 z a supplem5t to t *apt]4 ,wundt writes3 ,:5 we wait ) /ra9$ att5tion = a /imulus1 x w (t5 happ5 t in/ead ( regi/]+ ! /imulus1 we react ^u "s entirely diff]5t impression1--& ?is n ?r\gh conf\nd+ ! "o ) ! o!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 we are p]fectly well aw>e at ! mom5t ( mak+ ! movem5t t we respond to ! wrong /imulus4 ,sometimes ev51 ?\gh n s (t51 ! latt] may be ano!r k9d ( s5sation altoge!r1--"o may1 = example1 9 exp]im5t+ ) s\nd1 regi/] a fla% ( light1 produc$ ei!r by accid5t or design4 ,we _c well expla9 ^! results o!rwise ?an by assum+ t ! /ra9 ( ! att5tion t[>ds ! impression we expect coexi/s ) a prep>atory inn]vation ( ! motor c5tre = ! reaction1 :i* inn]vation ! slighte/ %ock !n suffices to turn into an actual dis*>ge4 ,?is %ock may be giv5 by any *ance impression1 ev5 by "o to :i* we nev] int5d$ to respond4 ,:5 ! prep>atory inn]vation has once rea*$ ?is pit* ( int5sity1 ! "t t int]v5es betwe5 ! /imulus & ! contraction ( ! muscles :i* react1 may become vani%+ly small4#cej ,! p]ception ( an impression is facilitat$ :5 ! impression is prec$$ by a w>n+ :i* ann\nces be=eh& t x is ab\t to occur4 ,?is case is realiz$ :5ev] sev]al /imuli foll[ ea* o!r at equal int]vals1--:51 e4g4 we note p5dulum movem5ts by ! eye1 or p5dulum-/rokes by ! e>4 ,ea* s+le /roke =ms "h ! signal = ! next1 :i* is ?us met by a fully prep>$ att5tion4 ,! same ?+ happ5s :5 ! /imulus to be p]ceiv$ is prec$$1 at a c]ta9 int]val1 by a s+le w>n+3 ! "t is always notably %ort5$4444 ,i h made comp>ative obs]vations on reaction-"t ) & )\t a w>n+ signal4 ,! impression to be react$ on 0 ! s\nd made by ! dropp+ ( a ball on ! bo>d ( ! 'drop app>atus4'444 ,9 a fir/ s]ies no w>n+ prec$$ ! /roke ( ! ball2 9 ! second1 ! noise made by ! app>atus 9 lib]at+ ! ball s]v$ z a signal4444 ,"h are ! av]ages ( two s]ies ( su* exp]im5ts3 ,height ( ,fall4 ,av]age4 ,mean ,error4 ,no4 ( ,expts4 #be cm4 ,no w>n+ #j4bec #j4jea #ac ,w>n+ #j4jgf #j4jfj #ag #e cm4 ,no w>n+ #j4bff #j4jcf #ad ,w>n+ #j4age #j4jce #ag 444 ,9 a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 7! int]val betwe5 w>n+ & /imulus rema9+ ! same7 ! reaction-"t gr[s less & less1 & x is possible occasionally to r$uce x to a vani%+ quantity 7a few ?\s&?s ( a second71 to z]o1 or ev5 to a negative value4#cea444 ,! only gr\nd t we c assign = ?is ph5om5on is ! prep>ation 7vorb]eit5de ,spannung7 ( ! att5tion4 ,x is easy to und]/& t ! reaction-"t %\ld be %ort5$ by ?is means2 b t x %\ld sometimes s9k to z]o & ev5 assume negative values1 may appe> surpris+4 ,nev]!less ?is latt] case is also expla9$ by :at happ5s 9 ! simple reaction-"t exp]im5ts j ref]r$ to1 9 :i*1 :5 ! /ra9 ( ! att5tion has rea*$ its climax1 ! movem5t we /& ready to execute escapes f ! control ( on w1 & we regi/] a wrong signal4 ,9 ^! o!r exp]im5ts1 9 :i* a w>n+ =etells ! mom5t ( ! /imulus1 x is also pla9 t att5tion accommodates itself s exactly to ! latt]'s reception t no soon] is x objectively giv5 ?an x is fully app]ceiv$1 & ) ! app]ception ! motor dis*>ge co9cides4#ceb ,usually1 :5 ! impression is fully anticipat$1 att5tion prep>es ! motor c5tres s completely = bo? /imulus & reaction t ! only "t lo/ is t ( ! physiological conduction d[nw>ds4 ,b ev5 ?is int]val may disappe>1 i4e4 ! /imulus & reaction may become objectively contemporane\s2 or m rem>kable /ill1 ! reaction may be dis*>g$ be=e ! /imulus has actually occurr$4#cec ,wundt1 z we saw "s pages back 7p4 #daa71 expla9s ?is by ! ef=t ( ! m9d s to react t we may feel our own movem5t & ! signal :i* prompts x1 bo? at ! same in/ant4 ,z ! execution ( ! movem5t mu/ prec$e our feel+ ( x1 s x mu/ also prec$e ! /imulus1 if t & our movem5t are to be felt at once4 ,! peculi> !oretic int]e/ ( ^! exp]im5ts lies 9 _! %[+ expectant att5tion & s5sation to be cont9u\s or id5tical processes1 s9ce !y may h id5tical motor effects4 ,al?\gh o!r exceptional obs]vations %[ !m likewise to be cont9u\s subjectively1 ,wundt's exp]im5ts d n3 he seems nev]1 at ! mom5t ( react+ prematurely1 to h be5 misl$ into ! belief t ! real /imulus 0 !re4 ,z conc5trat$ att5tion accel]ates p]ception1 s1 conv]sely1 p]ception ( a /imulus is ret>d$ by any?+ :i* ei!r baffles or di/racts ! att5tion ) :i* we await x4 ,if1 e4g41 we make reactions on a s\nd 9 su* a way t weak & /rong /imuli irregul>ly alt]nate s t ! obs]v] c nev] expect a det]m9ate /r5g? ) any c]ta9ty1 ! reaction-"t = all ! v>i\s signals is increas$1--& s is ! av]age error4 ,i app5d two examples4444 ,9 ,s]ies ,i a /rong & a weak s\nd alt]nat$ regul>ly1 s t ! int5sity 0 ea* "t kn[n 9 advance4 ,9 ,,ii !y came irregul>ly4 ,i4 ,regul> ,alt]nation4 ,av]age ,"t4 ,av]age ,error4 ,no4 ( ,expts4 ,/rong s\nd #j4aaf #j4jaj #ah ,weak s\nd #j4abg #j4jab #i ,,ii4 ,irregul> ,alt]nation4 ,/rong s\nd #j4ahi #j4jch #i ,weak s\nd #j4bih #j4jgf #ae ,/ill great] is ! increase ( ! "t :51 unexpect$ly into a s]ies ( /rong impressions1 a weak "o is int]polat$1 or vice v]s4 ,9 ?is way ,i h se5 ! "t ( reaction ^u a s\nd s weak z to be b>ely p]ceiv$ rise to #j4d or #j4e1 & = a /rong s\nd to #j #be4 ,x is also matt] ( g5]al exp]i5ce t a /imulus expect$ 9 a g5]al way1 b = ^: int5sity att5tion _c be adapt$ 9 advance1 dem&s a long] reaction-"t4 ,9 su* cases 444 ! reason = ! diff]5ce c only lie 9 ! fact t :]ev] a prep>ation ( ! att5tion is impossible1 ! "t ( bo? p]ception & volition is prolong$4 ,p]haps also ! conspicu\sly l>ge reaction-times :i* are got ) /imuli s fa9t z to be j p]ceptible may be expla9$ by ! att5tion t5d+ always to adapt itself = some?+ m ?an ?is m9imal am\nt ( /imulus1 s t a /ate ensues simil> to t 9 ! case ( unexpect$ /imuli4444 ,/ill m ?an by previ\sly unkn[n /imuli is ! reaction-"t prolong$ by :olly unexpect$ impressions4 ,?is is sometimes accid5tally br\ght ab\t1 :5 ! obs]v]'s att5tion1 in/ead ( be+ conc5trat$ on ! com+ signal1 is disp]s$4 ,x c be realiz$ purposely by sudd5ly ?ru/+ into a long s]ies ( equidi/ant /imuli a mu* %ort] int]val :i* ! obs]v] does n expect4 ,! m5tal effect "h is l t ( be+ />tl$2--(t5 ! />tl+ is outw>dly visible4 ,! "t ( reaction may !n easily be l5g!n$ to "o qu>t] ( a second ) /rong signals1 or ) weak ones to a half-second4 ,slight]1 b /ill v noticeable1 is ! ret>dation :5 ! exp]im5t is s arrang$ t ! obs]v]1 ignorant :e!r ! /imulus is to be an impression ( light1 s\nd1 or t\*1 _c keep 8 att5tion turn$ to any p>ticul> s5se-organ 9 advance4 ,"o notices !n at ! same "t a peculi> unre/1 z ! feel+ ( /ra9 :i* accompanies ! att5tion keeps vacillat+ betwe5 ! sev]al s5ses4 ,complications ( ano!r sort arise :5 :at is regi/]$ is an impression anticipat$ bo? 9 po9t ( quality & /r5g?1 b accompani$ by o!r /imuli :i* make ! conc5tration ( ! att5tion difficult4 ,! reaction-"t is "h always m or less prolong$4 ,! simple/ case ( ! sort is :]e a mom5t>y impression is regi/]$ 9 ! mid/ ( ano!r1 & cont9u\s1 s5sorial-/imulation ( consid]able /r5g?4 ,! cont9u\s /imulus may belong to ! same s5se z ! /imulus to be react$ on1 or to ano!r4 ,:5 x is ( ! same s5se1 ! ret>dation x causes may be p>tly due to ! di/raction ( ! att5tion by x1 b p>tly also to ! fact t ! /imulus to be react$ on /&s out less /rongly ?an if alone1 & practically becomes a less int5se s5sation4 ,b o!r factors 9 reality are pres5t2 = we f9d ! reaction-"t m prolong$ by ! concomitant /imulation :5 ! /imulus is weak ?an :5 x is /rong ,i made exp]im5ts 9 :i* ! pr9cipal impression1 or signal = reaction1 0 a bell-/roke ^: /r5g? c\ld be graduat$ by a spr+ aga9/ ! hamm] ) a movable c\nt]poise4 ,ea* set ( obs]vations compris$ two s]ies2 9 "o ( :i* ! bell-/roke 0 regi/]$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 :il/ 9 ! o!r a too!d :eel belong+ to ! *ronometric app>atus made dur+ ! entire exp]im5t a /eady noise aga9/ a metal spr+4 ,9 "o half ( ! latt] s]ies 7,a7 ! bell-/roke 0 only mod]ately /rong1 s t ! accompany+ noise dim9i%$ x consid]ably1 )\t1 h[ev]1 mak+ x indi/+ui%able4 ,9 ! o!r half 7,b7 ! bell-s\nd 0 s l\d z to be he>d ) p]fect di/9ctness above ! noise4 ,mean4 ,maximum4 ,m9imum4 ,no4 ( ,exp]im5ts4 ,a ,)\t noise #j4ahi #j4bad #j4aef #ba 7,bell-/roke ,) noise #j4cac #j4dii #j4ahc #af mod]ate7 ,b ,)\t noise #j4aeh #j4bjf #j4acc #bj 7,bell-/roke ,) noise #j4bjc #j4bie #j4adj #ai l\d7 ,s9ce1 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 ! s\nd ,b ev5 ) noise made a consid]ably /rong] impression ?an ! s\nd ,a )\t1 we mu/ see 9 ! figures a direct influ5ce ( ! di/urb+ noise on ! process ( reaction4 ,?is influ5ce is fre$ f mixture ) o!r factors :5 ! mom5t>y /imulus & ! concomitant di/urbance appeal to diff]5t s5ses4 ,i *ose1 to te/ ?is1 sight & he>+4 ,! mom5t>y signal 0 an induction-sp>k leap+ f "o plat9um po9t to ano!r aga9/ a d>k backgr\nd4 ,! /eady /imulation 0 ! noise above describ$4 ,sp>k4 ,mean4 ,maximum4 ,m9imum4 ,no4 ( ,expts4 ,)\t noise #j4bbb #j4bhd #j4aeh #bj ,) noise #j4cjj #j4cij #j4bej #ah ,:5 "o reflects t 9 ! exp]im5ts ) "o & ! same s5se ! relative int5sity ( ! signal is always depress$ :i* by itself is a ret>d+ condition ! am\nt ( ret>dation 9 ^! la/ obs]vations makes x probable t ! di/urb+ influ5ce ^u att5tion is great] :5 ! /imuli are disp>ate ?an :5 !y belong to ! same s5se4 ,"o does n1 9 fact1 f9d x p>ticul>ly h>d to regi/] imm$iately1 :5 ! bell r+s 9 ! mid/ ( ! noise2 b :5 ! sp>k is ! signal "o has a feel+ ( be+ co]c$1 z "o turns away f ! noise t[>ds x4 ,?is fact is imm$iately connect$ ) o!r prop]ties ( our att5tion4 ,! ef=t ( ! latt] is accompani$ by v>i\s corporeal s5sations1 accord+ to ! s5se :i* is engag$4 ,! inn]vation :i* exi/s dur+ ! ef=t ( att5tion is !re=e probably a diff]5t "o = ea* s5se-organ4#ced ,wundt !n1 aft] "s !oretical rem>ks :i* we ne$ n quote n[1 gives a table ( ret>dations1 z foll[s3 ,ret>dation4 #a4 ,unexpect$ /r5g? ( impression3 a7 ,unexpect$ly /rong s\nd #j4jgc b7 ,unexpect$ly weak s\nd #j4aga #b4 ,int]f]5ce by l /imulus 7s\nd by s\nd7 #j4jdecee #c4 ,int]f]5ce by unlike /imulus 7light by s\nd7 #j4jgh ,x seems probable1 f ^! results obta9$ ) elem5t>y processes ( m9d1 t all processes1 ev5 ! high] ones ( rem9isc5ce1 reason+1 etc41 :5ev] att5tion is conc5trat$ ^u !m in/ead ( be+ diffus$ & languid1 are !reby m rapidly p]=m$4#cef 99 99 99 99 99 ,/ill m int]e/+ reaction-"t obs]vations h be5 made by ,mn/]b]g4 ,! read] w recollect ! fact not$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii 7p4 #ic7 t reaction-"t is %ort] :5 "o conc5trates 8 att5tion on ! expect$ movem5t ?an :5 "o conc5trates x on ! expect$ signal4 ,h]r ,mn/]b]g f\nd t ?is is equally ! case :5 ! reaction is no simple reflex1 b c take place only aft] an intellectual op]ation4 ,9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ! five f+]s 7 us$ to react )1 & ! react] _h to use a diff]5t f+] accord+ z ! signal 0 ( "o sort or ano!r4 ,?us :5 a ^w 9 ! nom9ative case 0 call$ out he us$ ! ?umb1 = ! dative he us$ ano!r f+]2 simil>ly adjectives1 sub/antives1 pron\ns1 num]als1 etc41 or1 aga91 t[ns1 riv]s1 bea/s1 plants1 elem5ts2 or poets1 musicians1 philosoph]s1 etc41 7 co-ord9at$ ea* ) its f+]1 s t :5 a ^w belong+ to ei!r ( ^! classes 0 m5tion$1 a p>ticul> f+] & no o!r _h to p]=m ! reaction4 ,9 a second s]ies ( exp]im5ts ! reaction consi/$ 9 ! utt]ance ( a ^w 9 answ] to a "q1 su* z "n an edible fi%1 etc42 or "n ! fir/ drama ( ,s*ill]1 etc42 or :i* is great]1 ,hume or ,kant8 etc42 or 7fir/ nam+ apples & *]ries1 & sev]al o!r fruits7 :i* d y pref]1 apples or *]ries8 etc42 or :i* is ,goe!'s f9e/ drama8 etc42 or :i* lett] comes ! lat] 9 ! alphabet1 ! lett] ,l or ! fir/ lett] ( ! mo/ beautiful tree8 etc42 or :i* is less1 #ae or #bj m9us #h8ceg etc4 etc4 etc4 ,ev5 9 ?is s]ies ( reactions ! "t 0 mu* quick] tok5 ! react] turn$ 8 att5tion 9 advance t[>ds ! answ] ?an :5 he turn$ x t[>ds ! "q4 ,! %ort] reaction-"t 0 seldom m ?an "o fif? ( a second2 ! long]1 f f\r to eight times z long4 ,to und]/& su* results1 "o mu/ be> 9 m9d t 9 ^! exp]im5ts ! react] always knew 9 advance 9 a g5]al way ! k9d ( "q :i* he 0 to receive1 & consequ5tly ! sph]e )9 :i* 8 possible answ] lay4#ceh ,9 turn+ 8 att5tion1 !re=e1 f ! outset t[>ds ! answ]1 ^? bra9-processes 9 him :i* 7 connect$ ) ?is entire 'sph]e' 7 kept sub-excit$1 & ! "q c\ld !n dis*>ge ) a m9imum am\nt ( lo/ "t t p>ticul> answ] out ( ! 'sph]e' :i* belong$ especially to x4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 ! att5tion 0 kept look+ t[>ds ! "q exclusively & av]t$ f ! possible reply1 all ?is prelim9>y sub-excitem5t ( motor tracts fail$ to occur1 & ! entire process ( answ]+ _h to be gone ?r\gh ) aft] ! "q 0 he>d4 ,no wond] t ! "t 0 prolong$4 ,x is a beautiful example ( ! summation ( /imulations1 & ( ! way 9 :i* expectant att5tion1 ev5 :5 n v /rongly focaliz$1 w prep>e ! motor c5tres1 & %ort5 ! "w :i* a /imulus has to p]=m on !m1 9 ord] to produce a giv5 effect :5 x comes4 ,,! ,,intimate ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,att5tive ,,process4 ,we h n[ a suffici5t numb] ( facts to w>rant our consid]+ ?is m recondite "q4 ,& two physiological processes1 ( :i* we h got a glimpse1 imm$iately sugge/ !mselves z possibly =m+ 9 comb9ation a complete reply4 ,i mean #a4 ,! accommodation or adju/m5t ( ! s5sory organs2 & #b4 ,! anticipatory prep>ation f )9 ( ! ideational c5tres conc]n$ ) ! object to :i* ! att5tion is paid4 #a4 ,! s5se-organs & ! bodily muscles :i* favor _! ex]cise are adju/$ mo/ en]getically 9 s5sorial att5tion1 :e!r imm$iate & reflex1 or d]iv$4 ,b !re are good gr\nds = believ+ t ev5 intellectual att5tion1 att5tion to ! idea ( a s5sible object1 is also accompani$ ) "s degree ( excitem5t ( ! s5se-organs to :i* ! object appeals4 ,! prep>ation ( ! ideational c5tres exi/s1 on ! o!r h&1 :]ev] our int]e/ 9 ! object--be x s5sible or ideal--is d]iv$ f1 or 9 any way connect$ )1 o!r int]e/s1 or ! pres5ce ( o!r objects1 9 ! m9d4 ,x exi/s z well :5 ! att5tion ?us d]iv$ is class$ z passive z :5 x is class$ z volunt>y4 ,s t on ! :ole we may confid5tly conclude--s9ce 9 mature life we nev] att5d to any?+ )\t our int]e/ 9 x be+ 9 "s degree d]iv$ f its connection ) o!r objects--t ! two processes ( s5sorial adju/m5t & ideational prep>ation probably coexi/ 9 all our concrete att5tive acts4 ,! two po9ts mu/ n[ be prov$ 9 m detail4 ,fir/1 z respects ! s5sorial adju/m5t4 ,t x is pres5t :5 we att5d to s5sible ?+s is obvi\s4 ,:5 we look or li/5 we accommodate our eyes & e>s involunt>ily1 & we turn our head & body z well2 :5 we ta/e or smell we adju/ ! tongue1 lips1 & respiration to ! object2 9 feel+ a surface we move ! palpatory organ 9 a suitable way2 9 all ^! acts1 besides mak+ involunt>y muscul> contractions ( a positive sort1 we inhibit o!rs :i* might int]f]e ) ! result--we close ! eyes 9 ta/+1 susp5d ! respiration 9 li/5+1 etc4 ,! result is a m or less massive organic feel+ t att5tion is go+ on4 ,?is organic feel+ comes1 9 ! way describ$ on page #cjb1 to be contra/$ ) t ( ! objects :i* x accompanies1 & reg>d$ z peculi>ly ours1 :il/ ! objects =m ! n-me4 ,we treat x z a s5se ( our own activity1 al?\gh x comes 9 to u f our organs aft] !y are accommodat$1 j z ! feel+ ( any object does4 ,any object1 if imm$iately excit+1 causes a reflex accommodation ( ! s5se-organ1 & ?is has two results--fir/1 ! object's increase 9 cle>ness2 & second1 ! feel+ ( activity 9 "q4 ,bo? are s5sations ( an 'aff]5t' sort4 ,b 9 intellectual att5tion1 z we h already se51 7p4 #cjj71 simil> feel+s ( activity occur4 ,fe*n] 0 ! fir/1 ,i believe1 to analyze ^! feel+s1 & discrim9ate !m f ! /rong] ones j nam$4 ,he writes3 ,:5 we transf] ! att5tion f objects ( "o s5se to ^? ( ano!r1 we h an indescribable feel+ 7?\gh at ! same "t "o p]fectly det]m9ate1 & reproducible at pleasure71 ( alt]$ direction or diff]5tly localiz$ t5sion 7,spannung74 ,we feel a /ra9 =w>d 9 ! eyes1 "o direct$ sidewise 9 ! e>s1 increas+ ) ! degree ( our att5tion1 & *ang+ accord+ z we look at an object c>efully1 or li/5 to some?+ att5tively2 & we speak accord+ly ( /ra9+ ! att5tion4 ,! diff]5ce is mo/ pla9ly felt :5 ! att5tion oscillates rapidly betwe5 eye & e>2 & ! feel+ localizes itself ) mo/ decid$ diff]5ce 9 reg>d to ! v>i\s s5se-organs1 accord+ z we wi% to discrim9ate a ?+ delicately by t\*1 ta/e1 or smell4 ,b n[ ,i h1 :5 ,i try to vividly recall a picture ( memory or fancy1 a feel+ p]fectly analog\s to t :i* ,i exp]i5ce :5 ,i seek to appreh5d a ?+ ke5ly by eye or e>2 & ?is analog\s feel+ is v diff]5tly localiz$4 ,:ile 9 %>pe/ possible att5tion to real objects 7z well z to aft]-images7 ! /ra9 is pla9ly =w>ds1 & :5 ! att5tion *anges f "o s5se to ano!r only alt]s its direction betwe5 ! sev]al ext]nal s5se-organs1 leav+ ! re/ ( ! head free f /ra91 ! case is diff]5t 9 memory or fancy1 = "h ! feel+ )draws entirely f ! ext]nal s5se-organs1 & seems r to take refuge 9 t "p ( ! head :i* ! bra9 fills2 if ,i wi%1 = example1 to recall a place or p]son x w arise be=e me ) vividness1 n accord+ z ,i /ra9 my att5tion =w>ds1 b r 9 proportion z ,i1 s to speak1 retract x backw>ds4#cei ,9 myself ! 'backw>d retraction' :i* is felt dur+ att5tion to ideas ( memory1 etc41 seems to be pr9cipally con/itut$ by ! feel+ ( an actual roll+ outw>ds & upw>ds ( ! eyeballs1 su* z occurs 9 sleep1 & is ! exact opposite ( _! behavior :5 we look at a physical ?+4 ,i h already spok5 ( ?is feel+ on page #cjj4cfj ,! read] :o d\bts ! pres5ce ( ^! organic feel+s is reque/$ to read ! :ole ( t passage aga94 99 99 99 99 99 ,x has be5 said1 h[ev]1 t we may att5d to an object on ! p]iph]y ( ! visual field & yet n accommodate ! eye = x4 ,tea*]s ?us notice ! acts ( *ildr5 9 ! s*ool-room at :om !y appe> n to be look+4 ,wom5 9 g5]al tra9 _! p]iph]al visual att5tion m ?an m54 ,?is w\ld be an objection to ! inv>iable & univ]sal pres5ce ( movem5ts ( adju/m5t z +r$i5ts ( ! att5tive process4 ,usually1 z is well kn[n1 no object ly+ 9 ! m>g9al portions ( ! field ( vision c cat* our att5tion )\t at ! same "t 'cat*+ our eye'--t is1 fatally provok+ su* movem5ts ( rotation & accommodation z w focus its image on ! fovea1 or po9t ( greate/ s5sibility4 ,practice1 h[ev]1 enables u1 ) ef=t1 to att5d to a m>g9al object :il/ keep+ ! eyes immovable4 ,! object "u ^! circum/ances nev] becomes p]fectly di/9ct--! place ( its image on ! ret9a makes di/9ctness impossible--b 7z anyone c satisfy himself by try+7 we become m vividly consci\s ( x ?an we 7 be=e ! ef=t 0 made4 ,helmholtz /ates ! fact s /rik+ly t ,i w quote 8 obs]vation 9 full4 ,he 0 try+ to comb9e 9 a s+le solid p]cept pairs ( /]eoscopic pictures illum9at$ in/antane\sly by ! electric sp>k4 ,! pictures 7 9 a d>k box :i* ! sp>k f "t to "t light$ up2 &1 to keep ! eyes f w&]+ betwe5:iles1 a p9-hole 0 prick$ ?r\gh ! middle ( ea* picture1 ?r\gh :i* ! light ( ! room came1 s t ea* eye _h pres5t$ to x dur+ ! d>k int]vals a s+le bright po9t4 ,) p>allel optical axes ! po9ts comb9$ into a s+le image2 & ! slighte/ movem5t ( ! eyeballs 0 betray$ by ?is image at once becom+ d\ble4 ,helmholtz n[ f\nd t simple l9e> figures c\ld1 :5 ! eyes 7 ?us kept immovable1 be p]ceiv$ z solids at a s+le fla% ( ! sp>k4 ,b :5 ! figures 7 complicat$ photographs1 _m successive fla%es 7 requir$ to grasp _! totality4 ,n[ x is int]e/+1 he says1 to f9d t1 al?\gh we keep /eadily fixat+ ! p9-holes & nev] all[ _! comb9$ image to break into two1 we c1 nev]!less1 be=e ! sp>k comes1 keep our att5tion volunt>ily turn$ to any p>ticul> portion we please ( ! d>k field1 s z !n1 :5 ! sp>k comes1 to receive an impression only f su* p>ts ( ! picture z lie 9 ?is region4 ,9 ?is respect1 !n1 our att5tion is q indep5d5t ( ! position & accommodation ( ! eyes1 & ( any kn[n alt]ation 9 ^! organs2 & free to direct itself by a consci\s & volunt>y ef=t ^u any select$ portion ( a d>k & undiff]5c$ field ( view4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important obs]vations = a future !ory ( att5tion4#cfa ,h]+1 h[ev]1 adds ! foll[+ detail3 ,:il/ att5d+ to ! m>g9al object we mu/ always1 he says1 att5d at ! same "t to ! object directly fixat$4 ,if ev5 = a s+le in/ant we let ! latt] slip out ( our m9d1 our eye moves t[>ds ! =m]1 z may be easily recogniz$ by ! aft]-images produc$1 or by ! muscul> s\nds he>d4 ,! case is !n less prop]ly to be call$ "o ( translocation1 ?an "o ( unusually wide disp]sion1 ( ! att5tion1 9 :i* disp]sion ! l>ge/ %>e /ill falls ^u ! ?+ directly look$ at1#cfb & consequ5tly directly accommodat$ =4 ,accommodation exi/s "h1 !n1 z x does else:]e1 & )\t x we %\ld lose a "p ( our s5se ( att5tive activity4 ,9 fact1 ! /ra9 ( t activity 7:i* is rem>kably great 9 ! exp]im5t7 is due 9 "p to unusually /rong contractions ( ! muscles ne$$ to keep ! eyeballs /ill1 :i* produce unwont$ feel+s ( pressure 9 ^? organs4 99 99 99 99 99 #b4 ,b if ! p]iph]al "p ( ! picture 9 ?is exp]im5t be n physically accommodat$ =1 :at is meant by its %>+ our att5tion8 ,:at happ5s :5 we 'di/ribute' or 'disp]se' ! latt] ^u a ?+ = :i* we rema9 unwill+ to 'adju/'8 ,?is leads u to t second feature 9 ! process1 ! 'ideational prep>ation' ( :i* we spoke4 ,! ef=t to att5d to ! m>g9al region ( ! picture consi/s 9 no?+ m nor less ?an ! ef=t to =m z cle> an idea z is possible ( :at is !re portray$4 ,! idea is to come to ! help ( ! s5sation & make x m di/9ct4 ,x comes ) ef=t1 & su* a mode ( com+ is ! rema9+ "p ( :at we "k z our att5tion's '/ra9' "u ! circum/ances4 ,let u %[ h[ univ]sally pres5t 9 our acts ( att5tion ?is re9=c+ imag9ation1 ?is inw>d reproduction1 ?is anticipatory ?9k+ ( ! ?+ we att5d to1 is4 ,x mu/ z a matt] ( c\rse be pres5t :5 ! att5tion is ( ! intellectual v>iety1 = ! ?+ att5d$ to !n is no?+ b an idea1 an inw>d reproduction or conception4 ,if !n we prove ideal con/ruction ( ! object to be pres5t 9 s5sorial att5tion1 x w be pres5t ev]y:]e4 ,:51 h[ev]1 s5sorial att5tion is at its height1 x is impossible to tell h[ mu* ( ! p]cept comes f )\t & h[ mu* f )92 b if we f9d t ! prep>ation we make = x always p>tly consi/s ( ! creation ( an imag9>y duplicate ( ! object 9 ! m9d1 :i* %all /& ready to receive ! outw>d impression z if 9 a matrix1 t w be q en\gh to e/abli% ! po9t 9 dispute4 ,9 ,wundt's & ,exn]'s exp]im5ts quot$ above1 ! ly+ 9 wait = ! impressions1 & ! prep>ation to react1 consi/ ( no?+ b ! anticipatory imag9ation ( :at ! impressions or ! reactions are to be4 ,:]e ! /imulus is unkn[n & ! reaction undet]m9$1 "t is lo/1 because no /able image c "u su* circum/ances be =m$ 9 advance4 ,b :]e bo? nature & "t ( signal & reaction are =etold1 s completely does ! expectant att5tion consi/ 9 premonitory imag9ation t1 z we h se5 7,footnote #bgc2 pp4 #cgc1 #cgg71 x may mimic ! int5sity ( reality1 or at any rate produce reality's motor effects4 ,x is impossible to read ,wundt's & ,exn]'s pages ( description & n to int]pret ! ',app]ception' & ',spannung' & o!r t]ms z equival5ts ( imag9ation4 ,) ,wundt1 9 p>ticul>1 ! ^w ,app]ception 7:i* he sets great /ore by7 is q int]*angeable ) bo? imag9ation & att5tion4 ,all ?ree are names = ! excitem5t f )9 ( ideational bra9-c5tres1 = :i* ,mr4 ,lewes's "n ( prep]ception seems ! be/ possible designation4 ,:]e ! impression to be caught is v weak1 ! way n to miss x is to %>p5 our att5tion = x by prelim9>y contact ) x 9 a /rong] =m4 ,if we wi% to beg9 to obs]ve ov]tones1 x is advisable1 j be=e ! s\nd :i* is to be analyz$1 to s\nd v s(tly ! note ( :i* we are 9 se>*4444 ,! piano & h>monium are well fitt$ = ?is use1 z bo? give ov]tones t are /rong4 ,/rike ^u ! piano fir/ ! g' ( a c]ta9 musical example previ\sly giv5 9 ! text2 !n1 :5 its vibrations h objectively ceas$1 /rike p[]fully ! note c1 9 ^: s\nd g' is ! ?ird ov]tone1 & keep y\r att5tion /eadily b5t ^u ! pit* ( ! j he>d g'2 y w n[ he> ?is tone s\nd+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! c4444 ,if y place ! resonator :i* corresponds to a c]ta9 ov]tone1 = example g' ( ! s\nd c1 aga9/ y\r e>1 & !n make ! note c s\nd1 y w he> g' mu* /r5g!n$ by ! resonator4444 ,?is /r5g!n+ by ! resonator c be us$ to make ! nak$ e> att5tive to ! s\nd :i* x is to cat*4 ,= :5 ! resonator is gradually remov$1 ! g' gr[s weak]2 b ! att5tion1 once direct$ to x1 holds x n[ m easily fa/1 & ! obs]v] he>s ! tone g' n[ 9 ! natural unalt]$ s\nd ( ! note ) 8 unaid$ e>4#cfc ,wundt1 comm5t+ on exp]i5ces ( ?is sort1 says t on c>efully obs]v+1 "o w always f9d t "o tries fir/ to recall ! image 9 memory ( ! tone to be he>d1 & t !n "o he>s x 9 ! total s\nd4 ,! same ?+ is to be notic$ 9 weak or fugitive visual impressions4 ,illum9ate a draw+ by electric sp>ks sep>at$ by consid]able int]vals1 & aft] ! fir/1 & (t5 aft] ! second & ?ird sp>k1 h>dly any?+ w be recogniz$4 ,b ! confus$ image is held fa/ 9 memory2 ea* successive illum9ation completes x2 & s at la/ we atta9 to a cle>] p]ception4 ,! prim>y motive to ?is inw>d activity proce$s usually f ! out] impression itself4 ,we he> a s\nd 9 :i*1 f c]ta9 associations1 we suspect a c]ta9 ov]tone2 ! next ?+ is to recall ! ov]tone 9 memory2 & f9ally we cat* x 9 ! s\nd we he>4 ,or p]haps we see "s m9]al sub/ance we h met be=e2 ! impression awak5s ! memory-image1 :i* aga9 m or less completely melts ) ! impression itself4 ,9 ?is way e idea takes a c]ta9 "t to p5etrate to ! focus ( consci\sness4 ,& dur+ ?is "t we always f9d 9 ourselves ! peculi> feel+ ( att5tion4444 ,! ph5om5a %[ t an adaptation ( att5tion to ! impression takes place4 ,! surprise :i* unexpect$ impressions give u is due ess5tially to ! fact t our att5tion1 at ! mom5t :5 ! impression occurs1 is n accommodat$ = x4 ,! accommodation itself is ( ! d\ble sort1 relat+ z x does to ! int5sity z well z to ! quality ( ! /imulus4 ,diff]5t qualities ( impression require disp>ate adaptations4 ,& we rem>k t our feel+ ( ! /ra9 ( our inw>d att5tiv5ess increases ) e increase 9 ! /r5g? ( ! impressions on ^: p]ception we are int5t4#cfd ,! natural way ( conceiv+ all ?is is "u ! symbolic =m ( a bra9-cell play$ ^u f two directions4 ,:il/ ! object excites x f )\t1 o!r bra9-cells1 or p]haps spiritual =ces1 ar\se x f )94 ,! latt] influ5ce is ! 'adaptation ( ! att5tion4' ,! pl5>y en]gy ( ! bra9-cell dem&s ! co-op]ation ( bo? factors3 n :5 m]ely pres5t1 b :5 bo? pres5t & att5d$ to1 is ! object fully p]ceiv$4 ,a few additional exp]i5ces w n[ be p]fectly cle>4 ,helmholtz1 = in/ance1 adds ?is obs]vation to ! passage we quot$ a :ile ago conc]n+ ! /]eoscopic pictures lit by ! electric sp>k4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 he says1 are int]e/+ z reg>ds ! "p :i* att5tion plays 9 ! matt] ( d\ble images4444 ,= 9 pictures s simple t x is relatively difficult = me to see !m d\ble1 ,i c succe$ 9 see+ !m d\ble1 ev5 :5 ! illum9ation is only in/antane\s1 ! mom5t ,i /rive to imag9e 9 a lively way h[ !y ought !n to look4 ,! influ5ce ( att5tion is "h pure2 = all eye movem5ts are %ut out4#cfe ,9 ano!r place#cff ! same writ] says3 ,:5 ,i h be=e my eyes a pair ( /]eoscopic draw+s :i* are h>d to comb9e1 x is difficult to br+ ! l9es & po9ts t correspond1 to cov] ea* o!r1 & ) e little motion ( ! eyes !y glide ap>t4 ,b if ,i *ance to ga9 a lively m5tal image 7,ans*auungsbild7 ( ! repres5t$ solid =m 7a ?+ t (t5 occurs by lucky *ance71 ,i !n move my two eyes ) p]fect c]ta9ty ov] ! figure )\t ! picture sep>at+ aga94 ,aga91 writ+ ( ret9al rivalry1 ,helmholtz says3 ,x is n a trial ( /r5g? betwe5 two s5sations1 b dep5ds on our fix+ or fail+ to fix ! att5tion4 ,inde$1 !re is sc>cely any ph5om5on s well fitt$ = ! /udy ( ! causes :i* are capable ( det]m9+ ! att5tion4 ,x is n en\gh to =m ! consci\s int5tion ( see+ fir/ ) "o eye & !n ) ! o!r2 we mu/ =m z cle> a notion z possible ( :at we expect to see4 ,!n x w actually appe>4#cfg ,9 figures #cg & #ch1 :]e ! result is ambigu\s1 we c make ! *ange f "o app>5t =m to ! o!r by imag9+ /rongly 9 advance ! =m we wi% to see4 ,simil>ly 9 ^? puzzles :]e c]ta9 l9es 9 a picture =m by _! comb9ation an object t has no connection ) :at ! picture o/5sibly repres5ts2 or inde$ 9 e case :]e an object is inconspicu\s & h>d to disc]n f ! backgr\nd2 we may n be able to see x = a long "t2 b1 hav+ once se5 x1 we c att5d to x aga9 :5ev] we l1 on acc\nt ( ! m5tal duplicate ( x :i* our imag9ation n[ be>s4 ,9 ! mean+less ,fr5* words 'pas de lieu ,rhne que n\s1' :o c recognize imm$iately ! ,engli% 'paddle y\r own canoe'8#cfh ,b :o t has once notic$ ! id5tity c fail to h x arre/ 8 att5tion aga98 ,:5 wat*+ = ! di/ant clock to /rike1 our m9d is s fill$ ) its image t at e mom5t we ?9k we he> ! long$-= or dread$ s\nd4 ,s ( an await$ foot/ep4 ,e /ir 9 ! wood is = ! hunt] 8 game2 = ! fugitive 8 pursu]s4 ,e bonnet 9 ! /reet is mom5t>ily tak5 by ! lov] to en%r\d ! head ( 8 idol4 ,! image 9 ! m9d is ! att5tion2 ! prep]ception1 z ,mr4 ,lewes calls x1 is half ( ! p]ception ( ! look$-= ?+4#cfi ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #cg #ch4 ,x is = ?is reason t m5 h no eyes b = ^? aspects ( ?+s :i* !y h already be5 taught to disc]n4 ,any "o ( u c notice a ph5om5on aft] x has once be5 po9t$ out1 :i* n "o 9 t5 ?\s& c\ld ev] h discov]$ = himself4 ,ev5 9 poetry & ! arts1 "s "o has to come & tell u :at aspects we may s+le out1 & :at effects we may admire1 be=e our /hetic nature c 'dilate' to its full ext5t & nev] ') ! wrong emotion4' ,9 k9d]g>t5 in/ruction "o ( ! ex]cises is to make ! *ildr5 see h[ _m features !y c po9t out 9 su* an object z a fl[] or a /uff$ bird4 ,!y readily "n ! features !y "k already1 su* z leaves1 tail1 bill1 feet4 ,b !y may look = h\rs )\t di/+ui%+ no/rils1 claws1 scales1 etc41 until _! att5tion is call$ to ^! details2 !reaft]1 h[ev]1 !y see !m e "t4 ,9 %ort1 ! only ?+s :i* we commonly see are ^? :i* we prep]ceive4 & ! only ?+s :i* we prep]ceive are ^? :i* h be5 labell$ = u1 & ! labels /amp$ into our m9d4 ,if we lo/ our /ock ( labels we %\ld be intellectually lo/ 9 ! mid/ ( ! _w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,organic adju/m5t1 !n1 & ideational prep>ation or prep]ception are conc]n$ 9 all att5tive acts4 ,an int]e/+ !ory is def5d$ by no less au?orities ?an ,pr(essors ,ba9#cgj & ,ribot1#cga & /ill m ably advocat$ by ,mr4 ,n4 ,lange1#cgb :o w h x t ! ideational prep>ation itself is a consequ5ce ( muscul> adju/m5t1 s t ! latt] may be call$ ! ess5ce ( ! att5tive process ?r\gh\t4 ,?is at lea/ is :at ! !ory ( ^! au?ors practically am\nts to1 ?\gh ! =m] two d n /ate x 9 j ^! t]ms4 ,! pro( consi/s 9 ! exhibition ( cases ( intellectual att5tion :i* organic adju/m5t accompanies1 or ( objects 9 ?9k+ :i* we h to execute a movem5t4 ,?us ,lange says t :5 he tries to imag9e a c]ta9 color$ circle1 he f9ds himself fir/ mak+ ) 8 eyes ! movem5t to :i* ! circle corresponds1 & !n imag9+ ! color1 etc41 z a consequ5ce ( ! movem5t4 ,let my read]1 he adds1 close 8 eyes & ?9k ( an ext5d$ object1 = in/ance a p5cil4 ,he w easily notice t he fir/ makes a slight movem5t ( ! eyes correspond+ to ! /raight l9e1 & t he (t5 gets a weak feel+ ( inn]vation ( ! h& z if t\*+ ! p5cil's surface4 ,s1 9 ?9k+ ( a c]ta9 s\nd1 we turn t[>ds its direction or repeat muscul>ly its rhy?m1 or articulate an imitation ( x4#cgc ,b x is "o ?+ to po9t out ! pres5ce ( muscul> contractions z con/ant concomitants ( our ?\ghts1 & ano!r ?+ to say1 ) ,h]r ,lange1 t ?\ght is made possible by muscul> contraction alone4 ,x may well be t :]e ! object ( ?\ght consi/s ( two p>ts1 "o p]ceiv$ by movem5t & ano!r n1 ! "p p]ceiv$ by movem5t is habitually call$ up fir/ & fix$ 9 ! m9d by ! movem5t's execution1 :il/ ! o!r "p comes second>ily z ! movem5t's m]e associate4 ,b ev5 7 ?is ! rule ) all m5 7:i* ,i d\bt#cgd71 x w\ld only be a practical habit1 n an ultimate necessity4 ,9 ! *apt] on ! ,w we %all le>n t movem5ts !mselves are results ( images com+ be=e ! m9d1 images sometimes ( feel+s 9 ! mov+ "p1 sometimes ( ! movem5t's effects on eye & e>1 & sometimes 7if ! movem5t be orig9ally reflex or in/9ctive71 ( its natural /imulus or excit+ cause4 ,x is1 9 tru?1 contr>y to all wid] & deep] analogies to d5y t any quality ( feel+ :atev] c directly rise up 9 ! =m ( an idea1 & to ass]t t only ideas ( movem5t c call o!r ideas to ! m9d4 ,s mu* = adju/m5t & prep]ception4 ,! only ?ird process ,i c ?9k ( z always pres5t is ! inhibition ( irrelevant movem5ts & ideas4 ,?is seems1 h[ev]1 to be a feature incid5tal to volunt>y att5tion r ?an ! ess5tial feature ( att5tion at l>ge1#cge & ne$ n conc]n u p>ticul>ly n[4 ,not+ m]ely ! intimate connection :i* our acc\nt s f> e/abli%es betwe5 att5tion1 on ! "o h&1 & imag9ation1 discrim9ation1 & memory1 on ! o!r1 let u draw a c\ple ( practical inf]5ces1 & !n pass to ! m speculative problem t rema9s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! practical inf]5ces are p$agogic4 ,fir/1 to /r5g!n att5tion 9 *ildr5 :o c>e no?+ = ! subject !y are /udy+ & let _! wits g wool-ga!r+4 ,! int]e/ "h mu/ be 'd]iv$' f some?+ t ! tea*] associates ) ! task1 a rew>d or a puni%m5t if no?+ less ext]nal comes to m9d4 ,pr(4 ,ribot says3 ,a *ild refuses to read2 he is incapable ( keep+ 8 m9d fix$ on ! lett]s1 :i* h no attraction = him2 b he looks ) avidity ^u ! pictures conta9$ 9 a book4 ',:at d !y mean8' he asks4 ,! fa!r replies3 ',:5 y c read1 ! book w tell y4' ,aft] sev]al colloquies l ?is1 ! *ild resigns himself & falls to "w1 fir/ slackly1 !n ! habit gr[s1 & f9ally he %[s an ardor :i* has to be re/ra9$4 ,?is is a case ( ! g5esis ( volunt>y att5tion4 ,an artificial & indirect desire has to be graft$ on a natural & direct "o4 ,read+ has no imm$iate attractiv5ess1 b x has a borr[$ "o1 & t is en\gh4 ,! *ild is caught 9 ! :eelwork1 ! fir/ /ep is made4 ,i take ano!r example1 f ,m4 ,b4 ,p]ez3#cgf ,a *ild ( six ye>s1 habitually prone to m9d-w&]+1 sat d[n "o day to ! piano ( 8 own accord to repeat an air by :i* 8 "m _h be5 *>m$4 ,8 ex]cises la/$ an h\r4 ,! same *ild at ! age ( sev51 see+ 8 bro!r busy ) tasks 9 vacation1 w5t & sat at 8 fa!r's desk4 ',:at are y do+ !re8' 8 nurse said1 surpris$ at s f9d+ him4 ',i am1' said ! *ild1 'le>n+ a page ( ,g]man2 x isn't v amus+1 b x is = an agreeable surprise to mamma4' ,"h1 aga91 a bir? ( volunt>y att5tion1 graft$ ?is "t on a sympa!tic in/ead ( a selfi% s5tim5t l t ( ! fir/ example4 ,! piano1 ! ,g]man1 awak5 no spontane\s att5tion2 b !y ar\se & ma9ta9 x by borr[+ a =ce f else:]e4#cgg ,second1 take t m9d-w&]+ :i* at a lat] age may tr\ble u :il/ read+ or li/5+ to a disc\rse4 ,if att5tion be ! reproduction ( ! s5sation f )91 ! habit ( read+ n m]ely ) ! eye1 & ( li/5+ n m]ely ) ! e>1 b ( articulat+ to "o's self ! words se5 or he>d1 ought to deep5 "o's att5tion to ! latt]4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t ?is is ! case4 ,i c keep my w&]+ m9d a great deal m closely ^u a conv]sation or a lecture if ,i actively re-e*o to myself ! words ?an if ,i simply he> !m2 & ,i f9d a numb] ( my /ud5ts :o report b5efit f volunt>ily adopt+ a simil> c\rse4#cgh ,second1 a tea*] :o wi%es to engage ! att5tion ( 8 class mu/ knit 8 novelties on to ?+s ( :i* !y already h prep]ceptions4 ,! old & famili> is readily att5d$ to by ! m9d & helps to hold 9 turn ! new1 =m+1 9 ,h]b>tian phraseology1 an ',app]ceptionsmasse' = x4 ,( c\rse x is 9 e case a v delicate problem to "k :at ',app]ceptionsmasse' to use4 ,psy*ology c only lay d[n ! g5]al rule4 ,,is ,,volunt>y ,,att5tion ,a ,,resultant ,,or ,a ,,=ce8 ,:51 a few pages back1 ,i symboliz$ ! 'ideational prep>ation' elem5t 9 att5tion by a bra9-cell play$ ^u f )91 ,i add$ 'by o!r bra9-cells1 or by "s spiritual =ce1' )\t decid+ :i*4 ,! "q ':i*8' is "o ( ^? c5tral psy*ologic my/]ies :i* "p ! s*ools4 ,:5 we reflect t ! turn+s ( our att5tion =m ! nucleus ( our inn] self2 :5 we see 7z 9 ! *apt] on ! ,w we %all see7 t volition is no?+ b att5tion2 :5 we believe t our autonomy 9 ! mid/ ( nature dep5ds on our n be+ pure effect1 b a cause1-- ,pr9cipium quoddam quod fati fd]a rumpat1 ,ex inf9ito ne causant causa sequatur-- we mu/ admit t ! "q :e!r att5tion involve su* a pr9ciple ( spiritual activity or n is metaphysical z well z psy*ological1 & is well wor?y ( all ! pa9s we c be/[ on its solution4 ,x is 9 fact ! pivotal "q ( metaphysics1 ! v h+e on :i* our picture ( ! _w %all sw+ f mat]ialism1 fatalism1 monism1 t[>ds spiritualism1 fre$om1 pluralism1--or else ! o!r way4 ,x goes back to ! automaton-!ory4 ,if feel+ is an in]t accompanim5t1 !n ( c\rse ! bra9-cell c be play$ ^u only by o!r bra9-cells1 & ! att5tion :i* we give at any "t to any subject1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( s5sory adaptation or ( 'prep]ception1' is ! fatally pr$et]m9$ effect ( exclusively mat]ial laws4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! feel+ :i* coexi/s ) ! bra9-cells' activity reacts dynamically ^u t activity1 fur!r+ or *eck+ x1 !n ! att5tion is 9 "p1 at lea/1 a cause4 ,x does n necess>ily foll[1 ( c\rse1 t ?is reactive feel+ %\ld be 'free' 9 ! s5se ( hav+ its am\nt & direction undet]m9$ 9 advance1 = x might v well be pr$et]m9$ 9 all ^! p>ticul>s4 ,if x 7 s1 our att5tion w\ld n be mat]ially det]m9$1 nor yet w\ld x be 'free' 9 ! s5se ( be+ spontane\s or unpr$ictable 9 advance4 ,! "q is ( c\rse a purely speculative "o1 = we h no means ( objectively asc]ta9+ :e!r our feel+s react on our n]ve-processes or n2 & ^? :o answ] ! "q 9 ei!r way d s 9 consequ5ce ( g5]al analogies & presumptions drawn f o!r fields4 ,z m]e conceptions1 ! effect-!ory & ! cause-!ory ( att5tion are equally cle>2 & :oev] affirms ei!r conception to be true mu/ d s on metaphysical or univ]sal r ?an on sci5tific or p>ticul> gr\nds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z reg>ds imm$iate s5sorial att5tion h>dly any "o is tempt$ to reg>d x z any?+ b an effect4#cgi ,we are 'evolv$' s z to respond to special /imuli by special accommodative acts :i* produce cle> p]ceptions on ! "o h& 9 u1 & on ! o!r h& su* feel+s ( inn] activity z 7 above describ$4 ,! accommodation & ! resultant feel+ are ! att5tion4 ,we don't be/[ x1 ! object draws x f u4 ,! object has ! initiative1 n ! m9d4 ,d]iv$ att5tion1 :]e !re is no volunt>y ef=t1 seems also mo/ plausibly to be a m]e effect4 ,! object aga9 takes ! initiative & draws our att5tion to itself1 n by reason ( its own intr9sic int]e/1 b because x is connect$ ) "s o!r int]e/+ ?+4 ,its bra9-process is connect$ ) ano!r t is ei!r excit$1 or t5d+ to be excit$1 & ! liability to %>e ! excitem5t & become ar\s$ is ! liability to 'prep]ception' 9 :i* ! att5tion consi/s4 ,if ,i h receiv$ an insult1 ,i may n be actively ?9k+ ( x all ! "t1 yet ! ?\ght ( x is 9 su* a /ate ( height5$ irritability1 t ! place :]e ,i receiv$ x or ! man :o inflict$ x _c be m5tion$ 9 my he>+ )\t my att5tion b\nd+1 z x 71 9 t direction1 z ! imag9ation ( ! :ole transaction revives4 ,:]e su* a /irr+-up occurs1 organic adju/m5t mu/ exi/ z well1 & ! ideas mu/ inn]vate to "s degree ! muscles4 ,?us ! :ole process ( involunt>y d]iv$ att5tion is acc\nt$ = if we grant t !re is some?+ int]e/+ en\gh to ar\se & fix ! ?\ght ( :atev] may be connect$ ) x4 ,?is fix+ is ! att5tion2 & x c>ries ) x a vague s5se ( activity go+ on1 & ( acquiesc5ce1 fur!rance1 & adoption1 :i* makes u feel ! activity to be our own4 ,?is re9=cem5t ( ideas & impressions by ! pre-exi/+ cont5ts ( ! m9d 0 :at ,h]b>t _h 9 m9d :5 he gave ! "n ( app]ceptive att5tion to ! v>iety we describe4 ,we easily see n[ :y ! lov]'s tap %\ld be he>d--x f9ds a n]ve-c5tre half ready 9 advance to explode4 ,we see h[ we c att5d to a companion's voice 9 ! mid/ ( noises :i* pass unnotic$ ?\gh objectively mu* l\d] ?an ! words we he>4 ,ea* ^w is d\bly awak5$2 once f )\t by ! lips ( ! talk]1 b already be=e t f )9 by ! premonitory processes irradiat+ f ! previ\s words1 & by ! dim ar\sal ( all processes t are connect$ ) ! 'topic' ( ! talk4 ,! irrelevant noises1 on ! o!r h&1 are awak5$ only once4 ,!y =m an unconnect$ tra94 ,! boys at s*ool1 inatt5tive to ! tea*] except :5 he beg9s an anecdote1 & !n all prick+ up _! e>s1 are z easily expla9$4 ,! words ( ! anecdote %oot into association ) excit+ objects :i* react & fix !m2 ! o!r words d n4 ,simil>ly ) ! gramm> he>d by ! puri/ & ,h]b>t's o!r examples quot$ on page #dah4 ,ev5 :]e ! att5tion is volunt>y1 x is possible to conceive ( x z an effect1 & n a cause1 a product & n an ag5t4 ,! ?+s we att5d to come to u by _! own laws4 ,att5tion creates no idea2 an idea mu/ already be !re be=e we c att5d to x4 ,att5tion only fixes & reta9s :at ! ord9>y laws ( association br+ 'be=e ! footlights' ( consci\sness4 ,b ! mom5t we admit ?is we see t ! att5tion p] se1 ! feel+ ( att5d+ ne$ no m fix & reta9 ! ideas ?an x ne$ br+ !m4 ,! associates :i* br+ !m also fix !m by ! int]e/ :i* !y l5d4 ,9 %ort1 volunt>y & involunt>y att5tion may be ess5tially ! same4 ,x is true t :]e ! ideas are intr9sically v unwelcome & ! ef=t to att5d to !m is great1 x seems to u z if ! frequ5t r5ewal ( ! ef=t 7 ! v cause by :i* !y are held fa/1 & we naturally ?9k ( ! ef=t z an orig9al =ce4 ,9 fact x is only to ! ef=t to att5d1 n to ! m]e att5d+1 t we are s]i\sly tempt$ to ascribe spontane\s p[]4 ,we ?9k we c make m ( x if we w2 & ! am\nt :i* we make does n seem a fix$ function ( ! ideas !mselves1 z x w\ld necess>ily h to be if our ef=t 7 an effect & n a spiritual =ce4 ,b ev5 "h x is possible to conceive ! facts me*anically & to reg>d ! ef=t z a m]e effect4 ,ef=t is felt only :]e !re is a conflict ( int]e/s 9 ! m9d4 ,! idea ,a may be intr9sically excit+ to u4 ,! idea ,z may d]ive its int]e/ f association ) "s remot] good4 ,a may be our swee!>t1 ,z may be "s condition ( our s\l's salvation4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 if we succe$ 9 att5d+ to ,z at all x is always ) exp5diture ( ef=t4 ,! 'ideational prep>ation1' ! 'prep]ception' ( ,a keeps go+ on ( its own accord1 :il/ t ( ,z ne$s incessant pulses ( volunt>y re9=cem5t--t is1 we h ! feel+ ( volunt>y re9=cem5t 7or ef=t7 at ea* successive mom5t 9 :i* ! ?\ght ( ,z fl>es brightly up 9 our m9d4 ,dynamically1 h[ev]1 t may mean only ?is3 t ! associative processes :i* make ,z triumph are really ! /rong]1 & 9 ,a's abs5ce w\ld make u give a 'passive' & unimp$$ att5tion to ,z2 b1 s long z ,a is pres5t1 "s ( ( _! =ce is us$ to inhibit ! processes conc]n$ ) ,a4 ,su* inhibition is a p>tial neutralization ( ! bra9-en]gy :i* w\ld o!rwise be available = flu5t ?\ght4 ,b :at is lo/ = ?\ght is conv]t$ into feel+1 9 ?is case into ! peculi> feel+ ( ef=t1 difficulty1 or /ra94 ,! /ream ( our ?\ght is l a riv]4 ,on ! :ole easy simple fl[+ pr$om9ates 9 x1 ! drift ( ?+s is ) ! pull ( gravity1 & ef=tless att5tion is ! rule4 ,b at int]vals an ob/ruction1 a set-back1 a log-jam occurs1 /ops ! curr5t1 creates an eddy1 & makes ?+s tempor>ily move ! o!r way4 ,if a real riv] c\ld feel1 x w\ld feel ^! eddies & set-backs z places ( ef=t4 ,i am "h fl[+1 x w\ld say1 9 ! direction ( greate/ resi/ance1 in/ead ( fl[+1 z usual1 9 ! direction ( lea/4 ,my ef=t is :at enables me to p]=m ?is feat4 ,really1 ! ef=t w\ld only be a passive index t ! feat 0 be+ p]=m$4 ,! ag5t w\ld all ! :ile be ! total d[nw>d drift ( ! re/ ( ! wat]1 =c+ "s ( x upw>ds 9 ?is spot2 & al?\gh1 on ! av]age1 ! direction ( lea/ resi/ance is d[nw>ds1 t w\ld be no reason = its n be+ upw>ds n[ & !n4 ,j s ) our volunt>y acts ( att5tion4 ,!y are mom5t>y arre/s1 c\pl$ ) a peculi> feel+1 ( portions ( ! /ream4 ,b ! arre/+ =ce1 in/ead ( be+ ?is peculi> feel+ itself1 may be no?+ b ! processes by :i* ! collision is produc$4 ,! feel+ ( ef=t may be 'an accompanim5t1' z ,mr4 ,bradley says1 'm or less sup]flu\s1' & no m contribute to ! result ?an ! pa9 9 a man's f+]1 :5 a hamm] falls on x1 contributes to ! hamm]'s weight4 ,?us ! notion t our ef=t 9 att5d+ is an orig9al faculty1 a =ce additional to ! o!rs ( :i* bra9 & m9d are ! seat1 may be an abject sup]/ition4 ,att5tion may h to g1 l _m a faculty once deem$ ess5tial1 l _m a v]bal phantom1 l _m an idol ( ! tribe4 ,x may be an excresc5ce on ,psy*ology4 ,no ne$ ( x to drag ideas be=e consci\sness or fix !m1 :5 we see h[ p]fectly !y drag & fix ea* o!r !re4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h /at$ ! effect-!ory z p]suasively z ,i c4#chj ,x is a cle>1 /rong1 well-equipp$ conception1 & l all su*1 is fitt$ to c>ry conviction1 :]e !re is no contr>y pro(4 ,! feel+ ( ef=t c]ta9ly may be an in]t accompanim5t & n ! active elem5t :i* x seems4 ,no measurem5ts are z yet p]=m$ 7x is safe to say none ev] w be p]=m$7 :i* c %[ t x contributes en]gy to ! result4 ,we may !n reg>d att5tion z a sup]fluity1 or a ',luxus1' & dogmatize aga9/ its causal function ) no feel+ 9 our he>ts b "o ( pride t we are apply+ ,occam's razor to an entity t has multipli$ itself 'beyond necessity4' ,b ,occam's razor1 ?\gh a v good rule ( me?od1 is c]ta9ly no law ( nature4 ,! laws ( /imulation & ( association may well be indisp5sable actors 9 all att5tion's p]=mances1 & may ev5 be a good en\gh '/ock-company' to c>ry on _m p]=mances )\t aid2 & yet !y may at times simply =m ! backgr\nd = a '/>-p]=m]1' :o is no m _! 'in]t accompanim5t' or _! 'incid5tal product' ?an ,hamlet is ,horatio's & ,ophelia's4 ,su* a />-p]=m] w\ld be ! volunt>y ef=t to att5d1 if x 7 an orig9al psy*ic =ce4 ,nature may1 ,i say1 indulge 9 ^! complications2 & ! conception t %e has done s 9 ?is case is1 ,i ?9k1 j z cle> 7if n z 'p>simoni\s' logically7 z ! conception t %e has n4 ,to ju/ify ?is ass]tion1 let u ask j :at ! ef=t to att5d w\ld effect if x 7 an orig9al =ce4 ,x w\ld deep5 & prolong ! /ay 9 consci\sness ( innum]able ideas :i* else w\ld fade m quickly away4 ,! delay ?us ga9$ might n be m ?an a second 9 duration--b t second might be critical2 = 9 ! con/ant ris+ & fall+ ( consid]ations 9 ! m9d1 :]e two associat$ sy/ems ( !m are ne>ly 9 equilibrium x is (t5 a matt] ( b a second m or less ( att5tion at ! outset1 :e!r "o sy/em %all ga9 =ce to occupy ! field & develop itself1 & exclude ! o!r1 or be exclud$ itself by ! o!r4 ,:5 develop$1 x may make u act2 & t act may seal our doom4 ,:5 we come to ! *apt] on ! ,w1 we %all see t ! :ole drama ( ! volunt>y life h+es on ! am\nt ( att5tion1 slightly m or slightly less1 :i* rival motor ideas may receive4 ,b ! :ole feel+ ( reality1 ! :ole /+ & excitem5t ( our volunt>y life1 dep5ds on our s5se t 9 x ?+s are really be+ decid$ f "o mom5t to ano!r1 & t x is n ! dull rattl+ (f ( a *a9 t 0 =g$ innum]able ages ago4 ,?is appe>ance1 :i* makes life & hi/ory t+le ) su* a tragic ze/1 may n be an illusion4 ,z we grant to ! advocate ( ! me*anical !ory t x may be "o1 s he mu/ grant to u t x may n4 ,& ! result is two conceptions ( possibility face to face ) no facts def9itely en\gh kn[n to /& z arbit] betwe5 !m4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 "o c leave ! "q op5 :il/ wait+ = light1 or "o c d :at mo/ speculative m9ds d1 t is1 look to "o's g5]al philosophy to incl9e ! beam4 ,! believ]s 9 me*anism d s )\t hesitation1 & !y ought n to refuse a simil> privilege to ! believ]s 9 a spiritual =ce4 ,i c\nt myself among ! latt]1 b z my reasons are e?ical !y are h>dly suit$ = introduction into a psy*ological "w4#cha ,! la/ ^w ( psy*ology "h is ignorance1 = ! '=ces' engag$ are c]ta9ly too delicate & num]\s to be foll[$ 9 detail4 ,mean:ile1 9 view ( ! /range arrogance ) :i* ! wilde/ mat]iali/ic speculations p]si/ 9 call+ !mselves 'sci5ce1' x is well to recall j :at ! reason+ is1 by :i* ! effect-!ory ( att5tion is confirm$4 ,x is an argum5t f analogy1 drawn f riv]s1 reflex actions & o!r mat]ial ph5om5a :]e no consci\sness appe>s to exi/ at all1 & ext5d$ to cases :]e consci\sness seems ! ph5om5on's ess5tial feature4 ,! consci\sness doesn't c\nt1 ^! reason]s say2 x doesn't exi/ = sci5ce1 x is nil2 y mu/n't ?9k ab\t x at all4 ,! int5sely reckless "* ( all ?is ne$s no comm5t4 ,x is mak+ ! me*anical !ory true p] fas aut nefas4 ,= ! sake ( t !ory we make inductions f ph5om5a to o!rs t are />tl+ly unlike !m2 & we assume t a complication :i* ,nature has introduc$ 7! pres5ce ( feel+ & ( ef=t1 namely7 is n wor?y ( sci5tific recognition at all4 ,su* conduct may conceivably be wise1 ?\gh ,i d\bt x2 b sci5tific1 z contra/$ ) metaphysical1 x _c s]i\sly be call$4#chb ,,inatt5tion4 ,hav+ spok5 fully ( att5tion1 let me add a ^w ab\t inatt5tion4 ,we d n notice ! tick+ ( ! clock1 ! noise ( ! city /reets1 or ! ro>+ ( ! brook ne> ! h\se2 & ev5 ! d9 ( a f\ndry or factory w n m+le ) ! ?\ghts ( its work]s1 if !y h be5 !re long en\gh4 ,:5 we fir/ put on spectacles1 especially if !y be ( c]ta9 curvatures1 ! bright reflections !y give ( ! w9d[s1 etc41 mix+ ) ! field ( view1 are v di/urb+4 ,9 a few days we ignore !m altoge!r4 ,v>i\s entoptic images1 musc volitantes1 etc41 al?\gh con/antly pres5t1 are h>dly ev] kn[n4 ,! pressure ( our clo!s & %oes1 ! beat+ ( our he>ts & art]ies1 our brea?+1 c]ta9 /eadfa/ bodily pa9s1 habitual odors1 ta/es 9 ! m\?1 etc41 are examples f o!r s5ses1 ( ! same lapse into unconsci\sness ( any too un*ang+ cont5t--a lapse :i* ,hobbes has express$ 9 ! well-kn[n phrase1 ,semp] idem s5tire ac non s5tire ad idem rev]tunt4 ,! cause ( ! unconsci\sness is c]ta9ly n ! m]e blunt+ ( ! s5se-organs4 ,7 ! s5sation important1 we %\ld notice x well en\gh2 & we c at any mom5t notice x by expressly ?r[+ our att5tion ^u x1#chc provid$ x h n become s invet]ate t inatt5tion to x is +ra9$ 9 our v con/itution1 z 9 ! case ( ! musc volitantes ! d\ble ret9al images1 etc4 ,b ev5 9 ^! cases artificial conditions ( obs]vation & pati5ce soon give u comm& ( ! impression :i* we seek4 ,! inatt5tiv5ess mu/ !n be a habit gr\nd$ on high] conditions ?an m]e s5sorial fatigue4 ,helmholtz has =mulat$ a g5]al law ( inatt5tion :i* we %all h to /udy 9 ! next *apt] b "o4 ,helmholtz's law is t we leave all impressions unnotic$ :i* are valueless to u z signs by :i* to discrim9ate ?+s4 ,at mo/ su* impressions fuse ) _! consorts into an aggregate effect4 ,! upp] p>tial tones :i* make human voices diff] make !m diff] z :oles only--we _c dissociate ! tones !mselves4 ,! odors :i* =m integral p>ts ( ! *>act]i/ic ta/e ( c]ta9 sub/ances1 meat1 fi%1 *eese1 butt]1 w9e1 d n come z odors to our att5tion4 ,! v>i\s muscul> & tactile feel+s t make up ! p]ception ( ! attributes 'wet1' 'ela/ic1' 'd\ghy1' etc41 are n s+l$ out sep>ately = :at !y are4 ,& all ?is is due to an invet]ate habit we h contract$1 ( pass+ f !m imm$iately to _! import & lett+ _! sub/antive nature alone4 ,!y h =m$ connections 9 ! m9d :i* x is n[ difficult to break2 !y are con/itu5ts ( processes :i* x is h>d to arre/1 & :i* diff] altoge!r f :at ! processes ( cat*+ ! att5tion w\ld be4 ,9 ! cases ,helmholtz has 9 m9d1 n only we b our ance/ors h =m$ ^! habits4 ,9 ! cases we />t$ f1 h[ev]1 ( ! mill-:eel1 ! spectacles1 ! factory d91 ! tight %oes1 etc41 ! habits ( inatt5tion are m rec5t1 & ! mann] ( _! g5esis seems susceptible1 hypo!tically at lea/1 ( be+ trac$4 ,h[ c impressions t are n ne$$ by ! intellect be ?us %unt$ (f f all relation to ! re/ ( consci\sness8 ,pr(essor ,g4 ,e4 ,mll] has made a plausible reply to ?is "q1 & mo/ ( :at foll[s is borr[$ f him4#chd ,he beg9s ) ! fact t ,:5 we fir/ come out ( a mill or factory1 9 :i* we h rema9$ long en\gh to get wont$ to ! noise1 we feel z if some?+ 7 lack+4 ,our total feel+ ( exi/5ce is diff]5t f :at x 0 :5 we 7 9 ! mill4444 ,a fri5d writes to me3 ',i h 9 my room a little clock :i* does n run q tw5ty-f\r h\rs )\t w9d+4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 x (t5 /ops4 ,s soon z ?is happ5s1 ,i notice x1 :]eas ,i naturally fail to notice x :5 go+4 ,:5 ?is fir/ began to happ51 !re 0 ?is modification3 ,i sudd5ly felt an undef9$ uneas9ess or sort ( void1 )\t be+ able to say :at 0 ! matt]2 & only aft] "s consid]ation did ,i f9d ! cause 9 ! /opp+ ( ! clock4' ,t ! /opp+ ( an unfelt /imulus may itself be felt is a well-kn[n fact3 ! sleep] 9 *ur* :o wakes :5 ! s]mon ends2 ! mill] :o does ! same :5 8 :eel /&s /ill1 are /ock examples4 ,n[ 7s9ce e impression fall+ on ! n]v\s sy/em mu/ propagate itself some:i!r71 ,mll] sugge/s t impressions :i* come to u :5 ! ?\ght-c5tres are preoccupi$ ) o!r matt]s may !reby be block$ or inhibit$ f invad+ ^! c5tres1 & may !n ov]fl[ into l[] pa?s ( dis*>ge4 ,& he f>!r sugge/s t if ?is process recur (t5 en\gh1 ! side-track ?us creat$ w gr[ s p]meable z to be us$1 no matt] :at may be go+ on 9 ! c5tres above4 ,9 ! acquir$ inatt5tion m5tion$1 ! con/ant /imulus always caus$ di/urbance at fir/2 & consci\sness ( x 0 extrud$ successfully only :5 ! bra9 0 /rongly excit$ ab\t o!r ?+s4 ,gradually ! extrusion became easi]1 & at la/ automatic4 ,! side-tracks :i* ?us le>n to draft (f ! /imulations t int]f]e ) ?\ght _c be assign$ ) any precision4 ,!y probably t]m9ate 9 organic processes1 or insignificant muscul> contractions :i*1 :5 /opp$ by ! cessation ( _! in/igat+ cause1 imm$iately give u ! feel+ t some?+ is gone f our exi/5ce 7z ,mll] says71 or 7z 8 fri5d puts x7 ! feel+ ( a void4#che ,mll]'s sugge/ion awak5s ano!r4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t p]sons /riv+ to keep _! att5tion on a difficult subject w resort to movem5ts ( v>i\s unmean+ k9ds1 su* z pac+ ! room1 drumm+ ) ! f+]s1 play+ ) keys or wat*-*a91 scrat*+ head1 pull+ mu/a*e1 vibrat+ foot1 or :at n1 accord+ to ! individual4 ,!re is an anecdote ( ,sir ,w4 ,scott1 :5 a boy1 ris+ to ! head ( 8 class by cutt+ (f f ! jacket ( ! usual head-boy a button :i* ! latt] 0 9 ! habit ( twirl+ 9 8 f+]s dur+ ! lesson4 ,! button gone1 its own]'s p[] ( recit+ also dep>t$4--,n[ mu* ( ?is activity is unque/ionably due to ! ov]fl[ ( emotional excitem5t dur+ anxi\s & conc5trat$ ?\ght4 ,x dra9s away n]ve-curr5ts :i* if p5t up )9 ! ?\ght-c5tres w\ld v likely make ! confusion !re worse conf\nd$4 ,b may x n also be a means ( draft+ (f all ! irrelevant s5sations ( ! mom5t1 & s keep+ ! att5tion m exclusively conc5trat$ ^u its inn] task8 ,ea* individual usually has 8 own peculi> habitual movem5t ( ?is sort4 ,a d[nw>d n]ve-pa? is ?us kept con/antly op5 dur+ conc5trat$ ?\ght2 & z x seems to be a law ( frequ5t 7if n ( univ]sal7 application1 t incid5tal /imuli t5d to dis*>ge ?r\gh pa?s t are already dis*>g+ r ?an ?r\gh o!rs1 ! :ole arrangem5t might protect ! ?\ght-c5tres f int]f]5ce f )\t4 ,7 ?is ! true rationale ( ^! peculi> movem5ts1 we %\ld h to suppose t ! s5sations produc$ by ea* phase ( ! movem5t itself are also draft$ (f imm$iately by ! next phase & help to keep ! circul> process ago+4 ,i (f] ! sugge/ion = :at x is wor?2 ! connection ( ! movem5ts !mselves ) ! cont9u$ ef=t ( att5tion is c]ta9ly a g5u9e & curi\s fact4 ,,footnotes3 #cbb ,ba9 m5tions att5tion 9 ! ,s5ses & ! ,intellect1 p4 #eeh1 & ev5 gives a !ory ( x on pp4 #cgj-cgd ( ! ,emotions ( ! ,w4 ,i %all recur to ?is !ory lat] on4 #cbc ,! fir/ & mo/ important1 b also ! mo/ difficult1 task at ! outset ( an education is to ov]come gradually ! inatt5tive disp]sion ( m9d :i* %[s itself :]ev] ! organic life prepond]ates ov] ! intellectual4 ,! tra9+ ( animals 444 mu/ be 9 ! fir/ in/ance bas$ on ! awak5+ ( att5tion 7cf4 ,adrian ,leon>d1 ,essai sur l',education des ,animaux1 ,lille1 #ahdb71 t is to say1 we mu/ seek to make !m gradually p]ceive sep>ately ?+s :i*1 if left to !mselves1 w\ld n be att5d$ to1 because !y w\ld fuse ) a great sum ( o!r s5sorial /imuli to a confus$ total impression ( :i* ea* sep>ate item only d>k5s & int]f]es ) ! re/4 ,simil>ly at fir/ ) ! human *ild4 ,! enorm\s difficulties ( deaf-mute- & especially ( idiot-in/ruction is pr9cipally due to ! sl[ & pa9ful mann] 9 :i* we succe$ 9 br++ out f ! g5]al confusion ( p]ception s+le items ) suffici5t %>pness4 7,waitz1 ,lehrb4 d4 ,psy*ol41 p4 #fcb47 #cbd ,elem5ts1 "p i1 *ap4 ii1 f94 #cbe ,lectures on ,metaphysics1 lecture xiv4 #cbf ,nature1 vol4 iii1 p4 #bha 7#ahga74 #cbg ,if a lot ( dots or /rokes on a piece ( pap] be exhibit$ = a mom5t to a p]son 9 normal condition1 ) ! reque/ t he say h[ _m are !re1 he w f9d t !y break into gr\ps 9 8 m9d's eye1 & t :il/ he is analyz+ & c\nt+ "o gr\p 9 8 memory ! o!rs dissolve4 ,9 %ort1 ! impression made by ! dots *anges rapidly into some?+ else4 ,9 ! trance-subject1 on ! contr>y1 x seems to /ick2 ,i f9d t p]sons 9 ! hypnotic /ate easily c\nt ! dots 9 ! m9d's eye s long z !y d n mu* exce$ tw5ty 9 numb]4 #cbh ,mr4 ,cattell made ,jevons's exp]im5t 9 a mu* m precise way 7,philosophis*e ,/udi51 iii1 #aba ff474 ,c>ds 7 rul$ ) %ort l9es1 v>y+ 9 numb] f f\r to fifte51 & expos$ to ! eye = a hundr$? ( a second4 ,:5 ! numb] 0 b f\r or five1 no mi/akes z a rule 7 made4 ,= high] numb]s ! t5d5cy 0 to "u- r ?an to ov]-e/imate4 ,simil> exp]im5ts 7 tri$ ) lett]s & figures1 & gave ! same result4 ,:5 ! lett]s =m$ famili> words1 ?ree times z _m ( !m c\ld be nam$ z :5 _! comb9ation 0 mean+less4 ,if ! words =m$ a s5t5ce1 twice z _m ( !m c\ld be caught z :5 !y _h no connection4 ,! s5t5ce 0 !n appreh5d$ z a :ole4 ,if n appreh5d$ ?us1 almo/ no?+ is appreh5d$ ( ! sev]al words2 b if ! s5t5ce z a :ole is appreh5d$1 !n ! words appe> v di/9ct4--,wundt & 8 pupil ,dietze _h tri$ simil> exp]im5ts on rapidly repeat$ /rokes ( s\nd4 ,wundt made !m foll[ ea* o!r 9 gr\ps1 & f\nd t gr\ps ( twelve /rokes at mo/ c\ld be recogniz$ & id5tifi$ :5 !y succe$$ ea* o!r at ! mo/ favorable rate1 namely1 f ?ree to five t5?s ( a second 7,phys4 ,psy*41 ii1 #bae74 ,dietze f\nd t by m5tally subdivid+ ! gr\ps into sub-gr\ps z "o li/5$1 z _m z =ty /rokes c\ld be id5tifi$ z a :ole4 ,!y 7 !n grasp$ z eight sub-gr\ps ( five1 or z five ( eight /rokes ea*4 7,philosophis*e ,/udi51 ii1 #cfb47--,lat] 9 ,wundt's ,laboratory1 ,be*t]ew made obs]vations on two simultane\sly elaps+ s]ies ( metronome /rokes1 ( :i* "o conta9$ "o /roke m ?an ! o!r4 ,! mo/ favorable rate ( succession 0 #j4c sec41 & he !n discrim9at$ a gr\p ( #ah f "o ( #ah #a1 app>5tly4 7,neurologis*es ,c5tralblatt1 #ahhi1 #bgb47 #cbi ,revue ,sci5tifique1 vol4 #ci1 p4 #fhd 7,may #bh1 #ahhg74 #ccj ,cf4 ,*r4 ,wolff3 ,psy*ologia ,empirica1 #bde4 ,wolff's acc\nt ( ! ph5om5a ( att5tion is 9 g5]al excell5t4 #cca ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 xi1 #dbi-ca4 #ccb ,physiol4 ,psy*41 #b;d ed4 ii1 pp4 #bch-dj4 #ccc ,ib4 p4 #bfb4 #ccd ,physiol4 ,psy*41 #b;d ed4 ii1 #bfd-f4 #cce ,?is 0 ! orig9al 'p]sonal equation' obs]vation ( ,bessel4 ,an ,obs]v] look$ ?r\gh 8 equatorial telescope to note ! mom5t at :i* a /> cross$ ! m]idian1 ! latt] be+ m>k$ 9 ! telescopic field ( view by a visible ?read1 beside :i* o!r equidi/ant ?reads appe>4 ,be=e ! /> rea*$ ! ?read he look$ at ! clock1 & !n1 ) eye at telescope1 c\nt$ ! seconds by ! beat ( ! p5dulum4 ,s9ce ! /> seldom pass$ ! m]idian at ! exact mom5t ( a beat1 ! obs]v]1 9 ord] to e/imate fractions1 _h to note its position at ! /roke be=e & at ! /roke aft] ! passage1 & to divide ! "t z ! m]idian-l9e seem$ to divide ! space4 ,if1 e4g41 "o _h c\nt$ #bj seconds1 & at ! #ba/ ! /> seem$ remov$ by ac f ! m]idian-?read c1 :il/ at ! #bb;d x 0 at ! di/ance bc2 !n1 if ac3 bc33 #a3 #b1 ! /> w\ld h pass$ at #ba #a_/h seconds4 ,! conditions resemble ^? 9 our exp]im5t3 ! /> is ! index-h&1 ! ?reads are ! scale2 & a "t-displacem5t is to be expect$1 :i* ) high rapidities may be positive1 & negative ) l[4 ,! a/ronomic obs]vations d n p]mit u to measure its absolute am\nt2 b t x exi/s is made c]ta9 by ! fact ?an aft] all o!r possible errors are elim9at$1 !re /ill rema9s betwe5 diff]5t obs]v]s a p]sonal diff]5ce :i* is (t5 mu* l>g] ?an t betwe5 m]e reaction-times1 am\nt+ 444 sometimes to m ?an a second4 7,op4 cit4 p4 #bgj47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 #ccf ,philosophis*e ,/udi51 ii1 #fja4 #ccg ,physiol4 ,psy*41 #b;d ed4 ii1 #bgc-d2 #c;d ed4 ii1 #cci2 ,philosophis*e ,/udi51 ii1 #fba ff4--,i "k t ,i am /upid1 b ,i confess ,i f9d ^! !oretical /atem5ts1 especially ,wundt's1 a little hazy4 ,h]r v4 ,ts*is* consid]s x impossible t ! p]ception ( ! index's position %\ld come 9 too late1 & says x dem&s no p>ticul> att5tion 7p4 #fbb74 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t ?is c h>dly be ! case4 ,bo? obs]v]s speak ( ! difficulty ( see+ ! index at ! "r mom5t4 ,! case is q diff]5t f t ( di/ribut+ ! att5tion imp>tially ov] simultane\s mom5t>y s5sations4 ,! bell or o!r signal gives a mom5t>y s5sation1 ! index a cont9u\s "o1 ( motion4 ,to note any "o position ( ! latt] is to int]rupt ?is s5sation ( motion & to sub/itute an entirely diff]5t p]cept--"o1 namely1 ( position--= x1 dur+ a "t h[ev] brief4 ,?is involves a sudd5 *ange 9 ! mann] ( att5d+ to ! revolutions ( ! index2 :i* *ange ought to take place nei!r soon] nor lat] ?an ! mom5t>y impression1 & fix ! index z x is !n & !re visible4 ,n[ ?is is n a case ( simply gett+ two s5sations at once & s feel+ !m--:i* w\ld be an h>moni\s act2 b ( /opp+ "o & *ang+ x into ano!r1 :il/ we simultane\sly get a ?ird4 ,two ( ^! acts are discrepant1 & ! :ole ?ree r int]f]e ) ea* o!r4 ,x becomes h>d to 'fix' ! index at ! v in/ant t we cat* ! mom5t>y impression2 s we fall into a way ( fix+ x ei!r at ! la/ possible mom5t be=e1 or at ! fir/ possible mom5t aft]1 ! impression comes4 ,?is at lea/ seems to me ! m probable /ate ( affairs4 ,if we fix ! index be=e ! impression really comes1 t means t we p]ceive x too late4 ,b :y d we fix x be=e :5 ! impressions come sl[ & simple1 & aft] :5 !y come rapid & complex8 ,& :y "u c]ta9 conditions is !re no displacem5t at all8 ,! answ] :i* sugge/s itself is t :5 !re is j en\gh leisure betwe5 ! impressions = ! att5tion to adapt itself com=tably bo? to !m & to ! index 7"o second 9 ,w4's exp]im5ts71 x c>ries on ! two processes at once2 :5 ! leisure is excessive1 ! att5tion1 foll[+ its own laws ( rip5+1 & be+ ready to note ! index be=e ! o!r impression comes1 notes x !n1 s9ce t is ! mom5t ( easie/ action1 :il/ ! impression1 :i* comes a mom5t lat]1 int]f]es ) not+ x aga92 & f9ally1 t :5 ! leisure is insuffici5t1 ! mom5t>y impressions1 be+ ! m fix$ data1 are att5d$ to fir/1 & ! index is fix$ a little lat] on4 ,! not+ ( ! index at too e>ly a mom5t w\ld be ! not+ ( a real fact1 ) its analogue 9 _m o!r rhy?mical exp]i5ces4 ,9 reaction-"t exp]im5ts1 = example1 :51 9 a regul>ly recurr+ s]ies1 ! /imulus is once 9 a :ile omitt$1 ! obs]v] sometimes reacts z if x came4 ,"h1 z ,wundt some:]e obs]ves1 we cat* ourselves act+ m]ely because our inw>d prep>ation is complete4 ,! 'fix+' ( ! index is a sort ( action2 s t my int]pretation tallies ) facts recogniz$ else:]e2 b ,wundt's explanation 7if ,i und]/& x7 ( ! exp]im5ts requires u to believe t an obs]v] l v4 ,ts*is* %all /eadily & )\t exception get an halluc9ation ( a bell-/roke be=e ! latt] occurs1 & n he> ! real bell-/roke aft]w>ds4 ,i d\bt :e!r ?is is possible1 & ,i c ?9k ( no analogue to x 9 ! re/ ( our exp]i5ce4 ,! :ole subject des]ves to be gone ov] aga94 ,to ,wundt is due ! highe/ cr$it = 8 pati5ce 9 work+ out ! facts4 ,8 explanation ( !m 9 8 e>li] "w 7,vorlesung5 b4 ,m5s*5 und ,?i]seele1 i1 #cg-db1 #cfe-cga7 consi/$ m]ely 9 ! appeal to ! unity ( consci\sness1 & may be consid]$ q crude4 #cch ,note t ! p]man5t int]e/s are !mselves gr\nd$ 9 c]ta9 objects & relations 9 :i* our int]e/ is imm$iate & in/9ctive4 #cci ,h]b>t3 ,psy*ologie als ,wiss5s*aft1 #abh4 #cdj ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton4 ,metaphysics1 lecture xiv4 #cda ,m5tal ,physiol41 #abd4 ,! (t-cit$ case ( soldi]s n p]ceiv+ t !y are w\nd$ is ( an analog\s sort4 #cdb ,pr(4 ,j4 ,m4 ,cattell made exp]im5ts to :i* we %all ref] fur!r on1 on ! degree to :i* reaction-times might be %ort5$ by di/ract+ or volunt>ily conc5trat+ ! att5tion4 ,he says ( ! latt] s]ies t ! av]ages %[ t ! att5tion c be kept /ra9$1 t is1 ! c5tres kept 9 a /ate ( un/able equilibrium1 = "o second 7,m9d1 xi1 #bdj74 #cdc ,physiologis*e ,optik1 #cb4 #cdd ',g5ius1' says ,helvetius1 'is no?+ b a cont9u$ att5tion 7une att5tion suivie74' ',g5ius1' says ,buffon1 'is only a protract$ pati5ce 7une longue pati5ce74' ',9 ! exact sci5ces1 at lea/1' says ,cuvi]1 'x is ! pati5ce ( a s\nd intellect1 :5 inv9cible1 :i* truly con/itutes g5ius4' ,& ,*e/]field has also obs]v$ t '! p[] ( apply+ an att5tion1 /eady & undissipat$1 to a s+le object1 is ! sure m>k ( a sup]ior g5ius4' 7,hamilton3 ,lect4 on ,metaph41 lecture xiv47 #cde ,see1 e4g41 ,ulrici3 ,leib u4 ,seele1 ii1 #bh2 ,lotze3 ,metaphysik1 #bgc2 ,fe*n]1 ,revision d4 ,psy*ophysik1 xix2 ,g4 ,e4 ,mll]3 ,zur ,!orie d4 s9nl4 ,aufm]ksamkeit1 #a2 ,/umpf3 ,tonpsy*ologie1 i1 #ga4 #cdf ,fe*n]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bga4 #cdg ,tonpsy*ologie1 i1 p4 #ga4 #cdh ,comp>e1 on cle>ness z ! ess5tial fruit ( att5tion1 ,lotze's ,metaphysic1 #bgc4 #cdi ,elem5ts1 "p i1 *ap4 ii4 #cej ,physiol4 ,psy*41 #b;d ed4 ii1 #bbf4 #cea ,by a negative value ( ! reaction-"t ,wundt means ! case ( ! reactive movem5t occurr+ be=e ! /imulus4 #ceb ,op4 cit4 ii1 #bci4 #cec ,! read] mu/ n suppose ?is ph5om5on to be ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,exp]i5c$ obs]v]s1 l ,exn] & ,cattell1 d5y hav+ met ) x 9 _! p]sonal exp]i5ce4 #ced ,op4 cit4 pp4 #bda-e4 #cee ,x %\ld be add$ t ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,cattell 7,m9d1 xi1 #cc7 f\nd1 on repeat+ ,wundt's exp]im5ts ) a di/urb+ noise ^u two practis$ obs]v]s1 t ! simple reaction-"t ei!r = light or s\nd 0 h>dly p]ceptibly increas$4 ,mak+ /rong volunt>y conc5tration ( att5tion %ort5$ x by ab\t #j4jac seconds on an av]age 7p4 #bdj74 ,p]=m+ m5tal additions :il/ wait+ = ! /imulus l5g!n$ x m ?an any?+1 app>5tly4 ,= o!r1 less c>eful1 obs]vations1 comp>e ,ob]/e9]1 9 ,bra91 i1 #dci4 ,cattell's negative results %[ h[ f> "s p]sons c ab/ract _! att5tion f /imuli by :i* o!rs w\ld be di/urb$4--,a4 ,b>tels 7,v]su*e b] die ,abl5kung d4 ,aufm]ksamkeit1 ,dorpat1 #ahhi7 f\nd t a /imulus to "o eye sometimes prev5t$1 sometimes improv$1 ! p]ception ( a quickly ensu+ v fa9t /imulus to ! o!r4 #cef ,cf4 ,wundt1 ,physiol4 ,psy*41 #a/ ed4 p4 #gid4 #ceg ,beitrge zur ,exp]im5tell5 ,psy*ologie1 ,heft i1 pp4 #gc-ajf 7#ahhi74 #ceh ,to say ! v lea/1 he always br\ght 8 articulatory inn]vation close to ! dis*>g+ po9t4 ,h]r ,m4 describes a tight5+ ( ! head-muscles z *>act]i/ic ( ! attitude ( att5tion to ! reply4 #cei ,psy*ophysik1 ,bd4 ii1 pp4 #dge-f4 #cfj ,i mu/ say t ,i am :olly unconsci\s ( ! peculi> feel+s 9 ! scalp :i* ,fe*n] goes on to describe4 ,! feel+ ( /ra9$ att5tion 9 ! diff]5t s5se-organs seems to be only a muscul> "o produc$ 9 us+ ^! v>i\s organs by sett+ 9 motion1 by a sort ( reflex action1 ! muscles :i* belong to !m4 ,"o c ask1 !n1 ) :at p>ticul> muscul> contraction ! s5se ( /ra9$ att5tion 9 ! ef=t to recall some?+ is associat$8 ,on ?is "q my own feel+ gives me a decid$ answ]2 x comes to me di/9ctly1 n z a s5sation ( t5sion 9 ! inside ( ! head1 b z a feel+ ( /ra9 & contraction 9 ! scalp ) a pressure f )\t inw>ds ov] ! :ole cranium1 und\bt$ly caus$ by a contraction ( ! muscles ( ! scalp4 ,?is h>monizes v well ) ! ,g]man popul> expression d5 ,kopf zusamm5nehm51 etc41 etc4 ,9 a =m] illness1 9 :i* ,i c\ld n endure ! slighte/ ef=t ( cont9u\s ?\ght1 & _h no !oretical bias on ?is "q1 ! muscles ( ! scalp1 especially ^? ( ! occiput1 assum$ a fairly morbid degree ( s5sibility :5ev] ,i tri$ to ?9k4 7,ibid4 pp4 #dij-dia47 ,9 an e>ly writ+ by ,pr(essor ,ma*1 aft] speak+ ( ! way 9 :i* by att5tion we decompose complex musical s\nds into _! elem5ts1 ?is inve/igator cont9ues3 ,x is m ?an a figure ( spee* :5 "o says t we 'se>*' among ! s\nds4 ,?is he>k5+ se>* is v obs]vably a bodily activity1 j l att5tive look+ 9 ! case ( ! eye4 ,if1 obey+ ! drift ( physiology1 we und]/& by att5tion no?+ my/ical1 b a bodily disposition1 x is mo/ natural to seek x 9 ! v>iable t5sion ( ! muscles ( ! e>4 ,j s1 :at common m5 call att5tive look+ r$uces itself ma9ly to accommodat+ & sett+ ( ! optic axes4444 ,accord+ to ?is1 x seems to me a v plausible view t q g5]ally ,att5tion has its seat 9 ! me*anism ( ! body4 ,if n]v\s "w is be+ done ?r\gh c]ta9 *annels1 t by itself is a me*anical gr\nd = o!r *annels be+ clos$4 7,wi54 ,sitzungsb]i*te1 ,ma?4 ,naturw41 xlviii1 #b1 #big4 #ahfc47 #cfa ,physiol4 ,optik1 p4 #gda4 #cfb ,h]mann's ,h&bu*1 iii1 i1 #edh4 #cfc ,helmholtz3 ,tonempf9dung51 #c;d ed4 #he-i 7,engl4 tr41 #b;d ed4 #ej1 #ea2 see also pp4 #fj-a74 #cfd ,physiol4 ,psy*41 ii1 #bji4 #cfe ,physiol4 ,optik1 #gda4 #cff ,p4 #gbh4 #cfg ,popul> ,sci5tific ,lectures1 ,eng4 ,trans41 p4 #bie4 #cfh ,simil>ly 9 ! v]ses :i* "s "o tri$ to puzzle me ) ! o!r day3 ,gui n'a beau dit1 qui sabot dit1 nid a beau dit elle8 #cfi ,i _c refra9 f ref]r+ 9 a note to an additional set ( facts in/anc$ by ,lotze 9 8 ,m$iz9is*e ,psy*ologie1 #dca1 al?\gh ,i am n satisfi$ ) ! explanation1 fatigue ( ! s5se-organ1 :i* he gives4 ,9 quietly ly+ & contemplat+ a wall-pap] patt]n1 sometimes x is ! gr\nd1 sometimes ! design1 :i* is cle>] & consequ5tly comes ne>]4444 ,arabesques ( mono*romic _m-convolut$ l9es n[ /rike u z compos$ ( "o1 n[ ( ano!r connect$ l9e> sy/em1 & all )\t any int5tion on our "p4 ,?is is beautifully se5 9 ,moori% patt]ns2 b a simple diagram l ,fig4 #ci also %[s x well4 ,we see x sometimes z two l>ge triangles sup]pos$1 sometimes z a hexagon ) angles spann+ its sides1 sometimes z six small triangles /uck toge!r at _! corn]s4444 ,(t5 x happ5s 9 rev]y t :5 we />e at a picture1 sudd5ly "s "o ( its features w be lit up ) especial cle>ness1 al?\gh nei!r its optical "* nor its mean+ discloses any motive = su* an ar\sal ( ! att5tion4444 ,to "o 9 process ( becom+ dr[sy ! surr\nd+s alt]nately fade into d>kness & abruptly bright5 up4 ,! talk ( ! by/&]s seems n[ to come f indef9ite di/ances2 b at ! next mom5t x />tles u by its ?reat5+ l\dness at our v e>1 etc4 ,^! v>iations1 :i* ev]yone w h notic$1 are1 x seems to me1 easily explicable by ! v un/able equilibrium ( our ideational c5tres1 ( :i* con/ant *ange is ! law4 ,we conceive "o set ( l9es z object1 ! o!r z backgr\nd1 & =?) ! fir/ set becomes ! set we see4 ,!re ne$ be no logical motive = ! conceptual *ange1 ! irradiations ( bra9-tracts by ea* o!r1 accord+ to accid5ts ( nutrition1 'l sp>ks 9 burnt-up pap]1' suffice4 ,! *anges dur+ dr[s9ess are /ill m obvi\sly due to ?is cause4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 #cgj ,! ,emotions & ! ,w1 #c;d ed4 p4 #cgj4 #cga ,psy*ologie de l',att5tion 7#ahhi71 p4 #cb ff4 #cgb ,philosophis*e ,/udi51 iv1 #dac ff4 #cgc ,see ,lange1 loc4 cit4 p4 #dag1 = ano!r pro( ( 8 view1 drawn f ! ph5om5on ( ret9al rivalry4 #cgd ,_m ( my /ud5ts h at my reque/ exp]im5t$ ) imag9$ lett]s ( ! alphabet & syllables1 & !y tell me t !y c see !m inw>dly z total color$ pictures )\t foll[+ _! outl9es ) ! eye4 ,i am myself a bad visualiz]1 & make movem5ts all ! :ile4--,m4 ,l4 ,m>illi]1 9 an article ( em95t introspective p[] :i* appe>$ aft] my text 0 writt5 7,rem>ques sur le ,mcanisme de l',att5tion1 9 ,revue ,philosophique1 vol4 xxvii1 p4 #eff71 has cont5d$ aga9/ ,ribot & o!rs = ! non-dep5d5ce ( s5sory ^u motor images 9 _! relations to att5tion4 ,i am glad to cite him z an ally4 #cge ,drs4 ,f]ri] 7,functions ( ! ,bra91 #ajb-c7 & ,ob]/e9] 7,bra91 i1 #dci ff47 treat x z ! ess5tial feature4 ,! au?or ^: treatm5t ( ! subject is by f> ! mo/ ?or\gh & satisfactory is ,pr(4 ,g4 ,e4 ,mll]1 ^: little "w ,zur ,?orie d] s9nli*5 ,aufm]ksamkeit1 ,inauguraldiss]tation1 ,leipzig1 ,edelmann 7#ahgd871 is = le>n+ & acut5ess a model ( :at a monograph %\ld be4 ,i %\ld l to h quot$ f x1 b ! ,g]manism ( its composition makes quotation q impossible4 ,see also ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes3 ,problems ( ,life & ,m9d1 #c;d ,s]ies1 ,prob4 #b1 *ap4 #aj2 ,g4 ,h4 ,s*neid]3 ,d] m5s*li*e ,wille1 #bid ff41 #cji ff42 ,c4 ,/umpf3 ,tonpsy*ologie1 i1 #fg-ge2 ,w4 ,b4 ,c>p5t]3 ,m5tal ,physiology1 *ap4 #c2 ,cappie 9 ',bra91' ,july #ahhf 7hyp]mia-!ory72 ,j4 ,sully 9 ',bra91' ,oct4 #ahij4 #cgf ,l',enfant de trois sept ,ans1 p4 #ajh4 #cgg ,psy*ologie de l',att5tion1 p4 #ec4 #cgh ,repetition ( ?is sort does n conf] intellig5ce ( :at is said1 x only keeps ! m9d f w&]+ into o!r *annels4 ,! intellig5ce sometimes comes 9 beats1 z x 71 at ! end ( s5t5ces1 or 9 ! mid/ ( words :i* 7 m]e words until !n4 ,see above1 p4 #bha4 #cgi ,! read] w please obs]ve t ,i am say+ all t c possibly be said 9 favor ( ! effect-!ory1 s9ce1 incl9+ z ,i d myself to ! cause-!ory1 ,i d n want to und]value ! enemy4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 "o might beg9 to take "o's /& aga9/ ! effect !ory at ! outset1 ) ! ph5om5on ( imm$iate s5sorial att5tion4 ,"o might say t att5tion causes ! movem5ts ( adju/m5t ( ! eyes1 = example1 & is n m]ely _! effect4 ,h]+ writes mo/ emphatically to ?is effect3 ,! movem5ts f "o po9t ( fixation to ano!r are occasion$ & regulat$ by ! *anges ( place ( ! att5tion4 ,:5 an object1 se5 at fir/ indirectly1 draws our att5tion to itself1 ! correspond+ movem5t ( ! eye foll[s )\t fur!r ado1 z a consequ5ce ( ! att5tion's migration & ( our ef=t to make ! object di/9ct4 ,! w&]+ ( ! att5tion entails t ( ! fixation po9t4 ,be=e its movem5t beg9s1 its goal is already 9 consci\sness & grasp$ by ! att5tion1 & ! location ( ?is spot 9 ! total space se5 is :at det]m9es ! direction & am\nt ( ! movem5t ( ! eye4 7,h]mann's ,h&bu*1 p4 #ecd47 ,i d n "h insi/ on ?is1 because x is h>d to tell :e!r ! att5tion or ! movem5t comes fir/ 7,h]+'s reasons1 pp4 #ece-f1 also #edd-f1 seem to me ambigu\s71 & because1 ev5 if ! att5tion to ! object does come fir/1 x may be a m]e effect ( /imulus & association4 ,ma*'s !ory t ! w to look is ! space-feel+ itself may be comp>$ ) ,h]+'s 9 ?is place4 ,see ,ma*'s ,beitrge zur ,analyse d] ,empf9dung5 7#ahhf71 pp4 #ee ff4 #chj ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley1 ,is !re a ,special ,activity ( ,att5tion8 9 ',m9d1' xi1 #cje1 & ,lipps1 ,grundtatsa*51 *aps4 iv & xxx1 h /at$ x simil>ly4 #cha ,m w be said ( ! matt] :5 we come to ! *apt] on ! ,w4 #chb ,see1 = a def5ce ( ! notion ( inw>d activity1 ,mr4 ,james ,w>d's se>*+ articles 9 ',m9d1' xii1 #de & #efd4 #chc ,x mu/ be admitt$ t "s little "t w (t5 elapse be=e ?is ef=t succe$s4 ,z a *ild1 ,i slept 9 a nurs]y ) a v l\d-tick+ clock1 & rememb] my a/oni%m5t m ?an once1 on li/5+ = its tick1 to f9d myself unable to cat* x = :at seem$ a long space ( "t2 !n sudd5ly x w\ld break into my consci\sness ) an almo/ />tl+ l\dness4--,m4 ,delbuf some:]e n>rates h[1 sleep+ 9 ! c\ntry ne> a mill-dam1 he woke 9 ! night & ?\ght ! wat] _h ceas$ to fl[1 b on look+ out ( ! op5 w9d[ saw x fl[+ 9 ! moonlight1 & !n he>d x too4 #chd ,zur ,!orie d4 s9nl4 ,aufm]ksamkeit1 p4 #abh foll4 #che ,i h begun to inquire exp]im5tally :e!r any ( ! measurable functions ( ! workm5 *ange aft] ! d9 ( ma*9]y /ops at a work%op4 ,s f> ,i h f\nd no con/ant results z reg>ds ei!r pulse1 brea?+1 or /r5g? ( squeeze by ! h&4 ,i hope to prosecute ! inquiry f>!r 7,may1 #ahij74 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,conception4 ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,sam5ess4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,viii1 p4 #bba1 ! di/9ction 0 drawn betwe5 two k9ds ( k ( ?+s1 b>e acqua9tance ) !m & k ab\t !m4 ,! possibility ( two su* kn[l$ges dep5ds on a fundam5tal psy*ical peculi>ity :i* may be entitl$ ! pr9ciple ( con/ancy 9 ! m9d's mean+s & :i* may be ?us express$3 ,! same matt]s c be ?\ght ( 9 successive portions ( ! m5tal /ream1 & "s ( ^! portions c "k t !y mean ! same matt]s :i* ! o!r portions meant4 ,"o might put x o!rwise by say+ t ! m9d c always int5d1 & "k :5 x int5ds1 to ?9k ( ! ,same4 ,?is s5se ( sam5ess is ! v keel & backbone ( our ?9k+4 ,we saw 9 ,*apt] ,x h[ ! consci\sness ( p]sonal id5tity repos$ on x1 ! pres5t ?\ght f9d+ 9 its memories a w>m? & intimacy :i* x recognizes z ! same w>m? & intimacy x n[ feels4 ,?is s5se ( id5tity ( ! kn[+ subject is held by "s philosoph]s to be ! only vehicle by :i* ! _w hangs toge!r4 ,x seems h>dly necess>y to say t a s5se ( id5tity ( ! kn[n object w\ld p]=m exactly ! same unify+ function1 ev5 if ! s5se ( subjective id5tity 7 lo/4 ,& )\t ! int5tion to ?9k ( ! same out] ?+s ov] & ov] aga91 & ! s5se t we 7 do+ s1 our s5se ( our own p]sonal sam5ess w\ld c>ry u b a little way t[>ds mak+ a univ]se ( our exp]i5ce4 ,note1 h[ev]1 t we are 9 ! fir/ in/ance speak+ ( ! s5se ( sam5ess f ! po9t ( view ( ! m9d's /ructure alone1 & n f ! po9t ( view ( ! univ]se4 ,we are psy*ologiz+1 n philosophiz+1 ,t is1 we d n c>e :e!r !re be any real sam5ess 9 ?+s or n1 or :e!r ! m9d be true or false 9 its assumptions ( x4 ,our pr9ciple only lays x d[n t ! m9d makes cont9ual use ( ! notion ( sam5ess1 & if depriv$ ( x1 w\ld h a diff]5t /ructure f :at x has4 ,9 a ^w1 ! pr9ciple t ! m9d c mean ! ,same is true ( its mean+s1 b n necess>ily ( aught besides4#chf ,! m9d mu/ conceive z possible t ! ,same %\ld be be=e x1 = our exp]i5ce to be ! sort ( ?+ x is4 ,)\t ! psy*ological s5se ( id5tity1 sam5ess might ra9 d[n ^u u f ! out] _w = ev] & we be none ! wis]4 ,) ! psy*ological s5se1 on ! o!r h&1 ! out] _w might be an unbrok5 flux1 & yet we %\ld p]ceive a repeat$ exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 n[1 ! _w may be a place 9 :i* ! same ?+ nev] did & nev] w come twice4 ,! ?+ we mean to po9t at may *ange f top to bottom & we be ignorant ( ! fact4 ,b 9 our mean+ itself we are n deceiv$2 our int5tion is to ?9k ( ! same4 ,! "n :i* ,i h giv5 to ! pr9ciple1 9 call+ x ! law ( con/ancy 9 our mean+s1 acc5tuates its subjective "*1 & ju/ifies u 9 lay+ x d[n z ! mo/ important ( all ! features ( our m5tal /ructure4 ,n all psy*ic life ne$ be assum$ to h ! s5se ( sam5ess develop$ 9 ?is way4 ,9 ! consci\sness ( worms & polyps1 ?\gh ! same realities may frequ5tly impress x1 ! feel+ ( sam5ess may seldom em]ge4 ,we1 h[ev]1 runn+ back & =?1 l spid]s on ! web !y weave1 feel ourselves to be work+ ov] id5tical mat]ials & ?9k+ !m 9 diff]5t ways4 ,& ! man :o id5tifies ! mat]ials mo/ is held to h ! mo/ philosophic human m9d4 ,,conception ,,def9$4 ,! function by :i* we ?us id5tify a num]ically di/9ct & p]man5t subject ( disc\rse is call$ ,,conception2 & ! ?\ghts :i* are its vehicles are call$ concepts4 ,b ! ^w 'concept' is (t5 us$ z if x /ood = ! object ( disc\rse itself2 & ?is loos5ess fe$s su* evasiv5ess 9 discussion t ,i %all avoid ! use ( ! expression concept altoge!r1 & speak ( 'conceiv+ /ate ( m9d1' or some?+ simil>1 in/ead4 ,! ^w 'conception' is unambigu\s4 ,x prop]ly d5otes nei!r ! m5tal /ate nor :at ! m5tal /ate signifies1 b ! relation betwe5 ! two1 namely1 ! function ( ! m5tal /ate 9 signify+ j t p>ticul> ?+4 ,x is pla9 t "o & ! same m5tal /ate c be ! vehicle ( _m conceptions1 c mean a p>ticul> ?+1 & a great deal m besides4 ,if x has su* a multiple conceptual function1 x may be call$ an act ( comp\nd conception4 ,we may conceive realities suppos$ to be extra-m5tal1 z /eam-eng9e2 fictions1 z m]maid2 or m]e entia rationis1 l diff]5ce or non5tity4 ,b :atev] we d conceive1 our conception is ( t & no?+ else--no?+ else1 t is1 in/ead ( t1 ?\gh x may be ( mu* else 9 addition to t4 ,ea* act ( conception results f our att5tion s+l+ out "s "o "p ( ! mass ( matt] = ?\ght :i* ! _w pres5ts1 & hold+ fa/ to x1 )\t confusion4#chg ,confusion occurs :5 we d n "k :e!r a c]ta9 object propos$ to u is ! same ) "o ( our mean+s or n2 s t ! conceptual function requires1 to be complete1 t ! ?\ght %\ld n only say ',i mean ?is1' b also say ',i don't mean t4'#chh ,ea* conception ?us et]nally rema9s :at x is1 & nev] c become ano!r4 ,! m9d may *ange its /ates1 & its mean+s1 at diff]5t times2 may drop "o conception & take up ano!r1 b ! dropp$ conception c 9 no intelligible s5se be said to *ange into its successor4 ,! pap]1 a mom5t ago :ite1 ,i may n[ see to h be5 scor*$ black4 ,b my conception ':ite' does n *ange into my conception 'black4' ,on ! contr>y1 x /ays alongside ( ! objective blackness1 z a diff]5t mean+ 9 my m9d1 & by s do+ lets me judge ! blackness z ! pap]'s *ange4 ,unless x /ay$1 ,i %\ld simply say 'blackness' & "k no m4 ,?us1 amid ! flux ( op9ions & ( physical ?+s1 ! _w ( conceptions1 or ?+s int5d$ to be ?\ght ab\t1 /&s /iff & immutable1 l ,plato's ,realm ( ,ideas4#chi ,"s conceptions are ( ?+s1 "s ( ev5ts1 "s ( qualities4 ,any fact1 be x ?+1 ev5t1 or quality1 may be conceiv$ suffici5tly = purposes ( id5tification1 if only x be s+l$ out & m>k$ s z to sep>ate x f o!r ?+s4 ,simply call+ x '?is' or 't' w suffice4 ,to speak 9 te*nical language1 a subject may be conceiv$ by its d5otation1 ) no connotation1 or a v m9imum ( connotation1 atta*$4 ,! ess5tial po9t is t x %\ld be re-id5tifi$ by u z t :i* ! talk is ab\t2 & no full repres5tation ( x is necess>y = ?is1 ev5 :5 x is a fully repres5table ?+4 ,9 ?is s5se1 creatures extremely l[ 9 ! intellectual scale may h conception4 ,all t is requir$ is t !y %\ld recognize ! same exp]i5ce aga94 ,a polyp w\ld be a conceptual ?9k] if a feel+ ( ',hollo6 ?+umbob aga96' ev] flitt$ ?r\gh its m9d4 ,mo/ ( ! objects ( our ?\ght1 h[ev]1 are to "s degree repres5t$ z well z m]ely po9t$ out4 ,ei!r !y are ?+s & ev5ts p]ceiv$ or imag9$1 or !y are qualities appreh5d$ 9 a positive way4 ,ev5 :]e we h no intuitive acqua9tance ) ! nature ( a ?+1 if we "k any ( ! relations ( x at all1 any?+ ab\t x1 t is en\gh to individualize & di/+ui% x f all ! o!r ?+s :i* we might mean4 ,_m ( our topics ( disc\rse are ?us problematical1 or def9$ by _! relations only4 ,we ?9k ( a ?+ ab\t :i* c]ta9 facts mu/ obta91 b we d n yet "k h[ ! ?+ w look :5 x is realiz$4 ,?us we conceive ( a p]petual-motion ma*9e4 ,x is a qusitum ( a p]fectly def9ite k9d1--we c always tell :e!r ! actual ma*9es (f]$ u d or d n agree ) :at we mean by x4 ,! natural possibility or impossibility ( ! ?+ does n t\* ! "q ( its conceivability 9 ?is problematic way4 ',r\nd squ>e1' 'black-:ite-?+1' are absolutely def9ite conceptions2 x is a m]e accid5t1 z f> z conception goes1 t !y happ5 to /& = ?+s :i* nature nev] lets u s5sibly p]ceive4#cij ,,conceptions ,,are ,,un*angeable4 ,! fact t ! same real topic ( disc\rse is at "o "t conceiv$ z a m]e 't' or 't :i*1 etc41' & is at ano!r "t conceiv$ ) additional specifications1 has be5 treat$ by _m au?ors z a pro( t conceptions !mselves are f]tile & self-develop+4 ,a conception1 accord+ to ! ,hegeliz]s 9 philosophy1 'develops its own significance1' 'makes explicit :at x implicitly conta9$1' passes1 on occasion1 'ov] into its opposite1' & 9 %ort loses altoge!r ! blankly self-id5tical "* we suppos$ x to ma9ta94 ,! figure we view$ z a polygon appe>s to u n[ z a sum ( juxtapos$ triangles2 ! numb] hi!rto conceiv$ z ?irte5 is at la/ notic$ to be six plus sev51 or prime2 ! man ?\ght hone/ is believ$ a rogue4 ,su* *anges ( our op9ion are view$ by ^! ?9k]s z evolutions ( our conception1 f )94 ,! facts are unque/ionable2 our k does gr[ & *ange by rational & inw>d processes1 z well z by empirical discov]ies4 ,:]e ! discov]ies are empirical1 no "o pret5ds t ! propulsive ag5cy1 ! =ce t makes ! k develop1 is m]e conception4 ,all admit x to be our cont9u$ exposure to ! ?+1 ) its p[] to impress our s5ses4 ,?us /ry*n91 :i* ta/es bitt]1 we f9d w also kill1 etc4 ,n[ ,i say t :]e ! new k m]ely comes f ?9k+1 ! facts are ess5tially ! same1 & t to talk ( self-developm5t on ! "p ( our conceptions is a v bad way ( /at+ ! case4 ,n new s5sations1 z 9 ! empirical in/ance1 b new conceptions1 are ! indisp5sable conditions ( advance4 ,= if ! alleg$ cases ( self-developm5t be exam9$ x w be f\nd1 ,i believe1 t ! new tru? affirms 9 e case a relation betwe5 ! orig9al subject ( conception & "s new subject conceiv$ lat] on4 ,^! new subjects ( conception arise 9 v>i\s ways4 ,e "o ( our conceptions is ( some?+ :i* our att5tion orig9ally tore out ( ! cont9uum ( felt exp]i5ce1 & provisionally isolat$ s z to make ( x an individual topic ( disc\rse4 ,e "o ( !m has a way1 if ! m9d is left alone ) x1 ( sugge/+ o!r p>ts ( ! cont9uum f :i* x 0 torn1 = conception to "w ^u 9 a simil> way4 ,?is 'sugge/ion' is (t5 no m ?an :at we %all lat] "k z ! association ( ideas4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 x is a sort ( invitation to ! m9d to play1 add l9es1 break numb]-gr\ps1 etc4 ,:atev] x is1 x br+s new conceptions into consci\sness1 :i* latt] !reupon may or may n expressly att5d to ! relation 9 :i* ! new /&s to ! old4 ,?us ,i h a conception ( equidi/ant l9es4 ,sudd5ly1 ,i "k n :5ce1 !re pops into my head ! conception ( _! meet+4 ,sudd5ly aga9 ,i ?9k ( ! meet+ & ! equidi/ance bo? toge!r1 & p]ceive !m incompatible4 ,^? l9es w nev] meet1 ,i say4 ,sudd5ly aga9 ! ^w 'p>allel' pops into my head4 ',!y are p>allels1' ,i cont9ue2 & s on4 ,orig9al conceptions to />t )2 adv5titi\s conceptions pu%$ =w>d by multif>i\s psy*ologic causes2 comp>isons & comb9ations ( ! two2 resultant conceptions to end )2 :i* latt] may be ( ei!r rational or empirical relations4 ,z reg>ds ^! relations1 !y are conceptions ( ! second degree1 z "o might say1 & _! bir?place is ! m9d itself4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xxviii ,i %all at consid]able l5g? def5d ! m9d's claim to orig9ality & f]tility 9 br++ !m =?4 ,b no s+le "o ( ! m9d's conceptions is f]tile ( itself z ! op9ion :i* ,i criticise pret5ds4 ,:5 ! sev]al notes ( a *ord are s\nd$ toge!r1 we get a new feel+ f _! comb9ation4 ,?is feel+ is due to ! m9d react+ ^u t gr\p ( s\nds 9 t det]m9ate way1 & no "o w\ld ?9k ( say+ ( any s+le note ( ! *ord t x 'develop$' ( itself into ! o!r notes or into ! feel+ ( h>mony4 ,s ( ,conceptions4 ,no "o ( !m develops into any o!r4 ,b if two ( !m are ?\ght at once1 _! relation may come to consci\sness1 & =m matt] = a ?ird conception4 ,take '?irte5' = example1 :i* is said to develop into 'prime4' ,:at really happ5s is t we comp>e ! utt]ly *angeless conception ( ?irte5 ) v>i\s o!r conceptions1 ^? ( ! diff]5t multiples ( two1 ?ree1 f\r1 five1 & six1 & asc]ta9 t x diff]s f !m all4 ,su* diff]5ce is a fre%ly asc]ta9$ relation4 ,x is only = m]e brevity's sake t we call x a prop]ty ( ! orig9al ?irte51 ! prop]ty ( be+ prime4 ,we %all see 9 ! next *apt] t 7if we c\nt out /hetic & moral relations betwe5 ?+s7 ! only important relations ( :i* ! m]e inspection ( conceptions makes u aw>e are relations ( comp>ison1 t is1 ( diff]5ce & no-diff]5ce1 betwe5 !m4 ,! judgm5t #f #g #ac expresses ! relation ( equality betwe5 two ideal objects1 #ac on ! "o h& & #f #g on ! o!r1 successively conceiv$ & comp>$4 ,! judgm5ts #f #g #ab1 or #f #g #ad1 express 9 l mann] relations ( inequality betwe5 ideal objects4 ,b if x be unfair to say t ! conception ( #f #g g5]ates t ( #ab or ( #ad1 surely x is z unfair to say t x g5]ates t ( #ac4 ,! conceptions ( #ab1 #ac1 & #ad are ea* & all g5]at$ by individual acts ( ! m9d1 play+ ) its mat]ials4 ,:51 comp>+ two ideal objects1 we f9d !m equal1 ! conception ( "o ( !m may be t ( a :ole & ( ! o!r t ( all its p>ts4 ,?is p>ticul> case is1 x seems to me1 ! only case :i* makes ! notion ( "o conception evolv+ into ano!r s\nd plausible4 ,b ev5 9 ?is case ! conception1 z su*1 ( ! :ole does n evolve into ! conception1 z su*1 ( ! p>ts4 ,let ! conception ( "s object z a :ole be giv5 fir/4 ,to beg9 )1 x po9ts to & id5tifies = future ?\ght a c]ta9 t4 ,! ':ole' 9 "q might be "o ( ^? me*anical puzzles ( :i* ! difficulty is to unlock ! p>ts4 ,9 ?is case1 nobody w\ld pret5d t ! ri*] & m elaborate conception :i* we ga9 ( ! puzzle aft] solv+ x came directly out ( our fir/ crude conception ( x1 = x is notori\sly ! outcome ( exp]im5t+ ) our h&s4 ,x is true t1 z !y bo? mean t same puzzle1 our e>li] ?\ght & our lat] ?\ght h "o conceptual function1 are vehicles ( "o conception4 ,b 9 addition to be+ ! vehicle ( ?is bald un*ang+ conception1 't same puzzle1' ! lat] ?\ght is ! vehicle ( all ^? o!r conceptions :i* x took ! manual exp]im5tation to acquire4 ,n[1 x is j ! same :]e ! :ole is ma!matical in/ead ( be+ me*anical4 ,let x be a polygonal space1 :i* we cut into triangles1 & ( :i* we !n affirm t x is ^? triangles4 ,"h ! exp]im5tation 7al?\gh usually done by a p5cil 9 ! h&s7 may be done by ! unaid$ imag9ation4 ,we hold ! space1 fir/ conceiv$ z polygonal simply1 9 our m9d's eye until our att5tion w&]+ to & fro )9 x has c>v$ x into ! triangles4 ,! triangles are a new conception1 ! result ( ?is new op]ation4 ,hav+ once conceiv$ !m1 h[ev]1 & comp>$ !m ) ! old polygon :i* we orig9ally conceiv$ & :i* we h nev] ceas$ conceiv+1 we judge !m to fit exactly into its area4 ,! e>li] & lat] conceptions1 we say1 are ( "o & ! same space4 ,b ?is relation betwe5 triangles & polygon :i* ! m9d _c help f9d+ if x comp>es !m at all1 is v badly express$ by say+ t ! old conception has develop$ into ! new4 ,new conceptions come f new s5sations1 new movem5ts1 new emotions1 new associations1 new acts ( att5tion1 & new comp>isons ( old conceptions1 & n 9 o!r ways4 ,endog5\s prolification is n a mode ( gr[? to :i* conceptions c lay claim4 ,i hope1 !re=e1 t ,i %all n be accus$ ( huddl+ my/]ies out ( sight1 :5 ,i insi/ t ! psy*ology ( conception is n ! place 9 :i* to treat ( ^? ( cont9uity & *ange4 ,conceptions =m ! "o class ( entities t _c "u any circum/ances *ange4 ,!y c cease to be1 altoge!r2 or !y c /ay1 z :at !y sev]ally are2 b !re is = !m no middle way4 ,!y =m an ess5tially discont9u\s sy/em1 & translate ! process ( our p]ceptual exp]i5ce1 :i* is naturally a flux1 into a set ( /agnant & petrifi$ t]ms4 ,! v conception ( flux itself is an absolutely *angeless mean+ 9 ! m9d3 x signifies j t "o ?+1 flux1 immovably4--,&1 ) ?is1 ! doctr9e ( ! flux ( ! concept may be dismiss$1 & ne$ n occupy our att5tion aga94#cia ',,ab/ract' ,,ideas4 ,we h n[ to pass to a less excusable mi/ake4 ,!re are philosoph]s :o d5y t associat$ ?+s c be brok5 asund] at all1 ev5 provisionally1 by ! conceiv+ m9d4 ,! op9ion kn[n z ,nom9alism says t we really nev] frame any conception ( ! p>tial elem5ts ( an exp]i5ce1 b are compell$1 :5ev] we ?9k x1 to ?9k x 9 its totality1 j z x came4 ,i w be sil5t ( m$ival ,nom9alism1 & beg9 ) ,b]keley1 :o is suppos$ to h r$iscov]$ ! doctr9e = himself4 ,8 assev]ations aga9/ 'ab/ract ideas' are among ! (t5e/ quot$ passages 9 philosophic lit]ature4 ,x is agre$1 he says1 on all h&s t ! qualities or modes ( ?+s d nev] really exi/ ea* ( !m ap>t by itself1 & sep>at$ f all o!rs1 b are mix$1 z x 71 & bl5d$ toge!r1 sev]al 9 ! same object4 ,b1 we are told1 ! m9d be+ able to consid] ea* quality s+ly1 or ab/ract$ f ^? o!r qualities ) :i* x is unit$1 does by t means frame to itself ab/ract ideas4444 ,aft] ?is mann]1 x is said1 we come by ! ab/ract idea ( man1 or1 if y please1 humanity1 or human nature2 :]e9 x is true !re is includ$ color1 because !re is no man b has "s color1 b !n x c be nei!r :ite1 nor black1 nor any p>ticul> color1 because !re is no "o p>ticul> color :]e9 all m5 p>take4 ,s likewise !re is includ$ /ature1 b !n x is nei!r tall /ature nor l[ /ature1 nor yet middle /ature1 b some?+ ab/ract$ f all ^!4 ,& s ( ! re/4444 ,:e!r o!rs h ?is wond]ful faculty ( ab/ract+ _! ideas1 !y be/ c tell3 = myself1 ,i f9d inde$ ,i h a faculty ( imag9+ or repres5t+ to myself ! ideas ( ^? p>ticul> ?+s ,i h p]ceiv$ & ( v>i\sly comp\nd+ & divid+ !m4444 ,i c consid] ! h&1 ! eye1 ! nose1 ea* by itself ab/ract$ or sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! body4 ,b !n1 :atev] h& or eye ,i imag9e1 x mu/ h "s p>ticul> %ape & color4 ,likewise ! idea ( man t ,i frame to myself mu/ be ei!r ( a :ite1 or a black1 or a tawny1 a /raight1 or a crook$1 a tall1 or a l[1 or a middle-siz$ man4 ,i _c by any ef=t ( ?\ght conceive ! ab/ract idea above describ$4 ,& x is equally impossible = me to =m ! ab/ract idea ( motion di/9ct f ! body mov+1 & :i* is nei!r swift nor sl[1 curvil9e> nor rectil9e>2 & ! l may be said ( all o!r ab/ract g5]al ideas :atsoev]4444 ,& !re is gr\nd to ?9k mo/ m5 w ackn[l$ge !mselves to be 9 my case4 ,! g5]ality ( m5 :i* are simple & illit]ate nev] pret5d to ab/ract notions4 ,x is said !y are difficult1 & n to be atta9$ )\t pa9s & /udy4 ,n[ ,i w\ld fa9 "k at :at "t x is m5 are employ$ 9 surm\nt+ t difficulty1 & furni%+ !mselves ) ^? necess>y helps = disc\rse4 ,x _c be :5 !y are gr[n up1 = !n x seems !y are n consci\s ( any su* pa9/ak+2 x rema9s !re=e to be ! bus9ess ( _! *ildhood4 ,& surely ! great & multipli$ labor ( fram+ ab/ract notions w be f\nd a h>d task = t t5d] age4 ,is x n a h>d ?+ to imag9e t a c\ple ( *ildr5 _c prate toge!r ( _! sug>-plums & rattles & ! re/ ( _! little tr9kets1 till !y h fir/ tack$ toge!r numb]less inconsi/5cies1 & s fram$ 9 _! m9ds ab/ract g5]al ideas1 & annex$ !m to e common "n !y make use (8#cib ,! note1 s bravely /ruck by ,b]keley1 c\ld n1 h[ev]1 be well su/a9$ 9 face ( ! fact pat5t to e human be+ t we c mean color )\t mean+ any p>ticul> color1 & /ature )\t mean+ any p>ticul> height4 ,james ,mill1 to be sure1 *imes 9 h]oically 9 ! *apt] on ,classification ( 8 ',analysis'2 b 9 8 son ,john ! nom9ali/ic voice has gr[n s weak t1 al?\gh 'ab/ract ideas' are repudiat$ z a matt] ( traditional =m1 ! op9ions utt]$ are really no?+ b a conceptualism a%am$ to call itself by its own legitimate "n4#cic ,conceptualism says ! m9d c conceive any quality or relation x pleases1 & mean no?+ b x1 9 isolation f ev]y?+ else 9 ! _w4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 ! doctr9e :i* we h pr(ess$4 ,john ,mill says3 ,! =mation ( a ,concept does n consi/ 9 sep>at+ ! attributes :i* are said to compose x f all o!r attributes ( ! same object1 & enabl+ u to conceive ^? attributes1 disjo9$ f any o!rs4 ,we nei!r conceive !m1 nor ?9k !m1 nor cognize !m 9 any way1 z a ?+ ap>t1 b solely z =m+1 9 comb9ation ) num]\s o!r attributes1 ! idea ( an individual object4 ,b1 ?\gh mean+ !m only z "p ( a l>g] agglom]ation1 we h ! p[] ( fix+ our att5tion on !m1 to ! neglect ( ! o!r attributes ) :i* we ?9k !m comb9$4 ,:ile ! conc5tration ( att5tion la/s1 if x is suffici5tly int5se1 we may be tempor>ily unconsci\s ( any ( ! o!r attributes1 & may really1 = a brief int]val1 h no?+-pres5t to our m9d b ! attributes con/itu5t ( ! concept4444 ,g5]al concepts1 !re=e1 we h1 prop]ly speak+1 none2 we h only complex ideas ( objects 9 ! concrete3 b we are able to att5d exclusively to c]ta9 p>ts ( ! concrete idea3 & by t exclusive att5tion we enable ^? p>ts to det]m9e exclusively ! c\rse ( our ?\ghts z subsequ5tly call$ up by association2 & are 9 a condition to c>ry on a tra9 ( m$itation or reason+ relat+ to ^? p>ts only1 exactly z if we 7 able to conceive !m sep>ately f ! re/4#cid ,?is is a lovely example ( ,mill's way ( hold+ pi\sly to 8 g5]al /atem5ts1 b conc$+ 9 detail all t _! adv]s>ies ask4 ,if !re be a bett] description extant1 ( a m9d 9 possession ( an 'ab/ract idea1' ?an is conta9$ 9 ! words ,i h italiciz$1 ,i am unacqua9t$ ) x4 ,! ,b]keleyan nom9alism ?us breaks d[n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is easy to lay b>e ! false assumption :i* und]lies ! :ole discussion ( ! "q z hi!rto c>ri$ on4 ,t assumption is t ideas1 9 ord] to "k1 mu/ be ca/ 9 ! exact lik5ess ( :atev] ?+s !y "k1 & t ! only ?+s t c be kn[n are ^? :i* ideas c resemble4 ,! error has n be5 conf9$ to nom9ali/s4 ,omnis cognitio fit p] assimilationem cognosc5tis et cogniti has be5 ! maxim1 m or less explicitly assum$1 ( writ]s ( e s*ool4 ,practically x am\nts to say+ t an idea mu/ be a duplicate edition ( :at x kn[s#cie--;9 o!r words1 t x c only "k itself--or1 m %ortly /ill1 t k 9 any /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 z a self-transc5d5t function1 is impossible4 ,n[ our own blunt /atem5ts ab\t ! ultimat5ess ( ! cognitive relation1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! 'object' ( ! ?\ght & its m]e 'topic' or 'subject ( disc\rse' 7cf4 pp4 #bge ff471 are all at v>iance ) any su* !ory2 & we %all f9d m & m occasion1 z we advance 9 ?is book1 to d5y its g5]al tru?4 ,all t a /ate ( m9d ne$ d1 9 ord] to take cognizance ( a reality1 int5d x1 or be 'ab\t' x1 is to lead to a remot] /ate ( m9d :i* ei!r acts ^u ! reality or resembles x4 ,! only class ( ?\ghts :i* c ) any %[ ( plausibility be said to resemble _! objects are s5sations4 ,! /uff ( :i* all our o!r ?\ghts are compos$ is symbolic1 & a ?\ght atte/s its p]t95cy to a topic by simply t]m9at+1 soon] or lat]1 9 a s5sation :i* resembles ! latt]4 ,b ,mill & ! re/ believe t a ?\ght mu/ be :at x means1 & mean :at x is1 & t if x be a picture ( an entire individual1 x _c mean any "p ( him to ! exclusion ( ! re/4 ,i say no?+ "h ( ! prepo/]\sly false descriptive psy*ology involv$ 9 ! /atem5t t ! only ?+s we c m5tally picture are individuals completely det]m9ate 9 all reg>ds4 ,*apt] ,,xviii w h some?+ to say on t po9t1 & we c ignore x "h4 ,= ev5 if x 7 true t our images 7 always ( concrete individuals1 x w\ld n 9 ! lea/ foll[ t our mean+s 7 ( ! same4 ,! s5se ( our mean+ is an entirely peculi> elem5t ( ! ?\ght4 ,x is "o ( ^? evanesc5t & 'transitive' facts ( m9d :i* introspection _c turn r\nd ^u1 & isolate & hold up = exam9ation1 z an entomologi/ passes r\nd an insect on a p94 ,9 ! 7some:at clumsy7 t]m9ology ,i h us$1 x p]ta9s to ! 'fr+e' ( ! subjective /ate1 & is a 'feel+ ( t5d5cy1' ^: neural c\nt]p>t is und\bt$ly a lot ( dawn+ & dy+ processes too fa9t & complex to be trac$4 ,! geomet]1 ) 8 "o def9ite figure be=e him1 kn[s p]fectly t 8 ?\ghts apply to c\ntless o!r figures z well1 & t al?\gh he sees l9es ( a c]ta9 special bigness1 direction1 color1 etc41 he means n "o ( ^! details4 ,:5 ,i use ! ^w man 9 two diff]5t s5t5ces1 ,i may h bo? times exactly ! same s\nd ^u my lips & ! same picture 9 my m5tal eye1 b ,i may mean1 & at ! v mom5t ( utt]+ ! ^w & imag9+ ! picture1 "k t ,i mean1 two entirely diff]5t ?+s4 ,?us :5 ,i say3 ,:at a wond]ful man ,jones is6 ,i am p]fectly aw>e t ,i mean by man to exclude ,napoleon ,bonap>te or ,smi?4 ,b :5 ,i say3 ,:at a wond]ful ?+ ,man is6 ,i am equally well aw>e t ,i mean to 9clude n only ,jones1 b ,napoleon & ,smi? z well4 ,?is add$ consci\sness is an absolutely positive sort ( feel+1 trans=m+ :at w\ld o!rwise be m]e noise or vision into some?+ und]/ood2 & det]m9+ ! sequel ( my ?9k+1 ! lat] words & images1 9 a p]fectly def9ite way4 ,we saw 9 ,*apt] ,,ix t ! image p] se1 ! nucleus1 is functionally ! lea/ important "p ( ! ?\ght4 ,our doctr9e1 !re=e1 ( ! 'fr+e' leads to a p]fectly satisfactory decision ( ! nom9ali/ic & conceptuali/ic controv]sy1 s f> z x t\*es psy*ology4 ,we mu/ decide 9 favor ( ! conceptuali/s1 & affirm t ! p[] to ?9k ?+s1 qualities1 relations1 or :atev] o!r elem5ts !re may be1 isolat$ & ab/ract$ f ! total exp]i5ce 9 :i* !y appe>1 is ! mo/ indisputable function ( our ?\ght4 ,,univ]sals4 ,aft] ab/ractions1 univ]sals6 ,! 'fr+e1' :i* lets u believe 9 ! "o1 lets u believe 9 ! o!r too4 ,an individual conception is ( some?+ re/rict$1 9 its application1 to a s+le case4 ,a univ]sal or g5]al conception is ( an entire class1 or ( some?+ belong+ to an entire class1 ( ?+s4 ,! conception ( an ab/ract quality is1 tak5 by itself1 nei!r univ]sal nor p>ticul>4#cif ,if ,i ab/ract :ite f ! re/ ( ! w9try l&scape ?is morn+1 x is a p]fectly def9ite conception1 a self-id5tical quality :i* ,i may mean aga92 b1 z ,i h n yet individualiz$ x by expressly mean+ to re/rict x to ?is p>ticul> sn[1 nor ?\ght at all ( ! possibility ( o!r ?+s to :i* x may be applicable1 x is s f> no?+ b a 't1' a 'float+ adjective1' z ,mr4 ,bradley calls x1 or a topic brok5 out f ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,prop]ly x is1 9 ?is /ate1 a s+ul>--,i h 's+l$ x out2' & :51 lat]1 ,i univ]salize or individualize its application1 & my ?\ght turns to mean ei!r ?is :ite or all possible :ites1 ,i am 9 reality mean+ two new ?+s & =m+ two new conceptions4#cig ,su* an alt]ation ( my mean+ has no?+ to d ) any *ange 9 ! image ,i may h 9 my m5tal eye1 b solely ) ! vague consci\sness t surr\nds ! image1 ( ! sph]e to :i* x is int5d$ to apply4 ,we c give no m def9ite acc\nt ( ?is vague consci\sness ?an has be5 giv5 on pp4 #bdi-bff4 ,b t is no reason = d5y+ its pres5ce4#cih ,b ! nom9ali/s & traditional conceptuali/s f9d matt] = an invet]ate qu>rel 9 ^! simple facts4 ,full ( _! notion t an idea1 feel+1 or /ate ( consci\sness c at bottom only be aw>e ( its own quality2 & agree+1 z !y bo? d1 t su* an idea or /ate ( consci\sness is a p]fectly det]m9ate1 s+ul>1 & transitory ?+2 !y f9d x impossible to conceive h[ x %\ld become ! vehicle ( a k ( any?+ p]man5t or univ]sal4 ,to "k a univ]sal1 x mu/ be univ]sal2 = l c only be kn[n by l1 etc4 ,unable to reconcile ^! incompatibles1 ! kn[] & ! kn[n1 ea* side immolates "o ( !m to save ! o!r4 ,! nom9ali/s 'settle ! ha%' ( ! ?+ kn[n by d5y+ x to be ev] a g5u9e univ]sal2 ! conceptuali/s despat* ! kn[] by d5y+ x to be a /ate ( m9d1 9 ! s5se ( be+ a p]i%+ segm5t ( ?\ghts' /ream1 consub/antial ) o!r facts ( s5sibility4 ,!y inv5t1 in/ead ( x1 z ! vehicle ( ! k ( univ]sals1 an actus purus intellectus1 or an ,ego1 ^: function is treat$ z quasi-miracul\s & no?+ if n awe-inspir+1 & :i* x is a sort ( blasphemy to approa* ) ! int5t to expla9 & make common1 or r$uce to l[] t]ms4 ,invok$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance z a vehicle = ! k ( univ]sals1 ! high] pr9ciple pres5tly is made ! indisp5sable vehicle ( all ?9k+ :atev]1 =1 x is cont5d$1 a univ]sal elem5t is pres5t 9 e ?\ght4 ,! nom9ali/s mean:ile1 :o dislike actus purus & awe-inspir+ pr9ciples & despise ! rev]5tial mood1 cont5t !mselves ) say+ t we are mi/ak5 9 suppos+ we ev] get sight ( ! face ( an univ]sal2 & t :at deludes u is no?+ b ! sw>m ( 'individual ideas' :i* may at any "t be awak5$ by ! he>+ ( a "n4 ,if we op5 ! pages ( ei!r s*ool1 we f9d x impossible to tell1 9 all ! :irl ab\t univ]sal & p>ticul>1 :5 ! au?or is talk+ ab\t univ]sals 9 ! m9d1 & :5 ab\t objective univ]sals1 s /rangely are ! two mix$ toge!r4 ,james ,f]ri]1 = example1 is ! mo/ brilliant ( anti-nom9ali/ writ]s4 ,b :o is nimble-witt$ en\gh to c\nt1 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces f him1 ! numb] ( times he /eps f ! kn[n to ! kn[]1 & attributes to bo? :atev] prop]ties he f9ds 9 ei!r "o8 ,to ?9k is to pass f ! s+ul> or p>ticul> to ! idea concept or univ]sal4444 ,ideas are necess>y because no ?9k+ c take place )\t !m4 ,!y are univ]sal1 inasmu* z !y are completely dive/$ ( ! p>ticul>ity :i* *>act]izes all ! ph5om5a ( m]e s5sation4 ,to grasp ! nature ( ?is univ]sality is n easy4 ,p]haps ! be/ means by :i* ?is end may be compass$ is by contra/+ x ) ! p>ticul>4 ,x is n difficult to und]/& t a s5sation1 a ph5om5on ( s5se1 is nev] m ?an ! p>ticul> :i* x is4 ,z su*1 t is1 9 its /rict p>ticul>ity1 x is absolutely un?9kable4 ,9 ! v act ( be+ ?\ght1 some?+ m ?an x em]ges1 & ?is some?+ m _c be aga9 ! p>ticul>4444 ,t5 p>ticul>s p] se _c be ?\ght ( any m ?an "o p>ticul> c be ?\ght (2444 !re always em]ges 9 ?\ght an additional some?+1 :i* is ! possibility ( o!r p>ticul>s to an indef9ite ext5t4444 ,! indef9ite additional some?+ :i* !y are in/ances ( is a univ]sal4444 ,! idea or univ]sal _c possibly be pictur$ 9 ! imag9ation1 = ?is w\ld at once r$uce x to ! p>ticul>4444 ,?is inability to =m any sort ( picture or repres5tation ( an idea does n proce$ f any imp]fection or limitation ( our faculties1 b is a quality inh]5t 9 ! v nature ( intellig5ce4 ,a contradiction is involv$ 9 ! supposition t an idea or a univ]sal c become ! object ei!r ( s5se or ( ! imag9ation4 ,an idea is ?us diametrically oppos$ to an image4#cii ,! nom9ali/s1 on _! side1 admit a quasi-univ]sal1 some?+ :i* we ?9k z if x 7 univ]sal1 ?\gh x is n2 & 9 all t !y say ab\t ?is some?+1 :i* !y expla9 to be 'an indef9ite numb] ( p>ticul> ideas1' ! same vacillation betwe5 ! subjective & ! objective po9ts ( view appe>s4 ,! read] nev] c tell :e!r an 'idea' spok5 ( is suppos$ to be a kn[] or a kn[n4 ,! au?ors !mselves d n di/+ui%4 ,!y want to get some?+ 9 ! m9d :i* %all resemble :at is out ( ! m9d1 h[ev] vaguely1 & !y ?9k t :5 t fact is accompli%$1 no f>!r que/ions w be ask$4 ,james ,mill writes3#djj ,! ^w1 man1 we %all say1 is fir/ appli$ to an individual2 x is fir/ associat$ ) ! idea ( t individual1 & acquires ! p[] ( call+ up ! idea ( him2 x is next appli$ to ano!r individual & acquires ! p[] ( call+ up ! idea ( him2 s ( ano!r & ano!r1 till x has become associat$ ) an indef9ite numb]1 & has acquir$ ! p[] ( call+ up an indef9ite numb] ( ^? ideas indiff]5tly4 ,:at happ5s8 ,x does call up an indef9ite numb] ( ! ideas ( individuals z (t5 z x occurs2 & call+ !m 9 close connection1 x =ms a species ( complex idea ( !m4444 ,x is also a fact1 t :5 an idea becomes to a c]ta9 ext5t complex1 f ! multiplicity ( ! ideas x compreh5ds1 x is ( necessity indi/9ct2444 & ?is indi/9ctness has1 d\btless1 be5 a ma9 cause ( ! my/]y :i* has appe>$ to belong to x4444 ,x ?us appe>s t ! ^w man is n a ^w hav+ a v simple idea1 z 0 ! op9ion ( ! reali/s2 nor a ^w hav+ no idea at all1 z 0 t ( ! e>li] nom9ali/s2 b a ^w call+ up an indef9ite numb] ( ideas1 by ! irresi/ible laws ( association1 & =m+ !m into "o v complex & indi/9ct1 b n !re=e un9telligible1 idea4 ,b]keley _h already said3#dja ,a ^w becomes g5]al by be+ made ! sign1 n ( an ab/ract g5]al idea1 b ( _m sev]al p>ticul> ideas1 any "o ( :i* x indiff]5tly sugge/s to ! m9d4 ,an idea :i*1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is p>ticul>1 becomes g5]al by be+ made to repres5t or /& = all o!r p>ticul> ideas ( ! same sort4 ',/& =1' n "k2 'becomes g5]al1' n becomes aw>e ( some?+ g5]al2 'p>ticul> ideas1' n p>ticul> ?+s--ev]y:]e ! same timidity ab\t begg+ ! fact ( kn[+1 & ! pitifully impot5t attempt to foi/ x 9 ! %ape ( a mode ( be+ ( 'ideas4' ,if ! fact to be conceiv$ be ! indef9itely num]\s actual & possible memb]s ( a class1 !n x is assum$ t if we c only get en\gh ideas to huddle toge!r = a mom5t 9 ! m9d1 ! be+ ( ea* sev]al "o ( !m !re w be an equival5t = ! kn[+1 or mean+1 ( "o memb] ( ! class 9 "q2 & _! numb] w be s l>ge z to confuse our tally & leave x d\btful :e!r all ! possible memb]s ( ! class h ?us be5 satisfactorily told (f or n4 ,( c\rse ?is is nons5se4 ,an idea nei!r is :at x kn[s1 nor kn[s :at x is2 nor w sw>ms ( copies ( ! same 'idea1' recurr+ 9 /]eotyp$ =m1 or 'by ! irresi/ible laws ( association =m$ into "o idea1' ev] be ! same ?+ z a ?\ght ( 'all ! possible memb]s' ( a class4 ,we mu/ mean t by an altoge!r special bit ( consci\sness ad hoc4 ,b x is easy to translate ,b]keley's1 ,hume's1 & ,mill's notion ( a sw>m ( ideas into c]ebral t]ms1 & s to make !m /& = some?+ real2 &1 9 ?is s5se1 ,i ?9k ! doctr9e ( ^! au?ors less holl[ ?an ! opposite "o :i* makes ! vehicle ( univ]sal conceptions to be an actus purus ( ! s\l4 ,if ea* 'idea' /& = "s special nasc5t n]ve-process1 !n ! aggregate ( ^! nasc5t processes might h = its consci\s correlate a psy*ic 'fr+e1' :i* %\ld be j t univ]sal mean+1 or int5tion t ! "n or m5tal picture employ$ %\ld mean all ! possible individuals ( ! class4 ,e peculi> complication ( bra9-processes mu/ h "s peculi> correlate 9 ! s\l4 ,to "o set ( processes w correspond ! ?\ght ( an indef9ite tak+ ( ! ext5t ( a ^w l man2 to ano!r set t ( a p>ticul> tak+2 & to a ?ird set t ( a univ]sal tak+1 ( ! ext5t ( ! same ^w4 ,! ?\ght correspond+ to ei!r set ( processes1 is always itself a unique & s+ul> ev5t1 ^: dep5d5ce on its peculi> n]ve-process ,i ( c\rse am f> f pr(ess+ to expla94#djb ,truly 9 comp>ison ) ! fact t e conception1 :atev] x be (1 is "o ( ! m9d's immutable possessions1 ! "q :e!r a s+le ?+1 or a :ole class ( ?+s1 or only an unassign$ quality1 be meant by x1 is an insignificant matt] ( detail4 ,our mean+s are ( s+ul>s1 p>ticul>s1 indef9ites1 & univ]sals1 mix$ toge!r 9 e way4 ,a s+ul> individual is z mu* conceiv$ :5 he is isolat$ & id5tifi$ away f ! re/ ( ! _w 9 my m9d1 z is ! mo/ r>efi$ & univ]sally applicable quality he may possess--be+1 = example1 :5 treat$ 9 ! same way4#djc ,f e po9t ( view1 ! ov]:elm+ & port5t\s "* ascrib$ to univ]sal conceptions is surpris+4 ,:y1 f ,plato & ,ari/otle d[nw>ds1 philosoph]s %\ld h vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 scorn ( ! k ( ! p>ticul>1 & 9 adoration ( t ( ! g5]al1 is h>d to und]/&1 see+ t ! m adorable k ought to be t ( ! m adorable ?+s1 & t ! ?+s ( wor? are all concretes & s+ul>s4 ,! only value ( univ]sal *>act]s is t !y help u1 by reason+1 to "k new tru?s ab\t individual ?+s4 ,! re/riction ( "o's mean+1 moreov]1 to an individual ?+1 probably requires ev5 m complicat$ bra9-processes ?an its ext5sion to all ! in/ances ( a k9d2 & ! m]e my/]y1 z su*1 ( ! k1 is equally great1 :e!r g5]als or s+ul>s be ! ?+s kn[n4 ,9 sum1 !re=e1 ! traditional univ]sal-wor%ip c only be call$ a bit ( p]v]se s5tim5talism1 a philosophic 'idol ( ! cave4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,x may seem h>dly necess>y to add 7:at foll[s z a matt] ( c\rse f pp4 #bbi-bcg1 & :at has be5 impli$ 9 our ass]tions all along7 t no?+ c be conceiv$ twice ov] )\t be+ conceiv$ 9 entirely diff]5t /ates ( m9d4 ,?us1 my arm-*air is "o ( ! ?+s ( :i* ,i h a conception2 ,i knew x ye/]day & recogniz$ x :5 ,i look$ at x4 ,b if ,i ?9k ( x to-day z ! same arm-*air :i* ,i look$ at ye/]day1 x is obvi\s t ! v conception ( x z ! same is an additional complication to ! ?\ght1 ^: inw>d con/itution mu/ alt] 9 consequ5ce4 ,9 %ort1 x is logically impossible t ! same ?+ %\ld be kn[n z ! same by two successive copies ( ! same ?\ght4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ?\ghts by :i* we "k t we mean ! same ?+ are apt to be v diff]5t inde$ f ea* o!r4 ,we ?9k ! ?+ n[ 9 "o context1 n[ 9 ano!r2 n[ 9 a def9ite image1 n[ 9 a symbol4 ,sometimes our s5se ( its id5tity p]ta9s to ! m]e fr+e1 sometimes x involves ! nucleus1 ( our ?\ght4 ,we nev] c break ! ?\ght asund] & tell j :i* "o ( its bits is ! "p t lets u "k :i* subject is ref]r$ to2 b nev]!less we always d "k :i* ( all possible subjects we h 9 m9d4 ,introspective psy*ology mu/ "h ?r[ up ! sponge2 ! fluctuations ( subjective life are too exquisite to be arre/$ by its co>se means4 ,x mu/ conf9e itself to be>+ witness to ! fact t all sorts ( diff]5t subjective /ates d =m ! vehicle by :i* ! same is kn[n2 & x mu/ contradict ! opposite view4 ,! ord9>y ,psy*ology ( 'ideas' con/antly talks z if ! vehicle ( ! same ?+-kn[n mu/ be ! same recurr5t /ate ( m9d1 & z if ! hav+ ov] aga9 ( ! same 'idea' 7 n only a necess>y b a suffici5t condition = mean+ ! same ?+ twice4 ,b ?is recurr5ce ( ! same idea w\ld utt]ly defeat ! exi/5ce ( a repeat$ k ( any?+4 ,x w\ld be a simple rev]sion into a pre-exi/5t /ate1 ) no?+ ga9$ 9 ! int]val1 & ) complete unconsci\sness ( ! /ate hav+ exi/$ be=e4 ,su* is n ! way 9 :i* we ?9k4 ,z a rule we are fully aw>e t we h ?\ght be=e ( ! ?+ we ?9k ( n[4 ,! cont9uity & p]man5cy ( ! topic is ( ! ess5ce ( our intellection4 ,we recognize ! old problem1 & ! old solutions2 & we g on to alt] & improve & sub/itute "o pr$icate = ano!r )\t ev] lett+ ! subject *ange4 ,?is is :at is meant :5 x is said t ?9k+ consi/s 9 mak+ judgm5ts4 ,a succession ( judgm5ts may all be ab\t ! same ?+4 ,! g5]al practical po/ulate :i* enc\rages u to keep ?9k+ at all is t by go+ on to d s we %all judge bett] ( ! same ?+s ?an if we d n4#djd ,9 ! successive judgm5ts1 all sorts ( new op]ations are p]=m$ on ! ?+s1 & all sorts ( new results br\ght out1 )\t ! s5se ( ! ma9 topic ev] gett+ lo/4 ,at ! outset1 we m]ely h ! topic2 !n we op]ate on x2 & f9ally we h x aga9 9 a ri*] & tru] way4 ,a comp\nd conception has be5 sub/itut$ = ! simple "o1 b ) full consci\sness t bo? are ( ! ,same4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 hav+ & op]at+ is z natural 9 ! m5tal z 9 ! mat]ial _w4 ,z our h&s may hold a bit ( wood & a knife1 & yet d naught ) ei!r2 s our m9d may simply be aw>e ( a ?+'s exi/5ce1 & yet nei!r att5d to x nor discrim9ate x1 nei!r locate nor c\nt nor comp>e nor l nor dislike nor d$uce x1 nor recognize x articulately z hav+ be5 met ) be=e4 ,at ! same "t we "k t1 in/ead ( />+ at x 9 ?is entranc$ & s5seless way1 we may rally our activity 9 a mom5t1 & locate1 class1 comp>e1 c\nt1 & judge x4 ,!re is no?+ involv$ 9 all ?is :i* we did n po/ulate at ! v outset ( our introspective "w3 realities1 namely1 extra m5tem1 ?\ghts1 & possible relations ( cognition betwe5 ! two4 ,! result ( ! ?\ghts' op]at+ on ! data giv5 to s5se is to trans=m ! ord] 9 :i* exp]i5ce comes into an entirely diff]5t ord]1 t ( ! conceiv$ _w4 ,!re is no spot ( light1 = example1 :i* ,i pick out & proce$ to def9e z a pebble1 :i* is n !reby torn f its m]e "t- & space-neighbors1 & ?\ght 9 conjunction ) ?+s physically p>t$ f x by ! wid? ( nature4 ,comp>e ! =m 9 :i* facts appe> 9 a text-book ( physics1 z logically subord9at$ laws1 ) t 9 :i* we naturally make _! acqua9tance4 ,! conceptual s*eme is a sort ( sieve 9 :i* we try to ga!r up ! _w's cont5ts4 ,mo/ facts & relations fall ?r\gh its me%es1 be+ ei!r too subtle or insignificant to be fix$ 9 any conception4 ,b :5ev] a physical reality is caught & id5tifi$ z ! same ) some?+ already conceiv$1 x rema9s on ! sieve1 & all ! pr$icates & relations ( ! conception ) :i* x is id5tifi$ become its pr$icates & relations too2 x is subject$ to ! sieve's network1 9 o!r words4 ,?us comes to pass :at ,mr4 ,hodgson calls ! translation ( ! p]ceptual into ! conceptual ord] ( ! _w4#dje ,9 ,*apt] ,,xxii we %all see h[ ?is translation always takes place = ! sake ( "s subjective int]e/1 & h[ ! conception ) :i* we h&le a bit ( s5sible exp]i5ce is really no?+ b a teleological in/rum5t4 ,?is :ole function ( conceiv+1 ( fix+1 & hold+ fa/ to mean+s1 has no significance ap>t f ! fact t ! conceiv] is a creature ) p>tial purposes & private ends4 ,!re rema9s1 !re=e1 mu* m to be said ab\t conception1 b = ! pres5t ?is w suffice4 ,,footnotes3 #chf ,!re are two o!r 'pr9ciples ( id5tity' 9 philosophy4 ,! ontological "o ass]ts t e real ?+ is :at x is1 t a is a1 & b1 b4 ,! logical "o says t :at is once true ( ! subject ( a judgm5t is always true ( t subject4 ,! ontological law is a tautological truism2 ! logical pr9ciple is already m1 = x implies subjects unalt]able by "t4 ,! psy*ological law also implies facts :i* might n be realiz$3 !re might be no succession ( ?\ghts2 or if !re 71 ! lat] ones might n ?9k ( ! e>li]2 or if !y did1 !y might n recall ! cont5t !re(2 or1 recall+ ! cont5t1 !y might n take x z '! same' ) any?+ else4 #chg ,9 lat] *apt]s we %all see t det]m9ate relations exi/ betwe5 ! v>i\s data ?us fix$ ^u by ! m9d4 ,^! are call$ a priori or axiomatic relations4 ,simple inspection ( ! data enables u to p]ceive !m2 & "o inspection is z effective z a million = eng5d]+ 9 u ! conviction t betwe5 ^? data t relation mu/ always hold4 ,to *ange ! relation we %\ld h to make ! data diff]5t4 ',! gu>antee = ! uni=mity & adequacy' ( ! data c only be ! m9d's own p[] to fix ^u any objective cont5t1 & to mean t cont5t z (t5 z x likes4 ,?is "r ( ! m9d to 'con/ruct' p]man5t ideal objects = itself out ( ! data ( exp]i5ce seems1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 to be a /umbl+-block to _m4 ,pr(essor ,rob]tson 9 8 cle> & in/ructive article ',axioms' 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica 7#i? edition7 sugge/s t x may only be :]e movem5ts ent] into ! con/itution ( ! ideal object 7z !y d 9 geometrical figures7 t we c make ! ultimate relations to be :at = u !y mu/ be 9 all circum/ances4 ,he makes1 x is true1 a concession 9 favor ( conceptions ( numb] ab/ract$ f subjective occurr5ces succe$+ ea* o!r 9 "t because ^! also are acts ( con/ruction1 dep5d5t on ! p[] we h ( volunt>ily det]m9+ ! fl[ ( subjective consci\sness4 ,! cont5t ( passive s5sation1 on ! o!r h&1 may indef9itely v>y beyond any control ( ours4 ,:at if x d v>y1 s long z we c cont9ue to ?9k ( & mean ! qualities x v>i$ f8 ,we c 'make' ideal objects = ourselves out ( irrecov]able bits ( passive exp]i5ce q z p]fectly z out ( easily repeatable active exp]i5ces4 ,& :5 we h got our objects toge!r & comp>$ !m1 we d n make1 b f9d1 _! relations4 #chh ,cf4 ,hodgson1 ,"t & ,space1 #df4 ,lotze1 ,logic1 #aa4 #chi ,= ?\gh a man 9 a fev] %\ld f sug> h a bitt] ta/e :i* at ano!r "t w\ld produce a sweet "o1 yet ! idea ( bitt] 9 t man's m9d w\ld be z di/9ct z if he _h ta/$ only gall4 7,locke's ,essay bk4 ii1 *ap4 xi1 #c4 ,read ! :ole section67 #cij ,black r\nd ?+s1 squ>e :ite ?+s1 p] contra1 ,nature gives u freely en\gh4 ,b ! comb9ations :i* %e refuses to realize may exi/ z di/9ctly1 9 ! %ape ( po/ulates1 z ^? :i* %e gives may exi/ 9 ! %ape ( positive images1 9 our m9d4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 %e may realize a w>m cold ?+ :5ev] two po9ts ( ! sk91 s ne> toge!r z n to be locally di/+ui%$1 are t\*$1 ! "o ) a w>m1 ! o!r ) a cold1 piece ( metal4 ,! w>m? & ! cold are !n (t5 felt z if 9 ! same objective place4 ,"u simil> conditions two objects1 "o %>p & ! o!r blunt1 may feel l "o %>p blunt ?+4 ,! same space may appe> ( two colors if1 by optical artifice1 "o ( ! colors is made to appe> z if se5 ?r\gh ! o!r4--,:e!r any two attributes :atev] %all be compatible or n1 9 ! s5se ( appe>+ or n to occupy ! same place & mom5t1 dep5ds simply on de facto peculi>ities ( natural bodies & ( our s5se-organs4 ,logically1 anyone comb9ation ( qualities is to ! full z conceivable z any o!r1 & has z di/9ct a mean+ = ?\ght4 ,:at necessitates ?is rem>k is ! confusion delib]ately kept up by c]ta9 au?ors 7e4g4 ,sp5c]1 ,psy*ology1 #dbj-g7 betwe5 ! inconceivable & ! n-di/9ctly-imag9able4 ,h[ d we "k :i* ?+s we _c imag9e unless by fir/ conceiv+ !m1 mean+ !m & n o!r ?+s8 #cia ,argum5ts seldom make conv]ts 9 matt]s philosophical2 & "s read]s1 ,i "k1 :o f9d t !y conceive a c]ta9 matt] diff]5tly f :at !y did1 w /ill pref] say+ !y h two diff]5t editions ( ! same conception1 "o evolv$ f ! o!r1 to say+ !y h two diff]5t conceptions ( ! same ?+4 ,x dep5ds1 aft] all1 on h[ we def9e conception4 ,we ourselves def9$ x z ! function by :i* a /ate ( m9d means to ?9k ! same :]e( x ?\ght on a =m] occasion4 ,two /ates ( m9d w accord+ly be two editions ( ! same conception j s f> z ei!r does mean to ?9k :at ! o!r ?\ght2 b no f>!r4 ,if ei!r mean to ?9k :at ! o!r did n ?9k1 x is a diff]5t conception f ! o!r4 ,& if ei!r mean to ?9k all t ! o!r ?\ght1 & m1 x is a diff]5t conception1 s f> z ! m goes4 ,9 ?is la/ case "o /ate ( m9d has two conceptual functions4 ,ea* ?\ght decides1 by its own au?ority1 :i*1 out ( all ! conceptive functions op5 to x1 x %all n[ r5ew2 ) :i* o!r ?\ght x %all id5tify itself z a conceiv]1 & j h[ f>4 ,! same ,a :i* ,i once meant1 x says1 ,i %all n[ mean aga91 & mean x ) ,c z its pr$icate 7or :at n7 in/ead ( ,b1 z be=e4 ,9 all ?is1 !re=e1 !re is absolutely no *ang+1 b only unc\pl+ & rec\pl+ ( conceptions4 ,comp\nd conceptions come1 z functions ( new /ates ( m9d4 ,"s ( ^! functions are ! same ) previ\s ones1 "s n4 ,any *ang$ op9ion1 !n1 p>tly conta9s new editions 7absolutely id5tical ) ! old1 h[ev]7 ( =m] conceptions1 p>tly absolutely new conceptions4 ,! division is a p]fectly easy "o to make 9 ea* p>ticul> case4 #cib ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1 ,introduction1 #aj1 #ad4 #cic ',conceptualisme honteux1' ,rabi]1 ,psy*ologie1 #caj4 #cid ,exam4 ( ,hamilton1 p4 #cic4 ,cf4 also ,logic1 bk4 ii1 *ap4 v1 #a1 & bk iv1 *ap ii1 #a4 #cie ,e4g43 ,! k ( ?+s mu/ mean t ! m9d f9ds itself 9 !m1 or t1 9 "s way1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ! m9d is dissolv$4 7,e4 ,caird1 ,philosophy ( ,kant1 fir/ edition1 p4 #eec47 #cif ,! traditional conceptuali/ doctr9e is t an ab/ract mu/ eo ipso be a univ]sal4 ,ev5 mod]n & indep5d5t au?ors l ,pr(4 ,dewey 7,psy*ology1 #bjg7 obey ! tradition3 ,! m9d seizes ^u "s "o aspect1444 ab/racts or presc9ds x4 ,?is v seizure ( "s "o elem5t g5]alizes ! "o ab/ract$4444 ,att5tion1 9 draw+ x =?1 makes x a di/9ct cont5t ( consci\sness1 & ?us univ]salizes x2 x is consid]$ no long] 9 its p>ticul> connection ) ! object1 b on its own acc\nt2 t is1 z an idea1 or :at x signifies to ! m9d2 & significance is always univ]sal4 #cig ,c4 ,f4 ,reid's ,intellectual ,p[]s1 ,essay v1 *ap4 iii4--,:it5ess is "o ?+1 ! :it5ess ( ?is %eet ( pap] ano!r ?+4 #cih ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley says ! conception or ! 'mean+' consi/s ( a "p ( ! cont5t1 cut (f1 fix$ by ! m9d1 & consid]$ ap>t f ! exi/5ce ( ! sign4 ,x w\ld n be correct to add1 & ref]r$ away to ano!r real subject2 = :]e we ?9k )\t judg+1 & :]e we d5y1 t description w\ld n be applicable4 ,?is seems to be ! same doctr9e z ours2 ! application to "o or to all subjects ( ! ab/ract fact conceiv$ 7i4e4 its individuality or its univ]sality71 con/itut+ a new conception4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 n q sure t ,mr4 ,bradley /eadily ma9ta9s ?is gr\nd4 ,cf4 ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,logic4 ,! doctr9e ,i def5d is /\tly upheld 9 ,rosm9i's ,philosophical ,sy/em1 ,introduction by ,?omas ,davidson1 p4 #dc 7,london1 #ahhb74 #cii ,lectures on ,greek ,philosophy1 pp4 #cc-ci4 #djj ,analysis1 *ap4 viii4 #dja ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1 ,introduction1 #aa1 #ab4 #djb ,x may add to ! effect ( ! text to quote a passage f ! essay 9 ',m9d1' ref]r$ to on p4 #bbd4 ,:y may we n side ) ! conceptuali/s 9 say+ t ! univ]sal s5se ( a ^w does correspond to a m5tal fact ( "s k9d1 b at ! same "t1 agree+ ) ! nom9ali/s t all m5tal facts are modifications ( subjective s5sibility1 :y may we n call t fact a 'feel+'8 ,man meant = mank9d is 9 %ort a diff]5t feel+ f man z a m]e noise1 or f man meant = t man1 to wit1 ,john ,smi? alone4 ,n t ! diff]5ce consi/s simply 9 ! fact t1 :5 tak5 univ]sally1 ! ^w has "o ( ,mr4 ,galton's 'bl5d$' images ( man associat$ ) x4 ,_m p]sons h seem$ to ?9k t ^! bl5d$ or1 z ,pr(4 ,huxley calls !m1 'g5]ic' images are equival5t to concepts4 ,b1 9 itself1 a blurr$ ?+ is j z p>ticul> z a %>p ?+2 & ! g5]ic "* ( ei!r %>p image or blurr$ image dep5ds on its be+ felt ) its repres5tative function4 ,?is function is ! my/]i\s plus1 ! und]/ood mean+4 ,b x is no?+ appli$ to ! image f above1 no pure act ( reason inhabit+ a sup]s5sible & semi-sup]natural plane4 ,x c be diagrammatiz$ z cont9u\s ) all ! o!r segm5ts ( ! subjective /ream4 ,x is j t /a9+1 fr+e1 or halo ( obscurely felt relation to masses ( o!r imag]y ab\t to come1 b n yet di/9ctly 9 focus1 :i* we h s abundantly set =? 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,if ! image come unfr+$1 x reveals b a simple quality1 ?+1 or ev5t2 if x come fr+$1 x may reveal some?+ expressly tak5 univ]sally or 9 a s*eme ( relations4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?\ght & feel+ ?us r$uces itself1 9 ! la/ subjective analysis1 to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( 'fr+e4' ,& ?is 9 turn r$uces itself1 ) mu* probability1 9 ! la/ physiological analysis1 to ! abs5ce or pres5ce ( sub-excitem5ts 9 o!r convolutions ( ! bra9 ?an ^? ^: dis*>ges und]lie ! m def9ite nucleus1 ! sub/antive +r$i5t1 ( ! ?\ght1--9 ?is in/ance1 ! ^w or image x may happ5 to ar\se4 ,! contra/ is n1 !n1 z ! ,platoni/s w\ld h x1 betwe5 c]ta9 subjective facts call$ images & s5sations1 & o!rs call$ acts ( relat+ intellig5ce2 ! =m] be+ bl9d p]i%+ ?+s1 kn[+ n ev5 _! own exi/5ce z su*1 :il/ ! latt] comb9e ! poles 9 ! my/]i\s syn!sis ( _! cognitive sweep4 ,! contra/ is really betwe5 two aspects1 9 :i* all m5tal facts )\t exception may be tak52 _! /ructural aspect1 z be+ subjective1 & _! functional aspect1 z be+ cognitions4 ,9 ! =m] aspect1 ! highe/ z well z ! l[e/ is a feel+1 a peculi>ly t+$ segm5t ( ! /ream4 ,?is t+e+ is its s5sitive body1 ! wie ihm zu ,mu! i/1 ! way x feels :il/ pass+4 ,9 ! latt] aspect1 ! l[e/ m5tal fact z well z ! highe/ may grasp "s bit ( tru? z its cont5t1 ev5 ?\gh t tru? 7 z relationless a matt] z a b>e unlocaliz$ & undat$ quality ( pa94 ,f ! cognitive po9t ( view1 all m5tal facts are intellections4 ,f ! subjective po9t ( view all are feel+s4 ,once admit t ! pass+ & evanesc5t are z real p>ts ( ! /ream z ! di/9ct & comp>atively abid+2 once all[ t fr+es & halos1 in>ticulate p]ceptions1 :]e( ! objects are z yet unnam$1 m]e nasc5cies ( cognition1 premonitions1 aw>5esses ( direction1 are ?\ghts sui g5]is1 z mu* z articulate imag9+s & propositions are2 once re/ore1 ,i say1 ! vague to its psy*ological rights1 & ! matt] pres5ts no fur!r difficulty4 ,& !n we see t ! curr5t opposition ( ,feel+ to ,k is q a false issue4 ,if e feel+ is at ! same "t a bit ( k1 we ought no long] to talk ( m5tal /ates diff]+ by hav+ m or less ( ! cognitive quality2 !y only diff] 9 kn[+ m or less1 9 hav+ mu* fact or little fact = _! object4 ,! feel+ ( a broad s*eme ( relations is a feel+ t kn[s mu*2 ! feel+ ( a simple quality is a feel+ t kn[s little4 ,b ! kn[+ itself1 :e!r ( mu* or ( little1 has ! same ess5ce1 & is z good kn[+ 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,concept & image1 ?us discrim9at$ ?r\gh _! objects1 are consub/antial 9 _! inw>d nature1 z modes ( feel+4 ,! "o1 z p>ticul>1 w no long] be held to be a relatively base sort ( entity1 to be tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse1 :il/ ! o!r1 z univ]sal1 is celebrat$ z a sort ( /&+ miracle1 to be ador$ b n expla9$4 ,bo? concept & image1 qu subjective1 are s+ul> & p>ticul>4 ,bo? are mom5ts ( ! /ream1 :i* come & 9 an in/ant are no m4 ,! ^w univ]sality has no mean+ z appli$ to _! psy*ic body or /ructure1 :i* is always f9ite4 ,x only has a mean+ :5 appli$ to _! use1 import1 or ref]5ce to ! k9d ( object !y may reveal4 ,! repres5tation1 z su*1 ( ! univ]sal object is z p>ticul> z t ( an object ab\t :i* we "k s little t ! int]jection ',ha6' is all x c evoke f u 9 ! way ( spee*4 ,bo? %\ld be weigh$ 9 ! same scales1 & h ! same measure met$ out to !m :e!r ( wor%ip or ( contempt4 7,m9d1 ix1 pp4 #ah-ai47 #djc ,hodgson1 ,"t & ,space1 p4 #djd4 #djd ,comp>e ! admirable passage 9 ,hodgson's ,"t & ,space1 p4 #caj4 #dje ,philosophy ( ,reflection1 i1 #bgc-cjh4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,discrim9ation ,,& ,,comp>ison4 ,x is matt] ( popul> obs]vation t "s m5 h %>p] s5ses ?an o!rs1 & t "s h acut] m9ds & are able to 'split hairs' & see two %ades ( mean+ :]e ! majority see b "o4 ,locke long ago set ap>t ! faculty ( discrim9ation z "o 9 :i* m5 diff] individually4 ,:at he wrote is good en\gh to quote z an introduction to ?is *apt]3 ,ano!r faculty we may take notice ( 9 our m9ds is t ( disc]n+ & di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! sev]al ideas x has4 ,x is n en\gh to h a confus$ p]ception ( some?+ 9 g5]al3 unless ! m9d _h a di/9ct p]ception ( diff]5t objects & _! qualities1 x w\ld be capable ( v little k2 ?\gh ! bodies t affect u 7 z busy ab\t u z !y are n[1 & ! m9d 7 cont9ually employ$ 9 ?9k+4 ,on ?is faculty ( di/+ui%+ "o ?+ f ano!r dep5ds ! evid5ce & c]ta9ty ( sev]al ev5 v g5]al propositions1 :i* h pass$ = innate tru?s2 because m51 ov]look+ ! true cause :y ^? propositions f9d univ]sal ass5t1 impute x :olly to native uni=m impressions2 :]eas x 9 tru? dep5ds ^u ?is cle> disc]n+ faculty ( ! m9d1 :]eby x p]ceives two ideas to be ! same or diff]5t4 ,b ( ?is m h]eaft]8 ,h[ mu* ! imp]fection ( accurately discrim9at+ ideas "o f ano!r lies ei!r 9 ! dulness or faults ( ! organs ( s5se1 or want ( acut5ess1 ex]cise1 or att5tion 9 ! und]/&+1 or ha/9ess & precipitancy natural to "s temp]s1 ,i w n "h exam9e3 x suffices to take notice t ?is is "o ( ! op]ations t ! m9d may reflect on & obs]ve 9 itself4 ,x is ( t consequ5ce to its o!r k1 t s f> z ?is faculty is 9 itself dull1 or n rightly made use ( = ! di/+ui%+ "o ?+ f ano!r1 s f> our notions are confus$1 & our reason & judgm5t di/urb$ or misl$4 ,if 9 hav+ our ideas 9 ! memory ready at h& consi/s quickness ( p>ts2 9 ?is ( hav+ !m unconfus$1 & be+ able nicely to di/+ui% "o ?+ f ano!r :]e !re is b ! lea/ diff]5ce1 consi/s 9 a great measure ! exactness ( judgm5t & cle>ness ( reason :i* is to be obs]v$ 9 "o man above ano!r4 ,& h5ce1 p]haps1 may be giv5 "s reason ( t common obs]vation1--t m5 :o h a great deal ( wit & prompt memories h n always ! cle>e/ judgm5t or deepe/ reason4 ,=1 wit ly+ mo/ 9 ! assemblage ( ideas1 & putt+ ^? toge!r ) quickness & v>iety :]e9 c be f\nd any resemblance or congruity1 !reby to make up pleasant pictures & agreeable visions 9 ! fancy2 judgm5t1 on ! contr>y1 lies q on ! o!r side1 9 sep>at+ c>efully "o f ano!r ideas :]e9 c be f\nd ! lea/ diff]5ce1 !reby to avoid be+ misl$ by similitude & by aff9ity to take "o ?+ = ano!r4 ,?is is a way ( proce$+ q contr>y to metaphor & allusion1 :]e9 = ! mo/ "p lies t ent]ta9m5t & pleasantry ( wit :i* /rikes s lively on ! fancy1 & !re=e1 s acceptable to all p because its beauty appe>s at fir/ sight1 & !re is requir$ no labor ( ?\ght to exam9e :at tru? or reason !re is 9 x4#djf ,b ,locke's desc5dants h be5 sl[ to ent] into ! pa? ^: fruitfulness 0 ?us po9t$ out by _! ma/]1 & h s neglect$ ! /udy ( discrim9ation t "o might almo/ say t ! classic ,engli% psy*ologi/s h1 z a s*ool1 h>dly recogniz$ x to exi/4 ',association' has prov$ itself 9 _! h&s ! "o all-absorb+ p[] ( ! m9d4 ,dr4 ,m>t9eau1 9 8 review ( ,ba91 makes "s v weighty rem>ks on ?is onesid$ness ( ! ,lockian s*ool4 ,our m5tal hi/ory1 says he1 is1 9 its view1 a p]petual =mation ( new comp\nds3 & ! words 'association1' 'cohesion1' 'fusion1' 'indissoluble connection1' all express ! *ange f plurality ( data to "s unity ( result4 ,an explanation ( ! process !re=e requires two ?+s3 a true enum]ation ( ! prim>y con/itu5ts1 & a correct /atem5t ( _! laws ( comb9ation3 j z1 9 *emi/ry1 we are furni%$ ) a li/ ( ! simple elem5ts1 & ! ) !n pr9ciples ( _! syn!sis4 ,n[ ! latt] ( ^! two conditions we f9d satisfi$ by ! association-psy*ologi/s3 b n ! =m]4 ,!y are n agre$ ^u _! catalogue ( elem5ts1 or ! m>ks by :i* !y may "k ! simple f ! comp\nd4 ,! psy*ologic unit is n fix$2 t :i* is call$ "o impression by ,h>tley is treat$ z half-a-doz5 or m by ,mill3 & ! t5d5cy ( ! mod]n tea*]s on ?is po9t is to rec$e m & m f ! bett]-*os5 track ( _! ma/]4 ,h>tley1 = example1 reg>d$ ! :ole pres5t effect ^u u ( any s+le object--say1 an orange--z a s+le s5sation2 & ! :ole ve/ige x left beh9d1 z a s+le 'idea ( s5sation4' ,8 mod]n disciples1 on ! o!r h&1 consid] ?is same effect z an aggregate f a plurality ( s5sations1 & ! ideal trace x leaves z highly comp\nd4 ',! idea ( an object1' in/ead ( be+ an elem5t>y />t+-po9t ) !m1 is "o ( ! elaborate results ( repetition & exp]i5ce2 & is cont9ually adduc$ z rem>kably illu/rat+ ! fus+ p[] ( habitual association4 ,?us ,james ,mill obs]ves3 ',x is to ?is great law ( association t we trace ! =mation ( our ideas ( :at we call ext]nal objects2 t is1 ! ideas ( a c]ta9 numb] ( s5sations1 receiv$ toge!r s frequ5tly t !y coalesce z x 71 & are spok5 ( "u ! idea ( unity4 ,h5ce1 :at we call ! idea ( a tree1 ! idea ( a /one1 ! idea ( a horse1 ! idea ( a man4 ,9 us+ ! names1 tree1 horse1 man1 ! names ( :at ,i call objects1 ,i am ref]r+1 & c be ref]r+1 only to my own s5sations2 9 fact1 !re=e1 only nam+ a c]ta9 numb] ( s5sations reg>d$ z 9 a p>ticul> /ate ( comb9ation1 t is1 concomitance4 ,p>ticul> s5sations ( sight1 ( t\*1 ( ! muscles1 are ! s5sations to ! ideas ( :i*1 color1 ext5sion1 r\ghness1 h>dness1 smoo?ness1 ta/e1 smell1 s coalesc+ z to appe> "o idea1 ,i give ! "n ( ! idea ( a tree4'#djg ,to precisely ! same effect ,mr4 ,ba9 rem>ks3 ',ext]nal objects usually affect u ?r\gh a plurality ( s5ses4 ,! pebble on ! sea-%ore is pictur$ on ! eye z =m & color4 ,we take x up 9 ! h& & repeat ! impression ( =m1 ) ! additional feel+ ( t\*4 ,knock two toge!r1 & !re is a *>act]i/ic s\nd4 ,to pres]ve ! impression ( an object ( ?is k9d1 !re mu/ be an association ( all ^! diff]5t effects4 ,su* association1 :5 matur$ & firm1 is our idea1 our intellectual grasp ( ! pebble4 ,pass+ to ! organic _w1 & pluck+ a rose1 we h ! same effects ( =m to ! eye & h&1 color & t\*1 ) new effects ( odor & ta/e4 ,a c]ta9 "t is requisite = ! coh]5ce ( all ^! qualities 9 "o aggregate1 s z to give u = all purposes ! endur+ image ( ! rose4 ,:5 fully acquir$1 any "o ( ! *>act]i/ic impressions w revive ! o!rs2 ! odor1 ! sight1 ! feel+ ( ! ?orny /alk--ea* ( ^! by itself w hoi/ ! entire impression into ! view4'#djh ,n[1 ?is ord] ( d]ivation1 mak+ our objective k beg9 ) plurality ( impression & arrive at unity1 we take to be a complete inv]sion ( our psy*ological hi/ory4 ,h>tley1 we ?9k1 0 p]fectly "r 9 tak+ no notice ( ! numb] ( inlets ?r\gh :i* an object deliv]s its effect ^u u1 &1 9 spite ( ?is circum/ance1 treat+ ! effect z "o4444 ,ev5 n[1 aft] life has read u s _m analytic lessons1 9 proportion z we c fix ! attitude ( our sc5e & ourselves1 ! s5se ( plurality 9 our impressions retreats1 & we lapse into an undivid$ consci\sness2 los+1 = in/ance1 ! sep>ate notice ( any uni=m hum 9 ! e>1 or light 9 ! eye1 or weight ( clo!s on ! body1 ?\gh n "o ( !m is inop]ative on ! complexion ( our feel+4 ,?is law1 once grant$1 mu/ be c>ri$ f> beyond ,h>tley's po9t4 ,n only mu/ ea* object pres5t itself to u integrally be=e x %ells (f into its qualities1 b ! :ole sc5e ar\nd u mu/ dis5gage = u object aft] object f its /ill backgr\nd by em]g5ce & *ange2 & ev5 our self-deta*m5t f ! _w ov] aga9/ u mu/ wait = ! />t ( collision betwe5 ! =ce we issue & t :i* we receive4 ,to conf9e ourselves to ! simple/ case3 :5 a r$ ivory ball1 se5 = ! fir/ "t1 has be5 )drawn1 x w leave a m5tal repres5tation ( itself1 9 :i* all t x simultane\sly gave u w indi/+ui%ably coexi/4 ,let a :ite ball succe$ to x2 n[1 & n be=e1 w an attribute deta* itself1 & ! color1 by =ce ( contra/1 be %ak5 out into ! =egr\nd4 ,let ! :ite ball be replac$ by an egg3 & ?is new diff]5ce w br+ ! =m into notice f its previ\s slumb]4 ,& ?us1 t :i* began by be+ simply an object1 cut out f ! surr\nd+ sc5e1 becomes = u fir/ a r$ object1 & !n a r$ r\nd object2 & s on4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( ! qualities1 z sep>ately giv51 subscrib+ toge!r & add+ !mselves up to pres5t u ) ! object z _! aggregate1 ! object is be=eh& ) !m1 & f its integrity deliv]s !m out to our k1 "o by "o4 ,9 ?is dis9tegration1 ! prim>y nucleus nev] loses its sub/antive "* or "n2 :il/ ! diff]5ce :i* x ?r[s (f appe>s z a m]e attribute1 express$ by an adjective4 ,h5ce x is t we are compell$ to ?9k ( ! object z hav+1 n z be+1 its qualities2 & c nev] he>tily admit ! belief ( any loose lot ( attributes really fus+ !mselves into a ?+4 ,! unity ( ! orig9al :ole is n felt to g to pieces & be resolv$ into ! prop]ties :i* x successively gives (f2 x reta9s a residu>y exi/5ce1 :i* con/itutes x a sub/ance1 z aga9/ ! em]g+ quality1 :i* is only its ph5om5al pr$icate4 ,7 x n = ?is p]petual process ( diff]5tiation ( self f ! _w1 ( object f its sc5e1 ( attribute f object1 no /ep ( ,ab/raction c\ld be tak52 no qualities c\ld fall "u our notice2 & _h we t5 ?\s& s5ses1 !y w\ld all conv]ge & meet 9 b "o consci\sness4 ,b if ?is be s1 x is an utt] falsification ( ! ord] ( nature to speak ( s5sations gr\p+ !mselves into aggregates1 & s compos+ = u ! objects ( :i* we ?9k2 & ! :ole language ( ! !ory1 9 reg>d to ! field ( syn*ron\s exi/5ces1 is a direct inv]sion ( ! tru?4 ,exp]i5ce proce$s & intellect is tra9$1 n by ,association1 b by ,dissociation1 n by r$uction ( pluralities ( impression to "o1 b by ! op5+ out ( "o into _m2 & a true psy*ological hi/ory mu/ exp\nd itself 9 analytic r ?an syn!tic t]ms4 ,precisely ^? ideas--( ,sub/ance1 ( ,m9d1 ( ,cause1 ( ,space--:i* ?is sy/em treats z inf9itely complex1 ! la/ result ( myriads ( conflu5t elem5ts1 are 9 tru? ! residu>y simplicities ( consci\sness1 ^: /ability ! eddies & curr5ts ( ph5om5al exp]i5ce h left undi/urb$4#dji ,! tru? is t ,exp]i5ce is tra9$ by bo? association & dissociation1 & t psy*ology mu/ be writ bo? 9 syn!tic & 9 analytic t]ms4 ,our orig9al s5sible totals are1 on ! "o h&1 subdivid$ by discrim9ative att5tion1 &1 on ! o!r1 unit$ ) o!r totals1--ei!r ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( our own movem5ts1 c>ry+ our s5ses f "o "p ( space to ano!r1 or because new objects come successively & replace ^? by :i* we 7 at fir/ impress$4 ,! 'simple impression' ( ,hume1 ! 'simple idea' ( ,locke are bo? ab/ractions1 nev] realiz$ 9 exp]i5ce4 ,exp]i5ce1 f ! v fir/1 pres5ts u ) concret$ objects1 vaguely cont9u\s ) ! re/ ( ! _w :i* envelops !m 9 space & "t1 & pot5tially divisible into inw>d elem5ts & p>ts4 ,^! objects we break asund] & reunite4 ,we mu/ treat !m 9 bo? ways = our k ( !m to gr[2 & x is h>d to say1 on ! :ole1 :i* way prepond]ates4 ,b s9ce ! elem5ts ) :i* ! traditional associationism p]=ms its con/ructions--'simple s5sations1' namely--are all products ( discrim9ation c>ri$ to a high pit*1 x seems z if we ought to discuss ! subject ( analytic att5tion & discrim9ation fir/4 ,! notic+ ( any "p :atev] ( our object is an act ( discrim9ation4 ,already on p4 #djd ,i h describ$ ! mann] 9 :i* we (t5 spontane\sly lapse into ! undiscrim9at+ /ate1 ev5 ) reg>d to objects :i* we h already le>n$ to di/+ui%4 ,su* an/hetics z *lor(orm1 nitr\s oxide1 etc41 sometimes br+ ab\t transi5t lapses ev5 m total1 9 :i* num]ical discrim9ation especially seems gone2 = "o sees light & he>s s\nd1 b :e!r "o or _m lights & s\nds is q impossible to tell4 ,:]e ! p>ts ( an object h already be5 disc]n$1 & ea* made ! object ( a special discrim9ative act1 we c ) difficulty feel ! object aga9 9 its pri/9e unity2 & s prom95t may our consci\sness ( its composition be1 t we may h>dly believe t x ev] c\ld h appe>$ undivid$4 ,b ?is is an errone\s view1 ! und5iable fact be+ t any numb] ( impressions1 f any numb] ( s5sory s\rces1 fall+ simultane\sly on a m9d ,,:i* ,,has ,,n ,,yet ,,exp]i5c$ ,,!m ,,sep>ately1 w fuse into a s+le undivid$ object = t m9d4 ,! law is t all ?+s fuse t c fuse1 & no?+ sep>ates except :at mu/4 ,:at makes impressions sep>ate we h to /udy 9 ?is *apt]4 ,al?\gh !y sep>ate easi] if !y come 9 ?r\gh di/9ct n]ves1 yet di/9ct n]ves are n an unconditional gr\nd ( _! discrim9ation1 z we %all pres5tly see4 ,! baby1 assail$ by eyes1 e>s1 nose1 sk91 & entrails at once1 feels x all z "o great bloom+1 buzz+ confusion2 & to ! v end ( life1 our location ( all ?+s 9 "o space is due to ! fact t ! orig9al ext5ts or bignesses ( all ! s5sations :i* came to our notice at once1 coalesc$ toge!r into "o & ! same space4 ,!re is no o!r reason ?an ?is :y ! h& ,i t\* & see co9cides spatially ) ! h& ,i imm$iately feel4#daj ,x is true t we may sometimes be tempt$ to exclaim1 :5 once a lot ( hi!rto unnotic$ details ( ! object lie be=e u1 ,h[ c\ld we ev] h be5 ignorant ( ^! ?+s & yet h felt ! object1 or drawn ! conclusion1 z if x 7 a cont9uum1 a pl5um8 ,!re w\ld h be5 gaps--b we felt no gaps2 :]e=e we mu/ h se5 & he>d ^! details1 lean$ ^u ^! /eps2 !y mu/ h be5 op]ative ^u our m9ds1 j z !y are n[1 only unconsci\sly1 or at lea/ inatt5tively4 ,our fir/ unanalyz$ s5sation 0 really compos$ ( ^! elem5t>y s5sations1 our fir/ rapid conclusion 0 really bas$ on ^! int]m$iate inf]5ces1 all ! :ile1 only we fail$ to note ! fact4 ,b ?is is no?+ b ! fatal 'psy*ologi/'s fallacy' 7p4 #aif7 ( treat+ an inf]ior /ate ( m9d z if x mu/ someh[ "k implicitly all t is explicitly kn[n ab\t ! same topic by sup]ior /ates ( m9d4 ,! ?+ ?\ght ( is unque/ionably ! same1 b x is ?\ght twice ov] 9 two absolutely diff]5t psy*oses1--once z an unbrok5 unit1 & aga9 z a sum ( discrim9at$ p>ts4 ,x is n "o ?\ght 9 two editions1 b two entirely di/9ct ?\ghts ( "o ?+4 ,& ea* ?\ght is )9 itself a cont9uum1 a pl5um1 ne$+ no contributions f ! o!r to fill up its gaps4 ,z ,i sit "h1 ,i ?9k objects1 & ,i make inf]5ces1 :i* ! future is sure to analyze & articulate & riddle ) discrim9ations1 %[+ me _m ?+s :]ev] ,i n[ notice "o4 ,nev]!less1 my ?\ght feels q suffici5t unto itself = ! "t be+2 & ranges f pole to pole1 z free1 & z unconsci\s ( hav+ ov]look$ any?+1 z if x possess$ ! greate/ discrim9ative enlight5m5t4 ,we all cease analyz+ ! _w at "s po9t1 & notice no m diff]5ces4 ,! la/ units ) :i* we /op are our objective elem5ts ( be+4 ,^? ( a dog are diff]5t f ^? ( a ,humboldt2 ^? ( a practical man f ^? ( a metaphysician4 ,b ! dog's & ! practical man's ?\ghts feel cont9u\s1 ?\gh to ! ,humboldt or ! metaphysician !y w\ld appe> full ( gaps & defects4 ,& !y are cont9u\s1 z ?\ghts4 ,x is only z mirrors ( ?+s t ! sup]ior m9ds f9d !m full ( omissions4 ,& :5 ! omitt$ ?+s are discov]$ & ! unnotic$ diff]5ces laid b>e1 x is n t ! old ?\ghts split up1 b t new ?\ghts sup]s$e !m1 :i* make new judgm5ts ab\t ! same objective _w4 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,m$iate ,,comp>ison4 ,:5 we discrim9ate an elem5t1 we may contra/ x ) ! case ( its own abs5ce1 ( its simply n be+ !re1 )\t ref]5ce to :at is !re2 or we may also take ! latt] into acc\nt4 ,let ! fir/ sort ( discrim9ation be call$ exi/5tial1 ! latt] diff]5tial discrim9ation4 ,a peculi>ity ( diff]5tial discrim9ations is t !y result 9 a p]ception ( diff]5ces :i* are felt z great] or less "o ?an ! o!r4 ,entire gr\ps ( diff]5ces may be rang$ 9 s]ies3 ! musical scale1 ! color scale1 are examples4 ,e dep>tm5t ( our exp]i5ce may h its data writt5 d[n 9 an ev5ly gradat$ ord]1 f a l[e/ to a highe/ memb]4 ,& any "o datum may be a t]m 9 sev]al su* ord]s4 ,a giv5 note may h a high place 9 ! pit*-s]ies1 a l[ place 9 ! l\dness-s]ies1 & a m$ium place 9 ! s]ies ( agreeabl5esses4 ,a giv5 t9t mu/1 9 ord] to be fully det]m9$1 h its place assign$ 9 ! s]ies ( qualities1 9 ! s]ies ( purities 7fre$om f :ite71 & 9 ! s]ies ( int5sities or brightnesses4 ,x may be l[ 9 "o ( ^! respects1 b high 9 ano!r4 ,9 pass+ f t]m to t]m 9 any su* s]ies we are consci\s n only ( ea* /ep ( diff]5ce be+ equal to 7or great] or less ?an7 ! la/1 b we are consci\s ( proce$+ 9 a uni=m direction1 diff]5t f o!r possible directions4 ,?is consci\sness ( s]ial increase ( diff]5ces is "o ( ! fundam5tal facts ( our intellectual life4 ,m1 m1 ,,m1 ( ! same k9d ( diff]5ce1 we say1 z we advance f t]m to t]m1 & realize t ! f>!r on we get ! l>g] gr[s ! brea* betwe5 ! t]m we are at & ! "o f :i* we />t$4 ,betwe5 any two t]ms ( su* a s]ies ! diff]5ce is great] ?an t betwe5 any int]m$iate t]ms1 or ?an t betwe5 an int]m$iate t]m & ei!r ( ! extremes4 ,! l\d] ?an ! l\d is l\d] ?an ! less l\d2 ! f>!r ?an ! f> is f>!r ?an ! less f>2 ! e>li] ?an ! e>ly is e>li] ?an ! late2 ! high] ?an ! high is high] ?an ! l[2 ! bigg] ?an ! big is bigg] ?an ! small2 or1 to put x briefly & univ]sally1 ! m ?an ! m is m ?an ! less2 su* is ! great syn!tic pr9ciple ( m$iate comp>ison :i* is involv$ 9 ! possession by ! human m9d ( ! s5se ( s]ial increase4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xxviii we %all see ! altoge!r ov]:elm+ importance ( ?is pr9ciple 9 ! conduct ( all our high] rational op]ations4 ,,are ,,all ,,diff]5ces ,,diff]5ces ,,( ,,composition8 ,ea* ( ! diff]5ces 9 "o ( ^! uni=m s]ies feels l a def9ite s5sible quantity1 & ea* t]m seems l ! la/ t]m ) ?is quantity add$4 ,9 _m concrete objects :i* diff] f "o ano!r we c pla9ly see t ! diff]5ce does consi/ s+ly 9 ! fact t "o object is ! same z ! o!r plus some?+ else1 or t !y bo? h an id5tical "p1 to :i* ea* adds a di/9ct rema9d]4 ,?us two pictures may be /ruck f ! same block1 b "o ( !m may diff] 9 hav+ color add$2 or two c>pets may %[ an id5tical patt]n :i* 9 ea* is wov5 9 di/9ct hues4 ,simil>ly1 two classes ( s5sation may h ! same emotional tone b negate ea* o!r 9 rema9+ respects--a d>k color & a deep s\nd1 = example2 or two faces may h ! same %ape ( nose b ev]y?+ else unlike4 ,! simil>ity ( ! same note s\nd$ by in/rum5ts ( diff]5t timbre is expla9$ by ! coexi/5ce ( a fundam5tal tone common to bo?1 ) ov]-tones 9 "o :i* ! o!r lacks4 ,dipp+ my h& into wat] & anon into a cold] wat]1 ,i may !n obs]ve c]ta9 additional feel+s1 broad] & deep] irradiations ( ! cold1 s to speak1 :i* 7 n 9 ! e>li] exp]i5ce1 ?\gh = aught ,i c tell1 ! feel+s may be o!rwise ! same4 ',heft+' fir/ "o weight1 & !n ano!r1 new feel+s may />t out 9 my elb[-jo9t1 wri/1 & else:]e1 & make me call ! second weight ! heavi] ( ! twa94 ,9 all ^! cases ea* ( ! diff]+ ?+s may be repres5t$ by two p>ts1 "o t is common to x & ! o!rs1 & ano!r t is peculi> to itself4 ,if !y =m a s]ies1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 etc41 & ! common "p be call$ ,x1 :il/ ! l[e/ diff]5ce be call$ d1 !n ! composition ( ! s]ies w\ld be z foll[s3 ,a ,x d2 ,b 7,x d7 d1 or ,x #b;d2 ,c ,x #c;d2 ,d ,x #d;d2 44444444 ,if ,x itself 7 ultimately compos$ ( d's we %\ld h ! entire s]ies expla9$ z due to ! v>y+ comb9ation & re-comb9ation ) itself ( an unv>y+ elem5t2 & all ! app>5t diff]5ces ( quality w\ld be translat$ into diff]5ces ( quantity alone4 ,?is is ! sort ( r$uction :i* ! atomic !ory 9 physics & ! m9d-/uff !ory 9 psy*ology reg>d z _! ideal4 ,s t1 foll[+ ! analogy ( our in/ances1 "o might easily be tempt$ to g5]alize & to say t all diff]5ce is b addition & subtraction1 & t :at we call$ 'diff]5tial' discrim9ation is only 'exi/5tial' discrim9ation 9 disguise2 t is to say1 t :]e ,a & ,b diff]1 we m]ely disc]n some?+ 9 ! "o :i* ! o!r is )\t4 ,absolute id5tity 9 ?+s up to a c]ta9 po9t1 !n absolute non-id5tity1 w\ld on ?is !ory take ! place ( ^? ultimate qualitative unlik5esses betwe5 !m1 9 :i* we naturally believe2 & ! m5tal function ( discrim9ation1 ceas+ to be reg>d$ z an ultimate "o1 w\ld resolve itself into m]e logical affirmation & negation1 or p]ception t a feature f\nd 9 "o ?+1 9 ano!r does n exi/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!oretically1 h[ev]1 ?is !ory is full ( difficulty4 ,if all ! diff]5ces :i* we feel 7 9 "o direction1 s t all objects c\ld be arrang$ 9 "o s]ies 7h[ev] long71 x might /ill "w4 ,b :5 we consid] ! notori\s fact t objects diff] f ea* o!r 9 div]g5t directions1 x gr[s well nigh impossible to make x d s4 ,= !n1 suppos+ t an object diff]$ f ?+s 9 "o direction by ! increm5t d1 x w\ld h to diff] f ?+s 9 ano!r direction by a diff]5t sort ( increm5t1 call x d'2 s t1 aft] gett+ rid ( qualitative unlik5ess betwe5 objects1 we %\ld h x back on our h&s aga9 betwe5 _! increm5ts4 ,we may ( c\rse re-apply our me?od1 & say t ! diff]5ce betwe5 d & d' is n a qualitative unlik5ess1 b a fact ( composition1 "o ( !m be+ ! same z ! o!r plus an increm5t ( /ill high] ord]1 = example1 add$4 ,b :5 we recollect t ev]y?+ 9 ! _w c be comp>$ ) ev]y?+ else1 & t ! numb] ( directions ( diff]5ce is indef9itely great1 !n we see t ! complication ( self-comp\nd+s ( ! ultimate diff]5tial increm5t by :i*1 on ?is !ory1 all ! innum]able unlik5esses ( ! _w are expla9$1 9 ord] to avoid writ+ any ( !m d[n z ultimate diff]5ces ( k9d1 w\ld begg> all conception4 ,x is ! m9d-du/ !ory2 ) all its difficulties 9 a p>ticul>ly uncompromis+ =m2 & all = ! sake ( ! fanta/ic pleasure ( be+ able arbitr>ily to say t !re is betwe5 ! ?+s 9 ! _w & betwe5 ! 'ideas' 9 ! m9d no?+ b absolute sam5ess & absolute n-sam5ess ( elem5ts1 ! n-sam5ess admitt+ no degrees4 ,to me x seems mu* wis] to turn away f su* transc5d5tal extravagances ( speculation1 & to abide by ! natural appe>ances4 ,^! w\ld leave unlik5ess z an indecomposable relation among/ ?+s1 & a relation moreov] ( :i* !re 7 all degrees4 ,absolute n-sam5ess w\ld be ! maximal degree1 absolute sam5ess ! m9imal degree ( ?is unlik5ess1 ! disc]nm5t ( :i* w\ld be "o ( our ultimate cognitive p[]s4#daa ,c]ta9ly ! natural appe>ances are dead aga9/ ! notion t no qualitative diff]5ces exi/4 ,) ! same cle>ness ) :i*1 9 c]ta9 objects1 we d feel a diff]5ce to be a m]e matt] ( plus & m9us1 9 o!r objects we feel t ?is is n ! case4 ,contra/ our feel+ ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! l5g? ( two l9es ) our feel+ ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 blue & yell[1 or ) t betwe5 "r & left4 ,is "r equal to left ) some?+ add$8 ,is blue yell[ plus some?+8 ,if s1 plus :at8#dab ,s long z we /ick to v]ifiable psy*ology1 we are =c$ to admit t diff]5ces ( simple ,,k9d =m an irr$ucible sort ( relation betwe5 "s ( ! elem5ts ( our exp]i5ce1 & =c$ to d5y t diff]5tial discrim9ation c ev]y:]e be r$uc$ to ! m]e asc]ta9m5t t elem5ts pres5t 9 "o fact1 9 ano!r fail to exi/4 ,! p]ception t an elem5t exi/s 9 "o ?+ & does n exi/ 9 ano!r & ! p]ception ( qualitative diff]5ce are1 9 %ort1 entirely disconnect$ m5tal functions4#dac ,b at ! same "t t we insi/ on ?is1 we mu/ also admit t diff]5ces ( quality1 h[ev] abundant1 are n ! only di/9ctions ) :i* our m9d has to deal4 ,diff]5ces :i* seem ( m]e composition1 ( numb]1 ( plus & m9us1 also ab\nd4#dad ,b x w be be/ = ! pres5t to disreg>d all ^! quantitative cases &1 tak+ ! o!rs 7:i*1 by ! lea/ favorable calculation1 w /ill be num]\s en\gh71 to consid] next ! mann] 9 :i* we come to cognize simple diff]5ces ( k9d4 ,we _c expla9 ! cognition2 we c only asc]ta9 ! conditions by virtue ( :i* x occurs4 ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,discrim9ation4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! conditions "u :i* we discrim9ate ?+s diff]+ 9 a simple way8 ,fir/1 ! ?+s mu/ ,,be diff]5t1 ei!r 9 "t1 or place1 or quality4 ,if ! diff]5ce 9 any ( ^! reg>ds is suffici5tly great1 !n we _c ov]look x1 except by n notic+ ! ?+s at all4 ,no "o c help s+l+ out a black /ripe on a :ite gr\nd1 or feel+ ! contra/ betwe5 a bass note & a high "o s\nd$ imm$iately aft] x4 ,discrim9ation is "h involunt>y4 ,b :]e ! objective diff]5ce is less1 discrim9ation ne$ n s inevitably occur1 & may ev5 require consid]able ef=t ( att5tion to be p]=m$ at all4 ,ano!r condition :i* !n favors x is t ! s5sations excit$ by ! diff]+ objects %\ld n come to u simultane\sly b fall 9 imm$iate ,,succession ^u ! same organ4 ,x is easi] to comp>e successive ?an simultane\s s\nds1 easi] to comp>e two weights or two temp]atures by te/+ "o aft] ! o!r ) ! same h&1 ?an by us+ bo? h&s & comp>+ bo? at once4 ,simil>ly x is easi] to discrim9ate %ades ( light or color by mov+ ! eye f "o to ! o!r1 s t !y successively /imulate ! same ret9al tract4 ,9 te/+ ! local discrim9ation ( ! sk91 by apply+ compass-po9ts1 x is f\nd t !y are felt to t\* diff]5t spots mu* m readily :5 set d[n "o aft] ! o!r ?an :5 bo? are appli$ at once4 ,9 ! latt] case !y may be two or ?ree in*es ap>t on ! back1 ?ighs1 etc41 & /ill feel z if !y 7 set d[n 9 "o spot4 ,f9ally1 9 ! case ( smell & ta/e x is well-nigh impossible to comp>e simultane\s impressions at all4 ,! reason :y successive impression s mu* favors ! result seems to be t !re is a real s5sation ( diff]5ce1 ar\s$ by ! %ock ( transition f "o p]ception to ano!r :i* is unlike ! fir/4 ,?is s5sation ( diff]5ce has its own peculi> quality1 z diff]5ce1 :i* rema9s s5sible1 no matt] ( :at sort ! t]ms may be1 betwe5 :i* x obta9s4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 "o ( ^? transitive feel+s1 or feel+s ( relation1 ( :i* ,i treat$ 9 a =m] place 7pp4 #bde ff472 &1 :5 once ar\s$1 its object l+]s 9 ! memory along ) ! sub/antive t]ms :i* prec$e & foll[1 & enables our judgm5ts ( comp>ison to be made4 ,we %all soon see reason to believe t no two t]ms c possibly be simultane\sly p]ceiv$ to diff]1 unless1 9 a prelim9>y op]ation1 we h successively att5d$ to ea*1 &1 9 s do+1 _h ! transitional s5sation ( diff]5ce betwe5 !m ar\s$4 ,a field ( consci\sness1 h[ev] complex1 is nev] analyz$ unless "s ( its +r$i5ts h *ang$4 ,we n[ disc]n1 'tis true1 a multitude ( coexi/+ ?+s ab\t u at e mom5t3 b ?is is because we h _h a long education1 & ea* ?+ we n[ see di/9ct has be5 already diff]5tiat$ f its neighbors by repeat$ appe>ances 9 successive ord]4 ,to ! infant1 s\nds1 sights1 t\*es1 & pa9s1 =m probably "o unanalyz$ bloom ( confusion4#dae ,:]e ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! successive s5sations is b slight1 ! transition betwe5 !m mu/ be made z imm$iate z possible1 & bo? mu/ be comp>$ 9 memory1 9 ord] to get ! be/ results4 ,"o _c judge accurately ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 two simil> w9es1 :il/ ! second is /ill 9 "o's m\?4 ,s ( s\nds1 w>m?s1 etc4--we mu/ get ! dy+ phases ( bo? s5sations ( ! pair we are comp>+4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! diff]5ce is /rong1 ?is condition is immat]ial1 & we c !n comp>e a s5sation actually felt ) ano!r c>ri$ 9 memory only4 ,! long] ! int]val ( "t betwe5 ! s5sations1 ! m unc]ta9 is _! discrim9ation4 ,! diff]5ce1 ?us imm$iately felt betwe5 two t]ms1 is indep5d5t ( our ability to id5tify ei!r ( ! t]ms by itself4 ,i c feel two di/9ct spots to be t\*$ on my sk91 yet n "k :i* is above & :i* bel[4 ,i c obs]ve two neighbor+ musical tones to diff]1 & /ill n "k :i* ( ! two is ! high] 9 pit*4 ,simil>ly ,i may discrim9ate two neighbor+ t9ts1 :il/ rema9+ unc]ta9 :i* is ! blu] or ! yell[]1 or h[ ei!r diff]s f its mate4#daf 99 99 99 99 99 ,) su* direct p]ceptions ( diff]5ce z ?is1 we mu/ n conf\nd ^? entirely unlike cases 9 :i* we inf] t two ?+s mu/ diff] because we "k en\gh ab\t ea* ( !m tak5 by itself to w>rant our class+ !m "u di/9ct heads4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 :5 ! int]val is long betwe5 two exp]i5ces1 t our judgm5ts are guid$1 n s mu* by a positive image or copy ( ! e>li] "o1 z by our recollection ( c]ta9 facts ab\t x4 ,?us ,i "k t ! sun%9e to-day is less bright ?an on a c]ta9 day la/ week1 because ,i !n said x 0 q dazzl+1 a rem>k ,i %\ld n n[ c>e to make4 ,or ,i "k myself to feel bett] n[ ?an ,i 0 la/ summ]1 because ,i c n[ psy*ologize1 & !n ,i c\ld n4 ,we are con/antly busy comp>+ feel+s ) ^: quality our imag9ation has no sort ( acqua9tance at ! "t--pleasures1 or pa9s1 = example4 ,x is notori\sly h>d to conjure up 9 imag9ation a lively image ( ei!r ( ^! classes ( feel+4 ,! associationi/s may prate ( an idea ( pleasure be+ a pleasant idea1 ( an idea ( pa9 be+ a pa9ful "o1 b ! unsophi/icat$ s5se ( mank9d is aga9/ !m1 agree+ ) ,hom] t ! memory ( griefs :5 pa/ may be a joy1 & ) ,dante t !re is no great] sorr[ ?an1 9 mis]y1 to recollect "o's happi] "t4 ,feel+s rememb]$ 9 ?is imp]fect way mu/ be comp>$ ) pres5t or rec5t feel+s by ! aid ( :at we "k ab\t !m4 ,we id5tify ! remote exp]i5ce 9 su* a case by conceiv+ x4 ,! mo/ p]fect way ( conceiv+ x is by def9+ x 9 t]ms ( "s /&>d scale4 ,if ,i "k ! !rmomet] to /& at z]o to-day & to h /ood at #cb la/ ,sunday1 ,i "k to-day to be cold]1 & ,i "k j h[ mu* cold]1 ?an x 0 la/ ,sunday4 ,if ,i "k t a c]ta9 note 0 c1 & t ?is note is d1 ,i "k t ?is note mu/ be ! high] ( ! two4 ,! inf]5ce t two ?+s diff] because _! concomitants1 effects1 names1 k9ds1 or--to put x g5]ally--_! signs1 diff]1 is ( c\rse susceptible ( unlimit$ complication4 ,! sci5ces furni% examples1 9 ! way 9 :i* m5 are l$1 by notic+ diff]5ces 9 effects1 to assume new hypo!tical causes1 diff]+ f any kn[n h]et(ore4 ,b no matt] h[ _m may be ! /eps by :i* su* inf]5tial discrim9ations are made1 !y all end 9 a direct intuition ( diff]5ce some:]e4 ,! la/ gr\nd = inf]r+ t ,a & ,b diff] mu/ be t1 :il/ ,a is an m1 ,b is an n1 & t m & n are se5 to diff]4 ,let u !n neglect ! complex cases1 ! ,a's & ! ,b's1 & g back to ! /udy ( ! unanalyzable p]ception ( diff]5ce betwe5 _! signs1 ! m's & ! n's1 :5 ^! are seem+ly simple t]ms4 ,i said t 9 _! imm$iate succession ! %ock ( _! diff]5ce 0 felt4 ,x is felt repeat$ly :5 we g back & =? f m to n2 & we make a po9t ( gett+ x ?us repeat$ly 7by alt]nat+ our att5tion at lea/7 :5ev] ! %ock is s slight z to be ) difficulty p]ceiv$4 ,b 9 addition to be+ felt at ! brief in/ant ( transition1 ! diff]5ce also feels z if incorporat$ & tak5 up into ! second t]m1 :i* feels 'diff]5t-f-!-fir/' ev5 :ile x la/s4 ,x is obvi\s t ! 'second t]m' ( ! m9d 9 ?is case is n bald n1 b a v complex object2 & t ! sequ5ce is n simply fir/ 'm1' !n 'diff]5ce1' !n 'n'2 b fir/ 'm1' !n 'diff]5ce1' !n 'n-diff]5t-f-m4' ,! sev]al ?\ghts1 h[ev]1 to :i* ^! ?ree sev]al objects are reveal$1 are ?ree ord9>y 'segm5ts' ( ! m5tal '/ream4' ,z our bra9s & m9ds are actually made1 x is impossible to get c]ta9 m's & n's 9 imm$iate sequ5ce & to keep !m pure4 ,if kept pure1 x w\ld mean t !y rema9$ uncomp>$4 ,) u1 inevitably1 by a me*anism :i* we z yet fail to und]/&1 ! %ock ( diff]5ce is felt betwe5 !m1 & ! second object is n n pure1 b n-z-diff]5t-f-m4#dag ,x is no m a p>adox t "u ^! conditions ?is cognition ( m & n 9 mutual relation %\ld occur1 ?an t "u o!r conditions ! cognition ( m's or n's simple quality %\ld occur4 ,b z x has be5 treat$ z a p>adox1 & z a spiritual ag5t1 n itself a portion ( ! /ream1 has be5 invok$ to acc\nt = x1 a ^w ( fur!r rem>k seems desirable4 ,my acc\nt1 x w be not$1 is m]ely a description ( ! facts z !y occur3 feel+s 7or ?\ghts7 ea* kn[+ some?+1 b ! lat] "o kn[+1 if prec$$ by a c]ta9 e>li] "o1 a m complicat$ object ?an x w\ld h kn[n _h ! e>li] "o n be5 !re4 ,i (f] no explanation ( su* a sequ5ce ( cognitions4 ,! explanation 7,i dev\tly expect7 w be f\nd "s day to dep5d on c]ebral conditions4 ,until x is =?com+1 we c only treat ! sequ5ce z a special case ( ! g5]al law t e exp]i5ce und]gone by ! bra9 leaves 9 x a modification :i* is "o factor 9 det]m9+ :at mann] ( exp]i5ces ! foll[+ ones %all be 7cf4 pp4 #bcb-bcf74 ,to anyone :o d5ies ! possibility ( su* a law ,i h no?+ to say1 until he br+s 8 pro(s4 ,! s5sationali/s & ! spirituali/s mean:ile 7fill$ bo? ( !m ) _! notion t ! m9d mu/ 9 "s fa%ion conta9 :at x kn[s7 beg9 by giv+ a crook$ acc\nt ( ! facts4 ,bo? admit t = m & n to be kn[n 9 any way :atev]1 little r\nd$ & f9i%$ (f duplicates ( ea* mu/ be conta9$ 9 ! m9d z sep>ate entities4 ,^! pure ideas1 s call$1 ( m & n respectively1 succe$ ea* o!r !re4 ,& s9ce !y are di/9ct1 say ! s5sationali/s1 !y are eo ipso di/+ui%$4 ,to h ideas diff]5t & ideas di/+ui%$1 are synonym\s expressions2 diff]5t & di/+ui%$ mean+ exactly ! same ?+1 says ,james ,mill4#dah ,di/+ui%$6 say ! spirituali/s1 di/+ui%$ by :at1 =soo?8 ,truly ! respective ideas ( m & ( n 9 ! m9d are di/9ct4 ,b = t v reason nei!r c di/+ui% itself f ! o!r1 = to d t x w\ld h to be aw>e ( ! o!r1 & ?us = ! "t be+ become ! o!r1 & t w\ld be to get mix$ up ) ! o!r & to lose its own di/9ctness4 ,di/9ctness ( ideas & idea ( di/9ctness1 are n "o ?+1 b two4 ,?is la/ is a relation4 ,only a relat+ pr9ciple1 oppos$ 9 nature to all facts ( feel+1 an ,ego1 ,s\l1 or ,subject1 is compet5t1 by be+ pres5t to bo? ( ! ideas alike1 to hold !m toge!r & at ! same "t to keep !m di/9ct4 ,b if ! pla9 facts be admitt$ t ! pure idea ( 'n' is nev] 9 ! m9d at all1 :5 'm' has once gone be=e2 & t ! feel+ 'n-diff]5t-f-m' is itself an absolutely unique pulse ( ?\ght1 ! bottom ( ?is preci\s qu>rel drops out & nei!r p>ty is left ) any?+ to fight ab\t4 ,surely su* a consummation ought to be welcom$1 especially :5 br\ght ab\t1 u "h1 by a =mulation ( ! facts :i* (f]s itself s naturally & unsophi/ically4#dai ,we may1 !n1 conclude our exam9ation ( ! mann] 9 :i* simple involunt>y discrim9ation comes ab\t1 by say+1 #a7 t its vehicle is a ?\ght possess$ ( a k ( bo? t]ms comp>$ & ( _! diff]5ce2 #b7 t ! necess>y & suffici5t condition 7z ! human m9d goes7 = ar\s+ ?is ?\ght is t a ?\ght or feel+ ( "o ( ! t]ms discrim9at$ %\ld1 z imm$iately z possible1 prec$e t 9 :i* ! o!r t]m is kn[n2 & #c7 & t ! ?\ght :i* kn[s ! second t]m w !n also "k ! diff]5ce 7or 9 m difficult cases w be cont9u\sly succe$$ by "o :i* does "k ! diff]5ce7 & bo? ( ! t]ms betwe5 :i* x holds4 ,?is la/ ?\ght ne$1 h[ev]1 n be ^! t]ms ) _! diff]5ce1 nor conta9 !m4 ,a man's ?\ght c "k & mean all sorts ( ?+s )\t ^? ?+s gett+ bodily into x--! di/ant1 = example1 ! future1 & ! pa/4#dbj ,! vani%+ t]m 9 ! case :i* occupies u vani%es2 b because x is ! specific t]m x is & no?+ else1 x leaves a specific influ5ce beh9d x :5 x vani%es1 ! effect ( :i* is to det]m9e ! succe$+ pulse ( ?\ght 9 a p]fectly *>act]i/ic way4 ,:atev] consci\sness comes next mu/ "k ! vani%$ t]m & call x diff]5t f ! "o n[ !re4 ,"h we are at ! end ( our te!r ab\t involunt>y discrim9ation ( successively felt simple ?+s2 & mu/ drop ! subject1 hopeless ( see+ any deep] into x = ! pres5t1 & turn to discrim9ations ( a less simple sort4 ,,! ,,process ,,( ,,analysis4 ,& fir/1 ( ! discrim9ation ( simultane\sly felt impressions6 ,our fir/ way ( look+ at a reality is (t5 to suppose x simple1 b lat] we may le>n to p]ceive x z comp\nd4 ,?is new way ( kn[+ ! same reality may conv5i5tly be call$ by ! "n ( ,analysis4 ,x is manife/ly "o ( ! mo/ incessantly p]=m$ ( all our m5tal processes1 s let u exam9e ! conditions "u :i* x occurs4 ,i ?9k we may safely lay d[n at ! outset ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple1 t any total impression made on ! m9d mu/ be unanalyzable1 ^: elem5ts are nev] exp]i5c$ ap>t4 ,! compon5ts ( an absolutely *angeless gr\p ( n-else:]e-occurr+ attributes c\ld nev] be discrim9at$4 ,if all cold ?+s 7 wet & all wet ?+s cold1 if all h>d ?+s prick$ our sk91 & no o!r ?+s did s2 is x likely t we %\ld discrim9ate betwe5 coldness & wetness1 & h>dness & pung5cy respectively8 ,if all liquids 7 transp>5t & no non-liquid 7 transp>5t1 x w\ld be long be=e we _h sep>ate names = liquidity & transp>5cy4 ,if heat 7 a function ( position above ! e>?'s surface1 s t ! high] a ?+ 0 ! hott] x became1 "o ^w w\ld s]ve = hot & high4 ,we h1 9 fact1 a numb] ( s5sations ^: concomitants are almo/ inv>iably ! same1 & we f9d x1 accord+ly1 almo/ impossible to analyze !m out f ! totals 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,! contraction ( ! diaphragm & ! expansion ( ! lungs1 ! %ort5+ ( c]ta9 muscles & ! rotation ( c]ta9 jo9ts1 are examples4 ,! conv]g+ ( ! eyeballs & ! accommodation = ne> objects are1 = ea* di/ance ( ! object 79 ! common use ( ! eyes7 insep>ably l9k$1 & nei!r c 7)\t a sort ( artificial tra9+ :i* %all pres5tly be m5tion$7 be felt by itself4 ,we le>n t ! causes ( su* gr\ps ( feel+s are multiple1 & !re=e we frame !ories ab\t ! composition ( ! feel+s !mselves1 by 'fusion1' 'integration1' 'syn!sis1' or :at n4 ,b by direct introspection no analysis ( !m is ev] made4 ,a conspicu\s case w come to view :5 we treat ( ! emotions4 ,e emotion has its 'expression1' ( quick brea?+1 palpitat+ he>t1 flu%$ face1 or ! l4 ,! expression gives rise to bodily feel+s2 & ! emotion is ?us necess>ily & inv>iably accompani$ by ^! bodily feel+s4 ,! consequ5ce is t x is impossible to appreh5d x z a spiritual /ate by itself1 or to analyze x away f ! l[] feel+s 9 "q4 ,x is 9 fact impossible to prove t x exi/s z a di/9ct psy*ic fact4 ,! pres5t writ] /rongly d\bts t x does s exi/4 ,b ^? :o are mo/ firmly p]suad$ ( its exi/5ce mu/ wait1 to prove _! po9t1 until !y c quote "s z yet unf\nd pa?ological case ( an individual :o %all h emotions 9 a body 9 :i* ei!r complete p>alysis w h prev5t$ _! expression1 or complete an/hesia w h made ! latt] unfelt4 ,9 g5]al1 !n1 if an object affects u simultane\sly 9 a numb] ( ways1 abcd1 we get a peculi> integral impression1 :i* !reaft] *>act]izes to our m9d ! individuality ( t object1 & becomes ! sign ( its pres5ce2 & :i* is only resolv$ into a1 b1 c1 d1 respectively by ! aid ( f>!r exp]i5ces4 ,^! we n[ may turn to consid]4 ,if any s+le quality or con/itu5t1 a1 ( su* an object1 h previ\sly be5 kn[n by u isolat$ly1 or h 9 any o!r mann] already become an object ( sep>ate acqua9tance on our "p1 s t we h an image ( x1 di/9ct or vague1 9 our m9d1 disconnect$ ) bcd1 !n t con/itu5t a may be analyz$ out f ! total impression4 ,analysis ( a ?+ means sep>ate att5tion to ea* ( its p>ts4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xi we saw t "o condition ( att5d+ to a ?+ 0 ! =mation f )9 ( a sep>ate image ( t ?+1 :i* %\ld1 z x 71 g out to meet ! impression receiv$4 ,att5tion be+ ! condition ( analysis1 & sep>ate imag9ation be+ ! condition ( att5tion1 x foll[s also t sep>ate imag9ation is ! condition ( analysis4 ,only su* elem5ts z we are acqua9t$ )1 & c imag9e1 sep>ately1 c be discrim9at$ )9 a total s5se-impression4 ,! image seems to welcome its own mate f out ( ! comp\nd1 & to height5 ! feel+ !re(2 :]eas x damp5s & opposes ! feel+ ( ! o!r con/itu5ts2 & ?us ! comp\nd becomes brok5 = our consci\sness into p>ts4 ,all ! facts cit$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi1 to prove t att5tion involves inw>d reproduction1 g to prove ?is po9t z well4 ,9 look+ = any object 9 a room1 = a book 9 a libr>y1 = example1 we detect x ! m readily if1 9 addition to m]ely kn[+ its "n1 etc41 we c>ry 9 our m9d a di/9ct image ( its appe>ance4 ,! assaftida 9 ',worce/]%ire sauce' is n obvi\s to anyone :o has n ta/$ assaftida p] se4 ,9 a 'cold' color an arti/ w\ld nev] be able to analyze out ! p]vasive pres5ce ( blue1 unless he _h previ\sly made acqua9tance ) ! color blue by itself4 ,all ! colors we actually exp]i5ce are mixtures4 ,ev5 ! pure/ prim>ies always come to u ) "s :ite4 ,absolutely pure r$ or gre5 or violet is nev] exp]i5c$1 & s c nev] be disc]n$ 9 ! s-call$ prim>ies ) :i* we h to deal3 ! latt] consequ5tly pass = pure4--,! read] w rememb] h[ an ov]tone c only be att5d$ to 9 ! mid/ ( its consorts 9 ! voice ( a musical in/rum5t1 by s\nd+ x previ\sly alone4 ,! imag9ation1 be+ !n full ( x1 he>s ! l ( x 9 ! comp\nd tone4 ,helmholtz1 ^: acc\nt ( ?is obs]vation we =m]ly quot$1 goes on to expla9 ! difficulty ( ! case 9 a way :i* beautifully corroborates ! po9t ,i n[ seek to prove4 ,he says3 ,! ultimate simple elem5ts ( ! s5sation ( tone1 simple tones !mselves1 are r>ely he>d alone4 ,ev5 ^? in/rum5ts by :i* !y c be produc$ 7z tun+-=ks be=e resonance-*amb]s71 :5 /rongly excit$1 give rise to weak h>monic upp] p>tials1 p>tly )9 & p>tly )\t ! e>4444 ,h5ce ! opportunities are v scanty = impress+ on our memory an exact & sure image ( ^! simple elem5t>y tones4 ,b if ! con/itu5ts are only indef9itely & vaguely kn[n1 ! analysis ( _! sum into !m mu/ be correspond+ly unc]ta94 ,if we d n "k ) c]ta9ty h[ mu* ( ! musical tone "u consid]ation is to be attribut$ to its prime1 we _c b be unc]ta9 z to :at belongs to ! p>tials4 ,consequ5tly we mu/ beg9 by mak+ ! individual elem5ts :i* h to be di/+ui%$ individually audible1 s z to obta9 an entirely fre% recollection ( ! correspond+ s5sation1 & ! :ole bus9ess requires undi/urb$ & conc5trat$ att5tion4 ,we are ev5 )\t ! ease t c be obta9$ by frequ5t repetitions ( ! exp]im5t1 su* z we possess 9 ! analysis ( musical *ords into _! individual notes4 ,9 t case we he> ! individual notes suffici5tly (t5 by !mselves1 :]eas we r>ely he> simple tones1 & may almo/ be said nev] to he> ! build+ up ( a comp\nd f its simple tones4#dba ,,! ,,process ,,( ,,ab/raction4 ,v few elem5ts ( reality are exp]i5c$ by u 9 absolute isolation4 ,! mo/ t usually happ5s to a con/itu5t a1 ( a comp\nd ph5om5on abcd1 is t its /r5g? relatively to bcd v>ies f a maximum to a m9imum2 or t x appe>s l9k$ ) o!r qualities1 9 o!r comp\nds1 z aefg1 or ahik4 ,ei!r ( ^! vicissitudes 9 ! mode ( our exp]i5c+ a may1 "u favorable circum/ances1 lead u to feel ! diff]5ce betwe5 x & its concomitants1 & to s+le x out--n absolutely1 x is true1 b approximately--& s to analyze ! comp\nd ( :i* x is a "p4 ,! act ( s+l+ out is !n call$ ab/raction1 & ! elem5t dis5gag$ is an ab/ract4 ,consid] ! case ( fluctuations ( relative /r5g? or int5sity fir/4 ,let !re be ?ree grades ( ! comp\nd1 z ,abcd1 abcd1 & abc,d4 ,9 pass+ betwe5 ^! comp\nds1 ! m9d w feel %ocks ( diff]5ce4 ,! diff]5ces1 moreov]1 w s]ially increase1 & _! direction w be felt z ( a di/9ct sort4 ,! increase f abcd to ,abcd is on ! a side2 t to abc,d is on ! d side4 ,& ^! two diff]5ces ( direction are diff]5tly felt4 ,i d n say t ?is disc]nm5t ( ! a-direction f ! d-direction w give u an actual intuition ei!r ( a or ( d 9 ! ab/ract4 ,b x leads u to conceive or po/ulate ea* ( ^! qualities1 & to def9e x z ! extreme ( a c]ta9 direction4 ',dry' w9es & 'sweet' w9es1 = example1 diff]1 & =m a s]ies4 ,x happ5s t we h an exp]i5ce ( sweetness pure & simple 9 ! ta/e ( sug>1 & ?is we c analyze out ( ! w9e-ta/e4 ,b no "o kn[s :at 'dryness' ta/es l1 all by itself4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be some?+ extreme 9 ! dry direction2 & we %\ld probably n fail to recognize x z ! orig9al ( our ab/ract conception1 9 case we ev] did come across x4 ,9 "s su* way we get to =m notions ( ! flavor ( meats1 ap>t f _! feel+ to ! tongue1 or ( t ( fruits ap>t f _! acidity1 etc41 & we ab/ract ! t\* ( bodies z di/9ct f _! temp]ature4 ,we may ev5 appreh5d ! quality ( a muscle's contraction z di/+ui%$ f its ext5t1 or "o muscle's contraction f ano!r's1 z :51 by practis+ ) prismatic glasses1 & v>y+ our eyes' conv]g5ce :il/ our accommodation rema9s ! same1 we le>n ! direction 9 :i* our feel+ ( ! conv]g5ce diff]s f t ( ! accommodation4 ,b ! fluctuation 9 a quality's int5sity is a less effici5t aid to our ab/ract+ ( x ?an ! div]sity ( ! o!r qualities 9 ^: company x may appe>4 ,:at is associat$ n[ ) "o ?+ & n[ ) ano!r t5ds to become dissociat$ f ei!r1 & to gr[ into an object ( ab/ract contemplation by ! m9d4 ,"o might call ?is ! law ( dissociation by v>y+ concomitants4 ,! practical result ( x w be to all[ ! m9d :i* has ?us dissociat$ & ab/ract$ a "* to analyze x out ( a total1 :5ev] x meets ) x aga94 ,! law has be5 frequ5tly recogniz$ by psy*ologi/s1 ?\gh ,i "k ( none :o has giv5 x ! emphatic prom95ce 9 our m5tal hi/ory :i* x des]ves4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] says3 ,if ! prop]ty ,a occurs "h along ) ! prop]ties ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 !re along ) ,c1 ,f1 ,h1 & aga9 ) ,e1 ,g1 ,b1444 x mu/ happ5 t by multiplication ( exp]i5ces ! impressions produc$ by ^! prop]ties on ! organism w be disconnect$ & r5d]$ s f> indep5d5t 9 ! organism z ! prop]ties are 9 ! environm5t1 :5ce mu/ ev5tually result a p[] to recognize attributes 9 !mselves1 ap>t f p>ticul> bodies4#dbb ,& /ill m to ! po9t ,dr4 ,m>t9eau1 9 ! passage ,i h already quot$1 writes3 ,:5 a r$ ivory ball1 se5 = ! fir/ "t1 has be5 )drawn1 x w leave a m5tal repres5tation ( itself1 9 :i* all t x simultane\sly gave u w indi/+ui%ably coexi/4 ,let a :ite ball succe$ to x2 n[1 & n be=e1 w an attribute deta* itself1 & ! color1 by =ce ( contra/1 be %ak5 out into ! =egr\nd4 ,let ! :ite ball be replac$ by an egg1 & ?is new diff]5ce w br+ ! =m into notice f its previ\s slumb]1 & ?us t :i* began by be+ simply an object cut out f ! surr\nd+ sc5e becomes = u fir/ a r$ object1 !n a r$ r\nd object1 & s on4 ,:y ! repetition ( ! "* 9 comb9ation ) diff]5t :oles w cause x ?us to break up its adhesion ) any "o ( !m1 & roll out1 z x 71 alone ^u ! table ( consci\sness1 is a little ( a my/]y4 ,"o might suppose ! n]ve-processes ( ! v>i\s concomitants to neutralize or inhibit ea* o!r m or less & to leave ! process ( ! common t]m alone di/9ctly active4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] appe>s to ?9k t ! m]e fact t ! common t]m is repeat$ m (t5 ?an any "o ( its associates w1 ( itself1 give x su* a degree ( int5sity t its ab/raction mu/ ne$s ensue4 ,?is has a plausible s\nd1 b breaks d[n :5 exam9$ closely4 ,= x is n always ! (t5-repeat$ "* :i* is fir/ notic$ :5 its concomitants h v>i$ a c]ta9 numb] ( times2 x is ev5 m likely to be ! mo/ novel ( all ! concomitants1 :i* w arre/ ! att5tion4 ,if a boy has se5 no?+ all 8 life b sloops & s*oon]s1 he w probably nev] di/9ctly h s+l$ out 9 8 notion ( 'sail' ! "* ( be+ hung l5g?wise4 ,:5 = ! fir/ "t he sees a squ>e-rigg$ %ip1 ! opportunity ( extract+ ! l5g?wise mode ( hang+ z a special accid5t1 & ( dissociat+ x f ! g5]al notion ( sail1 is (f]$4 ,b !re are tw5ty *ances to "o t t w n be ! =m ( ! boy's consci\sness4 ,:at he notices w be ! new & exceptional "* ( be+ hung crosswise4 ,he w g home & speak ( t1 & p]haps nev] consci\sly =mulate :at ! m famili> peculi>ity consi/s 94 ,?is mode ( ab/raction is realiz$ on a v wide scale1 because ! elem5ts ( ! _w 9 :i* we f9d ourselves appe>1 z a matt] ( fact1 "h1 !re1 & ev]y:]e1 & are *ang+ _! concomitants all ! :ile4 ,b on ! o!r h& ! ab/raction is1 s to speak1 nev] complete1 ! analysis ( a comp\nd nev] p]fect1 because no elem5t is ev] giv5 to u absolutely alone1 & we c nev] !re=e approa* a comp\nd ) ! image 9 our m9d ( any "o ( its compon5ts 9 a p]fectly pure =m4 ,colors1 s\nds1 smells1 are j z mu* entangl$ ) o!r matt] z are m =mal elem5ts ( exp]i5ce1 su* z ext5sion1 int5sity1 ef=t1 pleasure1 diff]5ce1 lik5ess1 h>mony1 badness1 /r5g?1 & ev5 consci\sness itself4 ,all are emb$d$ 9 "o _w4 ,b by ! fluctuations & p]mutations ( :i* we h spok51 we come to =m a pretty good notion ( ! direction 9 :i* ea* elem5t diff]s f ! re/1 & s we frame ! notion ( x z a t]m9us1 & cont9ue to mean x z an individual ?+4 ,9 ! case ( _m elem5ts1 ! simple s5sibles1 l heat1 cold1 ! colors1 smells1 etc41 ! extremes ( ! directions are almo/ t\*$1 & 9 ^! in/ances we h a comp>atively exact p]ception ( :at x is we mean to ab/ract4 ,b ev5 ?is is only an approximation2 & 9 lit]al ma!matical /rictness all our ab/racts mu/ be confess$ to be b imp]fectly imag9able ?+s4 ,at bottom ! process is "o ( conception1 & is ev]y:]e1 ev5 9 ! sph]e ( simple s5sible qualities1 ! same z t by :i* we are usually und]/ood to atta9 to ! notions ( ab/ract goodness1 p]fect felicity1 absolute p[]1 & ! l3 ! direct p]ception ( a diff]5ce betwe5 comp\nds1 & ! imag9>y prolongation ( ! direction ( ! diff]5ce to an ideal t]m9us1 ! notion ( :i* we fix & keep z "o ( our p]man5t subjects ( disc\rse4 ,?is is all t ,i c say usefully ab\t ab/raction1 or ab\t analysis1 to :i* x leads4 ,,! ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,discrim9ation ,,by ,,practice4 ,9 all ! cases consid]$ hi!rto ,i h suppos$ ! diff]5ces involv$ to be s l>ge z to be flagrant1 & ! discrim9ation1 :]e successive1 0 treat$ z involunt>y4 ,b1 s f> f be+ always involunt>y1 discrim9ations are (t5 difficult 9 ! extreme1 & by mo/ m5 nev] p]=m$4 ,pr(essor de ,morgan1 ?9k+1 x is true1 r ( conceptual ?an ( p]ceptive discrim9ation1 wrote1 wittily en\gh3 ,! great bulk ( ! illogical "p ( ! educat$ community--:e!r majority or m9ority ,i "k n2 p]haps six ( "o & half a doz5 ( ! o!r--h n p[] to make a di/9ction1 & ( c\rse _c be made to take a di/9ction1 & ( c\rse nev] attempt to %ake a di/9ction4 ,) !m all su* ?+s are evasions1 subt]fuges1 come-(fs1 loop-holes1 etc4 ,!y w\ld hang a man = horse-/eal+ "u a /atute aga9/ %eep-/eal+2 & w\ld laugh at y if y quibbl$ ab\t ! di/9ction betwe5 a horse & a %eep4#dbc ,any p]sonal or practical int]e/1 h[ev]1 9 ! results to be obta9$ by di/+ui%+1 makes "o's wits amaz+ly %>p to detect diff]5ces4 ,! culprit himself is n likely to ov]look ! diff]5ce betwe5 a horse & a %eep4 ,& long tra9+ & practice 9 di/+ui%+ has ! same effect z p]sonal int]e/4 ,bo? ( ^! ag5cies give to small am\nts ( objective diff]5ce ! same effectiv5ess ^u ! m9d t1 "u o!r circum/ances1 only l>ge ones w\ld h4 ,let u seek to p5etrate ! modus op]&i ( _! influ5ce--beg9n+ ) t ( practice & habit4 ,t 'practice makes p]fect' is notori\s 9 ! field ( motor accompli%m5ts4 ,b motor accompli%m5ts dep5d 9 "p on s5sory discrim9ation4 ,billi>d-play+1 rifle-%oot+1 tight-rope-danc+1 dem& ! mo/ delicate appreciation ( m9ute disp>ities ( s5sation1 z well z ! p[] to make accurately graduat$ muscul> response !reto4 ,9 ! purely s5sorial field we h ! well-kn[n virtuosity display$ by ! pr(essional buy]s & te/]s ( v>i\s k9ds ( goods4 ,"o man w di/+ui% by ta/e betwe5 ! upp] & ! l[] half ( a bottle ( old ,madeira4 ,ano!r w recognize1 by feel+ ! fl\r 9 a b>rel1 :e!r ! :eat 0 gr[n 9 ,i[a or ,t5nessee4 ,! bl9d deaf-mute1 ,laura ,bridgman1 _h s improv$ h] t\* z to recognize1 aft] a ye>'s int]val1 ! h& ( a p]son :o once _h %ak5 h]s2 & h] si/] 9 mis=tune1 ,julia ,brace1 is said to h be5 employ$ 9 ! ,h>t=d ,asylum to sort ! l95 ( its multitud9\s inmates1 aft] x came f ! wa%1 by h] wond]fully educat$ s5se ( smell4 ,! fact is s famili> t few1 if any1 psy*ologi/s h ev5 recogniz$ x z ne$+ explanation4 ,!y h seem$ to ?9k t practice mu/1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 improve ! delicacy ( disc]nm5t1 & h let ! matt] re/4 ,at mo/ !y h said3 ,att5tion acc\nts = x2 we att5d m to habitual ?+s1 & :at we att5d to we p]ceive m m9utely4 ,?is answ] is true1 b too g5]al2 x seems to me t we c be a little m precise4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are at lea/ two di/9ct causes :i* we c see at "w :5ev] exp]i5ce improves discrim9ation3 ,fir/1 ! t]ms ^: diff]5ce comes to be felt contract disp>ate associates & ^! help to drag !m ap>t4 ,second1 ! diff]5ce rem9ds u ( l>g] diff]5ces ( ! same sort1 & ^! help u to notice x4 ,let u /udy ! fir/ cause fir/1 & beg9 by suppos+ two comp\nds1 ( t5 elem5ts apiece4 ,suppose no "o elem5t ( ei!r comp\nd to diff] f ! correspond+ elem5t ( ! o!r comp\nd en\gh to be di/+ui%$ f x if ! two are comp>$ alone1 & let ! am\nt ( ?is imp]ceptible diff]5ce be call$ equal to #a4 ,! comp\nds w diff] f ea* o!r1 h[ev]1 9 t5 diff]5t ways2 &1 al?\gh ea* diff]5ce by itself might pass unp]ceiv$1 ! total diff]5ce1 equal to #aj1 may v well be suffici5t to /rike ! s5se4 ,9 a ^w1 increas+ ! numb] ( 'po9ts' involv$ 9 a diff]5ce may excite our discrim9ation z effectually z increas+ ! am\nt ( diff]5ce at any "o po9t4 ,two m5 ^: m\?1 nose1 eyes1 *eeks1 *91 & hair1 all diff] slightly1 w be z little conf\nd$ by u1 z two appe>ances ( ! same man "o )1 & ! o!r )\t1 a false nose4 ,! only contra/ 9 ! cases is t we c easily "n ! po9t ( diff]5ce 9 ! "o1 :il/ 9 ! o!r we _c4 ,two ?+s1 !n1 ,b & ,c1 indi/+ui%able :5 comp>$ toge!r alone1 may ea* contract adhesions ) diff]5t associates1 & ! comp\nds ?us =m$ may1 z :oles1 be judg$ v di/9ct4 ,! effect ( practice 9 increas+ discrim9ation mu/ !n1 9 "p be due to ! re9=c+ effect1 ^u an orig9al slight diff]5ce betwe5 ! t]ms1 ( additional diff]5ces betwe5 ! div]se associates :i* !y sev]ally affect4 ,let ,b & ,c be ! t]ms3 ,if ,a contract adhesions ) ,b1 & ,c ) ,d1 ,,ab may appe> v di/9ct f ,,cd1 ?\gh ,b & ,c p] se might h be5 almo/ id5tical4 ,to illu/rate1 h[ does "o le>n to di/+ui% cl>et f burgundy8 ,probably !y h be5 drunk on diff]5t occasions4 ,:5 we fir/ drank cl>et we he>d x call$ by t "n1 we 7 eat+ su* & su* a d9n]1 etc4 ,next "t we dr9k x1 a dim rem9d] ( all ^? ?+s *imes ?r\gh u z we get ! ta/e ( ! w9e4 ,:5 we try burgundy our fir/ impression is t x is a k9d ( cl>et2 b some?+ falls %ort ( full id5tification1 & pres5tly we he> x call$ burgundy4 ,dur+ ! next few exp]i5ces1 ! discrim9ation may /ill be unc]ta9--:i*1 we ask ourselves1 ( ! two w9es is ?is pres5t specim58 ,b at la/ ! cl>et-flavor recalls pretty di/9ctly its own "n1 'cl>et1' t w9e ,i drank at ,s-&-s's table1 etc42 & ! burgundy-flavor recalls ! "n burgundy & "s "o else's table4 ,& only :5 ?is diff]5t ,,sett+ has come to ea* is our discrim9ation betwe5 ! two flavors solid & /able4 ,aft] a :ile ! tables & o!r p>ts ( ! sett+1 besides ! "n1 gr[ s multif>i\s z n to come up di/9ctly into consci\sness2 b p>i passu ) ?is1 ! adhesion ( ea* w9e ) its own "n becomes m & m invet]ate1 & at la/ ea* flavor sugge/s in/antly & c]ta9ly its own "n & no?+ else4 ,! names diff] f> m ?an ! flavors1 & help to /ret* ^! latt] f>!r ap>t4 ,"s su* process z ?is mu/ g on 9 all our exp]i5ce4 ,beef & mutton1 /rawb]ries & raspb]ries1 odor ( rose & odor ( violet1 contract diff]5t adhesions :i* re9=ce ! diff]5ces already felt 9 ! t]ms4 ,! read] may say t ?is has no?+ to d ) mak+ u feel ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two t]ms4 ,x is m]ely fix+1 id5tify+1 & s to speak sub/antializ+1 ! t]ms4 ,b :at we feel z _! diff]5ce1 we %\ld feel1 ev5 ?\gh we 7 unable to "n or o!rwise id5tify ! t]ms4 ,to :i* ,i reply t ,i believe t ! diff]5ce is always concret$ & made to seem m sub/antial by recogniz+ ! t]ms4 ,i w5t out = in/ance ! o!r day & f\nd t ! sn[ j fall5 _h a v odd look1 diff]5t f ! common appe>ance ( sn[4 ,i pres5tly call$ x a 'micace\s' look2 & x seem$ to me z if1 ! mom5t ,i did s1 ! diff]5ce grew m di/9ct & fix$ ?an x 0 be=e4 ,! o!r connotations ( ! ^w 'micace\s' dragg$ ! sn[ f>!r away f ord9>y sn[ & seem$ ev5 to aggravate ! peculi> look 9 "q4 ,i ?9k "s su* effect z ?is on our way ( feel+ a diff]5ce w be v g5]ally admitt$ to foll[ f nam+ ! t]ms betwe5 :i* x obta9s2 al?\gh ,i admit myself t x is difficult to %[ co]cively t nam+ or o!rwise id5tify+ any giv5 pair ( h>dly di/+ui%able t]ms is ess5tial to _! be+ felt z diff]5t at fir/4#dbd ,i (f] ! explanation only z a p>tial "o3 x c]ta9ly is n complete4 ,take ! way 9 :i* practice ref9es our local discrim9ation on ! sk91 = example4 ,two compass-po9ts t\*+ ! palm ( ! h& mu/ be kept1 say1 half an in* asund] 9 ord] n to be mi/ak5 = "o po9t4 ,b at ! end ( an h\r or s ( practice ) !m we c di/+ui% !m z two1 ev5 :5 less ?an a qu>t] ( an in* ap>t4 ,if ! same two regions ( ! sk9 7 con/antly t\*$1 9 ?is exp]i5ce1 ! explanation we h be5 consid]+ w\ld p]fectly apply4 ,suppose a l9e a b c d e f ( po9ts ^u ! sk94 ,suppose ! local diff]5ce ( feel+ betwe5 a & f to be s /rong z to be in/antly recogniz$ :5 ! po9ts are simultane\sly t\*$1 b suppose t betwe5 c & d to be at fir/ too small = ?is purpose4 ,if we began by putt+ ! compasses on a & f & gradually contract$ _! op5+1 ! /rong d\bl5ess recogniz$ at fir/ w\ld /ill be sugge/$1 z ! compass-po9ts approa*$ ! positions c & d2 = ! po9t e w\ld be s ne> f1 & s l x1 z n to be ar\s$ )\t f also com+ to m9d4 ,simil>ly d w\ld recall e &1 m remotely1 f4 ,9 su* wise c--d w\ld no long] be b>e c--d1 b some?+ m l abc--def1--palpably diff]+ impressions4 ,b 9 actual exp]i5ce ! education c take place 9 a mu* less me?odical way1 & we le>n at la/ to discrim9ate c & d )\t any con/ant adhesion be+ contract$ betwe5 "o ( ^! spots & ab1 & ! o!r & ef4 ,volkmann's exp]im5ts %[ ?is4 ,he & ,fe*n]1 prompt$ by ,cz]mak's obs]vation t ! sk9 ( ! bl9d 0 twice z discrim9ative z t ( see+ folks1 s\ght by exp]im5t to %[ ! effects ( practice ^u !mselves4 ,!y discov]$ t ev5 )9 ! limits ( a s+le sitt+ ! di/ances at :i* po9ts 7 felt d\ble might fall at ! end to consid]ably less ?an half ( _! magnitude at ! beg9n+2 & t "s1 ?\gh n all1 ( ?is improv$ s5sibility 0 reta9$ next day4 ,b !y also f\nd t ex]cis+ "o "p ( ! sk9 9 ?is way improv$ ! discrim9ation n only ( ! correspond+ "p ( ! opposite side ( ! body1 b ( ! neighbor+ p>ts z well4 ,?us1 at ! beg9n+ ( an exp]im5tal sitt+1 ! compass-po9ts _h to be a ,p>is l9e asund]1 9 ord] to be di/+ui%$ by ! little-f+]-tip4 ,b aft] ex]cis+ ! o!r f+]s1 x 0 f\nd t ! little-f+]-tip c\ld discrim9ate po9ts only half a l9e ap>t4#dbe ,! same relation exi/$ betwixt div]s po9ts ( ! arm & h&4#dbf ,"h x is cle> t ! cause :i* ,i fir/ sugge/$ fails to apply1 & t we mu/ invoke ano!r4 ,:at are ! exact exp]im5tal ph5om5a8 ,! spots1 z su*1 are n di/9ctly locat$1 & ! diff]5ce1 z su*1 betwe5 _! feel+s1 is n di/9ctly felt1 until ! int]val is great] ?an ! m9imum requir$ = ! m]e p]ception ( _! d\bl5ess4 ,:at we fir/ feel is a bluntness1 !n a suspicion ( d\bl5ess1 :i* pres5tly becomes a di/9ct d\bl5ess1 & at la/ two diff]5t-feel+ & diff]5tly plac$ spots ) a def9ite tract ( space betwe5 !m4 ,"s ( ! places we try give u ?is late/ /age ( ! p]ception imm$iately2 "s only give u ! e>lie/2 & betwe5 !m are int]m$i>y places4 ,b z soon z ! image ( ! d\bl5ess z x is felt 9 ! m discrim9ative places gets lodg$ 9 our memory1 x helps u to f9d its l 9 places :]e o!rwise we might h miss$ x1 mu* z ! rec5t he>+ ( an 'ov]tone' helps u to detect ! latt] 9 a comp\nd s\nd 7supra1 pp4 #dci-dj74 ,a dim d\bl5ess gr[s cle>] by be+ assimilat$ to ! image ( a di/9ct] d\bl5ess felt a mom5t be=e4 ,x is int]pret$ by means ( ! latt]4 ,& s is any diff]5ce1 l any o!r sort ( impression1 m easily p]ceiv$ :5 we c>ry 9 our m9d to meet x a di/9ct image ( :at sort ( a ?+ we are to look =1 ( :at its nature is likely to be4#dbg ,^! two processes1 ! re9=cem5t ( ! t]ms by disp>ate associates1 & ! fill+ ( ! memory ) pa/ diff]5ces1 ( simil> direction ) ! pres5t "o1 b ( m conspicu\s am\nt1 are ! only explanations ,i c (f] ( ! effects ( education 9 ?is l9e4 ,:at is accompli%$ by bo? processes is ess5tially ! same ?+3 !y make small diff]5ces affect u z if !y 7 l>ge ones--t l>ge diff]5ces %\ld affect u z !y d rema9s an inexplicable fact4 ,9 pr9ciple ^! two processes ought to be suffici5t to acc\nt = all possible cases4 ,:e!r 9 fact !y are suffici5t1 :e!r !re be no residual factor :i* we h fail$ to detect & analyze out1 ,i w n presume to decide4 ,,practical ,,int]e/s ,,limit ,,discrim9ation4 ,x w be rememb]$ t on page #eji p]sonal int]e/ 0 nam$ z a %>p5] ( discrim9ation alongside ( practice4 ,b p]sonal int]e/ probably acts ?r\gh att5tion & n 9 any imm$iate or specific way4 ,a di/9ction 9 :i* we h a practical /ake is "o :i* we conc5trate our m9ds ^u & :i* we are on ! look-out =4 ,we draw x frequ5tly1 & we get all ! b5efits ( s do+1 b5efits :i* h j be5 expla9$4 ,:]e1 on ! o!r h&1 a di/9ction has no practical int]e/1 :]e we ga9 no?+ by analyz+ a feature f out ( ! comp\nd total ( :i* x =ms a "p1 we contract a habit ( leav+ x unnotic$1 & at la/ gr[ call\s to its pres5ce4 ,helmholtz 0 ! fir/ psy*ologi/ :o dwelt on ^! facts z emphatically z !y des]ve1 & ,i c d no bett] ?an quote 8 v words4 ,we are accu/om$1 he says1 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases :]e s5sations ( diff]5t k9ds1 or 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1 exi/ simultane\sly1 to recognize t !y are di/9ct z soon z !y are p]ceiv$1 & to direct our att5tion at w to any "o ( !m sep>ately4 ,?us at any mom5t we c be sep>ately consci\s ( :at we see1 ( :at we he>1 ( :at we feel2 & di/+ui% :at we feel 9 a f+] or 9 ! great toe1 :e!r pressure1 g5tle t\*1 or w>m?4 ,s also 9 ! field ( vision4 ,inde$1 z ,i %all endeavor to %[ 9 :at foll[s1 we readily di/+ui% our s5sations f "o ano!r :5 we h a precise k t !y are composite1 z1 = example1 :5 we h become c]ta91 by frequ5tly repeat$ & inv>iable exp]i5ce1 t our pres5t s5sation arises f ! simultane\s action ( _m indep5d5t /imuli1 ea* ( :i* usually excites an equally well-kn[n individual s5sation4 ,?is1 x w be obs]v$1 is only ano!r /atem5t ( our law1 t ! only individual compon5ts :i* we c pick out ( comp\nds are ^? ( :i* we h indep5d5t k 9 a sep>ate =m4 ,?is induces u to ?9k t no?+ c be easi]1 :5 a numb] ( diff]5t s5sations are simultane\sly excit$1 ?an to di/+ui% !m individually f ea* o!r1 & t ?is is an innate faculty ( our m9ds4 ,?us we f9d1 among o!r ?+s1 t x is q a matt] ( c\rse to he> sep>ately ! diff]5t musical tones :i* come to our s5ses collectively2 & we expect t 9 e case :5 two ( !m occur toge!r1 we %all be able to d ! l4 ,! matt] becomes v diff]5t :5 we set to "w to inve/igate ! m unusual cases ( p]ception1 & seek m completely to und]/& ! conditions "u :i* ! above-m5tion$ di/9ction c or _c be made1 z is ! case 9 ! physiology ( ! s5ses4 ,we !n become aw>e t two diff]5t k9ds or grades mu/ be di/+ui%$ 9 our becom+ consci\s ( a s5sation4 ,! l[] grade ( ?is consci\sness is t 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( ! s5sation 9 "q makes itself felt only 9 ! conceptions we =m ( ext]nal ?+s & processes1 & assi/s 9 det]m9+ !m4 ,?is c take place )\t our ne$+1 or inde$ be+ able1 to asc]ta9 to :at p>ticul> "p ( our s5sations we owe ?is or t circum/ance 9 our p]ceptions4 ,9 ?is case we w say t ! impression ( ! s5sation 9 "q is p]ceiv$ syn!tically4 ,! second high] grade is :5 we imm$iately di/+ui% ! s5sation 9 "q z an exi/+ "p ( ! sum ( ! s5sations excit$ 9 u4 ,we w say1 !n1 t ! s5sation is p]ceiv$ analytically4 ,! two cases mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4#dbh ,by ! s5sation be+ p]ceiv$ syn!tically1 ,helmholtz means t x is n discrim9at$ at all1 b only felt 9 a mass ) o!r simultane\s s5sations4 ,t x is felt !re he ?9ks is prov$ by ! fact t our judgm5t ( ! total w *ange if any?+ occurs to alt] ! out] cause ( ! s5sation4#dbi ,! foll[+ pages f an e>li] edition %[ :at ! concrete cases ( syn!tic p]ception & :at ^? ( analytic p]ception are wont to be3 ,9 ! use ( our s5ses1 practice & exp]i5ce play a mu* l>g] "p ?an we ord9>ily suppose4 ,our s5sations are 9 ! fir/ in/ance important only 9 s f> z !y enable u to judge rightly ( ! _w ab\t u2 & our practice 9 discrim9at+ betwe5 !m usually goes only j f> en\gh to meet ?is end4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 too mu* dispos$ to ?9k t we mu/ be imm$iately consci\s ( e +r$i5t ( our s5sations4 ,?is natural prejudice is due to ! fact t we are inde$ consci\s1 imm$iately & )\t ef=t1 ( ev]y?+ 9 our s5sations :i* has a be>+ ^u ^? practical purposes1 = ! sake ( :i* we wi% to "k ! out] _w4 ,daily & h\rly1 dur+ our :ole life1 we keep our s5ses 9 tra9+ = ?is end exclusively1 & = its sake our exp]i5ces are accumulat$4 ,b ev5 )9 ! sph]e ( ^! s5sations1 :i* d correspond to out] ?+s1 tra9+ & practice make !mselves felt4 ,x is well kn[n h[ mu* f9] & quick] ! pa9t] is 9 discrim9at+ colors & illum9ations ?an "o ^: eye is n tra9$ 9 ^! matt]s2 h[ ! musician & ! musical-in/rum5t mak] p]ceive ) ease & c]ta9ty diff]5ces ( pit* & tone :i* = ! e> ( ! layman d n exi/2 & h[ ev5 9 ! inf]ior realms ( cook]y & w9e-judg+ x takes a long habit ( comp>+ to make a ma/]4 ,b m /rik+ly /ill is se5 ! effect ( practice :5 we pass to s5sations :i* dep5d only on inn] conditions ( our organs1 & :i*1 n correspond+ at all to out] ?+s or to _! effects ^u u1 are !re=e ( no value 9 giv+ u in=mation ab\t ! out] _w4 ,! physiology ( ! s5se-organs has1 9 rec5t times1 made u acqua9t$ ) a numb] ( su* ph5om5a1 discov]$ p>tly 9 consequ5ce ( !oretic speculations & que/ion+s1 p>tly by individuals1 l ,goe! & ,purk9je1 specially end[$ by nature ) tal5t = ?is sort ( obs]vation4 ,^! s-call$ subjective ph5om5a are extraord9>ily h>d to f9d2 & :5 !y are once f\nd1 special aids = ! att5tion are almo/ always requir$ to obs]ve !m4 ,x is usually h>d to notice ! ph5om5on aga9 ev5 :5 "o kn[s already ! description ( ! fir/ obs]v]4 ,! reason is t we are n only unpractis$ 9 s+l+ out ^! subjective s5sations1 b t we are1 on ! contr>y1 mo/ ?or\ghly tra9$ 9 ab/ract+ our att5tion f !m1 because !y w\ld only h9d] u 9 obs]v+ ! out] _w4 ,only :5 _! int5sity is s /rong z actually to h9d] u 9 obs]v+ ! out] _w d we beg9 to notice !m2 or !y may sometimes1 9 dream+ & delirium1 =m ! />t+ po9t ( halluc9ations4 ,let me give a few well-kn[n cases1 tak5 f physiological optics1 z examples4 ,e eye probably conta9s musc volitantes1 s call$2 ^! are fibres1 granules1 etc41 float+ 9 ! vitre\s humor1 ?r[+ _! %ad[s on ! ret9a1 & appe>+ 9 ! field ( vision z little d>k mov+ spots4 ,!y are mo/ easily detect$ by look+ att5tively at a broad1 bright1 blank surface l ! sky4 ,mo/ p]sons :o h n _h _! att5tion expressly call$ to ! exi/5ce ( ^! figures are apt to notice !m = ! fir/ "t :5 "s ailm5t befalls _! eyes & attracts _! att5tion to ! subjective /ate ( ^! organs4 ,! usual compla9t !n is t ! musc volitantes came 9 ) ! malady2 & ?is (t5 makes ! pati5ts v anxi\s ab\t ^! h>mless ?+s1 & att5tive to all _! peculi>ities4 ,x is !n h>d "w to make !m believe t ^! figures h exi/$ ?r\gh\t all _! previ\s life1 & t all heal?y eyes conta9 !m4 ,i knew an old g5tleman :o once _h occasion to cov] "o ( 8 eyes :i* _h accid5tally become diseas$1 & :o 0 !n 9 no small degree %ock$ at f9d+ t 8 o!r eye 0 totally bl9d2 ) a sort ( bl9dness1 moreov]1 :i* mu/ h la/$ ye>s1 & yet he nev] 0 aw>e ( x4 ,:o1 besides1 w\ld believe )\t p]=m+ ! appropriate exp]im5ts1 t :5 "o ( 8 eyes is clos$ !re is a great gap1 ! s-call$ 'bl9d spot1' n f> f ! middle ( ! field ( ! op5 eye1 9 :i* he sees no?+ at all1 b :i* he fills out ) 8 imag9ation8 ,m>iotte1 :o 0 l$ by !oretic speculations to discov] ?is ph5om5on1 awak5$ no small surprise :5 he %[$ x at ! c\rt ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ( ,engl&4 ,! exp]im5t 0 at t "t repeat$ ) _m v>iations1 & became a fa%ionable amusem5t4 ,! gap is1 9 fact1 s l>ge t sev5 full moons alongside ( ea* o!r w\ld n cov] its diamet]1 & t a man's face #f or #g feet (f disappe>s )9 x4 ,9 our ord9>y use ( vision ?is great hole 9 ! field fails utt]ly to be notic$2 because our eyes are con/antly w&]+1 & ! mom5t an object int]e/s u we turn !m full ^u x4 ,s x foll[s t ! object :i* at any actual mom5t excites our att5tion nev] happ5s to fall ^u ?is gap1 & ?us x is t we nev] gr[ consci\s ( ! bl9d spot 9 ! field4 ,9 ord] to notice x1 we mu/ fir/ purposely rivet our gaze ^u "o object & !n move ab\t a second object 9 ! neighborhood ( ! bl9d spot1 /riv+ mean:ile to att5d to ?is latt] )\t mov+ ! direction ( our gaze f ! fir/ object4 ,?is runs c\nt] to all our habits1 & is !re=e a difficult ?+ to accompli%4 ,) "s p x is ev5 an impossibility4 ,b only :5 x is accompli%$ d we see ! second object vani% & conv9ce ourselves ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is gap4 ,f9ally1 let me ref] to ! d\ble images ( ord9>y b9ocul> vision4 ,:5ev] we look at a po9t ) bo? eyes1 all objects on ?is side ( x or beyond x appe> d\ble4 ,x takes b a mod]ate ef=t ( obs]vation to asc]ta9 ?is fact2 & f ?is we may conclude t we h be5 see+ ! f> great] "p ( ! ext]nal _w d\ble all our lives1 al?\gh numb]s ( p]sons are unaw>e ( x1 & are 9 ! highe/ degree a/oni%$ :5 x is br\ght to _! att5tion4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we nev] h se5 9 ?is d\ble fa%ion any p>ticul> object ^u :i* our att5tion 0 direct$ at ! "t2 = ^u su* objects we always conv]ge bo? eyes4 ,9 ! habitual use ( our eyes1 our att5tion is always )drawn f su* objects z give u d\ble images at ! "t2 ?is is ! reason :y we s seldom le>n t ^! images exi/4 ,9 ord] to f9d !m we mu/ set our att5tion a new & unusual task2 we mu/ make x explore ! lat]al p>ts ( ! field ( vision1 n1 z usual1 to f9d :at objects are !re1 b to analyze our s5sations4 ,!n only d we notice ?is ph5om5on4#dcj ,! same difficulty :i* is f\nd 9 ! obs]vation ( subjective s5sations to :i* no ext]nal object corresponds is f\nd also 9 ! analysis ( comp\nd s5sations :i* correspond to a s+le object4 ,( ?is sort are _m ( our s5sations ( s\nd4 ,:5 ! s\nd ( a viol91 no matt] h[ (t5 we he> x1 excites ov] & ov] aga9 9 our e> ! same sum ( p>tial tones1 ! result is t our feel+ ( ?is sum ( tones ends by becom+ = our m9d a m]e sign = ! voice ( ! viol94 ,ano!r comb9ation ( p>tial tones becomes ! s5sible sign ( ! voice ( a cl>ionet1 etc4 ,& ! (t5] any su* comb9ation is he>d1 ! m accu/om$ we gr[ to p]ceiv+ x z an integral total1 & ! h>d] x becomes to analyze x by imm$iate obs]vation4 ,i believe t ?is is "o ( ! pr9cipal reasons :y ! analysis ( ! notes ( ! human voice 9 s++ is relatively s difficult4 ,su* fusions ( _m s5sations into :at1 to consci\s p]ception1 seems a simple :ole1 ab\nd 9 all our s5ses4 ,physiological optics af=ds o!r int]e/+ examples4 ,! p]ception ( ! bodily =m ( a ne> object comes ab\t ?r\gh ! comb9ation ( two div]se pictures :i* ! eyes sev]ally receive f x1 & ^: div]sity is due to ! diff]5t position ( ea* eye1 alt]+ ! p]spective view ( :at is be=e x4 ,be=e ! inv5tion ( ! /]eoscope ?is explanation c\ld only be assum$ hypo!tically2 b x c n[ be prov$ at any mom5t by ! use ( ! in/rum5t4 ,into ! /]eoscope we ins]t two flat draw+s1 repres5t+ ! two p]spective views ( ! two eyes1 9 su* a mann] t ea* eye sees its own view 9 ! prop] place2 & we obta91 9 consequ5ce1 ! p]ception ( a s+le ext5d$ solid1 z complete & vivid z if we _h ! real object be=e u4 ,n[ we c1 x is true1 by %utt+ "o eye aft] ! o!r & att5d+ to ! po9t1 recognize ! diff]5ce 9 ! pictures--at lea/ :5 x is n too small4 ,b1 = ! /]eoscopic p]ception ( solidity1 pictures suffice ^: diff]5ce is s extraord9>ily slight z h>dly to be recogniz$ by ! mo/ c>eful comp>ison2 & x is c]ta9 t1 9 our ord9>y c>eless obs]v+ ( bodily objects1 we nev] dream t ! p]ception is due to two p]spective views fus$ into "o1 because x is an entirely diff]5t k9d ( p]ception f t ( ei!r flat p]spective view by itself4 ,x is c]ta91 !re=e1 t two diff]5t s5sations ( our two eyes fuse into a ?ird p]ception entirely diff]5t f ei!r4 ,j z p>tial tones fuse into ! p]ception ( a c]ta9 in/rum5t's voice2 & j z we le>n to sep>ate ! p>tial tones ( a vibrat+ /r+ by p9*+ a nodal po9t & lett+ !m s\nd 9 isolation2 s we le>n to sep>ate ! images on ! two eyes by op5+ & clos+ !m alt]nately4 ,!re are o!r mu* m complex in/ances ( ! way 9 :i* _m s5sations may comb9e to s]ve z ! basis ( a q simple p]ception4 ,:51 = example we p]ceive an object 9 a c]ta9 direction1 we mu/ someh[ be impress$ by ! fact t c]ta9 ( our optic n]ve-fibres1 & no o!rs1 are impress$ by its light4 ,fur!rmore1 we mu/ rightly judge ! position ( our eyes 9 our head1 & ( our head ^u our body1 by means ( feel+s 9 our eye-muscles & our neck-muscles respectively4 ,if any ( ^! processes is di/urb$ we get a false p]ception ( ! object's position4 ,! n]ve-fibres c be *ang$ by a prism be=e ! eye2 or ! eyeball's position *ang$ by press+ ! organ t[>ds "o side2 & su* exp]im5ts %[ t1 = ! simple see+ ( ! position ( an object1 s5sations ( ^! two sorts mu/ concur4 ,b x w\ld be q impossible to ga!r ?is directly f ! s5sible impression :i* ! object makes4 ,ev5 :5 we h made exp]im5ts & conv9c$ ourselves 9 e possible mann] t su* mu/ be ! fact1 x /ill rema9s hidd5 f our imm$iate introspective obs]vation4 ,^! examples ( 'syn!tic p]ception1' p]ception 9 :i* ea* contributory s5sation is felt 9 ! :ole1 & is a co-det]m9ant ( :at ! :ole %all be1 b does n attract ! att5tion to its sep>ate self may suffice to %[ ! vital "p :i* ! direction ( att5tion & practice 9 obs]v+ play 9 s5se-p]ception4 ,to apply ?is n[ to ! e>4 ,! ord9>y task :i* our e> has to solve :5 _m s\nds assail x at once is to disc]n ! voices ( ! sev]al s\nd+ bodies or in/rum5ts engag$2 beyond ?is x has no objective int]e/ 9 analyz+4 ,we wi% to "k1 :5 _m m5 are speak+ toge!r1 :at ea* "o says1 :5 _m in/rum5ts & voices comb9e1 :i* melody is execut$ by ea*4 ,any deep] analysis1 su* z t ( ea* sep>ate note into its p>tial tones 7al?\gh x might be p]=m$ by ! same means & faculty ( he>+ z ! fir/ analysis7 w\ld tell u no?+ new ab\t ! s\rces ( s\nd actually pres5t1 b might lead u a/ray z to _! numb]4 ,= ?is reason we conf9e our att5tion 9 analyz+ a mass ( s\nd to ! sev]al in/rum5ts' voices1 & expressly ab/a91 z x 71 f discrim9at+ ! elem5t>y compon5ts ( ! latt]4 ,9 ?is la/ sort ( discrim9ation we are z unpractis$ z we are1 on ! contr>y1 well tra9$ 9 ! =m] k9d4#dca ,aft] all we h said1 no comm5t seems call$ = ^u ^! int]e/+ & important facts & reflections ( ,helmholtz4 ,,reaction-,,"t ,,aft] ,,discrim9ation4 ,! "t requir$ = discrim9ation has be5 made a subject ( exp]im5tal measurem5t4 ,wundt calls x ,unt]s*eidungszeit4 ,8 subjects 7^: simple reaction-"t--see p4 #he ff4--_h previ\sly be5 det]m9$7 7 requir$ to make a movem5t1 always ! same1 ! in/ant !y disc]n$ :i* ( two or m signals !y receiv$4 ,! exact "t ( ! signal & t ( ! movem5t 7 automatically regi/]$ by a galvanic *ronoscope4 ,! p>ticul> signal to be receiv$ 0 unkn[n 9 advance1 & ! excess ( "t occupi$ by ^? reactions 9 :i* its "* _h fir/ to be disc]n$1 ov] ! simple reaction-"t1 measur$1 accord+ to ,wundt1 ! "t requir$ = ! act ( discrim9ation4 ,x 0 f\nd long] :5 f\r diff]5t signals 7 irregul>ly us$ ?an :5 only two 7 us$4 ,9 ! =m] case x av]ag$1 = ?ree obs]v]s respectively 7! signals be+ ! sudd5 appe>ance ( a black or ( a :ite object71 #j4jej sec42 #j4jdg sec4 #j4jgi sec4 ,9 ! latt] case1 a r$ & a gre5 signal be+ add$ to ! =m] ones1 x became1 = ! same obs]v]s1 #j4aeg2 #j4jgc2 #j4acb4dcb ,lat]1 9 ,wundt's ,laboratory1 ,h]r ,tis*] made _m c>eful exp]im5ts aft] ! same me?od1 :]e ! facts to be discrim9at$ 7 ! diff]5t degrees ( l\dness 9 ! s\nd :i* s]v$ z a signal4 ,i subjo9 ,h]r ,tis*]'s table ( results1 expla9+ t ea* v]tical column aft] ! fir/ gives ! av]age results obta9$ f a di/9ct individual1 & t ! figure 9 ! fir/ column /&s = ! numb] ( possible l\dnesses t might be expect$ 9 ! p>ticul> s]ies ( reactions made4 ,! times are express$ 9 ?\s&?s ( a second4 #b #f #h4e #aj4ge #aj4g #cc #ec #c #aj #ad4d #ai4i #bb4g #eh4e #eg4h #d #af4g #bj4h #bi #bi4a #ge #hd #e #be4f #ca 444 #dj4a #ie4e #achdcc ,! int]e/+ po9ts "h are ! great individual v>iations1 & ! rapid way 9 :i* ! "t = discrim9ation increases ) ! numb] ( possible t]ms to discrim9ate4 ,! individual v>iations are l>gely due to want ( practice 9 ! p>ticul> task set1 b p>tly also to discrepancies 9 ! psy*ic process4 ,"o g5tleman said1 = example1 t 9 ! exp]im5ts ) ?ree s\nds1 he kept ! image ( ! middle "o ready 9 8 m9d1 & comp>$ :at he he>d z ei!r l\d]1 l[]1 or ! same4 ,8 discrim9ation among ?ree possibilities became ?us v simil> to a discrim9ation betwe5 two4#dcd ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,cattell f\nd he c\ld get no results by ?is me?od1#dce & rev]t$ to "o us$ by obs]v]s previ\s to ,wundt & :i* ,wundt _h reject$4 ,?is is ! e9fa*e ,wahlme?ode1 z ,wundt calls x4 ,! react] awaits ! signal & reacts if x is ( "o sort1 b omits to act if x is ( ano!r sort4 ,! reaction ?us occurs aft] discrim9ation2 ! motor impulse _c be s5t to ! h& until ! subject kn[s :at ! signal is4 ,! n]v\s impulse1 z ,mr4 ,cattell says1 mu/ probably travel to ! cortex & excite *anges !re1 caus+ 9 consci\sness ! p]ception ( ! signal4 ,^! *anges occupy ! "t ( discrim9ation 7or p]ception-"t1 z x is call$ by ,mr4 ,c47 ,b !n a n]v\s impulse mu/ desc5d f ! cortex to ! l[] motor c5tre :i* /&s prim$ & ready to dis*>ge2 & ?is1 z ,mr4 ,c4 says1 gives a w-"t z well4 ,! total reaction-"t ?us includes bo? 'w-"t' & 'discrim9ation-"t4' ,b z ! c5trifugal & c5tripetal processes occupy+ ^! two times respectively are probably ab\t ! same1 & ! "t us$ 9 ! cortex is ab\t equally divid$ betwe5 ! p]ception ( ! signal & ! prep>ation ( ! motor dis*>ge1 if we divide x equally betwe5 p]ception 7discrim9ation7 & volition1 ! error _c be great4#dcf ,we c moreov] *ange ! nature ( ! p]ception )\t alt]+ ! w-"t1 & ?us inve/igate ) consid]able ?or\ghness ! l5g? ( ! p]ception-"t4 ,guid$ by ^! pr9ciples1 ,pr(4 ,cattell f\nd ! "t requir$ = di/+ui%+ a :ite signal f no signal to be1 9 two obs]v]s3 #j4jcj sec4 & #j4jej sec2 t = di/+ui%+ "o color f ano!r 0 simil>ly3 #j4ajj & #j4aaj2 t = di/+ui%+ a c]ta9 color f t5 o!r colors3 #j4aje & #j4aag2 t = di/+ui%+ ! lett] ,a 9 ord9>y pr9t f ! lett] ,z3 #j4adb & #j4acg2 t = di/+ui%+ a giv5 lett] f all ! re/ ( ! alphabet 7n react+ until t lett] appe>$7 #j4aai & #j4aaf2 t = di/+ui%+ a ^w f any ( tw5ty-five o!r words1 f #j4aah sec4 to #j4aeh sec4 ,! diff]5ce dep5d+ on ! l5g? ( ! words & ! famili>ity ( ! language to :i* !y belong$4 ,pr(4 ,cattell calls att5tion to ! fact t ! "t = di/+ui%+ a ^w is (t5 b little m ?an t = di/+ui%+ a lett]3 ,we d n1 !re=e1 di/+ui% sep>ately ! lett]s ( :i* a ^w is compos$1 b ! ^w z a :ole4 ,! application ( ?is 9 tea*+ *ildr5 to read is evid5t4 ,he also f9ds a great diff]5ce 9 ! "t ) :i* v>i\s lett]s are di/+ui%$1 ,e be+ p>ticul>ly bad4#dcg ,i h1 9 describ+ ^! exp]im5ts1 foll[$ ! example ( previ\s writ]s & spok5 z if ! process by :i* ! nature ( ! signal det]m9es ! reaction 7 id5tical ) ! ord9>y consci\s process ( discrim9ative p]ception & volition4 ,i am conv9c$1 h[ev]1 t ?is is n ! case2 & t al?\gh ! results are ! same1 ! =m ( consci\sness is q diff]5t4 ,! read] w rememb] my cont5tion 7supra1 p4 #ij ff47 t ! simple reaction-"t 7usually suppos$ to include a consci\s process ( p]ceiv+7 really measures no?+ b a reflex act4 ,anyone :o w p]=m reactions ) discrim9ation w easily conv9ce himself t ! process "h also is f> m l a reflex1 ?an l a delib]ate1 op]ation4 ,i h made1 ) myself & /ud5ts1 a l>ge numb] ( measurem5ts :]e ! signal expect$ 0 9 "o s]ies a t\* some:]e on ! sk9 ( ! back & head1 & 9 ano!r s]ies a sp>k some:]e 9 ! field ( view4 ,! h& _h to move z quickly z possible t[>ds ! place ( ! t\* or ! sp>k4 ,x did s infallibly1 & s5sibly in/antly2 :il/ bo? place & movem5t seem$ to be p]ceiv$ only a mom5t lat]1 9 memory4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 und]tak5 = ! express purpose ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ! movem5t at ! sight ( ! sp>k 0 dis*>g$ imm$iately by ! visual p]ception1 or :e!r a 'motor-idea' _h to int]v5e betwe5 ! p]ception ( ! sp>k & ! reaction4#dch ,! fir/ ?+ t 0 manife/ to introspection 0 t no p]ception or idea ( any sort prec$$ ! reaction4 ,x jump$ ( itself1 :5ev] ! signal came2 & p]ception 0 retrospective4 ,we mu/ suppose1 !n1 t ! /ate ( eag] expectancy ( a c]ta9 def9ite range ( possible dis*>ges1 inn]vates a :ole set ( pa?s 9 advance1 s t :5 a p>ticul> s5sation comes x is draft$ into its appropriate motor outlet too quickly = ! p]ceptive process to be ar\s$4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts ,i describe1 ! conditions 7 mo/ favorable = rapidity1 = ! connection betwe5 ! signals & _! movem5ts might almo/ be call$ innate4 ,x is in/9ctive to move ! h& t[>ds a ?+ se5 or a sk9-spot t\*$4 ,b :]e ! movem5t is conv5tionally atta*$ to ! signal1 !re w\ld be m *ance = delay1 & ! am\nt ( practice w\ld !n det]m9e ! spe$4 ,?is is well %[n 9 ,tis*]'s results1 quot$ on p4 #ebd1 :]e ! mo/ practis$ obs]v]1 ,tis*] himself1 react$ 9 "o eigh? ( ! "t ne$$ by "o ( ! o!rs4#dci ,b :at all inve/igators h aim$ to det]m9e 9 ^! exp]im5ts is ! m9imum "t4 ,i tru/ ,i h said en\gh to conv9ce ! /ud5t t ?is m9imum "t by no means measures :at we consci\sly "k z discrim9ation4 ,x only measures some?+ :i*1 "u ! exp]im5tal conditions1 leads to a simil> result4 ,b x is ! bane ( psy*ology to suppose t :]e results are simil>1 processes mu/ be ! same4 ,psy*ologi/s are too apt to reason z geomet]s w\ld1 if ! latt] 7 to say t ! diamet] ( a circle is ! same ?+ z its semi-circumf]5ce1 because1 =soo?1 !y t]m9ate 9 ! same two po9ts4#ddj ,,! ,,p]ception ,,( ,,lik5ess4 ,! p]ception ( lik5ess is practically v mu* b\nd up ) t ( diff]5ce4 ,t is to say1 ! only diff]5ces we note z diff]5ces1 & e/imate quantitatively1 & arrange along a scale1 are ^? comp>atively limit$ diff]5ces :i* we f9d betwe5 memb]s ( a common g5us4 ,! =ce ( gravity & ! color ( ?is ink are ?+s x nev] occurr$ to me to comp>e until n[ t ,i am ca/+ ab\t = examples ( ! incomp>able4 ,simil>ly ! ela/ic quality ( ?is india-rubb] b&1 ! com=t ( la/ night's sleep1 ! good t c be done ) a legacy1 ^! are ?+s too discrepant to h ev] be5 comp>$ ere n[4 ,_! relation to ea* o!r is less t ( diff]5ce ?an ( m]e logical negativity4 ,to be f\nd diff]5t1 ?+s mu/ z a rule h "s comm5surability1 "s aspect 9 common1 :i* sugge/s ! possibility ( _! be+ treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,?is is ( c\rse n a !oretic necessity--= any di/9ction may be call$ a 'diff]5ce1' if "o likes--b a practical & l+ui/ic rem>k4 ,! same ?+s1 !n1 :i* ar\se ! p]ception ( diff]5ce usually ar\se t ( resemblance also4 ,& ! analysis ( !m1 s z to def9e :]e9 ! diff]5ce & :]e9 ! resemblance respectively consi/s1 is call$ comp>ison4 ,if we />t to deal ) ! ?+s z simply ! same or alike1 we are liable to be surpris$ by ! diff]5ce4 ,if we />t to treat !m z m]ely diff]5t1 we are apt to discov] h[ mu* !y are alike4 ,diff]5ce1 commonly s call$1 is ?us betwe5 species ( a g5us4 ,& ! faculty by :i* we p]ceive ! resemblance ^u :i* ! g5us is bas$1 is j z ultimate & inexplicable a m5tal end[m5t z t by :i* we p]ceive ! diff]5ces ^u :i* ! species dep5d4 ,!re is a %ock ( lik5ess :5 we pass f "o ?+ to ano!r :i* 9 ! fir/ in/ance we m]ely discrim9ate num]ically1 b1 at ! mom5t ( br++ our att5tion to be>1 p]ceive to be simil> to ! fir/2 j z !re is a %ock ( diff]5ce :5 we pass betwe5 two dissimil>s4#dda ,! objective ext5t ( ! lik5ess1 j l t ( ! diff]5ce1 det]m9es ! magnitude ( ! %ock4 ,! lik5ess may be s evanesc5t1 or ! basis ( x s habitual & little liable to be att5d$ to1 t x w escape obs]vation altoge!r4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 we f9d x1 !re we make a g5us ( ! ?+s comp>$2 & _! discrepancies & incomm5surabilities 9 o!r respects c !n figure z ! diff]5tial ( s _m species4 ,z '?9kables' or 'exi/5ts' ev5 ! smoke ( a cig>ette & ! wor? ( a doll>-bill are comp>able--/ill m s z 'p]i%ables1' or z 'enjoyables4' ,mu*1 !n1 ( :at ,i h said ( diff]5ce 9 ! c\rse ( ?is *apt] w apply1 ) a simple *ange ( language1 to resemblance z well4 ,we g ?r\gh ! _w1 c>ry+ on ! two functions abrea/1 discov]+ diff]5ces 9 ! l1 & lik5esses 9 ! diff]5t4 ,to ab/ract ! gr\nd ( ei!r diff]5ce or lik5ess 7:]e x is n ultimate7 dem&s an analysis ( ! giv5 objects into _! p>ts4 ,s t all t 0 said ( ! dep5d5ce ( analysis ^u a prelim9>y sep>ate acqua9tance ) ! "* to be ab/ract$1 & ^u its hav+ v>i$ concomitants1 f9ds a place 9 ! psy*ology ( resemblance z well z 9 t ( diff]5ce4 ,b :5 all is said & done ab\t ! conditions :i* favor our p]ception ( resemblance & our ab/raction ( its gr\nd1 ! crude fact rema9s1 t "s p are f> m s5sitive to resemblances1 & f> m ready to po9t out :]e9 !y consi/1 ?an o!rs are4 ,!y are ! wits1 ! poets1 ! inv5tors1 ! sci5tific m51 ! practical g5iuses4 ,a native tal5t = p]ceiv+ analogies is reckon$ by ,pr(4 ,ba91 & by o!rs be=e & aft] him1 z ! lead+ fact 9 g5ius ( e ord]4 ,b z ?is *apt] is already long1 & z ! "q ( g5ius _h bett] wait till ,*apt] ,,xxii1 :]e its practical consequ5ces c be discuss$ at ! same "t1 ,i w say no?+ m at pres5t ei!r ab\t x or ab\t ! faculty ( not+ resemblances4 ,if ! read] feels t ?is faculty is hav+ small ju/ice done x at my h&s1 & t x ought to be wond]$ at & made mu* m ( ?an has be5 done 9 ^! la/ few pages1 he w p]haps f9d "s comp5sation :5 t lat] *apt] is rea*$4 ,i ?9k ,i emphasize x en\gh :5 ,i call x "o ( ! ultimate f\ndation-pill>s ( ! intellectual life1 ! o!rs be+ ,discrim9ation1 ,ret5tiv5ess1 & ,association4 ,,! ,,magnitude ,,( ,,diff]5ces4 ,on page #dhi ,i spoke ( diff]5ces be+ great] or less1 & ( c]ta9 gr\ps ( !m be+ susceptible ( a l9e> arrangem5t exhibit+ s]ial increase4 ,a s]ies ^: t]ms gr[ m & m diff]5t f ! />t+ po9t is "o ^: t]ms gr[ less & less l x4 ,!y gr[ m & m l x if y read !m ! o!r way4 ,s t lik5ess & unlik5ess to ! />t+ po9t are functions inv]se to ea* o!r1 ( ! position ( any t]m 9 su* a s]ies4 ,pr(essor ,/umpf introduces ! ^w di/ance to d5ote ! position ( a t]m 9 any su* s]ies4 ,! less l is ! t]m1 ! m di/ant x is f ! />t+ po9t4 ,! ideally regul> s]ies ( ?is sort w\ld be "o 9 :i* ! di/ances--! /eps ( resemblance or diff]5ce--betwe5 all pairs ( adjac5t t]ms 7 equal4 ,?is w\ld be an ev5ly gradat$ s]ies4 ,& x is an int]e/+ fact 9 psy*ology t we are able1 9 _m dep>tm5ts ( our s5sibility1 to arrange ! t]ms )\t difficulty 9 ?is ev5ly gradat$ way4 ,diff]5ces1 9 o!r words1 betwe5 div]se pairs ( t]ms1 a & b1 = example1 on ! "o h&1 & c & d on ! o!r1#ddb c be judg$ equal or div]se 9 am\nt4 ,! di/ances f "o t]m to ano!r 9 ! s]ies are equal4 ,l9e> magnitudes & musical notes are p]haps ! impressions :i* we easie/ arrange 9 ?is way4 ,next come %ades ( light or color1 :i* we h little difficulty 9 arrang+ by /eps ( diff]5ce ( s5sibly equal value4 ,messrs4 ,plateau & ,delbuf h f\nd x fairly easy to det]m9e :at %ade ( gray w be judg$ by e "o to hit ! exact middle betwe5 a d>k] & a light] %ade4#ddc ,h[ n[ d we s readily recognize ! equality ( two diff]5ces betwe5 diff]5t pairs ( t]ms8 or1 m briefly1 h[ d we recognize ! magnitude ( a diff]5ce at all8 ,pr(4 ,/umpf discusses ?is "q 9 an int]e/+ way2#ddd & comes to ! conclusion t our feel+ = ! size ( a diff]5ce1 & our p]ception t ! t]ms ( two div]se pairs are equally or unequally di/ant f ea* o!r1 c be expla9$ by no simpl] m5tal process1 b1 l ! %ock ( diff]5ce itself1 mu/ be reg>d$ z = ! pres5t an unanalyzable end[m5t ( ! m9d4 ,?is acute au?or rejects 9 p>ticul> ! notion :i* w\ld make our judgm5t ( ! di/ance betwe5 two s5sations dep5d ^u our m5tally trav]s+ ! int]m$i>y /eps4 ,we may ( c\rse d s1 & may (t5 f9d x useful to d s1 z 9 musical int]vals1 or figur$ l9es1 ,b we ne$ n d s2 & no?+ m is really requir$ = a comp>ative judgm5t ( ! am\nt ( a 'di/ance' ?an ?ree or f\r impressions belong+ to a common k9d4 ,! vani%+ ( all p]ceptible diff]5ce betwe5 two num]ically di/9ct ?+s makes !m qualitatively ! same or equal4 ,equality1 or qualitative 7z di/+ui%$ f num]ical7 id5tity1 is ?us no?+ b ! extreme degree ( lik5ess4#dde ,we saw above 7p4 #dib7 t "s p]sons consid] t ! diff]5ce betwe5 two objects is con/itut$ ( two ?+s1 viz41 _! absolute id5tity 9 c]ta9 respects1 plus _! absolute non-id5tity 9 o!rs4 ,we saw t ?is !ory w\ld n apply to all cases 7p4 #dic74 ,s "h any !ory :i* w\ld base lik5ess on id5tity1 & n r id5tity on lik5ess1 mu/ fail4 ,x is suppos$ p]haps1 by mo/ p1 t two resembl+ ?+s owe _! resemblance to _! absolute id5tity 9 respect ( "s attribute or attributes1 comb9$ ) ! absolute non-id5tity ( ! re/ ( _! be+4 ,?is1 :i* may be true ( comp\nd ?+s1 breaks d[n :5 we come to simple impressions4 ,:5 we comp>e a deep1 a middle1 & a high note1 e4g4 ,c1 f %>p1 a'''1 we rem>k imm$iately t ! fir/ is less l ! ?ird ?an ! second is4 ,! same w\ld be true ( c d e 9 ! same region ( ! scale4 ,our v call+ "o ( ! notes a 'middle' note is ! expression ( a judgm5t ( ?is sort4 ,b :]e "h is ! id5tical & :]e ! non-id5tical "p8 ,we _c ?9k ( ! ov]tones2 = ! fir/-nam$ ?ree notes h none 9 common1 at lea/ n on musical in/rum5ts4 ,moreov]1 we might take simple tones1 & /ill our judgm5t w\ld be unhesitat+ly ! same1 provid$ ! tones 7 n *os5 too close toge!r4444 ,nei!r c x be said t ! id5tity consi/s 9 _! all be+ s\nds1 & n a s\nd1 a smell1 & a color1 respectively4 ,= ?is id5tical attribute comes to ea* ( !m 9 equal measure1 :]eas ! fir/1 be+ less l ! ?ird ?an ! second is1 ought1 on ! t]ms ( ! !ory we are criticis+1 to h less ( ! id5tical quality4444 ,x ?us appe>s impracticable to def9e all possible cases ( lik5ess z p>tial id5tity plus p>tial disp>ity2 & x is va9 to seek 9 all cases = id5tical elem5ts4#ddf ,& z all comp\nd resemblances are bas$ on simple ones l ^!1 x foll[s t lik5ess b]haupt mu/ n be conceiv$ z a special complication ( id5tity1 b r t id5tity mu/ be conceiv$ z a special degree ( lik5ess1 accord+ to ! proposition express$ at ! outset ( ! p>agraph t prec$es4 ,lik5ess & diff]5ce are ultimate relations p]ceiv$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 no two s5sations1 no two objects ( all ^? we "k1 are 9 sci5tific rigor id5tical4 ,we call ^? ( !m id5tical ^: diff]5ce is unp]ceiv$4 ,ov] & above ?is we h a conception ( absolute sam5ess1 x is true1 b ?is1 l s _m ( our conceptions 7cf4 p4 #ejh71 is an ideal con/ruction got by foll[+ a c]ta9 direction ( s]ial increase to its maximum supposable extreme4 ,x plays an important "p1 among o!r p]man5t mean+s possess$ by u1 9 our ideal intellectual con/ructions4 ,b x plays no "p :atev] 9 expla9+ psy*ologically h[ we p]ceive lik5esses betwe5 simple ?+s4 ,,! ,,measure ,,( ,,discrim9ative ,,s5sibility4 ,9 #ahfj1 ,pr(essor ,g4 ,t4 ,fe*n] ( ,leipzig1 a man ( great le>n+ & subtlety ( m9d1 publi%$ two volumes entitl$ ',psy*ophysik1' devot$ to e/abli%+ & expla9+ a law call$ by him ! psy*ophysic law1 :i* he consid]$ to express ! deepe/ & mo/ elem5t>y relation betwe5 ! m5tal & ! physical worlds4 ,x is a =mula = ! connection betwe5 ! am\nt ( our s5sations & ! am\nt ( _! outw>d causes4 ,its simple/ expression is1 t :5 we pass f "o s5sation to a /rong] "o ( ! same k9d1 ! s5sations increase proportionally to ! log>i?ms ( _! excit+ causes4 ,fe*n]'s book 0 ! />t+ po9t ( a new dep>tm5t ( lit]ature1 :i* x w\ld be p]haps impossible to mat* = ! qualities ( ?or\ghness & subtlety1 b ( :i*1 9 ! humble op9ion ( ! pres5t writ]1 ! prop] psy*ological outcome is j no?+4 ,! psy*ophysic law controv]sy has prompt$ a good _m s]ies ( obs]vations on s5se-discrim9ation1 & has made discussion ( !m v rigor\s4 ,x has also cle>$ up our ideas ab\t ! be/ me?ods = gett+ av]age results1 :5 p>ticul> obs]vations v>y2 & beyond ?is x has done no?+2 b z x is a *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( our sci5ce1 "s acc\nt ( x is "h due to ! read]4 ,fe*n]'s tra9 ( ?\ght has be5 popul>ly exp\nd$ a great _m times4 ,z ,i h no?+ new to add1 x is b j t ,i %\ld quote an exi/+ acc\nt4 ,i *oose ! "o giv5 by ,wundt 9 8 ,vorlesung5 b] ,m5s*5 und ,?i]seele1 #ahfc1 omitt+ a good deal3 ,h[ mu* /rong] or weak] "o s5sation is ?an ano!r1 we are nev] able to say4 ,:e!r ! sun be a hundr$ or a ?\s& times bright] ?an ! moon1 a cannon a hundr$ or a ?\s& times l\d] ?an a pi/ol1 is beyond our p[] to e/imate4 ,! natural measure ( s5sation :i* we possess enables u to judge ( ! equality1 ( ! 'm' & ( ! 'less1' b n ( 'h[ _m times m or less4' ,?is natural measure is1 !re=e1 z good z no measure at all1 :5ev] x becomes a "q ( accurately asc]ta9+ int5sities 9 ! s5sational sph]e4 ,ev5 ?\gh x may tea* u 9 a g5]al way t ) ! /r5g? ( ! outw>d physical /imulus ! /r5g? ( ! concomitant s5sation waxes or wanes1 /ill x leaves u )\t ! slighte/ k ( :e!r ! s5sation v>ies 9 exactly ! same proportion z ! /imulus itself1 or at a sl[] or a m rapid rate4 ,9 a ^w1 we "k by our natural s5sibility no?+ ( ! law t connects ! s5sation & its outw>d cause toge!r4 ,to f9d ?is law we mu/ fir/ f9d an exact measure = ! s5sation itself2 we mu/ be able to say3 ,a /imulus ( /r5g? "o begets a s5sation ( /r5g? "o2 a /imulus ( /r5g? two begets a s5sation ( /r5g? two1 or ?ree1 or f\r1 etc4 ,b to d ?is we mu/ fir/ "k :at a s5sation two1 ?ree1 or f\r times great] ?an ano!r signifies4444 ,space magnitudes we soon le>n to det]m9e exactly because we only measure "o space aga9/ ano!r4 ,! measure ( m5tal magnitudes is f> m difficult4444 ,b ! problem ( measur+ ! magnitude ( s5sations is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! bold ent]prise ( mak+ m5tal magnitudes altoge!r subject to exact measurem5t4444 ,7 our :ole k limit$ to ! fact t ! s5sation rises :5 ! /imulus rises1 & falls :5 ! latt] falls1 mu* w\ld n be ga9$4 ,b ev5 imm$iate unaid$ obs]vation tea*es u c]ta9 facts :i*1 at lea/ 9 a g5]al way1 sugge/ ! law accord+ to :i* ! s5sations v>y ) _! outw>d cause4 ,e "o kn[s t 9 ! /illy night we he> ?+s unnotic$ 9 ! noise ( day4 ,! g5tle tick+ ( ! clock1 ! air circulat+ ?r\gh ! *imney1 ! crack+ ( ! *airs 9 ! room1 & a ?\s& o!r slight noises1 impress !mselves ^u our e>4 ,x is equally well kn[n t 9 ! confus$ hubbub ( ! /reets1 or ! clamor ( a railway1 we may lose n only :at our neighbor says to u1 b ev5 n he> ! s\nd ( our own voice4 ,! />s :i* are brighte/ at night are invisible by day2 & al?\gh we see ! moon !n1 %e is f> pal] ?an at night4 ,ev]yone :o has _h to deal ) weights kn[s t if to a p\nd 9 ! h& a second p\nd be add$1 ! diff]5ce is imm$iately felt2 :il/ if x be add$ to a hundr$weight1 we are n aw>e ( ! diff]5ce at all4444 ,! s\nd ( ! clock1 ! light ( ! />s1 ! pressure ( ! p\nd1 ^! are all /imuli to our s5ses1 & /imuli ^: outw>d am\nt rema9s ! same4 ,:at !n d ^! exp]i5ces tea*8 ,evid5tly no?+ b ?is1 t "o & ! same /imulus1 accord+ to ! circum/ances "u :i* x op]ates1 w be felt ei!r m or less int5sely1 or n felt at all4 ,( :at sort n[ is ! alt]ation 9 ! circum/ances1 ^u :i* ?is alt]ation 9 ! feel+ may dep5d8 ,on consid]+ ! matt] closely we see t x is ev]y:]e ( "o & ! same k9d4 ,! tick ( ! clock is a feeble /imulus = our auditory n]ve1 :i* we he> pla9ly :5 x is alone1 b n :5 x is add$ to ! /rong /imulus ( ! c>riage-:eels & o!r noises ( ! day4 ,! light ( ! />s is a /imulus to ! eye4 ,b if ! /imulation :i* ?is light ex]ts be add$ to ! /rong /imulus ( daylight1 we feel no?+ ( x1 al?\gh we feel x di/9ctly :5 x unites itself ) ! feebl] /imulation ( ! twilight4 ,! p\nd-weight is a /imulus to our sk91 :i* we feel :5 x jo9s itself to a prec$+ /imulus ( equal /r5g?1 b :i* vani%es :5 x is comb9$ ) a /imulus a ?\s& times great] 9 am\nt4 ,we may !re=e lay x d[n z a g5]al rule t a /imulus1 9 ord] to be felt1 may be s mu* ! small] if ! already pre-exi/+ /imulation ( ! organ is small1 b mu/ be s mu* ! l>g]1 ! great] ! pre-exi/+ /imulation is4 ,f ?is 9 a g5]al way we c p]ceive ! connection betwe5 ! /imulus & ! feel+ x excites4 ,at lea/ ?us mu* appe>s1 t ! law ( dep5d5ce is n z simple a "o z might h be5 expect$ be=eh&4 ,! simple/ relation w\ld obvi\sly be t ! s5sation %\ld increase 9 id5tically ! same ratio z ! /imulus1 ?us t if a /imulus ( /r5g? "o occasion$ a s5sation "o1 a /imulus ( two %\ld occasion s5sation two1 /imulus ?ree1 s5sation ?ree1 etc4 ,b if ?is simple/ ( all relations prevail$1 a /imulus add$ to a pre-exi/+ /rong /imulus ought to provoke z great an increase ( feel+ z if x 7 add$ to a pre-exi/+ weak /imulus2 ! light ( ! />s e4g41 ought to make z great an addition to ! daylight z x does to ! d>kness ( ! nocturnal sky4 ,?is we "k n to be ! case3 ! />s are invisible by day1 ! addition !y make to our s5sation !n is unnoticeable1 :]eas ! same addition to our feel+ ( ! twilight is v consid]able inde$4 ,s x is cle> t ! /r5g? ( ! s5sations does n increase 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( ! /imuli1 b m sl[ly4 ,& n[ comes ! "q1 9 :at proportion does ! increase ( ! s5sation gr[ less z ! increase ( ! /imulus gr[s great]4 ,to answ] ?is "q1 e-day exp]i5ces d n suffice4 ,we ne$ exact measurem5ts bo? ( ! am\nts ( ! v>i\s /imuli1 & ( ! int5sity ( ! s5sations !mselves4 ,h[ to execute ^! measurem5ts1 h[ev]1 is some?+ :i* daily exp]i5ce sugge/s4 ,to measure ! /r5g? ( s5sations is1 z we saw1 impossible2 we c only measure ! diff]5ce ( s5sations4 ,exp]i5ce %[$ u :at v unequal diff]5ces ( s5sation might come f equal diff]5ces ( outw>d /imulus4 ,b all ^! exp]i5ces express$ !mselves 9 "o k9d ( fact1 t ! same diff]5ce ( /imulus c\ld 9 "o case be felt1 & 9 ano!r case n felt at all--a p\nd felt if add$ to ano!r p\nd1 b n if add$ to a hundr$-weight4444 ,we c quicke/ rea* a result ) our obs]vations if we />t ) an arbitr>y /r5g? ( /imulus1 notice :at s5sation x gives u1 & !n see h[ mu* we c increase ! /imulus )\t mak+ ! s5sation seem to *ange4 ,if we c>ry out su* obs]vations ) /imuli ( v>y+ absolute am\nts1 we %all be =c$ to *oose 9 an equally v>y+ way ! am\nts ( addition to ! /imulus :i* are capable ( giv+ u a j b>ely p]ceptible feel+ ( m4 ,a light1 to be j p]ceptible 9 ! twilight ne$ n be ne> z bright z ! />light2 x mu/ be f> bright] to be j p]ceiv$ dur+ ! day4 ,if n[ we in/itute su* obs]vations = all possible /r5g?s ( ! v>i\s /imuli1 & note = ea* /r5g? ! am\nt ( addition ( ! latt] requir$ to produce a b>ely p]ceptible alt]ation ( s5sation1 we %all h a s]ies ( figures 9 :i* is imm$iately express$ ! law accord+ to :i* ! s5sation alt]s :5 ! /imulation is increas$4444 ,obs]vations accord+ to ?is me?od are p>ticul>ly easy to make 9 ! sph]es ( light-1 s\nd-1 & pressure-s5sation4444 ,beg9n+ ) ! latt] case1 ,we f9d a surpris+ly simple result4 ,! b>ely s5sible addition to ! orig9al weight mu/ /& exactly 9 ! same proportion to x1 be ! same fraction ( x1 no matt] :at ! absolute value may be ( ! weights on :i* ! exp]im5t is made4444 ,z ! av]age ( a numb] ( exp]im5ts1 ?is fraction is f\nd to be ab\t #a_/c2 t is1 no matt] :at pressure !re may already be made ^u ! sk91 an increase or a dim9ution ( ! pressure w be felt1 z soon z ! add$ or subtract$ weight am\nts to "o ?ird ( ! weight orig9ally !re4 ,wundt !n describes h[ diff]5ces may be obs]v$ 9 ! muscul> feel+s1 9 ! feel+s ( heat1 9 ^? ( light1 & 9 ^? ( s\nd2 & he concludes 8 sev5? lecture 7f :i* our extracts h be5 made7 ?us3 ,s we h f\nd t all ! s5ses ^: /imuli we are enabl$ to measure accurately1 obey a uni=m law4 ,h[ev] v>i\s may be _! sev]al delicacies ( discrim9ation1 ?is holds true ( all1 t ! increase ( ! /imulus necess>y to produce an increase ( ! s5sation be>s a con/ant ratio to ! total /imulus4 ,! figures :i* express ?is ratio 9 ! sev]al s5ses may be %[n ?us 9 tabul> =m3 ,s5sation ( light1 #a_/ajj ,muscul> s5sation1 #a_/ag ,feel+ ( pressure1 #a_/c ,feel+ ( w>m?1 #a_/c ,feel+ ( s\nd1 #a_/c ,^! figures are f> f giv+ z accurate a measure z might be desir$4 ,b at lea/ !y are fit to convey a g5]al notion ( ! relative discrim9ative susceptibility ( ! diff]5t s5ses4444 ,! important law :i* gives 9 s simple a =m ! relation ( ! s5sation to ! /imulus t calls x =? 0 fir/ discov]$ by ! physiologi/ ,ern/ ,he9ri* ,web] to obta9 9 special cases4 ,gu/av ,!odor ,fe*n] fir/ prov$ x to be a law = all dep>tm5ts ( s5sation4 ,psy*ology owes to him ! fir/ compreh5sive inve/igation ( s5sations f a physical po9t ( view1 ! fir/ basis ( an exact ,!ory ( ,s5sibility4 ,s mu* = a g5]al acc\nt ( :at ,fe*n] calls ,web]'s law4 ,! 'exactness' ( ! !ory ( s5sibility to :i* x leads consi/s 9 ! suppos$ fact t x gives ! means ( repres5t+ s5sations by numb]s4 ,! unit ( any k9d ( s5sation w be t increm5t :i*1 :5 ! /imulus is increas$1 we c j b>ely p]ceive to be add$4 ,! total numb] ( units :i* any giv5 s5sation conta9s w consi/ ( ! total numb] ( su* increm5ts :i* may be p]ceiv$ 9 pass+ f no s5sation ( ! k9d to a s5sation ( ! pres5t am\nt4 ,we _c get at ?is numb] directly1 b we c1 n[ t we "k ,web]'s law1 get at x by means ( ! physical /imulus ( :i* x is a function4 ,= if we "k h[ mu* ( ! /imulus x w take to give a b>ely p]ceptible s5sation1 & !n :at p]c5tage ( addition to ! /imulus w con/antly give a b>ely p]ceptible increm5t to ! s5sation1 x is at bottom only a "q ( comp\nd int]e/ to compute1 out ( ! total am\nt ( /imulus :i* we may be employ+ at any mom5t1 ! numb] ( su* increm5ts1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( s5sational units to :i* x may give rise4 ,?is numb] be>s ! same relation to ! total /imulus :i* ! "t elaps$ be>s to ! capital plus ! comp\nd int]e/ accru$4 ,to take an example3 ,if /imulus ,a j falls %ort ( produc+ a s5sation1 & if r be ! p]c5tage ( itself :i* mu/ be add$ to x to get a s5sation :i* is b>ely p]ceptible--call ?is s5sation #a--!n we %\ld h ! s]ies ( s5sation-numb]s correspond+ to _! sev]al /imuli z foll[s3 ,s5sation #j /imulus ,a2 ,s5sation #a /imulus ,a 7#a r72 ,s5sation #b /imulus ,a 7#a r7#b2 ,s5sation #c /imulus ,a 7#a r7#c2 44444 ,s5sation n /imulus ,a 7#a r7n4 ,! s5sations "h =m an ari?metical s]ies1 & ! /imuli a geometrical s]ies1 & ! two s]ies correspond t]m = t]m4 ,n[1 ( two s]ies correspond+ 9 ?is way1 ! t]ms ( ! ari?metical "o are call$ ! log>i?ms ( ! t]ms correspond+ 9 rank to !m 9 ! geometrical s]ies4 ,a conv5tional ari?metical s]ies beg9n+ ) z]o has be5 =m$ 9 ! ord9>y log>i?mic tables1 s t we may truly say 7assum+ our facts to be correct s f>7 t ! s5sations v>y 9 ! same proportion z ! log>i?ms ( _! respective /imuli4 ,& we c !reupon proce$ to compute ! numb] ( units 9 any giv5 s5sation 7consid]+ ! unit ( s5sation to be equal to ! j p]ceptible increm5t above z]o1 & ! unit ( /imulus to be equal to ! increm5t ( /imulus r1 :i* br+s ?is ab\t7 by multiply+ ! log>i?m ( ! /imulus by a con/ant factor :i* mu/ v>y ) ! p>ticul> k9d ( s5sation 9 "q4 ,if we call ! /imulus ,r1 & ! con/ant factor ,c1 we get ! =mula ,s ,c log ,r1 :i* is :at ,fe*n] calls ! psy*ophysis*] ,maas=mel4 ,?is1 9 brief1 is ,fe*n]'s reason+1 z ,i und]/& x4 ,! ,maas=mel admits ( ma!matical developm5t 9 v>i\s directions1 & has giv5 rise to ardu\s discussions into :i* ,i am glad to be exempt$ f ent]+ "h1 s9ce _! int]e/ is ma!matical & metaphysical & n prim>ily psy*ological at all4#ddg ,i mu/ say a ^w ab\t !m metaphysically a few pages lat] on4 ,mean:ile x %\ld be und]/ood t no human be+1 9 any inve/igation into :i* s5sations ent]$1 has ev] us$ ! numb]s comput$ 9 ?is or any o!r way 9 ord] to te/ a !ory or to rea* a new result4 ,! :ole notion ( measur+ s5sations num]ically1 rema9s 9 %ort a m]e ma!matical speculation ab\t possibilities1 :i* has nev] be5 appli$ to practice4 ,incid5tally to ! discussion ( x1 h[ev]1 a great _m p>ticul> facts h be5 discov]$ ab\t discrim9ation :i* m]it a place 9 ?is *apt]4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is f\nd1 :5 ! diff]5ce ( two s5sations approa*es ! limit ( disc]nibility1 t at "o mom5t we disc]n x & at ! next we d n4 ,!re are accid5tal fluctuations 9 our inn] s5sibility :i* make x impossible to tell j :at ! lea/ disc]nible increm5t ( ! s5sation is )\t tak+ ! av]age ( a l>ge numb] ( appreciations4 ,^! accid5tal errors are z likely to increase z to dim9i% our s5sibility1 & are elim9at$ 9 su* an av]age1 = ^? above & ^? bel[ ! l9e !n neutralize ea* o!r 9 ! sum1 & ! normal s5sibility1 if !re be "o 7t is1 ! s5sibility due to con/ant causes z di/+ui%$ f ^! accid5tal ones71 /&s reveal$4 ,! be/ way ( gett+ at ! av]age s5sibility has be5 v m9utely work$ ov]4 ,fe*n] discuss$ ?ree me?ods1 z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! ,me?od ( j-disc]nible ,diff]5ces4 ,take a /&>d s5sation ,s1 & add to x until y di/9ctly feel ! addition d2 !n subtract f ,s d until y di/9ctly feel ! effect ( ! subtraction2#ddh call ! diff]5ce "h d'4 ,! lea/ disc]nible diff]5ce s\ght is d d'_/#b2 & ! ratio ( ?is quantity to ! orig9al ,s 7or r to ,s d - d'7 is :at ,fe*n] calls ! diff]5ce-?re%old4 ,?is diff]5ce-?re%old %\ld be a con/ant fraction 7no matt] :at is ! size ( ,s7 if ,web]'s law holds univ]sally true4 ,! difficulty 9 apply+ ?is me?od is t we are s (t5 9 d\bt :e!r any?+ has be5 add$ to ,s or n4 ,fur!rmore1 if we simply take ! smalle/ d ab\t :i* we are nev] 9 d\bt or 9 error1 we c]ta9ly get our lea/ disc]nible diff]5ce l>g] ?an x ought !oretically to be4#ddi ,( c\rse ! s5sibility is small :5 ! lea/ disc]nible diff]5ce is l>ge1 & vice v]s2 9 o!r words1 x & ! diff]5ce-?re%old are inv]sely relat$ to ea* o!r4 7#b7 ,! ,me?od ( ,true & ,false ,cases4 ,a s5sation :i* is b>ely great] ?an ano!r w1 on acc\nt ( accid5tal errors 9 a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 sometimes be judg$ equal1 & sometimes small]2 i4e41 we %all make a c]ta9 numb] ( false & a c]ta9 numb] ( true judgm5ts ab\t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two s5sations :i* we are comp>+4 ,b ! l>g] ?is diff]5ce is1 ! m ! numb] ( ! true judgm5ts w increase at ! exp5se ( ! false ones2 or1 o!rwise express$1 ! ne>] to unity w be ! fraction ^: d5om9ator repres5ts ! :ole numb] ( judgm5ts1 & ^: num]ator repres5ts ^? :i* are true4 ,if m is a ratio ( ?is nature1 obta9$ by comp>ison ( two /imuli1 ,a & ,b1 we may seek ano!r c\ple ( /imuli1 a & b1 :i* :5 comp>$ w give ! same ratio ( true to false cases4#dej ,if ?is 7 done1 & ! ratio ( a to b !n prov$ to be equal to t ( ,a to ,b1 t w\ld prove t pairs ( small /imuli & pairs ( l>ge /imuli may affect our discrim9ative s5sibility simil>ly s long z ! ratio ( ! compon5ts to ea* o!r )9 ea* pair is ! same4 ,9 o!r words1 x w\ld 9 s f> =? prove ! ,web]ian law4 ,fe*n] made use ( ?is me?od to asc]ta9 8 own p[] ( discrim9at+ diff]5ces ( weight1 record+ no less ?an #bd1egf sep>ate judgm5ts1 & comput+ z a result t 8 discrim9ation = ! same relative increase ( weight 0 less good 9 ! neighborhood ( #ejj ?an ( #cjj grams1 b t aft] #ejj grams x improv$ up to #cjjj1 :i* 0 ! highe/ weight he exp]im5t$ )4 7#c7 ,! ,me?od ( ,av]age ,errors consi/s 9 tak+ a /&>d /imulus & !n try+ to make ano!r "o ( ! same sort exactly equal to x4 ,!re w 9 g5]al be an error ^: am\nt is l>ge :5 ! discrim9ative s5sibility call$ 9 play is small1 & vice v]s4 ,! sum ( ! errors1 no matt] :e!r !y be positive or negative1 divid$ by _! numb]1 gives ! av]age error4 ,?is1 :5 c]ta9 corrections are made1 is assum$ by ,fe*n] to be ! 'reciprocal' ( ! discrim9ative s5sibility 9 "q4 ,x %\ld be> a con/ant proportion to ! /imulus1 no matt] :at ! absolute size ( ! latt] may be1 if ,web]'s law hold true4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! me?ods deal ) j p]ceptible diff]5ces4 ,delbuf & ,wundt h exp]im5t$ ) l>g] diff]5ces by means ( :at ,wundt calls ! ,m?ode d] mittl]5 ,ab/ufung51 & :at we may call 7#d7 ,! ,me?od ( ,equal-appe>+ ,int]vals4 ,?is consi/s 9 s arrang+ ?ree /imuli 9 a s]ies t ! int]vals betwe5 ! fir/ & ! second %all appe> equal to t betwe5 ! second & ! ?ird4 ,at fir/ sight !re seems to be no direct logical connection betwe5 ?is me?od & ! prec$+ ones4 ,by !m we comp>e equally p]ceptible increm5ts ( /imulus 9 diff]5t regions ( ! latt]'s scale2 b by ! f\r? me?od we comp>e increm5ts :i* /rike u z equally big4 ,b :at we c b j notice z an increm5t ne$ n appe> always ( ! same bigness aft] x is notic$4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w appe> mu* bigg] :5 we are deal+ ) /imuli t are already l>ge4 7#e7 ,! me?od ( d\bl+ ! /imulus has be5 employ$ by ,wundt's collaborator1 ,m]kel1 :o tri$ to make "o /imulus seem j d\ble ! o!r1 & !n measur$ ! objective relation ( ! two4 ,! rem>ks j made apply also to ?is case4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s mu* = ! me?ods4 ,! results diff] 9 ! h&s ( diff]5t obs]v]s4 ,i w add a few ( !m1 & w take fir/ ! discrim9ative s5sibility to light4 ,by ! fir/ me?od1 ,volkmann1 ,aub]t1 ,masson1 ,helmholtz1 & ,krpel9 f9d figures v>y+ f #a_/c or #a_/d to #a_/aie ( ! orig9al /imulus4 ,! small] fractional increm5ts are discrim9at$ :5 ! light is already fairly /rong1 ! l>g] ones :5 x is weak or int5se4 ,t is1 ! discrim9ative s5sibility is l[ :5 weak or ov]/rong lights are comp>$1 & at its be/ ) a c]ta9 m$ium illum9ation4 ,x is ?us a function ( ! light's int5sity2 b ?r\gh\t a c]ta9 range ( ! latt] x keeps con/ant1 & 9 s f> =? ,web]'s law is v]ifi$ = light4 ,absolute figures _c be giv51 b ,m]kel1 by me?od #a1 f\nd t ,web]'s law held good = /imuli 7measur$ by 8 arbitr>y unit7 betwe5 #if & #djif1 beyond :i* int5sity no exp]im5ts 7 made4#dea ,knig & ,brodhun h giv5 measurem5ts by me?od #a :i* cov] ! mo/ ext5sive s]ies1 & moreov] apply to six diff]5t colors ( light4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7p]=m$ 9 ,helmholtz's laboratory1 app>5tly17 ran f an int5sity call$ #a to "o :i* 0 #ajj1jjj times z great4 ,f int5sity #bjjj to #bj1jjj ,web]'s law held good2 bel[ & above ?is range discrim9ative s5sibility decl9$4 ,! increm5t discrim9at$ "h 0 ! same = all colors ( light1 & lay 7accord+ to ! tables7 betwe5 #a & #b p] c5t ( ! /imulus4#deb ,delbuf _h v]ifi$ ,web]'s law = a c]ta9 range ( lum9\s int5sities by me?od #d2 t is1 he _h f\nd t ! objective int5sity ( a light :i* appe>$ midway betwe5 two o!rs 0 really ! geometrical mean ( ! latt]'s int5sities4 ,b ,a4 ,lehmann & aft]w>ds ,neiglick1 9 ,wundt's laboratory1 f\nd t effects ( contra/ play$ s l>ge a "p 9 exp]im5ts p]=m$ 9 ?is way t ,delbuf's results c\ld n be held conclusive4 ,m]kel1 repeat+ ! exp]im5ts /ill lat]1 f\nd t ! objective int5sity ( ! light :i* we judge to /& midway betwe5 two o!rs nei!r /&s midway nor is a geometric mean4 ,! discrepancy f bo? figures is enorm\s1 b is lea/ l>ge f ! midway figure or ari?metical mean ( ! two extreme int5sities4#dec ,f9ally1 ! />s h f "t immemorial be5 arrang$ 9 'magnitudes' suppos$ to diff] by equal-seem+ int]vals4 ,lately _! int5sities h be5 gaug$ photometrically1 & ! comp>ison ( ! subjective ) ! objective s]ies has be5 made4 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,ja/r[ is ! late/ work] 9 ?is field4 ,he f9ds1 tak+ ,pick]+'s ,h>v>d photometric tables z a basis1 t ! ratio ( ! av]age int5sity ( ea* 'magnitude' to t bel[ x decreases z we pass f l[] to high] magnitudes1 %[+ a uni=m dep>ture f ,web]'s law1 if ! me?od ( equal-appe>+ int]vals be held to h any direct relevance to ! latt]4#ded ,s\nds are less delicately discrim9at$ 9 int5sity ?an lights4 ,a c]ta9 difficulty has come f disputes z to ! measurem5t ( ! objective int5sity ( ! /imulus4 ,e>li] inquiries made ! p]ceptible increase ( ! /imulus to be ab\t #a_/c ( ! latt]4 ,m]kel's late/ results ( ! me?od ( j p]ceptible diff]5ces make x ab\t #c_/aj = t "p ( ! scale ( int5sities dur+ :i* ,web]'s law holds good1 :i* is f #bj to #ejjj ( ,m4's arbitr>y unit4#dee ,bel[ ?is ! fractional increm5t mu/ be l>g]4 ,above x no measurem5ts 7 made4 ,= pressure & muscul> s5se we h r div]g5t results4 ,web] f\nd by ! me?od ( j-p]ceptible diff]5ces t p]sons c\ld di/+ui% an increase ( weight ( #a_/dj :5 ! two weights 7 successively lift$ by ! same h&4 ,x took a mu* l>g] fraction to be disc]n$ :5 ! weights 7 laid on a h& :i* re/$ on ! table4 ,he seems to h v]ifi$ 8 results = only two pairs ( diff]+ weights1#def & on ?is f\nd$ 8 'law4' ,exp]im5ts 9 ,h]+'s laboratory on lift+ #aa weights1 runn+ f #bej to #bgej grams %[$ t ! lea/ p]ceptible increm5t v>i$ f #a_/ba = #bej grams to #a_/aad = #bejj4 ,= #bgej x rose to #a_/ih aga94 ,m]kel's rec5t & v c>eful exp]im5ts1 9 :i* ! f+] press$ d[n ! beam ( a balance c\nt]weight$ by f #be to #hjbj grams1 %[$ t betwe5 #bjj & #bjjj grams a con/ant fractional increase ( ab\t #a_/ac 0 felt :5 !re 0 no movem5t ( ! f+]1 & ( ab\t #a_/ai :5 !re 0 movem5t4 ,above & bel[ ^! limits ! discrim9ative p[] grew less4 ,x 0 great] :5 ! pressure 0 ^u "o squ>e millimet] ( surface ?an :5 x 0 ^u sev54#deg ,w>m? & ta/e h be5 made ! subject ( simil> inve/igations ) ! result ( v]ify+ some?+ l ,web]'s law4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! unit ( /imulus is1 h[ev]1 s h>d "h t ,i w give no figures4 ,! results may be f\nd 9 ,wundt's ,physiologis*e ,psy*ologie1 #c;d ,ed4 i1 #cgj-b4 ,! discrim9ation ( l5g?s by ! eye has be5 f\nd also to obey to a c]ta9 ext5t ,web]'s law4 ,! figures w all be f\nd 9 ,g4 ,e4 ,mll]1 op4 cit4 "p ii1 *ap4 x1 to :i* ! read] is ref]r$4 ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ has publi%$ "s exp]im5ts1 made by :at may be call$ a modification ( ! me?od ( equal-appe>+ diff]5ces1 on our e/imation ( ! l5g? ( /icks1 by :i* x w\ld seem t ! e/imat$ int]vals & ! real ones are directly & n log>i?mically proportionate to ea* o!r4 ,?is resembles ,m]kel's results by t me?od = weights1 lights1 & s\nds1 & diff]s f ,ja/r['s own f9d+ ab\t />-magnitudes4#deh 99 99 99 99 99 ,if we look back ov] ^! facts z a :ole1 we see t x is n any fix$ am\nt add$ to an impression t makes u notice an increase 9 ! latt]1 b t ! am\nt dep5ds on h[ l>ge ! impression already is4 ,! am\nt is expressible z a c]ta9 fraction ( ! entire impression to :i* x is add$2 & x is f\nd t ! fraction is a well-nigh con/ant figure ?r\gh\t an entire region ( ! scale ( int5sities ( ! impression 9 "q4 ,above & bel[ ?is region ! fraction increases 9 value4 ,?is is ,web]'s law1 :i* 9 s f> =? expresses an empirical g5]alization ( practical importance1 )\t involv+ any !ory :atev] or seek+ any absolute measure ( ! s5sations !mselves4 ,x is 9 ! ,!oretic ,int]pretation ( ,web]'s ,law t ,fe*n]'s orig9ality exclusively consi/s1 9 8 assumptions1 namely1 #a7 t ! j-p]ceptible increm5t is ! s5sation-unit1 & is 9 all p>ts ( ! scale ! same 7ma!matically express$1 s con/472 #b7 t all our s5sations consi/ ( sums ( ^! units2 & f9ally1 #c7 t ! reason :y x takes a con/ant fractional increase ( ! /imulus to awak5 ?is unit lies 9 an ultimate law ( ! connection ( m9d ) matt]1 :]eby ! quantities ( our feel+s are relat$ log>i?mically to ! quantities ( _! objects4 ,fe*n] seems to f9d some?+ inscrutably sublime 9 ! exi/5ce ( an ultimate 'psy*ophysic' law ( ?is =m4 ,^! assumptions are all peculi>ly fragile4 ,to beg9 )1 ! m5tal fact :i* 9 ! exp]im5ts corresponds to ! increase ( ! /imulus is n an enl>g$ s5sation1 b a judgm5t t ! s5sation is enl>g$4 ,:at ,fe*n] calls ! 's5sation' is :at appe>s to ! m9d z ! objective ph5om5on ( light1 w>m?1 weight1 s\nd1 impress$ "p ( body1 etc4 ,fe*n] tacitly if n op5ly assumes t su* a judgm5t ( increase consi/s 9 ! simple fact t an increas$ numb] ( s5sation-units are pres5t to ! m9d2 & t ! judgm5t is ?us itself a quantitatively bigg] m5tal ?+ :5 x judges l>ge diff]5ces1 or diff]5ces betwe5 l>ge t]ms1 ?an :5 x judges small ones4 ,b ^! ideas are really absurd4 ,! h>de/ sort ( judgm5t1 ! judgm5t :i* /ra9s ! att5tion mo/ 7if t be any crit]ion ( ! judgm5t's 'size'71 is t ab\t ! smalle/ ?+s & diff]5ces4 ,b really x has no mean+ to talk ab\t "o judgm5t be+ bigg] ?an ano!r4 ,& ev5 if we leave out judgm5ts & talk ( s5sations only1 we h already f\nd ourselves 79 ,*apt] ,,vi7 q unable to read any cle> mean+ into ! notion t !y are masses ( units comb9$4 ,to introspection1 our feel+ ( p9k is surely n a portion ( our feel+ ( sc>let2 nor does ! light ( an electric arc seem to conta9 t ( a tall[-c&le 9 itself4 ,comp\nd ?+s conta9 p>ts2 & "o su* ?+ may h twice or ?ree times z _m p>ts z ano!r4 ,b :5 we take a simple s5sible quality l light or s\nd1 & say t !re is n[ twice or ?rice z mu* ( x pres5t z !re 0 a mom5t ago1 al?\gh we seem to mean ! same ?+ z if we 7 talk+ ( comp\nd objects1 we really mean some?+ diff]5t4 ,we mean t if we 7 to arrange ! v>i\s possible degrees ( ! quality 9 a scale ( s]ial increase1 ! di/ance1 int]val1 or diff]5ce betwe5 ! /rong] & ! weak] specim5 be=e u w\ld seem ab\t z great z t betwe5 ! weak] "o & ! beg9n+ ( ! scale4 ,x is ^! ,,relations1 ^! ,,di/ances1 :i* we are measur+ & n ! composition ( ! qualities !mselves1 z ,fe*n] ?9ks4 ,:il/ if we turn to objects :i* are divisible1 surely a big object may be kn[n 9 a little ?\ght4 ,introspection %[s moreov] t 9 mo/ s5sations a new k9d ( feel+ inv>iably accompanies our judgm5t ( an increas$ impression2 & ?is is a fact :i* ,fe*n]'s =mula disreg>ds4#dei ,b ap>t f ^! a priori difficulties1 & ev5 suppos+ t s5sations did consi/ ( add$ units1 ,fe*n]'s assumption t all equally p]ceptible additions are equally great additions is entirely arbitr>y4 ,:y might n a small addition to a small s5sation be z p]ceptible z a l>ge addition to a l>ge "o8 ,9 ?is case ,web]'s law w\ld apply n to ! additions !mselves1 b only to _! p]ceptibility4 ,our notic+ ( a diff]5ce ( units 9 two s5sations w\ld dep5d on ! latt] be+ 9 a fix$ ratio4 ,b ! diff]5ce itself w\ld dep5d directly on t betwe5 _! respective /imuli4 ,s _m units add$ to ! /imulus1 s _m add$ to ! s5sation1 & if ! /imulus grew 9 a c]ta9 ratio1 9 exactly ! same ratio w\ld ! s5sation also gr[1 ?\gh its p]ceptibility grew accord+ to ! log>i?mic law4#dfj ,if ,a /& = ! smalle/ diff]5ce :i* we p]ceive1 !n we %\ld h1 in/ead ( ! =mula s con/41 :i* is ,fe*n]'s1 ! =mula s_/s con/41 a =mula :i* int]prets all ! facts ( ,web]'s law1 9 an entirely diff]5t !oretic way f t adopt$ by ,fe*n]4#dfa ,! entire sup]/ructure :i* ,fe*n] re>s ^u ! facts is ?us n only se5 to be arbitr>y & subjective1 b 9 ! highe/ degree improbable z well4 ,! dep>tures f ,web]'s law 9 regions :]e x does n obta91 he expla9s by ! comp\nd+ ) x ( o!r unkn[n laws :i* mask its effects4 ,z if any law c\ld n be f\nd 9 any set ( ph5om5a1 provid$ "o h ! wit to inv5t en\gh o!r coexi/+ laws to ov]lap & neutralize x6 ,! :ole outcome ( ! discussion1 s f> z ,fe*n]'s !ories are conc]n$1 is inde$ nil4 ,web]'s law alone rema9s true1 z an empirical g5]alization ( fair ext5t3 ,:at we add to a l>ge /imulus we notice less ?an :at we add to a small "o1 unless x happ5 relatively to ! /imulus to be z great4 ,web]'s law is probably purely physiological4 ,"o c express ?is /ate ( ?+s o!rwise by say+ t ! :ole ( ! /imulus does n seem to be effective 9 giv+ u ! p]ception ( 'm1' & ! simple/ int]pretation ( su* a /ate ( ?+s w\ld be physical4 ,! loss ( effect w\ld take place 9 ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,if our feel+s result$ f a condition ( ! n]ve-molecules :i* x grew ev] m difficult = ! /imulus to increase1 our feel+s w\ld naturally gr[ at a sl[] rate ?an ! /imulus itself4 ,an ev] l>g] "p ( ! latt]'s "w w\ld g to ov]com+ ! resi/ances1 & an ev] small] "p to ! realization ( ! feel+-br++ /ate4 ,web]'s law w\ld ?us be a sort ( law ( friction 9 ! neural ma*9e4#dfb ,j h[ ^! inn] resi/ances & frictions are to be conceiv$ is a speculative "q4 ,delbuf has =mulat$ !m z fatigue2 ,b]n/e9 & ,w>d1 z irradiations4 ,! late/1 & probably ! mo/ 'real1' hypo!sis is t ( ,ebb+haus1 :o supposes t ! int5sity ( s5sation dep5ds on ! numb] ( neural molecules :i* are dis9tegrat$ 9 ! unit ( "t4 ,!re are only a c]ta9 numb] at any "t :i* are capable ( dis9tegrat+2 & :il/ mo/ ( ^! are 9 an av]age condition ( in/ability1 "s are almo/ /able & "s already ne> to decomposition4 ,! smalle/ /imuli affect ^! latt] molecules only2 & z !y are b few1 ! s5sational effect f add+ a giv5 quantity ( /imulus at fir/ is relatively small4 ,m$ium /imuli affect ! majority ( ! molecules1 b affect few] & few] 9 proportion z !y h already dim9i%$ _! numb]4 ,! late/ additions to ! /imuli f9d all ! m$ium molecules already dis9tegrat$1 & only affect ! small relatively indecomposable rema9d]1 ?us giv+ rise to increm5ts ( feel+ :i* are correspond+ly small4 7,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 #de1 #aac47 ,x is surely 9 "s su* way z ?is t ,web]'s law is to be int]pret$1 if x ev] is4 ,! ,fe*n]ian ,maas=mel & ! conception ( x z an ultimate 'psy*ophysic law' w rema9 an 'idol ( ! d51' if ev] !re 0 "o4 ,fe*n] himself inde$ 0 a ,g]man ,gelehrt] ( ! ideal type1 at once simple & %rewd1 a my/ic & an exp]im5tali/1 homely & d>+1 & z loyal to facts z to 8 !ories4 ,b x w\ld be t]rible if ev5 su* a de> old man z ?is c\ld saddle our ,sci5ce =ev] ) 8 pati5t :imsies1 &1 9 a _w s full ( m nutriti\s objects ( att5tion1 compel all future /ud5ts to pl\gh ?r\gh ! difficulties1 n only ( 8 own works1 b ( ! /ill dri] ones writt5 9 8 refutation4 ,^? :o desire ?is dreadful lit]ature c f9d x2 x has a 'discipl9>y value2' b ,i w n ev5 enum]ate x 9 a foot-note4 ,! only amus+ "p ( x is t ,fe*n]'s critics %\ld always feel b\nd1 aft] smit+ 8 !ories hip & ?igh & leav+ n a /ick ( !m /&+1 to w9d up by say+ t nev]!less to him belongs ! imp]i%able glory1 ( fir/ =mulat+ !m & !reby turn+ psy*ology into an exact sci5ce1 ',& ev]ybody prais$ ! duke ,:o ?is great fight did w94' ',b :at good came ( x at la/8' ,quo? little ,pet]k94 ',:y1 t ,i _c tell1' said he1 ',b 'twas a fam\s victory6' ,,footnotes3 #djf ,human ,und]/&+1 ii1 xi1 #a1 #b4 #djg ,analysis1 vol4 i1 p4 #ga4 #djh ,! ,s5ses & ! ,intellect1 page #daa4 #dji ,essays ,philosophical & ,!ological3 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 pp4 #bfh-bgc4 #daj ,montgom]y 9 ',m9d1' x1 #ebg4 ,cf4 also ,lipps3 ,grundtatsa*5 des ,seel5leb5s1 p4 #egi ff42 & see bel[1 ,*apt] ,,xix4 #daa ,/umpf 7,tonpsy*ologie1 i1 #aaf ff47 tries to prove t ! !ory t all diff]5ces are diff]5ces ( composition leads necess>ily to an inf9ite regression :5 we try to det]m9e ! unit4 ,x seems to me t 9 8 p>ticul> reason+ he =gets ! ultimate units ( ! m9d-/uff !ory4 ,i _c f9d ! complet$ inf9ite to be "o ( ! ob/acles to belief 9 ?is !ory1 al?\gh ,i fully accept ,/umpf's g5]al reason+1 & am only too happy to f9d myself on ! same side ) su* an exceptionally cle> ?9k]4 ,! /rictures by ,wahle 9 ! ,vi]teljs*4 f4 wiss4 ,phil4 seem to me to h no =ce1 s9ce ! writ] does n discrim9ate betwe5 resemblance ( ?+s obvi\sly comp\nd & t ( ?+s s5sibly simple4 #dab ,! belief t ! causes ( effects felt by u to diff] qualitatively are facts :i* diff] only 9 quantity 7e4g4 t blue is caus$ by s _m e!r-waves1 & yell[ by a small] numb]7 mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! feel+ t ! effects diff] quantitatively !mselves4 #dac ,h]r ,g4 ,h4 ,s*neid]1 9 8 y\?ful pamphlet 7,die ,unt]s*eidung1 #ahgg7 has tri$ to %[ t !re are no positively exi/5t elem5ts ( s5sibility1 no sub/antive qualities betwe5 :i* diff]5ces obta91 b t ! t]ms we call su*1 ! s5sations1 are b sums ( diff]5ces1 loci or />t+ po9ts :5ce _m directions ( diff]5ce proce$4 ',unt]s*i$sempf9dungs-,complexe' are :at he calls !m4 ,?is absurd c>ry+ out ( t 'pr9ciple ( relativity' :i* we %all h to m5tion 9 ,*apt] ,,xvii may s]ve z a c\nt]poise to ! m9d-/uff !ory1 :i* says t !re are no?+ b sub/antive s5sations1 & d5ies ! exi/5ce ( relations ( diff]5ce betwe5 !m at all4 #dad ,cf4 ,/umpf1 ,tonpsy*ologie1 i1 #aba1 & ,james ,w>d1 ,m9d1 i1 #dfd4 #dae ,! ord9>y treatm5t ( ?is is to call x ! result ( ! fusion ( a lot ( s5sations1 9 !mselves sep>ate4 ,?is is pure my?ology1 z ! sequel w abundantly %[4 #daf ,we (t5 beg9 to be dimly aw>e ( a diff]5ce 9 a s5sation or gr\p ( s5sations1 be=e we c assign any def9ite "* to t :i* diff]s4 ,?us we detect a /range or =eign +r$i5t or flavor 9 a famili> di%1 or ( tone 9 a famili> tune1 & yet are :olly unable = a :ile to say :at ! intrud] is l4 ,h5ce p]haps discrim9ation may be reg>d$ z ! e>lie/ & mo/ primordial mode ( intellectual activity4 7,sully3 ,outl9es ( ,psy*ology1 p4 #adb4 ,cf4 also ,g4 ,h4 ,s*neid]3 ,die ,unt]s*eidung1 pp4 #i-aj47 #dag ,9 cases :]e ! diff]5ce is slight1 we may ne$1 z previ\sly rem>k$1 to get ! dy+ phase ( n z well z ( m be=e n-diff]5t-f-m is di/9ctly felt4 ,9 t case ! inevitably successive feel+s 7z f> z we c sev] :at is s cont9u\s7 w\ld be f\r1 m1 diff]5ce1 n1 n-diff]5t-f-m4 ,?is slight additional complication alt]s n a :it ! ess5tial features ( ! case4 #dah ,analysis4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill's ed41 ii1 #ag4 ,cf4 also pp4 #ab1 #ad4 #dai ,!re is only "o ob/acle1 & t is our invet]ate t5d5cy to believe t :]e two ?+s or qualities are comp>$1 x mu/ be t exact duplicates ( bo? h got into ! m9d & h mat*$ !mselves aga9/ ea* o!r !re4 ,to :i* ! fir/ reply is ! empirical "o ( ,look into ! m9d & see4 ,:5 ,i recognize a weight :i* ,i n[ lift z inf]ior to ! "o ,i j lift$2 :51 ) my too? n[ a*+1 ,i p]ceive ! pa9 to be less int5se ?an x 0 a m9ute ago2 ! two ?+s 9 ! m9d :i* are comp>$ w\ld1 by ! au?ors ,i criticise1 be admitt$ to be an actual s5sation & an image 9 ! memory4 ,an image 9 ! memory1 by g5]al cons5t ( ^! same au?ors1 is admitt$ to be a weak] ?+ ?an a s5sation4 ,nev]!less x is 9 ^! in/ances judg$ /rong]2 t is1 an object suppos$ to be kn[n only 9 s f> =? z ?is image repres5ts x1 is judg$ /rong]4 ,ought n ?is to %ake "o's belief 9 ! notion ( sep>ate repres5tative 'ideas' weigh+ !mselves1 or be+ weigh$ by ! ,ego1 aga9/ ea* o!r 9 ! m9d8 ,& let x n be said t :at makes u judge ! felt pa9 to be weak] ?an ! imag9$ "o ( a mom5t s9ce is our recollection ( ! d[nw>d nature ( ! %ock ( diff]5ce :i* we felt z we pass$ to ! pres5t mom5t f ! "o be=e x4 ,t %ock does und\bt$ly h a diff]5t "* accord+ z x comes betwe5 t]ms ( :i* ! second dim9i%es or increases2 & x may be admitt$ t 9 cases ,:]e ! pa/ t]m is d\btfully rememb]$1 ! memory ( ! %ock z plus or m9us1 might sometimes enable u to e/abli% a relation :i* o!rwise we %\ld n p]ceive4 ,b "o c\ld h>dly expect ! memory ( ?is %ock to ov]p[] our actual comp>ison ( t]ms1 bo? ( :i* are pres5t 7z are ! image & ! s5sation 9 ! case suppos$71 & make u judge ! weak] "o to be ! /rong]4--,& h]eupon comes ! second reply3 ,suppose ! m9d does comp>e two realities by comp>+ two ideas ( its own :i* repres5t !m--:at is ga9$8 ,! same my/]y is /ill !re4 ,! ideas mu/ /ill be kn[n2 &1 z ! att5tion 9 comp>+ oscillates f "o to ! o!r1 pa/ mu/ be kn[n ) pres5t j z be=e4 ,if y mu/ end by simply say+ t y\r ',ego1' :il/ be+ nei!r ! idea ( m nor ! idea ( n1 yet kn[s & comp>es bo?1 :y n all[ y\r pulse ( ?\ght1 :i* is nei!r ! ?+ m nor ! ?+ n1 to "k & comp>e bo? directly8 ',tis b a "q ( h[ to "n ! facts lea/ artificially4 ,! egoi/ expla9s !m1 by nam+ !m z an ,ego 'comb9+' or 'syn!tiz+' two ideas1 no m ?an we d by nam+ !m a pulse ( ?\ght kn[+ two facts4 #dbj ,i fe> t few w be conv]t$ by my words1 s ob/9ately d ?9k]s ( all s*ools refuse to admit ! unm$iat$ function ( kn[+ a ?+1 & s incorrigibly d !y sub/itute be+ ! ?+ = x4 ,e4g41 9 ! late/ utt]ance ( ! spirituali/ic philosophy 7,b[ne's ,introduction to ,psy*ological ,!ory1 #ahhg1 publi%$ only ?ree days be=e ?is writ+7 "o ( ! fir/ s5t5ces :i* cat* my eye is ?is3 ,:at rememb]s8 ,! spirituali/ says1 ! s\l rememb]s2 x abides across ! ye>s & ! fl[ ( ! body1 & ga!r+ up its pa/1 c>ries x ) x 7p4 #bh74 ,:y1 = heav5's sake1 ,o ,b[ne1 _c y say 'kn[s x'8 ,if !re is any?+ our s\l does n d to its pa/1 x is to c>ry x ) x4 #dba ,s5sations ( ,tone1 #b;d ,engli% ,ed41 p4 #fe4 #dbb ,psy*ology1 i1 #cde4 #dbc ,a ,budget ( ,p>adoxes1 p4 #chj4 #dbd ,! explanation ,i (f] presupposes t a diff]5ce too fa9t to h any direct effect 9 ! way ( mak+ ! m9d notice x p] se w nev]!less be /rong en\gh to keep its 't]ms' f call+ up id5tical associates4 ,x seems probable f _m obs]vations t ?is is ! case4 ,all ! facts ( 'unconsci\s' inf]5ce are pro(s ( x4 ,we say a pa9t+ 'looks' l ! "w ( a c]ta9 arti/1 ?\gh we _c "n ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ti4 ,we see by a man's face t he is s9c]e1 ?\gh we c give no def9ite reason = our fai?4 ,! facts ( s5se-p]ception quot$ f ,helmholtz a few pages bel[ w be additional examples4 ,"h is ano!r good "o1 ?\gh x w p]haps be easi] und]/ood aft] read+ ! *apt] on ,space-p]ception ?an n[4 ,take two /]eoscopic slides & repres5t on ea* half-slide a pair ( spots1 a & b1 b make _! di/ances su* t ! a's are equidi/ant on bo? slides1 :il/ ! b's are ne>] toge!r on slide #a ?an on slide #b4 ,make moreov] ! di/ance ab ab''' & ! di/ance ab' ab''4 ,!n look successively at ! two slides /]eoscopically1 s t ! a's 9 bo? are directly fixat$ 7t is fall on ! two fove1 or c5tres ( di/9cte/ vision74 ,! a's w !n appe> s+le1 & s probably w ! b's4 ,b ! n[ s+le-seem+ b on slide #a w look ne>]1 :il/ t on slide #b w look f>!r ?an ! a4 ,b1 if ! diagrams are rightly drawn1 b & b''' mu/ affect 'id5tical' spots1 spots equally f> to ! "r ( ! fovea1 b 9 ! left eye & b''' 9 ! "r eye4 ,! same is true ( b' & b''4 ,id5tical spots are spots ^: s5sations _c possibly be discrim9at$ z su*4 ,s9ce 9 ^! two obs]vations1 h[ev]1 !y give rise to su* opposite p]ceptions ( di/ance1 & prompt su* opposite t5d5cies to movem5t 7s9ce 9 slide #a we conv]ge 9 look+ f a to b1 :il/ 9 slide #b we div]ge71 x foll[s t two processes :i* occasion feel+s q indi/+ui%able to direct consci\sness may nev]!less be ea* alli$ ) disp>ate associates bo? ( a s5sorial & ( a motor k9d4 ,cf4 ,dond]s1 ,ar*iv f4 ,oph?almologie1 ,bd4 #ac 7#ahfg74 ,! basis ( 8 essay is t we _c feel on :i* eye any p>ticul> elem5t ( a comp\nd picture falls1 b its effects on our total p]ception diff] 9 ! two eyes4 a b a b' ,slide #a4 4 4 4 4 a b'' a b''' ,slide #b4 4 4 4 4 #dbe ,a4 ,w4 ,volkmann3 ,ueb] d5 ,e9fluss d] ,uebung1 etc41 ,leipzig ,b]i*te1 ,ma?4-phys4 ,classe4 x1 #aheh1 p4 #fg4 #dbf ,ibid4 ,tabelle #a1 p4 #dc4 #dbg ,pr(essor ,lipps acc\nts = ! tactile discrim9ation ( ! bl9d 9 a way :i* 7dive/$ ( its 'my?ological' assumptions7 seems to me ess5tially to agree ) ?is4 ,/rong] ideas are suppos$ to raise weak] ones ov] ! ?re%old ( consci\sness by fus+ ) !m1 ! t5d5cy to fuse be+ proportional to ! simil>ity ( ! ideas ,cf4 ,grundtatsa*51 etc41 pp4 #bcb-c2 also pp4 #aah1 #dib1 #ebf-g4 #dbh ,s5sations ( ,tone1 #b;d4 ,engli% ,edition1 p4 #fb4 #dbi ,comp>e z to ?is1 h[ev]1 :at ,i said above1 ,*apt] ,v1 pp4 #agb-agf4 #dcj ,:5 a p]son squ9ts1 d\ble images are =m$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! field4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 mo/ squ9t]s are f\nd bl9d ( "o eye1 or almo/ s2 & x has long be5 suppos$ among/ oph?almologi/s t ! bl9dness is a second>y affection sup]9duc$ by ! volunt>y suppression ( "o ( ! sets ( d\ble images1 9 o!r words by ! positive & p]si/5t refusal to use "o ( ! eyes4 ,?is explanation ( ! bl9dness has1 h[ev]1 be5 call$ 9 "q ( late ye>s4 ,see1 = a brief acc\nt ( ! matt]1 ,o4 ,f4 ,wadswor? 9 ,bo/on ,m$4 & ,surg4 ,j\rn41 cxvi1 #di 7,jan4 #bj1 '#hg71 & ! replies by ,d]by & o!rs a little lat]4--,w4 ,j4 #dca ,tonempf9dung51 ,dritte ,auflage1 pp4 #ajb-ajg4--,! read] :o has assimilat$ ! cont5ts ( our ,*apt] ,v1 above1 w d\btless h rem>k$ t ! illu/ri\s physiologi/ has fall51 9 ^! p>agraphs1 into t sort ( int]pretation ( ! facts :i* we !re tri$ to prove errone\s4 ,helmholtz1 h[ev]1 is no m c>eless ?an mo/ psy*ologi/s 9 conf\nd+ toge!r ! object p]ceiv$1 ! organic conditions ( ! p]ception1 & ! s5sations :i* w\ld be excit$ by ! sev]al p>ts ( ! object1 or by ! sev]al organic conditions1 provid$ !y came into action sep>ately or 7 sep>ately att5d$ to1 & 9 assum+ t :at is true ( any "o ( ^! sorts ( fact mu/ be true ( ! o!r sorts also4 ,if ea* organic condition or "p ( ! object is !re1 its s5sation1 he ?9ks1 mu/ be !re also1 only 9 a 'syn!tic'--:i* is indi/+ui%able f :at ! au?ors :om we =m]ly review$ call$ an 'unconsci\s'--/ate4 ,i w n repeat argum5ts suffici5tly detail$ 9 ! e>li] *apt] 7see especially pp4 #agj-agf71 b simply say t :at he calls ! 'fusion ( _m s5sations into "o' is really ! production ( "o s5sation by ! co-op]ation ( _m organic conditions2 & t :at p]ception fails to discrim9ate 7:5 x is 'syn!tic'7 is n s5sations already exi/5t b n s+l$ out1 b new objective facts1 judg$ tru] ?an ! facts already syn!tically p]ceiv$--two views ( ! solid body1 _m h>monic tones1 in/ead ( "o view & "o tone1 /ates ( ! eyeball-muscles ?i!rto unkn[n1 & ! l4 ,^! new facts1 :5 fir/ discov]$1 are kn[n 9 /ates ( consci\sness nev] till t mom5t exactly realiz$ be=e1 /ates ( consci\sness :i* at ! same "t judge !m to be det]m9ations ( ! same matt] ( fact :i* 0 previ\sly realiz$4 ,all t ,helmholtz says ( ! conditions :i* h9d] & fur!r analysis applies j z naturally to ! analysis1 ?r\gh ! adv5t ( new feel+s1 ( objects into _! elem5ts1 z to ! analysis ( aggregate feel+s into elem5t>y feel+s suppos$ to h be5 hidd5 9 !m all ! :ile4 ,! read] c himself apply ?is criticism to ! foll[+ passages f ,lotze & ,/umpf respectively1 :i* ,i quote because !y are ! able/ expressions ( ! view oppos$ to my own4 ,bo? au?ors1 x seems to me1 commit ! psy*ologi/'s fallacy1 & all[ _! lat] k ( ! ?+s felt to be foi/$ into _! acc\nt ( ! primitive way ( feel+ !m4 ,lotze says3 ,x is indubitable t ! simultane\s assault ( a v>iety ( diff]5t /imuli on diff]5t s5ses1 or ev5 on ! same s5se1 puts u into a /ate ( confus$ g5]al feel+ 9 :i* we are c]ta9ly n consci\s ( cle>ly di/+ui%+ ! diff]5t impressions4 ,/ill x does n foll[ t 9 su* a case we h a positive p]ception ( an actual unity ( ! cont5ts ( our ideas1 aris+ f _! mixture2 our /ate ( m9d seems r to consi/ 9 7#a7 ! consci\sness ( our inability to sep>ate :at really has rema9$ div]se1 & 7#b7 9 ! g5]al feel+ ( ! di/urbance produc$ 9 ! economy ( our body by ! simultane\s assault ( ! /imuli4444 ,n t ! s5sations melt into "o ano!r1 b simply t ! act ( di/+ui%+ !m is abs5t2 & ?is aga9 c]ta9ly n s f> t ! fact ( ! diff]5ce rema9s entirely unp]ceiv$1 b only s f> z to prev5t u f det]m9+ ! am\nt ( ! diff]5ce1 & f appreh5d+ o!r relations betwe5 ! diff]5t impressions4 ,anyone :o is annoy$ at "o & ! same "t by gl[+ heat1 dazzl+ light1 deaf5+ noise1 & an (f5sive smell1 w c]ta9ly n fuse ^! disp>ate s5sations into a s+le "o ) a s+le cont5t :i* c\ld be s5su\sly p]ceiv$2 !y rema9 = him 9 sep>ation1 & he m]ely f9ds x impossible to be consci\s ( "o ( !m ap>t f ! o!rs4 ,b1 fur!r1 he w h a feel+ ( discom=t--:at ,i m5tion$ above z ! second con/itu5t ( 8 :ole /ate4 ,= e /imulus :i* produces 9 consci\sness a def9ite cont5t ( s5sation is also a def9ite degree ( di/urbance1 & !re=e makes a call ^u ! =ces ( ! n]ves2 & ! sum ( ^! little *anges1 :i* 9 _! "* z di/urbances are n s div]se z ! cont5ts ( consci\sness !y give rise to1 produce ! g5]al feel+ :i*1 add$ to ! inability to di/+ui%1 deludes u into ! belief 9 an actual abs5ce ( div]sity 9 our s5sations4 ,x is only 9 "s su* way z ?is1 aga91 t ,i c imag9e t /ate :i* is sometimes describ$ z ! beg9n+ ( our :ole education1 a /ate :i* 9 itself is suppos$ to be simple1 & to be aft]w>ds divid$ into diff]5t s5sations by an activity ( sep>ation4 ,no activity ( sep>ation 9 ! _w c\ld e/abli% diff]5ces :]e no real div]sity exi/$2 = x w\ld h no?+ to guide x to ! places :]e x 0 to e/abli% !m1 or to indicate ! wid? x 0 to give !m4 7,metaphysic1 #bfj1 ,engli% translation47 ,/umpf writes z foll[s3 ,( coexi/5t s5sations !re are always a l>ge numb] undiscrim9at$ 9 consci\sness1 or 7if "o pref] to call :at is undiscrim9at$ unconsci\s7 9 ! s\l4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 n fus$ into a simple quality4 ,:51 on ent]+ a room1 we receive s5sations ( odor & w>m? toge!r1 )\t expressly att5d+ to ei!r1 ! two qualities ( s5sation are n1 z x 71 an entirely new simple quality1 :i* fir/ at ! mom5t 9 :i* att5tion analytically /eps 9 *anges into smell & w>m?4444 ,9 su* cases we f9d ourselves 9 pres5ce ( an indef9able1 unnamable total ( feel+4 ,& :51 aft] successfully analyz+ ?is total1 we call x back to memory1 z x 0 9 its unanalyz$ /ate1 & comp>e x ) ! elem5ts we h f\nd1 ! latt] 7z x seems to me7 may be recogniz$ z real p>ts conta9$ 9 ! =m]1 & ! =m] se5 to be _! sum4 ,s1 = example1 :5 we cle>ly p]ceive t ! cont5t ( our s5sation ( oil ( pepp]m9t is p>tly a s5sation ( ta/e & p>tly "o ( temp]ature4 7,tonpsy*ologie1 i1 #ajg47 ,i %\ld pref] to say t we p]ceive t objective fact1 kn[n to u z ! pepp]m9t ta/e1 to conta9 ^? o!r objective facts kn[n z aromatic or sapid quality1 & coldness1 respectively4 ,no gr\nd to suppose t ! vehicle ( ?is la/ v complex p]ception has any id5tity ) ! e>li] psy*osis--lea/ ( all is conta9$ 9 x4 #dcb ,physiol4 ,psy*41 ii1 #bdh4 #dcc ,wundt's ,philos4 ,/udi51 i1 #ebg4 #dcd ,ibid4 p4 #ecj4 #dce ,m9d1 xi1 #cgg ff4 ,he says3 ,i app>5tly ei!r di/+ui%$ ! impression & made ! motion simultane\sly1 or if ,i tri$ to avoid ?is by wait+ until ,i _h =m$ a di/9ct impression be=e ,i began to make ! motion1 ,i add$ to ! simple reaction1 n only a p]ception1 b a volition4--,:i* rem>k may well confirm our d\bts z to ! /rict psy*ologic wor? ( any ( ^! measurem5ts4 #dcf ,m9d1 xi1 #cgi4 #dcg ,= o!r det]m9ations ( discrim9ation-"t by ?is me?od cf4 v4 ,kries & ,au]ba*1 ,ar*iv f4 ,physiologie1 ,bd4 i1 p4 #big ff4 7^! au?ors get mu* small] figures72 ,fri$ri*1 ,psy*ologis*e ,/udi51 i1 #ci4 ,*apt] ix ( ,buccola's book1 ,le ,legge del tempo1 etc41 gives a full acc\nt ( ! subject4 #dch ,if s1 ! reactions ^u ! sp>k w\ld h to be sl[] ?an ^? ^u ! t\*4 ,! inve/igation 0 ab&on$ because x 0 f\nd impossible to n>r[ d[n ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! conditions ( ! sight-s]ies & ^? ( ! t\*-s]ies1 to no?+ m ?an ! possible pres5ce 9 ! latt] ( ! int]v5+ motor-idea4 ,o!r disp>ities c\ld n be exclud$4 #dci ,tis*] gives figures f q unpractis$ individuals1 :i* ,i h n quot$4 ,! discrim9ation-"t ( "o ( !m is #bb times long] ?an ,tis*]'s own6 7,psy*ol4 ,/udi51 i1 #ebg47 #ddj ,comp>e ,lipps's excell5t passage to ! same critical effect 9 8 ,grundtatsa*5 des ,seel5leb5s1 pp4 #cij-cic4--;,i leave my text j z x 0 writt5 be=e ! publication ( ,lange's & ,mn/]b]g's results cit$ on pp4 #ib & #dcb4 ,_! '%ort5$' or 'muscul>' times1 got :5 ! expectant att5tion 0 address$ to ! possible reactions r ?an to ! /imulus1 con/itute ! m9imal reaction-"t ( :i* ,i speak1 & all t ,i say 9 ! text falls beautifully into l9e ) _! results4 #dda ,cf4 ,sully3 ,m9d1 x1 #did-e2 ,bradley3 ibid4 xi1 #hc2 ,bosanquet3 ibid4 xi1 #dje4 #ddb ,! judgm5t becomes easi] if ! two c\ples ( t]ms h "o memb] 9 common1 if a--b & b--c1 = example1 are comp>$4 ,?is1 z ,/umpf says 7,tonpsy*ologie1 i1 #aca71 is probably because ! introduction ( ! f\r? t]m br+s involunt>y cross-comp>isons ) x1 a & b ) d1 b ) c1 etc41 :i* confuses u by )draw+ our att5tion f ! relations we ought alone to be e/imat+4 #ddc ,j4 ,delbuf3 lm5ts de ,psy*ophysique 7,p>is1 #ahhc71 p4 #fd4 ,plateau 9 ,/umpf1 ,tonpsy*41 i1 #abe4 ,i h notic$ a curi\s enl>gem5t ( c]ta9 'di/ances' ( diff]5ce "u ! influ5ce ( *lor(orm4 ,! j+l+ ( ! bells on ! horses ( a horse-c> pass+ ! door1 = example1 & ! rumbl+ ( ! vehicle itself1 :i* to our ord9>y he>+ m]ge toge!r v readily into a quasi-cont9u\s body ( s\nd1 h seem$ s f> ap>t z to require a sort ( m5tal fac+ 9 opposite directions to get f "o to ! o!r1 z if !y belong$ 9 diff]5t worlds4 ,i am incl9$ to suspect1 f c]ta9 data1 t ! ultimate philosophy ( diff]5ce & lik5ess w h to be built ^u exp]i5ces ( intoxication1 especially by nitr\s oxide gas1 :i* lets u into intuitions ! subtlety :]e( is d5i$ to ! wak+ /ate4 ,cf4 ,b4 ,p4 ,blood3 ,! ,an/hetic ,revelation1 & ! ,gi/ ( ,philosophy 7,am/]dam1 ,n4 ,y41 #ahgd74 ,cf4 also ,m9d1 vii1 #bjj4 #ddd ,op4 cit4 p4 #abf ff4 #dde ,/umpf1 pp4 #aaa-aba4 #ddf ,/umpf1 pp4 #aaf-g4 ,i h omitt$1 s z n to make my text too intricate1 an extremely acute & conclusive p>agraph1 :i* ,i reproduce "h3 ,we may g5]alize3 ,:]ev] a numb] ( s5sible impressions are appreh5d$ z a s]ies1 !re 9 ! la/ in/ance mu/ p]ceptions ( simple lik5ess be f\nd4 ,pro(3 ,assume t all ! t]ms ( a s]ies1 e4g4 ! qualities ( tone1 c d e f g1 h some?+ 9 common1--no matt] :at x is1 call x ,x2 !n ,i say t ! diff]+ p>ts ( ea* ( ^! t]ms mu/ n only be diff]5tly con/itut$ 9 ea*1 b mu/ !mselves =m a s]ies1 ^: exi/5ce is ! gr\nd = our appreh5d+ ! orig9al t]ms 9 s]ial =m4 ,we ?us get in/ead ( ! orig9al s]ies a b c d ef 444 ! equival5t s]ies ,x1 ,x1 ,x1444 etc4 ,:at is ga9$8 ,! "q imm$iately arises3 ,h[ is kn[n z a s]ies8 ,accord+ to ! !ory1 ^! elem5ts mu/ !mselves be made up ( a "p common to all1 & ( p>ts diff]+ 9 ea*1 :i* latt] p>ts =m a new s]ies1 & s on ad inf9itum1 :i* is absurd4 #ddg ,! mo/ important ameliorations ( ,fe*n]'s =mula are ,delbuf's 9 8 ,re*]*es sur la ,mesure des ,s5sations 7#ahgc71 p4 #ce1 & ,elsas's 9 8 pamphlet b] die ,psy*ophysik 7#ahhf7 p4 #af4 #ddh ,rev]s+ ! ord] is = ! sake ( lett+ ! opposite accid5tal errors due to 'contra/' neutralize ea* o!r4 #ddi ,!oretically x w\ld seem t x ought to be equal to ! sum ( all ! additions :i* we judge to be increases divid$ by ! total numb] ( judgm5ts made4 #dej ,j4 ,delbuf1 lm5ts de ,psy*ophysique 7#ahhc71 p4 #i4 #dea ,philos4 ,/udi51 iv1 #ehh4 #deb ,b]l9 ,acad4 ,sitzungsb]i*te1 #ahhh1 p4 #iag4 ,o!r obs]v]s 7,dobr[olsky1 ,lamausky7 f\nd great diff]5ces 9 diff]5t colors4 #dec ,see ,m]kel's tables1 loc4 cit4 p4 #efh4 #ded ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 i1 #abe4 ,! rate ( decrease is small b /eady1 & ,i _c well und]/& :at ,pr(essor ,j4 means by say+ t 8 figures v]ify ,web]'s law4 #dee ,philosophis*e ,/udi51 v1 #ead-e4 #def ,cf4 ,g4 ,e4 ,mll]3 ,zur ,grundlegung d] ,psy*ophysik1 #fh-gj4 #deg ,philosophis*e ,/udi51 v1 #bhg ff4 #deh ,am]ican ,j4 ( ,psy*ology1 iii1 #dd-g4 #dei ,cf4 ,/umpf1 ,tonpsy*ologie1 pp4 #cig-i4 ,"o s5sation _c be a multiple ( ano!r4 ,if x c\ld1 we ought to be able to subtract ! "o f ! o!r1 & to feel ! rema9d] by itself4 ,e s5sation pres5ts itself z an indivisible unit4 ,pr(essor von ,kries1 9 ! ,vi]tejahrs*rift fr wiss4 ,philosophie1 vi1 #beg ff41 %[s v cle>ly ! absurdity ( suppos+ t our /rong] s5sations conta9 our weak] ones z p>ts4 ,!y diff] z qualitative units4 ,comp>e also ,j4 ,tann]y 9 ,delbuf's lm5ts de ,psy*ophysique 7#ahhc71 p4 #acd ff42 ,j4 ,w>d 9 ,m9d1 i1 #dfd3 ,lotze1 ,metaphysik1 #beh4 #dfj ,f ,br5tano1 ,psy*ologie1 i1 #i1 #hh ff4--,m]kel ?9ks t 8 results ) ! me?od ( equal-appe>+ int]vals %[ t we comp>e consid]able int]vals ) ea* o!r by a diff]5t law f t by :i* we notice b>ely p]ceptible int]vals4 ,! /imuli =m an ari?metical s]ies 7a pretty wild "o accord+ to 8 figures7 9 ! =m] case1 a geometrical "o 9 ! latt]--at lea/ s ,i und]/& ?is valiant exp]im5t] b some:at obscure if acute writ]4 #dfa ,?is is ! =mula :i* ,m]kel ?9ks he has v]ifi$ 7if ,i und]/& him aright7 by 8 exp]im5ts by me?od #d4 #dfb ,elsas3 ,ueb] die ,psy*ophysik 7#ahef71 p4 #da4 ,:5 ! pans ( a balance are already load$1 b 9 equilibrium1 x takes a proportionally l>g] weight add$ to "o ( !m to incl9e ! beam4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4#dfc ,,association4 ,aft] discrim9ation1 association6 ,already 9 ! la/ *apt] ,i h _h to invoke1 9 ord] to expla9 ! improvem5t ( c]ta9 discrim9ations by practice1 ! 'association' ( ! objects to be di/+ui%$1 ) o!r m widely diff]+ ones4 ,x is obvi\s t ! advance ( our k mu/ consi/ ( bo? op]ations2 = objects at fir/ appe>+ z :oles are analyz$ into p>ts1 & objects appe>+ sep>ately are br\ght toge!r & appe> z new comp\nd :oles to ! m9d4 ,analysis & syn!sis are ?us ! incessantly alt]nat+ m5tal activities1 a /roke ( ! "o prep>+ ! way = a /roke ( ! o!r1 mu* z1 9 walk+1 a man's two legs are alt]nately br\ght into use1 bo? be+ indisp5sable = any ord]ly advance4 ,! mann] 9 :i* tra9s ( imag]y & consid]ation foll[ ea* o!r ?r\gh our ?9k+1 ! re/less flight ( "o idea be=e ! next1 ! transitions our m9ds make betwe5 ?+s wide z ! poles asund]1 transitions :i* at fir/ sight />tle u by _! abruptness1 b :i*1 :5 scrut9iz$ closely1 (t5 reveal int]m$iat+ l9ks ( p]fect naturalness & propriety--all ?is magical1 impond]able /ream+ has f "t immemorial excit$ ! admiration ( all ^: att5tion happ5$ to be caught by its omnipres5t my/]y4 ,& x has fur!rmore *all5g$ ! race ( philosoph]s to bani% some?+ ( ! my/]y by =mulat+ ! process 9 simpl] t]ms4 ,! problem :i* ! philosoph]s h set !mselves is t ( asc]ta9+ pr9ciples ( connection betwe5 ! ?\ghts :i* ?us appe> to spr\t "o out ( ! o!r1 :]eby _! peculi> succession or coexi/5ce may be expla9$4 ,b imm$iately an ambiguity arises3 :i* sort ( connection is meant8 connection ?\ght-(1 or connection betwe5 ?\ghts8 ,^! are two entirely diff]5t ?+s1 & only 9 ! case ( "o ( !m is !re any hope ( f9d+ 'pr9ciples4' ,! jungle ( connections ?\ght ( c nev] be =mulat$ simply4 ,e conceivable connection may be ?\ght (--( coexi/5ce1 succession1 resemblance1 contra/1 contradiction1 cause & effect1 means & end1 g5us & species1 "p & :ole1 sub/ance & prop]ty1 e>ly & late1 l>ge & small1 l&lord & t5ant1 ma/] & s]vant1--,heav5 kn[s :at1 = ! li/ is lit]ally inexhau/ible4 ,! only simplification :i* c\ld possibly be aim$ at w\ld be ! r$uction ( ! relations to a small] numb] ( types1 l ^? :i* su* au?ors z ,kant & ,r5\vi] call ! 'categories' ( ! und]/&+4#dfd ,accord+ z we foll[$ "o category or ano!r we %\ld sweep1 ) our ?\ght1 ?r\gh ! _w 9 ?is way or 9 t4 ,& all ! categories w\ld be logical1 w\ld be relations ( reason4 ,!y w\ld fuse ! items into a cont9uum4 ,7 ?is ! sort ( connection s\ght betwe5 "o mom5t ( our ?9k+ & ano!r1 our *apt] might end "h4 ,= ! only summ>y description ( ^! inf9ite possibilities ( transition1 is t !y are all acts ( reason1 & t ! m9d proce$s f "o object to ano!r by "s rational pa? ( connection4 ,! tru5ess ( ?is =mula is only equall$ by its /]ility1 = psy*ological purposes4 ,practically x am\nts to simply ref]r+ ! inquir] to ! relations betwe5 facts or ?+s1 & to tell+ him t 8 ?9k+ foll[s !m4 ,b z a matt] ( fact1 8 ?9k+ only sometimes foll[s !m1 & ^! s-call$ 'transitions ( reason' are f> f be+ all alike reasonable4 ,if pure ?\ght runs all our tra9s1 :y %\ld %e run "s s fa/ & "s s sl[1 "s ?r\gh dull flats & "s ?r\gh gorge\s sc5]y1 "s to m\nta9-heights & jewell$ m9es1 o!rs ?r\gh dismal swamps & d>kness8--& run "s (f ! track altoge!r1 & into ! wild]ness ( lunacy8 ,:y d we sp5d ye>s /ra9+ aft] a c]ta9 sci5tific or practical problem1 b all 9 va9--?\ght refus+ to evoke ! solution we desire8 ,& :y1 "s day1 walk+ 9 ! /reet ) our att5tion miles away f t que/1 does ! answ] saunt] into our m9ds z c>elessly z if x _h nev] be5 call$ =--sugge/$1 possibly1 by ! fl[]s on ! bonnet ( ! lady 9 front ( u1 or possibly by no?+ t we c discov]8 ,if reason c give u relief !n1 :y did %e n d s e>li]8 ,! tru? mu/ be admitt$ t ?\ght works "u conditions impos$ ab extra4 ,! great law ( habit itself--t tw5ty exp]i5ces make u recall a ?+ bett] ?an "o1 t long indulg5ce 9 error makes "r ?9k+ almo/ impossible--seems to h no ess5tial f\ndation 9 reason4 ,! bus9ess ( ?\ght is ) tru?--! numb] ( exp]i5ces ought to h no?+ to d ) h] hold ( x2 & %e ought by "r to be able to hug x all ! clos]1 aft] ye>s wa/$ out ( its pres5ce4 ,! contr>y arrangem5ts seem q fanta/ic & arbitr>y1 b nev]!less are "p ( ! v bone & m>r[ ( our m9ds4 ,reason is only "o out ( a ?\s& possibilities 9 ! ?9k+ ( ea* ( u4 ,:o c c\nt all ! silly fancies1 ! grotesque suppositions1 ! utt]ly irrelevant reflections he makes 9 ! c\rse ( a day8 ,:o c swe> t 8 prejudices & irrational beliefs con/itute a less bulky "p ( 8 m5tal furniture ?an 8 cl>ifi$ op9ions8 ,x is true t a presid+ arbit] seems to sit al(t 9 ! m9d1 & emphasize ! bett] sugge/ions into p]man5ce1 :ile x ends by dropp+ out & leav+ unrecord$ ! confusion4 ,b ?is is all ! diff]5ce4 ,! mode ( g5esis ( ! wor?y & ! wor?less seems ! same4 ,! laws ( our actual ?9k+1 ( ! cogitatum1 mu/ acc\nt alike = ! bad & ! good mat]ials on :i* ! arbit] has to decide1 = wisdom & = folly4 ,! laws ( ! arbit]1 ( ! cogit&um1 ( :at we ought to ?9k1 are to ! =m] z ! laws ( e?ics are to ^? ( hi/ory4 ,:o b an ,hegelian hi/orian ev] pret5d$ t reason 9 action 0 p] se a suffici5t explanation ( ! political *anges 9 ,europe8 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are1 !n1 me*anical conditions on :i* ?\ght dep5ds1 & :i*1 to say ! lea/1 det]m9e ! ord] 9 :i* is pres5t$ ! cont5t or mat]ial = h] comp>isons1 selections1 & decisions4 ,x is a sugge/ive fact t ,locke1 & _m m rec5t ,cont95tal psy*ologi/s1 h f\nd !mselves oblig$ to invoke a me*anical process to acc\nt = ! ab]rations ( ?\ght1 ! ob/ructive preprocessions1 ! fru/rations ( reason4 ,?is !y f\nd 9 ! law ( habit1 or :at we n[ call ,association by ,contiguity4 ,b x nev] occurr$ to ^! writ]s t a process :i* c\ld g ! l5g? ( actually produc+ "s ideas & sequ5ces 9 ! m9d might safely be tru/$ to produce o!rs too2 & t ^? habitual associations :i* fur!r ?\ght may also come f ! same me*anical s\rce z ^? :i* h9d] x4 ,h>tley accord+ly sugge/$ habit z a suffici5t explanation ( all connections ( our ?\ghts1 & 9 s do+ plant$ himself squ>ely ^u ! prop]ly psy*ological aspect ( ! problem ( connection1 & s\ght to treat bo? rational & irrational connections f a s+le po9t ( view4 ,! problem :i* he essay$1 h[ev] lamely1 to answ]1 0 t ( ! connection betwe5 our psy*ic /ates consid]$ purely z su*1 reg>dless ( ! objective connections ( :i* !y might take cognizance4 ,h[ does a man come1 aft] ?9k+ ( ,a1 to ?9k ( ,b ! next mom5t8 or h[ does he come to ?9k ,a & ,b always toge!r8 ,^! 7 ! ph5om5a :i* ,h>tley und]took to expla9 by c]ebral physiology4 ,i believe t he 01 9 _m ess5tial respects1 on ! "r track1 & ,i propose simply to revise 8 conclusions by ! aid ( di/9ctions :i* he did n make4 ,b ! :ole hi/oric doctr9e ( psy*ological association is ta9t$ ) "o huge error--t ( ! con/ruction ( our ?\ghts out ( ! conf\nd+ ( !mselves toge!r ( immutable & incessantly recurr+ 'simple ideas4' ,x is ! cohesion ( ^! :i* ! 'pr9ciples ( association' are consid]$ to acc\nt =4 ,9 ,*apt]s ,,vi & ,,ix we saw abundant reasons = treat+ ! doctr9e ( simple ideas or psy*ic atoms z my?ological2 &1 9 all t foll[s1 our problem w be to keep :atev] tru?s ! associationi/ doctr9e has caught sight ( )\t weigh+ x d[n ) ! unt5able incumbrance t ! association is betwe5 'ideas4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,association1 s f> z ! ^w /&s = an effect1 is betwe5 ,,?+s ,,?\ght ,,(--x is ,,?+s1 n ideas1 :i* are associat$ 9 ! m9d4 ,we ought to talk ( ! association ( objects1 n ( ! association ( ideas4 ,& s f> z association /&s = a cause1 x is betwe5 processes 9 ! bra9--x is ^! :i*1 by be+ associat$ 9 c]ta9 ways1 det]m9e :at successive objects %all be ?\ght4 ,let u proce$ t[>ds our f9al g5]alizations by survey+ fir/ a few famili> facts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! laws ( motor habit 9 ! l[] c5tres ( ! n]v\s sy/em are disput$ by no "o4 ,a s]ies ( movem5ts repeat$ 9 a c]ta9 ord] t5d to unroll !mselves ) peculi> ease 9 t ord] = ev] aft]w>d4 ,numb] "o awak5s numb] two1 & t awak5s numb] ?ree1 & s on1 till ! la/ is produc$4 ,a habit ( ?is k9d once become invet]ate may g on automatically4 ,& s x is ) ! objects ) :i* our ?9k+ is conc]n$4 ,) "s p]sons ea* note ( a melody1 he>d b once1 w accurately revive 9 its prop] sequ5ce4 ,small boys at s*ool le>n ! inflections ( _m a ,greek n\n1 adjective1 or v]b1 f ! reit]at$ recitations ( ! upp] classes fall+ on _! e> z !y sit at _! desks4 ,all ?is happ5s ) no volunt>y ef=t on _! "p & ) no ?\ght ( ! spell+ ( ! words4 ,! dogg]el rhymes :i* *ildr5 use 9 _! games1 su* z ! =mula ,ana mana mona mike ,b>celona bona /rike1 us$ = 'c\nt+ out1' =m ano!r famili> example ( ?+s he>d 9 sequ5ce coh]+ 9 ! same ord] 9 ! memory4 ,9 t\* we h a small] numb] ( in/ances1 ?\gh probably e "o :o ba!s himself 9 a c]ta9 fix$ mann] is famili> ) ! fact t ea* "p ( 8 body ov] :i* ! wat] is squeez$ f ! sponge awak5s a premonitory t+l+ consci\sness 9 t portion ( sk9 :i* is habitually ! next to be delug$4 ,ta/es & smells =m no v habitual s]ies 9 our exp]i5ce4 ,b ev5 if !y did1 x is d\btful :e!r habit w\ld fix ! ord] ( _! reproduction q s well z x does t ( o!r s5sations4 ,9 vision1 h[ev]1 we h a s5se 9 :i* ! ord] ( reproduc$ ?+s is v ne>ly z mu* influ5c$ by habit z is ! ord] ( rememb]$ s\nds4 ,rooms1 l&scapes1 build+s1 pictures1 or p]sons ) ^: look we are v famili>1 surge up be=e ! m9d's eye ) all ! details ( _! appe>ance complete1 s soon z we ?9k ( any "o ( _! compon5t p>ts4 ,"s p]sons1 9 recit+ pr9t$ matt] by he>t1 w seem to see ea* successive ^w1 be=e !y utt] x1 appe> 9 its ord] on an imag9>y page4 ,a c]ta9 *ess-play]1 "o ( ^? h]oes :o tra9 !mselves to play sev]al games at once bl9dfold1 is report$ to say t 9 b$ at night aft] a mat* ! games are play$ all ov] aga9 be=e 8 m5tal eye1 ea* bo>d be+ pictur$ z pass+ 9 turn ?r\gh ea* ( its successive /ages4 ,9 ?is case1 ( c\rse1 ! int5se previ\s volunt>y /ra9 ( ! p[] ( visual repres5tation is :at facilitat$ ! fix$ ord] ( revival4 ,association occurs z amply betwe5 impressions ( diff]5t s5ses z betwe5 homog5e\s s5sations4 ,se5 ?+s & he>d ?+s coh]e ) ea* o!r1 & ) odors & ta/es1 9 repres5tation1 9 ! same ord] 9 :i* !y coh]$ z impressions ( ! out] _w4 ,feel+s ( contact reproduce simil>ly ! sights1 s\nds1 & ta/es ) :i* exp]i5ce has associat$ !m4 ,9 fact1 ! 'objects' ( our p]ception1 z trees1 m51 h\ses1 microscopes1 ( :i* ! real _w seems compos$1 are no?+ b clu/]s ( qualities :i* ?r\gh simultane\s /imulation h s coalesc$ t ! mom5t "o is excit$ actually x s]ves z a sign or cue = ! idea ( ! o!rs to arise4 ,let a p]son ent] 8 room 9 ! d>k & grope among ! objects !re4 ,! t\* ( ! mat*es w in/antane\sly recall _! appe>ance4 ,if 8 h& comes 9 contact ) an orange on ! table1 ! gold5 yell[ ( ! fruit1 its savor & p]fume w =?) %oot ?r\gh 8 m9d4 ,9 pass+ ! h& ov] ! sidebo>d or 9 jogg+ ! coal-scuttle ) ! foot1 ! l>ge glossy d>k %ape ( ! "o & ! irregul> blackness ( ! o!r awak5 l a fla% & con/itute :at we call ! recognition ( ! objects4 ,! voice ( ! viol9 fa9tly e*oes ?r\gh ! m9d z ! h& is laid ^u x 9 ! d>k1 & ! feel+ ( ! g>m5ts or drap]ies :i* may hang ab\t ! room is n und]/ood till ! look correlative to ! feel+ has 9 ea* case be5 resuscitat$4 ,smells notori\sly h ! p[] ( recall+ ! o!r exp]i5ces 9 ^: company !y 7 wont to be felt1 p]haps long ye>s ago2 & ! volum9\s emotional "* assum$ by ! images :i* sudd5ly p\r into ! m9d at su* a "t =ms "o ( ! /aple topics ( popul> psy*ologic wond]-- ,lo/ & gone & lo/ & gone6 ,a brea?1 a :isp]--"s div9e f>ewell-- ,desolate sweetness--f> & f> away4 ,we _c he> ! d9 ( a railroad tram or ! yell ( its :i/le1 )\t ?9k+ ( its long1 jo9t$ appe>ance & its headlong spe$1 nor cat* a famili> voice 9 a cr[d )\t recall+1 ) ! "n ( ! speak]1 also 8 face4 ,b ! mo/ notori\s & important case ( ! m5tal comb9ation ( auditory ) optical impressions orig9ally exp]i5c$ toge!r is furni%$ by language4 ,! *ild is (f]$ a new & delici\s fruit & is at ! same "t told t x is call$ a 'fig4' ,or look+ out ( ! w9d[ he exclaims1 ,:at a funny horse6 & is told t x is a 'piebald' horse4 ,:5 le>n+ 8 lett]s1 ! s\nd ( ea* is repeat$ to him :il/ its %ape is be=e 8 eye4 ,!nce=w>d1 long z he may live1 he w nev] see a fig1 a piebald horse1 or a lett] ( ! alphabet )\t ! "n :i* he fir/ he>d 9 conjunction ) ea* cl++ to x 9 8 m9d2 & inv]sely he w nev] he> ! "n )\t ! fa9t ar\sal ( ! image ( ! object4#dfe ,,! ,,rapidity ,,( ,,association4 ,read+ exemplifies ?is k9d ( cohesion ev5 m beautifully4 ,x is an un9t]rupt$ & protract$ recall ( s\nds by sights :i* h always be5 c\pl$ ) !m 9 ! pa/4 ,i f9d t ,i c "n six hundr$ lett]s 9 two m9utes on a pr9t$ page4 ,five di/9ct acts ( association betwe5 sight & s\nd 7n to speak ( all ! o!r processes conc]n$7 mu/ !n h occurr$ 9 ea* second 9 my m9d4 ,9 read+ entire words ! spe$ is mu* m rapid4 ,val5t9 relates 9 8 ,physiology t ! read+ ( a s+le page ( ! pro(1 conta9+ #bfbi lett]s1 took him #a m9ute & #cb seconds4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t ea* lett] 0 und]/ood 9 #a_/bh ( a second1 b ow+ to ! integration ( lett]s into entire words1 =m+ ea* a s+le aggregate impression directly associat$ ) a s+le ac\/ic image1 we ne$ n suppose z _m z #bh sep>ate associations 9 a s\nd4 ,! figures1 h[ev]1 suffice to %[ ) :at extreme rapidity an actual s5sation recalls its cu/om>y associates4 ,bo? 9 fact seem to our ord9>y att5tion to come into ! m9d at once4 ,! "t-measur+ psy*ologi/s ( rec5t days h tri$ _! h& at ?is problem by m elaborate me?ods4 ,galton1 us+ a v simple app>atus1 f\nd t ! sight ( an un=ese5 ^w w\ld awak5 an associat$ 'idea' 9 ab\t #e_/f ( a second4#dff ,wundt next made det]m9ations 9 :i* ! 'cue' 0 giv5 by s+le-syllabl$ words call$ out by an assi/ant4 ,! p]son exp]im5t$ on _h to press a key z soon z ! s\nd ( ! ^w awak5$ an associat$ idea4 ,bo? ^w & reaction 7 *ronographically regi/]$1 & ! total "t-int]val betwe5 ! two am\nt$1 9 f\r obs]v]s1 to #a4jji1 #j4hif1 #a4jcg1 & #a4aed seconds respectively4 ,f ?is ! simple physiological reaction-"t & ! "t ( m]ely id5tify+ ! ^w's s\nd 7! 'app]ception-"t1' z ,wundt calls x7 mu/ be subtract$1 to get ! exact "t requir$ = ! associat$ idea to arise4 ,^! times 7 sep>ately det]m9$ & subtract$4 ,! diff]5ce1 call$ by ,wundt ! association-"t1 am\nt$1 9 ! same f\r p]sons1 to #gjf1 #gbc1 #geb1 & #hgd ?\s&?s ( a second respectively4#dfg ,! l5g? ( ! la/ figure is due to ! fact t ! p]son react+ 7,presid5t ,g4 ,s4 ,hall7 0 an ,am]ican1 ^: associations ) ,g]man words w\ld naturally be sl[] ?an ^? ( natives4 ,! %orte/ association-"t not$ 0 :5 ! ^w ',/urm' sugge/$ to ,pr(4 ,wundt ! ^w ',w9d' 9 #j4cda second4#dfh--;,f9ally1 ,mr4 ,cattell made "s int]e/+ obs]vations ^u ! association-"t betwe5 ! look ( lett]s & _! names4 ,i pa/$ lett]s1 he says1 on a revolv+ drum1 & det]m9$ at :at rate !y c\ld be read al\d z !y pass$ by a slit 9 a scre54 ,he f\nd x to v>y accord+ z "o1 or m ?an "o lett]1 0 visible at a "t ?r\gh ! slit1 & gives half a second z ab\t ! "t :i* x takes to see & "n a s+le lett] se5 alone4 ,:5 two or m lett]s are always 9 view1 n only d ! processes ( see+ & nam+ ov]lap1 b :ile ! subject is see+ "o lett] he beg9s to see ! ones next foll[+1 & s c read !m m quickly4 ,( ! n9e p]sons exp]im5t$ on1 f\r c\ld read ! lett]s fa/] :5 five 7 9 view at once1 b 7 n help$ by a six? lett]2 ?ree 7 n help$ by a fif?1 & two n by a f\r? lett]4 ,?is %[s t :ile "o idea is 9 ! c5tre1 two1 ?ree1 or f\r additional ideas may be 9 ! backgr\nd ( consci\sness4 ,! second lett] 9 view %ort5s ! "t ab\t #a_/dj1 ! ?ird #a_/fj1 ! f\r? #a_/ajj1 ! fif? #a_/bjj sec4 ,i f9d x takes ab\t twice z long to read 7al\d1 z fa/ z possible7 words :i* h no connection z words :i* make s5t5ces & lett]s :i* h no connection z lett]s :i* make words4 ,:5 ! words make s5t5ces & ! lett]s words1 n only d ! processes ( see+ & nam+ ov]lap1 b by "o m5tal ef=t ! subject c recognize a :ole gr\p ( words or lett]s1 & by "o w-act *oose ! motions to be made 9 nam+1 s t ! rate at :i* ! words & lett]s are read is really only limit$ by ! maximum rapidity at :i* ! spee*-organs c be mov$4 ,z ! result ( a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts1 ! writ] f\nd t he _h read words n mak+ s5t5ces at ! rate ( #a_/d sec1 words mak+ s5t5ces 7a passage f ,swift7 at ! rate ( #a_/h sec41 p] ^w4444 ,! rate at :i* a p]son reads a =eign language is proportional to 8 famili>ity ) ! language4 ,= example1 :5 read+ z fa/ z possible ! writ]'s rate 01 ,engli% #ach1 ,fr5* #afg1 ,g]man #bej1 ,italian #cbg1 ,lat9 #dcd1 & ,greek #dhd2 ! figures giv+ ! ?\s&?s ( a second tak5 to read ea* ^w4 ,exp]im5ts made on o!rs /rik+ly confirm ^! results4 ,! subject does n "k t he is read+ ! =eign language m sl[ly ?an 8 own2 ?is expla9s :y =eign]s seem to talk s fa/4 ,?is simple me?od ( det]m9+ a p]son's famili>ity ) a language might be us$ 9 s*ool exam9ations4 ,! "t requir$ to see & "n colors & pictures ( objects 0 det]m9$ 9 ! same way4 ,! "t 0 f\nd to be ab\t ! same 7ov] #a_/b sec47 = colors z = pictures1 & ab\t twice z long z = words & lett]s4 ,o!r exp]im5ts ,i h made %[ t we c recognize a s+le color or picture 9 a slightly %ort] "t ?an a ^w or lett]1 b take long] to "n x4 ,?is is because1 9 ! case ( words & lett]s1 ! association betwe5 ! idea & "n has tak5 place s (t5 t ! process has become automatic1 :]eas 9 ! case ( colors & pictures we mu/ by a volunt>y ef=t *oose ! "n4#dfi ,9 lat] exp]im5ts ,mr4 ,cattell /udi$ ! "t = v>i\s associations to be p]=m$1 ! t]m9i 7i4e41 cue & answ]7 be+ words4 ,a ^w 9 "o language 0 to call up its equival5t 9 ano!r1 ! "n ( an au?or ! tongue 9 :i* he wrote1 t ( a city ! c\ntry 9 :i* x lay1 t ( a writ] "o ( 8 works1 etc4 ,! mean v>iation f ! av]age is v great 9 all ^! exp]im5ts2 & ! int]e/+ feature :i* !y %[ is ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 con/ant diff]5ces betwe5 associations ( diff]5t sorts4 ,?us3 ,f c\ntry to city1 ,mr4 ,c4's "t 0 #j4cdj sec4 ,f season to mon?1 ,mr4 ,c4's "t 0 #j4cii ,f language to au?or1 ,mr4 ,c4's "t 0 #j4ebc ,f au?or to "w1 ,mr4 ,c4's "t 0 #j4eif ,! av]age "t ( two obs]v]s1 exp]im5t+ on eight diff]5t types ( association1 0 #j4dbj & #j4dcf sec4 respectively4#dgj ,! v wide range ( v>iation is und\bt$ly a consequ5ce ( ! fact t ! words us$ z cues1 & ! diff]5t types ( association /udi$1 diff] mu* 9 _! degree ( famili>ity4 ,= example1 ,b is a tea*] ( ma!matics2 ,c has busi$ himself m ) lit]ature4 ,c kn[s q z well z ,b t #g #e #ab1 yet he ne$s #a_/aj a second long] to call x to m9d2 ,b kn[s q z well z ,c t ,dante 0 a poet1 b ne$s #a_/bj ( a second long] to ?9k ( x4 ,su* exp]im5ts lay b>e ! m5tal life 9 a way t is />tl+ & n always gratify+4#dga ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,contiguity4 ,"t-det]m9ations ap>t1 ! facts we h run ov] c all be summ$ up 9 ! simple /atem5t t objects once exp]i5c$ toge!r t5d to become associat$ 9 ! imag9ation1 s t :5 any "o ( !m is ?\ght (1 ! o!rs are likely to be ?\ght ( also1 9 ! same ord] ( sequ5ce or coexi/5ce z be=e4 ,?is /atem5t we may "n ! law ( m5tal association by contiguity4#dgb ,i pres]ve ?is "n 9 ord] to dep>t z little z possible f tradition1 al?\gh ,mr4 ,w>d's designation ( ! process z t ( association by cont9uity#dgc or ,wundt's z t ( ext]nal association 7to di/+ui% x f ! int]nal association :i* we %all pres5tly le>n to "k "u ! "n ( association by simil>ity7#dgd are p]haps bett] t]ms4 ,:atev] we "n ! law1 s9ce x expresses m]ely a ph5om5on ( m5tal habit1 ! mo/ natural way ( acc\nt+ = x is to conceive x z a result ( ! laws ( habit 9 ! n]v\s sy/em2 9 o!r words1 x is to ascribe x to a physiological cause4 ,if x be truly a law ( ^? n]ve-c5tres :i* co-ord9ate s5sory & motor processes toge!r t pa?s once us$ = c\pl+ any pair ( !m are !reby made m p]meable1 !re appe>s no reason :y ! same law %\ld n hold good ( ideational c5tres & _! c\pl+-pa?s z well4#dge ,p>ts ( ^! c5tres :i* h once be5 9 action toge!r w ?us gr[ s l9k$ t excitem5t at "o po9t w irradiate ?r\gh ! sy/em4 ,! *ances ( complete irradiation w be /rong 9 proportion z ! previ\s excitem5ts h be5 frequ5t1 & z ! pres5t po9ts excit$ afre% are num]\s4 ,if all po9ts 7 orig9ally excit$ toge!r1 ! irradiation may be s5sibly simultane\s ?r\gh\t ! sy/em1 :5 any s+le po9t or gr\p ( po9ts is t\*$ (f4 ,b :]e ! orig9al impressions 7 successive--! conjugation ( a ,greek v]b1 = example--awak5+ n]ve-tracts 9 a def9ite ord]1 !y w n[1 :5 "o ( !m awak5s1 dis*>ge into ea* o!r 9 t def9ite ord] & 9 no o!r way4 ,! read] w recollect all t has be5 said ( increas$ t5sion 9 n]ve-tracts & ( ! summation ( /imuli 7p4 #hb ff474 ,we mu/ !re=e suppose t 9 ^! ideational tracts z well z else:]e1 activity may be awak5$1 9 any p>ticul> locality1 by ! summation !re9 ( a numb] ( t5sions1 ea* incapable alone ( provok+ an actual dis*>ge4 ,suppose = example ! locality ,m to be 9 functional cont9uity ) f\r o!r localities1 ,k1 ,l1 ,n1 & ,o4 ,suppose moreov] t on f\r previ\s occasions x has be5 sep>ately comb9$ ) ea* ( ^! localities 9 a common activity4 ,m may !n be indirectly awak5$ by any cause :i* t5ds to awak5 ei!r ,k1 ,l1 ,n1 or ,o4 ,b if ! cause :i* awak5s ,k1 = in/ance1 be s slight z only to increase its t5sion )\t ar\s+ x to full dis*>ge1 ,k w only succe$ 9 slightly increas+ ! t5sion ( ,m4 ,b if at ! same "t ! t5sions ( ,l1 ,n1 & ,o are simil>ly increas$1 ! comb9$ effects ( all f\r ^u ,m may be s great z to awak5 an actual dis*>ge 9 ?is latt] locality4 ,9 l mann] if ! pa?s betwe5 ,m & ! f\r o!r localities h be5 s slightly excavat$ by previ\s exp]i5ce z to require a v int5se excitem5t 9 ei!r ( ! localities be=e ,m c be awak5$1 a less /rong excitem5t ?an ?is 9 any "o w fail to rea* ,m4 ,b if all f\r at once are mildly excit$1 _! comp\nd effect on ,m may be adequate to its full ar\sal4 ,! psy*ological law ( association ( objects ?\ght ( ?r\gh _! previ\s contiguity 9 ?\ght or exp]i5ce w\ld ?us be an effect1 )9 ! m9d1 ( ! physical fact t n]ve-curr5ts propagate !mselves easie/ ?r\gh ^? tracts ( conduction :i* h be5 already mo/ 9 use4 ,desc>tes & ,locke hit ^u ?is explanation1 :i* mod]n sci5ce has n yet succe$$ 9 improv+4 ,cu/om1 says ,locke1 settles habits ( ?9k+ 9 ! und]/&+1 z well z ( det]m9+ 9 ! w1 & ( motions 9 ! body2 all :i* seem to be b tra9s ( motion 9 ! animal spirits by ?is ,locke meant id5tically :at we und]/& by neural processes :i*1 once set ago+1 cont9ue 9 ! same /eps !y h be5 us$ to1 :i* by (t5 tread+ are worn into a smoo? pa?1 & ! motion 9 x becomes easy &1 z x 71 natural4#dgf ,h>tley 0 m ?or\gh 9 8 grasp ( ! pr9ciple4 ,! s5sorial n]ve-curr5ts1 produc$ :5 objects are fully pres5t1 7 = him 'vibrations1' & ^? :i* produce ideas ( objects 9 _! abs5ce 7 'm9iature vibrations4' ,& he sums up ! cause ( m5tal association 9 a s+le =mula by say+3 ,any vibrations1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 etc41 by be+ associat$ toge!r a suffici5t ,numb] ( ,times1 get su* a ,p[] ov] a1 b1 c1 etc41 ! correspond+ ,m9iature ,vibrations1 t any ( ! ,vibrations ,a1 :5 impress$ alone1 %all be able to excite b1 c1 etc41 ! ,m9iatures ( ! re/4#dgg ,x is evid5t t if !re be any law ( neural habit simil> to ?is1 ! contiguities1 coexi/5ces1 & successions1 met ) 9 out] exp]i5ce1 mu/ inevitably be copi$ m or less p]fectly 9 our ?\ght4 ,if ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e be a sequ5ce ( out] impressions 7!y may be ev5ts or !y may be successively exp]i5c$ prop]ties ( an object7 :i* once gave rise to ! successive 'ideas' a b c d e1 !n no soon] w ,a impress u aga9 & awak5 ! a1 ?an b c d e w arise z ideas ev5 be=e ,b ,c ,d ,e h come 9 z impressions4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ord] ( impressions w ! next "t be anticipat$2 & ! m5tal ord] w s f> =? copy ! ord] ( ! out] _w4 ,any object :5 met aga9 w make u expect its =m] concomitants1 ?r\gh ! ov]fl[+ ( its bra9-tract into ! pa?s :i* lead to !irs4 ,& all ^! sugge/ions w be effects ( a mat]ial law4 ,:]e ! associations are1 z "h1 ( successively appe>+ ?+s1 ! di/9ction ,i made at ! outset ( ! *apt]1 betwe5 a connection ?\ght ( & a connection ( ?\ghts1 is unimportant4 ,= ! connection ?\ght ( is concomitance or succession2 & ! connection betwe5 ! ?\ghts is j ! same4 ,! 'objects' & ! 'ideas' fit into p>allel s*emes1 & may be describ$ 9 id5tical language1 z contigu\s ?+s t5d+ to be ?\ght aga9 toge!r1 or contigu\s ideas t5d+ to recur toge!r4 ,n[ 7 ^! cases fair samples ( all association1 ! di/9ction ,i drew might well be t]m$ a ,spitzf9digkeit or piece ( p$antic hair-splitt+1 & be dropp$4 ,b z a matt] ( fact we _c treat ! subject s simply4 ,! same out] object may sugge/ ei!r ( _m realities =m]ly associat$ ) x--= 9 ! vicissitudes ( our out] exp]i5ce we are con/antly liable to meet ! same ?+ 9 ! mid/ ( diff]+ companions--& a philosophy ( association t %\ld m]ely say t x w sugge/ "o ( ^!1 or ev5 ( t "o ( !m :i* x has (t5e/ accompani$1 w\ld g b a v %ort way into ! rationale ( ! subject4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is ab\t z f> z mo/ associationi/s h gone ) _! 'pr9ciple ( contiguity4' ,grant$ an object1 ,a1 !y nev] tell u be=eh& :i* ( its associates x w sugge/2 _! wisdom is limit$ to %[+1 aft] x has sugge/$ a second object1 t t object 0 once an associate4 ,!y h _h to supplem5t _! pr9ciple ( ,contiguity by o!r pr9ciples1 su* z ^? ( ,simil>ity & ,contra/1 be=e !y c\ld beg9 to d ju/ice to ! ri*ness ( ! facts4 ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,law ,,( ,,association4 ,i %all try to %[1 9 ! pages :i* imm$iately foll[1 t !re is no o!r elem5t>y causal law ( association ?an ! law ( neural habit4 ,all ! mat]ials ( our ?\ght are due to ! way 9 :i* "o elem5t>y process ( ! c]ebral hemisph]es t5ds to excite :atev] o!r elem5t>y process x may h excit$ at "s =m] "t4 ,! numb] ( elem5t>y processes at "w1 h[ev]1 & ! nature ( ^? :i* at any "t are fully effective 9 r\s+ ! o!rs1 det]m9e ! "* ( ! total bra9-action1 &1 z a consequ5ce ( ?is1 !y det]m9e ! object ?\ght ( at ! "t4 ,accord+ z ?is resultant object is "o ?+ or ano!r1 we call x a product ( association by contiguity or ( association by simil>ity1 or contra/1 or :atev] o!r sorts we may h recogniz$ z ultimate4 ,its production1 h[ev]1 is1 9 ea* "o ( ^! cases1 to be expla9$ by a m]ely quantitative v>iation 9 ! elem5t>y bra9-processes mom5t>ily at "w "u ! law ( habit1 s t psy*ic contiguity1 simil>ity1 etc41 are d]ivatives ( a s+le pr(\nd] k9d ( fact4 ,my !sis1 /at$ ?us briefly1 w soon become m cle>2 & at ! same "t c]ta9 di/urb+ factors1 :i* co-op]ate ) ! law ( neural habit1 w come to view4 ,let u !n assume z ! basis ( all our subsequ5t reason+ ?is law3 ,:5 two elem5t>y bra9-processes h be5 active toge!r or 9 imm$iate succession1 "o ( !m1 on reoccurr+1 t5ds to propagate its excitem5t into ! o!r4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 e elem5t>y process has f\nd itself at diff]5t times excit$ 9 conjunction ) _m o!r processes1 & ?is by unavoidable outw>d causes4 ,:i* ( ^! o!rs x %all awak5 n[ becomes a problem4 ,%all b or c be ar\s$ next by ! pres5t a8 ,we mu/ make a fur!r po/ulate1 bas$1 h[ev]1 on ! fact ( t5sion 9 n]ve-tissue1 & on ! fact ( summation ( excitem5ts1 ea* incomplete or lat5t 9 itself1 into an op5 resultant4#dgh ,! process b1 r ?an c1 w awake1 if 9 addition to ! vibrat+ tract a "s o!r tract d is 9 a /ate ( sub-excitem5t1 & =m]ly 0 excit$ ) b alone & n ) a4 ,9 %ort1 we may say3 ,! am\nt ( activity at any giv5 po9t 9 ! bra9-cortex is ! sum ( ! t5d5cies ( all o!r po9ts to dis*>ge into x1 su* t5d5cies be+ proportionate 7#a7 to ! numb] ( times ! excitem5t ( ea* o!r po9t may h accompani$ t ( ! po9t 9 "q2 7#b7 to ! int5sity ( su* excitem5ts2 & 7#c7 to ! abs5ce ( any rival po9t functionally disconnect$ ) ! fir/ po9t1 into :i* ! dis*>ges might be div]t$4 ,express+ ! fundam5tal law 9 ?is mo/ complicat$ way leads to ! greate/ ultimate simplification4 ,let u1 = ! pres5t1 only treat ( spontane\s tra9s ( ?\ght & ideation1 su* z occur 9 rev]y or mus+4 ,! case ( volunt>y ?9k+ t[>d a c]ta9 end %all come up lat]4 ,take1 to fix our ideas1 ! two v]ses f ',locksley ,hall'3 ,i1 ! heir ( all ! ages 9 ! =emo/ files ( "t1 &-- ,= ,i d\bt n ?r\gh ! ages "o increas+ purpose runs4 ,:y is x t :5 we recite f memory "o ( ^! l9es1 & get z f> z ! ages1 t portion ( ! o!r l9e :i* foll[s1 &1 s to speak1 spr\ts out ( ! ages1 does n also spr\t out ( our memory1 & confuse ! s5se ( our words8 ,simply because ! ^w t foll[s ! ages has its bra9-process awak5$ n simply by ! bra9-process ( ! ages alone1 b by x plus ! bra9-processes ( all ! words prec$+ ! ages4 ,! ^w ages at its mom5t ( /ronge/ activity w\ld1 p] se1 indiff]5tly dis*>ge into ei!r '9' or '"o4' ,s w\ld ! previ\s words 7^: t5sion is mom5t>ily mu* less /rong ?an t ( ages7 ea* ( !m indiff]5tly dis*>ge into ei!r ( a l>ge numb] ( o!r words ) :i* !y h be5 at diff]5t times comb9$4 ,b :5 ! processes ( ',i1 ! heir ( all ! ages1' simultane\sly vibrate 9 ! bra91 ! la/ "o ( !m 9 a maximal1 ! o!rs 9 a fad+ phase ( excitem5t2 !n ! /ronge/ l9e ( dis*>ge w be t :i* !y all alike t5d to take4 ',9' & n '"o' or any o!r ^w w be ! next to awak51 = its bra9-process has previ\sly vibrat$ 9 unison n only ) t ( ages1 b ) t ( all ^? o!r words ^: activity is dy+ away4 ,x is a good case ( ! effectiv5ess ov] ?\ght ( :at we call$ on p4 #beh a 'fr+e4' ,b if "s "o ( ^! prec$+ words--'heir1' = example--_h an int5sely /rong association ) "s bra9-tracts entirely disjo9$ 9 exp]i5ce f ! poem ( ',locksley ,hall'--if ! recit]1 = in/ance1 7 tremul\sly await+ ! op5+ ( a w :i* might make him a millionaire--x is probable t ! pa? ( dis*>ge ?r\gh ! words ( ! poem w\ld be sudd5ly int]rupt$ at ! ^w 'heir4' ,8 emotional int]e/ 9 t ^w w\ld be su* t its own special associations w\ld prevail ov] ! comb9$ ones ( ! o!r words4 ,he w\ld1 z we say1 be abruptly rem9d$ ( 8 p]sonal situation1 & ! poem w\ld lapse altoge!r f 8 ?\ghts4 ,! writ] ( ^! pages has e ye> to le>n ! names ( a l>ge numb] ( /ud5ts :o sit 9 alphabetical ord] 9 a lecture-room4 ,he f9ally le>ns to call !m by "n1 z !y sit 9 _! accu/om$ places4 ,on meet+ "o 9 ! /reet1 h[ev]1 e>ly 9 ! ye>1 ! face h>dly ev] recalls ! "n1 b x may recall ! place ( its own] 9 ! lecture-room1 8 neighbors' faces1 & consequ5tly 8 g5]al alphabetical position2 & !n1 usually z ! common associate ( all ^! comb9$ data1 ! /ud5t's "n surges up 9 8 m9d4 ,a fa!r wi%es to %[ to "s gue/s ! progress ( 8 r dull *ild 9 ,k9d]g>t5 in/ruction4 ,hold+ ! knife upright on ! table1 he says1 ,:at d y call t1 my boy8 ,i calls x a knife1 ,i does1 is ! /urdy reply1 f :i* ! *ild _c be induc$ to sw]ve by any alt]ation 9 ! =m ( "q1 until ! fa!r recollect+ t 9 ! ,k9d]g>t5 a p5cil 0 us$1 & n a knife1 draws a long "o f 8 pocket1 holds x 9 ! same way1 & !n gets ! wi%$-= answ]1 ,i calls x v]tical4 ,all ! concomitants ( ! ,k9d]g>t5 exp]i5ce _h to recomb9e _! effect be=e ! ^w 'v]tical' c\ld be reawak5$4 ,pr(essor ,ba91 9 8 *apt]s on ',comp\nd ,association1' has treat$ 9 a m9ute & exhau/ive way ( ?is type ( m5tal sequ5ce1 & :at he has done s well ne$ n be "h repeat$4#dgi ,imp>tial ,r$9tegration4 ,! ideal work+ ( ! law ( comp\nd association1 7 x unmodifi$ by any extrane\s influ5ce1 w\ld be su* z to keep ! m9d 9 a p]petual treadmill ( concrete rem9isc5ces f :i* no detail c\ld be omitt$4 ,suppose1 = example1 we beg9 by ?9k+ ( a c]ta9 d9n]-p>ty4 ,! only ?+ :i* all ! compon5ts ( ! d9n]-p>ty c\ld comb9e to recall w\ld be ! fir/ concrete occurr5ce :i* ensu$ ^u x4 ,all ! details ( ?is occurr5ce c\ld 9 turn only comb9e to awak5 ! next foll[+ occurr5ce1 & s on4 ,if a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 = in/ance1 be ! elem5t>y n]ve-tracts excit$ by ! la/ act ( ! d9n]-p>ty1 call ?is act ,a1 & l1 m1 n1 o1 p1 be ^? ( walk+ home ?r\gh ! fro/y night1 :i* we may call ,b1 !n ! ?\ght ( ,a mu/ awak5 t ( ,b1 because a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 w ea* & all dis*>ge into l ?r\gh ! pa?s by :i* _! orig9al dis*>ge took place4 ,simil>ly !y w dis*>ge into m1 n1 o1 & p2 & ^! latt] tracts w also ea* re9=ce ! o!r's action because1 9 ! exp]i5ce ,b1 !y h already vibrat$ 9 unison4 ,! l9es 9 ,fig4 #dj symbolize ! summation ( dis*>ges into ea* ( ! compon5ts ( ,b1 & ! consequ5t /r5g? ( ! comb9ation ( influ5ces by :i* ,b 9 its totality is awak5$4 ,hamilton fir/ us$ ! ^w 'r$9tegration' to designate all association4 ,su* processes z we h j describ$ might 9 an emphatic s5se be t]m$ r$9tegrations1 = !y w\ld necess>ily lead1 if unob/ruct$1 to ! re9/atem5t 9 ?\ght ( ! entire cont5t ( l>ge tra9s ( pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,f ?is complete r$9tegration !re c\ld be no escape save ?r\gh ! irruption ( "s new & /rong pres5t impression ( ! s5ses1 or ?r\gh ! excessive t5d5cy ( "s "o ( ! elem5t>y bra9-tracts to dis*>ge indep5d5tly into an ab]rant qu>t] ( ! bra94 ,su* 0 ! t5d5cy ( ! ^w 'heir' 9 ! v]se f ',locksley ,hall1' :i* 0 our fir/ example4 ,h[ su* t5d5cies are con/itut$ we %all h soon to inquire ) "s c>e4 ,unless !y are pres5t1 ! panorama ( ! pa/1 once op5$1 mu/ unroll itself ) fatal lit]ality to ! end1 unless "s outw>d s\nd1 sight1 or t\* div]t ! curr5t ( ?\ght4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,let u call ?is process imp>tial r$9tegration4 ,:e!r x ev] occurs 9 an absolutely complete =m is d\btful4 ,we all imm$iately recognize1 h[ev]1 t 9 "s m9ds !re is a mu* great] t5d5cy ?an 9 o!rs = ! fl[ ( ?\ght to take ?is =m4 ,^? insuff]ably g>rul\s old wom51 ^? dry & fanciless be+s :o sp>e y no detail1 h[ev] petty1 ( ! facts !y are rec\nt+1 & ^u ! ?read ( ^: n>rative all ! irrelevant items clu/] z p]t9aci\sly z ! ess5tial ones1 ! slaves ( lit]al fact1 ! /umbl]s ov] ! smalle/ abrupt /ep 9 ?\ght1 are figures kn[n to all ( u4 ,comic lit]ature has made h] pr(it out ( !m4 ,juliet's nurse is a classical example4 ,george ,eliot's village *>act]s & "s ( ,dick5s's m9or p]sonages supply excell5t in/ances4 ,p]haps z successful a r5d]+ z any ( ?is m5tal type is ! "* ( ,miss ,bates 9 ,miss ,au/5's ',emma4' ,he> h[ %e r$9tegrates3 ',b :]e c\ld y he> x8' cri$ ,miss ,bates4 ',:]e c\ld y possibly he> x1 ,mr4 ,knightley8 ,= x is n five m9utes s9ce ,i receiv$ ,mrs4 ,cole's note--no1 x _c be m ?an five--or at lea/ t5--= ,i _h got my bonnet & sp5c] on1 j ready to come out--,i 0 only gone d[n to speak to ,patty aga9 ab\t ! pork--,jane 0 /&+ 9 ! passage--7 n y1 ,jane8--= my "m 0 s afraid t we _h n any salt+-pan l>ge en\gh4 ,s ,i said ,i w\ld g d[n & see1 & ,jane said3 ,%all ,i g d[n in/ead8 = ,i ?9k y h a little cold1 & ,patty has be5 wa%+ ! kit*54 ,oh1 my de>1 said ,i--well1 & j !n came ! note4 ,a ,miss ,hawk9s--t's all ,i "k--a ,miss ,hawk9s1 ( ,ba?4 ,b1 ,mr4 ,knightley1 h[ c\ld y possibly h he>d x8 = ! v mom5t ,mr4 ,cole told ,mrs4 ,cole ( x1 %e sat d[n & wrote to me4 ,a ,miss ,hawk9s--' ,b 9 e "o ( u !re are mom5ts :5 ?is complete reproduction ( all ! items ( a pa/ exp]i5ce occurs4 ,:at are ^? mom5ts8 ,!y are mom5ts ( emotional recall ( ! pa/ z some?+ :i* once 01 b is gone = ev]--mom5ts1 ! int]e/ ( :i* consi/s 9 ! feel+ t our self 0 once o!r ?an x n[ is4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 any detail1 h[ev] m9ute1 :i* w make ! pa/ picture m complete1 w also h its effect 9 swell+ t total contra/ betwe5 n[ & !n :i* =ms ! c5tral int]e/ ( our contemplation4 ,,ord9>y ,,or ,,mix$ ,,association4 ,?is case helps u to und]/& :y x is t ! ord9>y spontane\s fl[ ( our ideas does n foll[ ! law ( imp>tial r$9tegration4 ,9 no revival ( a pa/ exp]i5ce are all ! items ( our ?\ght equally op]ative 9 det]m9+ :at ! next ?\ght %all be4 ,always "s +r$i5t is prepot5t ov] ! re/4 ,its special sugge/ions or associations 9 ?is case w (t5 be diff]5t f ^? :i* x has 9 common ) ! :ole gr\p ( items2 & its t5d5cy to awak5 ^! outly+ associates w deflect ! pa? ( our rev]y4 ,j z 9 ! orig9al s5sible exp]i5ce our att5tion focaliz$ itself ^u a few ( ! impressions ( ! sc5e be=e u1 s "h 9 ! reproduction ( ^? impressions an equal p>tiality is %[n1 & "s items are emphasiz$ above ! re/4 ,:at ^! items %all be is1 9 mo/ cases ( spontane\s rev]y1 h>d to det]m9e be=eh&4 ,9 subjective t]ms we say t ! prepot5t items are ^? :i* appeal mo/ to our ,,int]e/4 ,express$ 9 bra9-t]ms1 ! law ( int]e/ w be3 "s "o bra9-process is always prepot5t above its concomitants 9 ar\s+ action else:]e4 ,two processes1 says ,mr4 ,hodgson1#dhj are con/antly go+ on 9 r$9tegration4 ,! "o a process ( corrosion1 melt+1 decay2 ! o!r a process ( r5ew+1 aris+1 becom+4444 ,no object ( repres5tation rema9s long be=e consci\sness 9 ! same /ate1 b fades1 decays1 & becomes indi/9ct4 ,^? p>ts ( ! object1 h[ev]1 :i* possess an int]e/ resi/ ?is t5d5cy to gradual decay ( ! :ole object4444 ,?is inequality 9 ! object--"s p>ts1 ! un9t]e/+1 submitt+ to decay2 o!rs1 ! int]e/+ p>ts1 resi/+ x--:5 x has cont9u$ = a c]ta9 "t1 ends 9 becom+ a new object4 ,only :]e ! int]e/ is diffus$ equally ov] all ! p>ts 7z 9 ! emotional memory j ref]r$ to1 :]e1 z all pa/1 !y all int]e/ u alike7 is ?is law dep>t$ f4 ,x w be lea/ obey$ by ^? m9ds :i* h ! smalle/ v>iety & int5sity ( int]e/s--^? :o1 by ! g5]al flatness & pov]ty ( _! /hetic nature1 are kept = ev] rotat+ among ! lit]al sequ5ces ( _! local & p]sonal hi/ory4 ,mo/ ( u1 h[ev]1 are bett] organiz$ ?an ?is1 & our mus+s pursue an erratic c\rse1 sw]v+ cont9ually into "s new direction trac$ by ! %ift+ play ( int]e/ z x ev] falls on "s p>tial item 9 ea* complex repres5tation t is evok$4 ,?us x s (t5 comes ab\t t we f9d ourselves ?9k+ at two ne>ly adjac5t mom5ts ( ?+s sep>at$ by ! :ole diamet] ( space & "t4 ,n till we c>efully recall ea* /ep ( our cogitation d we see h[ naturally we came by ,hodgson's law to pass f "o to ! o!r4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 aft] look+ at my clock j n[ 7#ahgi71 ,i f\nd myself ?9k+ ( a rec5t resolution 9 ! ,s5ate ab\t our legal-t5d] notes4 ,! clock call$ up ! image ( ! man :o _h repair$ its gong4 ,he sugge/$ ! jewell]'s %op :]e ,i _h la/ se5 him2 t %op1 "s %irt-/uds :i* ,i _h b\ght !re2 !y1 ! value ( gold & its rec5t decl9e2 ! latt]1 ! equal value ( gre5backs1 & ?is1 naturally1 ! "q ( h[ long !y 7 to la/1 & ( ! ,bay>d proposition4 ,ea* ( ^! images (f]$ v>i\s po9ts ( int]e/4 ,^? :i* =m$ ! turn+-po9ts ( my ?\ght are easily assign$4 ,! gong 0 mom5t>ily ! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( ! clock1 because1 f hav+ begun ) a beautiful tone1 x _h become discordant & ar\s$ disappo9tm5t4 ,b = ?is ! clock might h sugge/$ ! fri5d :o gave x to me1 or any "o ( a ?\s& circum/ances connect$ ) clocks4 ,! jewell]'s %op sugge/$ ! /uds1 because !y alone ( all its cont5ts 7 t+$ ) ! egoi/ic int]e/ ( possession4 ,?is int]e/ 9 ! /uds1 _! value1 made me s+le out ! mat]ial z its *ief s\rce1 etc41 to ! end4 ,e read] :o w arre/ himself at any mom5t & say1 ,h[ came ,i to be ?9k+ ( j ?is8 w be sure to trace a tra9 ( repres5tations l9k$ toge!r by l9es ( contiguity & po9ts ( int]e/ inextricably comb9$4 ,?is is ! ord9>y process ( ! association ( ideas z x spontane\sly goes on 9 av]age m9ds4 ,we may call x ,,ord9>y1 or ,,mix$1 ,,association4 ,ano!r example ( x is giv5 by ,hobbes 9 a passage :i* has be5 quot$ s (t5 z to be classical3 ,9 a disc\rse ( our pres5t civil w>1 :at c\ld seem m imp]t95t ?an to ask 7z "o did7 :at 0 ! value ( a ,roman p5ny8 ,yet ! coh]5ce to me 0 manife/ en\gh4 ,= ! ?\ght ( ! w> introduc$ ! ?\ght ( ! deliv]+ up ! ,k+ to 8 enemies2 ! ?\ght ( t br\ght 9 ! ?\ght ( ! deliv]+ up ( ,*ri/2 & t aga9 ! ?\ght ( ! ?irty p5ce1 :i* 0 ! price ( t treason3 & !nce easily foll[$ t malici\s "q2 & all ?is 9 a mom5t ( "t2 = ?\ght is quick4#dha ,c we det]m9e1 n[1 :5 a c]ta9 portion ( ! go+ ?\ght has1 by d9t ( its int]e/1 become s prepot5t z to make its own exclusive associates ! dom9ant features ( ! com+ ?\ght--c we1 ,i say1 det]m9e :i* ( its own associates %all be evok$8 ,= !y are _m4 ,z ,hodgson says3 ,! int]e/+ p>ts ( ! decay+ object are free to comb9e aga9 ) any objects or p>ts ( objects ) :i* at any "t !y h be5 comb9$ be=e4 ,all ! =m] comb9ations ( ^! p>ts may come back into consci\sness2 "o mu/2 b :i* w8 ,mr4 ,hodgson replies3 ,!re c be b "o answ]3 t :i* has be5 mo/ habitually comb9$ ) !m be=e4 ,?is new object beg9s at once to =m itself 9 consci\sness1 & to gr\p its p>ts r\nd ! "p /ill rema9+ f ! =m] object2 "p aft] "p comes out & arranges itself 9 its old position2 b sc>cely has ! process begun1 :5 ! orig9al law ( int]e/ beg9s to op]ate on ?is new =mation1 seizes on ! int]e/+ p>ts & impresses !m on ! att5tion to ! exclusion ( ! re/1 & ! :ole process is repeat$ aga9 ) endless v>iety4 ,i v5ture to propose ?is z a complete & true acc\nt ( ! :ole process ( r$9tegration4 ,9 re/rict+ ! dis*>ge f ! int]e/+ item into t *annel :i* is simply mo/ habitual 9 ! s5se ( mo/ frequ5t1 ,hodgson's acc\nt is assur$ly imp]fect4 ,an image by no means always revives its mo/ frequ5t associate1 al?\gh frequ5cy is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ pot5t det]m9ants ( revival4 ,if ,i abruptly utt] ! ^w swall[1 ! read]1 if by habit an orni?ologi/1 w ?9k ( a bird2 if a physiologi/ or a m$ical speciali/ 9 ?roat diseases1 he w ?9k ( deglutition4 ,if ,i say date1 he w1 if a fruit-m]*ant or an ,arabian travell]1 ?9k ( ! produce ( ! palm2 if an habitual /ud5t ( hi/ory1 figures ) ,a4,d4 or ,b4,c4 be=e !m w rise 9 8 m9d4 ,if ,i say b$1 ba?1 morn+1 8 own daily toilet w be inv9cibly sugge/$ by ! comb9$ names ( ?ree ( its habitual associates4 ,b frequ5t l9es ( transition are (t5 set at naught4 ,! sight ( ,c4 ,gor+'s ',sy/em d] kritis*5 ,philosophie' has mo/ frequ5tly awak5$ 9 me ?\ghts ( ! op9ions !re9 prop\nd$4 ,! idea ( suicide has nev] be5 connect$ ) ! volumes4 ,b a mom5t s9ce1 z my eye fell ^u !m1 suicide 0 ! ?\ght t fla%$ into my m9d4 ,:y8 ,because b ye/]day ,i receiv$ a lett] f ,leipzig in=m+ me t ?is philosoph]'s rec5t dea? by dr[n+ 0 an act ( self-de/ruction4 ,?\ghts t5d1 !n1 to awak5 _! mo/ rec5t z well z _! mo/ habitual associates4 ,?is is a matt] ( notori\s exp]i5ce1 too notori\s1 9 fact1 to ne$ illu/ration4 ,if we h se5 our fri5d ?is morn+1 ! m5tion ( 8 "n n[ recalls ! circum/ances ( t int]view1 r ?an any m remote details conc]n+ him4 ,if ,%akespe>e's plays are m5tion$1 & we 7 la/ night read+ ',ri*>d ,,ii41' ve/iges ( t play r ?an ( ',hamlet' or ',o!llo' float ?r\gh our m9d4 ,excitem5t ( peculi> tracts1 or peculi> modes ( g5]al excitem5t 9 ! bra91 leave a sort ( t5d]ness or exalt$ s5sibility beh9d !m :i* takes days to die away4 ,z long z x la/s1 ^? tracts or ^? modes are liable to h _! activities awak5$ by causes :i* at o!r times might leave !m 9 repose4 ,h5ce1 rec5cy 9 exp]i5ce is a prime factor 9 det]m9+ revival 9 ?\ght4#dhb ,vividness 9 an orig9al exp]i5ce may also h ! same effect z habit or rec5cy 9 br++ ab\t likelihood ( revival4 ,if we h once witness$ an execution1 any subsequ5t conv]sation or read+ ab\t capital puni%m5t w almo/ c]ta9ly sugge/ images ( t p>ticul> sc5e4 ,?us x is t ev5ts liv$ ?r\gh only once1 & 9 y\?1 may come 9 aft]-ye>s1 by reason ( _! excit+ quality or emotional int5sity1 to s]ve z types or in/ances us$ by our m9d to illu/rate any & e occurr+ topic ^: int]e/ is mo/ remotely p]t95t to !irs4 ,if a man 9 8 boyhood once talk$ ) ,napoleon1 any m5tion ( great m5 or hi/orical ev5ts1 battles or ?rones1 or ! :irligig ( =tune1 or isl&s 9 ! ocean1 w be apt to draw to 8 lips ! incid5ts ( t "o memorable int]view4 ,if ! ^w too? n[ sudd5ly appe>s on ! page be=e ! read]'s eye1 !re are fifty *ances out ( a hundr$ t1 if he gives x "t to awak5 any image1 x w be an image ( "s op]ation ( d5ti/ry 9 :i* he has be5 ! suff]]4 ,daily he has t\*$ 8 tee? & ma/icat$ ) !m2 ?is v morn+ he bru%$ !m1 *ew$ 8 breakfa/ & pick$ !m2 b ! r>] & remot] associations arise m promptly because !y 7 s mu* m int5se4#dhc ,a f\r? factor 9 trac+ ! c\rse ( reproduction is congruity 9 emotional tone betwe5 ! reproduc$ idea & our mood4 ,! same objects d n recall ! same associates :5 we are *e]ful z :5 we are melan*oly4 ,no?+1 9 fact1 is m /rik+ ?an our utt] inability to keep up tra9s ( joy\s imag]y :5 we are depress$ 9 spirits4 ,/orm1 d>kness1 w>1 images ( disease1 pov]ty1 & p]i%+ afflict unremitt+ly ! imag9ations ( melan*oliacs4 ,& ^? ( sangu9e temp]am5t1 :5 _! spirits are high1 f9d x impossible to give any p]man5ce to evil =ebod+s or to gloomy ?\ghts4 ,9 an in/ant ! tra9 ( association dances (f to fl[]s & sun%9e1 & images ( spr+ & hope4 ,! records ( ,arctic or ,african travel p]us$ 9 "o mood awak5 no ?\ghts b ^? ( horror at ! malignity ( ,nature2 read at ano!r "t !y sugge/ only en?usia/ic reflections on ! indomitable p[] & pluck ( man4 ,few novels s ov]fl[ ) joy\s animal spirits z ',! ,?ree ,gu>dsm5' ( ,dumas4 ,yet x may awak5 9 ! m9d ( a read] depress$ ) sea-sickness 7z ! writ] c p]sonally te/ify7 a mo/ dismal & woeful consci\sness ( ! cruelty & c>nage ( :i* h]oes l ,a?os1 ,por?os1 & ,aramis make !mselves guilty4 ,habit1 rec5cy1 vividness1 & emotional congruity are1 !n1 all reasons :y "o repres5tation r ?an ano!r %\ld be awak5$ by ! int]e/+ portion ( a dep>t+ ?\ght4 ,we may say ) tru? t 9 ! majority ( cases ! com+ repres5tation w h be5 ei!r habitual1 rec5t1 or vivid1 & w be congru\s4 ,if all ^! qualities unite 9 any "o abs5t associate1 we may pr$ict almo/ infallibly t t associate ( ! go+ ?\ght w =m an important +r$i5t 9 ! com+ ?\ght4 ,9 spite ( ! fact1 h[ev]1 t ! succession ( repres5tations is ?us r$eem$ f p]fect indet]m9ism & limit$ to a few classes ^: *>act]i/ic quality is fix$ by ! nature ( our pa/ exp]i5ce1 x mu/ /ill be confess$ t an imm5se numb] ( t]ms 9 ! l9k$ *a9 ( our repres5tations fall outside ( all assignable rule4 ,to take ! in/ance ( ! clock giv5 on page #ehf4 ,:y did ! jewell]'s %op sugge/ ! %irt-/uds r ?an a *a9 :i* ,i _h b\ght !re m rec5tly1 :i* _h co/ m1 & ^: s5tim5tal associations 7 mu* m int]e/+8 ,bo? *a9 & /uds _h excit$ bra9-tracts simultane\sly ) ! %op4 ,! only reason :y ! n]ve-/ream f ! %op-tract swit*$ (f into ! /ud-tract r ?an into ! *a9-tract mu/ be t ! /ud-tract happ5$ at t mom5t to lie m op51 ei!r because ( "s accid5tal alt]ation 9 its nutrition or because ! incipi5t sub-consci\s t5sions ( ! bra9 z a :ole _h s di/ribut$ _! equilibrium1 t x 0 m un/able "h ?an 9 ! *a9-tract4 ,any read]'s introspection w easily furni% simil> in/ances4 ,x ?us rema9s true t to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ev5 9 ^? =ms ( ord9>y mix$ association :i* lie ne>e/ to imp>tial r$9tegration1 :i* associate ( ! int]e/+ item %all em]ge mu/ be call$ l>gely a matt] ( accid5t--accid5t1 t is1 = our intellig5ce4 ,no d\bt x is det]m9$ by c]ebral causes1 b !y are too subtile & %ift+ = our analysis4 ,,association ,,by ,,simil>ity4 ,9 p>tial or mix$ association we h all along suppos$ ! int]e/+ portion ( ! disappe>+ ?\ght to be ( consid]able ext5t1 & to be suffici5tly complex to con/itute by itself a concrete object4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton relates1 = in/ance1 t aft] ?9k+ ( ,b5 ,lomond he f\nd himself ?9k+ ( ! ,prussian sy/em ( education1 & discov]$ t ! l9ks ( association 7 a ,g]man g5tleman :om he _h met on ,b5 ,lomond1 ,g]many1 etc4 ,! int]e/+ "p ( ,b5 ,lomond1 z he _h exp]i5c$ x1 ! "p op]ative 9 det]m9+ ! tra9 ( 8 ideas 0 ! complex image ( a p>ticul> man4 ,b n[ let u suppose t t selective ag5cy ( int]e/$ att5tion1 :i* may ?us conv]t imp>tial r$9tegration into p>tial association--let u suppose t x ref9es itself /ill fur!r & acc5tuates a portion ( ! pass+ ?\ght1 s small z to be no long] ! image ( a concrete ?+1 b only ( an ab/ract quality or prop]ty4 ,let u moreov] suppose t ! "p ?us acc5tuat$ p]si/s 9 consci\sness 7or1 9 c]ebral t]ms1 has its bra9-process cont9ue7 aft] ! o!r portions ( ! ?\ght h fad$4 ,?is small surviv+ portion w !n surr\nd itself ) its own associates aft] ! fa%ion we h already se51 & ! relation betwe5 ! new ?\ght's object & ! object ( ! fad$ ?\ght w be a relation ( simil>ity4 ,! pair ( ?\ghts w =m an in/ance ( :at is call$ ',association by ,simil>ity4'#dhd ,! simil>s :i* are "h associat$1 or ( :i* ! fir/ is foll[$ by ! second 9 ! m9d1 are se5 to be comp\nds4 ,exp]i5ce proves t ?is is always ! case4 ,!re is no t5d5cy on ! "p ( ,,simple 'ideas1' attributes1 or qualities to rem9d u ( _! l4 ,! ?\ght ( "o %ade ( blue does n rem9d u ( t ( ano!r %ade ( blue1 etc41 unless inde$ we h 9 m9d "s g5]al purpose l nam+ ! t9t1 :5 we %\ld naturally ?9k ( o!r blues ( ! scale1 ?r\gh 'mix$ association' ( purpose1 names1 & t9ts1 toge!r4 ,b !re is no elem5t>y t5d5cy ( pure qualities to awak5 _! simil>s 9 ! m9d4 ,we saw 9 ! *apt] on ,discrim9ation t two comp\nd ?+s are simil> :5 "s "o quality or gr\p ( qualities is %>$ alike by bo?1 al?\gh z reg>ds _! o!r qualities !y may h no?+ 9 common4 ,! moon is simil> to a gas-jet1 x is also simil> to a foot-ball2 b a gas-jet & a foot-ball are n simil> to ea* o!r4 ,:5 we affirm ! simil>ity ( two comp\nd ?+s1 we %\ld always say 9 :at respect x obta9s4 ,moon & gas-jet are simil> 9 respect ( lum9osity1 & no?+ else2 moon & foot-ball 9 respect ( rotundity1 & no?+ else4 ,foot-ball & gas-jet are 9 no respect simil>--t is1 !y possess no common po9t1 no id5tical attribute4 ,simil>ity1 9 comp\nds1 is p>tial id5tity4 ,:5 ! same attribute appe>s 9 two ph5om5a1 ?\gh x be _! only common prop]ty1 ! two ph5om5a are simil> 9 s f> =?4 ,to return n[ to our associat$ repres5tations4 ,if ! ?\ght ( ! moon is succe$$ by ! ?\ght ( a foot-ball1 & t by ! ?\ght ( "o ( ,mr4 ,x's railroads1 x is because ! attribute rotundity 9 ! moon broke away f all ! re/ & surr\nd$ itself ) an entirely new set ( companions--ela/icity1 lea!ry integum5t1 swift mobility 9 ob$i5ce to human caprice1 etc42 & because ! la/-nam$ attribute 9 ! foot-ball 9 turn broke away f its companions1 &1 itself p]si/+1 surr\nd$ itself ) su* new attributes z make up ! notions ( a 'railroad k+1' ( a ris+ & fall+ /ock-m>ket1 & ! l4 ,! gradual passage f imp>tial r$9tegration to simil> association ?r\gh :at we h call$ ord9>y mix$ association may be symboliz$ by diagrams4 ,fig4 #da is imp>tial r$9tegration1 ,fig4 #db is mix$1 & ,fig4 #dc simil> association4 ,a 9 ea* is ! pass+1 ,b ! com+ ?\ght4 ,9 'imp>tial1' all p>ts ( ,a are equally op]ative 9 call+ up ,b4 ,9 'mix$1' mo/ p>ts ( ,a are in]t4 ,! "p ,m alone breaks out & awak5s ,b4 ,9 'simil>1' ! focaliz$ "p ,m is mu* small] ?an 9 ! previ\s case1 & aft] awak5+ its new set ( associates1 in/ead ( fad+ out itself1 x cont9ues p]si/5tly active along ) !m1 =m+ an id5tical "p 9 ! two ideas1 & mak+ ^!1 pro tanto1 resemble ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,:y a s+le portion ( ! pass+ ?\ght %\ld break out f its conc]t ) ! re/ & act1 z we say1 on its own hook1 :y ! o!r p>ts %\ld become in]t1 are my/]ies :i* we c asc]ta9 b n expla94 ,possibly a m9ut] insight into ! laws ( neural action w "s day cle> ! matt] up2 possibly neural laws w n suffice1 & we %all ne$ to invoke a dynamic reaction ( ! =m ( consci\sness ^u its cont5t4 ,b into ?is we _c ent] n[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to sum up1 !n1 we see t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ?ree k9ds ( association r$uces itself to a simple diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( t portion ( ! n]ve-tract support+ ! go+ ?\ght :i* is op]ative 9 call+ up ! ?\ght :i* comes4 ,b ! modus op]&i ( ?is active "p is ! same1 be x l>ge or be x small4 ,! items con/itut+ ! com+ object wak5 9 e in/ance because _! n]ve-tracts once 7 excit$ cont9u\sly ) ^? ( ! go+ object or its op]ative "p4 ,?is ultimate physiological law ( habit among ! neural elem5ts is :at runs ! tra94 ,! direction ( its c\rse & ! =m ( its transitions1 :e!r r$9tegrative1 associative1 or simil>1 are due to unkn[n regulative or det]m9ative conditions :i* accompli% _! effect by op5+ ?is swit* & clos+ t1 sett+ ! eng9e sometimes at half-spe$1 & c\pl+ or unc\pl+ c>s4 ,?is la/ figure ( spee*1 into :i* ,i h glid$ unwitt+ly1 af=ds itself an excell5t in/ance ( association by simil>ity4 ,i 0 ?9k+ ( ! deflections ( ! c\rse ( ideas4 ,n[1 f ,hobbes's "t d[nw>d1 ,engli% writ]s h be5 fond ( speak+ ( ! tra9 ( our repres5tations4 ,?is ^w happ5$ to /& out 9 ! mid/ ( my complex ?\ght ) peculi>ly %>p acc5tuation1 & to surr\nd itself ) num]\s details ( railroad imag]y4 ,only su* details became cle>1 h[ev]1 z _h _! n]ve-tracts besieg$ by a d\ble set ( influ5ces--^? f tra9 on ! "o h&1 & ^? f ! movem5t ( ?\ght on ! o!r4 ,x may possibly be t ! prepot5cy ( ! sugge/ions ( ! ^w tra9 at ?is mom5t 7 due to ! rec5t excitation ( ! railroad bra9-tract by ! in/ance *os5 a few pages back ( ii railroad k+ play+ foot-ball ) ! /ock-m>ket4 ,x is app>5t f su* an example h[ inextricably complex are all ! contributory factors ^: resultant is ! l9e ( our rev]ie4 ,x w\ld be folly 9 mo/ cases to attempt to trace !m out4 ,f an in/ance l ! above1 :]e ! pivot ( ! ,simil> ,association 0 =m$ by a def9ite concrete ^w1 tra91 to ^? :]e x is s subtile z utt]ly to elude our analysis1 ! passage is unbrok54 ,we c =m a s]ies ( examples4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,bagehot says t ! m9d ( ! savage1 s f> f be+ 9 a /ate ( nature1 is tattoo$ all ov] ) mon/r\s sup]/itions1 ! case is v l ! "o we h j be5 consid]+4 ,:5 ,sir ,james ,/eph5 comp>es our belief 9 ! uni=mity ( nature1 ! congruity ( ! future ) ! pa/1 to a man r[+ "o way & look+ ano!r1 & /e]+ 8 boat by keep+ h] /]n 9 a l9e ) an object beh9d him1 ! op]ative l9k becomes h>d] to dissect out4 ,x is subtl] /ill 9 ,dr4 ,holmes's phrase1 t /ories 9 pass+ f m\? to m\? make a great deal ( lee-way 9 proportion to _! headway2 or 9 ,mr4 ,l[ell's description ( ,g]man s5t5ces1 t !y h a way ( yaw+ & go+ /]n-=emo/ & n m9d+ ! helm = sev]al m9utes aft] x has be5 put d[n4 ,& f9ally1 x is a real puzzle :5 ! color pale-blue is said to h fem99e & blood-r$ mascul9e aff9ities4 ,& if ,i he> a fri5d describe a c]ta9 family z hav+ blott+-pap] voices1 ! image1 ?\gh imm$iately felt to be apposite1 baffles ! utmo/ p[]s ( analysis4 ,! high] poets all use abrupt epi!ts1 :i* are alike intimate & remote1 &1 z ,em]son says1 sweetly torm5t u ) invitations to _! inaccessible homes4 ,9 ^! latt] in/ances we mu/ suppose t !re is an id5tical portion 9 ! simil> objects1 & t its bra9-tract is en]getically op]ative1 )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ suffici5tly isolable 9 its activity z to /& out p] se1 & =m ! condition ( a di/9ctly discrim9at$ 'ab/ract idea4' ,we _c ev5 by c>eful se>* see ! bridge ov] :i* we pass$ f ! he>t ( "o repres5tation to t ( ! next4 ,9 "s bra9s1 h[ev]1 ?is mode ( transition is extremely common4 ,x w\ld be "o ( ! mo/ important ( physiological discov]ies c\ld we assign ! me*anical or *emical diff]5ce :i* makes ! ?\ghts ( "o bra9 cl+ close to imp>tial r$9tegration1 :ile ^? ( ano!r %oot ab\t 9 all ! lawless revelry ( simil>ity4 ,:y1 9 ^! latt] bra9s1 action %\ld t5d to focalize itself 9 small spots1 :ile 9 ! o!rs x fills pati5tly its broad b$1 x seems impossible to guess4 ,:atev] ! diff]5ce may be1 x is :at sep>ates ! man ( g5ius f ! prosaic creature ( habit & r\t9e ?9k+4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xxii we %all ne$ to recur aga9 to ?is po9t4 ,,association ,,9 ,,volunt>y ,,?\ght4 ,hi!rto we h assum$ ! process ( sugge/ion ( "o object by ano!r to be spontane\s4 ,! tra9 ( imag]y w&]s at its own sweet w1 n[ trudg+ 9 sob] grooves ( habit1 n[ ) a hop1 skip1 & jump d>t+ across ! :ole field ( "t & space4 ,?is is rev]y1 or mus+2 b great segm5ts ( ! flux ( our ideas consi/ ( some?+ v diff]5t f ?is4 ,!y are guid$ by a di/9ct purpose or consci\s int]e/4 ,z ! ,g]mans say1 we na*d5k51 or ?9k t[>ds a c]ta9 end4 ,x is n[ necess>y to exam9e :at modification is made 9 ! tra9s ( our imag]y by ! hav+ ( an end 9 view4 ,! c\rse ( our ideas is !n call$ volunt>y4 ,physiologically consid]$1 we mu/ suppose t a purpose means ! p]si/5t activity ( c]ta9 r def9ite bra9-processes ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( ?\ght4 ,our mo/ usual cogitations are n pure rev]ies1 absolute drift+s1 b revolve ab\t "s c5tral int]e/ or topic to :i* mo/ ( ! images are relevant1 & t[>ds :i* we return promptly aft] occasional digressions4 ,?is int]e/ is subs]v$ by ! p]si/5tly active bra9-tracts we h suppos$4 ,9 ! mix$ associations :i* we h hi!rto /udi$1 ! p>ts ( ea* object :i* =m ! pivots on :i* our ?\ghts successively turn h _! int]e/ l>gely det]m9$ by _! connection ) "s g5]al int]e/ :i* = ! "t has seiz$ ^u ! m9d4 ,if we call ,z ! bra9-tract ( g5]al int]e/1 !n1 if ! object abc turns up1 & b has m associations ) ,z ?an h ei!r a or c1 b w become ! object's int]e/+1 pivotal portion1 & w call up its own associates exclusively4 ,= ! en]gy ( b's bra9-tract w be augm5t$ by ,z's activity1--an activity :i*1 f lack ( previ\s connection betwe5 ,z & a or c1 does n influ5ce a or c4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ,i ?9k ( ,p>is :il/ ,i am hungry1 ,i %all n improbably f9d t its re/aurants h become ! pivot ( my ?\ght1 etc41 etc4 ,b 9 ! !oretic z well z 9 ! practical life !re are int]e/s ( a m acute sort1 tak+ ! =m ( def9ite images ( "s a*ievem5t1 be x action or acquisition1 :i* we desire to effect4 ,! tra9 ( ideas aris+ "u ! influ5ce ( su* an int]e/ con/itutes usually ! ?\ght ( ! means by :i* ! end %all be atta9$4 ,if ! end by its simple pres5ce does n in/antane\sly sugge/ ! means1 ! se>* = ! latt] becomes an intellectual problem4 ,! solution ( problems is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & peculi> sort ( volunt>y ?9k+4 ,:]e ! end ?\ght ( is "s outw>d de$ or ga91 ! solution is l>gely compos$ ( ! actual motor processes1 walk+1 speak+1 writ+1 etc41 :i* lead up to x4 ,:]e ! end is 9 ! fir/ in/ance only ideal1 z 9 lay+ out a place ( op]ations1 ! /eps are purely imag9>y4 ,9 bo? ( ^! cases ! discov]y ( ! means may =m a new sort ( end1 ( an entirely peculi> nature1 an end1 namely1 :i* we int5sely desire be=e we h atta9$ x1 b ( ! nature ( :i*1 ev5 :il/ mo/ /rongly crav+ x1 we h no di/9ct imag9ation :atev]4 ,su* an end is a problem4 ,! same /ate ( ?+s occurs :5ev] we seek to recall some?+ =gott51 or to /ate ! reason = a judgm5t :i* we h made intuitively4 ,! desire /ra9s & presses 9 a direction :i* x feels to be "r b t[>ds a po9t :i* x is unable to see4 ,9 %ort1 ! abs5ce ( an item is a det]m9ant ( our repres5tations q z positive z its pres5ce c ev] be4 ,! gap becomes no m]e void1 b :at is call$ an a*+ void4 ,if we try to expla9 9 t]ms ( bra9-action h[ a ?\ght :i* only pot5tially exi/s c yet be effective1 we seem driv5 to believe t ! bra9-tract !re( mu/ actually be excit$1 b only 9 a m9imal & sub-consci\s way4 ,try1 = in/ance1 to symbolize :at goes on 9 a man :o is rack+ 8 bra9s to rememb] a ?\ght :i* occurr$ to him la/ week4 ,! associates ( ! ?\ght are !re1 _m ( !m at lea/1 b !y refuse to awak5 ! ?\ght itself4 ,we _c suppose t !y d n irradiate at all into its bra9-tract1 because 8 m9d quiv]s on ! v edge ( its recov]y4 ,its actual rhy?m s\nds 9 8 e>s2 ! words seem on ! imm95t po9t ( foll[+1 b fail4 ,:at x is t blocks ! dis*>ge & keeps ! bra9-excitem5t "h f pass+ beyond ! nasc5t into ! vivid /ate _c be guess$4 ,b we see 9 ! philosophy ( desire & pleasure1 t su* nasc5t excitem5ts1 spontane\sly t5d+ to a cresc5do1 b inhibit$ or *eck$ by o!r causes1 may become pot5t m5tal /imuli & det]m9ants ( desire4 ,all que/ion+1 wond]1 emotion ( curiosity1 mu/ be ref]r$ to c]ebral causes ( "s su* =m z ?is4 ,! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! ef=t to recall ?+s =gott5 & ! se>* aft] ! means to a giv5 end1 is t ! latt] h n1 :il/ ! =m] h1 already =m$ a "p ( our exp]i5ce4 ,if we fir/ /udy ! mode ( recall+ a ?+ =gott51 we c take up ) bett] und]/&+ ! volunt>y que/ ( ! unkn[n4 ,! =gott5 ?+ is felt by u z a gap 9 ! mid/ ( c]ta9 o!r ?+s4 ,if x is a ?\ght1 we possess a dim idea ( :]e we 7 & :at we 7 ab\t :5 x occurr$ to u4 ,we recollect ! g5]al subject to :i* x relates4 ,b all ^! details refuse to %oot toge!r into a solid :ole1 = ! lack ( ! vivid traits ( ?is miss+ ?\ght1 ! relation :]e( to ea* detail =ms n[ ! ma9 int]e/ ( ! latt]4 ,we keep runn+ ov] ! details 9 our m9d1 dissatisfi$1 crav+ some?+ m4 ,f ea* detail !re radiate l9es ( association =m+ s _m t5tative guesses4 ,_m ( ^! are imm$iately se5 to be irrelevant1 are !re=e void ( int]e/1 & lapse imm$iately f consci\sness4 ,o!rs are associat$ ) ! o!r details pres5t1 & ) ! miss+ ?\ght z well4 ,:5 ^! surge up1 we h a peculi> feel+ t we are 'w>m1' z ! *ildr5 say :5 !y play hide & seek2 & su* associates z ^! we clut* at & keep be=e ! att5tion4 ,?us we recollect successively t :5 we _h ! ?\ght 9 "q we 7 at ! d9n]-table2 !n t our fri5d ,j4 ,d4 0 !re2 !n t ! subject talk$ ab\t 0 s & s2 f9ally1 t ! ?\ght came propos ( a c]ta9 anecdote1 & !n t x _h some?+ to d ) a ,fr5* quotation4 ,n[ all ^! add$ associations arise indep5d5tly ( ! w1 by ! spontane\s process we "k s well4 ,all t ! w does is to emphasize & l+] ov] ^? :i* seem p]t95t1 & ignore ! re/4 ,?r\gh ?is hov]+ ( ! att5tion 9 ! neighborhood ( ! desir$ object1 ! accumulation ( associates becomes s great t ! comb9$ t5sions ( _! neural processes break ?r\gh ! b>1 & ! n]v\s wave p\rs into ! tract :i* has s long be5 await+ its adv5t4 ,& z ! expectant1 sub-consci\s it*+ !re1 bur/s into ! fulness ( vivid feel+1 ! m9d f9ds an inexpressible relief4 ,! :ole process c be rudely symboliz$ 9 a diagram4 ,call ! =gott5 ?+ ,z1 ! fir/ facts ) :i* we felt x 0 relat$1 a1 b1 & c1 & ! details f9ally op]ative 9 call+ x up1 l1 m1 & n4 ,ea* circle w !n /& = ! bra9-process und]ly+ ! ?\ght ( ! object d5ot$ by ! lett] conta9$ )9 x4 ,! activity 9 ,z w at fir/ be a m]e t5sion2 b z ! activities 9 a1 b1 & c little by little irradiate into l1 m1 & n1 & z all ^! processes are someh[ connect$ ) ,z1 _! comb9$ irradiations ^u ,z1 repres5t$ by ! c5tripetal arr[s1 succe$ 9 help+ ! t5sion !re to ov]come ! resi/ance1 & 9 r\s+ ,z also to full activity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,! t5sion pres5t f ! fir/ 9 ,z1 ev5 ?\gh x keep bel[ ! ?re%old ( dis*>ge1 is probably to "s degree co-op]ative ) a1 b1 c 9 det]m9+ t l1 m1 n %all awake4 ,)\t ,z's t5sion !re might be a sl[] accumulation ( objects connect$ ) x4 ,b1 z a=esaid1 ! objects come be=e u ?r\gh ! bra9's own laws1 & ! ,ego ( ! ?9k] c only rema9 on h&1 z x 71 to recognize _! relative values & brood ov] "s ( !m1 :il/ o!rs are let drop4 ,z :5 we h lo/ a mat]ial object we _c recov] x by a direct ef=t1 b only ?r\gh mov+ ab\t su* neighborhoods :]e9 x is likely to lie1 & tru/+ t x w !n /rike our eye2 s "h1 by n lett+ our att5tion leave ! neighborhood ( :at we seek1 we tru/ t x w end by speak+ to u ( its own accord4#dhe 99 99 99 99 99 ,turn n[ to ! case ( f9d+ ! unkn[n means to a di/9ctly conceiv$ end4 ,! end "h /&s 9 ! place ( a1 b1 c1 9 ! diagram4 ,x is ! />t+-po9t ( ! irradiations ( sugge/ion2 & "h1 z 9 t case1 :at ! volunt>y att5tion does is only to dismiss "s ( ! sugge/ions z irrelevant1 & hold fa/ to o!rs :i* are felt to be m p]t95t--let ^! be symboliz$ by l1 m1 n4 ,^! latt] at la/ accumulate suffici5tly to dis*>ge all toge!r into ,z1 ! excitem5t ( :i* process is1 9 ! m5tal sph]e1 equival5t to ! solution ( our problem4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ?is case & ! la/1 is t 9 ?is "o !re ne$ be no orig9al sub-excitem5t 9 ,z1 co-op]at+ f ! v fir/4 ,:5 we seek a =gott5 "n1 we mu/ suppose ! "n's c5tre to be 9 a /ate ( active t5sion f ! v outset1 because ( t peculi> feel+ ( recognition :i* we get at ! mom5t ( recall4 ,! pl5itude ( ! ?\ght seems "h b a maximum degree ( some?+ :i* our m9d div9$ 9 advance4 ,x in/antane\sly fills a socket completely m\ld$ to its %ape2 & x seems mo/ natural to ascribe ! id5tity ( quality 9 our feel+ ( ! gap+ socket & our feel+ ( :at comes to fill x1 to ! sam5ess ( a n]ve-tract excit$ 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,9 ! solv+ ( a problem1 on ! contr>y1 ! recognition t we h f\nd ! means is mu* less imm$iate4 ,"h1 :at we are aw>e ( 9 advance seems to be its relations ) ! items we already "k4 ,x mu/ be> a causal relation1 or x mu/ be an effect1 or x mu/ conta9 an attribute common to two items1 or x mu/ be a uni=m concomitant1 or :at n4 ,we "k1 9 %ort1 a lot ab\t x1 :il/ z yet we h no k ( acqua9tance ) x 7see p4 #bba71 or 9 ,mr4 ,hodgson's language1 we "k :at we want to f9d be=eh&1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 9 its second int5tion1 & d n "k x1 9 ano!r s5se1 9 its fir/ int5tion4#dhf ,our intuition t "o ( ! ideas :i* turn up is1 at la/1 our qusitum1 is due to our recognition t its relations are id5tical ) ^? we _h 9 m9d1 & ?is may be a r sl[ act ( judgm5t4 ,9 fact1 e "o kn[s t an object may be = "s "t pres5t to 8 m9d be=e its relations to o!r matt]s are p]ceiv$4 ,to quote ,hodgson aga93 ,! mode ( op]ation is common to volunt>y memory & reason4444 ,b reason+ adds to memory ! function ( comp>+ or judg+ ! images :i* arise4444 ,memory aims at fill+ ! gap ) an image :i* has at "s p>ticul> "t fill$ x be=e1 reason+ ) "o :i* be>s c]ta9 "t-& space-relations to ! images be=e & aft]-- or1 to use p]haps cle>] language1 "o :i* /&s 9 det]m9ate logical relations to ^? data r\nd ab\t ! gap :i* fill$ our m9d at ! />t4 ,?is feel+ ( ! blank =m ( relation%ip be=e we get ! mat]ial quality ( ! ?+ relat$ w surprise no "o :o has read ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,f ! guess+ ( newspap] enigmas to ! plott+ ( ! policy ( an empire !re is no o!r process ?an ?is4 ,we tru/ to ! laws ( c]ebral nature to pres5t u spontane\sly ) ! appropriate idea3 ,our only comm& ov] x is by ! ef=t we make to keep ! pa9ful unfill$ gap 9 consci\sness4#dhg444 ,two circum/ances are important to notice3 ! fir/ is1 t volition has no p[] ( call+ up images1 b only ( reject+ & select+ f ^? (f]$ by spontane\s r$9tegration4#dhh ,b ! rapidity ) :i* ?is selection is made1 ow+ to ! famili>ity ( ! ways 9 :i* spontane\s r$9tegration runs1 gives ! process ( reason+ ! appe>ance ( evok+ images t are =ese5 to be con=mable to ! purpose4 ,!re is no see+ !m be=e !y are (f]$2 !re is no summon+ !m be=e !y are se54 ,! o!r circum/ance is1 t e k9d ( reason+ is no?+1 9 its simple/ =m1 b att5tion4#dhi ,x is =eign to our purpose "h to ent] into any detail$ analysis ( ! diff]5t classes ( m5tal pursuit4 ,9 a sci5tific rese>* we get p]haps z ri* an example z c be f\nd4 ,! inquir] />ts ) a fact ( :i* he seeks ! reason1 or ) an hypo!sis ( :i* he seeks ! pro(4 ,9 ei!r case he keeps turn+ ! matt] incessantly 9 8 m9d until1 by ! ar\sal ( associate ^u associate1 "s habitual1 "s simil>1 "o arises :i* he recognizes to suit 8 ne$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 may take ye>s4 ,no rules c be giv5 by :i* ! inve/igator may proce$ /raight to 8 result2 b bo? "h & 9 ! case ( rem9isc5ce ! accumulation ( helps 9 ! way ( associations may advance m rapidly by ! use ( c]ta9 r\t9e me?ods4 ,9 /riv+ to recall a ?\ght1 = example1 we may ( set purpose run ?r\gh ! successive classes ( circum/ance ) :i* x may possibly h be5 connect$1 tru/+ t :5 ! "r memb] ( ! class has turn$ up x w help ! ?\ght's revival4 ,?us we may run ?r\gh all ! places 9 :i* we may h _h x4 ,we may run ?r\gh ! p]sons :om we rememb] to h conv]s$ )1 or we may call up successively all ! books we h lately be5 read+4 ,if we are try+ to rememb] a p]son we may run ?r\gh a li/ ( /reets or ( pr(essions4 ,"s item out ( ! li/s ?us me?odically gone ov] w v likely be associat$ ) ! fact we are 9 ne$ (1 & may sugge/ x or help to d s4 ,& yet ! item might nev] h aris5 )\t su* sy/ematic proc$ure4 ,9 sci5tific rese>* ?is accumulation ( associates has be5 me?odiz$ by ,mill "u ! title ( ',! ,f\r ,me?ods ( ,exp]im5tal ,inquiry4' ,by ! 'me?od ( agreem5t1' by t ( 'diff]5ce1' by ^? ( 'residues' & 'concomitant v>iations'7:i* _c "h be m ne>ly def9$71 we make c]ta9 li/s ( cases2 & by rum9at+ ^! li/s 9 our m9ds ! cause we seek w be m likely to em]ge4 ,b ! f9al /roke ( discov]y is only prep>$1 n effect$1 by !m4 ,! bra9-tracts mu/1 ( _! own accord1 %oot ! "r way at la/1 or we %all /ill grope 9 d>kness4 ,t 9 "s bra9s ! tracts d %oot ! "r way mu* (t5] ?an 9 o!rs1 & t we _c tell :y1--^! are ultimate facts to :i* we mu/ nev] close our eyes4 ,ev5 9 =m+ our li/s ( in/ances accord+ to ,mill's me?ods1 we are at ! m]cy ( ! spontane\s work+s ( ,simil>ity 9 our bra94 ,h[ are a numb] ( facts1 resembl+ ! "o ^: cause we seek1 to be br\ght toge!r 9 a li/ unless ! "o w rapidly sugge/ ! o!r ?r\gh association by simil>ity8 ,,simil>ity ,,no ,,elem5t>y ,,law4 ,su* is ! analysis ,i propose1 fir/ ( ! ?ree ma9 types ( spontane\s association1 & !n ( volunt>y association4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! object call$ up may be> any logical relation :atev] to ! "o :i* sugge/$ x4 ,! law requires only t "o condition %\ld be fulfill$4 ,! fad+ object mu/ be due to a bra9-process "s ( ^: elem5ts awak5 ?r\gh habit "s ( ! elem5ts ( ! bra9-process ( ! object :i* comes to view4 ,?is awak5+ is ! op]ative ma*9]y1 ! causal ag5cy1 ?r\gh\t1 q z mu* s 9 ! k9d ( association ,i h call$ by ! "n ( ,simil>ity1 z 9 any o!r sort4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ! objects1 or betwe5 ! ?\ghts 7if simil>ity !re be betwe5 ^! latt]71 has no causal ag5cy 9 c>ry+ u f "o to ! o!r4 ,x is b a result--! effect ( ! usual causal ag5t :5 ?is happ5s to "w 9 a c]ta9 p>ticul> & assignable way4 ,b ord9>y writ]s talk z if ! simil>ity ( ! objects 7 itself an ag5t1 co-ord9ate ) habit1 & indep5d5t ( x1 & l x able to pu% objects be=e ! m9d4 ,?is is q un9telligible4 ,! simil>ity ( two ?+s does n exi/ till bo? ?+s are !re--x is mean+less to talk ( x z an ag5t ( production ( any?+1 :e!r 9 ! physical or ! psy*ical realms4#dij ,x is a relation :i* ! m9d p]ceives aft] ! fact1 j z x may p]ceive ! relations ( sup]iority1 ( di/ance1 ( causality1 ( conta9] & cont5t1 ( sub/ance & accid5t1 or ( contra/1 betwe5 an object & "s second object :i* ! associative ma*9]y calls up4#dia ,!re are1 nev]!less1 able writ]s :o n only insi/ on pres]v+ association by simil>ity z a di/9ct elem5t>y law1 b :o make x ! mo/ elem5t>y law1 & seek to d]ive contigu\s association f x4 ,_! reason+ is z foll[s3 ,:5 ! pres5t impression ,a awak5s ! idea b ( its pa/ contigu\s associate ,b1 h[ c ?is occur except ?r\gh fir/ reviv+ an image a ( its own pa/ occurr5ce4 ,?is is ! t]m directly connect$ ) b2 s t ! process in/ead ( be+ simply ,a--b is ,a--a--b4 ,n[ ,a & a are simil>s2 !re=e no association by contiguity c occur except ?r\gh a previ\s association by simil>ity4 ,! mo/ important supposition "h made is t e impression on ent]+ ! m9d mu/ ne$s awak5 an image ( its pa/ self1 9 ! light ( :i* x is 'app]ceiv$' or und]/ood1 & ?r\gh ! int]m$iation ( :i* x ent]s into relation ) ! m9d's o!r objects4 ,?is assumption is almo/ univ]sally made2 & yet x is h>d to f9d any good reason = x4 ,x fir/ came be=e u :5 we 7 review+ ! facts ( aphasia & m5tal bl9dness 7see p4 #ej ff474 ,b we !n saw no ne$ ( optical & auditory images to int]pret optical & auditory s5sations by4 ,on ! contr>y1 we agre$ t auditory s5sations 7 und]/ood by u only s f> z !y awak5$ non-auditory images1 & optical s5sations only s f> z !y awak5$ non-optical images4 ,9 ! *apt]s on ,memory1 on ,reason+1 & on ,p]ception ! same assumption w meet u aga91 & aga9 w h to be reject$ z gr\ndless4 ,! s5sational process ,a & ! ideational process a probably occupy ess5tially ! same tracts4 ,:5 ! out] /imulus comes & ^? tracts vibrate ) ! s5sation ,a1 !y dis*>ge z directly into ! pa?s :i* lead to ,b z :5 !re is no out] /imulus & !y only vibrate ) ! idea a4 ,to say t ! process ,a c only rea* ^! pa?s by ! help ( ! weak] process a is l say+ t we ne$ a c&le to see ! sun by4 ,a replaces a1 does all t a does & m2 & !re is no intelligible mean+1 to my m9d1 9 say+ t ! weak] process coexi/s ) ! /rong]4 ,i !re=e consid] t ^! writ]s are altoge!r wrong4 ,! only plausible pro( !y give ( ! coexi/5ce ( a ) ,a is :5 ,a gives u a s5se ( famili>ity b fails to awak5 any di/9ct ?\ght ( pa/ contigu\s associates4 ,9 a lat] *apt] ,i %all consid] ?is case4 ,"h ,i cont5t myself ) say+ t x does n seem conclusive z to ! po9t at issue2 & t ,i /ill believe association ( coexi/5t or sequ5t impressions to be ! "o elem5t>y law4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,contra/ has also be5 held to be an indep5d5t ag5t 9 association4 ,b ! reproduction ( an object contra/+ ) "o already 9 ! m9d is easily expla9$ on our pr9ciples4 ,rec5t writ]s1 9 fact1 all r$uce x ei!r to simil>ity or contiguity4 ,contra/ always presupposes g5]ic simil>ity2 x is only ! extremes ( a class :i* are contra/$1 black & :ite1 n black & s\r1 or :ite & prickly4 ,a ma*9]y :i* reproduces a simil> at all1 may reproduce ! opposite simil>1 z well z any int]m$iate t]m4 ,moreov]1 ! great] numb] ( contra/s are habitually c\pl$ 9 spee*1 "y & old1 life & dea?1 ri* & poor1 etc41 & are1 z ,dr4 ,ba9 says1 9 ev]ybody's memory4#dib 99 99 99 99 99 ,i tru/ t ! /ud5t w n[ feel t ! way to a deep] und]/&+ ( ! ord] ( our ideas lies 9 ! direction ( c]ebral physiology4 ,! elem5t>y process ( revival c be no?+ b ! law ( habit4 ,truly ! day is di/ant :5 physiologi/s %all actually trace f cell-gr\p to cell-gr\p ! irradiations :i* we h hypo!tically invok$4 ,probably x w nev] arrive4 ,! s*ematism we h us$ is1 moreov]1 tak5 imm$iately f ! analysis ( objects into _! elem5t>y p>ts1 & only ext5d$ by analogy to ! bra94 ,& yet x is only z incorporat$ 9 ! bra9 t su* a s*ematism c repres5t any?+ causal4 ,?is is1 to my m9d1 ! conclusive reason = say+ t ! ord] ( pres5tation ( ! m9d's mat]ials is due to c]ebral physiology alone4 ,! law ( accid5tal prepot5cy ( c]ta9 processes ov] o!rs falls also )9 ! sph]e ( c]ebral probabilities4 ,grant+ su* in/ability z ! bra9-tissue requires1 c]ta9 po9ts mu/ always dis*>ge m quickly & /rongly ?an o!rs2 & ?is prepot5cy w\ld %ift its place f mom5t to mom5t by accid5tal causes1 giv+ u a p]fect me*anical diagram ( ! caprici\s play ( simil> association 9 ! mo/ gift$ m9d4 ,! /udy ( dreams confirms ?is view4 ,! usual abundance ( pa?s ( irradiation seems1 9 ! dormant bra91 r$uc$4 ,a few only are p]vi\s1 & ! mo/ fanta/ic sequ5ces occur because ! curr5ts run--'l sp>ks 9 burnt-up pap]'--:]ev] ! nutrition ( ! mom5t creates an op5+1 b n[h]e else4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! effects ( int]e/$ att5tion & volition rema94 ,^! activities seem to hold fa/ to c]ta9 elem5ts1 & by emphasiz+ !m & dwell+ on !m1 to make _! associates ! only ones :i* are evok$4 ,?is is ! po9t at :i* an anti-me*anical psy*ology mu/1 if any:]e1 make x /& 9 deal+ ) association4 ,ev]y?+ else is pretty c]ta9ly due to c]ebral laws4 ,my own op9ion on ! "q ( active att5tion & spiritual spontaneity is express$ else:]e4 ,b ev5 ?\gh !re be a m5tal spontaneity1 x c c]ta9ly n create ideas or summon !m ex abrupto4 ,its p[] is limit$ to select+ among/ ^? :i* ! associative ma*9]y has already introduc$ or t5ds to introduce4 ,if x c emphasize1 re9=ce1 or protract = a second ei!r "o ( ^!1 x c d all t ! mo/ eag] advocate ( free w ne$ dem&2 = x !n decides ! direction ( ! next associations by mak+ !m h+e ^u ! emphasiz$ t]m2 & det]m9+ 9 ?is wise ! c\rse ( ! man's ?9k+1 x also det]m9es 8 acts4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,op9ion ,,conc]n+ ,,association may be briefly glanc$ at ere we end ! *apt]4#dic ,ari/otle seems to h caught bo? ! facts & ! pr9ciple ( explanation2 b he did n exp& 8 views1 & x 0 n till ! "t ( ,hobbes t ! matt] 0 aga9 t\*$ on 9 a def9ite way4 ,hobbes fir/ =mulat$ ! problem ( ! succession ( our ?\ghts4 ,he writes 9 ,levia?an1 *apt] iii1 z foll[s3 ,by consequ5ce1 or tra9 ( ?\ghts1 ,i und]/& t succession ( "o ?\ght to ano!r :i* is call$1 to di/+ui% x f disc\rse 9 words1 m5tal disc\rse4 ,:5 a man ?9ke? on any?+ :atsoev]1 8 next ?\ght aft] is n altoge!r s casual z x seems to be4 ,n e ?\ght to e ?\ght succe$s indiff]5tly4 ,b z we h no imag9ation1 :]e( we h n =m]ly _h s5se1 9 :ole or 9 p>ts2 s we h no transition f "o imag9ation to ano!r1 :]e( we nev] _h ! l be=e 9 our s5ses4 ,! reason :]e( is ?is4 ,all fancies are motions )9 u1 relics ( ^? made 9 ! s5se3 & ^? motions t imm$iately succe$$ "o ano!r 9 ! s5se cont9ue also toge!r aft] s5se3 insomu* z ! =m] com+ aga9 to take place1 & be pr$om9ant1 ! latt] foll[e?1 by coh]5ce ( ! matt] mov$1 9 su* mann]1 z wat] ^u a plane table is drawn :i* way any "o "p ( x is guid$ by ! f+]4 ,b because 9 s5se1 to "o & ! same ?+ p]ceiv$1 sometimes "o ?+1 sometimes ano!r succe$e?1 x comes to pass 9 "t t1 9 ! imag9+ ( any?+1 !re is no c]ta9ty :at we %all imag9e next2 only ?is is c]ta91 x %all be some?+ t succe$$ ! same be=e1 at "o "t or ano!r4 ,?is tra9 ( ?\ghts1 or m5tal disc\rse1 is ( two sorts4 ,! fir/ is unguid$1 )\t design1 & incon/ant2 :]e9 !re is no passionate ?\ght1 to gov]n & direct ^? t foll[1 to itself1 z ! end & scope ( "s desire1 or o!r passion4444 ,! second is m con/ant2 z be+ regulat$ by "s desire & design4 ,= ! impression made by su* ?+s z we desire1 or fe>1 is /rong & p]man5t1 or1 if x cease = a "t1 ( quick return3 s /rong is x1 sometimes1 z to h9d] & break our sleep4 ,f desire arise? ! ?\ght ( "s means we h se5 produce ! l ( t :i* we aim at2 & f ! ?\ght ( t1 ! ?\ght ( means to t mean2 & s cont9ually1 till we come to "s beg9n+ )9 our own p[]4 ,& because ! end1 by ! greatness ( ! impression1 comes (t5 to m9d1 9 case our ?\ghts beg9 to w&]1 !y are quickly aga9 r$uc$ into ! way3 :i* obs]v$ by "o ( ! sev5 wise m51 made him give m5 ?is precept1 :i* is n[ worn out1 ,respite f9em2 t is to say1 9 all y\r actions1 look (t5 ^u :at y w\ld h1 z ! ?+ t directs all y\r ?\ghts 9 ! way to atta9 x4 ,! tra9 ( regulat$ ?\ghts is ( two k9ds2 "o1 :5 ( an effect imag9$ we seek ! causes1 or means t produce x3 & ?is is common to man & bea/4 ,! o!r is1 :5 imag9+ any?+ :atsoev]1 we seek all ! possible effects t c by x be produc$2 t is to say1 we imag9e :at we c d ) x1 :5 we h x4 ,( :i* ,i h n at any "t se5 any sign1 b 9 man only2 = ?is is a curiosity h>dly incid5t to ! nature ( any liv+ creature t has no o!r passion b s5sual1 su* z are hung]1 ?ir/1 lu/1 & ang]4 ,9 sum1 ! disc\rse ( ! m9d1 :5 x is gov]n$ by design1 is no?+ b seek+ or ! faculty ( inv5tion1 :i* ! ,lat9s call$ sagacitas1 & soll]tia2 a hunt+ out ( ! causes1 ( "s effect1 pres5t or pa/2 or ( ! effects1 ( "s pres5t or pa/ cause4 ,! mo/ important passage aft] ?is ( ,hobbes is ,hume's3 ,z all simple ideas may be sep>at$ by ! imag9ation1 & may be unit$ aga9 9 :at =m x pleases1 no?+ w\ld be m unacc\ntable ?an ! op]ations ( t faculty1 7 x n guid$ by "s univ]sal pr9ciples1 :i* r5d] x1 9 "s measure1 uni=m ) itself 9 all times & places4 ,7 ideas entirely loose & unconnect$1 *ance alone w\ld jo9 !m2 & 'tis impossible ! same simple ideas %\ld fall regul>ly into complex ones 7z !y commonly d7 )\t "s bond ( union among !m1 "s associat+ quality1 by :i* "o idea naturally introduces ano!r4 ,?is unit+ pr9ciple among ideas is n to be consid]$ z an insep>able connection2 = t has be5 already exclud$ f ! imag9ation4 ,nor yet are we to conclude t )\t x ! m9d _c jo9 two ideas2 = no?+ is m free ?an t faculty3 b we are only to reg>d x z a g5tle =ce1 :i* commonly prevails1 & is ! cause :y1 among o!r ?+s1 languages s ne>ly correspond to ea* o!r2 nature 9 a mann] po9t+ to e "o ^? simple ideas :i* are mo/ prop] to be unit$ 9 a complex "o4 ,! qualities f :i* ?is association arises1 & by :i* ! m9d is aft] ?is mann] convey$ f "o idea to ano!r1 are ?ree1 viz41 ,,resemblance1 ,,contiguity 9 "t or place1 & ,,cause & ,,effect4 ,i believe x w n be v necess>y to prove t ^! qualities produce an association among ideas1 & ^u ! appe>ance ( "o idea naturally introduce ano!r4 ',tis pla9 t 9 ! c\rse ( our ?9k+1 & 9 ! con/ant revolution ( our ideas1 our imag9ation runs easily f "o idea to any o!r t resembles x1 & t ?is quality alone is to ! fancy a suffici5t bond & association4 ',tis likewise evid5t1 t z ! s5ses1 9 *ang+ _! objects1 are necessitat$ to *ange !m regul>ly1 & take !m z !y lie contigu\s to ea* o!r1 ! imag9ation mu/ by long cu/om acquire ! same me?od ( ?9k+1 & run along ! p>ts ( space & "t 9 conceiv+ its objects4 ,z to ! connection t is made by ! relation ( cause & effect1 we %all h occasion aft]w>ds to exam9e x to ! bottom1 & !re=e %all n at pres5t insi/ ^u x4 ',tis suffici5t to obs]ve t !re is no relation :i* produces a /rong] connection 9 ! fancy1 & makes "o idea m readily recall ano!r1 ?an ! relation ( cause & effect betwixt _! objects4444 ,^! are !re=e ! pr9ciples ( union or cohesion among our simple ideas1 & 9 ! imag9ation supply ! place ( t insep>able connection by :i* !y are unit$ 9 our memory4 ,"h is a k9d ( ,,attraction1 :i* 9 ! m5tal _w w be f\nd to h z extraord9>y effects z 9 ! natural1 & to %[ itself 9 z _m & z v>i\s =ms4 ,its effects are ev]y:]e conspicu\s2 b z to its causes1 !y are mo/ly unkn[n1 & mu/ be resolv$ into orig9al qualities ( human nature1 :i* ,i pret5d n to expla94#did ,hume did n1 h[ev]1 any m ?an ,hobbes1 foll[ out ! effects ( :i* he speaks1 & ! task ( popul>iz+ ! notion ( association & mak+ an effective s*ool bas$ on association ( ideas alone 0 res]v$ = ,h>tley#die & ,james ,mill4#dif ,^! au?ors trac$ m9utely ! pres5ce ( association 9 all ! c>d9al notions & op]ations ( ! m9d4 ,! sev]al 'faculties' ( ! ,m9d 7 dispossess$2 ! "o pr9ciple ( association betwe5 ideas did all _! "w4 ,z ,prie/ley says3 ,no?+ is requisite to make any man :atev] he is1 b a s5ti5t pr9ciple ) ?is s+le law4444 ,n only all our intellectual pleasures & pa9s b all ! ph5om5a ( memory1 imag9ation1 volition1 reason+ & e o!r m5tal affection & op]ation1 are b diff]5t modes or cases ( ! association ( ideas4#dig ,an em95t ,fr5* psy*ologi/1 ,m4 ,ribot1 repeats ,hume's comp>ison ( ! law ( association ) t ( gravitation1 & goes on to say3 ,x is rem>kable t ?is discov]y 0 made s late4 ,no?+ is simpl]1 app>5tly1 ?an to notice t ?is law ( association is ! truly fundam5tal1 irr$ucible ph5om5on ( our m5tal life2 t x is at ! bottom ( all our acts2 t x p]mits ( no exception2 t nei!r dream1 rev]y1 my/ic ec/asy1 nor ! mo/ ab/ract reason+ c exi/ )\t x2 t its suppression w\ld be equival5t to t ( ?\ght itself4 ,nev]!less no anci5t au?or und]/ood x1 = "o _c s]i\sly ma9ta9 t a few scatt]$ l9es 9 ,ari/otle & ! ,/oics con/itute a !ory & cle> view ( ! subject4 ,x is to ,hobbes1 ,hume1 & ,h>tley t we mu/ attribute ! orig9 ( ^! /udies on ! connection ( our ideas4 ,! discov]y ( ! ultimate law ( our psy*ologic acts has ?is1 !n1 9 common ) _m o!r discov]ies3 x came late & seems s simple t x may ju/ly a/oni% u4 ,p]haps x is n sup]flu\s to ask 9 :at ?is mann] ( explanation is sup]ior to ! curr5t !ory ( ,faculties4#dih ,! mo/ ext5d$ usage consi/s1 z we "k1 9 divid+ intellectual ph5om5a into classes1 9 sep>at+ ^? :i* diff]1 9 gr\p+ toge!r ^? ( ! same nature & 9 giv+ to ^! a common "n & 9 attribut+ !m to ! same cause2 x is ?us t we h come to di/+ui% ^? div]se aspects ( intellig5ce :i* are call$ judgm5t1 reason+1 ab/raction1 p]ception1 etc4 ,?is me?od is precisely ! "o foll[$ 9 ,physics1 :]e ! words caloric1 electricity1 gravity1 designate ! unkn[n causes ( c]ta9 gr\ps ( ph5om5a4 ,if "o ?us nev] =gets t ! div]se faculties are only ! unkn[n causes ( kn[n ph5om5a1 t !y are simply a conv5i5t means ( classify+ ! facts & speak+ ( !m1 if "o does n fall into ! common fault ( mak+ out ( !m sub/antial entities1 creations :i* n[ agree1 n[ disagree1 s =m+ 9 ! intellig5ce a little republic2 !n1 we c see no?+ repreh5sible 9 ?is di/ribution into faculties1 con=mable z x is to ! rules ( a s\nd me?od & ( a good natural classification4 ,9 :at !n is ,mr4 ,ba9's proc$ure sup]ior to ! me?od ( ! faculties8 ,x is t ! latt] is simply a classification :ile 8 is an explanation4 ,betwe5 ! psy*ology :i* traces intellectual facts back to c]ta9 faculties1 & t :i* r$uces !m to ! s+le law ( association1 !re is1 accord+ to our way ( ?9k+1 ! same diff]5ce t we f9d 9 ,physics betwe5 ^? :o attribute its ph5om5a to five or six causes1 & ^? :o d]ive gravity caloric1 light1 etc41 f motion4 ,! sy/em ( ! faculties expla9s no?+ because ea* "o ( !m is only a flatus vocis :i* is ( value m]ely ?r\gh ! ph5om5a :i* x conta9s1 & signifies no?+ m ?an ^! ph5om5a4 ,! new !ory1 on ! contr>y1 %[s t ! diff]5t processes ( intellig5ce are only div]se cases ( a s+le law2 t imag9ation1 d$uction1 induction1 p]ception1 etc41 are b s _m det]m9ate ways 9 :i* ideas may comb9e ) ea* o!r2 & t ! diff]5ces ( faculties are only diff]5ces ( association4 ,x expla9s all intellectual facts1 c]ta9ly n aft] ! mann] ( ,metaphysics :i* dem&s ! ultimate & absolute reason ( ?+s2 b aft] ! mann] ( ,physics :i* seeks only _! second>y & imm$iate cause4#dii ,! inexp]i5c$ read] may be glad ( a brief indication ( ! mann] 9 :i* all ! diff]5t m5tal op]ations may be conceiv$ to consi/ ( images ( s5sation associat$ toge!r4 ,memory is ! association ( a pres5t image ) o!rs kn[n to belong to ! pa/4 ,expectation ! same1 ) future sub/itut$ = pa/4 ,fancy1 ! association ( images )\t temporal ord]4 ,belief 9 any?+ n pres5t to s5se is ! v lively1 /rong1 & /eadfa/ association ( ! image ( t ?+ ) "s pres5t s5sation1 s t z long z ! s5sation p]si/s ! image _c be exclud$ f ! m9d4 ,judgm5t is 'transf]r+ ! idea ( tru? by association f "o proposition to ano!r t resembles x4'#ejj ,reason+ is ! p]ception t :atev] has any m>k has t :i* x is a m>k (2 9 ! concrete case ! m>k or middle t]m be+ always associat$ ) ea* ( ! o!r t]ms & s s]v+ z a l9k by :i* !y are !mselves indirectly associat$ toge!r4 ,?is same k9d ( transf] ( a s5sible exp]i5ce associat$ ) ano!r to a ?ird also associat$ ) t o!r1 s]ves to expla9 emotional facts4 ,:5 we are pleas$ or hurt we express x1 & ! expression associates itself ) ! feel+4 ,he>+ ! same expression f ano!r revives ! associat$ feel+1 & we sympa?ize1 i4e4 grieve or are glad ) him4 ,! o!r social affections1 ,b5evol5ce1 ,consci5ti\sness1 ,ambition1 etc41 arise 9 l mann] by ! transf] ( ! bodily pleasure exp]i5c$ z a rew>d = social s]vice1 & h5ce associat$ ) x1 to ! act ( s]vice itself1 ! l9k ( rew>d be+ dropp$ out4 ,j s ,av>ice :5 ! mis] transf]s ! bodily pleasures associat$ ) ! sp5d+ ( money to ! money itself1 dropp+ ! l9k ( sp5d+4 ,fe> is a transf] ( ! bodily hurt associat$ by exp]i5ce ) ! ?+ fe>$1 to ! ?\ght ( ! ?+1 ) ! precise features ( ! hurt left out4 ,?us we fe> a dog )\t di/9ctly imag9+ 8 bite4 ,love is ! association ( ! agreeabl5ess ( c]ta9 s5sible exp]i5ces ) ! idea ( ! object capable ( af=d+ !m4 ,! exp]i5ces !mselves may cease to be di/9ctly imag9$ aft] ! notion ( _! pleasure has be5 transf]r$ to ! object1 con/itut+ our love !re=4 ,volition is ! association ( ideas ( muscul> motion ) ! ideas ( ^? pleasures :i* ! motion produces4 ,! motion at fir/ occurs automatically & results 9 a pleasure un=ese54 ,! latt] becomes s associat$ ) ! motion t :5ev] we ?9k ( x ! idea ( ! motion arises2 & ! idea ( ! motion :5 vivid causes ! motion to occur4 ,?is is an act ( w4 ,no?+ is easi] ?an = a philosoph] ( ?is s*ool to expla9 f exp]i5ce su* a notion z t ( inf9itude4 ,he sees 9 x an ord9>y manife/ation ( "o ( ! laws ( ! association ( ideas1--! law t ! idea ( a ?+ irresi/ibly sugge/s ! idea ( any o!r ?+ :i* has be5 (t5 exp]i5c$ 9 close conjunction ) x1 & n o!rwise4 ,z we h nev] _h exp]i5ce ( any po9t ( space )\t o!r po9ts beyond x1 nor ( any po9t ( "t )\t o!rs foll[+ x1 ! law ( indissoluble association makes x impossible = u to ?9k ( any po9t ( space or "t1 h[ev] di/ant1 )\t hav+ ! idea irresi/ibly realiz$1 9 imag9ation1 ( o!r po9ts /ill m remote4 ,& ?us ! suppos$ orig9al & inh]5t prop]ty ( ^! two ideas is completely expla9$ & acc\nt$ = by ! law ( association2 & we are enabl$ to see t if ,space or ,"t 7 really susceptible ( t]m9ation1 we %\ld be j z unable z we n[ are to conceive ! idea4#eja ,^! examples ( ! ,associationi/ ,psy*ology are ) ! exception ( ! la/1 v crudely express$1 b !y suffice = our tempor>y ne$4 ,h>tley & ,james ,mill#ejb improv$ ^u ,hume s f> z to employ b a s+le pr9ciple ( association1 t ( contiguity or habit4 ,h>tley ignores resemblance1 ,james ,mill expressly repudiates x 9 a passage :i* is assur$ly "o ( ! curiosities ( lit]ature3 ,i believe x w be f\nd t we are accu/om$ to see l ?+s toge!r4 ,:5 we see a tree1 we g5]ally see m trees ?an "o2 a %eep1 m %eep ?an "o2 a man1 m m5 ?an "o4 ,f ?is obs]vation1 ,i ?9k1 we may ref] resemblance to ! law ( frequ5cy i4e41 contiguity1 ( :i* x seems to =m only a p>ticul> case4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has /ill m rec5tly tri$ to con/ruct a ,psy*ology :i* ignores ,association by ,simil>ity1#ejc & 9 a *apt]1 :i* also is a curiosity1 he tries to expla9 ! association ( two ideas by a consci\s ref]5ce ( ! fir/ to ! po9t ( "t :5 its s5sation 0 exp]i5c$1 :i* po9t ( "t is no soon] ?\ght ( ?an its cont5t1 namely1 ! second idea1 arises4 ,messrs4 ,ba9 & ,mill1 h[ev]1 & ! imm5se majority ( contempor>y psy*ologi/s reta9 bo? ,resemblance & ,contiguity z irr$ucible pr9ciples ( ,association4 ,pr(essor ,ba9's exposition ( association is by common cons5t look$ ^u z ! be/ expression ( ! ,engli% s*ool4 ,p]ception ( agreem5t & diff]5ce1 ret5tiv5ess1 & ! two sorts ( association1 contiguity & simil>ity1 are by him reg>d$ z con/itut+ all t is meant by intellect prop]4 ,8 pages are pa9/ak+ & in/ructive f a descriptive po9t ( view2 ?\gh1 aft] my own attempt to deal ) ! subject causally1 ,i c h>dly aw>d to !m any pr(\nd explanatory value4 ,association by ,simil>ity1 too mu* neglect$ by ! ,briti% s*ool be=e ,ba91 receives f him ! mo/ g5]\s exemplification4 ,z an in/ructive passage1 ! foll[+1 out ( _m equally good1 may be *os5 to quote3 ,we may h simil>ity 9 =m ) div]sity ( use1 & simil>ity ( use ) div]sity ( =m4 ,a rope sugge/s o!r ropes & cords1 if we look to ! appe>ance2 b look+ to ! use1 x may sugge/ an iron cable1 a wood5 prop1 an iron gird+1 a lea!r b&1 or bevell$ ge>4 ,9 spite ( div]sity ( appe>ance1 ! sugge/ion turns on :at answ]s a common end4 ,if we are v mu* attract$ by s5sible appe>ances1 !re w be ! m difficulty 9 recall+ ?+s t agree only 9 ! use2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 we are pr(\ndly s5sitive to ! "o po9t ( practical effici5cy z a tool1 ! peculi>ities n ess5tial to ?is w be little notic$1 & we %all be ev] ready to revive pa/ objects correspond+ 9 use to "s "o pres5t1 al?\gh div]se 9 all o!r circum/ances4 ,we become oblivi\s to ! diff]5ce betwe5 a horse1 a /eam-eng9e1 & a wat]fall1 :5 our m9ds are engross$ ) ! "o circum/ance ( mov+ p[]4 ,! div]sity 9 ^! _h no d\bt = a long "t ! effect ( keep+ back _! fir/ id5tification2 & to obtuse intellects1 ?is id5tification might h be5 = ev] impossible4 ,a /rong conc5tration ( m9d ^u ! s+le peculi>ity ( me*anical =ce1 & a degree ( indiff]5ce to ! g5]al aspect ( ! ?+s !mselves1 mu/ conspire ) ! intellectual en]gy ( resuscitation by simil>s1 9 ord] to summon toge!r 9 ! view ?ree /ructures s diff]5t4 ,we c see1 by an in/ance l ?is1 h[ new adaptations ( exi/+ ma*9]y might arise 9 ! m9d ( a me*anical inv5tor4 ,:5 x fir/ occurr$ to a reflect+ m9d t mov+ wat] _h a prop]ty id5tical ) human or brute =ce1 namely1 ! prop]ty ( sett+ o!r masses 9 motion1 ov]com+ in]tia & resi/ance1--:5 ! sight ( ! /ream sugge/$ ?r\gh ?is po9t ( lik5ess ! p[] ( ! animal1--a new addition 0 made to ! class ( prime mov]s1 & :5 circum/ances p]mitt$1 ?is p[] c\ld become a sub/itute = ! o!rs4 ,x may seem to ! mod]n und]/&+1 famili> ) wat]-:eels & drift+ rafts1 t ! simil>ity "h 0 an extremely obvi\s "o4 ,b if we put ourselves back into an e>ly /ate ( m9d1 :5 runn+ wat] affect$ ! m9d by its brilliancy1 its ro>1 & irregul> deva/ation1 we may easily suppose t to id5tify ?is ) animal muscul> en]gy 0 by no means an obvi\s effect4 ,d\btless :5 a m9d arose1 ins5sible by natural con/itution to ! sup]ficial aspects ( ?+s1 & hav+ )al a great /ret* ( id5tify+ intellect1 su* a comp>ison w\ld !n be possible4 ,we may pursue ! same example "o /age fur!r1 & come to ! discov]y ( /eam p[]1 or ! id5tification ( exp&+ vapor ) ! previ\sly kn[n s\rces ( me*anical =ce4 ,to ! common eye1 = ages1 vapor pres5t$ itself z cl\ds 9 ! sky2 or z a hiss+ noise at ! sp\t ( a kettle1 ) ! =mation ( a foggy curl+ cl\d at a few in*es' di/ance4 ,! =c+ up ( ! lid ( a kettle may also h be5 occasionally obs]v$4 ,b h[ long 0 x ere any "o 0 /ruck ) ! p>allelism ( ?is appe>ance ) a bla/ ( w9d1 a ru% ( wat]1 or an ex]tion ( animal muscle8 ,! discordance 0 too great to be brok5 ?r\gh by su* a fa9t & limit$ am\nt ( lik5ess4 ,9 "o m9d1 h[ev]1 ! id5tification did take place1 & 0 foll[$ out into its consequ5ces4 ,! lik5ess _h occurr$ to o!r m9ds previ\sly1 b n ) ! same results4 ,su* m9ds mu/ h be5 9 "s way or o!r di/+ui%$ above ! millions ( mank9d2 & we are n[ endeavor+ to give ! explanation ( _! sup]iority4 ,! intellectual "* ( ,watt conta9$ all ! elem5ts prep>atory to a great /roke ( simil>ity 9 su* a case2--a high susceptibility1 bo? by nature & by education1 to ! me*anical prop]ties ( bodies2 ample previ\s k or famili>ity2 & indiff]5ce to ! sup]ficial & s5sational effects ( ?+s4 ,x is n only possible1 h[ev]1 b exce$+ly probable1 t _m m5 possess$ all ^! accompli%m5ts2 !y are ( a k9d n transc5d+ common abilities4 ,!y w\ld 9 "s degree atta* to a me*anical education almo/ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,t ! discov]y 0 n soon] made supposes t some?+ f>!r1 & n ( common occurr5ce1 0 necess>y2 & ?is additional end[m5t appe>s to be ! id5tify+ p[] ( ,simil>ity 9 g5]al2 ! t5d5cy to detect lik5ess 9 ! mid/ ( disp>ity & disguise4 ,?is supposition acc\nts = ! fact1 & is consi/5t ) ! kn[n intellectual "* ( ! inv5tor ( ! /eam-eng9e4#ejd ,dr4 ,hodgson's acc\nt ( association is by all odds ! be/ yet prop\nd$ 9 ,engli%4#eje ,all ^! writ]s hold m or less explicitly to ! notion ( atomi/ic 'ideas' :i* recur4 ,9 ,g]many1 ! same my?ological supposition has be5 m radically grasp$1 & c>ri$ out to a /ill m logical1 if m repulsive1 extreme1 by ,h]b>t#ejf & 8 foll[]s1 :o until rec5tly may be said to h reign$ almo/ supreme 9 _! native c\ntry4#ejg ,= ,h]b>t ea* idea is a p]man5tly exi/+ entity1 ! entrance :]e( into consci\sness is b an accid5tal det]m9ation ( its be+4 ,s f> z x succe$s 9 occupy+ ! !atre ( consci\sness1 x cr[ds out ano!r idea previ\sly !re4 ,?is act ( inhibition gives x1 h[ev]1 a sort ( hold on ! o!r repres5tation :i* on all lat] occasions facilitates its foll[+ ! o!r into ! m9d4 ,! +5uity ) :i* mo/ special cases ( association are =mulat$ 9 ?is me*anical language ( /ruggle & inhibition1 is great1 & surpasses 9 analytic ?or\ghness any?+ t has be5 done by ! ,briti% s*ool4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a d\btful m]it1 9 a case :]e ! elem5ts dealt ) are artificial2 & ,i mu/ confess t to my m9d !re is some?+ almo/ hide\s 9 ! glib ,h]b>tian j>gon ab\t ,vor/ellungsmass5 & _! ,hemmung5 & ,hemmungssumm51 & s9k5 & erheb5 & s*web51 & ,v]s*melzung5 & ,complexion54 ,h]r ,lipps1 ! mo/ rec5t sy/ematic ,g]man ,psy*ologi/1 has1 ,i regret to say1 c>ri$ out ! !ory ( ideas 9 a way :i* ! great orig9ality1 le>n+1 & acut5ess he %[s make only ! m regrettable4#ejh ,su* elaborately artificial con/ructions are1 x seems to me1 only a burd5 & a h9drance1 n a help1 to our sci5ce4#eji ,9 ,fr5*1 ,m4 ,rabi] 9 8 *apt] on ,association1#eaj h&les ! subject m vigor\sly & acutely ?an any "o4 ,8 treatm5t ( x1 ?\gh %ort1 seems to me = g5]al s\ndness to rank second only to ,hodgson's4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we already invok$ association to acc\nt = ! effects ( use 9 improv+ discrim9ation4 ,9 lat] *apt]s we %all see abundant pro( ( ! imm5se "p :i* x plays 9 o!r processes1 & %all !n readily admit t few pr9ciples ( analysis1 9 any sci5ce1 h prov$ m f]tile ?an ?is "o1 h[ev] vaguely =mulat$ x (t5 may h be54 ,our own attempt to =mulate x m def9itely1 & to escape ! usual confusion betwe5 causal ag5cies & relations m]ely kn[n1 mu/ n bl9d u to ! imm5se s]vices ( ^? by :om ! confusion 0 unfelt4 ,f ?is practical po9t ( view x w\ld be a true ignoratio el5*i to flatt] "o's self t "o has dealt a heavy bl[ at ! psy*ology ( association1 :5 "o has explod$ ! !ory ( atomi/ic ideas1 or %[n t contiguity & simil>ity betwe5 ideas c only be !re aft] association is done4#eaa ,! :ole body ( ! associationi/ psy*ology rema9s /&+ aft] y h translat$ 'ideas' into 'objects1' on ! "o h&1 & 'bra9-processes' on ! o!r2 & ! analysis ( faculties & op]ations is z conclusive 9 ^! t]ms z 9 ^? traditionally us$4 ,,footnotes3 #dfc ,! !ory prop\nd$ 9 ?is *apt]1 & a good _m pages ( ! text1 7 orig9ally publi%$ 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,m>*1 #ahhj4 #dfd ,comp>e ,r5\vi]'s criticism ( associationism 9 8 ,essais de ,critique gnrale1 ,logique1 ii1 p4 #dic foll4 #dfe ,unless ! "n belong to a rapidly utt]$ s5t5ce1 :5 no sub/antive image may h "t to arise4 #dff ,9 8 obs]vations he says t "t 0 lo/ 9 m5tally tak+ 9 ! ^w :i* 0 ! cue1 ow+ to ! quiet unobtrusive way 9 :i* ,i f\nd x necess>y to br+ x into view1 s z n to di/ract ! ?\ghts4 ,moreov]1 a sub/antive /&+ by itself is usually ! equival5t ( too ab/ract an idea = u to conceive prop]ly )\t delay4 ,?us x is v difficult to get a quick conception ( ! ^w 'c>riage1' because !re are s _m diff]5t k9ds--two-:eel$1 f\r-:eel$1 op5 & clos$1 & 9 s _m diff]5t possible positions1 t ! m9d possibly hesitates amid/ an obscure s5se ( _m alt]nations t _c bl5d toge!r4 ,b limit ! idea to say a l&au1 & ! m5tal association decl>es itself m quickly4 7,inquiries1 etc41 p4 #aij47 #dfg ,physiol4 ,psy*41 ii1 #bhj fol4 #dfh ,= int]e/+ rem>ks on ! sorts ( ?+s associat$1 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 ) ! prompt+ ^w1 see ,galton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ahe-bjc1 & ,trauts*oldt 9 ,wundt's ,psy*ologis*e ,/udi51 i1 #bac4 #dfi ,m9d1 xi1 #fd-e4 #dgj ,?is value is mu* small] ?an t got by ,wundt z above4 ,no reason = ! diff]5ce is sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,cattell4 ,wundt calls att5tion to ! fact t ! figures f\nd by him give an av]age1 #j4gbj''1 exactly equal to ! "t int]val :i* 9 8 exp]im5ts 7vide infra1 *apt] on ,"t7 0 reproduc$ )\t error ei!r way1 & to t requir$1 accord+ to ! ,web]s1 = ! legs to sw+ 9 rapid locomotion4 ,x is n improbable1 he adds1 t ?is psy*ic con/ant1 ( ! mean association-"t & ( ! mo/ correct appreciation ( a "t-int]val1 may h be5 develop$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! mo/ usual bodily movem5ts1 :i* also h det]m9$ ! mann] 9 :i* we t5d to subdivide rhy?mically long] p]iods ( "t4 7,physiol4 ,psy*41 ii1 #bhf74 ,! rappro*em5t is ( t t5tative sort :i* x is no h>m = psy*ologi/s to make1 provid$ !y recollect h[ v fictiti\s & incomp>able mutually all ^! av]ages d]iv$ f diff]5t obs]v]s1 work+ "u diff]5t conditions1 are4 ,mr4 ,cattell's figure ?r[s ,wundt's +5i\s p>allel entirely out ( l9e4--,! only measurem5ts ( association-"t :i* s f> seem likely to h mu* !oretic importance are a few made on insane pati5ts by ,von ,ts*is* 7,m5del's ,neurologis*es ,c5tralblatt1 #ae ,mai1 #ahhe1 #c ,jhrg41 p4 #bag74 ,! simple reaction "t 0 f\nd ab\t normal 9 ?ree pati5ts1 "o ) progressive p>alysis1 "o ) invet]ate mania ( p]secution1 "o recov]+ f ord9>y mania4 ,9 ! convalesc5t maniac & ! p>alytic1 h[ev]1 ! association-"t 0 h>dly half z mu* z ,wundt's normal figure 7#j4bh'' & #j4bc'' in/ead ( #j4g'--small] also ?an ,cattell's71 :il/ 9 ! suff]] f delusions ( p]secution & halluc9ations x 0 twice z great z normal 7#a4ci'' in/ead ( #j4g''74 ,?is latt] pati5t's "t 0 sixfold t ( ! p>alytic4 ,h]r von ,ts*is* rem>ks on ! connection ( ! %ort times ) dim9i%$ p[] = cle> & consi/5t processes ( ?\ght1 & on t ( ! long times ) ! p]si/5t fixation ( ! att5tion ^u monoton\s objects 7delusions74 ,miss ,m>ie ,walitzky 7,revue ,philosophique1 xxviii1 #ehc7 has c>ri$ ,von ,ts*is*'s obs]vations /ill f>!r1 mak+ #ah1jjj measurem5ts 9 all4 ,%e f\nd association-"t increas$ 9 p>alytic dem5tia & dim9i%$ inmania4 ,*oice "t1 on ! contr>y1 is increas$ 9 mania4 #dga ,m9d1 xii1 #fg-gd4 #dgb ,comp>e ,ba9's law ( ,association by ,contiguity3 ,actions1 ,s5sations1 & ,/ates ( ,feel+1 occurr+ toge!r or 9 close succession1 t5d to gr[ toge!r1 or coh]e1 9 su* a way t1 :5 any "o ( !m is aft]w>ds pres5t$ to ! m9d1 ! o!rs are apt to be br\ght up 9 idea 7,s5ses & ,intellect1 p4 #cbg74 ,comp>e also ,h>tley's =mulation3 ,any s5sations ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 etc41 by be+ associat$ ) "o ano!r a suffici5t ,numb] ( ,times1 get su* a p[] ov] ! correspond+ ,ideas a1 b1 c1 etc41 t anyone ( ! s5sations ,a1 :5 impress$ alone1 %all be able to excite 9 ! ,m9d b1 c1 etc41 ! ideas ( ! re/4 7,obs]vations on ,man1 "p i1 *ap4 i1 #b1 ,prop4 x47 ,! /atem5t 9 ! text diff]s f ^! 9 hold+ fa/ to ! objective po9t ( view4 ,x is ?+s1 & objective prop]ties 9 ?+s1 :i* are associat$ 9 our ?\ght4 #dgc ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 #i? ,ed41 article ,psy*ology1 p4 #fj4 col4 #b4 #dgd ,physiol4 ,psy*41 #b;d ed4 ii1 #cjj4 #dge ,! difficulty "h z ) habit b]haupt is 9 see+ h[ new pa?s come fir/ to be =m$ 7cf4 above1 p4 #aji74 ,exp]i5ce %[s t a new pa? is =m$ betwe5 c5tres = s5sible impressions :5ev] ^! vibrate toge!r or 9 rapid succession4 ,a *ild sees a c]ta9 bottle & he>s x call$ 'milk1' & !nce=w>d ?9ks ! "n :5 he aga9 sees ! bottle4 ,b :y ! successive or simultane\s excitem5t ( two c5tres indep5d5tly /imulat$ f )\t1 "o by sight & ! o!r by he>+1 %\ld result 9 a pa? betwe5 !m1 "o does n imm$iately see4 ,we c only make hypo!ses4 ,any hypo!sis ( ! specific mode ( _! =mation :i* tallies well ) ! obs]v$ facts ( association w be 9 s f> =? cr$ible1 9 spite ( possible obscurity4 ,h]r ,mn/]b]g ?9ks 7,beitrge zur exp4 ,psy*ologie1 ,heft i1 p4 #acb7 t betwe5 c5tres excit$ successively f )\t no pa? ought to be =m$1 & t consequ5tly all contigu\s association is betwe5 simultane\s exp]i5ces4 ,mr4 ,w>d 7loc4 cit47 ?9ks1 on ! contr>y1 t x c only be betwe5 successive exp]i5ces3 ,! association ( objects simultane\sly pres5t$ c be resolv$ into an association ( objects successively att5d$ to4444 ,x seems h>dly possible to m5tion a case 9 :i* att5tion to ! associat$ objects c\ld n h be5 successive4 ,9 fact1 an aggregate ( objects on :i* att5tion c\ld be focuss$ at once w\ld be already associat$4 ,betwe5 ^! extreme possibilities1 ,i h refra9$ f decid+ 9 ! text1 & h describ$ contigu\s association z hold+ betwe5 bo? successively & coexi/5tly pres5t$ objects4 ,! physiological "q z to h[ we may conceive ! pa?s to orig9ate _h bett] be po/pon$ till x comes to u aga9 9 ! *apt] on ! ,w1 :]e we c treat x 9 a broad] way4 ,x is en\gh "h to h call$ att5tion to x z a s]i\s problem4 #dgf ,essay1 bk4 ii1 *ap4 xxxiii1 #f4 ,comp>e ,hume1 :o1 l ,locke1 only uses ! pr9ciple to acc\nt = unreasonable & ob/ructive m5tal associations3 ',tw\ld h be5 easy to h made an imag9>y dissection ( ! bra91 & h %[n :y1 ^u our conception ( any idea1 ! animal spirits run into all ! contigu\s traces1 & r\se up ! o!r ideas t are relat$ to x4 ,b ?\gh ,i h neglect$ any advantage :i* ,i might h drawn f ?is topic 9 expla9+ ! relations ( ideas1 ,i am afraid ,i mu/ "h h rec\rse to x1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! mi/akes t arise f ^! relations4 ,i %all !re=e obs]ve1 t z ! m9d is end[$ ) a p[] ( excit+ any idea x pleases2 :5ev] x dispat*es ! spirits into t region ( ! bra9 9 :i* ! idea is plac$1 ^! spirits always excite ! idea1 :5 !y run precisely into ! prop] traces1 & rummage t cell :i* belongs to ! idea4 ,b z _! motion is seldom direct1 & naturally turns a little to ! "o side or ! o!r3 = ?is reason ! animal spirits1 fall+ into ! contigu\s traces1 pres5t o!r relat$ ideas 9 lieu ( t :i* ! m9d desir$ at fir/ to survey4 ,?is *ange we are n always s5sible (2 b cont9u+ /ill ! same tra9 ( ?\ght1 make use ( ! relat$ idea :i* is pres5t$ to u1 & employ x 9 our reason+1 z if x 7 ! same ) :at we dem&$4 ,?is is ! cause ( _m mi/akes & sophisms 9 philosophy2 z w naturally be imag9$1 & z x w\ld be easy to %[1 if !re 0 occasion4 #dgg ,op4 cit4 prop4 xi4 #dgh ,see ,*apt] ,,iii1 pp4 #hb-e4 #dgi ,i /rongly advise ! /ud5t to read 8 ,s5ses & ,intellect1 pp4 #edd-eef4 #dhj ,"t & ,space1 p4 #bff4 ,comp>e ,col]idge3 ,! true practical g5]al law ( association is ?is3 t :atev] makes c]ta9 p>ts ( a total impression m vivid or di/9ct ?an ! re/ w det]m9e ! m9d to recall ^!1 9 pref]5ce to o!rs equally l9k$ toge!r by ! common condition ( contemporaeity or ( contiguity4 ,b ! w itself1 by conf9+ & int5sify+ ! att5tion1 may arbitr>ily give vividness or di/9ctness to any object :atsoev]4 7,biographia ,litt]>ia1 ,*ap4 v47 #dha ,levia?an1 pt4 i1 *ap4 iii1 init4 #dhb ,i ref] to a rec5cy ( a few h\rs4 ,mr4 ,galton f\nd t exp]i5ces f boyhood & y\? 7 m likely to be sugge/$ by words se5 at r&om ?an exp]i5ces ( lat] ye>s4 ,see 8 highly int]e/+ acc\nt ( exp]im5ts 9 8 ,inquiries into ,human ,faculty1 pp4 #aia-bjc4 #dhc ,= o!r in/ances see ,wahle1 9 ,vi]teljs*4 f4 ,wiss4 ,phil41 ix1 #add-dag 7#ahhe74 #dhd ,i reta9 ! title ( association by simil>ity 9 ord] n to dep>t f common usage4 ,! read] w obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t my nom5clature is n bas$ on ! same pr9ciple ?r\gh\t4 ,imp>tial r$9tegration connotes neural processes2 simil>ity is an objective relation p]ceiv$ by ! m9d2 ord9>y or mix$ association is a m]ely d5otative ^w4 ,total recall1 p>tial recall1 & focaliz$ recall1 ( associates1 w\ld be bett] t]ms4 ,b z ! d5otation ( ! latt] ^w is almo/ id5tical ) t ( association by simil>ity1 ,i ?9k x bett] to sacrifice propriety to popul>ity1 & to keep ! latt] well-worn phrase4 #dhe ,no "o has describ$ ?is process bett] ?an ,hobbes3 ,sometimes a man seeks :at he ha? lo/2 & f t place & "t :]e9 he misses x1 8 m9d runs back f place to place & "t to "t to & :]e & :5 he _h x2 t is to say1 to f9d "s c]ta9 & limit$ "t & place1 9 :i* to beg9 a me?od ( seek+4 ,aga91 f !nce 8 ?\ghts run ov] ! same places & times to f9d :at action or o!r occasion might make him lose x4 ,?is we call ,remembrance1 or call+ to m9d4 ,sometimes a man kn[s a place det]m9ate1 )9 ! compass :]e( he is to seek2 & !n 8 ?\ghts run ov] all ! p>ts !re(1 9 ! same mann] z "o w\ld sweep a room to f9d a jewel1 or z a spaniel ranges ! field till he f9d a sc5t1 or z a man %\ld run ov] ! alphabet to />t a rhyme4 7,levia?an1 #afe1 p4 #aj47 #dhf ,!ory ( ,practice1 vol4 i1 p4 #cid4 #dhg ,ibid4 p4 #cid4 #dhh ,all association is call$ r$9tegration by ,hodgson4 #dhi ,ibid4 p4 #djj4 ,comp>e ,ba91 ,emotions & ,w1 p4 #cgg4 ,! outgo+s ( ! m9d are necess>ily r&om2 ! end alone is ! ?+ t is cle> to ! view1 & ) t !re is a p]ception ( ! fitness ( e pass+ sugge/ion4 ,! volitional en]gy keeps up ! att5tion on ! active se>*2 & ! mom5t t any?+ 9 po9t rises be=e ! m9d1 x spr+s ^u t l a wild bea/ ^u its prey4 #dij ,comp>e :at is said ( ! pr9ciple ( ,simil>ity by ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley1 ,pr9ciples ( ,logic1 pp4 #bid ff42 ,e4 ,rabi]1 ,psy*ologie1 #ahg ff42 ,paulhan1 ,critique ,philosophique1 #bme ,srie1 i1 #deh2 ,rabi]1 ibid4 #dfj2 ,pillon1 ibid4 ii1 #ee2 ,b4 ,p4 ,b[ne1 ,introduction to ,psy*4 ,!ory1 #ib2 ,w>d1 ,encyclop4 ,britt4 art4 ,psy*ology1 p4 #fj2 ,wahle1 ,vi]teljahrs*4 f4 wiss4 ,philos41 ix1 #dbf-dca4 #dia ,dr4 ,mc,cosh is accord+ly only logical :5 he s9ks simil>ity 9 :at he calls ! ,law ( ,correlation1 accord+ to :i*1 :5 we h discov]$ a relation betwe5 ?+s1 ! idea ( "o t5ds to br+ up ! o!rs1 7,psy*ology1 ! ,cognitive ,p[]s1 p4 #acj74 ,! relations m5tion$ by ?is au?or are ,id5tity1 ,:ole & ,p>ts1 ,resemblance1 ,space1 ,"t1 ,quantity1 ,active ,prop]ty1 & ,cause & ,effect4 ,if p]ceiv$ relations among objects are to be treat$ z gr\nds = _! appe>ance be=e ! m9d1 simil>ity has ( c\rse no "r to an exclusive1 or ev5 to a pr$om9ant1 place4 #dib ,cf4 ,ba91 ,s5ses & ,intellect1 #ejd ff42 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,note #ci to ,j4 ,mill's ,analysis2 ,lipps1 ,grundtatsa*51 #ig4 #dic ,see1 = f>!r details1 ,hamilton's ,reid1 ,app5dices ,d9999 & ,d9999992 & ,l4 ,f]ri1 ,la ,psy*ologie de l',association 7,p>is1 #ahhc74 ,also ,rob]tson1 art4 ,association 9 ,encyclop4 ,britannica4 #did ,treatise ( ,human nature1 "p i14 iv4 #die ,obs]vations on ,man 7,london1 #agdi74 #dif ,analysis ( ! ,ph5om5a ( ! ,human ,m9d 7#ahbi74 #dig ,h>tley's ,!ory1 #b;d ed4 7#agij7 p4 xxvii4 #dih ,curr5t1 t is1 9 ,france4--,w4 ,j4 #dii ,la ,psy*ologie ,angloise1 p4 #bdb4 #ejj ,prie/ley1 op4 cit4 p4 xxx4 #eja ,review ( ,ba9s's ,psy*ology1 by ,j4,s4 ,mill1 9 ,ed9b4 ,review1 ,oct4 #a1 #ahei1 p4 #bic4 #ejb ,analysis ( ! ,ph5om5a ( ! ,human ,m9d1 ,j4,s4 ,mill's edition1 vol4 i1 p4 #aaa4 #ejc ,on ! ,associability ( ,relations betwe5 ,feel+s1 9 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 vol4 i1 p4 #bei4 ,x is impossible to reg>d ! coh]+ ( ea* feel+ ) previ\sly-exp]i5c$ feel+s ( ! same class1 ord]1 g5us1 species1 &1 s f> z may be1 ! same v>iety1 :i* ,sp5c] calls 7p4 #beg7 '! sole process ( association ( feel+s1' z any equival5t = :at is commonly kn[n z ,association by simil>ity4 #ejd ,! ,s5ses & ! ,intellect1 pp4 #dia-c4 #eje ,see 8 ,"t & ,space1 *apt] v1 & 8 ,!ory ( ,practice1 #ec to #eg4 #ejf ,psy*ologie als ,wiss5s*aft 7#ahbd71 #b4 #ejg ,pr(4 ,ribot1 9 *apt] i ( 8 ',contempor>y ,g]man ,psy*ology1' has giv5 a good acc\nt ( ,h]b>t & 8 s*ool1 & ( ,b5eke1 8 rival & p>tial analogue4 ,see also two articles on ! ,h]b>tian ,psy*ology1 by ,g4 ,f4 ,/\t1 9 ,m9d = #ahhh4 ,j4 ,d4 ,morrell's ,outl9es ( ,m5tal ,philosophy 7#b;d ed41 ,london1 #ahfb7 l>gely foll[s ,h]b>t & ,b5eke4 ,i "k ( no o!r ,engli% book :i* does s4 #ejh ,see 8 ,grundtatsa*5 des ,bewus/se9s 7#ahhc71 *ap4 vi et passim1 especially pp4 #ajf ff41 #cfd4 #eji ,! mo/ burd5some & utt]ly gratuit\s ( !m are p]haps ,/e9?al's1 9 8 ,e9leitung 9 die ,psy*ologie1 #bte ,aufl4 7#ahha74 ,cf4 also ,g4 ,glogau3 ,/e9?al's ,psy*ologis*e ,=meln 7#ahhf74 #eaj ,leons de ,philosophie1 i4 ,psy*ologie1 *ap4 xvi 7#ahhd74 #eaa ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley seems to me to h be5 guilty ( some?+ v l ?is ignoratio el5*i 9 !1 ( c\rse1 subtle & witty b decid$ly long-w9d$ critique ( ! association ( ideas1 conta9$ 9 book ii1 "p ii1 *ap4 i1 ( 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,logic4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4#eab ,,! ,,p]ception ,,( ,,"t4 ,9 ! next two *apt]s ,i %all deal ) :at is sometimes call$ int]nal p]ception1 or ! p]ception ( "t1 & ( ev5ts z occupy+ a date !re91 especially :5 ! date is a pa/ "o1 9 :i* case ! p]ception 9 "q goes by ! "n ( memory4 ,to rememb] a ?+ z pa/1 x is necess>y t ! notion ( 'pa/' %\ld be "o ( our 'ideas4' ,we %all see 9 ! *apt] on ,memory t _m ?+s come to be ?\ght by u z pa/1 n because ( any intr9sic quality ( _! own1 b r because !y are associat$ ) o!r ?+s :i* = u signify pa/ness4 ,b h[ d ^! ?+s get _! pa/ness8 ,:at is ! orig9al ( our exp]i5ce ( pa/ness1 f :5ce we get ! mean+ ( ! t]m8 ,x is ?is "q :i* ! read] is invit$ to consid] 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,we %all see t we h a con/ant feel+ sui g5]is ( pa/ness1 to :i* e "o ( our exp]i5ces 9 turn falls a prey4 ,to ?9k a ?+ z pa/ is to ?9k x among/ ! objects or 9 ! direction ( ! objects :i* at ! pres5t mom5t appe> affect$ by ?is quality4 ,?is is ! orig9al ( our notion ( pa/ "t1 ^u :i* memory & hi/ory build _! sy/ems4 ,& 9 ?is *apt] we %all consid] ?is imm$iate s5se ( "t alone4 ,if ! con/itution ( consci\sness 7 t ( a /r+ ( bead-l s5sations & images1 all sep>ate1 we nev] c\ld h any k except t ( ! pres5t in/ant4 ,! mom5t ea* ( our s5sations ceas$ x w\ld be gone = ev]2 & we %\ld be z if we _h nev] be54444 ,we %\ld be :olly incapable ( acquir+ exp]i5ce4444 ,ev5 if our ideas 7 associat$ 9 tra9s1 b only z !y are 9 imag9ation1 we %\ld /ill be )\t ! capacity ( acquir+ k4 ,"o idea1 ^u ?is supposition1 w\ld foll[ ano!r4 ,b t w\ld be all4 ,ea* ( our successive /ates ( consci\sness1 ! mom5t x ceas$1 w\ld be gone =ev]4 ,ea* ( ^? mom5t>y /ates w\ld be our :ole be+4#eac ,we might1 nev]!less1 "u ^! circum/ances1 act 9 a rational way1 provid$ ! me*anism :i* produc$ our tra9s ( images produc$ !m 9 a rational ord]4 ,we %\ld make appropriate spee*es1 ?\gh unaw>e ( any ^w except ! "o j on our lips2 we %\ld decide ^u ! "r policy )\t ev] a glimpse ( ! total gr\nds ( our *oice4 ,our consci\sness w\ld be l a gl[-worm sp>k1 illum9at+ ! po9t x imm$iately cov]$1 b leav+ all beyond 9 total d>kness4 ,:e!r a v highly develop$ practical life be possible "u su* conditions z ^! is m ?an d\btful2 x is1 h[ev]1 conceivable4 ,i make ! fanciful hypo!sis m]ely to set (f our real nature by ! contra/4 ,our feel+s are n ?us contract$1 & our consci\sness nev] %r9ks to ! dim5sions ( a gl[-worm sp>k4 ,! k ( "s o!r "p ( ! /ream1 pa/ or future1 ne> or remote1 is always mix$ 9 ) our k ( ! pres5t ?+4 ,a simple s5sation1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 is an ab/raction1 & all our concrete /ates ( m9d are repres5tations ( objects ) "s am\nt ( complexity4 ,"p ( ! complexity is ! e*o ( ! objects j pa/1 &1 9 a less degree1 p]haps1 ! =eta/e ( ^? j to arrive4 ,objects fade out ( consci\sness sl[ly4 ,if ! pres5t ?\ght is ( ,,abcdefg1 ! next "o w be ( ,,bcdefgh1 & ! "o aft] t ( ,,cdefghi--! l+]+s ( ! pa/ dropp+ successively away1 & ! incom+s ( ! future mak+ up ! loss4 ,^! l+]+s ( old objects1 ^! incom+s ( new1 are ! g]ms ( memory & expectation1 ! retrospective & ! prospective s5se ( "t4 ,!y give t cont9uity to consci\sness )\t :i* x c\ld n be call$ a /ream4#ead ,,! ,,s5sible ,,pres5t ,,has ,,duration4 ,let any "o try1 ,i w n say to arre/1 b to notice or att5d to1 ! pres5t mom5t ( "t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ baffl+ exp]i5ces occurs4 ,:]e is x1 ?is pres5t8 ,x has melt$ 9 our grasp1 fl$ ere we c\ld t\* x1 gone 9 ! in/ant ( becom+4 ,z a poet1 quot$ by ,mr4 ,hodgson1 says1 ,le mom5t o je p>le e/ dj lo9 de moi1 & x is only z ent]+ into ! liv+ & mov+ organization ( a mu* wid] tract ( "t t ! /rict pres5t is appreh5d$ at all4 ,x is1 9 fact1 an altoge!r ideal ab/raction1 n only nev] realiz$ 9 s5se1 b probably nev] ev5 conceiv$ ( by ^? unaccu/om$ to philosophic m$itation4 ,reflection leads u to ! conclusion t x mu/ exi/1 b t x does exi/ c nev] be a fact ( our imm$iate exp]i5ce4 ,! only fact ( our imm$iate exp]i5ce is :at ,mr4 ,e4 ,r4 ,clay has well call$ '! speci\s pres5t4' ,8 words des]ve to be quot$ 9 full3#eae ,! relation ( exp]i5ce to "t has n be5 pr(\ndly /udi$4 ,its objects are giv5 z be+ ( ! pres5t1 b ! "p ( "t ref]r$ to by ! datum is a v diff]5t ?+ f ! cont]m9\s ( ! pa/ & future :i* philosophy d5otes by ! "n ,pres5t4 ,! pres5t to :i* ! datum ref]s is really a "p ( ! pa/--a rec5t pa/--delusively giv5 z be+ a "t t int]v5es betwe5 ! pa/ & ! future4 ,let x be nam$ ! speci\s pres5t1 & let ! pa/1 t is giv5 z be+ ! pa/1 be kn[n z ! obvi\s pa/4 ,all ! notes ( a b> ( a song seem to ! li/5] to be conta9$ 9 ! pres5t4 ,all ! *anges ( place ( a meteor seem to ! behold] to be conta9$ 9 ! pres5t4 ,at ! in/ant ( ! t]m9ation ( su* s]ies1 no "p ( ! "t measur$ by !m seems to be a pa/4 ,"t1 !n1 consid]$ relatively to human appreh5sion1 consi/s ( f\r p>ts1 viz41 ! obvi\s pa/1 ! speci\s pres5t1 ! real pres5t1 & ! future4 ,omitt+ ! speci\s pres5t1 x consi/s ( ?ree 444 non5tities--! pa/1 :i* does n exi/1 ! future1 :i* does n exi/1 & _! cont]m9\s1 ! pres5t2 ! faculty f :i* x proce$s lies to u 9 ! fiction ( ! speci\s pres5t4 ,9 %ort1 ! practically cogniz$ pres5t is no knife-edge1 b a saddle-back1 ) a c]ta9 bread? ( its own on :i* we sit p]*$1 & f :i* we look 9 two directions into "t4 ,! unit ( composition ( our p]ception ( "t is a duration1 ) a b[ & a /]n1 z x 7--a re>w>d- & a =w>d-look+ end4#eaf ,x is only z p>ts ( ?is duration-block t ! relation ( succession ( "o end to ! o!r is p]ceiv$4 ,we d n fir/ feel "o end & !n feel ! o!r aft] x1 & f ! p]ception ( ! succession inf] an int]val ( "t betwe51 b we seem to feel ! int]val ( "t z a :ole1 ) its two ends emb$d$ 9 x4 ,! exp]i5ce is f ! outset a syn!tic datum1 n a simple "o2 & to s5sible p]ception its elem5ts are insep>able1 al?\gh att5tion look+ back may easily decompose ! exp]i5ce1 & di/+ui% its beg9n+ f its end4 ,:5 we come to /udy ! p]ception ( ,space1 we %all f9d x q analog\s to "t 9 ?is reg>d4 ,date 9 "t corresponds to position 9 space2 & al?\gh we n[ m5tally con/ruct l>ge spaces by m5tally imag9+ remot] & remot] positions1 j z we n[ con/ruct great durations by m5tally prolong+ a s]ies ( successive dates1 yet ! orig9al exp]i5ce ( bo? space & "t is always ( some?+ already giv5 z a unit1 inside ( :i* att5tion aft]w>d discrim9ates p>ts 9 relation to ea* o!r4 ,)\t ! p>ts already giv5 z 9 a "t & 9 a space1 subsequ5t discrim9ation ( !m c\ld h>dly d m ?an p]ceive !m z diff]5t f ea* o!r2 x w\ld h no motive = call+ ! diff]5ce temporal ord] 9 ?is in/ance & spatial position 9 t4 ,& j z 9 c]ta9 exp]i5ces we may be consci\s ( an ext5sive space full ( objects1 )\t locat+ ea* ( !m di/9ctly !re92 s1 :5 _m impressions foll[ 9 excessively rapid succession 9 "t1 al?\gh we may be di/9ctly aw>e t !y occupy "s duration1 & are n simultane\s1 we may be q at a loss to tell :i* comes fir/ & :i* la/2 or we may ev5 inv]t _! real ord] 9 our judgm5t4 ,9 complicat$ reaction-"t exp]im5ts1 :]e signals & motions1 & clicks ( ! app>atus come 9 exce$+ly rapid ord]1 "o is at fir/ mu* p]plex$ 9 decid+ :at ! ord] is1 yet ( ! fact ( its occupancy ( "t we are nev] 9 d\bt4 ,,accuracy ,,( ,,our ,,e/imate ,,( ,,%ort ,,durations4 ,we mu/ n[ proce$ to an acc\nt ( ! facts ( "t-p]ception 9 detail z prelim9>y to our speculative conclusion4 ,_m ( ! facts are matt]s ( pati5t exp]im5tation1 o!rs ( common exp]i5ce4 ,fir/ ( all1 we note a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! elem5t>y s5sations ( duration & ^? ( space4 ,! =m] h a mu* n>r[] range2 ! "t-s5se may be call$ a myopic organ1 9 comp>ison ) ! eye1 = example4 ,! eye sees rods1 acres1 ev5 miles1 at a s+le glance1 & ^! totals x c aft]w>d subdivide into an almo/ inf9ite numb] ( di/9ctly id5tifi$ p>ts4 ,! units ( duration1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* ! "t-s5se is able to take 9 at a s+le /roke1 are gr\ps ( a few seconds1 & )9 ^! units v few subdivisions--p]haps =ty at mo/1 z we %all pres5tly see--c be cle>ly disc]n$4 ,! durations we h practically mo/ to deal )--m9utes1 h\rs1 & days--h to be symbolically conceiv$1 & con/ruct$ by m5tal addition1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ^? ext5ts ( hundr$s ( miles & upw>d1 :i* 9 ! field ( space are beyond ! range ( mo/ m5's practical int]e/s altoge!r4 ,to 'realize' a qu>t] ( a mile we ne$ only look out ( ! w9d[ & feel its l5g? by an act :i*1 ?\gh x may 9 "p result f organiz$ associations1 yet seems imm$iately p]=m$4 ,to realize an h\r1 we mu/ c\nt 'n[6--n[6--n[6--n[6--' indef9itely4 ,ea* 'n[' is ! feel+ ( a sep>ate bit ( "t1 & ! exact sum ( ! bits nev] makes a v cle> impression on our m9d4 ,h[ _m bits c we cle>ly appreh5d at once8 ,v few if !y are long bits1 m if !y are extremely %ort1 mo/ if !y come to u 9 comp\nd gr\ps1 ea* includ+ small] bits ( its own4 ,he>+ is ! s5se by :i* ! subdivision ( durations is mo/ %>ply made4 ,almo/ all ! exp]im5tal "w on ! "t-s5se has be5 done by means ( /rokes ( s\nd4 ,h[ long a s]ies ( s\nds1 !n1 c we gr\p 9 ! m9d s z n to conf\nd x ) a long] or a %ort] s]ies8 ,our spontane\s t5d5cy is to break up any monoton\sly giv5 s]ies ( s\nds into "s sort ( a rhy?m4 ,we involunt>ily acc5tuate e second1 or ?ird1 or f\r? beat1 or we break ! s]ies 9 /ill m intricate ways4 ,:5ev] we ?us grasp ! impressions 9 rhy?mic =m1 we c id5tify a long] /r+ ( !m )\t confusion4 ,ea* v>iety ( v]se1 = example1 has its 'law'2 & ! recurr5t /resses & s9k+s make u feel ) peculi> read9ess ! lack ( a syllable or ! pres5ce ( "o too mu*4 ,div]s v]ses may aga9 be b\nd toge!r 9 ! =m ( a /anza1 & we may !n say ( ano!r /anza1 ,its second v]se diff]s by s mu* f t ( ! fir/ /anza1 :5 b = ! felt /anza-=m ! two diff]+ v]ses w\ld h come to u too sep>ately to be comp>$ at all4 ,b ^! sup]pos$ sy/ems ( rhy?m soon rea* _! limit4 ,9 music1 z ,wundt#eag says1 :ile ! measure may easily conta9 #ab *anges ( int5sity ( s\nd 7z 9 #ab_/h "t71 ! rhy?mical gr\p may embrace #f measures1 & ! p]iod consi/ ( #d1 exceptionally ( #e #h8 gr\ps4 ,wundt & 8 pupil ,dietze h bo? tri$ to det]m9e exp]im5tally ! maximal ext5t ( our imm$iate di/9ct consci\sness = successive impressions4 ,wundt f\nd#eah t twelve impressions c\ld be di/+ui%$ cle>ly z a unit$ clu/]1 provid$ !y 7 caught 9 a c]ta9 rhy?m by ! m9d1 & succe$$ ea* o!r at int]vals n small] ?an #j4c & n l>g] ?an #j4e ( a second4 ,?is makes ! total "t di/9ctly appreh5d$ to be equal to f #c4f to #f seconds4 ,dietze#eai gives l>g] figures4 ,! mo/ favorable int]vals = cle>ly cat*+ ! /rokes 7 :5 !y came at f #j4c second to #j4ah second ap>t4 ,=ty /rokes might !n be rememb]$ z a :ole1 & id5tifi$ )\t error :5 repeat$1 provid$ ! m9d grasp$ !m 9 five sub-gr\ps ( eight1 or 9 eight sub-gr\ps ( five /rokes ea*4 ,:5 no gr\p+ ( ! /rokes beyond mak+ c\ples ( !m by ! att5tion 0 all[$--& practically x 0 f\nd impossible n to gr\p !m 9 at lea/ ?is simple/ ( all ways--#af 0 ! l>ge/ numb] t c\ld be cle>ly appreh5d$ z a :ole4#ebj ,?is w\ld make #dj times #j4h second1 or #ab seconds1 to be ! maximum fill$ duration ( :i* we c be bo? di/9ctly & imm$iately aw>e4 ,! maximum unfill$1 or vacant duration1 seems to lie )9 ! same objective range4 ,e/el & ,mehn]1 also work+ 9 ,wundt's laboratory1 f\nd x to v>y f #e or #f to #ab seconds1 & p]haps m4 ,! diff]5ces seem$ due to practice r ?an to idiosyncrasy4#eba ,^! figures may be r\ghly tak5 to /& = ! mo/ important "p ( :at1 ) ,mr4 ,clay1 we call$1 a few pages back1 ! speci\s pres5t4 ,! speci\s pres5t has1 9 addition1 a vaguely vani%+ backw>d & =w>d fr+e2 b its nucleus is probably ! doz5 seconds or less t h j elaps$4 ,if ^! are ! maximum1 :at1 !n1 is ! m9imum am\nt ( duration :i* we c di/9ctly feel8 ,! smalle/ figure exp]im5tally asc]ta9$ 0 by ,exn]1 :o di/9ctly he>d ! d\bl5ess ( two successive clicks ( a ,sav>t's :eel1 & ( two successive snaps ( an electric sp>k1 :5 _! int]val 0 made z small z ab\t #a_/ejj ( a second4#ebb ,) ! eye1 p]ception is less delicate4 ,two sp>ks1 made to fall beside ea* o!r 9 rapid succession on ! c5tre ( ! ret9a1 ceas$ to be recogniz$ z successive by ,exn] :5 _! int]val fell bel[ #j4jdd''4ebc ,:]e1 z "h1 ! succe$+ impressions are only two 9 numb]1 we c easie/ p]ceive ! int]val betwe5 !m4 ,presid5t ,hall1 :o exp]im5t$ ) a modifi$ ,sav>t's :eel1 :i* gave clicks 9 v>y+ numb] & at v>y+ int]vals1 says3#ebd ,9 ord] t _! discont9uity may be cle>ly p]ceiv$1 f\r or ev5 ?ree clicks or beats mu/ be f>!r ap>t ?an two ne$ to be4 ,:5 two are easily di/+ui%$1 ?ree or f\r sep>at$ by ! same int]val 444 are (t5 confid5tly pron\nc$ to be two or ?ree respectively4 ,x w\ld be well if obs]vations 7 s direct$ z to asc]ta91 at lea/ up to t5 or tw5ty1 ! increase ( int]val requir$ by ea* additional click 9 a s]ies = ! s5se ( discont9uity to rema9 con/ant ?r\gh\t4#ebe ,:]e ! fir/ impression falls on "o s5se1 & ! second on ano!r1 ! p]ception ( ! int]v5+ "t t5ds to be less c]ta9 & delicate1 & x makes a diff]5ce :i* impression comes fir/4 ,?us1 ,exn] f\nd#ebf ! smalle/ p]ceptible int]val to be1 9 seconds3 ,f sight to t\* #j4jga ,f t\* to sight #j4jec ,f sight to he>+ #j4af ,f he>+ to sight #j4jf ,f "o e> to ano!r #j4jfd ,to be consci\s ( a "t int]val at all is "o ?+2 to tell :e!r x be %ort] or long] ?an ano!r int]val is a diff]5t ?+4 ,a numb] ( exp]im5tal data are on h& :i* give u a measure ( ! delicacy ( ?is latt] p]ception4 ,! problem is t ( ! smalle/ diff]5ce betwe5 two times :i* we c p]ceive4 ,! diff]5ce is at its m9imum :5 ! times !mselves are v %ort4 ,exn]1#ebg react+ z rapidly z possible ) 8 foot1 ^u a signal se5 by ! eye 7sp>k71 not$ all ! reactions :i* seem$ to him ei!r sl[ or fa/ 9 ! mak+4 ,he ?\ght ?us t deviations ( ab\t #a_/ajj ( a second ei!r way f ! av]age 7 correctly notic$ by him at ! "t4 ,! av]age 0 "h #j4ahdj''4 ,hall & ,ja/r[ li/5$ to ! int]vals betwe5 ! clicks ( _! app>atus4 ,betwe5 two su* equal int]vals ( #d4bg'' ea*1 a middle int]val 0 includ$1 :i* might be made ei!r %ort] or long] ?an ! extremes4 ,aft] ! s]ies _h be5 he>d two or ev5 ?ree times1 no impression ( ! relative l5g? ( ! middle int]val w\ld (t5 exi/1 & only aft] he>+ ! f\r? & la/ repetition ( ! s]ies w\ld ! judgm5t incl9e to ! plus or m9us side4 ,ins]t+ ! v>iable betwe5 two inv>iable & l int]vals greatly facilitat$ judgm5t1 :i* betwe5 two unlike t]ms is f> less accurate4#ebh ,?ree obs]v]s 9 ^! exp]im5ts made no error :5 ! middle int]val v>i$ #a_/fj f ! extremes4 ,:5 x v>i$ #a_/abj1 errors occurr$1 b 7 few4 ,?is w\ld make ! m9imum absolute diff]5ce p]ceiv$ z l>ge z #j4cee''4 ,?is m9imum absolute diff]5ce1 ( c\rse1 increases z ! times comp>$ gr[ long4 ,attempts h be5 made to asc]ta9 :at ratio x be>s to ! times !mselves4 ,accord+ to ,fe*n]'s ',psy*ophysic ,law' x ought always to be> ! same ratio4 ,v>i\s obs]v]s1 h[ev]1 h f\nd ?is n to be ! case4#ebi ,on ! contr>y1 v int]e/+ oscillations 9 ! accuracy ( judgm5t & 9 ! direction ( ! error--oscillations dep5d5t ^u ! absolute am\nt ( ! times comp>$--h be5 notic$ by all :o h exp]im5t$ ) ! "q4 ,( ^! a brief acc\nt may be giv54 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 e li/ ( int]vals exp]im5t$ ) !re w be f\nd :at ,vi]ordt calls an ',,indiff]5ce-,,po9t2' t is to say1 an int]val :i* we judge ) maximum accuracy1 a "t :i* we t5d to e/imate z nei!r long] or %ort] ?an x really is1 & away f :i*1 9 bo? directions1 errors increase _! size4#ecj ,?is "t v>ies f "o obs]v] to ano!r1 b its av]age is rem>kably con/ant1 z ! foll[+ table %[s4#eca ,! times1 not$ by ! e>1 & ! av]age indiff]5ce-po9ts 7giv5 9 seconds7 71 =-- ,wundt#ecb #j4gb ,koll]t#ecc #j4ge ,e/el 7probably7 #j4ge ,mehn] #j4ga ,/ev5s#ecd #j4ga ,ma*#ece #j4ce ,buccola 7ab\t7#ecf #j4dj ,! odd ?+ ab\t ^! figures is ! recurr5ce !y %[ 9 s _m m5 ( ab\t ?ree f\r?s ( a second1 z ! int]val ( "t mo/ easy to cat* & reproduce1 ,odd] /ill1 bo? ,e/el & ,mehn] f\nd t multiples ( ?is "t 7 m accurately reproduc$ ?an ! "t-int]vals ( int]m$i>y l5g?2#ecg & ,glass f\nd a c]ta9 p]iodicity1 ) ! con/ant increm5t ( #a4be sec41 9 8 obs]vations4 ,!re w\ld seem ?us to exi/ some?+ l a p]iodic or rhy?mic %>p5+ ( our "t-s5se1 ( :i* ! p]iod diff]s some:at f "o obs]v] to ! next4 ,our s5se ( "t1 l o!r s5ses1 seems subject to ! law ( contra/4 ,x appe>$ pretty pla9ly 9 ,e/el's obs]vations t an int]val s\nd$ %ort] if a long "o _h imm$iately prec$$ x1 & long] :5 ! opposite 0 ! case4 ,l o!r s5ses1 too1 our s5se ( "t is %>p5$ by practice4 ,mehn] ascribes almo/ all ! discrepancies betwe5 o!r obs]v]s & himself to ?is cause alone4#ech ,tracts ( "t fill$ 7) clicks ( s\nd7 seem long] ?an vacant ones ( ! same duration1 :5 ! latt] does n exce$ a second or two4#eci ,?is1 :i* rem9ds "o ( :at happ5s ) spaces se5 by ! eye1 becomes rev]s$ :5 long] times are tak54 ,x is1 p]haps1 9 accordance ) ?is law t a l\d s\nd1 limit+ a %ort int]val ( "t1 makes x appe> long]1 a slight s\nd %ort]4 ,9 comp>+ int]vals m>k$ out by s\nds1 we mu/ take c>e to keep ! s\nds uni=m4#edj 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is a c]ta9 emotional feel+ accompany+ ! int]vals ( "t1 z is well kn[n 9 music4 ,! s5se ( ha/e goes ) "o measure ( rapidity1 t ( delay ) ano!r2 & ^! two feel+s h>monize ) diff]5t m5tal moods4 ,vi]ordt li/5$ to s]ies ( /rokes p]=m$ by a metronome at rates v>y+ f #dj to #bjj a m9ute1 & f\nd t !y v naturally fell into sev5 categories1 f 'v sl[' to 'v fa/4'#eda ,ea* category ( feel+ includ$ ! int]vals foll[+ ea* o!r )9 a c]ta9 range ( spe$1 & no o!rs4 ,?is is a qualitative1 n a quantitative judgm5t--an /hetic judgm5t1 9 fact4 ,! middle category1 ( spe$ t 0 neutral1 or1 z he calls x1 'adequate1' conta9$ int]vals t 7 gr\p$ ab\t #j4fb second1 & ,vi]ordt says t ?is made :at "o might almo/ call an agreeable "t4#edb ,! feel+ ( "t & acc5t 9 music1 ( rhy?m1 is q indep5d5t ( t ( melody4 ,tunes ) m>k$ rhy?m c be readily recogniz$ :5 simply drumm$ on ! table ) ! f+]-tips4 ,,we ,,h ,,no ,,s5se ,,= ,,empty ,,"t4 ,al?\gh subdivid+ ! "t by beats ( s5sation aids our accurate k ( ! am\nt ( x t elapses1 su* subdivision does n seem at ! fir/ glance ess5tial to our p]ception ( its fl[4 ,let "o sit ) clos$ eyes &1 ab/ract+ entirely f ! out] _w1 att5d exclusively to ! passage ( "t1 l "o :o wakes1 z ! poet says1 to he> "t fl[+ 9 ! middle ( ! night1 & all ?+s mov+ to a day ( doom4 ,!re seems "u su* circum/ances z ^! no v>iety 9 ! mat]ial cont5t ( our ?\ght1 & :at we notice appe>s1 if any?+1 to be ! pure s]ies ( durations budd+1 z x 71 & gr[+ b5ea? our indrawn gaze4 ,is ?is really s or n8 ,! "q is important1 =1 if ! exp]i5ce be :at x r\ghly seems1 we h a sort ( special s5se = pure "t--a s5se to :i* empty duration is an adequate /imulus2 :ile if x be an illusion1 x mu/ be t our p]ception ( "t's flight1 9 ! exp]i5ces quot$1 is due to ! fill+ ( ! "t1 & to our memory ( a cont5t :i* x _h a mom5t previ\s1 & :i* we feel to agree or disagree ) its cont5t n[4 ,x takes b a small ex]tion ( introspection to %[ t ! latt] alt]native is ! true "o1 & t we c no m intuit a duration ?an we c intuit an ext5sion1 devoid ( all s5sible cont5t4 ,j z ) clos$ eyes we p]ceive a d>k visual field 9 :i* a curdl+ play ( obscure/ lum9osity is always go+ on2 s1 be we nev] s ab/ract$ f di/9ct outw>d impressions1 we are always inw>dly imm]s$ 9 :at ,wundt has some:]e call$ ! twilight ( our g5]al consci\sness4 ,our he>t-beats1 our brea?+1 ! pulses ( our att5tion1 fragm5ts ( words or s5t5ces t pass ?r\gh our imag9ation1 are :at p ?is dim habitat4 ,n[1 all ^! processes are rhy?mical1 & are appreh5d$ by u1 z !y occur1 9 _! totality2 ! brea?+ & pulses ( att5tion1 z coh]5t successions1 ea* ) its rise & fall2 ! he>t-beats simil>ly1 only relatively f> m brief2 ! words n sep>ately1 b 9 connect$ gr\ps4 ,9 %ort1 empty our m9ds z we may1 "s =m ( *ang+ process rema9s = u to feel1 & _c be expell$4 ,& along ) ! s5se ( ! process & its rhy?m goes ! s5se ( ! l5g? ( "t x la/s4 ,aw>5ess ( *ange is ?us ! condition on :i* our p]ception ( "t's fl[ dep5ds2 b !re exi/s no reason to suppose t empty "t's own *anges are suffici5t = ! aw>5ess ( *ange to be ar\s$4 ,! *ange mu/ be ( "s concrete sort--an outw>d or inw>d s5sible s]ies1 or a process ( att5tion or volition4#edc ,& "h aga9 we h an analogy ) space4 ,! e>lie/ =m ( di/9ct space-p]ception is und\bt$ly t ( a movem5t ov] "s "o ( our s5sitive surfaces1 & ?is movem5t is orig9ally giv5 z a simple :ole ( feel+1 & is only decompos$ into its elem5ts--successive positions successively occupi$ by ! mov+ body--:5 our education 9 discrim9ation is mu* advanc$4 ,b a movem5t is a *ange1 a process2 s we see t 9 ! "t-_w & ! space-_w alike ! fir/ kn[n ?+s are n elem5ts1 b comb9ations1 n sep>ate units1 b :oles already =m$4 ,! condition ( be+ ( ! :oles may be ! elem5ts2 b ! condition ( our kn[+ ! elem5ts is our hav+ already felt ! :oles z :oles4 ,9 ! exp]i5ce ( wat*+ empty "t fl[--'empty' to be tak5 h]eaft] 9 ! relative s5se j set =?--we tell x (f 9 pulses4 ,we say 'n[6 n[6 n[6' or we c\nt 'm6 m6 m6' z we feel x bud4 ,?is composition out ( units ( duration is call$ ! law ( "t's discrete fl[4 ,! discret5ess is1 h[ev]1 m]ely due to ! fact t our successive acts ( recognition or app]ception ( :at x is are discrete4 ,! s5sation is z cont9u\s z any s5sation c be4 ,all cont9u\s s5sations are nam$ 9 beats4 ,we notice t a c]ta9 f9ite 'm' ( !m is pass+ or already pa/4 ,to adopt ,hodgson's image1 ! s5sation is ! measur+-tape1 ! p]ception ! divid+-eng9e :i* /amps its l5g?4 ,z we li/5 to a /eady s\nd1 we take x 9 9 discrete pulses ( recognition1 call+ x successively '! same6 ! same6 ! same6' ,! case /&s no o!rwise ) "t4 ,aft] a small numb] ( beats our impression ( ! am\nt we h told (f becomes q vague4 ,our only way ( kn[+ x accurately is by c\nt+1 or notic+ ! clock1 or ?r\gh "s o!r symbolic conception4#edd ,:5 ! times exce$ h\rs or days1 ! conception is absolutely symbolic4 ,we ?9k ( ! am\nt we mean ei!r solely z a "n1 or by runn+ ov] a few sali5t dates !re91 ) no pret5ce ( imag9+ ! full durations t lie betwe5 !m4 ,no "o has any?+ l a p]ception ( ! great] l5g? ( ! "t betwe5 n[ & ! fir/ c5tury ?an ( t betwe5 n[ & ! t5?4 ,to an hi/orian1 x is true1 ! long] int]val w sugge/ a ho/ ( additional dates & ev5ts1 & s appe> a m multitud9\s ?+4 ,& = ! same reason mo/ p w ?9k !y directly p]ceive ! l5g? ( ! pa/ =tnight to exce$ t ( ! pa/ week4 ,b !re is prop]ly no comp>ative "t intuition 9 ^! cases at all4 ,x is b dates & ev5ts4 repres5t+ "t2 _! abundance symboliz+ its l5g?4 ,i am sure t ?is is s1 ev5 :]e ! times comp>$ are no m ?an an h\r or s 9 l5g?4 ,x is ! same ) ,spaces ( _m miles1 :i* we always comp>e ) ea* o!r by ! numb]s :i* measure !m4#ede ,f ?is we pass naturally to speak ( c]ta9 familial v>iations 9 our e/imation ( l5g?s ( "t4 ,9 g5]al1 a "t fill$ ) v>i$ & int]e/+ exp]i5ces seems %ort 9 pass+1 b long z we look back4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a tract ( "t empty ( exp]i5ces seems long 9 pass+1 b 9 retrospect %ort4 ,a week ( travel & sight-see+ may subt5d an angle m l ?ree weeks 9 ! memory2 & a mon? ( sickness h>dly yields m memories ?an a day4 ,! l5g? 9 retrospect dep5ds obvi\sly on ! multitud9\sness ( ! memories :i* ! "t af=ds4 ,_m objects1 ev5ts1 *anges1 _m subdivisions1 imm$iately wid5 ! view z we look back4 ,empt9ess1 monotony1 famili>ity1 make x %rivel up4 ,9 ,von ,holtei's ',vagabonds' "o ,anton is describ$ z revisit+ 8 native village4 ,sev5 ye>s1 he exclaims1 sev5 ye>s s9ce ,i ran away6 ,m l sev5ty x seems1 s mu* has happ5$4 ,i _c ?9k ( x all )\t becom+ dizzy--at any rate n n[4 ,& yet aga91 :5 ,i look at ! village1 at ! *ur*-t[]1 x seems z if ,i c\ld h>dly h be5 sev5 days away4 ,pr(4 ,laz>us#edf 7f :om ,i borr[ ?is quotation71 ?us expla9s bo? ( ^! contra/$ illusions by our pr9ciple ( ! awak5$ memories be+ multitud9\s or few3 ,! circle ( exp]i5ces1 widely ext5d$1 ri* 9 v>iety1 :i* he _h 9 view on ! day ( 8 leav+ ! village rises n[ 9 8 m9d z its image lies be=e him4 ,& ) x--9 rapid succession & viol5t motion1 n 9 *ronologic ord]1 or f *ronologic motives1 b sugge/+ ea* o!r by all sorts ( connections--arise massive images ( all 8 ri* vagabondage & rov+ life4 ,!y roll & wave confus$ly toge!r1 fir/ p]haps "o f ! fir/ ye>1 !n f ! six?1 soon f ! second1 aga9 f ! fif?1 ! fir/1 etc41 until x seems z if sev5ty ye>s mu/ h be5 !re1 & he reels ) ! fulness ( 8 vision4444 ,!n ! inn] eye turns away f all ?is pa/4 ,! out] "o turns to ! village1 especially to ! *ur*-t[]4 ,! sight ( x calls back ! old sight ( x1 s t ! consci\sness is fill$ ) t alone1 or almo/ alone4 ,! "o vision comp>es itself ) ! o!r1 & looks s ne>1 s un*ang$1 t x seems z if only a week ( "t c\ld h come betwe54 ,! same space ( "t seems %ort] z we gr[ old]--t is1 ! days1 ! mon?s1 & ! ye>s d s2 :e!r ! h\rs d s is d\btful1 & ! m9utes & seconds to all appe>ance rema9 ab\t ! same4 ,:oev] c\nts _m lu/ra 9 8 memory ne$ only "q himself to f9d t ! la/ ( ^!1 ! pa/ five ye>s1 h sp$ mu* m quickly ?an ! prec$+ p]iods ( equal am\nt4 ,let any "o rememb] 8 la/ eight or t5 s*ool ye>s3 x is ! space ( a c5tury4 ,comp>e ) !m ! la/ eight or t5 ye>s ( life3 x is ! space ( an h\r4 ,s writes ,pr(4 ,paul ,janet1#edg & gives a solution :i* c h>dly be said to dim9i% ! my/]y4 ,!re is a law1 he says1 by :i* ! app>5t l5g? ( an int]val at a giv5 epo* ( a man's life is proportional to ! total l5g? ( ! life itself4 ,a *ild ( #aj feels a ye> z #a_/aj ( 8 :ole life--a man ( #ej z #a_/ej1 ! :ole life mean:ile app>5tly pres]v+ a con/ant l5g?4 ,?is =mula r\ghly expresses ! ph5om5a1 x is true1 b _c possibly be an elem5t>y psy*ic law2 & x is c]ta9 t1 9 great "p at lea/1 ! =e%ort5+ ( ! ye>s z we gr[ old] is due to ! monotony ( memory's cont5t1 & ! consequ5t simplification ( ! backw>d-glanc+ view4 ,9 y\? we may h an absolutely new exp]i5ce1 subjective or objective1 e h\r ( ! day4 ,appreh5sion is vivid1 ret5tiv5ess /rong1 & our recollections ( t "t1 l ^? ( a "t sp5t 9 rapid & int]e/+ travel1 are ( some?+ intricate1 multitud9\s1 & long-drawn-out4 ,b z ea* pass+ ye> conv]ts "s ( ?is exp]i5ce into automatic r\t9e :i* we h>dly note at all1 ! days & ! weeks smoo? !mselves out 9 recollection to cont5tless units1 & ! ye>s gr[ holl[ & collapse4 ,s mu* = ! app>5t %ort5+ ( tracts ( "t 9 retrospect4 ,!y %ort5 9 pass+ :5ev] we are s fully occupi$ ) _! cont5t z n to note ! actual "t itself4 ,a day full ( excitem5t1 ) no pause1 is said to pass 'ere we "k x4' ,on ! contr>y1 a day full ( wait+1 ( unsatisfi$ desire = *ange1 w seem a small et]nity4 ,tdium1 ennui1 ,langweile1 bor$om1 are words = :i*1 probably1 e language kn[n to man has its equival5t4 ,x comes ab\t :5ev]1 f ! relative empt9ess ( cont5t ( a tract ( "t1 we gr[ att5tive to ! passage ( ! "t itself4 ,expect+1 & be+ ready =1 a new impression to succe$2 :5 x fails to come1 we get an empty "t in/ead ( x2 & su* exp]i5ces1 ceaselessly r5ew$1 make u mo/ =midably aw>e ( ! ext5t ( ! m]e "t itself4#edh ,close y\r eyes & simply wait to he> somebody tell y t a m9ute has elaps$4 ,! full l5g? ( y\r leisure ) x seems incr$ible4 ,y engulf y\rself into its b[els z into ^? ( t int]m9able fir/ week ( an ocean voyage1 & f9d y\rself wond]+ t hi/ory c h ov]come _m su* p]iods 9 its c\rse4 ,all because y att5d s closely to ! m]e feel+ ( ! "t p] se1 & because y\r att5tion to t is susceptible ( su* f9e-gra9$ successive subdivision4 ,! odi\sness ( ! :ole exp]i5ce comes f its insipidity2 = /imulation is ! indisp5sable requisite = pleasure 9 an exp]i5ce1 & ! feel+ ( b>e "t is ! lea/ /imulat+ exp]i5ce we c h4#edi ,! s5sation ( tedium is a prote/1 says ,volkmann1 aga9/ ! entire pres5t4 ,exactly p>allel v>iations occur 9 our consci\sness ( space4 ,a road we walk back ov]1 hop+ to f9d at ea* /ep an object we h dropp$1 seems to u long] ?an :5 we walk$ ov] x ! o!r way4 ,a space we measure by pac+ appe>s long] ?an "o we trav]se ) no ?\ght ( its l5g?4 ,& 9 g5]al an am\nt ( space att5d$ to 9 itself leaves ) u m impression ( spaci\sness ?an "o ( :i* we only note ! cont5t4#eej ,i d n say t ev]y?+ 9 ^! fluctuations ( e/imate c be acc\nt$ = by ! "t's cont5t be+ cr[d$ & int]e/+1 or simple & tame4 ,bo? 9 ! %ort5+ ( "t by old age & 9 its l5g!n+ by ennui "s deep] cause may be at "w4 ,?is cause c only be asc]ta9$1 if x exi/1 by f9d+ out :y we p]ceive "t at all4 ,to ?is inquiry let u1 ?\gh )\t mu* hope1 proce$4 ,,! ,,feel+ ,,( ,,pa/ ,,"t ,,is ,a ,,pres5t ,,feel+4 ,if ask$ :y we p]ceive ! light ( ! sun1 or ! s\nd ( an explosion1 we reply1 ,because c]ta9 out] =ces1 e!r-waves or air-waves1 smite ^u ! bra91 awak5+ !re9 *anges1 to :i* ! consci\s p]ceptions1 light & s\nd1 respond4 ,b we ha/5 to add t nei!r light nor s\nd copy or mirror ! e!r- or air-waves2 !y repres5t !m only symbolically4 ,! only case1 says ,helmholtz1 9 :i* su* copy+ occurs1 & 9 :i* our p]ceptions c truly correspond ) out] reality1 is t ( ! tune-succession ( ph5om5a4 ,simultaneity1 succession1 & ! regul> return ( simultaneity or succession1 c obta9 z well 9 s5sations z 9 out] ev5ts4 ,ev5ts1 l our p]ceptions ( !m1 take place 9 "t1 s t ! "t-relations ( ! latt] c furni% a true copy ( ^? ( ! =m]4 ,! s5sation ( ! ?und] foll[s ! s5sation ( ! lightn+ j z ! sonor\s convuls+ ( ! air by ! electric dis*>ge rea*es ! obs]v]'s place lat] ?an t ( ! lum9if]\s e!r4#eea ,"o exp]i5ces an almo/ in/9ctive impulse1 9 pursu+ su* reflections z ^!1 to foll[ !m to a sort ( crude speculative conclusion1 & to ?9k t he has at la/ got ! my/]y ( cognition :]e1 to use a vulg> phrase1 '! wool is %ort4' ,:at m natural1 we say1 ?an t ! sequ5ces & durations ( ?+s %\ld become kn[n8 ,! succession ( ! out] =ces /amps itself z a l succession ^u ! bra94 ,! bra9's successive *anges are copi$ exactly by correspond+ly successive pulses ( ! m5tal /ream4 ,! m5tal /ream1 feel+ itself1 mu/ feel ! "t-relations ( its own /ates4 ,b z ^! are copies ( ! outw>d "t-relations1 s mu/ x "k !m too4 ,t is to say1 ^! latt] "t-relations ar\se _! own cognition2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! m]e exi/5ce ( "t 9 ^? *anges out ( ! m9d :i* affect ! m9d is a suffici5t cause :y "t is p]ceiv$ by ! m9d4 ,?is philosophy is un=tunately too crude4 ,ev5 ?\gh we 7 to conceive ! out] successions z =ces /amp+ _! image on ! bra91 & ! bra9's successions z =ces /amp+ _! image on ! m9d1#eeb /ill1 betwe5 ! m9d's own *anges be+ successive1 & kn[+ _! own succession1 lies z broad a *asm z betwe5 ! object & subject ( any case ( cognition 9 ! _w4 ,a succession ( feel+s1 9 & ( itself1 is n a feel+ ( succession4 ,& s9ce1 to our successive feel+s1 a feel+ ( _! own succession is add$1 t mu/ be treat$ z an additional fact requir+ its own special elucidation1 :i* ?is talk ab\t out] "t-relations /amp+ copies ( !mselves )91 leaves all unt\*$4 ,i h %[n1 at ! outset ( ! article1 t :at is pa/1 to be kn[n z pa/1 mu/ be kn[n ) :at is pres5t1 & dur+ ! 'pres5t' spot ( "t4 ,z ! cle> und]/&+ ( ?is po9t has "s importance1 let me1 at ! risk ( repetition1 recur to x aga94 ,volkmann has express$ ! matt] admirably1 z foll[s3 ,"o might be tempt$ to answ] ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ! "t-idea by simply po9t+ to ! tra9 ( ideas1 ^: v>i\s memb]s1 />t+ f ! fir/1 successively atta9 to full cle>ness4 ,b aga9/ ?is x mu/ be object$ t ! successive ideas are n yet ! idea ( succession1 because succession 9 ?\ght is n ! ?\ght ( succession4 ,if idea ,a foll[s idea ,b1 consci\sness simply ex*anges "o = ano!r4 ,t ,b comes aft] ,a is = our consci\sness a non-exi/5t fact2 = ?is aft] is giv5 nei!r 9 ,b nor 9 ,a2 & no ?ird idea has be5 suppos$4 ,! ?9k+ ( ! sequ5ce ( ,b ^u ,a is ano!r k9d ( ?9k+ f t :i* br\ght =? ,a & !n br\ght =? ,b2 & ?is fir/ k9d ( ?9k+ is abs5t s long z m]ely ! ?9k+ ( ,a & ! ?9k+ ( ,b are !re4 ,9 %ort1 :5 we look at ! matt] %>ply1 we come to ?is anti!sis1 t if ,a & ,b are to be repres5t$ z occurr+ 9 succession !y mu/ be simultane\sly repres5t$2 if we are to ?9k ( !m z "o aft] ! o!r1 we mu/ ?9k !m bo? at once4#eec ,if we repres5t ! actual "t-/ream ( our ?9k+ by an horizontal l9e1 ! ?\ght ( ! /ream or ( any segm5t ( its l5g?1 pa/1 pres5t1 or to come1 might be figur$ 9 a p]p5dicul> rais$ ^u ! horizontal at a c]ta9 po9t4 ,! l5g? ( ?is p]p5dicul> /&s = a c]ta9 object or cont5t1 :i* 9 ?is case is ! "t ?\ght (1 & all ( :i* is ?\ght ( toge!r at ! actual mom5t ( ! /ream ^u :i* ! p]p5dicul> is rais$4 ,mr4 ,james ,w>d puts ! matt] v well 9 8 ma/]ly article ',psy*ology' 9 ! n9? edition ( ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 page #fd4 ,he says3 ,we may1 if we repres5t succession z a l9e1 repres5t simultaneity z a second l9e at "r angles to ! fir/2 empty "t--or "t-l5g? )\t "t-bread?1 we may say--is a m]e ab/raction4 ,n[1 x is ) ! =m] l9e t we h to d 9 treat+ ( "t z x is1 & ) ! latt] 9 treat+ ( our intuition ( "t1 :]e1 j z 9 a p]spective repres5tation ( di/ance1 we are conf9$ to l9es 9 a plane at "r angles to ! actual l9e ( dep?4 ,9 a succession ( ev5ts1 say ( s5se-impressions1 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e4441 ! pres5ce ( ,b means ! abs5ce ( ,a & ,c1 b ! pres5tation ( ?is succession involves ! simultane\s pres5ce 9 "s mode or o!r ( two or m ( ! pres5tations ,a ,b ,c ,d4 ,9 reality1 pa/1 pres5t1 & future are diff]5ces 9 "t1 b 9 pres5tation all t corresponds to ^! diff]5ces is 9 consci\sness simultane\sly4 ,!re is ?us a sort ( p]spective projection ( pa/ objects ^u pres5t consci\sness1 simil> to t ( wide l&scapes ^u a cam]a-scre54 ,& s9ce we saw a :ile ago t our maximum di/9ct intuition ( duration h>dly cov]s m ?an a doz5 seconds 7:ile our maximum vague intuition is probably n m ?an t ( a m9ute or s71 we mu/ suppose t ?is am\nt ( duration is pictur$ fairly /eadily 9 ea* pass+ in/ant ( consci\sness by virtue ( "s fairly con/ant feature 9 ! bra9-process to :i* ! consci\sness is ti$4 ,?is feature ( ! bra9-process1 :atev] x be1 mu/ be ! cause ( our p]ceiv+ ! fact ( "t at all4#eed ,! duration ?us /eadily p]ceiv$ is h>dly m ?an ! 'speci\s pres5t1' z x 0 call$ a few pages back4 ,its cont5t is 9 a con/ant flux1 ev5ts dawn+ into its =w>d end z fa/ z !y fade out ( its re>w>d "o1 & ea* ( !m *ang+ its "t-coeffici5t f 'n yet1' or 'n q yet1' to 'j gone' or 'gone1' z x passes by4 ,mean:ile1 ! speci\s pres5t1 ! intuit$ duration1 /&s p]man5t1 l ! ra9b[ on ! wat]fall1 ) its own quality un*ang$ by ! ev5ts t /ream ?r\gh x4 ,ea* ( ^!1 z x slips out1 reta9s ! p[] ( be+ reproduc$2 & :5 reproduc$1 is reproduc$ ) ! duration & neighbors :i* x orig9ally _h4 ,please obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ! reproduction ( an ev5t1 aft] x has once completely dropp$ out ( ! re>w>d end ( ! speci\s pres5t1 is an entirely diff]5t psy*ic fact f its direct p]ception 9 ! speci\s pres5t z a ?+ imm$iately pa/4 ,a creature might be entirely devoid ( reproductive memory1 & yet h ! "t-s5se2 b ! latt] w\ld be limit$1 9 8 case1 to ! few seconds imm$iately pass+ by4 ,"t old] ?an t he w\ld nev] recall4 ,i assume reproduction 9 ! text1 because ,i am speak+ ( human be+s :o notori\sly possess x4 ,?us memory gets /rewn ) dat$ ?+s--dat$ 9 ! s5se ( be+ be=e or aft] ea* o!r4#eee ,! date ( a ?+ is a m]e relation ( be=e or aft] ! pres5t ?+ or "s pa/ or future ?+4 ,"s ?+s we date simply by m5tally toss+ !m into ! pa/ or future direction4 ,s 9 space we ?9k ( ,engl& z simply to ! ea/w>d1 ( ,*>le/on z ly+ s\?4 ,b1 aga91 we may date an ev5t exactly1 by fitt+ x betwe5 two t]ms ( a pa/ or future s]ies explicitly conceiv$1 j z we may accurately ?9k ( ,engl& or ,*>le/on be+ j s _m miles away4#eef ,! ?+s & ev5ts ?us vaguely or exactly dat$ become !nce=w>d ^? signs & symbols ( long] "t-spaces1 ( :i* we previ\sly spoke4 ,accord+ z we ?9k ( a multitude ( !m1 or ( few1 s we imag9e ! "t !y repres5t to be long or %ort4 ,b ! orig9al p>agon & prototype ( all conceiv$ times is ! speci\s pres5t1 ! %ort duration ( :i* we are imm$iately & incessantly s5sible4 ,,to ,,:at ,,c]ebral ,,process ,,is ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,"t ,,due8 ,n[1 to :at elem5t 9 ! bra9-process may ?is s5sibility be due8 ,x _c1 z we h se51 be due to ! m]e duration itself ( ! process2 x mu/ be due to an elem5t pres5t at e mom5t ( ! process1 & ?is elem5t mu/ be> ! same inscrutable sort ( relation to its correlative feel+ :i* all o!r elem5ts ( neural activity be> to _! psy*ic products1 be ! latt] :at !y may4 ,sev]al sugge/ions h be5 made z to :at ! elem5t is 9 ! case ( "t4 ,treat+ ( !m 9 a note1#eeg ,i w try to express briefly ! only conclusion :i* seems to em]ge f a /udy ( !m & ( ! facts--unripe ?\gh t conclusion be4 ,! ph5om5a ( 'summation ( /imuli' 9 ! n]v\s sy/em prove t ea* /imulus leaves "s lat5t activity beh9d x :i* only gradually passes away4 7,see above1 pp4 #hb-he47 ,psy*ological pro( ( ! same fact is af=d$ by ^? 'aft]-images' :i* we p]ceive :5 a s5sorial /imulus is gone4 ,we may read (f peculi>ities 9 an aft]-image1 left by an object on ! eye1 :i* we fail$ to note 9 ! orig9al4 ,we may 'h>k back' & take 9 ! mean+ ( a s\nd sev]al seconds aft] x has ceas$4 ,delay = a m9ute1 h[ev]1 & ! e*o itself ( ! clock or ! "q is mute2 pres5t s5sations h bani%$ x beyond recall4 ,) ! feel+ ( ! pres5t ?+ !re mu/ at all times m+le ! fad+ e*o ( all ^? o!r ?+s :i* ! previ\s few seconds h suppli$4 ,or1 to /ate x 9 neural t]ms1 !re is at e mom5t a cumulation ( bra9-processes ov]lapp+ ea* o!r1 ( :i* ! fa9t] ones are ! dy+ phases ( processes :i* b %ortly previ\s 7 active 9 a maximal degree4 ,! ,,am\nt ,,( ,,! ,,ov]lapp+ det]m9es ! feel+ ( ! ,,duration ,,occupi$4 ,,:at ,,ev5ts %all appe> to occupy ! duration dep5ds on j ,,:at ,,processes ! ov]lapp+ processes are4 ,we "k s little ( ! intimate nature ( ! bra9's activity t ev5 :]e a s5sation monoton\sly endures1 we _c say t ! e>li] mom5ts ( x d n leave fad+ processes beh9d :i* coexi/ ) ^? ( ! pres5t mom5t4 ,duration & ev5ts toge!r =m our intuition ( ! speci\s pres5t ) its cont5t4#eeh ,:y su* an intuition %\ld result f su* a comb9ation ( bra9-processes ,i d n pret5d to say4 ,all ,i aim at is to /ate ! mo/ elem5tal =m ( ! psy*o-physical conjunction4 ,i h assum$ t ! bra9-processes are s5sational ones4 ,processes ( active att5tion 7see ,mr4 ,w>d's acc\nt 9 ,footnote #eef7 w leave simil> fad+ bra9-processes beh9d4 ,if ! m5tal processes are conceptual1 a complication is introduc$ ( :i* ,i w 9 a mom5t speak4 ,mean:ile1 /ill speak+ ( s5sational processes1 a rem>k ( ,wundt's w ?r[ additional light on ! acc\nt ,i give4 ,z is kn[n1 ,wundt & o!rs h prov$ t e act ( p]ception ( a s5sorial /imulus takes an appreciable "t4 ,:5 two diff]5t /imuli--e4g4 a sight & a s\nd--are giv5 at once or ne>ly at once1 we h difficulty 9 att5d+ to bo?1 & may wrongly judge _! int]val1 or ev5 inv]t _! ord]4 ,n[1 z ! result ( 8 exp]im5ts on su* /imuli4 ,wundt lays d[n ?is law3#eei t ( ! ?ree possible det]m9ations we may make ( _! ord]-- namely1 simultaneity1 cont9u\s transition1 & discont9u\s transition--only ! fir/ & la/ are realiz$1 nev] ! second4 ,inv>iably1 :5 we fail to p]ceive ! impressions z simultane\s1 we notice a %ort] or long] empty "t betwe5 !m1 :i* seems to correspond to ! s9k+ ( "o ( ! ideas & to ! rise ( ! o!r4444 ,= our att5tion may %>e itself equally betwe5 ! two impressions1 :i* w !n compose "o total p]cept & be simultane\sly felt2 or x may be s adapt$ to "o ev5t z to cause x to be p]ceiv$ imm$iately1 & !n ! second ev5t c be p]ceiv$ only aft] a c]ta9 "t ( lat5cy1 dur+ :i* ! att5tion rea*es its effective maximum = x & dim9i%es = ! fir/ ev5t4 ,9 ?is case ! ev5ts are p]ceiv$ z two1 & 9 successive ord]--t is1 z sep>at$ by a "t-int]val 9 :i* att5tion is n suffici5tly accommodat$ to ei!r to br+ a di/9ct p]ception ab\t4444 ,:ile we are hurry+ f "o to ! o!r1 ev]y?+ betwe5 !m vani%es 9 ! twilight ( g5]al consci\sness4#efj ,"o might call ?is ! law ( discont9u\s succession 9 "t1 ( p]cepts to :i* we _c easily att5d at once4 ,ea* p]cept !n requires a sep>ate bra9-process2 & :5 "o bra9-process is at its maximum1 ! o!r w\ld appe> p]=ce to be 9 ei!r a wan+ or a wax+ phase4 ,if our !ory ( ! "t-feel+ be true1 empty "t mu/ !n subjectively appe> to sep>ate ! two p]cepts1 no matt] h[ close toge!r !y may objectively be2 =1 accord+ to t !ory1 ! feel+ ( a "t-duration is ! imm$iate effect ( su* an ov]lapp+ ( bra9-processes ( diff]5t phase--:]ev] & f :atev] cause x may occur4 ,to pass1 n[1 to conceptual processes3 ,suppose ,i ?9k ( ! ,creation1 !n ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 !n ( ! battle ( ,wat]loo1 all )9 a few seconds4 ,^! matt]s h _! dates f> outside ! speci\s pres5t4 ,! processes by :i* ,i ?9k !m1 h[ev]1 all ov]lap4 ,:at ev5ts1 !n1 does ! speci\s pres5t seem to conta98 ,simply my successive acts ( ?9k+ ^! long-pa/ ?+s1 n ! long-pa/ ?+s !mselves4 ,z ! in/antly-pres5t ?\ght may be ( a long-pa/ ?+1 s ! j-pa/ ?\ght may be ( ano!r long-pa/ ?+4 ,:5 a long-pa/ ev5t is reproduc$ 9 memory & conceiv$ ) its date1 ! reproduction & conceiv+ trav]se ! speci\s pres5t4 ,! imm$iate cont5t ( ! latt] is ?us all my direct exp]i5ces1 :e!r subjective or objective4 ,"s ( ^! mean:ile may be repres5tative ( o!r exp]i5ces indef9itely remote4 ,! numb] ( ^! direct exp]i5ces :i* ! speci\s pres5t & imm$iately-intuit$ pa/ may embrace measures ! ext5t ( our 'prim>y1' z ,exn] calls x1 or1 z ,ri*et calls x1 ( our 'elem5t>y' memory4#efa ,! s5sation resultant f ! ov]lapp+ is t ( ! duration :i* ! exp]i5ces seem to fill4 ,z is ! numb] ( any l>g] set ( ev5ts to t ( ^! exp]i5ces1 s we suppose is ! l5g? ( t duration to ?is duration4 ,b ( ! long] duration we h no direct 'realiz+ s5se4' ,! v>iations 9 our appreciation ( ! same am\nt ( real "t may possibly be expla9$ by alt]ations 9 ! rate ( fad+ 9 ! images1 produc+ *anges 9 ! complication ( sup]pos$ processes1 to :i* *anges *ang$ /ates ( consci\sness may correspond4 ,b h[ev] long we may conceive a space ( "t to be1 ! objective am\nt ( x :i* is directly p]ceiv$ at any "o mom5t by u c nev] exce$ ! scope ( our 'prim>y memory' at ! mom5t 9 "q4#efb ,we h e reason to ?9k t creatures may possibly diff] enorm\sly 9 ! am\nts ( duration :i* !y intuitively feel1 & 9 ! f95ess ( ! ev5ts t may fill x4 ,von ,br has indulg$#efc 9 "s int]e/+ computations ( ! effect ( su* diff]5ces 9 *ang+ ! aspect ( ,nature4 ,suppose we 7 able1 )9 ! l5g? ( a second1 to note #aj1jjj ev5ts di/9ctly1 in/ead ( b>ely #aj1 z n[2 if our life 7 !n de/9$ to hold ! same numb] ( impressions1 x might be #ajjj times z %ort4 ,we %\ld live less ?an a mon?1 & p]sonally "k no?+ ( ! *ange ( seasons4 ,if born 9 w9t]1 we %\ld believe 9 summ] z we n[ believe 9 ! heats ( ! ,c>bonif]\s era4 ,! motions ( organic be+s w\ld be s sl[ to our s5ses z to be inf]r$1 n se54 ,! sun w\ld /& /ill 9 ! sky1 ! moon be almo/ free f *ange1 & s on4 ,b n[ rev]se ! hypo!sis & suppose a be+ to get only "o #ajjj? "p ( ! s5sations t we get 9 a giv5 "t1 & consequ5tly to live #ajjj times z long4 ,w9t]s & summ]s w be to him l qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,mu%rooms & ! swift]-gr[+ plants w %oot into be+ s rapidly z to appe> in/antane\s creations2 annual %rubs w rise & fall f ! e>? l re/lessly boil+-wat] spr+s2 ! motions ( animals w be z invisible z are to u ! movem5ts ( bullets & cannon-balls2 ! sun w sc\r ?r\gh ! sky l a meteor1 leav+ a fi]y trail beh9d him1 etc4 ,t su* imag9>y cases 7b>r+ ! sup]human longevity7 may be realiz$ some:]e 9 ! animal k+dom1 x w\ld be ra% to d5y4 ,a gnat's w+s1 says ,mr ,sp5c]1#efd make t5 or fifte5 ?\s& /rokes a second4 ,ea* /roke implies a sep>ate n]v\s action4 ,ea* su* n]v\s action or *ange 9 a n]v\s c5tre is probably z appreciable by ! gnat z is a quick movem5t ( 8 arm by a man4 ,& if ?is1 or any?+ l ?is1 is ! fact1 !n ! "t occupi$ by a giv5 ext]nal *ange1 measur$ by _m movem5ts 9 ! "o case1 mu/ seem mu* long] ?an 9 ! o!r case1 :5 measur$ by "o movem5t4 ,9 ha%i%-intoxication !re is a curi\s increase 9 ! app>5t "t-p]spective4 ,we utt] a s5t5ce1 & ere ! end is rea*$ ! beg9n+ seems already to date f indef9itely long ago4 ,we ent] a %ort /reet1 & x is z if we %\ld nev] get to ! end ( x4 ,?is alt]ation might conceivably result f an approa* to ! condition ( ,von ,br's & ,sp5c]'s %ort-liv$ be+s4 ,if our discrim9ation ( successions became f9]-gra9$1 s t we not$ t5 /ages 9 a process :]e previ\sly we only not$ "o2 & if at ! same "t ! processes fad$ t5 times z fa/ z be=e2 we might h a speci\s pres5t ( ! same subjective l5g? z n[1 giv+ u ! same "t-feel+ & conta9+ z _m di/+ui%able successive ev5ts1 b out f ! e>li] end ( x w\ld h dropp$ n9e t5?s ( ! real ev5ts x n[ conta9s4 ,!y w\ld h fall5 into ! g5]al res]voir ( m]ely dat$ memories1 reproducible at w4 ,! beg9n+ ( our s5t5ces w\ld h to be expressly recall$2 ea* ^w w\ld appe> to pass ?r\gh consci\sness at a t5? ( its usual spe$4 ,! condition w\ld1 9 %ort1 be exactly analog\s to ! enl>gem5t ( space by a microscope2 few] real ?+s at once 9 ! imm$iate field ( view1 b ea* ( !m tak+ up m ?an its normal room1 & mak+ ! exclud$ ones seem unnaturally f> away4 ,"u o!r conditions1 processes seem to fade rapidly )\t ! comp5sat+ increase 9 ! subdivisibility ( successions4 ,"h ! app>5t l5g? ( ! speci\s pres5t contracts4 ,consci\sness dw9dles to a po9t1 & loses all intuitive s5se ( ! :5ce & :i!r ( its pa?4 ,express acts ( memory replace rapid bird's-eye views4 ,9 my own case1 some?+ l ?is occurs 9 extreme fatigue4 ,long illnesses produce x4 ,occasionally1 x appe>s to accompany aphasia4#efe ,x w\ld be va9 to seek to imag9e ! exact bra9-*ange 9 any ( ^! cases ,b we mu/ admit ! possibility t to "s ext5t ! v>iations ( "t-e/imate betwe5 y\? & age1 & excitem5t & ennui1 are due to su* causes1 m imm$iate ?an to ! "o we assign$ "s "t ago4 ,b :e!r our feel+ ( ! "t :i* imm$iately-pa/#eff ev5ts h fill$ be ( some?+ long or ( some?+ %ort1 x is n :at x is because ^? ev5ts are pa/1 b because !y h left beh9d !m processes :i* are pres5t4 ,to ^? processes1 h[ev] caus$1 ! m9d w\ld /ill respond by feel+ a speci\s pres5t1 ) "o "p ( x j vani%+ or vani%$ into ! pa/4 ,z ! ,creator is suppos$ to h made ,adam ) a navel--sign ( a bir? :i* nev] occurr$--s ,he might in/antane\sly make a man ) a bra9 9 :i* 7 processes j l ! 'fad+' ones ( an ord9>y bra94 ,! fir/ real /imulus aft] creation w\ld set up a process additional to ^!4 ,! processes w\ld ov]lap2 & ! new-creat$ man w\ld unque/ionably h ! feel+1 at ! v primal in/ant ( 8 life1 ( hav+ be5 9 exi/5ce already "s little space ( "t4 ,let me sum up1 n[1 by say+ t we are con/antly consci\s ( a c]ta9 duration--! speci\s pres5t--v>y+ 9 l5g? f a few seconds to probably n m ?an a m9ute1 & t ?is duration 7) its cont5t p]ceiv$ z hav+ "o "p e>li] & ! o!r "p lat]7 is ! orig9al intuition ( "t4 ,long] times are conceiv$ by add+1 %ort] ones by divid+1 portions ( ?is vaguely b\nd$ unit1 & are habitually ?\ght by u symbolically4 ,kant's notion ( an intuition ( objective "t z an inf9ite necess>y cont9uum has no?+ to support x4 ,! cause ( ! intuition :i* we really h _c be ! duration ( our bra9-processes or our m5tal *anges4 ,t duration is r ! object ( ! intuition :i*1 be+ realiz$ at e mom5t ( su* duration1 mu/ be due to a p]man5tly pres5t cause4 ,?is cause--probably ! simultane\s pres5ce ( bra9-processes ( diff]5t phase--fluctuates2 & h5ce a c]ta9 range ( v>iation 9 ! am\nt ( ! intuition1 & 9 its subdivisibility1 accrues4 ,,footnotes3 #eab ,?is *apt] is repr9t$ almo/ v]batim f ! ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy1 vol4 xx1 p4 #cgd4 #eac ,james ,mill1 ,analysis1 vol4 x1 p4 #cai 7,j4 ,s4 ,mill's edition74 #ead ,:at ,i f9d1 :5 ,i look at consci\sness at all1 is1 t :at ,i _c dive/ myself (1 or n h 9 consci\sness1 if ,i h consci\sness at all1 is a sequ5ce ( diff]5t feel+s4444 ,! simultane\s p]ception ( bo? sub-feel+s1 :e!r z p>ts ( a coexi/5ce or ( a sequ5ce1 is ! total feel+--! m9imum ( consci\sness--& ?is m9imum has duration4444 ,"t-duration1 h[ev]1 is insep>able f ! m9imum1 not)/&+ t1 9 an isolat$ mom5t1 we c\ld n tell :i* "p ( x came fir/1 :i* la/4444 ,we d n require to "k t ! sub-feel+s come 9 sequ5ce1 fir/ "o1 !n ! o!r2 nor to "k :at com+ 9 sequ5ce means4 ,b we h1 9 any artificially isolat$ m9imum ( consci\sness1 ! rudim5ts ( ! p]ception ( =m] & latt] 9 "t1 9 ! sub-feel+ t gr[s fa9t]1 & ! sub-feel+ t gr[s /rong]1 & ! *ange betwe5 !m4444 ,9 ! next place1 ,i rem>k t ! rudim5ts ( memory are involv$ 9 ! m9imum ( consci\sness4 ,! fir/ beg9n+s ( x appe> 9 t m9imum1 j z ! fir/ beg9n+s ( p]ception d4 ,z ea* memb] ( ! *ange or diff]5ce :i* goes to compose t m9imum is ! rudim5t ( a s+le p]ception1 s ! priority ( "o memb] to ! o!r1 al?\gh bo? are giv5 to consci\sness 9 "o empirical pres5t mom5t1 is ! rudim5t ( memory4 ,! fact t ! m9imum ( consci\sness is diff]5ce or *ange 9 feel+s1 is ! ultimate explanation ( memory z well z ( s+le p]ceptions4 ,a =m] & a latt] are includ$ 9 ! m9imum ( consci\sness2 & ?is is :at is meant by say+ t all consci\sness is 9 ! =m ( "t1 or t "t is ! =m ( feel+1 ! =m ( s5sibility4 ,crudely & popul>ly we divide ! c\rse ( "t into pa/1 pres5t1 & future2 b1 /rictly speak+1 !re is no pres5t2 x is compos$ ( pa/ & future divid$ by an indivisible po9t or in/ant4 ,t in/ant1 or "t-po9t1 is ! /rict pres5t4 ,:at we call1 loosely1 ! pres5t1 is an empirical portion ( ! c\rse ( "t1 conta9+ at lea/ a m9imum ( consci\sness1 9 :i* ! in/ant ( *ange is ! pres5t "t-po9t4444 ,if we take ?is z ! pres5t "t-po9t1 x is cle> t ! m9imum ( feel+ conta9s two portions--a sub-feel+ t goes & a sub-feel+ t comes4 ,"o is rememb]$1 ! o!r imag9$4 ,! limits ( bo? are indef9ite at beg9n+ & end ( ! m9imum1 & ready to melt into o!r m9ima1 proce$+ f o!r /imuli4 ,"t & consci\sness d n come to u ready m>k$ out into m9ima2 we h to d t by reflection1 ask+ ourselves1 ,:at is ! lea/ empirical mom5t ( consci\sness8 ,t lea/ empirical mom5t is :at we usually call ! pres5t mom5t2 & ev5 ?is is too m9ute = ord9>y use2 ! pres5t mom5t is (t5 ext5d$ practically to a few seconds1 or ev5 m9utes1 beyond :i* we specify :at l5g? ( "t we mean1 z ! pres5t h\r1 or day1 or ye>1 or c5tury4 ,b ?is popul> way ( ?9k+ imposes itself on great numb]s ev5 ( philosophically-m9d$ p1 & !y talk ab\t ! pres5t z if x 0 a datum--z if "t came to u m>k$ into pres5t p]iods l a measur+-tape4 7,s4 ,h4 ,hodgson3 ,philosophy ( ,reflection1 vol4 i1 pp4 #bdh-bed47 ,! repres5tation ( "t agrees ) t ( space 9 t a c]ta9 am\nt ( x mu/ be pres5t$ toge!r--includ$ betwe5 its initial & t]m9al limit4 ,a cont9u\s ideation1 fl[+ f "o po9t to ano!r1 w\ld inde$ occupy "t1 b n repres5t x1 = x w\ld ex*ange "o elem5t ( succession = ano!r in/ead ( grasp+ ! :ole succession at once4 ,bo? po9ts--! beg9n+ & ! end--are equally ess5tial to ! conception ( "t1 & mu/ be pres5t ) equal cle>ness toge!r4 7,h]b>t3 ,psy*ol4 als ,w41 #aae47 ,assume t 444 simil> p5dulum-/rokes foll[ ea* o!r at regul> int]vals 9 a consci\sness o!rwise void4 ,:5 ! fir/ "o is ov]1 an image ( x rema9s 9 ! fancy until ! second succe$s4 ,?is1 !n1 reproduces ! fir/ by virtue ( ! law ( association by simil>ity1 b at ! same "t meets ) ! a=esaid p]si/+ image4444 ,?us does ! simple repetition ( ! s\nd provide all ! elem5ts ( "t-p]ception4 ,! fir/ s\nd z x is recall$ by association gives ! beg9n+1 ! second ! end1 & ! p]si/5t image 9 ! fancy repres5ts ! l5g? ( ! int]val4 ,at ! mom5t ( ! second impression1 ! entire "t-p]ception exi/s at once1 = !n all its elem5ts are pres5t$ toge!r1 ! second s\nd & ! image 9 ! fancy imm$iately1 & ! fir/ impression by reproduction4 ,b1 9 ! same act1 we are aw>e ( a /ate 9 :i* only ! fir/ s\nd exi/$1 & ( ano!r 9 :i* only its image exi/$ 9 ! fancy4 ,su* a consci\sness z ?is is t ( "t4444 ,9 x no succession ( ideas takes place4 7,wundt3 ,physiol4 ,psy*41 #a/ ed4 pp4 #fha-b47 ,note "h ! assumption t ! p]si/5ce & ! reproduction ( an impression are two processes :i* may g on simultane\sly4 ,also t ,wundt's description is m]ely an attempt to analyze ! 'deliv]ance' ( a "t-p]ception1 & no explanation ( ! mann] 9 :i* x comes ab\t4 #eae ,! ,alt]native1 p4 #afg4 #eaf ,locke1 9 8 dim way1 d]iv$ ! s5se ( duration f reflection on ! succession ( our ideas 7,essay1 book ii1 *ap4 xiv1 #c2 *ap4 xv1 #ab74 ,reid ju/ly rem>ks t if t5 successive elem5ts are to make duration1 !n "o mu/ make duration1 o!rwise duration mu/ be made up ( p>ts t h no duration1 :i* is impossible4444 ,i conclude1 !re=e1 t !re mu/ be duration 9 e s+le int]val or elem5t ( :i* ! :ole duration is made up4 ,no?+1 inde$1 is m c]ta9 ?an t e elem5t>y "p ( ext5sion mu/ h ext5sion4 ,n[1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t 9 ^! elem5ts ( duration1 or s+le int]vals ( successive ideas1 !re is no succession ( ideas1 yet we mu/ conceive !m to h duration2 :5ce we may conclude ) c]ta9ty t !re is a conception ( duration :]e !re is no succession ( ideas 9 ! m9d4 7,intellectual ,p[]s1 essay iii1 *ap4 v47 ,qu'on ne *]*e po9t1 says ,roy]-,coll>d 9 ! ,fragm5ts add$ to ,j\ffroy's ,translation ( ,reid1 la dure dans la succession2 on ne l'y tr\v]a jamais2 la dure a prcd la succession2 la notion de la dure a prcd la notion de la succession4 ,elle en e/ donc t\t--fait indp5dante1 dira-t-on8 ,oui1 elle en e/ t\t--fait indp5dante4 #eag ,physiol4 ,psy*41 ii1 #ed1 #ee4 #eah ,ibid4 ii1 #bac4 #eai ,philosophis*e ,/udi51 ii1 #cfb4 #ebj ,c\nt+ 0 ( c\rse n p]mitt$4 ,x w\ld h giv5 a symbolic concept & no intuitive or imm$iate p]ception ( ! totality ( ! s]ies4 ,) c\nt+ we may ( c\rse comp>e toge!r s]ies ( any l5g?--s]ies ^: beg9n+s h fad$ f our m9d1 & ( ^: totality we reta9 no s5sible impression at all4 ,to c\nt a s]ies ( clicks is an altoge!r diff]5t ?+ f m]ely p]ceiv+ !m z discont9u\s4 ,9 ! latt] case we ne$ only be consci\s ( ! bits ( empty duration betwe5 !m2 9 ! =m] we mu/ p]=m rapid acts ( association betwe5 !m & z _m names ( numb]s4 #eba ,e/el 9 ,wundt's ,philosophis*e ,/udi51 ii1 #ej4 ,mehn]1 ibid4 ii1 #ega4 ,9 ,dietze's exp]im5ts ev5 numb]s ( /rokes 7 bett] caught ?an odd ones1 by ! e>4 ,! rapidity ( _! sequ5ce _h a great influ5ce on ! result4 ,at m ?an #d seconds ap>t x 0 impossible to p]ceive s]ies ( !m z units 9 all 7cf4 ,wundt1 ,physiol4 ,psy*41 ii1 #bad74 ,!y 7 simply c\nt$ z s _m individual /rokes4 ,bel[ #j4ba to #j4aa second1 accord+ to ! obs]v]1 judgm5t aga9 became confus$4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! rate ( succession mo/ favorable = grasp+ long s]ies 0 :5 ! /rokes 7 s\nd$ at int]vals ( f #j4c'' to #j4ah' ap>t4 ,s]ies ( #d1 #f1 #h1 #af 7 m easily id5tifi$ ?an s]ies ( #aj1 #ab1 #ad1 #ah4 ,! latt] c\ld h>dly be cle>ly grasp$ at all4 ,among odd numb]s #c1 #e1 #g 7 ! s]ies easie/ caught2 next1 #i1 #ae2 h>de/ ( all1 #aa & #ac2 & #ag 0 impossible to appreh5d4 #ebb ,! exact int]val ( ! sp>ks 0 #j4jjbje''4 ,! d\bl5ess ( _! snap 0 usually replac$ by a s+le-seem+ s\nd :5 x fell to #j4jjaih''1 ! s\nd becom+ l\d] :5 ! sp>ks seem$ simultane\s4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two int]vals is only #g_/ajjjjj ( a second2 &1 z ,exn] rem>ks1 our e> & bra9 mu/ be wond]fully effici5t organs to get di/9ct feel+s f s slight an objective diff]5ce z ?is4 ,see ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 ,bd4 xi4 #ebc ,ibid4 p4 #djg4 ,:5 ! sp>ks fell s close toge!r t _! irradiation-circles ov]lapp$1 !y appe>$ l "o sp>k mov+ f ! position ( ! fir/ to t ( ! second2 & !y might !n foll[ ea* o!r z close z #j4jae'' )\t ! direction ( ! movem5t ceas+ to be cle>4 ,:5 "o sp>k fell on ! c5tre1 ! o!r on ! m>g91 ( ! ret9a1 ! "t-int]val = successive appreh5sion _h to be rais$ to #j4jgf''4 #ebd ,hall & ,ja/r[3 ,/udies ( ,rhy?m4 ,m9d1 xi1 #eh4 #ebe ,nev]!less1 multitud9\s impressions may be felt z discont9u\s1 ?\gh sep>at$ by excessively m9ute int]vals ( "t4 ,grnhag5 says 7,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 vi1 #age7 t #aj1jjj electric %ocks a second are felt z int]rupt$1 by ! tongue 7674 ,von ,witti* 7ibid4 ii1 #cbi71 t betwe5 #ajjj & #bjjj /rokes a second are felt z discrete by ! f+]4 ,w4 ,prey]1 on ! o!r h& 7,die ,gr5z5 des ,empf9dungsv]mg5s1 etc41 #ahfh1 p4 #ae71 makes contacts appe> cont9u\s to ! f+] :5 #cf4h ( !m foll[ 9 a second4 ,simil>ly1 ,ma* 7,wi5] ,sitzgsb41 li1 #b1 #adb7 gives ab\t #bf4 ,lalanne 7,comptes ,r5dus1 i_/xxxii1 p4 #acad7 f\nd summation ( f+] contacts aft] #bb repetitions 9 a second4 ,su* discrepant figures are ( d\btful wor?4 ,on ! ret9a #bj to #cj impressions a second at ! v utmo/ c be felt z discrete :5 !y fail on ! same spot4 ,! e>1 :i* beg9s to fuse /imuli toge!r into a musical tone :5 !y foll[ at ! rate ( a little ov] #cj a second1 c /ill feel #acb ( !m a second z discont9u\s :5 !y take ! %ape ( 'beats' 7,helmholtz1 ,tonempf9dung51 #c;d ed4 p4 #bgj74 #ebf ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 xi1 #dbh4 ,also 9 ,h]rmann's ,hdbh4 d4 ,physiol41 #b ,bd4 i1 ,?l4 pp4 #bfj-b4 #ebg ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 vii1 #fci4 ,tig]/$t 7,bihang till ,kongl4 ,sv5ska ,vet5skaps ,akad1 ,h&l41 ,bd4 #h1 ,hfte #b1 ,/ockholm1 #ahhd7 revises ,exn]'s figures1 & %[s t 8 conclusions are exagg]at$4 ,accord+ to ,tig]/$t1 two obs]v]s almo/ always rightly appreciat$ #j4je or #j4jf'' ( reaction-"t diff]5ce4 ,half ! "t !y did x rightly :5 ! diff]5ce sank to #j4jc''1 ?\gh f #j4jc'' & #j4jf'' diff]5ces 7 (t5 n notic$ at all4 ,buccola f\nd 7,la ,legge del ,tempo nei ,f5om5i dei ,p5si]o1 ,milano1 #ahhc1 p4 #cga7 t1 aft] mu* practice 9 mak+ rapid reactions ^u a signal1 he e/imat$ directly1 9 figures1 8 own reaction-"t1 9 #aj exp]im5ts1 ) an error ( f #j4jaf'' to #j4jah''2 9 #f1 ) "o ( #j4jje'' to #j4jfi''2 9 "o1 ) "o ( #j4jjb''2 & 9 #c1 ) "o ( #j4jjc''4 #ebh ,m9d1 xi1 #fa 7#ahhf74 #ebi ,ma*1 ,wi5] ,sitzungsb41 li1 #b4 #acc 7#ahfe72 ,e/el1 loc4 cit4 p4 #fe2 ,mehn]1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ehf2 ,buccola1 op4 cit4 p4 #cgh4 ,fe*n] labors to prove t 8 law is only ov]laid by o!r int]f]+ laws 9 ! figures record$ by ^! exp]im5t]s2 b 8 case seems to me to be "o ( desp]ate infatuation ) a hobby4 7,see ,wundt's ,philosphis*e ,/udi5 iii1 #a47 #ecj ,curi\s discrepancies exi/ betwe5 ! ,g]man & ! ,am]ican obs]v]s ) respect to ! direction ( ! error bel[ & above ! po9t ( indiff]5ce--diff]5ces p]haps due ! fatigue involv$ 9 ! ,am]ican me?od4 ,! ,g]mans l5g!n$ int]vals bel[ x & %ort5$ ^? above4 ,) sev5 ,am]icans exp]im5t$ on by ,/ev5s ?is 0 exactly rev]s$4 ,! ,g]man me?od 0 to passively li/5 to ! int]vals1 !n judge2 ! ,am]ican 0 to reproduce !m actively by movem5ts ( ! h&4 ,9 ,mehn]'s exp]im5ts !re 0 f\nd a second indiff]5ce po9t at ab\t #e seconds1 beyond :i* times 7 judg$ aga9 too long4 ,glass1 ^: "w on ! subject is ! late/ 7,philos4 ,/udi51 iv1 #dbc7 f\nd 7:5 corrections 7 all[$ =7 t all times except #j4h sec4 7 e/imat$ too %ort4 ,he f\nd a s]ies ( po9ts ( greate/ relative accuracy1 viz4 at #a4e1 #b4e1 #c4ge1 #e1 #f4be1 etc41 seconds respectively1 & ?\ght t 8 obs]vations r\ghly corroborat$ ,web]'s law4 ,z 'maximum' & 'm9imum' are pr9t$ int]*angeably 9 ,glass's article x is h>d to foll[4 #eca ,) ,vi]ordt & 8 pupils ! indiff]5ce po9t lay z high z f #a4e sec to #d4i sec1 accord+ to ! obs]v] 7cf4 ,d] ,zeits9n1 #ahfh1 p4 #aab74 ,9 mo/ ( ^! exp]im5ts ! "t he>d 0 actively reproduc$1 aft] a %ort pause1 by movem5ts ( ! h&1 :i* 7 record$4 ,wundt gives good reasons 7,physiol4 ,psy*41 ii1 #bhi1 #bij7 = reject+ ,vi]ordt's figures z errone\s4 ,vi]ordt's book1 x %\ld be said1 is full ( important matt]1 nev]!less4 #ecb ,physiol4 ,psy*41 ii1 #bhf1 #bij4 #ecc ,philosophis*e ,/udi51 i1 #hf4 #ecd ,m9d1 xi1 #djj4 #ece ,loc cit4 p4 #add4 #ecf ,op4 cit4 p4 #cgf4 ,ma*'s & ,buccola's figures1 x w be obs]v$1 are ab\t "o half ( ! re/--sub-multiples1 !re=e4 ,x ought to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ,buccola's figure has little value1 8 obs]vations n be+ well fitt$ to %[ ?is p>ticul> po9t4 #ecg ,e/el's figures l$ him to ?9k t all ! multiples enjoy$ ?is privilege2 ) ,mehn]1 on ! o!r h&1 only ! odd multiples %[$ dim9ution ( ! av]age error2 ?us1 #j4ga1 #b4ae1 #c4ee1 #e1 #f4d1 #g4h1 #i4c1 & #aj4fe second 7 respectively regi/]$ ) ! lea/ error4 ,cf4 ,phil4 ,/udi51 ii1 pp4 #eg1 #efb-e4 #ech ,cf4 especially pp4 #eeh-efa4 #eci ,wundt3 ,physiol4 ,psy*41 ii1 #bhg4 ,hall & ,ja/r[3 ,m9d1 xi1 #fb4 #edj ,mehn]3 loc4 cit4 p4 #eec4 #eda ,! numb] ( di/+ui%able diff]5ces ( spe$ betwe5 ^! limits is1 z he takes c>e to rem>k1 v mu* l>g] t #g4 7,d] ,zeits9n1 p4 #acg74 #edb ,p4 #ai1 #ah1 p4 #aab4 #edc ,i leave ! text j z x 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy 7= ',oct4 #ahhf'7 9 #ahhg4 ,s9ce !n ,mn/]b]g 9 8 ma/]ly ,beitrge zur exp]im5tell5 ,psy*ologie 7,heft #b1 #ahhi7 seems to h made x cle> :at ! s5sible *anges are by :i* we measure ! lapse ( "t4 ,:5 ! "t :i* sep>ates two s5sible impressions is less ?an "o ?ird ( a second1 he ?9ks x is almo/ entirely ! am\nt to :i* ! memory-image ( ! fir/ impression has fad$ :5 ! second "o ov]takes x1 :i* makes u feel h[ wide !y are ap>t 7p4 #bi74 ,:5 ! "t is long] ?an ?is1 we rely1 he ?9ks1 exclusively ^u ! feel+s ( muscul> t5sion & relaxation1 :i* we are con/antly receiv+ al?\gh we give to !m s little ( our direct att5tion4 ,^! feel+s are prim>ily 9 ! muscles by :i* we adopt our s5se-organs 9 att5d+ to ! signals us$1 "s ( ! muscles be+ 9 ! eye & e> !mselves1 "s ( !m 9 ! head1 neck1 etc4 ,we "h judge two "t-int]vals to be equal :5 betwe5 ! beg9n+ & end ( ea* we feel exactly simil> relaxations & subsequ5t expectant t5sions ( ^! muscles to h occurr$4 ,9 reproduc+ int]vals ourselves we try to make our feel+s ( ?is sort j :at !y 7 :5 we passively he>d ! int]val4 ,^! feel+s by !mselves1 h[ev]1 c only be us$ :5 ! int]vals are v %ort1 = ! t5sion anticipatory ( ! t]m9al /imulus naturally rea*es its maximum v soon4 ,) long] int]vals we take ! feel+ ( our inspirations & expirations into acc\nt4 ,) our expirations all ! o!r muscul> t5sions 9 our body und]go a rhy?mical decrease2 ) our inspirations ! rev]se takes place4 ,:51 !re=e1 we note a "t-int]val ( sev]al seconds ) int5t to reproduce x1 :at we seek is to make ! e>li] & lat] int]val agree 9 ! numb] & am\nt ( ^! respiratory *anges comb9$ ) s5se-organ adju/m5ts ) :i* !y are fill$4 ,mn/]b]g has /udi$ c>efully 9 8 own ease ! v>iations ( ! respiratory factor4 ,!y are _m2 b he sums up 8 exp]i5ce by say+ t :e!r he measur$ by inspirations t 7 divid$ by mom5t>y pauses into six p>ts1 or by inspirations t 7 cont9u\s2 :e!r ) s5sory t5sion dur+ inspiration & relaxation dur+ expiration1 or by t5sion dur+ bo? inspiration & expiration1 sep>at$ by a sudd5 int]polat$ relaxation2 :e!r ) special notice tak5 ( ! cephalic t5sions1 or ( ^? 9 ! trunk & %\ld]s1 9 all cases alike & )\t exception he involunt>ily endeavor$1 :5ev] he comp>$ two times or tri$ to make "o ! same z ! o!r1 to get exactly ! same respiratory conditions & conditions ( t5sion1 all ! subjective conditions1 9 %ort1 exactly ! same dur+ ! second int]val z !y 7 dur+ ! fir/4 ,mn/]b]g corroborat$ 8 subjective obs]vations by exp]im5ts4 ,! obs]v] ( ! "t _h to reproduce z exactly z possible an int]val betwe5 two %>p s\nds giv5 him by an assi/ant4 ,! only condition impos$ ^u him 0 t he %\ld n modify 8 brea?+ = ! purposes ( measurem5t4 ,x 0 !n f\nd t :5 ! assi/ant broke 9 at r&om ) 8 signals1 ! judgm5t ( ! obs]v] 0 va/ly less accurate ?an :5 ! assi/ant c>efully wat*$ ! obs]v]'s brea?+ & made bo? ! beg9n+ ( ! "t giv5 him & t ( ! "t :i* he 0 to give co9cide ) id5tical phases !re(4--,f9ally1 ,mn/]b]g ) great plausibility tries to expla9 ! discrepancies betwe5 ! results ( ,vi]ordt1 ,e/el1 ,mehn]1 ,glass1 etc41 z due to ! fact t !y did n all use ! same measure4 ,"s brea! a little fa/]1 "s a little sl[]4 ,"s break _! inspirations into two p>ts1 "s d n1 etc4 ,! co9cid5ce ( ! objective times measur$ ) def9ite natural phases ( brea?+ w\ld v easily give p]iodical maxima ( facility 9 measur+ accurately4 #edd ,any "o wi%+ yet fur!r examples ( ?is m5tal sub/itution w f9d "o on obs]v+ h[ habitually he ?9ks ( ! spaces on ! clock-face in/ead ( ! p]iods !y /& =2 h[1 on discov]+ x to be half an h\r lat] ?an be suppos$1 he does n repres5t ! half h\r 9 its duration1 b sc>cely passes beyond ! sign ( x m>k$ by ! f+]4 7,h4 ,sp5c]3 ,psy*ology1 #ccf47 #ede ,! only objections to ?is :i* ,i c ?9k ( are3 7#a7 ,! accuracy ) :i* "s m5 judge ( ! h\r ( day or night )\t look+ at ! clock2 7#b7 ! faculty "s h ( wak+ at a preappo9t$ h\r2 7#c7 ! accuracy ( "t-p]ception report$ to exi/ 9 c]ta9 trance-subjects4 ,x might seem t 9 ^! p]sons "s sort ( a sub-consci\s record 0 kept ( ! lapse ( "t p] se4 ,b ?is _c be admitt$ until x is prov$ t !re are no physiological processes1 ! feel+ ( ^: c\rse may s]ve z a sign ( h[ mu* "t has sp$1 & s lead u to inf] ! h\r4 ,t !re are su* processes x is h>dly possible to d\bt4 ,an +5i\s fri5d ( m9e 0 long puzzl$ to "k :y ea* day ( ! week _h su* a *>act]i/ic physiognomy to him4 ,t ( ,sunday 0 soon notic$ to be due to ! cessation ( ! city's rumbl+1 & ! s\nd ( p's feet %uffl+ on ! sidewalk2 ( ,monday1 to come f ! clo!s dry+ 9 ! y>d & ca/+ a :ite reflection on ! ceil+2 ( ,tuesday1 to a cause :i* ,i =get2 & ,i ?9k my fri5d did n get beyond ,w$nesday4 ,probably ea* h\r 9 ! day has = mo/ ( u "s out] or inn] sign associat$ ) x z closely z ^! signs ) ! days ( ! week4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 aft] all1 h[ev]1 t ! great improvem5t ( ! "t-p]ception dur+ sleep & trance is a my/]y n z yet cle>$ up4 ,all my life ,i h be5 /ruck by ! accuracy ) :i* ,i w wake at ! same exact m9ute night aft] night & morn+ aft] morn+1 if only ! habit =tuit\sly beg9s4 ,! organic regi/ration 9 me is indep5d5t ( sleep4 ,aft] ly+ 9 b$ a long "t awake ,i sudd5ly rise )\t kn[+ ! "t1 & = days & weeks toge!r w d s at an id5tical m9ute by ! clock1 z if "s inw>d physiological process caus$ ! act by punctually runn+ d[n4---,idiots are said sometimes to possess ! "t-measur+ faculty 9 a m>k$ degree4 ,i h an int]e/+ manuscript acc\nt ( an idiot girl :i* says3 ,%e 0 punctual almo/ to a m9ute 9 h] dem& = food & o!r regul> att5tions4 ,h] d9n] 0 g5]ally furni%$ h] at #ab4cj p4 m41 & at t h\r %e w\ld beg9 to scream if x 7 n =?com+4 ,if on ,fa/-day or ,?anksgiv+ x 7 delay$1 9 accordance ) ! ,new ,engl& cu/om1 %e scream$ f h] usual d9n]-h\r until ! food 0 c>ri$ to h]4 ,on ! next day1 h[ev]1 %e aga9 made kn[n h] wants promptly at #ab4cj4 ,any slight att5tion %[n h] on "o day 0 dem&$ on ! next at ! correspond+ h\r4 ,if an orange 7 giv5 h] at #d p4 m4 on ,w$nesday1 at ! same h\r on ,?ursday %e made kn[n h] expectation1 & if ! fruit 7 n giv5 h] %e cont9u$ to call = x at int]vals = two or ?ree h\rs4 ,at f\r on ,friday ! process w\ld be repeat$ b w\ld la/ less long2 & s on = two or ?ree days4 ,if "o ( h] si/]s visit$ h] accid5tally at a c]ta9 h\r1 ! %>p pi]c+ scream 0 sure to summon h] at ! same h\r ! next day1 etc41 etc4--,= ^! obscure matt]s consult ,c4 ,du ,prel3 ,! ,philosophy ( ,my/icism1 *ap4 iii1 #a4 #edf ,ideale ,frag5 7#ahgh74 p4 #bai 7,essay1 ',zeit und ,weile'74 #edg ,revue ,philosophique1 vol4 iii1 p4 #dif4 #edh ,empty "t is mo/ /rongly p]ceiv$ :5 x comes z a pause 9 music or 9 spee*4 ,suppose a prea*] 9 ! pulpit1 a pr(essor at 8 desk1 to /ick /ill 9 ! mid/ ( 8 disc\rse2 or let a compos] 7z is sometimes purposely done7 make all 8 in/rum5ts /op at once2 we await e in/ant ! resumption ( ! p]=mance1 &1 9 ?is await+1 p]ceive1 m ?an 9 any o!r possible way1 ! empty "t4 ,to *ange ! example1 let1 9 a piece ( polyphonic music--a figure1 = in/ance1 9 :i* a tangle ( melodies are "u way--sudd5ly a s+le voice be he>d1 :i* su/a9s a long note1 :ile all else is hu%$4444 ,?is "o note w appe> v protract$--:y8 ,because we expect to he> accompany+ x ! notes ( ! o!r in/rum5ts1 b !y fail to come4 7,h]b>t3 ,psy*ol4 als ,w41 #aae47--;,comp>e also ,mn/]b]g1 ,beitrge1 ,heft #b1 p4 #da4 #edi ,a night ( pa9 w seem t]ribly long3 we keep look+ =w>d to a mom5t :i* nev] comes--! mom5t :5 x %all cease4 ,b ! odi\sness ( ?is exp]i5ce is n nam$ ennui or ,langweile1 l ! odi\sness ( "t t seems long f its empt9ess4 ,! m positive odi\sness ( ! pa91 r1 is :at t+es our memory ( ! night4 ,:at we feel1 z ,pr(4 ,laz>us says 7op4 cit4 p4 #bjb71 is ! long "t ( ! suff]+1 n ! suff]+ ( ! long "t p] se4 #eej ,on ^! v>iations ( "t-e/imate1 cf4 ,romanes1 ,consci\sness ( ,"t1 9 ,m9d1 vol4 iii1 p4 #big2 ,j4 ,sully1 ,illusions1 pp4 #bde-bfa1 #cjb-cje2 ,w4 ,wundt4 ,physiol4 ,psy*41 ii1 #bhg1 #bhh2 besides ! essays quot$ f ,laz>us & ,janet4 ,9 ,g]man1 ! successors ( ,h]b>t h treat$ ( ?is subject3 comp>e ,volkmann's ,lehrbu* d4 ,psy*41 #hi1 & = ref]5ces to o!r au?ors 8 note #c to ?is section4 ,l9dn] 7,lbh4 d4 empir4 ,psy*471 z a p>allel effect1 in/ances ,alex&] ! ,great's life 7?irty-?ree ye>s71 :i* seems to u z if x mu/ be long1 because x 0 s ev5tful4 ,simil>ly ! ,engli% ,commonweal?1 etc4 #eea ,physiol4 ,optik1 p4 #dde4 #eeb ,succession1 "t p] se1 is no =ce4 ,our talk ab\t its dev\r+ too?1 etc41 is all elliptical4 ,its cont5ts are :at dev\r4 ,! law ( in]tia is incompatible ) "t's be+ assum$ z an effici5t cause ( any?+4 #eec ,lehrbu* d4 ,psy*41 #hg4 ,comp>e also ,h4 ,lotze1 ,metaphysik1 #aed4 #eed ,! cause ( ! p]ceiv+1 n ! object p]ceiv$6 #eee ',no m' & 'n yet' are ! prop] "t-feel+s1 & we are aw>e ( "t 9 no o!r way ?an ?r\gh ^! feel+s1 says ,volkmann 7,psy*ol41 #hg74 ,?is1 :i* is n /rictly true ( our feel+ ( "t p] se1 z an elem5t>y bit ( duration1 is true ( our feel+ ( date 9 its ev5ts4 #eef ,we con/ruct ! miles j z we con/ruct ! ye>s4 ,travell+ 9 ! c>s makes a succession ( diff]5t fields ( view pass be=e our eyes4 ,:5 ^? t h pass$ f pres5t sight revive 9 memory1 !y ma9ta9 _! mutual ord] because _! cont5ts ov]lap4 ,we ?9k !m z hav+ be5 be=e or beh9d ea* o!r2 &1 f ! multitude ( ! views we c recall beh9d ! "o n[ pres5t$1 we compute ! total space we h pass$ ?r\gh4 ,x is (t5 said t ! p]ception ( "t develops lat] ?an t ( space1 because *ildr5 h s vague an idea ( all dates be=e ye/]day & aft] to-morr[4 ,b no vagu] ?an !y h ( ext5sions t exce$ z greatly _! unit ( space-intuition4 ,rec5tly ,i he>d my *ild ( f\r tell a visitor t he _h be5 'z mu* z "o week' 9 ! c\ntry4 ,z he _h be5 !re ?ree mon?s1 ! visitor express$ surprise2 :]eupon ! *ild correct$ himself by say+ he _h be5 !re 'twelve ye>s4' ,b ! *ild made exactly ! same k9d ( mi/ake :5 he ask$ if ,bo/on 0 n "o hundr$ miles f ,cambridge1 ! di/ance be+ ?ree miles4 #eeg ,mo/ ( ^! explanations simply give ! signs :i*1 adh]+ to impressions1 lead u to date !m )9 a duration1 or1 9 o!r words1 to assign to !m _! ord]4 ,:y x %\ld be a "t-ord]1 h[ev]1 is n expla9$4 ,h]b>t's w\ld-be explanation is a simple description ( "t-p]ception4 ,he says x comes :51 ) ! la/ memb] ( a s]ies pres5t to our consci\sness1 we also ?9k ( ! fir/2 & !n ! :ole s]ies revives 9 our ?\ght at once1 b ) /r5g? dim9i%+ 9 ! backw>d direction 7,psy*ol4 als ,wiss41 #aae2 ,lehrb4 zur ,psy*ol41 #aga1 #agb1 #age74 ,simil>ly ,drobis*1 :o adds t ! s]ies mu/ appe> z "o already elaps$ 7dur*lauf5e71 a ^w :i* %[s ev5 m cle>ly ! "q-begg+ nature ( ?is sort ( acc\nt 7,empiris*e ,psy*ol41 #ei74 ,?4 ,waitz is guilty ( simil> "q-begg+ :5 he expla9s our "t-consci\sness to be eng5d]$ by a set ( unsuccessful attempts to make our p]cepts agree ) our expectations 7,lehrb4 d4 ,psy*ol41 #eb74 ,volkmann's my?ological acc\nt ( pa/ repres5tations /riv+ to drive pres5t ones out ( ! seat ( consci\sness1 be+ driv5 back by !m1 etc41 suff]s f ! same fallacy 7,psy*ol41 #hg74 ,b all su* acc\nts agree 9 imply+ "o fact---viz41 t ! bra9-processes ( v>i\s ev5ts mu/ be active simultane\sly1 & 9 v>y+ /r5g?1 = a "t-p]ception to be possible4 ,lat] au?ors h made ?is idea m precise4 ,?us1 ,lipps3 ,s5sations arise1 occupy consci\sness1 fade into images1 & vani%4 ,accord+ z two ( !m1 a & b1 g ?r\gh ?is process simultane\sly1 or z "o prec$es or foll[s ! o!r1 ! phases ( _! fad+ w agree or diff]2 & ! diff]5ce w be proportional to ! "t-diff]5ce betwe5 _! sev]al mom5ts ( beg9n+4 ,?us !re are diff]5ces ( quality 9 ! images1 :i* ! m9d may translate into correspond+ diff]5ces ( _! temporal ord]4 ,!re is no o!r possible middle t]m betwe5 ! objective "t-relations & ^? 9 ! m9d ?an ^! diff]5ces ( phase4 7,grundtatsa*5 des ,seel5leb5s1 p4 #ehh47 ,lipps accord+ly calls !m 'temporal signs1' & ha/5s explicitly to add t ! s\l's translation ( _! ord] ( /r5g? into a "t-ord] is entirely inexplicable 7p4 #eia74 ,m4 ,guyau's acc\nt 7,revue ,philosophique1 xix1 #cec7 h>dly diff]s f t ( 8 pr$ecessors1 except 9 picturesqu5ess ( /yle4 ,e *ange leaves a s]ies ( tra9es lum9euses 9 ! m9d l ! passage ( %oot+ />s4 ,ea* image is 9 a m fad+ phase1 accord+ z its orig9al 0 m remote4 ,?is gr\p ( images gives duration1 ! m]e "t-=m1 ! 'b$' ( "t4 ,! di/9ction ( pa/1 pres5t1 & future )9 ! b$ comes f our active nature4 ,! future 7z ) ,waitz7 is :at ,i want1 b h n yet got1 & mu/ wait =4 ,all ?is is d\btless true1 b is no explanation4 ,mr4 ,w>d gives1 9 8 ,encyclopdia ,britannica article 7,psy*ology1 p4 #fe1 col4 #a71 a /ill m ref9$ attempt to specify ! 'temporal sign4' ,! problem be+1 among a numb] ( o!r ?+s ?\ght z successive1 b simultane\sly ?\ght1 to det]m9e :i* is fir/ & :i* la/1 he says3 ,aft] ea* di/9ct repres5tation1 a b c d1 !re may int]v5e ! repres5tation ( t movem5t ( att5tion ( :i* we are aw>e 9 pass+ f "o object to ano!r4 ,9 our pres5t rem9isc5ce we h1 x mu/ be all[$1 little direct pro( ( ?is int]v5tion2 ?\gh !re is1 ,i ?9k1 indirect evid5ce ( x 9 ! t5d5cy ( ! fl[ ( ideas to foll[ ! ord] 9 :i* ! pres5tations 7 at fir/ att5d$ to4 ,) ! movem5t itself :5 ! direction ( att5tion *anges1 we are famili> en\gh1 ?\gh ! residua ( su* movem5ts are n ord9>ily conspicu\s4 ,^! residua1 !n1 are our temporal signs4444 ,b temporal signs alone w n furni% all ! pictorial exactness ( ! "t-p]spective4 ,^! give u only a fix$ s]ies2 b ! law ( oblivisc5ce1 by insur+ a progressive v>iation 9 int5sity z we pass f "o memb] ( ! s]ies to ! o!r1 yields ! effect :i* we call "t-di/ance4 ,by !mselves su* v>iations 9 int5sity w\ld leave u liable to conf\nd m vivid repres5tations 9 ! di/ance ) fa9t] ones ne>] ! pres5t1 b f ?is mi/ake ! temporal signs save u2 :]e ! memory-cont9uum is imp]fect su* mi/akes cont9ually occur4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e ^! v>iations are slight & imp]ceptible1 ?\gh ! memory-cont9uum pres]ves ! ord] ( ev5ts intact1 we h /ill no su* di/9ct appreciation ( comp>ative di/ance 9 "t z we h ne>] to ! pres5t1 :]e ^! p]ceptive effects are consid]able4444 ,locke speaks ( our ideas succe$+ ea* o!r 'at c]ta9 di/ances n mu* unlike ! images 9 ! inside ( a lant]n turn$ r\nd by ! heat ( a c&le1' & 'guesses' t '?is appe>ance ( !irs 9 tra9 v>ies n v mu* 9 a wak+ man4' ,n[ :at is ?is 'di/ance' t sep>ates a f b1 b f c1 & s on2 & :at means h we ( kn[+ t x is tol]ably con/ant 9 wak+ life8 ,x is1 probably1 t1 ! residuum ( :i* ,i h call$ a temporal sign2 or1 9 o!r words1 x is ! movem5t ( att5tion f a to b4 ,nev]!less1 ,mr4 ,w>d does n call our feel+ ( ?is movem5t ( att5tion ! orig9al ( our feel+ ( "t1 or its bra9-process ! bra9-process :i* directly causes u to p]ceive "t4 ,he says1 a mom5t lat]1 t ?\gh ! fixation ( att5tion does ( c\rse really occupy "t1 x is probably n 9 ! fir/ in/ance p]ceiv$ z "t--i4e4 z cont9u\s 'prot5sity1' to use a t]m ( ,hamilton's--b z int5sity4 ,?us1 if ?is supposition be true1 !re is an elem5t 9 our concrete "t p]ceptions :i* has no place 9 our ab/ract conception ( ,"t4 ,9 ,"t physically conceiv$ !re is no trace ( int5sity2 9 "t psy*ically exp]i5c$1 duration is prim>ily an int5sive magnitude1 & s f> lit]ally a p]ception4 ,its 'orig9al' is1 !n1 if ,i und]/& ,mr ,w>d1 some?+ l a feel+ :i* accompanies1 z pleasure & pa9 may accompany1 ! movem5ts ( att5tion4 ,its bra9-process mu/1 x w\ld seem1 be assimilat$ 9 g5]al type to ! bra9-processes ( pleasure & pa94 ,su* w\ld seem m or less consci\sly to be ,mr4 ,w>d's own view1 = he says3 ,ev]ybody kn[s :at x is to be di/ract$ by a rapid succession ( v>i$ impressions1 & equally :at x is to be we>i$ by ! sl[ & monoton\s recurr5ce ( ! same impressions4 ,n[ ^! 'feel+s' ( di/raction & t$ium owe _! *>act]i/ic qualities to movem5ts ( att5tion4 ,9 ! fir/1 att5tion is kept incessantly on ! move2 be=e x is accommodat$ to a1 x is di/urb$ by ! sudd5ness1 int5sity1 & novelty ( b2 9 ! second1 x is kept all b /ation>y by ! repeat$ pres5tation ( ! same impression4 ,su* excess & defect ( surprises make "o realize a fact :i* 9 ord9>y life is s obscure z to escape notice4 ,b rec5t exp]im5ts h set ?is fact 9 a m /rik+ light1 & made cle> :at ,locke _h dimly be=e 8 m9d 9 talk+ ( a c]ta9 di/ance betwe5 ! pres5tations ( a wak+ man4 ,9 e/imat+ v %ort p]iods ( "t ( a second or less1 indicat$1 say1 by ! beats ( a metronome1 x is f\nd t !re is a c]ta9 p]iod = :i* ! mean ( a numb] ( e/imates is correct1 :ile %ort] p]iods are on ! :ole ov]-1 & long] p]iods "u-e/imat$4 ,i take ?is to be evid5ce ( ! "t occupi$ 9 accommodat+ or fix+ att5tion4 ,allud+ to ! fact t a s]ies ( exp]i5ces1 a b c d e1 may seem %ort 9 retrospect1 :i* seem$ ev]la/+ 9 pass+1 he says3 ,:at tells 9 retrospect is ! s]ies a b c d e1 etc42 :at tells 9 ! pres5t is ! int]v5+ t#a t#b t#c1 etc41 or r ! orig9al accommodation ( :i* ^! temporal signs are ! residuum4 ,& he concludes ?us3 ,we seem to h pro( t our p]ception ( duration re/s ultimately ^u quasi-motor objects ( v>y+ int5sity1 ! duration ( :i* we d n directly exp]i5ce z duration at all4 ,wundt also ?9ks t ! int]val ( ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( a second1 :i* is e/imat$ ) ! m9imum ( error1 po9ts to a connection betwe5 ! "t-feel+ & ! succession ( di/9ctly 'app]ceiv$' objects be=e ! m9d4 ,! 'association-"t' is also equal to ab\t ?ree f\r?s ( a second4 ,?is association-"t he reg>ds z a sort ( int]nal /&>d ( duration to :i* we involunt>ily assimilate all int]vals :i* we try to reproduce1 br++ %ort] ones up to x & long] ones d[n4 ,9 ! ,/ev5s result we %\ld h to say contra/ in/ead ( assimilate1 = ! long] int]vals !re seem long]1 & ! %ort] ones %ort] /ill4 ,s+ul>ly en\gh1 he adds 7,physiol4 ,psy*41 ii1 #bhf71 ?is "t is ab\t t 9 :i* 9 rapid walk+1 accord+ to ! ,web]s1 our legs p]=m _! sw+4 ,x seems ?us n unlikely t bo? psy*ical con/ants1 t ( ! av]age spe$ ( reproduction & t ( ! sure/ e/imation ( "t1 h =m$ !mselves "u ! influ5ce ( ^? mo/ habitual movem5ts ( ! body :i* we also use :5 we try to subdivide rhy?mically long] tracts ( "t4 ,f9ally1 ,pr(4 ,ma* makes a sugge/ion m specific /ill4 ,aft] say+ v rightly t we h a real s5sation ( "t--h[ o!rwise %\ld we id5tify two entirely diff]5t airs z be+ play$ 9 ! same '"t'8 h[ di/+ui% 9 memory ! fir/ /roke ( ! clock f ! second1 unless to ea* !re clove its special "t-s5sation1 :i* reviv$ ) x8--he says x is probable t ?is feel+ is connect$ ) t organic consumption :i* is necess>ily l9k$ ) ! production ( consci\sness1 & t ! "t :i* we feel is probably due to ! me*anical8 "w ( ! process (8 att5tion4 ,:5 att5tion is /ra9$1 "t seems long2 dur+ easy occupation1 %ort1 etc4444 ,! fatigue ( ! organ ( consci\sness1 z long z we wake1 cont9ually increases1 & ! "w ( att5tion augm5ts z cont9ually4 ,^? impressions :i* are conjo9$ ) a great] am\nt ( "w ( att5tion appe> to u z ! lat]4 ,! app>5t relative displacem5t ( c]ta9 simultane\s ev5ts & c]ta9 ana*ronisms ( dreams are held by ,ma* to be easily explicable z effects ( a splitt+ ( ! att5tion betwe5 two objects1 "o ( :i* consumes mo/ ( x 7,beitrge zur ,analyse d] ,empf9dung51 p4 #ajc foll474 ,ma*'s !ory seems wor?y ( be+ bett] work$ out4 ,x is h>d to say n[ :e!r he1 ,w>d1 & ,wundt mean at bottom ! same ?+ or n4 ,! !ory advanc$ 9 my own text1 x w be rem>k$1 does n pret5d to be an explanation1 b only an elem5t>y /atem5t ( ! 'law' :i* makes u aw>e ( "t4 ,! ,h]b>tian my?ology purports to expla94 #eeh ,x w\ld be ra% to say def9itely j h[ _m seconds long ?is speci\s pres5t mu/ ne$s be1 = processes fade 'asymptotically1' & ! di/9ctly intuit$ pres5t m]ges into a p5umbra ( m]e dim rec5cy be=e x turns into ! pa/ :i* is simply reproduc$ & conceiv$4 ,_m a ?+ :i* we d n di/9ctly date by int]calat+ x 9 a place betwe5 two o!r ?+s w1 nev]!less1 come to u ) ?is feel+ ( belong+ to a ne> pa/4 ,?is s5se ( rec5cy is a feel+ sui g5]is1 & may affect ?+s t happ5$ h\rs ago4 ,x w\ld seem to %[ t _! bra9-processes are /ill 9 a /ate modifi$ by ! =ego+ excitem5t1 /ill 9 a 'fad+' phase1 9 spite ( ! long int]val4 #eei ,physiol4 ,psy*1 ii1 #bfc4 #efj ,i leave my text z x 0 pr9t$ be=e ,mn/]b]g's essay appe>$ 7see ,footnote #edb1 above74 ,he d5ies t we measure any b m9imal durations by ! am\nt ( fad+ 9 ! ideational processes1 & talks almo/ exclusively ( our feel+s ( muscul> t5sion 9 8 acc\nt1 :]eas ,i h made no m5tion ( su* ?+s 9 m9e4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 see t !re is any conflict betwe5 :at he & ,i sugge/4 ,i am ma9ly conc]n$ ) ! consci\sness ( duration reg>d$ z a specific sort ( object1 he is conc]n$ ) ?is object's measurem5t exclusively4 ,feel+s ( t5sion might be ! means ( ! measurem5t1 :il/ ov]lapp+ processes ( any & e k9d gave ! object to be measur$4 ,! accommodative & respiratory movem5ts f :i* ! feel+s ( t5sion come =m regul>ly recurr+ s5sations divid$ by _! 'phases' into int]vals z def9ite z ^? by :i* a y>d/ick is divid$ by ! m>ks ^u its l5g?4 ,let a#a1 a#b1 a#c1 a#d1 be homolog\s phases 9 f\r successive movem5ts ( ?is k9d4 ,if f\r out] /imuli #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 co9cide ea* ) "o ( ^! successive phases1 !n _! 'di/ances ap>t' are felt z equal1 o!rwise n4 ,b !re is no reason :atev] to suppose t ! m]e ov]lapp+ ( ! bra9-process ( #b by ! fad+ process ( #a1 or t ( #c by t ( #b1 etc41 does n give ! *>act]i/ic quality ( cont5t :i* we call 'di/ance ap>t' 9 ?is exp]i5ce1 & :i* by aid ( ! muscul> feel+s gets judg$ to be equal4 ,d\btless ! muscul> feel+s c give u ! object '"t' z well z its measure1 because _! e>li] phases leave fad+ s5sations :i* con/antly ov]lap ! vivid s5sation ( ! pres5t phase4 ,b x w\ld be contr>y to analogy to suppose t !y %\ld be ! only exp]i5ces :i* give ?is object4 ,i d n und]/& ,h]r ,mn/]b]g to claim ?is = !m4 ,he takes our s5se ( "t = grant$1 & only discusses its measurem5t4 #efa ,exn] 9 ,h]mann's ,hdb*4 d4 ,physiol41 ,bd4 ii1 ,?l4 ii1 p4 #bha4 ,ri*et 9 ,revue ,philosophique1 xxi1 #efh 7ju91 #ahhf74 ,see ! next *apt]1 pp4 #fdb-fdf4 #efb ,i h spok5 ( fad+ bra9-processes alone1 b only = simplicity's sake4 ,dawn+ processes probably play z important a "p 9 giv+ ! feel+ ( duration to ! speci\s pres5t4 #efc ,r$5 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahfd71 vol4 i1 pp4 #bee-bfh4 #efd ,psy*ology1 #ia4 #efe ,! pati5t _c reta9 ! image ( an object m ?an a mom5t4 ,8 memory is z %ort = s\nds1 lett]s1 figures1 & pr9t$ words4 ,if we cov] a writt5 or pr9t$ ^w ) a %eet ( pap] 9 :i* a little w9d[ has be5 cut1 s t only ! fir/ lett] is visible ?r\gh ! w9d[1 he pron\nces ?is lett]4 ,if1 !n1 ! %eet is mov$ s z to cov] ! fir/ lett] & make ! second "o visible1 he pron\nces ! second1 b =gets ! fir/1 & _c pron\nce ! fir/ & second toge!r4 ,& s =? to ! end4 ,if he closes 8 eyes & draws 8 f+] explor+ly ov] a well-kn[n object l a knife or key1 he _c comb9e ! sep>ate impressions & recognize ! object4 ,b if x is put into 8 h& s t he c simultane\sly t\* x ) sev]al f+]s1 he names x )\t difficulty4 ,?is pati5t has ?us lo/ ! capacity = gr\p+ successive 444 impressions 444 into a :ole & p]ceiv+ !m z a :ole4 7,gra%ey1 9 ,ar*iv fr ,psy*iatrie1 ,bd4 xvi1 pp4 #fgb-fgc47 ,x is h>d to believe t 9 su* a pati5t ! "t intuit$ 0 n clipp$ (f l ! impressions x held1 ?\gh p]haps n s mu* ( x4 ,i h myself (t5 not$ a curi\s exagg]ation ( "t-p]spective at ! mom5t ( a fall+ asleep4 ,a p]son w be mov+ or do+ some?+ 9 ! room1 & a c]ta9 /age ( 8 act 7:atev] x may be7 w be my la/ wak+ p]ception4 ,!n a subsequ5t /age w wake me to a new p]ception4 ,! two /ages ( ! act w n be m ?an a few seconds ap>t2 & yet x always seems to me z if1 betwe5 ! e>li] & ! lat] "o1 a long int]val has pass$ away4 ,i conjecturally acc\nt = ! ph5om5on ?us1 call+ ! two /ages ( ! act a & b respectively3 ,7 ,i awake1 a w\ld leave a fad+ process 9 my s5sorium :i* w\ld ov]lap ! process ( b :5 ! latt] came1 & bo? w\ld !n appe> 9 ! same speci\s pres5t1 a belong+ to its e>li] end4 ,b ! sudd5 adv5t ( ! bra9-*ange call$ sleep ext+ui%es a's fad+ process abruptly4 ,:5 b !n comes & wakes me1 a comes back1 x is true1 b n z belong+ to ! speci\s pres5t4 ,x has to be specially revok$ 9 memory4 ,?is mode ( revocation usually *>act]izes long-pa/ ?+s--:5ce ! illusion4 #eff ,aga9 ,i omit ! future1 m]ely = simplicity's sake4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,memory4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] :at conc]n$ u 0 ! direct intuition ( "t4 ,we f\nd x limit$ to int]vals ( consid]ably less ?an a m9ute4 ,beyond its bord]s ext5ds ! imm5se region ( conceiv$ "t1 pa/ & future1 into "o direction or ano!r ( :i* we m5tally project all ! ev5ts :i* we ?9k ( z real1 & =m a sy/ematic ord] ( !m by giv+ to ea* a date4 ,! relation ( conceiv$ to intuit$ "t is j l t ( ! fictiti\s space pictur$ on ! flat back-sc5e ( a !atre to ! actual space ( ! /age4 ,! objects pa9t$ on ! =m] 7trees1 columns1 h\ses 9 a rec$+ /reet1 etc47 c>ry back ! s]ies ( simil> objects solidly plac$ ^u ! latt]1 & we ?9k we see ?+s 9 a cont9u\s p]spective1 :5 we really see ?us only a few ( !m & imag9e t we see ! re/4 ,! *apt] :i* lies be=e u deals ) ! way 9 :i* we pa9t ! remote pa/1 z x 71 ^u a canvas 9 our memory1 & yet (t5 imag9e t we h direct vision ( its dep?s4 ,! /ream ( ?\ght fl[s on2 b mo/ ( its segm5ts fall into ! bottomless abyss ( oblivion4 ,( "s1 no memory survives ! in/ant ( _! passage4 ,( o!rs1 x is conf9$ to a few mom5ts1 h\rs1 or days4 ,o!rs1 aga91 leave ve/iges :i* are inde/ructible1 & by means ( :i* !y may be recall$ z long z life endures4 ,c we expla9 ^! diff]5ces8 ,,prim>y ,,memory4 ,! fir/ po9t to be notic$ is t = a /ate ( m9d to survive 9 memory x mu/ h endur$1 = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t4 ,9 o!r words1 x mu/ be :at ,i call a sub/antive /ate4 ,prepositional & conjunctival /ates ( m9d are n rememb]$ z indep5d5t facts--we _c recall j h[ we felt :5 we said 'h[' or 'not)/&+4' ,our consci\sness ( ^! transitive /ates is %ut up to _! own mom5t--h5ce "o difficulty 9 introspective psy*ologiz+4 ,any /ate ( m9d :i* is %ut up to its own mom5t & fails to become an object = succe$+ /ates ( m9d1 is z if x belong$ to ano!r /ream ( ?\ght4 ,or r1 x belongs only physically1 n intellectually1 to its own /ream1 =m+ a bridge f "o segm5t ( x to ano!r1 b n be+ appropriat$ inw>dly by =m] segm5ts or appe>+ z "p ( ! empirical self1 9 ! mann] expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,x4 ,all ! intellectual value = u ( a /ate ( m9d dep5ds on our aft]-memory ( x4 ,only !n is x comb9$ 9 a sy/em & kn[+ly made to contribute to a result4 ,only !n does x c\nt = u4 ,s t ! ,,effective consci\sness we h ( our /ates is ! aft]-consci\sness2 & ! m ( ?is !re is1 ! m influ5ce does ! orig9al /ate h1 & ! m p]man5t a factor is x ( our _w4 ,an indelibly-impr9t$ pa9 may color a life2 b1 z ,pr(essor ,ri*et says3 ,to suff] = only a hundr$? ( a second is n to suff] at all2 & = my "p ,i w\ld readily agree to und]go a pa91 h[ev] acute & int5se x might be1 provid$ x %\ld la/ only a hundr$? ( a second1 & leave aft] x nei!r rev]b]ation nor recall4#efg ,n t a mom5t>y /ate ( consci\sness ne$ be practically resultless4 ,f> f x3 su* a /ate1 ?\gh absolutely unrememb]$1 might at its own mom5t det]m9e ! transition ( our ?9k+ 9 a vital way1 & decide our action irrevocably4#efh ,b ! idea ( x c\ld n aft]w>ds det]m9e transition & action1 its cont5t c\ld n be conceiv$ z "o ( ! m9d's p]man5t mean+s3 t is all ,i mean by say+ t its intellectual value lies 9 aft]-memory4 ,z a rule s5sations outla/ = "s little "t ! objective /imulus :i* occasion$ !m4 ,?is ph5om5on is ! gr\nd ( ^? 'aft]-images' :i* are famili> 9 ! physiology ( ! s5se-organs4 ,if we op5 our eyes in/antane\sly ^u a sc5e1 & !n %r\d !m 9 complete d>kness1 x w be z if we saw ! sc5e 9 gho/ly light ?r\gh ! d>k scre54 ,we c read (f details 9 x :i* 7 unnotic$ :il/ ! eyes 7 op54#efi ,9 e sph]e ( s5se1 an int]mitt5t /imulus1 (t5 en\gh repeat$1 produces a cont9u\s s5sation4 ,?is is because ! aft]-image ( ! impression j gone by bl5ds ) ! new impression com+ 94 ,! effects ( /imuli may ?us be sup]pos$ ^u ea* o!r _m /ages deep1 ! total result 9 consci\sness be+ an increase 9 ! feel+'s int5sity1 & 9 all probability1 z we saw 9 ! la/ *apt]1 an elem5t>y s5se ( ! lapse ( "t 7see p4 #fce74 ,exn] writes3 ,impressions to :i* we are inatt5tive leave s brief an image 9 ! memory t x is usually ov]look$4 ,:5 deeply absorb$1 we d n he> ! clock /rike4 ,b our att5tion may awake aft] ! /rik+ has ceas$1 & we may !n c\nt (f ! /rokes4 ,su* examples are (t5 f\nd 9 daily life4 ,we c also prove ! exi/5ce ( ?is prim>y memory-image1 z x may be call$1 9 ano!r p]son1 ev5 :5 8 att5tion is completely absorb$ else:]e4 ,ask someone1 e4g41 to c\nt ! l9es ( a pr9t$ page z fa/ z he c1 & :il/ ?is is go+ on walk a few /eps ab\t ! room4 ,!n1 :5 ! p]son has done c\nt+1 ask him :]e y /ood4 ,he w always reply q def9itely t y h walk$4 ,analog\s exp]im5ts may be made ) vision4 ,?is prim>y memory-image is1 :e!r att5tion h be5 turn$ to ! impression or n1 an extremely lively "o1 b is subjectively q di/9ct f e sort ( aft]-image or halluc9ation4444 ,x vani%es1 if n caught by att5tion1 9 ! c\rse ( a few seconds4 ,ev5 :5 ! orig9al impression is att5d$ to1 ! livel9ess ( its image 9 memory fades fa/4#egj ,! physical condition 9 ! n]ve-tissue ( ?is prim>y memory is call$ by ,ri*et 'elem5t>y memory4'#ega ,i mu* pref] to res]ve ! ^w memory = ! consci\s ph5om5on4 ,:at happ5s 9 ! n]ve-tissue is b an example ( t pla/icity or ( semi-in]tness1 yield+ to *ange1 b n yield+ in/antly or :olly1 & nev] q recov]+ ! orig9al =m1 :i*1 9 ,*apt] ,v1 we saw to be ! gr\ndwork ( habit4 ,elem5t>y habit w\ld be ! bett] "n = :at ,pr(essor ,ri*et means4 ,well1 ! fir/ manife/ation ( elem5t>y habit is ! sl[ dy+ away ( an impress$ movem5t on ! neural matt]1 & its fir/ effect 9 consci\sness is ?is s-call$ elem5t>y memory4 ,b :at elem5t>y memory makes u aw>e ( is ! j pa/4 ,! objects we feel 9 ?is directly intuit$ pa/ diff] f prop]ly recollect$ objects4 ,an object :i* is recollect$1 9 ! prop] s5se ( t t]m1 is "o :i* has be5 abs5t f consci\sness altoge!r1 & n[ revives anew4 ,x is br\ght back1 recall$1 fi%$ up1 s to speak1 f a res]voir 9 :i*1 ) c\ntless o!r objects1 x lay buri$ & lo/ f view4 ,b an object ( prim>y memory is n ?us br\ght back2 x nev] 0 lo/2 its date 0 nev] cut (f 9 consci\sness f t ( ! imm$iately pres5t mom5t4 ,9 fact x comes to u z belong+ to ! re>w>d portion ( ! pres5t space ( "t1 & n to ! g5u9e pa/4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we saw t ! portion ( "t :i* we directly intuit has a bread? ( sev]al seconds1 a re>w>d & a =w>d end1 & may be call$ ! speci\s pres5t4 ,all /imuli ^: fir/ n]ve-vibrations h n yet ceas$ seem to be conditions ( our gett+ ?is feel+ ( ! speci\s pres5t4 ,!y give rise to objects :i* appe> to ! m9d z ev5ts j pa/4#egb ,:5 we h be5 expos$ to an unusual /imulus = _m m9utes or h\rs1 a n]v\s process is set up :i* results 9 ! haunt+ ( consci\sness by ! impression = a long "t aft]w>ds4 ,! tactile & muscul> feel+s ( a day ( skat+ or rid+1 aft] long disuse ( ! ex]cise1 w come back to u all ?r\gh ! night4 ,images ( ! field ( view ( ! microscope w annoy ! obs]v] = h\rs aft] an unusually long sitt+ at ! in/rum5t4 ,a ?read ti$ ar\nd ! f+]1 an unusual con/riction 9 ! clo?+1 w feel z if /ill !re1 long aft] !y h be5 remov$4 ,^! revivals 7call$ ph5om5a ( ,s9nesg$*tniss by ! ,g]mans7 h some?+ p]iodical 9 _! nature4#egc ,!y %[ t pr(\nd re>rangem5ts & sl[ settl+s into a new equilibrium are go+ on 9 ! neural sub/ance1 & !y =m ! transition to t m peculi> & prop] ph5om5on ( memory1 ( :i* ! re/ ( ?is *apt] mu/ treat4 ,! fir/ condition :i* makes a ?+ susceptible ( recall aft] x has be5 =gott5 is t ! orig9al impression ( x %\ld h be5 prolong$ en\gh to give rise to a recurr5t image ( x1 z di/+ui%$ f "o ( ^? prim>y aft]-images :i* v fleet+ impressions may leave beh9d1 & :i* conta9 9 !mselves no gu>antee t !y w ev] come back aft] hav+ once fad$ away4#egd ,a c]ta9 l5g? ( /imulation seems dem&$ by ! in]tia ( ! n]ve-sub/ance4 ,expos$ to a %ort] influ5ce1 its modification fails to 'set1' & x reta9s no effective t5d5cy to fall aga9 into ! same =m ( vibration at :i* ! orig9al feel+ 0 due4 ,?is1 z ,i said at ! outset1 may be ! reason :y only 'sub/antive' & n 'transitive' /ates ( m9d are z a rule recollect$1 at lea/ z indep5d5t ?+s4 ,! transitive /ates pass by too quickly4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,ph5om5on ,,( ,,memory4 ,memory prop]1 or second>y memory z x might be /yl$1 is ! k ( a =m] /ate ( m9d aft] x has already once dropp$ f consci\sness2 or r x is ! k ( an ev5t1 or fact1 ( :i* meantime we h n be5 ?9k+1 ) ! additional consci\sness t we h ?\ght or exp]i5c$ x be=e4 ,! fir/ elem5t :i* su* a k involves w\ld seem to be ! revival 9 ! m9d ( an image or copy ( ! orig9al ev5t4#ege ,& x is an assumption made by _m writ]s#egf t ! revival ( an image is all t is ne$$ to con/itute ! memory ( ! orig9al occurr5ce4 ,b su* a revival is obvi\sly n a memory1 :atev] else x may be2 x is simply a duplicate1 a second ev5t1 hav+ absolutely no connection ) ! fir/ ev5t except t x happ5s to resemble x4 ,! clock /rikes to-day2 x /ruck ye/]day2 & may /rike a million times ere x we>s out4 ,! ra9 p\rs ?r\gh ! gutt] ?is week2 x did s la/ week2 & w d s 9 scula sculorum4 ,b does ! pres5t clock-/roke become aw>e ( ! pa/ ones1 or ! pres5t /ream recollect ! pa/ /ream1 because !y repeat & resemble !m8 ,assur$ly n4 ,& let x n be said t ?is is because clock-/rokes & gutt]s are physical & n psy*ical objects2 = psy*ical objects 7s5sations = example7 simply recurr+ 9 successive editions w rememb] ea* o!r on t acc\nt no m ?an clock-/rokes d4 ,no memory is involv$ 9 ! m]e fact ( recurr5ce4 ,! successive editions ( a feel+ are s _m indep5d5t ev5ts1 ea* snug 9 its own sk94 ,ye/]day's feel+ is dead & buri$2 & ! pres5ce ( to-day's is no reason :y x %\ld resuscitate4 ,a f>!r condition is requir$ be=e ! pres5t image c be held to /& = a pa/ orig9al4 ,t condition is t ! fact imag$ be expressly ref]r$ to ! pa/1 ?\ght z 9 ! pa/4 ,b h[ c we ?9k a ?+ z 9 ! pa/1 except by ?9k+ ( ! pa/ toge!r ) ! ?+1 & ( ! relation ( ! two8 ,& h[ c we ?9k ( ! pa/8 ,9 ! *apt] on ,"t-p]ception we h se5 t our intuitive or imm$iate consci\sness ( pa/ness h>dly c>ries u m ?an a few seconds backw>d ( ! pres5t in/ant ( "t4 ,remot] dates are conceiv$1 n p]ceiv$2 kn[n symbolically by names1 su* z 'la/ week1' '#ahej2' or ?\ght ( by ev5ts :i* happ5$ 9 !m1 z ! ye> 9 :i* we att5d$ su* a s*ool1 or met ) su* a loss4--,s t if we wi% to ?9k ( a p>ticul> pa/ epo*1 we mu/ ?9k ( a "n or o!r symbol1 or else ( c]ta9 concrete ev5ts1 associat$ !re)al4 ,bo? mu/ be ?\ght (1 to ?9k ! pa/ epo* adequately4 ,& to 'ref]' any special fact to ! pa/ epo* is to ?9k t fact ) ! names & ev5ts :i* *>act]ize its date1 to ?9k x1 9 %ort1 ) a lot ( contigu\s associates4 ,b ev5 ?is w\ld n be memory4 ,memory requires m ?an m]e dat+ ( a fact 9 ! pa/4 ,x mu/ be dat$ 9 my pa/4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i mu/ ?9k t ,i directly exp]i5c$ its occurr5ce4 ,x mu/ h t 'w>m? & intimacy' :i* 7 s (t5 spok5 ( 9 ! *apt] on ! ,self1 z *>act]iz+ all exp]i5ces 'appropriat$' by ! ?9k] z 8 own4 ,a g5]al feel+ ( ! pa/ direction 9 "t1 !n1 a p>ticul> date conceiv$ z ly+ along t direction1 & ,i def9$ by its "n or ph5om5al cont5ts1 an ev5t imag9$ z locat$ !re91 & own$ z "p ( my exp]i5ce1--su* are ! elem5ts ( e act ( memory4 ,x foll[s t :at we began by call+ ! 'image1' or 'copy1' ( ! fact 9 ! m9d1 is really n !re at all 9 t simple %ape1 z a sep>ate 'idea4' ,or at lea/1 if x be !re z a sep>ate idea1 no memory w g ) x4 ,:at memory goes ) is1 on ! contr>y1 a v complex repres5tation1 t ( ! fact to be recall$ plus its associates1 ! :ole =m+ "o 'object' 7z expla9$ on page #bge1 ,*apt] ,,ix71 kn[n 9 "o integral pulse ( consci\sness 7z set =? on pp4 #bgf ff47 & dem&+ probably a va/ly m intricate bra9-process ?an t on :i* any simple s5sorial image dep5ds4 ,mo/ psy*ologi/s h giv5 a p]fectly cle> analysis ( ! ph5om5on we describe4 ,*ri/ian ,wolff1 = example1 writes3 ,suppose y h se5 ,mevius 9 ! temple1 b n[ afre% 9 ,titus' h\se4 ,i say y recognize ,mevius1 t is1 are consci\s ( hav+ se5 him be=e because1 al?\gh n[ y p]ceive him ) y\r s5ses along ) ,titus' h\se1 y\r imag9ation produces an image ( him along ) "o ( ! temple1 & ( ! acts ( y\r own m9d reflect+ on ,mevius 9 ! temple4 ,h5ce ! idea ( ,mevius :i* is reproduc$ 9 s5se is conta9$ 9 ano!r s]ies ( p]ceptions ?an t :i* =m]ly conta9$ x1 & ?is diff]5ce is ! reason :y we are consci\s ( hav+ _h x be=e4444 ,= :il/ n[ y see ,mevius 9 ! h\se ( ,titus1 y\r imag9ation places him 9 ! temple1 & r5d]s y consci\s ( ! /ate ( m9d :i* y f\nd 9 y\rself :5 y beheld him !re4 ,by ?is y "k t y h se5 him be=e1 t is1 y recognize him4 ,b y recognize him because 8 idea is n[ conta9$ 9 ano!r s]ies ( p]ceptions f t 9 :i* y fir/ saw him4#egg ,simil>ly ,james ,mill writes3 ,9 my remembrance ( ,george ,,iii41 address+ ! two h\ses ( p>liam5t1 !re is1 fir/ ( all1 ! m]e idea1 or simple appreh5sion1 ! conception1 z x is sometimes call$1 ( ! objects4 ,!re is comb9$ ) ?is1 to make x memory1 my idea ( my hav+ se5 & he>d ^? objects4 ,& ?is comb9ation is s close t x is n 9 my p[] to sep>ate !m4 ,i _c h ! idea ( ,george ,,iii43 8 p]son & attitude1 ! pap] he held 9 8 h&1 ! s\nd ( 8 voice :ile read+ f x2 )\t hav+ ! o!r idea along ) x1 t ( my hav+ be5 a witness ( ! sc5e4444 ,if ?is explanation ( ! case 9 :i* we rememb] s5sations is und]/ood1 ! explanation ( ! case 9 :i* we rememb] ideas _c occasion mu* ( difficulty4 ,i h a lively recollection ( ,polyphemus's cave1 & ! actions ( ,ulysses & ! ,cyclops1 z describ$ by ,hom]4 ,9 ?is recollection !re is1 fir/ ( all1 ! ideas1 or simple conceptions ( ! objects & acts2 & along ) ^! ideas1 & s closely comb9$ z n to be sep>able1 ! idea ( my hav+ =m]ly _h ^? same ideas4 ,& ?is idea ( my hav+ =m]ly _h ^? ideas is a v complicat$ idea2 includ+ ! idea ( myself ( ! pres5t mom5t rememb]+1 & t ( myself ( ! pa/ mom5t conceiv+2 & ! :ole s]ies ( ! /ates ( consci\sness1 :i* int]v5$ betwe5 myself rememb]+1 & myself conceiv+4#egh ,memory is !n ! feel+ ( belief 9 a peculi> complex object2 b all ! elem5ts ( ?is object may be kn[n to o!r /ates ( belief2 nor is !re 9 ! p>ticul> comb9ation ( !m z !y appe> 9 memory any?+ s peculi> z to lead u to oppose ! latt] to o!r sorts ( ?\ght z some?+ altoge!r sui g5]is1 ne$+ a special faculty to acc\nt = x4 ,:5 lat] we come to our *apt] on ,belief we %all see t any repres5t$ object :i* is connect$ ei!r m$iately or imm$iately ) our pres5t s5sations or emotional activities t5ds to be believ$ 9 z a reality4 ,! s5se ( a peculi> active relation 9 x to ourselves is :at gives to an object ! *>act]i/ic quality ( reality1 & a m]ely imag9$ pa/ ev5t diff]s f a recollect$ "o only 9 ! abs5ce ( ?is peculi>-feel+ relation4 ,! electric curr5t1 s to speak1 betwe5 x & our pres5t self does n close4 ,b 9 _! o!r det]m9ations ! re-recollect$ pa/ & ! imag9>y pa/ may be mu* ! same4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is no?+ unique 9 ! object ( memory1 & no special faculty is ne$$ to acc\nt = its =mation4 ,x is a syn!sis ( p>ts ?\ght ( z relat$ toge!r1 p]ception1 imag9ation1 comp>ison & reason+ be+ analog\s syn!ses ( p>ts into complex objects4 ,! objects ( any ( ^! faculties may awak5 belief or fail to awak5 x2 ! object ( memory is only an object imag9$ 9 ! pa/ 7usually v completely imag9$ !re7 to :i* ! emotion ( belief adh]es4 ,,memory',s ,,causes4 ,su* be+ ! ph5om5on ( memory1 or ! analysis ( its object1 c we see h[ x comes to pass8 c we lay b>e its causes8 ,its complete ex]cise presupposes two ?+s3 #a7 ,! ret5tion ( ! rememb]$ fact2 #b7 ,its rem9isc5ce1 recollection1 reproduction1 or recall4 ,n[ ! cause bo? ( ret5tion & ( recollection is ! law ( habit 9 ! n]v\s sy/em1 work+ z x does 9 ! 'association ( ideas4' ,associationi/s h long expla9$ recollection by association4 ,james ,mill gives an acc\nt ( x :i* ,i am unable to improve ^u1 unless x might be by translat+ 8 ^w 'idea' into '?+ ?\ght (1' or 'object1' z expla9$ s (t5 be=e4 ,!re is1 he says1 a /ate ( m9d famili> to all m51 9 :i* we are said to rememb]4 ,9 ?is /ate x is c]ta9 we h n 9 ! m9d ! idea :i* we are try+ to h 9 x4#egi ,h[ is x1 !n1 t we proce$ 9 ! c\rse ( our endeavor1 to procure its introduction into ! m9d8 ,if we h n ! idea itself1 we h c]ta9 ideas connect$ ) x4 ,we run ov] ^? ideas1 "o aft] ano!r1 9 hopes t "s "o ( !m w sugge/ ! idea we are 9 que/ (2 & if any "o ( !m does1 x is always "o s connect$ ) x z to call x up 9 ! way ( association4 ,i meet an old acqua9tance1 ^: "n ,i d n rememb]1 & wi% to recollect4 ,i run ov] a numb] ( names1 9 hopes t "s ( !m may be associat$ ) ! idea ( ! individual4 ,i ?9k ( all ! circum/ances 9 :i* ,i h se5 him engag$2 ! "t :5 ,i knew him1 ! p]sons along ) :om ,i knew him1 ! ?+s he did1 or ! ?+s he suff]$2 &1 if ,i *ance ^u any idea ) :i* ! "n is associat$1 !n imm$iately ,i h ! recollection2 if n1 my pursuit ( x is va94#ehj ,!re is ano!r set ( cases1 v famili>1 b af=d+ v important evid5ce on ! subject4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t !re are matt]s :i* we desire n to =get4 ,:at is ! contrivance to :i* we h rec\rse = pres]v+ ! memory--t is1 = mak+ sure t x w be call$ into exi/5ce1 :5 x is our wi% t x %\ld8 ,all m5 inv>iably employ ! same exp$i5t4 ,!y endeavor to =m an association betwe5 ! idea ( ! ?+ to be rememb]$1 & "s s5sation1 or "s idea1 :i* !y "k be=eh& w occur at or ne> ! "t :5 !y wi% ! remembrance to be 9 _! m9ds4 ,if ?is association is =m$1 & ! association or idea ) :i* x has be5 =m$ occurs2 ! s5sation1 or idea1 calls up ! remembrance2 & ! object ( him :o =m$ ! association is atta9$4 ,to use a vulg> in/ance3 a man receives a commission f 8 fri5d1 &1 t he may n =get x1 ties a knot 9 8 h&k]*ief4 ,h[ is ?is fact to be expla9$8 ,fir/ ( all1 ! idea ( ! commission is associat$ ) ! mak+ ( ! knot4 ,next1 ! h&k]*ief is a ?+ :i* x is kn[n be=eh& w be frequ5tly se51 & ( c\rse at no great di/ance ( "t f ! occasion on :i* ! memory is desir$4 ,! h&k]*ief be+ se51 ! knot is se51 & ?is s5sation recalls ! idea ( ! commission1 betwe5 :i* & itself ! association _h be5 purposely =m$4#eha ,9 %ort1 we make se>* 9 our memory = a =gott5 idea1 j z we rummage our h\se = a lo/ object4 ,9 bo? cases we visit :at seems to u ! probable neighborhood ( t :i* we miss4 ,we turn ov] ! ?+s "u :i*1 or )9 :i*1 or alongside ( :i*1 x may possibly be2 & if x lies ne> !m1 x soon comes to view4 ,b ^! matt]s1 9 ! case ( a m5tal object s\ght1 are no?+ b its associates4 ,! ma*9]y ( recall is ?us ! same z ! ma*9]y ( association1 & ! ma*9]y ( association1 z we "k1 is no?+ b ! elem5t>y law ( habit 9 ! n]ve-c5tres4 ,& ?is same law ( habit is ! ma*9]y ( ret5tion also4 ,ret5tion means liability to recall1 & x means no?+ m ?an su* liability4 ,! only pro( ( !re be+ ret5tion is t recall actually takes place4 ,! ret5tion ( an exp]i5ce is1 9 %ort1 b ano!r "n = ! possibility ( ?9k+ x aga91 or ! t5d5cy to ?9k x aga91 ) its pa/ surr\nd+s4 ,:atev] accid5tal cue may turn ?is t5d5cy into an actuality1 ! p]man5t gr\nd ( ! t5d5cy itself lies 9 ! organiz$ neural pa?s by :i* ! cue calls up ! exp]i5ce on ! prop] occasion1 toge!r ) its pa/ associates1 ! s5se t ! self 0 !re1 ! belief t x really happ5$1 etc41 etc41 j z previ\sly describ$4 ,:5 ! recollection is ( ! 'ready' sort1 ! resuscitation takes place ! in/ant ! occasion arises2 :5 x is sl[1 resuscitation comes aft] delay4 ,b be ! recall prompt or sl[1 ! condition :i* makes x possible at all 7or 9 o!r words1 ! 'ret5tion' ( ! exp]i5ce7 is nei!r m nor less ?an ! bra9-pa?s :i* associate ! exp]i5ce ) ! occasion & cue ( ! recall4 ,:5 slumb]+1 ^! pa?s are ! condition ( ret5tion2 :5 active1 !y are ! condition ( recall4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,a simple s*eme w n[ make ! :ole cause ( memory pla94 ,let n be a pa/ ev5t2 o its 'sett+' 7concomitants1 date1 self pres5t1 w>m? & intimacy1 etc41 etc41 z already set =?72 & m "s pres5t ?\ght or fact :i* may appropriately become ! occasion ( its recall4 ,let ! n]ve-c5tres1 active 9 ! ?\ght ( m1 n1 & o1 be repres5t$ by ,m1 ,n1 & ,o1 respectively2 !n ! exi/5ce ( ! pa?s ,m--,n & ,n--,o w be ! fact indicat$ by ! phrase 'ret5tion ( ! ev5t n 9 ! memory1' & ! excitem5t ( ! bra9 along ^! pa?s w be ! condition ( ! ev5t n's actual recall4 ,! ret5tion ( n1 x w be obs]v$1 is no my/]i\s /or+ up ( an 'idea' 9 an unconsci\s /ate4 ,x is n a fact ( ! m5tal ord] at all4 ,x is a purely physical ph5om5on1 a morphological feature1 ! pres5ce ( ^! 'pa?s1' namely1 9 ! f9e/ recesses ( ! bra9's tissue4 ,! recall or recollection1 on ! o!r h&1 is a psy*o-physical ph5om5on1 ) bo? a bodily & a m5tal side4 ,! bodily side is ! functional excitem5t ( ! tracts & pa?s 9 "q2 ! m5tal side is ! consci\s vision ( ! pa/ occurr5ce1 & ! belief t we exp]i5c$ x be=e4 ,^! habit-worn pa?s ( association are a cle> r5d]+ ( :at au?ors mean by 'pr$ispositions1' 've/iges1' 'traces1' etc41 left 9 ! bra9 by pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,mo/ writ]s leave ! nature ( ^! ve/iges vague2 few ?9k ( explicitly assimilat+ !m to *annels ( association4 ,dr4 ,maudsley1 = example1 writes3 ,:5 an idea :i* we h once _h is excit$ aga91 !re is a reproduction ( ! same n]v\s curr5t1 ) ! consci\s addition t x is a reproduction--x is ! same idea plus ! consci\sness t x is ! same4 ,! "q !n sugge/s itself1 ,:at is ! physical condition ( ?is consci\sness8 ,:at is ! modification ( ! anatomical sub/rata ( fibres & cells1 or ( _! physiological activity1 :i* is ! occasion ( ?is plus elem5t 9 ! reproduc$ idea8 ,x may be suppos$ t ! fir/ activity did leave beh9d x1 :5 x subsid$1 "s aft]-effect1 "s modification ( ! n]ve-elem5t1 :]eby ! n]ve-circuit 0 dispos$ to fall aga9 readily into ! same action2 su* disposition appe>+ 9 consci\sness z recognition or memory4 ,memory is1 9 fact1 ! consci\s phase ( ?is physiological disposition :5 x becomes active or dis*>ges its functions on ! recurr5ce ( ! p>ticul> m5tal exp]i5ce4 ,to assi/ our conception ( :at may happ51 let u suppose ! individual n]ve-elem5ts to be end[$ ) _! own consci\sness1 & let u assume !m to be1 z ,i h suppos$1 modifi$ 9 a c]ta9 way by ! fir/ exp]i5ce2 x is h>d to conceive t :5 !y fall into ! same action on ano!r occasion !y %\ld n recognize or rememb] x2 = ! second action is a reproduction ( ! fir/1 ) ! addition ( :at x conta9s f ! aft]-effects ( ! fir/4 ,z we h assum$ ! process to be consci\s1 ?is reproduction ) its addition w\ld be a memory or remembrance4#ehb ,9 ?is passage ,dr4 ,maudsley seems to mean by ! 'n]ve-elem5t1' or 'anatomical sub/ratum ( fibres & cells1' some?+ t corresponds to ! ,n ( our diagram4 ,& ! 'modification' he speaks ( seems int5d$ to be und]/ood z an int]nal modification ( ?is same p>ticul> gr\p ( elem5ts4 ,n[ ! slighte/ reflection w conv9ce anyone t !re is no conceivable gr\nd = suppos+ t ) ! m]e re-excitation ( ,n !re %\ld arise ! 'consci\s addition' t x is a re-excitation4 ,! two excitations are simply two excitations1 _! consci\snesses are two consci\snesses1 !y h no?+ to d ) ea* o!r4 ,& a vague 'modification1' suppos$ to be left beh9d by ! fir/ excitation1 helps u n a :it4 ,=1 accord+ to all analogy1 su* a modification c only result 9 mak+ ! next excitation m smoo? & rapid4 ,?is might make x less consci\s1 p]haps1 b c\ld n end[ x ) any ref]5ce to ! pa/4 ,! gutt] is worn deep] by ea* successive %[]1 b n = t reason br\ght into contact ) previ\s %[]s4 ,psy*ology 7:i* ,dr4 ,maudsley 9 8 next s5t5ce says af=ds u n ! lea/ help 9 ?is matt]7 puts u on ! track ( an at lea/ possible bra9-explanation4 ,z x is ! sett+ o ( ! idea1 :5 x recurs1 :i* makes u consci\s ( x z pa/1 s x c be no intr9sic modification ( ! 'n]ve-elem5t' ,n :i* is ! organic condition ( memory1 b some?+ extr9sic to x altoge!r1 namely1 its connections ) ^? o!r n]ve-elem5ts :i* we call$ ,o--t lett] /&+ 9 ! s*eme = ! c]ebral sub/ratum ( a great plexus ( ?+s o!r ?an ! pr9cipal ev5t rememb]$1 dates1 names1 concrete surr\nd+s1 realiz$ int]vals1 & :at n4 ,! 'modification' is ! =mation 9 ! pla/ic n]ve-sub/ance ( ! sy/em ( associative pa?s betwe5 ,n & ,o4 ,! only hypo!sis1 9 %ort1 to :i* ! facts ( inw>d exp]i5ce give c\nt5ance is t ! bra9-tracts excit$ by ! ev5t prop]1 & ^? excit$ 9 its recall1 are 9 "p diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,if we c\ld revive ! pa/ ev5t )\t any associates we %\ld exclude ! possibility ( memory1 & simply dream t we 7 und]go+ ! exp]i5ce z if = ! fir/ "t4#ehc ,:]ev]1 9 fact1 ! recall$ ev5t does appe> )\t a def9ite sett+1 x is h>d to di/+ui% x f a m]e creation ( fancy4 ,b 9 proportion z its image l+]s & recalls associates :i* gradually become m def9ite1 x gr[s m & m di/9ctly into a rememb]$ ?+4 ,= example1 ,i ent] a fri5d's room & see on ! wall a pa9t+4 ,at fir/ ,i h ! /range1 wond]+ consci\sness1 'surely ,i h se5 t be=e1' b :5 or h[ does n become cle>4 ,!re only cl+s to ! picture a sort ( p5umbra ( famili>ity1--:5 sudd5ly ,i exclaim3 ,i h x1 x is a copy ( "p ( "o ( ! ,fra ,angelicos 9 ! ,flor5t9e ,academy--,i recollect x !re6 ,b ! motive to ! recall does n lie 9 ! fact t ! bra9-tract n[ excit$ by ! pa9t+ 0 once be=e excit$ 9 a simil> way2 x lies simply & solely 9 ! fact t ) t bra9-tract o!r tracts also are excit$3 ^? :i* su/a9 my fri5d's room ) all its peculi>ities1 on ! "o h&2 ^? :i* su/a9 ! m5tal image ( ! ,flor5ce ,academy1 on ! o!r h&1 ) ! circum/ances ( my visit !re2 & f9ally ^? :i* make me 7m dimly7 ?9k ( ! ye>s ,i h liv$ ?r\gh betwe5 ^! two times4 ,! result ( ?is total bra9-di/urbance is a ?\ght ) a peculi> object1 namely1 t ,i :o n[ /& "h ) ?is picture be=e me1 /ood s _m ye>s ago 9 ! ,flor5t9e ,academy look+ at its orig9al4 ,m4 ,ta9e has describ$ ! gradual way 9 :i* a m5tal image develops into an object ( memory1 9 8 usual vivid fa%ion4 ,he says3 ,i meet casually 9 ! /reet a p]son ^: appe>ance ,i am acqua9t$ )1 & say to myself at once t ,i h se5 him be=e4 ,in/antly ! figure rec$es into ! pa/1 & wav]s ab\t !re vaguely1 )\t at once fix+ itself 9 any spot4 ,x p]si/s 9 me = "s "t1 & surr\nds itself ) new details4 ',:5 ,i saw him he 0 b>e-head$1 ) a work+-jacket on1 pa9t+ 9 a /udio2 he is s-&-s1 ( su*-&-su* a /reet4 ,b :5 0 x8 ,x 0 n ye/]day1 nor ?is week1 nor rec5tly4 ,i h x3 he told me t he 0 wait+ = ! fir/ leaves to come out to g into ! c\ntry4 ,x 0 be=e ! spr+4 ,b at :at exact date8 ,i saw1 ! same day1 p c>ry+ bran*es 9 ! /reets & omnibuses3 x 0 ,palm ,sunday6' ,obs]ve ! travels ( ! int]nal figure1 its v>i\s %ift+s to front & re> along ! l9e ( ! pa/2 ea* ( ^! m5tal s5t5ces has be5 a sw+ ( ! balance4 ,:5 confront$ ) ! pres5t s5sation & ) ! lat5t sw>m ( indi/9ct images :i* repeat our rec5t life1 ! figure fir/ recoil$ sudd5ly to an indet]m9ate di/ance4 ,!n1 complet$ by precise details1 & confront$ ) all ! %ort5$ images by :i* we sum up ! proce$+s ( a day or a week1 x aga9 rec$$ beyond ! pres5t day1 beyond ye/]day1 ! day be=e1 ! week1 /ill f>!r1 beyond ! ill-def9$ mass con/itut$ by our rec5t recollections4 ,!n some?+ said by ! pa9t] 0 recall$1 & x at once rec$$ aga9 beyond an almo/ precise limit1 :i* is m>k$ by ! image ( ! gre5 leaves & d5ot$ by ! ^w spr+4 ,a mom5t aft]w>ds1 ?anks to a new detail1 ! recollection ( ! bran*es1 x has %ift$ aga91 b =w>d ?is "t1 n backw>d2 &1 by a ref]5ce to ! cal5d>1 is situat$ at a precise po9t1 a week fur!r back ?an ,ea/]1 & five weeks ne>] ?an ! c>nival1 by ! d\ble effect ( ! contr>y impulsions1 pu%+ x1 "o =w>d & ! o!r backw>d1 & :i* are1 at a p>ticul> mom5t1 annull$ by "o ano!r4#ehd ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,goodness ,,9 ,,memory4 ,! rememb]$ fact be+ n1 !n1 ! pa? ,n--,o is :at ar\ses = n its sett+ :5 x is recall$1 & makes x o!r ?an a m]e imag9ation4 ,! pa? ,m--,n1 on ! o!r h&1 gives ! cue or occasion ( its be+ recall$ at all4 ,memory be+ ?is altoge!r condition$ on bra9-pa?s1 its excell5ce 9 a giv5 individual w dep5d p>tly on ! numb] & p>tly on ! p]si/5ce ( ^! pa?s4 ,! p]si/5ce or p]man5ce ( ! pa?s is a physiological prop]ty ( ! bra9-tissue ( ! individual1 :il/ _! numb] is altoge!r due to ! facts ( 8 m5tal exp]i5ce4 ,let ! quality ( p]man5ce 9 ! pa?s be call$ ! native t5acity1 or physiological ret5tiv5ess4 ,?is t5acity diff]s enorm\sly f infancy to old age1 & f "o p]son to ano!r4 ,"s m9ds are l wax "u a seal--no impression1 h[ev] disconnect$ ) o!rs1 is wip$ out4 ,o!rs1 l a jelly1 vibrate to e t\*1 b "u usual conditions reta9 no p]man5t m>k4 ,^! latt] m9ds1 be=e !y c recollect a fact1 mu/ weave x into _! p]man5t /ores ( k4 ,!y h no desultory memory4 ,^? p]sons1 on ! contr>y1 :o reta9 names1 dates & addresses1 anecdotes1 gossip1 poetry1 quotations1 & all sorts ( miscellane\s facts1 )\t an ef=t1 h desultory memory 9 a high degree1 & c]ta9ly owe x to ! unusual t5acity ( _! bra9-sub/ance = any pa? once =m$ !re94 ,no "o probably 0 ev] effective on a volum9\s scale )\t a high degree ( ?is physiological ret5tiv5ess4 ,9 ! practical z 9 ! !oretic life1 ! man ^: acquisitions /ick is ! man :o is always a*iev+ & advanc+1 :il/ 8 neighbors1 sp5d+ mo/ ( _! "t 9 rele>n+ :at !y once knew b h =gott51 simply hold _! own4 ,a ,*>lemagne1 a ,lu!r1 a ,leibnitz1 a ,walt] ,scott1 any example1 9 %ort1 ( y\r qu>to or folio editions ( mank9d1 mu/ ne$s h amaz+ ret5tiv5ess ( ! purely physiological sort4 ,m5 )\t ?is ret5tiv5ess may excel 9 ! quality ( _! "w at ?is po9t or at t1 b w nev] d su* mighty sums ( x1 or be influ5tial contemporane\sly on su* a scale4#ehe ,b !re comes a "t ( life = all ( u :5 we c d no m ?an hold our own 9 ! way ( acquisitions1 :5 ! old pa?s fade z fa/ z ! new ones =m 9 our bra91 & :5 we =get 9 a week q z mu* z we c le>n 9 ! same space ( "t4 ,?is equilibrium may la/ _m1 _m ye>s4 ,9 extreme old age x is upset 9 ! rev]se direction1 & =gett+ prevails ov] acquisition or r !re is no acquisition4 ,bra9-pa?s are s transi5t t 9 ! c\rse ( a few m9utes ( conv]sation ! same "q is ask$ & its answ] =gott5 half a doz5 times4 ,!n ! sup]ior t5acity ( ! pa?s =m$ 9 *ildhood becomes manife/3 ! dot>d w retrace ! facts ( 8 e>li] ye>s aft] he has lo/ all ^? ( lat] date4 ,s mu* = ! p]man5ce ( ! pa?s4 ,n[ = _! numb]4 ,x is obvi\s t ! m !re are ( su* pa?s z ,m--,n 9 ! bra91 & ! m ( su* possible cues or occasions = ! recall ( n 9 ! m9d1 ! prompt] & sur]1 on ! :ole1 ! memory ( n w be1 ! m frequ5tly "o w be rem9d$ ( x1 ! m av5ues ( approa* to x "o w possess4 ,9 m5tal t]ms1 ! m o!r facts a fact is associat$ ) 9 ! m9d1 ! bett] possession ( x our memory reta9s4 ,ea* ( its associates becomes a hook to :i* x hangs1 a means to fi% x up by :5 sunk b5ea? ! surface4 ,toge!r1 !y =m a network ( atta*m5ts by :i* x is wov5 into ! entire tissue ( our ?\ght4 ,! 'secret ( a good memory' is ?us ! secret ( =m+ div]se & multiple associations ) e fact we c>e to reta94 ,b ?is =m+ ( associations ) a fact1 :at is x b ?9k+ ab\t ! fact z mu* z possible8 ,briefly1 !n1 ( two m5 ) ! same outw>d exp]i5ces & ! same am\nt ( m]e native t5acity1 ! "o :o ,,?9ks ov] 8 exp]i5ces mo/1 & weaves !m into sy/ematic relations ) ea* o!r1 w be ! "o ) ! be/ memory4 ,we see examples ( ?is on e h&4 ,mo/ m5 h a good memory = facts connect$ ) _! own pursuits4 ,! college a?lete :o rema9s a dunce at 8 books w a/oni% y by 8 k ( m5's 'records' 9 v>i\s feats & games1 & w be a walk+ diction>y ( sport+ /ati/ics4 ,! reason is t he is con/antly go+ ov] ^! ?+s 9 8 m9d1 & comp>+ & mak+ s]ies ( !m4 ,!y =m = him n s _m odd facts1 b a concept-sy/em--s !y /ick4 ,s ! m]*ant rememb]s prices1 ! politician o!r politicians' spee*es & votes1 ) a copi\sness :i* amazes outsid]s1 b :i* ! am\nt ( ?9k+ !y be/[ on ^! subjects easily expla9s4 ,! great memory = facts :i* a ,d>w9 & a ,sp5c] reveal 9 _! books is n incompatible ) ! possession on _! "p ( a bra9 ) only a middl+ degree ( physiological ret5tiv5ess4 ,let a man e>ly 9 life set himself ! task ( v]ify+ su* a !ory z t ( evolution1 & facts w soon clu/] & cl+ to him l grapes to _! /em4 ,_! relations to ! !ory w hold !m fa/2 & ! m ( ^! ! m9d is able to disc]n1 ! great] ! erudition w become4 ,mean:ile ! !ori/ may h little1 if any1 desultory memory4 ,unutilizable facts may be unnot$ by him & =gott5 z soon z he>d4 ,an ignorance almo/ z encyclopdic z 8 erudition may coexi/ ) ! latt]1 & hide1 z x 71 9 ! int]/ices ( its web4 ,^? :o h _h mu* to d ) s*ol>s & savants w readily ?9k ( examples ( ! class ( m9d ,i mean4 ,9 a sy/em1 e fact is connect$ ) e o!r by "s ?\ght-relation4 ,! consequ5ce is t e fact is reta9$ by ! comb9$ sugge/ive p[] ( all ! o!r facts 9 ! sy/em1 & =getfulness is well-nigh impossible4 ,! reason :y cramm+ is su* a bad mode ( /udy is n[ made cle>4 ,i mean by cramm+ t way ( prep>+ = exam9ations by committ+ 'po9ts' to memory dur+ a few h\rs or days ( int5se application imm$iately prec$+ ! f9al ordeal1 little or no "w hav+ be5 p]=m$ dur+ ! previ\s c\rse ( ! t]m4 ,?+s le>n$ ?us 9 a few h\rs1 on "o occasion1 = "o purpose1 _c possibly h =m$ _m associations ) o!r ?+s 9 ! m9d4 ,_! bra9-processes are l$ into by few pa?s1 & are relatively little liable to be awak5$ aga94 ,spe$y oblivion is ! almo/ inevitable fate ( all t is committ$ to memory 9 ?is simple way4 ,:]eas1 on ! contr>y1 ! same mat]ials tak5 9 gradually1 day aft] day1 recurr+ 9 diff]5t contexts1 consid]$ 9 v>i\s relations1 associat$ ) o!r ext]nal incid5ts1 & repeat$ly reflect$ on1 gr[ into su* a sy/em1 =m su* connections ) ! re/ ( ! m9d's fabric1 lie op5 to s _m pa?s ( approa*1 t !y rema9 p]man5t possessions4 ,?is is ! intellectual reason :y habits ( cont9u\s application %\ld be en=c$ 9 educational e/abli%m5ts4 ,( c\rse !re is no moral turpitude 9 cramm+4 ,if x l$ to ! desir$ end ( secure le>n+ x w\ld be inf9itely ! be/ me?od ( /udy4 ,b x does n2 & /ud5ts !mselves %\ld und]/& ! reason :y4 ,,"o',s ,,native ,,ret5tiv5ess ,,is ,,un*angeable4 ,x w n[ appe> cle> t all improvem5t ( ! memory lies 9 ! l9e ( ,,elaborat+ ,,! ,,associates ( ea* ( ! sev]al ?+s to be rememb]$4 ,no am\nt ( culture w\ld seem capable ( modify+ a man's ,,g5]al ret5tiv5ess4 ,?is is a physiological quality1 giv5 once = all ) 8 organization1 & :i* he c nev] hope to *ange4 ,x diff]s no d\bt 9 disease & heal?2 & x is a fact ( obs]vation t x is bett] 9 fre% & vigor\s h\rs ?an :5 we are fagg$ or ill4 ,we may say1 !n1 t a man's native t5acity w fluctuate some:at ) 8 hygi5e1 & t :atev] is good = 8 tone ( heal? w also be good = 8 memory4 ,we may ev5 say t :atev] am\nt ( intellectual ex]cise is brac+ to ! g5]al tone & nutrition ( ! bra9 w also be pr(itable to ! g5]al ret5tiv5ess4 ,b m ?an ?is we _c say2 & ?is1 x is obvi\s1 is f> less ?an mo/ p believe4 ,x is1 9 fact1 commonly ?\ght t c]ta9 ex]cises1 sy/ematically repeat$1 w /r5g!n1 n only a man's remembrance ( ! p>ticul> facts us$ 9 ! ex]cises1 b 8 faculty = rememb]+ facts at l>ge4 ,& a plausible case is always made out by say+ t practice 9 le>n+ words by he>t makes x easi] to le>n new words 9 ! same way4#ehf ,if ?is be true1 !n :at ,i h j said is false1 & ! :ole doctr9e ( memory z due to 'pa?s' mu/ be revis$4 ,b ,i am dispos$ to ?9k ! alleg$ fact untrue4 ,i h c>efully que/ion$ sev]al mature actors on ! po9t1 & all h d5i$ t ! practice ( le>n+ p>ts has made any su* diff]5ce z is alleg$4 ,:at x has done = !m is to improve _! p[] ( /udy+ a "p sy/ematically4 ,_! m9d is n[ full ( prec$5ts 9 ! way ( intonation1 emphasis1 ge/iculation2 ! new words awak5 di/9ct sugge/ions & decisions2 are caught up1 9 fact1 into a pre-exi/+ net-"w1 l ! m]*ant's prices1 or ! a?lete's /ore ( 'records1' & are recollect$ easi]1 al?\gh ! m]e native t5acity is n a :it improv$1 & is usually1 9 fact1 impair$ by age4 ,x is a case ( bett] rememb]+ by bett] ?9k+4 ,simil>ly :5 s*oolboys improve by practice 9 ease ( le>n+ by he>t1 ! improvem5t w1 ,i am sure1 be always f\nd to reside 9 ! mode ( /udy ( ! p>ticul> piece 7due to ! great] int]e/1 ! great] sugge/iv5ess1 ! g5]ic simil>ity ) o!r pieces1 ! m su/a9$ att5tion1 etc41 etc471 & n at all to any enhancem5t ( ! brute ret5tive p[]4 ,! error ,i speak ( p]vades an o!rwise useful & judici\s book1 ',h[ to ,/r5g!n ! ,memory1' by ,dr4 ,holbrook ( ,new ,york4#ehg ,! au?or fails to di/+ui% betwe5 ! g5]al physiological ret5tiv5ess & ! ret5tion ( p>ticul> ?+s1 & talks z if bo? mu/ be b5efit$ by ! same means4 ,i am n[ treat+1 he says1 a case ( loss ( memory 9 a p]son advanc$ 9 ye>s1 :o did n "k t 8 memory _h fail$ mo/ rem>kably till ,i told him ( x4 ,he is mak+ vigor\s ef=ts to br+ x back aga91 & ) p>tial success4 ,! me?od pursu$ is to sp5d two h\rs daily1 "o 9 ! morn+ & "o 9 ! ev5+1 9 ex]cis+ ?is faculty4 ,! pati5t is in/ruct$ to give ! close/ att5tion to all t he le>ns1 s t x %all be impress$ on 8 m9d cle>ly4 ,he is ask$ to recall e ev5+ all ! facts & exp]i5ces ( ! day1 & aga9 ! next morn+4 ,e "n he>d is writt5 d[n & impress$ on 8 m9d cle>ly1 & an ef=t made to recall x at int]vals4 ,t5 names f among public m5 are ord]$ to be committ$ to memory e week4 ,a v]se ( poetry is to be le>n$1 also a v]se f ! ,bible1 daily4 ,he is ask$ to rememb] ! numb] ( ! page 9 any book :]e any int]e/+ fact is record$4 ,^! & o!r me?ods are sl[ly resuscitat+ a fail+ memory4#ehh ,i f9d x v h>d to believe t ! memory ( ! poor old g5tleman is a bit ! bett] = all ?is torture except 9 respect ( ! p>ticul> facts ?us wr\ght into x1 ! occurr5ces att5d$ to & repeat$ on ^? days1 ! names ( ^? politicians1 ^? ,bible v]ses1 etc41 etc4 ,9 ano!r place ,dr4 ,holbrook quotes ! acc\nt giv5 by ! late ,?url[ ,we$1 j\rnali/ & politician1 ( 8 me?od ( /r5g!n+ 8 memory4 ,my memory 0 a sieve4 ,i c\ld rememb] no?+4 ,dates1 names1 appo9tm5ts1 faces--ev]y?+ escap$ me4 ,i said to my wife1 ',ca!r9e1 ,i %all nev] make a successful politician1 = ,i _c rememb]1 & t is a prime necessity ( politicians4' ,my wife told me ,i mu/ tra9 my memory4 ,s :5 ,i came home t night1 ,i sat d[n alone & sp5t fifte5 m9utes try+ sil5tly to recall ) accuracy ! pr9cipal ev5ts ( ! day4 ,i c\ld rememb] b little at fir/2 n[ ,i rememb] t ,i c\ld n !n recall :at ,i _h = breakfa/4 ,aft] a few days' practice ,i f\nd ,i c\ld recall m4 ,ev5ts came back to me m m9utely1 m accurately1 & m vividly ?an at fir/4 ,aft] a =tnight or s ( ?is1 ,ca!r9e said1 ',:y don't y relate to me ! ev5ts ( ! day1 in/ead ( recall+ !m to y\rself8 ,x w\ld be int]e/+1 & my int]e/ 9 x w\ld be a /imulus to y4' ,hav+ great respect = my wife's op9ion1 ,i began a habit ( oral confession1 z x 71 :i* 0 cont9u$ = almo/ fifty ye>s4 ,e night1 ! la/ ?+ be=e retir+1 ,i told h] ev]y?+ ,i c\ld rememb] t _h happ5$ to me or ab\t me dur+ ! day4 ,i g5]ally recall$ ! di%es ,i _h _h = breakfa/1 d9n]1 & tea2 ! p ,i _h se5 & :at !y _h said2 ! editorials ,i _h writt5 = my pap]1 giv+ h] a brief ab/ract ( !m4 ,i m5tion$ all ! lett]s ,i _h s5t & receiv$1 & ! v language us$1 z ne>ly z possible2 :5 ,i _h walk$ or ridd5--,i told h] ev]y?+ t _h come )9 my obs]vation4 ,i f\nd ,i c\ld say my lessons bett] & bett] e ye>1 & in/ead ( ! practice gr[+ irksome1 x became a pleasure to g ov] aga9 ! ev5ts ( ! day4 ,i am indebt$ to ?is discipl9e = a memory ( some:at unusual t5acity1 & ,i recomm5d ! practice to all :o wi% to /ore up facts1 or expect to h mu* to d ) influ5c+ m54#ehi ,i d n d\bt t ,mr4 ,we$'s practical comm& ( 8 pa/ exp]i5ces 0 mu* great] aft] fifty ye>s ( ?is h]oic drill ?an x w\ld h be5 )\t x4 ,expect+ to give 8 acc\nt 9 ! ev5+1 he att5d$ bett] to ea* incid5t ( ! day1 nam$ & conceiv$ x diff]5tly1 set 8 m9d ^u x1 & 9 ! ev5+ w5t ov] x aga94 ,he did m ?9k+ ab\t x1 & x /ay$ ) him 9 consequ5ce4 ,b ,i v5ture to affirm pretty confid5tly 7al?\gh ,i "k h[ fooli% x (t5 is to d5y a fact on ! /r5g? ( a !ory7 t ! same matt]1 casually att5d$ to & n ?\ght ab\t1 w\ld h /uck 9 8 memory no bett] at ! end ?an at ! beg9n+ ( 8 ye>s ( h]oic self-discipl9e4 ,he _h acquir$ a bett] me?od ( not+ & record+ 8 exp]i5ces1 b 8 physiological ret5tiv5ess 0 probably n a bit improv$4#eij ,all improvem5t ( memory consi/s1 !n1 9 ! improvem5t ( "o's habitual me?ods ( record+ facts4 ,9 ! traditional t]m9ology me?ods are divid$ into ! me*anical1 ! +5i\s1 & ! judici\s4 ,! me*anical me?ods consi/ 9 ! int5sification1 prolongation1 & repetition ( ! impression to be rememb]$4 ,! mod]n me?od ( tea*+ *ildr5 to read by blackbo>d "w1 9 :i* ea* ^w is impress$ by ! f\r-fold *annel ( eye1 e>1 voice1 & h&1 is an example ( an improv$ me*anical me?od ( memoriz+4 ,judici\s me?ods ( rememb]+ ?+s are no?+ b logical ways ( conceiv+ !m & work+ !m into rational sy/ems1 classify+ !m1 analyz+ !m into p>ts1 etc41 etc4 ,all ! sci5ces are su* me?ods4 ,( +5i\s me?ods1 _m h be5 inv5t$1 "u ! "n ( te*nical memories4 ,by means ( ^! sy/ems x is (t5 possible to reta9 entirely disconnect$ facts1 li/s ( names1 numb]s1 & s =?1 s multitud9\s z to be entirely unrememb]able 9 a natural way4 ,! me?od consi/s usually 9 a framework le>n$ me*anically1 ( :i* ! m9d is suppos$ to rema9 9 secure & p]man5t possession4 ,!n1 :atev] is to be rememb]$ is delib]ately associat$ by "s fanciful analogy or connection ) "s "p ( ?is framework1 & ?is connection !nce=w>d helps its recall4 ,! be/ kn[n & mo/ us$ ( ^! devices is ! figure-alphabet4 ,to rememb] numb]s1 e4g41 a figure-alphabet is fir/ =m$1 9 :i* ea* num]ical digit is repres5t$ by "o or m lett]s4 ,! numb] is !n translat$ into su* lett]s z w be/ make a ^w1 if possible a ^w sugge/ive ( ! object to :i* ! numb] belongs4 ,! ^w w !n be rememb]$ :5 ! numb]s alone might be =gott54 ,! mo/ common figure-alphabet is ?is3 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #j4 t1 n1 m1 r1 l1 %1 g1 f1 b1 s1 d1 j1 k1 v1 p1 c1 *1 c1 z1 g1 qu4 ,to briefly %[ its use1 suppose x is desir$ to fix #aadb feet 9 a second z ! velocity ( s\nd3 t1 t1 r1 n1 are ! lett]s & ord] requir$4 ,fill up ) v[els =m+ a phrase1 l 'tight run' & connect x by "s su* flight ( ! imag9ation z t if a man tri$ to keep up ) ! velocity ( s\nd1 he w\ld h a tight run4 ,:5 y recall ?is a few days lat] great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to get confus$ ) ! velocity ( light1 nor to ?9k he _h a h>d run :i* w\ld be #cjjj feet too fa/4#eia ,dr4 ,pick & o!rs use a sy/em :i* consi/s 9 l9k+ toge!r any two ideas to be rememb]$ by means ( an int]m$iate idea :i* w be sugge/$ by ! fir/ & sugge/ ! second1 & s on ?r\gh ! li/4 ,?us1 ,let u suppose t we are to reta9 ! foll[+ s]ies ( ideas3 g>d51 hair1 wat*man1 philosophy1 copp]1 etc4444 ,we c comb9e ! ideas 9 ?is mann]3 g>d51 plant1 hair ( plant--hair2 hair1 bonnet1 wat*man2--wat*man1 wake1 /udy1 philosophy2 philosophy1 *emi/ry1 copp]2 etc4 etc4 7,pick47#eib 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is matt] ( popul> k t an impression is rememb]$ ! bett] 9 proportion z x is #a7 ,m rec5t2 #b7 ,m att5d$ to2 & #c7 ,m (t5 repeat$4 ,! effect ( rec5cy is all b absolutely con/ant4 ,( two ev5ts ( equal significance ! remot] "o w be ! "o m likely to be =gott54 ,! memories ( *ildhood :i* p]si/ 9 old age c h>dly be comp>$ ) ! ev5ts ( ! day or h\r :i* are =gott51 = ^! latt] are trivial once-repeat$ ?+s1 :il/ ! *ildi% rem9isc5ces h be5 wr\ght into u dur+ ! retrospective h\rs ( our entire int]v5+ life4 ,o!r ?+s equal1 at all times ( life rec5cy promotes memory4 ,! only exception ,i c ?9k ( is ! unacc\ntable memory ( c]ta9 mom5ts ( our *ildhood1 app>5tly n fitt$ by _! intr9sic int]e/ to survive1 b :i* are p]haps ! only incid5ts we c rememb] out ( ! ye> 9 :i* !y occurr$4 ,ev]ybody probably has isolat$ glimpses ( c]ta9 h\rs ( 8 nurs]y life1 ! position 9 :i* he /ood or sat1 ! light ( ! room1 :at 8 fa!r or "m said1 etc4 ,^! mom5ts s oddly select$ = immunity f ! too? ( "t probably owe _! good =tune to hi/orical peculi>ities :i* x is n[ impossible to trace4 ,v likely we 7 rem9d$ ( !m aga9 soon aft] !y occurr$2 t became a reason :y we %\ld aga9 recollect !m1 etc41 s t at la/ !y became +ra9$4 ,! att5tion :i* we l5d to an exp]i5ce is proportional to its vivid or int]e/+ "*2 & x is a notori\s fact t :at int]e/s u mo/ vividly at ! "t is1 o!r ?+s equal1 :at we rememb] be/4 ,an impression may be s excit+ emotionally z almo/ to leave a sc> ^u ! c]ebral tissues2 & ?us orig9ates a pa?ological delusion4 ,a woman attack$ by robb]s takes all ! m5 :om %e sees1 ev5 h] own son1 = brig&s b5t on kill+ h]4 ,ano!r woman sees h] *ild run ov] by a horse2 no am\nt ( reason+1 n ev5 ! sight ( ! liv+ *ild1 w p]suade h] t he is n kill$4 ,a woman call$ '?ief' 9 a dispute rema9s conv9c$ t e "o accuses h] ( /eal+ 7,esquirol74 ,ano!r1 attack$ ) mania at ! sight ( ! fires 9 h] /reet dur+ ! ,commune1 /ill aft] six mon?s sees 9 h] delirium flames on e side ab\t h] 7,luys71 etc41 etc4#eic ,on ! g5]al effectiv5ess ( bo? att5tion & repetition ,i _c d bett] ?an copy :at ,m4 ,ta9e has writt53 ,if we comp>e diff]5t s5sations1 images1 or ideas1 we f9d t _! aptitudes = revival are n equal4 ,a l>ge numb] ( !m are oblit]at$1 & nev] reappe> ?r\gh life2 = in/ance1 ,i drove ?r\gh ,p>is a day or two ago1 & ?\gh ,i saw pla9ly "s sixty or eighty new faces1 ,i _c n[ recall any "o ( !m2 "s extraord9>y circum/ance1 a fit ( delirium1 or ! excitem5t ( has*i% w\ld be necess>y to give !m a *ance ( revival4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are s5sations ) a =ce ( revival :i* no?+ de/roys or decreases4 ,?\gh1 z a rule1 "t weak5s & impairs our /ronge/ s5sations1 ^! reappe> entire & int5se1 )\t hav+ lo/ a p>ticle ( _! detail1 or any degree ( _! =ce4 ,m4 ,bri]re de ,boismont1 hav+ suff]$ :5 a *ild f a disease ( ! scalp1 ass]ts t 'aft] fifty-five ye>s h elaps$ he c /ill feel 8 hair pull$ out "u ! treatm5t ( ! skull-cap4'--,= my own "p1 aft] ?irty ye>s1 ,i rememb] feature = feature ! appe>ance ( ! !atre to :i* ,i 0 tak5 = ! fir/ "t4 ,f ! ?ird r[ ( boxes1 ! body ( ! !atre appe>$ to me an imm5se well1 r$ & flam+1 sw>m+ ) heads2 bel[1 on ! "r1 on a n>r[ floor1 two m5 & a woman ent]$1 w5t out1 & re-ent]$1 made ge/ures1 & seem$ to me l lively dw>fs3 to my great surprise1 "o ( ^! dw>fs fell on 8 knees1 kiss$ ! lady's h&1 !n hid beh9d a scre52 ! o!r1 :o 0 com+ 91 seem$ angry1 & rais$ 8 arm4 ,i 0 !n sev51 ,i c\ld und]/& no?+ ( :at 0 go+ on2 b ! well ( crimson velvet 0 s cr[d$1 gild$1 & bright1 t aft] a qu>t] ( an h\r ,i 01 z x 71 intoxicat$1 & fell asleep4 ,e "o ( u may f9d simil> recollections 9 8 memory1 & may di/+ui% 9 !m a common "*4 ,! primitive impression has be5 accompani$ by an extraord9>y degree ( att5tion1 ei!r z be+ horrible or delightful1 or z be+ new1 surpris+1 & out ( proportion to ! ord9>y run ( our life2 ?is x is we express by say+ t we h be5 /rongly impress$2 t we 7 absorb$1 t we c\ld n ?9k ( any?+ else2 t our o!r s5sations 7 effac$2 t we 7 pursu$ all ! next day by ! result+ image2 t x beset u1 t we c\ld n drive x away2 t all di/ractions 7 feeble beside x4 ,x is by =ce ( ?is disproportion t impressions ( *ildhood are s p]si/5t2 ! m9d be+ q fre%1 ord9>y objects & ev5ts are surpris+4 ,at pres5t1 aft] see+ s _m l>ge halls & full !atres1 x is impossible = me1 :5 ,i ent] "o1 to feel swall[$ up1 engulf$1 &1 z x 71 lo/ 9 a huge dazzl+ well4 ,! m$ical man ( sixty1 :o has exp]i5c$ mu* suff]+1 bo? p]sonally & 9 imag9ation1 w\ld be less upset n[ by a surgical op]ation ?an :5 he 0 a *ild4 ,:atev] may be ! k9d ( att5tion1 volunt>y or involunt>y1 x always acts alike2 ! image ( an object or ev5t is capable ( revival1 & ( complete revival1 9 proportion to ! degree ( att5tion ) :i* we h consid]$ ! object or ev5t4 ,we put ?is rule 9 practice at e mom5t 9 ord9>y life4 ,if we are apply+ ourselves to a book or are 9 lively conv]sation1 :ile an air is be+ sung 9 ! adjo9+ room1 we d n reta9 x2 we "k vaguely t !re is s++ go+ on1 & t is all4 ,we !n /op our read+ or conv]sation1 we lay aside all int]nal preoccupations & ext]nal s5sations :i* our m9d or ! out] _w c ?r[ 9 our way2 we close our eyes1 we cause a sil5ce )9 & ab\t u1 &1 if ! air is repeat$1 we li/54 ,we say !n t we h li/5$ ) all our e>s1 t we h appli$ our :ole m9ds4 ,if ! air is a f9e "o1 & has t\*$ u deeply1 we add t we h be5 transport$1 uplift$1 ravi%$1 t we h =gott5 ! _w & ourselves2 t = "s m9utes our s\l 0 dead to all b s\nds4444 ,?is exclusive mom5t>y asc5d5cy ( "o ( our /ates ( m9d expla9s ! great] durability ( its aptitude = revival & = m complete revival4 ,z ! s5sation revives 9 ! image1 ! image reappe>s ) a =ce proportion$ to t ( ! s5sation4 ,:at we meet ) 9 ! fir/ /ate is also to be met ) 9 ! second1 s9ce ! second is b a revival ( ! fir/4 ,s1 9 ! /ruggle = life1 9 :i* all our images are con/antly engag$1 ! "o furni%$ at ! outset ) mo/ =ce reta9s 9 ea* conflict1 by ! v law ( repetition :i* gives x be+1 ! capacity ( tread+ d[n its adv]s>ies2 ?is is :y x revives1 incessantly at fir/1 !n frequ5tly1 until at la/ ! laws ( progressive decay1 & ! cont9ual accession ( new impressions take away its prepond]ance1 & its competitors1 f9d+ a cle> field1 are able to develop 9 _! turn4 ,a second cause ( prolong$ revivals is repetition itself4 ,e "o kn[s t to le>n a ?+ we mu/ n only consid] x att5tively1 b consid] x repeat$ly4 ,we say z to ?is 9 ord9>y language1 t an impression _m times r5ew$ is impr9t$ m deeply & exactly on ! memory4 ,?is is h[ we contrive to reta9 a language1 airs ( music1 passages ( v]se or prose1 ! te*nical t]ms & propositions ( a sci5ce1 & /ill m s ! ord9>y facts by :i* our conduct is regulat$4 ,:51 f ! =m & color ( a currant-jelly1 we ?9k ( its ta/e1 or1 :5 ta/+ x ) our eyes %ut1 we imag9e its r$ t9t & ! brilliancy ( a quiv]+ slice1 ! images 9 our m9d are bright5$ by repetition4 ,:5ev] we eat1 or dr9k1 or walk1 or avail ourselves ( any ( our s5ses1 or comm5ce or cont9ue any action :atev]1 ! same ?+ happ5s4 ,e man & e animal ?us possesses at e mom5t ( life a c]ta9 /ock ( cle> & easily reviv+ images1 :i* _h _! s\rce 9 ! pa/ 9 a conflu5ce ( num]\s exp]i5ces1 & are n[ f$ by a fl[ ( r5ew$ exp]i5ces4 ,:5 ,i want to g f ! ,tuil]ies to ! ,pan?on1 or f my /udy to ! d9+-room1 ,i =esee at e turn ! color$ =ms :i* w pres5t !mselves to my sight2 x is o!rwise 9 ! case ( a h\se :]e ,i h sp5t two h\rs1 or ( a t[n :]e ,i h /ay$ ?ree days2 aft] t5 ye>s h elaps$ ! images w be vague1 full ( blanks1 sometimes !y w n exi/1 & ,i %all h to seek my way or %all lose myself4--,?is new prop]ty ( images is also d]iv$ f ! fir/4 ,z e s5sation t5ds to revive 9 its image1 ! s5sation twice repeat$ w leave aft] x a d\ble t5d5cy1 t is1 provid$ ! att5tion be z great ! second "t z ! fir/2 usually ?is is n ! case1 =1 ! novelty dim9i%+1 ! int]e/ dim9i%es2 b if o!r circum/ances r5ew ! int]e/1 or if ! w r5ovates ! att5tion1 ! incessantly increas+ t5d5cy w incessantly increase ! *ances ( ! resurrection & integrity ( ! image4#eid ,if a ph5om5on is met )1 h[ev]1 too (t51 & ) too great a v>iety ( contexts1 al?\gh its image is reta9$ & reproduc$ ) correspond+ly great facility1 x fails to come up ) any "o p>ticul> sett+1 & ! projection ( x backw>ds to a p>ticul> pa/ date consequ5tly does n come ab\t4 ,we recognize b d n rememb] x--its associates =m too confus$ a cl\d4 ,no "o is said to rememb]1 says ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 t ! object at :i* he looks has an opposite side2 or t a c]ta9 modification ( ! visual impression implies a c]ta9 di/ance2 or t ! ?+ he sees mov+ ab\t is a live animal4 ,to ask a man :e!r he rememb]s t ! sun %9es1 t fire burns1 t iron is h>d1 w\ld be a misuse ( language4 ,ev5 ! almo/ =tuit\s connections among our exp]i5ces cease to be class$ z memories :5 !y h become ?or\ghly famili>4 ,?\gh1 on he>+ ! voice cf "s unse5 p]son slightly kn[n to u1 we say we recollect to :om ! voice belongs1 we d n use ! same expression respect+ ! voices ( ^? ) :om we live4 ,! mean+s ( words :i* 9 *ildhood h to be consci\sly recall$ seem 9 adult life to be imm$iately pres5t4#eie ,^! are cases :]e too _m pa?s1 lead+ to too div]se associates1 block ea* o!r's way1 & all t ! m9d gets along ) its object is a fr+e ( felt famili>ity or s5se t !re are associates4 ,a simil> result comes ab\t :5 a def9ite sett+ is only nasc5tly ar\s$4 ,we !n feel t we h se5 ! object already1 b :5 or :]e we _c say1 ?\gh we may seem to ourselves to be on ! br9k ( say+ x4 ,t nasc5t c]ebral excitations c effect consci\sness ) a sort ( s5se ( ! imm95ce ( t :i* /rong] excitations w\ld make u def9itely feel1 is obvi\s f :at happ5s :5 we seek to rememb] a "n4 ,x t+les1 x trembles on ! v]ge1 b does n come4 ,j su* a t+l+ & trembl+ ( unrecov]$ associates is ! p5umbra ( recognition t may surr\nd any exp]i5ce & make x seem famili>1 ?\gh we "k n :y4#eif ,!re is a curi\s exp]i5ce :i* ev]yone seems to h _h--! feel+ t ! pres5t mom5t 9 its complet5ess has be5 exp]i5c$ be=e--we 7 say+ j ?is ?+1 9 j ?is place1 to j ^! p1 etc4 ,?is 's5se ( pre-exi/5ce' has be5 treat$ z a great my/]y & occasion$ mu* speculation4 ,dr4 ,wigan consid]$ x due to a dissociation ( ! action ( ! two hemisph]es1 "o ( !m becom+ consci\s a little lat] ?an ! o!r1 b bo? ( ! same fact4#eig ,i mu/ confess t ! quality ( my/]y seems to me a little /ra9$4 ,i h ov] & ov] aga9 9 my own case succe$$ 9 resolv+ ! ph5om5on into a case ( memory1 s indi/9ct t :il/ "s pa/ circum/ances are pres5t$ aga91 ! o!rs are n4 ,! dissimil> portions ( ! pa/ d n arise completely en\gh at fir/ = ! date to be id5tifi$1 ,all we get is ! pres5t sc5e ) a g5]al sugge/ion ( pa/ness ab\t x4 ,t fai?ful obs]v]1 ,pr(4 ,laz>us1 int]prets ! ph5om5on 9 ! same way2#eih & x is notewor?y t j z soon z ! pa/ context gr[s complete & di/9ct ! emotion ( weirdness fades f ! exp]i5ce4 ,,exact ,,measurem5ts ,,( ,,memory h rec5tly be5 made 9 ,g]many4 ,pr(essor ,ebb+haus1 9 a really h]oic s]ies ( daily obs]vations ( m ?an two ye>s' duration1 exam9$ ! p[]s ( ret5tion & reproduction4 ,he le>n$ li/s ( mean+less syllables by he>t1 & te/$ 8 recollection ( !m f day to day4 ,he c\ld n rememb] m ?an #g aft] a s+le read+4 ,x took1 h[ev]1 #af read+s to rememb] #ab1 #dd read+s to rememb] #bd1 & #ee read+s to rememb] #bf syllables1 ! mom5t ( 'rememb]+' be+ "h reckon$ z ! fir/ mom5t :5 ! li/ c\ld be recit$ )\t a fault4#eii ,:5 a #af-syllable li/ 0 read ov] a c]ta9 numb] ( times on "o day1 & !n /udi$ on ! day foll[+ until rememb]$1 x 0 f\nd t ! numb] ( seconds sav$ 9 ! /udy on ! second day 0 proportional to ! numb] ( read+s on ! fir/--proportional1 t is1 )9 c]ta9 r n>r[ limits1 = :i* see ! text4#fjj ,no am\nt ( repetition sp5t on nons5se-v]ses ov] a c]ta9 l5g? enabl$ ,dr4 ,ebb+haus to reta9 !m )\t error = #bd h\rs4 ,9 =gett+ su* ?+s z ^! li/s ( syllables1 ! loss goos on v mu* m rapidly at fir/ ?an lat] on4 ,he measur$ ! loss by ! numb] ( seconds requir$ to rele>n ! li/ aft] x _h be5 once le>n$4 ,r\ghly speak+1 if x took a ?\s& seconds to le>n ! li/1 & five hundr$ to rele>n x1 ! loss betwe5 ! two le>n+s w\ld h be5 "o half4 ,measur$ 9 ?is way1 full half ( ! =gett+ seems to occur )9 ! fir/ half-h\r1 :il/ only f\r fif?s is =gott5 at ! end ( a mon?4 ,! nature ( ?is result might h be5 anticipat$1 b h>dly its num]ical proportions4 ,dr4 ,ebb+haus says3 ,! initial rapidity1 z well z ! f9al sl[ness1 z ^! 7 asc]ta9$ "u c]ta9 exp]im5tal conditions & = a p>ticul> individual1444 may well surprise u4 ,an h\r aft] ! "w ( le>n+ _h ceas$1 =gett+ 0 s f> advanc$ t m ?an half ( ! orig9al "w _h to be appli$ aga9 be=e ! s]ies ( syllables c\ld once m be reproduc$4 ,eight h\rs lat] two ?irds ( ! orig9al labor _h to be appli$4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 ! process ( oblivion grew sl[]1 s t ev5 = consid]able /ret*es ( "t ! losses 7 b b>ely asc]ta9able4 ,aft] #bd h\rs a ?ird1 aft] #f days a f\r?1 & aft] a :ole mon? a good fif? ( ! orig9al labor rema9 9 ! %ape ( its aft]-effects1 & made ! rele>n+ by s mu* ! m spe$y4#fja ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ result ( all ^? rea*$ by ?is au?or relates to ! "q :e!r ideas are recall$ only by ^? t previ\sly came imm$iately be=e !m1 or :e!r an idea c possibly recall ano!r idea ) :i* x 0 nev] 9 imm$iate contact1 )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! int]m$iate m5tal l9ks4 ,! "q is ( !oretic importance ) reg>d to ! way 9 :i* ! process ( 'association ( ideas' mu/ be conceiv$2 & ,dr4 ,ebb+haus's attempt is z successful z x is orig9al1 9 br++ two views1 :i* seem at fir/ sight inaccessible to pro(1 to a direct practical te/1 & giv+ ! victory to "o ( !m4 ,8 exp]im5ts conclusively %[ t an idea is n only 'associat$' directly ) ! "o t foll[s x1 & ) ! re/ ?r\gh t1 b t x is directly associat$ ) all t are ne> x1 ?\gh 9 unequal degrees4 ,he fir/ measur$ ! "t ne$$ to impress on ! memory c]ta9 li/s ( syllables1 & !n ! "t ne$$ to impress li/s ( ! same syllables ) gaps betwe5 !m4 ,?us1 repres5t+ ! syllables by numb]s1 if ! fir/ li/ 7 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1444 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 ! second w\ld be #a1 #c1 #e1444 #ae1 #b1 #d1 #f1444 #af1 & s =?1 ) _m v>iations4 ,n[1 if #a & #c 9 ! fir/ li/ 7 le>n$ 9 t ord] m]ely by #a call+ up #b1 & by #b call+ up #c1 leav+ out ! #b ought to leave #a & #c ) no tie 9 ! m9d2 & ! second li/ ought to take z mu* "t 9 ! le>n+ z if ! fir/ li/ _h nev] be5 he>d (4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 #a has a direct influ5ce on #c z well z on #b1 t influ5ce %\ld be ex]t$ ev5 :5 #b is dropp$ out2 & a p]son famili> ) ! fir/ li/ ought to le>n ! second "o m rapidly ?an o!rwise he c\ld4 ,?is latt] case is :at actually occurs2 & ,dr4 ,ebb+haus has f\nd t syllables orig9ally sep>at$ by z _m z sev5 int]m$i>ies /ill reveal1 by ! increas$ rapidity ) :i* !y are le>n$ 9 ord]1 ! /r5g? ( ! tie t ! orig9al le>n+ e/abli%$ betwe5 !m1 ov] ! heads1 s to speak1 ( all ! re/4 ,^! la/ results ought to make u c>eful1 :5 we speak ( n]v\s 'pa?s1' to use ! ^w 9 no re/rict$ s5se4 ,!y add "o m fact to ! set ( facts :i* prove t association is subtl] ?an consci\sness1 & t a n]ve-process may1 )\t produc+ consci\sness1 be effective 9 ! same way 9 :i* consci\sness w\ld h seem$ to be effective if x _h be5 !re4#fjb ,evid5tly ! pa? f #a to #c 7omitt+ #b f consci\sness7 is facilitat$1 broad5$ p]haps1 by ! old pa? f #a to #c ?r\gh #b--only ! compon5t :i* %oots r\nd ?r\gh ?is latt] way is too feeble to let #b be ?\ght z a di/9ct object4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,wolfe1 9 8 exp]im5ts on recognition1 us$ vibrat+ metal tongues4 ,^! tongues gave tones diff]+ by #b vibrations only 9 ! two l[] octaves1 & by #d vibrations 9 ! ?ree high] octaves4 ,9 ! fir/ s]ies ( exp]im5ts a tone 0 select$1 &1 aft] s\nd+ x = "o second1 a second tone 0 s\nd$1 :i* 0 ei!r ! same z ! fir/1 or diff]5t f x by #d1 #h1 or #ab vibrations 9 diff]5t s]ies4 ,! p]son exp]im5t$ ^u 0 to answ] :e!r ! second tone 0 ! same z ! fir/1 ?us %[+ t he recogniz$ x1 or :e!r x 0 diff]5t1 &1 if s1 :e!r x 0 high] or l[]4 ,( c\rse1 ! int]val ( "t betwe5 ! two tones 0 an important factor4 ,! proportionate numb] ( correct judgm5ts1 & ! smallness ( ! diff]5ce ( ! vibration-rates ( ! two tones1 w\ld measure ! accuracy ( ! tone-memory4 ,x appe>$ t "o c\ld tell m readily :5 ! two tones 7 alike ?an :5 !y 7 diff]5t1 al?\gh 9 bo? cases ! accuracy ( ! memory 0 rem>kably good4444 ,! ma9 po9t is ! effect ( ! "t-int]val betwe5 ! tone & its reproduction4 ,?is 0 v>i$ f #a second to #cj seconds1 or ev5 to #fj seconds or #abj seconds 9 "s exp]im5ts4 ,! g5]al result is1 t ! long] ! int]val1 ! small] are ! *ances t ! tone w be recogniz$2 & ?is process ( =gett+ takes place at fir/ v rapidly1 & !n m sl[ly4444 ,?is law is subject to consid]able v>iations1 "o ( :i* seems to be con/ant & is peculi>2 namely1 !re seems to be a rhy?m 9 ! memory itself1 :i*1 aft] fall+1 recov]s slightly1 & !n fades out aga94#fjc ,?is p]iodical r5ewal ( ac\/ic memory w\ld seem to be an important elem5t 9 ! production ( ! agreeabl5ess ( c]ta9 rates ( recurr5ce 9 s\nd4 ,,=gett+4 ,9 ! practical use ( our intellect1 =gett+ is z important a function z recollect+4 ,locke says1 9 a memorable page ( 8 de> old book3 ,! memory ( "s m51 x is true1 is v t5aci\s1 ev5 to a miracle2 b yet !re seems to be a con/ant decay ( all our ideas1 ev5 ( ^? :i* are /ruck deepe/1 & 9 m9ds ! mo/ ret5tive3 s t if !y be n sometimes r5ew$ by repeat$ ex]cise ( ! s5ses1 or reflection on ^? k9ds ( objects :i* at fir/ occasion$ !m1 ! pr9t we>s out1 & at la/ !re rema9s no?+ to be se54 ,?us ! ideas1 z well z *ildr51 ( our y\?1 (t5 die be=e u2 & our m9ds repres5t to u ^? tombs to :i* we are fa/ approa*+2 :]e1 ?\gh ! brass & m>ble rema91 yet ! inscriptions are effac$ by "t1 & ! imag]y m\ld]s away4 ,! pictures drawn 9 our m9ds are laid 9 fad+ colors2 &1 if n sometimes refre%$1 vani% & disappe>4 ,h[ mu* ! con/itution ( our bodies1 & ! make ( our animal spirits1 are conc]n$ 9 ?is2 & :e!r ! temp] ( ! bra9 makes ?is diff]5ce1 t 9 "s x reta9s ! *>act]s drawn on x l m>ble1 9 o!rs l free/one1 & 9 o!rs little bett] ?an s&1 ,i %all n "h inquire1 ?\gh x may seem probable t ! con/itution ( ! body does sometimes influ5ce ! memory2 s9ce we (t5times f9d a disease q /rip ! m9d ( all its ideas1 & ! flames ( a fev] 9 a few days calc9e all ^? images to du/ & confusion1 :i* seem$ to be z la/+ z if grav5 9 m>ble4#fjd ,?is peculi> mixture ( =gett+ ) our rememb]+ is b "o in/ance ( our m9d's selective activity4 ,selection is ! v keel on :i* our m5tal %ip is built4 ,& 9 ?is case ( memory its utility is obvi\s4 ,if we rememb]$ ev]y?+1 we %\ld on mo/ occasions be z ill (f z if we rememb]$ no?+4 ,x w\ld take z long = u to recall a space ( "t z x took ! orig9al "t to elapse1 & we %\ld nev] get ahead ) our ?9k+4 ,all recollect$ times und]go1 accord+ly1 :at ,m4 ,ribot calls =e%ort5+2 & ?is =e%ort5+ is due to ! omission ( an enorm\s numb] ( ! facts :i* fill$ !m4 ,z fa/ z ! pres5t ent]s into ! pa/1 our /ates ( consci\sness disappe> & are oblit]at$4 ,pass$ 9 review at a few days' di/ance1 no?+ or little ( !m rema9s3 mo/ ( !m h made %ipwreck 9 t great non5tity f :i* !y nev] m w em]ge1 & !y h c>ri$ ) !m ! quantity ( duration :i* 0 inh]5t 9 _! be+4 ,?is deficit ( surviv+ consci\s /ates is ?us a deficit 9 ! am\nt ( repres5t$ "t4 ,! process ( abridgm5t1 ( =e%ort5+1 ( :i* we h spok51 presupposes ?is deficit4 ,if1 9 ord] to rea* a di/ant rem9isc5ce1 we _h to g ?r\gh ! entire s]ies ( t]ms :i* sep>ate x f our pres5t selves1 memory w\ld become impossible on acc\nt ( ! l5g? ( ! op]ation4 ,we ?us rea* ! p>adoxical result t "o condition ( rememb]+ is t we %\ld =get4 ,)\t totally =gett+ a prodigi\s numb] ( /ates ( consci\sness1 & mom5t>ily =gett+ a l>ge numb]1 we c\ld n rememb] at all4 ,oblivion1 except 9 c]ta9 cases1 is ?us no malady ( memory1 b a condition ( its heal? & its life4#fje ,!re are _m irregul>ities 9 ! process ( =gett+ :i* are z yet unacc\nt$ =4 ,a ?+ =gott5 on "o day w be rememb]$ on ! next4 ,some?+ we h made ! mo/ /r5u\s ef=ts to recall1 b all 9 va91 w1 soon aft] we h giv5 up ! attempt1 saunt] into ! m9d1 z ,em]son some:]e says1 z innoc5tly z if x _h nev] be5 s5t =4 ,exp]i5ces ( bygone date w revive aft] ye>s ( absolute oblivion1 (t5 z ! result ( "s c]ebral disease or accid5t :i* seems to develop lat5t pa?s ( association1 z ! photograph]'s fluid develops ! picture sleep+ 9 ! collodion film4 ,! (t5e/ quot$ ( ^! cases is ,col]idge's3 ,9 a ,roman ,ca?olic t[n 9 ,g]many1 a "y woman1 :o c\ld nei!r read nor write1 0 seiz$ ) a fev]1 & 0 said by ! prie/s to be possess$ ( a devil1 because %e 0 he>d talk+ ,lat91 ,greek1 & ,hebrew4 ,:ole %eets ( h] rav+s 7 writt5 out1 & f\nd to consi/ ( s5t5ces intelligible 9 !mselves1 b hav+ slight connection ) ea* o!r4 ,( h] ,hebrew say+s1 only a few c\ld be trac$ to ! ,bible1 & mo/ seem$ to be 9 ! ,rabb9ical dialect4 ,all trick 0 out ( ! "q2 ! woman 0 a simple creature2 !re 0 no d\bt z to ! fev]4 ,x 0 long be=e any explanation1 save t ( demoniacal possession1 c\ld be obta9$4 ,at la/ ! my/]y 0 unveil$ by a physician1 :o det]m9$ to trace back ! girl's hi/ory1 & :o1 aft] mu* tr\ble1 discov]$ t at ! age ( n9e %e _h be5 *>itably tak5 by an old ,prote/ant pa/or1 a great ,hebrew s*ol>1 9 ^: h\se %e liv$ till 8 dea?4 ,on fur!r inquiry x appe>$ to h be5 ! old man's cu/om = ye>s to walk up & d[n a passage ( 8 h\se into :i* ! kit*5 op5$1 & to read to himself ) a l\d voice out ( 8 books4 ,! books 7 ransack$1 & among !m 7 f\nd sev]al ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,fa!rs1 toge!r ) a collection ( ,rabb9ical writ+s4 ,9 ^! works s _m ( ! passages tak5 d[n at ! "y woman's b$side 7 id5tifi$ t !re c\ld be no reasonable d\bt z to _! s\rce4#fjf ,hypnotic subjects z a rule =get all t has happ5$ 9 _! trance4 ,b 9 a succe$+ trance !y w (t5 rememb] ! ev5ts ( a pa/ "o4 ,?is is l :at happ5s 9 ^? cases ( 'd\ble p]sonality' 9 :i* no recollection ( "o ( ! lives is to be f\nd 9 ! o!r4 ,we h already se5 9 an e>li] *apt] t ! s5sibility (t5 diff]s f "o ( ! alt]nate p]sonalities to ano!r1 & we h he>d ,m4 ,pi]re ,janet's !ory t an/hesias c>ry amnesias ) !m 7see above1 pp4 #che ff474 ,9 c]ta9 cases ?is is evid5tly s2 ! ?r[+ ( c]ta9 functional bra9-tracts out ( ge> ) o!rs1 s z to dissociate _! consci\sness f t ( ! rema9+ bra91 ?r[s !m out = bo? s5sorial & ideational s]vice4 ,m4 ,janet prov$ 9 v>i\s ways t :at 8 pati5ts =got :5 an/hetic !y rememb]$ :5 ! s5sibility return$4 ,= in/ance1 he re/or$ _! tactile s5se tempor>ily by means ( electric curr5ts1 passes1 etc41 & !n made !m h&le v>i\s objects1 su* z keys & p5cils1 or make p>ticul> movem5ts1 l ! sign ( ! cross4 ,! mom5t ! an/hesia return$ !y f\nd x impossible to recollect ! objects or ! acts4 ',!y _h _h no?+ 9 _! h&s1 !y _h done no?+1' etc4 ,! next day1 h[ev]1 s5sibility be+ aga9 re/or$ by simil> processes1 !y rememb]$ p]fectly ! circum/ance1 & told :at !y _h h&l$ or _h done4 ,all ^! pa?ological facts are %[+ u t ! sph]e ( possible recollection may be wid] ?an we ?9k1 & t 9 c]ta9 matt]s app>5t oblivion is no pro( aga9/ possible recall "u o!r conditions4 ,!y give no c\nt5ance1 h[ev]1 to ! extravagant op9ion t no?+ we exp]i5ce c be absolutely =gott54 ,9 real life1 9 spite ( occasional surprises1 mo/ ( :at happ5s actually is =gott54 ,! only reasons = suppos+ t if ! conditions 7 =?com+ ev]y?+ w\ld revive are ( a transc5d5tal sort4 ,sir ,wm4 ,hamilton quotes & adopts !m f ! ,g]man writ] ,s*mid4 ,k be+ a 'spontane\s self-en]gy' on ! "p ( ! m9d1 ?is en]gy be+ once det]m9$1 x is natural t x %\ld p]si/1 until aga9 annihilat$ by o!r causes4 ,?is annihilation w\ld be ! case1 7 ! m9d m]ely passive4444 ,b ! m5tal activity1 ! act ( k1 ( :i* ,i n[ speak1 is m ?an ?is2 x is an en]gy ( ! self-active p[] ( a subject "o & indivisible3 consequ5tly a "p ( ! ego mu/ be deta*$ or annihilat$1 if a cognition once exi/5t be aga9 ext+ui%$4 ,h5ce x is t ! problem mo/ difficult ( solution is n1 h[ a m5tal activity endures1 b h[ x ev] vani%es4#fjg ,^? :om su* an argum5t p]suades may be left happy ) _! belief4 ,o!r positive argum5t !re is none1 none c]ta9ly ( a physiological sort4#fjh 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 memory beg9s to decay1 prop] names are :at g fir/1 & at all times prop] names are h>d] to recollect ?an ^? ( g5]al prop]ties & classes ( ?+s4 ,?is seems due to ! fact t common qualities & names h contract$ an inf9itely great] numb] ( associations 9 our m9d ?an ! names ( mo/ ( ! p]sons :om we "k4 ,_! memory is bett] organiz$4 ,prop] names z well organiz$ z ^? ( our family & fri5ds are recollect$ z well z ^? ( any o!r objects4#fji ',organization' means num]\s associations2 & ! m num]\s ! associations1 ! great] ! numb] ( pa?s ( recall4 ,= ! same reason adjectives1 conjunctions1 prepositions1 & ! c>d9al v]bs1 ^? words1 9 %ort1 :i* =m ! grammatical framework ( all our spee*1 are ! v la/ to decay4 ,kussmaul#faj makes ! foll[+ acute rem>k on ?is subject3 ,! concret] a conception is1 ! soon] is its "n =gott54 ,?is is because our ideas ( p]sons & ?+s are less /rongly b\nd up ) _! names ?an ) su* ab/ractions z _! bus9ess1 _! circum/ances1 _! qualities4 ,we easily c imag9e p]sons & ?+s )\t _! names1 ! s5sorial image ( !m be+ m important ?an t o!r symbolic image1 _! "n4 ,ab/ract conceptions1 on ! o!r h&1 are only acquir$ by means ( ! words :i* alone s]ve to conf] /ability ^u !m4 ,?is is :y v]bs1 adjectives1 pron\ns1 & /ill m adv]bs1 prepositions1 & conjunctions are m intimately connect$ ) our ?9k+ ?an are sub/antives4 ,! disease call$ ,aphasia1 ( :i* a little 0 said 9 ,*apt] ,,ii1 has let 9 a flood ( light on ! ph5om5on ( ,memory1 by %[+ ! numb] ( ways 9 :i* ! use ( a giv5 object1 l a ^w1 may be lo/ by ! m9d4 ,we may lose our ac\/ic idea or our articulatory idea ( x2 nei!r )\t ! o!r w give u prop] comm& ( ! ^w4 ,& if we h bo?1 b h lo/ ! pa?s ( association betwe5 ! bra9-c5tres :i* support ! two1 we are 9 z bad a plight4 ',ataxic' & 'amnesic' aphasia1 '^w-deafness1' & 'associative aphasia' are all practical losses ( ^w-memory4 ,we h ?us1 z ,m4 ,ribot says1 n memory s mu* z memories4#faa ,! visual1 ! tactile1 ! muscul>1 ! auditory memory may all v>y indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r 9 ! same individual2 & diff]5t individuals may h !m develop$ 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,z a rule1 a man's memory is good 9 ! dep>tm5ts 9 :i* 8 int]e/ is /rong2 b ^? dep>tm5ts are apt to be ^? 9 :i* 8 discrim9ative s5sibility is high4 ,a man ) a bad e> is n likely to h practically a good musical memory1 or a purbl9d p]son to rememb] visual appe>ances well4 ,9 a lat] *apt] we %all see illu/rations ( ! diff]5ces 9 m5's imag9+ p[]4#fab ,x is obvi\s t ! ma*9]y ( memory mu/ be l>gely det]m9$ !reby4 ,mr4 ,galton1 9 8 "w on ,engli% ,m5 ( ,sci5ce1#fac has giv5 a v int]e/+ collation ( cases %[+ individual v>iations 9 ! type ( memory1 :]e x is /rong4 ,"s h x v]bal4 ,o!rs h x good = facts & figures1 o!rs = =m4 ,mo/ say t :at is to be rememb]$ mu/ fir/ be rationally conceiv$ & assimilat$4#fad 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is an int]e/+ fact connect$ ) rememb]+1 :i*1 s f> z ,i "k1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,v]don 0 ! fir/ writ] expressly to call att5tion to4 ,we c set our memory z x 7 to reta9 ?+s = a c]ta9 "t1 & !n let !m dep>t4 ,individuals (t5 rememb] cle>ly & well up to ! "t :5 !y h to use _! k1 & !n1 :5 x is no long] requir$1 !re foll[s a rapid & ext5sive decay ( ! traces4 ,_m s*oolboys =get _! lessons aft] !y h said !m1 _m b>ri/]s =get details got up = a p>ticul> case4 ,?us a boy le>ns ?irty l9es ( ,hom]1 says !m p]fectly1 & !n =gets !m s t he c\ld n say five consecutive l9es ! next morn+1 & a b>ri/] may be "o week le>n$ 9 ! my/]ies ( mak+ cog-:eels1 b 9 ! next he may be well acqua9t$ ) ! anatomy ( ! ribs in/ead4#fae ,! rationale ( ?is fact is obscure2 & ! exi/5ce ( x ought to make u feel h[ truly subtle are ! n]v\s processes :i* memory involves4 ,mr4 ,v]don adds t ,:5 ! use ( a record is )drawn1 & att5tion )drawn f x1 & we ?9k no m ab\t x1 we "k t we exp]i5ce a feel+ ( relief1 & we may ?us conclude t en]gy is 9 "s way lib]at$4 ,if ! 444 att5tion is n )drawn1 s t we keep ! record 9 m9d1 we "k t ?is feel+ ( relief does n take place4444 ,also we are well aw>e1 n only t aft] ?is feel+ ( relief takes place1 ! record does n seem s well cons]v$ z be=e1 b t we h real difficulty 9 attempt+ to rememb] x4 ,?is %[s t we are n z entirely unconsci\s ( a topic z we ?9k1 dur+ ! "t 9 :i* we seem to be m]ely reta9+ x subject to recall4 ,practically1 says ,mr4 ,v]don1 we sometimes keep a matt] 9 h& n exactly by att5d+ to x1 b by keep+ our att5tion ref]r$ to some?+ connect$ ) x f "t to "t4 ,translat+ ?is into ! language ( physiology1 we mean t by ref]r+ att5tion to a "p )91 or closely connect$ )1 ! sy/em ( traces pa?s requir$ to be rememb]$1 we keep x well f$1 s t ! traces are pres]v$ ) ! utmo/ delicacy4 ,?is is p]haps z ne> z we c get to an explanation4 ,sett+ ! m9d to rememb] a ?+ involves a cont9ual m9imal irradiation ( excitem5t into pa?s :i* lead !reto1 involves ! cont9u$ pres5ce ( ! ?+ 9 ! 'fr+e' ( our consci\sness4 ,lett+ ! ?+ g involves )drawal ( ! irradiation1 unconsci\sness ( ! ?+1 &1 aft] a "t1 oblit]ation ( ! pa?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,a curi\s peculi>ity ( our memory is t ?+s are impress$ bett] by active ?an by passive repetition4 ,i mean t 9 le>n+ by he>t 7= example71 :5 we almo/ "k ! piece1 x pays bett] to wait & recollect by an ef=t f )91 ?an to look at ! book aga94 ,if we recov] ! words 9 ! =m] way1 we %all probably "k !m ! next "t2 if 9 ! latt] way1 we %all v likely ne$ ! book once m4 ,! le>n+ by he>t means ! =mation ( pa?s f a =m] set to a lat] set ( c]ebral ^w-processes3 call #a & #b 9 ! diagram ! processes 9 "q2 !n :5 we rememb] by inw>d ef=t1 ! pa? is =m$ by dis*>ge f #a to #b1 j z x w aft]w>ds be us$4 ,b :5 we excite #b by ! eye1 al?\gh ! pa? #a--b d\btless is !n %ot ?r\gh also1 ! ph5om5on :i* we are discuss+ %[s t ! direct dis*>ge f #a into #b1 unaid$ by ! eyes1 pl\ghs ! deep] & m p]man5t groove4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 a great] am\nt ( t5sion accumulat$ 9 ! bra9 be=e ! dis*>ge f #a to #b1 :5 ! latt] takes place unaid$ by ! eye4 ,?is is prov$ by ! g5]al feel+ ( /ra9 9 ! ef=t to rememb] #b2 & ?is also ought to make ! dis*>ge m viol5t & ! pa? m deep4 ,a simil> reason d\btless acc\nts = ! famili> fact t we rememb] our own !ories1 our own discov]ies1 comb9ations1 inv5tions1 9 %ort :atev] 'ideas' orig9ate 9 our own bra91 a ?\s& times bett] ?an exactly simil> ?+s :i* are communicat$ to u f )\t4 ,a ^w1 9 clos+1 ab\t ! metaphysics involv$ 9 rememb]+4 ,accord+ to ! assumptions ( ?is book1 ?\ghts accompany ! bra9's work+s1 & ^? ?\ghts are cognitive ( realities4 ,! :ole relation is "o :i* we c only write d[n empirically1 confess+ t no glimm] ( explanation ( x is yet 9 sight4 ,t bra9s %\ld give rise to a kn[+ consci\sness at all1 ?is is ! "o my/]y :i* returns1 no matt] ( :at sort ! consci\sness & ( :at sort ! k may be4 ,s5sations1 aw>e ( m]e qualities1 involve ! my/]y z mu* z ?\ghts1 aw>e ( complex sy/ems1 involve x4 ,to ! platoniz+ tradition 9 philosophy1 h[ev]1 ?is is n s4 ,s5sational consci\sness is some?+ quasi-mat]ial1 h>dly cognitive1 :i* "o ne$ n mu* wond] at4 ,relat+ consci\sness is q ! rev]se1 & ! my/]y ( x is unspeakable4 ,pr(essor ,ladd1 = example1 9 8 usually excell5t book1#faf aft] well %[+ ! matt]-(-fact dep5d5ce ( ret5tion & reproduction on bra9-pa?s1 says3 ,9 ! /udy ( p]ception psy*o-physics c d mu* t[>ds a sci5tific explanation4 ,x c tell :at qualities ( /imuli produce c]ta9 qualities ( s5sations1 x c sugge/ a pr9ciple relat+ ! quantity ( ! /imuli to ! int5sity ( ! s5sation2 x c inve/igate ! laws "u :i*1 by comb9$ action ( v>i\s excitations1 ! s5sations are comb9$ 8 into pres5tations ( s5se2 x c %[ h[ ! "t-relations ( ! s5sations & p]cepts 9 consci\sness correspond to ! objective relations 9 "t ( ! /imulations4 ,b = t spiritual activity :i* actually puts toge!r 9 consci\sness ! s5sations1 x _c ev5 sugge/ ! beg9n+ ( a physical explanation4 ,moreov]1 no c]ebral process c be conceiv$ (1 :i*--9 case x 7 kn[n to exi/--c\ld possibly be reg>d$ z a fitt+ basis = ?is unify+ actus ( m9d4 ,?us also1 & ev5 m emphatically1 mu/ we insi/ ^u ! complete inability ( physiology to sugge/ an explanation = consci\s memory1 9 s f> z x is memory--t is1 9 s f> z x mo/ imp]atively calls = explanation4444 ,! v ess5ce ( ! act ( memory consi/s 9 ! ability to say3 ,?is aft]-image is ! image ( a p]cept ,i _h a mom5t s9ce2 or ?is image ( memory is ! image ( ! p]cept ,i _h at a c]ta9 "t--,i d n rememb] precisely h[ long s9ce4 ,x w\ld1 !n1 be q contr>y to ! facts to hold t1 :5 an image ( memory appe>s 9 consci\sness1 x is recogniz$ z belong+ to a p>ticul> orig9al p]cept on acc\nt ( its p]ceiv$ resemblance to ?is p]cept4 ,! orig9al p]cept does n exi/ & w nev] be reproduc$4 ,ev5 m palpably false & absurd w\ld x be to hold t any simil>ity ( ! impressions or processes 9 end organs or c5tral organs expla9s ! act ( consci\s memory4 ,consci\sness kn[s no?+ ( su* simil>ity2 kn[s no?+ ev5 ( ! exi/5ce ( n]v\s impressions & processes4 ,moreov]1 we c\ld nev] "k two impressions or processes t are sep>at$ 9 "t to be simil>1 )\t involv+ ! same inexplicable act ( memory4 ,x is a fact ( consci\sness on :i* all possibility ( connect$ exp]i5ce & ( record$ & cumulative human k is dep5d5t t c]ta9 phases or products ( consci\sness appe> ) a claim to /& = 7to repres5t7#fag pa/ exp]i5ces to :i* !y are reg>d$ z 9 "s respect simil>4 ,x is ?is peculi> claim 9 consci\sness :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce ( an act ( memory2 x is ?is :i* makes ! memory :olly inexplicable z a m]e p]si/5ce or recurr5ce ( simil> impressions4 ,x is ?is :i* makes consci\s memory a spiritual ph5om5on1 ! explanation ( :i*1 z aris+ out ( n]v\s processes & conditions1 is n simply undiscov]$ 9 fact1 b utt]ly incapable ( approa* by ! imag9ation4 ,:51 !n1 we speak ( a physical basis ( memory1 recognition mu/ be made ( ! complete inability ( sci5ce to sugge/ any physical process :i* c be conceiv$ ( z correlat$ ) t peculi> & my/]i\s actus ( ! m9d1 connect+ its pres5t & its pa/1 :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce ( memory4 ,?is passage seems to me *>act]i/ic ( ! reign+ half-way modes ( ?\ght4 ,x puts ! difficulties 9 ! wrong places4 ,at "o mom5t x seems to admit ) ! crud] s5sationali/s t ! mat]ial ( our ?\ghts is indep5d5t s5sations reproduc$1 & t ! 'putt+ toge!r' ( ^! s5sations w\ld be k1 if x c\ld only be br\ght ab\t1 ! only my/]y be+ z to ! :at 'actus' c br+ x ab\t4 ,at ano!r mom5t x seems to cont5d t ev5 ?is sort ( 'comb9+' w\ld n be k1 because c]ta9 ( ! elem5ts connect$ mu/ 'claim to repres5t or /& =' pa/ orig9als1 :i* is incompatible ) _! be+ m]e images reviv$4 ,! result is v>i\s confus$ & scatt]$ my/]ies & unsatisfi$ intellectual desires4 ,b :y n 'pool' our my/]ies into "o great my/]y1 ! my/]y t bra9-processes occasion k at all8 ,x is surely no diff]5t my/]y to feel myself by means ( "o bra9-process writ+ at ?is table n[1 & by means ( a diff]5t bra9-process a ye> h5ce to rememb] myself writ+4 ,all t psy*ology c d is to seek to det]m9e :at ! sev]al bra9-processes are2 & ?is1 9 a wret*$ly imp]fect way1 is :at su* writ+s z ! pres5t *apt] h begun to d4 ,b ( 'images reproduc$1' & 'claim+ to repres5t1' & 'put toge!r by a unify+ actus1' ,i h be5 sil5t1 because su* expressions ei!r signify no?+1 or !y are only r\ndab\t ways ( simply say+ t ! pa/ is kn[n :5 c]ta9 bra9-conditions are fulfill$1 & x seems to me t ! /raighte/ & %orte/ way ( say+ t is ! be/4 ,= a hi/ory ( op9ion ab\t ,memory1 & o!r bibliographic ref]5ces1 ,i mu/ ref] to ! admirable little monograph on ! subject by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,burnham 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 vols4 i & ii4 ,useful books are3 ,d4 ,kay's ,memory1 ,:at ,x ,is1 & ,h[ to ,improve ,x 7#ahhh72 & ,f4 ,fau?'s ,das ,g$*tniss1 ,/udie zu e9] ,pdagogik1 etc41 #ahhh4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,footnotes3 #efg ,l',homme et l',intellig5ce1 p4 #cb4 #efh ,pr(essor ,ri*et has !re=e no "r to say1 z he does 9 ano!r place 7,revue ,philosophique1 xxi1 #egj73 ,)\t memory no consci\s s5sation1 )\t memory no consci\sness4 ,all he is entitl$ to say is3 ,)\t memory no consci\sness kn[n outside ( itself4 ,( ! sort ( consci\sness t is an object = lat] /ates1 & becomes z x 7 p]man5t1 he gives a good example3 ,:o ( u1 alas6 has n exp]i5c$ a bitt] & pr(\nd grief1 ! imm5se lac]ation cause by ! dea? ( "s *]i%$ fell[-be+8 ,well1 9 ^! great griefs ! pres5t endures nei!r = a m9ute1 = an h\r1 nor = a day1 b = weeks & mon?s4 ,! memory ( ! cruel mom5t w n efface itself f consci\sness4 ,x disappe>s n1 b rema9s liv+1 pres5t1 coexi/+ ) ! multitude ( o!r s5sations :i* are juxtapos$ 9 consci\sness alongside ( ?is "o p]si/5t emotion :i* is felt always 9 ! pres5t t5se4 ,a long "t is ne$$ ere we c atta9 to =gett+ x1 ere we c make x ent] into ! pa/4 ,hret lat]i letalis arundo4 7,ibid4 #ehc47 #efi ,?is is ! prim>y positive aft]-image4 ,accord+ to ,helmholtz1 "o ?ird ( a second is ! mo/ favorable l5g? ( exposure to ! light = produc+ x4 ,long] exposure1 complicat$ by subsequ5t admission ( light to ! eye1 results 9 ! ord9>y negative & complem5t>y aft]-images1 ) _! *anges1 :i* may 7if ! orig9al impression 0 brilliant & ! fixation long7 la/ = _m m9utes4 ,fe*n] gives ! "n ( memory-aft]-images 7,psy*ophysik1 ii1 #dib7 to ! in/antane\s positive effects1 & di/+ui%es !m f ord9>y aft] images by ! foll[+ *>act]s3 #a7 ,_! orig9als mu/ h be5 att5d$ to1 only su* p>ts ( a comp\nd orig9al z h be5 att5d$ to appe>+4 ,?is is n ! case 9 common visual aft]-images4 #b7 ,! /ra9 ( att5tion t[>ds !m is inw>d1 z 9 ord9>y rememb]+1 n outw>d1 z 9 obs]v+ a common aft]-image4 #c7 ,a %ort fixation ( ! orig9al is bett] = ! memory-aft]-image1 a long "o = ! ord9>y aft]-image4 #d7 ,! colors ( ! memory-aft]-image are nev] complem5t>y ( ^? ( ! orig9al4 #egj ,h]mann's ,hdb*4 ii1 #b4 #bhb4 #ega ,rev4 ,philos41 #efb4 #egb ,ri*et says3 ,! pres5t has a c]ta9 duration1 a v>iable duration1 sometimes a r long "o1 :i* compreh5ds all ! "t occupi$ by ! aft]-rev]b]ation ret5tissem5t1 aft]-image ( a s5sation4 ,= example1 if ! rev]b]ation ( an electric %ock )9 our n]ves la/s t5 m9utes1 = t electric %ock !re is a pres5t ( t5 m9utes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a feebl] s5sation w h a %ort] pres5t4 ,b 9 e case1 = a consci\s s5sation ,i %\ld say = a rememb]$ s5sation to occur1 !re mu/ be a pres5t ( a c]ta9 duration1 ( a few seconds at lea/4 ,we h se5 9 ! la/ *apt] t x is h>d to trace ! backw>d limits ( ?is imm$iately intuit$ duration1 or speci\s pres5t4 ,! figures :i* ,m4 ,ri*et supposes appe> to be consid]ably too l>ge4 #egc ,cf4 ,fe*n]1 ,psy*ophysik1 ii1 #dii4 #egd ,! prim>y aft]-image itself _c be utiliz$ if ! /imulus is too brief4 ,mr4 ,cattell f\nd 7,psy*ologis*e ,/udi51 iii1 p4 #ic ff47 t ! color ( a light mu/ fall ^u ! eye = a p]iod v>y+ f #j4jjbge to #j4jjf ( a second1 9 ord] to be recogniz$ = :at x is4 ,lett]s ( ! alphabet & famili> words require f #j4jjjge to #j4jjage sec4--truly an int]val extremely %ort4 ,"s lett]s1 ,e = example1 are h>d] ?an o!rs4 ,9 #ahga ,helmholtz & ,baxt _h asc]ta9$ t :5 an impression 0 imm$iately foll[$ by ano!r1 ! latt] qu5*$ ! =m] & prev5t$ x f be+ kn[n to lat] consci\sness4 ,! fir/ /imulus 0 lett]s ( ! alphabet1 ! second a bright :ite disk4 ,) an int]val ( #j4jjdh sec4 betwe5 ! two excitations ,i copy "h ! ab/ract 9 ,ladd's ,physiological ,psy*ology1 p4 #dhj1 ! disk appe>$ z sc>cely a trace ( a weak %imm]2 ) an int]val ( #j4jjif sec41 lett]s appe>$ 9 ! %imm]--"o or two :i* c\ld be p>tially recogniz$ :5 ! int]val increas$ to #j4jadd sec4 ,:5 ! int]val 0 made #j4jaib sec4 ! objects 7 a little m cle>ly disc]n$2 at #j4jjccf sec4 f\r lett]s c\ld be well recogniz$2 at #j4jdcb sec41 five lett]s2 & at #j4jebh sec4 all ! lett]s c\ld be read4 7,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 iv1 #cbe ff47 #ege ,:5 ! pa/ is recall$ symbolically1 or conceptually only1 x is true t no su* copy ne$ be !re4 ,9 no sort ( conceptual k is x requisite t def9itely resembl+ images be !re 7cf4 pp4 #dga ff474 ,b z all conceptual k /&s = intuitive k1 & t]m9ates !re91 ,i ab/ract f ?is complication1 & conf9e myself to ^? memories 9 :i* ! pa/ is directly imag$ 9 ! m9d1 or1 z we say1 intuitively kn[n4 #egf ,e4g4 ,sp5c]1 ,psy*ology1 i1 p4 #ddh4 ,h[ d ! believ]s 9 ! suffici5cy ( ! 'image' =mulate ! cases :]e we rememb] t some?+ did n happ5---t we did n w9d our wat*1 did n lock ! door1 etc48 ,x is v h>d to acc\nt = ^! memories ( omission4 ,! image ( w9d+ ! wat* is j z pres5t to my m9d n[ :5 ,i rememb] t ,i did n w9d x z if ,i rememb]$ t ,i did4 ,x mu/ be a diff]5ce 9 ! mode ( feel+ ! image :i* leads me to su* diff]5t conclusions 9 ! two cases4 ,:5 ,i rememb] t ,i did w9d x1 ,i feel x gr[n toge!r ) its associates ( pa/ date & place4 ,:5 ,i rememb] t ,i did n1 x keeps alo(2 ! associates fuse ) ea* o!r1 b n ) x4 ,?is s5se ( fusion1 ( ! belong+ toge!r ( ?+s1 is a mo/ subtle relation2 ! s5se ( non-fusion is an equally subtle "o4 ,bo? relations dem& mo/ complex m5tal processes to "k !m1 processes q diff]5t f t m]e pres5ce or abs5ce ( an image :i* does su* s]vice 9 ! crud] books4 #egg ,psy*ologia ,empirica1 #agd4 #egh ,analysis1 i1 #ccj-a4 ,mill believ$ t ! v>i\s ?+s rememb]$1 ! self includ$1 ent] consci\sness 9 ! =m ( sep>ate ideas1 b s rapidly t !y are 'all clu/]$ into "o4' ,ideas call$ up 9 close conjunction 444 assume1 ev5 :5 !re is ! greate/ complexity1 ! appe>ance1 n ( _m ideas1 b ( "o 7vol4 i1 p4 #abc74 ,?is my?ology does n impair ! accuracy ( 8 description ( memory's object4 #egi ,comp>e1 h[ev]1 p4 #bea1 ,*apt] ,,ix4 #ehj ,pr(essor ,ba9 adds1 9 a note to ?is passage ( ,mill's3 ,?is process seems be/ express$ by lay+ d[n a law ( ,comp\nd or ,composite ,association1 "u :i* a plurality ( feeble l9ks ( connection may be a sub/itute = "o p[]ful & self-suffic+ l9k4 #eha ,analysis1 *ap4 x4 #ehb ,h4 ,maudsley1 ,! ,physiology ( ,m9d 7,london1 #ahgf71 p4 #eac4 #ehc ,! only fact :i* might plausibly be alleg$ aga9/ ?is view is ! famili> "o t we may feel ! lapse ( "t 9 an exp]i5ce s monoton\s t its e>li] portions c h no 'associates' diff]5t f its lat] ones4 ,sit ) clos$ eyes1 = example1 & /eadily pron\nce "s v[el-s\nd1 ?us1 a---a---a---a---a--- 444 ?9k+ only ( ! s\nd4 ,no?+ *anges dur+ ! "t occupi$ by ! exp]im5t1 & yet at ! end ( x y "k t its beg9n+ 0 f> away4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t a close att5tion to :at happ5s dur+ ?is exp]im5t %[s t x does n violate 9 ! lea/ ! conditions ( recall laid d[n 9 ! text2 & t if ! mom5t to :i* we m5tally h>k back lie _m seconds beh9d ! pres5t in/ant1 x always has diff]5t associates by :i* we def9e its date4 ,?us x 0 :5 ,i _h j brea!d out1 or 92 or x 0 ! 'fir/ mom5t' ( ! p]=mance1 ! "o 'prec$$ by sil5ce2' or x 0 '"o v close to t2' or x 0 '"o :5 we 7 look+ =w>d in/ead ( back1 z n[2' or x is simply repres5t$ by a numb] & conceiv$ symbolically ) no def9ite image ( its date4 ,x seems to me t ,i h no really intuitive discrim9ation ( ! diff]5t pa/ mom5ts aft] ! exp]i5ce has gone on "s little "t1 b t back ( ! 'speci\s pres5t' !y all fuse into a s+le conception ( ! k9d ( ?+ t has be5 go+ on1 ) a m or less cle> s5se ( ! total "t x has la/$1 ?is latt] be+ bas$ on an automatic c\nt+ ( ! successive pulses ( ?\ght by :i* ! process is f mom5t to mom5t recogniz$ z be+ always ! same4 ,)9 ! few seconds :i* con/itute ! speci\s pres5t !re is an intuitive p]ception ( ! successive mom5ts4 ,b ^! mom5ts1 ( :i* we h a prim>y memory-image1 are n prop]ly recall$ f ! pa/1 our k ( !m is 9 no way analog\s to a memory prop]ly s call$4 ,cf4 supra1 p4 #fdf4 #ehd ,on ,intellig5ce1 i1 #beh-i4 #ehe ,n t m]e native t5acity w make a man great4 ,x mu/ be c\pl$ ) great passions & great intellect besides4 ,imbeciles sometimes h extraord9>y desultory memory4 ,drobis* describes 7,empiris*e ,psy*ol41 p4 #ie7 ! case ( a "y man :om he exam9$4 ,he _h ) difficulty be5 taught to read & speak4 ,b if two or ?ree m9utes 7 all[$ him to p]use an octavo page1 he !n c\ld spell ! s+le words out f 8 memory z well z if ! book lay op5 be=e him4444 ,t !re 0 no deception ,i c\ld te/ by means ( a new ,lat9 law-diss]tation :i* _h j come into my h&s1 :i* he nev] c\ld h se51 & ( :i* bo? subject & language 7 unkn[n to him4 ,he read (f m5tally _m l9es1 skipp+ ab\t too1 ( ! page :i* _h be5 giv5 him to see1 no worse ?an if ! exp]im5t _h be5 made ) a *ild's /ory4 ,drobis* describes ?is case z if x 7 "o ( unusual p]si/5ce 9 ! visual image 'prim>y memory1' vide supra1 p4 #fdc4 ,b he adds t ! y\? 'rememb]$ 8 pages a long "t4' ,9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy = ,jan4 #ahga 7vi1 #f7 is an acc\nt by ,mr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,h5kle 7toge!r ) ! /ock classic examples ( pret]natural memory7 ( an almo/ bl9d ,p5nsylvania f>m] :o c\ld rememb] ! day ( ! week on :i* any date _h fall5 = =ty-two ye>s pa/1 & also ! k9d ( wea!r x 01 & :at he 0 do+ on ea* ( m ?an fifte5 ?\s& days4 ,pity t su* a magnific5t faculty z ?is c\ld n h f\nd m wor?y application6 ,:at ^! cases %[ is t ! m]e organic ret5tiv5ess ( a man ne$ be> no def9ite relation to 8 o!r m5tal p[]s4 ,m5 ( ! highe/ g5]al p[]s w (t5 =get no?+1 h[ev] insignificant4 ,"o ( ! mo/ g5]ally accompli%$ m5 ,i "k has a memory ( ?is sort4 ,he nev] keeps writt5 note ( any?+1 yet is nev] at a loss = a fact :i* he has once he>d4 ,he rememb]s ! old addresses ( all 8 ,new ,york fri5ds1 liv+ 9 numb]$ /reets1 addresses :i* !y !mselves h long s9ce mov$ away f & =gott54 ,he says t he %\ld probably recognize an individual fly1 if he _h se5 him ?irty ye>s previ\s--he is1 by ! way1 an entomologi/4 ,z an in/ance ( 8 desultory memory1 he 0 introduc$ to a c]ta9 colonel at a club4 ,! conv]sation fell ^u ! signs ( age 9 man4 ,! colonel *all5g$ him to e/imate 8 age4 ,he look$ at him1 & gave ! exact day ( 8 bir?1 to ! wond] ( all4 ,b ! secret ( ?is accuracy 0 t1 hav+ pick$ up "s days previ\sly an army-regi/]1 he _h idly turn$ ov] its li/ ( names1 ) dates ( bir?1 graduation1 promotions1 etc41 atta*$1 & :5 ! colonel's "n 0 m5tion$ to him at ! club1 ^! figures1 on :i* he _h n be/[$ a mom5t's ?\ght1 involunt>ily surg$ up 9 8 m9d4 ,su* a memory is ( c\rse a priceless boon4 #ehf ,cf4 ,ebb+haus3 ,ueb] das ,g$*tniss 7#ahhe71 pp4 #fg1 #de4 ,"o may he> a p]son say3 ,i h a v poor memory1 because ,i 0 nev] sy/ematically made to le>n poetry at s*ool4 #ehg ,h[ to ,/r5g!n ! ,memory2 or1 ,! ,natural & ,sci5tific ,me?ods ( ,nev] ,=gett+4 ,by ,m4 ,h4 ,holbrook1 ,m4,d4 ,new ,york 7no date74 #ehh ,page #ci4 #ehi ,op4 cit4 p4 #ajj4 #eij ,9 ord] to te/ ! op9ion s confid5tly express$ 9 ! text1 ,i h tri$ to see :e!r a c]ta9 am\nt ( daily tra9+ 9 le>n+ poetry by he>t w %ort5 ! "t x takes to le>n an entirely diff]5t k9d ( poetry4 ,dur+ eight successive days ,i le>n$ #aeh l9es ( ,victor ,hugo's ',satyr4' ,! total numb] ( m9utes requir$ = ?is 0 #aca #e_/f--;x %\ld be said t ,i _h le>n$ no?+ by he>t = _m ye>s4 ,i !n1 work+ = tw5ty-odd m9utes daily1 le>n$ ! entire fir/ book ( ,p>adise ,lo/1 occupy+ #ch days 9 ! process4 ,aft] ?is tra9+ ,i w5t back to ,victor ,hugo's poem1 & f\nd t #aeh additional l9es 7divid$ exactly z on ! =m] occasion7 took me #aea #a_/b m9utes4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i committ$ my ,victor ,hugo to memory be=e ! tra9+ at ! rate ( a l9e 9 #ej seconds1 aft] ! tra9+ at ! rate ( a l9e 9 #eg seconds1 j ! opposite result f t :i* ! popul> view w\ld lead "o to expect4 ,b z ,i 0 p]ceptibly fagg$ ) o!r "w at ! "t ( ! second bat* ( ,victor ,hugo1 ,i ?\ght t might expla9 ! ret>dation2 s ,i p]suad$ sev]al o!r p]sons to repeat ! te/4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,burnham le>n$ #af l9es ( ,9 ,memoriam = #h days2 "t1 #ad-ag m9utes--daily av]age #ad #c_/d4 ,he !n tra9$ himself on ,s*ill]'s translation ( ! second book ( ! neid into ,g]man1 #af l9es daily = #bf consecutive days4 ,on return+ to ! same quantity ( ,9 ,memoriam aga91 he f\nd 8 maximum "t #bj m9utes1 m9imum #aj1 av]age #ad #bg_/dh4 ,z he fe>$ ! out] conditions might n h be5 z favorable ?is "t z ! fir/1 he wait$ a few days & got conditions z ne> z possible id5tical4 ,! result 01 m9imum "t #h m9utes2 maximum #ai #a_/b2 av]age #ad #c_/dh4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dr[n te/$ himself on ,virgil = #af days1 !n aga9 = #af days1 aft] tra9+ himself on ,scott4 ,av]age "t be=e tra9+1 #ac m9utes #bf seconds2 aft] tra9+1 #ab m9utes #af seconds4 ,sixte5 days is too long = ! te/1 x gives "t = tra9+ on ! te/-v]se4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,baldw9 took #aj l9es = #ae days z 8 te/1 tra9$ himself on #dej l9es '( an entirely diff]5t v]se1' & !n took #ae days m ( ! =m] v]se #aj l9es a day4 ,av]age result3 #c m9utes #da seconds be=e1 #c m9utes #b seconds aft]1 tra9+4 ,same criticism z be=e4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,pease te/$ himself on ,idyls ( ! ,k+1 & tra9$ himself on ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,av]age result ( #f days ea* "t3 #ad m9utes #cd seconds be=e1 #ad m9utes #ee seconds aft]1 tra9+4 ,mr4 ,burnham hav+ sugge/$ t to elim9ate facilitat+ effect entirely f ! tra9+ v]ses "o ought to te/ "o's self la ,ebb+haus on s]ies ( nons5se-syllables1 hav+ no analogy :atev] ) any sy/em ( expressive v]ses1 ,i induc$ two ( my /ud5ts to p]=m t exp]im5t also4 ,! record is un=tunately lo/2 b ! result 0 a v consid]able %ort5+ ( ! av]age "t ( ! second s]ies ( nons5se-syllables1 le>n$ aft] tra9+4 ,?is seems to me1 h[ev]1 m to %[ ! effects ( rapid habituation to ! nons5se-v]ses !mselves ?an ^? ( ! poetry us$ betwe5 !m4 ,b ,i mean to prosecute ! exp]im5ts f>!r1 & w report 9 ano!r place4 ,"o ( my /ud5ts hav+ quot$ a cl]gyman ( 8 acqua9tance :o _h m>vell\sly improv$ by practice 8 p[] ( le>n+ 8 s]mons by he>t1 ,i wrote to ! g5tleman = corroboration4 ,i app5d 8 reply1 :i* %[s t ! increas$ facility is due r to a *ange 9 8 me?ods ( le>n+ ?an to 8 native ret5tiv5ess hav+ gr[n by ex]cise3 ,z = memory1 m9e has improv$ ye> by ye>1 except :5 9 ill-heal?1 l a gymna/'s muscle4 ,be=e tw5ty x took ?ree or f\r days to commit an h\r-long s]mon2 aft] tw5ty1 two days1 "o day1 half a day1 & n[ "o sl[ analytic1 v att5tive or adhesive read+ does x4 ,b memory seems to me ! mo/ physical ( intellectual p[]s4 ,bodily ease & fre%ness h mu* to d ) x4 ,!n !re is a great diff]5ce ( facility 9 me?od4 ,i us$ to commit s5t5ce by s5t5ce4 ,n[ ,i take ! idea ( ! :ole1 !n its lead+ divisions1 !n its subdivisions1 !n its s5t5ces4 #eia ,e4 ,pick3 ,memory & its ,doctors 7#ahhh71 p4 #g4 #eib ,?is sy/em is c>ri$ out 9 great detail 9 a book call$ ',memory ,tra9+1' by ,wm4 ,l4 ,evans 7#ahhi74 #eic ,paulhan1 ,l',activit m5tal1 et les lm5ts de l',esprit 7#ahhi74 p4 #gj4 #eid ,on ,intellig5ce1 i1 #gg-hb4 #eie ,psy*ology1 #bja4 #eif ,pr(essor ,hffd+ consid]s t ! abs5ce ( contigu\s associates di/9ctly ?\ght-( is a pro( t associative processes are n conc]n$ 9 ^! cases ( in/antane\s recognition :]e we get a /rong s5se ( famili>ity ) ! object1 b no recall ( previ\s "t or place4 ,8 !ory ( :at happ5s is t ! object be=e u1 ,a1 comes ) a s5se ( famili>ity :5ev] x awak5s a slumb]+ image1 a1 ( its own pa/ self1 :il/ )\t ?is image x seems unfamili>4 ,! quality ( famili>ity is due to ! coalesc5ce ( ! two simil> processes ,a a 9 ! bra9 7,psy*ologie1 p4 #ahh2 ,vi]teljs*4 f4 wiss4 ,phil41 xiii1 #dcb #ahhi74 ,?is explanation is a v tempt+ "o :]e ! ph5om5on ( recognition is r$uc$ to its simple/ t]ms4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 p]=m$ 9 ,wundt's laboratory by ,messrs4 ,wolfe1 see bel[1 p4 #fgi1 & ,lehmann 7,philosophis*e ,/udi51 v1 #if71 9 :i* a p]son _h to tell out ( sev]al closely resembl+ s5sible impressions 7s\nds1 t9ts ( color7 pres5t$1 :i* ( !m 0 ! same ) "o pres5t$ a mom5t be=e4 ,& x does seem "h z if ! fad+ process 9 ! j-excit$ tract mu/ comb9e ) ! process ( ! new impression to give to ! latt] a peculi> subjective t+e :i* %\ld sep>ate x f ! impressions :i* ! o!r objects give4 ,b recognition ( ?is imm$iate sort is beyond our p[] aft] a v %ort "t has int]v5$4 ,a c\ple ( m9utes' int]val is g5]ally fatal to x2 s t x is impossible to conceive t our frequ5t in/antane\s recognition ( a face1 e4g41 z hav+ be5 met be=e1 takes place by any su* simple process4 ,:]e we associate a head ( classification ) ! object1 ! "t-int]val has mu* less effect4 ,dr4 ,lehmann c\ld id5tify %ades ( gray mu* m successfully & p]man5tly aft] m5tally atta*+ names or numb]s to !m4 ,"h x is ! recall ( ! contigu\s associate1 ! numb] or "n1 :i* br+s ab\t ! recognition4 ,:]e an exp]i5ce is complex1 ea* elem5t ( ! total object has _h ! o!r elem5ts = its pa/ contigu\s associates4 ,ea* elem5t ?us t5ds to revive ! o!r elem5ts f )91 at ! same "t t ! outw>d object is mak+ !m revive f )\t4 ,we h ?us1 :5ev] we meet a famili> object1 t s5se ( expectation gratifi$ :i* is s l>ge a factor 9 our /hetic emotions2 & ev5 7 !re no 'fr+e ( t5d5cy' t[>d ! ar\sal ( extr9sic associates 7:i* !re c]ta9ly always is71 /ill ?is intr9sic play ( mutual association among ! p>ts w\ld give a "* ( ease to famili> p]cepts :i* w\ld make ( !m a di/9ct subjective class4 ,a process fills its old b$ 9 a diff]5t way f t 9 :i* x makes a new b$4 ,"o c appeal to introspection = pro(4 ,:51 = example1 ,i g into a slaught]-h\se into :i* ,i once w5t ye>s ago1 & ! horrid d9 ( ! scream+ hogs /rikes me ) ! ov]p[]+ s5se ( id5tification1 :5 ! blood-/a9$ face ( ! '/ick]1' :om ,i _h long ceas$ to ?9k (1 is imm$iately recogniz$ z ! face t /ruck me s be=e2 :5 ! d+y & r$d5$ woodwork1 ! purple-fl[+ floor1 ! smell1 ! emotion ( disgu/1 & all ! details1 9 a ^w1 =?) re-e/abli% !meelves z famili> occupants ( my m9d2 ! extrane\s associates ( ! pa/ "t are any?+ b prom95t4 ,aga91 9 try+ to ?9k ( an engrav+1 say ! portrait ( ,rajah ,brooke prefix$ to 8 biography1 ,i c d s only p>tially2 b :5 ,i take d[n ! book &1 look+ at ! actual face1 am smitt5 ) ! intimate s5se ( its sam5ess ) ! "o ,i 0 /riv+ to resuscitate1--:]e 9 ! exp]i5ce is ! elem5t ( extr9sic association8 ,9 bo? ^! cases x surely feels z if ! mom5t :5 ! s5se ( recall is mo/ vivid 7 also ! mom5t :5 all extrane\s associates 7 mo/ suppress$4 ,! but*]'s face recalls ! =m] walls ( ! %ambles2 _! ?\ght recalls ! groan+ bea/s1 & !y ! face aga91 j z ,i n[ exp]i5ce !m1 ) no diff]5t pa/ +r$i5t4 ,9 l mann] ! peculi> deep5+ ( my consci\sness ( ! ,rajah's physiognomy at ! mom5t :5 ,i op5 ! book & say ,ah6 t's ! v face6 is s int5se z to bani% f my m9d all collat]al circum/ances1 :e!r ( ! pres5t or ( =m] exp]i5ces4 ,b "h x is ! nose prep>+ tracts = ! eye1 ! eye prep>+ !m = ! m\?1 ! m\? prep>+ !m = ! nose aga91 all ^! processes involv+ pa?s ( contigu\s association1 z def5d$ 9 ! text4 ,i _c agree1 !re=e1 ) ,pr(4 ,hffd+1 9 spite ( my respect = him z a psy*ologi/1 t ! ph5om5on ( in/antane\s recognition is only explicable ?r\gh ! recall & comp>ison ( ! ?+ ) its own pa/ image4 ,nor c ,i see 9 ! facts 9 "q any additional gr\nd = re9/at+ ! g5]al notion :i* we h already reject$ 7supra1 p4 #eib7 t a 's5sation' is ev] receiv$ into ! m9d by an 'image' ( its own pa/ self4 ,x is receiv$ by contigu\s associates2 or if !y =m too fa9t a fr+e1 its neural curr5ts run into a b$ :i* is /ill 'w>m' f j-previ\s curr5ts1 & :i* consequ5tly feel diff]5t f curr5ts ^: b$ is cold4 ,i agree1 h[ev]1 ) ,hffd+ t ,dr4 ,lehmann's exp]im5ts 7_m ( !m7 d n seem to prove ! po9t :i* he seeks to e/abli%4 ,lehmann1 inde$1 seems himself to believe t we recognize a s5sation ,a by comp>+ x ) its own pa/ image 7loc4 cit4 p4 #aad71 9 :i* op9ion ,i altoge!r fail to concur4 #eig ,duality ( ! ,m9d1 p4 #hd4 ,! same !sis is def5d$ by ! late ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,proctor1 :o gives "s cases r h>d to reconcile ) my own propos$ explanation1 9 ',k' = ,nov4 #h1 #ahhd4 ,see also ,ribot1 ,maladies de la ,mmoire1 p4 #adi ff4 #eih ,zeits*r4 f4 ,vlk]psy*ologie u4 s4 w41 ,bd4 v1 p4 #adf4 #eii ,ueb] das ,g$*tniss1 exp]im5telle ,unt]su*ung5 7#ahhe71 p4 #fd4 #fjj ,ibid4 #bc4 #fja ,op4 cit4 p4 #ajc4 #fjb ,all ! inf]5ces = :i* we c give no articulate reasons exemplify ?is law4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,p]ception we %all h innum]able examples ( x4 ,a good pa?ological illu/ration ( x is giv5 9 ! curi\s obs]vations ( ,m4 ,b9et on c]ta9 hy/]ical subjects1 ) an/hetic h&s1 :o saw :at 0 done ) _! h&s z an indep5d5t vision b did n feel x4 ,! h& be+ hidd5 by a scre51 ! pati5t 0 ord]$ to look at ano!r scre5 & to tell ( any visual image :i* might project itself !reon4 ,numb]s w\ld !n come1 correspond+ to ! numb] ( times ! ins5sible memb] 0 rais$1 t\*$1 etc4 ,color$ l9es & figures w\ld come1 correspond+ to simil> ones trac$ on ! palm2 ! h& itself1 or its f+]s1 w\ld come :5 manipulat$2 &1 f9ally1 objects plac$ 9 x w\ld come2 b on ! h& itself no?+ c\ld ev] be felt4 ,! :ole ph5om5on %[s h[ an idea :i* rema9s itself bel[ ! ?re%old ( a c]ta9 consci\s self may occasion associative effects !re94 ,! sk9-s5sations1 unfelt by ! pati5t's prim>y consci\sness1 awak51 nev]!less1 _! usual visual associates !re94 #fjc ,i copy f ! ab/ract ( ,wolfe's pap] 9 ',sci5ce' = ,nov4 #ai1 #ahhf4 ,! orig9al is 9 ,psy*ologis*e ,/udi51 iii1 #ecd ff4 #fjd ,essay conc4 ,human ,und]/&+1 ii1 x1 #e4 #fje ,?4 ,ribot1 ,les ,maladies de la ,mmoire1 p4 #df4 #fjf ,biographia ,lit]>ia1 ed4 #ahdg1 i1 #aag 7quot$ 9 ,c>p5t]'s ,m5tal ,physiology1 *apt] x1 :i* see = a numb] ( o!r cases1 all un=tunately defici5t1 l ?is "o1 9 ! evid5ce ( exact v]ification :i* 'psy*ical rese>* 'dem&s74 ,comp>e also ,?4 ,ribot1 ,diseases ( ,memory1 *ap4 iv4 ,! k ( =eign words1 etc41 report$ 9 trance m$iums1 etc41 may p]haps (t5 be expla9$ by exaltation ( memory4 ,an hy/]o-epileptic girl1 ^: case ,i quot$ 9 ,proc4 ( ,am4 ,soc4 = ,psy*ical ,rese>*1 automatically writes an ',+oldsby ,leg5d' 9 sev]al cantos1 :i* h] p>5ts say %e '_h nev] read4' ,( c\rse %e mu/ h read or he>d x1 b p]haps nev] le>n$ x4 ,( "s mac>onic ,lat9-,engli% v]ses ab\t a sea-s]p5t :i* h] h& also wrote unconsci\sly1 ,i h va9ly s\ght ! orig9al 7see ,proc41 etc41 p4 #eec74 #fjg ,lectures on ,metaph41 ii1 #bab4 #fjh ,cf4 on ?is po9t ,j4 ,delbuf1 ,le ,sommeil et les ,rves 7#ahhe71 p4 #aai ff42 ,r4 ,v]don1 ,=getfulness1 9 ,m9d1 ii1 #dcg4 #fji ,cf4 ,a4 ,maury1 ,le ,sommeil et les ,rves1 p4 #ddb4 #faj ,/rung5 d] ,spra*e1 quot$ by ,ribot1 ,les ,maladies de la ,m41 p4 #acc4 #faa ,op4 cit4 *ap4 iii4 #fab ,^? :o h a good memory = figures are 9 g5]al ^? :o "k be/ h[ to h&le !m1 t is1 ^? :o are mo/ famili> ) _! relations to ea* o!r & to ?+s4 7,a4 ,maury1 ,le ,sommeil et les ,rves1 p4 #ddc47 #fac ,pp4 #ajg-aba4 #fad ,= o!r examples see ,hamilton's ,lectures1 ii1 #bai1 & ,a4 ,hub]3 ,das ,g$*tniss1 p4 #cf ff4 #fae ,m9d1 ii1 #ddi4 #faf ,physiological ,psy*ology1 pt4 ii1 *ap4 x1 #bc4 #fag ,:y n say '"k'8---,w4 ,j4