,,ladies ,,manual ,,( ,,art ,,or ,,pr(it ,,& ,,pa/ime4 ,a ,,self ,,tea*] ,,9 ,all ,bran*es ( ,decorative ,art1 ,,embrac+ ,,e ,,v>iety ,,( ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,draw+ ,on ,*9a1 ,glass1 ,velvet1 ,canvas1 ,pap] & ,wood ,,! ,,secret ,,( ,,all ,,glass ,,transp>5cies1 ,,sket*+ ,,f ,,nature4 ,,pa/el ,,& ,,crayon ,,draw+1 ,,taxid]my1 ,etc4 ,illu/ration ,,*icago3 ,,donohue1 ,,h5neb]ry ,,co4 #djg-dbe ,,de>born ,,/reet #ahij ,illu/ration3 ,,copyright1 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface ,illu/ration ,9 pres5t+ to ! public & our arti/ically incl9$ p our 8,art ,manual0 we %\ld d s ) "s trepidation _h we n ! assurance1 9 plac+ be=e !m ?is "w1 t x w\ld in/antly w9 its way into _! favor by its m]its4 ,mo/ books produc$ by ! press ( ! pres5t day are novels1 compilations1 sci5tific & !ological ones1 meet+ z !y d only c]ta9 classes1 & are subjects :i* h be5 con/antly be=e ! p4 ,we pres5t y a 8new book0 9 e s5se ( ! ^w4 ,we propose ent]+ ) our read]s into ! beautiful realms ( ,art1 ?an :i* !re is no m int]e/+ subject2 our object be+ its promotion & dissem9ation4 ,we want to see ! great majority ( our ref9$1 educat$1 b ne$y wom5 embrace x z a s\rce ( pr(it z well z pleasure1 _m ( :om ) an intellect = great] ?+s1 b incapable ( muscul> labor or exposure1 c1 by apply+ !mselves en]getically to ?is occupation1 e>n a good livelihood & fam\s "n1 & assi/ 9 dissem9at+ its beauties ev]y:]e4 ,_m homes are !re 9 our l&1 :i* !y c ornam5t1 & embelli% to _! pr(it1 & ! pleasure ( o!rs4 ,^? com=tably situat$ 9 life1 ^: home decorations !y pref] to be ! product ( _! own h&s1 w hail our 8,manual0 z 8a fri5d inde$40 ,to ! *ild 9 :om is obs]v$ traits ( g5ius x w be ( invaluable assi/ance 9 develop+ ^? traits4 ,our aim is to comb9e 9 ?is "w all ! diff]5t me?ods ( produc+ portraits1 l&scapes1 pa9t+ on canvas1 wood1 *9a1 etc41 etc41 to furni% to all lov]s ( ! useful & beautiful 9 art a true tea*]1 mak+ e in/ruction s pla9 & compreh5sive1 t a *ild c grasp ! mean+4 ,9 ?us comb9+ all ^! arts 9 "o volume1 we save ! le>n] ! exp5se ( pur*as+ a l>ge numb] ( books at a co/ :i* effectually precludes ! possibility ( _m engag+ 9 ?is pr(itable & pleasant occupation4 ,!n1 to ^? ^: ta/es are arti/ically incl9$1 & :o f9d x mo/ inconv5i5t to obta9 in/ructions 9 all ! bran*es desir$2 to ^? 9 :om g5ius lies dormant & :om necessity compels to e>n _! own livelihood2 to ^? :o desire to comb9e pa/ime ) pleasure1 & to ^? :o h ! means1 ta/es & desire b n ! necess>y assi/ance at h& to ornam5t _! homes1 we respectfully d$icate our 8,art ,manual40 ,,! ,,publi%]s4 ,illu/ration ,,introductory ,,rem>ks4 ,9 le>n+ ! art ( draw+ or writ+1 l all o!r ,arts & ,sci5ces1 !re are c]ta9 fir/ & fix$ pr9ciples to be obs]v$ z a f\ndation ^u :i* ! :ole is built4 ,a "r und]/&+ ( ^! is absolutely necess>y t we may become ma/]s ( t art :i* we und]take to le>n4 ,a neglect ( ^! fir/ pr9ciples is ! reason :y s _m :o h sp5t "t suffici5t to become accompli%$ arti/s1 are1 aft] all _! pa9s & loss ( "t1 incapable ( produc+ ev5 fair "w2 & are (t5 at a loss to "k h[ to beg94 ,_m comm5ce by copy+ ! "w ( o!rs1 & are surpris$ to f9d h[ little su* ability avails !m :5 attempt+ to make sket*es f nature4 ,! in/ruction = ^? :o int5d prosecut+ ?is delightful /udy1 is prep>$ ) great c>e by ! au?or1 :o has _h v _m ye>s ( exp]i5ce 9 l&scape draw+4 ',tis true t mu* ( 8 ability has be5 atta9$ by ye>s ( pati5t indu/ry & practice4 ,yet "t might h be5 sav$ by little e>li] att5tion to pr9ciples & /udy ( works on ! subject1 prep>$ by exp]ts4 ,! be/ advice to ^? contemplat+ a /udy ( ! art--:o possess any degree ( skill 9 ! use ( ! p5cil1 is to g out into ! field1 ) ! 8in/ructor0 9 "o h& & y\r sket*-book 9 ! o!r1 select "s object ( int]e/1 & 8take x 940 ,if n satisfactory1 try aga9--be n too easily disc\rag$4 ,y w f9d ! /udy ( nature a s\rce ( pleasure1 objects ( int]e/ w appe> on e h&1 9 ! valleys1 on ! m\nta9s1 ! lakes1 or by ! riv] side1 & z y become famili> ) ! sc5es 9 nature1 difficulties w disappe>1 & y are happy 9 ! ?\ght t sket*+ f nature is truly "o ( ! mo/ pure & ref9$ ( intellectual pleasures & pr(essions1 & ! sket*-book ) y1 z ) ! writ]1 w ev] be a *os5 companion4 ,:5 ?is bran* ( ! "w has be5 complet$1 & ! l&scape transf]r$ to pap] & %ad$ up1 ! mo/ difficult "p ( ! task is accompli%$4 ,! next ess5tial elem5t 9 ! advancem5t ( ! picture1 & t :i* r5d]s x m beautiful to ! eye1 is color4 ',tis well to turn aside f y\r unf9i%$ l&scape or portrait1 & /udy ! colors 9 nature1 ! mix+ ( t9ts1 & h[ to apply !m1 z %[n on a subsequ5t page ( ?is book4 ,to become an arti/ requires only a love = ! art1 a good eye1 & an abundance ( cont9uity4 ,illu/ration ,,cont5ts ,illu/ration ,sket*+ f ,nature4--,h[ to ,make a ,draw+--,l9e> ,p]spective--,mat]ials--,t]ms 9 a ,picture--,l9es 9 ,nature--,l9e ( ,beauty--,l&scapes--,select+ a ,position--,lights & ,%ades #i ,colors 9 ,nature4--,prim>y ,colors--,advantages ( ,colors--,colors ( a ,spectrum--,mixtures ( ,colors--,transmission ( ,light--,pure ,:ite1 ,black1 ,gray1 ,gre5--,neutralization ( ,colors #bc ,p5 & ,p5cil ,draw+4--,pap] ,us$ = ,transf]r+--,prep>ation ( ,pap]--,me?od ( ,transf]r+--,%ad+ by ,p5--,p5tagraph--,h[ to ,use x--,copy+ ) ,transp>5t ,pap] #bg ,pa/el ,pa9t+4--,crayons & ,pa/els--,pap] ,us$--,exposure to ! ,sun--,colors ,employ$--,colors ( ,pap]--,m\nt+ ! ,picture--,sket*+ ,9 ! ,outl9es--,apply+ ! ,crayon--,colors & ,composition ( ,t9ts--,backgr\nd #bi ,l&scape ,pa9t+ 9 ,crayon4--,pap]--,arrang+ ! ,pap]--,draw+--,us+ ! ,colors--,fix+ ! ,draw+--,mat]ials = ,pa/el ,draw+ #cc ,mono*romatic ,draw+4--,directions--,mat]ials ,us$--,%ades--,bl5d+--,sky--,m\nta9s--,w at]--,moonlight--,old ,ru9s1 etc4 #cg ,wat] ,colors4--,in/ructions--,colors ,us$ = ,sky & ,di/ances--,hills--,trees--,=egr\nd--,sk y--,moonlight1 etc4--,select+ ! ,pap]--,diff]5t ,k9ds--,bru%es--,o!r ,mat]ials--,colors ,us$ #ch ,l&scape ,pa9t+ 9 ,oil ,colors4--,te*nical ,names & ,mat]ials ,us$--,mix+ ( ,t9ts--,h[ to ,apply ,!m--,a ,glaze--,impa/+--,scrumbl+--,h&l+--,ligh t--,bru%es--,mat]ials ,us$--,canvas--,prep>$ ,pap]--,millbo>ds--,panels--,palettes--, a ,dipp]--,re/ ,/ick--,knives--,easels--,vehicles--,mix $ ,t9ts #de ,oil ,photo4--,m9iature or ,cameo ,oil--,improv$ ,me?od--,treat+ ! ,photograph--,pa/e ,prep>ation--,! ,glass ,clean+--,colors ,appli$--,w$ges--,caution--,directions = ,color+--,second ,me?od--,ivory ,type or ,mezzot9t--,m\nt+ ! ,photograph--,mat]ials ,us$--,ano!r ,plan #ee ,photo ,pa9t+ 9 ,wat] ,colors4--,select+ ,photograph--,prep>+ ! ,photo--,colors ,us$--,color+ ,backgr\nd1 ,face1 ,eyes1 ,m\?1 ,hair1 ,clo?+--,%ad[+ #fj ,russian or ,egyptian ,me?od4--,to ,produce ,fir/ ,class ,picture--,apply+ ,colors--,palette--,liquid ,colors ,us$--,bru%es #fc ,mak+ ,photographs4--,gelat9e ,dry-plate ,process--,! ,outfit--,fill+ ! ,plate-,hold]--,tak+ ! ,picture--,mak+ ,negatives--,*emical ,outfit--,directions = ,us+ ,*emicals--,in/ructions ,summ>iz$--,mak+ ,pr9ts f ,negatives--,s5sitiz$ ,pap] ,pr9ts--,ton+ ,process--,m\nt+ ,pictures #fe ,draughtsm5's ,s5sitive ,pap] = ,copy+ ,draw+s4--,directions--,h[ to ,use--,pr9t+ by ,exposure #gj ,wood ,pa9t+4--,f ! ,g]man--,g5]al ,prelim9>ies--,requisites--,colors--,tra nsf]r+ ! ,draw+ on ,wood--,enl>g+ & ,r$uc+ ,designs--,divisions ( ,wood ,surface--,trac+ & ,transf]r+ ,designs--,fix+ ,transf]r$ ,design--,color+--,ret\*+--,wood ,articles--,poli%+ ,designs #ga ,transp>5cies4--,in/ructions--,g5]al ,directions #ha ,cry/al1 or ,ori5tal ,pa9t+4--,mat]ials ,us$--,colors ,us$--,directions #hc ,antique ,italian ,l&scape ,pa9t+4--,/yle ( ! ,pa9t+--,transf]r+--,quality ( ! ,glass ,us$--,mat]ials--,directions--,pa9ts ,us$ #he ,grecian ,oil ,pa9t+4--,select+ ! ,engrav+--,applications--,me?od ( ,pa9t+--,mix+ ! ,pa9ts--,eyes1 ,hair1 ,fle%--,sugge/ions--,colors--,bru%es #hg ,ornam5tal ,glass ,sign ,"w4--,lett]+ ,door ,plates--,ornam5t+ ,glass ,"w1 ,boxes1 etc4--,in/ructions--,lett]+ ! ,glass--,hold+ ! ,lett]s--,next ,process--,rema9+ ,directions--,articles ,us$--,note #hi ,vitremanie4--,easy & ,inexp5sive ,decoration ( ,w9d[s1 ,*ur*es1 ,public ,build+s1 ,private ,h\ses1 etc4--,sup]s$es ,diaphanie--,defects ( ,diaphanie--,mat]ials ,us$ 9 ,vitremanie--,simple ,in/ructions--,apply+ ! ,design--,remov+ ! ,pap]--,arrang+ ! ,designs #ia ,diaphanie4--,simil>ity to ,decalcomanie--,mat]ials ,requir$--,! ,application--,designs ,us$ #ic ,pa9t+ on ,silk4--,sat9 & ,silk--,its ,beauty & ,popul>ity--,transf]r+--,pa9t+ ,directions--,us+ ,colors ,lightly--,rais$ ,"w--,colors ,us$--,br++ out ! ,picture #id ,/a9+ ,wood & ,ivory4--,yell[ ,mahogany--,black1 ,r$1 ,blue1 ,purple--,acids & ,mat]ials ,us$ #if ,cry/all9e ,surfaces4--,pap]1 ,wood1 & ,glass--,mixture ,us$--,application--,directions #ig ,*9a ,pa9t+4--,on ,*9a1 ,porcela91 ,e>!nw>e1 & ,enamel--,colors ,us$--,process ( ,burn+ ,9--,trac+ & ,draw+--,fir/ ,me?od--,second ,me?od--,?ird ,me?od--,clean+ ,bru%es--,composition1 ,use1 & ,mix+ ( ,colors--,classification ( ,colors--,te/s--,fusibility--,?ickness-- ,m$iums--,conduct ( ! ,"w--,special ,in=mation ,conc]n+ ,pa9t+ ,colors--,mode ( ,use--,mixtures--,concordance ( ,enamel ) ,moi/ & ,oil ,colors--,te*nical ,names #ii ,mono*rome4--,*9a ,pa9t+--,pa9t+ on ,porcela9 or ,e>!nw>e--,t9ts ( ,mono*romes--,sket*+ ,9--,pa9t+ ! ,head--,hair--,fle% ,t9ts--,drap]y--,ret\*+--,m4 ,lacroix's ,colors--,f9i%+ ! ,mono*rome--,g5]al ,sugge/ions #aaa ,*9a ,pa9t+4--,pa9t+ ! ,head 9 ,colors on ,porcela9--,draw+ & ,sket*+ ,9--,highly ,color$ ,faces--,ca/ ,%ad[s--,pa9t+ ! ,lips--,blue ,eyes--,fair ,hair--,color$ ,drap]ies--,! ,palette #aae ,*9a ,pa9t+4--,/yle ( ,b\*]--,fl[]s1 ,fruits1 ,birds & ,l&scape on ,porcela9--,ret\*+ ,leaves--,pea*es--,in/ructions on ,l&scapes--,! ,sky--,trunks ( ,trees--,bran*es--,h\ses--,gr\nd--,wat]- -,/r5g!n+ ,t\*es--,directions = ,pack+ #aah ,t]ra ,cotta ,pa9t+4--,enamel1 ,oil & ,wat] ,color ,pa9t+ on ,t]ra ,cotta--,special ,in/ructions--,mat]ials & ,bru%es ,us$ #abc ,burn+ ,94--,m9]al ,decalcomanie--,new & ,beautiful ,art--,transf]r+ ,pictures to ,*9a & ,o!r ,w>e--,imitat+ ,exactly ,beautiful ,pa9t+--,directions1 ,mat]ials ,requir$1 ,designs1 ,numb]s1 ,prices #abf ,natural ,fl[]s4--,pres]vation--,hot ,wat] ,sy/em--,s&wi* ,isl& ,process--,s& ,dry+ ,me?od--,la/ ,process #abi ,pap]-,fl[] ,mak+4--,arrangem5t ( ,b\quets--,mat]ials ,us$--,directions = ,us+ ,wire1 ,silk1 etc4--,crimson ,rhodod5dron--,:ite ,camelia1 ,rose1 ,p9k ,fu*sia--,gr\p+ ,fl[]s--,examples--,li/ ( ,mat]ials1 ,tools1 etc4 #acd ,fr5* ,art--,decorat+ ,wood1 ,lea!r1 ,silk1 etc4--,to ,decorate ,delicate ,fabrics--,ano!r ,me?od--,decorat+ ,d>k ,color$ ,articles--,*oice ( ,subjects--,cov]$ ,designs--,li/ ( ,subjects t c be ,decorat$--,g5]al ,sugge/ions #adc ,! ,wax ,art--,fl[]s & ,fruit--,in/ructions = ,mak+ ,wax & ,molds--,mat]ials ,us$1 etc4--,mold+--,prep>+ ,wax--,to ,mold a ,calla ,lily--,pa9t+ ,v>iegat$ ,fl[]s--,directions = ,%eet+ ,wax--,mold+ ,wax ,fruit--,oranges1 ,apples1 ,pea*es1 ,grapes1 etc4--,special ,in/ructions--,leaf ,molds1 ,wires1 ,/eel ,mold+ ,p9s1 ,moss1 ,miscellane\s ,articles1 ,color$ ,wax #adf ,spr9kle ,"w4--,decoration ( ,wood & ,*9a ,ornam5ts--,its ,ease & ,beauty--,ut5sils--,process--,special ,directions--,v>ni%+ & ,poli%+--,spr9kle ,"w on ,*9a--,ve9s--,colors ,g5]ally & ,satisfactorily ,us$--,g5]al ,sugge/ions #aed ,pe>l ,embroid]y4--,fi% ,scales--,to ,prep>e ,!m--,draw+ ! ,patt]n ( ,leaf--,directions #afa ,fea!r ,fl[]s4--,in/ructions to ,beg9--,color ( ,fea!rs--,dye+--,r5ew+ ,o/ri* ,fea!rs #afb ,lu/ral ,bronze ,pa9t+4--,prep>ations--,in/ructions--,co py f ,engrav+s--,/ems ( ,trees--,second ,%ade--,figures--,p>ts ( ,m\nta9s--,v>ni%+--,sugge/ions--,gild+ #afd ,japanese ,art4--,ga!r+ ,leaves--,directions #afh ,/a9+ ,glass4--,causes ( ,decay--,( ,glass ,pa9t+--,colors ,us$--,classes--,process ( ,lay+ ! ,colors--,pe9ture et ,apprt--,gr\nd or ,f\ndation--,! ,vehicle--,mo/ ,suitable ,oil--,palette--,pigm5ts--,fus$ ,colors--,illum9at$ ,colors--,new ,tone ( ,color--,mosaic ,glass ,pa9t+--,c>toons--,cutt+--,ov]-laid ,glass--,color$ ,pot ,metal #afi ,gild+ ,glass4--,prep>ations--,cutt+ ,figures & ,ornam5ts--mo/ ,important ,secret--,g5]al ,sugge/ions #agi ,et*+ on ,copp]4--,heat+--,dabb+--,smok+--,et*+-- ,fluid = ! ,purpose--,directions #ahb ,k5s+ton ,pa9t+4--,its ,progress & ,popul>ity--,mat]ials ,us$--,colors ,necess>y--,apply+ ,colors--,fl[]s1 ,leaves--,in/ructions #ahe ,arras5e ,embroid]y4--,novelty & ,beauty--,wool & ,silk ,arras5e--,a ,wild ,rose--,bl9d ,/it*--,d\ble ,rose--,daisies--,=get-me-n--,leaves--,/ ems--,full ,in/ructions #ahi ,portraiture 9 ,black ,crayon4--,c>eful ,in/ructions--,pap]--,cutt+ & ,trimm+--,damp5+ & ,fram+--,select+ ,mat]ials--,enl>g+ ! ,photograph--,trac+--,c>efulness--,featu res--,pupils ( ! ,eyes--,iris--,nose--,lips--,bl5d+ ,process--,! ,hair--,! ,drap]y--,coll> & ,%irt ,front--,! ,backgr\nd--,lace ,"w--,f9i%+--,g5]al ,important ,sugge/ions #aia ,analysis ( ,colors4--,nature & ,quality--,blues--,r$s--,br[ns--,mix+ ,comp\nd ,t9ts = ! ,face--,t9ts & ,colors--,produc+ !m--,transp>5t ,colors--,semi-,transp>5t--,contra/ & ,h>mony ( ,colors #aig ,taxid]my4--,pr(it1 ,usefulness & ,beauty--,sk9n+--,m\nt+ 9 ,g5]al--,pres]v+--,spid]s & ,insects--,%ell ,fi%--,poli%+ ,%ells--,collect+ ,animals--,recipes--,g5]al & ,special ,in/ructions #bjc ,,sket*+ ,,f ,,nature ,illu/ration 8,,god ,,has ,,diffus$ ,,beauty1 ,,& ,,art ,,has ,,comb9$ ,,x40--,h\ssaye4 ,a sket* is a graphic memor&um4 8,! field ( labor is ! wide _w ( nature--h] beautiful tru?s ! lessons to be le>n$ by he>t4 ,once fairly )9 h] s*ool1 ,art awak5s to a life ( sympa?y ) its tea*] t la/s =ev]40 ,a capacity = draw+ means m ?an produc+ a l9e> repres5tation4 ,! sculptor draws :5 he models ! pla/ic clay into imitative or ideal creations4 ,! pa9t] draws :5 he disposes 8 pigm5ts ) l impulse4 ,! /alw>t smi? draws :5 he %apes ! heat$ metal into =m4 ,he t _c draw a crook$ l9e1 _c draw a /raight "o1 & he :o _c draw a /raight l9e1 ! simple/1 easie/1 & mo/ compreh5sible1 has c]ta9ly mu* to le>n1 & %\ld beg9 ) x4 ,9 ,mak+ a ,draw+ f ,nature1 we />t out ) "o ( two ?+s 9 view1 a desire to make a p]fect copy ( ! sc5e be=e u1 or a wi% to make a *oice selection f ! :ole1 & arrange x to suit our fancy4 ,! fir/ is hi/oric1 f ! fact ( its be+ a true & fai?ful copy4 ,! second is call$ poetic1 z ! ef=t is = beauty ( arrangem5t & g5]al make up4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! arti/ is g5]ally bett] satisfi$ ) 8 ef=t :5 ! picture is complete1 ?an if he foll[$ closely to ! labori\s "w ( p]fectly copy+ t :i* is n altoge!r int]e/+4 ,b at ! same "t ! fir/1 t ( pictur+ facts1 mu/ =m ! basis ( ! art4 ,by x we acquire a k ( detail1 & /ore ! m9d ) true nature1 :i* is ess5tial 9 good "w4 ,a true & fai?ful copy is :at is s\ght aft]4 ,9 foll[+ our own fancy1 we g out into ! field & select f a comb9ation ( objects1 & make up our picture4 ,we f9d a log cab9 /&+ beside a rocky /ream ( rippl+ wat]1 :i* is spann$ by an anci5t log bridge2 9 ano!r place we f9d c[s graz+2 & aga9 a horseman is com+ d[n ! road4 ,we comb9e ! ?ree4 ,! cattle are driv5 into ! /ream1 ! horse & 8 rid] are br\ght into & =m a "p ( ! picture1 :i* is n[ complete4 ,9 sket*+ f nature x is fir/ ess5tial t we %\ld be tra9$ to "s ext5t 9 a c\rse ( p]spective draw+4 ,l9e> ,p]spective is ! application ( ! pr9ciples ( geometry to ! accurate del9eation ( ! pr9cipal l9es ( ! picture4 ,draw+ on a pla9 surface an object z x appe>s1 or z x w\ld appe> on a pane ( glass1 held betwe5 y & ! object4 ,p]spective is absolutely necess>y 9 draw+ f nature1 n only 9 p]fect+ f9i%$ "w1 b 9 all circum/ances4 ,!oretically1 z well z practically1 x be>s m or less ^u all ! great requisites ( p]fection 9 art4 ,we c by its aid1 select our own po9t ( obs]vation1 ev5 ?\gh x be imag9>y4 ,mat]ials4 ,( ! v>iety ( in/rum5ts & mat]ials = draw+ & sket*+1 !re is ! lead p5cil ( diff]5t degrees ( h>dness1 & t9t2 !n !re is ! ,fr5* crayon1 t9t$ crayons1 etc42 ,fr5* sket*+ bo>ds1 prep>$ ( v>i\s t9ts1 ) skies1 & sugge/ive effects ready laid 92 8solid sket*+ blocks10 b\nd z a portfolio1 w be f\nd conv5i5t4 ,pap] = 8c>toons0 c be obta9$ ( mo/ any size1 up to six feet wide4 ,9 a ,picture we h ,six ,t]ms1 ! c5t] ( ! picture1 or c5t] ( view1 ! di/ance ( ! picture1 ! base l9e1 ! horizontal l9e1 ! p]p5dicul> l9e1 ! po9t ( view4 ,l9es 9 ,nature4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t all ! l9es 9 nature are curve l9es1 ! body ( trees1 ! bran*es & _! leaves1 & ! fruit t gr[s !reon2 ! blades ( grass1 & fl[]s 9 ! field2 ! swells ( ! ocean1 ! hills & holl[s1 are all compos$ ( curv$ l9es4 ,nature is all lovel9ess & p]fection1 all h] effects are true1 & ! desire ( ! /ud5t %\ld be to realize !m ?or\ghly1 & let nature1 & nature alone1 be ! tea*]1 foll[+ h] fai?fully1 9 ! full assurance ( ! atta9m5t ( tru?1 :atev] else he may fail to accompli%4 ,!n let ! p5cil1 ! s]vant ( ?\ght1 ,copy ! lessons :i* nature has taught2 ,= ! skillful h& ( ! arti/ entw9es1 ,no g>l& m fair ?an h] beautiful l9es4 ,a ,,lesson ,,9 ,,draw+4 ,be=e go+ into ! field to make a sket*1 x is ess5tial y become famili> ) ! diff]5t l9es us$ 9 draw+1 ! less difficulty y w h 9 sket*+ f nature4 ,! fir/ ef=t w be to get control ( ! h& & p5cil1 or p51 :i* is ! lead+ ess5tial 9 le>n+ to write or draw4 ,secondly1 a "r und]/&+ ( ! /raight & curve l9es us$ _c be disp5s$ )4 ,a neglect ( ^! fir/ pr9ciples1 & ! want ( a ?or\gh drill+ by an exp]i5c$ tea*]1 9 our educational in/itutions1 is ! lead+ difficulty 9 ! advancem5t ( /ud5ts 9 ^! bran*es1 & has (t5 be5 a subject ( comm5t4 ,!re are ?ree lead+ l9es 9 draw+1 ! /raight horizontal l9e1 ?us3 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration made by c>ry+ ! p5cil f left to "r1 & vice v]sa1 beg9n+ & end+ abruptly2 !n p]p5dicul> ones1 comm5c+ at ! top1 draw ! p5cil d[n2 !n a /raight oblique l9e1 ) #eb deg4 slant1 :i* is ab\t ! prop] angle = writ+4 ,! "r & left curve is us$ z ! beg9n+ & end+ ( all ! small lett]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! ,l9e ( ,beauty1 z x is call$1 is ! two curves comb9$2 comm5c+ at ! top1 mak+ fir/ ! left & !n ! "r l9e1 equal 9 l5g?1 =m+ a comp\nd curve1 ! basis ( two-?irds ( all ! capital lett]s4 ,a comb9ation ( curves ly+ horizontally1 z 9 fig4 #b1 gives ! l9e :i* is =m$ by ! meet+ ( ! lips1 f ^! diff]5t l9es our sket*es f nature are made up4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,a curv$ l9e *anges its direction at e po9t4 ,a circle is a figure compreh5d$ by a s+le curve l9e1 call$ its circumf]5ce1 e "p ( :i* is equally di/ant f a po9t call$ ! c5t]4 ,f a to b w be f\nd ! left1 or convex1 & f c to d ! "r1 or concave curve4 ,! :ole may be made by a quick movem5t ( ! h&1 ) crayon1 on ! black-bo>d1 ?us3 ,turn y\r "r side to ! bo>d1 place ! crayon at ! bottom1 c1 & ) ! elb[ z ! radius1 c>ry ! crayon t[>d ! left f c to a1 & s on until y rea* ! />t+ po9t1 c1 aga91 mov+ ! h& at z rapid a rate z is possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,n[1 if ^! l9es c all be drawn correct1 & ) fre$om1 take ! equilat]al triangle & practice x )\t a rul]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,an angle is ! space betwe5 two l9es t />t f ! same po9t4 ,! p]p5dicul> l9e1 pass+ f ! vani%+ po9t a1 to ! base b4 ,! :ole ( ! fig4 #d =ms :at appe>s to u ! gable ( a h\se1 a ! po9t :]e ! raft]s meet1 b ! c5t] ( ! plate4 ,?is gives ! horizontal1 v]tical1 & oblique l9es4 ,i %all endeavor to make ^! lessons cle> & concise = ! beg9n]1 t\*+ only on ^? po9ts :i* are indisp5sable 9 le>n+ to draw4 ,al?\gh _m ( ^! pr9ciples y may h acquir$1 ! elem5ts ( l9e> p]spective is ! v fir/ ?+ to :i* y\r att5tion %\ld be direct$4 ,l&scapes4 ,all objects :i* pres5t !mselves to ! eye1 su* z build+s1 =e/s1 fields1 m\nta9s1 wat]1 c41 :e!r view$ f a hill or on a level1 we w call a l&scape4 ,n[ z x is impossible to make an exact copy ( ! subject be=e u1 by means ( any transf] process1 x c only be effect$ by a di/9ct appreh5sion ( ! real =m ( ! objects !mselves1 & ( ^? app>5t =ms "u :i* !y are pres5t$ to ! eye1 9 _! diff]5t positions 9 ! l&scape4 ,all ^! objects h _! outl9es1 compos$ ei!r ( /raight or curve l9es1 :i* may be irregul> 9 _! relation to ea* o!r4 ,n[ if we 7 plac$ on a flat1 horizontal pla91 ! wat] or gr\nd :i* we w\ld h 9 view be=e u1 w\ld appe> to rise f ! spot on :i* we /ood1 ! limit ( t rise be+ det]m9$ by a cle> & well def9$ /raight l9e1 call$ ! horizontal l9e4 ,x w appe> 9 ! lake2 betwe5 ?is & ! sky no object int]v5es4 ,?is horizontal or b\nd>y l9e lies directly opposite to ! range ( ! eye1 & ! "o to :i* e o!r l9e is ref]r$1 & by :i* ! accuracy ( ! draw+ is secur$4 ,! po9t :]e x crosses ! p]p5dicul> l9e w be ! c5t] ( our picture4 ,9 ,plac+ a ,l&scape on ,pap]1 fir/ arises ! "q z to h[ mu* ( ! l&scape we w introduce into our picture4 ,let u suppose x to be tak5 f ! po9t ( view1 !n t position ( ! sc5e :i* ! eye c easily take 91 )\t mov+ ! head1 w con/itute ! picture4 ,! space includ$ betwe5 ! po9t :]e we are /&+ & a po9t :]e our picture comm5ces1 e/abli%es ! requir$ di/ance ( ! eye f ! propos$ picture4 ,n[1 if ?r\gh ?is po9t a /raight l9e be suppos$ drawn1 p]p5dicul> to ! horizon1 ?is l9e w pass ?r\gh1 & det]m9e ! =emo/ objects ( ! picture--t\*+ all ! lead+ objects directly 9 front ( u4 ,position ( ! ,horizontal ,l9e w dep5d ^u :e!r or n we make ! sket* f ! gr\nd1 or f an elevation4 ,if ! view be made f ! level ) x1 ! horizontal l9e may be drawn at ab\t "o-fif? ( ! space ( ! pap] we int5d = our picture4 ,if we take ! sket* f an elevat$ po9t1 a little above ! level ( ! gr\nd1 !n ! horizontal l9e may be plac$ at ab\t "o-?ird ! height1 & s on4 ,if ! view is to be made f a high hill1 or top ( ! h\se1 place ! horizontal l9e at "o-half ! height4 ,n[1 9 hold+ up ! p5cil or rul] horizontally ) ! eye1 & on a level ) x1 y w see :at objects w appe> on t horizontal l9e4 ,9 mak+ a photograph ( a build+ x is always be/ to h ! cam]a a little elevat$1 & at a consid]able di/ance f ! object1 z a bett] picture c be secur$4 ,all horizontal planes seem to asc5d if !y lie bel[ ! horizontal l9e1 & to desc5d if !y lie above x1 vani% or m]ge into x1 z %[n 9 figures #e & #f4 ,9 mak+ a sket* f an elevation1 ! di/ant "p ( ! view seems high] ?an ! =egr\nd4 ,?is occurs :5 ! po9t f :]e ! view is tak5 is too mu* elevat$4 ,a bett]1 & mu* m natural p]spective1 c be obta9$ by l[]+ ! po9t ( view1 :i* also *anges ! horizontal l9e4 ,aft] kn[+ ! position ( ! horizon ( y\r subject1 po9t ( sight = ! po9t ( di/ance1 y h to ext5d ! l9e ( horizon f ! po9t ( sight to ! limits ( su* di/ance4 ,= illu/ration1 fa/5 a ?read ) a p9 to ! table1 at a po9t correspond+ to ! l9e ( ! horizon ( y\r picture2 a ?read ?us adju/$ w1 :5 drawn out ov] ! picture1 fall exactly ov] all ! l9es seek+ ,! ,vani%+ ,po9t4 ,9 ?is way y get ! l9es = ! cornice 9 a build+1 or r[ ( build+s1 upp] & l[] l9es ( ! w9d[s & doors1 base & sidewalk4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,9 mak+ a sket* ( a build+1 x is only necess>y to get ! g5]al outl9es1 & in/ead ( work+ 9 all ! doors & w9d[s1 f9i%+ up ! cornice1 etc41 all t is necess>y w be to get ! outl9e ( "o door or w9d[1 & ! /yle ( cornice1 & indicate ! rema9d] by m]ely a m>k %[+ ! position1 & make a memor&um ( ! ess5tial po9ts :i* is ne$$ 9 complet+ ! "w4 ,9 figure #e1 /reet view1 make a dot on ! sket* bo>d at a po9t :]e y wi% ! fir/ upp] corn] ( ! build+ to comm5ce1 draw a p]p5dicul> l9e = ! corn]1 d likewise at su* a di/ance to ! left z y wi% ! build+ to ext5d on ! sket*1 & y h ! o!r corn]4 ,hold+ ! draw+ book p]p5dicul> betwe5 y & ! build+1 & on a level ) ! eye1 place ! rul] on ! sket*-book correspond+ to ! upp] horizontal l9e ( ! build+1 & make a l9e = ! cornice1 ! base l9e is produc$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! po9t ,c1 :]e ! two l9es w\ld meet1 7 !y cont9u$ t[>d ! left1 w be ! vani%+ po9t1 f :i* run all ! o!r horizontal l9es :5 y come to f9i% up ! draw+4 ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,draw+ ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,positions ,,( ,,! ,,horizontal ,,l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,a horizontal "r l9e has1 ) respect to ! plane ( ! picture1 "o ( ?ree positions4 ,x is ei!r p>allel to x1 oblique to x1 or p]p5dicul> to x4 ,we w sit ) ! back aga9/ "o ( ! walls ( a rectangul> room4 ,! wall opposite is p>allel to t beh9d u1 & consequ5tly to ! plane ( our picture 9 t position4 ,! two rema9+ walls be+ at "r angles ) t opposite1 are evid5tly p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( ! draw+1 & all horizontal "r l9es on ^? two walls1 are also p]p5dicul> to t plane1 & w appe> to t5d t[>ds a po9t imm$iately opposite to ! eye4 ,h4 ,h4 is ! horizontal l9e or level ( sight2 ,c ! po9t opposite ! eye1 & t po9t t[>d :i* all horizontal "r l9es on ! walls1 ,a ,b1 appe> to slant1 ?\gh 9 reality !y are p]p5dicul> to ! wall ,c4 ,! l9es #a #b1 :]e ! ceil+ & sidewalls meet1 & #c #d1 ! l[] limit ( ! walls1 z well z ! horizontal l9es ( ! door1 & its panels1 are 9 t position1 all p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( ! opposite wall1 & !re=e to ! plane ( ! draw+4 ,! effects ( ! draw+ 9 diff]5t positions ( ! horizontal l9e1 %\ld be c>efully /udi$2 if x be plac$ above ! level ( ! eye1 & remov$ to ! "r or left1 x w appe> l ?is3 ,illu/ration ,if bel[ ! level ( ! eye1 x w assume a direction l ?is3 ,illu/ration ,b plac$ to ! "r or left ( ! eye1 on a p]fect level1 & horizontal1 x w appe> ?us3 ,if drawn f1 & directly opposite to ! eye1 ! end may appe> ?us3 ,a po9t has position1 b n magnitude4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,if a book1 or block ( wood1 hav+ a squ>e base1 be repres5t$ at diff]5t di/ances1 se5 f a po9t 9 :i* its sides are oblique to ! plane ( ! picture1 & se5 f bo? po9ts1 "u ! same circum/ances 9 all respects1 z reg>ds surr\nd+ objects1 except t ! di/ance ( ! arti/ f ! base l9e is mu* less 9 "o ?an ! o!r1 !n x w appe> z d figures #g & #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,a surface has l5g? & bread? only4 ,a solid has l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness4 ,illu/ration ,9 figure #g ! di/ance f u is mu* great] ?an 9 figure #h1 & ! vani%+ po9t f>!r away4 ,we w f9d ! fir/ ! mo/ pleas+ to ! eye1 al?\gh bo? are accurate4 ,9 ^! figures we make ! two oblique l9es ( ! base equal 9 l5g?1 & our position directly opposite ! c5t] p]p5dicul> l9e4 ,if we %\ld *ange our position fur!r to ! "r1 ! left oblique l9e at ! base w\ld app>5tly %ort51 & vice v]sa4 ,9 mak+ a sket* f nature1 ! arti/ mu/ *oose a position t w comm& ! be/ view ( ! sc5e ab\t to be plac$ on pap]1 & f a /&po9t t w secure ! lead+ objects 9 ! l&scape be=e y4 ,beg9 by sket*+ ^? objects ne>e/ y fir/4 ,! reasons w be %[n h]eaft]4 ,9 attempt+ to make a 8bird's eye0 view ( build+s1 :]e an elevation _c be obta9$1 x w be f\nd some:at difficult4 ,we c only m>k d[n on ! sket*-book :at c be se5 f ! position we occupy on ! level ) ! objects be=e u1 & imag9e ! rema9d]4 ,at ! same "t ?ree ?+s %\ld be kept 9 view1 ! p]spective1 ! p]p5dicul> l9es1 & prop] elevation1 9 ord] to give to our picture ! appe>ance x w\ld h if o!rs view$ x f ! suppos$ po9t ( obs]vation z ! sket*]4 ,! int5tion ( ! writ] has be5 to t\* ^u all ! po9ts & rules 9 draw+1 & dwell ^u ea* sep>ately1 & suffici5t = a p]son ( ord9>y ability1 & a good _m gra9s ( cont9uity1 to make a sket* arti/4 8,x matt]s n :at a man's vocation may be1 if he has ! ta/e to disc]n1 & m9d to e/eem1 ! good & beautiful 9 nature & art1 an expression ( ref9em5t w be manife/ 9 all t he und]takes40 ,9 ?is "w ,i did n expect m ?an to take ! fir/ /ep t[>d tea*+ to sket* f nature4 ,an easy1 rapid1 & decid$ mann] ( sket*+ is to be acquir$ only by practice4 ,x is an acquisition ess5tial to excell5ce 9 all ! o!r arti/ic qualities1 to :i* x s]ves z a basis4 ,hav+ giv5 y ! necess>y in/ruction1 ,i w n[ assi/ y 9 ,select+ a ,position4 ,*oose a po9t t w comm& a good view ( ! sc5e1 & prev5t clos] & m imm$iate objects f conceal+ any portion ( ! remote di/ance2 & ?\gh ! height ( ! horizontal l9e 9 ?is case may sometimes be m ?an half ! height ( ! pap]1 accord+ to ! elevation atta9$ by ! arti/ to comm& ! view4 ,9 ?is case ! horizontal l9e is at ab\t "o-half ! height ( ! pap]4 ,x frequ5tly occurs 9 mak+ a sket*1 t ! arti/ _c place himself at ! desir$ po9t = ! be/ view4 ,9 su* case we w imag9e a po9t above ! highe/ object 9 ! =egr\nd ( ! propos$ sket*4 ,t po9t may be on ! l&1 or on ! wat]4 ,! arti/1 ) a k ( p]spective & elevation 9 view1 may make a memor&um ( ! :ole2 b %\ld he attempt to draw x f ! po9t he is compell$ to see x1 no "o w\ld recognize x z a tru?ful repres5tation4 ,we regulate ! :ole by our k ( p]spective1 z accurately z if we /ood ^u ! v spot f :i* we desir$ to be und]/ood t ! view 0 tak54 ,9 ,mak+ a ,bird's ,eye ,view ( a village or city1 ! fir/ ?+ to be done is to get a plat1 or outl9e1 ( ! /reets & blocks1 & m>k !m on ! sket*-book 9 squ>es1 7or r diamond %ape71 ea* l9e & cross l9e repres5t+ a /reet4 ,comm5ce sket*+ 9 ! build+s f ! po9t *os51 :i* %\ld be ! "o ne>e/ ! bus9ess c5t]1 & :]e ! be/ h\ses /&1 or f a po9t :]e y c secure ! be/ mat]ial = a =egr\nd1 su* z a /ream ( wat] & bridge1 or a =e/1 etc4 ,transf] ea* block to pap]1 %[+ ! fronts ( "o side & ! re> ( ! build+s ( ! o!r side1 & s on ?r\gh ! entire r[ ( blocks1 :5 y return to ! place ( />t+1 & g d[n ! second r[1 always work+ t[>d ! vani%+ po9t4 ,aft] y h gone ov] ! entire city1 & tak5 e build+1 tree1 & o!r objects ( int]e/1 & complet$ ! sket*1 y are ready = work+ x up4 ,lay out ! blocks & /reets on draw+ pap]1 ) p5cil1 9 p]spective1 rul+ f ! vani%+ po9t1 ! c5t] ( ! picture1 t[>d ! po9t ( view1 :i* enl>ges ! objects ( ! =egr\nd1 & dim9i%es ^? 9 ! di/ance4 ,9 draw+ 9 ! build+s1 beg9 ) ! fir/ h\se 9 ! =egr\nd1 draw+ ! ro( l9es1 :i* %\ld be p>allel ) ! l9es ( ! /reet2 next ! gables1 aft] :i* ! corn] l9es1 :i* %\ld be p]p5dicul> to ! draw+ pap]4 ,! draw+ %\ld be made fir/ ) p5cil1 & !n 9 ink1 ) f9e po9t$ /eel p52 = %ad+1 use small camel hair bru% & ,india ink4 ,lights & ,%ades4 ,9 a sket* x is f\nd t m]e outl9e is insuffici5t to ! repres5tation ( an object 9 relief2 x _c give sub/ance1 nor def9e relative di/ances s z to ma9ta9 ! objects 9 _! prop] places4 ,! matt] ( fact repres5tation ( ! bread? ( a m]idian light1 & ! same passage ( l&scape view$ "u ! %ades ( ev5+1 affects ! feel+ v diff]5tly4 ,9 ! latt]1 !re is a *>m :i* op]ates ev5 ^u m9ds lea/ susceptible ( impressions f ! beauties ( nature4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple act$ ^u by arti/s1 is to dispose ! lights & %ades 9 ! mann] be/ suit$ to ! treatm5t !y propose = _! "w4 ,!re are two extremes ( light & %ade1 & betwe5 ^! lie all ^? half t9ts & reflect$ lights1 & exquisite gradations ( %ade1 :i* mu/ be s c>efully plac$ 9 ! draw+ z to cle>ly indicate ! graceful curve ( ea* individual petal1 )\t 9 any way de/roy+ ! r\ndness & bread? ( a fl[]4 ,! gradations ( %ade are sometimes p]plex+ to ! le>n]2 b 9 ?is respect ! eye is a v safe guide4 ,x requires no cultivat$ ta/e--n ev5 any great am\nt ( critical obs]vation--to see :5 an object :i* %\ld look p]fectly r\nd1 appe>s flatt5$ on ! "o side1 or swell too mu* on ! o!r4 ,! !ory ( =egr\nd & middle di/ances & backgr\nd1 has mu* to d ) ! pr9ciples ( light & %ade4 ,x is n ! l9e ( p]spective alone :i* makes "o portion ( a picture retreat1 & ano!r come =w>d4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! draw+ ( a r\nd object1 apple or ball1 ! %ades fall on ! concave "p1 & incl9e t[>d ! side opposite to light4 ,all %ades ( objects 9 ! same picture mu/ fall ! same way1 or f>!/ f ! light4 ,t "p ly+ ne>e/ to ! light mu/ receive ! lea/ %ade4 ,?is rule w be notic$ 9 ! face1 folds ( ! drap]y1 etc4 ,l&scapes %[ ! heavie/ %ades ne>e/ u1 ! great] ! di/ance ! light] gr[s ! picture4 ,9 cl\ds1 ! %ades are ! lighte/ t are ne>e/ ! horizon1 x be+ ! greate/ di/ance f u1 & ^? ne>e/ ! c5t] ( ! picture ! /ronge/4 ,,colors 9 ,,nature4 ,illu/ration ,colors are m]ely s5sations produc$ by ! action ( light on ! n]v\s tissue ( ! ret9a1 :i* cov]s ! back ( ! eye4 ,!re are ,?ree ,prim>y ,colors 9 ,nature1 ,blue1 ,r$1 & ,yell[4 ,f ^! are =m$1 all ! o!r beautiful t9ts :i* well up f ! bosom ( ! deep1 gl[s 9 e fl[]1 blossoms 9 ! trees1 & sp>kles 9 ! dew drop2 s(tly /eal+ f ! moon & />s1 & writt5 ^u ! blue arc ( night4 ,r$ indicates ang]1 & sometimes guilt4 ,blue is said to be true1 b d5otes melan*oly & gloom4 ,yell[ indicates cauti\sness & prud5ce1 & reflects ! mo/ light ( any1 aft] :ite4 ,yell[-gre5 is ! color nature assumes at ! fall+ ( ! leaf1 & ?is 0 worn 9 ! days ( *ivalry1 ! emblem ( despair4 ,gre5 d5otes tranquility4 ,9 h]aldry x is us$ to express lib]ty1 love1 y\? & beauty1 & at "o "t all lett]s ( grace 7 sign$ ) gre54 ,! color ( all objects dep5d on ! action ( ^? bodies on ! light :i* fall ^u !m1 ! diff]5t rays ( :i* !y reflect1 ei!r entirely1 or only p>tially4 ,! light ( ! sun1 & ! lights us$ = illum9ation1 gas1 etc41 seem to consi/ ( an inf9ite numb] ( rays1 ( diff]5t color1 & h[ev] widely !y may be spread out by ! prism 9 ! spectrum1 c nev] be entirely sep>at$1 b always =m an ev5 gradation ( color1 f r$ at "o end ( ! spectrum1 ?r\gh orange1 yell[1 gre51 etc41 to purple at ! o!r end4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton divid$ ! spectrum into sev5 p>ts1 ?9k+ he c\ld di/+ui% sev5 diff]5t colors1 r$1 yell[1 blue1 orange1 gre51 indigo1 & violet1 :i* he call$ prim>y colors4 ,sir ,d4 ,brew/] %[$ t ^? colors :i* ,newton consid]$ simple 71 9 reality1 comp\nd1 & mix$ up ) a consid]able proportion ( :ite light4 ,he concludes f 8 exp]im5ts t !re 7 b ?ree simple colors1 r$1 yell[1 & blue--by ! mix+ ( :i* ! o!r colors 7 produc$4 ,! pr9cipal advantages att5d+ ! *oice ( r$1 blue1 & yell[1 z prim>y colors1 are3 ,t ! *oice seems to agree ) ! fact t :5ev] a ray ( :ite light has "o ( ^! ?ree colors remov$ by absorption1 ! rema9+ colors ( ! ray is t :i* w\ld be f\nd by an equal mixture ( ! o!r two colors4 ,& :5 a ray has two ( its prim>y colors remov$1 ! rema9+ color ( ! ray is t ( ! ?ird prim>y color4 ,! color :i* opposes ! /ronge/ contra/ to any prim>y color1 is t second>y color1 :i* is =m$ ( a mixture ( ! rema9+ two prim>ies1 9 su* proportion z w\ld =m ) ! fir/ :ite light4 ,?is color is call$ its complim5t>y color--colors be+ call$ complim5t>y to ea* o!r :5 !y toge!r =m :ite light4 ,= in/ance1 blue has = its complim5t>y color ! neutral second>y orange1 =m$ ( a mixture ( r$ & yell[1 & ?is color gives ! mo/ vivid contra/ t c be oppos$ to blue4 ,gre5 is ! complim5t>y1 & /ronge/ contra/+ color to r$1 & r$ to gre52 & yell[ ! /ronge/ contra/1 & complim5t>y to purple1 & purple to yell[4 ,:5 ! colors ( ! spectrum 9 a circle1 9 a p]fect gradation all ar\nd ! circumf]5ce1 & s t ! ?ree prim>ies1 r$1 yell[ & blue1 are at po9ts 9 ! circumf]5ce equal di/ance f ea* o!r1 ! /ronge/ contra/ to any color w be f\nd at a po9t on ! o!r side ( ! circle diametrically opposite to x4 ,?us1 blue w be f\nd exactly opposite to orange1 :i* w be int]m$iate betwe5 r$ & yell[2 &1 9 ! same way1 yell[-gre5 w be f\nd exactly opposite purple-r$1 etc4 ,n[1 z r$1 blue & yell[ are ! ?ree prim>ies1 & t all o!r colors are compos$ ( mixtures ( ^!1 let u decide :i* ( ! _m diff]5t colors call$ r$s1 yell[s1 & blues we are to consid] z pure1 & true prim>ies4 ,a pure yell[ has be5 decid$ ^u2 *rome-yell[ 7,no4 #a71 *romate ( z9c 7citron yell[71 or light cadmium4 ,a mixture ( any two bright prim>ies w produce a bright second>y1 & any admixture ( ! ?ird prim>y w make ! second>y color produc$ mu* dull] or black]4 ,we consid] t w\ld be ! pure/ blue :i* gave ! brighte/ gre5 ) yell[1 at ! same "t t x gave ! brighte/ purple ) a r$1 & x 0 decid$ t cobalt blue 0 ! pure prim>y1 :i* 0 blue ) reg>d to ! yell[ *os54 ,x is obvi\s t if ! blue 7 a gre5i% blue1 al?\gh x might give a v bright gre5 ) yell[1 x w\ld give b a dull purple ) ! r$4 ,! yell[ conta9$ 9 ! blue1 & :i* made x gre5i%1 w\ld black5 or dirty ! purple produc$1 b w\ld n int]f]e ) ! brightness ( ! gre54 ,we *oose c>m9e = ! prim>y r$ z ! color :i* gives ! brighte/ purple ) cobalt blue1 at ! same "t t x gave ! brighte/ orange ) *rome yell[4 ,?us we h *rome 7,no4 #a71 = yell[1 cobalt = blue1 & madd] c>m9e = r$4 ,^! are ! prim>ies4 ,color$ objects appe> color$ ow+ to _! action on light4 ,?is action consi/s 9 absorb+ "o or m ( ! diff]5t color$ rays :i* fall ^u x1 & reflect+ ! re/2 & x is ^! reflect$ rays t give ! color to ! object4 ,bodies :i* emit light are call$ lum9\s1 z ! sun4 ,bodies :i* transmit light1 & ?r\gh :i* objects c be di/+ui%$1 are call$ transp>5t1 z wat]1 glass1 etc4 ,bodies :i* transmit light1 & n s z to p]mit objects to be se5 ?r\gh !m1 are call$ transluc5t1 z gr\nd glass1 etc4 ,bodies :i* absorb or reflect all ! rays ( light1 or transmit s few rays t ! eye does n p]ceive !m1 are call$ opaque1 z wood1 metal1 etc4 ,:at we call a pure :ite object1 su* z *alk or :ite pap]1 appe>s :ite by reflect+ all ! light :i* falls ^u x1 & is !re=e precisely ! same color z ! light :i* falls ^u x4 ,a pure black object is "o :i* absorbs all ! light :i* falls ^u x1 & reflects none4 ,su* an object w always appe> black1 :atev] may be ! color ( ! light :i* falls ^u x4 ,gray objects1 7pale black71 absorb ! ?ree prim>y rays equally1 or 9 equival5t proportions1 b n entirely1 s t !re is a c]ta9 portion ( ! :ite light reflect$ un*ang$4 ,a pure gre5 absorbs all ! r$1 & reflects all ! yell[ & blue4 ,a pale b pure gre5 absorbs only "p ( ! r$1 & reflects ! rema9d] ( ! r$1 toge!r ) all ! yell[ & blue4 ,a dull & blacki% gre5 is =m$ by ! absorption ( all ! r$1 & also "p ( ! blue & yell[1 & ! reflection ( ! rema9d] ( ! blue & yell[4 ,! same rule w apply 9 all cases ( all o!r color$ objects1 except transp>5t ones4 ,silks & sat9s ( ei!r color reflect light4 ,:5 ?ree color$ rays are mix$ toge!r 9 neutraliz+ proportions1 :ite light is produc$4 ,! easie/ way ( f9d+ :at are ! equival5t proportions ( ! prim>y colors is ?is3 divide a circle ( pap] into ?ree equal p>ts1 by l9es drawn f ! c5t] to ! circumf]5ce4 ,pa9t "o ( ^! spaces ) pure yell[1 su* z lemon yell[1 or ! pale/ *rome yell[1 & pa9t "o ( ! rema9+ spaces pure b weak blue1 ) cobalt1 & ! o!r space pure b weak r$1 ) madd] c>m9e4 ,!n try1 by sp9n+ ! c>d rapidly on a pivot1 :e!r ^! colors neutralize ea* o!r1 & if n1 d>k5 t color t is defici5t until ! gray produc$ is neutral--t is1 ( ! color ( lampblack mix$ ) :ite2 & :5 ?is is ! case1 ! colors on ! ?ree spaces w be ( ! prop] neutraliz+ /r5g? = equal spaces4 ,,p5 ,,& ,,p5cil ,,draw+1 ,illu/ration ,,by ,,aid ,,( ,,! ,,transf] ,,process4 ,! art ( transf]r+ pictures f "o pap] to ano!r is :at few und]/&4 ,_m h draw+s or engrav+s :i* !y hold z valuable keepsakes1 & wi% to pres]ve copies4 ,! plan ( duplicat+ almo/ exactly a picture by ! me?od giv5 "h1 is orig9al ) ! au?or ( ?is book1 :o has _m a "t f\nd x valuable 9 gett+ p]fect ! outl9es ( engrav+s1 pr9ts1 & pictures ( v>i\s k9ds = p5 or crayon draw+s4 ,p5m5 produce v f9e specim5s ( p5 draw+1 aid$ by ! above process ( copy+2 & al?\gh _m a novice 9 ! art ( p5 draw+ exhibits equally z good designs z old] pr(essionals1 !y are1 nev]!less1 borr[$4 ,! pap] us$ = transf]r+ purposes is light tea pap]1 g5]ally f\nd 9 a tea /ore1 or on sale at pap] /ores4 ,we ,prep>e x z foll[s3 ,procure a piece ( s(t p9e or c$>1 & burn to a coal1 pa/e "o side ( ! tea pap] ) x until q black1 & y h a neat transf] %eet4 7,9 *oos+ ! wood be sure & get s(t :ite p9e74 ,lay ?is black pap] ^u ! :ite1 :]e y wi% ! draw+ to be made1 ! d>k side d[n2 ^u ?is lay ! copy1 face up1 & fa/5 ! :ole to ! table ) ?umb tacks1 to prev5t its mov+ ar\nd & *ang+ ! outl9es4 ,?is done1 g ov] ! :ole ) a trac] made ( wood or ivory1 ) suffici5t pressure to c>ry ! l9es ?r\gh to ! pap] und]nea?1 foll[+ e outl9e ( ! picture until ! :ole has be5 gone ov]4 ,lift ! trac+ pap]1 & y h ^u ! %eet bel[ ! desir$ draw+1 :i* y n[ g ov] ) p5 or p5cil4 ,aft] ?is is done1 rub ! crayon f (f ! picture ) y\r h&k]*ief1 & complete ! %ad+ ) a f9e po9t$ /eel p5 or p5cil1 keep+ ! copy be=e y4 ,use ,sp5c]ian ,arti/ic ,p51 ,cr[-quill1 or ,gillott's ,no4 #agj4 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,p5tagraph4 ,?is is an in/rum5t 9 f\r sections1 s arrang$ t y c enl>ge or dim9i% 9 size1 & copy a photograph1 engrav+1 or any k9d ( picture4 ,x conta9s a screw to fa/5 x to ! table1 a small /eel ne$le to guide 9 ! outl9+1 & a lead p5cil to d ! draw+4 ,h[ to ,use x4 ,screw ! ,p5tagraph to ! table1 ) ! ne$le po9t to y\r left1 ^u ! photograph1 7:i* is fa/5$ to ! table also71 hold+ ! end conta9+ ! p5cil ) ! f+]s1 to ! "r4 ,) y\r eye on ! photo1 move ! h& s t ! ne$le foll[s ! outl9es ( ! copy1 & ! p5cil is produc+ ! same on y\r draw+ pap] at ! "r4 ,9 ?is way g ov] ! entire picture until y h a complete copy ( ! same4 ,y may n[ %ade ) p5 or crayon to suit ! wants ( ! copy4 ,! small screws on ! b>s ne> ! figures1 are us$ 9 adju/+ x to suit ! size ( picture requir$4 ,,copy+ ,,) ,,transp>5t ,,pap]4 ,ano!r me?od ( transf]r+ pictures to pap] is by ! use ( a transp>5t pap]1 :i* is made by dissolv+ ca/or oil 9 absolute alcohol1 & apply+ ! liquid to ! pap] ) a bru% or sponge4 ,! pap] becomes dry z soon z ! alcohol evaporates1 :i* is almo/ in/antly4 ,aft] :i* lay ! pap] on ! picture y are ab\t to copy1 & ) a p5cil foll[ ! outl9es ( ! picture until y h gone ov] ! :ole4 ,z soon z done imm]se ! pap] 9 alcohol1 :i* w remove ! oil1 & re/ore ! pap] to its natural /ate4 ,,pa/el ,,pa9t+1 ,illu/ration ,,) ,,sugge/ions ,,f ,,! ,,be/ ,,engli% ,,au?ors4 8,exactly 9 proportion z an arti/ is c]ta9 ( 8 end1 w he be swift & simple 9 8 means2 & z he is accurate & deep 9 8 k1 w he be precise & ref9$ 9 8 t\*40--,rusk94 ,,portraits4 ,= ! pa/ few ye>s a great improvem5t has be5 made 9 ! execution ( portraits 9 black & color$ crayons4 ,crayon pa9t+ is mu* easi] 9 its execution ?an oil pa9t+1 & pictures may be complet$ at "o sitt+1 ow+ to ! fact t dry colors are us$ in/ead ( oil1 :i* may easily be remov$ or *ang$ at w1 left & resum$ aga9 at any "t desir$4 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t ( art crayon takes ! place ( bru% & pa9t1 9 all ! diff]5t places :]e colors are us$4 ,crayon pa9t+ is said to h be5 practic$ = a c5tury or m aft] x came into use1 & dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s x has _h a 8big run0 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,crayons1 or ,pa/els1 c n[ be pur*as$ by ! box1 9 all v>ieties ( t9t1 ea* box conta9+ a graduat$ s]ies4 ,! ,pap] ^u :i* ! draw+ or pa9t+ is made1 is manufactur$ = ?is purpose 9 su* a mann] t ! texture becomes loos5$ & =ms a woolly surface1 :i* assi/s ! bl5d+ ( ! t9ts1 & receives ! crayon4 ,z soon z a crayon picture is complet$ x w necess>ily h to g "u glass1 = s slightly t5aci\s is ! crayon1 9 "s places :]e x may h be5 repeat$ly appli$ ) a view to brilliancy1 t x may be bl[n f ! surface ( ! pap]4 ,exposure to ! ,sun1 :i* may bright5 pictures pa9t$ 9 oil1 w 9 a %ort "t de/roy ! delicacy ( crayon colors4 ,!y mu/ also be kept free f moi/ure or dampness1 z x is sure to *ange ! color & produce spots on ! face ( a portrait1 or ! sky 9 a l&scape4 ,colors4 ,! colors employ$ 9 pa/el pa9t+ are ab\t ! same z us$ 9 oil pa9t+1 ) "s exceptions4 ,! be/ = crayon "w are ! foll[+3 ,oxide ( ,z9c1 ,:ite ,*alk1 ,spani% ,:ite1 ,naples ,yell[1 ,m9]al ,yell[1 ,*romes1 ,cadmium ,yell[1 ,gall/one1 ,s(t ,r$ ,*alk1 ,*9ese ,v]milion1 ,v5etian ,r$1 ,*rome ,r$1 ,c>m9e1 ,lakes1 ,indigo1 ,prussian ,blue1 ,smalt1 ,cobalt1 ,t]re ,v]te1 ,cobalt ,gre51 ,brunswick ,gre51 all ! ,gre5s f ,copp]1 ,gre5 ,oxide ( ,*romium1 ,lampblack1 ,umb]1 ,ivory ,black1 ,blue ,black1 ,black ,*alk4 ,color ( ,pap]4 ,9 reg>d to ! use ( pap]1 any color may be us$1 x be+ :olly a matt] ( ta/e ) ! arti/4 ,! prevail+ colors are ,blue1 ,drab1 ,grey1 ,/raw1 ,buff1 ,olive & ,/one ,colors4 ,a yell[i% t9t1 y w f9d1 produces ! be/ results4 ,m\nt+ ! ,picture4 ,be=e comm5c+ ^u ! draw+ x mu/ be m\nt$ ^u a /ret*]1 aft] :i*1 ) a firm crayon1 trace ! outl9es1 ) ei!r r$1 br[n1 or grey color4 ,! beg9n] w f9d ! ,p5tagraph ( excell5t s]vice = outl9+ :]e y are work+ f a copy4 ,sket*+ 9 ! ,outl9es4 ,?is mu/ be done lightly1 9 ord] t ! crayon does n ent] into ! texture ( ! pap]1 s z to r5d] ! m>ks difficult to be sup]s$$ subsequ5tly by ! necess>y colors4 ,:5 ! outl9e is complet$1 ! bread?s are made out by means ( a br[n crayon1 & a /ump1 work+ = ! degrees ( %ade4 ,apply+ ! ,crayon4 ,:5 ! lik5ess is satisfactory 9 ! sket*1 ! complexion may be comm5c$ on1 beg9n+ ) ! lights4 ,! :ites1 yell[s1 r$s & greys mu/ be work$ 91 & bl5d$ to an imitation ( ! reality ( nature4 ,f ! highe/ lights1 proce$ 9 regul> ord] to ! deepe/ %ades1 &1 9 ord] to secure sub/ance1 ^! mu/ be put 9 equal 9 /r5g? to nature2 aft] :i* ! middle tones mu/ be c>efully bl5d$1 s z to unite ! lights & %ades by imp]ceptible gradations4 ,! m>k+s mu/ be def9itely made out1 & ! reflexes also1 if !re be any4 ,z ! fre%] t9ts occur pr9cipally 9 ! lights1 x w\ld be well to keep ! color r high1 & ( a w>m tone1 9 ord] to res]ve ! brighte/ & mo/ effective t9ts till ! la/4 ,:5 all ! t9ts h be5 laid 91 & ! head is 9 a satisfactory /ate z to =m1 color & expression1 !n1 ) ! f+]1 pass ov] ! :ole1 work+ & bl5d+ ! colors 9 h>mony4 ,9 ?is op]ation ! f+] is us$ in/ead ( a /ump1 & no?+ else w answ] bett]4 ,:5 ?is op]ation is conclud$1 ! crayons w be aga9 us$ to br+ up ! colors1 & tone to ^? ( ! life--to modify & correct ^? :i* may require ret\*+4 ,^? p>ts :i* are heavy mu/ be reliev$1 & ^? :i* may be too cold or too w>m1 mu/ be r$uc$ to h>mony4 ,work+ ) ! f+] w be f\nd ! mo/ available me?od ( manag+ ! crayons4 ,hav+ laid 9 ! t9ts1 accord+ to ! natural complexion1 x w be necess>y1 be=e t\*+ ! "w ) ! f+] or bl5d]1 to be c]ta9 t all are laid 9 ! prop] places2 a little exp]i5ce w enable y to judge2 !re rema9s b little "w = ! f+]s to p]=m1 & ! less ! colors are work$ ^u ! m fre% & transp>5t !y w rema94 ,colors & ! ,composition ( ,t9ts4 ,! %ades ( fle% t9ts are w>m or cold1 accord+ to ! w>m? or coldness ( ! bread?s ( ! light4 ,if ! lights be ( a heal?y hue1 ! %ades may be w>m1 incl9+ to br[n1 mix$ ( v>i\s colors1 brok5 ) light r$1 c>m9e1 yell[1 blue or grey4 ,"s arti/s repres5t nature z violet or gre51 9 %ade2 b ?is is untrue & mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,x is advisable g5]ally to foll[ ! ,italian feel+ ( leav+ ! d>k passages w>m4 ,:5 ! complexion is /rong 9 color1 ! effect is mo/ agreeable2 if work$ )\t h>dness1 opacity or blackness4 ,9 fem99e portraits ! "w mu/ be br\ght up to ! utmo/ brilliancy ( color1 by ! brighte/ & fre%e/ hues1 compos$ ( ,:ite1 ,naples ,yell[1 ,v]milion & ,madd]1 mell[$ ) ,yell[s1 or slightly purpl$ ) ,lake or ,c>m9e1 accord+ to ! preval5t t9t ( ! subject4 ,9 ! mascul9e subject ! colors w be /rong]1 & ! half-t9ts m positive4 ,great c>e mu/ be obs]v$1 le/ ! high & delicate passages be soil$ or /a9$4 ,!y mu/ only be approa*$ by1 & bl5d$ )1 o!r %ades at _! extremities2 & ^! %ades are1 9 mo/ cases1 half t9ts4 ,x w be cle>ly se5 by ! arti/1 t if ! int]m$iate t9t be too cold1 x mu/ be treat$ ) ! r$s or yell[2 if too w>m1 r$uce by grey or blue4 ,! lights & %ades %\ld be c>efully graduat$1 & h>mony prevail ?r\gh\t ! "w4 ,backgr\nds4--,= backgr\nds !re is no e/abli%$ rule2 a head may be reliev$ by a light1 or d>k backgr\nd1 ei!r produc+ good effect4 ,a d>k backgr\nd is n always suitable = female lovel9ess4 ,backgr\nds are n to be rubb$ 9 me*anically1 ) ! idea t any d>k %ade w relieve any light1 or t any middle t9t w suffice4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! backgr\nd ar\nd ! head %\ld be l[] 9 tone ?an ! half t9ts ( ! face1 & light] ?an ! %ades--to dis5gage ! head4 ,:]e ! pap] becomes greasy or glaz$ by ! too frequ5t application ( ! pa/el1 or ! f+]1 x may be necess>y to rub x ) pumice p\nce1 or ) cuttle-fi%1 lightly4 ,if ! pap] /ret*es by con/ant pressure on x1 y c rem$y x by wett+ ! back ) a light solution ( alum wat]4 ,,l&scape ,,pa9t+ ,,) ,,crayon ,,colors4 ,! crayons us$ are mu* h>d] ?an ! s(t k9d requir$ 9 portraits2 !y are manufactur$ expressly = l&scapes1 & resemble firm *alk4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! mo/ useful crayons3 ,:ite1 ,italian *alk2 /raw colors & light yell[1 blue1 grey1 v]milion & ,indian r$s2 blacks1 conte crayons ,nos4 #a1 #b & #c4 ,! :ite ,italian *alk is us$ bo? = light t\*es & bl5d+ all ! o!r crayons into :i* x may be work$4 ,! black conte *alks are also ( ! utmo/ importance2 ,nos4 #a & #b1 ! h>d] degrees1 are us$ = outl9+1 & ! s(te/ degree1 ,no4 #c1 may be bl5d$ ) _m colors to r$uce _! tones4 ,! ,pap]4 ,! pap] mu/ be a good quality ( draw+ pap]1 su* z w take ! crayon1 & x mu/ supply a good middle t9t1 z ! color ( ! pap] appe>s ?r\gh almo/ e passage ( ! f9i%$ "w4 ,a s(t pap] ( a l[-ton$ olive t9t1 :i* has be5 f\nd by long exp]i5ce to be bett] adapt$ ?an any o!r = l&scape draw+1 z af=d+ an agreeable neutral1 ^u :i* w>m or cold tones1 lights or %ad[s1 may be plac$ ) ! be/ effect4 ,arrang+ ! ,pap]4 ,atta* ! pap] to a draw+-bo>d ) ?umb tacks1 9 ord] t x may be kept smoo? & level :ile ! flat t9ts are rubb$ 94 ,x is well to select pap] "s l>g] ?an y\r design1 s z to give ! picture a m>g94 ,! ,draw+4 ,) conte crayon ,no4 #a ! design mu/ be outl9$1 %[+ en\gh ( ! objects to guide y 9 ! flat t9ts ( ! sky & di/ances4 ,illu/ration ,! diff]5ce 9 ! crayons us$ 9 portrait & ^? 9 l&scape pa9t+ is1 t ! latt] is mu* h>d]1 :i* is ess5tial1 z w be se5 :5 appli$ to ! pap]4 ,! bread?s ( ! composition are n laid by work+ ) ! po9t ( ! crayon1 b a "p ( ! crayon1 suffici5t = ! purpose requir$1 is brok5 (f & appli$ flat to ! pap]4 ,"w x lightly ov] ^? p>ts ( ! draw+ t x is desir$ to t9t1 & ! lightness ( ! t9t is d]iv$ f ! h>dness ( ! crayon1 :i* is 8bitt50 by ! surface ( ! pap]1 & leaves on x a quantity ( ! color4 ,?is t9t is rubb$ vigor\sly ) ! f+]s1 s z to "w ! colors well ) ! texture ( ! pap]2 z ! op]ation leaves b little color ^! t9t+s are repeat$ until ! necess>y /r5g? ( tone is obta9$1 v>y+ & bl5d+ ! colors by work+ !m into ea* o!r f diff]5t directions ) ! f+]s1 z ! subject may require2 draw ! remote =ms ) pieces ( crayon1 held flat or l5g?wise4 ,bl5d ! t9ts 9 & repeat :]e necess>y4 ,! di/ant ridges ( ! m\nta9s be+ made out1 ! middle di/ance & ! ne>] objects are approa*$ by ! ne>] t9ts2 /ill draw+ ) brok5 pieces ( crayon1 work+ obliquely or o!rwise4 ,! black conte ,nos4 #a & #b1 are us$ 9 ! ne> p>ts ( ! picture2 all ! /rik+ features ( ! =egr\nd1 su* z trees1 rocks & build+s1 are drawn1 & ! mat]ial us$ 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,:5 any f9e l9es are necess>y1 !y are n made ) ! crayon cut to a po9t1 b by ! %>p edges ( ! fracture ( ! crayon4 ,us+ ! ,colors4 ,ea* object hav+ be5 drawn 9 ) ! conte1 x is n[ t9t$ or color$ by work+ ov] ! black m>k+s ) ! necess>y colors4 ,x is l ! op]ation ( glaz+ 9 oil pa9t+1 z "u ! light l9es ( ! trac+ ( ! color$ crayon ! conte draw+ is /ill visible4 ,by bl5d+ & aga9 draw+ ) conte1 & aga9 glaz+ z (t5 z may be necess>y1 we approa* ! f9i% ( ! picture1 :i* is complet$ by %>p t\*es ( light put 9 ) %>p po9ts ( ! brok5 ends ( color$ crayon4 ,! color %\ld be us$ sp>+ly1 & ! black *alk %\ld appe> prom95t 9 ! draw+4 ,d n rub 9 ! colors 9 f9i%+ or y de/roy ! effect4 ,! beauty ( ! "w dep5ds ^u ! pap] be+ p]ceptible ?r\gh ! f9al f9i%4 ,any m>k+s too %>p1 may be work$ d[n by ! f+] or bl5d]4 ,^! ret\*+s are repeat$ until ! desir$ effect be obta9$4 ,z crayon pa9t+ is liable to become *ang$ or remov$1 ev5 by bl[+ ^u x1 we mu/ pres5t "s me?od :]eby x c be fix$ p]man5t4 ,fix+ ! ,draw+4 ,infuse an ounce & a half ( is9-glass 9 five ounces di/ill$ v9eg> tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 add to ?is "o qu>t ( hot wat]1 keep at a light heat1 /ir (t5 until ! is9-glass is dissolv$1 :5 y filt] x ?r\gh pap]2 p\r x into a bottle ) ! same quantity spirits ( w9e1 %ake a few m9utes & y h ! fixatif ready4 ,place ! picture face d[n 7avoid hav+ ! colors t\* any?+71 & apply ! liquid to ! back ) a bru% until x has p5etrat$ ?r\gh to ! crayon & all ! colors become moi/5$ & bright4 ,! fir/ application w p5etrate v quick4 ,aft] ?is apply ano!r ) great c>e & ev5ness1 & n s pl5tiful z at fir/4 ,:5 done lay x ) face up until dry4 ,! picture is n[ complet$4 ,aft] ?is process ( fix+ ! colors1 !y c be clean$ any "t )\t injury to ! pa9t+4 ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,pa/el ,,draw+4 ,illu/ration ,crayons1 squ>e black conte1 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #c4 ,squ>e :ite1 r$1 & grey1 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #c4 ,r\nd black conte4 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #c4 ,r\nd :ite & r$ crayons4 ,conte crayon p5cils 9 wood1 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #c4 ,*>coal 9 /icks4 ,h>d & s(t pa/el1 conta9+ #acj %ades4 ,crayon hold]s4 7,brass & ,g]man silv]47 ,,prep>$ ,,pa/el ,,pap]4 ,royal1 sup]-royal1 d\ble elephant1 colombi]4 ,,/umps ,,us$4 ,*amois sk91 cork1 pap]1 7grey74 ,illu/ration ,,directions ,,= ,,do+ ,,! ,,mono*romatic ,,draw+4 ,illu/ration ,take pa/ebo>d or draw+ pap]1 size ) is9-glass1 or pa9t ) pure :ite lead4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dri$1 smoo? x d[n ) s&-pap]1 & pa9t aga94 ,be=e ?is coat is p]fectly dry1 sift ^u x pulv]iz$ :ite m>ble1 ?r\gh musl94 ,:5 dry1 %ake (f ! loose m>ble t rema9s4 ,mono*romatic bo>d c be f\nd already prep>$ at ! book /ores1 :]e arti/ mat]ials are kept4 ,! mat]ials ne$$ = ?is "w are a ?9-blade knife1 crayons1 f9e sponge1 p5cil1 cork1 rubb]1 bl5d]1 c4 ,comm5ce pa9t+ ) ! d>k %ades fir/1 & bl5d gradually into ! light4 ,= v d>k %ades1 rub ! crayon directly ^u ! surface ) a light h&1 & bl5d (f c>efully4 ,pa9t ! sky fir/1 z 9 wat] colors4 ,x is well to %ade di/ant m\nta9s v light at fir/1 & be sure to h ! edges s(t & fa9t4 ,= wat]1 scrape "s black crayon into a p[d]1 & lay x on y\r bo>d ) ! bl5d]1 work+ x horizontally1 mak+ ! lights & %ades /rong] z x comes ne>]4 ,use ! p5-knife = mak+ %>p lights4 ,d>k subjects "w to ! be/ advantage1 su* z moonlight sc5es on ! wat]1 old ru9s1 etc4 ,! foliage requires a great deal ( att5tion 9 %[+ x up4 ,draw 9 ! figures la/4 ,"o famili> ) crayon or p5cil draw+ c acquire ?is bran* ( art v easily4 ,,wat] ,,colors4 ,illu/ration ,9 ?is bran* ( f9e art we w avoid all prelim9>y rem>ks 9 reg>d to its advantages1 & direct y at once to ! me?od ( treat+ x1 9 z cle> & compreh5sible a mann] z possible1 & at ! same "t omit no?+ t w 9 any way facilitate ! progress ( ! le>n]4 ,,in/ructions4 ,arrange ! pap] = ! pa9t+1 aft] spong+ x1 by /ret*+ ^u a draw+ bo>d1 & !n turn to ! mix+ ( ! colors4 ,illu/ration ,colors ,us$ = ,skies & ,di/ances4 ,,= ,,blue ,,( ,,sky4--,cobalt ,blue1 l[]$ ) ,p9k ,madd] & ,gamboge1 to ! hue requir$4 ,o*re may be sub/itut$ = ,gamboge4 ,,cl\ds4--,! same mix$ s z to =m a v>iety ( w>m & cool pe>ly greys4 ,,= ,,extreme ,,di/ance4--,cobalt & ,v5etian ,r$4 ,,= ,,local ,,t9ts4--,bl5d ! colors s t ! t9ts produc$ may incl9e t[>d yell[1 r$1 or any t9t requir$4 ,,= ,,middle ,,t9ts1 use ,indigo1 ,p9k ,madd] & ,o*re on ! same pr9ciple = ! light p>ts1 & ,indigo1 ,p9k ,madd] & ,gamboge = %ady portions4 ,,sett+ ,,sun4--,use ,yell[ ,o*re & ,p9k ,madd]1 or ,v5etian ,r$ & ,yell[ ,o*re2 sometimes ,v]milion & ,gamboge or ,indian ,yell[ 9 small proportions1 :5 a /rong effect is to be giv54 ,,trees4--,9 pa9t+ trees use ,indigo1 ,burnt ,si5na & ,gamboge4 ,^! colors w make t9ts = ! light2 ,indigo mix$ ) ,v&yke ,br[n becomes a f9e deep grey1 ( a gre5 hue4 ,purple ,lake may be add$ :5 y want ! t9t m neutral4 ,,=egr\nd4--,gre5 9 =egr\nd is made by mix+ ,sepia ) ,olive ,gre5 9 ! %ade1 & ,olive ,gre5 & ,burnt ,si5na 9 ! light] p>ts4 ,a light transp>5t yell[1 raw ,si5na or ,italian ,p9k may be c>ri$ ov] ! =egr\nd :]e h]bage is to be repres5t$1 :5 a bright sunny effect is desirable to give fullness & ri*ness to ! colors t come aft]w>d2 x also answ]s = high lights ^u leaves1 & ! brilliant specks :i* are left %>p4 ,indigo1 ,indian ,r$ & ,o*re = ! a%y grey ( loam2 ,burnt ,umb] alone1 or mix$ ) ,burnt ,si5na1 pure ,o*re1 & ,o*re mix$ ) ,sepia alone1 & mix$ ) ,purple ,lake = d>k p>ts2 also1 ,v&yke ,br[n & ,purple ,lake1 or pure ,br[n ,madd] = v d>k t\*es4 ,indigo1 mix$ ) ,gamboge1 makes a cold gre5 well suit$ to d>k leaves2 ,purple ,lake may be add$ = cool reflect$ lights2 ,indian ,r$ mix$ ) ,indigo to a pale t9t = will[ leaves or foliage /a9$ ) dirt1 or = ! grey back ( a leaf4 ,^! cold greys & gre5s are ( great value 9 =egr\nds to repeat ! cool greys & cold lights ( ! sky 9 pictures compos$ ( mu* w>m color 9 ! middle di/ance1 z midday effects1 sunsets1 etc4 ,! =egr\nd %\ld %[ a great deal ( relief1 di/9ctness & accuracy 9 ! draw+ ( ^! small objects :i* are p>ticul>ly m>k$1 b are m]g$ into masses :5 fur!r remov$4 ,) reg>d to roads 9 y\r pa9t+1 ,yell[ ,o*re1 mix$ ) ,burnt ,si5na1 & l[]$ ) ,indian ,r$ & ,indigo4 ,indigo & ,br[n ,madd] be+ transp>5t colors1 w all[ a wa% ( ,cobalt ,blue & ,p9k ,madd] to alt] ! hue )\t dang] ( opacity4 ,,wat]4--,! same z = cl\ds1 bl5d$ ) ! local color ( ! wat] 7gre5i%7 & ) ! reflect$ objects4 ,,d>k ,,sea is indicat$ by comb9+ ,indigo1 ,v&yke ,br[n & ,lake4 ,,d>k ,,sky4--,indigo1 mix$ ) ,p9k ,madd] & ,gamboge4 ,,9 ,,brick ,,"w4--,mix ,o*re ) ,fr5* ,blue & ,indian ,r$1 ,indigo & ,v5etian ,r$1 ,o*re & ,p9k ,madd] = bright "p ( brick "w4 ,:5 ! color is m ( r$1 ,v]milion may be us$1 ) caution1 & 9 small quantities = lights4 ,= %ades1 mix ,sepia & ,purple ,lake1 or ,sepia & ,indian ,r$2 ,sepia alone is us$ = light %ad[s f trees4 ,we w n[ pa9t a l&scape1 ! =egr\nd compos$ ( rocks ly+ ne> & divid+ a /ream ( wat] f a road2 ! m>g9 ( ! riv] skirt$ by trees2 beyond a range ( hills1 & /ill beyond ano!r range ( m\nta9s ) high po9ts ext5d+ above all else2 cattle /&+ at ! foot2 flock ( %eep com+ along ! road1 cottage1 etc4 ,direction4 ,cov] ! entire surface ( y\r bo>d ) a t9t ( ,yell[ ,o*re ( mod]ate /r5g?2 :5 ?is is dry a t9t is =m$ f ! mixture ( ,cobalt ,blue & ,p9k ,madd]1 ! blue pr$om9at+2 use x 9 a v dilut$ /ate1 on ! side :5ce ! sun is suppos$ to %9e1 graduat+ ! t9t z ! opposite "p ( ! sky is approa*$1 s t ! e!r may appe> ( a cle> & r /rong color2 ! lights ( ! cl\d to be left1 & c>e to be tak5 to dim9i% ! /r5g? ( ! t9t 9 ! l[] "p ( ! sky4 ,! same t9t may be c>ri$ ov] ! m\nta9s1 leav+ small1 brilliant lights if !re be any4 ,a wa% ( ,p9k ,madd] & ,o*re1 or ,v5etian ,r$ & ,o*re may be giv5 to ! lights on ! cl\ds1 aft]w>ds !y may receive _! middle t9t1 compos$ ( ,p9k ,madd]1 ,yell[ ,o*re & ,cobalt ,blue4 ,,! ,,cl\ds may be f9i%$ by %ad+ ) ,cobalt ,blue & ,v5etian ,r$2 ! wat] %\ld receive its t9ts at ?is "t2 any v bright lights %\ld be left4 ,cl\ds t are d>k] ?an ! e!r1 lay on ) ,v5etian ,r$ & ,o*re4 ,if ! cl\ds are meant to %[ light] ?an ! blue ( ! sky1 !y %\ld be left4 ,mix 9 "o di% ,o*re & ,p9k ,madd] ) m /r5g? ?an ! sky t9ts2 & 9 ano!r ,cobalt1 ,p9k ,madd] & ,gamboge1 ) z mu* /r5g? z possible1 s t x w "w freely4 ,hav+ ! bru% *>g$ ) ! fir/ pa9t1 proce$ to lay 9 ! light p>ts ( ! m\nta9s1 v>y+ ! color by ! addition ( ,cobalt ,blue :]e a gre5i% l9e is want$1 ,p9k ,madd] :]e ! granite prevails4 ,n[1 ) a bru% fill$ f ! o!r sauc]1 lay 9 ! %ady p>ts1 v>y+ ! colors4 ,^! opposite t9ts ( light & %ade %\ld be made to bl5d imp]ceptibly :]e !y meet4 ,indigo1 ,p9k ,madd] & ,gamboge1 mix$1 w be f\nd useful = d>k t\*es 9 %ad[s1 & ,cobalt mix$ ) ,indian ,r$ may be us$ = ! same purpose 9 ! lights4 ,,= ,,! ,,hills1 mix ,indigo & ,yell[ ,o*re1 s z to make a light gre52 lay 9 ! light p>ts ) ?is1 add+ ,o*re :5 a bright] & w>m] light is to be express$1 & ,p9k ,madd] :5 ! surface is brok5 by rock4 ,any bright project+ rocks may receive a t\* ( ,yell[ ,o*re & ,indian ,r$1 mix$4 ,a few broad t\*es w br+ ?is suffici5tly =w>d2 !y may be giv5 ) a br[n1 produc$ by ! mixture ( ,indigo1 ,purple ,lake & ,gamboge1 incl9+ to ,orange or ,purple4 ,,! ,,trees1 skirt+ ! /ream1 %\ld be cov]$ at ! same "t ) ! fir/ & lighte/ t9t1 v>i$ 9 ! same way & br\ght into ! wat]1 leav+ a %>p /rip ( light at ! edge = a bank or pa?4 ,any v light /ems ( trees %\ld be left4 ,:5 ?is has become q dry lay 9 ! trees ) ,gamboge1 ,burnt ,si5na & ,indigo1 mix$1 = ! light2 ,purple ,lake1 mix$ ) ,indigo & ,gamboge1 = /ems2 /rong] & br[n] = d>k t\*es4 ,! rocky masses ly+ 9 ! wat] ne> ! promontory may be cov]$ by a t9t ( ,indigo & ,br[n ,madd]1 mix$2 a little ,olive ,gre5 w v>y ! t9t1 if a gre5i% hue is want$4 ,gamboge1 mix$ ) ,indigo to a light gre51 & v>i$ ) ,purple ,lake & ,indigo1 w s]ve = ! p>ts ( ! ris+ gr\nd se5 ?r\gh ! bran*es ( ! trees1 :i* may receive a t9t ( ,indigo mix$ ) ,burnt ,si5na & ,olive ,gre54 ,,! ,,=egr\nd may be laid 9 ) ,indian ,r$1 mix$ ) ,yell[ ,o*re1 & brok5 by ,sepia or ,indigo2 %ad[s across ! road may be r5d]$ by wa%es ( ,indigo mix$ ) ,br[n ,madd]1 & ,lampblack mix$ ) ,purple ,lake = cool slate color$ rocks 9 %ade4 ,bir* trees %\ld be cov]$ ) a t9t ( ,indian ,yell[ & ,burnt ,si5na1 & %ad$ ) ,br[n ,madd] & ,indigo mix$1 or ,sepia & ,purple ,lake4 ,br+ out ! /ems by d>k t\*es ( ,v&yke ,br[n mix$ ) ,purple ,lake1 9 %ade4 ,! d>k gre5s ab\t ! =egr\nd %\ld be compos$ ( ,sepia & ,indian ,yell[4 ,! figures 9 ! l&scape may h "s r$ 9 ! drap]y2 ! %eep1 a little ,yell[ ,o*re4 ,9 mix+ ! colors always incl9e t[>ds w>m?1 because a little m coolness & atmosph]e may be giv5 by a wa% ( ,cobalt ,blue mix$ ) ,p9k ,madd] or ,indian ,r$4 ,reflections 9 wat] %\ld be pa9t$ simil> 9 hue to ! objects1 b l[] 9 tone & m transp>5t4 ,l>ge /ems ( trees may be color$ effectively by apply+ v>i$ greys1 br[ns 7made by a mixture ( ,indian ,r$1 ,fr5* ,blue & ,o*re71 = light sides1 leav+ any v bright features %[n 9 ! b>k4 ,br[n ,madd] & ,br[n ,p9k1 & sometimes ,v&yke ,br[n mix$ ) ,indian ,lake1 w be f\nd ( s]vice = m>k+s4 ,:5 lay+ on ! blue 9 ! sky1 be c>eful to leave ! %ape ( ! light p>ts ( ! cl\ds1 !n ) ano!r bru% wa% 9 ! middle t9t & suff] x to bl5d ) ! blue on ! %ady side ( ! cl\d4 ,add a little ,v5etian ,r$1 z ! t9t is c>ri$ d[n to ! horizon2 mix m ,cobalt = di/ance4 ,give a fir/ color to ! road & cottage2 pure ,yell[ ,o*re = ! light ( ! pla/]1 ) :ite pap] left1 & ) v small portions2 ! %ade1 ,sepia or ,br[n ,madd]1 mix$ ) ,indigo2 ! h$ge by ! cottage1 br[n-p9k1 olive-gre51 mix$ ) ,burnt ,si5na4 ,,:5 ,,! ,,draw+ ,,is ,,dry1 beg9 ) ! sky1 & height5 or subdue z seems be/2 give ! %ade to ! cl\ds1 tak+ c>e t ! indications ( %ad[1 & feature g5]ally1 gr[ light] ! ne>] !y come to ! horizon2 ! c\ntry is di/+ui%$ f ! sky by outl9e--a d>k t\* ( blue 9 ! %ad[s1 f ! cl\ds4 ,d>k t\*es on ! ro(1 *imneys & w9d[s ( ! cottage1 w give x relief f ! sky1 & give di/ance to ! small objects2 !y may be made ) ,v&yke ,br[n1 mix$ ) ,purple ,lake4 ,br[n-p9k1 mix$ ) ,purple ,lake1 gives a v d>k transp>5cy to wat]4 ,,= ,,moonlight ,,sc5es1 wa% 9 ! g5]al effect ( sky ) ,burnt ,umb]1 mix$ ) ,cobalt ,blue & ,p9k ,madd]1 & ,cobalt ,blue = d>k cl\ds & di/ances2 ,indigo1 mix$ ) ,v&yke ,br[n & ,p9k ,madd]1 = ! g5]al l&scape4 ,! le>n]1 be=e comm5c+ at once ^u a l&scape1 w d well to practice ^u bl5d+ colors2 comm5c+ ) ,cobalt ,blue & ,p9k ,madd] y w produce a purple2 add ,gamboge1 ! purple w be grey1 etc4 ,9 ! comb9ation ( ! foll[+ colors1 a great v>iety ( tones adapt$ to skies & di/ance may be f\nd3 ,sepia & ,gamboge1 ,sepia & ,indian ,yell[1 ,sepia & ,italian ,p9k1 ,lampblack & ,indian ,yell[4 ,*9ese ,:ite is ( s]vice :5 t9t$ pap] is us$ = sket*es4 ,,9 ,,select+ ,,! ,,pap] x %\ld be z natural z possible1 ei!r cool or w>m 9 hue1 accord+ to ! effect int5d$4 ,! t9t may s]ve z middle t9t 9 light ( build+s1 /ems ( trees1 banks1 etc4 ,cold press$ imp]ial pap] is ! be/ = l&scape4 ,!re are sev]al o!r k9ds ( pap] :i* are us$1 su* z ,:atman's extra ?ick1 ( #adj lbs4 to ! ream2 or ,creswick pap]1 if :ite2 or pale cream color1 are good2 b if mu* opaque color is us$ 9 ! picture1 any common pap] w d1 especially if ( a w>m grey or br[ni% color2 & v good pictures are pa9t$ on ! ord9>y br[n pap] us$ = wrapp+4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t =m ( pap] = sket*+ 9 ! outl9es ( a sc5e is t made up 9 blocks or tablets4 ,,bru%es %\ld come to a f9e po9t ( _! own accord1 & n bulge out 9 ! middle4 ,sables are ! be/ = g5]al use4 ,! bru%es necess>y are two or ?ree r$ ,sable1 or goose quill size1 & a black ,sable ( l>ge swan-quill size = flat wa%es2 or :]e ^! are too high price = ! beg9n]1 a l>ge swan-quill ,fr5* camel's hair ) good po9ts4 ,d n all[ ! color to dry on !m1 or !y are spoil$2 b wa% z soon z us$ & all[ !m to dry ) ! hair 9 its natural position4 ,,o!r ,,mat]ials1 su* z a draw+-bo>d1 a sponge1 an ,,hh p5cil = outl9+1 ,india-rubb]1 a %>p p5knife = mix+ up opaque colors ) ,*9ese ,:ite1 a t9 wat]-bottle to hold wat] :5 sket*+1 prep>$ ox-gall to use 9 small quantities :]e ! pap] is greasy or woolly1 a quill p51 w also be f\nd useful4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,colors ,,us$ ,,are ,indigo1 ,fr5* ,blue1 ,cobalt ,blue1 ,purple ,lake1 ,indian ,r$1 ,indian ,lake1 ,p9k ,madd]1 ,indian ,yell[1 ,gamboge1 ,yell[ ,o*re1 ,v&yke ,br[n1 ,br[n ,madd]1 ,sepia1 ,burnt ,si5na1 ,v5etian ,r$1 ,olive ,gre51 ,br[n ,p9k1 ,v]milion4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal po9ts 9 :i* wat]-color pa9t+ diff]s f oil1 is ! lay+ on ( ! flat t9ts by means ( wa%es4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,l&scape ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,oil ,,colors4 ,,te*nical ,,names ,,& ,,mat]ials ,,us$4 ,,mix+ ,,( ,,t9ts1 ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,apply ,,!m4 ,no d\bt y are suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ,draw+ & ,p]spective at ! "t y rea* ?is bran* ( art "w1 z to be able to apply !m ) facility & c]ta9ty to ! repres5tation1 9 outl9e1 ( a giv5 view or subject4 ,! rules "h laid d[n w place )9 y\r rea* ! p[] ( secur+ to y\rself "o ( ! mo/ delightful & agreeable ( accompli%m5ts4 ,9 ! production ( a pa9t+ 9 ,oil ,colors1 !re are c]ta9 modes ( op]ation1 9 introduc+ a beg9n] to ! practice ( ! art1 ! op]ations are di/+ui%$ by ! te*nical names ( glaz+1 impa/+1 scrumbl+1 & h&l+4 ,a ,,glaze is a ?9 transp>5t film ( color1 laid ^u ano!r color to modify ! tone1 or to aid ! effect ( ! latt]1 ! "w !reby appe>+ di/9ctly ?r\gh ! lay] ( glaze1 f :i* x receives a *>act]i/ic hue4 ,?is process ( glaz+ is effect$ by dilut+ prop] transp>5t color ) megilp1 or o!r suitable vehicle4 ,?us dilut$1 ^! colors are laid ^u portions ( ! "w1 ei!r 9 broad flat t9ts1 or 9 t\*es1 p>tially & judici\sly di/ribut$4 ,! object is to /r5g!n %ad[s1 & give w>m? or coldness to _! hue1 to subdue lights t are unduly obtrusive1 or to give additional color & tone to ^? t are defici5t 9 =ce & ri*ness4 ,,impa/+4 ,9 oil pa9t+1 ! d>k %ad[s1 or d>k portions ( ! picture1 are pa9t$ ?9ly1 :ile ! lights are laid on1 or 8impa/$10 ) a full p5cil & a /iff color4 ,9 ! lights ( ! =egr\nd1 & ( p>ts n int5d$ to be remote or to 8retire10 ! impa/+ %\ld be bold & free2 :ile 9 ! m brilliant lights x _c well be too solid4 ,! palette knife has always be5 a favorite in/rum5t ( ?is 8impa/+10 or lay+ on ( color1 capable z x is ( produc+ an agreeable brightness on1 & ( giv+ an appropriate flatness to1 ! pigm5t4 ,a cle> & appropriate t9t1 skillfully swept across a sky by ^! means1 (t5 produce a brilliant & *>m+ effect :i* is surpris+4 ,,scrumbl+1 ! opposite process to t ( glaz+1 is done by go+ lightly ov] ! "w ) an opaque t9t1 g5]ally produc$ by an admixture ( :ite4 ,= ?is purpose a hog-hair bru% is us$1 *>g$ ) color b sp>+ly1 & ) x ! t9ts are drawn v ?9ly1 & some:at loosely1 ov] ! previ\s pa9t+1 :i* %\ld1 z 9 ! case ( glaz+1 be dry & firm4 ,! judici\s comb9ation ( glaz+ & scrumbl+ w produce ri*ness1 brilliancy & transp>5cy4 ,,h&l+4 ,by 8h&l+0 is meant ! me*anical use ( ! p5cil or bru%1 exhibit+ ! arti/'s p[] ( adopt+ c]ta9 modes & processes 9 ! expression & repres5tation ( ! diff]5t textures ( objects1 su* z foliage1 wood1 wat]1 etc4 ,,light4 ,! position ( a pa9t] at 8 easel %\ld be su* t 8 "w may receive ! light f 8 left1 fall+ ^u x only f ! upp] "p ( ! w9d[ ( 8 room1 ! l[] "p be+ d>k5$ by a piece ( gre5 baize4 ,a light proce$+ f ! nor? is ! be/1 x be+ mo/ uni=m ?r\gh ! day4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done 9 pa9t+ a l&scape is to select a canvas ( mod]ate size1 let ! design be drawn ^u x ) a firm & well def9$ outl9e4 ,?is be+ done1 t9t ! l[] "p ( ! canvas 9 a cle>1 w>m tone ) a mixture ( ,yell[ ,o*re & ,v5etian ,r$1 or ) a pale hue ( ,burnt ,si5na1 9 wat] colors1 mix$ ) a little ox-gall to make x adh]e to ! oil gr\nd4 ,illu/ration ,! upp]1 or sky "p ( ! canvas1 be+ left cle>1 comm5ce ! "w lightly ab\t :]e ! horizon w appe>1 & gradually /r5g!n ! t9t z y desc5d4 ,! sket* be+ laid 91 ! pa9t+ ( ! picture may n[ be comm5c$4 ,h ne> y\r easel a slab ( gr\nd glass1 on :i* y c prep>e y\r t9ts to a prop] consi/5cy or hue4 ,a set ( t9ts1 ( ! hue ( ! sky1 & = ! di/ances1 is n[ mix$1 & y comm5ce ) ! blue ( ! sky1 work+ d[nw>ds1 & secur+ a prop] gradation ( color2 !n foll[ ! di/ances1 m\nta9s1 c4 ,?is be+ done1 ! "w is left to dry4 ,! mode ( apply+ ! color to ! canvas is *iefly by t\*es1 or pats ( ! bru% 9 succession1 f left to "r4 ,! color %\ld be temp]$ ) a prop] quantity ( vehicle1 t x may "w crisply1 & above all1 t x may be laid sp>+ly ^u ! canvas4 ,%ort hair bru%es are be/ adapt$ to pa9t+ ) little color4 ,9 lay+ on1 or 8impa/+0 ! lights1 ! bru%es %\ld be r long] ?an ^? us$ = g5]al pa9t+--su* a bru% w yield ! color m readily4 ,unless ! colors be all[$ to h>d5 betwe5 ! fir/ & second pa9t+1 also betwe5 ! second & ?ird1 !y w be liable to be rubb$ (f by ! application ( ! oils & glaz+ us$ 9 ! aft] pa9t+4 ,:5 ! fir/ pa9t+ is dry1 ! picture %\ld h a damp clo? pass$ ov] its surface4 ,be+ !n wip$ dry1 let x be rubb$ ov] ) a small portion ( poppy oil1 = ?is makes ! aft] pa9t+ unite ) ! fir/4 ,x is a m]e moi/5+ ( ! surface t is requir$--no excess ( oil to rema94 ,all t is n necess>y %\ld be remov$ by ! mod]ate application ( a piece ( silk or l954 ,9 ! second pa9t+ we advance by giv+ m att5tion to ! details ( v>i\s objects2 _! draw+1 light & %ade1 reflect$ hues1 & v>i\s t9ts 9 color+ are m elaborately made out2 ! relative di/ances ( objects f ! eye are mo/ c>efully pres]v$1 & ! %ad[s1 :i* are yet pa9t$ ?9ly & transp>5tly1 are c>efully unit$1 ) half-t9ts1 s z to produce a r\ndness4 ,! ?ird1 or f9i%$ pa9t+1 is comm5c$ by wip+ & oil+ ! picture 9 ! mann] be=e describ$ z necess>y = ! second pa9t+4 ,we !n proce$ to complete ! details ( =m & color1 :i* 7 br\ght =w>d 9 ! =m] pa9t+1 employ+ = ?is purpose delicate t\*es ( glaz+ & scrambl+ alt]nately1 n to conceal1 b improve & r5d] z p]fect z possible :at has already be5 done4 ,%>p1 vigor\s t\*es :]e ! m>k+s ( ! details require !m4 ,^! t\*es mu/ be made ) fre$om & decision1 or !y fail 9 produc+ ! desir$ effect4 ,!y %\ld be ( a w>m tone1 n cold--n grey4 ,9 ?is /age ( ! "w d n attempt too mu* at "o sitt+4 ,x is be/ to all[ ! colors to dry g5tly1 & to repeat ! op]ation :5 necess>y4 ,la/ly1 a mode ( aid+ ! f9i% is by pass+ ov] a portion ( ! "w ) light1 delicate tones1 :i* are left only on ! project+ t\*es ( texture objects4 ,,mat]ials ,,us$4 ,_m ( ! pigm5ts :i* *ange color by ! action ( impure air1 & are1 !re=e1 useless 9 wat]-color pa9t+1 may1 nev]!less1 be safely us$ 9 oil pa9t+2 = ?is reason3 ,9 wat] color ! p[d] colors are mix$ ) only j en\gh ( "s b9d+ cem5t 7call$ a vehicle71 su* z gum1 size1 sug>1 etc41 to prev5t _! be+ easily rubb$ (f ! pap]1 & are1 !re=e1 freely expos$ to ! action ( ! atmosph]e1 or ( ! colors ) :i* !y may be mix$2 b 9 oil colors ! p[d] colors are gr\nd up 9 oil1 s prep>$ z to oxidise rapidly 9 ! air into a k9d ( imp]meable lea!ry res91 :i*1 completely envelop+ ea* p>ticle ( color1 effectually protects x1 n only f ! action ( impure air1 b also ( neighbor+ p>ticles ( diff]5t colors4 ,& x ?us happ5s t pigm5ts may be us$ 9 oils ) tol]able safety :i* 9 wat] color might turn black 9 a few days4 ,inde$1 ! :ite :i* we inv>iably use 9 oils--flake :ite--is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ un/able ( colors 9 wat] colors2 & ne>ly ! same may be said ( ! *rome yell[1 ,naples yell[1 em]ald gre51 etc4 ,! colors nam$ bel[ w be f\nd a useful set3 ,flake ,:ite1 ,ultram>9e1 ,prussian ,blue1 ,yell[ ,o*re1 ,c>m9e 79 ,p[d]799 ,indian ,r$1 ,lamp ,black99 ,cappagh ,br[n1 ,raw ,si5na1 ,cadmium ,yell[99 ,rose ,madd]99 ,em]ald ,gre599 ,cobalt ,blue1 ,madd] ,br[n99 ,burnt ,si5na1 ,pale ,cadmium ,yell[99 ,indian ,yell[99 ,! colors m>k$ ) an a/]isk d n dry quickly1 except :5 mix$ ) mu* flake-:ite4 ,to ^! x is necess>y to add a v little dri]--a mixture ( sug> ( lead & boil$ oil4 ,,bru%es4--,aft] ! colors1 ! bru%es are ! mo/ important "p ( ! arti/'s mat]ials4 ,flat hog's-hair bru%es are ! mo/ useful = g5]al purposes4 ,^! %\ld h poli%$ h&les1 & ! hairs %\ld n /raggle at ! po9t1 b keep toge!r1 s z to =m a /raight1 ?9 edge4 ,! small sizes are mo/ conv5i5t :5 made v %ort & v ?9 9 ! hair1 x be+ difficult to make ! long-hair$ ones keep toge!r at ! po9t4 ,= f9e t\*es1 sable bru%es are ! mo/ conv5i5t1 "s flat & "s r\nd2 ! =m] ?9 & %ort-hair$1 ! latt] com+ to a f9e po9t4 ,badg]'s-hair s(t5]s are us$1 z _! "n implies1 to s(t5 broad t9ts 9 skies1 etc41 b require ! greate/ caution 9 _! use1 or !y w c]ta9ly produce a disagreeable 8wooll9ess10 or smudg9ess4 ,!y are made ) ! hair radiat+1 or spread+ out1 t[>ds ! po9t1 & are us$ by dabb+ or jobb+ !m lightly ov] ! "w1 & %\ld always be us$ clean & dry4 ,! bru%es %\ld always be clean$ z soon z !y are done ) = ! day4 ,! easie/ way is to r9se !m 9 a little spirits ( turp5t9e1 &1 aft] dry+ !m on a rag1 wa% !m out clean by rubb+ !m 9 ! palm ( ! h& ) ?ick soap & wat]1 & !n r9s+ !m 9 clean wat]1 & all[+ !m to dry ) ! hair 9 its prop] position4 ,x happ5s sometimes t1 leav+ (f 9 a hurry1 "o has no "t to wa% out ! bru%es c>efully4 ,9 t case !y may be laid by = a few days1 dirty z !y are1 ) _! ends "u wat]4 ,! pa9t w keep "u wat] )\t dry+4 ,,canvas4--,?is is ! be/ mat]ial = pa9t+ ^u4 ,x is sold ready /ret*$ on frames1 & is kept ( all sizes at ! arti/s' color w>eh\ses4 ,,prep>$ ,,pap] is p]haps ! mo/ conv5i5t mat]ial = ! beg9n]1 occupy+ s v little space :5 ! picture is dry4 ,x mu/ be fa/5$1 :5 9 use1 to a bo>d by means ( draw+-p9s4 ,x is also kept b\nd up into blocks1 l ^? us$ = wat]-color sket*+1 & ?is is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ conv5i5t =m 9 :i* to buy x1 ?\gh n ! *eape/4 ,,millbo>ds seem to me to possess no advantage ov] pap]1 & are v heavy1 & liable to break at ! corn]s4 ,,panels are heavy & r bulky1 b are peculi>ly well adapt$ = works requir+ high f9i%4 ,,palettes are usually made ( mahogany or sat9 wood4 ,! latt] are ! be/1 ! colors be+ bett] se5 on ! light] color$ wood4 ,! rectangul> %ape is ! mo/ conv5i5t1 & packs be/ into ! lid ( a color-box4 ,a wood5 palette %\ld h pl5ty ( raw l9se$ oil rubb$ into x be=e be+ us$1 & be all[$ to dry4 ,?is w prev5t ! colors s9k+ into ! wood & /a9+4 ,a ,,dipp] is a small t9 cup made to fix by slid+ on to ! palette1 to conta9 oil1 turp5t9e1 v>ni%1 or any o!r vehicle us$4 ,,! ,,re/ ,,/ick is us$ to re/ ! "r h& ^u1 :ile pa9t+ ^? p>ts ( ! picture t require great /ead9ess & c>e4 ,x %\ld be z /iff & z light z possible1 & is held 9 ! same h& z ! palette4 ,,palette-,,knives are necess>y implem5ts = mix+ & manipulat+ ! colors on ! palette4 ,x is conv5i5t to h two ( diff]5t /iffness4 ,,easels are inconv5i5t usually 9 proportion to _! *eapness4 ,!y %\ld be tol]ably firm & heavy1 & %\ld all[ ! picture to be rais$ easily & quickly4 ,,vehicle is ! dilu5t us$ to temp] & ?9 ! colors = ! purpose ( br++ !m to a prop] /ate4 ,l9se$ oil1 r5d]$ dry+ by boil+ ) c]ta9 metallic oxides1 is ! vehicle g5]ally us$4 ,dry+ oil %\ld dry q free f /ick9ess 9 two or ?ree days1 9 ord9>y wea!r4 ,copal v>ni% is also an excell5t vehicle1 b dries s rapidly t x w n d :]e ! colors require consid]able manipulation ) ! bru%--z 9 skies & broad t9ts g5]ally4 ,colors us$ ) v>ni% w require frequ5t ?9n+ ) _s ( turp5t9e4 ,megilp is a mo/ pleasant vehicle to use2 s pleasant1 inde$1 t "o is apt to use f> too mu* ( x4 ,x is made by mix+ /rong ma/ic v>ni% ) dry+ oil4 ,! beg9n] %\ld be> 9 m9d t all oils & v>ni%es h a /rong t5d5cy to turn d>k br[n ) age1 & %\ld !re=e le>n to use z little z possible2 inde$1 ! colors1 z g5]ally sold1 are gr\nd ) suffici5t oil = use ) a hog's-hair bru%2 & x is only :]e great] fre$om is requir$1 & :5 us+ sable bru%es1 t an addition ( vehicle is ( use4 ,x is absolutely necess>y1 h[ev]1 9 ! process call$ 8glaz+10 :i* is :]e a transp>5t color is rubb$ ?9ly ov] p>ts ( ! picture1 ! g5]al tone or color ( :i* x is desirable to modify4 ,& 9 ?is case1 too1 z little vehicle z possible %\ld be employ$4 ,,mix$ ,,t9ts4 ,! foll[+ are giv5 z examples ( "s ( ! t9ts t may be obta9$ by mixture ( ! m important colors4 ,rose ,madd] & ,cobalt4 ,) ^! colors a v>iety ( delicate t9ts ( great purity & p]man5ce may be produc$2 ( g5]al use 9 di/ances1 skies1 wat]1 etc4 ,yell[ ,o*re1 ,rose ,madd]1 & ,cobalt4 ,be+ made up ( ! ?ree prim>ies1 are dull] or grey]1 b w produce a great] v>iety4 ,( use 9 di/ances1 middle di/ance1 etc4 ,v&yke ,br[n & ,cobalt1 ,br[n ,madd] & ,cobalt4 ,( use 9 ! same cases z ! la/4 ,good = middle di/ance foliage4 ,yell[ ,o*re & ,orange ,v]milion4 ,( great use 9 obta9+ w>m1 sunny effects 9 di/ances1 skies1 cl\ds1 & = brilliant t9ts 9 =egr\nds4 ,w give beautiful fle% t9ts ) ,*9ese :ite4 ,yell[ ,o*re & ,prussian ,blue4 ,pleasant1 cool1 greyi%-gre5s may be produc$ ) ^! colors2 especially useful 9 middle di/ance trees4 ,may be sadd5$ ) black or ,v&yke br[n4 ,rose ,madd] & ,prussian ,blue4 ,a v>iety ( useful & p]man5t sob] greys & purples may be ?us obta9$4 ,( great use 9 cl\dy skies & di/ances1 etc4 ,v&yke ,br[n & ,prussian ,blue4 ,useful 9 ! same cases z yell[ o*re & ,prussian blue4 ,v&yke ,br[n & ,yell[ ,o*re4 ,gives good t9ts = e>?1 etc41 9 =egr\nds4 ,v&yke ,br[n & ,gamboge1 ,v&yke ,br[n1 ,gamboge1 & ,prussian ,blue4 ,give colors ( ! greate/ use = =egr\nd & middle di/ance foliage4 ,burnt ,si5na & ,c>m9e1 ,gamboge & ,burnt ,si5na4 ,w>m1 ri*1 transp>5t colors4 ,( use 9 autumnal foliage1 & = bright t9ts 9 =egr\nds1 su* z ! %ad+ ( drap]ies1 etc41 & cattle1 birds1 & fl[]s2 9 fact1 9 all cases :]e v ri* transp>5t color is requir$4 ,burnt ,si5na1 ,gamboge1 & ,prussian ,blue4 ,( ! greate/ use = =egr\nd & middle di/ance foliage4 ,burnt ,si5na & ,yell[ ,o*re4 ,useful = ! same purposes z ,v&yke br[n & yell[ o*re4 ,raw ,si5na1 ,c>m9e1 & ,prussian ,blue4 ,) ^! ?ree colors an imm5se numb] ( beautiful transp>5t greys & br[ns may be obta9$1 useful 9 all k9ds ( =egr\nd %ad[s4 ,burnt ,si5na & ,cobalt4 ,= di/ant & middle di/ant foliage4 ,c>m9e & ,prussian ,blue1 ,c>m9e & ,fr5* ,ultram>9e4 ,:5ev] brilliant & transp>5t purples ( great dep? are requir$ 9 =egr\nds4 ,indian ,r$ & ,cobalt1 ,indian ,r$ & ,prussian ,blue4 ,useful 9 ! same cases z rose madd] & ,prussian blue4 ,raw ,si5na1 ,madd] ,lake1 & ,cobalt4 ,give quiet1 semitransp>5t greys = middle di/ances1 cl\dy skies1 etc4 ,c>m9e & ,gamboge4 ,= transp>5t deep oranges & r$s 9 =egr\nds4 ,em]ald ,gre5 & ,gamboge4 ,may be sp>+ly us$ :]e v bright gre5s are requir$ 9 =egr\nd foliage4 ,orange ,v]milion & ,cadmium ,yell[4 ,safe colors to use = all v vivid oranges4 ,lamp ,black & ,cobalt1 ,lamp ,black & ,gamboge4 ,illu/rate ! use ( lamp black 9 sadd5+ o!r colors4 ,! mo/ beautiful greys may be ?us obta9$4 ,( univ]sal use1 :e!r = =egr\nds1 di/ances1 or skies4 ,,! ,,oil-,,photo ,,m9iature4 ,,call$ ,,by ,,"s ,,cameo-,,oil4 ,,improv$ ,,me?od4 ,:5 ! photograph y desire to color is m\nt$ on a c>d1 fir/ imm]se x 9 boil+ hot wat]4 ,?is w s(t5 ! pa/e1 & 9 a %ort "t ! pr9t may be lift$ f ! m\nt4 ,d n hurry1 b give ! pr9t a ?or\gh soak+ be=e try+ to lift x f ! c>d1 & always use great c>e to avoid te>+ ! photograph4 ,r9se ! picture 9 cold wat] to clean x f ! pa/e & color+ matt] t may adh]e to x f ! c>d4 ,let x rema9 9 ! vessel ( cle> wat] until ready = m\nt+ on ! glass4 ,prep>e a little ?9 />* pa/e1 z foll[s4 ,amylum 7,ref9$ ,corn ,/>*7 a teaspoonful1 cold wat] #b ounces1 or nitrate /rontium ounce2 /ir till dissolv$1 !n br+ x to a boil1 /irr+ con/antly4 ,h ! />* pa/e ?9 & /ra9 x ?r\gh f9e musl94 ,hav+ clean$ y\r ,convex ,glass ?or\ghly ) alcohol & a piece ( cotton batt+1 take ! photograph & blot (f ! surplus wat]4 ,pa/e ! face ( ! pr9t & ! concave or holl[ side ( ! clean$ glass ) y\r />*1 be+ v c>eful to cov] bo? ! pr9t & glass smoo?ly4 ,a wide bri/le bru% is mo/ suitable = ?is "w4 ,lay ! pr9t on ! glass1 ! prep>$ surfaces toge!r1 & proce$ c>efully to "w ! bubbles out ) y\r f+]s1 aft] :i* lay two or ?ree ?icknesses ( tissue pap] on ! pr9t1 & ) an ivory pap]-knife1 or flat /ick1 ) curve ab\t ! same z ! concave surface ( ! glass1 "w ! pr9t d[n to ! glass1 =c+ out all ! air4 ,"w f ! c5tre ( ! glass t[>d ! edges1 & ) great c>e1 us+ v light pressure to avoid break+ ! glass4 ,! m\nt+ ( ! pr9t %\ld be done quickly1 z ! pa/e dries v fa/4 ,if any bubbles %\ld rema91 prick !m ?r\gh ) a f9e-po9t$ ne$le & rub ov] ) ! ivory knife4 ,aft] m\nt+ ! picture on ! glass all[ x to dry ?or\ghly4 ,n[ fill ! concave or holl[ side ( ! glass hav+ ! picture on1 ) ,ca/or ,oil ?ree p>ts1 ,oil ,lav5d] "o "p4 ,all[ ! oil to rema9 until ! photograph is transp>5t2 ?is w take f ?ree to twelve h\rs4 ,:5 p]fectly transp>5t1 p\r (f ! oil & wipe ) a f9e sponge until ne>ly dry4 ,y\r picture is n[ ready = pa9t+4 ,! colors appli$ directly to ! photograph are ^? t ne$ no bl5d+--su* z ! eyes1 lips1 jewelry1 light ribbons1 fl[] ornam5ts & neck-tie4 ,edges ( ruffles & embroid]y %\ld also be t\*$ up on ! photograph4 ,:5 y h f9i%$ color+ ! picture on ! fir/ glass1 p\r ,glyc]9e ov] x1 be+ c>eful to cov] ! surface ?or\ghly4 ,dra9 (f & !n put ! o!r convex glass to ! back ( ! "o hav+ ! pr9t1 & w$ge ap>t f x by atta*+ little pieces ( c>d-bo>d to ! second glass ) mucilage4 ,h ! w$ges v n>r[ & close to ! edge4 ,?is sep>ates ! glasses & keeps ! upp] "o f press+ ! oil$ & pa9t$ glass bel[4 ,on ?is second glass y w color ! face & o!r fle%1 hair1 drap]y1 &1 if necess>y1 ! backgr\nd4 ,! m9iature is f9i%$ by us+ c>d-bo>d to back up ! picture1 :ite be+ v effective4 ,b9d ! edges ( ! glass & c>d-bo>d toge!r ) /rips ( adhesive pap]4 ,,caution6 ,don't use ,silv] ,gloss ,/>*2 x w n d ne>ly z well z ,corn ,/>*4 ,,directions ,,= ,,color+4 ,! color+ ( ! eyes1 lips1 jewelry1 ribbons1 edges ( embroid]y1 lace1 neck-tie1 fl[]s1 & o!r ornam5ts1 is appli$ directly on ! photograph aft] x is m\nt$ on ! glass & made transluc5t ) ! oil4 ,,eyes--,use small bru%4 ,,blue ,,eyes--,use ,prussian ,blue mix$ ) little ,ivory ,black4 ,,br[n ,,eyes--,use ,v&yke ,br[n4 ,,grey ,,or ,,hazel ,,eyes--,prussian ,blue mix$ ) ,v&yke ,br[n & ,silv] ,:ite4 ,,lips--,use ,rose ,madd]4 ,,jewelry--,yell[ ,o*re = ,gold1 ,silv] ,:ite = ,pe>ls1 ,em]ald ,gre5 = ,em]alds1 ,rose ,madd] = ,rubies4 ,,ribbons--,:atev] color is requir$4 ,fl[]s & o!r ornam5ts ! same4 ,! color = ,fle%1 ,hair1 ,drap]y & ,backgr\nd is appli$ to ! concave surface ( ! cle> glass :i* is plac$ ov] ! m\nt$ pr9t4 ,,fle%--,use ,v]milion1 ,silv] ,:ite & ,*rome ,yell[2 mix to suit4 ,= *ildr5 use ,rose ,madd] or ,c>m9e 9 place ( ,v]milion4 ,= d>k complexions dull ! color by add+ ,v&yke ,br[n4 ,,hair--,= blonde hair1 use half ,naples ,yell[ & ,v&yke ,br[n4 ,= lights1 use ,naples ,yell[4 ,br[n ,hair1 ,v&yke ,br[n4 ,black ,hair1 ,ivory ,black & ,silv] ,:ite1 add+ a little ,prussian ,blue4 ,= ,grey ,hair1 use ,silv] ,:ite1 ,naples ,yell[1 ,black1 ,burnt ,si5na1 & a little ,prussian ,blue4 ,,drap]y--,:atev] color suits4 ,,backgr\nd--,y\r own judgm5t w sugge/ ! prop] color to use4 ,if y want to *ange ! "w 9 any way1 take a small piece ( clo?1 dipp$ 9 turp5t9e1 & remove ! color4 ,= home "w & adornm5t x (f]s special attractions4 ,! photographs ( relatives & fri5ds c be made into ,oil-,photo ,m9iatures1 done by y\r own h&s1 & h&somely furni%$ = ! mantel & wall at small exp5se4 ,we h giv5 y ! simple/ & be/ process = mak+ ! picture4 ,x is claim$ by "s t :5 ! oil is us$ x dries out aft] a "t1 & produces opaque spots4 ,%\ld ?is tr\ble appe>1 x is easily ov]come by us+ glyc]9e z previ\sly direct$4 ,we h]e) give y ano!r me?od 9 use1 & y c adopt :i*ev] y see fit4 ,,second ,,me?od4 ,,ivory-,,type ,,or ,,mezzot9t4 ,,= ,,m\nt+ ,,! ,,photograph4--,is9-glass 7fi% glue7 made 9 ! foll[+ proportion3 ,"o teaspoonful to half cup ( wat]1 dissolv$ by boil+2 /ra9 ?r\gh f9e musl91 & apply ! same z />*4 ,pure ,album51 or :ite ( egg1 bru%$ ov] ! glass & surface ( ! photograph1 is us$ ) great success by "s4 ,equal p>ts ,canada balsam & turp5t9e is also us$ = atta*+ ! pr9t to ! glass4 ,rubb] v>ni%1 made ) pure rubb]1 dissolv$ 9 b5zole4 ,"s add a little ,coop]'s glue to ! />* :5 mak+ x4 ,dextr9e is a favorite ) _m4 ,aft] ! use ( ! ca/or oil1 ca/or oil & glyc]9e1 poppy oil1 nut1 or any ( ! oils1 ! pr9t may be cov]$ ) a coat+ ( ,dam> v>ni%1 :i* x is claim$ holds ! oil & pres]ves ! transp>5cy4 ,_m arti/s aft] oil+ or v>ni%+1 use wat] colors mix$ ) ox-gall 9 color+ on ! back ( ! pr9t1 !n foll[ ) ! oil colors z direct$4 ,9 adopt+ any ( ! me?ods h]e9 not$1 y\r judgm5t w dictate c>e 9 obs]v+ ! results1 & sugge/+ *anges t may facilitate ! "w1 & success ( ! picture4 ,y w f9d ?is art v attractive1 simple1 & productive ( bo? pleasure & pr(it4 ,ladies are occupy+ leisure h\rs1 & mak+ home attractive ) _! arti/ic "w 9 produc+ ! ,m9iature4 ,by ! fir/ process pictures h /ood = ye>s )\t spott+ or crack+4 ,,ano!r ,,plan ,,is3 ,aft] clean+ ! photograph1 blot (f ! surplus wat] & place x 9 alcohol1 let x rema9 until transp>5t4 ,old1 fad$ pictures c be br\ght out cle> 9 ?is way4 ,aft] plac+ x on glass1 cov] ! pr9t ) 8p>aff9e10 & let x lie = a %ort "t 9 ! sun1 until cry/aliz$1 :5 x is ready to receive ! colors4 ,y may use wat] colors on ! fir/ glass ) good effect4 8,by ?is simple process any p]son unaccu/om$ to pa9t+1 & ignorant ( art1 may color photographs1 & produce ) rapidity & little tr\ble1 effective1 p]man5t1 & beautiful pictures1 s s(t & delicate z to closely resemble pa9t+ on enamel2 may r5d] ! treasur$ family portrait d\bly valuable by add+ ! w>m t9ts ( life to ! fai?ful b cold & dea?like production ( ! photograph]1 & produce a pleas+ z well z a tru?ful repres5tation4 ,! l>ge/ & ! smalle/ "w may be pa9t$ ) equal facility1 ! life-size portrait or a m9iature = a locket1 ! only qualification = success1 ev5 9 v elaborate pictures1 be+ ta/e 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! colors4 ,an objection to color+ photographs1 z color+ has hi!rto be5 practic$--t ! delicate tru?fulness ( nature's draw+ 0 injur$1 & sometimes a lik5ess :olly de/roy$1 ?r\gh be+ obscur$ by ! colori/ 9 ! work+1 t ! only gu>antee ( fidelity 0 ! tal5t ( ! arti/--9 ! beautifully simple process "u consid]ation ) :i* all ! s(tness1 lights1 & %ad[s ( ! photographs are pres]v$40 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,color+ ,,photographs ,,9 ,,wat] ,,colors4 ,illu/ration ,select a well-def9$ ,photograph1 "o ( light color is pref]able1 & ! backgr\nd free f spots2 x is also well to h a duplicate copy to ref] to 9 case ( necessity--a copy ( two diff]5t sitt+s4 ,always select a good subject1 z a good portrait dep5ds mu* on a good model4 ,9 sitt+ = a photograph1 take y\r own natural & easy position sev]al feet 9 front ( ! backgr\nd1 ) y\r eyes a trifle above ! cam]a4 ,avoid all sup]flu\s surr\nd+s1 su* z fancy *airs1 table cov]$ ) books & o!r objects1 mak+ y\r face a second>y affair 9 ! picture4 ,prep>+ ! ,photograph4 ,take a piece ( ,:ite ,glue ab\t ! size ( a hickory nut1 & ab\t "o-half ! quantity ( pulv]iz$ alum2 dissolve 9 half a w9e-glass ( w>m wat] & x is ready = use4 ,apply ! mixture ) a flat camel-hair bru% to ! photograph2 cov] ! entire face ( ! picture1 c>e be+ tak5 n to get x too wet4 ,:5 dry1 wa% x 9 clean cold wat] ) a sponge to remove any sup]flu\s matt] t may re/ ^u x4 ,x may be necess>y to g ov] x a second "t1 z x is ess5tial t ! pap] be well h>d5$ to "w ^u4 ,y may te/ x by apply+ a drop ( ! color to "o corn] & if x wa%es (f & leaves no /a9 ! pap] is 9 good condition = ! "w4 ,album5 pap] c (t5 be work$ )\t us+ ?is prep>ation1 b %\ld be spong$ (f ) cold wat]4 ,! colors us$ are 9 cakes3 ,dry ,c>m9e1 ,rose ,madd]1 ,crimson ,lake1 ,v5etian ,r$1 ,indian ,r$1 ,v]milion1 ,*rome ,yell[1 ,indian ,yell[1 ,roman ,o*re1 ,gamboge1 ,cobalt1 ,fr5* ,blue1 ,em]ald ,gre51 ,indigo1 ,prussian ,blue1 ,burnt ,si5na1 ,burnt ,umb]1 ,sepia 7,br[n71 ,v&yke ,br[n1 ,madd] ,br[n1 ,ivory ,black1 ,*9ese ,:ite1 ,con/ant ,:ite4 ,burnt ,umb]1 mo/ly us$ = ! hair2 ,v&yke ,br[n is "o ( ! mo/ us$ ( br[ns1 al?\gh ,sepia may be said to be ! mo/ useful 9 black silk & sat91 :5 mix$ ) ,lake1 ,indigo & ,gamboge2 ,sepia & ,lake = ! eyebr[s & hair2 ,sepia & ,indigo =m a gray1 v nice = backgr\nd4 ,( ,r$1 ,c>m9e is ! mo/ brilliant2 ,rose ,madd] ! mo/ useful 9 fle%1 especially 9 y\?s2 9 eld] p]sons add ,v]milion2 ,crimson ,lake is v useful = fle% t9ts2 ,light ,r$1 ,v5etian & ,indian ,r$ c be us$ = ne>ly ! same purpose4 ,color+4 ,comm5ce ^u ! face ) ! fle% t9ts1 us+ = ?is a good size ,sable bru%2 g ov] ! entire face & wait till dry4 ,use = ! lips a little ,v]milion & ,lake4 ,n[ g ov] ! backgr\nd1 & !n ! drap]ies4 ,deep5 ! ,c>nations1 t\*+ ! eye & m\? ) ,lake2 also ! hair ) ! prop] color4 ,t\* ! "u lip ) ,rose ,madd] en\gh s z x may look natural4 ,! :ite ( ! eye 9 y\? is ne>ly blue1 9 old age x becomes yell[1 9 middle age x is :ite4 ,y mu/ v>y y\r t9ts to correspond4 ,! iris mu/ be laid 9 ) transp>5t color1 !n %ad$1 !n f9i%$ ) ,*9ese ,:ite4 ,! pupil is t\*$ ) a d>k color & ! speck ( :ite laid on la/4 ,use ! same color = black or br[n z us$ = ! hair1 viz43 ,light ,r$ & ,*9ese ,:ite1 & neutral or ,purple t9t & ,:ite = ! latt]4 ,! face is n[ ne>ly f9i%$2 x only rema9s to add a few t\*es to ! eyes & m\?1 & imp>t life & expression to ! c\nt5ance4 ,if ! p]son be d>k1 use ,sepia & ,purple ,lake1 equal proportions2 b if fair1 disp5se ) mo/ ( ! ,sepia4 ,next complete ! backgr\nd1 aft] :i* f9i% up ! hair ov] ! backgr\nd2 aft] ! la/ %ad$ p>ts ( ! hair lay on ! high lights4 ,burnt ,umb] is mo/ useful 9 br[n & auburn hair2 ,indigo1 ,sepia & ,lake1 or ,lake1 ,indigo & ,gamboge1 are ! colors us$ = high lights1 ! lights incl9+ to a purple t9t1 ! blue pr$om9at+4 ,keep ! hair 9 masses2 a good siz$ bru% is ne$$4 ,9 pa9t+ clo? fabrics x w be well to use ! local color at fir/ v light1 mu* m s ?an y desire x to be :5 f9i%$4 ,a black coat3 beg9 by lay+ 9 a weak local wa% z direct$1 & :5 x is dry g ov] ! folds ) a ?9 %ad[ color1 :i* w prev5t !m be+ obscur$ by ! next local wa%4 ,hav+ repeat$ ?is two or ?ree times1 y w f9d ! g>m5t to be z d>k z necess>y1 b ! %ad[s w be feeble2 y may /r5g!n !m ) ,sepia & ,lake4 ,a good black = g5tlem5's drap]y is made ( ,indigo1 ,lake & ,gamboge4 ,:5 a blue-black is requir$1 fir/ make a purple-blue & !n add ! ,gamboge till ! t9t is *ang$ into black4 ,9 %ad[+1 always c>ry y\r p5cil ! way ! folds run1 in/ead ( across !m4 ,! colors = backgr\nds = fair p are blue1 purple & greys4 ,d>k complexions %\ld h d>k backgr\nd4 ,/one is repres5t$ by a t9t =m$ ( ,c>m9e1 ,indigo & ,yell[ ,o*re1 & ! m di/ant y wi% x to appe> ! m mu/ ! ,indigo prevail4 ,a backgr\nd made ( ,cobalt1 ,burnt ,si5na & a little ,rose ,madd] works well4 ,madd] ,br[n & ,cobalt answ]s = ! same4 ,a purple cl\dy gr\nd is made ( ,indigo & liquid ,c>m9e or ,lake4 ,an opaque gr\nd1 ( a *ocolate color1 is compos$ ( ,lampblack & ,india ,r$4 ,pa9t curta9s ov] ! backgr\nd & put on ! lights ) body colors4 ,,russian1 ,,or ,,egyptian ,,me?od ,illu/ration ,,( ,,color+ ,,photographs ,,) ,,transp>5t ,,indelible ,,colors4 ,?is is ! 8bigge/ little ?+0 9 pa9t+ t probably has ev] be5 pres5t$ to amateur arti/s4 ,= beauty ( arrangem5t1 ease & simplicity 9 its execution1 no bran* ( art "w ( a simil> nature has ev] met ) l success4 ,) a fair idea ( colors & _! application1 y may increase ! beauty & enhance ! value t5 fold ( any ord9>y photograph1 by foll[+ ^! in/ructions4 ,to produce a fir/-class picture1 y mu/ necess>ily h a good subject to "w on4 ,a photograph t w take a v>iety ( colors1 is be/ adapt$ = a %[y picture4 ,be=e apply+ ! colors to a burni%$ or f9i%$ photograph1 s(t5 or cleanse ! surface ) ! tongue until ! saliva wets ! picture ev5ly1 )\t crawl+2 oxide gall is good1 b saliva is ! be/ = ?is purpose4 ,= a palette on :i* to mix or dilute colors1 ! bottom ( a plate or sauc] w answ]4 ,always h a piece ( blott+ pap] at h& to take up or remove sup]flu\s pa9t f ! picture1 & use x aft] ea* application ( color to ! photograph4 ,x is n necess>y to mix pa9ts on a palette1 wa%+ "o color ov] ano!r w produce bett] results4 ,a t9t is a color absorb$ 9 ! picture1 & wa%+ or wett+ w n remove x4 ,a surface color rema9s on top1 & wat] w remove x4 ,y c use colors /rong] ov] ! %ad[s4 ,use j :at liquid y w f9d on ! cork ( ! bottle1 add$ to ab\t "o teaspoonful ( wat]1 = fle%2 = drap]ies y c use x /rong]1 or z y desire4 ,! liquid colors are mo/ly us$1 & consi/ ( twelve "o ounce bottles1 & are v p[]ful4 ,!re=e1 make y\r application v weak1 a m]e t9t only is requir$4 ,repeat ! wa%+ or t9t+ until ! desir$ %ade is produc$4 ,! colors us$ are z foll[s3 ,black1 ,r$1 ,blue1 ,gre51 ,c>m9e1 ,gold1 ,br[n1 ,violet1 ,orange1 ,purple & ,lemon1 all ( :i* are transp>5t1 soluble 9 wat]1 & us$ z t9t+ colors4 ,:ite is a surface color1 & opaque4 ,= ,fle%--,use fir/ a weak wa% or t9t ( gold2 ov] ?is a t9t ( r$1 a little /rong] = ! lips4 ,:ite--,?is is always us$ la/ = high lights2 y c make ! :ite any t9t by use ( o!r colors4 ,black--,c be us$ = a natural t9t if ton$ d[n2 valuable = all k9ds ( %ad+4 ,r$--,takes readily1 & produces all t9ts f rose to sc>let2 us$ 9 fle%4 ,c>m9e--,a delicate p9k to mag5ta4 ,gold--,takes readily2 is a sub/itute = yell[2 us$ = jewelry1 fle%1 blonde hair1 etc42 use weak1 & wa% ov] ) r$ = deep] results4 ,br[n--,takes readily2 d>k5$ by t9t+ ov] ) violet or black4 ,violet--,takes on t\*1 & is v p[]ful2 fir/ application v weak to insure ev5 color+2 x makes all t9ts f lilac to purple1 etc4 ,blue--,takes sl[ly2 repeat ! wa%+ = deep results4 ,gre5--,takes easily1 light5 by wa%+ ov] ) gold2 d>k5 ) ! blue2 always let y\r fir/ wa% or t9t be v weak2 increase z desir$ by repeat+4 ,! colors 9 moi/ cake =m are (t5 us$1 b ! liquids are pref]able4 ,sable bru%es1 ab\t ,nos4 #c1 #h & #ab1 are suffici5t = ord9>y purposes4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,photographs ,,by ,,! ,,gelat9e ,,dry-,,plate ,,process ,! late/ & mo/ rapid advance 9 ! art is due to ! discov]y ( ! s5sitiv5ess ( a gelat9e film4 ,?is k has be5 practically appli$ 9 ! introduction ( plates prep>$ ) su* a coat+2 !y are call$ 8dry plates10 to di/+ui% !m f plates :i* mu/ pass ?r\gh ! silv] ba?1 & be us$ :ile wet4 ,! gelat9e-bromide dry plates are n[ 9 g5]al use = tak+ pictures ( out-door sc5es1 l&scapes1 h\ses1 gr\ps ( p1 etc4 ,to make photographs1 ,fir/ ,procure an ,outfit f a deal] 9 photograph requisites1 co/+ f t5 to tw5ty-five doll>s1 consi/+ ( a view cam]a1 = mak+ #de or #eh in* pictures4 ,?is cam]a is s con/ruct$ z to make ei!r a picture on ! full size ( ! plate 7#eh in*es71 or by sub/itut+ ! extra front 7suppli$ ) ! outfit71 & us+ ! pair ( l5ses ( %ort] focus1 x is admirably adapt$ = tak+ /]eoscopic negatives4 ,also1 by ! same arrangem5ts1 two small pictures1 ( dissimil> objects1 c be made on ! same plate4 ,includ$ 9 ! outfit1 are also "o pat5t d\ble dry-plate hold]1 "o l>ge a*romatic nickel plat$ l5s1 "o pair 8,wat]bury0 a*romatic mat*$ /]eoscopic l5s1 "o ,taylor fold+ tripod1 "o c>ry+ case4 ,fill+ ! ,plate ,hold]4 ,if ?is is done 9 ! daytime1 a closet or room is select$1 & all :ite light exclud$ f x4 ,x is difficult to make ?is exclusion absolute4 ,"o ray ( :ite light w spoil a s5sitive plate1 & !re=e ! ev5+ is g5]ally *os5 to develop negatives1 & = illum9ation1 ! light f a ruby lant]n is employ$4 ,gelat9e ,plates are glass1 ) "o side coat$ ) gelat9e1 conta9+ a haloid salt4 ,place "o ( !m 9 a dry-plate hold]1 ) ! s5sitive 7or ! coat$7 side fac+ outw>d4 ,h&le ! plates by ! edge1 betwe5 ! ?umb & =e f+]1 )\t t\*+ ! sides4 ,aft] putt+ into ! hold]s z _m plates z are ne$$ = ! day's "w1 pack ! outfit s t x c be c>ri$ ab\t4 ,tak+ ! ,picture4 ,= field s]vice a cam]a1 a numb] ( plate hold]s1 fill$ ) s5sitive plates1 a l5s1 tripod1 c>ry+ case1 & focuss+ clo? are ne$$4 ,:5 ^! h be5 tak5 to ! place :i* y want to photograph1 fa/5 ! cam]a on ! tripod1 ?r[ ! focuss+ clo? ov] y\r head1 ga!r x "u y\r *91 draw out ! back ( ! cam]a1 ?us ext5d+ ! bell[s1 & cont9ue ! movem5t until ! image on ! gr\nd glass appe>s di/9ct1 !n fa/5 ! back ( ! cam]a4 ,?is is call$ 8focuss+40 ,at ! fir/ glance1 an inexp]i5c$ p]son sees no reflection on ! gr\nd glass1 b ! eye soon becomes practic$ to p]ceiv+ ! inv]t$ image !re4 ,sub/itute a plate hold] = ! gr\nd glass1 see t ! cap is on ! l5s1 pull ! slide out ( ! hold]1 place x on ! top ( ! cam]a1 or 9 a conv5i5t place4 ,if ev]y?+ is n[ 9 read9ess1 & ! "t = expos+ ! s5sitive plate det]m9$1 uncap ! l5s1 re-capp+ x at ! end ( ! allott$ "t1 & replac+ ! slide 9 ! hold]4 ,aft] y h picture impressions on ea* s5sitive film1 pack y\r outfit & return home4 ,mak+ ,negatives4 ,amateurs may cont5t !mselves ) mak+ ! exposures1 & s5d+ _! plates 9 a light1 tight1 negative box1 to "s photograph]1 :o w produce ! f9i%$ picture1 & m\nt !m on c>ds4 ,x is n necess>y t ?is %\ld be done at once1 mon?s may elapse1 & ^! dry plates be c>ri$ hundr$s ( miles4 ,! *emical outfit = mak+ negatives comprises ! foll[+ items3 ,two vulcanite trays1 a glass graduate1 a set ( small scales1 & weights = weigh+ *emicals1 a ruby lant]n1 a bottle ( v>ni%1 a package ( dry plates & ( *emicals1 a small quantity ( bromide ( ammonium1 neutral oxalate ( pota%1 protosulphate ( iron1 hyposulphite ( soda1 alum1 & sulphuric acid4 ,^! *emicals are n dang]\s1 nei!r w !y injure any "o :o h&les !m1 & !y d n emit (f5sive odors4 ,silv] /a9s1 & ! disagreeable smell ( collodion belong to ! old or 8wet0 process4 ,at a conv5i5t "t take ! plate hold] into ! d>k room1 illum9ate x ) ruby light1 take ! s5sitive plates out ( ! hold]s1 be+ c>eful n to t\* _! surfaces4 ,hold !m by ! edge4 ,place "o ( ! s5sitive plates1 film side up1 9 a tray p>tly fill$ ) wat]4 ,:ile x rema9s !re1 mix ?is solution3 ,neutral oxalate ( pota%1 #e ounces2 bromide ( potassium1 #bj gra9s2 wat]1 #bj ounces4 ,if ! solution does n turn blue litmus pap] r$1 add a few drops ( oxalic acid1 en\gh to make x d s4 ,a graduat$ glass is us$ to measure out ! liquids4 ,aft] r9s+ ! glass out1 mix a second solution made z foll[s3 ,protosulphate ( iron1 #e ounces2 wat]1 #bj ounces2 & acidulate x ) #bj drops ( sulphuric acid4 ,bo? ( ^! solutions keep well4 ,n[ comb9e a qu>t] ( an ounce ( ! latt] solution ) two ounces ( ! =m] & mix !m well4 ,p\r (f ! wat] 9 ! tray conta9+ ! gelat9e plates4 ,be c]ta9 n to t\* ! s5sitive side ( ! plate4 ,fl[ ! comb9$ develop+ solution ov] ! plate & displace1 by a t\* ( y\r f+]1 any air bubbles t may =m4 ,aft] a %ort "t traces ( ! image on ! s5sitive film w appe>4 ,if !y d n1 p\r ! develop+ solution back into ! tray & add a qu>t] ( an ounce m ( ! iron solution4 ,p\r ! /r5g!n$ solution ov] ! plate & look at x int5tly4 ,9 a %ort "t ! details ( ! picture may be dimly se54 ,wait pati5tly till ! milky :ite appe>ance is *ang$ to a grey color1 & !n p\r (f ! develop] into a develop+ bottle1 if y h "o4 ,wa% ! plate 9 two *anges ( wat]4 ,9 ! unus$ tray mix a solution compos$ ( #d ounces ( hyposulphite ( soda & #bj ounces ( wat]4 7,label ?is tray 8,hypo410 & d n use x = any o!r purpose47 ,a plate lift] is a conv5i5t device = tak+ plates out ( ! solutions or ba?s4 ,*ange ! plate to ! hypo4 tray1 & let x rema9 !re until e ve/ige ( ! milky :ite appe>ance has vani%$1 ev5 f ! "u surface ( ! plate4 ,! plate c n[ be exam9$ by :ite light1 :i* has no effect ^u x at ?is /age4 ,wa% x ?or\ghly4 ,a negative wa%+ box w be f\nd to be ( great assi/ance4 ,if ?is wa%+ ( ! plate is n done ?or\ghly1 ! hyposulphite ( soda cry/als w adh]e to ! plate & m> ! picture4 ,mean:ile r9se out ! tray fir/ 9 use & p>tially fill x ) a solution consi/+ ( #bj ounces ( wat] & all ! alum x w hold 9 solution4 ,all[ ! plate to rema9 9 ! alum ba? five m9utes4 ,cleanse y\r h&s f any adh]+ soda solution4 ,aga9 wa% ! plate1 & set x on edge to dry 9 a negative rack4 ,all ! prec$+ in/ructions c be briefly summ>iz$4 #a4 ,put "s s5sitive plates into dry plate hold]s4 #b4 ,make ! exposure4 #c4 ,aft] tak+ a plate out ( ! hold]1 place x 9 a tray fill$ ) wat]4 #d4 ,dra9 (f ! wat] & put ! plate 9 ! mix$ develop+ solution4 #e4 ,wa% ! plate & place x 9 ! soda solution4 #f4 ,wa% ! plate & give x an alum ba?4 #g4 ,wa% ! plate & set x 9 ! rack to dry4 ,:5 p]fectly dry1 coat ! plate ov] ) negative v>ni%1 & h t coat+ dry & h>d4 ,n[ x may be t\*$ by ! f+]s4 ,mak+ ,pr9ts f ,negatives4 ,at ?is po9t ! "w ceases to be "o ( fai?1 z ! results are n[ to appe>4 ,an outfit ( pr9t+ requisites comprises a pr9t+ frame1 a porcela9 pan1 a vulcanite tray1 "s ready s5sitiz$ pap]1 a bottle ( ,fr5* azotate1 a bottle ( *loride ( gold1 a glass graduate1 "s hyposulphite ( soda1 a glass =m1 a ,rob9son trimm]1 "s %eets ( f9e c>d-bo>d1 a j> ( p>lor pa/e1 & a bri/le bru%4 ,s5sitiz$ ,pap] ,pr9ts4 ,9 ! morn+ prep>e a ton+ ba? suffici5t = ! pr9ts to be ton$ t day4 ,put #g gra9s ( *loride ( gold into #g ounces ( wat]4 ,label ! bottle 8,*loride ( ,gold ,solution40 ,take #a ounce ( ,fr5* azotate1 #a ounces ( ! *loride ( gold solution1 & add #f ounces ( wat]1 & y h a ton+ ba? :i* keeps well4 ,:]e ! pr9ts d n give ! requir$ tone1 ! ba? mu/ be /r5g!n$ by add+ to x "s new solution4 ,place ! glossy side ( a %eet ( s5sitiz$ pap] ^u ! film side ( ! negative 9 ! pr9t+ frame4 ,d ?is 9 a v dim light4 ,! pr9t+ has gone f> en\gh :5 ! pr9t looks a little d>k] ?an y wi% ! f9i%$ picture to appe>4 ,make z _m pr9ts f ! negative z y desire4 ,wa% ! pr9ts 9 sev]al *anges ( wat]4 ,take sev5 ounces ( ! ton+ solution & *ange ! pr9ts to ! pan conta9+ x1 :]e ! pr9ts %\ld be turn$ ov] & ov] to make ! ton+ ev54 ,! ton+ process %\ld g on until ! d>k "p ( ! pictures h a v fa9t purpli% t9t & ! :ite portion is cle>4 ,wa% ! picture1 b pres]ve ! ton+ solution4 ,! pictures %\ld n[ be left = tw5ty m9utes 9 a solution compos$ ( #d ounces ( hyposulphite ( soda1 #a ounce ( common salt1 ounce ( wa%+ soda1 & #cb ounces ( wat]4 ,?is solution %\ld also be prep>$ a day or two 9 advance4 ,give ! pictures a f9al & effectual wa%+4 ,aft] !y are dri$1 lay !m out "o by "o &1 us+ ! ,rob9son trimm]1 cut !m to ! desir$ size4 ,n[ spread ov] ! back ( ea* 9 turn "s p>lor pa/e1 & lay !m d[n ) ! c5t] on ! %eets ( c>d-bo>d4 ,?is op]ation is call$ 8,m\nt+ ,pictures40 ,press ) a pap] cutt] ^u ! pictures & t[>d _! edges until y are satisfi$ t !y w lay flat4 ,,draughtsm5',s ,,s5sitive ,,pap]1 ,,= ,,copy+ ,,draw+s4 ,illu/ration ,procure a pr9t+ frame1 su* z photograph]s use2 lay ! trac+1 face d[n1 ^u ! glass1 ^u :i* place ! s5sitive pap]1 prep>$ side d[n1 !n sev]al ?icknesses ( cotton flannel = a pad to equalize ! pressure1 & cause ! s5sitive pap] & trac+ to lay 9 close contact1 & !n close 9 ! back4 ,if1 on turn+ ! frame ov]1 any wr9kles appe>1 t side ( ! h+$ back may be op5$ & a piece ( pap] laid 9 j above ! spot1 :5 all w come smoo? on clos+ ! frame1 7?is %\ld be done 9 a dimly light$ room71 !n expose to direct sunlight1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! :ole frame comes "u ! light1 )\t %ad[s2 let ! exposure be f five to t5 m9utes1 accord+ to ! brightness ( ! day4 ,remove aga9 to d>k5$ room1 exam9e by op5+ "o ( ! h+$ backs2 if ! l9es h slightly turn$ 9 color1 x has be5 highly expos$2 x c be remov$ & wa%$ 9 cle> wat]1 ) two or ?ree *anges1 !n hang up to dry4 ,y w h an exact copy ( ! orig9al1 ) :ite l9es on a blue gr\nd1 at a co/ ( ab\t "o t5? t ( trac+1 ) absolutely no error4 ,! pap] mu/ be kept 9 p]fect d>kness until us$4 ,,! ,,new ,,wood ,,pa9t+4 ,illu/ration ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,g]man4 ,! t]m wood pa9t+ has1 ?r\gh ! num]\s designs inv5t$ = ! purpose1 f\nd su* a widespread use t x w\ld be wa/$ pa9s to attempt to sub/itute a m fitt+ "o4 ,n ev]y?+ t is pa9t$ ^u wood1 falls "u ! k ( wood pa9t+4 ,no "o w\ld ?9k ( c\nt+ an oil pa9t+1 execut$ ^u wood1 "u ! category ( wood pa9t+4 ,b if ! colors 7 ! di/+ui%+ sign1 !n wood & wat] color pa9t+ w\ld fall toge!r1 or wood pa9t+ c\ld be only an aqu>elle pa9t+ appli$ ^u wood4 ,wood pa9t+ p]mits itself to be ?us def9$1 inasmu* z ! "* ( ! mat]ial & ! *oice ( its objects diff]1 s wood wat]-color pa9t+ diff]s f ! actual wat] color4 ,:ile x is possible = ! wat]-color arti/ to produce ^u pap] ! s(te/ tones & mo/ brilliant ph5om5a ( nature1 s t ! pa9t+ inspires ! obs]v] ?r\gh its life-l fre%ness2 if ! same picture1 by ! same arti/'s h&1 7 reproduc$ 9 exactly ! same mann] ^u wood1 x w\ld appe> raw & unf9i%$1--yes1 ev5 :olly incorrect4 ,! prep>$ wood takes ! s(te/ t9t1 z well z pap]1 b ! texture ( ! wood %imm]s ?r\gh ! transp>5t tones1 & ?\gh ! fibres & pores ( ! same h tak5 ano!r hue1 !y /ill act z wood1 & !reby de/roy ! effect :i* ! arti/ int5d$4 ,= x is orig9ally ! task ( ! arti/ to ?us deceive ! human s5se ( vision 9 su* a mann]1 & s fai?fully imitate ! appe>ance ( ?+s 9 nature t ! obs]v] mu/ believe himself transport$ 9 ! mid/ ( reality & actual life1 ?r\gh ! activity ( fancy2 9 %ort1 ! arti/ mu/ reproduce true to nature1 & 8 pictures h ! effect ( nature4 ,if "o 0 to try ) exclusive body colors :i* d n all[ ! gra9 ( ! wood to p5etrate1 to atta9 ?is ideal ( pa9t+1 & attempt to create ^u wood an actual life-l picture1 we w\ld n conceive su* an aqu>elle1 t nev] c comp>e ) a picture ^u pap] 9 s(tness1 j z little z an oil pa9t+ ^u wood1 z wood pa9t+ 9 ! g5]al s5se4 ,!re=e1 nei!r ! mat]ial to be pa9t$ nor ! colors appli$ are ! crit]ion ( di/+ui%+ reasons = wood pa9t+ on "o h&1 & ! oil or ne>] relat$ aqu>elle pa9t+ on ! o!r4 ,! diff]5ce 9 a measure lies h]e91 t ! *>act]i/ic peculi>ity ( wood does n subdue1 b is drawn ^u = ! effect ( ! pa9t+1 p>tly 9 ! nature ( t :i* pa9t+ ^u wood repres5ts or %\ld repres5t4 ,wood pa9t+1 z f> z we h t\*$ ^u x1 _c & does n int5d to create natural pictures2 x only s]ves to ornam5t objects 9 wood1 :i* ?r\gh color$ & ta/eful designs are to produce an agreeable *>m to ! eye4 ,x is n an object 9 itself1 l a pa9t+1 ! frame ( :i* s]ves z a folio1 b an ext]nal addition1 l ! ornam5ts ( build+s1 to make an o!rwise monoton\s surface int]e/+4 ,wood5 articles admit ( be+ ornam5t$ 9 v>i\s ways1 ?r\gh sculpture "w1 by inlay+ ( color$ woods & metal1 & by pa9t+4 ,! *oice ( ornam5t+ is naturally dep5d5t ^u ! purpose ! object to be decorat$ is int5d$ =2 a table1 :i* mu/ naturally h a smoo? surface1 we w\ld n ?9k ( mak+ useless by c>v+ ! top4 ,wood pa9t+1 z x is n[ en vogue1 is ( a rec5t date1 & orig9ally sprang out ( ! idea to imitate ! mosaic "w ( art cab9et-mak]s4 ,x may1 ) consid]ation = ! purpose ( ! objects to be ornam5t$1 also imitate c>v+1 b mu/ n g beyond ! wood tones & ! production ( ! effects ( light2 x may ev5 attempt to imitate enamel "w by ! application ( /rong1 bright colors2 b x ought at ! same "t be 9 keep+ ) ! purpose ! object 9 h& is int5d$ =1 & nev] involve itself 9 contradictions4 ,its ref9$ field %\ld always rema9 ! imitative1 & %\ld !re=e conf9e itself z ne> z possible ^u ! application ( ornam5ts ) a surface :]e effect is flat1 & consequ5tly d n m> ! surface4 ,to apply figures1 mode/1 decorative additions = ! ornam5tation ( surfaces1 is all[able1 z long z !y d n cla% ) ! "* ( ! surface2 b "h ! limits t are drawn by ! nature ( ! article are n to be ov]/epp$4 ,= e p]spective repres5tation ( a figure pa9t$ ) ! application ( light & %ade int5ds to deceive ! obs]v]2 x lifts itself (f ! surface & no long] works ^u our fancy z a "p ( ! surface1 b z body4 ,cases1 *e/s & o!r l>ge pieces may be decorat$ 9 ?is mann]2 tables1 portfolios & simil> pieces :i* 9 !mselves are requir$ to h smoo? surfaces2 small] objects to be h&l$1 :]e ! s5se ( t\* c at e mom5t conv9ce itself ( ! attempt$ deception int5d$ = ! eye1 "o w d well to take he$ 9 n pa9t+ ^! ) figures ( a pla/ic effect4 ,su* contradictions are n to be tol]at$ 9 pr9ciple & %\ld be avoid$ 9 ! selection ( patt]ns & designs4 ,to create a real picture 9 ! beg9n+ lies outside ! prov9ce ( ! art ( wood pa9t+1 & !re=e ! practice ( ! same1 z f> z x does n rea* into ! pr(essional art1 mu/ always be conf9$ )9 ! circle ( amateurs4 ,good1 correct draw+s ( ! outl9es1 cleanl9ess 9 color+ & a prop] comb9ation ( ! colors1 is ! highe/ aim ! art ( pa9t+ ^u wood may a*ieve2 = ! arti/ is greatly answ]able = ! composition ( ornam5ts1 :]e designs are us$ z patt]ns4 ,b ev5 9 ! n>r[ limits 9 :i* ! art ( pa9t+ ^u wood moves1 x accompli%es mu* t is beautiful1 t ! acquirem5t ( ! same _c be too /rongly recomm5d$4 ,?is is especially int5d$ = "y ladies1 :o1 9 ! occupation ( pa9t+ ^u wood1 f9d j z agreeable & remun]ative div]sion z ! t$i\s1 s5se-dull+ "w ( embroid]y4 ,g5]al ,prelim9>ies4 ,! fir/ ess5tial requirem5t to pa9t ^u wood is1 )\t a d\bt1 practice 9 draw+4 ,"o is easily incl9$1 inasmu* z !re is no self-inv5tive gift employ$ 9 connection ) x1 to consid] pa9t+ on wood z a purely me*anical "w1 because ! design is trac$ & transf]r$ ^u wood1 by means ( trac+ pap]2 yet !re rema9s1 up to ?is easy beg9n+1 ! fur!r embelli%m5t entirely to ! free h&1 & x is j "h t difficulties meet ! pa9t] unskill$ 9 ! art ( draw+4 ,! difficult po9t 9 wood pa9t+ lies 9 ! consci5ti\s1 arti/ic execution2 ! m pa9s tak5 9 t direction1 ! /rong] ! l9es ( beauty & h>mony 9 color+1 ! m c]ta9 x is to obta9 some?+ excell5t 9 ?is "w4 ,! simple/ design1 :5 correctly & cleanly pa9t$1 has a m agreeable effect ^u ! obs]v] ?an ! mo/ beautiful patt]n t has be5 faultily produc$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( %ortcom+s4 ,requisites4 ,! possession ( a good & complete set ( in/rum5ts1 9 a measure1 assi/s 9 ! success ( ! "w4 ,! foll[+ ut5sils are us$ 9 wood pa9t+3 ,lead ,p5cils1 7,fab]'s ,b1 ,,hb1 ,,hh71 a p5 knife1 a lead p5cil file1 an eras]1 a horn protractor ^u :i* to re/ ! compass ^u r\nd articles1 a rul]1 a squ>e1 a porcela9 palette ) six cells1 sev]al good f9e & co>se wat]-color bru%es on h&les ) metal f]rules1 sev]al %eets ( extra f9e trac+ pap] or clo?2 ! latt] is m exp5sive ?an ! pap]1 b f> m durable1 9 su* cases :]e ! draw+ is gone ov] aga94 ,= ! draw+ ( f9e outl9es1 p5s 7,gillott's cr[quill p5s are be/72 = heavi] outl9es or l>ge designs goosequills are be/4 ,x is desirable to possess a complete outfit ( draw+ mat]ials1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are indisp5sable3 ,a draw+ p51 a compass ) p5 & p5cil pieces4 ,! ,colors4 ,x is advisable to use only ! g5u9e ,india ink1 z ! ord9>y ,india ink ne>ly always discolors ! s(t t9ts t are pa9t$ ov] x1 :i* sometimes spoils ! entire "w4 ,! ord9>y wat]-colors1 n ! cov]+ or ,g\a*e colors are to be us$4 ,! prep>$ wood j z readily takes ! ,g\a*e & cov]+ colors1 z a l>ge numb] ( designs ( natural fl[]s %[1 yet ?is me?od %\ld n be indulg$ 91 = ?is reason1 because x completely cov]s ! texture ( ! wood1 !reby giv+ ! art critic an opportunity to c5sure4 ,s9ce wood pa9t+ is mo/ly an imitation ( inlaid wood "w--mosaic--z a rule ! pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to ! application ( ! fitt+ colors to ! /a9$ wood tones4 ,:o does n possess a complete outfit ( colors1 ought at lea/ secure ! foll[+3 sepia1 d>k sepia1 burnt si5na1 light o*re1 d>k v]milion1 c>m9e1 cobalt blue1 ,indian r$1 olive gre51 ,roman br[n1 lampblack & :ite4 ,! be/ colors are ! ,dusseldorf 7,s*onfeld or ,w9sor ,newton's7 moi/ wat]-colors1 9 metal tubes or porcela9 pans4 ,gold & silv] is g5]ally pa9t$ f %ells1 ?is is to be us$ sp>+ly1 & is poli%$ :5 ! "w is f9i%$ ) a /eel in/rum5t1 a knitt+-ne$le1 glove button]1 or an agate burni%]4 ,r$ gold has a d>k effect1 retreat+2 gre5 gold1 on ! o!r h&1 /&s out & has a light appe>ance4 ,black-lead is to be _h 9 lumps1 & is mo/ effective = bright or r$ ornam5tations4 ,bronze p[d] is prep>$ ) a little gum wat]4 ,! possession ( a magnify+ glass is ( importance 9 go+ ov] ! "w :5 f9i%$1 & subject+ ! same to a sev]e scrut9y4 ,x also greatly assi/s 9 ! correction ( faults t may h crept 94 ,transf]r+ ! ,draw+ ^u ,wood4 ,a design %\ld be *os5 t corresponds ) ! size & %ape ( ! wood article4 ,a design is seldom spoil$ by ext5d+ ! out] l9es1 yet we %\ld be caution$ aga9/ ! rev]se case1 9 try+ to =ce a l>ge design ^u a small space by omitt+ ! out] l9es t s]ve z a frame4 ,enl>g+ & ,r$uc+ ,designs4 ,if a design is to be br\ght )9 ! compass ( ano!r1 r$uc$ or enl>g$1 take a proportional divid]1 or draw a net ( equal squ>es1 ! orig9al or a draw+ ( ! same ) a lead p5cil1 9 proportion requir$ = ! wood surface1 :i* are numb]$4 ,9 ea* squ>e exactly ! same p>ts are drawn f ! design :i* are conta9$ 9 ! correspond+ squ>e on ! wood4 ,! ,divisions ( ! ,wood ,surface4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! "w1 ! surface to be pa9t$ is divid$ by di/9ct p5cil l9es into halves1 qu>t]s1 six?s1 etc41 j z ! design admits (2 ^! l9es s]ve z a />t+ po9t = ! trac$ design to be plac$ ^u ?is1 :]e halves1 qu>t]s1 etc41 mu/ fit exactly into ^!4 ,! measur+ is done by means ( a compass or a /rip ( pap] ! l5g? ( ! object1 :i* gives ! c5t] po9t by cutt+ ! same 9 two4 ,9 pa9t+ r\nd articles1 su* z lamp plates1 table tops1 etc41 a %eet ( pap] ( ! exact size is cut out ,?is is fold$ once1 9 halves & qu>t]s1 z ! case may be4 ,x is spread ^u ! surface ( ! article1 !n prick ?r\gh ! creases :]e !y cross ea* o!r4 ,to avoid injury to ! c5t] ( a r\nd wood5 plate by ! repeat$ application ( a compass1 a horn protractor is fa/5$ to ! c5t] ) ?umb tacks1 :i* leaves ! c5t] transp>5t1 ^u :i* ! compass may be appli$ ) consid]able pressure4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a compass ) an ext5sion :]e l>ge circles are requir$1 a /rip ( pa/ebo>d is sub/itut$2 ?is is fa/5$ to ! c5t] by a ne$le4 ,= e cross l9e a hole is made into ! /rip1 ! p5cil is ins]t$ & drawn ar\nd by mov+ ! /rip 9 a circul> motion4 ,! ,trac+ & ,transf]r+ ( ,designs4 ,! design is c>efully drawn ^u trac+ pap] or trac+ clo?1 by means ( a m$ium s(t p5cil2 ! m p]fect ! draw+ is made1 ! m x w light5 ! "w4 ,if ! draw+ obta9$ is p]fectly symmetrical1 i4 e41 ! "r half ( ! same exactly l ! left1 x w save mu* "t & labor by transf]r+ x ^u ! surface by rubb+4 ,if ! symmetrical design is accompani$ 9 ! c5t] by a monogram1 motto1 figures or fl[]s1 ^! are = ! pres5t omitt$ & trac$ 9 a mann] :i* w be expla9$ fur!r on4 ,! trac+ ( an entirely symmetrical design is rev]s$1 ) ! draw+ turn$ d[nw>d ^u ! wood & c>efully obs]v$ t ! c5t] ( ! trac+ lies completely 9 correspond5ce ) ! c5t] l9e ( ! division l9e ( ! surface4 ,! trac+ pap] is fa/5$ ) wax1 & held z firmly ) ! left h& z possible1 t x _c be displac$1 & rubb$ ) a pap] fold] or ! ?umb-nail ( ! "r h& ov] all p>ts ( ! design1 until ! same is pla9ly transf]r$ ^u ! wood4 ,= figures1 fl[]s1 monograms & all n /rictly symmetrical designs1 ! foll[+ mann] is appli$3 ,! trac+ pap] is laid ^u ! surface1 design upw>d1 "u :i* a piece ( color$ transf] pap] is plac$ & ! design is retrac$ ) a h>d lead p5cil4 ,= ?is some:at sl[] & m t$i\s mann] x is advisable to fa/5 ! trac+ & transf] pap] ) ?umb-tacks4 ,^? p>ts ( ! surface are select$ = ! ?umb-tacks t are aft]w>ds to be pa9t$ ) black or o!r gr\nd colors1 s t !re w be no visible traces left aft] design has be5 transf]r$4 ,fix+ ! ,transf]r$ ,design4 ,aft] ! design has be5 transf]r$1 all ! /raight & int]sect+ l9es are c>efully measur$ & comp>$ ) ! compass f ! c5t] or ! divid+ middle l9es2 !n ) ! draw+ p5 & ,india ink ! entire design is gone ov] 9 f9e l9es4 ,9 figures & light ornam5tal designs1 t come ^u a d>k gr\nd1 ! ,india ink l9e is n put ov]1 b closely to ! outside p5cil m>k1 or su* figures w become too fa9t 9 ! beg9n+1 & are lo/ 9 ! d>k gr\nd1 :il/ x c always be rem$i$ by ! subsequ5t removal ( p>ts t h be5 drawn too heavily4 ,! entire article is n[ clean$ f all p5cil m>ks left by trac+1 & ! color+ beg9s4 ,! ,color+4 ,spread ^u ! palette1 be=e beg9n+ to pa9t1 all ! diff]5t colors1 9 suffici5t quantity1 t are to be us$4 ,a good rule 9 color+ ! design1 is n to apply ! colors 9 too dry a /ate1 s t ! sep>ate bru% /rokes may n be visible4 ,! color+ is j t "p ( ! "w :i* _c be explicitly en\gh describ$ & taught 9 writt5 in/ructions1 & c only be ?or\ghly compreh5d$ ?r\gh ! practical k ga9$ by exp]i5ce1 & !reby p]fect$4 ,^u ! mo/ delicate t9t+ ( entire surfaces ! middle tones foll[1 la/ly ! d>k gr\nd colors1 black1 & ! metals4 ,all[ ea* color to dry ?or\ghly be=e beg9n+ ) ! next1 or go+ ov] x4 ,! colors mu/ /& out boldly f ea* o!r & %\ld n be too lightly appli$2 ?is mu/ be p>ticul>ly obs]v$ 9 ! d>k body t9ts1 z ! colors lose a little ( _! dep? 9 ! process ( poli%+4 ,:5 ! "w is complet$1 ! entire draw+ is gone ov] aga9 ) a f9e bru% or p52 all ! outl9es lo/ 9 pa9t+ are reproduc$ ) ,india ink4 ,cle> :ite ^u light wood is to be avoid$ z mu* z possible2 on ! o!r h&1 a mixture ( :ite s]ves to make ! light colors /& out m effectively ^u gray or black wood4 ,ret\*+4 ,if !re are any weak po9ts 9 ! pa9t+1 ! spots are to be c>efully remov$ ) a damp sponge1 & ! damp5$ p>ts scrap$ clean ) a p5knife4 ,if visible holes are left by ! ?umb tacks us$ 9 ! trac+ ( ! design1 a small drop ( cle> wat] is appli$ to !m1 :5 !y w gradually draw toge!r4 ,pa9t 9 good light1 h a /eady table1 & keep ! design con/antly be=e ! eyes dur+ ! "w4 ,9 pa9t+ boxes & o!r high objects1 x is necess>y to place on ! "r & left ( ! same "s o!r objects1 su* z books1 to rea* ! plane ( ! surface be+ pa9t$1 9 ord] t ! h& & arm may re/ ) ease4 ,! ,wood ,articles4 ,wood5 articles ready = pa9t+ are procur$ f ! cab9et mak]s1 or at ! art /ores4 ,!re are ov] #ijj diff]5t articles 9 wood = decorat+1 9 all %apes & sizes1 beautifully & ta/ily f9i%$1 = ! arti/ & amateur to pa9t ^u4 ,a few ( !m may be m5tion$ "h--tables1 panels1 workboxes1 pap] weights1 fancy boxes1 fans1 hat bru%es1 glove boxes1 albums1 du/ pans & bru%es1 photo frames1 easels1 trays & newspap] hold]s4 ,:at canvas is to oil pa9t+1 & pap] is to color pa9t+1 ! above articles are to ! art ( pa9t+ ^u wood4 ,n e ord9>y smoo?-plan$ piece ( wood is adapt$ to pa9t+4 ,! wood mu/ be prep>$ = ! purpose x is int5d$ =1 or x w\ld cause ! color to fl[ or spread4 ,lime1 maple1 *e/nut1 a% & holly are ! woods g5]ally manufactur$ into articles int5d$ = pa9t+ ^u4 ,olive wood is also excell5t = ?is purpose4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,france & ,italy1 pa9t$ olive wood1 =ms q an article ( comm]ce1 be+ closely alli$ ) ! inlaid "w4 ,poli%+4 ,procure a bottle ( ! wood v>ni% 7prep>$ = ?is purpose72 9 a w>m room1 ) a s(t flat bru%1 g ov] ! article z rapidly z possible1 ) a ?9 coat4 ,leave ?is fir/ coat+ until ! next day to dry1 9 a place entirely free f du/4 ,! v>ni% is appli$ twice m 9 ! same mann]2 !n h at h& a small bottle ( :ite %ellac poli% & "o ( l9se$ oil4 ,make a small ball ( flannel2 put ^u ?is a few drops ( ! oil2 !n cov] x ) a piece ( l951 :i* is moi/5$ ) ! poli%1 & ! article is rubb$ 9 a circul> mann]1 )\t re/+ ^u ! article :5 ! rubb+ is discont9u$4 ,if ! l95 %\ld adh]e dur+ ! poli%+1 put a drop ( ! oil ^u x4 ,x sometimes requires f "o to two h\rs ( con/ant rubb+ until ! surface is completely smoo? & poli%$4 ,illu/ration ,designs recomm5d$ are ^? by ,m9na ,laud91 ,h]mann ,s*ap]1 ,e4 ,w5dt1 ,emil ,zs*imm] & ,elizabe? ,hubl]4 ,!y are li?ographic color plates1 & come 9 ! =m ( sets4 ,m9na ,laud9's designs are among ! newe/4 ,! two sets conta9 ov] tw5ty patt]ns1 ea* fitt+ exactly 9 size & %ape ! wood5 articles already m5tion$4 ,s*ap]'s designs are int5d$ = l>g] pieces1 su* z table tops1 music hold]s1 lamp trays1 etc4 ,8 fir/ s]ies 7entirely new7 is divid$ into five %eets1 ) z _m %eets ^u :i* ! outl9es ( ! designs are cle>ly pr9t$1 to facilitate ! transf]r+ ( ! same ^u wood4 ,e4 ,w5dt's designs are bo? unique & ri* 9 _! way1 & conta9 consid]able ornam5tal "w 9 gold & silv]4 ,8 designs = table tops are extremely h&some4 ,emil ,zs*imm]'s & ,elizabe? ,hubl]'s are ackn[l$g$ z /&>d works1 & favorites ( ! arti/s engag$ 9 pa9t+ ^u wood4 ,,transp>5cies4 ,illu/ration ,^! transp>5cies1 or w9d[ pictures1 are ( late v mu* us$ & admir$1 & are pur*as$ by ^? :o h no k ( h[ !y are made1 at exorbitant prices4 ,!y are made ^u glass1 p]fectly transp>5t1 & require a good light to see !m4 ,! way ^! pictures are produc$ is simple1 & ! process easy to le>n4 ,9 x lies ! secret1 or fundam5tal pr9ciples1 ( all glass pictures4 ,in/ructions4 ,procure a f9e1 cle>1 ,fr5* plate glass1 size requir$1 to receive ! picture1 & make x p]fectly clean ) alcohol4 ,select ! picture y may desire f ! li/ ( f9e /eel engrav+s conta9$ 9 magaz9es1 etc4 ,g ov] ! face ) a damp sponge1 9 ord] to remove ! du/ or spots t may h accumulat$ ^u x1 & smoo?+ x out4 ,apply to ! face ( ! pr9t1 ) a bru%1 a pa/e made f amylum1 a teaspoonful1 & nitrate /rontium1 ounce--sometimes album5 is us$4 ,n[ g ov] ! glass 9 ! same way1 ev5ly & smoo?ly4 ,:5 ?is is done1 lay ! picture1 face d[n1 ^u ! glass1 & press ) dry clo? until e "p ( ! picture has adh]$ to ! glass1 & all ! air bubbles press$ out4 ,lay away ! glass = a few h\rs1 until p]fectly dry1 :5 y wet ! pap] & comm5ce rubb+ x (f2 if x works well )\t any fur!r wett+1 cont9ue ! process until e ve/ige ( pap] has be5 remov$1 & no?+ left ^u ! glass b ! outl9es ( y\r engrav+4 ,oil x n[ ) ca/or oil ?ree p>ts1 oil ( lav5d] "o3 if too ?ick1 add turp5t9e4 ,x is n[ complete1 & by hold+ x to ! light x w pres5t a beautiful1 /eel-l engrav+ transp>5cy4 ,y c add a bord] if y l1 by pa/+ ar\nd ! m>g9 a t9t$ pap]2 or to give !m /ill a bett] f9i%1 back !m up ) a pane ( ornam5tal gr\nd glass1 & place 9 a transp>5cy metal frame1 ) r+s to hang !m by1 :i* c be f\nd at any art /ore4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,cry/al1 or ,ori5tal ,pa9t+4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,in/ruction4 ,lay ! glass ov] ! patt]n or copy y wi% to pa9t f1 su* z fl[]s1 birds1 wrea?s1 etc41 !n ) a f9e p5cil bru%1 or a common writ+ p51 trace all ! outl9es ( y\r patt]n z well z possible on ! glass1 us+ = t purpose black pa9t made f lampblack & copal v>ni%2 if too ?ick1 add a little turp5t9e4 ,:5 ?is is done1 pa9t all ! glass outside ! picture1 or t "p n occupi$ by y\r draw+1 ) ! black pa9t1 same z us$ 9 mak+ ! outl9es1 only a trifle ?ick]4 ,?is w give y\r picture a neat backgr\nd2 o!r colors c be us$1 b ?is gives ! be/ body1 & is ! mo/ appropriate1 contra/+ well ) ! o!r colors to be us$ 9 ! picture4 ,let x lay until well dri$1 s ! black w n unite ) ! colors y are ab\t to use4 ,n[1 ) ! glass /ill rema9+ ov] ! copy1 y may comm5ce apply+ ! pa9ts1 if ! trac+ l9es are dry4 ,if y are pa9t+ a r$ rose1 use c>m9e & flake :ite1 ,prussian blue1 & *rome yell[ = ! leaf1 etc41 us+ a small camel-hair bru%4 ,cont9ue 9 ?is way until y h us$ all ! colors :i* appe> 9 y\r copy or picture und]nea?1 :i* rema9s !re to guide y1 & ! p5 l9es ^u ! glass to sep>ate ! colors4 ,:5 ! fir/ color is p]fectly dry1 apply ! second1 & s on until y h complet$ all ! "w :i* ! copy dem&s1 us+ y\r own judgm5t 9 ! matt]1 apply+ !m z !y appe> 9 ! picture y are work+ f4 ,:5 ! pa9t+ is done & dry1 cov] ! back ( ! transp>5cy ) copp] or t9-foil cr9kl$1 :i* gives x a sp>kl+1 cry/al-l appe>ance4 ,x is n[ ready = fram+4 ,9 plac+ x 9 ! frame1 be c>eful & n press ! backbo>d too close on to ! foil1 or x w de/roy ! brilliant effect 9 ! picture4 ,! colors us$ 9 ?is k9d ( pa9t+ mu/ be transp>5t oil colors1 ) ! exception ( ! backgr\nd4 ,= :ite1 use gr\nd silv] or flake :ite2 = blue1 ,prussian blue2 = p9k1 mix sc>let lake & silv] :ite2 orange1 mix *rome yell[ & sc>let lake2 = r$1 use sc>let lake1 crimson lake1 or c>m9e2 = gre51 mix ,prussian blue & yell[ lake2 = purple1 mix r$ & blue4 ,use ! be/ tube pa9ts & camel-hair bru%es4 ,no /yle ( pa9t+ has yet be5 produc$ :i* %[s transp>5t colors to su* advantage1 & nev] fails to attract att5tion & admir]s :]ev] introduc$4 ,x is call$ ,ori5tal f ! fact ( its produc+ effects ( color+ equal to ! colors ( ,ori5tal fl[]s1 & ! plumage ( ,ori5tal birds4 ,,antique ,italian ,l&scape ,pa9t+ ,illu/ration ,,on ,,glass4 ,all honor to ! wor?y sire :o produc$ ! fir/ pictures ^u glass1 pap] or canvass1 ) oil2 &1 al?\gh ^? pictures h pass$ f sight ( ! pres5t g5]ation1 we live to enjoy ! k giv5 to u ?r\gh hi/ory1 t _m a f9e arti/ did live long en\gh to give to ! _w ! highe/ productions ( 8 arti/ic h&2 &1 al?\gh pass$ to 8t b\rne f :5ce no travel] returns10 8 tea*+s are /ill practic$ among m54 ,& no man1 h[ev] orig9al he may be1 c to-day sit d[n & pa9t ! =m or ornam5t ( a h\se1 b t x w be ! developm5t or degradation ( =ms practic$ by ! arti/s ( e>ly days4 ,! /yle ( pa9t+ :i* is giv5 bel[ is some:at anci5t1 b v ornam5tal & useful2 &1 al?\gh to an ext5t x pass$ f exi/5ce ye>s ago1 ! lov]s ( decorative art h aga9 reviv$ x 9 ! ,ea/1 & x is n[ be+ s\ght aft] & practic$ by ?\s&s on acc\nt ( its be+ *eap & easy to atta94 ,?is plan ( transf]r+ ! engrav+ f pap] to glass1 & disc>d+ ! pap] :olly1 is simply wond]ful4 ,we give x bel[3 ,procure a f9e quality ( ,fr5* glass1 make p]fectly clean ) alcohol1 !n apply ) a /iff bru% a coat ( dam> v>ni%2 aft] dry+ ab\t an h\r1 apply ano!r coat1 ev5ly & smoo?ly2 ?is all[ to dry ab\t t5 m9utes1 or j long en\gh to make x /icky4 ,procure an uncolor$ /eel engrav+ t y may desire to see pa9t$1 & trim (f all ! pap] n connect$ ) ! picture4 ,damp5 x ) a sponge or wet clo?1 & :ile yet damp place ! engrav+ on ! glass ) ! face to ! v>ni%1 rubb+ ) y\r dry h& or clo? until e "p adh]es to ! surface1 & all air has be5 remov$1 rubb+ f ! c5t]4 ,lay ?is away a few h\rs1 until x is p]fectly dry1 !n damp5 ! picture aga91 & comm5ce rubb+ !refrom ! pap]2 cont9ue ?is until y h remov$ e ve/ige ( ! same1 no?+ rema9+ ^u ! glass b ! face ( ! engrav+4 ,n[ apply a coat ( boil$ oil1 let x dry fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes1 & apply ano!r1 or a coat ( v>ni%1 ev5ly & smoo?ly2 aft] lay+ an h\r or two x is ready to receive ! pa9t4 ,z ! pap] has be5 all remov$ ! colors w /rike ?r\gh readily4 ,arrange ! glass to ! light 9 su* a mann] t y may see ?r\gh x1 & apply ! colors to ! engrav+ on ! back1 z 9 ! ,grecian oil4 ,! outl9es & %ades are already produc$ by ! engrav+1 & all t is necess>y n[ is to place ! colors :]e !y belong1 :i*1 ) a little practice1 c soon be acquir$4 ,! pa9ts us$ are1 yell[ lake1 yell[ o*re1 *rome yell[1 *rome gre51 ,prussian blue1 burnt si5na1 ,v&yke br[n1 ivory black1 v]digris gre51 silv] :ite1 mix$ ) dam> v>ni%4 ,use bru%es z 9 ,grecian oil4 ,,! ,,grecian ,,oil ,,pa9t+4 ,illu/ration ,grecian oil pa9t+s are made f engrav+s & li?ographs4 ,!re is b little ( x done 9 ?is c\ntry2 &1 al?\gh !re 0 q an int]e/ manife/$ 9 x "h a few ye>s ago1 x did n live long1 & ?is is ! fir/ "t ,i h se5 ! in/ructions 9 pr9t s9ce or be=e4 ,we select ! engrav+ mo/ desir$ to hang ^u our walls1 7reg>dless ( size71 & place x ^u a frame or /ret*] ) small tacks or glue2 ?is prep>es x = ! "w4 ,:5 ready1 comm5ce by spong+ x ) clean wat]2 :5 dry1 saturate x well ) turp5t9e1 appli$ ) a l>ge size pa9t bru%2 :5 ?is is done1 apply ,grecian v>ni% 9 ! same way1 spread+ x smoo?ly & ev5ly ov] ! surface1 until all ! dry spots 9 ! pap] h entirely disappe>$4 ,! application may be made on ei!r side ( ! picture4 ,:5 done1 let x lay level 7) ! face d[n71 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & x w !n d to pa9t1 if free f spots & p]fectly transp>5t4 ,:5 y comm5ce ^u ! back to pa9t1 foll[ ! l9es ) ^? colors necess>y to make x look natural2 ! %ad+ be+ made by ! engrav+1 no?+ is necess>y b to apply ! colors requir$4 ,suit y\r ta/e 9 *oos+ ^? colors4 ,mix ! pa9ts ) v>ni% made f balsam fir ?ree p>ts1 alcohol two p>ts1 & spirits ( turp5t9e "o "p2 or use tube pa9ts1 :i* are already prep>$4 ,9 pa9t+ ! figure ( a p]son1 if ! eyes are blue1 mix ,prussian blue & :ite2 = d>k eyes or hair1 ,v&yke br[n works ) good effect2 = fle% color1 mix r$1 :ite & a little yell[1 add+ a little m r$ = lips or *eeks4 ,y may suit y\r own ta/e 9 reg>d to ! color = backgr\nd1 b ,i w sugge/ equal p>ts ( blue1 r$1 gre51 & ,v&yke br[n1 cov]+ all t "p :i* is n connect$ ) ! object y h pa9t$4 ,don't apply a second color until ! fir/ is p]fectly dry4 ,:5 done1 give ! face a coat ( v>ni%4 ,! colors suitable = ?is pa9t+ are *rome yell[1 yell[ lake1 em]ald gre51 c>m9e1 ,prussian blue1 burnt si5na1 raw si5na1 ,v&yke br[n1 ivory black & silv] lake4 ,! bru%es requir$ are "o l>ge v>ni% bru%1 ) two or ?ree small to m$ium size camel or sable hair pa9t bru%es4 ,illu/ration ,,ornam5tal ,,glass ,,sign ,,"w4 ,illu/ration ,,= ,,lett]+ ,,door ,,plates1 ,,ornam5t+ ,,glass ,,"w ,,boxes1 ,,etc4 ,h[ ?is art may be appli$ to mak+ signs ( e description1 numb]s ( dwell+s1 door plates1 ornam5tal bord]s = pictures1 ornam5t+ "w boxes1 etc41 :i* are made at a trifl+ exp5se1 & unsurpass$ = brilliancy4 ,fir/4 ,clean well ! glass to be us$1 ) alcohol4 ,second4 ,wet ) y\r tongue ! side clean$1 & imm$iately lay ov] ! :ole ( t side a coat ( gold or silv] leaf4 ,?ird4 ,let ?is dry on--x w take f two to f\r m9utes4 ,f\r?4 ,:5 ! leaf has dri$ on ! glass1 poli% x ) a ball ( cotton4 ,"s ( ! leaf may possibly be rubb$ (f by ! poli%+1 b ?is is ( no consequ5ce4 ,fif?4 ,aft] poli%+1 wet aga9 ) y\r tongue ! :ole side y h poli%$1 & lay ano!r coat+ ( leaf ov] x4 ,let ?is dry4 ,six?4 ,aft] ! second coat ( leaf is dry1 poli% x z be=e1 ) ! ball ( cotton1 & !n y\r sign or door plate w be ready = lett]+4 ,z a bord] w add mu* to ! appe>ance ( ! plate1 ,i w n[ in/ruct y h[ to make "o4 ,rule ) ! po9t ( a ne$le two l9es ar\nd ! edge ( ! plate1 ! outside l9e "o-qu>t] ( an in* f ! edge4 ,aft] ! l9es h be5 rul$1 wet y\r p5cil bru%1 & ) x moi/5 ! leaf lay+ outside ( ! space betwe5 ! l9es y h rul$1 & remove ) ! bru% ! leaf ?us moi/5$1 work+ g5tly f ! l9es4 ,y\r bord] is n[ made4 ,y\r next /ep is to put ! lett]+ on ! glass4 ,to d ?is1 fir/ measure ! height ( y\r lett]s1 !n rule ) ! ne$le two l9es z f> ap>t z ! lett]s are high4 ,:5 ?is is done1 lay ! lett]s on ! leaf1 "o at a "t1 beg9n+ at ! "r h&1 & plac+ ! back ( ! lett]s up1 or backw>ds4 ,hold ! lett]s on firmly ) y\r left h&1 & ) y\r "r m>k ar\nd !m ) a ne$le4 ,:5 y h m>k$ ar\nd all ! lett]s 9 ?is way1 wet ) y\r tongue ! p5cil bru%1 & apply x to all ! leaf on ! glass1 except :at is ne$$ = ! lett]s & bord]2 !n remove ! leaf ?us wet by rubb+ x g5tly ) ! bru%4 ,! next process is to apply ! ,japan4 ,d ?is ) a small pa9t bru%1 & cov] ! :ole ( ! side :i* has be5 cov]$ ) ! silv] leaf4 ,x w require two coats1 & aft] ^! are dry y h an elegant plate4 ,all t n[ rema9s to be done is to place ! plate 9 a frame1 to d ?is apply a little putty to ! edges ( ! glass1 & set x 9 ! frame2 !n lay ^u ! back a piece ( pap] ( ! same size1 & ov] t a piece ( t91 & fill up ! rema9+ space ) pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,y\r door plate is n[ complete4 ,to ornam5t glass "w boxes1 fl[]+1 etc41 proce$ z above4 ,articles ,us$4 ,a small camel-hair p5cil bru%1 co/ ?ree c5ts2 blue or black enamel1 or ,japan1 p] gill1 #be c5ts2 select$ silv] leaf1 p] book1 7#bd %eets71 #bd c5ts2 patt]ns = lett]s1 p] set1 #cg c5ts2 patt]ns = numb]s1 p] set1 #be c5ts4 ,,note4--,a gill ( ,japan w answ] = fifty signs4 ,a book ( silv] leaf w answ] = six or eight door plates4 ,,vitremanie4 ,illu/ration ,,= ,,! ,,easy ,,& ,,inexp5sive ,,decoration ,,( ,,w9d[s1 ,,*ur*es1 ,,public ,,build+s1 ,,& ,,private ,,h\ses4 ,vitremanie is ! process by :i* glass ( all k9ds may be easily1 durably1 inexp5sively1 & elegantly decorat$ by any p]son4 ,diaphanie1 :i* ?is art sup]s$es1 0 a great success1 7no less ?an #bej1jjj %eets ( designs hav+ be5 sold 9 ,engl& alone74 ,x _h1 h[ev]1 its defects2 ! %eets be+ appli$ ) transf] v>ni%1 bubbles ( air sometimes rema9$ betwe5 ! design & ! glass1 :i* 9 ! subsequ5t process ( rubb+ (f ! pap]1 result$ 9 holes2 ?is rubb+ (f1 moreov]1 requir$ mu* "t1 pati5ce1 & c>e1 & 0 r>ely p]fectly p]=m$4 ,^! defects are obviat$ by ,vitremanie4 ,by ?is me?od ! designs1 aft] be+ cov]$ ) ,gluc9e1 may be appli$ to ! glass ) wat] only1 & ! pap] remov$ entire1 a few m9utes suffic+ = ! op]ation1 & no?+ be+ left ^u ! glass b ! design 9 colors ( uncl\d$ brilliancy & transp>5cy4 ,! ,mat]ials ,requir$ are z foll[s3 ,! pr9t$ designs1 ?ree bru%es1 7two ( camel's hair & "o ( hog's hair71 a bottle ( ea*1 ,gluc9e & enamel v>ni%1 a roll]1 a sponge1 a little blott+ pap]1 & a pair ( scissors4 ,! in/ructions are v simple4 ,) ! camel-hair bru% pass a coat+ ( ,gluc9e ov] ! color$ face ( ! designs t are propos$ to be us$1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! ,gluc9e does n t\* ! pla9 side ( ! pap]2 ! %eets ( ! designs %\ld be laid flat to dry1 !y %\ld be left two or ?ree days be=e be+ us$1 & !y w rema9 good = ?ree mon?s1 or ev5 long]4 ,to apply ! design to ! glass x %\ld be wett$ ) wat] on bo? sides1 ! glass %\ld also be wett$2 lay ! design on ! glass1 & roll well d[n--all air bubbles w be easily remov$ by ?is means--keep ! pla9 side ( ! pap] wet = a few m9utes1 !n1 ) ! po9t ( a knife1 c>efully raise a corn] ( ! pap] & pull x g5tly (f2 ! "w is n[ to be wa%$ ) a camel-hair bru% & wat]1 & aft]w>ds dri$ by plac+ a piece ( blott+ pap] ov] ! "w1 & roll+ x2 leave x n[ = a few h\rs1 !n coat x ) enamel v>ni%1 & ! "w is f9i%$4 ,9 remov+ ! pap] x is sometimes bett]1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! design is l>ge1 to c>efully scrat* a hole 9 ! pap]1 & te> x (f 9 pieces f ! c5t]4 ,! "w is m easily p]=m$ on free glass1 cut to ! prop] sizes1 & aft]w>ds fix$ ov] ! glass already 9 ! w9d[1 by means ( a bead2 x may1 h[ev]1 be done ^u ! w9d[ z x /&s4 ,! designs may be arrang$ to fit any w9d[1 /rips ( lead foil appli$ ) gum be+ us$ = ! purpose ( cov]+ ! edges ( ! bord]s1 gr\nd+s1 etc41 :]e !y jo94 ,= circles & o!r %apes ! /rips ( lead may be /ret*$ ) ! ?umb & f+]s to any patt]n desir$1 ! creases be+ smoo!d by ! h&le ( a knife or pap]-cutt]1 slightly wett$4 ,,diaphanie4 ,illu/ration ,! ,diaphanie pr9ts = transf]r+ to glass are v simil> to ! ,decalcomanies2 !y are color$ li?ographs arrang$ on pap] = transf]r+ to glass1 to repres5t /a9$ glass1 & is equally z pretty1 & n s exp5sive4 ,by ?is plan y may ornam5t y\r *ur* w9d[s1 lamp %ades1 glass "w boxes1 or :]ev] /a9$ glass is employ$4 ,! mat]ials requir$ are a bottle ( fixatif = fa/5+ x to ! glass1 "o or two m$ium size bru%es1 a bottle ( transp>5t v>ni%1 a plate ( glass1 & y\r design4 ,! ,application is z foll[s3 ,lay on a coat ( ! fixatif to ! face ( ! design1 & place x ^u ! glass1 press+ x closely & ev5ly1 t x may adh]e p]fectly to ! entire surface ( ! glass4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 x may be well to lay ov] ! design a piece ( heavy damp pap]1 & !n roll x to ! glass ) a small roll] us$ = t purpose2 :5 ?is is done1 & x is dry1 apply a coat ( transp>5t v>ni% ) a flat camel-hair bru%4 ,"s ( ! designs us$ are z foll[s3 ,!re are ! ,japanese & ,*9a figures1 autumn leaves1 ,grecian & ,egyptian heads1 birds ( p>adise1 soldi]s1 national figures 9 bronze1 butt]flies1 angels ) w+s1 roses1 fruits & fl[]s1 build+s1 l&scapes1 etc41 besides t5 ?\s& o!r *oice selections :i* c be furni%$ to y by mail1 at catalogue prices4 ,,pa9t+ ,,on ,,silk1 ,,sat9 ,,& ,,velvet1 ,illu/ration ,,) ,,! ,,engli% ,,oil ,,colors4 ,f all ! diff]5t /yles ( mod]n pa9t+1 we select ?is z ! mo/ admir$1 & seem+ly ! mo/ s\ght aft] by ladies ( ta/e1 fa%ion1 or weal?2 = no?+ w aid m 9 beautify+ ! dress ?an a beautiful fl[] or butt]fly pa9t$ ^u ! little sat9 or silk sc>f :i* surr\nds ! neck1 ! coll> or cuffs2 y\r monogram on "o corn] ! pocket h&k]*ief1 or any o!r portion ( ! dress desir$ by ! lady arti/ & lady ( ta/e4 ,transf]r+4 ,fir/ get ! outl9es ( ! picture y wi% to pa9t1 by use ( transf] pap]1 or 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,lay ! picture ^u ! silk to receive ! pa9t+1 & ) a ne$le-po9t prick ?r\gh ! picture1 foll[+ closely ! outl9es1 until y h pass$ ov] ! :ole1 hold+ x to its place ) "o h&--) ! o!r rub ov] ! p]=at$ "p a black p[d] or f9e crayon4 ,= ?is purpose use a piece ( velvet1 rubb+ x suffici5tly to pass ! p[d] ?r\gh ! holes4 ,on rais+ ! picture y h ! outl9es ( x left on ! silk1 :i* is n[ ready to receive ! pa9ts4 ,?is me?od is m]ely giv5 to aid ! beg9n] 9 gett+ />t$2 ^? m famili> ) pa9t+ c comm5ce at once ^u ! silk1 )\t ! aid ( transf]r+4 ,! ,pa9t+4 ,/ret* y\r silk ^u a bo>d1 & lay ! bo>d flat4 ,aft] y h ! outl9es1 proce$ ) f9e po9t$ bru%1 ! same z o!r f9e pa9t+4 ,d n place a bru% full ( pa9t ^u ! "w at once1 b use pa9t lightly at fir/1 o!rwise x may crack & h>m ! picture4 ,9 pa9t+ on velvet1 ) oil1 place su* colors z are int5d$ to be us$1 on blott+ pap] = a c\ple ( days1 until ! pap] absorbs ! oil4 ,?is w leave ! colors 9 bett] condition = ?is k9d ( "w4 ,use colors lightly--a great deal ( /ippl+ is ne$$4 ,= rais$ "w1 or :at is sometimes call$ ,k5s+ton pa9t+1 use sug> ( lead1 ) ! colors z a m$ium4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n4 ,b4 ,use = ?is pa9t+ ! ,engli% ,oil ,colors1 & mix ) gold size or opaque mixture4 ,aft] ! "w is complet$1 if x looks dull1 y c br+ x out aga9 by us+ ! sicatif g5tly ^u ! surface4 ,illu/ration ,,/a9+ ,,wood ,,& ,,ivory4 ,illu/ration ,,yell[4 ,dilut$ nitric acid w produce a f9e yell[ on wood2 sometimes x makes a br[n1 & if us$ /rong1 x w be ne>ly black4 ,,mahogany ,,color ,is produc$ by a mixture ( madd]1 ,brazil wood1 & logwood1 dissolv$ 9 wat] & put on hot4 ,! proportions mu/ be v>i$1 accord+ to ! t9t requir$4 ,,black4 ,bru% ! wood sev]al times ov] ) a hot decoction ( logwood1 & !n ) an iron lacqu]2 or1 if ?is _c be _h1 a /rong solution ( nut-galls4 ,,r$ c be made by a solution ( dragon's blood 9 spirits ( w9e4 ,?is /a9 is to be laid on ! wood boil+ hot1 & be=e x dries x %\ld be laid ov] ) alum wat]4 ,,blue4 ,ivory may be /a9$ blue ?us3 ,soak ! ivory 9 a solution ( v]digris & nitric acid1 :i* w make x gre51 !n dip x into a solution ( pe>la% boil+ hot1 & x w turn blue4 ,to /a9 ivory1 black1 ! same process z = wood may be employ$4 ,purple may be produc$ by soak+ ! ivory 9 a solution ( sal-ammoniac & f\r times its weight ( nitr\s acid4 ,,to ,,produce ,a ,,cry/all9e ,,surface ,,on ,,pap]1 ,,wood ,,& ,,glass4 ,illu/ration ,a conc5trat$ solution ( salt1 acetate ( soda1 ,epsom salt1 etc41 mix$ ) ,dextr9e 9 ! cold1 & laid on ?9ly z possible1 ) a broad1 s(t bru%1 & all[$ to dry4 ,! pap] mu/ be siz$ fir/1 o!rwise ! =mation ( cry/als w be irregul>1 on acc\nt ( ! absorption ( ! liquid4 ,! coat+ on glass is r5d]$ adhesive by bru%+ x ) a solution ( %ellac 9 alcohol4 ,color$ glass arrang$ 9 ?is way makes a pretty transp>5cy4 ,a beautiful adhesive coat+ ( pe>ly lu/re ^u pap] produces a v h&some c>d4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 8,out ( ,art ,culture gr[s ,ref9em5t40 ,,*9a ,,pa9t+4 ,illu/ration ,,pa9t+ ,,on ,,*9a1 ,,porcela91 ,,e>!nw>e ,,enamel4 ,colors ,us$1 & ! ,process ( ,burn+ !m 94 ,illu/ration ,at ! pres5t "t ?is art is receiv+ a great deal ( att5tion among ! ,am]ican p1 & especially ! intellig5t class1 :o are tak+ e opportunity ( in=m+ !mselves 9 reg>d to ! plan ( m\ld+ ! v>i\s ornam5ts = use1 ! art ( decorat+ !m1 ! p>ticul> k9ds ( pa9ts us$1 & ! op]ation ?r\gh :i* !y pass 9 ! burn+ 9 ( ! colors4 ,x w\ld be useless = me to attempt a book on art t w\ld meet ! wants ( ! p1 & omit ,*9a ,pa9t+1 :i* is ga9+ univ]sal favor among ! high] classes 9 ea/]n cities4 ,! art is appli$ directly to ! ornam5tation ( ! h\se1 :i* makes x mu* s\ght aft] by ladies1 :o take pride 9 ornam5t+ _! *9a & e>!nw>e by ! use ( ! ,la ,croix ,enamel ,colors1 :i* are arrang$ especially = ?is k9d ( pa9t+4 ,aft] ! pa9ts are appli$1 ! w>e requires a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat to fix ! colors1 & prev5t x f be+ effac$ by wa%+4 ,comm5ce "w by fir/ ,trac+ ! ,draw+4 ,= trac+1 details %\ld be left out z mu* z possible1 or at any rate indicat$ sob]ly4 ,,direct ,,outl9e4 ,if ! pupil c draw well1 %e w outl9e h] subject lightly on ! object %e wi%es to pa9t1 directly1 )\t trac+1 by means ( a li?ographic p5cil4 ,,transf]r+4 ,:5 y want to make a m9ute & complicat$ draw+1 y are oblig$ to transf]1 to avoid gett+ d\ble l9es on ! *9a4 ,be=e transf]r+1 prep>e y\r piece ( w>e z foll[s3 ,p\r ?ree drops ( alcohol on ! plaque or :ite plate int5d$ = decoration4 ,x is v easy to trace on a p]fectly flat surface4 ,we %all m5tion sev]al ways4 ,,fir/ ,,me?od4 ,trac+ by ,rubb+4 ,aft] hav+ trac$ f ! engrav+1 or orig9al model to be reproduc$1 ! outl9e ( y\r subject 7figure1 ornam5t1 or l&scape71 ) "o ( ! li?ographic p5cils1 y rev]se ! trac+ ov] a %eet ( :ite pap]1 & g ov] ! outl9e aga9 v c>efully ) ! same p5cil2 ?is be+ done1 prep>e y\r piece ( *9a ) m$ium z we h j describ$4 ,! vegetal trac+ pap] is !n fix$1 by means ( little lumps ( model+ wax1 on ! exact spot ! subject is to occupy2 & :5 t is done1 y h only to rub all ov] ! outl9e ) an ivory knife1 to make ! lead t is on ! vegetal trac+ pap] convey itself di/9ctly on to ! previ\sly prep>$ oil$ enamel4 ,,second ,,me?od4 ,trac+ ) a ,trac+ ,po9t4 ,take ei!r black1 blue1 or c>m9e transf]r+ pap]1 accord+ to ! t9t ( ! pa9t+ t is to be done4 ,! c>m9e gives all security = ! success ( ! pa9t+2 x does n soil x4 ,:5 ! piece ( pap] has be5 rubb$ ) c>m9e f a s(t crayon1 aft] tak+ great c>e to remove :at is sup]flu\s x is cut to ! size ( ! subject1 or r to t ( ! space y are to pa9t on4 ,to make sure ( trac+ on ! exact spot1 y mu/ draw a horizontal l9e 9 ! middle ( y\r draw+1 "o also 9 ! middle ( ! trac+ pap]1 & "o z well on ! porcela91 ) crosses & lett]s to ea* end z l&m>ks2 two crosses m>k$ ,a & ,b on ! horizontal l9e ( ! enamel1 & a b on ! horizontal l9e ( ! trac+ pap]4 ,! piece is prep>$ ) oil ( turp5t9e or spirits ( w9e4 ,at ! end ( two or ?ree m9utes y place y\r draw+ on ! porcela9 9 accordance ) ! m>ks a b1 tak+ c>e to place ! middle l9es "o on ! top ( ! o!r1 a on ,a1 & b on ,b2 y fix ! vegetal trac+ pap] by means ( small bits ( gumm$ pap]1 or else ) little balls ( model+ wax2 ! %eet ( trac+ pap] be+ q firm1 y slide b5ea? x ! piece ( pap] rubb$ ) c>m9e1 blue1 or black lead2 y !n take a porcup9e quill ) a f9e po9t1 & )\t lean+ too h>d y g ov] all ! outl9e4 ,y mu/ be c>eful n to press y\r f+]s on ! draw+1 = x (t5 causes ! deposit ( p[d] to be ( ! same color z y\r transf]r+ pap]1 :i* spoils ! result & prev5ts c>eful pa9t+4 ,be=e f9i%+ all ! "w1 lift up a corn] ( ! ov]ly+ pap] to see if ! trac+ does m>k4 ,x w be b an affair ( habit to trace well1 = x is by exp]im5ts frequ5tly repeat$ t "o comes to "k exactly ! am\nt ( /r5g? to be us$ s t ! transf]r+ pap] may m>k suffici5tly4 ,?is pap] la/s a long "t1 & improves z x gr[s old2 y mu/ prev5t x f gett+ creas$4 ,= ?is1 ea* "t x has be5 us$1 x %\ld be put away into a br[n pap] cov]1 :]e9 ! trac+ pap]s are also plac$4 ,,?ird ,,me?od is by prick+ ! outl9e ) small holes1 & 9 mak+ :at is call$ a 8,poncif40 ,9 a bottle conta9+ alcohol ! bru%es & ! dabb]s are clean$ aft] ea* day's "w4 ,to pres]ve ^! useful in/rum5ts x is indisp5sable nev] to leave any color 9 !m2 y mu/ take c>e to wipe !m well aft] ?is wa%+1 & ev5 to bl[ a little on !m1 to make ! spirits ( w9e evaporate1 = if any 7 to rema9 x w\ld spoil ! color & take away ! pa9t+ already f9i%$4 ,) a few drops ( spirits ( w9e1 ! mo/ load$ palette c be in/antane\sly clean$1 & ! drie/ pa9t+ c be effac$4 ,= ?is reason ,i recomm5d t ! little bottle ( spirits ( w9e be kept always f> away f y dur+ y\r "w2 if a s+le drop 7 to fall on ! pa9t+1 x w\ld imm$iately sme> & oblit]ate ! "w done4 ,clean+ bru%es ) spirits ( w9e has to be done e day4 ,f "t to "t a m ?or\gh clean+ ) s(t soap is resort$ to2 ! bru%es are /eep$ 9 ! soap1 & are wa%$ ! next day only4 ,,porcela9 ,,& ,,e>!nw>e4--,,composition1 ,,use ,,& ,,mix+ ,,( ,,! ,,colors4 ,,g5]al ,,in=mation4 ,we borr[ f ,m4 ,lacroix 8 classification ( colors1 :i* is v practical ) reg>d to _! employm5t 9 pa9t+3 8,,classification ,,( ,,colors ,,) ,,respect ,,to ,,iron4--,iron plays an important "p 9 ! composition ( a great _m enamel colors2 = ?is reason ,i h tak5 x z a /&>d = my classification ( colors into ?ree gr\ps4 8,,fir/ ,,gr\p4--,colors t d n conta9 any iron3 ,fir/1 ! :ite2 secondly1 ! blues2 ?irdly1 ! colors f gold4 8,a horn or ivory knife is pref]able = ! use ( colors ( ?is gr\p4 8,a glass mull] is /ill bett] ?an knives4 8,,second ,,gr\p4--,colors ) b little trace ( iron4 ,?is gr\p includes ! yell[s & gre5s1 sev]al ( :i* colors conta9 iron 9 small quantities4 8,?ird ,gr\p4--,colors ) an iron basis1 or ( :i* iron is "o ( ! color+ p>ts3 ,fir/1 ! r$s1 fle%es1 r$ br[ns1 & violets ( iron2 secondly1 ! br[ns1 yell[ br[ns1 o*res1 blacks & a great] "p ( ! greys40 ,! enamel colors usually designat$ by ! "n ( iron colors are3 ,all ! br[ns2 ! greys1 except+ plat9a grey2 ! blacks1 m9us iridium black2 ! o*res2 ! r$s1 & ! violets ( iron4 ,! enamel colors said to be ) a gold5 basis are3 ,! c>m9es2 crimson lake2 ! purples1 & ! violets ( gold4 ,,te/s4--,! am\nt ( flux add$ to ! color+ oxides = ! manufacture ( enamel colors v>ies accord+ to ! color2 ?is diff]5ce1 jo9$ to ! div]sity ( ! *emical elem5ts1 causes actions 9 ! fir+ :i* may modify c]ta9 colors & ev5 make !m disappe> entirely2 x is said expressively t !y h be5 eat5 up1 dev\r$ by ! fire4 ,we %all cite1 z an example1 ! mixture ( ivory yell[ ) c>m9e1 z "o ( ^? :i* decompose 9 ! fir+4 ,o!r causes act likewise on enamel colors dur+ fir+2 ! int5sity1 m or less great1 ( ! heat1 ! ?ickness1 & ! am\nt ( oil 9 ! color1 ! way x is us$1 etc4 ,9 ord] to well und]/& ! v>i\s influ5ces1 & to secure y\rself aga9/ accid5ts1 y mu/ be cont9ually mak+ te/s ( ! mixtures y\rself2 x is ! only way to pa9t ) safety4 ,x is indisp5sable = ! te/ to be d\ble1 t is1 on two small bits ( precisely ! same manufacture ( *9a z ! piece y wi% to pa9t4 ,! same mixture is made on bo? small pieces1 !y are bo? dri$1 & "o only is fir$ 9 ord] to be able to judge :at *ange is caus$ by ! fir+1 by comp>+ x ) ! unfir$ te/ y h kept by y4 ,besides1 y w be able to make sure ( a satisfactory result by comp>+ y\r exp]im5ts ) ! te/ tiles & plates ( fir$ colors4 ,mix$ colors %\ld be /irr$ ) ! bru% :5 us$2 )\t ?is precaution !y w\ld sep>ate2 light blue w\ld rise on d>k blue1 yell[ on gre51 ivory yell[ on c>nation4 ,"s h9ts foll[ :i* x w be advantage\s to v]ify & to c>ry out by te/s4 ,!y apply g5]ally to pa9t+ on porcela9 or e>!nw>e = ! ord9>y muffle4 ,,fusibility4 ,h>d colors 7^? :i* require ! greate/ heat to make !m fuse7 spoil & (t5 de/roy ^? ( a s(t] flux 7t fuse m easily74 ,! flux add$ by ! manufactur] to ! color+ oxide light5s ! t9t ( ! color2 d>k colors are !re=e g5]ally h>d] ?an light ones4 ,9 ! palette ( ,m4 ,lacroix ! colors m fusible ?an ! re/1 al?\gh tak+ ! same "t to fire1 are light sky-blue1 light c>m9e ,a1 pe>l grey1 w>m or russet grey1 & ivory yell[1 all light colors4 ,,?ickness4 ,! t9t ( enamel colors get d>k] :5 y increase _! ?ickness4 ,b y mu/ bew>e ( do+ x too mu*4 ,light & fusible colors us$ too ?ick1 bli/] 9 fir+2 x is prud5t to give !m only a m$ium ?ickness4 ,y %\ld apply 9 drops ^? colors only t are specially design$ = ! purpose2 p]man5t :ite1 p]man5t yell[1 & relief4 ,!y hold on e>!nw>e1 b _! use on porcela9 is liable to failure4 ,,m$iums4 ,exp]i5ce w prove t if too mu* oil ( turp5t9e is add$ to ! colors us$1 :i* is call$ add+ 8fat10 !y w craze 9 ! fir+4 ,make "s trials by exagg]at+ ?is fault4 ,y w rem>k nev]!less t colors appli$ v ?91 al?\gh ) mu* 8fat10 d n craze4 ,! cracks caus$ 9 ! fir+1 by ! action ( ! res9\s "p ( ! oil1 :i* evaporates & causes ! :ite ( ! enamel to reappe>1 is call$ craz+4 ,,conduct ,,( ,,! ,,"w4 ,x is v important 9 ! fir/ pa9t+ to use ! mo/ fusible light colors1 & ^? mo/ easily develop$ 9 ! fir/ fir+1 :i* is ! /ronge/4 ,comm5ce always on a light] scale ?an ! f9al t9t1 = 9 pott]y pa9t+ any color made too d>k 9 fir+ _c be made light aga94 ,:5 ! mixtures h produc$1 = example1 "s br[ns or russet hues :i* h n glaz$ 9 ! fir/ fir+1 ! glaz+ is br\ght back by a little fusible light grey1 appli$ be=e ! second fir+ = ret\*es4 ,^! %ort g5]al in/ructions w be resum$ & develop$ 9 ! foll[+ lessons4 ,,special ,,in=mation ,,conc]n+ ,,pa9t+ ,,colors4 ,,mode ,,( ,,use--,,mixtures--,,concordance ,,( ,,enamel ,,) ,,moi/ ,,& ,,oil ,,colors1 ,,& ,,_! ,,usual ,,te*nical ,,names4 ,:ites1 belong+ to ! fir/ gr\p4 ,:ite is obta9$ by p]man5t :ite1 7= high lights71 & ,*9ese :ite1 a color ( v limit$ use 9 pa9t+1 x be+ pref]able to keep ! :ite ( ! *9a :5 possible4 ,p]man5t :ite1 alone or mix$ ) o!r colors = height5+1 :i* is call$ high light1 or relief1 requires p]fect gr9d+4 ,x %\ld be tri$ by repeat$ & well fir$ te/s be=e us+ x = important works4 ,x is lift$ up ) ! po9t ( ! bru%1 & laid )\t spread+4 ,x c\ld n be> two fir+s2 x is put at ! second fir+1 :i* is always less p[]ful4 ,,blues4 7,fir/ gr\p47 ,9 8 "* z a *emi/1 ,m4 ,lacroix gives u1 9 8 "w already quot$1 ! g5]al reason = excessive c>e 9 us+ blues4 8,all ! blues1 ) v few exceptions1 d]ive _! color f cobalt4444 ,z ! mixture ( cobalt & iron produces1 proportionably1 t9ts v>y+ f light grey to black1 x is well to take great precautions 9 pa9t+ :5 blues are us$ ) r$s1 fle%es1 br[ns & o*res4 ,x foll[s z a natural consequ5ce1 t :5 y wi% to h "s beautiful %ades ( blue1 y mu/ avoid us+ bru%es :i* h already s]v$ = "o ( ! iron colors1 & h n be5 prop]ly clean$40 ,blues are laid on 9 v ?9 coat+s1 p>ticul>ly blue gre54 ,ord9>y oil m$ium4 ,! fir/ pa9t+ is b little load$1 & is %ad$ ) ! same t9t 9 a second coat+1 add$ to grey 9 ! la/ fir+ = ! d>ke/ p>ts4 ,"h are "s notes on ! concordance ( enamel colors ) oil colors & _! usual names4 ,sky ,blue--sky blue4 ,light ,blue--light sky blue4 ,blue ,v]dit]--two-?irds ultram>9e blue2 "o-?ird deep blue gre54 ,slight oil+4 ,b>beau ,blue1 or ,smalt--,victoria blue4 ,m>9e ,blue 79 oils7--half ,victoria blue1 half c>m9e ,no4 #b4 ,cobalt--deep ultram>9e4 ,prussian ,blue--"o-?ird d>k blue2 "o-?ird ,victoria blue2 "o-?ird ultram>9e2 a t\* ( grey ,no4 #b2 a v little t\* ( purple4 ,indigo--d>k blue2 a t\* ( rav5 black4 ,,c>m9es ,,& ,,purple4 7,fir/ ,gr\p47 ,c>m9es mu/ be us$ v ?91 le/ !y %\ld turn yell[ 9 ! fir+4 ,y mu/ put b little oil to avoid %rivell+4 ,nev] t\* !m ) a knife2 ! bru% mu/ be suffici5t4 ,x is also recomm5d$1 :5 us+ purple1 to fill ! bru% well & to turn x r\nd & r\nd to dissolve ! little gritty lumps g5]ally f\nd at ! op5+ ( ! tubes4 ,:5 a p9k color has _h an addition ( purple to x1 spirits ( lav5d] ) a drop ( oil ( turp5t9e %\ld be pref]r$ to turp5t9e only4 ,all ! c>m9es are %ad$ ) ! same t9t4 ,purples are also us$ = /rong %ad[s1 & blues = reflect$ lights4 ,if light t9ts or p9ks are made ) light yell[s1 ^! colors mu/ n be spread "o ov] ! o!r1 b side by side1 o!rwise ! c>m9e t9ts w\ld be injur$4 ,9 ! fir/ pa9t+1 c>m9es & purples are to be laid on v light2 x is only 9 ! second fir+ t /r5g!n+ t\*es are made4 8,:5 c>m9es are fir$ 9 ! muffle at too l[ a temp]ature1 silv] takes ! upp] h& & ! color has a dirty yell[ t9t2 if1 on ! contr>y1 ! temp]ature is too high1 ! silv] %ade is completely de/roy$1 & ! c>m9e becomes lilac or violet1 :i* expla9s ! difficulty 9 fir+ c>m9es4 ,! same ?+ takes place ) purples1 b 9 a consid]ably less p]ceptible degree1 because ( ! %ade be+ mu* d>k] & cassius be+ 9 a l>g] quantity40--,a4 ,lacroix4 ,,enamel ,,c>m9es ,,& ,,purples are equival5t to ! oil colors ( ! same "n4 ,light ,p9k--,c>m9e ,a & c>m9e ,no4 #a4 ,deep] ,p9k--,c>m9e ,no4 #b ) c>m9e ,no4 #c4 ,laky ,r$--,crimson lake4 ,purple ,lake--,c>m9e ,no4 #a & a t\* ( purple4 ,peony ,p9k--,half ruby purple2 half c>m9e ,no4 #a4 ,*9ese ,p9k--,c>m9e ,no4 #c2 t\* ( ruby purple4 ,lakes 79 oils7--,c>m9es4 ,crimson ,lake 79 oils7--,purples4 ,r$ ,purple--,deep purple4 ,crimson--,crimson purple4 ,,lilacs ,,& ,,violets4 7#a/ gr\p1 except ! violet ( iron1 :i* belongs to ! #c;d gr\p47 ,! same precautions are requir$ 9 us+ lilacs z = c>m9es4 ,lilac--,half c>m9e ,no4 #a2 half sky-blue2 a t\* ( c>m9e ,no4 #c4 ,mauve--,half c>m9e ,a2 half ultram>9e4 ,mag5ta--,two-?irds c>m9e ,no4 #c2 "o-?ird deep ultram>9e2 a t\* ( ruby purple4 ,violet--,light violet ( gold4 ,deep ,violet--,deep violet ( gold4 ,light ,pansy--,light violet ( gold1 ) a t\* ( deep ultram>9e4 ,deep ,pansy--,deep violet ( gold1 su/a9$ m or less & ) an addition ( ultram>9e4 ,,r$s4 7#c;d gr\p1 except ! purples47 ,r$1 a pr$om9ant color1 is ne>ly always us$ alone4 ,?us1 ! r$di% tips ( gre5 leaves are obta9$ by plac+ ! r$ next ! gre51 b n by putt+ x ov]4 ,) ! d>k colors1 on ! contr>y1 x is r$ t disappe>s4 ,*9ese v]milion 9 oils has an equival5t t9t 9 coral = porcela9 appli$ ?92 backgr\nds are made ( x1 b x w\ld be risk+ a great deal to use x 9 pa9t+1 on acc\nt ( its extreme s5sibility 9 fir+2 besides1 x suff]s no mix+4 ,sc>let v]milion is approa*$ by add+ a t\* ( fle% ,no4 #a to capuc9e r$1 & lay+ on ?is mixture 9 a mod]ate ?ickness4 ,capuc9e ,r$--,capuc9e r$4 ,poppy ,r$--,half capuc9e r$2 half deep purple4 ,a satisfactory result is obta9$ only at ! ?ird application ( ?is mixture1 :i* loses at ea* fir+4 ,madd]--,capuc9e r$2 a t\* ( purple & ( c>m9e ,no4 #c4 ,gules 79 h]aldry7--,capuc9e r$ & a t\* ( purple4 ,v5etian ,r$ 79 oils7--,violet ( iron 7?ird gr\p74 ,,yell[s4 7,second gr\p47 ,c]ta9 yell[s greatly de/roy ! colors mix$ ) !m1 & ev5 make !m disappe> entirely4 ,?is disadvantage is p]ceiv$ :5 too mu* ivory yell[ is mix$ ) r$1 or :5 t yell[ is plac$ abundantly ov] o!r colors4 8,! yell[ call$ silv] yell[ conta9s no silv]2 x is compos$ ( jonquil yell[ & orange yell[4 ,yell[s t conta9 no iron 7yell[ = mix+ & jonquil yell[7 are g5]ally pref]r$ = mak+ fre% gre5s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 = mix+ ) iron colors1 yell[s t conta9 already ?is metal are us$40--,a4 ,lacroix4 ,light yell[s scale v easily2 ! d>k yell[s1 be+ less fusible1 ne$ to be us$ mod]ately ?9 9 ! fir/ pa9t+1 = ! fir/ fire develops !m2 at ! second fir+ !y increase 9 dep?1 & if !y are too heavily load$ !y _c be made light] aga94 ,avoid us+ yell[s next to blues1 :i* w\ld produce a gre5 t9t4 ,= ! c5t]s ( blue fl[]s1 :i* necessitates "s yell[1 ! place mu/ be well scrap$ be=e putt+ ! color4 ,p]man5t yell[1 7half :ite & half yell[ = mix+71 s]ves = plac+ lights 9 drap]y & yell[ fl[]s1 z well z high lights 9 ornam5ts4 ,lemon ,yell[--,yell[ #dg ( ,sevres1 ) a t\* ( silv] yell[4 ,gold5 ,yell[--,half silv] yell[2 half jonquil yell[4 ,saffron ,yell[--,two-?irds ivory yell[2 "o-?ird fle% ,no4 #a2 a t\* ( capuc9e r$4 ,salmon--,two-?irds ivory yell[2 "o-?ird fle% ,no4 #b2 a t\* ( c>m9e ,no4 #c4 ,/raw ,color--,yell[ = mix+1 us$ v lightly4 ,yell[ ,lake--,yell[ = mix+4 ,d>k ,*rome ,yell[--,silv] yell[2 a t\* ( jonquil yell[4 ,light ,*rome ,yell[--,jonquil yell[4 ,indian ,yell[--,half jonquil yell[2 half o*re4 ,naples ,yell[--,ivory yell[4 ,orange ,yell[--,orange yell[4 ,maize--,half ivory yell[2 half orange yell[4 ,,gre5s4 7,second gr\p47 ,= foliage x is well to rememb] t d>k t9ts plac$ 9 advance ( light ones de/roy ! latt] 9 ! fir+4 ,all ! gre5s1 :e!r 9 foliage or 9 drap]y1 c be %ad$ ) br[ns1 r$s1 & c>m9e t9ts4 ,by pa9t+ ov] = ! second fire1 foliage c be made purple or blui%4 ,d>k gre51 be+ v p[]ful1 %\ld be us$ ) caution4 ,! blue-gre5s are us$ = ! di/ance1 b !n excessively light2 !y are t9t$ ) capuc9e r$ = ! horizon4 ,em]ald-/one ,gre5--,em]ald-/one gre54 ,wat] ,gre5--,half apple gre52 half deep blue-gre54 ,v]onese ,gre5--,"o-?ird apple gre52 "o-?ird *rome gre52 "o-?ird em]ald-/one gre54 ,mala*ite--,apple gre52 a t\* ( em]ald-/one gre54 ,blue-gre5--,deep blue-gre54 ,d>k ,gre5--,two-?irds *rome gre5 #c ,b2 "o-?ird d>k gre54 ,bottle ,gre5 or ,sap ,gre5--,sap gre54 ,em]ald ,gre5--,two-?irds blue-gre52 "o-?ird em]ald-/one gre54 ,,br[ns4 7,?ird gr\p47 ,! arti/ic br[ns = *9a :i* /eady pa9t]s pref]1 are vigor\s br[ns1 fre% :5 mix$1 & resi/+ well ! action ( ! fire1 b :i* h n ! brilliancy ( ! less color+ br[ns4 ,! w>m br[ns 9 oils exi/ = *9a4 ,! deep r$ br[n & mixtures ( violet ( iron & ( laky r$ correspond to ! r$ br[ns4 ,gold5 ,br[n--,gold5 br[n4 ,v&yke ,br[n--,x is impossible to obta9 x exactly4 ,! ne>e/ approa* w\ld be by mix+ br[n #ajh ) violet ( iron4 ,raw ,si5na--,sepia4 ,orange ,m>s--,uranium yell[ & a t\* ( purple4 ,,blacks4 7,?ird gr\p47 ,! blacks 9 oils are repres5t$ 9 ! palette = pott]y by rav51 ivory & iridium black1 :i* answ]s all purposes4 ,if ^! blacks fail1 o!rs c be compos$ by mixtures ( simple colors1 z d>k r$s & d>k blues4 ,x w\ld be bett] to op]ate 9 two fir+s to avoid craz+4 ,! use ( iron r$s is n admitt$ on s(t pa/e2 ! blacks are to be made ) iridium black1 :i* is ready made1 or ) purple & d>k gre54 ,x is r>e t black is ne$$ = subjects pa9t$ on s(t pa/e4 ,x is sometimes us$ 9 decoration = surr\nd+ ornam5ts ) a l9e1 b seldom = backgr\nds1 except+ on decorative vases ( a c]ta9 /yle4 ,,greys4 7,?ird gr\p47 ,a grey ( "s k9d is always obta9$ by mix+ complem5t>y colors2 r$s ) gre5s1 or yell[s ) violets1 violet be+ a comb9ation ( c>m9e & blue4 ,! greys obta9$ by mix+ gre5s1 ready made or compos$1 ) c>m9e or purple1 z requir$1 are v frequ5tly us$ by fl[] pa9t]s4 ,exp]i5ce on ?is subject c only be acquir$ by cont9ual trials4 ,dove ,color--,dove color4 ,a% ,grey--,light grey us$ lightly1 & a t\* ( sky blue4 ,pe>l ,grey--,pe>l grey ,no4 #f4 ,russet ,grey--,w>m grey4 ,br[n ,grey--,grey & sepia4 ,,mono*rome ,,pa9t+ ,,on ,,porcela9 ,,or ,,e>!nw>e4 ,,in/ruction4 ,we n[ come to pa9t+4 ,beg9 on porcela9 by a plate1 & on e>!nw>e by a tile4 ,if ! pupil has _h no practice ei!r 9 wat] colors or 9 oils--if1 9 a ^w1 has no idea z yet ( sett+ a palette1 und]take fir/ a mono*rome1 t is to say1 a pa9t+ done ) "o color only1 height5$ by "o or two o!r tones4 ,mono*romes are made 9 ! foll[+ t9ts3 ,grisailles1 gre51 blue-gre51 blue1 violet ( iron1 c>m9e1 purple capuc9e r$1 sepia1 r$ br[n1 bitum54 ,deep r$ br[n & violet ( iron are ! two colors easie/ to be us$4 ,grisaille ,mono*rome3 ,light grey ,no4 #a1 t\*$ up ) br[n grey4 ,greys ,nos4 #a & #b2 mix a little c>m9e ,no4 #a to w>m up ! t9ts4 ,on porcela9 ! bodies ( cupids are (t5 done 9 grisaille1 ) a little c>m9e at ! extremities4 ,gre5--,em]ald-/one gre5 & deep gre54 ,blue-gre5--,blue-gre51 t\*$ up ) ! same color4 ,blue--,deep ultram>9e2 d>k blue2 p]man5t :ite4 ,or common blue1 %ad$ ) itself2 any o!r blue w\ld spoil x4 ,violet ( ,iron--,violet ( iron1 & ! same ) a grey t9t4 ,c>m9e--,light c>m9e ,a2 deep c>m9e ,no4 #c4 ,purple--,deep purple1 /r5g!n$ by ! same t9t plac$ at ! second fir+4 ,capuc9e ,r$--,capuc9e r$3 orange r$2 sepia4 ,or orange yell[ & capuc9e r$ 9 juxtaposition2 ! capuc9e r$ t\*$ up ) r$ br[n4 ,sepia--,sepia t\*$ up ) ! same %ade4 ,r$ ,br[n--,orange yell[ = light & di/ant t9ts2 ! =egr\nd deep r$ br[n4 ,or deep r$ br[n height5$ ) bitum54 ,or else deep r$ br[n & sepia4 ,bitum5--,yell[ br[n2 br[n ,no4 #c bitum52 br[n ,no4 #d or #ag4 ,! design hav+ be5 trac$ on to ! porcela9 or *9a1 y take ! tube ( color & uncork x ) c>e4 ,squeez+ out ! color f ! extreme bottom ( ! tube1 y set ab\t ! t5? "p ( its cont5ts on y\r glass palette1 :i* %\ld be extremely clean4 ,gr9d x ) ! palette knife1 7( /eel or ( ivory1 accord+ to ! color71 = ab\t a m9ute4 ,sket*+ ,94 ,is done ) ! f9e/ po9t$ ( y\r bru%es1 dipp$ lightly into ! little bottle ( spirits ( lav5d]1 !n fill$ ) a little ( ! color tak5 f ! edge ( ! lump1 turn+ ! bru% mean:ile betwe5 y\r f+]s to get a f9e po9t4 ,x is bett] /ill to "w ) ! color dilut$ ) wat]1 & ) ! addition ( a little dextr9e1 :i* gives x ! advantage ( resi/+ ! oils4 ,indicate lightly ! nose1 ! m\?1 ! la*rymals a little1 z well z betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,x w be useless to efface ?is sket*4 ,y w !n beg9 to pa9t ! head1 tak+ a l>g] bru% to spread ! color broadly & quickly4 ,/ill v little m$ium4 ,put a r light local t9t2 :ile ! color is /ill wet deep5 ! tone b5ea? ! ar* ( ! eyebr[s1 ! *eeks1 ! extremity ( ! *91 & ! p>ts to be %ad$1 tak+ c>e mean:ile to leave out ! bright lights1 or ^? reflect$1 :i* %\ld rema9 ( ! fir/ t9t1 9 ord] t ! %ad[s may give an appe>ance ( r\ndness4 ,take next a small dabb]1 ) a flat top1 & hold+ x p]p5dicul>ly1 dabble lightly be=e ! color has "t to dry4 ,s(t5 & mix well ! two t9ts1 keep+ !m di/9ct ! :ile4 ,d ! hair aft] ! fle% t9ts h be5 laid on1 ton+ ! locks m or less4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 no m dabb]2 on ! contr>y1 ! /rokes ( ! bru% mu/ appe> & m>k ! hair4 ,pass on to ! drap]y1 & wa% 9 broadly ! pr9cipal %ad[s ) a /ill l>g] bru%4 ,x w be effective to pres]ve ! :ite ( ! porcela9 or *9a = ! lights ( ! drap]ies4 ,9 ! fir/ pa9t+1 spirits ( lav5d] are us$1 s t ! color may dry less quickly4 ,y mu/ n be afraid to pa9t ! drap]y ) l>ge /rokes ( ! bru%1 ! effect is all ! bett] = x4 ,above all1 let !re be no h>% or dry m>ks2 9 pa9t+ !re are no m>ks1 b %ad[s & lights4 ,be=e ret\*+1 ! pa9t+ mu/ be all[$ to dry1 & ! m$ium to evaporate1 & y mu/ n "w aga9 on x unless1 lightly plac+ ! tip ( y\r f+] on ! pa9t+1 y feel sc>cely any dampness left2 "s1 h[ev]1 mu/ rema91 = ! color w\ld easily be remov$ by ret\*+1 if x 7 9 a pulv]iz$ /ate4 ,! dessication c be ha/5$ by heat+1 ei!r at a lamp ( spirits ( w9e1 or 9 an ov52 b y mu/ wait until ! "w is q cold aga9 be=e resum+4 ,! fir/ pa9t+ mu/ be tak5 great c>e (1 & kept v clean4 ,:ile x is dry+1 x %\ld be plac$ out ( ! rea* ( du/ & damp2 if x be a plaque1 place x 9 a flat box ) a prop] lid to x1 %utt+ h]metically4 ,m4 ,lacroix's colors be+ p]fectly well prep>$1 we w n dwell ^u ! disadvantages (f]$ by ! =m] badly gr\nd colors4 ,! inexp]i5c$ beg9n] us$ to put too mu* #8fat1' or too mu* spirits ( lav5d]4 ,9 ! =m] case ! pa9t+ craz$ 9 ! fir+2 x 0 lo/4 ,) too mu* spirits ( lav5d] ! colors ran2 fl$ 9 ! fir+4 ,!re=e !re mu/ be no excess1 b ! ?ree m$iums mu/ be us$ ) managem5t & discretion4 ,:5 y ret\* y\r pa9t+1 be=e ! fir/ fir+1 y mu/ model by ret\*+ ) flat t9ts1 & y mu/ d x v sob]ly1 v lightly1 n to remove :at is und]nea?2 "w almo/ dry1 t is1 )\t mu* soak+ ! bru% 9 ! spirits ( turp5t9e4 ,if ! color does n spread easily1 ! bru% is wett$ ) ! lea/ possible quantity ( oil ( turp5t9e1 a drop ( :i* has be5 p\r$ on ! palette4 ,spirits ( lav5d] are ( no use = ?is second p]=mance4 ,to f9i% ! mono*rome completely1 x is necess>y to /ipple ! %ad[s1 us+ v little rectifi$ spirits ( turp5t9e4 ,if ! beg9n] w ma/] ?or\ghly ! %ad[s ( ! orig9al1 %e w n f9d x m difficult to pa9t 9 mono*rome ?an to reproduce a draw+ ei!r 9 black *alk or 9 /ump2 ! bru% w take ! place ( ! /ump or *alk3 ! only difficulty t c arise be+ 9 ! use ( ! m$iums1 & 9 ! lack ( "t = all[+ ! pa9t+ to dry4 ,i repeat x aga91 = x is ( great importance1 t ) ! colors ( ,m4 ,lacroix "o c "w almo/ dry1 once ! palette has be5 set4 ,:5 ! "w is f9i%$1 x is submitt$ to ! fir+1 ei!r at home1 7by ! ,gabelle process71 or at a decorators4 ,accord+ to ! result obta9$1 ! p>ts :i* lack vigor are ret\*$4 ,9 g5]al few rais$ lights or reliefs are employ$4 ,yet 9 accessories1 !y height5 advantage\sly ! brilliancy ( ! pa9t+4 ,! pa9t = rais$ lights is tak5 f ! palette 9 a p>ticul> way2 ! bru% mu/ lift up a lump ( color at ! po9t1 t x may be laid on ! easi]4 ,rais$ lights are plac$ on small fl[]s1 on jewelry1 pe>l necklaces1 etc4 ,a light 9 ! eye is (t5 m>k$ ) p]man5t :ite1 b x %\ld be us$ 9 great mod]ation1 & plac$ at ! second fir+4 ,photographs f ca/s1 m$als1 bas-reliefs1 af=d excell5t models = copy+ 9 mono*rome pa9t+4 ,copies ( photographs on oval plaques are done ) r$ br[n1 height5$ ) bitum54 ,raphael's female figures on plaques = sconces1 are copi$ 9 light grey1 ret\*$ ) br[n grey1 on a gr\nd ( v light c>m9e ,no4 #a4 ,*9a ,pa9t+4 ,,pa9t+ ,,! ,,head ,,9 ,,colors ,,on ,,porcela94 ,set on ! palette1 at int]vals ( ab\t an in*1 "s ivory yell[1 yell[ br[n1 fle% ,no4 #a1 fle% ,no4 #b1 light grey1 br[n #ajh1 blue-gre51 & ! o!r colors4 ,! draw+ hav+ be5 trac$ ) *alk1 y proce$ to sket* x 91 :i* %\ld always be done 9 ! same color z ! object4 ,= ! fle% take "s fle% ,no4 #a at ! tip ( y\r bru%1 & indicate v lightly ! outl9e ( ! eyes1 ! no/rils1 ! corn]s ( ! m\?1 & ! e>s2 b above all1 take c>e n to make a l9e all r\nd ! face1 z ! effect produc$ 9 ! fir+ w\ld be exce$+ly bad4 ,pa9t likewise ! face1 ! neck1 & inside ! f+]s1 b especially n on ! side ( ! light1 :i* mu/ deta* itself by ! local t9t only4 ,) ! ivory knife mix "o-?ird fle% ,no4 #a ) two-?irds ivory yell[2 ?is =ms ! fle% color = ! local t9t4 ,prep>e also a little yell[ br[n = ! reflect$ lights4 ,^! two t9ts are to be appli$ almo/ simultane\sly1 "o next to ! o!r4 ,comm5ce always f ! top ( ! head1 & only :5 ! sket*$ outl9e is dry1 o!rwise ! local t9t w remove x4 ,?is t9t mu/ be laid on v ?92 apply x quickly ) precision & )\t deviation ( ! bru%1 t is1 )\t discont9uation ( t9t2 look at ! *9a sideways1 & if ! color is defici5t 9 any place rem$y t at once4 ,f9ally1 ! t9ts are made ev5 by dabb+1 & ! fle% color is g5tly bl5d$ ) ! yell[ br[n by means ( a v small fit* bru%4 ,= faces high 9 color1 yell[ br[ns %\ld be us$ ) ! r$s1 & "s violet ( iron4 ,:ile ! fir/ t9t is /ill wet1 & be=e dabbl+1 ! fle% color %\ld be /r5g!n$ ) "s fle% ,no4 #a b5ea? ! ar* ( ! eyebr[s1 ! *eeks1 & ! l[] "p ( ! *94 ,ca/ %ad[s are comm5c$ ) yell[ br[n1 & ret\*$ ) br[n #ajh4 ,/rong %ad[s are made ( violet ( iron1 & ! edges ( blue-gre5 & light grey4 ,pa9t ! lips ) fle% ,no4 #a1 ret\* ) ,no4 #b1 b above all1 let !re be no outl9e ei!r to ! upp] or to ! l[] lip1 no?+ b a s(t1 flat1 pale t9t1 /r5g!n$ a bit = ! %ad[4 ,blue eyes are made ) sky-blue & a m9imum ( blue-gre51 ret\*$ ) blue-grey4 ,br[n eyes1 ) yell[ br[n ret\*$ ) sepia or bitum54 ,! pupil1 rav5 black4 ,! sp>kle is left :ite1 or is laid on ) a dab ( p]man5t :ite4 ,fair hair is begun ) ivory yell[4 ,! %ad[s are made ) yell[ br[n1 & br[n #ajh graduat$1 & !y t]m9ate ) grey & bitum54 ,color$ drap]ies are begun l ! drap]ies 9 mono*rome1 a flat g5]al t9t t\*$ up aga9 at once ) ! same t9t to give /r5g? to ! %ad[s4 ,!re is no?+ pretti] ?an p9k drap]y %ad$ ) blue1 & yell[ %ad$ ) p9k or capuc9e r$4 ,:ite drap]y is begun ) an extremely light grey1 mix$ ) gre54 ,:ites are res]v$1 t is1 ! greate/ possible "p ( ! *9a is left b>e )\t pa9t to =m ! lights4 ,! beg9n] w d well if %e pa9ts a subject ) sev]al figures 9 x1 to asc]ta9 :i* colors ?r[ back1 & :i* br+ =w>d4 ,9 ! =egr\nd1 light colors2 :ite1 p9k1 light blue1 lilac4 ,9 ! middle gr\nd1 blue1 gre51 purple & r$ are us$4 ,= ! backgr\nd !re are d>k blue1 br[n & d>k gre54 ,! gr\nd is made ) ivory yell[ 7= ! lights71 bitum51 grey1 & a little violet ( iron4 ,trunks ( trees are begun ) yell[-grey1 gre5i%-grey1 & bitum54 ,! palette1 set complete = figure subjects1 includes ! foll[+ colors3 ,*9ese :ite1 sky-blue1 light sky-blue1 d>k blue1 deep ultram>9e ,victoria blue1 blue ,no4 #bi1 7special = porcela9 scales on e>!nw>e71 br[n ,no4 #c1 bitum51 br[n ,no4 #d or #ag1 yell[-br[n1 deep r$-br[n1 sepia1 light c>m9e ,a1 c>m9e ,no4 #b1 deep c>m9e ,no4 #c1 light grey ,no4 #a1 grey ,no4 #b1 neutral grey1 russet or w>m grey1 silv] yell[1 p]man5t yell[1 ivory yell[1 7#dg ( ,sevres71 yell[ = mix+1 7#da ( ,sevres71 crimson lake1 rav5 black1 iridium black1 yell[ o*re1 purple ,no4 #b1 crimson purple1 deep purple1 capuc9e r$1 fle% ,no4 #a1 fle% ,no4 #b1 deep fle%1 orange r$1 grass gre5 ,no4 #e1 br[n-gre5 ,no4 #f1 d>k gre5 ,no4 #g1 deep blue-gre51 deep *rome gre51 apple gre51 sap gre51 violet ( iron1 light violet ( gold4 ,illu/ration ,,*9a ,,pa9t+4 ,,/yle ,,( ,,b\*]1 ,,fl[]s1 ,,fruits1 ,,birds1 ,,& ,,l&scape ,,on ,,porcela94 ,,/yle ,,( ,,b\*]4 ,to pa9t ! /yle ( ,b\*] 7,cupids7 y beg9 by transf]r+ y\r design on ! *9a4 ,!n y sket* ) fle% ,no4 #a ! l9es ( ! face1 & ! f+]s & toes4 ,:5 ?is sket* is dry1 ! reflect$ lights are m>k$ ) yell[-br[n1 mix$ ) ivory yell[4 ,! local t9t ( fle% color is laid on imm$iately aft]1 ! same z 9 ! prec$+ lesson2 ! dabbl+ ev5s ! two colors plac$ side by side1 & bl5ds !m "o into ! o!r4 ,let x dry1 !n height5 by half a tone ! extremities ( ! h&s1 feet1 knees1 etc4 ,sket* 9 ! hair & accessories1 ! cl\ds & backgr\nd1 :ile ! local t9t is dry+4 ,ret\*+4 ,:5 ! fir/ pa9t+ has lo/ ne>ly all its moi/ure1 return to x aga92 "w ! %ad[s by /ippl+ "s br[n ,no4 #ag1 mix$ ) sepia1 yell[ o*re1 light grey1 & a t\* ( blue-gre5 = ! transp>5t p>ts4 ,:]e ! fle% is br[n1 ! reflect$ lights are made ) yell[ o*re ?r\gh\t1 & ! scale ( br[ns is m us$4 ,a t\* ( violet ( iron w>ms up ! %ad[s1 & approa*es ne>] to ,v&yke br[n 9 oils4 ,illu/ration ,fl[]s4 ,to pa9t fl[]s well x is necess>y t ! draw+ %\ld be exce$+ly correct & sob] 9 its l9es1 = ! t9ts hav+ to be v light & v pure1 too _m p5cil m>ks w\ld injure ! pa9t+4 ,! little details ( ! petals are done ) ! bru%1 )\t previ\s trac+4 ,! p5cil mu/ only m>k ! leaf's cont\r & c5tral ve92 ! direction ( ! bru% /rokes is en\gh to indicate ! small] ve9s4 ,a g5]al rule = ! manipulation ( ! bru% 9 fl[] pa9t+ may be laid d[n ?us3 ,! h&l+ is always done ! way ( ! petals1 conv]g+ t[>ds ! c5t]4 ,leaves4 ,ea* plant possesses a p>ticul> k9d ( leaf1 & ev5 9 ! rose ! leaves ( diff]5t v>ieties are n alike4 ,?us1 = ! leaves ( ! ,b5gal rose1 a semi bright t9t1 a %9y appe>ance )\t _m ve9s1 ! "y %oots t+$ ) c>m9e1 or else purple mix$ ) silv] yell[4 ,! k+'s rose3 ! leaves ( ?is rose are ( a d>k] gre5 ?an ! prec$+2 !y are done ) grass gre5 ,no4 #e1 ! edges ( ! old] leaves become some:at russet1 ! "y %oots light gre54 ,r$ rose3 ! leaves deep gre51 height5$ ) br[n1 ! ve9s d>k gre5 ,no4 #g1 ! s]rations c>m9e r$1 ! fad+ leaves h a r$di% br[n hue4 ,yell[ roses3 %9y leaves incl9+ to blue-gre51 ret\*$ ) grey1 mix$ ) grass gre52 ! deep] t9ts made ) d>k gre5 ,no4 #g4 ,d n use ?is la/ color too freely4 ,leaves h a direction1 to pa9t !m prop]ly y mu/ beg9 !m f ! top1 t is1 f ! /alk end4 ,half ! leaf is pa9t$ at a "t1 f ! pr9cipal ve9 to ! edge1 mak+ ! bru% twi/ 9 su* a mann] t ! bru%m>ks & ridges done 9 ! h&l+ may repres5t ! second>y ve9s4 ,! leaves ( bulbs are pa9t$ f ! top d[nw>ds2 s are ! leaves ( he>tsease4 ,! leaves ( na/urtium are made almo/ ( a flat t9t1 conv]g+ to ! c5t]1 :i* is a light spot2 _! color is a v light blue-gre51 %ad$ ) grey4 ,y mu/ n be afraid to mix purple or c>m9e ) gre51 to %ade foliage4 ,illu/ration ,fruit4 ,?is /yle is done indiscrim9ately on porcela91 e>!nw>e1 enamel1 & fai5ce4 ,x is v easy2 ! ess5tial po9t is to mat* well ! diff]5t %ades ( color1 & to lay !m "o ov] ! o!r :ile !y are /ill wet4 ,! s(t5] flatt5s !m & helps ! t9ts to m+le4 ,leaves are n dabbl$1 nor are ! /alks4 ,to describe 9 detail ! mann] ( pa9t+ div]s fruit w\ld take too long1 & w\ld1 9 tru?1 h v little int]e/4 ,we %all limit ourselves to "o example4 ,,pa9t+ ,,( ,a ,,pea*4 ,flat yell[ t9ts1 graduat$ into gre51 & mix$ ) grey 9 ! %ad[4 ,dabble c>efully4 ,be c>eful to add m oil to ! r$ "p1 :i* is s(t5$ aft]w>ds v easily ) a dabb]1 & r$ bl5d+ freely ) its neighbor+ color f ! effect ( ! oil4 ,illu/ration ,birds4 ,on fai5ce birds look v well4 ,!y are also done on porcela9 to imitate ,saxony w>e4 ,!re is no?+ p>ticul> to be said ab\t bird pa9t+4 ,) reg>d to fancy birds1 ! m]it consi/s 9 ! s]vile copy ( anci5t & exotic types4 ,good examples ( natural birds are n sc>ce4 ,g5]al in=mation suffici5t = ! use ( ! colors w be f\nd 9 our lessons4 ,l&scape4 ,l&scape is n trac$2 x is drawn v lightly1 s t ! p5cil may =m no ob/acle to ! pa9t+4 ,?is is h[ ! pa9t+ is proce$$ )3 ,on a squ>e gr\nd-glass slab ( mod]ate size set y\r 8palette0 ) gre5 t9ts1 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 yell[ = mix+1 yell[ o*re1 apple gre51 grass gre51 *rome gre51 blue-gre51 br[n-gre51 d>k gre51 sepia1 bitum51 violet ( iron1 etc4 ,take c>e to leave a space ( ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* betwe5 ea* color1 9 ord] to be able to mix !m1 = !y ought n to be us$ pure2 ! effect w\ld be bad & inh>moni\s4 ,comm5ce by ! sky1 us+ sky-blue & excessively light ultram>9e2 ! light] p>ts ( ivory yell[1 also v ?91 & ! di/ance blue gre51 ) ! slighte/ t\* ( c>m9e4 ,skies are to be done ) a v l>ge bru%1 & ! mix+ ( blue & yell[1 :i* w\ld produce impossible gre5 cl\ds1 is to be avoid$4 ,skies are work$ f left to "r2 !y are wa%$ 9 v rapidly1 cov]+ also ! place = ! trees4 ,a dabb] may be us$ aft]4 ,! sky be+ dry1 ! trees are mass$4 ,inasmu* z light t9ts w\ld disappe> 9 ! fir+ if !y 7 put b5ea? d>k colors1 fre% t9ts ( apple gre5 are comm5c$ fir/1 :i* are ret\*$ or d>k5$ at once be=e dabbl+4 ,:5 ^! t9ts h be5 laid & are dry1 ! foliage is done by manipulat+ ! bru% f left to "r ) little /rokes close toge!r1 to imitate ! leaves4 ,autumn t9ts are pref]able to gre5s t are too bright4 ,y obta9 !m by sepia & ! o*res4 ,trunks ( trees1 light grey & sepia4 ,bran*es1 bitum54 ,= /r5g!n+ t\*es use violet ( iron4 ,h\ses1 ivory yell[ mix$ ) grey2 %ad[s1 violet ( iron4 ,gr\nd1 ! lights ( ivory yell[1 & sometimes yell[ o*re2 %ad[s1 bitum52 /rong t9ts1 br[n mix$ ) black4 ,wat] is done ) v light blue-gre51 ret\*$ ) grey1 & occasionally reviv$ ) fre%] gre5 to reflect grass or trees4 ,/r5g!n+ t\*es are giv5 at ! second fir+1 & a glaze is pass$ ov] ! t9ts alt]$ 9 ! fir/ fir+4 ,,directions ,,= ,,pack+ ,,decorat$ ,,*9a1 ,:5 x has to be %ipp$ away = fir+4 ,h ! "w p]fectly dry2 if necess>y1 dry+ 9 ov51 :i* may alt] ! color1 b fir+ w re/ore t4 ,wrap ea* piece sep>ately 9 f9e pap]1 & pack 9 a box l>ge en\gh to admit suffici5t excelsior /raw or pap] to keep all /eady1 p>ticul>ly ! corn]s4 ,all[ good lay]s at ! bottom & top ( ! boxes4 ,by s5d+ directions 9 ! box ) ! *9a1 its prompt return is assur$4 ,9 giv+ in/ructions ) ! *9a1 be explicit z to pieces requir+ gild+1 & am\nt desir$4 ,prices quot$ on li/ ref] to simple l9es only4 ,gild+ co/s extra4 ,,fir+ ,,g5]ally ,,done ,,twice ,a ,,week4 ,,av]age ,,prices ,,= ,,fir+ ,,decorative ,,w>e4 #a ,cup & #ae1 #bj & #be4 ,gild+ inclu'd1 #be1 #cj #ce4 ,sauc]1 #f ,cup & 7#ab pieces71 #ge4 ,gild+ inclu'd1 #a4ej ,sauc]1 #a doz4 ,individ'l #ej to #fj4 ,gild+ inclu'd1 #a4jj ,butt]s1 ,plates1 s+le1 #aj to #ae4 ,gild+ inclu'd1 #bj to #be4 #a doz4 ,plates1 #a4jj to #a4be ,gild+ inclu'd1 #a4ej to #b4jj ,pit*]s1 #aj1 #ae1 #bj1 #be & ,gild+ inclu'd1 #bj to #ej4 #ej4 ,fruit ,di%es1 #be to #ej4 ,gild+ inclu'd1 #ej to #ge4 ,cov]$ ,di%es1 #be1 #ej & #ge4 ,gild+ inclu'd1 #ej4 to #a4be ,placques1 #aj1 #ae1 #bj1 #be to #ej4 ,gild+ inclu'd1 #bj to #ge4 ,tiles1 #ff #aj4 ,tiles1 #hh #ae4 ,plates ,b&$ 9 any t9t desir$ 7,gild+ inclu'd71 p] #c4jj doz4 ,o!r pieces accord+ to size & am\nt ( ,gild+4 ,ladies :o wi% _! ,*9a gild$ mu/ clean ! edges ( ! same4 ,illu/ration ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,pa9t+4 ,illu/ration ,,enamel ,,pa9t+ ,,on ,,t]ra-,,cotta4 ,illu/ration ,fir/ outl9e ) a lead-p5cil ! subject to be pa9t$2 if trac+ is pref]r$1 use trac+ pap]1 & transf] ! design ^u ! article1 by means ( a color$ transf] pap]4 ,! t]ra-cotta is n[ imm]s$ 9 wat]2 :5 ?or\ghly saturat$1 take x out1 & ) a s(t sponge absorb all ! sup]flu\s moi/ure4 ,if1 dur+ ! process ( pa9t+1 "s ( ! p>ts become too dry1 moi/5 !m ) a flat bru% dipp$ into wat]4 ,h on h& a suffici5t quantity ( :ite enamel p[d]1 & ) a glass mull] gr9d ?is ^u a gr\nd glass slab until p]fectly smoo?1 ) wat]1 add+ a little gum wat] 7dissolv$ gum arabic71 until x assumes ! consi/5cy ( cream4 ,apply ?is to ! surface to be pa9t$1 go+ ov] x a second "t1 s z to cov] ! t9t ( ! w>e4 ,! enamel %\ld be put on heavy en\gh s t x appe>s rais$ f ! flat surface1 be+ c>eful to spread x on v ev5ly1 t none ( ! p>ts are coat$ light] ?an o!rs ( ! design4 ,enamel w /& fir+ sev]al times1 & su* p>ts n br\ght out suffici5tly c be re/or$ by ret\*+ ! same1 & subject+ ! article to a second fir+4 ,if ! design is to be 9 natural colors1 ^! are pa9t$ ov] ! enamel aft] hav+ be5 fir$1 proce$+ 9 ! same mann] z 9 *9a pa9t+4 ,"s colors w be> mix+ ) ! enamel be=e fir+2 9 su* case ! dry enamel colors 7,*9a7 are us$1 ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! :ite enamel4 ,/eel grey1 neutral grey1 blues & yell[s are among ! colors t be> mix+4 ,! fir/ ?ree are be/ adapt$ = mottl$ or cl\d$ backgr\nds1 if su* are desir$4 ,! glaze conta9$ 9 ! colors & enamel :5 vitrifi$ by fir+1 produce ! effect ( ,limoges w>e4 ,= ornam5tal "w ! relief enamel colors c be us$ successfully 9 ! way ( bead "w1 z well z 9 ! entire design1 !y be+ already mix$ 9 a p[d] /ate1 consi/+ ( ab\t tw5ty-f\r diff]5t t9ts4 ,9 do+ l>g] pieces1 :]e a quantity ( color is us$1 ! =m] in/ructions are to be pref]r$4 ,if vases are decorat$1 int5d$ = use1 ! inside %\ld be wa%$ ) a mixture ( enamel & color to give x a glaze1 & ?us prev5t ! out] decoration f be+ injur$ by ! p5etration ( liquids4 ,be=e tak+ ! article to be fir$1 place x :]e x w become ?or\ghly dry1 z x _c be fir$ 9 a moi/ /ate4 ,! ,b>bot9e w>e1 :i* has lately come into ! m>ket1 c be effectively decorat$ 9 ! above mann]4 ,,oil ,,pa9t+ ,,on ,,t]ra-,,cotta4 ,^u t]ra-cotta ( a light t9t ! design is drawn ) a lead p5cil2 ^u t ( a d>k t9t1 use ! color$ impression pap]4 ,place ! article betwe5 piles ( books1 or fill a box ) s&1 & lay or /& x into ?is 9 ! position requir$2 see t ! "r arm re/s ^u an ev5 plane ) ! article to be decorat$4 ,a t]ra-cotta m$ium is made f a small quantity ( gum arabic dissolv$ 9 wat]1 to :i* is add$ a little syrup2 g ov] ! entire article ) a flat bru% dipp$ into ! m$ium2 :5 dry1 repeat ! wa%4 ,! article is n[ ready = ! oil colors4 ,mix ^! ) flake :ite1 & use ,mc,guilp in/ead ( turp5t9e2 lay ! colors on fairly ?ick1 & let !m dry = "s h\rs1 !n t9t & f9i% ) ! colors necess>y1 )\t ! flake :ite1 b /ill us+ ,mc,guilp4 ,:5 f9i%$ & q dry1 v>ni% ) be/ copal or ma/ic4 ,! arti/ %\ld h at h& two or ?ree f9e oil bru%es1 a flat bru%1 & ! necess>y colors4 ,^? be+ indisp5sable are ! foll[+3 black1 burnt light o*re1 t]ra di si5na1 ,indian r$1 & flake :ite4 ,! arti/ is rem9d$ t vases ( antique %ape look be/ :5 decorat$ 9 antique designs4 ,,wat]-,,color ,,pa9t+ ,,on ,,t]ra-,,cotta4 ,outl9e or transf] ! subjects z be=e m5tion$4 ,moi/5 ! t]ra-cotta1 & absorb ! sup]flu\s moi/ure ) blott+ pap]4 ,mix ! colors ) ,*9ese :ite1 & use ) !m ! t]ra-cotta m$ium already m5tion$4 ,= ! blues1 yell[s1 c>m9es1 & ! bright colors1 coat ! p>ts ?ickly ) ,*9ese :ite1 us+ pl5ty ( m$ium2 :5 q dry1 add ! pure1 bright colors4 ,wa% !m c>efully ov] ! :ite1 mix$ ) m$ium1 9 ord] n to rub ! latt] up1 :i* w\ld less5 ! effect4 ,:5 f9i%$ & ?or\ghly dry1 v>ni% ) copal or ma/ic4 ,,burn+ ,,91 ,,or ,,m9]al ,,decalcomanie4 ,illu/ration ,a ,,new ,,& ,,beautiful ,,art ,,( ,,in/antly ,,transf]r+ ,,pictures ,,to ,,*9a ,,& ,,o!r ,,w>e ,,to ,,imitate ,,exactly ,,! ,,mo/ ,,beautiful ,,pa9t+4 ,decalcomanie has n[ be5 successfully be=e ! public = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,! above is /ill a lat] inv5tion1 & nev] be=e br\ght to ! m>ket4 ,x has long be5 a "q :e!r ! durability ( a transf]r$ article1 p>ticul>ly on glass1 porcela91 *9a1 etc41 c\ld n be improv$ ^u4 ,?is has at la/ be5 accompli%$1 & ! *oice/ designs are n[ likewise pr9t$ ) m9]al or *9a colors1 ?us meet+ a dem& (t5 made4 ,articles ornam5t$ 9 ?is mann]1 & aft] go+ ?r\gh ! regul> process ( burn+ 91 w be f\nd z durable & impossible to deface z ^? pa9t$ by h& f ! celebrat$ pott]ies ( ,europe4 ,by ?is1 ! art ( ,decalcomanie is br\ght to p]fection4 ,,directions4 #a4 ,place ! m9]al subject :i* y wi% to transf] 7ab\t t5 to fifte5 m9utes be=e be+ us$71 betwe5 "s blott+ pap] slightly moi/5$4 ,! object ( ?is is to give flexibility to ! pap]1 :i* ?us moi/5$ w give itself easy to ! object1 ei!r concave or convex1 on :i* y desire to transf]4 #b4 ,cov] ! object to be decorat$ ) a coat ( ,vitrifiable ,v>ni%1 ab\t ! size ( ! design1 ) a flat camel's-hair bru%2 leave x to dry a few m9utes1 t is1 until ! v>ni% is ne>ly dry1 & be c>eful to lay on ! v>ni% z ?9 & ev5 z possible1 nor leave any spots b>e4 ,! v>ni% may be appli$ to ! picture in/ead ( ! w>e4 #c4 ,press ! picture on 9 a uni=m mann]1 & rub at fir/ ) a clean piece ( l951 !n1 ) ! h&le ( a too? bru%1 or ivory h&le ( an infant's bru%1 or any smoo? article suitable 9 %ape1 rub con/antly = sev]al m9utes1 until ! entire pap] assumes a poli%$ appe>ance4 #d4 ,place ! transf]r$ object 9 a pail ( wat]1 until ! pap] deta*es itself1 or c be remov$ )\t any difficulty4 #e4 ,pass g5tly a s(t bru%1 dipp$ 9 wat]1 ov] ! transf]r$ picture1 9 ord] to remove ! prep>ation (f ! pap]4 ,press d[n ! bli/]s ( ! picture ) a s(t pad made ( silk or l951 in/ead ( ! above mann]1 if pref]r$4 #f4 ,n[ lay aside ! decorat$ article = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 to get ?or\ghly dry1 & be c>eful 9 keep+ x out ( ! du/4 ,?is be+ all done accord+ to directions1 y\r "w is n[ ready = be+ burnt 9 by ! furnace4 ,! burn+ 9 process = :i* ! "w is n[ wait+1 is only to be accompli%$ 9 a *9a burn+ e/abli%m5t4 ,mat]ials ,requir$4 #a4 ,"o flat camel's hair bru%4 #b4 ,vial ( vitrifiable v>ni%4 #c4 ,vial ( cl>ifi$ spirits4 ,illu/ration ,designs g by numb]s1 z foll[s3 #cja4 ,upright ,fl[] ,b\quets1 #cd1 #cj on %eet #b4aj #ccj4 ,sc5es1 ,l&scapes1 #bb1 #ce on %eet #a4ej #cea4 ,roman ,heads1 #bb1 #cf on %eet #c4fj #cee4 ,celebrat$ ,pa9t]s' & ,female ,heads1 #bb1 #bj on %4 #c4jj #eeg4 ,ladies' ,heads1 small1 #a1 #add on %eet #b4dj #dja4 ,*ildr5 sc5es1 ,watteau /yle1 #bb1 #db on %eet #b4dj #dag4 ,ladies' ,heads1 oval1 #bc1 #bj on %eet #b4dj #ejb4 ,fl[] ,b\quets1 assort$1 #fd on %eet #b4dj #eje4 ,*ildr5's ,heads4 #aa1 #afh on %eet #b4dj #ejg4 ,roman ,heads1 #cb1 #cf on %eet #b4dj #ejh4 ,females1 #dc1 #af on %eet #b4dj #eji4 ,female ,heads1 #bb1 #db on %eet #b4dj #eaj4 ,monkeys1 #cc1 #bj on %eet #a4hj #eaa4 ,roman ,heads1 "o color1 #dh on %eet 4#ge #eab4 ,r\nd ,fruit ,pieces1 #ee1 #af on %eet #b4aj #eac4 ,classical ,/atu>y ,figures 9 gr\ps1 #fi1 #f on %eet #a4hj #eae4 ,de]s1 full size1 #ae on %eet #a4hj #eba4 ,oval ,fruit ,pieces1 #cc1 #cf on %eet #b4aj #eba4 ,bis4 ,oblong ,fruit ,pieces1 #cc & #ac1 #cj on %eet #b4aj #ebb4 ,bis4 ,*ildr5's ,pieces1 #cc1 #ah on %eet #b4dj #ebb4 ,*ildr5 9 squ>es1 #cd1 #ab on %eet #b4dj #ebc4 ,*9ese 9 gr\ps1 #fd1 #aj on %eet #a4bj #ebd4 ,birds 9 squ>es1 #bb1 #bd on %eet #b4aj #ebe4 ,oval ,fl[]s & ,fruit ,pieces1 #eb1 #bb on %eet 4#fe #ebg4 ,g>l& ( ,mosses1 ,roses1 etc41 assort$1 #bh on %eet #b4aj #ecj4 ,etruscan ,figures1 ,emblems1 etc41 #ca on %eet #c4jj #eca4 ,female ,bu/s1 #de1 #aj on %eet #b4dj #ecb4 ,oval ,l&scapes1 #ed1 #i on %eet #b4dj #ecc4 ,*ildr5's ,heads1 #bc1 #ba on %eet #b4dj #ecd4 ,fanta/ic ,w>riors & ,females1 assort$1 #ad on %eet #b4dj #eci4 ,female ,bu/s1 #cc1 #ba on %eet #b4dj #edc4 ,figures 9 ,gr\ps1 ass't'd1 #h on %eet #b4dj ,! above designs are all to be burnt 9 on cry/al1 porcela91 etc41 & _c be us$ any o!r way4 ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,natural ,,fl[]s4 ,illu/ration ,,writt5 ,,especially ,,= ,,?is ,,"w ,,by ,,! ,,fir/ ,,premium ,,pres]v] ,,( ,,fl[]s4 ,illu/ration 8',twas a lovely ?\ght to m>k ! h\rs1 ,z !y float$ 9 light away1 ,by ! op5+ & ! fold+ fl[]s1 ,t laugh 9 ! summ]'s day40--,hemans4 ,!re are five di/9ct me?ods = pres]v+ natural fl[]s1 & no "o me?od c be giv5 prop] = all v>ieties1 & all families ( ! floral k+dom4 ,annuals1 fl[]s ( quick gr[?1 ( a succul5t nature1 _c be pres]v$ 9 _! natural /ate4 ,balsams require ! elaborate *emical me?od1 & all fl[]s resembl+ ! balsam require ! same specific treatm5t4 ,to pres]ve fl[]s z !y %\ld be pres]v$1 a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) all five me?ods is desir$4 ,^!1 9 comb9ation1 =m "o p]fect sy/em1 :i* requires lessons & exp]im5tal practice4 ,!re 0 a process pat5t$1 & practic$ = "s ye>s1 :i* 0 f\nd1 aft] a ye>'s "t1 t ! fl[]s grew d>k1 spott$1 & 7 a di/ress+ s\v5ir4 ,?is 0 ! ,hot ,wat] ,sy/em4 ,all fl[]s ( a fibr\s1 woody nature1 are susceptible ( pres]vation4 ,! fibr\s nature ( ! wood ent]s into ! composition ( ! fl[]4 ,roses1 camelias1 japonicas1 tube roses1 & azaleas1 also c>nation p9ks1 7:ite71 7 pres]v$ 9 boil+ wat]1 z bel[3 ,take a few cry/als ( oxalic acid1 p\r on !m boil+ wat]1 p]haps a p9t to a half doz5 cry/als1 ?or\ghly dissolv+ ! cry/als2 aft] sep>at+ c>efully ) ! %>p po9t ( a f9e m\ld+ p9 ! fl[] petals1 drop !m into ! boil+ wat]1 ea* fl[] sep>ately--replace x ov] ! fire & let x boil a few seconds1 wat*+ & remov+ ea* petal z soon z ! waxy sub/ance ( ! fl[] is gone1 & ! transp>5t fibre ( ! petals rema94 ,coat ! back ( ! petal ) %eet wax1 press+ x d[n until incorporat$ ) ! fibre1 & put back ! fl[] precisely z x 0 tak5 ap>t1 us+ a wax bud = ! f\ndation ( ! fl[]1 & us+ cotton cov]$ wire = ! /ems4 ,at ! ,c5t5nial ,exposition held at ,philadelphia 9 #ahgf1 a :ite transp>5t camelia attract$ my att5tion4 ,be+ possess$ ( e receipt 9 ! kn[n _w1 & "s ( my =mulas be+ comb9ations result+ f exp]im5ts "u ! in/ructions ( ! celebrat$ *emical pr(essors at ,leipzig1 ,i reque/$ p]mission to exam9e ?is fl[] closely1 & to d s1 0 oblig$ to get special p]mission4 ,?is camelia 0 transp>5t1 cle>1 pure1 )\t flaw1 & close exam9ation %[$ x to be a composite ( sev]al diff]5t fl[]s1 all ( ! same v>iety1 done by ! hot wat] sy/em1 & in/ead ( wax on ! back1 v>ni%$ ) a f9e transp>5t :ite _s v>ni%4 ,^! fl[]s look well = a :ile1 b ,i d n comm5d its g5]al use4 ,x w d :]e ! fl[]s are to be worn 9 ! hair1 or on ! brea/1 = a few times only1 b aft] a ye> !y gr[ discolor$1 spott$1 & are unpleasant s\v5irs4 ,! ,s&wi* ,isl& ,process4 ,9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s ! f]ns are pres]v$ gre5 & fre% = mon?s by ^? :o sell collections to visitors ( ! ,isl&s4 ,^! are prep>$ c>efully1 & pick$ 9 a dry atmosph]e1 7rememb]1 t is indisp5sable to good pres]vation71 ! fronds select$ p]fect 9 %ape1 brilliant 9 t9t1 & fully se$$4 ,! f]n fully spor$ is 9 its prime4 ,! pap] us$ = press+ %\ld be an absorb5t1 n lett] pap]1 or any sat9 surfac$ or cal5d]$ pap]s4 ,! collector %\ld c>ry ! book to ! gr\nd1 & n dep5d on br++ !m home 9 a botani/'s case1 or heat$ by h& br++4 ,y mu/ pick !m dry1 & place !m directly 9 ! book1 br++ !m home only 9 t mann]4 ,arriv$ home1 roll a small bit ( cotton batt+ ar\nd ! cut end ( ! /em1 & seal ! end ov] ) r$ seal+ wax1 leav+ z small a wad ( cotton & wax z possible4 ,!n transf] ! f]ns into ano!r fre% book ( pap]s1 *ang+ !m e morn+ & ev5+ until dry4 ,! w>m] ! books are kept ! gre5] & fre%] ! f]ns aft] dry+4 ,!n f]ns c be us$ t5 ye>s aft] press+1 cutt+ (f ! wax$ end & sett+ ! f]ns into wat]1 !y w 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 fill out aga9 & look l fre%ly pick$ f]ns4 ,a pres]v] ( fl[]s said once to me t f]ns c\ld n be kept gre5 by any kn[n process4 ,?is ,s&wi* ,isl& process is spl5did1 & a complete success4 ,by dissolv+ b5zoic acid 9 alcohol "o oz4 to a p9t1 color+ ) anil9e gre51 %ad$ up by mix+ br[n or black & yell[1 all anil9es1 & dipp+ old f]ns1 br[n$ by "t1 ! f]ns c be us$ = decoration1 9 hang+ baskets1 or on ! w9d[ curta9s1 b !y d n be> close exam9ation4 ,! color+ matt] is p]fectly p]ceptible on close inspection4 ,! ,s& ,dry+ ,me?od 9 pres]v+ small fl[]s is good1 & no process is complete )\t ! addition ( ?is important "p ( ! in/ruction4 ,x is )9 rea* ( e lady1 & ! fl[]s s dri$ w reta9 _! colors a long "t4 ,to e #be lbs4 ( f9e glass bl[]'s s& add #a oz4 ( sp]maceti & #a oz4 ( calc9$ borax1 ?or\ghly mix$ & incorporat$ ) ! s&4 ,! s& mu/ be kept p]fectly dry1 ! fl[]s mu/ be dry1 & f all fl[]s :]e ! honey ga!rs at ! bottom ( ! cup1 x mu/ be remov$ be=e ! s& ba? is attempt$4 ,?is is a delicate op]ation1 & effect$ by ! use ( a crot*et hook1 ) a little cotton batt+ twi/$ ar\nd ! po9t4 ,introduce x delicately 9 ! fl[]1 remove ! honey1 dew-drop or wat] drop1 & y\r fl[] w pres]ve dry1 9 %ape4 ,sweet alyssum1 daisies1 c&ytuft1 c be beautifully pres]v$ & keep _! fre%ness = a long "t1 "u ! s& dry+ process4 ,"s fl[]s ne$ a v>ni% be=e ! s& ba?1 "s ne$ to be v>ni%$ aft] removal f ! ba?4 ,all labiate corollas1 all fl[]s cup %ap$1 %\ld be fir/ /uff$ delicately & c>efully ) cotton batt+ be=e putt+ !m into ! s&4 ,?is k is obta9$ only by a regul> c\rse ( in/ruction1 z ! family ( fl[]s1 or ! floral k+dom is s ext5d$4 ,aft] prep>+ ! fl[]s1 7all fl[]s %\ld /& aft] be+ pluck$ a %ort "t1 _! /ems imm]s$ 9 cold wat]1 s z to give full life & /r5g? to ! fl[]1 & if x is to be v>ni%$ x %\ld be done :ile /&+ 9 ! wat]71 h ready y\r s& 9 a box ) a draw bottom4 ,?is bottom is drawn out aft] ! process is complet$1 leav+ ! dri$ fl[]s intact 9 ! box4 ,fill y\r box p>tly1 ) s& p]fectly dry1 )\t mixture1 clip (f ! /ems to )9 an in* ( ! fl[] clu/]1 & dip x into hot seal+ wax1 seal+ up ! end ( ! /em c>efully & ?or\ghly1 !n imm]se ! /em 9 ! s& up to ! fl[] clu/]1 tak+ c>e to space betwe5 ! fl[]s--no two t\*+4 ,aft] fill+ y\r fl[]s 9 ! box1 comm5ce by p\r+ 9 s(tly & gradually ! s& prep>$ = !m4 ,cov] !m p]fectly1 & set ! box 9 a dry place1 :]e no dampness c get into ! s&4 ,a s+le drop ( wat]1 or a p>ticle ( sap1 w ru9 ! :ole ( ! box ( fl[]s4 ,9 "s :ite fl[]s a little *loride ( lime mix$ ) ! s& c be us$ once1 b z soon z ! lime slacks x mu/ be remov$4 ,fl[]s require f two weeks to ?irty days 9 an ev5 heat ( #hj degrees1 n m4 ,z soon z ! process is complete1 p\r (f c>efully ! s& f ! fl[]s1 & if f\nd to be brittle1 expose !m a few h\rs to a dry atmosph]e4 ,! ord9>y atmosph]e ( ! room w be all t is requir$4 ,= ! five me?ods comb9$1 regul> lessons are requir$1 b x is n necess>y = any except+ ^? :o desire to make floral pres]vation a bus9ess4 ,! s& dry+ c be foll[$ by any lady = w9t] b\quets1 & ! usual fl[]s ( ! g>d51 beautifully pres]v$ 9 ?is me?od1 = w9t] decorations1 hang+ baskets1 etc4 ,j>d9i]es are a lovely w9t] ornam5t1 ) gre5 f]ns float+1 "o c\ld n tell b :at ^! fl[]s _h j be5 pluck$ f ! g>d54 ,! ,la/ ,process is3 ,clip f ! bu%1 )\t injur+ ! /em1 ! buds j z !y are op5+1 all[+ two or ?ree in*es ( /em ) ea* bud1 & imm$iately cov] ! ends ) hot seal+ wax4 ,:5 cold1 wrap !m up 9 cotton batt+1 sep>ately1 & lay !m away 9 a cool place 9 a box1 :]e no?+ c re/ ^u or injure !m4 ,at any "t y wi% to make use ( !m1 br+ !m =? f ! place ( concealm5t1 cut (f ! end conta9+ ! wax1 & place ! /ems 9 a vase ( cool wat]1 conta9+ a little salt4 ,all[ !m to rema9 9 a mod]ately w>m room = a few h\rs1 & y w p]ceive ! buds comm5c+ to exp& & op51 & soon aft] y c h ! opportunity ( behold+ a full-bl[n rose1 repres5t+ all ^? beautiful colors ) :i* nature has s wisely end[$ x1 & s5d+ =?1 9 all ! sweetness & purity ( its nature1 ! mo/ lov+ & fasc9at+ odors1 :i* is s mu* desir$ & s\ght aft] by lov]s ( fl[]s4 ,^! fl[]s 9 w9t] comm& exce$+ly high prices1 s mu* s t "s are mak+ x a bus9ess ( prep>+ !m1 & are mak+ money by ! op]ation4 ,,pap]-,,fl[] ,,mak+4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,b\quets1 ,,mat]ials ,,us$1 ,,etc4 ,mu* ( ! success 9 mak+ pap] fl[]s dep5ds on ! quality ( ! mat]ial1 & ! =m ( ! p9s1 m\ld]s1 p9c]s1 etc4 ,! pap] %\ld be c>efully select$1 ref]5ce be+ _h pr9cipally to its color & texture4 ,z a rule1 x _c be too ?91 & mu/ be s(t & /rong4 ,avoid highly glaz$ pap]s1 except+ :5 su* a fl[] z ! peony is to be copi$4 ,9 passion-fl[] & fu*sia !re is a ?ickness ( texture only to be imitat$ by plac+ a %eet ( ?9 wax$ musl9 betwe5 two %eets ( pap]4 ,= _m fl[]s1 especially roses1 a %ad$ pap] is us$1 s color$ z to all[ ( its be+ d\bl$1 t a numb] ( petals may be cut f x1 leav+ ! d>k %ade 9 ! "p requir$4 ,_m fl[]s w ne$ pa9t+1 & = ?is purpose p[d] color is employ$1 us+ x ) a t9t+ bru%1 a sep>ate "o be+ kept = ea* t9t4 ,_m fl[]s1 su* z tulip1 g]anium1 picotee1 etc41 require a second or ?ird %ade ( color2 = ^!1 moi/ or transp>5t colors are to be us$1 violet1 lake1 c>m9e & sepia be+ mo/ useful1 b = a complete li/ ( colors ! read] is ref]r$ to page #adb4 ,! moi/ colors mu/ be appli$ ) a sable bru%4 ,!y %\ld all be mix$ ) wat]1 9 "s cases add+ a little gum1 = ! purpose ( m completely fix+ ! color on ! pap]4 ,avoid us+ ! p[d]$ color too wet2 x %\ld resemble a ?ick pa/e on ! palette4 ,sometimes use ! color dry1 rubb+ x on ) ! f+]1 b ?is only on r>e occasions4 ,sev]al k9ds ( wire w be want$1 "s fl[]s hav+ s(t & "s /iff /ems4 ,9 "s--n _m--a v light spr++ /em is necess>y1 z = poppy2 f9e s(t wire = ! /ems ( fu*sias1 etc4 ,i am l$ to insi/ on p>ticul> att5tion be+ paid to ! /ems be+ imitat$ c>efully1 z s _m o!rwise good specim5s h be5 spoil$ by hav+ /ems h>d look+ & unlike ! natural fl[]4 ,wire cov]$ ) cotton is g5]ally us$1 also f9e /eel wire = ! t5drils ( passion-fl[]1 or = ! light & graceful /em ( ! common field poppy4 ,floss silk is useful2 ?is mu/ be f9e1 /rong1 & s(t4 ,x is us$ z a fa/5+ to _m ( ! petals1 to ne>ly all ! leaves1 & :5 a jo9t ( _m /ems is to be =m$4 ,black ty+ wire1 = great] /r5g? & l>g] "w1 is sometimes necess>y4 ,gum wat] is us$ = fa/5+ ! "w toge!r2 ?is mu/ n be too ?94 ,! prop] tools w be f\nd at an art /ore1 bo? z reg>ds size & =m1 numb]+ f #a to #h1 b practice alone w enable ! le>n] to judge :i* is be/ suit$1 "s f9d+ a l>ge1 "s a small tool ! m effective4 ,! p9c]s are requir$ to arrange ! petals ( a fl[]1 z = a rose1 clove1 etc4 ,scissors adapt$ to cutt+ ! pap]1 hav+ a nipp]-l contrivance at ! bottom ( ! blades = cutt+ ! wire4 ,z ne>ly all ! leaves w require "s pa9t+1 to give !m a w>m] or m natural t9t ?an is to be f\nd 9 ^? usually pur*as$1 mix a small quantity ( ! prop] color1 use x ) a t9t+ bru%1 & hav+ c>efully pa9t$ ov] ! surface ( ! leaf1 leave x to dry1 !n hold x to ! fire2 or %\ld a glossy appe>ance be requir$1 z 9 a camellia leaf1 ! poli%+ bru% mu/ be us$4 ,to obta9 ! patt]n ( a natural fl[]1 proce$ ?us3 ,select "o or m petals1 z ! case may require4 ,take a g]anium1 = example2 ?is has two sizes1 s t "o ( ! l>ge1 or pa9t$ petals1 & "o ( ! small]1 w be requir$4 ,place ^! on a %eet ( ?9 c>dbo>d1 trace r\nd ! edge ) a p5cil1 !n cut out to draw+1 all[+ a little additional l5g? = fix+ !m4 ,m>k on ea* ! numb] necess>y = ! fl[]4 ,9 "s cases petals are cut 9 a circle or />1 z 9 clove1 rhodod5dron1 or passion-fl[]4 ,?is is done by gett+ "o petal trac$ on pap]1 z above direct$1 !n cutt+ ! requir$ numb] = x1 & s arrang+ !m on ! c>dbo>d z to repres5t1 z 9 ! passion-fl[]1 a /> ( five4 ,take = example a ,,crimson ,,rhodod5dron4 ,?is mo/ effective fl[] %\ld be made ?us3 ,select ab\t twelve petals1 gum ! edge1 draw ov] edge1 let !m dry1 !n gum ! small bulb at base ( pi/il & /am5s 7call$ ! 8he>t107 pass ! /em ( ?is ?r\gh ! op5+ ( petals1 draw d[n tightly1 & let rema9 = a few m9utes to dry1 cov] ! /em ) pale gre5 pap]1 slightly b5d ! pi/il & /am5s t !y may incl9e t[>ds ! c5tral petal ( ! fl[]4 ,a piece ( /rong wire ab\t n9e in*es long is requir$ on :i* to m\nt ! fl[]s & leaves2 arrange ?ree fl[]s on ! top ( ?is ) _! backs to ea* o!r1 leav+ ! fl[] /alk ab\t two in*es 9 l5g?1 tie ?is ) silk1 roll a little /em pap] r\nd & !n place on ?ree scales1 cut f pale/ br[n /em pap]2 o!r ?ree fl[]s %\ld be plac$ betwe5 ^? already fix$ a little l[] d[n4 ,?is ord] ( arrang+ ! fl[]s to be obs]v$ until ! truss ( fl[]s is complete4 ,cov] ! /em ) br[n /em pap] & arrange ! leaves1 beg9n+ ) ! small ones 9 ! same mann] z direct$ = ! fl[]s1 only t ea* leaf %\ld be a little l[] d[n ?an ! la/2 !y w require color+1 & = ?is use burnt si5na & ,prussian blue1 appli$ ) a t9t+ bru%1 aft]w>ds us+ ! poli%+ bru%2 ?is w give !m ! gloss obs]vable 9 ! natural leaf4 ,_m ( ! rhodod5drons are made ( pla9 color$ petals1 b _! beauty is mu* enhanc$ by spott+ !m2 ! process is simple1 & ! direction = "o w d = all1 only v>y+ ! color us$4 ,select ! crimson ) d>k spots4 ,take 9 ! h& a /amp$ fl[]1 & hav+ mix$ "s c>m9e1 take a t9t+ bru% & apply to ! ?ree upp]mo/ petals1 tak+ c>e t ! color becomes light] t[>ds ! edge & deep5+ t[>ds ! c5t]4 ,n[ mix a little violet 7moi/7 ) c>m9e1 & m>k ! spots z desir$2 ?is mu/ be done ) a small sable bru%4 ,:ite rhodod5drons spott$ ) yell[ & br[n1 or lilac ) gre5 spots1 make v /rik+ v>ieties4 ,,:ite ,,camellia4 ,= ?is fl[] use :ite tissue pap] ( m$ium ?ickness2 no o!r pap] w s nicely imitate ! texture ( ?is well kn[n fl[]4 ,cut f a patt]n1 to be obta9$ z be=e direct$1 7:i* may be pur*as$ :5 ! fl[] is out ( season71 ! prop] numb]s ( petals2 place ea* set or size sep>ately on ! h&1 deeply curl ! edge ) ! same p9 us$ = ! rose1 & !n press d[n ! c5t] ) ! /eel /em1 s z to give ! deeply ind5t$ ve9 se5 9 ! c5t] ( ea*4 ,! l>g] petal w require turn+ on ! f+]s previ\s to us+ ! /em ( ! p91 s z to cause ! edges to turn backw>ds4 ',tis well "h to rem>k t :ile y use ! head ( ! p9 on ! edge or o!r "p ( a petal plac$ on ! palm ( ! h&1 always place ! petal on ! f+]s :5 ! /em ( ! in/rum5t is to be us$4 ,! /em ( cotton wire ,no4 #b4 ,on ?is roll "s pale-yell[ wax2 make x ab\t ! size ( a small plum /one1 ! ?ree smalle/ petals s plac$ t ! edge turns inw>d & ! po9ts meet1 leav+ ! base ( ea* petal j t\*+ ! wire /em2 ?ree ( ! next size mu/ n[ be plac$ on betwe5 ! prec$+1 slightly rais$4 ,x is f\nd t ! mo/ exp$iti\s me?od ( fix+ ! petals ( ?is fl[] is to take a small piece ( :ite wax1 z l>ge z ! head ( p9 ,no4 #b1 us$ z a waf]1 only )\t be+ wet4 ,place ?is at ! bottom ( ea* petal1 x w !n only require c>ry+ to its place & firmly press+ ) ! f+] or po9t ( ! ivory p9 to make x adh]e2 ?is is bo? quick] & m easily p]=m$ ?an ) gum wat]4 ,! ?ree foll[+ sizes may be arrang$ 9 ! same ord]1 & ea* set /&+ high] up & spread+ op5 z ! petals increase 9 size2 all ! rema9+ petals plac$ on 9 r[s1 gradually gett+ !m to b5d ov]1 s t ! la/ /& at "r angles ) ! /alk2 ! calyx cut f pale gre5 /em pap]1 ?ick5$ by ! use ( wax1 ?is requires ! edges to be curl$1 s z to give a r\nd$ appe>ance4 ,! edges %\ld be %ad$ ) br[n1 :i* may be appli$ ) a small sable bru%2 a bud plac$ close to ! fl[]1 & "s good d>k leaves be+ add$1 we h "o ( ! mo/ p]fect repres5tations ( nature to be obta9$ 9 pap]4 ,,rose4 7,gloire de ,dijon47 ,cut f pale yell[ %ad$ pap]1 petals ,nos4 #a 7! outside petal7 & #b1 & f %ad$ pap] ( a light] %ade1 b hav+ p9k 9 ! middle ( ! /ripe1 s plac+ ! patt]n on ! pap] z to br+ ! po9t$ end ( x to ! d>ke/ "p ( ! pap]1 & s fold x z to all[ ( eight petals be+ cut at once4 ,sixte5 ( ea* size w be requir$4 ,cut (f a prop] l5g? ( ! m$ium cotton wire1 b5d ov] ! top ( x sev]al times1 s z to make a head to x ab\t ! size ( a pea1 on ?is tie a few ( ! prop] /am5s1 & ar\nd x roll a small quantity ( pale gre5 wax4 ,all ! petals %\ld be treat$ z foll[s1 z a prep>ation = o!r m\ld+4 ,take eight petals ( a size1 place !m on ! palm ( ! left h&1 s t !y c be held 9 _! place by "o ( ! f+]s ( ! same h&1 hold+ 9 ! "r h& p9 ,no4 #a1 s t x may revolve easily r\nd ! edge ( ! petals1 held z describ$ 9 ! o!r h&4 ,! object ( ?is roll+ ( ! edge is to ov]come ! h>d or unnatural look ( ! pap]1 & is ess5tial z a prep>atory /ep to all o!r model+4 ,?is done1 turn ! bun* ( petals1 press !m 9 ! c5t] ) ! f+]1 aft] :i* roll ov] all p>ts ( x except+ ! edge1 ) ! head ( p9 ,no4 #b1 ?is w leave ! edge ( ! petals turn$ backw>ds1 & ?is m\ld+ mu/ be cont9u$ until suffici5t r\ndness has be5 obta9$4 ,sep>ate ! petals4 ,?is is be/ done f ! po9ts1 s z n to dis>range ! =m already giv5 to !m4 ,take five ( ! smalle/ petals1 place ea* on ! h& z be=e describ$ sep>ately1 & ) ! head ( p9 ,no4 #b1 ind5t x deeply d[n its c5t]1 beg9n+ at ! top1 s z to curve ! petal1 t :5 plac$ on ! f\ndation already prep>$ !y w curl ov] & ne>ly conceal x4 ,^! mu/ be ti$ on ) silk4 ,to =m ! gr\ps ( petals1 take two ( ! smalle/1 & ?ree ( ! next size2 ! smalle/ place 9 front1 ! l>g] beh9d1 & s arrange t ea* petal %\ld be slightly elevat$ above ! "o 9 front ( x2 hold !m toge!r by ! po9ts1 & !n op5 ! petals f ! top1 s z to be able to ins]t ! end ( a f9e gum bru%2 a m]e spot ( gum is all t is requir$1 z mu* z possible 9 ! c5t] ( ! petal1 s z to leave ! edges p]fectly free4 ,place ?is bun* ( petals on ! h&1 z be=e direct$1 & r\nd x 9 ! same mann]1 only n to ! same ext5t4 ,five or m ( ! bun*es or ne/s ( petals are requir$4 ,ea* %\ld be plac$ 9 its prop] position1 & ti$ ) floss silk4 ,! two next sizes ( petals mu/ be treat$ 9 a simil> mann]1 & plac$ on beh9d ! bun*es already fix$1 s z1 9 fact1 to give to ! c5t] ( ! fl[] ! appe>ance ( be+ divid$ into five or m divisions4 ,petals ,no4 #c1 require ! same r\nd+ z appli$ to ! prec$+1 two or ?ree be+ plac$ toge!r1 giv+ !m a m op5 =m2 fix ^! r\nd ! petals already on4 ,elevate !m1 s z to produce ! cup %ape obs]vable 9 ne>ly all good roses4 ,z ! petals become l>g]1 ! ?umb is f\nd m conv5i5t ?an ! f+]1 x m quickly produces ! r\ndness on :i* ! beauty ( a rose s mu* dep5ds4 ,! l>g] petals mu/ be treat$ 9 a simil> mann]1 only ! edges require to turn back ) m fre$om & boldness1 & ! petals gradually rec$+1 s t ^? plac$ on la/ w /& ne>ly at "r angles ) ! /em1 9 "s cases be+ ev5 m b5t backw>ds4 ,two or ?ree ( ! la/ may be slightly %ad$ ) gre5 at ! base1 & c>m9e & burnt si5na at ! edge1 s z to give ! fad$ appe>ance ( ! out] petals4 ,frequ5t ref]5ce %\ld be made to ! illu/ration ( ! fl[] or its p>ts z ! "w proce$s2 ! calyx %\ld !n be pass$ up ! /em1 s z to fit close to ! back ( ! fl[]1 & ! /em cov]$ ) pale gre5 /em pap]4 ,add a bud or two4 ,^! %\ld appe> close "u ! out] petals ( ! fl[]4 ,! leaves />t f ! junction ( ^! /ems1 be+ set r\nd1 ea* a little l[] ?an ! prec$+4 ,!y %\ld be color$ & poli%$ z direct$ 9 8g5]al obs]vations10 to give !m ! bold & waxy appe>ance se5 9 ?is des]v$ly popul> & beautiful rose4 ,,p9k ,,fu*sia4 7,du*ess ( ,lanca/]47 ,place a %eet ( pale yell[ wax$ musl9 betwe5 two %eets ( pale p9k %ad$ pap]4 ,s arrange ! patt]n z to br+ ! po9ts to ! :ite1 & ! d>k] %ade ( color to come to ab\t ! c5t]4 ,cut ! f\r petals f deep *]ry pap]1 made ?ick z be=e describ$4 ,! sepals1 to be plac$ on ! h&1 & ) ! head ( p9 ,no4 #b1 g5tly roll f ! po9ts1 s z to produce a numb] ( fa9t l9es1 & also to unite ! pap] & wax firmly toge!r1 giv+ at ! same "t ! prop] transp>5cy & gloss4 ,! petals require consid]able work+ ) ! l>ge p91 to give !m ! r\ndness necess>y aft] !y are =m$4 ,!y w require %ad+ ) a mixture ( c>m9e & 8mag5ta10 put on ) a l>ge t9t+ bru%1 ! color be+ almo/ dry4 ,! pi/il made ( a l>ge :ite se$1 :i* mu/ be atta*$ to a piece ( f9e cotton wire4 ,ab\t two in*es f ! edge ( pi/il roll r\nd "s wax or cotton wool1 !n add eight /am5s4 ,^! w n be z long z ! pi/il2 !y mu/ be %ad$ ) p9k2 top ( pi/il ( a pale gre5 color4 ,/am5s may h a small quantity ( :ite poll5 on !m2 & ?is be+ f9i%$1 fa/5 on ) a small quantity ( wax ! f\r petals1 & !n tie !m ) silk4 ,! neck ( ! fl[] c be made ei!r ( wax or wool1 ! =m] be+ ! be/4 ,! f\r sepals hav+ be5 prop]ly b5t1 are n[ plac$ on1 great c>e be+ tak5 9 =m+ !m p]fectly on ! neck be=e m5tion$1 :i*1 if x is made ( wax1 c be done by roll+ ov] ea* petal z x is plac$ on ) /em ( ivory p92 b %\ld wool be us$1 ! petals mu/ be fa/5$ on ) gum4 ,,arrangem5t ,,or ,,gr\p+ ,,( ,,fl[]s4 ,! light] fl[]s1 bo? ( =m & color1 %\ld be s plac$ z to be at ! top1 except+ su* fl[]s z passion fl[]1 fu*sia1 etc41 :i* are droop+ or climb+ plants4 ,aim at simplicity 9 color+ r ?an too great a mixture1 :i* gives a confus$ look4 ,! foliage is us$ z a backgr\nd2 !re %\ld be no /9t ( ?is4 ,! great fault obs]vable 9 ! arrangem5t ( b\quets1 :e!r natural or artificial1 is t !y r>ely h ! leaves br\ght z prom95tly =w>d z !y %\ld be1 consequ5tly ! b\quet loses bo? "* & elegance4 ,f]ns1 ( :i* !re is n[ s l>ge & beautiful a collection1 add v mu* to ! elegance ( ! b\quet4 ,,examples ,,9 ,,gr\p+4 ,no4 #a1 ,roses4 ,gloire de ,dijon1 apricot2 ,geant de ,bataille1 sc>let & purple2 ,aimee ,vib]t1 small :ite2 p9k cabbage2 =get-me-n2 maid5 hair f]n4 ,no4 #b4 ,rhodod5dron1 crimson2 r$ spott$ d42 deep p9k d42 pale d42 :ite d4 ,"s l>ge f]ns & orange azaleas ( v>i\s %ades4 ,no4 #c4 ,:ite camellias2 r$ camellias2 pale yell[ azalea2 p9k fu*sia2 deep blue c9]>ia2 ribbon grass4 ,no4 #d4 ,passion fl[] 7v>i\s72 fu*sias2 ?unb]gia2 hop2 ivy leaves4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,mat]ials1 ,,tools1 c4 ,m\ld+ p9s1 m\ld]s1 p9c]s1 t9t+ bru%es1 scissors1 ?ree sizes ( cotton wire1 silk = ty+1 f9e wire = ty+1 gum wat]4 ,,colors ,,9 ,,p[d]4 ,c>m9e1 burnt si5na1 ,prussian blue1 ultram>9e1 *rome #a1 #b & #c1 :ite1 mag5ta1 violet4 ,,moi/ ,,colors4 ,c>m9e1 lake1 violet4 ,! pap]s mo/ us$ are3 ,:ite tissue1 c>m9e1 p9ks 7v>i\s71 %ad$ = roses 7v>i\s71 /em pap] 7gre5 & br[n71 violet1 #c %ades1 yell[s1 sc>let = poppies1 etc4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,fr5* ,,art4 ,illu/ration ,a ,,beautiful ,,& ,,practical ,,process ,,= ,,decorat+ ,,wood1 ,,lea!r1 ,,silk ,,& ,,o!r ,,fabrics4 ,x is simple to p]=m1 durable1 & v effective4 ,! designs are pr9t$ 9 colors1 ^u pap] s prep>$ t aft] !y are cem5t$ to ! surface ( ! article int5d$ to be decorat$1 by simply damp5+ ! back ( ! pap]1 x may be at once & entirely remov$1 & ! f9i%$ "w exactly resemble pa9t+2 no?+ b ! color$ designs rema9+ ^u ! "w4 ,suppose t a :ite e>!nw>e or porcela9 plate is ! object to decorate3 ,take ! design1 & aft] hav+ cut (f ! l>g] portion ( ! m>g9 ( ! pap]1 pass ov] ! color$ design1 f9e bru%1 a slight coat ( ,fa/5+ ,v>ni%1 be+ c>eful to cov] ! :ole ( ! design & n g beyond ! outl9es4 ,:5 ! v>ni% has p>tially dri$1 or has become 8tacky10 :i* w happ5 9 five or t5 m9utes1 place ! v>ni%$ surface 9 ! position y wi% x to occupy ^u ! plate1 & !n press x well d[n ) ! roll]2 !n take a damp piece ( clo? or sponge & press well ! back ( ! picture1 7if y 7 decorat+ a curv$ surface1 su* z a vase1 ! ivory knife may be us$ = ! purpose71 & all[ x to rema9 = a m9ute or two1 !n ?or\ghly wet ! back ( ! design & raise ! pap] ) ! h& ev5ly & c>efully4 ,n[ wa% ! picture1 :i* is transf]r$ z g5tly z possible ) ! wat] bru%1 to remove any soil2 ?is done1 c>efully press ! "w ) a piece ( f9e l95 slightly wett$1 s z to absorb ! wat] & ne>ly dry ! design1 ?is prev5ts x f bli/]+ & causes ! "w to dry flat & ev5ly4 ,!n aft] hav+ left x at lea/ "o day1 apply a coat ( ret\*+ v>ni%1 & ! "w is complete4 ,to ,decorate ,silk & o!r ,delicate ,fabrics4 ,apply a coat+ ( fa/5+ v>ni%1 & all[ x to dry1 !n ) ! wat] bru%1 wa% ! pap] surr\nd+ ! design c>efully2 ?is removes f ! pap] ! prep>ation :i* w\ld o!rwise soil ! silk2 n[ apply a second coat ( ! same v>ni%1 & :5 ?is has slightly dri$1 place ! design ^u ! silk or o!r fabric to be decorat$1 & ) ! roll] press x well d[n4 ,) ! wat] bru% wet ! back ( ! pap] cov]+ ! design & ! pap] may be at once lift$ (f4 ,ano!r ,me?od4 ,cut out ! design c>efully & cov] x ) a ?9 coat+ ( fa/5+ v>ni%1 & all[ x to dry1 !n lay x ^u ! silk or o!r fabric1 & roll ?or\ghly2 damp5 ! back ( ! pap] ) ! wat] bru%1 & lift x (f z previ\sly direct$4 ,to ,decorate ,articles ( a ,d>k ,color4 ,9 decorat+ ,japann$ goods1 or any d>k mat]ial1 x is necess>y to take ! prep>$ pictures cov]$ ) :ite lead or gold back1 & foll[ ! directions z be=e4 ,%\ld !re be any design y wi% to remove1 or any spots ( v>ni% accid5tally dropp$ ^u ! article decorat$1 y c easily remove x by apply+ ! cl>ifi$ spirits4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a few ( ! _m articles :i* c be easily & advantage\sly decorat$4 ,vases1 tr9ket /&s1 & o!r ornam5ts 9 :ite *9a1 ) or )\t a bord] ( gold2 tea or c(fee s]vices 9 *9a1 e>!nw>e1 or ,bohemian glass2 dess]t s]vices1 fl[] pots & boxes1 c&le/icks1 urn & jug /&s1 c>riages1 sleighs1 wagons1 furniture1 t9w>e1 & _m o!r *9a articles :i* h be5 made expressly = decoration by ?is art2 :ite wood articles1 /raw d9n] mats1 silk or clo? s(a cu%ions1 sc5t bags1 slipp]s1 h& scre5s1 fans1 ribbons1 articles 9 ivory1 book cov]s2 inde$ x is difficult to say :at ornam5tal article may n be ?us decorat$1 f ! panels ( a room to ! t9y articles ( ! dress+ table4 ,to ! h\se decorator ?is art (f]s a complete sub/itute = ! co/ly process ( h& pa9t+ = panels ( rooms1 & o!r portions ( 8 "w :i* require arti/ic embelli%m5t4 ,z to ! *oice ( subjects1 ( c\rse t mu/ be left to individual ta/e4 ,! v>iety is l>ge1 compris+ fl[]s1 birds1 figures & l&scapes1 ( all dim5sions & 9 e /yle1 ! beautiful products ( ,sevres1 ! works ( mod]n arti/s1 & inlaid woods4 ,! bru%es may be easily clean$ ) a little ( ! cl>ifi$ spirits1 z well z any accid5tal spots ( ! v>ni%es ^u ! dress4 ,z all designs are cov]$ ) gold1 or pla91 ! latt] w %[ on a :ite gr\nd only1 & are mo/ly us$ = ladies' "w4 ,! cov]$ designs w %[ on any gr\nd1 d>k or light1 & are pr9cipally us$ = manufactur+ purposes1 su* z t91 wood5w>e1 etc4 ,,wax ,,art4 ,fl[]s & ,fruit ,,) ,,in/ructions ,,= ,,mak+ ,,! ,,wax ,,& ,,molds1 ,,mat]ials ,,us$1 ,,etc4 ,wax ,art 0 suppos$ to h rea*$ ! height ( p]fection _m ye>s ago1 b s9ce ! inv5tion ( ! v>i\s ma*9es = cutt+ & mold+ designs into =m f wax1 ! rapidity ) :i* ! "w is execut$1 & ! endless v>iety ( arti/ic productions 9 wax art1 x is evid5t p]fection has n yet be5 rea*$1 & we are l$ to believe x susceptible ( atta9+ a /ill high] degree ( excell5ce4 ,! reason ( its be+ taught s little dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s is ow+ pr9cipally to ! fact ( its simplicity s9ce ! use ( molds & cutt]s1 s arti/ically arrang$ t ! =m ( any desir$ leaf or fl[] may be *isel$ out at w1 f ! v>ieties ( color$ wax be=e y4 ,no?+ 9 fancy "w excels ! art ( mak+ ,wax ,fl[]s = int]e/1 amusem5t & fasc9ation4 ,only a few tools are requir$4 ,a good eye = colors & a little ta/e 9 arrang+ !m4 ,!re are two di/9ct me?ods4 ,fir/1 ,by ,mold+ ,!m4 ,all tubul> fl[]s mu/ be made by molds1 viz3 ,calla lily1 lily ( ! valley1 iris1 morn+ glory1 sc>let cypress v9e1 /ephanotis1 & all o!r fl[]s tubul> or labiat$4 ,a good set ( wood5 molds1 c>v$ c>efully1 is ! be/1 b any lady c prep>e h] own molds 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,get y\r fl[] fre% z possible1 & /& x 9 wat] to give x p]fect /r5g?4 ,fix a little pa/ebo>d box1 or any small cup %ap$ box2 prep>e ^! y\rself ) /rips ( pa/ebo>d1 "s l>g] or small]1 j accord+ to ! size ( leaf or fl[] y int5d to mold f2 mix ! f9e/ d5ti/s' pla/] ( p>is1 7practice alone c p]fect "o 9 ! prop] consi/5cy71 & p\r x into ! fl[]1 hav+ en\gh mix$ to fill x & cov] e little "p ( ! fl[]1 let x rema9 until h>d1 te> (f ! fl[]1 & y h a p]fect mold1 e little ve9 & impression p]fectly tak54 ,) a %>p knife trim (f all ragg$ edges & sup]abundant pla/]1 leav+ y\r mold small z possible1 & light] to h&le4 ,^! leaf molds are mu* bett] = all uses1 ev5 = %eet$ wax fl[]s1 ?an ^? metal molds t cut ! wax1 & nev] give ! fibr\s look ne$$ = a natural look+ leaf4 ,! lily ( ! valley ne$s a wood5 mold1 ! fl[] is s delicate a pla/] mold _c be made4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,wax = ,mold$ ,fl[]s4 ,^! recipes are ( ! times ( our great gr&mo!rs1 :o kept a few bees 9 _! g>d5s1 mak+ honey f ! fields ( sweet clov]1 ! apple & o!r fruit blossoms 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 & buck:eat pat*es 9 ! summ]4 ,! wax 0 br[n1 & !y blea*$ x by melt+ x1 cl>ify+ x by select+ ! :ite/1 runn+ x (f 9 ?9 %eets1 & lay+ x 9 ! hot sun to blea*4 ,all blea*]ies d ?is on a l>g] or small] scale4 ,aft] blea*+ ! wax :ite z musl91 y c make y\r p>lor mantel ornam5ts ( x4 ,keep a set ( t9 cups = y\r diff]5t t9ts ( wax1 y\r :ite cup be+ ! l>ge/4 ,to ,mold a ,calla ,lily4 ,h ready a bas9 ( hot soap suds1 /rong z possible ( soap1 & hot1 s t y\r lily w be smoo?1 n lumpy or bubbly4 ,melt y\r wax by sett+ ! t9 cup 9 boil+ wat]1 z glue is melt$4 ,to e p\nd ( :ite wax add a tube ( ,w9sor ,newton's flake :ite pa9t1 dissolv$ & ?or\ghly mix$ ) "o tablespoonful balsam fir1 or ,v5etian turp5t9e1 & half table spoonful ( dissolv$ gum ma/ic1 ! :ite/ possible4 ,?is is a good recipe = %eet+ wax = y\r own use1 & w be giv5 bel[ 9 prep>ations = %eet$ wax fl[]s4 ,y\r liquid be+ ?or\ghly mix$ 9 two cups1 y\r :ite & yell[ *rome cup1 ! yell[ prep>$ exactly l ! :ite1 only yell[ *rome pa9t sub/itut$ = ! :ite tube pa9t2 y\r molds all prep>$ by /&+ soak$ 9 ! hot soap suds1 y comm5ce ) ! yell[ cup1 dipp+ y\r spadix mold1 or ! c5t] ( ! lily1 9 ! yell[ cup1 mak+ z _m spadix z y wi% to make lilies4 ,aft] f9i%+ dipp+ spadix1 y take y\r :ite cup & l>ge mold1 dipp+ once & lett+ x cool a mom5t1 & !n imm]s+ ! second "t1 to give a d\ble ?ickness to ! heavy portions ( ! fl[]4 ,a hundr$ lilies c be mold$ 9 an h\r4 ,! /ems ( wire c be prep>$ next4 ,fa/5 ! spadix to ! /em1 & slip ! /em ?r\gh ! hole at ! bottom ( ! mold$ fl[]1 !n ) a bru% dipp$ 9 ! hot gre5 cup sold] ! :ole toge!r1 spadix1 /em & fl[]4 ,all mold$ fl[]s are made exactly alike4 ,all tools dipp$ fir/ 9 hot suds = e fl[]1 aft] 9 ! hot wax4 ,x is well1 z a rule1 to make all :ite fl[]s fir/--aft]w>d1 ! color$ fl[]s4 ,all v>iegat$ fl[]s are pa9t$ ) a bru%1 us+ ,w9sor ,newton's moi/ wat] colors4 ,all yell[ fl[]s1 l ,?unb]gia1 spadix ( lilies1 etc41 by dipp+ 9 ! yell[ cup4 ,a sc>let cup = sc>let fl[]s1 blue = blue fl[]s1 rose color$ = roses1 ,naples yell[ = s(rano & tea rose t9ts4 ,all roses & d\ble fl[]s are made ( sep>ate petals mold$ & jo9$ toge!r aft]w>d4 ,all l>ge leaves %\ld be mold$1 & all small leaves1 all dipp$ 9 ! gre5 cup4 ,y\r gre5 cup is made ( all y\r refuse colors melt$ toge!r1 & ! tube gre5 t9t add$4 ,nev] use any d>k] tubes ?an ,no4 #a *rome gre54 ,y\r olive & o!r t9ts are made by ! refuse t9ts ?r[n 9 f ! dripp+s ( r$1 yell[1 purple1 & odd t9ts4 ,directions = ,%eet+ ,wax4 ,to e p\nd ( blea*$ wax1 aft] dissolv+ ?or\ghly 9 an out] crucible ( hot wat]1 add #a oz4 balsam ( fir1 or ,v5etian turp5t9e1 9 :i* dissolve a little res91 :ite or ma/ic4 ,if :ite wax is desir$1 "o & "o-half tube ,w9sor ,newton's flake :ite pa9t %\ld be add$--yell[1 orange or rose1 & j :at o!r t9ts are requir$4 ,all %eet$ wax by ma*9e is fir/ mold$ into squ>e blocks or bricks1 & ! ma*9e slices (f ! %eets4 ,b ^! ma*9es are exp5sive1 & no lady c>es to h "o :o only makes wax fl[]s = pleasure4 ,gre5 wax is made f ! dripp+s ( all ! o!r t9ts1 & f ! yell[ unblea*$ wax1 ) gre5 tube pa9t add$4 ,aft] prep>+ y\r cup ( melt$ wax1 h ready a pla/] mold made on a tea sauc] or tea plate4 ,dip y\r mold 9 hot soap suds1 = fl[] mold+1 & ) a small ladle p\r ov] its wet surface ! melt$ wax1 trimm+ (f ! sides & mak+ ev5 %eets1 remelt+ ! clipp+s & re%eet+ x4 ,a wood5 spaddle size ( ord9>y %eet wax is sometimes made1 & us$ in/ead ( ! pla/] mold1 call$ paddle wax1 & a great _m tea*]s use a bottle1 dipp+ ! bottle1 & =m+ wax ?9 at "o end1 ?ick] at ! o!r4 ,ei!r pla/]1 wood or glass mu/ be dipp$ 9 ! hot suds betwe5 e dipp+ 9 hot melt$ wax4 ,wax ,fruit is made 9 molds1 & is always us$ ) ! pa9ts 9 prep>+ ! crude wax1 & pa9t$ aft]w>ds ) dry p[d] pa9t4 ,almo/ all molds = ,wax ,fruit %\ld be made 9 halves--pe>s 9 ?ree pieces--& "s fruits require ! mold 9 sev]al pieces4 ,unless ! molds are p]fect ! fruit w be defective1 & no?+ c make x beautiful :5 x is once mold$ wrong4 ,y\r fruit %\ld be p]fect1 & 9 mak+ y\r molds c>e %\ld be tak5 t !re are no op5 places or leaks 9 ! molds4 ,grease y\r lemon1 apple1 orange1 or :atev] is to be mold$1 well fir/ 9 e "p4 ,h ready y\r pa/ebo>d cup1 made a trifle l>g] ?an y\r fruit1 ne>ly fill+ y\r cup ) ! pla/]1 mix$ ) cold wat] to ! consi/5cy ( p\nd cake unbak$4 ,y\r fruit be+ oil$1 be v c>eful to s9k x d[n j half 9 ! dissolv$ pla/]4 ,if y d n get 9 half1 or if y s9k x 9 m ?an half1 y w h an imp]fect mold1 & y\r fruit w be defective4 ,a little c>e makes x p]fect4 ,z soon z ! pla/] is a little h>d5$1 ) a p5 knife make f\r holes 9 ! out] pla/] rim1 n t\*+ ! fruit4 ,^! holes1 half an in* deep1 are to hold ! top ( y\r mold2 lock x into ! l[] half1 bl[ (f all loose pieces ( pla/]1 & :5 completely h>d5$1 oil ! top ( ! fruit & ! new half pla/] mold1 & ! holes = ! locks2 !n prep>e ! second half4 ,be sure & h y\r pla/] fre% & /rong1 :5 ?or\ghly mix$ to ! same consi/5cy z ! fir/1 p\r ov] ! fruit into ! pa/ebo>d cup1 & ev5 x all ov]4 ,leave x /&+ a good half h\r1 !n remove ! pa/ebo>d cup1 & if ! mold seems h>d5$1 c>efully op5 x1 be+ c>eful n to break (f ! locks1 = ^u ! p]fection ( ^! consi/s ! p]fection ( ! fruit4 ,9 a basket ( fruit1 lady apples are beautiful1 crab apples1 ,seckle pe>s1 ,b>tlett pe>s1 a lemon1 an orange or two1 ,cali=nia plums1 two pea*es1 & grapes are desirable4 ,two p\nds ( wax w make ?is elegant v>iety4 ,none ( ! fruit %\ld be l>ge--all small1 high colors1 & p]fect 9 pa9t+4 ,aft] prep>+ y\r set ( molds1 prep>e y\r wax1 z be=e direct$1 & !re %\ld be twelve gill1 or half-p9t cups kept ready = ?is "w1 ) ! diff]5t t9ts4 ,a small %>p p\r+ sp\t on ea* cup is a great help4 ,! half-p9t cups be+ g5]ally us$ = apples1 pea*es1 pe>s1 oranges & lemons2 ! plums1 *]ries1 & little fruits are made ) ! gill cups4 ,all fruit mak]s1 ma/]s1 w tell y to be v c>eful & n get too deep t9ts2 = a lemon use common lemon *rome pa9t1 dry2 orange1 orange *rome1 dry1 & aft] mak+ ^? two fruits1 y make f ! same cups y\r apples1 pea*es & pe>s1 because ! solid1 cle> color is ne$$ fir/1 & aft]1 y c pa9t !m to _! natural t9t4 #a/1 ,lemon4 ,mat* ! color ( ! wax to ! lemon y imitate4 ,dry pat5t p[d]$ yell[1 gives a spl5did lemon t9t4 ,aft] melt+ & t9t+ y\r wax1 two cakes = "o lemon1 h ready y\r mold--rememb] t e mold mu/ be soak$ 9 hot1 /rong soap suds--h ! upp] half ready to put on z soon z y\r l[] half is fill$ ) ! hot wax4 ,p\r 9 ! ev5 half ( ! mold ) ! melt$ wax fir/4 ,nev] all[ any to slop ov] ! edge4 ,place on ! upp] half imm$iately & lock closely toge!r1 hold+ !m clasp$ & turn+ !m g5tly ov] & ov]1 keep+ e "p 9 a sl[1 /eady motion until ! liquid s\nd has all ceas$4 ,ab\t t5 m9utes is ne$$ to e piece ( fruit ! size ( a lemon or an orange4 ,let !m /& inside ! mold = "s "t1 op5+ v c>efully4 ,if y\r mold is p]fect1 v little trimm+ w be requir$4 ,) a %>p p5knife remove e trace ( ! rim :]e ! fruit mold jo9$ toge!r1 & wa% (f ) b5z9e1 rubb+ a little dry p[d] ov] ! lemon to give x a fre% pick$ appe>ance1 & pa9t+ ! /em end ) wat] colors4 ,orange is made precisely l ! lemon1 only orange *rome is us$ in/ead ( lemon4 ,apples are made f ! lemon cup or ! orange cup1 ) a little gre5 *rome add$ to v>y ! f\ndation t9t1 & aft] mold+1 trimm+ & wa%+ (f ) b5z9e1 pa9t r$ ) dry c>m9e1 produc+ a spl5did effect4 ,pea*es mold$ f ! lemon cup1 or orange1 accord+ to ! t9t requir$4 ,! fault ) fruit-mak]s consi/s 9 gett+ too deep a color 9 ! cup1 or melt$ t9t1 & t always produces ! co>se effect ( ! fruits usually display$4 ,pea*es %\ld be mold$ ( a v delicate f\ndation t9t1 fir/ trimm$ :ile hot f ! mold1 z little rubb+ z possible on !m1 pa9t$ hot1 & aft] ! c>m9e *eeks are rubb$ on1 7dry p[d]$ c>m9e be+ us$71 :ite flock %\ld be rubb$ all ov] !m1 to give !m ! s(t1 d[ny effect4 ,plums are pa9t$ ) ultram>9e or indigo blue add$ to ! c>m9e4 ,grapes are made ov] glass globes1 bl[n = ! purpose1 fir/ /emm$1 !n dipp$ 9 gre5 or purple wax1 & bloom$ ov] ) corn meal 7sift$ on !m74 ,! ,cali=nia grapes are easy to imitate1 = ! gre5 wax1 aft] dipp+1 simply ne$s a little c>m9e pa9t+ outside4 ,no cross1 piece ( /atu>y1 or vase1 c ev] be tak5 f ! molds unless ! molds are made 9 a numb] ( pieces4 ,aft] runn+ ! body ( a cross1 !re mu/ be a /&>d ?r\gh ! upright be=e x h>d5s1 to support x4 ,p\r ! l[] "p on aft]w>d4 ,molds = ,leaves1 consi/+ ( a great v>iety ( beautiful =mations1 f almo/ e tree or %rub 9 nature's g>d54 ,among ! numb] y h to select f are3 ,oak1 maple1 myrtle1 lily ( ! valley1 ivy1 will[1 currant1 *]ry1 grape1 orange1 /rawb]ry1 blackb]ry1 *e/nut1 etc41 etc4 ,wet ! molds be=e plac+ !m 9 wax1 to prev5t !m f /ick+4 ,x w require b a little "t = y to become famili> ) ! me?od ( cutt+ & mold+ ! leaves & fl[]s1 & by ! aid ( y\r good judgm5t & exquisite ta/e y may soon be able to arrange 9 =m almo/ any leaf or fl[] y may desire to see produc$ 9 wax4 ,wires4 ,! wire us$ = mak+ ! /ems & bran*es is cov]$ ) silk or cotton1 & ( diff]5t colors1 & c be _h 9 coils or by ! spool1 ea* spool conta9+ f tw5ty to tw5ty-five y>ds4 ,pap] wire comes 9 bun*es4 ,silv] wire on spools or 9 ske9s4 ,/eel ,mold+ ,p9s4 ,! mold+ p9s are us$ = mold+ & *ang+ ! wax leaves & fl[]s into =m desir$1 be=e plac+ !m ^u ! /em4 ,!y are made ( /eel ) glass & porcela9 heads4 ,sizes run f #a to #h4 ,moss c be _h by ! package1 or small sprig1 = moss roses4 ,miscellane\s ,articles4 ,glass %ades1 glass balls = imitat+ currants1 grapes1 *]ries1 & o!r fruit1 small sable bru%es1 & dry or liquid colors = t9t+4 ,! ,wax1 consi/+ ( a great v>iety ( colors1 y c pur*ase by ! %eet4 ,! size ( a %eet ( wax is #ce in*es4 ,hav+ giv5 ^? :o desire to d wax "w an outl9e ( ! art1 ) ! mat]ials us$1 & ! me?od ( apply+ !m1 ,i leave ! re/ ) ! le>n]1 :o requires ta/e = ! art1 & p]sev]ance to acquire excell5ce4 ,,! ,,new ,,spr9kle ,,"w ,illu/ration ,,= ,,! ,,beautiful ,,decoration ,,( ,,wood ,,& ,,*9a ,,ornam5ts4 ,an idea ( turn+ ! /&>d accompli%m5ts ( ! day into a remun]ative1 z well z an agreeable occupation = "o's leisure h\rs1 has 9 ! pa/ few ye>s s ass]t$ itself 9 ! ref9$ female _w1 t ! /udy ( wood pa9t+1 & et*+ ) ! p51 z well z ! production ( spr9kle "w1 are n[ all mu* s\ght aft]4 ,!re is no o!r h&iwork t (f]s su* enjoym5t1 to ^? possess$ ( a s5se ( ! beautiful1 z ! diff]5t me?ods ( wood decoration4 ,:ile ! /udy & practice requisite 9 difficult et*+1 & ! decorative embelli%m5t ( useful articles ) /yli% ornam5tation1 makes "o an ackn[l$g$ arti/1 s ?r\gh ! m$ium ( spr9kle "w1 ) ! ev] new & beautiful effects to be produc$ by ! aid ( press$ leaves & fl[]s1 or by ! simple me?od ( pa9t+ b\quets & l&scapes ^u wood1 !re is endless scope = ! ta/e ( ! amateur4 ,spr9kle "w ^u wood1 ! subject ( ?is article1 is easily acquir$4 ,9 ! manipulation ( ! mat]ials requir$1 good ta/e is all t is necess>y1 al?\gh a k ( draw+ is ( great advantage4 ,besides ! possession ( ! necess>y ut5sils = ! production ( spr9kle "w1 "o %\ld n fail to secure a ri* assortm5t ( leaves1 grasses & fl[]s1 adapt$ to ! purpose4 ,a walk 9 ! c\ntry 9 ! e>ly spr+ or autumn w provide "o ) a goodly quantity ( lovely mat]ial2 or suitable specim5s c be procur$ f "s neighbor+ flori/4 ,!re are s _m fancy articles prep>$ = ?is "w1 upw>ds ( a ?\s&1 t x is well to h a great v>iety ( leaves1 grasses & o!r designs1 su* z figures1 initials1 monograms1 mottoes1 arabesques1 butt]flies1 etc41 cut f pap]1 s t "o c produce f ! simple/ to ! mo/ elaborate arrangem5t4 ,! press+ & dry+ ( leaves is s well kn[n t we ne$ n ref] to x "h1 b x is well to select leaves ( p]fect =m1 z ! correct+ ( defici5cies sometimes de/roys ! entire "w4 ,! leaves be/ adapt$ = ?is "w are3 ,ivy1 oak1 clov]1 g]anium1 rose1 myrtle1 g5tian1 maple1 edelweiss & f]ns1 avoid+ ! ?ick1 fle%y foliage plants4 ,x is advisable = beg9n]s to arrange _! designs ^u a piece ( wood or pap] be=eh&1 to judge ( ! effect4 ,b\quets are appropriate = ! small] articles to be decorat$1 wrea?s = l>g] or r\nd pieces4 ,= ^? m advanc$1 ,konewka's silh\ettes are recomm5d$4 ,) ^! & ! addition ( a little pa9t+1 highly arti/ic effects c be produc$4 ,ut5sils4 ,! necess>y ut5sils c be procur$ 9 complete outfits1 neatly arrang$ 9 cases ( diff]5t sizes4 ,! cont5ts are z foll[s3 ,"o wire sieve1 ) h&le1 "o co>se pa9t+ bru%1 "o f9e pa9t+ bru%1 ?ree hundr$ p9s1 "o small pair ( p9c]s1 sev]al *9a sauc]s1 "o tube prep>$ ,v&yke br[n1 "o draw+ p51 "o ,h]b>ium ) artificial leaves & space = ! pres]vation ( natural leaves & fl[]s1 "o envelope conta9+ initials1 six models ( leaves4 ,9 work+ ) ! sieve & bru%1 an irregul> di/ribution ( color is made almo/ impossible4 ,! pr9cipal colors us$ 9 spr9kle "w are ! foll[+3 ,prep>$ sepia1 ,v&yke br[n1 black1 & d>k gre54 ,a mixture ( black & br[n w produce q a numb] ( %ades4 ,! colors us$ are wat] colors1 specially prep>$1 & come ei!r 9 tubes 9 a moi/ /ate1 or 9 cakes :i* require moi/5+4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 n to get ! color too ?ick4 ,process ( ,spr9kl+ on ,wood4 ,aft] ! mat]ials1 leaves1 etc41 requisite = ! "w h be5 select$1 take ! article to be decorat$ & score x g5tly ) a small quantity ( p[d]$ pumice /one1 appli$ ) a flannel pad1 ?is frees x f any r\ghness or du/ t may h come ^u x ?r\gh h&l+ or transportation4 ,next take a clean clo?1 & wipe all ! p[d] (f4 ,n[ prep>e ! color to be us$ 9 a small porcela9 sauc]1 above all1 be+ c>eful x is suffici5tly dilut$ to fl[ freely1 n muddy2 ab\t ! size ( a pea tak5 f ! tube is suffici5t quantity ( color to a teaspoonful ( wat]4 ,! dri$ leaves or designs are !n fa/5$ to ! wood5 article1 by means ( p9s2 ?is proce$+ mu/ be c>efully c>ri$ out1 ! po9ts1 sides & /ems mu/ be well secur$1 & lie p]fectly flat ^u ! object4 ,9 wrea?s1 ! /ems %\ld be s arrang$ t !y come toge!r 9 ! c5t]1 9 ord] to accompli% a pretty ensemble4 ,n[ take ! sieve 9 "o h& & ! bru% 9 ! o!r1 dip ! bru% lightly into ! dilut$ color1 t x may n be too heavily *>g$ ) ! color1 press x g5tly ^u a piece ( pap]1 & let x glide back & =? ov] ! sieve1 hold+ ! latt] 9 a horizontal position above ! object4 ,9 ?is mann] a f9e %[] is produc$1 :i* is kept up until ! prop] %ade is acquir$4 ,blots1 & :]e ! color has run toge!r1 %\ld be remov$ imm$iately ) blott+ pap]4 ,! f9al arrangem5t ( ! wrea? %\ld be su* t ! leaves & grasses :i* ext5d out fur!/1 & are to h ! d>ke/ %ade1 %\ld be fa/5$ la/1 ov] ! o!rs1 s t !y c be fir/ & m easily remov$ ) ! p9c]s4 ,aft] ! top lay] ( leaves1 etc41 has be5 remov$1 :]e spaces are n[ p]fectly :ite1 ! design %\ld be exam9$1 :e!r any ( ! o!rs h be5 displac$1 proce$ ) ! spr9kle "w z be=e1 & remove f "t to "t1 ! leaves 9 su* a mann] t ^? :i* are to be left entirely :ite1 are left to be remov$ la/ ( all2 ! o!rs are remov$ fir/1 accord+ to ! %ade requir$4 ,! spaces ( ^? remov$ la/ are also spatt]$1 b v lightly1 s t !y may n be too gl>+4 ,! beg9n] w no d\bt cont5t h]self to produce only su* "w 9 "o %ade2 ) m exp]i5ce a v>iety ( %ades may be attempt$4 ,^? hav+ m practice w n be satisfi$ ) ^! alone1 b aft] ! b\quet or g>l& is f9i%$ 9 diff]5t %ades1 w by means ( c>efully spatt]+ ! sep>ate leaves1 seek to br+ out a f9e %ad+ & !reby produce a m p]fect "w2 9 ?is case1 ! entire design1 ) ! exception ( ! "p ( ! leaf to be %ad$1 mu/ be cov]$ ) pap]1 aft] x is p]fectly dry1 s t ! color is n di/ribut$ fur!r ?an ! "p desir$4 ,?r\gh ?is lat] & m difficult "w ! :ole is br\ght out ) a pla/ic effect f ! surface1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! sep>ate lay]s ( ! leaves remov$ w\ld appe> flat & monoton\s 9 _! ext5sions4 ,la/ly1 ! p5 is tak51 & :at ! =ego+ process does n supply1 is put 9 by h&1 to complete ! "w4 ,take ! same color1 only ?ick]1 & draw 9 ! ve9s1 & if necess>y ! entire outl9es1 to br+ out ! "w m boldly4 ,?is be+ f9i%$1 ! clean+ ( ! ut5sils %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,! dri$ leaves place c>efully 9 ! h]b>ium1 ! bru% & sieve wa% ?or\ghly 9 wat]1 ! f9i%$ article all[ to dry 9 a room 7n too w>m71 & aft] a day or two ! v>ni%+ & poli%+ may take place1 9 ord] to give x1 aside f durability & practical purpose1 a m brilliant f9i% & high] value to t :i* has be5 accompli%$ ) su* c>e4 ,v>ni%+ & ,poli%+4 ,procure a bottle ( 8wood v>ni%10 prep>$ expressly = ! purpose4 ,?is %\ld be appli$ to small] articles1 z its peculi> prop]ties make ! poli%+ unnecess>y4 ,?is v>ni% is appli$ by means ( a s(t flat bru%1 9 a room entirely free f du/1 & ( w>m temp]ature2 ! bru% /rokes %\ld be made f ! c5t] ( ! article t[>ds its edges1 & accord+ to its %ape4 ,repeat f six to eight times4 ,flat articles m readily take ! poli% ?an r\nd ones4 ,be=e putt+ on ! sep>ate coats1 ! previ\s "o %\ld be ?or\ghly dry4 ,aft] ! la/ coat is dry1 apply a little p[d]$ pumice /one1 by means ( a moi/ pad1 & make ! unev5 places 9 ! v>ni% smoo? by rubb+4 ,:5 a p]fectly smoo? surface is obta9$1 7?is manipulation is omitt$ 9 v>ni%+ articles t are turn$1 because unnecess>y71 !n apply ! v>ni% once m 9 ! same mann]1 = ! la/ "t1 & ! article w !reby obta9 a glossy wood poli%4 ,?is is left 9 a temp]ate room1 free f du/1 = two days1 :5 x w be ?or\ghly dry & h>d5$1 & ready to be turn$ ov] = ! object x is int5d$4 ,z be=e m5tion$1 we advise ?is me?od only = articles ( small compass4 ,tables1 etc41 we advise to h f9i%$ by a regul> furniture poli%]1 = ! smoo? f9i% _c be accompli%$ by an amateur4 ,x is easily conceiv$ t by ?is process really wond]ful effects may be produc$1 :5 ! arti/ has ta/e1 & devotes c>e & "t to ! "w4 ,spr9kle ,"w on ,*9a4 ,x may n be g5]ally kn[n t ! same effects z produc$ on wood c also be produc$ on *9a w>e1 ! manipulation be+ slightly diff]5t4 ,in/ead ( wat]-colors1 ! c]amic or enamel colors are us$1 7,dresd5 or ,la,croix74 ,!y come 9 tubes1 9 a moi/ /ate1 & are dilut$ ) spirits ( turp5t9e1 ) a few drops ( oil ( anise or cloves4 ,^? do+ bo? wood & *9a spr9kle "w w d well to secure an extra bru% & sieve1 :i* are to be _h sep>ate f ! outfit boxes1 & use ^! = ! m9]al colors only4 ,! leaves & grasses are fa/5$ by means ( dissolv$ gum arabic1 be+ c>eful to scrape (f any p>ticles ( ! gum t may adh]e to ! *9a aft] ! leaves h be5 remov$1 be=e spr9kl+ ov] ! blank spaces4 ,:5 ! leaves are plac$ ^u ! article s+ly1 & ! desir$ %ade is produc$1 lay x 9 a w>m place1 ov] a regi/] if possible1 & ! leaves w come (f z ! gum sep>ates f ! w>e1 :5 ! spr9kl+ may be resum$1 & ! prop] %ad+ giv5 to height5 ! effect4 ,ve9s are drawn 9 ) a cr[quill p51 b ! color mu/ be prop]ly mix$ to prev5t x spread+4 ,really beautiful decorations c be made by us+ f]ns & maid5 hair to ornam5t tiles1 fl[] pots1 etc4 ,if ! leaves1 su* z ! maple1 & o!rs t gr[ bright ) ! fir/ fro/s ( autumn1 are to h _! natural t9ts1 ! piece is tak5 to be 8fir$10 :i* fa/5s ! backgr\nd1 s t _! colors c be wa%$ 9 )\t fe> ( injury to ! gr\ndwork4 ,! mo/ useful colors = mono*rome "w 9 ! ,lacroix colors1 are ! foll[+3 ,br[n1 ,no4 #d or #ag1 sepia1 br[n-gre5 ,no4 #f1 d>k gre5 ,no4 #g1 ,victoria blue1 & violet ( iron4 ,if ! ,dresd5 colors 7,mull] ,h5nig's7 are us$1 :i* are pref]able on acc\nt ( _! ri* & s(t appe>ance1 ! foll[+ are recomm5d$3 ,d>k br[n ,no4 #cj1 *ocolate-br[n ,no4 #cf1 sepia ,no4 #bh1 olive gre5 ,no4 #aa1 %ad+ gre5 ,no4 #aj1 & d>k blue ,no4 #ac4 ,:5 ! "w is f9i%$1 take x to ! *9a decorator & h x 8fir$40 ,x is n necess>y to use ! be/ ,fr5* *9a = spr9kle "w1 z x is almo/ entirely cov]$ ) color4 ,ladies :o d n pa9t on *9a1 b desire some?+ diff]5t f ! ord9>y /amp$ "w1 t is all t c be _h 9 decorat$ w>e = common use1 w f9d ?is an easy & delightful way ( ornam5t+ ! :ite w>e ) "s favorite fl[] or f]n1 & s h some?+ orig9al1 & t c be readily duplicat$1 %\ld any piece be brok51 "o ( ! objections to ! /amp$ sets be+ ! difficulty & exp5se 9 replac+ odd pieces4 ,to ^? affect$ by ! odor ( turp5t9e1 we w\ld recomm5d ! use ( ,hancock ,son's ,worce/] moi/ & wat]-colors = *9a4 ,fai5ce4 ,ivory :ite & o!r s(t w>es w answ]1 & ! result w always be a pleas+ "o if a little c>e is tak5 9 ! execution ( ?is bran* ( decoration4 ,illu/ration ,,pe>l ,,embroid]y ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,on ,,velvet4 ,9 ! imitation ( pe>l1 no?+ has yet pres5t$ itself s favorable to ! writ] z ! beautiful & new me?od ( prep>+ fi% scales = embroid]y4 ,y may take ! scales f a l>ge size fi%1 ! l>g] ! scales ! easi] !y are to h&le4 ,lay !m 9 salt wat] = a few h\rs1 until q well cleans$1 aft] :i* wipe !m clean1 & place !m betwe5 two %eets ( writ+ pap]1 & lay a weight on !m1 all[+ x to rema9 a :ole day1 until !y are dry & h>d1 :5 !y are ready = fur!r use4 ,n[ draw ! patt]n ( any favor$ leaf1 or :atev] y wi% on ! scale1 ) p5cil1 & cut x out ) small scissors4 ,if y are conv]sant ) ! =m ( leaves1 y c save "t by cutt+ out ! leaf )\t fir/ draw+ ! outl9es4 ,draw 9 ! ve9s ( ! leaves next ) a ne$le4 ,/ret* y\r d>k velvet tightly to an embroid]y frame1 place ! patt]n :i* y wi% to copy be=e y1 & imitate x by sew+ ! leaves1 "o at a "t1 on ! velvet ) f9e gold ?read1 & ! leaf /alks & t5drils embroid]$ ) ! same4 ,wet ! ?read be=e us+1 to r5d] x flexible4 ,,fea!r ,,fl[]s1 ,illu/ration ,:oev] may be s =tunate z to h 9 _! possession f9e fea!rs c c]ta9ly make f9e fl[]s4 ,h at h& gum 9 solution1 ,fr5* pap] = w9d+ /ems1 & wire ( diff]5t sizes4 ,draw ! "u side ( ! fea!r g5tly ov] ! edge ( y\r p5knife to b5d x 9 ! requir$ direction2 make a lump ( bookb9d]'s ?ick pa/e or wax on ! end ( a wire = a /alk1 & beg9 y\r fl[] by /ick+ ! smalle/ size fea!rs into x = a c5t]2 place o!r fea!rs ( ! same k9d1 b l>g] 9 size1 ar\nd 9 ord]4 ,*oose gre5 fea!rs = leaves & calyx1 & pure :ite ones = japonicas & :ite roses4 ,twi/ ! ends ( ! same on a wire1 & make fa/ ) gum1 glue1 pa/e1 or o!r simil> adhesive sub/ance4 ,be c>eful to select fea!rs ( ! same k9d = ! same fl[]4 ,arrange 9 a vase1 & cov] to keep free f du/4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 all k9ds ( fancy "w1 let ta/e & neatness gov]n ! process4 ,x w (t5 be f\nd necess>y to color ! fea!rs to give ! desir$ v>iety ( hues2 ?is c easily be done by att5d+ to ! foll[+ directions3 ,put ! fea!rs into hot wat]1 !n dra9 !m2 r9se two or ?ree times 9 cle> cold wat]2 place !m on a tray1 ov] :i* a clo? has be5 spread1 be=e a good fire2 z !y dry1 draw !m g5tly into %ape betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]4 ,,to ,,dye ,,fea!rs ,,blue4 ,into ab\t ?ree c5ts' wor? ( oil ( vitriol mix z mu* ( ! be/ indigo 9 p[d]2 let x /& "o or two days4 ,:5 want$ = use1 %ake x well1 & into a qu>t ( boil+ wat] put "o tablespoonful ( ! liquid4 ,/ir well1 put ! fea!rs 91 & let !m simm] a few m9utes4 ,,yell[4 ,put a tablespoonful ( ! be/ turm]ic into a qu>t ( boil+ wat]1 :5 well mix$1 put 9 ! fea!rs4 ,m or less turm]ic gives diff]5t %ades4 ,,= ,,orange1 add a small quantity ( soda to ! prep>ation = yell[4 ,,p9k4 ,?ree good p9k sauc]s to a qu>t ( boil+ wat]1 ) a small quantity ( cream t>t>4 ,if a deep color is requir$ use f\r sauc]s4 ,let ! fea!rs rema9 9 ?is dye sev]al h\rs4 ,,r$4 ,dissolve a teaspoonful ( cream t>t> 9 a qu>t ( boil+ wat]2 put 9 "o teaspoonful ( prep>$ co*9eal1 & !n a few drops ( muriate ( t94 ,?is dye is exp5sive1 !re=e use ! plumage ( ! bird ibis4 ,,lilac4 ,ab\t two teaspoonfuls ( cudbe> 9 a qu>t ( boil+ wat]1 let x simm] a few m9utes be=e y put 9 ! fea!rs4 ,a small quantity ( cream t>t> turns ! color f lilac to ame?y/4 ,bun*es ( orange blossoms c be made ) good success ( fea!rs2 ! buds are to be made ( />* & gum mix$2 ! /am5s ( gr\nd rice1 color$ ) turm]ic1 into :i* ! gumm$ ends ( manilla grass h be5 dipp$4 ,! inhabitants ( ! ,pacific ,isl&s make beautiful fea!r fl[]s1 rival+ ! natural ones 9 delicacy & beauty4 ,p9ks1 orange blossoms1 & roses ( exquisite workman%ip are (t5 br\ght f ^! isl&s4 ,old o/ri* fea!rs c be made to look z well z new by hold+ ov] hot /eam1 !n draw+ ea* vane ( ! fea!r sep>ately ov] a knife to curl x4 ,,lu/ral ,,bronze ,,pa9t+4 ,illu/ration ,prep>e y\r bo>d = bronz+ by fir/ coat+ x ov] ) a /rong solution ( size1 made by dissolv+ is+lass 9 hot wat]2 /ra9 x1 & coat ov] ) a flat camel's hair bru% :ile ! size is w>m4 ,:5 dry1 coat x ov] ?9ly & ev5ly ) gold size2 let x rema9 until /icky1 !n apply ! p[d] bronze1 ) a s(t dry bru%4 ,y may use a v>iety ( %ades ( bronze if y wi%2 pale1 blu% & :ite4 ,bl5d !m toge!r to suit y\r subject1 & all[ two days = x to dry be=e comm5c+ to pa9t4 ,make a draw+ ( y\r figure on ?9 :ite pap]1 rub "s :ite on ! back ( x1 fit x ^u ! picture & m>k ov] ) ! %>p end ( a /ick1 press+ on v lightly2 aft] all is drawn 91 remove ! sket*1 & m>k ov] ! outl9es ) a lead p5cil1 lightly4 ,if y are copy+ f an engrav+1 notice on :i* "p ( ! build+ ! light re/s1 & select ^? p>ts = gold1 coat+ !m ov] ) gold size1 & putt+ on ! leaf gold :5 suffici5tly dry4 ,if !re are any p>ts ( y\r figure :i* y want ri* colors1 d !m ) gold at ! same "t4 ,! pa9t+ mu/ n[ be wip$ ) a silk h&k]*ief1 to remove all ! p>ticles ( gold & du/1 & suppos+ ! ?imble palette ready1 ) all ! colors1 fir/ mix a pale t9t ( purple1 made ) ,prussian blue & a little crimson lake1 & p5cil ov] ! m\nta9s ( ! l&scape ev5ly1 !n g ov] ! wat] ) a v pale %ade ( blue4 ,aft] coat+ ! m\nta9s & wat] once1 x is be/ n to t\* !m aga9 until dry4 ,n[ pa9t 9 ! foliage1 mak+ ! t9ts ) yell[ lake & ,prussian blue2 if y want !m bright = ! diff]5t %ades1 add burnt si5na & ,v&yke br[n1 or bo?1 z y\r t9ts require4 ,/ems ( trees are mo/ly done ) ,v&yke br[n1 & o!r t9ts add$ to suit2 faces ( figures d ) :ite & a little si5na1 mix$ toge!r2 :ite drap]y coat ov] ) :ite1 sc>let ) sc>let1 & yell[ ) *rome yell[2 all o!r p>ts ( ! figures ) :ite1 except ! p>ts y h already gild$4 ,?is w answ] = ! fir/ pa9t+4 ,! second %ade ^u ! m\nta9 is made ) a neutral1 compos$ ( ?ree primative colors1 crimson lake1 yell[ lake1 & ,prussian blue4 ,! tone y desire mu/ pr$om9ate 9 mak+ all y\r neutrals4 ,if y want a gre5i% neutral1 ! yell[ lake mu/ pr$om9ate1 if y wi% a blui% neutral1 ! blue mu/ pr$om9ate1 & if r$di% neutral1 ! crimson lake mu/ pr$om9ate4 ,hav+ select$ y\r %ade1 be sure to h x ab\t ! "r /r5g? be=e beg9n+1 z x is difficult to avoid a pat*$ appe>ance on ! m\nta9s ) v>ni% color1 especially on ! second & ?ird coat+1 unless y are quick 9 y\r "w4 ,if ! wat] requires m color1 pa9t x 9 ! d>k] places1 !n repeat ! %ades on ! foliage1 :]e x is requir$4 ,y\r figures n[ claim "s att5tion4 ,any "p y wi% to h crimson1 pa9t ov] ) crimson lake1 repeat x :5 a little dry if y wi% x d>k]1 & = ! %ades add a little blue ) y\r crimson lake4 ,blue dresses pa9t ) a pale %ade ( ,prussian blue on :ite or pale gold1 = ! %ades1 pa9t 9 ) a little /rong] ,prussian blue1 & :5 y wi% to make any ( ^! colors pal] add v>ni%1 & :5 y want to ?9 x use turp5t9e4 ,gre5 dress1 ) yell[ lake & ,prussian blue on pale gold or :ite2 purple dresses1 ) crimson lake & a little ,prussian blue1 on :ite or pale gold4 ,any "p ( ! figure y d ) sc>let1 %ade x ) crimson lake2 yell[1 %ade ) burnt si5na1 7pale %ade74 ,9 faces1 pa9t features 9 ) ,v&yke br[n1 & diff]5t t9ts ) yell[ lake1 crimson lake1 & si5na pal$ d[n1 & repeat to suit ! eye4 ,p>ts ( m\nta9s may require a ?ird & f\r? wa%1 if s1 d x ) neutrals m5tion$ above4 ,sometimes we height5 ! effects ( ! ne> foliage by t\*+ ! edges ) a little opaque color1 made ( *rome yell[1 :ite1 & a little blue4 ,x mu/ be done v c>efully1 z opaque colors are p[]ful1 comp>$ ) transp>5t ones4 ,if :at y d %[s too abruptly1 y h a rem$y by putt+ on a little m ( ! transp>5t color4 ,p>ts ( ! figures may be height5$ by t\*es ( opaque color1 & ! faces also may require ret\*+4 ,:5 ! pa9t+ is complet$1 a full week %\ld pass be=e v>ni%+1 & great c>e %\ld be tak5 n to t\* ! bronze1 z x w leave a /a91 bronze be+ s delicate4 ,v>ni%+4 ,9 v>ni%+1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to h a clean bru%1 & ! du/ wip$ f ! pa9t+ ) a silk h&k]*ief4 ,lay ! pa9t+ flat1 & ) a "o in* camel hair bru% coat ov] ) copal v>ni%1 z ev5ly z possible1 be+ c>eful to cov] e "p4 ,leave x flat d[n1 z x is1 = a c\ple ( h\rs1 or m1 be=e remov+1 or ! v>ni% is liable to run 9 /reaks4 ,once v>ni%+ is suffici5t to pres]ve ! pa9t+1 b if y wi% to poli% x1 ano!r coat ( v>ni% mu/ be giv51 all[+ a week betwe52 !n aft] ano!r week1 x %\ld be rubb$ ) pumice s& & wat]1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,take a piece ( wool51 put x ov] cotton1 to make a rubb] ( x2 wet ! rubb] pretty ?or\ghly ) wat]1 dip into "s f9e pumice s&1 & rub x backw>ds & =w>ds on y\r v>ni%$ picture1 c>efully4 ,aft] y h rubb$ = a %ort "t1 wipe ! s& f a "p ( x1 to see ! progress4 ,if n suffici5tly smoo?1 rub aga91 c>e be+ tak5 n to rub ?r\gh ! v>ni%4 ,:5 smoo?1 wa% all ! s& (f1 wipe p]fectly dry1 & give ano!r coat ( v>ni%1 all[+ ! same "t = x to dry1 !n rub aga9 ) wat] & pumice s&4 ,:5 smoo?1 wa% (f ! s& & proce$ to poli% ) v f9e p[d]$ rott5/one1 & rubb] made ( sat9 or silk4 ,saturate ?is ) wat]1 & rub ) ! rott5/one = a %ort "t1 until x %9es1 !n wa% all (f4 ,y c make x %9e by rubb+ ) y\r h&1 us+ a little sweet oil & a little m rott5/one4 ,:5 wood is us$ = pa9t+ on1 *oose t :i* is close gra9$1 & coat ov] sev]al times ) pa9t1 rubb+ d[n ) pumice s& & wat]4 ,aft] ! ?ird coat1 give pl5ty ( "t betwe5 ea* coat to get dry & h>d4 ,,gild+4 ,! "p y wi% to h leaf gold1 cov] ev5ly ) gold size4 ,*rome yell[ or :ite lead may be mix$ 9 ) ! gold size to enable y to see ! process4 ,all[ x to dry until a little /icky4 ,x c rema9 mu* long] ?an = bronz+1 z leaf gold does n require s /rong a /ick+ prop]ty z bronze4 ,:5 suffici5tly dry1 put on ! gold by means ( ! tip1 or y\r f+]s1 f ! gold book4 ,be c>eful to cov] e "p ( ! gold size ) smoo? leaf-gold4 ,:5 all cov]$1 press g5tly a piece ( s(t *amois sk91 on all ! gild$ p>ts1 & remove ! sup]flu\s gold4 ,,japanese ,,art4 ,illu/ration ,an elegant1 easy & pr(itable me?od ( arrang+ autumn leaves to make beautiful h\sehold articles1 su* z fl[] vases1 "w boxes1 etc4 ,ga!r yell[ )]$ leaves1 p]fect 9 =m1 press !m betwe5 ! leaves ( a book4 ,rub ! surface ( ! article to be ornam5t$ ) f9e s&-pap]1 !n give x a coat ( f9e black pa9t4 ,:5 ?is is dry1 rub smoo? ) pumice /one1 !n apply two o!r coats4 ,arrange ! leaves accord+ to ta/e1 gum !m on ! "u side1 & press !m on ! piece to be ornam5t$4 ,n[ dissolve "s is+lass 9 hot wat]1 & bru% x ov] ! "w :ile ! solution is w>m4 ,:5 dry1 give x ?ree coats ( copal v>ni%1 all[+ "t = ea* coat to dry1 & ! "w is complet$4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,pa9t+ --,,or-- ,,/a9+ ,,glass4 ,illu/ration ,glass-pa9t+ is n only re/or$1 9 our day1 to ! p]fect fullness ( its anci5t spl5dor1 b also has acquir$1 ?r\gh ! giant /rides ( ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry1 & ! great progress latt]ly made 9 ! arts ( design1 an am\nt ( te*nical & /hetical p[] f> exce$+ :atev] c\ld =m]ly be call$ to its aid4 ,not)/&+ ?is advantage1 h[ev]1 ! art has n yet rea*$ t wide /ate ( diffusion :i*1 f ! exquisite effects x is capable ( produc+1 & des]ves1 & :i* x atta9$ 9 ! old5 "t1 ev5 ) its !n m limit$ capabilities4 ,! ob/acles :i*1 on ! revival ( ! art1 h int]pos$ to *eck its fur!r ext5sion1 & !re=e to dim9i% also ! g5]al dem& = its productions1 are mu* r to be attribut$ to ^? 9 ^: h&s x re/s1 ?an to any?+ prop]ly belong+ to itself2 !y orig9ate 9 fact less 9 ! art ?an ) ! arti/s4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( ! e>li] decay ( glass-pa9t+ 0 t its rules be+ bas$ s entirely ^u empirical pr9ciples1 ^? :o practis$ x 7 accu/om$ to consid] ! k !y _h acquir$ 9 ! ?orny pa? ( t$i\s & long cont9u$ exp]im5t z _! mo/ valuable p]sonal prop]ty1 =m+ at once ! means ( _! subsi/5ce1 & ! f\ndation ( _! future arti/ical fame4 ,!y !re=e n only kept ! in=mation !y _h ga9$ pr(\ndly secret dur+ _! lives1 b ev5 c>ri$ x ) !m to _! graves1 9 pref]5ce to leav+ x beh9d !m to be made use ( by _! s*ol>s4 ,glass-pa9t+ or /a9+ may be def9$ to mean ! art ( pa9t+ on transp>5t glass1 7ei!r colorless or already color$ 9 ! process ( its manufacture71 ) vitrescible metallic colors1 :i* are aft]w>ds burnt into ! surface ( ! glass on :i* !y are laid1 leav+ x m or less transp>5t4 ,all colors us$ 9 glass-pa9t+ are oxides ( metals1 or o!r metallic comb9ations4 ,!y may be divid$ into two pr9cipal classes3 #a4 ,^? ^: color+ base1 or ! oxide1 is laid ^u ! glass simply 9 its orig9al comb9ation ) an e>?y vehicle4 #b4 ,^? ^: color+ base1 or ! oxide1 mu/ be made to adh]e by ! help ( a glassy body1 namely1 ! flux4 ,! colors :i* require a flux may be divid$ aga9 into1 #a4 ,^? 9 :i* ! oxide un*ang$1 b only mix$ ) ! flux1 is atta*$ to ! glass4 #b4 ,^? 9 :i* ! oxide requires to be vitrifi$1 by previ\s fusion ) ! flux1 be=e x is laid on ! glass4 ,! la/ may be call$ fus$ colors1 all o!rs mix$ colors4 ,! classification be=e giv5 may be made cle>] by ! foll[+ explanatory rem>ks4 ,glass-pa9t+ is di/+ui%$ especially f o!r illum9at+ processes 9 t ! colors & ! f\ndation on :i* !y are laid mu/1 9 ?is art1 be fus$ toge!r 9 ! kiln4 ,n[1 "s few colors comb9e ) ! surface ( ! glass1 at ! temp]ature ( fusion1 )\t fur!r previ\s prep>ation ?an ! simple lay+ on1 :]e=e ^! give to ! glass only a color+ cem5tation or /a94 ,o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 9 consequ5ce ( _! peculi> nature1 c only be made to comb9e ) ! glass by fus+ !m ^u its surface1 into ano!r ?9 %eet or lay] ( color$ glass4 ,?is is done by means ( ! flux1 a vitre\s comp\nd1 :i* fuses m easily 7i4 e4 at a l[] temp]ature7 ?an ! f\ndation1 ! glass plate4 ,! ,process ( ,lay+ ! ,colors on ! ,glass4 ,! manipulation & ! process ( lay+ ! colors on ! glass v>ies1 9 "s measure1 accord+ to ! diff]5t k9ds ( glass-pa9t+1 :i* !re=e call = ! fir/ explanation4 ,ei!r ! colors may be laid ^u a s+le %eet ( glass1 ^u :i* ! :ole figure ) all its pr9cipal colors & int]m$iate t9ts are burn$ 9 7,pe9ture en apprt72 or1 ,! figure may be compos$ ( v>i\s pieces ( pot metal 7glass already color$ 9 its manufacture71 & only ! outl9es & %ad[s pa9t$ on1 ! glass pieces giv+ ! colors = ! peculi> places :]e !y are ins]t$ 7,mosaic glass-pa9t+72 or1 bo? ^! me?ods may be comb9$ 9 "o & ! same picture1 by compos+ x p>tly ( pieces ( color$ pot metal & p>tly ( :ite & pa9t$ glass1 fix$ toge!r1 ,pe9ture et ,apprt4 ,= pa9t+ on a s+le %eet ( glass1 ! foll[+ rules mu/ be obs]v$4 ,a pure :ite glass mu/ be *os5 = ! purpose1 free f air specks or bubbles1 & especially difficult ( fusion1 z ! :ole labor w\ld be lo/ if x 7 attempt$ to burn 9 ! colors ^u a gr\nd :i* fus$ z easily z !mselves4 ,x is practicable1 z ! examples ( ! anci5ts %[1 to pa9t on :at w\ld appe> ! commone/ glass ) a good result1 provid$ t x does n conta9 too mu* lead1 & !reby become too easily fusible4 ,be=e ! op]ation ( pa9t+1 ! glass plate mu/ be rubb$ to a suffici5t ext5t ) pure lime1 slak$ by exposure to ! air1 9 ord] to clean x p]fectly4 ,! gr\nd or f\ndation mu/ !n be laid ov] ! :ole surface ( ! plate1 :i* may be done 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,"s arti/s simply dip a piece ( clean l95 clo?1 or a flat camel-hair p5cil1 9 oil ( turp5t9e1 & bru% ! pane ( glass ) x equally ov] its surface1 :ile o!rs give to ! :ole a ?9 cle> gr\nd ( black glass-pa9t+ color1 9 su* mann] z n to de/roy its transp>5cy1 b at mo/ to give x ! =m ( a dead gr\nd glass4 ,bo? me?ods answ] ! purpose ( cov]+ ! glass ) a visc\s surface1 :i* takes ! design & ! colors bett] ?an a poli%$ gr\nd2 ! latt] prep>es ! glass at ! same "t = ! pa9t+ effects :i* are to be obta9$ ^u x4 ,9 bo? cases ! gr\nd :i* has be5 laid on mu/ be mo/ c>efully level$ ov]1 & br\ght to z ?9 a coat z possible ) a l>ge hair p5cil1 & mu/ be dri$ quickly1 tak+ great c>e to pres]ve x f du/1 etc4 ,pa9t+ on "o %eet requires only "o patt]n draw+ or c>toon1 :i*1 h[ev]1 may be us$ 9 two ways4 ,ei!r ! glass %eet1 gr\nd$ & dri$ z above direct$1 may be laid ^u ! draw+1 & ! outl9es1 z se5 ?r\gh ! glass1 trac$ lightly ) a f9e p5cil1 & ) black or o!r glass color correspond+ to ! gr\nd4 ,or ! draw+ may be plac$ rev]s$ on ! %eet1 & all ! outl9es m>k$ ov] ) a /eel or ivory /yle4 ,if ?is latt] me?od is us$ ^u a gr\nd ( simple turp5t9e1 ! back ( ! draw+ mu/ previ\sly be rubb$ ov] ) black lead1 s t ! trac$ l9es may appe> d>k on ! light gr\nd4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! draw+1 :e!r x is plac$ ^u or "u ! glass1 mu/1 = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 be fa/5$ to x ) pieces ( wax at ! f\r corn]s4 ,= prop]ly c>ry+ out ! process ( lay+ on ! colors1 a desk or easel is necess>y1 :i* %\ld be capable ( be+ plac$ 9 an incl9$ position by means ( props1 & %\ld be =m$ by fix+ a glass plate 9 a wood5 frame1 s t ! light may pass ?r\gh ! pa9t+4 ,sometimes dur+ ! progress ( ! "w1 ! glass :i* is be+ pa9t$ may be remov$ f ! easel & laid ^u a %eet ( :ite pap]1 9 ord] bett] to %[ ! effect ( c]ta9 colors4 ,! vehicle ) :i* ! pigm5ts are laid on is g5]ally oil4 ,"s arti/s use exclusively wat]1 b ?is alone is an insuffici5t m$ium = b9d+ ! metallic bodies to ! glass1 p>ticul>ly if1 z 9 ! case ( fus$ colors1 !y are some:at co>se 9 _! nature1 & require to be laid on 9 ?ick lay]s4 ,!y !n easily loos5 f ! plate be=e ! fir+1 & r5d] ! process ( lay+ on mu* m difficult4 ,x is an important advantage1 t ) oil ! edges are m %>ply def9$1 & ! p>ts already pa9t$ may be aga9 t\*$ ov] :5 dry )\t dang] ( loos5+ ! gr\nd4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t :5 x is wi%$ to make use ( wat]1 ! plate mu/ ei!r n be gr\nd$ at all1 or only ) a glass-pa9t+ color work$ up ) wat]4 ,! mo/ suitable k9d ( oil = ! purpose is rectifi$ oil ( turp5t9e1 some:at ?ick5$ by /&+1 & to :i* a little oil ( lav5d] is add$4 ,?is prep>ation gives ! mass ! necess>y degree ( viscosity1 & also prev5ts ! color on ! palette f dry+ up & ?ick5+ too quickly4 ,! palette %\ld be ( ?ick %eet glass1 gr\nd r\gh by rubb+ ) a glass mull] & f9e s&4 ,prep>atory to mix+ ) oil = lay+ on1 ^? colors :i* require a flux mu/ 7unless a diff]5t process is specially indicat$7 be gr\nd f9e 9 wat] ) ! flux1 & aga9 dri$4 ,b ! fus$ colors1 i4 e4 ^? 9 :i* ! oxide has already be5 vitrifi$ ) ! flux into ! /ate ( a transp>5t glass1 %\ld = ! purpose ( lay+ on1 only be co>sely granulat$2 = ! f9] ^! are gr\nd ! m likely is _! transp>5cy & p]fection to be impair$ :5 burnt 94 ,^? pigm5ts :i* are laid on 9 _! simple comb9ation ) an e>?y vehicle1 & )\t flux1 z = example ! yell[ & r$ colors prep>$ f silv]1 =m an absolute exception to ! use ( oil1 & mu/1 = lay+ on1 be /irr$ up ) wat] to ! consi/5cy ( a ?ick cream4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ?ree k9ds ( pigm5ts %\ld1 z a g5]al rule1 be laid on 9 a ?91 ! latt] two 9 a pa/y1 /ate4 ,! dep? ( tone ( ! color dep5ds1 ) all ?ree1 ^u ! degree ( ?ickness 9 :i* ! pigm5ts are laid ^u ! glass4 ,! lay+ on ( ! fus$ colors is accompani$ ) m difficulty ?an t ( ! o!r k9ds4 ,! latt] are simply laid on ) ! p5cil1 9 ! same mann] z ) o!r k9ds ( pa9t+1 & ! only c>e necess>y is t ! coat may be p]fectly ev5 & regul>1 !re=e = l>ge surfaces a wide smoo? p5cil or driv] is usually employ$4 ,! colors prep>$ f silv] mu/ be treat$ diff]5tly1 & laid on ! glass at lea/ to ! ?ickness ( ! back ( a knife4 ,b ! fus$ colors mu/ be br\ght ^u ! surfaces to be cov]$ 9 ! /ate ( a ?ick fl[+ mass1 moi/ en\gh to run1 b consi/5t en\gh to lie ^u ! glass4 ,= ?is purpose small portions mu/ be laid on & spread out ) a p5cil or small spoon1 & made to fl[ to ! circumscrib+ outl9es1 by incl9+ ! %eet 9 ! prop] directions4 ,if any "p ( ! surface ?us cov]$ is requir$ to take a d>k] tone ( color1 ! plate mu/ be kept = "s "t at an incl9ation 9 ! correspond+ direction1 s t ! color may ?us accumulate ?ick] on t "p4 ,by ?is process _m gradations ( tone may be obta9$ f "o & ! same pigm5t4 ,! rema9+ rules = ! lay+ on ( ! pigm5ts are ^? :i* pr9cipally result f ! diff]5t me?ods ( pa9t+ on "o %eet1 ( :i* !re are pr9cipally ?ree4 ,ei!r ! :ole picture may be br\ght out 9 its outl9es & %ad[s1 on "o side ( ! %eet1 ) black1 br[n or gray color1 & illum9at$ ) ! prop] colors 9 ! prop] places on ! o!r side4 ,or simply ! mann] ( ord9>y oil pa9t+ may be adopt$ ) ! glass colors1 & ! picture treat$ z by an arti/ 9 oil4 ,or1 z is n[ mo/ cu/om>y1 bo? me?ods may be unit$1 ! arti/ mak+ use ( ea* 9 c]ta9 places1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! object he has 9 view4 ,= ^! ?ree me?ods ! foll[+ common rules w s]ve4 ,! %ad[s & d>k color$ outl9es1 & t :i* is call$ 9 oil #8"u pa9t+1' %\ld be drawn on ! front side ( ! glass1 or t :i* is turn$ t[>ds ! spectator4 ,! illum9at+ colors1 especially ! pr9cipal ones1 %\ld be laid on ! back or rev]s$ side4 ,int]m$iate t9ts1 & gradations by %ad+1 %\ld g5]ally be plac$ on ! front side1 b sometimes1 :5 !y alt]nate ) ea* o!r1 necess>ily mu/ lie on bo?2 z !y _c be put 9 contact on "o & ! same side )\t dang] ( runn+ into ea* o!r1 & mak+ a false color4 ,! silv] yell[ & r$ colors1 be=e allud$ to1 mu/ always be plac$ on ! back or rev]s$ side4 ,9 "s p>ticul> cases colors may be laid on correspond+ places on bo? sides ( ! glass1 9 ord] to produce c]ta9 effects by ! light fall+ ?r\gh ! two toge!r4 ,?us1 purple on "o side & gold yell[ on ! o!r1 give a magnific5t fi]y sc>let2 blue & yell[1 accord+ to _! respective int5sities1 give diff]5t %ades ( gre52 ! latt]1 aga91 ) blue on ! opposite side1 s]ve = excell5t di/ance colors4 ,& f9ally1 by ! mixture ( sev]al colors1 ! mo/ div]sifi$ int]m$iate t9ts may be obta9$1 s t glass-pa9t+ 9 its pres5t /ate may be br\ght to assimilate ) oil pa9t+ 9 its p[] ( produc+ v>i$ effects4 ,9 ord] to put a new tone ( color on a surface already m>k$ ) outl9es1 etc41 x mu/ fir/ be dri$ by a g5tle & equal heat1 7to avoid ! w>p+ ( ! glass71 & aga9 pa9t$ imm$iately aft] x has cool$4 ,or ! black l9es fir/ laid on may be at once burnt 91 & :]e possible1 ) ^! any yell[ %ades also :i* may be requir$1 aft] :i* ! pa9t+1 !n fix$1 may be fur!r work$ ^u )\t dang] ( damage4 ,! residuum ( ! unflux$ yell[ color may be remov$ aft] burn+1 & aga9 us$4 ,?is color mu/ nev] be put ov] any o!r1 nor ov] d>k %ad[s1 unless ^! are previ\sly burnt 91 b always require a c>efully clean$ surface ( glass to lie ^u2 o!rwise x w\ld comb9e ) ! flux ( ! "u color1 :]eby ! e>?y residuum w\ld be fix$1 & ! transp>5cy & beauty ( ! :ole de/roy$4 ,all pigm5ts mu/ be laid on some:at d>k] ?an 9 o!r k9ds ( pa9t+1 z !y lose 9 dep? by burn+4 ,:5 a pigm5t has ov]run its outl9e1 ! sup]flu\s quantity mu/ be remov$1 :5 dry1 ) a knife4 ,by tak+ away ! gr\nd ) a /yle ( f9e gra9$ wood1 po9t$ 9 front & smoo? at ! back1 7a tool us$ 9 et*+71 ! mo/ effective lights may be obta9$4 ,%\ld ! colors n appe> q dull & dry1 b %9+ & greasy1 aft] ! dry+ ( ! picture1 ?is is caus$ by ! misuse ( ! oil1 :i* is always dang]\s to ! beauty ( ! pigm5ts 9 fir+4 ,x is nei!r necess>y nor advisable to all[ m ?an "o day = ! dry+ ( ! colors2 ! burn+ 9 %\ld be proce$$ ) at ! expiration ( ! "t nam$4 ,la/ly1 dur+ ! "w1 ! greate/ cleanl9ess mu/ be obs]v$ ?r\gh\t1 ! p5cil & palette mu/ be kept p]fectly clean1 & ! pa9t+ pres]v$ f du/1 etc41 = :i* reason x is n advisable to pa9t 9 a laboratory or melt+ room1 :]e ! pres5ce ( vapor1 du/1 & impurities ( _m k9ds _c be avoid$4 ,mosaic ,glass-,pa9t+4 ,! be=e m5tion$ rules = lay+ on ! colors w apply also to ! me?od ( =m+ designs ) color$ pieces ( pot metal1 or p>tly ) ^! & p>tly ) pa9t$ :ite glass4 ,x rema9s to say some?+ m 9 ref]5ce to ! employm5t ( ! c>toons1 & ! cutt+ & arrangem5t ( ! glasses 9 ?is bran* ( ! art1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is b little practic$1 s9ce ! lead5 b>s 9 a picture calculat$ = a ne> view are detrim5tal to ! effect4 ,illu/ration ,mosaic glass-pa9t+ requires two c>toons4 ,"o ( ^!1 a f9i%$ & color$ "o1 is us$ by ! arti/ z a patt]n1 & s]ves to det]m9e ! arrangem5t ( ! piece ( glass accord+ to _! sev]al colors1 & ! mann] ( introduc+ ! lead5 ribs to fa/5 !m toge!r1 accord+ to ! outl9es ( figures4 ,ea* piece ( glass propos$ to make "p ( ! picture1 mu/ be di/+ui%$ by a sep>ate numb]4 ,! o!r c>toon1 :i* consi/s only ( ! black outl9es ( ! lead jo9t+1 & ^: sev]al p>ts are numb]$ to correspond ) ! fir/1 is to be cut up 9 pieces accord+ to ! outl9es1 & ! size ( ea* piece dim9i%$ all r\nd by "o-half ! ?ickness ( ! lead b> ( ! jo9t+1 s t ! pieces ( glass may be exactly cut to ! prop] dim5sions4 ,! cutt+ ( ! glass may ei!r be done by ! diamond1 or by trac+ ! l9e ( division ) a r$-hot iron1 aft] hav+ made a small incision at its comm5cem5t1 or by cutt+ ) scissors "u wat]1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n a safe process4 ,) ov]laid glass1 i4 e4 pot metal1 sev]al %eets or lay]s laid ^u ea* o!r f ! frit1 z = example1 r$ & :ite1 blue & :ite1 etc41 x is possible to produce _m effects ( %ad+ by remov+ m or less ( ! color$ glass %eet1 accord+ to ! outl9e1 by gr9d+ ) em]y4 ,or ! color$ %eet may be gr\nd ?r\gh to ! :ite glass1 & ?us color$ ornam5ts may be giv5 on :ite gr\nd1 especially = ! repres5tation ( damask$ mat]ials4 ,also1 ! :ite p>ts ?us expos$ may h a color giv5 !m at pleasure on ! opposite side1 9 ord] to produce _m k9ds ( effects1 or to avoid ! necessity ( us+ _m pieces :5 ! introduction ( ano!r color 9 t ( ! pot metal is indisp5sable = ! effect requir$4 ,! color$ pot metal may be pa9t$ ) int]m$iate t9ts ( its own pr9cipal color1 or ev5 9 ord] to produce c]ta9 effects1 may be cov]$ on "o ( its surfaces ) ano!r color4 ,?us1 a fi]y r$ may be obta9$ by cov]+ a r$ ov]laid glass on its :ite surface ) ! yell[ silv] color1 & burn+ x 91 or a %ade ( gre5 by a simil> use ( ! same pigm5t on a blue ov]laid glass4 ,9 ^! op]ations ! wide/ latitude is left to ! tal5t & practice ( ! arti/4 ,illu/ration ,,gild+ ,,! ,,bord]s ,,( ,,glass1 ,illu/ration ,,9 ,,transp>5cy1 ,,antique1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,glass ,,pa9t+4 ,! pres5t art ( gild+ ^u glass is an improvem5t on ! me?od 9 fa%ion ye>s ago4 ,x is *iefly us$ = decorat+ ! bord]s ( pr9ts 9 execut+ %[ glasses1 & inscriptions = v>i\s purposes1 also = ornam5tal decorations 9 a v>iety ( elegant =ms1 ^u diff]5t color$ gr\nds2 b z black is ! mo/ g5]al "o 9 dem&1 %all fir/ treat on t1 !re be+ two ways ( p]=m+ x4 ,procure "s f9e is+lass4 ,y w f9d :ite & transp>5t is ! be/1 o!rwise x w be unfit = ?is purpose4 ,dissolve x 9 v clean wat]1 & /ra9 ?r\gh l95 clo?4 ,put a piece ! size ( a pea into a tea cup ( luke w>m wat]1 & let x rema9 until dissolv$4 ,make ! glass y wi% to h gild$ q clean1 & free x ( any du/ or grease1 get "s leaf gold1 put x on a gild+ cu%ion1 & cut into pieces accord+ to ! bread? y wi% to h y\r "w gilt4 ,g ov] ! p>ts to be gilt ) a hair p5cil1 dipp$ 9 ! ?9 is+lass wat]1 & :ile moi/ lay on ! leaf gold1 piece by piece1 until ! p>ts are cov]$4 ,! leaf w in/antly adh]e to ! glass4 ,!n place x ne> ! fire1 9 a slant+ position1 until x dries1 :i* w be 9 a few m9utes4 ,:ile x is slightly w>m1 take a piece ( cotton or wool & rub ! gold to ! glass1 until y f9d ! sup]flu\s pieces ( leaf gold gone1 & likewise ! back ( ! "p gilt receives a k9d ( poli%4 ,proce$ to lay on a second coat ( gold1 9 ! same mann] z ! fir/1 dry+ x z be=e1 & poli%+ x1 & s a ?ird coat1 :i* w be suffici5t4 ,!n take ! size ( ! pr9t or draw+ :i* is to be fram$1 & lay+ x on ! gilt "p ( ! glass1 m>k :]e ! edges come to1 ) a hair p5cil & "s d>k color1 aft] :i*1 be+ provid$ ) a long rul]1 & a po9t$ piece ( ivory1 draw two p>allel l9es out ( y\r gold1 & ) a mahogany or deal /ick1 c>efully po9t$1 "w away ! sup]flu\s "p1 leav+ ! gold fillet :i* is to encompass ! picture %>p & neat4 ,if y wi% to ornam5t x by any o!r l9es1 to appe> black 9 ! c5t]1 lay on y\r rul]1 & ) ! ivory po9t scribe !m1 & !n v>ni%1 hav+ "s black ,japan1 to :i* a little lampblack has be5 add$1 to deep5 ! color4 ,pa9t x all ov] ! gilt "p ( ! glass1 & ! space betwe5 x & ! edge1 !n set x to dry1 :i* takes a few h\rs4 ,:5 y are to lay out ! bread? ( ! black l9e t is to be inside y\r gild+1 scribe x ) a %>p po9t1 & cut away ! wa/e black ) a grav]1 or "s %>p in/rum5t4 ,to cut figures1 or any k9d ( ornam5t out ( y\r gold1 aft] ! glass is gilt1 h a draw+ ( ! design on pap]1 at ! back ( :i* rub "s p[d]$ r$ *alk1 & ! smalle/ quantity ( fre% butt]2 lay ! pap] on ! gold1 & ) a blunti% ivory po9t g ov] ! l9es ( ! draw+1 & !y w be nicely transf]r$ on ! gold1 :5 y c ) an ivory po9t trace !m out ( ! gold1 & %ade !m agreeable to y\r fancy1 or f ! draw+ y h by y4 ,y may1 by mix+ any o!r color y *oose ) :ite copal v>ni%1 v>y y\r gr\nd z y ?9k prop]4 ,! mo/ important secret 9 glass gild+ is ! foll[+ me?od3 ,9 an in/ant aft] y\r glass is black$1 tak+ away ! p>ts :]e ! gold is to appe>1 & ! rema9d] ( ! black to /& fa/1 by :i* means ! black gild+ "w is done 9 "o-half ! "t1 & ) half ! gold leaf4 ,! process is simple1 & is p]=m$ z foll[s3 ,obta9 ! v be/ black ,japan c>riage v>ni%1 to :i* add a v small portion ( burn$ lampblack1 v f9ely gr\nd 9 spirits ( turp5t9e2 !n ) a l>ge flat v>ni% bru% give ! glass "o ev5 ?9 coat1 hold+ x betwe5 y & ! light1 & obs]v+ t x does n appe> a ?ick dead black1 b exhibits a degree ( transp>5cy n s mu* s z to prev5t its appe>+ a good black at ! "r side ( ! glass4 ,aft] ?is1 h ! lett]s & ornam5ts drawn on pap]1 z be=e m5tion$1 & trace x 9 ! same mann] on ! black v>ni% :5 x is p]fectly dry4 ,! draw+ w be ?us v f9ely transf]r$ to ! black4 ,!n take a ne$le po9t$ bodk9 & f9ely m>k ! outl9es ( :at black is to come out ?r\gh ! v>ni%2 take "s ?ick br[n pap]1 dip x 9 wat]1 & squeeze x g5tly1 spread x ov] ! p>ts ( ! v>ni% y want to deta* f ! glass1 & 9 a few m9utes1 by rais+ "o edge ( ! black1 x w in/antly peel away clean f ! glass4 ,:5 all ! black y want is tak5 out1 lay ! glass to ! fire1 & ! rema9+ "p ( ! v>ni% w in/antly become z h>d z ev]1 & ready to h ! gold put on4 ,illu/ration ,,et*+ ,,on ,,copp]4 ,illu/ration ,do+ ?is k9d ( "w ^u copp]1 9 imitation ( engrav+1 at a mu* less exp5se1 is some?+ wor?y ! att5tion ( sket*-arti/s & draughtsm51 :o w f9d x v useful 9 gett+ duplicates ( _! "w4 ,y fir/ make a correct trac+ ) a black lead p5cil ( ! draw+ :i* is to be et*$1 !n screw ! copp] plate into a small h& vice4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ! copp] is p]fectly free f scrat*es1 or o!r blemi%es4 ,w>m ! plate f ! back ) a tor*1 :i* mu/ be kept mov+ ov] x 9 all directions1 until x becomes gradually heat$4 ,x %\ld be j hot en\gh to all[ y\r h& ^u x = a second or two4 ,take ! et*+ gr\nd--:i* is inclos$ 9 a silk wrapp]--& rub x z ev5ly ov] ! surface ( ! copp] z y c4 ,be=e ! plate cools1 take ! dabb] & dab ov] ! et*+ gr\nd until x becomes p]fectly flat1 & inde$ assumes ! appe>ance ( a ?9 transp>5t wa%1 ?r\gh :i* ! bright copp] appe>s4 ,! et*+ gr\nd mu/ be equally spread ov] ! copp]1 n ?ick 9 "o "p & ?9 9 ano!r4 ,%\ld ! copp] become too cold ere ! dabb+ has be5 f9i%$1 y may w>m x aga92 be c>eful1 h[ev]1 n to make x s z x w burn ! et*+ gr\nd--?is w\ld be a great blund]1 because x w\ld n !n resi/ ! action ( ! bit+-9 liquid1 :i* is aqua =tis ( diff]5t degrees ( /r5g?4 ,n[ take a wax tor* & smoke ! :ole surface ( ! copp] ?us prep>$2 keep ! tor* at a fair di/ance f ! copp]1 & move 9 all directions1 until ! :ole plate becomes black ) ! smoke4 ,let ! plate cool1 !n slightly damp5 ! trac+1 & lay ! p5cil$ side ^u ! smok$ plate1 & run bo? ?r\gh a pr9t+ press4 ,^u remov+ ! trac+ pap]1 y w f9d a p]fect fac simile--rev]s$--( ! draw+1 transf]r$ to ! copp] by means ( ! smoke4 ,n[ place ! copp] on ! table1 :i* mu/ face ! light1 & put up betwe5 ! light & y\r plate a %ade ( tissue pap]1 :i* w cause e scrat* y make on ! copp] app>5t4 ,! %ade is simply a %eet ( tissue pap] /ret*$ ^u a common wood5 /ra9]4 ,keep x con/antly up dur+ y\r "w4 ,! plate may be laid flat ^u ! table1 or incl9$ a little1 j z y please4 ,n[ get a piece ( ?9 mahogany1 or common deal1 long] ?an ! copp]1 & suffici5tly broad = y\r h& to re/ ^u :ile work+1 = ! h& mu/ n come 9 contact ) ! plate1 o!rwise ! trac+ w\ld be oblit]at$4 ,! re/ = ! h& mu/ h two pieces ( wood glu$ on ea* end1 s z to raise x (f ! plate an in* or s2 or y may place a book on ea* side ( ! copp]--n on x--& lay a flat piece ( wood across x1 & re/+ on ! books2 all t is requir$ be+ to keep ! h& (f ! plate :ile et*+ 9 ! outl9e4 ,h a look+-glass ne>1 & place ! orig9al draw+ or trac+ be=e x1 :i* w ?us be r5d]$ j z ! rev]s$ outl9e on ! copp]4 ,n[ take an et*+ po9t & slightly g ov] all ! outl9e1 simply scrat*+ ! copp]1 n digg+ deeply 9 x4 ,:5 all ! et*+ is done1 put a bord] or wall1 ab\t an in* high1 all ar\nd ! plate1 to conta9 ! bit+-9 fluid4 ,! composition = bord]+ mu/ be w>m$1 & laid d[n on ! plate1 tak+ c>e t x adh]es suffici5tly1 or else ! fluid w escape & burn :atev] x t\*es4 ,! aqua =tis is n[ to be laid ov] all ! et*+1 & accord+ to its /r5g? s mu/ its cont9uance be4 ,x may be kept 9 motion ) ! fea!r$ end ( a quill1 & :5 x bubbles up1 y may be sure x is 9 active op]ation4 ,:5 ! di/ances & delicate l9es h be5 et*$ 9 suffici5tly1 p\r (f ! liquid1 wa% ! plate ) cold wat]1 & :5 dry1 cov] up ) ! prep>ation--made = ! purpose ( resi/+ ! action ( ! fluid--all ! p>ts :i*1 accord+ to y\r judgm5t1 are suffici5tly bit 94 ,lay on ! fluid aga91 & rebite ! next delicate p>ts1 !n p\r (f z be=e1 & wa% ! plate ) cold wat]4 ,/op out & rebite aga91 & s cont9ue to d until ! :ole "w is accompli%$4 ,! d>ke/ p>ts ( ! et*+ always require m bit+-9 ?an ! light p>ts4 ,cle> (f all ! et*+ gr\nd f ! plate1 & ! "w is done4 ,_m ladies d ?is "w = amusem5t1 b !y give ! plate out to be bitt5-91 z ! fumes f ! aqua =tis are unheal?y4 ,! mat]ials = ! art ( et*+ c be obta9$ 9 any village4 ,!re are also pr(ess$ bit]s-91 :o are employ$ by engrav]s4 ,et*+ on /eel is done 9 precisely ! same mann]1 only ! bit+-9 fluid is mu* weak]4 ,et*+ ,fluid = ,copp]4 ,mix two ounces aqua =tis ) five ounces wat]4 ,ano!r is v]digris1 common salt1 & sal ammoniac1 ea* f\r ounces1 alum "o ounce1 7all 9 p[d]71 /rong v9eg>1 eight ounces1 wat]1 "o p\nd2 dissolve by boil+ = a mom5t2 cool & decant4 ,,k5s+ton ,,pa9t+4 ,k5s+ton art "w probably1 at ! pres5t "t1 is attract+ m att5tion ?an ! o!r me?ods ( pa9t+ on silk & velvet4 ,k5s+ton embroid]y _h its day1 & :ile x has n altoge!r pass$ out ( use1 x is nev]!less1 l _m o!r me?ods ( art ne$le-"w1 be+ improv$ ^u1 & = ! old me?od ( do+ ! "w ) ! ?read1 pa9t is be+ sub/itut$1 :i* f> exce$s ! m anci5t "w 9 spl5dor & simplicity4 ,! great progress lately made 9 ?is accompli%m5t1 ! am\nt ( me*anical & arti/ical p[]1 f> excels :atev] else has =m]ly be5 call$ into use4 ,not)/&+ all ?is1 h[ev]1 ! art has n rea*$ t wide /ate ( p]fection :i*1 f ! exquisite effects1 x is capable ( produc+4 ,k5s+ton pa9t+1 9 g5]al appe>ance1 resembles ,k5s+ton embroid]y1 & z ! latt] seem$ to pass away1 ! =m] caught up ! "n1 ! idea be+ to produce ) pa9t & bru% ^u clo?1 a fac simile ( ! rais$ "w ( embroid]y1 to answ] a dem& ( arti/s 9 oil = some?+ new4 ,mat]ials ,us$4 ,= do+ ! "w procure ! foll[+ mat]ials3 ,! be/ probably = ! purpose w\ld be a brass p51 "o t is v ela/ic2 a goose quill w\ld answ] ! purpose4 ,next is a r\nd piece ( /eel1 or ne$le1 su* z is us$ by mill9]s1 & set 9 a h&le if y wi%4 ,?ree sable bru%es1 ,nos4 #c1 #e1 & #g4 ,cut f bru% ,no4 #c all ! bri/les1 leav+ no?+ b ! abrupt squ>e end ( ! metal hold]2 f ,no4 #g cut away ne>ly two-?irds ( ! hair1 leav+ x ) a r\nd end1 & y h ! requir$ tools4 ,n[ arrange ! velvet ^u :i* ! pa9t+ is to be laid1 by /ret*+ x ^u pa/ebo>d1 & fa/5 ) ?umb tacks1 s z x may be kept 9 place = work+ ^u3 aft] ?is is done1 /amp ^u x ! patt]n y wi% to h pa9t$4 ,?is c bett] be execut$ at a place :]e /amp+ = embroid]y & o!r "w is g5]ally done1 & :]e designs c be f\nd f :i* y c select j ! patt]n y wi%4 ,if y h a picture y w\ld l to pa9t1 t is n p]=at$1 y may make a transf] ( x to velvet by prick+ ?r\gh ) a f9e ne$le1 foll[+ c>efully & completely ! full outl9es ( ! copy be=e y1 aft] ?is is done1 & be=e ! picture is mov$1 press ?r\gh ! n[ p]=at$ patt]n :ite p[d]1 ) a s(t pad1 :i* w %[ up ! outl9es ( :at y seek1 on ! velvet b5ea?1 or y c use ! transf] process giv5 on page #bh4 ,x is n[ ready to receive ! pa9t+4 ,! ,colors us$ are ,w9sor ,newton's oil colors 9 tubes1 & ! opaque mixture = ?9n+4 ,flake :ite1 rose madd]1 c]ulean blue1 v]milion1 *rome gre5 ,nos4 #a & #b1 burnt si5na1 orange *rome1 em]ald gre51 mauve lake4 ,= ,poppies use ,*9ese v]milion1 a little *rome yell[ & gre5 = ! c5t]s2 = ,pansies use mauve lake1 ) gre5 & yell[ = ! c5t]2 = ,daisies 7:ite7 ) yell[ c5t]s1 use flake :ite1 ) *rome yell[ = ! c5t]2 ,=get-me-nots1 use light blue1 by mix+ :ite ) p]man5t blue1 dot ! c5t]s ) yell[2 = leaves1 use gre51 ) a little ,naples yell[ & ,*9ese v]milion = autumn leaves2 = /ems ( fl[]s1 use gre51 & gre5 height5$ ) :ite = grasses1 & :]e ! leaves require x2 = ,wild ,rose1 use rose madd] & :ite1 apply same z 9 poppy4 ,apply+ ! ,colors4 ,aft] ! piece has be5 fa/5$ to ! bo>d1 & ! fl[] is /amp$ !reon1 y may beg9 ! pa9t+4 ,take fir/ a ,=get-me-n4 ,comm5ce ) p5cil ,no4 #c4 ,take ^u ! bru% all x w hold ( c]ulean blue1 mix$ ) :ite lake1 lay ?is ^u ! po9t :i* y are to place ! fl[]1 & ) ! bru% press x out by roll+ ! bru% f ! c5t] to ! outl9e ( ! petal ( ! fl[]1 9 su* quantities z to %[ a roll$ edge1 7resembl+ ! embroid]y71 leav+ ! c5t] ) b little ( ! pa9t4 ,) ! same bru%1 or po9t ( ! p51 7aft] clean+ ) naph?a71 t\* ! c5t] ) a small p>ticle ( *rome yell[1 7ab\t ! size ( a p9 head74 ,n[1 ) ! ne$le1 lay on ! /ems1 us+ gre54 ,9 do+ ?is1 cov] ! :ole ( ! ne$le ) ! color1 & lay on ! velvet full l5g?1 draw+ x ov] ! outl9e1 & roll+ 9 ! f+]s z y move x4 ,?is is also us$ 9 mak+ flat grasses & leaves4 ,9 pa9t+ ! daisy a p5 is us$4 ,place ! pa9t fir/ ^u a palette knife1 & !n take x (f f ! knife ) ! p51 :i* w be f\nd mu* m conv5i5t1 be+ p>ticul> to get ! po9t full ( ! color by lay+ ! p5 sideways :5 tak+ x up1 7us+ flake :ite71 press to ! outside ( ! fl[]1 & by be>+ heavy en\gh y w f9d x c>ries ! color to ! outl9e ( ! petal 9 rolls1 leav+ ! c5t] almo/ void ( color4 ,! in/rum5t us$ = ?is %\ld be v ela/ic1 & "o n easily brok5 by b5d+4 ,aft] y h gone ov] ea* petal1 dot ! c5t]1 by us+ ,no4 #c bru%1 ) *rome yell[ & burnt si5na1 mix$1 us+ en\gh ( ! color to fit ! space ( pi/il4 ,9 pa9t+ ! ,poppy1 use ,no4 #g bru% = outside petals1 & ,no4 #e = inside1 or small] ones4 ,press z be=e direct$ ^u ! bru%1 & turn+ x at ! same "t t[>d ! outl9e1 press+ ! pa9t to ! m>g9 ( ! petal1 & leav+ x !re 9 a roll1 ) ! c5t] ( ! petal z be=e m5tion$4 ,?is be+ done1 take bru% ,no4 #c1 & ) *rome yell[ place 9 ! pi/il & /am5s 7commonly call$ ! 8he>t074 ,= o!r fl[]s1 foll[ in/ructions z previ\sly laid d[n4 ,! outl9es ( fl[]s are made ) bru% ,no4 #c1 & ! p54 ,! ne$le is aga9 employ$ = draw+ 9 ! ve9s1 us+ = ?is light gre51 & apply z h]et(ore direct$1 by cov]+ ) ! color1 & draw full l5g? ov] ! outl9es endwise4 ,9 mak+ autumn leaves1 take ,no4 #e bru%1 us+ = ?is v]milion1 *rome yell[ & burnt si5na1 & sometimes a little gre54 ,= durability1 ?is pa9t+ w comp>e favorably ) any o!r me?od4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n4 ,b4--,:5 ! opaque mixture is us$ no previ\s prep>ation or coat+ ( any k9d is necess>y4 ,! colors w n spread1 run or /a9 silk or velvet ( ! mo/ delicate %ade or t9t1 beyond ! outl9e4 ,use ! opaque mix]1 to ?9 ! pa9t to its prop] consi/5cy be=e apply+1 us+ no oils1 turp5t9e1 or dry] ( any k9d ) ! mix]1 z x is ( itself a suffici5t dry]4 ,if y\r silk or mat]ial pa9t$ %[s a dampness beyond ! l9e ( color1 let x rema9 until ! color dries1 & x w all evaporate dry1 leav+ no /a9 :atev] on ! mat]ial1 plac+ ! pa9t beautifully 9 rolls1 to imitate :at x is int5d$ to1 ,k5s+ton embroid]y4 ,illu/ration ,,arras5e ,,& ,,ribbon ,,embroid]y4 ,illu/ration ,ladies are turn+ away f ! m labori\s k9ds ( "w1 & seek+ t :i* is arti/ic1 useful1 & beautiful4 ,_m :o h h]et(ore sat idle1 are mak+ _! leisure h\rs pleasant1 & _! homes respl5d5t by aid ( decorative art4 ,h\sekeep+ may be class$ among ^? necessities :i*1 to _m1 is a 8life-long torm5t10 = :i* !re is h>dly a rem$y1 al?\gh !re are ^? :o f9d *>ms !re92 !y at ! same "t are almo/ lo/ amid ! va/ multitude ( ord9>y indiff]5t ones4 ,h[ev]1 ne>ly all are kept m9dful ( ! purity ( ! art ( home decoration1 & are %[+ suffici5t int]e/ to d some?+ = its elevation4 ,arras5e embroid]y is comp>atively new1 yet its beauty has s fasc9at$ ! wom5 ( ta/e t tea*]s ( ! art are s\ght aft] ev]y:]e1 & _! sc>city has caus$ ! publication ( ! foll[+ in/ructions4 ,!re is a wool call$ wool arras5e1 & a silk call$ silk arras5e2 ! arras5e embroid]y is simply ! work+ ( ^! 9 tufts1 to =m fl[]s & o!r ornam5ts1 su* z mottoes1 cu%ions1 etc4 ,an owl work$ 9 grey arras5e is beautiful4 ,inasmu* z ! work+ ( fl[]s seem to bett] satisfy ! ta/e ( arras5e art work]s1 ,i w give ! in/ruction4 ,h[ to ,make a ,wild ,rose4 ,= ?is y w ne$ two %ades ( sat9 or velvet--ei!r are v pretty4 ,h ! patt]n /amp$ or drawn on :atev] y wi% to embroid]1 plu%1 felt1 sat91 or o!r goods2 cut ! sat9 9 %ape ( ! petal ( ! fl[]1 & be sure to h !m long en\gh to turn 9 ! edges4 ,n[ bl9d/it* x on ! patt]n1 be+ c>eful to leave fullness en\gh to =m folds 9 ! petals1 ga!r+ !m at ! c5t]1 us+ ! ,fr5* knot1 or se$ /it*1 & embroid]y silk1 yell[ & br[n = roses4 ,= d\ble rose1 cut m pieces = petals1 & lay "o ov] ! o!r4 ,= daisies1 use n>r[ :ite ribbon1 plait+ ! ribbon 9 ! c5t]1 fill+ 9 ) ! ,fr5* knot /it*1 us+ two %ades ( yell[ & br[n4 ,9 mak+ a =get-me-n1 use v n>r[ blue ribbon1 = ! c5t]s "o knot /it* ( yell[ & "o ( r$4 ,= gre5 leaves & /ems1 & ! gre5 ar\nd ! rose1 7calyx71 use arras5e wool or silk1 or a "p ( ea*4 ,x is mu* h&som] to use ! silk = high lights2 = /ems ( roses use r$di% br[n4 ,_m fl[]s c be v effectively repres5t$ by ! ribbon embroid]y1 su* z dogwoods1 sunfl[]s1 pansies1 & o!r v>ieties4 ,,portraiture ,,9 ,,black ,,crayon4 ,illu/ration ,crayon portraiture1 to "o :o kn[s no?+ ( ! me?od1 seems n only v difficult1 b almo/ unatta9able1 except aft] long ye>s ( /udy & practice4 ,ev5 !n _m suppose arti/s are born1 n made4 ,! writ] ( ?is article has be5 employ$ 9 tea*+ ! art = sev]al ye>s1 & c\ld ref] to _m pupils :o1 aft] comp>atively few lessons1 7 able to execute f9i%$ portraits ( real m]it4 ,any "o :o c le>n to write c le>n to draw1 b a special me?od is necess>y to enable pupils to "w intellig5tly4 ,mo/ o!r bran*es ( art h be5 elaborately treat$ by able p5s1 b crayon draw+ z a /udy1 has be5 hi!rto neglect$4 ,a c>eful prep>ation ( writt5 in/ructions _c fail to enable "o ) ord9>y ability & ta/e to ma/] ?is mo/ beautiful art4 ,"o ( ! fir/ requisites = successful "w1 is to h prop] mat]ial1 & ( ! be/ quality4 ,,pap]4 ,! be/ & only pap] t %\ld be us$ is ,:atman's imp]ial1 or d\ble elephant4 ,x %\ld nev] be us$ by tack+ to a draw+ bo>d1 b mu/ be m\nt$ on a /ret*]4 ,all ,art ,/ores h a ready supply ( ^!1 b = ! sake ( economy !y c be made 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,take a p9e frame #bj #bd1 or any desir$ size1 lay a %eet ( ,:atman's pap] ^u a table1 face side d[n1 damp5 x ) a sponge ov] ! entire surface3 lay ! frame ^u x1 & trim ! edges ( ! pap] ) a knife1 ab\t "o in* l>g] ?an ! frame4 ,cut out ! corn]s1 !n ) a small bru% put a little fl\r pa/e ^u ! pap] beyond ! frame1 & also ^u ! edges ( ! frame2 turn ?is pap] up on to ! edges ( ! frame1 draw+ x a little ) ! f+]s to take out ! l>g] wr9kles1 & make x adh]e firmly4 ,put away 9 a cool room1 to all[ ! pap] to dry1 & a /ret*] is ready = use4 ,d n moi/5 ! pap] on ! side ^u :i* ! draw+ is to be made1 z ?is w\ld occasion spots1 :i* w\ld spoil ! "w4 ,9 select+ mat]ials1 buy ! small pap] /omps1 :i* come 9 packages ( a doz5 or m2 "o s(t roll$ *amois /omp2 7avoid ! h>d /iff ones72 a /ick ( squ>e ,conte crayon ,no4 #c1 a piece ( ,conte rubb]1 :i* c be %>p5$ ) a knife :5 x becomes too blunt1 a few /icks ( ! r\nd glossy ,conte crayons1 a crayon hold]1 & a few /icks ( s(t *>coal4 ,take a small block ( wood1 ab\t #ce in*es1 pa/e a piece ( f9e s& pap] c>efully ov] "o or bo? sides1 & let x dry4 ,?is block is useful to %>p5 & clean ! rubb] & pap] /omps4 ,^u ano!r block ( ! same size1 or a little l>g]1 pa/e a piece ( ,:atman's pap]1 smoo?+ x d[n c>efully1 all[+ ?is to dry ?or\ghly4 ,take ! /ick ( ,no4 #c squ>e crayon1 rub x ov] ?is block h>d1 to make ! pulv]iz$ crayon to be us$ ) /omps1 or use a f9e file1 & all[ ! crayon ?us pulv]iz$ to fall ^u ! block4 ,keep ?is free f du/ :5 n 9 use4 ,^! are all ! mat]ials necess>y to execute a crayon portrait4 ,! next /ep w be to make ! enl>gem5t ( ! photograph f :i* a copy is to be made1 provid+ a sol> pr9t is n us$4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( do+ ?is4 ,! be/ me?od is to h a good p5tagraph1 unless "o is able to draw ! outl9e enl>gem5t free h&4 ,9 ei!r or all cases make ! outl9e ^u a piece ( manilla wrapp+ pap]1 cut ! size ( ! /ret*] int5d$4 ,:5 ?is enl>gem5t is made1 ?or\ghly black5 ! back ) a piece ( *>coal by lay+ ! pap] ^u a smoo? draw+ bo>d or table2 turn x ov] & lay x ^u ! /ret*]1 be+ c>eful to place x s ! draw+ w be 9 ! c5t] ( ! /ret*]1 secur+ x ) tacks or p9s at ! corn]s1 9 ord] t x may n slip4 ,) a /ylus1 or h>d lead p5cil1 trace ov] all ^! outl9es aga91 be+ c>eful to foll[ !m accurately1 omitt+ none4 ,remove ! pap] ) c>e1 & a def9ite outl9e ( ! picture w be se5 ^u ! /ret*]4 ,?is w rub (f ) ! slighte/ t\*1 !re=e take "o ( ! pap] /omps1 rub x on ! block ( pulv]iz$ crayon1 hold+ x 9 ! h& z a p5cil1 trace lightly ov] ^! outl9es 9 ord] to prev5t los+ !m :ile at "w ^u ! picture4 ,be c>eful1 h[ev]1 to d ?is v lightly1 if n1 ! l9es w %[ :5 ! picture is f9i%$1 & spoil ! effect ( ! "w4 ,! fir/ /ep to be tak5 is to put ! crayon on ! d>ke/ "p ( ! features4 ,rub ! pap] /omp on ! block ( pulv]iz$ crayon v h>d1 turn+ x ar\nd betwe5 ! f+]s 9 ord] to get ! crayon on ! :ole surface ( ! po9t & tap]+ end4 ,apply ?is lightly b firmly1 & ) a broad /roke to ! l9es or lids above ! eyes1 ! no/rils1 ! l9e ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! m\?1 ! d>k %ades 9 ! e>s & ! eyebr[s1 foll[+ ! outl9es already ^u ! /ret*]4 ,put 9 ! pupils ( ! eyes v black & heavy4 ,! /omp has n[ clean$ itself some:at4 ,next d>k5 ! iris ( ! eye1 put on ! %ad[s "u ! eye1 ! curves ( ! nose f ! eyebr[s to ! end1 & ! curves ar\nd ! no/rils4 ,next ! upp] lip1 t9t+ x lightly4 ,n[ def9e ! outl9es ( ! *eeks1 work+ 9 light /rokes inw>d1 & hat*+ !m1 or cross+ ! /rokes at an acute angle 7nev] at "r angles74 ,"w = ! expression1 & hold x4 ,hav+ gone ?us f> ! /omp w be q free ( color4 ,! bl5d+ process comes next 9 ord]4 ,"w slightly upw>d f ! l9es ar\nd ! eyes1 borr[+ f ! color already !re = ! %ad[s desir$4 ,! same f all ! features above m5tion$1 wat*+ ! photograph closely & leav+ (f su* %ad[s gradually4 ,t9t all ! d>k] %ades on ! entire face 9 ! same mann]1 n z d>k at fir/ z !y w be requir$4 ,leave all ! /rong high lights p]fectly :ite until ! picture is ne>ly f9i%$4 ,9 putt+ on ^! %ad[s ! hat*+ process w be f\nd ! mo/ effective1 n1 h[ev]1 by mak+ /rong l9es1 b simply h ! /rokes ( ! /omp made 9 su* direction1 v s(t & indi/9ct4 ,if any l>ge :ite spots seem to rema91 ?us de/roy+ ! ev5ness ( ! tone1 t\* !m ov] lightly until ! tone resembles 9 quality a wa% ) ,india ink or wat] color1 gradually gr[+ light] & light] until lo/ 9 ! high lights & half tones4 ,! beauty ( ! f9i%$ portrait w dep5d v l>gely ^u ?is bl5d+1 z !re mu/ be no abrupt end+ to any %ad[4 ,leave ! face = ! pres5t1 & take ! *amois /omp1 rubb+ x on ! block ( crayon until ! end is ?or\ghly cov]$4 ,lay x v flat & lightly on ! p>ts ( ! hair :i* are ! d>ke/1 comm5c+ at ! deepe/ "p ( su* %ades1 & end+ t[>d ! high light4 ,leave ^! high lights z 9 ! face p]fectly :ite = ! pres5t4 ,try & foll[ ! direction 9 :i* ! hair is comb$1 b mass x4 ,no attempt %\ld be made to %[ individual hairs4 ,x is simply light & %ade 9 masses4 ,next take ! cle> end ( ! *amois /omp1 borr[ f ! d>k] %ades to t9t ! high lights1 mak+ broad /rokes4 ,if ?is makes !m too d>k1 light5 ) ! rubb]4 ,all rubb] /rokes 9 ! hair %\ld also be broad1 n f9e l9es4 ,! drap]y comes next 9 ord]4 ,a black silk dress or a broadclo? coat %\ld be work$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,) ! *amois /omp put 9 ! d>k] places 9 ! drap]y fir/1 foll[+ ! same g5]al rule ( hat*+ only 9 broad /rokes1 n l9es4 ,t9t ! high] lights 9 ! drap]y ) ! clean end ( ! same /omp1 borr[+ f ! d>k] places z be=e4 ,! same rule %\ld be obs]v$ 9 end+ ! drap]y z 9 ! %ad[s ( ! face--let x become light] & light]1 until lo/ entirely4 ,note c>efully ! coll> & %irt front4 ,g5]ally !re w be se5 light %ad[s ^u !m4 ,if s1 t9t lightly ) a clean /omp1 borr[+ ! color necess>y f ! drap]y1 n f ! block4 ,if ! drap]y n[ appe>s spotty x mu/ be clean$ up 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,fill up ! light] places ) ! pap] /omp1 rubb+ lightly 9 diff]5t directions1 :ile ! spots t are too d>k c be clean$ (f ) ! rubb] 9 light /rokes4 ,9 ?is mann] ! drap]y c be work$ up v smoo?ly1 & free f spots4 ,! backgr\nd %\ld be work$ up 9 ! same mann] z ! drap]y1 only n z d>k4 ,d n put a backgr\nd ar\nd ! entire head1 only f ! %\ld]s up ab\t half ! di/ance to ! =ehead4 ,if ! subject is a lady1 & lace "w is desir$1 make ?is ) ! pap] /omp4 ,d n "w = details1 b 9 an indi/9ct mann]1 foll[+ ! orig9al design some:at1 b 9 s(t /rokes1 tak+ out ! high light ) ! rubb]1 if necess>y4 ,! drap]y1 backgr\nd & hair are n[ suppos$ to be f9i%$1 ! above directions hav+ be5 foll[$ c>efully4 ,! f9i%+ ( ! features mu/ n[ be att5d$ to4 ,) a pap] /omp1 n too black1 /r5g!n all ! d>ke/ %ades 9 ! face1 borr[+ color aga91 work+ ! %ades (f ^u ! high lights1 pres]v+ ! half tones & reflect$ lights4 ,unless ! high lights are v /rong 9 ! orig9al1 t9t !m ov] slightly ) a /omp fairly clean4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say ! subject1 or orig9al photograph1 mu/ be /udi$ v c>efully4 ,if ?is is done1 & ! outl9es accurately made1 a p]fect lik5ess w be ! result4 ,if ! pupils ( ! eyes1 or any v deep %ad[1 ne$ a little /r5g!n+1 x c be done ) ! r\nd ,conte crayon1 %>p5$ to a v f9e po9t1 & hat*$ lightly ov] su* %ad[s4 ,! f9i%+ t\*es mu/ be made by us+ a clean pap] /omp1 go+ ov] ! entire picture1 a little beyond all ! outl9es1 to s(t5 !m1 ?us produc+ a s(t & natural effect4 ,la/ ( all1 take out ! cat* light 9 ! eyes1 ) a %>p po9t$ knife1 scrat*+ x slightly until x is ( ! desir$ %ape4 ,9 clos+ ^! in/ructions1 ! writ] wi%es to impress ^u ! pupil or read] ! necessity ( work+ at all times1 & ^u all p>ts ( ! picture1 v lightly1 if n1 a muddy effect w be ! result4 ,! hat*+ %\ld be tol]ably op51 b n too mu* s4 ,?is produces ! effect ( transp>5cy1 :i* is v desirable4 ,if ! above in/ructions are c>efully /udi$1 & pati5t labor put =?1 any "o may reasonably expect to obta9 excell5ce 9 repres5t+ life-l & natural portraits4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,colors ,illu/ration ,,_! ,,nature ,,& ,,quality4 ,we w beg9 ) gall-/one1 :i* is "o ( ! f9e/ & brighte/ 9 ! _w1 & x v la/+ color1 al?\gh 9 face pa9t+ x %\ld be sp>+ly us$1 its wond]ful brilliancy be+ apt to dr[n all ! o!r colors1 & make ! "w x is us$ 9 too w>m 9 its t9ts4 ,( ,t]ra ,si5na1 x is unburnt1 a bright yell[-br[n e>?1 & is us$ by "s m9iature pa9t]s z a w>m yell[2 b burnt x is a beautiful color1 & p>takes ( ?ree t9ts1 yell[1 r$ & br[n4 ,yell[ ,o*re is a bright yell[ e>?1 & comes f ,france1 is semi-opaque1 & works well4 ,mu* us$ by arti/s1 b mu/ be us$ ) caution4 ,x is a la/+ color1 & ( s]vice 9 ! fle%y face t9ts4 ,roman ,o*re is a r$di% yell[ e>? ( a v great body1 & us$ by "s ) success 9 m9iature pa9t+4 ,us$ ) gum wat] x works well1 & be+ a w>m color1 x communicates t quality to ! t9ts x is work$ on4 ,naples ,yell[ is an e>? f\nd ne> ,naples1 & is a s(t1 bright & durable color4 ,a great proportion ( t us$ is compos$ ( lead1 alum1 sal-ammonia & antimony4 ,?is color is n v mu* us$ by arti/s1 z x does n /& well4 ,is a pale1 gritty yell[4 ,x absorbs all colors t are work$ on x or mix$ ) x4 ,gamboge is ! concrete juice ( v>i\s trees 9 ,ceylon--is a transp>5t color1 & consequ5tly useful z a glaz+ color4 ,yell[s h _! base 9 iron1 lead1 quicksilv] & ars5ic4 ,,blue4 ,( all blues 9 use none c equal ultra-m>9e--its wond]ful brilliancy & p]man5cy excell+ all o!rs4 ,b x is (t5 adult]at$ aft] rea*+ ?is c\ntry1 & ! g5u9e is n common4 ,put a small quantity on a case knife1 & hold x ov] a c&le1 keep ! smoke f t\*+ x2 if adult]at$ x w appe> 9 grey spots1 & if g5u9e x w rema9 brilliant z at fir/4 ,x 0 =m]ly made f lazulite1 ! beautiful v>iegat$ blue m9]al1 wor? at "o "t 9 ,italy tw5ty-five doll>s an ounce4 ,a great] "p ( t us$ n[ is compos$ ( c>bonate ( soda1 sulphur & kaol91 color$ ) cobalt4 ,prussian ,blue is a good color1 x is a f]rocyanuret ( iron1 produc$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,!re is no sub/itute = ,prussian blue = m9iature pa9t+ on acc\nt ( its /r5g? ( effect & transp>5cy4 ,! be/ & pure/ is t :i* is d>k color4 ,indigo is beautiful on acc\nt ( its extreme dep? ( color1 ne>ly approa*+ to black2 ! be/ is call$ ! rock indigo4 ,cobalt is ano!r f9e blue1 mu* us$ 9 sky gr\nds1 & 9 ! delicate p>ts ( faces & necks4 ,fr5* ,ultra4 ,a beautiful bright blue2 x is adapt$ = ladies' drap]y--r too p[]ful = pe>ly t9ts or fle%4 ,p]man5t ,blue1 ,c]ulean4 ,useful 9 drap]ies & backgr\nds2 also 9 l&scape & fl[] pa9t+4 ,n good = fle% t9ts4 ,sap ,gre5 is ! juice ( buck?orn b]ries1 & has prov5 to be a highly useful color :5 judici\sly mix$ ) o!r colors1 produc+ w>m fle%y t9ts :i* _c be made )\t x4 ,copp] is ! base ( mo/ blues1 ?\gh "s are =m$ f iron & cobalt4 ,,r$s4 ,c>m9e is a f9e bright crimson1 incl9+ to sc>let1 & r an opaque color4 ,f x a v>iety ( f9e t9ts may be made1 b x be+ a v high r$1 r5d]s x unfit = delicate subjects2 9 ?is case use rose madd]4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( x prep>$ ( o!r r$s1 b ! deep k9d is ! be/1 ! light] be+ made s by adult]ation1 commonly made ( alum & cream t>t>1 color$ ) co*9eal1 b x fades rapidly by out door exposure4 ,! g5u9e is made f kaol91 or ,*9a clay1 color$ ) co*9eal1 prep>$ ) mu* difficulty1 :i* makes x exp5sive4 ,crimson ,lake is a beautiful crimson color1 incl9+ t[>d ! purple1 mak+ x useful = ! c>nation t9ts 9 pa9t+ delicate subjects4 ,*9ese ,v]milion is a bright r$1 & useful 9 m9iature pictures1 ?\gh too freely us$1 its opacity r5d]s x dang]\s to mix mu* ) o!r colors1 b by itself1 9 t\*+ ! lips & o!r p>ts t require extreme brightness1 x is ( good s]vice4 ,x comes f ,*9a 9 small p>cels1 f\rte5 ounces ea*4 ,! native1 or ,m9]al ,c9nab>1 or v]milion1 is v f9e 9 ,spa92 ! ,fr5* h m9es ( x 9 ,norm&y4 ,light ,r$4 ,useful 9 almo/ all fle% colors1 & ! gr\nd ^u :i* all ! f9] t9ts are made4 ,v5etian ,r$4 ,ne>ly ! same z light r$1 & us$ almo/ = ! same purpose4 ,x is an e>?1 f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,rose ,madd]1 indisp5sable = c>nation lips4 ,?is1 ) cobalt1 & almo/ any transp>5t yell[1 =ms all sorts ( pe>ly & grey t9ts4 ,indian ,r$ is ( a deep purple ca/1 & a mo/ excell5t color = t\*+ ! deep r$ p>ts1 & ! fle%y t9ts4 ,also useful 9 bright backgr\nds & drap]ies4 ,,br[ns4 ,umb] is a yell[i% br[n1 & mixes well ) wat] colors4 ,useful 9 backgr\nds4 ,:5 prop]ly burnt x is a *>m+ r$di% br[n1 v useful 9 hair4 ,works extremely well4 ,t]ra de ,cassel1 or ,v&yke br[n1 s call$ f ! v great e/imation ! inimitable pa9t] ( t "n held x 91 is ! f9e/ ri* br[n 9 ! _w1 9 itself produc+ a m beautiful color ?an c be =m$ by ! junction ( any colors :atev]4 ,x is 9 g5]al use1 & is1 9 its natural /ate1 r co>se & s&y1 b :5 prep>$1 x amply repays ! arti/ = 8 labor2 good glaz+ color = hair %ad[s4 ,lampblack is ! smoke ( burn+ res91 & is useful = m>k+ ! pupil ( ! eye1 & 9 pa9t+ drap]ies4 ,x is a good color :5 burnt1 /&s & works rem>kably well4 ,! smoke ( a c&le1 receiv$ on a plate1 is f\nd ! be/1 be+ black] ?an ! common lampblack4 ,ivory black is pref]r$ by "s4 ,k+'s ,yell[ is a f9e bright opaque color1 & is admirably calculat$ = pa9t+ lace1 gilt buttons1 etc41 b %\ld be cauti\sly us$1 z x is a rank poison4 ,*9ese ,:ite is p]man5t1 & works rem>kably well2 x is freely us$ on e "p ( a picture 9 wat] colors4 ,flake ,:ite4 ,?is is ! only :ite adapt$ = oil colors4 ,*9ese :ite is nev] us$4 ,,mix+ ,,comp\nd ,,t9ts ,,= ,,! ,,face4 ,purple is =m$ ( ei!r ultra-m>9e1 ,prussian blue1 smalt or indigo1 mix$ ) ei!r c>m9e or lake4 ,ultra-m>9e1 al?\gh ! mo/ beautiful & brilliant ( colors by itself1 loses t p]fection 9 any mixture1 b x /ill reta9s a suffici5t %>e ( brightness to r5d] x a desirable t9t 9 ! purpli%-grey t9ts ( ! face4 ,prussian blue1 mix$ z be=e m5tion$1 makes a bright or d>k purple1 accord+ to ! quantity ( ei!r color4 ,indigo makes a /ill d>k] purple1 ow+ to its great natural dep? ( color4 ,fr5* ultra & c>m9e1 or lake1 =ms ne>ly ! same t9t z ultra-m>9e1 & may be us$ ne>ly = ! same purpose4 ,olive ,t9ts4 ,a v f9e olive t9t is =m$ ( gall-/one1 ,nott+ham o*re & c>m9e1 or lake2 & ano!r ( sap gre5 & lake only4 ,,t9ts ,,& ,,! ,,colors ,,:i* ,,produce ,,!m4 ,grey is made by comb9+ ,:ite & ,lampblack4 ,buff is made by comb9+ ,:ite & ,yell[ ,o*re1 ,r$4 ,pe>l is made by comb9+ ,:ite1 ,black1 ,blue4 ,orange is made by comb9+ ,yell[1 ,r$4 ,violet is made by comb9+ ,r$1 ,blue1 ,:ite4 ,purple is made by comb9+ ,violet1 ,r$1 ,:ite4 ,gold is made by comb9+ ,:ite1 ,/one1 ,o*re1 ,r$4 ,olive is made by comb9+ ,yell[1 ,blue1 ,black1 ,:ite4 ,*e/nut is made by comb9+ ,r$1 ,black1 ,yell[4 ,fle% is made by comb9+ ,:ite1 ,yell[ ,o*re1 ,v]milion4 ,lime/one is made by comb9+ ,:ite1 ,yell[ ,o*re1 ,r$1 ,black4 ,s&/one is made by comb9+ ,:ite1 ,yell[ ,o*re1 ,r$1 ,black4 ,free/one is made by comb9+ ,r$1 ,black1 ,yell[ ,o*re1 ,:ite4 ,fawn is made by comb9+ ,:ite1 ,yell[1 ,r$4 ,*ocolate is made by comb9+ ,raw ,umb]1 ,r$1 ,black4 ,drab is made by comb9+ ,:ite1 ,raw & ,burnt ,umb]4 ,pea ,gre5 is made by comb9+ ,:ite & ,*rome ,gre54 ,rose is made by comb9+ ,:ite1 ,madd]1 ,lake4 ,copp] is made by comb9+ ,r$1 ,yell[1 ,black4 ,lemon is made by comb9+ ,:ite1 ,yell[4 ,snuff is made by comb9+ ,yell[1 ,v&yke ,br[n4 ,cl>et is made by comb9+ ,r$1 ,umb]1 ,black4 ,dove is made by comb9+ ,:ite1 ,v]milion1 ,blue1 ,yell[4 ,p9k is made by comb9+ ,:ite1 ,v]milion1 ,lake4 ,cream is made by comb9+ ,:ite1 ,yell[4 ,salmon is made by comb9+ ,:ite1 ,yell[1 ,raw ,umb]1 ,r$4 ,/raw is made by comb9+ ,:ite1 ,*rome ,yell[4 ,lilac is made by comb9+ ,:ite1 ) ,violet4 ,*angeable is made by comb9+ ,r$1 ,gre51 light5$ ) ,:ite4 ,pea* ,blossom is made by comb9+ ,:ite1 ,r$1 ,blue1 ,yell[4 ,bronze ,gre5 is made by comb9+ ,*rome ,gre51 ,black1 ,yell[1 or ,black & ,yell[1 or ,black & ,gre54 ,,transp>5t ,,colors4 ,burnt ,t]re de ,si5na1 ,t]re ,v]te ,asphaltum1 ,dragon's blood1 ,c>m9e1 ,rose ,p9k1 ,gamboge1 ,prussian ,blue1 all ! ,lakes & all ! ,gums4 ,,semi-,,transp>5t4 ,umb]1 ,v&yke ,br[n1 ,*rome ,r$1 ,em]ald ,gre51 ,indigo1 ,v]digris1 ,brilliant ,ultra-,m>9e4 ,,contra/ ,,& ,,h>mony ,,( ,,colors4 ,"o color w g5]ally h>monize ) ano!r :5 bo? conta9 ! same base 9 diff]5t proportions4 ,:ite contra/s ) ,black1 ,br[n1 & h>monizes ) any o!r color4 ,yell[ contra/s ) ,purple1 ,:ite1 & h>monizes ) ,orange & pale colors4 ,orange contra/s ) ,blue1 & h>monizes ) ,r$1 ,p9k4 ,r$ contra/s ) ,gre51 & h>monizes ) ,crimson4 ,gre5 contra/s ) ,r$1 & h>monizes ) ,yell[4 ,purple contra/s ) ,yell[1 ,:ite1 & h>monizes ) ,crimson4 ,black contra/s ) pale colors1 & h>monizes ) deep colors4 ,gold contra/s ) d>k colors1 & h>monizes ) light colors4 ,,taxid]my ,illu/ration ,,sk9n+1 ,,prep>+ ,,& ,,m\nt+ ,,! ,,mammalia1 ,,or ,,quadrup$s4 ,,sk9n+4 ,:5 a quadrup$ is kill$1 & its sk9 int5d$ = /uff+1 ! prep>atory /eps are to lay ! animal on its back & plug up its no/rils1 m\?1 & any w\nds x may h receiv$1 ) cotton or t[1 to prev5t ! blood f disfigur+ ! sk94 ,! fox w s]ve admirably our purpose z an example4 ,!re=e1 ,reyn>d be+ procur$1 we ne$ n say h[1 lay him on 8 back 9 ! same position z be=e recomm5d$1 & hav+ fir/ /uff$ ! m\? ) cotton & ti$ x up1 & measur$ 8 neck & body ) rule & calip]s1 & not$ !m1 proce$4 ,make an incision f ! la/ rib ne>ly to ! v5t1 b n q up to x4 ,hav+ done s1 proce$ to raise ! sk9 all r\nd ! incision z f> z ! ?ighs1 fir/ sk9n+ "o side & !n ! o!r1 us+ ! flat end ( ! knife 9 pref]5ce to ! blade to raise ! sk94 ,hav+ rea*$ ! h9d legs1 sep>ate ! latt] at ! femur or ?igh-bone1 close to ! backbone1 leav+ ! legs atta*$ to ! sk94 ,n[ sk9 ! head qu>t]s close up to ! tail1 & sep>ate x f ! body at ! la/ v]tebr1 tak+ c>e n to injure ! sk94 ,pull ! sk9 ov] ! heads ( ! hip-jo9ts1 & n[ ! c>case may be susp5d$ by ! h9d-qu>t]s1 :ile ! sk9 is /ripp$ by pull+ x g5tly & cutt+ t[>ds ! =e-qu>t]s4 ,! =e-legs are sep>at$ f ! body1 z ! h9d ones _h be51 close to ! %\ld]-bone1 & ! sk9 fairly pull$ ov] ! head & close to ! nose1 :5 ! head is sep>at$ f ! body by cutt+ ?r\gh ! la/ v]tebr ( ! neck4 ,reyn>d is n[ sk9n$1 ! head1 legs1 & tail be+ all atta*$ to ! sk91 f :i* ! c>case is sep>at$4 ,! fle% is n[ cut entirely away f ! *eek-bones1 ! eyes remov$1 ! bra9s tak5 out by enl>g+ ! occipital op5+ beh9d ! cranium1 ! :ole clean$ & suppli$ ) a coat+ ( ars5ical pa/e & /uff$ ) t[ or wool to ! natural size4 ,! legs are n[ successively sk9n$ by pu%+ out ! bones & inv]t+ ! sk9 ov] !m until ! foot-jo9t is visible2 e portion ( fle% & t5dons mu/ be cut away & ! bone clean$ ?or\ghly1 & a coat+ ( ars5ical soap laid ov] x z well z ! sk94 ,wrap t[1 or cotton1 or any o!r suitable mat]ial1 r\nd ! bone1 br++ x to its natural %ape1 & draw ! sk9 ov] x aga94 ,d ?is to ea* leg 9 succession1 & ! body itself is ready = /uff+ & m\nt+4 ,! utmo/ c>e w n prev5t accid5ts2 ! fur & plumage w get sulli$1 & be=e /uff+ x is well to exam9e ! sk91 = /a9s & spots are calculat$ to det]iorate its appe>ance4 ,grease or blood-spots may be remov$ by bru%+ ov] ) oil ( turp5t9e1 :i* is aft]w>ds absorb$ by du/+ pla/] ( ,p>is ov]4 ,macgillivray recomm5ds t all sk9s1 :e!r !y are to be put away 9 a cab9et or /uff$1 %\ld receive a wa%+ ( spirits ( turp5t9e spr9kl$ on1 & g5tly bru%$ 9 ! direction ( ! fea!rs or fur4 ,n to tru/ too mu* to memory1 x is desirable to measure & note ! proportions ( ! animal be=e sk9n+1 fir/ tak+ ! muzzle to ! tail4 ,aft]w>ds1 f ! junction ( ! tail to ! tip4 ,secondly1 f ! middle ( ! %\ld]-blade1 or scapula1 to ! articulation ( ! femur1 or ?igh-bone4 ,?irdly1 ! animal be+ plac$ on its side1 measure f ! upp] "p ( ! scapula to ! middle ( ! /]num--t is1 to ! spot :]e ! two sides meet above1 & f9ally f ! socket ( ! scapula to ! socket ( ! articulation ( ! femur1 or ?igh-bone4 ,9 addition to ^!1 note1 by measurem5t ) calip] compasses1 ! size ( ! head1 ! neck1 ! tail1 & o!r po9ts :i* affect ! %ape ( ! animal4 ,^! measurem5ts w s]ve z a guide 9 /uff+1 & = ! size ( ! case & l5g? ( ! m\nt+ wires4 ,9 ! process ( sk9n+1 x is important to avoid p5etrat+ to ! inte/9es1 or sep>at+ any ( ! abdom9al muscles :i* lead to ! inte/9es2 any su* accid5t w\ld be v disagreeable1 z well z injuri\s to ! sk94 ,/uff+ ,quadrup$s1 etc4 ,let u suppose ! animal :i* we int5d to /uff1 to be a cat4 ,wire ( su* a ?ickness is *os5 z w support ! animal by be+ introduc$ "u ! soles ( ! feet1 & runn+ x ?r\gh ea* ( ! f\r legs4 ,a piece ( small] dim5sions is !n tak51 measur+ ab\t two feet1 = ! purpose ( =m+ :at is t]m$ by /uff]s1 a tail-be>]4 ,?is piece ( wire is b5t at ne>ly a ?ird ( its l5g?1 into an oval ( ab\t six in*es 9 l5g?2 ! two ends are twi/$ toge!r1 s z to leave "o ( !m some:at long] ?an ! o!r2 ! tail is !n correctly measur$1 & ! wire is cut to ! l5g? ( x1 besides ! oval4 ,! wire is !n wrapp$ r\nd ) flax 9 a spiral =m1 :i* mu/ be increas$ 9 ?ickness z x approa*es ! oval1 s z to be ne>ly equal to ! dim5sions ( ! l>ge/ v]tebr1 or root ( ! tail4 ,:5 f9i%$1 x %\ld be rubb$ ?9ly ov] ) fl\r pa/e1 to pres]ve its smoo? =m1 :i* mu/ be all[$ to dry ?or\ghly1 & !n ! surface %\ld receive a coat+ ( ! pres]vative4 ,! %ea? ( ! tail mu/ n[ be rubb$ inside ) ! pres]vative4 ,?is is appli$ ) a small quantity ( l9t1 atta*$ to ! end ( a wire1 long en\gh to rea* ! po9t ( ! tail-%ea?4 ,! tail-be>] is !n ins]t$ into ! %ea?1 & ! oval "p ( ! wire plac$ )9 ! sk9 ( ! belly1 & atta*$ to ! longitud9al wire1 :i* is sub/itut$ = ! v]tebr or backbone4 ,f\r pieces ( wire1 ab\t ! ?ickness ( a cr[-quill1 are !n tak51 :i* mu/ be ! l5g? ( ! legs1 & ano!r piece a foot or fifte5 in*es long] ?an ! body4 ,"o end ( ea* ( ^! is %>p5$ ) a file1 9 a triangul> %ape1 s t x may ! m easily p5etrate ! p>ts4 ,at ! blunt end ( ! longe/ piece a r+ is =m$1 l>ge en\gh to admit ( ! po9t ( a f+] ent]+ x2 ?is is done by b5d+ ! wire back on itself a turn & a-half1 by ! assi/ance ( ! r\nd p9c]s4 ,on ! same wire ano!r r+ is =m$ 9 a simil> mann]1 consi/+ ( "o entire turn1 & s situat$ z to rea* j betwe5 ! animal's %\ld]s4 ,! rema9+ "p ( ?is wire %\ld be p]fectly /raight1 & triangul>ly po9t$ at ! extremity4 ,ano!r me?od ( =m+ ! support+ wires1 z practic$ by ,m4 ,ni*ols1 is to take a c5tral wire1 :i* mu/ be ! l5g? ( ! head1 neck1 body & tail ( ! cat2 two o!r pieces are !n tak5 & twi/$ r\nd ! c5t] piece1 ^! extremities be+ left = ! leg wires4 ,aft] ! wires are ?us twi/$ toge!r ! c5tral "o is pull$ out1 & ! feet wires ( "o side are pu%$ ?r\gh ! legs ( "o side f ! inside ( ! sk91 & ! o!r two leg pieces are b5t & also =c$ ?r\gh ! legs1 & aft]w>d made /raight by a pair ( p9c]s2 ! c5t] piece1 hav+ be5 previ\sly %>p5$ at "o end ) a file1 is n[ =c$ ?r\gh ! =ehead & d[n ! neck1 till x ent]s ! c5t] ( ! twi/$ leg wires :i* x =m]ly occupi$1 & pu%$ =w>d to ! extremity ( ! tail1 leav+ a small piece project+ out ( ! =ehead1 aft] :i* ! completion ( ! /uff+ is proce$$ )4 ,?is mode is unnecess>y = ! small] animals1 & x %\ld only be adopt$ = quadrup$s ! size ( de]1 etc4 ,^! wires are1 besides1 mu* m difficult to ins]t by ?is ?an by ! o!r me?od4 ,all ! wires be+ adju/$1 ! op]ation ( /uff+ is next proce$$ )4 ,! sk9 ( ! cat is n[ ext5d$ on a table2 & ! end ( ! noose seiz$ ) ! left h&1 & aga9 pu%$ into ! sk91 till x rea*es ! neck1 :5 we receive ! bones ( ! head into ! "r h&4 ,! skull is n[ well rubb$ ov] ) ! ars5ical soap1 & all ! cavities :i* ! muscles be=e occupi$ are fill$ ) *opp$ t[1 flax1 or cotton1 well mix$ ) pres]v+ p[d]4 ,! long piece ( wire is n[ pass$ into ! middle ( ! skull1 & aft] x is well rubb$ ov] ) ! pres]vative1 x is return$ into ! sk94 ,! inn] surface ( ! neck-sk9 is n[ ano9t$1 & /uff$ ) *opp$ flax1 tak+ c>e n to di/5d x too mu*4 ,no?+ l pressure %\ld be appli$1 z ! fre% sk9 is susceptible ( mu* expansion4 ,obs]ve t x is always ! inn] surface :i* is ano9t$ ) ! ars5ical soap4 ,take c>e t ! fir/ r+ ( ! wire1 :i* passes into ! head is 9 ! direction ( ! %\ld]s1 & ! second correspond+ ) ! pelvis1 or some:at t[>d ! po/]ior "p4 ,"o ( ! =e-leg wires is !n ins]t$ along ! back ( ! bone1 & ! po9t pass$ out "u ! highe/ ball ( ! paw4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$ ! bones ( ! leg are drawn up )9 ! sk9 ( ! body1 & ! wire fa/5$ to ! bones ( ! arm & =e-arm ) /rong ?read or small tw9e4 ,brass wire1 us$ = piano =te /r+s1 makes x m secure1 & is n liable to rot4 ,^! are well ano9t$1 & flax or t[ sliv]s wrapp$ ar\nd !m s z to supply ! place ( ! muscles :i* h be5 remov$4 ,to give ! natural rise to ! l>g] muscles1 a piece ( silv] %\ld be cut (f ! l5g? ( ! protub]ance requir$ & plac$ 9 ! "p1 & ! silv] wrapp$ ov] x4 ,?is gives x a v natural appe>ance4 ,! mode ( fix+ ! legs is by pass+ "o ( _! pieces ( wire into ! small r+ ( ! horizontal or middle support+ wire4 ,pursue ! same plan ) ! o!r leg1 & !n twi/ ! two ends firmly toge!r by ! aid ( a pair ( flat p9c]s4 ,= an animal ( ! size ( a cat1 ! pieces left = twi/+ mu/ be f five to six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,aft] be+ twi/$1 !y are b\nd on ! "u side ( ! body wire ) /rong ?read2 ! two legs are !n replac$ & put 9 ! =m 9 :i* we int5d to fix !m4 ,! sk9 ( ! belly & top ( ! %\ld]s is !n ano9t$1 & a ?ick lay] ( flax plac$ "u ! middle wire4 ,! %ape is n[ giv5 to ! scapula on bo? sides1 & all ! muscles ( ! %\ld]s imitat$4 ,^! w be elevat$ or depress$1 accord+ to ! action int5d$ to be express$4 ,! ant]ior "p ( ! op5+ is n[ sew$ up1 to reta9 ! /uff+1 & to enable u to complete ! =mation ( ! %\ld]s & junction ( ! neck4 ,?is "p ( ! animal is ( great importance1 z reg>ds ! p]fection ( its =m1 & mu* ( its beauty w dep5d ^u ?is be+ well execut$4 ,if ! animal has be5 rec5tly sk9n$1 ! be/ plan possible is to imitate1 z ne>ly z possible1 ! muscles ( ! c>case1 by :i* _m p>ts w be notic$ :i* might o!rwise h be5 neglect$4 ,z a rule1 ,,copy ,,nature ,,:5ev] ,,y ,,h ,,x ,,9 ,,y\r ,,p[]4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ z a g5]al rule1 t ! wires = ! h9d legs ( quadrup$s %\ld always be long] ?an ^? ( ! =e legs4 ,! next ?+ is to =m ! h9d legs & ?ighs1 :i* mu/ be done z above describ$ = ! =e legs2 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t !y mu/ be w\nd r\nd ) ?read1 drawn ?r\gh ! /uff+ at int]vals1 to prev5t x slipp+ up :5 return$ into ! sk9 ( ! leg4 ,!y are !n fix$ by pass+ ! leg wires into a second r+ ( ! c5t] body wire1 :i* is situat$ at or ne> ! pelvis2 ! two ends are !n b5t1 twi/+ !m to ! "r & left ar\nd ! r+2 &1 to make !m /ill m secure1 !y %\ld be w\nd r\nd ) small brass wire or pack?read2 ! tail-be>] is !n atta*$ 9 ! mann] =m]ly describ$4 ,hav+ complet$ ?is "p ( ! iron "w1 ! sk9 ( ! ?ighs is coat$ inside ) ! pres]vative1 & ! /uff+ complet$ ) *opp$ flax or t[4 ,! :ole inn] p>ts ( ! sk9 :i* c be rea*$ are aga9 ano9t$1 & ! body /uff+ complet$ ) *opp$ flax4 ,c>e mu/ be also paid n to /uff ! belly too mu*1 z ! sk9 v easily dilates4 ,! incision 9 ! belly is n[ clos$ by br++ ! sk9 toge!r1 & !n sew$ )9 & )\t1 :ile att5tion is paid to divide ! hairs1 & n to take any ( !m 9 along ) ! ?read2 b %\ld any ( !m be inadv]t5tly fix$1 !y c be pick$ out easily ) a po9t4 ,:5 ?is is complet$1 ! hair w resume its natural ord] & completely conceal ! seam4 ,! seam %\ld n[ be well prim$ on bo? sides ) ! solution ( corrosive sublimate1 to prev5t ! entrance ( mo?s4 ,! articulations ( ! legs are !n b5t1 & ! animal plac$ on its feet1 & pressure us$ at ! natural flat places1 s z to make ! o!r p>ts rise :]e ! muscles are visible4 ,a bo>d is n[ prep>$1 on :i* to place ! cat4 ,b be=e fix+ x p]man5tly ! animal %\ld be set 9 ! attitude 9 :i* x is int5d$ to be pres]v$1 & ! op]ator1 hav+ satisfi$ himself1 !n pi]ces f\r holes = ! admission ( ! feet wires1 :i* mu/ be drawn ?r\gh ) a pair ( p9c]s till ! paws re/ firmly on ! bo>d4 ,small grooves are !n made = ! reception ( ! pieces ( wires :i* h be5 drawn ?r\gh1 s t !y may be fold$ back & press$ d[n 9 !m1 & n be beyond ! level ( ! back ( ! bo>d2 wire nails are n[ driv5 half 91 & _! heads b5t d[n on ! wires to prev5t !m f gett+ loose or becom+ movable4 ,! /uff] next directs 8 att5tion to ! position & f9al /uff+ ( ! head & neck4 ,! muscles ( ! face mu/ be imitat$ z correctly z possible by /uff+ 9 cotton at ! op5+ ( ! eyes1 z also at ! m\?1 e>s & no/rils4 ,to aid 9 ?is also ! inn] mat]ials may be drawn =w>d by ! assi/ance ( in/rum5ts1 & also small pieces ( wood =m$ l small knitt+ me%es4 ,our next c>e is ! ins]tion ( ! eyes1 :i* mu/ be done :ile ! eyelids are yet fre%4 ,"s dext]ity & skill are requir$ 9 ?is op]ation1 & on x w dep5d mo/ ( ! beauty & "* ( ! head4 ,! seats ( ! eyes are suppli$ ) a little cem5t1 ! eyes put 9 _! place1 & ! eyelids prop]ly drawn ov] ! eyeballs2 b if rage or fe> are to be express$1 a consid]able portion ( ! eyeballs mu/ be expos$4 ,! lips are aft]w>ds dispos$ 9 _! natural /ate & fa/5$ ) p9s4 ,if ! m\? is int5d$ to be op51 x w be necess>y to support ! lips ) cotton1 :i* c be remov$ :5 !y are dry4 ,two small balls ( cotton1 firmly press$ toge!r & well t9ctur$ ) ! ars5ical soap1 mu/ be ?ru/ into ! no/rils s z to completely plug !m up to prev5t ! air f p5etrat+1 z also ! intrusion ( mo?s2 &1 besides1 x has ! effect ( pres]v+ ! natural %ape ( ! nose aft] x has dri$4 ,! same precaution %\ld be adopt$ ) ! e>s1 :i*1 9 ! cat1 require b little att5tion 9 sett+4 ,we mu/ aga9 recomm5d ! /uff] to see t he has suffici5tly appli$ ! pres]vative soap2 & ! nose1 lips1 eyes & paws1 be+ v liable to decay1 mu/ be well imbu$ ) spirits ( turp5t9e4 ,?is is appli$ ) a bru%1 & mu/ be repeat$ six or eight times1 at int]vals ( "s days1 until we are c]ta9 ( ! p>ts be+ well prim$ ) x2 &1 aft] all1 x w be advisable to give x a s+le coat+ ( ! solution ( corrosive sublimate4 ,! me?ods ( /uff+1 :i* we h po9t$ out 9 ! prec$+ pages1 are applicable to all animals1 f a lion d[n to ! smalle/ m\se4 ,animals ( a l>ge description require a frame-"w suit$ to _! dim5sions2 ^! we w po9t out 9 _! ord]4 ,!re are also "s animals ^: peculi>ity ( /ructure requires treatm5t diff]+ a little f ! ord9>y c\rse4 ,apes & ,monkeys4 ,"o ( ! *ief difficulties to cont5d ) 9 sett+ up monkeys & apes1 is ! pres]vation ( _! h&s & h9d h&s1 or :at we commonly call _! feet2 because we mu/ n attempt to deprive ^! limbs ( _! fle%1 z we nev] c\ld aga9 supply its place any?+ l :at is 9 nature4 ,! h&s mu/ !re=e be dri$1 & !n well imbu$ ) turp5t9e & ! solution ( corrosive sublimate1 repeat$ eight or t5 times at lea/1 at int]vals ( f\r or five days4 ,! o!r p>ts ( ! /uff+ %\ld be exactly simil> to t recomm5d$ = quadrup$s g5]ally4 ,! paws ( sev]al w require to be color$ ) ! diff]5t v>ni%es1 &1 :5 dry1 slightly poli%$ ) f9e s& pap] to remove ! gloss4 ,! callosities1 on ! h9d] p>ts ( _m ( !m1 w also require to be color$1 & treat$ 9 ! same way z ! face4 ,bats4 ,! w+-membranes ( ?is v>i$ & num]\s tribe d n require ei!r wire or p>*m5t to set !m4 ,!y are v easily dri$ by di/5sion4 ,!y are laid on a bo>d ( s(t wood1 ! w+s ext5d$ & p9n$ equally at ! articulations1 &1 :5 dry1 !y are remov$ f ! bo>d4 ,h$gehogs4 ,:5 x is wi%$ to pres]ve h$gehogs1 roll$ into a ball1 :i* is a v common position ) !m 9 a /ate ( nature1 !re %\ld be mu* less /uff+ put into !m ?an is usual ) quadrup$s1 s t !y may ! m easily b5d4 ,no wires are requir$ 9 ?is case4 ,! head & feet are drawn close toge!r "u ! belly2 !n place ! animal on its back 9 ! middle ( a l>ge clo?1 & tie ! f\r ends firmly toge!r2 susp5d x 9 ! air till ?or\ghly dry1 :i* f9i%es ! op]ation4 ,if h$gehogs are wi%$ ) ! heads & limbs expos$1 ! usual me?od ( m\nt+ is adopt$4 ,! sk9s ( mice1 moles1 etc41 hav+ a v (f5sive smell1 x w be necess>y to add a consid]able portion ( ! t9cture ( musk to ! solution ( ! corrosive sublimate ) :i* ! sk9s are imbu$4 ,! same applies to badg]s1 wolv]5es1 polecats & skunks1 all ( :i* are /rong smell+ animals4 ,be>s4 ,! /ructure ( ! wires requires to be diff]5t 9 ^! l>g] animals f any we h be=e describ$4 ,procure a b> "o in* ?ick1 two in*es broad1 & z long z to rea* horizontally f ! %\ld]s to ! connection ( ! ?ighs1 or os pubis4 ,a hole is bor$ f\r in*es di/ant f "o ( its ends1 f :i* a connect+ groove mu/ be =m$1 ext5d+ on bo? sides to ! end ( ! plank next ! hole2 ?is groove mu/ be cut out ) a holl[ *isel deep en\gh to receive ! wire4 ,! wire is !n pass$ ?r\gh x1 "o end ( :i* is j long en\gh to be twi/$ ) ! o!r at ! end ( ! plank4 ,! wire on bo? sides is n[ press$ d[n into ! grooves & twi/$ firmly toge!r by ! aid ( a pair ( /rong p9c]s4 ,pi]ce "s holes obliquely into ! groove & ins]t "s wire nails into !m1 :i* mu/ be firmly driv5 home1 & !n b5t ov] ! wires to keep !m firm4 ,! longe/ end ( ! wire %\ld be at lea/ eighte5 in*es beyond ! b> s z to pass ?r\gh ! skull ( ! animal4 ,! use ( ?is b>1 x w be obs]v$1 is a sub/itute = ! c5tral or support+ wires ( ! body4 ,two o!r holes are n[ bor$ into x1 ! "o two1 & ! o!r ?ree in*es f ! end :i* we fir/ pi]c$2 ^! are = ! reception ( ! wires ( ! =e legs2 & two simil> holes mu/ be made at ! o!r extremity ( ! b> = receiv+ ! wires ( ! h9d legs4 ,be>s always support !mselves on ! full expansion ( _! dilat$ paws1 s t x is necess>y to br+ ! leg-wires out at ! claws4 ,! leg-wires are b5t at "r angles = a l5g? ( five in*es f ! upp] end4 ,^! are put ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! b>1 & :5 !y h pass$ ?r\gh !y are curv$ aga94 ,two small gimlet-holes are !n made = ! reception ( small] wire1 by :i* ! leg-wires mu/ be b\nd toge!r close to ! b>4 ,! =eleg-wires are fix$ 9 ! same mann]1 :i* completes ! framework4 ,no o!r means are us$ = middle-siz$ animals1 su* z ! lion1 tig]1 leop>d1 etc4 ,! /uff+ is complet$ z 9 o!r quadrup$s4 ,! walrus1 seals1 & o!r amphibi\s animals ( ?is ord]1 are treat$ 9 ! mann] ( quadrup$s g5]ally1 only t leg-wires are unnecess>y1 except 9 ! =e-feet2 ! tail1 :i* repres5ts ! h9d-feet1 has m]ely to be dri$ & kept prop]ly /ret*$ 9 dur+ ?is process1 :i* precaution also applies to ! =e-feet4 ,!y are ! easie/ /uff$ ( all animals1 only ! sk9s are v oily2 !y %\ld be well rubb$ ) ! ars5ical soap1 & also ) ! pres]v+ p[d]4 ,! /uff+ ( ! walrus1 & o!r l>ge animals ( ?is family1 %\ld consi/ ( well dri$ hay = ! int]ior p>ts & t[ = ! surface next ! sk94 ,beav]1 etc4 ,! beav]1 muskrat1 common rat1 & o!r animals ^: sk9s h a /rong smell4 ,^! require to be pl5tifully suppli$ ) ! pres]vative4 ,! tail ( ! beav] %\ld be cut und]nea?1 & all ! fle% remov$1 !n /uff$ ) t[ or *opp$ flax1 & aft]w>ds ?or\ghly dri$ & well prim$ ) ! ars5ical soap to prev5t putrefaction1 to :i* x is v liable4 ,x %\ld also h repeat$ wa%+s ) oil ( turp5t9e4 ,! back %\ld be r\nd & %ort4 ,! ,porcup9e4 ,9 /uff+ ?is animal consid]able & v>i$ expression may be giv51 bo? f ! attitude & disposition ( ! quills4 ,great att5tion is !re=e requir$ 9 giv+ ^! a prop] set dur+ ! process ( dry+4 ,!y w require to be look$ at sev]al times dur+ ! fir/ & second day aft] !y h be5 /uff$1 & any ( !m t may h fall5 out ( ! position requir$1 to be adju/$4 ,h>es & ,rabbits4 ,a v pretty attitude = ! h>e or rabbit1 is to h x seat$ 9 its =m 9 an upright position1 z if al>m$ at ! noise ( dogs1 etc4 ,an oval is =m$ ( wire & atta*$ to ! int]ior framework1 aft] hav+ pass$ "o end ( x ?r\gh ! anus1 :i* mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! bo>d on :i* ! animal is to be fix$4 ,! wires ( ! h9d legs mu/ be =c$ ?r\gh ! po/]ior "p ( !m1 & also fix$ into holes =m$ = _! reception 9 ! bo>d4 ,de]1 ,antelopes1 ,goats1 etc4 ,^! animals %\ld be m\nt$ on ! same pr9ciples z recomm5d$ = ! be>s4 ,a diff]5t mode mu/1 h[ev]1 be adopt$ 9 sk9n+ ! animals1 :i* ! horns r5d] necess>y4 ,x is p]=m$ 9 ! ord9>y mann] until ! op]ator rea*es ! neck4 ,aft] cutt+ z ne> ! head z possible1 ano!r incision mu/ be made1 comm5c+ "u ! *91 :i* is cont9u$ to ! bottom ( ! neck1 or f eight to t5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,by ?is op5+1 ! rema9d] ( ! neck is sep>at$ f ! head2 ! tongue is cut out1 & ! occipital orifice enl>g$1 & ! bra9 extract$ !reby4 ,! lips are n[ cut z ne> z possible to ! jaw bones1 & ! op]ator mu/ cont9ue progressively asc5d+ t[>ds ! =ehead1 & 9 ?is mann] all ! sk9 w be sep>at$ f ! head1 except at ! nose1 or po9t ( ! muzzle4 ,all ! muscles are next remov$ by ! scalpel1 & ! skull well ano9t$ ) ars5ical soap4 ,! muscles :i* h be5 cut out are !n imitat$ ) *opp$ flax or cotton1 :i* may be atta*$ to ! bones ) cem5t4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! head mu/ be replac$ )9 ! sk94 ,! orifice "u ! neck mu/ n[ be sew$ up ) f9e /it*es1 s t ! hair may spread ov] !m to conceal ! seam4 ,! :ole o!r p>ts ( ! m\nt+ is complet$ z direct$ = ! be>4 ,! ,dolph91 ,porpoise1 etc4 ,! /ructure ( ^! animals1 z well z ( ! o!r species ( ! fir/ family ( ?is ord]1 diff]s b little 9 g5]al /ructure4 ,9 sk9n+ ^!1 an incision is made "u ! *91 & cont9u$ to ! extremity ( ! tail2 ! sk9 is !n deta*$ "r & left ) ! scalpel1 or a %>p knife4 ,:5 ! sk9 has be5 cut back z f> z possible1 dis5gage ! v]tebr at ! tail1 & ?is w enable ! op]ator to deta* ! sk9 f ! back2 ! v]tebr are n[ cut close to ! head1 & ! :ole c>case remov$4 ,all ?is tribe h a ?ick lay] ( fat "u _! sk94 ,9 ! op]ation ( sk9n+ x requires consid]able dext]ity to leave ?is fat1 or blubb]1 adh]+ to ! c>case4 ,practice alone w obviate ?is4 ,:5 ?is has n be5 prop]ly manag$ 9 ! sk9n+1 ! only ?+ to be done aft]w>ds is to scrape x ?or\ghly ) a knife4 ,! oil :i* fl[s f x dur+ ?is op]ation mu/ be soak$ up ) bran1 or pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,!re be+ no muscul> projections 9 ! sk9 ( ! porpoise1 !re is no use = wires 9 m\nt+ x4 ,a n>r[ piece ( wood ! l5g? ( ! body is q suffici5t to keep ! sk9 /ret*$1 & /uff$ ei!r ) t[ or hay4 ,"s mon?s are necess>y to r5d] x p]fectly dry & /iff1 f its greasy nature4 ,! grease almo/ always leaves "s disagreeable look+ spots on ! sk94 ,to remove ^!1 & prev5t a recurr5ce ( !m1 p[d]$ pumice-/one /eep$ 9 olive oil1 is rubb$ ?ickly on ! sk9 ) a h&-bru%4 ,x is !n gone ov] a second "t ) em]y & oil4 ,x is rubb$ 9 ?is way till ! sk9 has a glossy appe>ance1 :5 x may be rubb$ dry ) a wool5 clo?2 & to complete ! poli%1 a clean wool5 clo? may be appli$ ) "s =ce to complete ! gloss1 :i* is natural to ! sk9 9 a liv+ /ate4 ,:]e a v glossy appe>ance is wi%$1 v>ni%es become necess>y1 b "s difficulty has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 gett+ ^! to rema9 atta*$ to ! sk9 9 all wea!rs1 because ! humidity ( ra9y seasons melts gum-arabic :5 x is us$ z a v>ni%1 & :5 :ite v>ni% is appli$1 bo? x & ! gum-arabic fall (f 9 pieces4 ,to prev5t ! gum f fall+ (f 9 ?is way1 by its contract+1 ! solution %\ld h ab\t an eigh? "p ( ox-gall mix$ ) x1 & ! surface ( any body to be v>ni%$ %\ld be wa%$ ) ox-gall & wat] be=e ! v>ni% is appli$1 :i* w1 almo/ to a c]ta9ty1 prev5t x f crack+ & fall+ (f4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be ?or\ghly dri$ be=e ! v>ni% is appli$4 ,we may "h /ate1 t an animal ! size ( a fox or a cat1 may be sk9n$1 prep>$1 & f9ally set up1 9 ! space ( f\r or five h\rs1 by a p]son :o has _h a little practice 9 ! art ( taxid]my1 & t f t5 to fifte5 m9utes are all t w be requir$ to sk9 an animal ( ! size j m5tion$4 ,,sk9n+1 ,,pres]v+ ,,& ,,m\nt+ ,,birds4 ,,sk9n+4 ,imm$iately aft] a bird is kill$ ! ?roat & no/rils %\ld be /uff$ ) t[1 cotton or f9e rags1 & a small quantity w\nd r\nd ! bill1 to prev5t ! blood f /a9+ ! plumage2 b %\ld any get on ! fea!rs1 not)/&+ ?is precaution1 ! soon] x is remov$ ! bett]1 :i* %\ld be effect$ by a sponge :i* has be5 m]ely moi/5$ 9 wat]4 ,too mu* dispat* _c be us$ 9 remov+ ! sk91 if ! bird is %ot 9 a w>m climate2 b1 9 temp]ate regions1 ! bird may be all[$ to cool4 ,9 proce$+ to sk9 ! bird x %\ld be laid on its back & ! fea!rs ( ! brea/ sep>at$ to ! "r & left1 :5 a broad int]val w be discov]$1 rea*+ f ! top to ! bottom ( ! brea/-bone4 ,a %>p p5knife1 or scalpel1 mu/ be ins]t$ at ! po9t ( ! bone1 & cut ! out] sk9 f !nce to ! v5t1 tak+ c>e n to p5etrate s deep z ! fle%1 or ^u ! inn] sk9 :i* cov]s ! inte/9es4 ,! sk9 w !n easily be sep>at$ f ! fle%1 9 l>g] specim5s by ! f+]s1 or 9 small] ones by pass+ a small blunt in/rum5t betwixt ! sk9 & body1 su* z ! end ( ! scalpel h&le2 ) ?is y may rea* ! back4 ,! ?ighs %\ld n[ be press$ inw>ds1 z 9 ! common me?od ( sk9n+ a rabbit1 & ! sk9 turn$ back1 s f> z to enable y to sep>ate ! legs f ! body at ! knee-jo9t4 ,! sk9 is !n pull$ d[nw>ds z l[ z ! rump1 :i* is cut close by1 ! ins]tion ( ! tail1 b 9 su* a mann] z n to injure its fea!rs4 ,! sk9 is n[ drawn upw>ds ! l5g? ( ! w+s1 ! bones ( :i* mu/ also be cut at ! %\ld]-jo9ts2 x is !n pull$ up till all ! back "p ( ! skull is laid b>e1 :5 ! v]tebr ( ! neck are sep>at$ f ! head1 & ! :ole body is n[ sep>at$ f ! sk94 ,y next proce$ to remove ! bra91 ?r\gh ! op5+ ( ! skull1 = :i* purpose x may be enl>g$ by a holl[ *isel1 or o!r iron in/rum5t4 ,! eyes mu/ !n be tak5 out1 by break+ ! sl5d] bones :i* sep>ate ! orbits f ! top ( ! m\?1 9 :i* y may be assi/$ by press+ ! eyes g5tly inw>ds1 s z n to break !m4 ,9 sk9n+ ! neck1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to enl>ge ! op5+ ( ! e>s1 & n to injure ! eyelids4 ,! :ole ( ! fle% is next to be remov$ f ! "u m&ible4 ,sev]al species w n admit ( ! sk9 be+ ?us pull$ ov] _! heads1 f ! smallness ( _! necks2 "s woodpeck]s1 ducks1 etc41 fall "u ?is description2 9 :i* case a longitud9al incision is made "u ! ?roat1 s z to admit ( ! head be+ turn$ out1 :i* mu/ be neatly sew$ up be=e /uff+4 ,! fle% f ! head1 w+s1 legs & rump1 mu/ !n be c>efully remov$ ) a knife1 & ! cavities ( ! skull fill$ ) cotton or t[4 ,! :ole inside ( ! sk91 head1 etc41 mu/ be well rubb$ ) ars5ical soap1 or pres]v+ p[d]1 or spirits ( turp5t9e1 or ! solution ( corrosive sublimate4 ,:5 x is wi%$ to /uff ! bird1 x may n[ be imm$iately done1 z x w easily dry if 9 a w>m climate2 b 9 l[1 damp c\ntries1 x w require artificial heat to d x effectually4 ,:5 ! sk9s are m]ely wi%$ pres]v$1 ! bones ( ! legs & w+s %\ld be wrapp$ r\nd ) cotton or t[1 s z to supply ! place ( ! fle%2 ! sk9 is !n inv]t$ & hung up to dry1 aft] us+ ! ars5ical soap1 z above direct$2 be=e do+ :i*1 9 l>g] birds1 a ?read or small /r+ may be drawn ?r\gh ! rump1 & pass$ up ! inside ( ! neck & drawn ?r\gh ! bill1 to prev5t ! head f /ret*+ too mu* by its own weight4 ,9 l>g] specim5s1 :]e cotton or t[ is n easily to be met )1 well dri$ hay may be us$4 ,! incision = remov+ ! sk9 is frequ5tly made "u ! w+s4 ,?is may be done ) m>9e birds to advantage4 ,! p5gu9s & div]s may be sk9n$ by mak+ ! incision 9 ! back4 ,! tongue %\ld ei!r be kept 9 ! m\?1 or s5t home sep>ately ) ! birds4 ,! greate/ c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t ! fat & oily matt]1 s common to sea-birds1 f gett+ on ! fea!rs3 p\nd$ *alk w be f\nd an excell5t absorb5t = apply+ to ^! birds4 ,9 s5d+ home specim5s ( birds1 !y %\ld be ea* wrapp$ 9 pap] & closely pack$ 9 a box2 & camphor1 pres]v+ p[d]1 & /rong aromatics1 /rew$ among/ !m1 to prev5t !m f be+ attack$ by insects2 & !y ought to be kept 9 a v dry "p ( ! vessel4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ consequ5ce to "k ! color ( ! eyes & legs ( birds1 & ^! ?+s %\ld be c>efully not$ ! mom5t !y are kill$2 & x %\ld also be m5tion$ :e!r !y are male or female2 su* a memor&um ought to be atta*$ to ! birds by a ticket4 ,! season ( ! ye> 9 :i* ! bird is kill$1 mu/ also be m5tion$4 ,x is also ( mu* consequ5ce to h good skeletons1 &1 = ?is purpose1 ! c>cases may be s5t home 9 a b>rel1 ei!r 9 spirits or a /rong solution ( salt & wat]4 ,mr4 ,salt1 :ile 9 ,abyss9ia1 pack$ 8 bird-sk9s betwe5 %eets ( pap]1 9 ! same mann] z a hortus siccus1 or h]b>ium1 & !y rea*$ ,engl& 9 p]fect safety1 & made excell5t specim5s :5 set up4 ,9 w>m climates1 ! boxes %\ld be well clos$1 & ! seams fill$ ) w>m pit* on ! outside1 to prev5t ! intrusion ( insects2 & ! inside %\ld be suppli$ ) camphor1 musk1 or tobacco-du/1 :i* w prev5t ! attacks ( ! small] insects4 ,till practice has giv5 facility to ! op]ator1 x w assi/ 9 keep+ ! fea!rs clean1 if1 z he op5s ! sk9 ( ! brea/1 he p9s pieces ( pap] or l95 clo? on ! outside2 b1 aft] a few trials1 ?is w be unnecess>y4 ,"s ( ! m>9e f[ls are s fat t !re is mu* tr\ble 9 sep>at+ x f ! sk91 &1 9 w>m wea!r1 great att5tion w be requir$ to prev5t x f runn+ on ! fea!rs4 ,z mu* z possible %\ld be scrap$ (f1 9 ! fir/ place1 ) a blunt table-knife or palate-knife1 & a quantity ( p[d]$ *alk appli$1 to absorb :at rema9s1 :i*1 :5 saturat$ ) ! oily matt]1 %\ld be scrap$ (f1 & a fre% supply us$2 aft] :i* a mu* l>g] proportion ( ! pres]v+ p[d] %\ld be appli$ ?an 9 o!r birds :i* are n fat4 ,:5 %oot+ on ! sea coa/1 if ! orni?ologi/ is n provid$ ) ^! requisites = absorb+ ! oil1 :i* fl[s quickly f any w\nds ( ! sk91 he w f9d dry s& a tol]able sub/itute4 ,if1 h[ev]1 aft] e precaution1 ! oily matt] %\ld get on ! fea!rs1 ! soon] x is remov$ ! bett]1 z1 9 birds :]e ! plumage is :ite1 if x is all[$ to become h>d5$ x w produce a v disagreeable appe>ance2 &1 besides1 r5d] t "p p>ticul>ly liable to ! attack ( insects4 ,!re are sev]al effectual me?ods ( remov+ ! greasy /a9s2 ! fir/1 safe/1 & be/ is1 by tak+ a quantity ( dilut$ ox-gall--or1 :]e x _c be comm&$1 %eep's-gall1 or t ( any o!r animal--mix x ) ab\t d\ble ! quantity ( wat]1 & apply x ) a sponge to ! place :i* ! fatty matt] has t\*$1 :5 x w imm$iately remove x4 ,! next is by us+ a solution ( salts ( t>t>1 or pota%1 or soda4 ,?is mu/ be made v weak1 n exce$+ half a teaspoonful to a cup ( wat]1 :i* w h ! same effect z ! gall4 ,:i*ev] ( ^! are us$1 ! place mu/ be imm$iately aft]w>ds wa%$ 9 pure wat]1 s z to leave none ( ! gall or alkal9e sub/ance rema9+4 ,! gall has a gummy t5d5cy1 & w glue toge!r ! fib]s ( ! fea!rs1 &1 besides1 x has a great attraction = moi/ure1 &1 9 humid wea!r1 w become damp1 & !re=e produce m\ld2 ! o!r alkal9e sub/ances mu/ also be us$ ) mu* caution & quickness1 because !y h ! p[] ( *ang+ ! colors ( ! plumage1 s t !y are mo/ useful 9 :ite plumage1 & !re=e %\ld only be us$ on color$ fea!rs1 :]e gall _c be procur$4 ,"o g5]al obs]vation applies to ! pres]vation ( all animal sk9s1 :i* is1 !y mu/ be made p]fectly dry1 s t ! soon] !y are expos$ to a free curr5t ( air ! bett]2 & unless !y are spe$ily & ?or\ghly dri$1 ! sk9 w become putrid & rott51 & ! hair or fea!rs w consequ5tly fall (f4 ,if a sk9 is prop]ly dri$1 soon aft] x is kill$1 x w keep a consid]able "t )\t any pres]vative :atev]1 only x w be ! m liable to be attack$ by insects aft]w>ds4 ,! foll[+ excell5t g5]al directions = sk9n+ are giv5 by ,mr4 ,wat]ton3--8,:ile dissect+1 x w be ( use to keep 9 m9d1 t 9 tak+ (f ! sk9 f ! body1 by means ( y\r f+]s & little knife1 y mu/ try to %ove x1 9 lieu ( pull+ x1 le/ y /ret* x4 8,t y mu/ press z lightly z possible on ! bird1 & e n[ & !n take a view ( x1 to see t ! fea!rs1 etc41 are all "r4 8,t :5 y come to ! head1 y mu/ take c>e t ! body ( ! sk9 re/ on y\r knee1 = if y all[ x to dangle f y\r h&1 its own weight w /ret* x too mu*4 8,t1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole op]ation1 z fa/ z y deta* ! sk9 f ! body1 y mu/ put cotton imm$iately betwixt ! body & x1 & ?is w effectually prev5t any fat1 blood1 or moi/ure1 f com+ 9 contact ) ! plumage4 8,z y c seldom get a bird )\t %oot+ x1 a l9e or two on ?is head w be necess>y4 ,if ! bird be /ill alive1 press x h>d ) y\r f+] & ?umb1 j beh9d ! w+s1 & x w soon expire4 ,c>ry x by ! legs1 & !n1 ! body be+ rev]s$1 ! blood _c escape d[n ! plumage & ?r\gh ! %ot-holes4 ,z blood w h (t5 issu$ out1 be=e y h laid hold ( ! bird1 f9d out ! %ot-holes1 by divid+ ! fea!rs ) y\r f+]s1 & bl[+ on !m2 & !n1 ) y\r p5-knife1 or ! leaf ( a tree1 c>efully remove ! clott$ blood1 & put a little cotton on ! hole4 ,if1 aft] all1 ! plumage has n escap$ ! m>ks ( blood1 or if x has imbib$ slime f ! gr\nd1 wa% ! "p 9 wat]1 )\t soap1 & keep g5tly agitat+ ! fea!rs ) y\r f+]s1 till !y are q dry4 ,7 y to wa% !m1 & leave !m dry by !mselves1 !y w\ld h a v mean & %rivel$ appe>ance4 8,9 ! act ( sk9n+ a bird1 y mu/ ei!r h x ^u a table1 or ^u y\r knee2 probably y w pref] y\r knee1 because1 :5 y cross "o knee ov] ! o!r1 & h ! bird ^u ! upp]mo/1 y c raise x to y\r eye1 or l[] x1 at pleasure1 by means ( ! foot on ! gr\nd2 & !n y\r knee w always move 9 unison ) y\r body1 by :i* mu* /oop+ w be avoid$1 & lassitude prev5t$40 ,/uff+ ,birds4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done 9 /uff+ is to replace ! skull1 aft] x has be5 well ano9t$ ) ! ars5ical soap1 & wa%$ ) ! solution ( corrosive sublimate inside4 ,! ?read1 ) :i* ! beak is ti$1 is tak5 hold ( by ! left h&1 & ! head is repass$ into ! neck ) ! =ef+] ( ! "r h&1 :ile ! ?read is pull$ on ! opposite side2 & we are c>eful t ! fea!rs1 at ! m>g9 ( ! op5+1 d n ent] ) ! edges ( ! sk94 ,! bird is n[ laid on ! table ) ! head turn$ t[>ds ! left h&1 & ! legs & w+s adju/$ to _! prop] situation4 ,a flat piece ( lead1 ab\t a p\nd 9 weight1 is laid on ! tail1 :ile ! fea!rs ( ! m>g9s ( ! op5+ are rais$ by ! =ef+] & ?umb ( ! left h&1 to prev5t _! be+ soil$4 ,! inside ( ! neck is n[ coat$ ) ! ars5ical soap2 flax is /uff$ into x1 b n too tightly4 ,! back & rump are ano9t$1 & ! body %\ld !n be /uff$ ) t[1 to ab\t a ?ird ( ! ?ickness requir$1 s t ! wire may h a sort ( cu%ion to re/ on4 ,f\r pieces ( wire are !n prep>$1 ( ! ?ickness proportionate to ! size ( ! bird to be /uff$4 ,! c5t]piece %\ld be some:at long] ?an ! body ( ! bird4 ,at ab\t a f\r? ( its l5g? a small r+ is =m$1 by ! assi/ance ( ! r\nd p9c]s or ply]s1 & ! o!r end is po9t$ ) a file4 ,?is wire is oil$ & introduc$ across ! skull1 & pass$ into ! neck1 ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! flax or t[ ) :i* x is /uff$1 ! r+ be+ situat$ t[>d ! ant]ior "p ( ! skull1 = ! purpose ( receiv+ ! po9ts ( ea* ( ! wires t are pass$ ?r\gh ! feet & ?ighs4 ,! foll[+ is ! mode 9 :i* ?is p]=ation is effect$3 ,a hole is bor$ ) a bradawl ! calib] ( ! wire :i* x is int5d$ to use4 ,! wire1 :i* is to cont9ue 9 ! leg1 is pass$ across ! knee & br\ght out int]iorly1 &1 plac+ x into ! r+ above m5tion$1 ! same op]ation is p]=m$ on ! o!r side4 ,! extremities ( ! wires ( ! legs1 & ! end ( ! c5tral wire beyond ! r+1 are all twi/$ toge!r ) flat p9c]s1 & !n b5t t[>ds ! tail4 ,! tail-be>] is next =m$1 :i* consi/s ( ! f\r? piece ( wire1 ) :i* an oval is =m$1 by twi/+ ! two ends two or ?ree turns1 s t !y may =m a k9d ( =k1 ) ! oval ne>ly ! l5g? ( ! body ( ! bird2 ! two po9ts ( ! =k mu/ be %>p5$ ) a file1 & ne> en\gh to enable !m to ent] ! rump1 ?r\gh :i* !y mu/ pass1 & _! po9ts w be conceal$ by ! rectrices1 or l>ge /raight tail fea!rs1 :ile ! oval is )9 ! body ( ! bird4 ,if ! bird is l>ge1 ! tail-be>] mu/ be firmly atta*$ to ! int]ior wires1 by twi/+ a small wire sev]al times r\nd bo?4 ,b unless ! bird be v l>ge1 x may rema9 q free4 ,all ! p>ts ( ! sk9 at :i* we c come mu/ be ?or\ghly rubb$ ) pres]v+ soap1 ! rump 9 p>ticul>1 :i* %\ld besides be soak$ ) ! solution ( corrosive sublimate4 ,! /uff+ is n[ proce$$ )1 by ins]t+ *opp$ flax or t[1 till x has atta9$ its prop] dim5sions4 ,! sk9 is br\ght toge!r & sew$ up1 :ile we take ! greate/ c>e to sep>ate ! fea!rs at e /it*4 ,! orbits ( ! eyes are next f9i%$1 by ins]t+1 ) small =ceps & a %ort /uff+ /ick1 a small quantity ( *opp$ cotton1 :ile att5tion is paid to r\nd ! eyelids prop]ly4 ,! glass eyes are n[ ins]t$1 tak+ c>e to place !m prop]ly "u ! eyelids4 ,b1 be=e fix+ ! eye1 a little calc>e\s cem5t mu/ be us$1 to prev5t !m f com+ out4 ,if any "p ( ! nictitat+ membrane is visible bel[1 x mu/ be pu%$ up ) ! /eel po9t4 ,! /uff+ ( ! bird be+ n[ complet$1 ! next ?+ is to place x ei!r on a bran*1 or1 if a bird :i* does n sit on trees1 on a piece ( plank2 :i*ev] ( ^! x is1 two holes are bor$ = ! reception ( ! wires1 :i* h be5 all[$ to protrude f ! soles ( ! feet1 = fix+ ! bird4 7,see fig4 #h47 ,^!1 ( c\rse1 are pi]c$ 9 su* situations z are necess>y = ! attitude or position ( ! legs4 ,! wires are put ?r\gh ^! holes1 & twi/$ s z to secure ! bird 9 its position4 ,! attitude ( ! bird w1 ( c\rse1 dep5d ^u ! fancy & ta/e ( ! op]ator1 & ought to be 9 con=mity ) ! mann]s ( ! bird 9 a liv+ /ate4 ,! wire frame-"w1 above describ$1 is ! mo/ simple ( any 9 its con/ruction1 & is bett] adapt$ = small ?an l>ge birds4 ,inde$1 x w h>dly suit ^? ( ! l>g] species4 ,! foll[+ is ano!r me?od ( con/ruct+ ! framework1 :i* may be us$ ei!r 9 l>ge or small birds3 ,l ! =m] x is con/ruct$ ( f\r pieces ( wire4 ,! c5t] piece %\ld be d\ble ! l5g? ( ! bird2 x is b5t at a ?ird ( its l5g? 9 an oval =m1 & twi/$ two turns1 ! %orte/ end be+ pass$ into ! oval1 & !n rais$ aga9/ ! long] end1 s z to produce a r+ at ! end1 outside ( ! oval1 l>ge en\gh to admit ! two wires :i* pass f ! feet to ! inside ( ! bird4 ,x is n[ twi/$ a second "t1 & firmly unit$ to ! long] end1 :i* ought to be /raight1 ) a %>p po9t1 effect$ by means ( a file4 ,z be=e direct$1 x is rubb$ ) oil1 & =c$ ?r\gh ! /uff+ ( ! neck4 ,x ought to be s con/ruct$1 by measurem5t1 t ! oval "p ( ! wire %all be 9 ! c5t] ( ! body inside4 ,! wires ( ! feet & legs1 z be=e direct$1 ought to be /raight & po9t$1 & pass$ ?r\gh ! soles ( ! feet z be=e4 ,:5 ! po9t is p5etrat$1 ! o!r end ( ! wire may be b5t1 s t by means ( x we may be able to assi/ 9 =c+ up ! rema9d] ( ! wire4 ,! two int]nal ends ( ! foot-wires are twi/$ toge!r1 & curv$ )91 s z to pass ?r\gh ! small circle or r+ ( ! middle bran* above ! oval1 to ea* side ( :i* !y are n[ atta*$ ) a piece ( small /r+4 ,! tail-be>] is con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciples1 & atta*$ 9 ! same mann]1 z be=e describ$1 & ! latt] app>atus is introduc$ aft] ! neck & back are f9i%$ 9 ! /uff+4 ,?is practice ( introduc+ ! neck-wire1 aft] ! neck is /uff$1 0 fir/ adopt$ at ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes at ,p>is1 & is n[ inv>iably adopt$ 9 t e/abli%m5t 9 pref]5ce to introduc+ x be=e ! neck is /uff$4 ,! neck ( a swan or o!r long-neck$ & l>ge birds1 are ev5 done s4 ,x is unque/ionably ! be/ plan :i* has hi!rto be5 discov]$1 z x pres]ves ! cyl9drical %ape ( ! neck4 ,mr4 ,bullock's ,me?od ( ,/uff+ ,birds4 ,mr4 ,bullock1 ( ! ,london ,museum1 ,egyptian ,hall1 _h ano!r me?od ( arrang+ ! wires :i*1 aft] :at we h already said1 w be easily compreh5d$ by a ref]5ce to ,fig4 #h1 :]e we h giv5 a figure ( 8 mode4 ,aft] ! sk9 is tak5 (f & prep>$1 diff]5t siz$ neal$ iron wires are procur$1 accord+ to ! size ( ! bird !y are to support4 ,! sk9 is laid on its back )\t /ret*+ x2 cut two pieces ( wire1 ! "o r long] ?an ! bird1 & ! o!r %ort]1 s z n to rea* to ! head ( ! bird1 twi/ !m toge!r1 %>p5 ! ends ( ! long] by means ( a file1 & pass "o end ?r\gh ! rump & ! o!r ?r\gh ! cr[n ( ! head1 ne> ! base ( ! bill4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to ext5d ! neck beyond its ord9>y l5g?--a v common fault 9 mo/ pres]v]s4 ,lay a little t[ along ! back ( ! sk9 = ! wire to re/ on1 !n take two o!r pieces ( /rong wire & file !m to a po9t at "o end2 ^! are pass$ ?r\gh ! soles ( ! feet & up ! c5t] ( ! leg-bone1 or t>sus4 ,:5 )9 ! body1 !y are to be fa/5$ to ! fir/ wires by twi/+ !m toge!r1 :i*1 :5 accompli%$1 may be suppos$ to repres5t ! back bone4 ,! wire %\ld be left two or ?ree in*es out ( ! soles ( ! feet1 to fa/5 !m 9 a /&+ position1 z be=e direct$4 ,two small] wires are !n pass$ ?r\gh ! w+s1 z 9 ! legs1 & aft]w>ds fa/5$ to ! back wires a little high] up ?an ! leg wires1 tak+ c>e t no "p ( ! sk9 is to be ext5d$ beyond its natural position4 ,a ,new & ,easi] ,me?od ( ,bird ,sk9n+ & ,/uff+4 ,a fair specim5 be+ obta9$1 take common cotton wadd+1 & ) an ord9>y pa9t-bru% /ick plug ! ?roat1 no/rils1 &1 9 l>ge birds1 ! e>s1 ) x1 s t :5 ! sk9 is turn$ no juices may fl[ & spoil ! fea!rs2 y mu/ !n provide y\rself ) ! foll[+ articles3 ,a knife ( ?is k9d1 :i* is v common2 a pair ( cutt+ ply]s1 a pair ( /rong scissors1 ( a mod]ate size2 a button-hook1 a m>r[ spoon1 & a h&-vice4 ,) ^!1 a ne$le & ?read1 & a %>p5] ( "s k9d1 to give y\r knife an occasional t\*1 y are prep>$1 s f> z implem5ts g4 ,!n provide y\rself ) anneal$ iron wire ( v>i\s sizes2 "s y may buy ready = use1 "s n2 b y c anneal x y\rself by mak+ x r$ hot 9 ! fire1 & lett+ x cool 9 ! air4 ,common hemp is ! next article1 cotton wadd+1 p\nd$ :it5+1 & p\nd$ alum1 or *loride ( lime2 z to ! poisons :i* are us$1 !y w be spok5 ( by & by4 ,y %\ld also h a common bradawl or two1 & "s pieces ( qu>t]-in* p9e :]eon to /& ! specim5s :5 pres]v$1 if to be plac$ z walk+ on a plane2 if n1 "s small pieces ( twigs or small bran*es ( trees %\ld be kept ready = use1 ( v>i\s sizes1 accord+ to ! size ( ! bird4 ,c$>1 or common laurel cut 9 ,decemb]1 w be f\nd to answ] be/1 b ?is mu/ be regulat$ by fancy & ! requirem5ts ( ! case2 oak b\ghs are sometimes ( good %ape4 ,! be/ "t = pres]v+ specim5s is 9 spr+1 because !n ! cock birds are 9 ! be/ fea!r1 & ! wea!r is n too w>m4 ,9 mild wea!r ?ree days is a good "t to keep a bird1 z !n ! sk9 w "p f ! fle% easily4 ,if a specim5 has bl$ mu* ov] ! fea!rs1 s z to damage !m1 wa% !m c>efully b ?or\ghly ) w>m wat] & a sponge1 & imm$iately cov] !m ) p\nd$ :it5+1 :i* w adh]e to !m4 ,dry x z x hangs ^u !m sl[ly be=e ! fire1 & !n triturat+ ! h>d5$ lumps g5tly betwe5 ! f+]s1 ! fea!rs w come out almo/ z clean z ev]4 ,to te/ :e!r ! specim5 is too decompos$ to sk91 try ! fea!rs ab\t ! auricul>s1 & j above ! tail1 & if !y d n move y may safely proce$4 ,lay ! bird on 8 back1 &1 p>t+ ! fea!rs f ! ins]tion ( ! neck to ! tail1 y w f9d 9 mo/ birds a sp>e space4 ,cut ! sk9 ! :ole l5g? ( ?is1 &1 pass+ ! f+] "u x on ei!r side1 by lay+ hold ( "o leg & b5d+ x =w>d1 y w be able to br+ ! b>e knee ?r\gh ! op5+ y h made2 ) y\r scissors cut x ?r\gh at ! jo9t2 pull ! %ank /ill adh]+ to ! leg till ! sk9 is turn$ back z f> z x w g2 d5ude ! bone ( fle% & s9ew1 wrap a piece ( hemp r\nd x1 /eep 9 a /rong solution ( ! p\nd$ alum1 & !n pull ! leg by ! claw1 by :i* means ! sk9 w be br\ght aga9 to its place4 ,aft] hav+ s]v$ bo? legs alike1 sk9 c>efully r\nd ! back1 cutt+ (f & leav+ 9 ! tail ) t into :i* ! fea!rs gr[1 t is1 ! 8,pope's nose40 ,s]ve ! w+ bones ! same z ! leg1 cutt+ !m (f close to ! body1 & turn ! sk9 inside out d[n to ! head4 ,! back ( ! skull w !n appe>1 & y w n[ f9d x ( advantage1 z soon z y h got ! legs & tail free1 to tie a piece ( /r+ r\nd ! body1 & hang x up z a but*] sk9s a %eep4 ,make 9 ! back ( ! skull a cut ) y\r knife1 :i* y c turn back l a trap-door1 & ) ! m>r[-spoon entirely cle> out ! bra9s2 ,hav+ done ?is1 wa% ! int]ior ( ! skull ?or\ghly ) ! alum1 & fill x ) cotton wadd+4 ,! next op]ation requires c>e & practice--namely1 to get out ! eyes4 ,?is is done by cutt+ cauti\sly until ! lids appe>1 be+ c>eful n to cut ! eye itself1 & y c !n1 ) a =ceps1 :i* y w likewise f9d useful1 pull ea* f its socket2 wipe ! orifice c>efully1 wa% x ) ! alum solution1 & fill x ) cotton wadd+4 ,cut (f ! neck close to ! skull1 wa% ! /ump1 & ! :ole ( ! int]ior ( ! sk9 ) ! alum1 & ! sk9n+ is done4 ,n[ comes ! /uff+4 ,! ord9>y mode us$ by bird-pres]v]s is a simple "o1 & answ]s v well2 !re is a ,fr5* me?od1 h[ev]1 :i* has its advantages1 & w be adv]t$ to h]eaft]4 ,take a piece ( ! wire suitable to ! size ( ! bird 7,fig4 #aa7--t is1 z l>ge z ! legs w c>ry--& b5d x into ! foll[+ =m1 a1 repres5t+ ! neck1 b1 ! body1 & c1 ! junction ( ! tail1 all[+ suffici5t l5g? ( neck = ! wire to pass "s di/ance beyond ! head1 & be+ %>p5$ at ea* end1 :i* may be done by obliquely cutt+ x ) ! ply]s4 ,w9d ^u ?is wire hemp to ! size ( ! bird's body1 :i* y %\ld h ly+ by y to judge f1 & x w pres5t some?+ ( ! appe>ance ( ,fig4 #ab4 ,y c %ape x ) ! h&1 b be c>eful n to make x ! lea/ too l>ge2 &1 aft] y h f9i%$ x to y\r satisfaction1 y may s+e x1 z ! p\lt]] w\ld s+e a f[l1 :i* w make all neat2 b be p>ticul> to w9d ! hemp v tight4 ,!n take ! sk91 lay x on ! table on its back1 & pass ! wire at ! head into ! m>r[ :]e ! neck is cut (f1 ?r\gh above ! ro( ( ! m\?1 & out at "o no/ril1 & draw x up close to ! skull2 turn ! sk9 back1 & draw x d[n ov] ! hemp body1 & pass ! wire spike1 protrud+ at ! l[] end1 ?r\gh ! fle% ^u :i* ! tail gr[s1 ab\t ! c5tre1 & r bel[ ?an above4 ,! sk9 may n[ be adju/$ to ! hemp body1 & sewn up1 beg9n+ f ! top ( ! brea/1 & be+ p>ticul>ly c>eful always to take ! /it* f inside1 o!rwise y w draw 9 ! fea!rs at e pull4 ,at fir/ sew x v loose1 & !n1 ) ! button-hook1 draw x toge!r by degrees4 ,) ! ply]s cut two l5g?s ( wire1 long en\gh to pass up ! legs & into ! neck1 & leave some?+ ov] to fa/5 ! bird by to ! bo>d or spray ^u :i* x is to be plac$4 ,! next op]ation requires "s address & great practice1 namely1 ! pass+ ! wire up ! legs4 ,?is is done by =c+ x into ! c5t] ( ! foot1 & up ! back ( ! legs1 into ! hemp body1 ?r\gh x obliquely1 & into ! neck1 until x is pretty firm4 ,9 do+ ?is1 y mu/ rememb] ! ord9>y position ( a bird :5 alive1 &1 !re=e1 in/ead ( pass+ ! wire ! :ole way )9 ! sk9 ( ! leg1 :5 y get to ! "p :]e y h cut (f ! bone1 t is1 ! knee-jo9t1 pass x ?r\gh ! sk9 to ! outside1 & 9 aga91 ?r\gh ! sk91 f ! outside1 :]e ! knee w\ld come naturally 9 ! attitude ( /&+ or p]*+--x makes little diff]5ce :i*4 ,?is is ess5tial1 because1 if ! wire be pass$ ! :ole way inside ! sk91 x produces a wrong plac+ ( ! legs4 ,fig4 #ac w illu/rate ?is1 a repres5t+ ! l9e 9 :i* ! wire %\ld run4 ,! bird is n[ /uff$1 & y may at once place x ^u a spray or bo>d1 z ! case may be4 ,9 plac+ a bird ^u a spray1 ! fir/ jo9t %\ld be b5t almo/ on a level ) ! foot2 &1 9 plac+ a bird on a bo>d1 "o leg %\ld be plac$ some:at beh9d ! o!r4 ,if ! w+s are int5d$ to be clos$1 z is usually ! case1 br+ !m into _! place1 :i* may be done by putt+ ! f+]s "u !m1 & press+ !m toge!r ov] ! back2 y may !n pass a ne$le1 or l>ge p91 ( :i* y %\ld h a good supply by y1 ?r\gh ! ?ick "p ( ! upp] w+ into ! body1 & s by ! l[] w+1 & if y all[ ^! to protrude1 y may fa/5 to "o ( !m a piece ( ?read1 & w9d x c>efully & lightly r\nd ! body1 :i* w keep ! fea!rs 9 _! places1 & ?is ?read %\ld be kept on = a =tnight or ?ree weeks1 until ! bird is dry4 ,! tail %\ld be kept 9 its place1 also1 = ! same "t1 by a piece ( ?9 wire b5t ov] x4 ,! only ?+ n[ to d is to put 9 ! eyes4 ,! color1 ( c\rse1 dep5ds on ! bird1 & ^! y may buy at any fi%+-tackle /ore4 ,if y d n use eyes too l>ge1 y w f9d little difficulty2 ! juice ( ! lids w act z a suffici5t cem5t4 ,z to ! m\nt+1 ,i %all say no?+ ab\t t n[1 b %all only adv]t %ortly to a ,fr5* me?od ( pres]v+1 :i* is m difficult1 b has ! advantage ( sup]ior firmness4 ,x is ?is3 ,measur+ f ! ins]tion ( ! neck to ! tail1 make a wire frame4 ,^u ?is w9d hemp = ! neck only1 & place 9 ! sk9 9 ! same way z be=e direct$1 only t1 in/ead ( "o wire be+ pass$ ?r\gh t 9 :i* ! tail gr[s1 x is a =k t is pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,hav+ =m$ ?is frame1 fit on to x two legs1 & aft] ! frame itself is 9 ! sk91 pass ^! f ! inside d[n ea* leg1 in/ead ( f ! outside1 & fa/5 !m on to ! frame ) ! ply]s1 by twi/+ ! ends r\nd ! frame4 ,?is w make all firm1 & y c !n fill ! body ) cut hemp1 & sew up4 ,"o ^w z to ! o!r prep>ations us$ by bird pres]v]s4 ,^! are ei!r corrosive sublimate or regulus ( ars5ic1 :i* is yell[ & ( a consi/5ce l butt]4 ,z ,i h said be=e1 9 cold wea!r1 :5 !re are no flies ab\t1 alum w d p]fectly well2 9 w>m wea!r ei!r ( ! two o!rs may be us$4 ,i %\ld pref] ! =m]--corrosive sublimate--z ! o!r is 8messy10 & ! *ief object is to dry up any?+ :i* c be attack$ by fle%-seek+ insects4 ,:5 y h f9i%$ y\r bird1 y c lay ! fea!rs ) a l>ge ne$le--x is z well to h "o fix$ 9 a h&le & kept = ?is purpose--&1 ty+ ! two m&ibles ( ! bill toge!r ) a piece ( ?read until ! :ole specim5 has h>d5$ & dri$1 ! "w is done4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,m\nt+ ,,birds1 ,,dri$ ,,sk9s1 ,,fea!rs1 ,,etc4 ,,m\nt+ ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,we w suppose t a pr(ici5cy1 f practice1 has be5 atta9$ 9 ! art ( bird-pres]v+1 accord+ to ! in/ructions giv54 ,! pr(ici5cy 9 pres]v+ may apply only to ! pres]vation & ! =m1 great & necess>y ?+s1 no d\bt1 z prelim9>ies2 b1 l matt] )\t mann]1 ( little avail alone4 ,= attitude1 ,i w\ld say1 z has be5 said to _m a "y arti/1 g to ,nature1 & !re y w f9d an orig9al 9 p]fection4 ,w\ld y make a will[-wr5 look l a will[-wr51 wat* him z he !re hangs ^u ! weep+ bir*1 or /&s on a b\gh pe]+ 9 que/ ( food8 ,ea* bird has its own mann]1 & if y _c hit ! mann]1 or make y\r /uff$ sk9 s f> am5able z to assume ! attitude1 x is ei!r ill-/uff$1 or y want ! requisite k ( t :i* y %\ld copy4 ,bird ,p9n$ ,up4 ,hav+ fix$ on ! attitude1 x n[ only rema9s to put ! fea!rs into _! natural ord] z smoo?ly & regul>ly z possible2 & to keep !m 9 ?is /ate !y %\ld be b\nd ar\nd ) small fillets ( musl9 fa/5$ ) p9s4 ,! bird %\ld !n be ?or\ghly dri$1 by plac+ x 9 an airy situation1 if 9 summ]2 or if 9 w9t]1 ne> ! fire1 b n s close z to affect ! natural oil conta9$ 9 ! fea!rs4 ,! want ( prop] att5tion 9 dry+ ru9s _m a f9e specim52 if long kept damp putridity ensues despite all pres]vatives1 :5 ! sk9 w become rott51 & ! fea!rs w soon fall (f2 besides1 ! mold & long-cont9u$ damp *ange ! *emical prop]ties ( ! pres]vatives us$4 ,aft] ! bird has be5 ?or\ghly dri$1 ! fillets are remov$2 ! wire :i* protrud$ f ! head is cut (f z close to ! skull z possible1 ) ! wire-cutt+ p9c]s else:]e %[n4 ,x mu/ !n be atta*$ to a circul>1 or o!r %ap$ piece ( wood1 ) ! g5]ic & specific "n & sex1 z well z its c\ntry & locality atta*$ to x1 on a small ticket1 :5 x may be plac$ 9 a museum4 ,"y h&s commonly suppose t a bird %\ld /& bolt upright1 ) ! legs almo/ p]p5dicul>1 or at "r angles to ! p]*4 ,?is is a great mi/ake1 & nev] to be f\nd 9 nature4 ,d we /& rigid1 l a foot-soldi] on drill8 ,does n a bird1 z well z ourselves1 accommodate itself to ! ?+ on :i* x re/s8 ,assur$ly x does2 = birds d n1 z a "y bird-/uff] endeavors to d1 f9d always a p]* to re/ ^u 9 ! plane ( ! horizon4 ,x !re=e foll[s t1 z he keeps himself upright1 8 legs mu/ accommodate !mselves to 8 p]*4 ,s 9 ! gr\nd-birds !re is a g5tle slope backw>ds f ! h9d toe1 ! balance be+ pres]v$ 9 bo? cases by ?r[+ ! body =w>d 9 proportion4 ,x is n uncommon to see birds pres]v$ ) w+s & tail spread4 ,n[1 ord9>ily speak+1 ?is is v objectionable1 because v unnatural4 ,a bird pres]v$ is suppos$ to repres5t a bird 9 a /ate ( repose1 t is1 n 9 flight2 ! only modification all[able be+ ) reg>d to ^? birds ^: mann] x may be to h ! w+s m or less op5 on occasions2 ?us ! falcon tribe1 suppos+ !y are repres5t$ z dev\r+ a qu>ry1 or two birds toy+ ) ea* o!r4 ,x may be t a bird ess5tially arial1 l ! swift1 or p]haps "s ( ! t]ns or ! frigate bird1 may be repres5t$ z actually on ! w+4 ,9 ?is case1 ( c\rse1 ! w+s mu/ be spread2 & ?is is be/ done by pass+ a wire1 n too ?ick1 f ! base ( ! quill-fea!rs on ! "u side1 alongside ! bone into ! body1 :]e x %\ld be c>efully & coax+ly ins]t$ t[>ds ! tail until y feel t y h a pretty good hold4 ,y may !n pass x c>efully "u ! longe/ quill-fea!r1 & ?r\gh ! back ( ! case1 & fa/5 x by br++ x back aga9 ?r\gh & cl9*+ x1 conceal+ x s by ! oblique position ( ! bird t x is n detectable4 ,x is obvi\s t by pass+ ! wire alongside ! bone1 y may b5d ! w+s to any angle y please4 ,) reg>d to ! case !re are two me?ods3 "o a bell-glass1 :i*1 glass be+ n[ s reasonable1 is c]ta9ly a v pretty & reasonable way ( m\nt+1 b inapplicable to birds :i* are to be plac$ on a wall1 or to be repres5t$ fly+2 al?\gh ?is may be manag$ by atta*+ "o wire f ! po9t ( ! w+ to a twig suffici5tly firm1 :i* x w sc>cely appe> to t\*1 if manag$ adroitly4 ,x is likewise indisp5sable t a bird = a %ade %\ld be /uff$ s well z to look nicely 9 all positions4 ,"o ?+ mu/ always be rememb]$1 d n h y\r case a %ade too l>ge1 j cle> ! object s z n to /9t x = room2 & 9 flat cases ?is applies *iefly to dep?1 = x %\ld h suffici5t light1 or x w n look well4 ,wood5 cases %\ld be made z slight 79 ?ickness7 z is consi/5t ) firmness2 well-season$ :ite deal is be/2 & ! case %\ld be =m$ ( back1 top & bottom1 op5 at ! front & sides1 & at ea* corn] ( ! front two slight deal supports1 rabbit$ on _! inn] edges1 & pres5t+ on ! :ole a good appe>ance4 ,hav+ ! case prep>$1 x %\ld be pap]$ ) ord9>y demy pap] on ! top & back )91 &1 :5 ! pa/e is dry1 wa%$ ov] c>efully ) size & :it5+1 t9t$ ) a little /one-blue2 "s add "s t\*es ( :ite subsequ5tly to repres5t cl\ds1 ! gr\nd repres5t+ ! air2 "s also pa/e a l&scape on ! back1 b ?is mu/ be good1 or y _h bett] h pla9 color4 ,! bird to be plac$ 9 ?is case is ei!r p]*+1 /&+1 or fly+4 ,= ! latt]1 directions h be5 giv54 ,z to ! two =m]1 ! p]* mu/ be firmly fix$ 9 ! small piece ( flat wood ^u :i* x previ\sly /ood1 & put 9 ^u x1 ! wood be+ fa/5$ to ! bottom ( ! case1 ei!r by screw+ f bel[1 f above1 or glu+ ) /\t glue1 or by pass+ wire ?r\gh two holes 9 ! bottom ( ! case & ! wood1 & cl9*+ above4 ,9 ?is case1 or 9 screw+ f bel[1 let ! wire or ! screw into ! wood1 & putty ov]1 & s if ! bird is repres5t$ /&+4 ,! bird be+ fix$1 ! next ?+ is ! decorat+ or 8we$+10 z x is te*nically call$1 & "h we ent] ^u a subject s entirely ( ta/e & fancy1 t no fix$ rules z to ! disposition c 9 all cases be giv54 ,"o rule applies equally to ?is z to l&scape pa9t+1 viz41 t !re %\ld always be a comp5sation ( objects4 ,t is1 if y h a tuft ( grass on "o side :i* rises t[>ds ! top ( ! case1 !re %\ld be some?+ 9 ! l[] opposite corn] to /rike ! eye1 b n to rise above midway up at ! fur!/1 & ! gr\nd1 or floor1 %\ld n be ov]furni%$ ) mosses1 etc4 ,aft] ! bird is fix$1 ! :ole bottom %\ld be c>efully glu$ ov] ) ?9 glue1 tak+ c>e1 :]e ! bird's feet are on ! bottom1 n to t\* ! toes ) ! glue4 ,"s f9e-sift$ s& or gravel %\ld !n be sift$ ov] x1 & x w adh]e :]ev] ! glue has t\*$2 = ?is purpose a small t9 %ovel is be/1 ab\t two in*es wide by f\r long1 ) a h&le 9 proportion1 :i* c be made to ord] at any t9man's = a trifle4 ,ev]y?+ us$ 9 8we$+0 %\ld be bak$ 9 a sl[ ov51 o!rwise spid]'s eggs & m9ute creatures1 :i* are pretty sure to be conta9$ 9 x1 w make _! appe>ance aft] ! case is clos$ 9 ! disagreeable =m ( de/roy+ y\r specim54 ,moss1 etc41 by be+ sl[ly dri$1 w also keep its color bett]4 ,yell[ moss1 f\nd on ! ro(s ( old b>ns1 & d>k gray ( ! same species1 are v g5]ally useful2 & :]e yell[ moss _c be _h1 ! :ite or gray may be color$ ) *rome1 & looks z well4 ,wat] plants fade1 be+ m or less succul5t1 & h5ce a little common wat]-color ) gum w be us$ ) advantage & look less artificial ?an oil plant1 :i* is (t5 us$4 ,f]n looks v pretty z an adjunct = hea?-birds1 b x %\ld be dri$ gradually & c>efully1 :5 q full gr[n1 & a small t\* ( light gre51 p]man5t :ite =m+ a portion ( x1 w give x a fre%ness & m natural appe>ance4 ,grass 9 se$ 7n 9 fl[]7 ( v>i\s k9ds is also a v pretty addition2 b bird pres]v]s h a habit ( us+ dy$ grass1 & yell[ & r$ ,x]an?ymum1 or ,ev]la/+1 :i* is c]ta9ly to be avoid$1 & inde$ any?+ :i* is unnatural4 ,if x is wi%$ to introduce a lump ( e>?1 or an app>5t bank1 a piece ( ?ick br[n pap]1 b5t to ! requisite %ape1 & glu$ ov] & cov]$ ) sift$ s& or gravel1 has a v good effect2 b insects & butt]flies1 or artificial fl[]s1 unless !y are extremely natural1 %\ld c]ta9ly be avoid$4 ,reg>d %\ld also be _h to ! season at :i* ! bird is usually se54 ,= in/ance1 summ] birds are1 ( c\rse1 surr\nd$ by gre5 & liv+ objects1 b autumn or w9t] visitants by decay+ or dead h]bage4 ,x has (t5 be5 made an exp]im5t to repres5t sn[1 b x is difficult to obta9 any?+ :ite en\gh1 & at ! same "t ( a cry/all9e "*1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 x %\ld be4 ,potato f>9a nicely dri$1 mix$ ) ,epsom salts p\nd$ v f9e1 does n make a bad sub/itute2 b ! real difficulty lies beh9d1 namely1 9 fix+ x1 &1 m ?an all1 ! lea/ damp takes v mu* f its appe>ance1 if x does n de/roy ! effect1 & h5ce we mu/ h rec\rse to m9]al aid1 & any v :ite m9]al p[d] m+l$ ) p\nd$ glass is p]haps be/4 ,x is unnecess>y to say t ! h]bage ^u :i* x is meant to re/ %\ld be t\*$ all ov] ) pa/e1 n glue1 & ! :ite mixture %ak5 ov] & left to dry4 ,:at w height5 ! effect v mu*1 if prettily execut$1 is a black l&scape ) a d>k lead5 sky & ne>ly black e>? m+l$ ) moss4 ,to repres5t wat]1 a piece ( look+-glass1 surr\nd$ by moss1 etc41 answ]s v well4 ,! bills & legs ( birds %\ld be always v>ni%$1 & :]e ! natural color fades aft] dea? x %\ld be re/or$ by a ?9 coat ( oil-color ( ! requir$ %ade4 ,! bird be+ fix$ & ! case g>ni%$1 no?+ rema9s b to put 9 ! glass2 ?is is 9 ?ree pieces1 "o = ! front & a piece at ea* end4 ,?is c be pa/$ 9 ) v /rong pap] r\nd ! edge1 advanc+ suffici5tly ov] ! glass to hold x4 ,9 do+ ?is x is n necess>y to be v p>ticul> to avoid pa/+ ! glass1 z aft] x is dri$ x c be wip$ clean ) a damp clo?4 ,! la/ op]ation is a v simple "o1 & done 9 a few m9utes4 ,y mu/ procure "s black _s-v>ni%1 :i* y c make y\rself by dissolv+ ! be/ black seal+-wax 9 spirits ( w9e1 & %\ld be kept cork$2 :5 ?is is good x acts z pa9t & v>ni% at ! same "t1 & dries z fa/ z x is put on4 ,"o or two brass r+s screw$ on at ! top ( ! back ( ! case w f9i% ! bird1 & if ! case be nicely & closely made1 !re is no limit ( "t to :i* ! pres]vation ( ! specim5 may n ext5d4 ,me?od ( ,m\nt+ ,dri$ ,sk9s4 ,we mu/ n[ say some?+ respect+ ! sett+ up ( sk9s :i* h be5 pres]v$ by travel]s1 & s5t home f di/ant p>ts4 ,! g5]al me?od is exactly ! same z 9 /uff+ rec5t specim5s4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s prelim9>y /eps1 :i* x is necess>y to "k4 ,if ! specim5 s5t home has be5 p>tially /uff$1 our fir/ bus9ess is to undo ! /it*es1 if x has be5 sew$--:i* 0 an unnecess>y process4 ,we !n remove ! :ole cotton or t[ f ! inside1 by ! assi/ance ( =ceps1 & f ! neck ) a small piece ( wire1 twi/$ or hook$ at ! end4 ,hav+ f9i%$ ?is1 small balls ( wet cotton are plac$ 9 ! orbits ( ! eyes1 & ! legs & feet are wrapp$ r\nd ) wet cotton or l95 rags4 ,a damp clo? is !n ?r[n ov] ! bird1 & x is all[$ to rema9 9 ?is /ate till next day4 ,! neck & body are !n fill$ ) wet l95 or cotton1 & x w be ready = comm5c+ sett+ up 9 f\r or five h\rs4 ,! eyes are n[ put 91 z direct$ 9 ! rec5t subjects1 & !n /uff$ 9 exactly ! same mann]4 ,"s difficulty w1 h[ev]1 be exp]i5c$ ) respect to ! leg-wires1 & x w require m "t & c>e1 f ! dryness ( ! legs1 to get ! wire to p5etrate4 ,hav+ proce$$ s f> z to get ! bird g5]ally =m$1 ! w+s are next adju/$2 ?is also is frequ5tly difficult1 ow+ to ! /iffness ( ! t5dons1 & want ( prop] att5tion 9 sk9n+ & dry+ !m at fir/4 ,inde$1 ) "s ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican birds1 a prop] adju/m5t ( ! w+s is f\nd impracticable1 ow+ to ! attempts ( ! native ,indians ( ,guyana1 :o seldom dispose !m prop]ly4 ,:5 ^! sk9s--frequ5tly exce$+ly valuable f _! r>ity--are undone1 to be rem\nt$1 x is (t5times f\nd utt]ly impossible to get ! w+s to take a natural set1 9 :i* case !re is no o!r rem$y b cutt+ !m (f close to ! body1 & fix+ !m anew4 ,! scapul>s are sep>at$1 !y are s(t5$ ) damp clo?s1 & !n wrapp$ up ) b&s ( %eet lead1 to give !m a prop] set4 ,:5 we h got !m 9 _! natural %ape1 !y mu/ be fix$ to ! sides by cem5t & cotton1 & a long p9 ?r\gh ea*1 ) ! head conceal$ among/ ! fea!rs4 ,! scapul>s1 :i* we h cut (f1 mu/ !n be cem5t$ on1 & !y w effectually cov] ! jo9+ ( ! w+s4 ,! bird be+ n[ arrang$1 & all ! fea!rs adju/$1 x is wrapp$ r\nd ) small b&s ( f9e l95 or musl91 & set aside till ?or\ghly dry4 ,%\ld any fea!rs be dis5gag$ dur+ ! m\nt+1 !y mu/ be kept1 &1 :5 ! bird is dry1 we c replace !m 9 _! prop] situations ) a pair ( =ceps1 aft] !y h be5 t\*$ on _! %afts ) ! cem5t2 ! fea!rs ar\nd ! place 9 :i* we int5d to ins]t !m1 mu/ be held up ) ! prob+-ne$le4 ,if any ( ! fea!rs are d]ang$ 9 m\nt+1 & h got a wrong set1 ! only way to rem$y ! defect is to pull !m out ) =ceps1 & re-ins]t !m ) cem5t4 ,( ,m\nt+ ,birds1 ,fea!r by ,fea!r4 ,r>e birds are frequ5tly receiv$ f =eign c\ntries1 ! sk9s ( :i* are 9 su* a /ate ( decay1 t x is impossible to m\nt !m by ! ord9>y processes above describ$4 ,! only way 9 :i* !y c be pres]v$1 is to m\nt !m fea!r by fea!r1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is a v t$i\s me?od4 ,x is z foll[s3 ,procure a piece ( s(t pliable wire1 su* z is us$ by bell-hang]s2 or take "s ( ! ord9>y wire us$1 & make x r$-hot 9 ! fire1 & all[ x to cool gradually1 :5 x w become q pliable4 ,take five pieces ( ?is1 ( diff]5t l5g?s1 & =m !m into ! skeleton ( a body2 namely1 two = ! back1 "o on ea* side1 & "o to repres5t ! brea/ bone4 ,imitate ! %ape ( ! bird's body1 z ne>ly z possible4 ,! wires mu/ be r\gh5$ ) a file1 at ! place :]e all ! wires meet1 at ! neck & rump2 & fir/ wrap ! place next ! neck r\nd ) /rong ?read or f9e brass wire4 ,two pieces int5d$ = ! back mu/ b5d g5tly d[nw>ds1 & be gradually sep>at$ f ea* o!r t[>ds ! c5t]1 & br\ght toge!r aga9 at ! place int5d$ = ! rump1 :]e !y mu/ int]sect ea* o!r1 & be twi/$ two or ?ree times1 to keep !m 9 _! place2 !y are !n spread out z supports = ! tail2 ! side pieces are next =m$1 s z to repres5t ! natural bulge ( a bird's body1 & atta*$ to ! rump2 ! piece repres5t+ ! brea/ is !n =m$1 jo9$ at ! rump1 & aft]w>ds cont9u$ z long z ! o!r tail-pieces1 to support ! c5t] ( ! tail2 :ile at ! front extremity a piece is left1 = ! purpose ( =m+ a neck to :i* to atta* ! head4 ,! leg-wires are atta*$ to ! side-wires1 be+ roll$ r\nd !m = sev]al turns1 mak+ a framework ! %ape ( ! bird4 ,aft] ?is body has be5 prop]ly =m$1 x mu/ be wrapp$ r\nd ) t[-sliv]1 & ! neck ?ick5$ to its requir$ dim5sions4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$1 ! head1 legs1 w+s & tail are s(t5$ 9 ! usual mann]2 ! eyes are !n fix$ 9 ) "s cotton introduc$ into ! orbits1 ) a little ( ! cem5t4 ,! w+s & tail are n[ plac$ on a table1 ) a flat lead5 weight above ea*1 to re/ore !m to _! natural %ape4 ,! leg-wires are !n pass$ ?r\gh ! legs1 comm5c+ at ! top1 & br++ !m out at ! soles ( ! feet1 & left ) a piece ext5d+ beyond ! claws4 ,! tail is n[ fix$ on1 by fir/ atta*+ to x a quantity ( cotton ) ! cem5t1 &1 :5 dry1 x is fix$ to ! "p int5d$ z ! rump4 ,! feet ( ! bird mu/ be fix$ into a piece ( wood1 z a p]*1 ! ends ( :i* mu/ be left "s in*es beyond ! body4 ,! end next ! tail is fix$ into a table-vice1 ) ! belly upw>ds1 & ! head po9t+ t[>ds ! op]ator4 ,! fea!rs are n[ put on1 comm5c+1 "u ! tail1 or crissum1 ) :at are t]m$ ! "u-tail cov]ts2 a coat+ ( cem5t mu/ be previ\sly laid on1 to atta* ! fea!rs )4 ,x is proce$$ ) upw>ds to ! brea/1 & f9ally ! l5g? ( ! neck1 tak+ c>e to put ! prop] fea!rs on _! respective sides1 z ! side-fea!rs h all an incl9ation to "o side4 ,! bird is n[ turn$ ) ! back up1 /ill keep+ ! head t[>ds ! /uff]2 & ! w+s are fix$ on ) cem5t1 & p9s =c$ ?r\gh ! be>ds ( ! fea!rs to conceal ! heads4 ,:5 ?is is done1 put on ! fea!rs ( ! rump1 & proce$ upw>ds1 z has be5 done ) ! belly4 ,aft] rea*+ ! top ( ! neck1 ! head is !n fix$ on ) "s cotton imm]s$ 9 ! cem5t1 & all[$ to dry be=e attempt+ to put on ! fea!rs4 ,9 ?is mode ( m\nt+ a bird !re are sev]al ?+s :i* mu/ be att5tively adh]$ to2 ^! are--fir/1 n to put ! fea!rs too ?ick1 = !re is a dang] ( runn+ %ort2 secondly1 all ! %afts ( ! fea!rs mu/ h a small bit cut (f ! tip1 s z to admit ! cem5t & to give !m a firm] hold2 & ?irdly1 t ! fea!rs %\ld all occupy _! respective p>ts2 & f\r?ly1 t !y %\ld be arrang$ z !y are 9 nature on ^! p>ts1 z ! disposition ( e "p ( ! body is peculi> to itself4 ,at fir/1 ?is mode ( sett+ up birds w be f\nd a difficult task1 b1 by a little practice & exp]i5ce1 x w become famili> & comp>atively easy1 al?\gh x w always be f\nd a t$i\s process4 ,we h se5 "s specim5s set up 9 ?is way1 :i* we c\ld h>dly detect f ^? m\nt$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,besides :at we h already said conc]n+ ! /uff+ & prep>+ ( birds1 !re are _m details connect$ ) p>ticul> species :i* dem& our att5tion1 & :i* c only be describ$ z reg>d+ t species4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be impossible = u to ent] into all ^! m9utely1 b only give a few examples z g5]al guides4 ,we %all take ^! 9 sy/ematic succession4 ,pres]vation ( ,colors4 ,9 ! pres]vation ( ! fea!rs ( birds1 little else is requir$ to prev5t ! dissipation ( _! colors ?an to keep !m z mu* z possible f air & light4 ,^! two ag5ts1 :i* 7 indisp5sable to _! beauty & p]fection 9 a liv+ /ate1 n[ ex]cise _! influ5ce z de/roy]s1 & t influ5ce w soon] or lat] "w its ends accord+ to ! quality1 texture1 or color ( ! object ) :i* x is cont5d+4 ,! fea!rs are n[ depriv$ ( two ag5ts1 :i* 9 a liv+ /ate contribut$ to _! vigor & _! beauty1 namely1 ! int]nal circulat+ juices :i* !y receiv$ f ! body ( ! animal1 & ! ext]nal application ( oil by ! bill ( ! bird1 suppli$ f a gl& :i* is plac$ ov] ! rump ( all birds4 ,! colors ( ! rapaci\s tribes are n s evanesc5t z ^? ( _m o!rs1 z !y1 = ! mo/ "p1 are compos$ ( int5se br[ns & blacks1 :i* are n s easily absorb$ by light or air1 s t !y cont9ue = a v long p]iod )\t any s5sible diff]5ce4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 o!r po9ts :i* are liable to almo/ imm$iate *ange ( color aft] ! dea? ( ! animals1 & ^! are ! c]e & sk9 ( ! legs & feet1 & ! nak$ sk9 on ! heads & necks ( vultures & _! cong5]s4 ,we %all treat ( ^! individually4 ,n[1 z all ^! colors :i* we h describ$ are liable to *ange imm$iately aft] dea?1 x is evid5t t consid]able nicety w be requir$ to give ! pres]v$ specim5 ! appe>ance ( nature4 ,^! mu/1 !re=e1 be suppli$ artificially ) ! v>ni% colors1 :i* we h p>ticul>ly describ$ 9 _! prop] place1 z also ! comb9ations = ! =mation ( comp\nd colors4 ,! r$di%-br[n color m5tion$1 ( :i* ! fold is compos$1 mu/ be t\*$ by a mixture ( ! sc>let v>ni%1 ) a little p[d]$ burnt umb]1 & ! blue /reaks ) :i* x is trav]s$1 color$ above ) cobalt blue4 ,all ! v>ni% colors h a t5d5cy to %9e1 :i*1 x w be evid5t1 is n ! "* ( any "p ( ! sk9 or c>uncle ( ! bird describ$4 ,z soon1 !re=e1 z x is ?or\ghly dry1 :i* w be 9 ab\t an h\r1 ! :ole surface mu/ be g5tly rubb$ ) v f9e s&-pap]1 :i* w completely remove ! gloss & give ! appe>ance ( nature4 ,"s nicety w be requir$ 9 pa9t+ betwixt ! hairs1 b x c be easily manag$ ) a little caution4 ,sometimes ^! hairs are liable to become br[n1 9 :i* case !y c be t\*$ ) ! black v>ni%4 ,z ^! birds are inhabitants ( w>m climates1 "s c>e is requisite aft] kill+ !m1 to prev5t decay2 ! t5dons ( ! legs %\ld be extract$ to prev5t _! be+ attack$ by mo?s1 & _! place suppli$ by "s cotton & pres]vatives4 ,! t5dons are extract$ by means ( a longitud9al incision made beh9d ! t>sus4 ,! edges ( ?is incision c easily be br\ght toge!r :5 ! bird is "u ! process ( prep>ation4 ,,collect+ ,,& ,,pres]v+ ,,birds' ,,eggs ,,& ,,ne/s4 ,few objects ( natural hi/ory are m int]e/+ ?an ! ne/s ( birds4 ,to ! reflect+ naturali/ !y op5 up a wide field = inquiry4 ,speak+ ( ! exam9ation ( birds1 9 ! ex]cise ( _! me*anical arts ( con/ruct+ ne/s1 ,pr(essor ,r5nie says3 8,?is "w is ! bus9ess ( _! lives--! duty :i* calls =? t wond]ful +5uity :i* no exp]i5ce c tea*1 & :i* no human skill c rival4 ,! inf9ite v>iety ( modes 9 :i* ! ne/s ( birds are con/ruct$1 & ! exquisite adaptation ( ! ne/ to ! peculi> habits ( ! individual1 (f] a subject ( almo/ exhau/less int]e/40 ,! numb] & v>iety ( ! eggs ( birds are curi\s subjects ( contemplation1 & %\ld be c>efully not$ :5ev] opportunity (f]s4 ,!y are z ess5tial to ! p]sonal hi/ory ( ! species1 z any o!r "p ( our inquiries4 ,! eggs are empti$ ( _! cont5ts by mak+ a v small hole at ea* end ) a po9t4 ,by bl[+ at "o ( ! ends1 ! cont5ts w escape by ! o!r1 unless ! "y has be5 already =m$2 9 :i* case a l>g] hole mu/ be made 9 ! side ( ! egg1 & ! cont5ts remov$ ) a small hook4 ,! hole %\ld !n be /opp$ up by pa/+ a little goldbeat]'s leaf ov] x4 ,! eggs are !n ei!r return$ to _! ne/1 9 :i* !y ought to be cem5t$1 or %\ld be fix$ d[n by "o side to c>ds1 ) ! "n & locality atta*$4 ,! be/ mann] ( convey+ loose eggs to a di/ance1 is to put "s cotton at ! bottom ( ! ne/1 & !n ano!r lay] above !m4 ,! ne/s %\ld all be put 9 sep>ate boxes if possible1 & s pack$ t ! pressure ( ! lid may n injure ! eggs1 or a box ) sev]al comp>tm5ts %\ld be us$1 tak+ c>e t ea* is c>efully m>k$4 ,x w\ld also be ( consequ5ce to h ! ne/s atta*$ to ! bran*es1 ) ^? species :i* build on trees1 :i* w enable u to trace ! +5i\s means employ$ by ^? little animals 9 con/ruct+ _! habitations4 ,9 s5d+ home specim5s f a =eign c\ntry1 ! seams ( ! box %\ld be cov]$ by pit*$ clo? to protect !m f ! influ5ce ( moi/ure4 ,to pres]ve ! %ells ( eggs1 fir/ take c>e to cle> !m ( _! cont5ts2 get a small1 f9e-po9t$ common syr+e1 su* z is sold 9 toy-%ops = a p5ny or twop5ce1 & inject ! specim5 ) wat] until x comes out q clean4 ,:5 an egg has be5 p>tly hat*$ or addl$1 ! removal ( ! cont5ts g5]ally includes t ( ! int]nal membrane or pellicle2 ?is makes ! %ell weak]4 ,:5 ! specim5s are q clean int]nally1 & h become dry 7:i* w be 9 a day or two71 take ! syr+e & inject !m ) a /rong solution ( is+lass 7) a little sug>-c&y add$ to prev5t its crack+72 bl[ ?is out aga9 :il/ w>m4 ,let ! %ell get dry1 & !n wa% ! outside ) a s(t wet clo? to remove sal9e p>ticles1 dirt f ! ne/1 etc4 ,?is me?od v>ni%es ! inside1 & ! fir/ specim5 on :i* x has be5 tri$ 0 ! be=e-m5tion$ h$ge-acc5tor's egg1 :i* is to ?is day z bright 9 color z a fre% specim54 ,also 9 a pair ( nightj>'s eggs1 ( :i* species ! delicate gray t9t is p>ticul>ly evanesc5t1 "o 0 inject$ 9 ! mann] describ$1 & ! o!r 0 n2 9 ! fir/ ! gray is /ill p]fectly def9$1 9 ! o!r x has entirely disappe>$4 ,eggs :i* h lo/ _! int]nal pellicle become /r5g!n$ by ?is process1 & ^? :i* h n lo/ _! color greatly improv$4 ,,sk9n+1 ,,pres]v+1 ,,& ,,sett+ ,,up ,,reptiles1 ,,& ,,mollusc\s ,,animals1 ,,etc4 ,,tortoises ,,& ,,turtles4 ,sk9n+4 ,! fir/ op]ation is to sep>ate ! back & brea/ %ells ) a /rong %ort knife1 or *isel4 ,if ! =ce ( ! h& is inadequate1 a mallet may be us$1 tak+ c>e n to /rike s h>d z to crack ! %ell4 ,^! two bony plates be+ cov]$ by ! sk91 or by scales1 ! scapula1 & all ! muscles ( ! arm & neck1 9 place ( be+ atta*$ to ! ribs & sp9e1 are plac$ bel[1 f :i* cause ! tortoise has be5 t]m$ a retrov]t$ animal4 ,! v]tebral extremity ( ! scapula is articulat$ ) ! %ield1 & ! opposite extremity ( ! clavicle ) ! brea/-plate 9 su* a mann] t ! %\ld]s =m a r+ = ! passage ( ! w9dpipe & gullet4 ,aft] ! turtle is op5$1 all ! fle% :i* adh]es to ! brea/-plate1 & also to ! upp] %ell1 is remov$1 :ile att5tion is paid to ! p>ts z above describ$4 ,! head1 =e-feet1 & tail are sk9n$ z 9 quadrup$s2 b none ( ^! mu/ be remov$ f ! upp] %ell1 b left atta*$4 ,all ! fle%y p>ts be+ remov$1 ! %ells are wa%$ out ) a sponge1 & c>efully dri$4 ,!y are !n slightly rubb$ ) ! ars5ical soap4 ,/uff+4 ,wires are n[ pass$ ?r\gh ! middle ( ! legs1 aft] ! sk9 has be5 rubb$ ) ! pres]vative4 ,! skull is return$ to its place1 & ! :ole ( ! head1 neck1 & legs /uff$ ) *opp$ flax or t[4 ,! p>ts ( ! sk9 :i* h be5 cut are !n sew$ toge!r4 ,! back & brea/-plates are !n unit$ by f\r small holes1 be+ bor$ at _! edges1 & unit$ by /r+s or small wires4 ,! junction ( ! bones may !n be atta*$ ) ! cem5t1 color$ s z to correspond ) ! %ell4 ,if ! calipa% is dirty1 x may be clean$ ) a slight solution ( nitric-acid & wat]2 aft]w>ds clean wa%$1 oil$1 & !n rubb$ h>d ) a wool5 rag1 to give x a poli%4 ,,crocodiles ,,& ,,liz>ds ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,sk9n+4 ,all ?is tribe are sk9n$ 9 ! same mann] z quadrup$s4 ,c>e is1 h[ev]1 requir$ 9 sk9n+ ! tails ( ! small] species1 z !y are v liable to break4 ,! sk9s be+ ( a dry nature1 require b little ( ! pres]vative4 ,aft] !y are ?or\ghly dri$ !y w keep a v long "t )\t decay4 ,/uff+4 ,/uff !m z direct$ = quadrup$s4 ,!y admit ( b little v>iety ( attitude4 ,! small species are exce$+ly apt to *ange color 9 dry+1 :i* mu/ be imitat$ ) ! color$ v>ni%es1 & aft]w>ds dimm$ ) s&-pap]4 ,to keep !m 9 _! natural colors1 !y %\ld be pres]v$ 9 spirits4 ,! sk9s ( su* z are glossy %\ld be v>ni%$ aft] !y are p]fectly dry4 ,,s]p5ts ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,sk9n+4 ,9 sk9n+ s]p5ts !re is "s nicety requir$1 to cut !m s z n to disfigure ! scales2 ! op5+ %\ld be made 9 ! side1 comm5c+ at ! t]m9ation ( ! scales2 & !y %\ld on no acc\nt be divid$1 z ^u _! numb] ! species is mo/ly det]m9$4 ,x is a v frequ5t practice to s5d home s]p5ts )\t ! head1 :i* r5d]s !m q unfit = any sci5tific purpose4 ,?is proce$s f ! fe> ( receiv+ poison f ! fangs4 ,b !re is n ! slighte/ dang] ( be+ affect$1 z ^! c easily be cut out by means ( p9c]s4 ,! head %\ld be clean$ & ! bra9 remov$1 9 ! same mann] z recomm5d$ = birds & quadrup$s1 ! skull ano9t$ & !n return$ into ! sk94 ,:5 ! sk9 is remov$1 x may be roll$ up & pack$ 9 small space4 ,! simple/ way to pres]ve small species is to put !m 9 spirits1 :i* mu/ n be too /rong1 z x w de/roy ! colors4 ,mr4 ,bur*ell1 9 8 f\r ye>s' j\rney ?r\gh ,africa1 glu$ ! sk9s ( ! small] s]p5ts p]fectly flat on pap]1 :i* pres]v$ ! size ( ! animal1 & ! sk9 reta9$ all ! beauty ( life4 ,/uff+4 ,! sk91 if n rec5t1 mu/ be fir/ s(t5$ 9 ! mann] recomm5d$ = birds4 ,a piece ( wire is tak51 ! l5g? ( ! animal1 :i* mu/ be wrapp$ r\nd ) t[ till x is ( a prop] ?ickness1 & above ! :ole a spiral b& ( sliv] %\ld be c>efully wrapp$4 ,x is !n plac$ inside ( ! sk91 & sew$ up4 ,! eyes are plac$ 91 z direct$ = quadrup$s & birds4 ,:5 dry1 give ! s]p5t a coat ( v>ni%1 & !n twi/ x into any attitude wi%$4 ,a favorite & /rik+ "o is to h x w\nd r\nd "s animal1 & 9 ! act ( kill+ x4 ,,frogs ,,& ,,toads4 ,sk9n+4 ,! m\? is op5$1 & ! fir/ v]tebr ( ! neck is cut4 ,! :ole inside ( ! m\? is cut out ) scissors4 ,! two jaws are next rais$ up & ! sk9 is pu%$ back ) ! f+]s ( ! "r h&1 :ile ! body is drawn back 9 a contr>y direction ) ! o!r h&1 & ! :ole body is !n drawn out at ! m\?4 ,! legs are !n return$ to _! prop] place4 ,/uff+4 ,! simple/ me?od ( /uff+ ^! animals1 is ) s&4 ,a small funnel is plac$ into ! m\?1 & p\r 9 well dri$ s&4 ,:5 full1 a small piece ( cotton is pu%$ into ! ?roat1 ) "s ( ! cem5t1 to keep ! s& f escap+ on mov+ ! animal4 ,! frog is !n plac$ on a bo>d1 & 9 an attitude4 ,:5 q dry1 give x a coat ( v>ni%4 ,:5 ?is has p]fectly dri$1 v small p]=ations are made "u ! belly ) ! po9t ( a ne$le1 & ! s& all[$ to escape1 leav+ ! body 9 its natural =m4 ,^! animals are liable to *ange ( color f dry+1 & %\ld1 !re=e1 be pa9t$ ) ! v>ni% to _! natural hues4 ,!re is less difficulty ) toads 9 ?is respect1 z !y are usually ( a br[n color1 & n liable to mu* *ange4 ,!y may be p]fectly pres]v$ 9 spirits4 ,illu/ration ,,pres]v+ ,,spid]s1 ,,gally-,,worms1 ,,& ,,insects4 ,,spid]s4 ,! g5]al directions :i* we %all give respect+ insects1 hold good z to spid]s1 only we mu/ m5tion !re is consid]able difficulty 9 pres]v+ ! bodies ( spid]s1 :i* g5]ally1 9 a v %ort "t1 %r9k into a %apeless mass4 ,to prev5t ?is1 ! body %\ld be prick$ ) ! triangul> awl & ! cont5ts press$ out2 x %\ld !n be /uff$ ) v f9e c>d$ cotton or d[n1 :i* c be pu%$ 9 by a prick]1 blunt$ a little at ! po9t4 ,:5 prop]ly di/5d$1 ! small ap]ture %\ld be fill$ up ) a little cem5t1 or a solution ( gum-arabic4 ,! legs ( ! l>g] species1 su* z ! bird-cat*+ ,mygale & ! ,scorpions1 are also liable to %r9k1 & %\ld be /uff$ 9 ! same mann] z t ( ! body4 ,9 ^? species ( spid]s :i* we h ?us prep>$1 & ^: colors are ri* & likely to be affect$ by ! action ( ! atmosph]e1 we mu/ endeavor to arre/ its progress by imm$iately imbu+ ! animal1 aft] x is set up1 ) ! solution ( corrosive sublimate1 & 9 an h\r aft] ) a ?9 coat+ ( a v weak :ite-_s v>ni%2 = ?is purpose1 take a teaspoonful ( ! ord9>y :ite-_s or ela/ic v>ni%1 & add to x two teaspoonfuls ( _s ( w9e2 apply ?is wa% ) a f9e camel hair bru%1 :i* w quickly dry1 & h a /rong t5d5cy to pres]ve ! color4 ,! v>ni%1 be+ ?us r$uc$ 9 /r5g?1 w n leave any gloss on ! insect1 nor w x be at all p]ceptible4 ,mr4 ,sam\elle1 au?or ( 8,! ,entomologi/'s ,useful ,comp5dium10 9 speak+ ( pres]v+ spid]s1 says3 8,! be/ pres]v$ specim5s t ,i h se5 are ^? :]e ! cont5ts ( ! abdom5 h be5 tak5 out & fill$ ) f9e s&4 ,i h pres]v$ sev]al 9 ?is way1 & f9d x answ] ! purpose40 ,mr4 ,donovan makes ! foll[+ obs]vations on ! pres]vation ( spid]s3 8,to det]m9e :e!r "s species ( spid]s c\ld be pres]v$ ) _! natural colors1 ,i put sev]al into spirits ( w9e2 ^? ) gibb\s bodies soon aft] dis*>g$ a v consid]able quantity ( viscid matt]1 & !re) all _! beautiful colors2 ! smalle/ reta9$ _! =m1 & only appe>$ r pal] 9 ! o!r colors ?an :5 !y 7 liv+4 8,dur+ ! c\rse ( la/ summ]1 among o!r spid]s1 ,i met ) a r>e species2 x 0 ( a bright yell[ color1 elegantly m>k$ ) black1 r$1 gre51 & purple2 by "s accid5t x 0 un=tunately cru%$ to pieces 9 ! *ip-box :]e9 x 0 conf9$1 & 01 !re=e1 ?r[n aside z useless2 a mon? or m aft] t "t ,i obs]v$ t su* p>ts ( ! sk9 z _h dri$ aga9/ ! inside ( ! box1 reta9$ ! orig9al brightness ( color 9 a consid]able degree4 ,to fur!r ! exp]im5t1 ,i made a simil> attempt1 ) "s caution1 on ! body ( ano!r spid]1 &1 ?\gh ! colors 7 n p]fectly pres]v$1 !y appe>$ di/9ct4 8,f fur!r obs]vations ,i f9d1 t if y kill ! spid] & imm$iately aft] extract ! entrails1 !n inflate !m by means ( a bl[-pipe1 y may pres]ve !m tol]ably well2 y mu/ clean !m on ! inside no m ?an is suffici5t to prev5t m\ld9ess1 le/ y injure ! colors1 :i* c]ta9ly1 9 _m k9ds1 dep5d on sub/ance t lies b5ea? ! sk940 ,scorpions1 & all ! spid] tribe1 may be s5t home 9 spirits1 :i* w pres]ve !m p]fectly1 & :5 tak5 out & dri$1 !y w be f\nd to h suff]$ no?+ f _! imm]sion4 ,we h se5 "s specim5s set up1 aft] be+ s5t home 9 spirits1 :i* rival$ any :i* h be5 pres]v$ 9 a rec5t /ate4 ,! animals ( ?is class are p>ticul>ly liable to ! attacks ( insects1 p>ticul>ly 9 w>m c\ntries1 on :i* acc\nt ! mode ( transport+ !m & keep+ !m 9 spirits is1 p]haps1 sup]ior to all o!rs4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y are set up 9 a w>m climate1 !y %\ld be well soak$ ) ! solution ( corrosive sublimate1 made accord+ to ! recipe ( ,mr4 ,wat]ton4 ,= ! sett+ up ( ?is class1 see ! directions = pres]v+ insects4 ,,insects4 ,e c\ntry ( ! _w is replete ) ?is ext5sive & int]e/+ class ( be+s1 ^: =ms are inf9itely div]sifi$1 & ^: species are ! mo/ num]\s ( any class 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,be=e any attempt is made to collect insects1 c]ta9 app>atus mu/ be provid$1 n only to enable u to secure !m1 b also to pres]ve !m aft] !y are caught4 ,fir/1 !n1 we mu/ be provid$ ) a quantity ( wood5 boxes1 f #ah to #bj in*es long1 #ae to #ag in*es wide1 & two in*es deep4 ,^! %\ld h well-fill$ lids1 ) h+es1 & fa/5$ by a wire cat*1 or small bolt4 ,! bottom %\ld h a lay] ( cork1 ab\t ! six? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 :i* %\ld be fix$ d[n ) v /rong pa/e1 made accord+ to our recipe2 & also "s wire nails1 to prev5t x f spr++4 ,ov] ! cork %\ld be pa/$ :ite pap]4 ,! box %\ld be ano9t$ inside ) oil ( petroleum4 ,if t _c be procur$1 make an infusion ( /rong aromatic plants1 su* z c9namon1 aloes1 ?yme1 laurel1 sage1 rosem>y1 or cloves1 & wa% ! inside ) x4 ,a small packet ( camphor %\ld be wrapp$ 9 a piece ( rag1 & deposit$ 9 a corn] ( ! box4 ,we mu/ also be provid$ ) a quantity ( insect p9s ( diff]5t sizes1 correspond+ ) ! size ( ! insect4 ,! p9s us$ = sett+ %\ld be long] ?an ^? :i* are tak5 to ! field4 ,bottles1 ) m\?s f an in* & a qu>t] to two in*es 9 diamet]1 mu/ also be procur$1 & ^! mu/ be ?ree-f\r?s full ( spirits1 su* z weak br&y1 rum1 g91 or :isky4 ,hunt+-,box4 ,we mu/1 besides1 h :at is t]m$ a hunt+-box1 = c>ry+ 9 our pocket1 :5 seek+ aft] insects4 ,?is %\ld be made ( /rong pa/ebo>d or *ip1 = lightness1 or1 if ?is is no consid]ation1 ( t94 ,x mu/ be ( an oblong-oval %ape1 r\nd$ at ! ends1 = ! conv5i5ce ( ! pocket4 ,x %\ld be f eight to t5 in*es long1 f\r to five in*es wide1 & two-&-a-half to ?ree in*es deep4 ,x mu/ h a lay] ( cork bo? 9 ! bottom & top ( ! lid1 inside = atta*+ insects to1 :5 caught dur+ ! day4 ,! l>g] insects are plac$ at ! bottom1 & ! small] ones on ! lid4 ,! ,entomological4 ,we next procure a net1 z 9 figure #bf1 con/ruct$ simil> to a bat-f[l+ net4 ,?is is ei!r made ( f9e gauze or co>se musl92 x may ei!r be gre5 or :ite--! latt] is ! be/ = obs]v+ small insects :i* may be caught2 ! gre51 h[ev]1 is bett] adapt$ = cat*+ mo?s4 ,! net-rods %\ld be made ( hickory1 bee*1 hazel1 or holly2 !y ought to be five feet 9 l5g?1 q r\nd1 smoo?1 & tap]+ to an obtuse po9t1 z at figure #bd2 ! oblique cross-piece at ! po9t %\ld be ( cane1 & fitt$ into ! angul> f]rule2 ! rod mu/ be divid$ into ?ree or f\r pieces1 s t x may be tak5 asund] & c>ri$ 9 ! pocket2 ! upp] "p ( ea* jo9t mu/ h a f]rule affix$ to x1 = ! purpose ( articulat+ ! o!r pieces4 ,ea* jo9t %\ld h a not* or *eck to prev5t ! rod f twi/+4 ,! net itself1 figure #ca1 mu/ h a welt+ all ar\nd x1 d\bl$ s z to =m a groove = ! reception ( ! rods4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! upp] "p or po9t x mu/ h a small piece ( *amois lea!r1 s z to =m a k9d ( h+e2 ?is mu/ be b\nd r\nd ! welt+ & divid$ 9 ! middle1 s z to prev5t ! cross pieces f slipp+ ov] ea* o!r2 x %[s ab\t f\r in*es ( ! gauze turn$ up1 s z to =m a bag2 !re are /r+s = ! purpose ( pass+ ?r\gh ! /aple1 to :i* ! net is firmly drawn on ea* side4 ,:5 ! net is us$ a h&le is to be held 9 ea* h&4 ,if x is int5d$ to take insects on ! w+1 by means ( ?is net1 = :i* x is admirably adapt$1 x may be fold$ toge!r 9 an in/ant4 ,if ! gauze is f9e en\gh1 & pres]v$ :ole1 ev5 ! smalle/ insect _c escape4 ,x may be also appli$ 9 cat*+ coleopt]\s insects1 :i* are nev] on ! w+1 z well z cat]pill>s4 ,:5 us$ = ?is purpose ! entomologi/ mu/ hold x exp&$ "u trees1 :ile ano!r mu/ beat ! bran*es ) a /ick4 ,great numb]s ( bo? insects & l>v w fall 9 ! gauze1 & by ?is means _m hundr$s may be captur$ 9 a day4 ,ano!r me?od is to spread a l>ge table-clo? "u trees & bu%es1 & !n beat !m ) a /ick4 ,an umbrella rev]s$ has frequ5tly be5 us$ = ! same purpose4 ,bose1 ! celebrat$ naturali/1 us$ ?is la/ me?od--he held ! umbrella 9 ! left h&1 :ile he beat ! bu%es ) ! o!r4 ,! ,hoop or ,aquatic ,net1 ,figure #bf4 ,?is net is us$ = captur+ aquatic insects1 :i* are ei!r lurk+ at ! bottom1 swimm+ ?r\gh ! liquid elem5t1 or adh]+ to plants4 ,x may also be successfully us$ 9 sweep+ among/ grass & l[ h]bage = coleopt]\s insects & o!rs :i* are g5]ally to be f\nd 9 su* situations4 ,! socket1 = ! h&le1 may be made ( su* dim5sions z w answ] ! second jo9t ( ! entomological net-rod1 :i* w save c>ry+ ano!r h&le2 or a walk+-/ick may be made to fit x4 ,a ,phial1 ,figure #cc4 ,?is may ei!r be made ( t9 or cry/al1 & us$ = collect+ coleopt]\s & o!r creep+ insects4 ,! m\? %\ld be ne>ly an in* wide1 & a cork exactly fitt$ to x1 9 ! c5t] ( :i* mu/ be ins]t$ a small quill1 to af=d air1 & ins]t$ ab\t an in* beyond ! cork1 to prev5t ! insects f escap+4 ,if ! bottle is made ( t91 & ( a l>g] size1 a t9 tube mu/ be introduc$ into its side1 & t]m9at+ ext]nally at ! surface4 ,a ,digg]1 ,figure #bh4 ,! in/rum5t is ei!r made ( iron or /eel1 & is ab\t six or sev5 in*es 9 l5g?1 fix$ into a turn$ wood5 h&le4 ,x is us$ = collect+ ! pup ( lepidopt]\s insects1 at ! roots & 9 ! clefts ( ! b>k ( trees2 & also = pull+ (f ! b>k1 p>ticul>ly f decay$ trees1 "u :i* _m curi\s & r>e insects are frequ5tly f\nd4 ,x is mo/ useful ) an arr[-head$ po9t4 ,sett+ ,ne$les1 ,figure #bi4 ,fitt$ into a small wood5 h&le1 ! ne$le itself %\ld be ab\t ?ree in*es long1 & ab\t ! ?ickness ( a small d>n+-ne$le1 slightly b5t f ab\t ! middle4 ,figure #cj is a /raight ne$le :i* is us$ = ext5d+ ! p>ts ( insects2 at "o end ( ! h&le is ! ne$le1 & at ! o!r a camel-hair p5cil1 :i* is us$ = remov+ any dirt or du/ :i* may be on ! insects4 ,! p5cil may be occasionally drawn ?r\gh ! lips1 br\ght to a f9e po9t1 & us$ = dispos+ ! ant5n & palpi ( insects ( ! m9ute k9ds4 ,brass ,pli]s1 ,figure #be4 ,^! are us$ = pick+ up small insects f ! roots ( grass1 etc4 ,!y may also be us$ = lay+ hold ( small insects1 :ile !y are yet free & n set up4 ,fan ,=ceps4 ,?is v useful in/rum5t to ! entomologi/1 mu/ be made ( /eel or iron1 & ab\t eight or t5 in*es 9 l5g?2 its g5]al con/ruction is l t ( a pair ( scissors1 & x is held & us$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,t[>ds ! po9ts are =m$ a pair ( fans1 :i* may ei!r be squ>e1 oval1 hexagonal1 or octagonal 9 ! edges1 & ! c5t]s cov]$ ) f9e gauze4 ,! g5]al size ( ! fans is f f\r to six in*es4 ,^! are us$ = captur+ bees1 wasps1 & musc4 ,!y are also us$ = cat*+ butt]flies1 mo?s1 & sph+es4 ,if an insect is on a leaf1 bo? leaf & insect may be inclos$ )9 ! fans2 or if !y are on a wall or ! trunk ( a tree1 !y may be v easily secur$ by !m4 ,if a butt]fly1 sph9x1 or mo?1 are captur$ by ! =ceps1 :ile yet betwe5 ! fans1 !y %\ld be press$ pretty smoo?ly ) ! ?umb-nail1 on ! ?orax or body1 tak+ c>e1 h[ev]1 n to cru% x4 ,x may !n be tak5 into ! h&1 & a p9 pass$ ?r\gh ! ?orax1 & !n /uck into ! bottom ( y\r hunt+-box4 ,quills4 ,^! are ( great use 9 c>ry+ m9ute insects4 ,!y %\ld be neatly /opp$ ) cork & cem5t at "o end1 ! o!r end %\ld be provid$ ) a small movable cork = a /opp]4 ,ea* end %\ld be wrapp$ c>efully r\nd ) a silk ?read wax$1 to prev5t !m f splitt+4 ,pocket ,l>v-,box4 ,= collect+ cat]pill>s1 ?is box is v ess5tial3 x consi/s m]ely ( a *ip-box1 ) a hole pi]c$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! top & bottom1 & cov]$ ) gauze1 = ! admission ( air4 ,x w be necess>y to put into ! box "s ( ! leaves on :i* ! l>v fe$1 z !y are v voraci\s1 & _c long exi/ )\t food4 ,pill-,boxes4 ,no entomologi/ %\ld be )\t five or six doz5 ( ^! useful articles4 ,!y are ( great value 9 collect+ ! small] species ( lepidopt]\s insects1 su* z ! t9ea1 etc41 & only "o specim5 %\ld be put 9 ea* box1 z1 if m ?an "o1 !y are apt to injure ea* o!r's w+s by beat+ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,sett+ ,bo>ds4 ,^! mu/ be made ( deal bo>d1 f a foot to fifte5 in*es long1 & eight or t5 in*es broad1 ) a piece ( wood run across ! ends1 to prev5t !m f w>p+4 ,!y are cov]$ ) cork1 :i* mu/ be p]fectly smoo? on ! surface1 ) :ite pap] pa/$ ov] x4 ,sev]al bo>ds w be requir$1 by p]sons :o are mak+ collections1 z "s ( ! insects take a consid]able "t to dry1 s t !y may be fit = introduc+ into a cab9et4 ,! bo>ds %\ld be kept 9 a frame made = ! purpose4 ,x %\ld consi/ ( a top1 bottom1 & two sides2 ! back & front %\ld h ! frames ( doors atta*$ by small h+es1 & _! c5t]s cov]$ ) f9e gauze1 = ! free passage ( air2 ! sides %\ld h small pieces ( wood project+ f !m1 = ! bo>ds to re/ on2 :i* %\ld be at su* a di/ance f ea* o!r t ! p9s may n be displac$ 9 pu%+ ! bo>ds 9 or draw+ !m out4 ,! frame %\ld be plac$ 9 a dry1 airy situation4 ,braces4 ,^! are m]ely small pieces ( c>d1 cut 9 ! =m exhibit$1 ,fig4 #cf1 atta*$ to ! butt]fly & o!r insects2 & also at ,fig4 #ci4 ,!y are p9n$ d[n on ! insects1 to keep _! w+s1 etc41 9 a prop] /ate1 till !y acquire a set4 ,,sett+ ,,& ,,pres]v+ ,,insects4 ,( ! ord]s ,coleopt]a1 ,or?opt]a1 & ,hemipt]a4 ,^! are easily pres]v$4 ,!y are kill$ by imm]s+ 9 scald+ wat]1 & !n laid ^u blossom or blott+ pap]1 = ! purpose ( absorb+ z mu* ( ! moi/ure z possible2 or !y may be plac$ 9 a t9 box1 ) a little camphor 9 x1 ne> ! fire1 :i* soon kills !m4 ,?is is1 besides1 ( consid]able effect 9 _! pres]vation4 ,insects ( ! g5]a ,gryllus 7,cricket71 ,locu/a 7,locu/s71 etc41 h t5d] bodies1 & are sure to %rivel 9 dry+4 ,! inte/9es %\ld !re=e be extract$1 :ile !y are yet moi/1 & sk9 fill$ ) cotton1 z direct$ ) "s ( ! spid]s4 ,:5 ,coleopt]\s insects are set ) ! w+s display$1 ! elytra %\ld be sep>at$1 & ! p9 pass$ ?r\gh _! body ne> ! middle ( ! ?orax1 z 9 ,fig4 #ce4 ,! w+s are exhibit$ z 9 ! act ( fly+1 & are reta9$ 9 ?is situation until !y are q dry1 by ! cord braces4 ,! insects ( ?is ord] %\ld always h ! p9 pass$ ?r\gh ! "r elytra on ! "r side1 z %[n at ,fig4 #cg1 t is1 x %\ld pass und]nea?1 betwe5 ! fir/ pair ( feet & ! int]m$iate ones4 ,! legs1 palpi & ant5n %\ld be display$ 9 a natural ord] on ! sett+ bo>d1 & reta9$ 9 ! position by means ( p9s & braces1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ce1 #cg4 ,^! mu/ be kept 9 t /ate1 ei!r long] or %ort]1 accord+ to ! insect & ! /ate ( ! wea!r1 z1 if plac$ 9 a cab9et be=e !y are q dry1 !y are sure to get m\ldy1 & w ultimately rot4 ,m9ute insects %\ld be atta*$ to c>ds ) gum1 z %[n1 ,figs4 #cd & #ci1 ) ! legs & o!r organs display$4 ,entomologi/s g5]ally adapt triangul> c>ds z at ,fig4 #ch1 z less liable to hide ! p>ts ( ! insects4 ,ord] ,lepidopt]a4 ,mr4 ,hawor?1 9 m5tion+ ! t5acity ( life 9 ! ,goat ,mo?1 /ates t 8! usual way ( compress+ ! ?orax is n suffici5t to kill ?is insect4 ,!y w live sev]al days aft] ! mo/ sev]e pressure has be5 giv5 !re1 to ! great uneas9ess ( any humane entomologi/s4 ,! me?ods ( suffocation by tobacco or sulphur are equally inefficaci\s1 unless cont9u$ = a great] numb] ( h\rs1 ?an is prop] = ! pres]vation ( ! specim5s4 ,ano!r me?od n[ 9 practice is bett]1 & h[ev] fraught ) cruelty x may appe> to ! inexp]i5c$ collector1 is ! greate/ piece ( comp>ative m]cy t c1 9 ?is case1 be adm9i/]$4 ,:5 ! l>g] ,mo?s mu/ be kill$1 de/roy !m at once by ! ins]tion ( a /rong1 r$-hot ne$le into _! ?icke/ "p1 beg9n+ at ! front ( ! ?orax4 ,if ?is be prop]ly done1 in/ead ( l+]+ ?r\gh sev]al days1 !y are dead 9 a mom5t4 ,x appe>s to me1 h[ev]1 t insects be+ animals ( cold & sluggi% juices1 are n s susceptible ( ! s5sations we call pa91 z ^? :i* enjoy a w>m] temp]ature ( body1 & a swift] circulation ( ! fluids4 ,to ! philosophic m9d x is self-evid5t t !y h n su* acute organs ( feel+ pa9 z o!r animals ( a simil> size1 ^: juices are end[$ ) a quick] motion1 & possess a con/ant1 regul> & g5ial w>m?40 ,butt]flies are soon kill$ by pass+ a p9 ?r\gh ! ?orax4 ,! p9 pass$ ?r\gh ! ?orax ( small mo?s g5]ally proves almo/ in/antly fatal to !m4 ,! be/ mann] ( pres]v+ ! m9ute species ( mo?s is by pill-boxes1 z above /at$1 ea* mo? be+ kept 9 a sep>ate box4 ,we h f\nd ! foll[+ ! be/ mode ( de/roy+ !m3 ,a piece ( flat h>dwood is tak51 & a circul> groove cut 9 x1 suffici5tly deep to admit ! m\? ( a tumbl] be+ plac$ )9 x4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! wood1 pi]ce a hole ab\t a ?ird ( an in* 9 diamet] 9 its c5t]3 place ! pill box "u ?is tumbl]1 ) ! lid (f1 & ! insect w soon creep out2 b :e!r x does s or n1 a mat* well prim$ ) sulphur is light$ & plac$ into ! hole "u ! c5t] ( ! tumbl]1 :i* w suffocate ! insect 9 a few seconds4 ,i h also f\nd ?is an effectual me?od ( kill+ ! l>g] species ( butt]flies1 & mo?s4 ,9 pi]c+ !m1 ! p9 %\ld be q p]p5dicul>1 t no "p ( _! m9ute frame %\ld be hidd5 by its oblique position4 ,! l>g] insects ( ?is ord] are set by braces *iefly4 ,a s+le "o %\ld 9 ! fir/ place be introduc$ "u ! w+1 ne> ! ?orax1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf1 & a long] brace ext5d+ ov] ! w+s4 ,^! %\ld n be> ^u ! w+s1 b be ready to re/ g5tly on !m1 :5 requir$4 ,! w+s are n[ elevat$ to _! prop] position by ! sett+ ne$le1 & o!r braces are us$ z necessity dictates4 ,! feet & ant5n are ext5d$ & kept 9 _! places by means ( p9s1 9 :i* op]ation small braces are also occasionally us$4 ,! ,fr5* entomologi/s set butt]flies1 mo?s1 & sph+es1 on a piece ( s(t wood1 9 :i* !y h excavat$ a groove = ! reception ( ! body1 z deep z ! ins]tion ( ! w+s4 ,!y are o!rwise pres]v$ z above direct$4 ,9 ! l>g] butt]flies1 mo?s1 & sph+es1 ! abdom5 %\ld be p]=at$1 its cont5ts extract$1 & !n /uff$ ) f9e cotton1 aft] hav+ be5 wa%$ int]nally ) ! solution ( corrosive sublimate4 ,inde$1 ! cotton %\ld also be rubb$ ) ars5ical soap be=e be+ introduc$1 z ^! insects are p>ticul>ly liable to ! attack ( small] insects1 su* z ! mite4 ,sev]al ( ! mo? tribe are extremely liable to *ange _! color "s "t aft] !y h be5 plac$ 9 a cab9et4 ,?is *ange is frequ5tly occasion$ by an oily matt] :i* is common to _m ( !m4 ,?is fir/ makes its appe>ance 9 small spots on ! body1 b soon spreads itself ov] ! abdom51 ?orax1 & w+s2 & ends 9 a total oblit]ation ( all ! beautiful m>k+s4 ,a me?od :i* has be5 sometimes successfully adopt$ is to spr9kle all ! w+s ) p[d]$ *alk1 & hold+ a heat$ iron ov] x2 ! *alk absorbs ! grease1 & may !n be bl[n (f by means ( a pair ( small bell[s4 ,ano!r way ( apply+ ! *alk1 & p]haps ! bett] ( ! two1 is to ?r[ "s p[d]$ *alk on ! face ( a heat$ iron1 & !n put x into a piece ( l95 clo?1 & apply x to ! body ( ! insect2 ! heat ( ! iron w s(t5 ! grease1 & ! *alk w absorb x4 ,ano!r me?od is to hold a heat$ iron ov] ! insects = a few m9utes1 & !n to wa% ! spott$ or greasy places ) ox-gall & wat]1 appli$ ) a camel-hair p5cil1 & aft]w>ds wa% x ) pure wat]1 & dry x by an application ( blott+ pap]1 & :5 p]fectly dry imbue x ) ! solution ( corrosive sublimate4 ,b grease seldom appe>s :]e ! cont5ts ( ! abdom5 h be5 remov$4 ,ord]s ,neuropt]a1 ,hym5opt]a & ,dipt]a4 ,! ,dragon ,flies 7,libellul7 are frequ5tly v difficult to kill1 be+ p[]ful & n]v\s animals4 ,:5 caught !y %\ld be transfix$ ?r\gh ! sides1 & x sometimes becomes necess>y to put braces on _! w+s to prev5t !m f flutt]+ :ile 9 ! hunt+ box4 ,!y may also be kill$ sometimes by plac+ !m "u a tumbl] & suffocat+ !m4 ,"s entomologi/s put !m 9 scald+ wat] = an in/ant4 ,! cont5ts ( ! abdom5 %\ld always be remov$ f ,dragon ,flies1 o!rwise x w become black & %9+ ?r\gh ! sk91 & de/roy ! beautiful b&s ) :i* !y are ornam5t$4 ,!y c be /uff$ ) cotton or a small roll ( pap] introduc$4 ,if ^! precautions are att5d$ to1 ! insect w pres]ve ! p]fect beauty ( its liv+ /ate4 ,! o!r species ( ^! ord]s soon die aft] be+ transfix$4 ,!y may be set by braces & p9s1 z repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #ce & #cg4 ,"s ( ! ,dipt]\s insects are v p]i%able 9 po9t ( color aft] dea?1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! abdom51 ! sk9 ( :i* is v ?94 ,! only way ( rem$y+ ?is is to pi]ce ! abdom51 & aft] tak+ out ! cont5ts ! cavity %\ld be fill$ ) a p[d]$ pa9t ! same color z ! liv+ subjects1 :i* w %9e ?r\gh & give x all ! appe>ance ( nature4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,relax+ ,,dri$ ,,insects4 ,insects frequ5tly get /iff5$ be=e ! entomologi/ has leisure to get !m set2 & x usually happ5s t ^? s5t home f =eign c\ntries h be5 ill set1 & require to be plac$ 9 m appropriate attitudes aft] !y h fall5 into ! h&s ( ! sci5tific collector4 ,!y may be relax$ & made z flexible z rec5tly kill$ specim5s by ! foll[+ simple process1 f :i* !y c receive no injury3 ,p9 !m on a piece ( cork1 & place ! cork 9 a l>ge bas9 or pan ( tepid wat]1 & cov] ! top tight ) a damp clo?1 tak+ c>e t x is suffici5tly high n to injure ! insects4 ,9 mo/ cases a few h\rs is suffici5t to re/ore !m to _! orig9al flexibility1 s t !y may be easily put 9 _! prop] positions4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ?ree or f\r days are necess>y to relax !m ?or\ghly1 s z to set ! w+s )\t ! risk ( break+ !m2 no =ce :atev] mu/ be us$ ) any ( ! memb]s4 ,:5 set up1 aft] be+ relax$1 !y mu/ be treat$ 9 exactly ! same mann] z rec5t specim5s4 ,we mu/ aga9 caution ! entomologi/ to be c>eful t he applies ! solution ( corrosive sublimate to all 8 species1 o!rwise !re is little *ance ( _! cont9u+ long )\t be+ attack$ by ! mite2 !y ought to be frequ5tly imbu$4 ,mr4 ,wat]ton1 :o has /udi$ deeply ! subject ( pres]v+ animal sub/ances1 & appli$ !m n only 9 our own c\ntry1 b also "u ! influ5ce ( a tropical climate1 makes ! foll[+ obs]vations on ! pres]vation ( ,insects3 8,i only "k ( two me?ods10 says he1 8to gu>d pres]v$ insects f ! depr$ations ( liv+ ones4 ,! fir/ is1 by poison+ ! atmosph]e--! second is1 by poison+ ! prep>$ specim5s !mselves1 s effectually t !y are no long] food = ! depr$ators4 ,b !re are "s objections to bo? ^! modes2 a poison$ atmosph]e w evaporate 9 "t if n att5d$ to1 or if neglect$ to be r5ew$2 & !re is great difficulty 9 poison+ "s specim5s on acc\nt ( _! delicacy & m9ut5ess4 ,if y keep spirits ( turp5t9e 9 ! boxes :i* conta9 y\r pres]v$ specim5s1 ,i am ( op9ion t ^? specim5s w be safe z long z ! odor ( ! turp5t9e rema9s 9 ! box1 = x is said to be ! mo/ p]nici\s ( all sc5ts to insects4 ,b x requires att5tion to keep up an atmosph]e ( spirits ( turp5t9e2 if x be all[$ to evaporate entirely1 !n !re is a cle> & undisput$ pa? op5 to ! inroads ( ! enemy2 he w take advantage ( y\r abs5ce or neglect1 & :5 y return to view y\r treasure y w f9d x 9 ru9s4 ,spirits ( turp5t9e p\r$ into a common glass ink/&1 9 :i* !re is a piece ( sponge1 & plac$ 9 a corn] ( y\r box1 w create a poison$ atmosph]e & kill e insect !re4 ,! poison+ ( y\r specim5s by means ( corrosive sublimate 9 alcohol1 is a mo/ effective me?od4 ,z soon z ! op]ation is prop]ly p]=m$1 ! depr$at+ insect p]ceives t ! prep>$ specim5 is no long] food = x1 & w =ev] cease to attack x2 b !n e "p mu/ h receiv$ ! poison1 o!rwise ^? p>ts :]e ! poison has n rea*$ w /ill be expos$ to ! enemy1 & he w pass unhurt ov] ! poison$ p>ts till he arrives at t "p ( y\r specim5 :i* is /ill :olesome food = him4 ,n[1 ! difficulty lies 9 apply+ ! solution to v m9ute specim5s )\t injur+ _! appe>ance2 & all t c be said is1 to recomm5d unwe>i$ ex]tion1 :i* is sure to be att5d$ ) great skill1 & great skill w insure surpris+ success40 ,i am conv9c$ t !re is no absolute & la/+ safety = prep>$ specim5s 9 zology f ! depr$ations ( insects1 except by poison+ e "p ( !m ) a solution ( corrosive sublimate 9 alcohol4 ,mr4 ,wat]ton is ( op9ion t tight boxes ) aromatic atmosph]es are n to be dep5d$ ^u 9 ! pres]vation ( insects4 ,he says3 8,! tight boxes & aromatic atmosph]es w c]ta9ly d a great deal1 b !y are liable to fail1 = ?is obvi\s reason1 viz43 ,t !y d n r5d] =ev] absolutely baneful & abhorr5t to ! depr$ator t :i* 9 itself is nutriti\s & grateful to him4 ,9 an evil h\r1 ?r\gh neglect 9 keep+ up a poison$ atmosph]e1 ! specim5s collect$ by indu/ry & prep>$ by art1 & :i* ought to live1 z x 71 = ! admiration ( future ages1 may fall a prey to an intrud+ & almo/ invisible enemy1 s t1 unless ! solution ( corrosive sublimate 9 alcohol is appli$1 y are nev] p]fectly safe f surprise4 ,i h tri$ a decoction ( aloes1 wormwood & walnut leaves1 ?9k+ !y w\ld be ( s]vice on acc\nt ( _! bitt]ness4 ,! trial completely fail$40 ,_m entomologi/s are satisfi$ ) possess+ ! insect 9 its p]fect or image condition4 ,b x is exce$+ly int]e/+ to be able to trace ^! ?r\gh _! diff]5t /ates ( exi/5ce f ! egg to ! p]fect insect4 ,besides1 we are c]ta9 to produce ! insects 9 ! highe/ /ate ( pres]vation :5 we bre$ !m ourselves1 & x is besides v int]e/+ to h ! eggs ( ! diff]5t species z well z ! cat]pill> & pupa4 ,! ,eggs ( ,insects4 ,! eggs ( insects pres]ve _! =m & color 9 a cab9et1 9 g5]al1 )\t mu* tr\ble4 ,swamm]dam _h a me?od ( pres]v+ !m :5 !y appe>$ to be giv+ way4 ,he made a p]=ation )9 !m ) a f9e ne$le1 press$ out _! cont5ts1 aft]w>ds inflat$ !m ) a glass bl[-pipe1 & fill$ !m ) a mixture ( res9 & oil ( spike4 ,! ,l>v1 or ,cat]pill>s4 ,! easie/ way ( de/roy+ ! ,cat]pill> is by imm]sion 9 spirits ( w9e4 ,!y may be reta9$ = a long "t 9 ?is _s )\t de/roy+ _! color4 ,mr4 ,william ,wea!rhead _h an +5i\s mode ( pres]v+ l>v4 ,he kill$ ! cat]pill>1 z above direct$1 & hav+ made a small puncture 9 ! tail1 g5tly press$ out ! cont5ts ( ! abdom51 & !n fill$ ! sk9 ) f9e dry s&1 & br\ght ! animal to its natural circumf]5ce4 ,x is !n expos$ to ! air to dry1 & x w h become q h>d 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs1 aft] :i* ! s& may be %ak5 out at ! small ap]ture & ! cat]pill> !n gumm$ to a piece ( c>d4 ,ano!r me?od is1 aft] ! entrails are squeez$ out1 to ins]t into ! ap]ture a glass tube :i* has be5 drawn to a v f9e po9t4 ,! op]ator mu/ bl[ ?r\gh ?is pipe :ile he keeps turn+ ! sk9 sl[ly r\nd ov] a *>coal fire2 ! sk9 soon becomes h>d5$1 &1 aft] be+ ano9t$ ) oil ( spike & res91 x may be plac$ 9 a cab9et :5 dry4 ,a small /raw or pipe ( grass may be sub/itut$ = ! glass pipe4 ,"s p]sons inject !m ) color$ wax aft] !y are dry4 ,! ,pupa4 ,:5 ! insects h escap$ f _! pupa sk91 ! sk9 usually reta9s ! %ape & g5]al appe>ance x did :ile x conta9$ ! insect4 ,x is !re=e ready = ! cab9et1 )\t any prep>ation :atev]4 ,b if ! animal has n quitt$ its envelope1 x w be necess>y ei!r to drop ! pupa into w>m wat]1 or to heat x 9 a t9 case be=e ! fire2 ! =m] mode1 h[ev]1 is ! be/1 & lea/ liable to *ange ! colors ( ! pupa4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,bre$+ ,,insects4 ,bre$+ ,cages4 ,^! mu/ be made ( oak1 or o!r h>d wood1 z p9e is apt to kill ! cat]pill>s f its /rong smell ( turp5t9e4 ,! be/ =m = ^! is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,! sides & front are cov]$ ) gauze2 a is a small squ>e box1 = ! reception ( a phial ( wat]1 = plac+ ! /alks ( plants 91 on :i* x is int5d$ ! cat]pill>s are to fe$4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t size = a bre$+ cage is eight in*es 9 bread?1 f\r deep1 & "o foot 9 height4 ,x is n prop] to place )9 a cage m ?an "o species ( cat]pill>1 z _m ( !m prey ^u ea* o!r4 ,inde$1 animals ( ! same species w dev\r ea* o!r if left )\t food4 ,! cat]pill>s ( insects1 = ! mo/ "p1 w only eat "o p>ticul> k9d ( food1 s t x is bett] to h no m ?an "o sort 9 a cage4 ,!re mu/ be at ! bottom ( ! cage e>? to ! dep? ( two in*es2 ?is %\ld be mix$ ) "s f9e s& & vegetable e>?1 if possible1 to prev5t x f dry+4 ,! cages %\ld be kept 9 a cool cell> or damp place1 because _m insects *ange into ! pupa condition "u ! e>?2 s t x w\ld require to be some:at moi/1 to prev5t ! de/ruction ( ! animal4 ,! %ell or case ( ! pupa also becomes h>d1 if ! e>? is n kept moi/2 &1 9 t ev5t1 ! animal w n h suffici5t /r5g? to break its case at ! "t x ought to em]ge f its conf9em5t1 & mu/ consequ5tly die1 :i* b too frequ5tly happ5s f mismanagem5t4 ,"s seasons are m favorable ?an o!rs = ! production ( cat]pill>s1 & to keep ea* k9d by !mselves w\ld require an imm5se numb] ( cages1 z well z occupy mu* "t 9 *ang+ ! food1 & pay+ due att5tion to !m4 ,to obviate ?is1 "s p]sons h l>ge bre$+ cages1 ) a v>iety ( food 9 !m1 :i* mu/ be clean$ out e two days1 & fre% leaves giv5 to ! cat]pill>s2 z1 on due att5tion to fe$+1 ! beauty & vigor ( ! com+ insects w mu* dep5d4 ,! l>v ( insects1 :i* fe$ b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?1 may be br$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,let any box t is ab\t ?ree or f\r feet squ>e1 & two or ?ree feet deep1 be l9$ int]nally ) t91 & a numb] ( v m9ute holes be bor$ ?r\gh ! sides & bottom4 ,put into ?is box a quantity ( e>?1 replete ) su* vegetables z ! cat]pill>s subsi/ on1 & s9k x into a b$ ( e>?1 s t ! surface may be expos$ to ! diff]5t *anges ( ! wea!r4 ,! lid %\ld be cov]$ ) brass or iron network1 to prev5t _! escape1 & = ! free admission ( air4 ,! "y entomologi/ %\ld obta9 a cab9et ( ab\t ?irty draw]s1 arrang$ 9 two ti]s1 & cov]$ 9 ) fold+ doors4 ,!re is a great conv5i5ce 9 ?is size1 z ! cab9et is r5d]$ m portable1 & at ! same "t admits ( hav+ ano!r ( ! same size1 be+ plac$ above ! top ( x1 z ! collection increases1 )\t injur+ ! uni=mity1 & ?us ! draw]s may be augm5t$ to any ext5t4 ,x is immat]ial :e!r ! cab9et is made ( mahogany or oak2 sometimes !y are con/ruct$ ( c$>1 b seldom ( p9e1 or any o!r s(t wood4 ,small cells mu/ be made 9 ! inside ( ! fronts = camphor4 ,cork+ ( ,draw]s4 ,! simple/ way to get ! cork is to pur*ase x ( a cork-cutt]1 ready prep>$1 b x w be mu* *eap] = ! entomologi/ to prep>e x himself4 ,9 ?is case1 x %\ld be cut into /rips ( ab\t ?ree in*es wide1 ) a cork-cutt]'s knife1 to smoo? ! surface & to divide x4 ,! /rips %\ld be fix$ 9 a vice1 & cut to ! ?ickness requir$ ) a f9e saw2 b grease mu/ n be us$ 9 ! op]ation1 z x w n only prev5t ! cork f adh]+ to ! bottom ( ! draw]1 b w also grease ! pap] :i* %\ld be pa/$ on its surface4 ,! black surface ( ! cork %\ld be rasp$ d[n to a smoo? surface4 ,aft] hav+ r$uc$ ! slips to ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 ! d>ke/1 or wor/ side ( ! slip %\ld be glu$ d[n to a %eet ( br[n1 or c>tridge pap]2 ?is %\ld be laid on a deal bo>d1 ab\t ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 & ! wid? requir$ = a draw] or box2 a few f9e nails1 or brads1 mu/ be driv5 ?r\gh ea* piece ( cork to keep x firm & 9 its place until ! glue is dri$2 by ?is means1 %eets ( cork may be =m$ ! size ( ! draw]4 ,all ! irregul>ities are fil$ or rasp$ d[n q to a level surface1 & !n poli%$ smoo? ) pumice-/one4 ,! %eet1 ?us =m$ & f9i%$1 is glu$ into ! draw]s4 ,to prev5t its w>p+1 "s weights mu/ be equally di/ribut$ ov] ! cork1 t x may adh]e firmly to ! bottom ( ! draw]4 ,:5 q dry1 ! weights are remov$1 & ! cork cov]$ ) f9e :ite pap]1 b n v ?ick4 ,! pap] is all[$ to be q damp ) ! pa/e be=e x is plac$ on ! cork1 & :5 dry x w become p]fectly tight4 ,insect cab9ets %\ld be kept 9 a v dry situation1 o!rwise ! ant5n1 legs1 etc41 w become q m\ldy4 ,! same evil w ensue if ! insect is n p]fectly dry be=e x is plac$ 9 ! cab9et4--,%\ld an insect be cov]$ ) mold x c be wa%$ (f ) a camel's hair p5cil1 dipp$ 9 camphorat$ spirits ( w9e2 9 :i* case1 ! insect mu/ be dri$ 9 a w>m airy situation1 be=e be+ plac$ 9 ! cab9et4 ,!re %\ld always be pl5ty ( camphor kept 9 ! draw]s1 o!rwise !re is great dang] to be appreh5d$ f mites2 :]e ^! exi/1 !y are easily discov]$ by ! du/ :i* is "u ! insects by :i* !y are infe/$4 ,9 :i* case1 !y mu/ be imm$iately tak5 out1 & rubb$ clean ) a f9e camel's hair p5cil1 & well imbu$ ) ! solution ( corrosive sublimate1 & !n plac$ ne> a fire1 tak+ c>e1 h[ev]1 t too great a heat is n appli$1 z x w utt]ly de/roy ! specim54 ,! butt]fly1 sph9x & mo? tribes are extremely liable to ! attack ( mites1 & %\ld1 !re=e1 be frequ5tly exam9$4 ,,%ell ,,fi%1 ,,to ,,pres]ve--,,& ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,poli%+ ,,%ells4 ,cuttle fi%1 & all o!r mollusc\s animals1 c only be pres]v$ 9 spirits4 ,! same obs]vation applies to ! animals :i* inhabit t num]\s tribe call$ ,te/ace\s ,%ells4 ,!y mu/ be deta*$ f ! %ells1 & put into spirits1 :ile ! %ells !mselves mu/ be pres]v$1 indep5d5t ( ! animal4 ,%ells naturally arrange !mselves "u ?ree di/9ct heads3 ,m>9e1 ,l&1 & ,fluviatile1 or ,fre% ,wat]4 ,m>9e %ells are only to be expect$ p]fect1 :5 procur$ 9 a liv+ /ate4 ,! way to extract ! animal is to p\r "s w>m wat] on x2 b1 if too hot1 x is liable to crack ! %ells4 ,:5 ! animals are dead1 !y c easily be pull$ out ) any hook$ in/rum5t1 or =k1 or if ! animal is small1 by a common p94 ,?is applies to all m>9e %ells2 :e!r univalve1 bivalve or tubul>4 ,x is ( great consequ5ce to pres]ve ! ligam5t ( bivalve %ells entire1 s t ! valves may n be sep>at$4 ,! animals ( l& & fre% wat] %ells are kill$ by ! same means1 only t ! wat] requires to be v hot4 ,unless ! %ells are cov]$ ) extrane\s matt]1 x is n necess>y to clean !m4 ,m>9e %ells are1 h[ev]1 v liable to be incru/$ ) o!r m>9e bodies1 p>ticul>ly ) s]pula & balani1 etc4 ,^! mu/ be />t$ (f by means ( a %>p in/rum5t2 an engrav+ tool is well adapt$ = ?is purpose4 ,?is mu/ be done ) great caution1 9 species :i* h sp9es1 & o!r excresc5ces1 z !y are v liable to be brok54 ,%\ld any ( ! calc>e\s matt] /ill adh]e1 ?is mu/ be remov$1 by apply+ to x a v weak mixture ( muriatic acid & wat]1 appli$ ) ! po9t ( a quill1 & !n plung$ into wat]1 & all[$ to rema9 till ! acid is q extract$4 ,b on no acc\nt :atev] attempt to eradicate ^! p>asitic bodies by means ( acid1 or acid & wat] alone1 z ! *ances are t ! %ell w be completely de/roy$ by _! application4 ,we h se5 _m f9e & valuable %ells de/roy$ by an injudici\s application ( acids--!y %\ld nev] be us$ :5 x c possibly be avoid$4 ,we h1 on ! o!r h&1 se5 %ells :i* 7 s completely envelop$ 9 calc>e\s cru/1 t x 0 impossible to trace _! ext]nal surface1 mo/ ?or\ghly cle>$ ( all ?is1 )\t be+ t\*$ at all by acids1 ! :ole be+ remov$ by a small knife or o!r %>p in/rum5t2 & ^!1 9 _m cases1 hav+ long & t5d] sp9es ext]nally4 ,no?+ c be m mon/r\s ?an ! application ( pumice-/one1 :i* "s recomm5d1 = poli%+ %ells2 z is also ! use ( tripoli1 rott5-/one1 & em]y4 ,nei!r d we approve ! application ( v>ni%es1 z su* %ells nev] h _! natural lu/]4 ,if a %ell is f\nd dead ^u ! bea* x is probable t x w h und]gone a c]ta9 degree ( decomposition1 t is1 x w h p>t$ ) "p ( its animal matt]1 & consequ5tly ! colors w h fad$ & ! surface pres5t a *alky appe>ance4 ,to remove ?is take a small proportion ( ,flor5ce oil & apply x to ! surface1 :5 ! colors :i* 7 invisible w appe>4 ,:5 completely saturat$ ) oil let ! %ell be rubb$ dry & plac$ 9 a cab9et4 ,oil may also be appli$ aft] acid has be5 us$1 & x w be f\nd extremely useful :5 appli$ to dry ! epid]mis1 :i* x w prev5t f crack+ or quitt+ ! %ell entirely1 :i* x frequ5tly does4 ,:e!r m>9e %ells are procur$ 9 a liv+ or dead /ate1 a v necess>y precaution is to imm]se !m 9 pure tepid wat] aft] ! animal has be5 extract$1 & all[ !m to cont9ue 9 x = an h\r or two s z completely to extract any salt or acid :i* may be 9 !m4 ,fre% wat] %ells are liable to a calc>e\s or e>?y incru/ation1 :i* mu/ be remov$ by imm]s+ !m 9 w>m wat]1 & aft]w>ds scrap+ & bru%+ !m ) a nail or too?bru%4 ,mu* nicety is necess>y 9 clean+ ^!1 z _! great ?9ness r5d]s !m1 9 g5]al1 liable to be brok54 ,a little ,flor5ce oil w improve ! appe>ance ( ! epid]mis & r5d] x less liable to crack4 ,l& %ells seldom require any clean+ except wa%+ 9 wat]1 z !y are n liable to incru/ations ( any k9d4 ,:5 %ells are p]=at$ by m>9e animals1 or o!rwise brok51 if ! specim5 is r>e1 x is desirable to rem$y ^! defects z f> z possible2 !y may !re=e be fill$ up1 or pieces add$ to !m ) ! cem5t1 :i* may be color$ :5 dry to its orig9al /ate4 ,( ,poli%+ ,%ells4 ,_m species ( m>9e & fre% wat] %ells are compos$ ( "m-(-pe>l1 g5]ally cov]$ ) a /rong epid]mis4 ,:5 x is wi%$ to exhibit ! ext]nal /ructure ( %ells1 ! epid]mis is remov$ & ! out] te/ace\s coat+s poli%$ d[n till ! pe>lace\s /ructure becomes visible4 ,x has be5 a common practice to remove ! /rong epid]mis ( %ells by means ( /rong acids1 b ?is is a haz>d\s & t$i\s mode ( op]at+4 ,! be/ me?od is to put ! %ells into a pan ( cold wat] ) a quantity ( quicklime & boil x = two to f\r h\rs1 accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! epid]mis4 ,! %ells aft]w>ds mu/ be gradually cool$1 & "s /rong acid appli$ to ! epid]mis1 :5 x w easily peel (f4 ,two h\rs are suffici5t = ! common muscle be+ boil$4 ,! %ells are aft]w>ds poli%$ ) rott5-/one & oil1 put on a piece ( *amois lea!r4 ,! epid]mis ( ! uno m>g>itif]a is s ?ick t x requires f f\r to five h\rs boil+4 ,aft] ! epid]mis has be5 remov$1 !re is b5ea? x a ?ick lay] ( dull1 calc>e\s matt]1 :i* mu/ be />t$ (f ) a knife or o!r %>p in/rum5t2 ?is requires great labor1 b1 :5 accompli%$1 a f9e "m-(-pe>l is exhibit$ :i* adds an agreeable v>iety z a specim54 ,v>i\s turbos & tro*uses are also depriv$ ( _! epid]mis & poli%$ ) files1 s&-pap]1 pumice-/one1 etc41 till ! pe>ly appe>ance is obta9$2 b all ^! modes are inv5t$ = disfigur+ r ?an improv+ ! %ells 9 ! eye ( ! naturali/1 & %\ld nev] be resort$ to except :]e ! species is v common1 9 :i* case x is well en\gh to d s ) "o or two specim5s to %[ ! /ructure ( ! %ells4 ,aft] ! op]ation ( poli%+ & wa%+ ) acids1 a little ,flor5ce oil %\ld be rubb$ ov] to br+ out ! colors & de/roy ! influ5ce ( ! acid4 ,,! ,,*ase ,,& ,,mann] ,,( ,,collect+ ,,animals4 ,,quadrup$s ,,& ,,birds4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to recomm5d a d\ble-b>rell$ gun4 ,"o ( ! b>rels %\ld be load$ ) small %ot or dross ( lead = small birds & ! o!r ) l>ge %ot4 ,^! %\ld h mu* less p[d] ?an an ord9>y *>ge1 s z n to te> & injure ! animals4 ,pap]1 cotton or flax & p[d]$ dry e>!n a%es %\ld =m "p ( ! naturali/'s /ores4 ,:5 a bird is kill$1 a small quantity ( dry du/ is to be put on ! w\nd4 ,= ?is purpose ! fea!rs mu/ be rais$ ) a p91 or a gun-pick]1 close to ! w\nd4 ,! bill ( ! bird %\ld h a small quantity ( cotton or flax introduc$ into x to prev5t ! blood f fl[+ & spoil+ ! plumage4 ,! fea!rs mu/ be all adju/$1 & ! bird !n plac$ on ! gr\nd to all[ ! blood to coagulate4 ,e specim5 %\ld be plac$ 9 a piece ( pap] ( ! =m ( a holl[ cone1 l ! ?umb bags us$ by groc]s4 ,! head %\ld be introduc$ into ?is1 ! pap] %\ld !n be clos$ ar\nd ! bird1 & pack$ 9 a box fill$ ) moss1 dri$ grass or leaves4 ,birds tak5 alive 9 nets & traps are to be pref]r$ to o!rs = /uff+1 & also ^? caught by birdlime1 :i* mu/ be remov$ by spirits ( w9e4 ,birds %\ld always be sk9n$ ! same day !y are kill$1 or next day at f>!/1 p>ticul>ly 9 summ]2 z !re is a dang] ( putrefaction ensu+1 by :i* ! fea!rs w fall (f4 ,h[ev]1 9 w9t] !re is no dang] = "s days2 b 9 tropical climates !y mu/ be prep>$ soon aft] !y are kill$4 ,! same obs]vations apply g5]ally to quadrup$s4 ,bats & owls are caught dur+ ! day1 9 ! holl[s ( ag$ trees1 9 ! crevices ( walls1 & ru9s ( build+s4 ,^! are animals :i*1 x may be presum$1 are /ill little kn[n 9 consequ5ce ( _! nocturnal habits4 ,^? :o prep>e = ! *ase1 ) ! int5tion ( pres]v+ animals1 %\ld take c>e to provide !mselves ) implem5ts necess>y = fulfill+ ! objects advantage\sly4 ,! articles mo/ ne$$ are "o or two pairs ( l>ge p9c]s1 scissors1 =ceps1 scalpels1 knives1 ne$les1 ?read & a small hat*et1 z well z "o or m cani/]s ( pres]v+ p[d]1 "s pots ( ars5ical soap1 or ars5ical composition1 & "s bottles ( spirits ( turp5t9e4 ,cotton may be employ$ 9 /uff+ ! sk9s1 & !re=e a consid]able quantity %\ld always be tak5 along ) ! naturali/4 ,9 p>ts ( ,asia & ,africa1 :]e ?is _c be procur$1 t[ mu/ be employ$1 or old ropes teaz$ d[n2 & :]e ev5 ?is _c be f\nd1 dri$ grass & moss may be us$4 ,m4 ,le ,vaillant us$ a species ( dog-grass :ile 9 ,africa1 :i* is v abundant 9 t c\ntry2 & x answ]$ ! purpose rem>kably well4 ,x be+ suppos$ t a travel] has an ample c>avan1 provid$ ) all ! necess>ies :i* we h po9t$ out1 & hav+ kill$ a quadrup$1 he w sk9 x imm$iately1 accord+ to ! me?od :i* we h po9t$ out4 ,he w !n sew up ! sk9 aft] receiv+ a p>tial /uff+1 & hav+ be5 ano9t$ ) ! ars5ical soap or composition4 ,all ! extremities mu/ !n be imbu$ ) spirits ( turp5t9e1 & ! sk9 %\ld be plac$ 9 "s conv5i5t place to dry1 s t x may h ! advantage ( complete exposure to ! air4 ,! turp5t9e mu/ be aga9 appli$ at ! end ( ?ree or f\r days1 m especially ar\nd ! m\? ( ! quadrup$4 ,x w be ( ! utmo/ advantage to rema9 a week or t5 days at "o place2 by :i* means ! naturali/ w h _h "t to r5d] himself some:at acqua9t$ ) ! animals :i* localize 9 t neighborhood4 ,& z "s species frequ5tly conf9e !mselves to a v limit$ spot1 by leav+ ! place too hurri$ly he is apt to ov]look !m4 ,aft] ! travel] has det]m9$ on leav+ 8 cantonm5t1 he mu/ see t all ! objects he has collect$ are 9 a condition to be remov$4 ,he mu/ exam9e c>efully ea* specim51 & see t !y h n be5 attack$ by ! de/ructive insects1 s abundant 9 w>m climates4 ,%\ld flies h deposit$ _! eggs 9 ! lips ( ! quadrup$s or birds1 ^! mu/ be de/roy$ by spirits ( turp5t9e4 ,:5 a set ( animals or birds are ?or\ghly dry1 !y %\ld be pack$ 9 a box or case1 :i* has be5 well jo9$4 ,a j\rnal ought to be kept detail+ all ! circum/ances connect$ ) ! animals1 ! places 9 :i* !y 7 kill$1 & ! color ( _! eyes1 toge!r ) any in=mation t c be procur$ ( _! habits f ! natives4 ,p are too apt to =get p>ticul>s :5 engag$ 9 su* v>i$ pursuits1 & ! soon] !y are committ$ to pap] ! bett]4 ,:5 ! travel] arrives 9 ,africa1 he w meet ) animals ( ! l>ge/ size1 su* z ! elephant1 ! rh9oc]os1 hippopotamus1 giraffe1 quagga1 urus1 bubulus1 condoma1 z well z l>ge antelope & de]4 ,he w unque/ionably f9d "s difficulty 9 8 endeavors to br+ ) him ! sk9s ( ^! animals1 z 9 t c\ntry x is ev5 tr\blesome1 9 _m cases1 to transport ! necess>ies ( life4 ,b ! ardor ( ! zeal\s naturali/ w "h be increas$ by behold+ su* spl5did specim5s z he c nev] meet ) else:]e4 ,all 8 en]gies w be /r5g!n$ & e sacrifice made to enable him to transport ! fruits ( 8 toils4 ,we ne$ only to recur to ! zeal manife/$ by ,le ,vaillant 9 8 travels1 & ! raptur\s delight exp]i5c$ by him :5 he fir/ beheld & kill$ ! giraffe4 ,he br\ght ?is l>ge sk9 f ,caffr>ia1 :]e he kill$ ! animal1 a di/ance ( two hundr$ leagues f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,%\ld ! travel]1 accid5tally1 or 9 pursuit ( natural objects1 f9d himself possess$ ( ! c>case ( "o ( ^! l>ge & f9e animals1 he w\ld deeply regret n be+ able to fet* away ! sk9 f want ( a k h[ to sep>ate x f ! body4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 suppose t he has kill$ an animal ! size ( a bull4 ,he mu/ fir/ make an incision "u ! belly1 9 ! =m ( a d\ble cross4 ,! c5tral l9e mu/ rea* f ! *9 to ! anus2 ! two o!r transv]se cuts mu/ rea* f "o foot to ! o!r4 ,^! are always made inside1 s t ! seams may be less conspicu\s :5 ! animal is m\nt$4 ,:5 ! sk9 is /uff$1 ! ho(s are deta*$ by lay+ !m on a /one1 & /rik+ !m ) a hat*et or mallet4 ,! nails or ho(s mu/ be left atta*$ to ! sk94 ,aft] ?is1 ! sk9 is remov$ f ! feet1 legs1 & ?ighs1 & treat$ 9 o!r respects z po9t$ out 9 sk9n+ o!r l>ge animals4 ,! bones ( ! head mu/ be pres]v$ if possible1 leav+ x atta*$ at ! muzzle only4 ,all ! muscles mu/ be remov$ f ! head1 & ! bones r5d]$ z clean z possible4 ,z x is probable t an animal ( ?is magnitude has be5 kill$ at a great di/ance f any habitation1 !re w n be an opportunity ( mac]at+ ! hide 9 alum & wat]4 ,! sk9 w also be too ?ick = ! ars5ical soap to p5etrate ) effect4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! next be/ ?+ to pres]ve x is to take ! a%es ( a wood fire1 & rub x well inside4 ,! sk9 %\ld !n be /ret*$ along ! b\ghs ( a tree1 & all[$ to dry4 ,! skull1 aft] x has be5 dri$1 mu/ be return$ into ! sk91 & ! lips1 e>s1 & feet imbu$ pl5tifully ) turp5t9e1 :i* op]ation mu/ be sev]al times repeat$ at int]vals4 ,no?+ is m effectual 9 prev5t+ ! attacks ( insects ?an ?is _s1 & no l>v w exi/ 9 places :i* x has t\*$4 ,! sk9 w be suffici5tly dri$ )9 two or ?ree days1 s t ! hair may be turn$ inw>ds4 ,if "s common salt c be procur$1 a solution ( x %\ld be made1 & ! hair rubb$ ) x4 ,bo? sides ( ! sk9 mu/ be rubb$ ) ?is two or ?ree times1 at int]vals ( a day4 ,:5 suffici5tly dry1 ! sk9 may be roll$ up & pack$4 ,! hair ought to be inw>ds1 ) a lay] ( dri$ grass int]v5+1 to prev5t friction dur+ conveyance4 ,! op]ation ( roll+ up ! sk9 mu/ be begun at ! head4 ,if ! j\rney is long1 ! sk9 %\ld be unroll$1 & plac$ 9 ! sun = a few h\rs1 & ! places liable to ! attack ( mo?s %\ld be aga9 rubb$ ) turp5t9e4 ,:5 a sk9 ?us prep>$ has rea*$ ! place :]e x is to be put up1 x mu/ und]go a prep>ation previ\s to its be+ m\nt$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ be ext5d$ along ! gr\nd ) ! hair und]mo/1 s t x may acquire fre% pliability1 & ^? p>ts :i* rema9 /iff mu/ be moi/5$ ) tepid wat]4 ,! sk9 mu/ !n be plac$ 9 a l>ge vessel ( wat] saturat$ ) alum1 !re to rema9 eight or t5 days2 aft] :i*1 x mu/ be ext5d$ on half r\nd$ pieces ( wood1 & ?9n$ ) a %>p knife1 :i* is facilitat$ by ! projections ( ! wood1 enabl+ ! op]ator ! m easily to cut x1 :ile x is gradually %ift$1 till ! :ole has be5 pretty equally ?9n$4 ,:5 ?is op]ation is complet$1 x is all[$ to soak 9 wat] ) an equal quantity ( t saturat$ ) ! alum4 ,tw5ty-f\r h\rs w be suffici5t4 ,9 hunt+ = snakes1 great caution mu/ be ex]cis$1 z x is well kn[n t ! bite ( "s ( ^! proves fatal )9 a qu>t] ( an h\r1 p>ticul>ly t ( ! rattlesnake & "s o!rs4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be m prud5t to all[ ! natives to hunt = ^! poison\s reptiles1 z !y are bett] acqua9t$ ) _! haunts1 & ! means ( def5se to be employ$ 9 ?is dang]\s pursuit4 ,!y are also bett] acqua9t$ ) ^? :i* are poison\s4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 rem>k1 t ! poison\s snakes h1 9 g5]al1 mu* l>g] heads ?an ^? :i* are h>mless1 & _! necks are also n>r[4 ,%ells4 ,%ells1 on acc\nt ( ! elegance & v>iety ( _! =ms1 & beauty ( _! colors1 are objects mu* s\ght aft]1 n only by naturali/s b also by mo/ p]sons :o are unacqua9t$ ) sci5ce4 ,!re is no species1 p>ticul>ly 9 remote climes1 :i* does n des]ve to be br\ght home1 ! ?+s mo/ common 9 ^? c\ntries be+ frequ5tly ! mo/ r>e 9 ours4 ,%ells are f\nd on e "p ( ! surface ( ! globe4 ,"s are inhabitants ( ! l&1 :ile o!rs only frequ5t riv]s1 lakes1 ponds1 & dit*es2 & ano!r & m num]\s class live 9 ! ocean4 ,l&-%ells are spread ov] ! :ole surface ( ! e>?1 & al?\gh m accessible1 are p]haps less kn[n ?an ^? :i* inhabit ! 8mighty deep40 ,l&-,%ells1 = ! mo/ "p1 are to be f\nd creep+ abroad ei!r 9 ! ev5+ or aft] a g5tle %[] ( ra94 ,dur+ ! heat ( ! day !y retire to %ad$ retreats1 "u ?ick bu%es1 ! crevices ( rocks1 ! holl[s ( decay$ trees1 or "u _! b>k2 b5ea? /ones1 among/ moss1 or 9 holes 9 ! gr\nd4 ,a little exp]i5ce w tea* ! naturali/ readily to f9d _! retreats4 ,fre% ,wat] ,%ells mu/ be s\ght =1 if 9 deep lakes1 ) a dr$ge1 or if 9 %all[ places1 ) a t9 spoon fix$ on ! end ( a /ick4 ,?is is made ( a circul> piece ( t9 f\r in*es & a half 9 diamet]1 beat concave1 & !n p]=at$ ) num]\s small holes1 n exce$+ ! sixte5? "p ( an in* 9 diamet]2 ar\nd ?is mu/ be sold]$ a p]p5dicul> rim ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* broad1 & also p]=at$ ) holes4 ,to ?is mu/ be atta*$ a holl[ tubul> h&le ?ree in*es long1 = ! ins]tion ( a walk+-/ick4 ,x mu/ h a few holes t[>ds its out] end = pass+ a /r+ ?r\gh to tie x firmly & prev5t x be+ lo/4 ,) ?is spoon ! collector mu/ rake along ! mud at ! bottom ( dit*es or ponds1 & aft] br++ a quantity to ! surface1 he mu/ wa% ! mud entirely away by %ak+ ! spoon on ! top ( ! wat]1 & x w pass ?r\gh ! holes & leave ! %ells4 ,! %>p edge ( ! spoon is also useful = deta*+ aquatic %ells f ! "u surface ( ! leaves ( wat]-plants4 ,! l>ge swan-muscle 7,anadonta ,cygnea71 & o!r ana-dons1 g5]ally lie deep 9 ! mud1 s t !y _c be procur$ by dr$g+4 ,i f\nd x necess>y to inv5t a net to fi% = ^!4 ,?is consi/$ ( an iron triangle ( twelve in*es1 ) a holl[ h&le fix$ on its base1 & 9 ?is is ins]t$ a pole ( suffici5t l5g? to rea* ! bottom4 ,x is firmly screw$ to ! h&le4 ,a net is atta*$ to ! triangle ei!r ( tw9e or hair-clo?4 ,! po9t ( ! triangle %\ld be %>p s t x may ! m easily p5etrate ! mud1 & x is drawn ?r\gh x 9 situations :]e %ells are suppos$ to exi/4 ,m>9e ,%ells4 ,^! are to be f\nd 9 all seas2 "s ( !m inhabit rocks on ! %ore )9 high-wat] m>k2 o!rs reside 9 deep wat]1 & c only be tak5 by dr$g+1 or by ! use ( a k9d ( net call$ 9 ,france ! gangui1 & an in/rum5t call$ ! rake has also be5 successfully us$4 ,diff]5t species ( sea-we$ are frequ5tly cov]$ by m9ute %ells--we$s %\ld always be c>efully exam9$4 ,_m ( ! small] & microscopic %ells are f\nd at high-wat] m>k among ! f9e dross & drift$ fragm5ts ( %ells2 ?is s& %\ld be br\ght home & exam9$ at leisure4 ,to facilitate ! process a small wire-clo? sieve %\ld be made ( ab\t six or sev5 in*es squ>e & all ! s& sift$ ?r\gh x & ! %ells left4 ,mollusc\s ,animals4 ,_m species ( worms & o!r s(t1 inv]tebrate animals are to be caught also by ! dr$ge4 ,!re is no way ( pres]v+ ^! animals except by putt+ !m 9 spirits4 ,animals ( ?is k9d are /ill v imp]fectly kn[n1 not)/&+ ! rese>*es ( ,lam>ck1 ,poli1 & o!r celebrat$ naturali/s4 ,e opportunity %\ld1 !re=e1 be embrac$ ( br++ !m home2 inde$1 we are /ill little acqua9t$ ) ^? :i* inhabit our own seas4 ,:5 animals ( ?is k9d are procur$ 9 =eign p>ts a c>eful not+ ( ! latitude %\ld be tak52 & x %\ld be /at$ :e!r !y live s+ly or are congregat$1 if !y are phosphoresc5t1 & if !y 7 tak5 9 deep wat]4 ,& z ^! animals are v liable to lose _! colors by be+ put 9 spirits1 a c>eful not+ ( ^! %\ld be tak5 :5ev] !y are caught1 z ! colors are v evanesc5t2 or1 :at w\ld be /ill bett]1 a draw+ ( ! animal %\ld be made4 ,inte/9al ,worms4 ,:5ev] we h kill$ ei!r a quadrup$1 bird1 or fi%1 we %\ld c>efully exam9e ! /oma* & inte/9al canal ( ! animal to see if !re are any worms2 inde$1 !re are few animals )\t !m2 !y mu/ also be pres]v$ 9 spirits4 ,besides ! /oma* & inte/9es1 worms are also f\nd 9 ! liv]s & o!r p>ts ( ! body2 also 9 ! back ( ,skates & v>i\s fi%es4 ,,insects4 ,?is class is subject to inf9ite v>iety1 accord+ to climate & soil4 ,! entomologi/1 or ! m]e collector1 mu/ n conf9e himself to ^? ^: beauty ( color+ r5d]s !m attractive1 b collect all t come 9 ! way4 ,^? species :i* h w+s1 & fly ar\nd plants1 we take by means ( gauze nets1 & also ^? :i* swim 9 ! wat]4 ,^? :i* live on putrid sub/ances1 & su* z are disagreeable to ! t\*1 are seiz$ ) p9c]s2 !y are fir/ put into camphorat$ spirits to r5d] !m clean4 ,trees are ! habitations ( innum]able insects2 _m ( !m skulk "u ! old rott5 b>k1 & o!rs atta* !mselves to ! foliage4 ,a clo? %\ld be spread "u ! trees1 or an umbrella1 & ! bran*es %ak5 ) consid]able =ce1 :5 !y w fall d[n1 & may !n be caught4 ,insects are kill$ by mak+ a cr[-quill into a long po9t & dipp+ x into prussic acid2 an incision ) x may be made imm$iately bel[ ! head ( ! insect betwixt ! %\ld]s1 :i* usually produces in/ant dea?4 ,b ?is acid mu/ be us$ ) mu* caution1 because its effects are almo/ z in/antane\s & fatal 9 ! human subject z 9 ! l[] animals4 ,:5 cork _c be _h = l9+ ! bottoms ( ! boxes1 a lay] ( beeswax may be us$ 9 its /ead4 ,! p9 %\ld be deeply sunk 9 ?is sub/ance1 z x is m liable to loos5 ?an :5 9 cork4 ,x is ( mu* importance to procure ! cat]pill> z well z ! insect1 &1 9 ?is case1 "s ( ! leaves on :i* x fe$s %\ld be plac$ 9 a box beside x1 s t x may rea* maturity4 ,a small p]=ation %\ld be made 9 ! box = ! admission ( air4 ,e k9d ( insect1 except butt]flies1 sph+es1 & mo?s1 may be pres]v$ 9 bottles ( spirits1 :i* w n injure !m2 :5 !y are tak5 out !y are imm$iately plac$ 9 ! position 9 :i* x is wi%$ to pres]ve !m1 & !y are !n all[$ to dry4 ,ano!r mode ( pres]v+ coleopt]\s insects1 su* z beetles1 etc41 is to put !m 9 a dry box among/ f9e s&4 ,a r[ ( insects is plac$ 9 a lay] ( s&1 & !n a new lay] ( ab\t an in* 9 dep? laid on ! top1 & s on till ! box is fill$4 ,?is mode ( pack+ w n1 h[ev]1 d ) s(t insects & ^? hav+ f9e w+s4 ,x is extremely desirable t all ! diff]5t k9ds ( ,spid]s %\ld be caught1 p>ticul>ly ^? said to be v5om\s2 also t]mites1 or :ite ants1 ! diff]5t scolop5dra1 & gaily worms1 etc4 ,! ne/s ( spid]s & o!r insects %\ld also be s5t home2 9 %ort1 e insect :i* is rem>kable1 9 any way1 ei!r = its hi/ory or prop]ties4 ,x is also ( mu* importance to br+ specim5s ( ! plants on :i* !y fe$2 ^! %\ld be dri$1 & _! localities m>k$1 ! k9d ( soil on :i* !y gr[1 & ! situations1 :e!r moi/ or dry1 %\ld be not$4 ,,briti% ,,insects4 ,woods1 ,h$ges1 & ,lanes4 ,by f> ! greate/ portion ( insects are f\nd 9 ^! situations4 ,9 woods1 ! entomologi/ mu/ beat ! bran*es ( ! trees into 8 fold+ net1 & mu/ select = ?is purpose ! op5 pa?s1 skirts1 etc4 ,! trunks ( trees1 gates1 & timb] :i* is cut d[n1 %\ld be c>efully exam9$1 & a great _m lepidopt]\s & coleopt]\s insects are f\nd 9 ^! situations1 & 9 no o!r4 ,9 h$ges & lanes1 _m ( ! mo/ valuable & beautiful insects are f\nd1 z also 9 nettles & o!r plants :i* gr[ "u !m2 ^! %\ld be well beat1 b m especially :5 ! :ite ?orn blossoms 9 ! mon?s ( ,may & ,june4 ,h$ges :]e ! roads are du/y are v seldom productive4 ,hea?s & ,commons4 ,_m insects are peculi> to ^! situations f ! plants :i* gr[ on !m1 z well z f ! dung ( cattle1 by :i* _m ( !m are frequ5t$1 9 ! latt] ( :i* _m ?\s&s ( insects may be f\nd 9 a s+le day1 9 ! mon?s ( ,april & ,may4 ,^! are pr9cipally ( ! ,ord] ,coleopt]a4 ,s& ,pits4 ,^! are favorable = ! propagation ( ,capris lun>ius1 ,noloxus monoc]os1 ,lixus sulciro/ris & o!r r>e insects4 ,m9ute species are f\nd abundantly at ! roots ( grass4 ,mead[s1 ,m>%es & ,ponds4 ,9 mead[s1 :5 ! ranunculi or butt]cups are 9 blossom1 _m ,musc & dipt]\s insects g5]ally ab\nd4 ,! flag-ru%es are ! habitations ( ,cassida1 ,donac9a & o!rs4 ,drills 9 m>%es %\ld be exam9$1 z _m species ( insects are f\nd on long grass4 ,! l>v ( v>i\s lepidopt]a & neuropt]a are conf9$ to ^! situations1 m especially if h$ges & trees are ne> ! spot4 ,ponds are ri* 9 microscopic insects4 ,^! are obta9$ by means ( ! l&+ net1 :i*1 = ?is purpose1 ne$ n be s long z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bf1 & %\ld be made ( pretty ?ick cotton clo?1 b suffici5tly ?9 to all[ ! wat] to escape4 ,! mud1 :i* is br\ght up f ! bottom ( ponds & dit*es1 %\ld be exam9$1 & :at small insects are f\nd may be put 9 a small phial fill$ ) wat]1 :i* w n only clean !m b keep !m alive2 & 9 _m in/ances ! naturali/ w be surpris$1 ^u ! exam9ation ( ^!1 ! mo/ wond]ful productions ( nature4 ,moss1 ,decay$ ,trees1 ,roots ( ,grass1 ,etc4 ,_m insects w be f\nd 9 moss & "u x2 ! roots & wood ( decay$ trees af=d n\ri%m5t & a habitation to a numb] ( insects2 _m ( ! l>v ( ,lepidopt]a p5etrate ! trunks ( trees 9 all directions2 mo/ ( ! c]ambyces fe$ on wood1 z well z "s species ( ,c>abid ,elat]id1 etc4 ,9 seek+ = ^! x is necess>y to use ! digg]4 ,x is sometimes requisite to dig six or sev5 in*es into ! wood be=e !y are f\nd4 ,banks ( ,ponds & ,roots ( ,grass4 ,^! are a nev]-fail+ s\rce ( collect+1 :i* may be foll[$ at all seasons ( ! ye>1 & 9 g5]al ) great success2 ^? banks are to be pref]r$ :i* h ! morn+ or noon-day sun4 ,banks ( ,riv]s1 ,s&y ,sea ,%ore1 ,etc4 ,^! situations af=d a great v>iety ( ,coleopt]a1 ,cru/ac1 etc4 ,! dead c>cases ( animals ?r[n on ! %ore %\ld be exam9$1 z !y are ! receptacles & food ( ,silphiod1 ,/aphil9id1 etc4 ,may & ,june are ! be/ seasons = collect+ ^! insects4 ,dead ,animals & ,dri$ ,bones %\ld be con/antly exam9$1 = ^! are ! natural habitats ( sev]al insects4 ,x is n uncommon = c\ntry p to hang dead moles on bu%es2 "u ^! ! entomologi/ %\ld place 8 net1 & %ake ! b\ghs on :i* !y are hung1 z _m ( ! coleopt]a g5]ally inhabit ^!4 ,fungi & ,fl[]s4 ,^! are ! con/ant abode ( insects1 & _m curi\s species w be f\nd on !m4 ,x is a mi/ak5 idea t insects are only to be f\nd 9 summ]1 z !y are to be met )1 ei!r 9 a liv+ or pupa /ate1 at all seasons4 ,dri$ moss1 b5ea? ! b>k ( trees & "u /ones are extremely likely places to f9d insects 9 w9t]2 & ev5 !n ! entomologi/ is m likely to procure "s ( ! r>e species ?an 9 summ]1 z ^! are rang+ 9 se>* ( food & 9 situations hidd5 f view4 ,at ?is season1 if ! wea!r is mild1 ! pup ( ,lepidopt]a w be f\nd at ! roots ( trees1 m especially ^? ( ! elm1 oak1 lime1 etc41 or b5ea? ! und]wood1 close to ! trees1 & ^! frequ5tly at ! dep? ( "s in*es "u ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! mon?s ( ,june1 ,july & ,augu/ ! woods are ! be/ places to se>* = insects4 ,mo/ ( ! butt]flies are tak5 9 ^? mon?s1 fly+ ab\t 9 ! daytime only4 ,mo?s are ei!r f\nd at break ( day or at twilight 9 ! ev5+4 ,! foll[+ me?od ( tak+ mo?s is po9t$ out by ,hawor?1 9 speak+ ( ! ,oak ,mo? 7,bombyx ,qu]cus74 8,x is a frequ5t practice ) ! ,london ,aurelians10 says he1 8:5 !y bre$ a female ( ?is & "s o!r day-fly+ species1 to take h]1 :il/ yet a virg91 into ! vic9ity ( woods1 :]e1 if ! wea!r is favorable1 %e nev] fails to attract a num]\s tra9 ( males1 ^: only bus9ess seems to be an incessant1 rapid & undulat+ flight 9 se>* ( _! unimpregnat$ females1 "o ( :i* is no soon] p]ceiv$ ?an !y become s mu* enamor$ ( _! fair & *a/e relation z absolutely to lose all k9ds ( fe> = _! own p]sonal safety1 :i*1 at o!r times1 is effectually secur$ by ! reit]at$ evolutions ( _! /rong & rapid w+s4 ,s fe>less1 inde$1 h ,i beheld !m on ^! occasions z to climb up & d[n ! sides ( a cage :i* conta9$ ! de> object ( _! eag] pursuit 9 exactly ! same hurry+ mann] z honeybees1 :i* h lo/ !mselves1 climb up & d[n ! glasses ( a w9d[40 ,illu/ration ,,recipes ,illu/ration ,,= ,,v>i\s ,,articles ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,& ,,sett+ ,,up ,,( ,,animals4 ,,solution ,,( ,,corrosive ,,sublimate4 ,mr4 ,wat]ton's ,me?od4 ,put a good l>ge teaspoonful ( well-p\nd$ corrosive sublimate into a w9e bottle full ( alcohol 7spirits ( w9e74 ,let x /& ov] night1 & ! next morn+ draw x (f into a clean bottle4 ,:5 ! solution is appli$ to black sub/ances1 & little :ite p>ticles are p]ceiv$ on !m1 x w be necess>y to make x weak]1 by ! addition ( "s alcohol4 ,a black fea!r dipp$ 9 ! solution1 & !n dri$1 w be a good te/ ( ! /ate ( ! solution2 if x be too /rong x w leave a :it5ess ^u ! fea!r4 ,,ars5ical ,,soap4 ,inv5t$ by ,bcur1 ,apo!c>y1 ,metz4 ,ars5ic1 9 p[d]1 #b p\nds4 ,camphor1 #e ounces4 ,:ite ,soap1 #b p\nds4 ,salt ( ,t>t>1 #ab ounces4 ,p[d]$ ,lime1 #d ounces4 ,! soap mu/ be cut 9 small & v ?9 slices1 put into a crucible ) a small quantity ( wat]1 held ov] a g5tle fire1 & frequ5tly /irr$ ) a wood5 spatula1 or a piece ( wood ( any k9d4 ,:5 x is prop]ly melt$1 ! p[d]$ lime & salt ( t>t> mu/ !n be add$ & ?or\ghly mix$4 ,x mu/ n[ be tak5 (f ! fire1 ! ars5ic add$ g5tly1 & /irr$4 ,! camphor mu/ be r$uc$ into a p[d] by beat+ x 9 a mort>1 ) ! addition ( a little spirits ( w9e4 ,! camphor mu/ !n be add$ & ! composition well mix$ ) a spatula :ile (f ! fire4 ,x may be aga9 plac$ on ! fire to assi/ 9 mak+ ! +r$i5ts incorporate prop]ly1 b n mu* heat$1 z ! camphor w v rapidly escape4 ,x may n[ be p\r$ into glaz$ e>!n pots & all[$ to cool1 aft] :i* a piece ( pap] %\ld be plac$ ov] ! top1 & aft]w>d "s %eep lea!r1 & !n set aside = use4 ,! composition is ab\t ! ?ickness ( ord9>y fl\r pa/e4 ,:5 x is necess>y to use ! soap1 put z mu* z w answ] ! purpose into a pres]ve pot & add to x ab\t an equal proportion ( wat]4 ,?is is appli$ to ! sk9 or fea!rs ) a bri/le bru%4 ,n4 ,b4 ,x %\ld be kept z close z possible & us$ ) caution1 z x is a deadly poison4 ,! above is ! recipe made use ( at ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 ,p>is4 ,mr4 ,laur5t's ,recipe4 ,a di/+ui%$ ,fr5* naturali/1 ,laur5t1 recomm5ds ! foll[+ composition1 aft] t5 ye>s' exp]i5ce1 = pres]v+ ! sk9s ( /uff$ animals4 ,he obs]ves at ! same "t t x p5etrates !m ) great] read9ess1 & pres]ves !m mu* bett] ?an any prep>ation :i* has hi!rto be5 9 use4 ,ars5iate ( ,pota%1 #b dra*ms4 ,sulphate ( ,alum9e1 #b dra*ms4 ,p[d]$ ,camphor1 #b dra*ms4 ,:ite ,soap1 p[d]$1 ounce4 ,spirits ( ,w9e1 #f ounces4 ,ess5ce ( ,?yme1 #c drops4 ,! ars5iate ( pota%1 sulphate ( alum9e1 & soap1 are to be plac$ 9 a phial ) a l>ge m\?1 & ! spirits ( w9e to be p\r$ on !m at a heat ( tw5ty-five degrees1 & !y w be p]fectly comb9$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! ess5ce ( ?yme is !n add$1 :5 ! phial mu/ be c>efully cork$4 ,?is composition is to be %ak5 toge!r be=e x is made use (1 & x mu/ be spread ov] ! sk9 ( ! animal or bird ) a bru%4 ,,solution ,,( ,,pe>l-,,a%es4 ,two ounces ( pe>la% to "o gallon ( wat]4 ,,anneal$ ,,iron ,,wire4 ,take common iron wire1 make x r$ hot1 & suff] x to cool gradually2 ?is r5d]s x s(t & pliable1 s t x may be easily b5t 9 any direction4 ,,cem5t4 ,f9e ,:it5+1 #b ounces4 ,gum-,arabic1 #b ounces4 ,f9e/ ,fl\r1 ounce4 ,ox-,gall1 a teaspoonful4 ,! :ole to be dissolv$1 & mix$ well ) wat] into ?ick pa/e4 ,?is is well adapt$ = atta*+ diff]5t objects1 & especially = fix+ %ells to pa/ebo>d1 etc4 ,,gum ,,pa/e4 ,:ite ,sug> ,c&y1 #b ounces4 ,common ,gum-,arabic1 #d ounces4 ,let ^! be melt$ 9 a pot ( hot wat]1 & !n /ra9$ ?r\gh a l95 or horse-hair sieve4 ,:5 prop]ly dissolv$1 add to x two tablespoonfuls ( />*1 or hair-p[d]1 & mix ! :ole well toge!r4 ,?is pa/e may be us$ = _m purposes1 & x nev] spoils4 ,x may be dri$1 & by p\r+ a little w>m wat] on x1 x w soon be ready = use4 ,if x is wi%$ to be all melt$1 & hurri$ly1 ! pot conta9+ x %\ld be plac$ 9 w>m wat]1 or s&4 ,,fl\r ,,pa/e4 ,make fl\r pa/e 9 ! ord9>y way1 & add to x a small portion ( ! solution ( corrosive sublimate1 or p[d]$ corrosive sublimate4 ,?is w prev5t ! attack ( mites1 to :i* pa/e is v liable :5 dri$4 ,?is pa/e may be dri$ into a cake1 & moi/5$ :5 requir$4 ,,solution ,,( ,,gum-,,arabic4 ,! solution ( gum-arabic is made by simply add+ wat] to x4 ,:5 us$ z a v>ni%1 or = atta*+ objects1 x is extremely apt to get too brittle1 9 v w>m wea!r1 & to crack1 or split (f 9 scales2 to prev5t ?is1 a qu>t] ( an ounce ( :ite or br[n sug>-c&y mu/ be add$ to two ounces ( gum-arabic1 ,,pap] ,,pa/e1 ,,gumm$4 ,take a c(fee-pot1 fill$ ) wat]1 & add to x a quantity ( pap]1 :i* has be5 slightly siz$1 l t us$ = pr9t+ engrav+s4 ,let x boil ?ree h\rs1 &1 :5 ! wat] has evaporat$1 boil x aga9 = a simil> l5g? ( "t4 ,take out ! pap]1 & squeeze x well 9 a col&]1 & !n p\nd x 9 a mort>1 until x is r$uc$ to a v f9e pa/e4 ,x mu/ !n be dri$4 ,:5 x is requir$ = use1 add to x "s ( ! solution ( gum-arabic1 & keep x 9 a pot = use4 ,,poll5 ,,p[d]4 ,! pap] made z above direct$1 :5 well dri$1 is p\nd$ 9 a mort> till x becomes a v f9e p[d]2 x is !n put into a t9 pepp]-box1 & :5 any ( ! p>ts ( p>rot's bills1 etc41 are wi%$ to h ?is p[d]$ appe>ance1 a little ( ! solution ( gum-arabic is wa%$ ov] ! "p ) a camel-hair p5cil1 & ! p[d] du/$ on x & all[$ to dry4 ,,r$ ,,v>ni%4 ,take a /ick ( r$ seal+ wax1 beat x d[n ) a hamm]1 & !n put x into a phial1 ) an ounce ( /rong spirits ( w9e1 :i* w dissolve x )9 f\r or five h\rs4 ,x may be appli$ to any "p ) a camel-hair p5cil1 & x w dry 9 less ?an five m9utes4 ,black1 yell[1 & gre51 or inde$ any color ( v>ni%1 may be made f seal+-wax ( ^! v>i\s colors4 ,to ^? unacqua9t$ ) ! comb9ation ( colors1 we may m5tion1 t a mixture ( blue & yell[ produces gre52 p9k & blue makes purple2 r$ & yell[1 orange2 black1 r$1 & yell[1 br[n2 black & blue1 gray4 ,^! may be v>i$1 9 an inf9ity ( %ades1 by ei!r color pr$om9at+1 & by ! addition ( o!r colors4 ,,lut+ ,,= ,,r5d]+ ,,bottles ,,air ,,tight4 ,common ,res94 ,r$ ,o*re r$uc$ into a f9e p[d]4 ,yell[ ,wax4 ,oil ( ,turp5t9e4 ,^! mu/ be melt$ ov] a fire 9 ! foll[+ mann]1 & ! vessel 9 :i* x is made %\ld be capable ( hold+ ?ree times ! quantity requir$1 to all[ room = boil+ up4 ,an e>!nw>e pipk9 ) a h&le is ! be/ ?+ = ! purpose1 & a lid mu/ be made ( t9 to fit x4 ,! lut+ w be r5d]$ m or less brittle1 or ela/ic1 z ! r$ o*re prevails3 ,! wax is fir/ melt$1 & !n ! res92 ! o*re is !n add$ 9 small quantities1 & /irr$ quickly ) a spatula ea* "t4 ,:5 all ! o*re has be5 add$1 x mu/ be all[$ to boil six or eight m9utes2 ! turp5t9e is !n add$1 & briskly /irr$ ) ! spatula1 & cont9ue to boil x4 ,!re is consid]able risk ( ! mixture tak+ fire1 & %\ld x d s1 ! lid mu/ imm$iately be put on ! vessel to ext+ui% x4 ,to asc]ta9 ! consi/5ce ( ! lut+1 a little mu/ be1 f "t to "t1 dropp$ on a cool plate1 or flat piece ( iron4 ,if x is too s(t1 m ( ! o*re mu/ be add$ to x2 & if too h>d1 additional wax & turp5t9e4 ,,t[ ,,& ,,flax ,,sliv]s4 ,^! are fillets ( prep>$ t[ & flax1 ( f "o to ?ree in*es 9 bread?4 ,!y are extremely uni=m 9 _! ?ickness1 be+ made to weight1 & c easily be procur$ f any flax-sp9n+ mill1 at a mod]ate price p] p\nd weight4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,mak+ ,,enamel-,,eyes ,,= ,,animals4 ,mu* ( ! "* & expression ( animals dep5ds ^u _! eyes2 x w1 !re=e1 be evid5t t great att5tion is necess>y 9 ! artificial imitation ( ^!4 ,9 ?is op]ation1 a pipe ( bak$ e>? is us$1 or a tube ( glass six or sev5 in*es 9 l5g?1 at ! end ( :i* a little :ite enamel is plac$4 ,?is is plac$ to ! flame1 s t x may be bl[n4 ,?is enamel =ms a globe1 ^: dim5sions dep5d ^u ! quantity ( air introduc$4 ,:5 ?is globe is ( ! size wi%$1 we place 9 ! middle1 & p]p5dicul>ly to ! po9t ( ! pipe1 ! quantity ( enamel necess>y to =m ! enamel4 ,! second enamel is !n incorporat$ ) ! fir/ by pres5t+ x to ! flame1 :ile att5tion is paid to turn ! pipe gradually r\nd1 s t ! enamel may diffuse itself equally1 & ! iris be exactly circul>4 ,if x is requir$ t ?is iris %\ld be ( v>i\s colors1 l t ( man1 = example1 small filam5ts ( enamel are di/ribut$ 9 div]g+ rays ( ! suitable color2 ! eye is !n plac$ 9 ! flame1 until ^! h incorporat$ ) ! iris1 aft] :i* ! pupil is plac$ z be=e direct$1 & ! glass appli$ z be=e direct$4 ,dur+ ?is op]ation1 ! globe is almo/ c]ta9 ( s9k+ d[n1 p>tly f ! air escap+1 p>tly f ! heat1 & f ! pressure :i* is us$ 9 apply+ ! diff]5t sub/ances2 air mu/ aga9 be suppli$ f "t to "t to prev5t x f los+ its =m4 ,?is becomes p>ticul>ly necess>y :5 glass is appli$1 & :5 x is ext5d$ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! iris4 ,! eye hav+ got its =m & size1 ! pipe is tak5 away4 ,to effect ?is1 aft] ! air has be5 introduc$1 ! entrance ( ! pipe is /opp$ ) ! f+]1 & ! back "p ( ! eye expos$ to ! flame2 :5 ! air conta9$ 9 ! globe1 & r>efi$ by ! pipe1 comes ?r\gh at ! place :]e ! flame has mo/ action4 ,?is op5+ is prolong$ by turn+ ! po9t ( ! flat p9c]s1 or an iron-wire1 all r\nd ! pipe2 "o po9t only is left by :i* ! eye rema9s fix$4 ,x is !n w>m$ equally all ov]1 aft] :i* x is expos$ to a g5tle heat1 & :5 x aga9 cools1 x is sep>at$ f ! pipe4 ,,articles ,,requir$ ,,= ,,sk9n+ ,,& ,,m\nt+ ,,quadrup$s1 ,,birds1 ,,reptiles1 ,,& ,,fi%es4 #a4 ,a box conta9+ scalpels ( diff]5t %apes2 a pair ( scissors ) po9t$ blades1 & two or ?ree po9t$ =ceps ( diff]5t sizes1 ! extremities ( "o ( :i* ought to be ind5t$4 #b4 ,two flat p9c]s1 or pli]s1 l>ge & small4 #c4 ,a r\nd p9c] = turn+ wire4 #d4 ,a cutt+ p9c] = wire4 #e4 ,a hamm]4 #f4 ,two files4 #g4 ,a triangul>4 #h4 ,po9ts = p]=at+ holes4 #i4 ,a saddl]'s awl = drill+ holes2 also v>i\s %oemak]s' awls1 :i* w be f\nd useful4 #aj4 ,bru%es ( diff]5t sizes = putt+ ! pres]vative on ! animals' & birds' sk9s1 & = smoo?+ & du/+ ! fea!rs4 #aa4 ,an assortm5t ( iron-wire ( all sizes4 #ab4 ,flax & t[1 co>se cotton4 ,:5 ^! _c be _h1 untwi/$ ropes or cords4 ,a quantity ( t[ & flax sliv]s = twi/+ r\nd ! leg-bones ( small quadrup$s & birds4 #ac4 ,"s small h>dwood me%es = assi/+ 9 /uff+4 ,in/ructions to ,travel]s4 ,! be/ means ( procur+ liv+ animals1 is by apply+ to ! natives ( ! diff]5t c\ntries1 :o are accu/om$ to _! habits1 & ! situation 9 :i* !y are likely to be f\nd1 & to take !m 9 traps & sn>es4 ,!y are also m likely to be able to f9d _! retreats1 s t !y may take ^! animals 9 a "y /ate1 & also birds 9 _! ne/s4 ,by ?us secur+ animals :ile "y1 !y are mu* m likely to rea* home 9 a liv+ /ate4 ,e ex]tion %\ld be us$ to r5d] !m famili>1 :51 be+ habituat$ to ! appe>ance ( man1 !y w be m able to resi/ ! effects ( a t$i\s sea voyage ?an ^? :i* h be5 tak5 :5 wild1 & are "u a cont9u$ degree ( excitem5t4 ,e c>e %\ld be tak5 to soo! & c>ess !m2 & !re is no animal ^: mann]s _c be s(t5$ by g5tle treatm5t4 ,dur+ f9e wea!r1 !y %\ld be all[$ to take ex]cise on ! deck1 z no?+ is s injuri\s to _! heal? & gr[? z be+ long p5t up 9 a small cage4 ,:ile ?us conf9$1 x w be obvi\s t !y require a mu* small] portion ( food ?an :5 !y c h suffici5t room to ex]cise !mselves4 ,_m ( ^! animals are lo/ f ov]-fe$+4 ,_! diet %\ld be giv5 ) great regul>ity1 b always 9 su* quantity z !y c easily dige/4 ,next to food1 cleanl9ess is ( ! utmo/ importance1 & ( ?is requires too mu* ( ! att5tion ( ^? :o are br++ !m home1 x w be easy to procure ! assi/ance ( "s ( ! crew4 ,& unless ?is is /rictly att5d$ to1 !re is little *ance ( pres]v+ _! heal?4 ,:5 animals' sk9s are import$1 x is also necess>y to br+ ! head & feet4 ,^? ( ! mammalia1 :i* c be put into a b>rel or bottle1 %\ld be pres]v$ entire 9 spirits4 ,9 ! ev5t ( n be+ able to transport ! c>case1 ! next be/ ?+ is to br+ ! skeleton along ) ! sk94 ,x w n be necess>y to m\nt ^!4 ,all t is requir$ is to boil ! bones1 take (f ! fle%1 & dry !m4 ,aft]w>ds all ! bones belong+ to ! same skeleton %\ld be put 9 a bag by !mselves1 tak+ c>e to fill up ! bag ) dri$ moss1 or any o!r sub/ance :i* w prev5t friction4 ,! m effectually to secure ?is1 ! small & t5d] bones ought to be wrapp$ 9 pap]4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ consequ5ce t n a bone %\ld be lo/4 ,9 %oot+ birds1 x is ( mu* importance n to use ! %ot too l>ge2 inde$1 x ought to be proportion$1 z ne>ly z possible1 to ! size ( ! bird to be %ot at4 ,:5 ! bird is kill$1 ! blood mu/ be c>efully wip$ away1 & a little cotton mu/ be put into ! bill to prev5t ! blood fl[+ f x to injure ! fea!rs4 ,! w\nd %\ld also be /uff$ ) cotton4 ,birds %\ld be sk9n$ z soon z possible1 z ! fea!rs are apt to fall (f if kept too long4 ,! os coccygis mu/ be kept atta*$ to ! sk94 ,if sev]al individuals ( ! same species be kill$1 "o %\ld1 if possible1 be pres]v$ entire 9 spirits1 ) ! :ole muscles ( ! body4 ,if ! bird has a fle%y cre/1 x ought to be pres]v$ 9 spirits4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ consequ5ce to procure ! male1 female & "y1 & ^! at diff]5t ages besides1 z _m species are subject to great v>iety1 9 _! progress f ! "y to ! adult /ate4 ,?is is m p>ticul>ly ! case ) ,eagles & ,hawks1 _m ( :i* h be5 describ$ z diff]5t species 9 _! immature /ate4 ,! eggs & ne/ %\ld also be procur$4 ,reptiles4 ,! *ief ?+ to be att5d$ to 9 sk9n+ reptiles is n to injure ! scales2 & 9 ! liz>d k9d1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to break ! tail4 ,b = all ! small] & middle siz$ species1 ! be/ mode is to pres]ve !m 9 spirits2 & ( ! l>g] k9d :i* are sk9n$1 ! skeletons ought to be kept4 ,! fle% %\ld be tak5 away ) knives & scalpels z well z possible1 & ! bones ?or\ghly dri$1 & pack$ 9 a box ) cotton or grass1 & !y c be articulat$ aft] !y are br\ght home4 ,:5 ! skeletons are too l>ge1 !y may be sep>at$ into conv5i5t p>ts = pack+4 ,illu/ration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,*ang$ 8mat]ials ne$$ = ?is "w1 is0 to 8mat]ials ne$$ = ?is "w are0 on p4 #cg4 #b4 ,*ang$ 8spirits turp5t9e0 to 8spirits ( turp5t9e0 on p4 #hh4 #c4 ,add$ miss+ 8,*9a ,pa9t+0 head+s on p4 #aae & #aah4 #d4 ,*ang$ 8pla/] p>is0 to 8pla/] ( p>is0 on p4 #adg4 #e4 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors4 #f4 ,reta9$ ana*roni/ic & non-/&>d spell+s z pr9t$4 #g4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4 #h4 ,enclos$ bold font 9 equals4