,,! ,,bookb9d] 9 ,eighte5?-,c5tury ,williamsburg ,an ,acc\nt ( 8 ,life ,times1 ( 8 ,craft ,williamsburg ,craft ,s]ies ,,williamsburg ,publi%$ by ,colonial ,williamsburg ,,mcmxc ,illu/ration3 ,decorative bord] ,! ,bookb9d] 9 ,eighte5?-,c5tury ,williamsburg ,illu/ration3 ,illu/rat$ capital ,i ,9 ,octob] #aggj ! inv5tory ( ! p]sonal e/ate ( ,"l ,botet\rt1 ,8 ,maje/y's ,gov]nor ,g5]al ( ,virg9ia1 conta9$ a catalogue ( books 9 ! libr>y at ! ,palace1 made aft] 8 dea? by 8 executors4 ,! %elves held ov] ?ree hundr$ volumes4 ,today ?is libr>y has be5 recreat$ by ,colonial ,williamsburg us+ ! inv5tory li/ & o!r in=mation on books 9 pr9t at t "t4 ,! actual libr>y ( ,"l ,botet\rt 0 s5t back to ,engl&--& 0 lo/ at sea4 ,mu* ab\t ! ,gov]nor c be d$uc$ f ! books he own$--plus a few he _h borr[$ & neglect$ to return4 ,8 int]e/s rang$ ov] ! :ole field ( human k1 ) p>ticul> emphasis on hi/ory1 lit]ature1 law1 & politics4 ,h[ev]1 x is n ) ! sub/ance b ) ! =m ( ^! volumes 9 ! r5ew$ libr>y t we are conc]n$4 ,= u ! important fact is t1 ) a few exceptions1 !y are eighte5?-c5tury books 9 eighte5?-c5tury b9d+s4 ,! visitor :o pauses only = a mom5t to look at !m w see t mo/ ( !m %>e c]ta9 outw>d *>act]i/ics3 ,illu/ration3 ,b\nd book4 ,!y are b\nd 9 lea!r1 ) br[n calfsk9 pr$om9ant2 ,_! sp9es are cross$ by a numb] ( horizontal ridges2 ,! title 7abbreviat$7 usually appe>s 9 gold leaf on a small panel ( color$ lea!r glu$ to ! sp9e1 & sometimes ! au?or's "n1 too2 ,! sp9e may also be> a mod]ate am\nt ( decorative gold tool+2 & ,! sides ( ! volumes1 :]e visible1 are likely to display bl9d tool+1 :i* means ornam5tal ind5tations 9 ! surface ( ! lea!r1 made )\t gold leaf4 ,^! are ! five mo/ noticeable *>act]i/ics ( books b\nd 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ,engl& or 9 ,engl&'s ,nor? ,am]ican colonies4 ,/&>ds ( workman%ip 7 on ! :ole high] 9 ! "m c\ntry1 b b9d]s on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic us$ ! same basic me?ods ( bookmak+4 ,! te*niques ( bookb9d+1 9 fact1 _h n *ang$ mu* = a v long "t4 ,m5 l ,william ,p>ks1 ,john ,/ret*1 & ,?omas ,br5d b\nd books 9 eighte5?-c5tury ,williamsburg 9 ess5tially ! same way z _h _! pr$ecessors 9 m$ieval mona/]ies a ?\s& ye>s be=e4 ,incid5tally1 among bookb9d+ craftsm5 "o does n m5tion ma*9e b9d+2 to ! true b9d] !re is no true b9d+ except by h&4 ,! ma*9es ( a mod]n b9d]y d n b9d a book accord+ to ! craft tradition1 b case x4 ,!re=e1 ! words b9d1 bookb9d+1 b\nd books1 & s on :5ev] us$ 9 ?is pamphlet always ref] to ! traditional h& op]ation1 nev] to ! ma*9e process or product4 ,& bookb9d] h]e9 is always ! h& craftsman1 nev] ! ma*9e op]ator4 ,,an ,,anci5t ,,art ,,& ,,my/]y ,man le>n$ to write long be=e he le>n$ to make pap]4 ,smoo? /ones1 clay tiles1 & wax tablets1 among o!r surfaces1 7 e>ly precursors ( scrat*-pads & typewrit] bond4 ,lat]1 b be=e ! mod]n =m ( a pag$ book develop$1 writt5 records 7 mo/ (t5 kept on long rolls ( papyrus1 p>*m5t1 or vellum--! latt] two be+ mu* alike4 ,! l9es ( writ+ sometimes ran ! entire l5g? ( ^! rolls1 sometimes !y ran crossways1 & sometimes !y p>allel$ ! long edge b 7 divid$ into columns4 ,! ?ird arrangem5t is /ill us$ 9 ,jewi% scrolls ( ! law1 :i* are kept on roll]s1 "o at ea* end4 ,su* a long /rip c\ld1 h[ev]1 be fold$ accordion-l in/ead ( be+ roll$ up4 ,if ! folds 7 made betwe5 ! columns ( writ+1 ea* column became a page & ! :ole began to resemble ! book we are famili> ) today4 ,at fir/ ^! rudim5t>y books 7 protect$ by wood5 bo>ds pa/$ to ! fir/ & la/ pages4 ,z a next /ep holes 7 /abb$ ?r\gh e page ne> ! left-h& fold1 & a cord or ?ong lac$ ?r\gh ! holes held ! accordion toge!r along "o side4 ,by ! fif? c5tury a me?od _h come into g5]al use ( sew+ individually fold$ %eets toge!r "o by "o1 n to ea* o!r b to a s]ies ( flexible h+es4 ,^! 7 usually n>r[ /rips ( lea!r--f\r1 five1 or sometimes six dep5d+ on ! height ( ! book--laid across ! fold$ edges ( ! pages4 ,l95 ?read sew$ ?r\gh ! folds & ar\nd ea* cross-/rip 9 turn held ! pages firmly 9 place4 ,wood5 bo>ds affix$ to ! ?ongs z well z pa/$ to ! fir/ & la/ pages protect$ ! :ole1 sometimes ) ! help ( metal clasps & ev5 locks4 ,illu/ration3 ,^! me?ods ( pres]v+ writt5 mat]ial h n[ l>gely be5 sup]s$$ by ! pr9t$ & b\nd or ma*9e-cas$ book3 7,a7 ,dipty* or h+$ tablet ( wood1 ivory1 or ! l1 (t5 c>v$1 ^: inn] surfaces ( wax c>ri$ writ+ impress$ by ! /ylus4 7,b7 ,scroll ) column> writ+ on a pair ( roll]s4 7,c7 ,japanese orihon1 accordion-fold$ & b\nd along "o side4 7,d7 ,codex or e>ly =m ( book1 an illum9at$ manuscript protect$ betwe5 ?9 bo>ds2 our ^w book comes f ! ,g]man = bee* 7,bu*71 a wood (t5 us$ = ?is purpose4 ,to gu>d ! lea!r crossb&s & l95 ?read f exposure & we>1 x !n became cu/om>y to cov] ! sp9e ( ! book ) a wide1 v]tical /rip ( lea!r4 ,lat]1 = bett] appe>ance & great] protection1 ! lea!r cov]+ 0 ext5d$ p>tway onto ! bo>ds 7! s-call$ half-b9d+ ( ! m$ieval p]iod7 & !n all ! way4 ,?us 0 develop$ & p]fect$ ! b\nd book3 a collection ( fold$ %eets sewn toge!r flexibly & protect$ betwe5 cov]s4 ,its physical /ructure 0 l>gely ! creation ( mona/ic craftsm5 ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 j z its lit]>y cont5t ?r\gh\t t p]iod 0 mo/ (t5 religi\s scripture or comm5t4 ,,books ,,c ,,be ,,beautiful ,speak+ only ( quality ( mat]ials & workman%ip1 a book may be b\nd j z well 9 a simple cov] z 9 an ornate "o4 ,f9e b9d+ does n require adornm5t4 ,x does require ! s]vices ( a man ( high skill & mat*+ integrity1 ^: h&iwork w inevitably display ! quiet beauties ( intr9sic quality4 ,b 9 ! h&s ( m5 :o possess ! sp>k ( creative arti/ry1 bookb9d+ c be m ?an pure craft "w4 ,al?\gh ! b9d]'s decorative tools are =ev] prefix$1 ea* to reproduce its own set & simple patt]n1 !y are inf9itely flexible 9 ! ways !y c be comb9$4 ,x is n ! tool t makes a b9d+ beautiful or ugly1 b ! h& t holds ! tool--& ev5 m ! m9d & eye t guide ! h&4 ,! hi/ory ( bookb9d+ is /udd$ ) ! names ( m5 :o 7 true arti/s 9 lea!r4 ,= !m ! mo/ rew>d+ commission a cu/om] c\ld give 0 a simple ord] to dress "s "w ( la/+ wor? 9 a b9d+ ( appropriate beauty4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages all books 7 r>e & valuable4 ,ea* volume 0 entirely lett]$ by h& & its pages 7 cu/om>ily illum9at$ ) elaborately drawn initial lett]s & gild$ m>g9al decorations4 ,! b9d+ ( su* a book 0 likely to be z pa9/ak+ly ornate z 7 its pages1 & a few b9d+s 7 q valuable 9 !mselves4 ,be=e full lea!r cov]s became /&>d1 ! bo>ds ( "s manuscript volumes--especially = a *ur* alt> or a royal libr>y--might ev5 be encas$ 9 beat5 gold or silv] & encru/$ ) enamel & semipreci\s /ones4 ,! inv5tion ( pr9t+ f type1 z ev]yone kn[s1 _h extremely f>-rea*+ consequ5ces on ! spread ( public education & enlight5m5t4 ,x _h also "s effects t 7 n s desirable4 ,9 ! didactic phrase ( ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 ,pr9t+ br\ght small books1 *eap books1 ugly books4 ,n[ x _c be d5i$ t mo/ books today are small] ?an ! great manuscript tomes ( ! mona/ic s*ol>s4 ,!y are *eap]1 too4 ,b x w\ld be wrong to say t all books b\nd s9ce ,johann ,gut5b]g's day h be5 ugly4 ,to be sure1 introduction ( ! pr9t+ press increas$ ! fl[ ( "w to ! b9d]y4 ,b if ! b9d] c\ld no long] lavi% "t & c>e on e volume1 he c\ld /ill devote high arti/ry to an occasional book1 /eady craftsman%ip to all4 ,innum]able examples f ! h&s ( _m b9d]s s9ce ! fifte5? c5tury atte/ t ! cov] ( a pr9t$ book c be z beautiful z t ( a manuscript book4 ,! names ( ,ni*olas ,eve1 ,clovis ,eve1 ,le ,gascon 7o!rwise unkn[n71 & ,ge(frey ,tory ( sixte5?-c5tury ,france1 & ,padel\p & ,le ,monni] 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 des]ve m5tion4 ,9 ,engl& b9d+s are n z easily id5tifi$ ) _! b9d]s1 b ! names ( ,?omas ,b]!let1 royal b9d] to ,h5ry ,,viii1 & above all ,samuel ,me>ne1 b9d] to ,*>les ,,ii1 /& out4 ,rog] ,payne 0 ,engl&'s mo/ di/+ui%$ b9d] 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,be=e ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,european b9d]s usually _h work$ ornam5tation into lea!r 9 bl9d1 t is1 )\t gold leaf4 ,! te*nique ( apply+ gold seems to h be5 p]fect$ by ,islamic lea!rwork]s ( ,m$it]ranean ,africa1 & br\ght f ,morocco to ,europe via ,spa9 & ,italy4 ,sixte5?-c5tury ,fr5* b9d]s c>ri$ ?is k9d ( adornm5t to a peak ( intricate tool+ & lavi% gild+4 ,_! ,engli% c\nt]p>ts1 :ile !y imitat$ ! ,fr5*1 t5d$ to favor simpl] designs & less gold leaf4 ,9 ! late sev5te5? c5tury & cont9u+ ?r\gh ! eighte5?1 /raight l9es r ?an curves became *>act]i/ic ( ,engli% "w4 ,= example1 ! brok5 l9es ( ! cottage /yle cr$it$ to ,samuel ,me>ne resembl$ an outl9$ ro( & walls4 ,lat] ! ,cambridge /yle became popul> 9 ,engl&4 ,x consi/$ ( a v]tical panel ( ?9 l9es 7fillets7 on ! sides ( ! book1 ) fl[] or leaf ornam5ts 7fleurons7 at ! corn]s & p]haps 9 ! c5t]1 & a n>r[ lace bord] ar\nd ! bo>ds4 ,! example illu/rat$ indicates t colonial b9d]s cont9u$ to favor ! ,cambridge design until well into ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,left1 cottage /yle decoration on a #afgd ,bible1 b\nd 9 ! %op ( ,samuel ,me>ne ( ,london4 ,"r1 ,cambridge /yle b9d+ on a copy ( ,muscipula pr9t$ 9 #agbh by ,william ,p>ks 9 ,annapolis & b\nd by him4 ,ar\nd #agfj a ,dut* b9d] develop$ a me?od ( treat+ lea!r ) acid to give x a m>bl$ appe>ance1 & o!r b9d]s lo/ no "t 9 pry+ ! secret away f him4 ,fir/ among b9d]s 9 ,engl& to le>n ! te*nique 0 an migr ,g]man1 ,john ,baumg>t51 :o made ! mo/ ( 8 advantage4 ,z ,?omas ,jeff]son wrote to ,rob]t ,skip) 9 #agga1 books b\nd by ,bumg>d5 9 f9e ,m>bl$ b9d+s co/ #ej p] c5t m ?an 9 pla9 b9d+s4 ,9 addition to national /yles & local designs t develop$ at v>i\s times & places1 c]ta9 b9d]s p]fect$ individual patt]ns ( _! own4 ,9 "s cases ^! 7 s unique z to be almo/ c]ta9 evid5ce t a book s decorat$ 0 b\nd by ! man 9 "q4 ,b n always4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,samuel ,me>ne1 "w id5tifi$ ) ! ma/] might actually h be5 done "u 8 in/ruction by a j\rneyman 9 8 %op4 ,among ! v l>ge numb] ( eighte5?-c5tury b9d+s t survive1 ! great difficulty is to id5tify ) any c]ta9ty ! b9d] ( a p>ticul> volume4 ,9 _m in/ances--p]haps mo/--x is impossible to be absolutely sure on ?is po9t4 ,except 9 ,france1 b9d]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 or any p]iod1 :o sign$ or label$ _! "w 7 relatively r>e4 ,"o ,engli% craftsman :o did id5tify 8 products 0 ,rog] ,payne ( ,london4 ,an ecc5tric & a heavy dr9k]1 ,payne 0 nev]!less a c>eful work] & a creative arti/ 9 ! b9d]y4 ,8 books are beautifully adorn$ ) patt]ns built up ) small tools t he design$ & cut himself4 ,9 _m ( ! books he b\nd1 ,payne includ$ a detail$ acc\nt ( 8 "w4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t1 copi$ 9 "p f a ,bible n[ own$ by ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity1 is a good example3 ,lett]'d 9 ye mo/ exact mann]1 exce$+ ri* small ,tool ,gilt ,back ( a new patt]n /udd$ 9 ,comp>tm5ts4 ,! outside f9i%$ 9 ! ,ri*e/ mo/ elegant ,ta/e ,ri*]1 m exact ?an any ,book t ,i ev] ,b\nd4 ,! insides f9i%$ 9 a new design exce$+ elegant4 ,b\nd 9 ! v be/ mann] sew'd ) silk on /rong & neat ,b&s4 ,! ,back l9$ ) ,russia ,lea!r "u ! ,blue morrocco4 ,cov] v /rong neat ,bo>ds4444 ,,telltale ,,tools ,al?\gh "s colonial b9d]s label$ _! products1 none ( ! sev]al ,williamsburg bookb9d]s ( colonial days foll[$ ,rog] ,payne's admirable prec$5t4 ,examples ( ! "w ( "s ( !m1 h[ev]1 h be5 id5tifi$ beyond d\bt ?r\gh direct or circum/antial evid5ce--! latt] (t5 d]iv$ by processes resembl+ police detection4 ,clues to ! id5tity ( a b9d] may be f\nd 9 v>i\s facets ( pr9t+ & b9d+3 %op records ( ord]s fill$1 mat]ials us$1 & wages paid2 place & date ( publication z giv5 on title pages2 wat]m>ks 9 ! pap]2 & recurr5t decorative patt]ns4 ,ev5 contempor>y newspap] adv]tisem5ts may ?r[ light on ! matt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,! wat]m>k ( pap] made 9 ,william ,p>k's pap] mill ne> ,williamsburg4 ,x repres5ts ! coat ( arms ( ! ,virg9ia colony4 ,?is trac+ is tak5 f ,ru!r=d ,goodw91 ,! ,william ,p>ks ,pap] ,mill at ,williamsburg 7,lex+ton1 ,va41 #aici71 9 :i* he tells h[ ! wat]m>k 0 once describ$ by a ,new ,engl&] z resembl+ two m5 9 long und]we> ) a basket ( fi% betwe5 !m4 ,! p>allel v]tical l9es are ! *a9 l9es *>act]i/ic ( h&made laid pap]4 ,evid5ce ( e k9d has be5 us$ 9 trac+ out ! /ory ( ! bookb9d+ craft 9 ,williamsburg4 ,! sure/ clues1 especially 9 track+ d[n & id5tify+ individual b9d+s1 h be5 ! di/9ctive footpr9ts left by ! b9d]s' decorat+ tools4 ,ar*aeological excavations on ! site ( ! ,pr9t+ ,(fice h yield$ examples ( ^! tools1 "s = /amp+ lett]s & o!rs = impress+ ! gild$ decoration t made ! eighte5?-c5tury bookb9d]'s products z attractive z !y 7 useful4 ,"u ! eye ( microscope & enl>g+ cam]a ev5 mass-produc$ typewrit]s reveal slight irregul>ities t are unique to ea* ma*9e4 ,! brass /amps & rolls us$ by eighte5?-c5tury b9d]s = work+ decorations into lea!r 7 all made by h&4 ,because ( "s imp]fection 9 workman%ip or simply because ornam5tal dies 7 n suppos$ to duplicate ea* o!r1 ea* tool _h its own peculi>ities4 ,v (t5 ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ! impressions !y made are visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,two su* telltale tools--bo? rolls or :eel-l tools us$ to make cont9u\s bord] patt]ns--prov$ especially useful 9 trac+ ! hi/ory ( ,williamsburg bookb9d]s & b9d+s4 ,! trail ( "o c be foll[$ ?r\gh ! own]%ip ( successive b9d]s = ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury4 ,ano!r %[s up aga9 & aga9 ?r\gh\t a fifty-ye> p]iod4 ,simil> clues left by o!r tools 7 also helpful 9 ! detective process1 b _c be dealt ) 9 ?is brief acc\nt4 ,= conv5i5ce we %all call ! two *ief telltales ! ,m\setrap roll & ! egg roll4 ,!y s]ve almo/ z indexes to ! re/ ( our /ory4 ,! impressions made by ! orig9al tools1 & ! smoke impr9t made by mod]n recutt+s ( ! same tools1 are %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,! ,m\setrap roll owes its "n to ! publication on :i* x made its fir/ kn[n appe>ance1 a ,lat9 poem entitl$ ,muscipula1 :i* means m\setrap4 ,its patt]n1 alt]nat+ two r conv5tional motifs1 is n p>ticul>ly notewor?y 9 appe>ance4 ,nev]!less1 ! impression x made 0 n duplicat$ by any o!r roll4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is repres5tation ( a book cov] %[s "o ( ! *ief clues foll[$ 9 trac+ ! tools us$ & books b\nd by ,williamsburg b9d]s4 ,x %[s ! design on a copy ( ! ,/atutes & ,*>t] ( ! ,college ( ,william & ,m>y pr9t$ 9 ,williamsburg 9 #agcf by ,william ,p>ks & b\nd 9 8 %op4 ,! ,college itself is 9 ,williamsburg1 ( c\rse1 b ?is volume is 9 ! ,john ,c>t] ,br[n ,libr>y at ,provid5ce1 ,rhode ,isl&1 & ano!r l x 9 design is 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y1 ,ox=d1 ,engl&4 ,! illu/ration 0 made 7except = ! magnification7 z a smoke impr9t ( tw5tie?-c5tury tools cut 9 ! same patt]n z ! orig9als4 ,! inn] panel ( ! ,cambridge /yle decoration 0 made by ! ,m\setrap roll t ,p>ks br\ght ) him f ,annapolis4 ,! int]m$iate rectangle1 made by ! egg roll1 reveals ! elongat$ oval t reappe>$ on o!r books connect$ ) ,p>ks & 8 successors 9 ! ,williamsburg pr9t+ (fices4 ,! corn] fleuron also appe>$ on e>li] ,p>ks b9d+s4 ,! egg roll is no m unusual z a patt]n1 b ga9s di/9ction f ! fact t its built-9 signature is an obvi\s mi/ake4 ,x also alt]nates two conv5tional motifs1 a ,maltese cross & a po9t$ oval or egg4 ,p]haps by look+ at ! detail ( ! illu/ration y c see :y ?is tool id5tifies itself e "t x appe>s on a b9d+4 ,app>5tly ! engrav] :o made ! orig9al roll err$ 9 calculat+ its circumf]5ce & came out unev5 ) 8 patt]n4 ,s he simply made ! f9al oval long] ?an ! o!rs4 ,once se51 ! flaw jumps to ! eye f e b9d+ on :i* x appe>s & might seem to (f] cle> pro( t all su* b9d+s done )9 ! same p]iod 7 ! "w ( "o man4 ,b ev5 ! be/ circum/antial evid5ce falls %ort ( p]fection4 ,al?\gh we c say1 = in/ance1 t su*-&-su* b9d+s came f ! %op ( ,william ,p>ks1 we _c always say t he himself did ! "w4 ,at "o "t ,p>ks appe>s to h employ$ z _m z eight or n9e help]s 9 8 pr9t+ (fice & ne>by pap] mill4 ,v probably "o or m ( !m 0 specifically hir$ to h&le ! b9d+ end ( ! bus9ess1 j z ,william ,hunt] lat] employ$ ,john ,/ret* to d bo? bookb9d+ & bookkeep+4 ,h[ev]1 l ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 9 ,philadelphia1 ,william ,brad=d 9 ,new ,york1 & ,james ,frankl9 9 ,bo/on1 ,p>ks 0 d\btless q capable ( b9d+ a book z well z pr9t+ x4 ,eighte5?-c5tury craftsm5 ( e sort cu/om>ily d\bl$ 9 relat$ crafts3 ! silv]smi? 0 likely to be a jewel]1 too1 & ! cab9etmak] also a h\se-jo9]4 ,pr9t+ & b9d+ h always be5 complem5t>y processes1 & ne>ly e colonial pr9t] c\ld1 if necess>y1 b9d ! product ( 8 press4 ,,e>ly ,,impressions ,a great _m colonial pr9t]s also publi%$ weekly newspap]s1 9 ^: columns !y adv]tis$ ! job-pr9t+ s]vices & /ation]y w>es !y _h to (f]4 ,! colophon ( ! ,virg9ia ,gazette ( ,octob] #a1 #agcf1 = in/ance1 specifi$ t x 0 pr9t$ 9 ,williamsburg by ,w4 ,,p>ks4 ,by :om ,subscriptions are tak5 = ?is ,pap]1 at #ae s4 p] ,annum3 & ,,book-,,b9d+ is done reasonably1 9 ! be/ ,mann]4 ,! fir/ successful pr9t] 9 ,virg9ia1 ,p>ks _h be5 public pr9t] to ! colony ( ,m>yl& be=e he mov$ to ,williamsburg 9 #agcj4 ,"o ( ! e>ly publications issu$ by 8 ,annapolis %op1 9 #agbh1 0 ! a=em5tion$ book ( ,lat9 v]se1 & ! ?ree surviv+ copies are all decorat$ 9 ! same ,cambridge patt]n & all ) ! roll we h nam$ ! ,m\setrap roll4 ,! ,complete ,m>9]1 a manuscript volume ( navigational ex]cises ) a title page pr9t$ 9 ,williamsburg 9 #agca1 0 d\btless "o ( ! fir/ products ( ,p>ks's %op 9 ,williamsburg4 ,its cov] 0 h&somely decorat$ 9 bl9d ) ! ,m\setrap roll & ) two o!r ornam5ts t also 7 us$ on books issu$ by ,p>ks's ,annapolis %op & lat] on b9d+s done 9 ,williamsburg4 ,illu/ration3 ,rolls & small /amps us$ 9 ! ,williamsburg b9d]y4 ,! gap 9 ! out] edge ( ! fillet roll p]mits ! b9d] to />t & /op 8 impression cleanly4 ,bo? rolls & /amps mu/ be heat$ = use & press$ into ! lea!r q h>d4 ,9 #agcf ,p>ks publi%$ ! ,*>t] & ,/atutes ( ! ,college ( ,william & ,m>y1 9 ,virg9ia4 ,?ree copies survive 9 _! orig9al b9d+s4 ,two ( ^!--"o 9 ,engl&1 "o 9 ,am]ica--be> ! m>ks ( bo? ! ,m\setrap roll & ! egg roll 9 ! simple patt]n illu/rat$ on page #aa4 ,! ?ird is m elaborately decorat$1 ) _m small impressions ( o!r tools1 b ar\nd ! edge is ! telltale egg roll4 ,_m ( ! same tools us$ on ?is ?ird copy ( ! ,william & ,m>y ,*>t]1 includ+ ! egg roll ar\nd ! bord]1 reappe> on "o copy ( a book pr9t$ ne>ly a decade lat] 9 ,new ,york4 ,?is 0 ,daniel ,horsm&5's acc\nt ( a ,negro conspiracy to burn ,new ,york ,city4 ,! copy 9 "q1 n[ 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,congress1 be>s ! brief title ,new ,york ,conspiracy on its sp9e4 ,! magnific5t libr>y ( ,william ,byrd ,,iii at ,we/ov] plantation includ$ a book li/$ "u ! same abbreviat$ title4 ,daniel ,horsm&5 0 a c\s9 ( ,byrd's4 ,c\ld ! ,libr>y ( ,congress volume h be5 b\nd = ,byrd at ! ,williamsburg %op ( ,william ,p>ks8 ,! simil>ities 9 tool+--includ+ use ( ! unmi/akeable egg roll--w\ld seem to prove x4 ,ano!r l9k 9 ! *a9 ( clues appe>s on ! cov] ( a manuscript volume probably writt5 & b\nd at ab\t ! same "t4 ,?is 0 a catalogue ( ,byrd's libr>y made by ,john ,/ret*1 presumably b\nd by him1 & decorat$ ) ! egg roll & "o o!r tool kn[n f e>li] ,williamsburg b9d+s4 ,/ret* may h work$ = ,p>ks be=e ! latt]'s dea? 9 #agej4 ,he 0 9 ! employ ( ,p>ks's successor1 ,william ,hunt]1 = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,presumably he b\nd ! books t issu$ f ,hunt]'s press dur+ ?is p]iod z well z ! blank record books t 7 a /aple item ( ,hunt]'s bus9ess4 ,"o ( ^! blank books 0 us$ by ,george ,wa%+ton = copies ( 8 lett]s & invoices f #agee to #agfe--;& x1 too1 0 decorat$ ) ! egg roll4 ,"o ( ! few pr9t$ books kn[n to h come f ,hunt]'s %op 0 a new edition ( ! ,william & ,m>y ,*>t]1 pr9t$ 9 #ageh4 ,"o copy t survives 9 orig9al cov]s has ano!r roll also us$ on ! ,wa%+ton lett] book & small ornam5ts us$ on bo? ! e>li] edition ( ! ,*>t] & on ! ,new ,york ,conspiracy1 plus design simil>ities to bo? ( ^! & to ! ,/ret* catalogue ( ,byrd's libr>y4 ,a daybook kept by ,william ,hunt] dur+ ! fir/ two ye>s ( 8 proprietor%ip ( ! %op c>ries ! trail a bit f>!r4 ,a daybook 0 simply a runn+ record ( ea* day's transactions ( all k9ds1 m (t5 call$ a j\rnal n[adays4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 b\nd "r 9 ! %op1 & ?is daybook be>s ! impress ( a /amp previ\sly id5tifi$ ) ,p>ks's ,annapolis & e>lie/ ,williamsburg impr9ts4 ,ano!r daybook ( ! ,williamsburg pr9t+ (fice also survives 9 orig9al b9d+4 ,x dates f ! "t ( ,hunt]'s successor1 ,joseph ,royle1 & almo/ beyond "q 0 also b\nd 9 ! %op :]e x 0 us$4 ,its cov]1 n surpris+ly1 0 tool$ 9 bl9d ) two ( ! famili> rolls1 includ+ ! egg roll4 ,a volume ( ,york ,c\nty records also survives f ! p]iod ( ,royle's proprietor%ip4 ,its cov] %[s ! impressions ( ?ree old /&bys3 ! egg1 ! ,m\setrap1 & a ?ird roll se5 on e>li] ,williamsburg b9d+s4 ,,! ,,b9d+ ,,bus9ess ,if ! outside cov]s ( two pr9t+ (fice daybooks c add a few bits to our /ory1 ! inside pages %\ld be a gold m9e ( in=mation ab\t bookb9d+ 9 colonial ,williamsburg4 ,& s !y are4 ,hunt]'s daybook = ! p]iod f ,july #agej ?r\gh ,june #ageb & ,royle's cov]+ mo/ ( #agfd & all ( #agfe tell a great deal ab\t ! quantity & v>iety ( b9d+ "w !y did1 ! prices !y *>g$1 & a little ab\t ! wages !y paid4 ,hunt]1 = example1 at ! end ( #agea ent]$ paym5t ( #ch p\nds #ae %ill+s aga9/ ! bookb9d+ acc\nt ,to ,john ,/ret* ,= 8 ,wages f ! #ad? ( ,janu>y to ?is ,day4 ,?us1 f ?is s\rce1 ,/ret* e>n$ #ae %ill+s sixp5ce a week4 ,illu/ration3 ,a "p ( a page f ,william ,hunt]'s daybook = ! ,williamsburg ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 especially r$rawn = ?is booklet4 ,notice ! entry = bookb9d+ wages paid to ,john ,/ret*4 ,! k9ds ( bookb9d+ done 9 ! %ops ( ,hunt] & ,royle--& d\btless also by ! o!r ,williamsburg pr9t]s1 ab\t ^: bus9ess we lack detail$ in=mation--c be divid$ into ?ree ma9 gr\ps3 edition b9d+1 cu/om b9d+1 & ! manufacture ( blank record books4 ,z a sidel9e1 !y also made & sold pocketbooks1 lett] cases1 & o!r k9ds ( pocket cases4 ,9 volume ( "w done 9 ,hunt]'s %op1 & probably 9 _m o!r colonial b9d]ies1 ! manufacture & sale ( blank books 0 easily ( fir/ importance4 ,obvi\sly ^! 7 n pr9t$ books--al?\gh ! pages ( "s ( !m 7 rul$ by h& 9 advance ( b9d+4 ,!y 7 lett]-copy books1 acc\nt books1 & record books ( v>i\s k9ds us$ by ev]yone :o 0 at all sy/ematic ab\t 8 bus9ess affairs4 ,acc\nts kept aft] ! ,italian mann]1 z describ$ 9 ,john ,mair's ,book ,keep+ ,me?odiz'd 7ab\t #agej71 call$ = t5 diff]5t books4 ,! ?ree *ief ones 7 a wa/ebook 9 :i* transactions 7 jott$ d[n at ! "t !y took place1 a p]man5t j\rnal or daybook into :i* !y 7 transcrib$ 9 a m /ately h& :5 "t p]mitt$1 & a l$g] conta9+ 9 f9al & complete =m all acc\nts p]ta9+ to ! bus9ess4 ,subsidi>y records describ$ by ,mair 7 ! ca% book1 book ( *>ges & m]*&ise1 book ( h\se exp5ses1 factory or invoice book1 sales book1 bill book1 & receipt book4 ,hunt]'s daybook %[s entries cov]+ sales ( all ! pr9cipal v>ieties & _m ( ! subsidi>y =ms4 ,9 fact1 entries p]ta9+ to blank books1 leg]s1 alphabets1 j\rnals1 acc\nt books1 day books1 wa/e-books1 & ! l f> outnumb] all o!r b9d+ entries toge!r4 ,royle's daybook1 :i* seems to h be5 kept on a some:at diff]5t basis--p]haps less meticul\sly--?an ,hunt]'s1 li/s proportionately few] su* entries comp>$ to ^? = b9d+ pr9t$ volumes4 ,"o might expect t bus9ess record books w\ld h be5 b\nd /urdily1 b 9 pla9 & *eap dress4 ,sometimes !y 71 b (t5 !y 7 j z well f9i%$ z 7 pr9t$ books1 usually 9 good quality calfsk91 sometimes 9 vellum or p>*m5t4 ,l$g]s 9 p>ticul> 7 l>ge & heavy books2 s9ce !y got /eady usage1 !y ne$$ to be made ( ! be/ mat]ials & workman%ip = ! sake ( durability4 ,& cu/om usually l$ to a c]ta9 am\nt ( decoration on ev5 ! mo/ utilit>ian volume4 ,! result 0 t blank books 7 (t5 z f9e 9 outw>d appe>ance z ^? f ! press--& sometimes m co/ly1 because ( ! l>g] sk9s ne$$ to cov] !m4 ,n a few ( ! books sold by ,william ,hunt] & presum$ to h be5 made up by him or ,john ,/ret* br\ght a price ( a p\nd or m4 ,?is 01 z we h se51 a good deal m ?an ,/ret* e>n$ 9 a week4 ,! mo/ impos+ price *>g$ to any ( ,hunt]'s cu/om]s 0 ! #c p\nds #aj %ill+s ,john ,hall paid = a l>ge ,record ,book ,imp]ial4 ,all eighte5?-c5tury pap] 0 manufactur$ by h&1 & %eets ( v>i\s sizes & k9ds bore su* designations z pot1 foolscap1 pro patria1 cr[n1 demy1 royal1 sup] royal1 imp]ial1 atlas1 & elephant4 ,^! names ref]r$ to suppos$ly /&>d sizes1 b actual dim5sions 7 nei!r precise nor un*ang+4 ,9 sev5te5?-c5tury ,engl& a %eet ( demy measur$ ab\t #aj by #ae in*es4 ,! ,engli% pap] ( ! same "n today is #ag by #bb in*es4 ,?is increase 9 dim5sions ( pap] took place gradually1 & z ! size ( %eets grew ! size ( pages c\ld also gr[4 ,a result 0 t folio books became too l>ge to be h&y :ile qu>to & octavo =mats1 :i* 7 m economical to pr9t1 ga9$ popul>ity among bo? pr9t]s & book buy]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is engrav+ f ! ,fr5* eighte5?-c5tury encyclop$ia ( ,d5is ,did]ot %[s ! int]ior ( a bookb9d]y ( ! "t1 & "s ( ! equipm5t us$4 ,! op]ations "u way 9 ! %op are 7a7 sma%+ fold$ signatures flat on a /one anvil2 7b7 sew+ signatures toge!r on ! /it*+ frame2 7c7 trimm+ ! edges ( a book be=e ! cov]s are put on2 & 7d7 squeez+ a /ack ( f9i%$ books 9 a /&+ press4 ,,b9d+ ,,to ,,! ,,cu/om]',s ,,ord] ,"s idea ( ! volume ( b9d+ done 9 ,hunt]'s e/abli%m5t dur+ ! two ye>s cov]$ by 8 daybook may be ga!r$ f ! p>tial figures = supplies *>g$ to b9d+4 ,^! includ$ #ef #ags4 #f;d4 = pap] & #bej #acs4 #i;d4 = o!r b9d+ mat]ials1 *iefly calf & %eepsk9s1 gold leaf1 & pa/ebo>d4 ,9 physical quantity ! totals are aga9 incomplete b indicative3 at lea/ #adj doz5 sk9s & m ?an a ton ( pa/ebo>d4 ,^! mat]ials1 ( c\rse1 w5t to ! b9d+ ( pr9t$ z well z blank books4 ,z _! daybooks %[1 ! b9d+ ( books to ord] 0 a /eady s\rce ( income = bo? ,hunt] & ,royle--& d\btless = ,royle's successors z x _h be5 = ,hunt]'s pr$ecessor4 ,cu/om "w includ$ ! reb9d+ ( worn books1 ! lett]+ & application ( title panels1 & p]haps "s b9d+ ( books ! pr9t] b\ght 9 flat %eets1 already pr9t$1 f ,london or f ano!r colonial pr9t]4 ,! fact t cu/om b9d+ & reb9d+ acc\nt$ = a prom95t %>e ( ! "w done by ,williamsburg b9d]s indicates t ,gov]nor ,botet\rt 0 n ! only man 9 ,virg9ia be=e ! ,revolution :o own$ & *]i%$ books4 ,accord+ to "o e/imate1 !re 7 at lea/ #a1jjj private libr>ies ) at lea/ #bj1jjj volumes altoge!r be=e ! colony 0 "o hundr$ ye>s old4 ,ano!r /udy ( #ajj su* collections1 includ+ ! l>ge/1 calculat$ _! av]age size at #ajf titles 7possibly twice t _m volumes74 ,! av]age is high because ! /udy includ$ su* v ext5sive libr>ies z ^? ( ,william ,byrd ,,ii1 ,rob]t ,c>t]1 & ,ralph ,wormeley4 ,ne>ly half ( ! libr>ies 9 ! gr\p /udi$ _h few] ?an tw5ty-five titles4 ,h[ev]1 mo/ ,virg9ia g5tlem5 ( ! plant] ari/ocracy own$ at lea/ an armful ( books4 ,an occasional book 9 any su* collection might h be5 writt5 by ! own] himself4 ,hunt] /it*$ a manuscript volume = ,na?aniel ,wal?oe1 ,esqr41 & ,royle b\nd a h&writt5 book = ,john ,blair4 ,:at ^! g5tlem5 _h writt5 t des]v$ su* c>e c only be guess$ at4 ,bo? 7 (ficials1 s ! books might well h be5 public records ( "s k9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 p]haps ! cont5t 0 less prosaic3 poetry1 maybe1 or some?+ l ! li/ ( ,horse ,mat*es t ,royle b\nd = ! ,hon4 ,john ,tayloe at two %ill+s4 ,music books1 volumes ( collect$ pamphlets & magaz9es1 a cyph]+ book = ,mrs4 ,jane ,vobe1 keep] ( ! ,k+'s ,arms ,tav]n1 & doz5s ( simil> items 9 ! ,hunt] & ,royle daybooks acc\nt = only a portion ( cu/om b9d+1 h[ev]4 ,! book mo/ (t5 b\nd to ord] 0 ! ,bible1 closely foll[$ by ! ,anglican pray] book4 ,hunt] b\nd a numb] ( ,bibles = #f %ill+s1 b *>g$ #ab %ill+s = a l>ge ,*ur* ,bible & #ej %ill+s = "o neatly b\nd 9 ,turkey4 ,turkey1 levant1 & morocco lea!rs 7 all goatsk91 ea* tak+ its "n f ! region :]e x 0 tann$4 ,"h are a few entries f ,royle's daybook dur+ mid-#agfe1 select$ n only because !y %[ ! b9d]'s price li/1 b also because ! cu/om]'s "n or occupation1 or 8 pref]5ces 9 read+ matt] & b9d+1 or 8 conc]n = ! intellectual advancem5t ( ! fair sex may be ( int]e/3 %ill+s_/p5ce ,june #aa ,william ,wat]s1 ,b9d+ ,corelis ,sonate1 #h_/i lettd 444 #dto ,june #ai ,hon4 ,john ,blair1 ,b9d+ ,amelia ,c\nty #ae_/- r5t roll4 folio ,june #bg ,george ,dav5port1 ,b9d+ ,mrs ,ball>d's #c_/i ,pray] ,book ,col ,rob]t ,boll+1 ,b9d+ ,c\ncel ( #ag_/f ,tr5t1 folio1 gilt ,lett]'d #ae_/- ,do 444 ,baconi ,hi/oria1 ,h5rici ,septimi1 do #b_/f ,?omas ,jeff]son1 ,do ,hi/ory ,virg9ia1 #dto #h_/i ,july #c ,col ,rob]t ,boll+ ,junr ,lett]+ ,pope's #e_/g ,works1 #i ,vols = ,miss ,sally ,wat]s ,aug4 #bh ,revd ,david ,mossom1 ,b9d+ a ,bible #e_/- ,john ,gil*ri/1 ,ditto ,love ,elegies #b_/- #g_/- ,aug4 #ca ,james ,&]son1 ,blacksmi? ,b9d+ a ,qu>to #aj_/- ,bible4 9 ruff ,calf ,an adv]tisem5t ,royle plac$ 9 ! ,m>yl& ,gazette = ,may #b1 #agfe1 ?r[s an int]e/+ light on "o ( ! *>act]i/ic labor-managem5t difficulties ( 8 "t3 ,,williamsburg1 ,april #bc1 #agfe ,ran away f ! ,pr9t+-,(fice1 on ,saturday ,night1 a ,s]vant ,man nam$ ,george ,fi%]1 by ,trade a ,book-,b9d]1 betwe5 #be & #bf ,ye>s ( ,age1 ab\t #e feet #e ,in*es high1 v ?ick1 /oops mu*1 & has a d[n ,look2 he is a little ,peck-pitt$1 has a ,sc> on "o ( 8 ,temples1 is mu* addict$ to ,licquor1 v talkative :5 drunk1 & rem>kably /upid4 ,:oev] appreh5ds ! said ,s]vant1 & conveys him to ! ,pr9t+-,(fice1 9 ,virg9ia1 %all h ,five ,p\nds ,rew>d1 & if tak5 out ( ! ,colony1 ,,t5 ,,p\nds1 beside :at ! ,law all[s4 ,,joseph ,,royle ,?is seems a g5]\s rew>d inde$ = ! return ( a man ( ,fi%]'s un5de>+ qualities4 ,n t ,fi%]1 a transport$ convict1 0 untal5t$ 9 8 way4 ,convey$ to ,williamsburg & lodg$ 9 ! gaol1 he escap$ at ! end ( ,july1 bo? f cu/ody & f hi/ory4 ,,mass ,,production ,,by ,,h& ,! ?ird pr9cipal v>iety ( "w done 9 ! ,williamsburg b9d]ies 0 edition b9d+--! /it*+ & uni=m cov]+ ( a :ole run ( books pr9t$ 9 ! same %op4 ,session laws ( ! ,virg9ia ,assembly1 & p]iodical codifications ( !m pr9t$ 9 editions ( #a1jjj copies or m con/itut$ ! bulk ( edition b9d+ = ,p>ks & 8 successors4 ,%ortly be=e 8 dea? ,p>ks _h agre$ to pr9t & b9d #a1jjj copies ( ! #agdh revision ( ! ,virg9ia code ) ! ,arms ( ,virg9ia /ampt on ea* book4 ,along ) ! o!r assets & liabilities ( ! pr9t+ (fice1 ,hunt] took ov] ?is contract1 :i* call$ = ! volumes to be f9i%$ by ,june #aj1 #agea4 ,9 ,octob] ( t ye> h[ev]1 he felt oblig$ to def5d himself ) ! foll[+ notice 9 ! ,virg9ia ,gazette3 h& ,! ,subscrib]s to ! ,virg9ia ,laws1 z well z ! ,public ,magi/rates1 hav+ l\dly compla9'd ( _! long ,delay1 & ?r[n ! ,blame ( x entirely on ! ,pr9t]2 x is judg'd necess>y to assure !m1 ,t !y h be5 pr9t$ ne> f\r ,mon?s1 & t _! ,publication has be5 9 no wise ret>d$ ?r\gh 8 ,neglect1 b = ,want ( ! ,table2 ! ,g5tleman appo9t$ to draw x up1 n hav+ yet compleat$ x---- ,^? subscrib]s :o are 9 imm$iate ,want ( !m1 on pay+ a ,pi/ole1 may h !m ,/it*'d = pres5t ,use1 :i* !y may aft]w>ds h b\nd :5 ! ,table is pr9t$1 mak+ x up ! ,subscription ,price4 ,illu/ration3 ,:5 he work$ on a numb] ( books at ! same "t1 ! b9d] ord9>ily mov$ !m 9 gr\ps ?r\gh ! v>i\s b9d+ processes4 ,?us a gr\p ( books1 all damp & ne$+ to be press$1 c\ld be put into su* a /&+ press z ?is1 ) press bo>ds betwe5 ea* "o4 ,:ile ?is gr\p dri$ out ! next 0 be+ glu$ up1 & s on4 ,ne>ly tw5ty ye>s lat] a subsequ5t collection ( ,virg9ia laws caus$ a diff]5t k9d ( tr\ble = ?ree ( ,hunt]'s successors 9 ,williamsburg4 ,! job ( pr9t+ & b9d+ #a1jjj copies ( ! great volume 0 too mu* = ! public pr9t]1 ,william ,r9d1 to h&le alone4 ,s he und]took x jo9tly ) ! p>tn]%ip ( ,alex&] ,purdie & ,john ,dixon4 ,_! ord] = lea!r to cov] ! books 0 answ]$ by a %ipm5t f ,london ( ,na/y dirty little sk9s t c\ld nei!r be us$ nor return$4 ,ev5tually ! sk9s rott$ on ! :>f at ,yorkt[n1 :ile ! pr9t]s _h to ask reimbursem5t f ! ,h\se ( ,burgesses4 ,al?\gh ,william ,p>ks publi%$ a numb] ( books "u 8 own impr9t1 j z he _h done 9 ,annapolis1 ,hunt]1 ,royle1 & _! successors seem to h be5 mu* less active 9 ?is phase ( ! pr9t+ & b9d+ bus9ess4 ,^? :o 7 public pr9t]s cont9u$ to issue ! ,virg9ia laws & o!r public compilations1 proclamations1 & ! l4 ,also1 !y annually pr9t$ small pocket almanacs1 usually only /it*$ & cov]$ 9 pap]1 :i* sold 9 consid]able numb]s ea* ,decemb] & ,janu>y4 ,,o!r ,,williamsburg ,,b9d]s ,! sev]al ,williamsburg pr9t]s :o foll[$ ,royle left no daybooks or o!r records t h yet come to light4 ,:at little we "k ( _! bookb9d+ activities comes f _! adv]tisem5ts 9 ! v>i\s ,virg9ia ,gazettes4 7,at "o "t ?ree sep>ate weekly pap]s 7 issu$ 9 ,williamsburg by rival pr9t]s1 all call$ ! ,virg9ia ,gazette67 ,"h are "s typical samples3 ,,g5tlem5 may n[ be suppli$1 on %ort notice1 at ! ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,williamsburg1 ) ,,blank ,,books ( all sizes1 rul$ or unrul$1 & b\nd ei!r 9 ,calf or ,vellum4 ,,old ,,books also new b\nd1 & any ?+ 9 ! ,,book ,,b9d+ bus9ess execut$ 9 ! *eape/ & be/ mann]4 ,virg9ia ,gazette ,alex&] ,purdie & ,john ,dixon1 ,pr9t]s ,m>* #ad1 #agff ,,blank ,bills ( ,ex*ange1 ,bonds1 ,bills ( ,lad+1 & all o!r ,blanks1 may be _h ( ,william ,r9d1 at ! ,new ,pr9t+-,(fice1 ne> ! ,,capitol4 ,g5tlem5 may also be suppli$ ) all ,sorts ( ,blank ,books2 & old ,books are neatly & exp$iti\sly ,b\nd1 at a reasonable ,rate4 ,virg9ia ,gazette ,william ,r9d1 ,pr9t] ,may #cj1 #agff ,a ,,complete ,,assortm5t ,,( ,all ,k9ds ( ,,/ation>y1 ,at ,dixon ,hunt]'s ,pr9t+ ,(fice3 ,,be/ ,writ+ ,pap]1 ,imp]ial1 ,royal1 ,m$ium1 ,demy1 ,?ick & ,?9 ,po/1 ,propatria & ,pot1 by ! ,ream1 or small] quantity2 ,gilt1 ,pla91 & ,black ,edge ,pap] = ,lett]s2 ,p>*m5t2 ,inkp[d]2 be/ l>ge ,dut* ,quills & ,p5s2 r$ & black ,seal+-,wax & ,waf]s2 ,memor&um ,books2 ,r$ ,ink1 9 small ,vials2 ,r$ ,inkp[d]2 ,p\nce & ,p\nce-,boxes2 ,black ,lead ,p5cils2 all ,sizes ( neat ,morocco ,pocket ,books2 all ,sorts & ,sizes ( ,pewt] ,ink/&s2 be/ ,ed9burgh ,inkpots1 = ! ,pocket2 be/ ,play+ ,c>ds4 ---- ,leg]s1 ,j\rnals1 ,day-,books1 & all ,sorts & ,sizes ( ,blank ,books = ,m]*ants ,acc\nts or ,records4 ,blanks ( all ,k9ds = ,m]*ants1 ,c\nty ,c\rt ,cl]ks1 c4 c4 c4 h& ,old ,,books new ,,b\nd1 & all ,k9ds ( ,,book-,,b9d+ done at ?is ,(fice1 ei!r 9 ! ,,neate/ or ,,*eape/ ,mann]1 accord+ to ,directions2 & :]e any ,?+ 9 ! ,,pr9t+ ,,bus9ess is exp$iti\sly p]=m$1 on mod]ate ,t]ms4 ,virg9ia ,gazette ,john ,dixon & ,william ,hunt] ,jr41 ,pr9t]s ,m>* #ah1 #agge ,,?omas ,,br5d1 ,,bookb9d] & ,,/ation]1 ,,has = ,,sale1 at 8 %op at ! corn] ( ,dr4 ,c>t]'s l>ge brick h\se1 ,te/am5ts ,spell+ ,books1 ,prim]s1 ,ruddiman's ,rudim5ts ( ! ,lat9 ,tongue1 ,watts's ,psalms1 ,blank ,books1 ,quills ,seal+-,wax1 ,pocket-,books1 & _m o!r articles 9 ! ,/ation]y way4 ,old books reb\nd2 & any ,g5tlem5 :o h pap] by !m & want x made into ,acc\nt ,books1 may h x done on ! %orte/ notice4 ,virg9ia ,gazette ,john ,cl>kson & ,augu/9e ,davis1 ,pr9t]s ,augu/ #ai1 #aghj ,alex&] ,purdie & ,john ,dixon1 :o plac$ ! fir/ ( ^! adv]tisem5ts1 7 ! successors ( ,joseph ,royle 9 ! %op on ,duke ( ,gl\ce/] ,/reet 9 ,williamsburg t _h pass$ d[n f ,william ,p>ks to ,william ,hunt] to ,royle to ,purdie4 ,_! ,virg9ia ,gazette 0 ! direct cont9uation ( ! pap] f\nd$ by ,p>ks 9 #agcf4 ,we are n too surpris$1 !re=e1 to f9d ! egg roll reappe>+ once m on ! cov]s ( sev]al copies ( a book pr9t$ by ,purdie & ,dixon 9 #aggd4 ,! "n ( ,?omas ,br5d br+s to a conclusion ! kn[n li/ ( bookb9d]s :o work$ 9 ,williamsburg be=e ! ,revolution4 ,br5d emigrat$ f ,engl& to ,annapolis 9 #agfd & set up 9 trade !re4 ,x seems probable t he mov$ to ,williamsburg ) ,william ,r9d 9 #agff or arriv$ %ortly aft]w>d4 ,r9d 0 ! ,annapolis pr9t] :om ,jeff]son & "s o!r patriots _h induc$ to come to ,virg9ia4 ,!y hop$ ,r9d's press w\ld (fset ! impact ( ,joseph ,royle's1 :i* !y ?\ght 0 too mu* 9 ! gov]nor's pocket4 ,jeff]son 0 among ! m5 = :om ,br5d b\nd books1 z 7 ,/4 ,george ,tuck] ( ,williamsburg & o!r p]sons less kn[n to hi/ory4 ,?is "w1 h[ev]1 he did 9 ,ri*mond1 :]e he mov$ aft] ! capital ( ,virg9ia _h be5 *ang$ to t city 9 #aghj4 ,!re he did mo/ ( 8 "w1 includ+ ! cov]s ( _m books ( public records1 z an indep5d5t b9d]4 ,on an acc\nt book ( ! /ate auditor = #aghe appe>s ! famili> egg roll4 ,h[ x got into ,br5d's possession no "o c say1 s9ce he 0 presumably n 9 ! direct l9e ( succession f ,p>ks ?r\gh ,hunt] & ,royle4 ,someh[ he did acquire tools f ! succession1 = ! trail ( detection comes full circle 9 #agii4 ,9 t ye> 9 ,ri*mond ,?omas ,br5d reb\nd ,jeff]son's collection ( ! laws ( ,virg9ia1 us+ to decorate ! bo>d edges ! same ,m\setrap roll t ,william ,p>ks _h us$ 9 ,annapolis 9 #agbh4 ,,! ,,b9d+ ,,( ,a ,,book ,al?\gh ?is small pamphlet does n pret5d to be a ?or\gh manual on h[ to b9d y\r own books1 anyone seek+ a hobby might well consid] bookb9d+4 ,! proc$ures are simple1 ! necess>y tools & mat]ials ne$ n co/ a great deal1 & ! satisfactions "o c take 9 ! production ( 8 own f9e b9d+s %\ld be obvi\s4 ,:at we c d "h is to describe only ! basic tools1 equipm5t1 & proc$ures t w\ld h be5 us$ by a ,williamsburg craftsman 9 b9d+ a book 9 ! mo/ usual dress ( colonial times4 ,! practic+ b9d]1 ( c\rse1 w\ld h _h a comp>ative weal? ( tools & mat]ials ) :i* to turn out--by ! "t-honor$ & /ill-us$ proc$ures--b9d+s 9 great] numb] & v>iety ( f9i%4 ,! foll[+ li/s repres5t ! m9imum ess5tials = b9d+ a book4 ,illu/ration3 ,:5 ! "t comes = apply+ decoration to a b9d+1 ! bookb9d]--"h us+ a s+le-fillet roll--c ex]cise 8 arti/ic imag9ation or foll[ a traditional patt]n4 ,mat]ials pr9t$ or blank pap] 7! cont5ts ( ! book7 decorative pap] = fly-leaves long-fibre tissue = m5d+ torn pages hemp cord or lea!r ?ongs = crossb&s l95 ?read = sew+ silk ?read = headb&s pa/ebo>d or mill$ bo>d calfsk9 = out] cov] piece ( morocco = label lea!r dress+ gold leaf animal glue :eat pa/e v9eg> egg :ite ,tools ,equipm5t /it*+ frame p>+ /one gluepot pa/epot wat] bas9s lay+ presses trimm+ press & pl\gh press bo>ds bone fold] skiv+ knife & o!r knives scissors ne$les /one or lead weights pa/e & glue bru%es metal /raight$ge back+ hamm] awl knife & cu%ion = gold leaf brass alphabet /amps brass decorative /amps brass decorative rolls heat] = gluepot & brass tools ,! pr9t]'s job 0 done :5 ! flat %eets ( pap] came (f 8 press1 ea* %eet conta9+ f\r or m pr9t$ pages arrang$ s t fold+ w\ld br+ ! pages into prop] sequ5ce4 ,! b9d]'s fir/ task 0 to fold ! %eets into signatures ( f\r1 eight1 twelve1 or sixte5 pages4 ,%eets fold$ once--into two leaves1 a f\r-page signature--made a l>ge-=mat book call$ a folio4 ,two folds 9 ea* %eet made eight-page signatures & qu>to books4 ,?ree folds gave octavo volumes ( sixte5-page signatures4 ,a diff]5t arrangem5t ( folds produc$ twelve pages 9 a signature & a duodecimo book4 ,= any numb] ( folds1 h[ev]1 a bone or ivory fold]--a ?91 smoo? blade--0 ess5tial = rapid & accurate "w4 ,& x came 9 h&y = a numb] ( o!r b9d+ op]ations1 too4 ,aft] he _h fold$ all ! pr9t$ %eets1 ! b9d] ga!r$ a full set ( signatures 9 ! prop] ord] to make ! book4 ,on 8 /it*+ frame--:i* 0 simply a f\r-piece v]tical framework1 ! upp] crosspiece adju/able 9 height--he /ret*$ f\r to six lea!r ?ongs or pieces ( hemp cord4 ,) ne$le & /rong l95 ?read he !n /it*$ ! signatures1 "o aft] ano!r1 ?r\gh _! c5t] folds to ea* ( ! crossb&s4 ,! sew+ frame held !m p>allel to ea* o!r & at "r angles to ! pages4 ,^! b&s gave b\nd books _! flexibility & creat$ ! ridges across ! sp9e *>act]i/ic ( mo/ ( !m4 ,! /it* us$ 9 sew+ ! signatures to ! b&s 0 ab\t z simple z c\ld be1 b x _c be duplicat$ by any ma*9e yet devis$4 ,! crossb&s & ! /it*+ toge!r 7 ! keys to ! all-b-ev]la/+ durability & ! flat op5+ ( ! well-made book4 ,! b9d] next squ>$ up ! back ( ! book & appli$ glue to x4 ,:5 dry1 he put ! book 9 ! trimm+ press & trimm$ ! =e edge1 head1 & tail1 !n ) 8 back+ hamm] r\nd$ (f ! sp9e4 ,hav+ cut ! bo>ds j a bit l>g] ?an page size1 he pun*$ holes ?r\gh !m close to _! back edges4 ,^! holes he spac$ 9 pairs to mat* ! position ( ! b&s1 :i* he lac$ ?r\gh ! holes1 pa/$ firm1 & p\nd$ smoo?4 ,v little ! b9d] _h done s f> w\ld be visible 9 ! f9i%$ product4 ,b at ?is po9t he c\ld beg9 to put 8 arti/ry on display4 ,select+ silk ?read 9 two colors to suit 8 ta/e1 he b\nd a n>r[ piece ( lea!r across bo? ! top & bottom ( ! sp9e1 completely cov]+ !m ) some?+ l a buttonhole /it*4 ,^! headb&s add$ little to ! /r5g? b mu* to ! appe>ance ( a book4 ,c>eful b9d]s said t a book %\ld no m be se5 9 a libr>y )\t headb&s ?an a g5tleman %\ld appe> 9 public m9us a coll>4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 ! trimm+ press & pl\gh1 ! b\nd pages ( a book are clamp$ betwe5 ! heavy horizontal beams ( ! press :ile a knife held 9 ! pl\gh slides back & =?1 plan+ ! expos$ edge ( ! book smoo? & ev54 ,next came ! draw+ on ( ! cov]4 ,! b9d] cut a piece ( calfsk9 approximately in* l>g] all ar\nd ?an ! cov]s ( ! book op5$ out flat1 & ) 8 skiv+ knife p>$ ! m>g9s ( ! lea!r v ?94 ,aft] ! lea!r _h be5 well soak$ ) wat] on ! out] or gra9 side & ) pa/e on ! inn] side1 ! b9d] c>efully mold$ x ar\nd ! sp9e & smoo!d x onto ! bo>ds--be+ c>eful n to /ret* x4 ,! p>$ m>g9s 7 !n turn$ 9 & ! volume1 except = m9or t\*es & dry+1 0 f9ally ready to be decorat$4 ,hav+ decid$ on ! patt]n ( decoration he wi%$ to apply1 ! b9d] heat$ ! appropriate brass tools to bl9d 9 ! design4 ,! tools _h to be hot en\gh to make a %>p impression 9 ! lea!r1 b n hot en\gh to burn x4 ,ea* _h to be press$ into ! lea!r ) j ! "r weight--n too mu* & n too little--to produce ! desir$ effect4 ,if ! patt]n 0 also to be gild$1 ! b9d] prep>$ a solution ( :ite-(-egg1 call$ glair1 & pa9t$ x into ! bl9d impressions4 ,hav+ laid gold leaf !reon1 he aga9 press$ ! same heat$ tools c>efully 9 ! same ind5tations4 ,! excess gold 0 !n wip$ (f & ! lea!r clean$ ) dilut$ v9eg> & dress$ ) a good lea!r dress+4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is is ! ,pr9t+ ,(fice 9 ,williamsburg1 re/or$ to look z x did 9 ! eighte5? c5tury :5 x 0 occupi$ 9 succession by ,william ,p>ks1 ,william ,hunt]1 ,joseph ,royle1 ,alex&] ,purdie1 & ,john ,dixon ) 8 p>tn]s ,william ,hunt]1 ,jr41 & ,?omas ,nicolson4 ,f9ally1 ! endpap]s 7 pa/$ d[n to ! insides ( ! bo>ds & ! book 0 complete4 ,x took p]haps eight to t5 h\rs ( actual work+ "t = a s+le volume1 b spac$ ov] z mu* z two weeks to all[ dry+ "t betwe5 processes4 ,,! ,,williamsburg ,,b9d]y ,,today ,j z ! pr9t+ (fice ( ,william ,p>ks & 8 successors /ood on ,duke ( ,gl\ce/] ,/reet 9 ,williamsburg two c5turies ago1 s x /&s aga9 today on its orig9al site4 ,aga9 today x includes a b9d]y :]e g5tlem5 & ladies may bespeak books to be b\nd or reb\nd 9 ! mo/ exact mann] & ! mo/ elegant ta/e4 ,! ma/] b9d] assures 8 patrons t he uses only ! be/ mat]ials & c1 if !y s wi%1 decorate a volume ) ! egg1 ! ,m\setrap1 or any o!r roll or ornam5t 9 8 /ock t pleases _! fancy4 ,= he n only uses ! same k9ds ( tools us$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury2 "s ( !m are actually recut to produce replicas ( ! old patt]ns4 ,& 8 me?ods ( "w1 too1 are ! same t 7 employ$ 9 ?is %op by m5 :o put /urdy cov]s on ! volumes ( ,william ,byrd ,,ii1 ,?omas ,jeff]son1 & ,norborne ,b]keley--o!rwise titl$ ,"l ,botet\rt4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,fur!r ,,read+ ,^? :o may be int]e/$ 9 pursu+ fur!r ei!r ! hi/orical or ! h&icraft aspects ( bookb9d+ w f9d ! foll[+ li/ useful4 ,mo/ ( ^! books also include bibliographies or read+ li/s4 ,susan ,/romei ,b]g1 comp41 ,eighte5?-,c5tury ,williamsburg ,impr9ts4 ,new ,york3 ,cle>wat] ,publi%+ ,co41 #aihf4 ,vito ,j4 ,br5ni1 ,bookb9d+3 ,a ,guide to ! ,lit]ature4 ,we/port1 ,conn43 ,gre5wood ,press1 #aihb4 ,edi? ,diehl1 ,bookb9d+1 ,its ,backgr\nd & ,te*nique4 #e? ed4 rev4 ,port ,wa%+ton1 ,n4 ,y43 ,k5nikat ,press1 #aife4 ,hannah ,d4 ,fr5*1 ,bookb9d+ 9 ,e>ly ,am]ica3 ,sev5 ,essays on ,ma/]s & ,me?ods4 ,worce/]3 ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ,society1 #aihf4 ,david ,muir1 ,b9d+ & ,repair+ ,books by ,h&4 ,new ,york3 ,arco ,publi%+ ,co41 #aigg4 ,h[>d ,m4 ,nixon1 ,five ,c5turies ( ,engli% ,bookb9d+4 ,london3 ,s*ol> ,press1 #aigh4 ,matt ,t4 ,rob]ts & ,don ,e!r+ton1 ,bookb9d+ & ! ,cons]vation ( ,books3 ,a ,diction>y ( ,descriptive ,t]m9ology4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c43 ,libr>y ( ,congress1 #aihb4 ,c4 ,clem5t ,sam=d & ,john ,m4 ,hemphill ,,ii1 ,bookb9d+ 9 ,colonial ,virg9ia4 ,williamsburg1 ,va43 ,colonial ,williamsburg ,f\ndation1 #aiff4 ,walt]s ,art ,gall]y1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,bookb9d+1 #ebe-aiej ,a4,d4 ,baltimore3 ,! ,tru/ees ( ! ,walt]s ,art ,gall]y1 #aieg4 ,lawr5ce ,c4 ,wro?1 ,! ,colonial ,pr9t]4 ,portl&1 ,me43 ,s\?wor?-,an?o5s5 ,press1 #aich4 ,laura ,s4 ,"y1 ,bookb9d+ & ,cons]vation by ,h&3 ,a ,work+ ,guide4 ,new ,york3 ,r4 ,r4 ,b[k] ,co41 #aiha4 ,! ,bookb9d] 9 ,eighte5?-,c5tury ,williamsburg 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aiei & previ\sly repr9t$ 9 #aifd1 #aigj1 #aigc1 #aigh1 & #aihf4 ,writt5 by ,?omas ,k4 ,=d1 editor ( publications at ,colonial ,williamsburg until #aigf1 x is bas$ l>gely on a monograph prep>$ jo9tly by ,c4 ,clem5t ,sam=d1 !n ! ma/] bookb9d]1 & ,john ,m4 ,hemphill ,,ii1 a memb] ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,rese>*4 ,! monograph has be5 publi%$ z ,bookb9d+ 9 ,colonial ,virg9ia 7,williamsburg ,rese>* ,/udies1 #aiff74 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,sil5tly correct$ a few palpable typos4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4