,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,god ,,an ,,inquiry ,,into ,,! ,,orig9s ,,( ,,religions ,,by ,,grant ,,all5 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,physiological ,,/hetics0 8,,! ,,col\rs ,,( ,,fl[]s0 8,,=ce ,,& ,,en]gy0 ,,etc ,,london3 ,,grant ,,ri*>ds #ahig ,,preface ,,two ma9 s*ools ( religi\s ?9k+ exi/ 9 our mid/ at ! pres5t day3 ! s*ool ( humani/s & ! s*ool ( animi/s4 ,?is "w is to "s ext5t an attempt to reconcile !m4 ,x conta9s1 ,i believe1 ! fir/ ext5d$ ef=t t has yet be5 made to trace ! g5esis ( ! belief 9 a ,god f its e>lie/ orig9 9 ! m9d ( primitive man up to its fulle/ developm5t 9 advanc$ & e!realis$ ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,my me?od is !re=e con/ructive1 n de/ructive4 ,in/ead ( sett+ out to argue away or demoli% a deep-seat$ & ance/ral elem5t 9 our complex nature1 ?is book m]ely posits = itself ! psy*ological "q1 8,by :at successive /eps did m5 come to frame = !mselves ! conception ( a deity80--or1 if ! read] s pref]s x1 8,h[ did we arrive at our k ( ,god80 ,x seeks provisionally to answ] ^! pr(\nd & important que/ions by ref]5ce to ! e>lie/ beliefs ( savages1 pa/ or pres5t1 & to ! te/imony ( hi/orical docum5ts & anci5t monum5ts4 ,x does n conc]n itself at all ) ! validity or invalidity ( ! ideas 9 !mselves2 x does b endeav\r to %[ h[ inevitable !y 71 & h[ man's relation ) ! ext]nal univ]se 0 c]ta9 a priori to beget !m z ( necessity4 ,9 s va/ a syn!sis1 x w\ld be absurd to pret5d at ! pres5t day t "o approa*$ "o's subject entirely de novo4 ,e enquir] mu/ ne$s dep5d mu* ^u ! v>i\s rese>*es ( 8 pr$ecessors 9 v>i\s p>ts ( 8 field ( enquiry4 ,! problem be=e u divides itself into ?ree ma9 portions3 fir/1 h[ did m5 come to believe 9 _m gods--! orig9 ( poly!ism2 second1 h[1 by elim9ation ( mo/ ( ^! gods1 did c]ta9 races ( m5 come to believe 9 "o s+le supreme & omnipot5t ,god--! orig9 ( mono!ism2 ?ird h[1 hav+ arriv$ at t concept1 did ! mo/ advanc$ races & civilisations come to conceive ( t ,god z ,triune1 & to id5tify "o ( 8 ,p]sons ) a p>ticul> div9e & human inc>nation--! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 consid]+ ea* ( ^! ?ree ma9 problems ,i h be5 greatly guid$ & assi/$ by ?ree previ\s enquir]s or sets ( enquir]s4 ,z to ! orig9 ( poly!ism1 ,i h adopt$ 9 ! ma9 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s rem>kable gho/ !ory1 ?\gh ) c]ta9 important modifications & additions4 ,9 ?is "p ( my "w ,i h also be5 l>gely aid$ by mat]ials d]iv$ f ,mr4 ,duff ,macdonald1 ! able au?or ( ,africana1 f ,mr4 ,turn]1 ! well-kn[n ,samoan mission>y1 & f sev]al o!r writ]s1 supplem5t$ z !y are by my own rese>*es among ! works ( explor]s & e?nologi/s 9 g5]al4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i h "h accept$ ! !ory :i* traces ! orig9 ( ! belief 9 gods to primeval ance/or-wor%ip1 or r corpse-wor%ip1 z aga9/ ! rival !ory :i* traces its orig9 to a suppos$ primitive animism4 ,z to ! rise ( mono!ism1 ,i h be5 influ5c$ 9 no small degree by ,ku55 & ! ,teutonic s*ool ( ,old ,te/am5t criticism1 ^: ideas h be5 supplem5t$ by lat] concepts d]iv$ f ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?'s admirable "w1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites4 ,b "h1 on ! :ole1 ! c5tral explanation ,i h to (f] is1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 new & orig9al3 ! !ory1 good or bad1 ( ! circum/ances :i* l$ to ! elevation ( ! e?nical ,hebrew ,god1 ,jahweh1 above all 8 rivals1 & 8 f9al recognition z ! only true & liv+ god1 is my own & no "o else's4 ,z to ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 & its relations to ! prec$+ cults ( corn & w9e gods1 ,i h be5 guid$ to a great ext5t by ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] & ,mannh>dt1 ?\gh ,i d n suppose t ei!r ! liv+ or ! dead an?ropologi/ w\ld :olly acquiesce 9 ! use ,i h made ( _! spl5did mat]ials4 ,mr4 ,fraz]1 ! au?or ( t le>n$ "w1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 has pr(\ndly influ5c$ ! op9ions ( all s]i\s work]s at an?ropology & ! sci5ce ( religion1 & ,i _c too (t5 ackn[l$ge ! deep obligations "u :i* ,i lie to 8 pr(\nd & able treatises4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i h s trans=m$ ! mat]ial d]iv$ f him & f ,dr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? z to h made x 9 _m ways practically my own2 & ,i h supplem5t$ x by sev]al new examples & ideas1 sugge/$ 9 ! c\rse ( my own tol]ably wide read+4 ,?r\gh\t ! book z a :ole1 ,i also owe a consid]able debt to ,dr4 ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 f :om ,i h borr[$ mu* valuable matt]2 to ,mr4 ,sidney ,h>tl&'s ,leg5d ( ,p]seus2 to ,mr4 ,lawr5ce ,gomme1 :o has come ne>] at times ?an anyone else to ! special views & !ories "h promulgat$2 & to ,mr4 ,william ,simpson ( ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news1 an unobtrusive s*ol> ^: excell5t monographs on ,! ,wor%ip ( ,dea? & k9dr$ subjects h nev] yet receiv$ ! att5tion ,!y des]ve1 at ! h&s ( unprejudic$ /ud5ts ( religion4 ,my o!r obligations1 to ,dr4 ,momms51 to my fri5ds ,mr4 ,edw>d ,clodd1 ,pr(essor ,john ,rhys1 & ,pr(essor ,york ,p[ell1 z well z to num]\s travell]s1 mission>ies1 hi/orians1 & classici/s1 are too frequ5t to specify4 ,look+ at ! subject broadly1 ,i w\ld presume to say once m t my g5]al conclusions may be reg>d$ z repres5t+ to "s ext5t a reconciliation betwe5 ! conflict+ s*ools ( humani/s & animi/s1 head$ respectively by ,mr4 ,sp5c] & ,mr4 ,fraz]1 ?\gh ) a lean+ r to ! =m] ?an ! latt]4 ,at ! same "t x w\ld be a great mi/ake to look ^u my book z 9 any s5se a m]e eir5icon or compromise4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is 9 e "p a new & p]sonal "w1 conta9+1 :atev] its value1 a fre% & orig9al syn!sis ( ! subject4 ,i w\ld v5ture to po9t out z especially novel ! two foll[+ po9ts3 ! complete dem>cation ( religion f my?ology1 z practice f m]e explanatory gloss or guesswork2 & ! important %>e assign$ 9 ! g5esis ( mo/ exi/+ religi\s sy/ems to ! delib]ate manufacture ( gods by kill+4 ,?is doctr9e ( ! manufactur$ god1 to :i* ne>ly half my book is devot$1 seems to me to be a notion ( c>d9al value4 ,among o!r new ideas ( second>y rank1 ,i w\ld be bold en\gh to enum]ate ! foll[+3 ! e/abli%m5t ( ?ree successive /ages 9 ! conception ( ! ,life ( ! ,dead1 :i* might be summ$ up z ,corpse-wor%ip1 ,gho/-wor%ip1 & ,%ade-wor%ip1 & :i* answ] to ! ?ree /ages ( pres]vation or mummification1 burial1 & cremation2 ! recognition ( ! high place to be assign$ to ! safe-keep+ ( ! oracul> head 9 ! gr[? ( idol-wor%ip2 ! importance atta*$ to ! sacr$ /one1 ! sacr$ /ake1 & ! sacr$ tree1 & ! provisional pro( ( _! close connection ) ! graves ( ! dead2 ! entirely new conception ( ! developm5t ( mono!ism among ! ,jews f ! exclusive cult ( ! jeal\s god2 ! hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( cultivation f tumulus-(f]+s1 & its connection ) ! gr[? ( gods ( cultivation2 ! wide expansion giv5 to ! anci5t notion ( ! div9e-human victim2 ! recognition ( ! _w-wide preval5ce ( ! five-day fe/ival ( ! corn or w9e god1 & ( ! close simil>ity :i* m>ks its rites ?r\gh\t all ! cont95ts1 includ+ ,am]ica2 ! sugge/$ evolution ( ! god-eat+ sacram5ts ( l[] religions f ! cannibal practice ( honorifically eat+ "o's dead relations2 99 & ! evid5ce ( ! wide survival ( primitive corpse-wor%ip d[n to our own times 9 civilis$ ,europe4 ,i c\ld l>gely increase ?is rapid li/ ( :at ,i believe to be ! new contributions "h made to ! philosophy ( religi\s evolution2 b ,i purposely refra94 ,i ?9k x w be all[$ t if ev5 a few ( ^! ideas turn out on exam9ation to be bo? new & true1 my book w h succe$$ 9 ju/ify+ its exi/5ce4 99 ,:ile ?is "w 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! press a simil> !ory has be5 prop\nd$ by ,mr4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie 9 an article on 8,eat5 ) ,hon\r10 9 :i* he reviews briefly ! evid5ce = ! cu/om 9 ,egypt & else:]e4 ,i put =? ?is "w ) ! utmo/ diffid5ce4 ,! h>ve/ is va/ & ! lab\r]s are few4 ,i h be5 engag$ ^u collect+ & comp>+ mat]ials = m ?an tw5ty ye>s4 ,i h be5 engag$ 9 writ+ my book = m ?an t54 ,z ,i expla9 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ! pres5t fir/ sket* ( ! conclusions at :i* ,i h at la/ arriv$ is little m ?an provisional4 ,i desire 9 my pres5t essay m]ely to lay d[n ! l9es ( ! g5]al !ory :i* aft] s _m ye>s ( /udy ,i incl9e to accept4 ,if my attempt succe$s 9 attract+ public att5tion1 ,i hope to foll[ x up by sev]al o!r volumes 9 :i* ! ma9 op9ions or sugge/ions "h set =? may be re9=c$ & exp&$ by copi\s collections ( evid5ce & illu/rations4 ,if x fails to ar\se public att5tion1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ p]=ce be satisfi$ ) ?is v inadequate prelim9>y /atem5t4 ,i %\ld also l to add "h1 :at ,i po9t out at great] l5g? 9 ! body ( ! "w1 t ,i d n hold dogmatically to all or to a s+le "o ( ! ideas ,i h n[ express$4 ,!y are m]ely conceptions =c$ ^u my m9d by ! pres5t /ate ( ! evid5ce2 & ,i recognise ! fact t 9 s va/ & v>i$ a prov9ce1 :]e almo/ encyclopa$ic k w\ld be necess>y 9 ord] to enable "o to rea* a decid$ conclusion1 e s+le "o or all toge!r ( ^! conceptions are liable to be upset by fur!r rese>*4 ,i m]ely say1 8,?is is h[ ! matt] figures itself to me at pres5t1 on ! /r5g? ( ! facts n[ & "h kn[n to u40 ,a few *apt]s ( ! book 7 sep>ately publi%$ 9 v>i\s reviews at ! "t !y 7 fir/ writt54 ,!y 7 compos$1 h[ev]1 f ! outset1 z p>ts ( ?is book1 :i* does n !re=e consi/ ( disconnect$ essays ?r[n into l9e 9 an artificial unity4 ,ea* occupies ! precise place 9 ! argum5t = :i* x 0 fir/ int5d$4 ,! *apt]s 9 "q are ^? on 8,religion & ,my?ology10 & 8,! ,life ( ! ,dead10 contribut$ "u ! titles ( 8,practical ,religion0 & 8,immortality & ,resurrection0 to ! ,=tnightly ,re-view2 t on 8,sacr$ ,/ones10 contribut$ "u ! same "n to ! same p]iodical2 & t on 8,! ,gods ( ,egypt10 :i* orig9ally appe>$ 9 ! ,univ]sal ,review4 ,i h to ?ank ! proprietors & editors ( ^? magaz9es = p]mission to pr9t !m 9 _! prop] place "h4 ,!y h all be5 alt]$ & br\ght up z f> z ,i c\ld br+ !m to ! exi/+ /ate ( our k ) reg>d to ! subjects ( :i* !y treat4 ,9 deal+ ) s l>ge a v>iety ( mat]ials1 drawn f all times & places1 races & languages1 x w\ld be well-nigh impossible to avoid errors4 ,su* z my own c>e c\ld discov] ,i h ( c\rse correct$3 = ! re/1 ,i mu/ ask on ?is gr\nd ! indulg5ce ( ^? :o may happ5 to note !m4 ,i h endeav\r$ to write )\t fav\r or prejudice1 animat$ by a s+le desire to discov] ! tru?4 ,:e!r ,i h succe$$ 9 t attempt or n1 ,i tru/ my book may be receiv$ 9 ! same _s 9 :i* x has be5 writt51--a _s ( e>ne/ anxiety to le>n all t c be le>nt by enquiry & inve/igation ( man's connection ) 8 ,god1 9 ! pa/ & ! pres5t4 ,9 ?is hope ,i commit x to ! k9dly consid]ation ( t small section ( ! read+ public :i* takes a liv+ int]e/ 9 religi\s que/ions4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,god4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,*ri/ianity ,,z ,a ,,religi\s ,,/&>d4 ,i propose 9 ?is "w to trace out 9 r\gh outl9e ! evolution ( ! idea ( ,god f its e>lie/ & crude/ beg9n+s 9 ! savage m9d ( primitive man to t highly evolv$ & ab/ract =m :i* x f9ally assumes 9 contempor>y philosophical & !ological ?9k+4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! mod]n evolution>y enquir] ! int]e/ ( ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ?is widespread idea is ma9ly psy*ological4 ,we h be=e u a va/ & p]vasive gr\p ( human op9ions1 true or false1 :i* h ex]cis$ & /ill ex]cise an imm5se influ5ce ^u ! developm5t ( mank9d & ( civilisation3 ! "q arises1 ,:y did human be+s ev] come to hold ^! op9ions at all1 & h[ did !y arrive at !m8 ,:at 0 !re 9 ! conditions ( e>ly man :i* l$ him to frame to himself su* ab/ract notions ( "o or m great sup]natural ag5ts1 ( ^: objective exi/5ce he _h c]ta9ly 9 nature no cle> or obvi\s evid5ce8 ,reg>d+ ! problem 9 ?is light1 z ess5tially a problem ( ! processes ( ! human m9d1 ,i set aside f ! outset1 z =eign to my purpose1 any k9d ( enquiry into ! objective validity ( any "o among ! religi\s beliefs ?us set #jjb;be=e u z subject-matt]4 ,! "q :e!r !re may be a ,god or gods1 &1 if s1 :at may be 8 or _! sub/ance & attributes1 d n "h conc]n u4 ,all we h to d 9 our pres5t capacity is to ask ourselves /rictly1 ,:at fir/ sugge/$ to ! m9d ( man ! notion ( deity 9 ! ab/ract at all8 ,& h[1 f ! e>ly multiplicity ( deities :i* we f9d to h prevail$ 9 all primitive times among all human races1 did ! conception ( a s+le great & unlimit$ deity fir/ take its rise8 ,9 o!r words1 :y did m5 ev] believe !re 7 gods at all1 & :y f _m gods did !y arrive at "o8 ,:y f poly!ism h ! mo/ advanc$ nations proce$$ to mono!ism8 ,to put ! "q 9 ?is =m is to leave entirely out ( consid]ation ! objective reality or o!rwise ( ! idea itself4 ,to analyse ! orig9 ( a concept is n to attack ! validity ( ! belief x encloses4 ,! idea ( gravitation1 = example1 arose by sl[ degrees 9 human m9ds1 & rea*$ at la/ its f9al expression 9 ,newton's law4 ,b to trace ! /eps by :i* t idea 0 gradually rea*$ is n 9 any way to disprove or to discr$it x4 ,! ,*ri/ian believ] may simil>ly hold t m5 arriv$ by natural /ages at ! k ( ! "o true ,god2 he is n b\nd to reject ! f9al conception z false m]ely because ( ! /eps by :i* x 0 sl[ly evolv$4 ,a creative ,god1 x is true1 might pref] to make a sudd5 revelation ( himself to "s *os5 body ( m52 b an evolution>y ,god1 we may well believe1 might pref] 9 8 inscrutable wisdom to reveal 8 own exi/5ce & qualities to 8 creatures by means ( ! same sl[ & t5tative intellectual grop+s z ^? by :i* he reveal$ to !m ! physical tru?s ( nature4 ,i wi% my enquiry1 !re=e1 to be reg>d$1 n z de/ructive1 b z recon/ructive4 ,x only attempts to recov] & foll[ out ! v>i\s planes 9 ! evolution ( ! idea ( ,god1 r ?an to ca/ d\bt ^u ! tru? ( ! evolv$ concept4 ,9#jjc inve/igat+ any ab/ruse & difficult subject1 x is (t5 be/ to proce$ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 ev5 al?\gh ! unkn[n itself may happ5 to come fir/ 9 ! ord] ( nature & ( logical developm5t4 ,= ?is reason1 x may be advisable to beg9 "h ) a brief prelim9>y exam9ation ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* is n only ! mo/ famili> ( all religions to u ,*ri/ian nations1 b also ! be/ kn[n 9 its orig9s3 & !n to %[ h[ f> we may safely use x z a ,/&>d ( ,ref]5ce 9 expla9+ ! less obvi\s & c]ta9 features ( e>li] or collat]al cults4 ,*ri/ianity1 !n1 view$ z a religi\s /&>d1 has ?is cle> & und5iable advantage ov] almo/ e o!r kn[n =m ( fai?--t x q frankly & confess$ly sets out 9 its developm5t ) ! wor%ip ( a p>ticul> ,deifi$ ,man4 ,?is po9t 9 its hi/ory _c1 ,i ?9k1 be ov]rat$ 9 importance1 because 9 t s+le indubitable c5tral fact x gives u ! key to mu* t is c>d9al 9 all o!r religions2 e "o ( :i*1 z ,i hope h]eaft] to %[1 equally spr+s1 directly or indirectly1 f ! wor%ip ( a s+le ,deifi$ ,man1 or ( _m ,deifi$ ,m51 m or less e!realis$4 ,:atev] else may be said ab\t ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 x is at lea/ fairly agre$ on ei!r side1 bo? by fri5ds & foes1 t ?is great religion took its rise ar\nd ! p]sonality ( a c]ta9 p>ticul> ,galilean tea*]1 by "n ,jesus1 conc]n+ :om1 if we "k any?+ at all ) any approa* to c]ta9ty1 we "k at lea/ t he 0 a man ( ! p1 hung on a cross 9 ,j]usalem "u ! procurator%ip ( ,caius ,pontius ,pilatus4 ,t k]nel ( fact--a man1 & 8 dea?--,jesus ,*ri/ & him crucifi$--is ! "o almo/ und\bt$ hi/orical nucleus r\nd :i* all ! re/ ( a va/ ,european & ,asiatic sy/em ( ?\ght & belief has sl[ly cry/allis$4 ,let u figure cle>ly to ourselves ! full import ( ^! tru?s4 #jjd;,a ,deifi$ ,man is ! c5tral figure 9 ! fai? ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,f ! v beg9n+1 h[ev]1 a leg5d1 true or false 7b ^: tru? or falsity has no relation :atev] to our pres5t subject71 ga!r$ ab\t ! p]sonality ( ?is p>ticul> ,galilean peasant re=m]4 ,rev]5c$ at fir/ by a small body ( disciples ( 8 own race & ca/e1 he grew gradually 9 _! m9ds into a div9e p]sonage1 ( :om /range /ories 7 told1 & a /range hi/ory believ$ by a gr\p ( ev]-increas+ adh]5ts 9 all p>ts ( ! ,grco-,roman ,m$it]ranean civilisation4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! /ories1 9 all probability--c]ta9ly ! "o to :i* mo/ importance 0 atta*$ by ! pione]s ( ! fai?--clu/]$ ab\t 8 dea? & its imm$iate sequ5ce4 ,jesus1 we are told1 0 crucifi$1 dead1 & buri$4 ,b at ! end ( ?ree days1 if we may cr$it ! e>ly docum5ts ( our ,*ri/ian fai?1 8 body 0 no long] to be f\nd 9 ! sepul*re :]e x _h be5 laid by fri5dly h&s3 & ! report spread abroad t he _h ris5 aga9 f ! dead1 & liv$ once m a some:at phantasmal life among ! liv+ 9 8 prov9ce4 ,sup]natural mess5g]s ann\nc$ 8 resurrection to ! wom5 :o _h lov$ him3 he 0 se5 9 ! fle% f "t to "t = v %ort p]iods by "o or o!r among ! fai?ful :o /ill rev]$ 8 memory4 ,at la/1 aft] _m su* appe>ances1 m or less fully describ$ 9 ! crude exi/+ n>ratives1 he 0 sudd5ly c>ri$ up to ! sky be=e ! eyes ( 8 foll[]s1 :]e1 z "o ( ! v]sions au?oritatively rem>ks1 he 0 8receiv$ into heav51 & sat on ! "r h& ( ,god0--t is to say1 ( ,jahweh1 ! e?nical deity ( ! ,hebrew p4 ,su* 9 its k]nel 0 ! orig9al ,*ri/ian doctr9e z h&$ d[n to u amid a mi/ ( miracle1 9 f\r or five docum5ts ( d\btful age & unc]ta9 au!nticity4 ,ev5 ?is c5tral idea does n fully appe> 9 ! ,paul9e epi/les1 believ$ to be ! olde/ 9 date ( all our ,*ri/ian #jjewrit+s3 x fir/ takes full %ape 9 ! some:at lat] ,gospels & ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,9 ! simple/ & p]haps ! e>lie/ ( ^! def9ite acc\nts we are m]ely told ! /ory ( ! dea? & resurrection1 ! latt] fact be+ v\*$ = on ! dubi\s te/imony ( 8a "y man clo!d 9 a long :ite g>m5t10 supplem5t$ 7app>5tly at a lat] p]iod7 by subsequ5t 8appe>ances0 to v>i\s believ]s4 ,) ! controv]sies :i* h rag$ ab\t ^! diff]5t /ories1 h[ev]1 ! broad an?ropological enquiry into ! evolution ( ,god has no conc]n4 ,x is en\gh = u "h to admit1 :at ! evid5ce probably w>rants u 9 conclud+1 t a real hi/orical man ( ! "n ( ,jesus did once exi/ 9 ,l[] ,syria1 & t 8 disciples at a p]iod v %ortly aft] 8 execution believ$ him to h actually ris5 f ! dead1 & 9 due "t to h asc5d$ into heav54 ,at a v e>ly date1 too1 x 0 fur!r ass]t$ t ,jesus 0 9 "s unnatural or sup]natural s5se 8! son ( ,god0--t is to say1 once m1 ! son ( ,jahweh1 ! local & national deity ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,9 o!r words1 8 wor%ip 0 affiliat$ ^u ! e>li] hi/orical wor%ip ( ! p 9 ^: mid/ he liv$1 & f :om 8 fir/ disciples 7 exclusively ga!r$4 ,x 0 n1 z we %all m fully see h]eaft]1 a revolution>y or purely de/ructive sy/em4 ,x bas$ itself ^u ! common conceptions ( ! ,semitic community4 ,! h&ful ( ,jews & ,galileans :o accept$ ,jesus z a div9e figure did n ?9k x necess>y1 9 adopt+ him z a god1 to get rid ( _! own preconceiv$ religi\s op9ions4 ,!y believ$ r 9 8 prior exi/5ce1 z a "p ( ,jahweh1 & 9 8 inc>nation 9 a human body = ! purpose ( r$emption4 ,& :5 8 cult spread ar\nd into neighbor+ c\ntries 7*iefly1 x w\ld seem1 ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( "o ,paul ( ,t>sus1 :o _h nev] se5 him1 or _h beheld him only 9 :at is vaguely call$ 8a vision07 ! cult #jjf( ,jahweh w5t h& 9 h& ) x1 s t a sort ( modifi$ my/ic mono!ism1 bas$ on ,judaism1 became ! e>ly cre$ ( ! new cosmopolitan ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,o!r leg5ds1 ( a sort famili> 9 ! lives ( ! f\nd]s ( cre$s & *ur*es else:]e1 grew up ab\t ! life ( ! ,*ri/ian lead]2 or at any rate1 incid5ts ( a typical k9d 7 n>rat$ by 8 disciples z "p ( 8 hi/ory4 ,t a god or a godlike p]son %\ld be born ( a woman by ! ord9>y physiological processes ( humanity seems d]ogatory to 8 dignity--p]haps fatal to 8 godhead3 99 !re=e x 0 ass]t$--we "k n :e!r truly or o!rwise--t ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity1 by "s my/]i\s afflatus1 0 born ( a virg94 ,?\gh describ$ at times z ! son ( "o ,joseph1 a c>p5t]1 ( ,naz>e?1 & ( ,m>y1 8 betro!d wife1 he 0 also reg>d$ 9 an alt]native way z ! son ( ! ,hebrew god ,jahweh1 j z ,alex&]1 ?\gh kn[n to be ! son ( ,philip1 0 also consid]$ to be ! (fspr+ ( ,amon-,ra or ,zeus ,ammon4 ,we are told1 9 ord] to less5 ?is discrepancy 7on ! sl5d] au?ority ( a dream ( ,joseph's71 h[ ,jesus 0 miracul\sly conceiv$ by ! ,holy ,_s ( ,jahweh 9 ,m>y's womb4 ,he 0 fur!r provid$ ) a royal p$igree f ! h\se ( ,david1 a real or my?ical e>ly ,hebrew k+2 & prophecies f ! ,hebrew sacr$ books 7 f\nd to be fulfill$ 9 8 mo/ *ildi% adv5tures4 ,9 "o ( ! exi/+ biographies1 commonly ascrib$ to ,luke1 ! companion ( ,paul1 b suppos$ to be> traces ( mu* lat] au?or%ip1 _m su* m>vell\s /ories are rec\nt$ ( 8 infantile adv5tures3 & 9 all our docum5ts1 miracles atte/ 8 sup]natural p[]s1 :ile appeal is con/antly made to ! fulfilm5t ( suppos$ pr$ictions 7all ( old ,hebrew orig97 z a te/ & cr$5tial ( ! reality ( 8 div9e mission4 99 ,on ?is subject1 see ,mr4 ,sidney ,h>tl&'s ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 vol4 i4 ,we #jjg%all see h]eaft] t ^! two po9ts--! gradual gr[? ( a my? or leg5d1 & affiliation ^u e>li] local religi\s ideas--are common features 9 ! evolution ( gods 9 g5]al1 & ( ! ,god ( mono!ism 9 p>ticul>4 ,9 almo/ e case :]e we c def9itely track him to 8 rise1 ! deity ?us beg9s ) a ,deifi$ ,man1 elevat$ by 8 wor%ipp]s to div9e rank1 & provid$ ) a hi/ory ( miracul\s incid5t1 (t5 connect$ ) ! p]sonality ( preexi/5t deities4 ,9 ! e>li] /ages1 x seems pretty cle> t ! relations ( nasc5t ,*ri/ianity to ,judaism 7 vague & undef9$3 ! ,*ri/ians reg>d$ !mselves z a m]e sect ( ! ,jews1 :o paid special rev]5ce to a p>ticul> dead tea*]1 n[ rais$ to heav5 by a special apo!osis ( a k9d ) :i* ev]yone 0 !n famili>4 ,b z ! ,*ri/ian *ur* spread to o!r l&s1 by ! great seaports1 x became on ! "o h& m di/9ct & exclusive1 :ile on ! o!r h& x became m def9itely dogmatic & !ological4 ,x 0 9 ,egypt1 x w\ld seem1 t ! ,*ri/ian ,pan!on 7if ,i may be all[$ ! expression 9 ! case ( a religion nom9ally mono!i/ic7 fir/ took its def9ite ,tr9it>ian %ape4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! old ,egyptian love = ,triads or ,tr9ities ( gods1 a sort ( my/ical triune deity 0 at la/ erect$ out ( ! ,hebrew ,jahweh & ! man ,jesus1 ) ! aid ( ! ,holy ,_s or ,wisdom ( ,jahweh1 :i* _h come to be reg>d$ by e>ly ,*ri/ian m9ds 7"u ! influ5ce ( direct div9e inspiration or o!rwise7 z a sep>ate & coord9ate p]son ( ?is composite godhead4 ,h[ f> ! famili> ,egyptian ,tr9ity ( ,osiris1 ,isis1 & ,horus may h influ5c$ ! conception ( ! ,*ri/ian ,tr9ity1 ?us f9ally made up ( ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/1 we %all discuss at a lat] /age ( our enquiry2 = ! pres5t1 x may suffice to po9t out t ! ,grco-,egyptian ,a?anasius 0 ! great uphold] ( ! def9ite dogma ( ! ,tr9ity aga9/ oppos+ 7h]etical7 ,*ri/ian ?9k]s2 & #jjht ! hymn or s-call$ cre$ kn[n by 8 "n 7?\gh n 9 all probability ( 8 own composition7 be>s ! impress ( ! my/ical ,egyptian _s1 temp]$ by ! ,alex&rian ,greek delight 9 def9it5ess & m9ut5ess ( philosophical di/9ction4 ,9 ?is respect1 too1 we %all obs]ve 9 ! sequel t ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! mo/ kn[n among ! religions1 0 exactly p>allel to t ( e>li] & obscur] cre$s4 ,at fir/1 ! relations ( ! gods to "o ano!r are vague & undet]m9$2 _! p$igree is (t5 confus$ & ev5 contradictory2 & ! pan!on lacks any?+ l due hi]>*ical sy/em or subord9ation ( p]sons4 ,b z "t goes on1 & que/ions ( !ology or my?ology are debat$ among ! prie/s & o!r int]e/$ p>ties1 details ( ?is sort get settl$ 9 ! =m ( rigid dogmas1 :ile subtle di/9ctions ( a philosophical or metaphysical sort t5d to be import$ by m civilis$ m5 into ! crude primitive fai?4 ,! belief t began ) frank acceptance ( ,judaism1 plus a p]sonal wor%ip ( ! ,deifi$ ,man1 ,jesus1 cry/allis$ at la/ into ! ,ca?olic ,fai? 9 "o ,god1 ( ?ree p]sons1 ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,quibbles are ev5 made1 & discussions rais$ at la/ z to ! "q :e!r ,fa!r & ,son are 8( "o sub/ance0 or only 8( l sub/ance02 :e!r ! ,holy ,gho/ proce$s f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 or f ! ,fa!r only2 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,x 0 l>gely 9 o!r c\ntries ?an ,juda1 & especially 9 ,gaul1 ,rome1 & ,egypt1 too1 z ,i believe1 t symbolism came to ! aid ( my/icism3 t ! cross1 ! tau1 ! lab>um1 ! fi%1 ! ,alpha & ,omega1 & all ! o!r e>ly ,*ri/ian emblems 7 evolv$ & p]fect$2 & t ! beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ian art took _! fir/ def9ite =ms4 ,su* =ms 7 especially to a great ext5t evolv$ 9 ! ,roman catacombs4 ,*ri/ianity1 be+ a univ]sal1 n a local or national1 religion1 has #jji;adopt$ 9 its c\rse _m div]se elem5ts f mo/ v>i$ s\rces4 ,orig9ally1 x w\ld seem1 ! ,*ri/ian pan!on 0 almo/ exclusively fill$ by ! triune ,god1 9 8 ?ree developm5ts or 8p]sons10 z ?us rigor\sly conceiv$ by ! ,alex&rian intellig5ce4 ,b f a v e>ly "t1 if n f ! fir/ dawn ( ! ,*ri/ian cult1 x 0 cu/om>y to rev]5ce ! rema9s ( ^? :o _h suff]$ = ! fai?1 & p]haps ev5 to invoke _! aid ) ,*ri/ & ! ,fa!r4 ,! ,roman bran* ( ! *ur*1 especially1 accu/om$ to ! ,roman ance/or-wor%ip & ! ,roman rev]5ce = ! ,du ,manes1 _h its *ief places ( pray] 9 ! catacombs1 :]e its dead 7 laid4 ,?us arose ! practice ( ! invocation ( sa9ts1 at ^: graves or relics pray]s 7 (f]$1 bo? to ! supreme deity & to ! fai?ful dead !mselves z int]cessors ) ,*ri/ & ! ,fa!r4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 accu/om$ 9 _! hea!n /age to pay respect & ev5 wor%ip to ! spirits ( _! deceas$ fri5ds1 c\ld n imm$iately give up ?is pi\s cu/om aft] _! conv]sion to ! new cre$1 & s graft$ x on to _! adopt$ religion4 ,?us ! subsidi>y f\nd]s ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,paul1 ,pet]1 ! ,apo/les1 ! ,evangeli/s1 ! m>tyrs1 ! confessors1 came to =m1 z x 71 a subsidi>y pan!on1 & to rank to "s ext5t almo/ z an inf]ior ord] ( deities4 ,among ! p]sons :o ?us %>$ 9 ! hon\rs ( ! new fai?1 ! "m ( ,jesus e>ly assum$ a peculi> prom95ce4 ,goddesses _h fill$ a v l>ge "p 9 ! devotional _s ( ! old] religions3 x 0 b natural t ! devotees ( ,isis & ,pa%t1 ( ,artemis & ,aphrodite1 %\ld look = "s correspond+ object ( fem99e wor%ip 9 ! y\ng] fai?4 ,! ,!otokos1 ! "m ( ,god1 ! bless$ ,madonna1 soon came to possess a practical importance 9 ,*ri/ian wor%ip sc>cely inf]ior to t enjoy$ by ! p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity !mselves--9 c]ta9 s\!rn c\ntries1 inde$1 actually sup]ior #jajto x4 ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 9 pictorial repres5tation1 grew to be ! fav\rite subject ( ,*ri/ian art4 ,h[ f> ?is p>ticul> developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian _s _h its orig9 9 ,egypt1 & 0 relat$ to ! well-kn[n ,egyptian figures ( ! goddess ,isis ) ! *ild ,horus 9 h] lap1 is a "q :i* may dem& consid]ation 9 "s future treatise4 ,= ! pres5t1 x w be en\gh to call att5tion 9 pass+ to ! fact t 9 ?is second>y rank ( deities or semi-div9e p]sons1 ! sa9ts & m>tyrs1 all alike1 f ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y d[n to ! newe/ canonis$ among ,roman ,ca?olic prelates1 7 at "o "t or ano!r ,liv+ ,m5 & ,wom54 ,9 o!r words1 besides ! "o ,deifi$ ,man1 ,jesus1 r\nd :om ! entire sy/em ( ,*ri/ianity c5tres1 ! ,*ur* n[ wor%ips also 9 ! second degree a :ole ho/ ( m9or ,dead ,m5 & ,wom51 bi%ops1 prie/s1 virg9s1 & confessors4 ,f ! e>lie/ to ! late/ ages ( ! ,*ur*1 ! complexity ?us long ago introduc$ into h] practice has gone on increas+ ) e g5]ation4 ,nom9ally f ! v outset a mono!i/ic religion1 ,*ri/ianity gave up its /rict mono!ism almo/ at ! fir/ />t by admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( ?ree p]sons 9 ! godhead1 :om x va9ly endeav\r$ to unify by its my/ic b confess$ly incompreh5sible ,a?anasian dogma4 ,! ,madonna 7) ! ,*ild7 rose 9 "t practically to ! rank ( an indep5d5t goddess 79 all b esot]ic ,ca?olic !ory73 :ile ,/4 ,seba/ian1 ,/4 ,george1 ,/4 ,john ,bapti/1 ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 & ev5 ,/4 ,?omas ( ,cant]bury himself1 became z important objects ( wor%ip 9 c]ta9 places z ! deity 9 p]son4 ,at ,milan1 = example1 ,san ,c>lo ,borromeo1 at ,compo/ella1 ,santiago1 at ,v5ice1 ,/4 ,m>k1 usurp$ to a great ext5t ! place ( ! orig9al ,god4 ,z m & m sa9ts di$ 9 ea* g5]ation1 :ile ! cult ( ! old] sa9ts /ill l+]$ on ev]y:]e m or less locally1 ! second>y pan!on grew ev] full] & full]4 ,obscure p]sonages1 #jaal ,/4 ,crisp9 & ,/4 ,cosmas1 ,/4 ,*ad & ,/4 ,cu?b]t rose to ! rank ( dep>tm5tal or local patrons1 l ! dep>tm5tal & local gods ( e>li] religions4 ,e trade1 e guild1 e nation1 e prov9ce1 _h its peculi> sa9t4 ,& at ! same "t1 ! !ory ( ! ,*ur* und]w5t a con/ant evolution4 ,cre$ 0 add$ to cre$--,apo/les'1 ,nic5e1 ,a?anasian1 & s =?1 ea* embody+ "s new & (t5 subtle increm5t to ! :ole mass ( accept$ dogma4 ,c\ncil aft] c\ncil made fre% additions ( articles ( fai?--! ,unity ( ,sub/ance1 ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,atonem5t1 ! ,immaculate ,conception1 ! ,au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 ! ,infallibility ( ! ,pope 9 8 spiritual capacity4 ,& all ^! also are well-kn[n incid5ts ( e evolv+ cult3 con/ant increase 9 ! numb] ( div9e be+s2 con/ant ref9em5ts 9 ! articles ( religion1 "u ! influ5ce ( prie/ly or s*ola/ic metaphysics4 ,two or ?ree o!r po9ts mu/ /ill be not$ 9 ?is ha/y review ( ! evolution ( ,*ri/ianity1 reg>d$ z a /&>d ( religion2 & ^! ,i w n[ proce$ to consid] ) all possible brevity4 ,9 ! matt] ( c]emonial & c]ta9 o!r important accessories ( religion x mu/ frankly be admitt$ t ,*ri/ianity r borr[$ f ! old] cults ?an und]w5t a natural & orig9al developm5t on its own acc\nt4 ,a prie/hood1 z su*1 does n seem to h =m$ any integral or necess>y "p ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/5dom3 & :5 ! ord]s ( bi%ops1 prie/s1 & deacons 7 introduc$ into ! new cre$1 ! idea seems to h be5 d]iv$ r f ! exi/+ prie/hoods ( ant]ior religions ?an f any organic connexion ) ! c5tral facts ( ! new wor%ip4 ,f ! v nature ( ! circum/ances ?is w\ld inevitably result4 ,= ! primitive temple 7z we %all see h]eaft]7 0 ! ,dead ,man's tomb2 ! alt> 0 8 grave/one2 & ! prie/ 0 ! relative or repres5tative :o cont9u$ = him ! cu/om>y gifts to ! gho/ #jab;at ! grave4 ,b ! case ( ,jesus diff]s f almo/ e o!r case on record ( a ,deifi$ ,man 9 ?is--t 8 body seems to h disappe>$ at an e>ly date2 & t1 inasmu* z 8 resurrection & asc5sion into heav5 7 made ! corn]-/one ( ! new fai?1 x 0 impossible = wor%ip ( 8 rema9s to take ! same =m z _h be5 tak5 9 ! in/ances ( almo/ all previ\sly deifi$ ,dead ,p]sons4 ,?us1 ! mat]ials out ( :i* ! ,temple1 ! ,alt>1 ,sacrifices1 ,prie/hood1 are usually evolv$ 7z we %all h]eaft] see7 7 "h to a v l>ge ext5t necess>ily want+4 ,nev]!less1 s ess5tial to religion 9 ! m9ds ( its foll[]s are all ^! impos+ & wont$ accessories t our cult did actually manage to borr[ !m readymade f ! great religions t w5t be=e x1 & to br+ !m into "s sort ( artificial relation ) its own sy/em4 ,y _c revolutionize ! human m9d at "o bl[4 ,! pagans _h be5 accu/om$ to all ^! ideas z integral p>ts ( religion z !y und]/ood x3 & !y proce$$ z ,*ri/ians to accommodate !m by side-issues to ! new fai?1 9 :i* ^! elem5ts _h no su* natural place z 9 ! old] cre$s4 ,n only did sacr$ places arise at ! graves or places ( m>tyrdom ( ! sa9ts2 n only 0 wor%ip p]=m$ beside ! bones ( ! holy dead1 9 ! catacombs & else:]e2 b ev5 a mode ( sacrifice & ( sacrificial communion 0 inv5t$ 9 ! mass1--a some:at artificial developm5t f ! possibly unsac]dotal ,agape-fea/s ( ! primitive ,*ri/ians4 ,gradually1 *ur*es ga!r$ ar\nd ! relics ( ! m>tyr sa9ts3 & 9 "t x became a pr9ciple ( usage t e *ur* mu/ conta9 an alt>--made ( /ones on ! analogy ( ! old sacr$ /ones2 conta9+ ! bones or o!r relics ( a sa9t1 l all e>li] %r9es2 consecrat$ by ! p\r+ on ( oil aft] ! antique fa%ion2 & devot$ to ! celebration ( ! sacrifice ( ! mass1 :i* became by degrees m & m expiatory & sac]dotal 9 #jac;"*4 ,z ! sa9ts increas$ 9 importance1 new holy places sprang up ar\nd _! bodies2 & "s ( ^! holy places1 conta9+ _! tombs1 became c5tres ( pilgrimage = ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( ,*ri/5dom2 z did also 9 p>ticul> ! empty tomb ( ,*ri/ himself1 ! ,holy ,sepul*re at ,j]usalem4 ,! gr[? ( ! prie/hood kept pace ) ! gr[? ( c]emonial 9 g5]al1 till at la/ x culm9at$ 9 ! m$iaeval papacy1 ) its hi]>*y ( c>d9als1 ar*bi%ops1 bi%ops1 prie/s1 & o!r endless function>ies4 ,ve/m5ts1 inc5se1 & l accompanim5ts ( sac]dotalism also rapidly ga9$ gr\nd4 ,all ?is1 too1 is a common trait ( high] religi\s evolution ev]y:]e4 ,s likewise are fa/+1 vigils1 & ! ec/atic condition4 ,b asceticism1 mona/icism1 celibacy1 & o!r =ms ( morbid ab/95ce are peculi>ly rife 9 ! ea/1 & f\nd _! highe/ expression 9 ! life ( ! ,syrian & ,egyptian h]mits4 ,la/ly1 a few words mu/ be devot$ 9 pass+ to ! rise & developm5t ( ! ,sacr$ ,books1 n[ excessively v5]at$ 9 ,nor?-we/]n ,*ri/5dom4 ,^! consi/$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance ( g5u9e or spuri\s lett]s ( ! apo/les to ! v>i\s local *ur*es 7! s-call$ ,epi/les71 "s ( :i* w\ld no d\bt be pres]v$ ) consid]able rev]5ce2 & lat] ( lives or leg5ds ( ,jesus & 8 imm$iate successors 7! s-call$ ,gospels & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les74 ,fur!rmore1 z ,*ri/ianity adopt$ f ,judaism ! cult ( its "o supreme div9e figure1 n[ no long] envisag$ z ,jahweh1 ! national deity ( ! ,hebrews1 b z a univ]sal cosmopolitan ,god & ,fa!r1 x foll[$ naturally t ! sacr$ books ( ! ,jewi% p1 ! lit]ature ( ,jahweh-wor%ip1 %\ld also receive consid]able att5tion at ! h&s ( ! new prie/hood4 ,by a gradual process ( selection & elim9ation1 ! canon ( scripture 0 evolv$ f ^! het]og5e\s mat]ials3 ! hi/orical or quasi-hi/orical & prophetic ,hebrew #jadtracts 7 adopt$ by ! ,*ur*1 ) a few additions ( lat] date1 su* z ! ,book ( ,daniel1 "u ! /yle & title ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! m g5]ally accept$ lives ( ,*ri/1 aga91 kn[n z ,evangels or ,gospels2 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les2 ! epi/les to ! *ur*es2 & t curi\s my/ical allegory ( ! ,n]onian p]secution kn[n z ! ,apocalypse1 7 *os5 out ( ! mass ( e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature to =m ! au?oritative collection ( inspir$ writ+ :i* we call ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! importance ( ?is het]og5e\s an?ology ( works belong+ to all ages & sy/ems1 b conf\nd$ toge!r 9 popul> fancy "u ! "n ( ! ,books1 or m rec5tly /ill z a s+ul> n\n1 ! ,bible1 grew apace ) ! gr[? ( ! ,*ur*3 ?\gh ! extreme & sup]/itions adoration ( _! m]e v]bal cont5ts has only be5 rea*$ 9 ! debas$ & reaction>y =ms ( ,*ri/ianity foll[$ at ! pres5t day by our half-educat$ ,engli% & ,am]ican ,prote/ant diss5t]s4 ,f ?is v brief review ( ! mo/ ess5tial factors 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian religion z a sy/em1 /rung loosely toge!r ) a s+le eye to ! requirem5ts ( our pres5t inve/igation1 x w be obvi\s at once to e intellig5t read] t ,*ri/ianity _c possibly ?r[ = u any direct or imm$iate light on ! problem ( ! evolution ( ! idea ( ,god4 ,n only did ! concept ( a god & gods exi/ full-fl$g$ long be=e ,*ri/ianity took its rise at all1 b also ! purely mono!i/ic conception ( a s+le supreme ,god1 ! creator & uphold] ( all ?+s1 _h be5 rea*$ 9 all its sublime simplicity by ! ,jewi% tea*]s c5turies be=e ! bir? ( ! man ,jesus4 ,*ri/ianity borr[$ f ,judaism ?is magnific5t concept1 &1 humanly speak+1 proce$$ to spoil x by its addition ( ! ,son & ! ,holy ,gho/1 :o m> ! complete unity ( ! gr& ,hebrew ideal4 ,ev5 outside ,judaism1 ! selfsame notion _h already be5 arriv$ at 9 a c]ta9 my/ical #jae;=m z ! 8esot]ic doctr9e0 ( ! ,egyptian prie/hood2 f :om1 ) _! peculi> views z to emanations & ,triads1 ! ,*ri/ian dogmas ( ! ,tr9ity1 ! ,logos1 ! ,inc>nation1 & ! ,holy ,gho/ 7 9 l>ge "p borr[$4 ,! ,jews ( ,alex&ria1 t ea/]n ,london1 =m$ ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ,egyptian hea!nism1 ,hell5ic philosophy1 & e>ly ,*ri/ianity2 & _! half-philosophical1 half-religi\s ideas may be f\nd p]meat+ ! fir/ writ+s & ! fir/ sy/ematic ?\ght ( ! nasc5t *ur*4 ,9 none ( ^! ways1 !re=e1 c we reg>d ,*ri/ianity z af=d+ u any direct or imm$iate guidance 9 our se>* = ! orig9 & evolution ( ! concepts ( _m gods1 & ( "o ,god ! creator4 ,/ill1 9 a c]ta9 second>y & illu/rative s5se1 ,i ?9k we are fully ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! religion ^: beg9n+s are mo/ surely kn[n to u1 =ms a /&>d ( ref]5ce = all ! o!r religions ( ! _w1 & helps u indirectly to und]/& & expla9 ! orig9 & evolution ( ^! deepe/ among our fundam5tal spiritual conceptions4 ,its value 9 ?is respect may be/ be und]/ood if ,i po9t out briefly 9 two contra/$ /atem5ts ! po9ts 9 :i* x may & ! po9ts 9 :i* x may n be fairly accept$ z a typical religion4 ,let u beg9 fir/ ) ! po9ts 9 :i* x may4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,*ri/ianity is ?or\ghly typical 9 ! fact t beyond all d\bt its mo/ c5tral div9e figure 0 at fir/1 by common cons5t ( or?odox & het]odox alike1 no?+ o!r ?an a p>ticul> ,deifi$ ,man4 ,all else t has be5 ass]t$ ab\t ?is p>ticul> ,man--t he 0 ! ,son ( ,god1 t he 0 ! inc>nation ( ! ,logos1 t he exi/$ previ\sly f all et]nity1 t he sits n[ on ! "r h& ( ! ,fa!r--all ! re/ ( ^! !ological /ories d no?+ 9 any way to obscure ! pla9 & univ]sally admitt$ hi/orical fact t ?is ,div9e ,p]son1 ! ,v ,god ( ,v ,god1 be+ ( "o #jafsub/ance ) ! ,fa!r1 begott5 ( ! ,fa!r be=e all worlds1 0 yet1 at ! mom5t :5 we fir/ cat* a glimpse ( him 9 ! writ+s ( 8 foll[]s1 a ,man rec5tly deceas$1 respect$1 rev]5c$1 & p]haps wor%ipp$ by a little gr\p ( fell[-peasants :o _h once kn[n him z ,jesus1 ! son ( ! c>p5t]4 ,on t unassailable ,rock ( solid hi/orical fact we may well be cont5t to f\nd our argum5t 9 ?is volume4 ,"h at lea/ nobody c accuse u ( 8crude & gross ,euhem]ism40 ,or r ! crude & gross ,euhem]ism is "h kn[n to repres5t ! solid tru?4 ,jesus & 8 sa9ts--,dom9ic1 ,francis1 ,ca!r9e ( ,si5a--are no m]e v]bal my?s1 no allegorical concepts1 no p]sonifications ( ! ,sun1 ! ,dawn1 ! ,/orm-cl\d4 ,leav+ aside = ! pres5t f our purview ( ! ,fai? t "o elem5t ( ! old] supreme ,god--! ,hebrew ,jahweh1--:om ,*ri/ianity borr[$ f ! e>li] ,jewi% religion1 we c say at lea/ ) p]fect c]ta9ty t e s+le memb] ( ! ,*ri/ian pan!on--,jesus1 ! ,madonna1 ,/4 ,john ,bapti/1 ,/4 ,pet]1 ! ,apo/les1 ! ,evangeli/s--71 j z mu* z ,san ,c>lo ,borromeo or ,/4 ,?omas ( ,cant]bury or ,/4 ,!resa1 ,dead ,m5 or ,wom51 wor%ipp$ aft] _! dea? ) div9e or quasi-div9e hon\rs4 ,9 ?is ! be/-kn[n ( all human religions1 ! "o t has gr[n up "u ! full eye ( hi/ory1 ! "o ^: gods & sa9ts are mo/ di/9ctly traceable1 e object ( wor%ip1 save only ! s+le e>ly & z yet unresolv$ deity ( ! ,hebrew cult1 ^: orig9 is lo/ = u 9 ! mi/ ( ages1 turns out on enquiry to be inde$ a purely ,euhem]i/ic god or sa9t1--9 ultimate analysis1 a ,real ,man or ,woman4 ,t po9t alone ,i hold to be ( c>d9al importance1 & ( imm5se or almo/ ine/imable illu/rative value1 9 seek+ = ! orig9 ( ! idea ( a god 9 e>li] epo*s4 ,9 ! second place1 ,*ri/ianity is ?or\ghly typical 9 all t conc]ns its subsequ5t c\rse ( evolution2 ! gradual #jag;elevation ( its c5tral ,v5]at$ ,man into a ,god ( ! highe/ might & p[]2 ! multiplication ( second>y deities or sa9ts by wor%ip or adoration ( o!r ,dead ,m5 & ,wom52 ! gr[? ( a graduat$ & duly subord9at$ hi]>*y ( div9e p]sonages2 ! rise ( a leg5d1 ) its miracles & o!r sup]natural adjuncts2 ! =mation ( a def9ite !ology1 philosophy1 & sy/ematic dogmatism2 ! developm5t ( special arti/ic =ms1 & ! gr[? or adoption ( appropriate symbolism2 ! production ( sacr$ books1 rituals1 & =mul>ies2 ! rise ( c]emonies1 my/]ies1 initiations1 & sacram5ts2 ! rev]5ce paid to relics1 sacr$ sites1 tombs1 & dead bodies2 & ! close connexion ( ! religion z a :ole ) ! ideas ( dea?1 ! s\l1 ! gho/1 ! _s1 ! resurrection ( ! body1 ! la/ judgm5t1 hell1 heav51 ! life ev]la/+1 & all ! o!r va/ gr\p ( concepts :i* surr\nd ! simple fact ( dea? 9 ! primitive human m9d g5]ally4 ,n[1 9 ! second place1 let u look :]e9 ,*ri/ianity to a c]ta9 small ext5t fails to be typical1 or at lea/ to solve our fundam5tal problems4 ,x fails to be typical because x borr[s l>gely a :ole ready-made !ology1 & above all a s+le supreme ,god1 f a pre-exi/5t religion4 ,9 s f> z x takes c]ta9 m9or features f o!r cults1 we c h>dly say ) tru? t x does n repres5t ! av]age run ( religi\s sy/ems2 = almo/ e p>ticul> new cre$ s bases itself ^u elem5ts ( /ill e>li] fai?s2 & x is p]haps impossible = u at ! pres5t day to get back to any?+ l a really primitive or orig9al =m ( cult4 ,b ,*ri/ianity is v f> remov$ inde$ f all primitive cults 9 t x accepts ready-made ! mono!i/ic conception1 ! high-wat]-m>k1 s to speak1 ( religi\s philosophis+4 ,:ile 9 ! frankness ) :i* x exhibits to u :at is practically "o half ( its supreme deity z a ,galilean peasant ( und\bt$ humanity1 subsequ5tly deifi$ & e!realis$1 x all[s u to get d[n at a s+le #jah/ep to ! v orig9 ( godhead2 yet 9 ! /r5g? ) :i* x ass]ts = ! o!r half ( its supreme deity 7! ,fa!r1 ) 8 %ad[y satellite ! ,holy ,gho/7 an immemorial antiquity & a complete sev]ance f human life1 x is ! lea/ an?ropomorphic & ! mo/ ab/ract ( cre$s4 ,9 ord] to track ! idea ( ,god to its v s\rce1 !n1 we mu/ apply 9 ! la/ resort to ?is unresolv$ elem5t ( ,*ri/ianity--! ,hebrew ,jahweh--! same sort ( treatm5t :i* we apply to ! conception ( ,jesus or ,buddha2--we mu/ %[ x to be also ! imm5sely transfigur$ & magnifi$ gho/ ( a ,human ,be+2 9 ! simple & =cible language ( ,sw9burne1 8,! %ade ca/ by ! s\l ( man40 ,fur!rmore1 ,*ri/ianity fails to be typical 9 t x borr[s also f pre-exi/+ religions to a great ext5t ! ideas ( prie/hood1 sacrifice1 ! temple1 ! alt>1 :i*1 ow+ to ! curi\s disappe>ance or at lea/ un-recognisability ( ! body ( its f\nd] 7or1 r1 its c5tral object ( wor%ip71 h a less natural place 9 our ,*ri/ian sy/em ?an 9 any o!r kn[n =m ( religi\s practice4 ,x is q true t magnific5t *ur*es1 a highly-evolv$ sac]dotalism1 ! sacrifice ( ! mass1 ! alt>1 & ! relics1 h all be5 import$ 9 _! fulle/ %ape into develop$ ,*ri/ianity1 especially 9 its c5tral or ,roman =m4 ,b e "o ( ^! ?+s is p>tly borr[$1 almo/ z a survival or ev5 z an ali5 feature1 f e>li] religions1 & p>tly grew up ab\t ! second>y wor%ip ( sa9ts & m>tyrs1 _! bones1 _! tombs1 _! catacombs1 & _! reliqu>ies4 ,*ri/ianity itself1 p>ticul>ly :5 view$ z ! wor%ip ( ,*ri/ 7to :i* x has be5 l>gely r$uc$ 9 ,teutonic ,europe71 does n s naturally l5d itself to ^! second>y c]emonies2 & 9 ^? debas$ s*ismatic =ms ( ! ,*ur* :i* conf9e !mselves mo/ /rictly to ! wor%ip ( ,jesus & ( ! supreme ,god1 sac]dotalism & sacram5talism h be5 br\ght d[n to a m9imum1 #jais t ! temple & ! alt> h lo/ ! great] "p ( _! sacrificial importance4 ,i propose1 !n1 9 subsequ5t *apt]s1 to trace ! gr[? ( ! idea ( a ,god f ! mo/ primitive orig9s to ! mo/ highly evolv$ =ms2 beg9n+ ) ! gho/1 & ! e>ly undevelop$ deity3 cont9u+ ?r\gh poly!ism to ! rise ( mono!ism2 & !n return+ at la/ once m to ! full ,*ri/ian conception1 :i* we %all und]/& f> bett] 9 detail aft] we h expla9$ ! nature ( ! yet unresolv$ or b provisionally resolv$ ,jehovi/ic elem5t4 ,i %all try to %[1 9 %ort1 ! evolution ( ,god1 by />t+ ) ! evolution ( gods 9 g5]al1 & com+ d[n by gradual /ages ?r\gh v>i\s races to ! evolution ( ! ,hebrew1 ,*ri/ian1 & ,moslem ,god 9 p>ticul>4 lsquo2,& ! goal t[>ds :i* ,i %all move w be ! "o already =e%ad[$ 9 ?is introductory *apt]1--! pro( t 9 its orig9 ! concept ( a god is no?+ m ?an t ( a ,dead ,man1 reg>d$ z a /ill surviv+ gho/ or _s1 & end[$ ) increas$ or sup]natural p[]s1 & qualities4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,religion ,,& ,,my?ology4 ,at #jbj! v outset ( ! pr(\nd enquiry on :i* we are n[ ab\t to emb>k1 we are met by a difficulty ( consid]able magnitude4 ,9 ! op9ion ( mo/ mod]n my?ologi/s my?ology is ! result ( 8a disease ( language40 ,we are assur$ by _m em95t m5 t ! orig9 ( religion is to be s\ght1 n 9 savage ideas ab\t gho/s & spirits1 ! ,dead ,man & 8 body or 8 surviv+ d\ble1 b 9 primitive misconceptions ( ! mean+ ( words :i* _h ref]5ce to ! appe>ance ( ! ,sun & ! ,cl\ds1 ! ,w9d & ! ,ra91 ! ,dawn & ! ,dusk1 ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( meteorology 9 g5]al4 ,if ?is be s1 !n our attempt to d]ive ! evolution ( gods f ! crude ideas ( e>ly m5 ab\t _! dead is cle>ly incorrect2 ! analogy ( ,*ri/ianity :i* we h already alleg$ is a m]e w o' ! wisp2 & ! hi/orical ,jesus himself may prove 9 ! la/ resort to be an alias ( ! sun-god or an embodim5t ( ! v9e-_s4 ,i d n believe ^! sugge/ions are correct4 ,x seems to me t ! wor%ip ( ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 in/ead ( be+ an elem5t 9 primitive religion1 is really a late & d]ivative type ( adoration2 & t my?ology is mi/ak5 9 ! claims x makes = its own importance 9 ! g5esis ( ! idea ( a ,god or gods4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to cle> ! gr\nd = a fair />t 9 ?is direction1 we ought1 ,i ?9k1 to beg9 by enquir+ into ! relative positions ( my?ology & religion4 ,i %all !re=e #jba;devote a prelim9>y *apt] to ! consid]ation ( ?is important subject4 ,religion1 says ano!r gr\p ( mod]n ?9k]s1 ( :om ,mr4 ,edw>d ,clodd is p]haps ! mo/ able ,engli% expon5t1 8grew out ( fe>40 ,x is born ( man's t]ror ( ! great & my/]i\s natural ag5cies by :i* he is surr\nd$4 ,n[ ,i am n conc]n$ to d5y t _m my?ological be+s ( v>i\s t]rible =ms d really s orig9ate4 ,i w\ld readily accept "s su* vague g5esis = _m ( ! dragons & mon/]s :i* ab\nd 9 all savage or b>b>ic imag9+s--= ,gorgons & ,hydras & ,*imras dire1 & o!r manifold %apes ( ! sup]/iti\sly appall+4 ,i w\ld give up to ,mr4 ,clodd ! ,etruscan devils & ! ,hebrew ,satan1 ! ,gr5dels & ! ,fire-drakes1 ! :ole brood ( ,c]b]us1 ,bri>eus1 ! ,cyclops1 ! ,c5taurs4 ,none ( ^!1 h[ev]1 is a god or any?+ l "o4 ,!y h no m to d ) religion1 prop]ly s call$1 ?an ! unicorn ( ! royal arms has to d ) ,briti% ,*ri/ianity4 ,a god1 z ,i und]/& ! ^w1 & z ! va/ mass ( mank9d has always und]/ood x1 is a sup]natural be+ to be rev]$ & wor%ipp$4 ,he /&s to 8 vot>ies1 on ! :ole1 z ,dr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? has well po9t$ out1 9 a k9dly & protect+ relation4 ,he may be angry ) !m at times1 to be sure2 b 8 ang] is tempor>y & pat]nal alone3 8 p]man5t attitude t[>ds 8 p is "o ( fri5dly conc]n2 he is wor%ipp$ z a b5efic5t & g5]\s ,fa!r4 ,x is ! orig9 ( gods 9 ?is /ricte/ s5se t conc]ns u "h1 n ! orig9 ( ^? vague & =mless creatures :i* are dread$1 n wor%ipp$1 by primitive humanity4 ,be>+ ?is di/9ction c>efully 9 m9d1 let u proce$ to consid] ! ess5tials ( religion4 ,if y 7 to ask almo/ any intellig5t & unsophi/icat$ *ild1 8,:at is religion80 he w\ld answ] (fh&1 ) ! cle> vision ( y\?1 8,oh1 x's say+ y\r pray]s1 & head+ y\r ,bible1 & s++ hymns1 & go+ to *ur* #jbbor to *apel on ,sundays40 ,if y 7 to ask any intellig5t & unsophi/icat$ ,h9du peasant ! same "q1 he w\ld answ] 9 almo/ ! self-same _s1 8,oh1 x is do+ poojah regul>ly1 & pay+ y\r dues e day to ,mahadeo40 ,if y 7 to ask any simple-m9d$ ,african savage1 he w\ld simil>ly reply1 8,x is giv+ ! gods fl\r1 & oil1 & native be]1 & goat-mutton10 ,& f9ally if y 7 to ask a dev\t ,italian contad9o1 he w\ld in/antly say1 8,x is (f]+ up c&les & pray]s to ! ,madonna1 att5d+ mass1 & rememb]+ ! sa9ts on e fe/a40 ,& !y w\ld all be q "r4 ,?is1 9 its ess5ce1 is precisely :at we call religion4 ,ap>t f ! special ref9em5ts ( ! high] m9ds 9 p>ticul> cre$s1 :i* /rive to import into x all1 accord+ to _! special ta/es or fancies1 a l>g] or small] dose ( philosophy1 or ( metaphysics1 or ( e?ics1 or ( my/icism1 ?is is j :at religion means & has always meant to ! va/ majority ( ! human species4 ,:at is common to x ?r\gh\t is ,cu/om or ,practice3 a c]ta9 set ( m or less simil> ,obs]vances3 propitiation1 pray]1 praise1 (f]+s3 ! reque/ = div9e fav\rs1 ! deprecation ( div9e ang] or o!r mis=tunes3 & z ! outw>d & visible adjuncts ( all ^!1 ! alt>1 ! sacrifice1 ! temple1 ! *ur*2 prie/hood1 s]vices1 ve/m5ts1 c]emonial4 ,:at is n at all ess5tial to religion 9 its wid] aspect--tak+ ! _w r\nd1 bo? pa/ & pres5t1 ,pagan1 ,buddhi/1 ,mohammadan1 ,*ri/ian1 savage1 & civilis$--is ! e?ical elem5t1 prop]ly s call$4 ,& :at is v little ess5tial inde$ is ! philosophical elem5t1 !ology or my?ology1 ! ab/ract !ory ( spiritual exi/5ces4 ,?is !ory1 to be sure1 is 9 ea* c\ntry or race closely relat$ ) religion "u c]ta9 aspects2 & ! /ories told ab\t ! gods or ,god are mu* mix$ up ) ! cult itself 9 ! m9ds ( wor%ipp]s2 b !y are no prop] "p ( religion1 /rictly s call$4 ,9 a s+le ^w1 ,i cont5d t religion1 z su*1 is ess5tially #jbcpractical3 !ology or my?ology1 z su*1 is ess5tially !oretical4 ,moreov]1 ,i also believe1 & %all attempt to %[1 t ! two h to a l>ge ext5t di/9ct orig9s & roots3 t ! union betwe5 !m is 9 great "p adv5titi\s3 & t1 !re=e1 to acc\nt = or expla9 ! "o is by no means equival5t to acc\nt+ = & expla9+ ! o!r4 ,frank recognition ( ?is diff]5ce ( orig9 betwe5 religion & my?ology w\ld1 ,i imag9e1 l>gely reconcile ! two conflict+ s*ools ( ?\ght :i* at pres5t divide op9ion betwe5 !m on ?is int]e/+ problem 9 ! evolution ( human ideas4 ,on ! "o side1 we h ! my?ological s*ool ( int]pret]s1 :e!r n>r[ly l+ui/ic1 l ,pr(essor ,max ,mll]1 or broadly an?ropological1 l ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang1 attack+ ! problem f ! po9t ( view ( my? or !ory alone4 ,on ! o!r side1 we h ! truly religi\s s*ool ( int]pret]s1 l ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & to "s ext5t ,mr4 ,tylor1 attack+ ! problem f ! po9t ( view ( practice or real religion4 ,! =m] s*ool1 x seems to me1 has fail$ to p]ceive t :at x is acc\nt+ = is n ! orig9 ( religion at all--( wor%ip1 :i* is ! c5tral-root idea ( all religi\s obs]vance1 or ( ! temple1 ! alt>1 ! prie/1 & ! (f]+1 :i* are its out] expression--b m]ely ! orig9 ( my? or fable1 ! mass ( /ory & leg5d ab\t v>i\s be+s1 real or imag9>y1 human or div9e1 :i* naturally gr[s up 9 e primitive community4 ,! latt] s*ool1 on ! o!r h&1 :ile correctly int]pret+ ! orig9 ( all t is ess5tial & c5tral 9 religion1 h p]haps und]e/imat$ ! value ( _! oppon5tsrsquo2 "w ?r\gh reg>d+ x z really oppos$ to _! own1 in/ead ( accept+ :at "p ( x may be true 9 ! light ( a contribution to an indep5d5t b alli$ bran* ( ! same enquiry4 ,9 %ort1 if ! view "h sugge/$ be correct1 ,sp5c] & #jbd,tylor h pav$ ! way to a true !ory ( ! ,orig9 ( ,religion2 ,max ,mll]1 ,lang1 & ! o!r my?ologi/s h ?r[n out h9ts ( v>y+ value t[>ds a true !ory ( ! ,orig9 ( ,my?ology1 or ( its m mod]n equival5t & successor1 ,!ology4 ,a brief outl9e ( facts w s]ve to br+ into cle>] relief ?is view ( religion z ess5tially practical--a set ( obs]vances1 r5d]$ inevitable by ! primitive data ( human psy*ology4 ,x w !n be se5 t :at is fundam5tal & ess5tial 9 religion is ! body ( practices1 rema9+ ?r\gh\t all /ages ( human developm5t ! same1 or ne>ly ! same1 9 spite ( *anges ( my?ological or !ological !ory2 & t :at is accid5tal & v>iable is ! p>ticul> v]bal explanation or philosophical reason assign$ = ! div]se rites & c]emonies4 ,9 its simple/ surviv+ savage type1 religion consi/s :olly & solely 9 c]ta9 acts ( def]5ce paid by ! liv+ to ! p]sons ( ! dead4 ,i %all try to %[ 9 ! sequel t d[n to its mo/ highly evolv$ mod]n type 9 ! mo/ cultivat$ societies1 precisely simil> acts ( def]5ce1 ei!r directly to corpses or gho/s z su*1 or indirectly to gods :o 7 once gho/s1 or 7 develop$ f gho/s1 =m its ess5ce /ill4 ,b to beg9 ) ,i w try to br+ a few simple in/ances ( ! precise nature ( religion 9 its l[e/ exi/+ savage mode4 ,i might if ,i *ose take my little collection ( illu/rative facts f "s !oretical writ]1 l ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 :o has collect$ en\gh in/ances 9 all consci5ce to prove ?is po9t2 b ,i pref] to g /raight to an orig9al obs]v] ( savage life & habit1 a ,presbyt]ian mission>y 9 ,c5tral ,africa--! ,rev4 ,duff ,macdonald1 au?or ( ,africana--:o _h abundant opportunities at ! ,blantyre ,mission = le>n+ ! ideas & practice ( ! ,s\danese natives1 & :o c]ta9ly _h no !oretic pr$isposition t[>ds resolv+ all religi\s notions into #jbe! primitive respect & rev]5ce = ! dead or ! wor%ip ( ance/ors4 ,"h1 9 outl9e1 b 9 ,mr4 ,macdonald's own words1 are ! ideas & obs]vances :i* ?is c>eful & accurate inve/igator f\nd curr5t among ! tribes ( ! he>t ( ,africa4 8,i d n ?9k10 he says1 8,i h admitt$ any po9t ( importance )\t hav+ he>d at lea/ f\r natives on ! subject4 ,! /atem5ts are translations1 z f> z possible1 f ! ipsissima v]ba ( ! negroes40 ,! tribes he liv$ among 8are unanim\s 9 say+ t !re is some?+ beyond ! body :i* !y call _s4 ,e human body at dea? is =sak5 by ?is _s40 ,t is ! almo/ univ]sal ?\gh n q primitive belief1 ^: necess>y g5esis has be5 well trac$ out by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & m rec5tly 9 ,am]ica ) great vig\r & cle>ness by ,mr4 ,le/] ,w>d4 8,d ^! spirits ev] die80 ,mr4 ,macdonald asks4 8,"s10 he answ]s1 8,i h he>d affirm t x is possible = a tr\blesome _s to be kill$4 ,o!rs give ?is a direct d5ial4 ,_m1 l ,kumpama1 or ,*]asulo1 say1 #8,y ask me :e!r a man's _s ev] dies4 ,i _c tell4 ,i h nev] be5 9 ! _s-_w1 b ?is ,i am c]ta9 (1 t spirits live = a v long "t4'0 ,on ! "q1 8,:o ! gods are80 ,mr4 ,macdonald says3 8,9 all our translations ( ,scripture :]e we f\nd ! ^w ,god we us$ ,mulungu2 b ?is ^w is *iefly us$ by ! natives z a g5]al "n = _s4 ,! _s ( a deceas$ man is call$ 8 ,mulungu1 & all ! pray]s & (f]+s ( ! liv+ are pres5t$ to su* spirits ( ! dead4 ,x is "h t we f9d ! great c5tre ( ! native religion4 ,! spirits ( ! dead are ! gods ( ! liv+4 8,:]e are ^! gods f\nd8 ,at ! grave8 ,no4 ,! villag]s %r9k f yond] gloomy place t lies f> beyond _! fields on ! bleak m\nta9 side4 ,x is only #jbf:5 !y h to lay ano!r sleep] beside 8 =efa!rs t !y w g !re4 ,_! god is n ! body 9 ! grave1 b ! _s1 & !y seek ?is _s at ! place :]e _! dep>t$ k9sman la/ liv$ among !m4 ,x is ! great tree at ! v]&ah ( ! dead man's h\se t is _! temple2 & if no tree gr[ "h !y erect a little %ade1 & !re p]=m _! simple rites4 ,if ?is spot become too public1 ! (f]+s may be defil$1 & ! sanctu>y w be remov$ to a c>efully-select$ spot "u "s beautiful tree4 ,v frequ5tly a man pres5ts an (f]+ at ! top ( 8 own b$ beside 8 head4 ,he wi%es 8 god to come to him & :isp] 9 8 e> z he sleeps40 ,& "h1 aga91 we get ! orig9 ( nature-wor%ip3 8,! _s ( an old *ief may h a :ole m\nta9 = 8 resid5ce1 b he dwells *iefly on ! cl\dy summit4 ,!re he sits to receive ! wor%ip ( 8 vot>ies1 & to s5d d[n ! refre%+ %[]s 9 answ] to _! pray]s40 ,almo/ z ess5tial to religion z ^! prime factors 9 its evolution--! god1 wor%ip1 (f]+s1 pres5ts1 holy places1 temples--is ! exi/5ce ( a prie/hood4 ,"h is h[ ! ,c5tral ,africans arrive at t special function3 8,a c]ta9 am\nt ( etiquette is obs]v$ 9 approa*+ ! gods4 ,9 no case c a little boy or girl approa* ^! deities1 nei!r c anyone t has n be5 at ! my/]ies4 ,! common qualification is t a p]son has atta9$ a c]ta9 age1 ab\t twelve or f\rte5 ye>s1 & has a h\se ( 8 own4 ,slaves seldom pray1 except :5 !y h _h a dream4 ,*ildr5 t h _h a dream tell _! "m1 :o approa*es ! deity on _! behalf4 7,a pres5t = ! god is necess>y1 & ! slave or *ild may n h x47 8,ap>t f ! case ( dreams & a few su* private matt]s1 x is n usual = anyone to approa* ! gods except ! *ief1 ( ! village4 ,he is ! recognis$ high prie/ #jbg:o pres5ts pray]s & (f]+s on behalf ( all t live 9 8 village4 ,if ! *ief is f home 8 wife w act1 & if bo? are abs5t1 8 y\ng] bro!r4 ,! natives wor%ip n s mu* individually z 9 villages or communities4 ,_! religion is m a public ?an a private matt]40 ,b !re are also fur!r reasons :y prie/s are necess>y4 ,relation%ip =ms always a good gr\nd = int]cession4 ,a m$iator is ne$$4 8,! *ief ( a village10 says ,mr4 ,macdonald1 8has ano!r title to ! prie/hood4 ,x is 8 relatives t are ! village gods4 ,ev]yone t lives 9 ! village recognises ^! gods2 b if anyone remove to ano!r village he *anges 8 gods4 ,he recognises n[ ! gods ( 8 new *ief4 ,"o wi%+ to pray to ! god 7or gods7 ( any village naturally desires to h 8 pray]s pres5t$ ?r\gh ! village *ief1 because ! latt] is ne>ly relat$ to ! village god1 & may be expect$ to be bett] li/5$ to ?an a /rang]40 ,a little fur!r on ,mr4 ,macdonald says3 8,on ! subject ( ! village gods op9ions diff]4 ,"s say t e "o 9 ! village1 :e!r a relative ( ! *ief or n1 mu/ wor%ip ! =efa!rs ( ! *ief4 ,o!rs say t a p]son n relat$ to ! *ief mu/ wor%ip 8 own =efa!rs1 o!rwise _! spirits w br+ tr\ble ^u him4 ,to reconcile ^! au?orities we may m5tion t ne>ly ev]yone 9 ! village is relat$ to its *ief1 or if n relat$ is1 9 c\rtesy1 consid]$ s4 ,any p]son n relat$ to ! village *ief w\ld be polite en\gh on all public occasions to recognise ! village god3 on occasions ( private pray] 7:i* are n s num]\s z 9 ,*ri/5dom7 he w\ld approa* ! spirits ( 8 own =efa!rs4 ,besides1 !re might be a god ( ! l&4 ,! *ief ,kap5i prays to 8 own relatives1 & also to ! old gods ( ! place4 ,8 own relatives he approa*es himself2 ! o!r deities he may also approa* himself1 b he (t5 #jbh;f9ds p m closely relat$ & consequ5tly m acceptable to ! old gods ( ! l&40 ,! ,african pan!on is ?us widely peopl$4 ,elim9ation & natural selection next give "o ! transition f ! gho/ to ! god1 prop]ly s call$4 8,! gods ( ! natives !n are ne>ly z num]\s z _! dead4 ,x is impossible to wor%ip all2 a selection mu/ be made1 &1 z we h indicat$1 ea* wor%ipp] turns mo/ naturally to ! spirits ( 8 own dep>t$ relatives2 b 8 gods are too _m /ill1 & 9 f>!r select+ he turns to ^? t h liv$ ne>e/ 8 own "t4 ,?us ! *ief ( a village w n tr\ble himself ab\t 8 great-great-gr&fa!r3 he w pres5t 8 (f]+ to 8 own imm$iate pr$ecessor1 & say1 #8,o fa!r1 ,i d n "k all y\r relatives1 y "k !m all1 invite !m to fea/ ) y4rsquo2 ,! (f]+ is n simply = himself1 b = himself & all 8 relatives40 ,ord9>y gho/s are soon =gott5 ) ! g5]ation t knew !m4 ,n s a few select spirits1 ! ,cs>s & ,napoleons1 ! ,*>lemagnes & ,timurs ( savage empires4 8,a great *ief t has be5 successful 9 8 w>s does n pass out ( memory s soon4 ,he may become ! god ( a m\nta9 or a lake1 & may receive homage z a local deity long aft] 8 own desc5dants h be5 driv5 f ! spot4 ,:5 !re is a supplication = ra9 ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry pray n s mu* to _! own =efa!rs z to ! god ( yond] m\nta9 on ^: %\ld]s ! great ra9-cl\ds repose4 7,small] hills are seldom hon\r$ ) a deity470 ,well1 9 all ?is we get1 x seems to me1 ! v ess5tials & univ]sals ( religion g5]ally1--! ?+s )\t :i* no religion c\ld exi/--! vital "p1 )\t ! ev]-v>y+ & *angeable additions ( m]e gossip+ my?ology4 ,9 ! pres5ts br\ght to ! dead man's grave to appease ! gho/1 we h ! c5tral elem5t ( all wor%ip1 ! practical key ( all cults1 pa/ or pres5t4 ,on #jbi! o!r h&1 my?ologi/s tell u no?+ ab\t ! orig9 ( pray] & sacrifice3 !y put u (f ) /ories ( p>ticul> gods1 )\t expla9+ to u h[ ^? gods ev] came to be wor%ipp$4 ,n[1 my?ology is a v int]e/+ /udy 9 its own way3 b to treat z religion a mass ( /ories & leg5ds ab\t gods or sa9ts1 ) h>dly a s+le liv+ elem5t ( practice or sacrifice1 seems to me simply to confuse two totally di/9ct bran*es ( human enquiry4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,tales has no?+ at all to d ) ! ,orig9 ( ,wor%ip4 ,:5 we come to read ,mr4 ,macdonald's acc\nt ( a native fun]al1 on ! o!r h&1 we are at once on a totally diff]5t tack2 we c und]/&1 z by an electric fla%1 ! g5esis ( ! primitive acts ( sacrifice & religion4 8,along ) ! deceas$ is buri$ a consid]able "p ( 8 prop]ty4 ,we h already se5 t 8 b$ is buri$ ) him2 s also are all 8 clo!s4 ,if he possesses sev]al tusks ( ivory1 "o tusk or m is gr\nd to a p[d] betwe5 two /ones & put beside him4 ,beads are also gr\nd d[n 9 ! same way4 ,^! precautions are tak5 to prev5t ! wit* 7:o is suppos$ to be answ]able = 8 dea?7 f mak+ any use ( ! ivory or beads4 8,if ! deceas$ own$ sev]al slaves1 an enorm\s hole is dug = a grave4 ,! slaves are n[ br\ght =w>d4 ,!y may be ei!r ca/ into ! pit alive1 or ! und]tak]s may cut all _! ?roats4 ,! body ( _! ma/] or _! mi/ress is !n laid d[n to re/ above !irs1 & ! grave is cov]$ 94 8,aft] ?is ! wom5 come =w>d ) ! (f]+s ( food1 & place !m at ! head ( ! grave4 ,! di%es 9 :i* ! food 0 br\ght are left beh9d4 ,! pot t held ! dr9k+-wat] ( ! deceas$ & 8 dr9k+-cup are also left ) him4 ,^!1 too1 might be covet$ by ! wit*1 b a hole is pi]c$ 9 ! pot1 & ! dr9k+ calaba% is brok54 8,! #jcjman has n[ gone f ! society ( ! liv+1 & he is expect$ to %>e ! meal ?us left at 8 grave ) ^? t h gone be=e him4 ,! fun]al p>ty breaks up2 !y d n want to visit ! grave ( _! fri5d aga9 )\t a v good reason4 ,anyone f\nd among ! graves may be tak5 = a cannibal4 ,_! fri5d has become a citiz5 ( a diff]5t village4 ,he is ) all 8 relatives ( ! pa/4 ,he is entitl$ to (f]+s or pres5ts :i* may come to him individually or ?r\gh 8 *ief4 ,^! (f]+s 9 mo/ cases he w %>e ) o!rs1 j z he us$ to d :5 alive10 ,sometimes ! man may be buri$ 9 8 own hut4 8,9 ?is case ! h\se is n tak5 d[n1 b is g5]ally cov]$ ) clo?1 & ! v]&ah becomes ! place = pres5t+ (f]+s4 ,8 old h\se ?us becomes a k9d ( temple4444 ,! deceas$ is n[ 9 ! _s-_w1 & receives (f]+s & adoration4 ,he is address$ z lsquo2,our great _s t has gone be=e4' ,if anyone dream ( him4 x is at once conclud$ t ! _s is lsquo2up to some?+4' ,v likely he wants to h "s ( ! survivors = 8 companions4 ,! dream] ha/5s to appease ! _s by an (f]+40 ,s real is ?is society ( ! dead t ,mr4 ,macdonald says3 8,! practice ( s5d+ mess5g]s to ! _w beyond ! grave is f\nd on ! ,we/ ,coa/4 ,a *ief summons a slave1 deliv]s to him a message1 & !n cuts (f 8 head4 ,if ! *ief =get any?+ t he want$ to say1 he s5ds ano!r slave z a po/script40 ,i h quot$ at su* l5g? f ?is rec5t & extremely able "w because ,i want to br+ into /rong relief ! fact t we h "h go+ on "u our v eyes1 f day to day1 de novo1 ! entire g5esis ( new gods & goddesses1 & ( all t is mo/ c5tral & ess5tial to religion--wor%ip1 pray]1 ! temple1 ! alt>1 prie/hood1 sacrifice4 ,no?+ t ! my?ologi/s c tell u ab\t ! ,sun or ! ,moon1 ! ,dawn or ! ,/ormcl\d1 #jca,little ,r$ ,rid+ ,hood or ,c9d]ella & ! ,glass ,slipp]1 comes any:]e ne> ! ,orig9 ( ,religion 9 ^! its c5tral & univ]sal elem5ts4 ,^? /ories or guesses may be ( imm5se int]e/ & importance z contributions to ! hi/ory ( ideas 9 our race2 b no?+ we c le>n ab\t ! savage survival 9 ! my? ( ,cupid or ,psy*e1 or ab\t ! primitive cosmology 9 ! my? ( ! *ildr5 ( ,kronos1 helps u to get "o in* ne>] ! orig9 ( ,god or ( pray]1 ( wor%ip1 ( religi\s c]emonial1 ( ! temple1 ! *ur*1 ! sacrifice1 ! mass1 or any o!r compon5t "p ( :at we really "k z ,religion 9 ! concrete4 ,^! my?s may be sometimes philosophic guesses1 sometimes primitive folk-tales1 b !y c]ta9ly are n ! tru?s ( ,religion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! liv+ facts1 "h s simply detail$ by a c>eful1 accurate1 & unassum+ obs]v]1 /r5g!n$ by ! hundr$s ( simil> facts collect$ by ,tylor1 ,sp5c]1 & o!rs1 d help u at once to und]/& ! orig9 ( ! c5tral core & k]nel ( religion z univ]sally practis$ all ! _w ov]4 ,=1 omitt+ = ! pres5t ! my?ological & cosmological factor1 :i* s (t5 comes 9 to obscure ! pla9 religi\s facts 9 mission>y n>rative or highly-col\r$ ,european acc\nts ( native beliefs1 :at d we really f9d z ! und]ly+ tru?s ( all religion8 ,t all ! _w ov] practices ess5tially simil> to ^? ( ^! savage ,c5tral ,africans prevail among mank9d2 practices ^: affiliation ^u ! same primitive ideas has be5 abundantly prov$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]2 practices :i* h = _! ess5ce ! propitiation or adulation ( a spiritual be+ or be+s1 d]iv$ f gho/s1 & conceiv$ ( z simil>1 9 all except ! greatness ( ! connot$ attributes1 to ! s\ls ( m54 8,:5ev] ! ,indian villag]s are que/ion$ ab\t _! cre$10 says ,sir ,william ,hunt]1 8! same answ] is inv>iably giv53 #8,! common p h no idea ( religion1 #jcb;b to d "r c]emonially & to wor%ip ! village god40 ,9 %ort1 ,i ma9ta9 t religion is n ma9ly1 z ! mi/ak5 analogy ( ,*ri/ian usage makes u errone\sly call x1 ,fai? or ,cre$1 b simply & solely ,c]emony1 ,cu/om1 or ,practice4 ,& ,i am glad to say t1 = e>ly ,semitic times at lea/1 ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? is ( ! same op9ion4 ,if "o looks at ! va/ mass ( ! _w1 anci5t & mod]n1 x is q cle> t religion consi/s1 & has always consi/$1 ( obs]vances ess5tially simil> to ^? j describ$ among ! ,c5tral ,african tribes4 ,its core is wor%ip4 ,its c5tre is ! ,god--t is to say1 ! ,dead ,ance/or or ,relative4 ,! religion ( ,*9a is to ?is day almo/ entirely "o ( pure ance/or-cult4 ,! mak+ ( (f]+s & burn+ ( joss-pap] be=e ! ,family ,dead =m its pr9cipal c]emonies4 ,9 ,india1 :ile ! ?ree great gods ( ! my/ical ,brahmani/ philosophy are h>dly wor%ipp$ 9 actual practice at all1 e community & e h\se has its own p>ticul> gods & its own special cult ( its little dome/ic alt>4 8,! fir/ ,engli%man10 says ,sir ,william ,hunt]1 8:o tri$ to /udy ! natives z !y actually are1 & n z ! ,brahmans describ$ !m1 0 /ruck by ! univ]sal preval5ce ( a wor%ip q di/9ct f t ( ! ,h9du deities4 ,a ,b5gal village has usually its local god1 :i* x adores ei!r 9 ! =m ( a rude unhewn /one1 or a /ump1 or a tree m>k$ ) r$-lead4 ,sometimes a lump ( clay plac$ "u a tree does duty = a deity1 & ! att5dant prie/1 :5 !re is "o1 g5]ally belongs to "o ( ! half-,h9duis$ l[-ca/es4 ,! rude /one repres5ts ! non-,aryan feti%2 & ! tree seems to owe its sanctity to ! non-,aryan belief t x =ms ! abode ( ! gho/s1 or gods1 ( ! village40 ,omitt+ ! m]e guesswork ab\t ! feti% & ! gratuit\s supposition1 made out ( def]5ce to ! dy+ cre$ ( ,max-,mll]ism1 t ance/or-wor%ip mu/ necess>ily #jcc;be a 8non-,aryan0 feature 7?\gh x exi/s or exi/$ 9 all s-call$ ,aryan races71 ?is simple description %[s u ! preval5ce ov] ! :ole ( ,india ( cu/oms ess5tially simil> to ^? :i* obta9 9 ,c5tral ,africa & 9 ! ,*9ese prov9ces4 ,! ,roman religion1 9 some:at ! same way1 sep>ates itself at once into a civic or national & a private or family cult4 ,!re 7 ! great gods1 native or adopt$1 :om ! ,/ate wor%ipp$ publicly1 z ! ,c5tral ,african tribes wor%ip ! *iefs ance/ors2 & !re 7 ! ,l>es & ,p5ates1 :om ! family wor%ipp$ at its own he>?1 & ^: v "n %[s !m to h be5 9 orig9 & ess5ce ance/ral spirits4 ,& z ! real or practical ,h9du religion consi/s ma9ly ( (f]+ up rice1 millet1 & ghee to ! little local & family deities or to ! *os5 patron god 9 ! ,brahmani/ pan!on1 s1 too1 ! real or practical ,roman religion consi/$ ma9ly ( sacrifice done at ! dome/ic alt> to ! special ,p5ates1 f>re pio et sali5te mica4 ,i w n g on to po9t out 9 detail at ! pres5t /age ( our argum5t h[ ,pr(essor ,sayce simil>ly f9ds ance/or-wor%ip & ,%amanism 7a l[ =m ( gho/-propitiation7 at ! root ( ! religion ( ! anci5t ,ac-cadians2 h[ o!r obs]v]s h p]=m$ ! same task = ! ,egyptians & ,japanese2 & h[ l cu/oms h be5 trac$ among ,greeks & ,amazulu1 among ,hebrews & ,nic>aguans1 among e>ly ,engli% & ,digg] ,indians1 among our ,aryan ance/ors !mselves & ,&aman ,isl&]s4 ,e rec5t n>rative ( travel ab\nds ) examples4 ,( ,ne!rl& ,isl& ,i read1 8,! skulls ( _! ance/ors 7 treasur$ = gods ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 8,! p wor%ipp$ ! spirits ( _! ance/ors4 ,!y pray$ to !m1 ov] ! kava-b[l1 = heal? & prosp]ity40 ,9 ,new ,cal$onia1 8,_! gods 7 _! ance/ors1 ^: relics !y kept up & idolis$40 ,at ,tana1 8,! g5]al "n = gods seem$ to be aremha2 t means a dead man1 & h9ts10 #jcdsays ! ,rev4 ,george ,turn]1 ) pleas+ frankness1 8alike at ! orig9 & nature ( _! religi\s wor%ip40 ,:5 ! *ief pray$1 he (f]$ up yam & fruits1 say+1 8,compassionate fa!r1 "h is "s food = y2 eat x4 ,be k9d to u on acc\nt ( x40 ,^? :o wi% to see ! :ole ( ! evid5ce on ?is matt] m>%all$ 9 battle array h only to turn to ! fir/ volume ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 :]e !y w f9d abundant examples f all times & places ga!r$ toge!r 9 a va/ & ov]:elm+ phalanx4 ,:at conc]ns u 9 ?is *apt] a little m is to call att5tion by anticipation to ! fact t ev5 9 ,*ri/ianity itself ! same primitive elem5t survives z ! c5tre ( all t is mo/ di/9ctively religi\s1 z oppos$ to !ological1 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,& ,i make ^! rem>ks provisionally "h 9 ord] t ! read] may ! bett] und]/& to :at ultimate goal our inve/igation w lead him4 ,x is ! univ]sal ,ca?olic cu/om to place ! relics ( sa9ts or m>tyrs "u ! alt>s 9 *ur*es4 ,?us ! body ( ,/4 ,m>k ! ,evangeli/ lies "u ! high alt> ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 at ,v5ice2 & 9 e o!r ,italian ca!dral1 or *apel1 a reliqu>y is deposit$ )9 ! alt> itself4 ,s well und]/ood is ?is pr9ciple 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur*1 t x has h>d5$ into ! say+1 8,no relic1 no alt>40 ,! sacrifice ( ! mass takes place at su* an alt>1 & is p]=m$ by a prie/ 9 sacrificial robes4 ,! entire ,roman ,ca?olic ritual is a ritual d]iv$ f ! e>li] sac]dotal ideas ( m9i/ry at an alt>1 & its connection ) ! primitive =m is /ill kept up by ! necess>y pres5ce ( human rema9s 9 its holy places4 ,fur!rmore1 ! v idea ( a *ur* itself is desc5d$ f ! e>ly ,*ri/ian meet+-places 9 ! catacombs or at ! tombs ( ! m>tyrs1 :i* are univ]sally all[$ to h be5 ! primitive ,*ri/ian alt>s4 #jce,we "k n[ t ! cruci=m dome-cov]$ plan ( ,*ri/ian *ur*es is d]iv$ f ^! e>ly meet+-places at ! junction ( lanes or alleys 9 ! catacombs2 t ! nave1 *ancel1 & transepts indicate ! cross+ ( ! alleys1 :ile ! dome repres5ts ! holl[$-out portion or rudely circul> vault :]e ! two l9es ( ar*way int]sect4 ,! e>lie/ dome-cov]$ *ur*es 7 attempts1 z x 71 to con/ruct a catacomb above gr\nd = ! reception ( ! alt>-tomb ( a sa9t or m>tyr4 ,simil>ly ) ! *apels t op5 out at ! side f ! aisles or transepts4 ,etymologically1 ! ^w *apel is ! mod]nis$ =m ( capella1 ! ar*$ sepul*re excavat$ 9 ! walls ( ! catacombs1 be=e ! tomb at :i* x 0 usual to (f] up pray] & praise4 ,! *apels built out f ! aisles 9 ,roman *ur*es1 ea* ) its own alt> & its own sa9tly relics1 are attempts to reproduce above gr\nd 9 ! same way ! orig9al sacr$ places 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian excavat$ cemet]ies4 ,we w recur to ?is subject at mu* great] l5g? 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,?us ,*ri/ianity itself is l9k$ on to ! v antique cu/om ( wor%ip at tombs1 & ! habit ( ance/or-wor%ip by alt>s1 relics1 & invocation ( sa9ts1 ev5 revolution>y ,prote/antism /ill reta9+ "s la/ fa9t m>ks ( its orig9 9 ! d$ication ( *ur*es to p>ticul> evangeli/s or m>tyrs1 & 9 ! m or less disguis$ survival ( alt>1 prie/hood1 sacrifice1 & ve/m5ts4 ,n[1 ,i d n say ance/or-wor%ip gives u ! :ole orig9 ( ev]y?+ t is includ$ 9 ,*ri/ian ,engli% m9ds 9 ! idea ( religion4 ,i d n say x acc\nts = all ! cosmologies & cosmogonies ( savage1 b>b>ic1 or civilis$ tribes4 ,^?1 = ! mo/ "p1 are pure my?ological products1 explicable ma9ly1 ,i believe1 by means ( ! key ) :i* my?ology supplies u2 & "o ( !m1 adopt$ into ,g5esis f an ali5 s\rce1 has come to be accept$ by mod]n ,*ri/5dom z "p ( #jcft organis$ body ( belief :i* =ms ! ,*ri/ian cre$1 ?\gh n 9 any true s5se ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,nor d ,i say t ance/or-wor%ip gives u ! orig9 ( ^? ontological1 metaphysical1 or my/ical conceptions :i* =m "p ( ! philosophy or !ology ( _m prie/hoods4 ,religions1 z we g5]ally get !m envisag$ = u n[adays1 are held to include ! my?ology1 ! cosmogony1 ! ontology1 & ev5 ! e?ics ( ! race t practises !m4 ,^! extrane\s developm5ts1 h[ev]1 ,i hold to spr+ f diff]5t roots & to h no?+ necess>ily 9 common ) religion prop]4 ,! god is ! true crux4 ,if we h once acc\nt$ = ! orig9 ( gho/s1 gods1 tombs1 alt>s1 temples1 *ur*es1 wor%ip1 sacrifice1 prie/hoods1 & c]emonies1 !n we h acc\nt$ = all t is ess5tial & c5tral 9 religion1 & may h& ov] ! re/--! tales1 /ories1 & pi\s leg5ds--to ! acc\nt ( comp>ative my?ology or ( ! yet unf\nd$ sci5ce ( comp>ative idealogy4 ,once m1 ,i d n wi% to insi/1 ei!r1 t e p>ticul> & individual god1 national or naturali/ic1 mu/ necess>ily repres5t a p>ticul> gho/--! dead _s ( a s+le def9ite once-liv+ p]son4 ,x is en\gh to %[1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] has %[n1 t ! idea ( ! god1 & ! wor%ip paid to a god1 are directly d]iv$ f ! idea ( ! gho/1 & ! (f]+s made to ! gho/1 )\t necess>ily hold+1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] seems to hold1 t e god is & mu/ be 9 ultimate analysis ! gho/ ( a p>ticul> human be+4 ,once ! conception ( gods _h be5 evolv$ by humanity1 & _h become a common "p ( e man's imag9$ univ]se--( ! _w z x pres5t$ itself to ! m9d ( ! p]cipi5t--!n x 0 natural en\gh t new gods %\ld be made f "t to "t out ( ab/ractions or special aspects & p[]s ( nature1 & t ! same wor%ip %\ld be paid to su* new-made & purely imag9>y gods z _h previ\sly be5 paid to ! :ole ho/ ( gods #jcg;evolv$ f p]sonal & tribal ance/ors4 ,x is ! fir/ /ep t co/s3 once y h got ! idea ( a god fairly evolv$1 any numb] ( extra gods may be inv5t$ or introduc$ f all qu>t]s4 ,a great pan!on readily admits new memb]s to its ranks f1 _m /range s\rces4 ,famili> in/ances 9 "o ( ! be/-kn[n pan!ons are ^? ( ,concordia1 ,pecunia1 ,aius ,locutius1 ,r$iculus ,tutanus4 ,! ,romans1 inde$1 deifi$ e conceivable op]ation ( nature or ( human life2 !y _h gods or goddesses = ! m9ute/ details ( agriculture1 ( social relations1 ( ! fir/ ye>s ( *ildhood1 ( m>riage & dome/ic arrangem5ts g5]ally4 ,_m ( _! deities1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 7 obvi\sly manufactur$ to meet a special dem& on special occasions4 ,b at ! same "t1 none ( ^! gods1 s f> z we c judge1 c\ld ev] h come to exi/ at all if ! gho/-!ory & ance/or-wor%ip _h n already made famili> to ! human m9d ! pr9ciples & practice ( religion g5]ally4 ,! v idea ( a god c\ld n o!rwise h be5 evolv$2 ?\gh1 :5 once evolv$1 any numb] ( new be+s c\ld readily be affiliat$ ^u x by ! human imag9ation4 ,/ill1 to admit t o!r elem5ts h aft]w>ds come 9 to confuse religion is q a diff]5t ?+ f admitt+ t religion itself has m ?an "o orig94 ,:atev] gives u ! key to ! practice ( wor%ip gives u ! key to all real religion4 ,n[1 "o may read ?r\gh almo/ any books ( ! my?ological s*ool )\t ev] com+ ^u a s+le ^w t ?r[s "o ray ( light ^u ! orig9 ( religion itself ?us prop]ly call$4 ,to trace ! developm5t ( ?is1 t1 or ! o!r /ory or episode 9 a religi\s my? is 9 itself a v valuable /udy 9 human evolution3 b no am\nt ( trac+ su* /ories ev] gives u ! fa9te/ clue to ! "q :y m5 wor%ipp$ ,osiris1 ,zeus1 ,siva1 or ,v5us2 :y !y (f]$ up pray] & praise to ,isis1 or to ,artemis2 :y !y made sacrifices ( ox5 to ,capitolian ,jove #jch;at ,rome1 or slew turtle-doves on ! alt> ( ,jahweh1 god ( ,israel1 at ,j]usalem4 ,! gho/-!ory & ! practice ( ance/or-wor%ip %[ u a natural basis & g5esis = all ^! cu/oms1 & expla9 !m 9 a way to :i* no my?ological enquiry c add a s+le item ( fundam5tal int]e/4 ,x may be well at ?is po9t to attempt be=eh& "s slight provisional dis5tanglem5t ( ! v>i\s extrane\s elem5ts :i* int]weave !mselves at la/ ) ! simple primitive fabric ( practical religion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is ! my?ological elem5t4 ,! my?opoeic faculty is a reality 9 mank9d4 ,/ories arise1 gr[1 ga!r episodes ) movem5t1 trans=m & transmute !mselves1 w&] f> 9 space1 get corrupt$ by "t1 9 t5 ?\s& ways suff] *ange & modification4 ,n[1 su* /ories sometimes connect !mselves ) liv+ m5 & wom54 ,ev]ybody kn[s h[ _m my?s exi/ ev5 9 our own day ab\t e prom95t or peculi> p]son4 ,!y also ga!r m p>ticul>ly r\nd ! memory ( ! dead1 & especially ( any v di/+ui%$ dead man or woman4 ,sometimes !y take _! rise 9 g5u9e tradition1 sometimes !y are pure fet*es ( fancy or ( ! romanc+ faculty4 ,! gho/s or ! gods are no less exempt f ^! my?opic freaks ?an o!r p2 & z gods g on liv+ indef9itely1 !y h pl5ty ( "t = my?s to ga!r ab\t !m4 ,mo/ (t51 a my? is inv5t$ to acc\nt = "s p>ticul> religi\s c]emony4 ,aga91 my?s demon/rably old] ?an a p>ticul> human be+--say ,cs>1 ,virgil1 ,ar?ur1 ,*>lemagne--may get fitt$ by lat] ages to ^? special p]sonalities4 ,! same ?+ (t5 happ5s also ) gods4 ,my? comes at la/1 9 %ort1 to be ! hi/ory ( ! gods2 & a p]sonage ab\t :om _m my?s exi/1 :e!r real or imag9>y1 a p]sonification ( nature or an ab/ract quality1 may gr[ 9 "t to be practically a div9e be+1 & ev5 p]haps to receive wor%ip1 ! f9al te/ ( div9ity4 ,aga91 #jcimy?s ab\t ! gods come 9 ! long run1 9 _m cases1 to be writt5 d[n1 especially by ! prie/s1 & !mselves acquire a consid]able degree ( adv5titi\s hol9ess4 ,?us we get ,sacr$ ,books2 & 9 mo/ advanc$ races1 ! sacr$ books t5d to become an important integral "p ( religion1 & a te/ ( ! purity ( t5ets or c]emonial4 ,b sacr$ books almo/ always conta9 rude cosmological guesses & a sup]natural cosmogony1 z well z tales ab\t ! do+s1 relation%ips1 & pr]ogatives ( ! gods4 ,su* e>ly philosophical conjectures come !n to be intimately b\nd up ) ! idea ( religion1 & 9 _m cases ev5 to sup]s$e 9 c]ta9 m9ds its true1 practical1 c5tral k]nel4 ,! extreme ( ?is t5d5cy is se5 9 ,engli% ,prote/ant ,diss5t+ ,bibliolatry4 ,rationali/ic & reconciliatory glosses t5d to arise ) advanc+ culture4 ,attempts are made to trace ! p$igree & mutual relations ( ! gods1 & to get rid ( discrepancies 9 e>li] leg5ds4 ,! ,!ogony ( ,hesiod is a def9ite ef=t und]tak5 9 ?is direction = ! ,greek pan!on4 ,(t5 ! attempt is made by ! mo/ le>n$ & philosophically-m9d$ among ! prie/s1 & results 9 a quasi-philosophical my?ology l t ( ! ,brahmans4 ,9 ! mono!i/ic or half-mono!i/ic religions1 ?is becomes !ology4 ,9 proportion z x gr[s m & m lab\r$ & def9ite ! att5tion ( ! le>n$ & ! prie/ly class is m & m direct$ to dogma1 cre$1 fai?1 ab/ract =mulae ( philosophical or intellectual belief1 :ile insi/+ also ^u ritual or practice4 ,b ! popul> religion rema9s usually1 z 9 ,india1 a religion ( practical cu/om & obs]vances alone1 hav+ v little relation to ! highly ab/ract !ological ideas ( ! le>n$ or ! prie/ly4 ,la/ly1 9 ! highe/ religions1 a l>ge elem5t ( e?ics1 ( s5tim5t1 ( broad humanit>ianism ( adv5titi\s emotion1 is all[$ to come 91 (t5 to ! ext5t ( obscur+ ! orig9al factors ( practice & obs]vance4 ,we are #jdj;con/antly taught t 8real religion0 means _m ?+s :i* h no?+ on e>? to d ) religion prop]1 9 any s5se1 b are m]ely high morality1 t9ctur$ by emotional devotion t[>ds a spiritual be+ or set ( be+s4 ,ow+ to all ^! causes1 mod]n inve/igators1 9 se>*+ = ! orig9 ( religion1 are apt to mix up ) x1 ev5 :5 deal+ ) savage tribes1 _m extrane\s que/ions ( cosmology1 cosmogony1 philosophy1 metaphysics1 e?ics1 & my?ology4 ,!y d n suffici5tly see t ! true "q n>r[s itself d[n at la/ to two prime factors--wor%ip & sacrifice4 ,9 all e>ly religions1 ! practice is at a maximum1 & ! cre$ at a m9imum4 ,we1 n[adays1 look back ^u ^! e>ly cults1 :i* 7 cults & little else1 ) m9ds w>p$ by mod]n !ological prejudices--by con/ant wrangl+ ov] dogmas1 clauses1 def9itions1 & =mul>ies4 ,we talk glibly ( ! ,h9du fai? or ! ,*9ese belief1 :5 we ought r to talk ( ! ,h9du practice or ! ,*9ese obs]vances4 ,by ?us wrongly conceiv+ ! nature ( religion1 we g a/ray z to its orig94 ,we %all only get "r aga9 :5 we le>n to sep>ate my?ology entirely f religion1 & :5 we recognise t ! gr[? & developm5t ( ! my? h no?+ at all to d ) ! beg9n+s ( wor%ip4 ,! sci5ce ( comp>ative my?ology & folk-lore is a valuable & light-be>+ /udy 9 its own way3 b x has no m to d ) ! orig9 ( religion ?an ! sci5ce ( e?ics or ! sci5ce ( geology4 ,!re are e?ical rules 9 mo/ advanc$ cults3 !re are geological surmises 9 mo/ sacr$ books3 b nei!r "o nor ! o!r is on t acc\nt religion1 any m ?an ! hi/ory ( ,jeho%aphat or ! leg5d ( ,samson4 ,:at ,i want to sugge/ 9 ! pres5t *apt] sums itself up 9 a few s5t5ces ?us3 ,religion is practice1 my?ology is /ory-tell+4 ,e religion has my?s t accompany x3 b ! my?s d n give rise to ! religion3 #jdaon ! contr>y1 ! religion gives rise to ! my?s4 ,& ,i %all attempt 9 ?is book to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( religion alone1 omitt+ altoge!r bo? my?ology z a :ole1 & all my?ical p]sons or be+s o!r ?an gods 9 ! s5se "h illu/rat$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,dead4 ,! #jdbobject ( ?is book1 we saw at ! beg9n+1 is to trace ! evolution ( ! idea ( ,god4 ,b ! solution ( t problem implies two sep>ate que/ions--fir/1 h[ did m5 beg9 to frame ! idea ( a god at all2 & second1 h[ did !y progress f ! conception ( _m di/9ct gods to ! conception ( a s+le supreme ,god1 l ! c5tral deity ( ,*ri/ianity & ( ,islam4 ,9 o!r words1 we h fir/ to enquire into ! orig9 ( poly!ism1 & next into its gradual sup]session by mono!ism4 ,^? are ! ma9 l9es ( enquiry ,i propose to foll[ out 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,religion1 h[ev]1 has "o elem5t )9 x /ill old]1 m fundam5tal1 & m p]si/5t ?an any m]e belief 9 a god or gods--nay1 ev5 ?an ! cu/om or practice ( supplicat+ & appeas+ gho/s or gods by gifts & obs]vances4 ,t elem5t is ! conception ( ! ,life ( ! ,dead4 ,on ! primitive belief 9 su* life1 all religion ultimately bases itself4 ,! belief is 9 fact ! e>lie/ ?+ to appe> 9 religion1 = !re are savage tribes :o h no?+ wor? call+ gods1 b h /ill a religion or cult ( _! dead relatives4 ,x is also ! late/ ?+ to survive 9 religion2 = _m mod]n spirituali/s1 :o h ceas$ to be !i/s1 or to accept any o!r =m ( ! sup]natural1 nev]!less g on believ+ 9 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! dead1 & 9 ! possibility ( int]communication betwe5 !m & ! liv+4 ,?is1 !re=e1 :i* is ! e>lie/ manife/ation ( religi\s ?\ght1 #jdc;& :i* p]si/s ?r\gh\t z "o ( its mo/ sali5t & irrepressible features1 mu/ engage our att5tion = a little "t be=e we pass on to ! g5esis ( poly!ism4 ,b ! belief 9 cont9u$ life itself1 l all o!r human ideas1 has naturally und]gone v>i\s /ages ( evolution4 ,! /ages glide imp]ceptibly into "o ano!r1 ( c\rse2 b ,i ?9k we c on ! :ole di/+ui% ) tol]able accuracy betwe5 ?ree ma9 lay]s or /rata ( op9ion ) reg>d to ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! dead4 ,9 ! fir/ or l[e/ /ratum1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 life & dea? !mselves is b ill or inadequately p]ceiv$2 ! dead are ?\ght ( z yet bodily liv+4 ,9 ! second /ratum1 dea? is recognis$ z a physical fact1 b is reg>d$ z only tempor>y2 at ?is /age1 m5 look =w>d to ! ,resurrection ( ! ,body1 & expect ! ,life ( ! ,_w to ,come4 ,9 ! ?ird /ratum1 ! s\l is reg>d$ z a di/9ct entity f ! body2 x survives x 9 a sep>ate & some:at %ad[y =m3 s t ! op9ion z to ! future prop] to ?is /age is n a belief 9 ! ,resurrection ( ! ,body1 b a belief 9 ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l4 ,^! two concepts h (t5 be5 conf\nd$ toge!r by loose & semi-philosophical ,*ri/ian ?9k]s2 b 9 _! ess5ce !y are :olly di/9ct & irreconcilable4 ,i %all exam9e ea* ( ^! ?ree /rata sep>ately4 ,& fir/ z to t e>ly savage level ( ?\ght :]e ! ideas ( life & dea? are v ill dem>cat$4 ,to u at ! pres5t day x seems a curi\s notion t p %\ld n possess ! conception ( dea? z a necess>y ev5t 9 e individual human hi/ory4 ,b t is because we _c easily unread all our previ\s ?9k+1 _c ?r[ ourselves frankly back into ! /ate ( ! savage4 ,we are accu/om$ to liv+ 9 l>ge & popul\s communities1 :]e dea?s are frequ5t1 & :]e natural dea? 9 p>ticul> is an e-day occurr5ce4 ,we h beh9d u a va/ & long hi/ory ( previ\s ages2 & #jddwe "k t hi/orical "t 0 occupi$ by ! lives ( _m successive g5]ations1 all ( :i* are n[ dead1 & none ( :i* on ! av]age exce$$ a c]ta9 fix$ limit ( sev5ty or eighty odd ye>s4 ,to u1 ! conception ( human life z a relatively %ort p]iod1 b\nd$ by a kn[n duration1 & naturally t]m9at+ at a relatively fix$ end1 is a common & famili> "o4 ,we =get1 h[ev]1 t to ! savage all ?is is q o!rwise4 ,he lives 9 a small & scatt]$ community1 :]e dea?s are r>e1 & :]e natural dea? 9 p>ticul> is comp>atively infrequ5t4 ,mo/ ( 8 p are kill$ 9 w>1 or dev\r$ by wild bea/s1 or de/roy$ by accid5ts 9 ! *ase1 or by ?ir/ or />vation4 ,"s are dr[n$ 9 rapid riv]s2 "s cru%$ by fall+ trees or /ones2 "s poison$ by deadly fruits1 or bitt5 by v5om\s snakes2 "s massacr$ by *iefs1 or murd]$ 9 qu>rels ) _! own tribesm54 ,9 a l>ge majority ( in/ances1 !re is "s op5 & obvi\s cause ( dea?2 & ?is cause is g5]ally due ei!r to ! h& ( man or to "s o!r animal2 or fail+ t1 to "s app>5tly active ef=t ( ext]nal nature1 su* z flood1 or lightn+1 or =e/ fires1 or l&slip & e>?quake4 ,dea? by disease is comp>atively r>e2 dea? by natural decay almo/ unkn[n or unrecognis$4 ,nor has ! savage a great hi/oric pa/ beh9d him4 ,he kn[s few b 8 tribesm51 & little ( _! ance/ors save ^? :om 8 p>5ts c rememb] be=e !m4 ,8 p]spective ( ! pa/ is extremely limit$4 ,no?+ enables him to =m t wide idea ( ! necessity & inv>iability ( dea? :i* to u is s famili>4 ,t 8all m5 are mortal0 is to civilis$ man a truism2 to v e>ly savages x w\ld necess>ily h seem$ a />tl+ p>adox4 ,no man ev] dies )9 8 own exp]i5ce2 ev] s9ce he c rememb]1 he has cont9u$ to exi/ z a p]man5t "p ( all 8 adv5tures4 ,mo/ ( ! savage's family h gone on cont9u\sly liv+ ) him4 ,a dea? has be5 a r>e & />tl+ occurr5ce4 #jde,?us ! notion ( dea? z an inevitable end nev] arises at all2 ! notion ( dea? z due to natural causes seems q unt5able4 ,:5 a savage dies1 ! fir/ "q t arises is 8,:o has kill$ him80 ,if he is sla9 9 w>1 or dev\r$ by a tig]1 or ripp$ up by an elephant1 or dr[n$ by a /ream 9 spate1 or murd]$ by a tribesman1 ! cause is obvi\s4 ,if none ( ^!1 !n ! dea? is usually set d[n to wit*craft4 ,fur!rmore1 ! m]e fact ( dea? is mu* less c]ta9 among primitive or savage m5 ?an 9 civilis$ communities4 ,we "k z a rule ) almo/ absolute c]ta9ty :e!r at a giv5 mom5t a sick or w\nd$ man is dead or liv+4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 among ourselves1 cases ( d\bt n infrequ5tly occur4 ,at times we hesitate :e!r a man or woman is dead or has fa9t$4 ,if ! he>t cont9ues to beat1 we consid] !m /ill liv+2 if n ! slighte/ flutt] ( ! pulse c be p]ceiv$1 we consid] !m dead4 ,ev5 our advanc$ m$ical sci5ce1 h[ev]1 is (t5 p]plex$ 9 v obscure cases ( catalepsy2 & mi/akes h occurr$ f "t to "t1 result+ 9 occasional premature burials4 ,! discrim9ation ( true f app>5t dea? is n always easy4 ,vesalius1 ! em95t anatomi/1 op5$ a suppos$ corpse 9 :i* ! he>t 0 se5 to be /ill beat+2 & ! ,abb ,prvo/1 :o _h be5 /ruck by apoplexy1 0 reg>d$ z dead1 b recov]$ consci\sness once m "u ! surgeon's scalpel4 ,naturally1 among savages1 su* cases ( d\bt are f> m likely to occur ?an among civilis$ p2 or r1 to put x z ! savage w\ld ?9k ( x1 !re is (t5 no kn[+ :5 a p]son :o is ly+ /iff & lifeless may happ5 to get up aga9 & resume 8 usual activity4 ,! savage is accu/om$ to see+ 8 fell[s /unn$ or r5d]$ unconsci\s by bl[s1 w\nds1 & o!r accid5ts1 inflict$ ei!r by ! enemy1 by wild bea/s1 by natural ag5cies1 or by ! wra? ( 8 tribesm52 & he nev] kn[s h[ soon ! effect ( su* accid5ts may pass away1 & ! man may recov] 8 #jdford9>y vitality4 ,z a rule1 he keeps & t5ds ! bodies ( 8 fri5ds z long z any *ance rema9s ( _! ultimate recov]y1 & (t5 7z we %all see 9 ! sequel7 mu* long]4 ,aga91 9 ord] to und]/& ?is attitude ( e>ly man t[>ds 8 w\nd$1 8 /rick51 & 8 dead1 we mu/ glance aside = a mom5t at ! primitive psy*ology4 ,v e>ly inde$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d1 ,i believe1 "s vague adumbration ( ! notion ( a s\l began to p]vade humanity4 ,we n[ "k t consci\sness is a function ( ! bra92 t x is int]mitt$ dur+ sleep1 :5 ! bra9 re/s1 & also dur+ times ( grave d]angem5t ( ! n]v\s or circulatory sy/ems1 z :5 we fa9t or assume ! comatose condition1 or are /unn$ by a bl[1 or fall into catalepsy or epilepsy4 ,we also "k t consci\sness ceases altoge!r at dea?1 :5 ! bra9 no long] functions2 & t ! possibility ( its fur!r cont9uance is absolutely cut (f by ! fact ( decomposition4 ,b ^! tru?s1 /ill imp]fectly und]/ood or ra%ly reject$ by _m among ourselves1 7 :olly unkn[n to e>ly m54 ,!y _h to frame = !mselves z be/ !y c\ld "s vague work+ hypo!sis ( ! human m9d1 f data :i* sugge/$ !mselves 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( life2 & ! hypo!sis :i* !y fram$ 0 m or less r\ghly t ( ! s\l or _s1 /ill implicitly accept$ by a l>ge majority ( ! human species4 ,accord+ to ?is hypo!sis e man consi/s ( two halves or p>ts1 "o mat]ial or bodily1 ! o!r immat]ial or spiritual4 ,! fir/ half1 call$ ! body1 is visible & tangible2 ! second half1 call$ ! s\l1 dwells )9 x1 & is m or less invisible or %ad[y4 ,x is to a l>ge ext5t id5tifi$ ) ! brea?2 & l ! brea? x is (t5 believ$ to quit ! body at dea?1 & ev5 to g (f 9 a free =m & live its own life else:]e4 ,z ?is suppos$ indep5d5ce ( ! s\l f ! body lies at ! v basis ( all gho/s & gods1 & !re=e ( #jdgreligion itself1 ,i may be excus$ = go+ at "s l5g? into ! "q ( its orig94 ,actually1 s f> z we "k by direct & tru/wor?y evid5ce1 ! exi/5ce ( a m9d1 consci\sness1 or 8s\l10 ap>t f a body1 has nev] yet be5 satisfactorily demon/rat$4 ,b ! savage d]iv$ ! belief1 app>5tly1 f a l>ge numb] ( concurr5t h9ts & sugge/ions1 ( :i* su* a hypo!sis seem$ to him ! inevitable result4 ,dur+ ! daytime he 0 awake2 at night he slept2 yet ev5 9 8 sleep1 :ile 8 body lay curl$ on ! gr\nd beside ! camp-fire1 he seem$ to hunt or to fight1 to make love or to fea/1 9 "s o!r region4 ,:at 0 ?is "p ( him t w&]$ f ! body 9 dreams8--:at1 if n ! s\l or brea? :i* he naturally reg>d$ z some?+ di/9ct & sep>ate8 ,& :5 a man di$1 did n ! s\l or brea? g f him8 ,:5 he 0 badly w\nd$1 did x n disappe> = a "t1 & !n return aga98 ,9 fa9t+ fits1 9 catalepsy1 & 9 o!r abnormal /ates1 did x n leave ! body1 or ev5 play /range tricks ) x8 ,i ne$ n pursue ?is l9e ( ?\ght1 already fully work$ out by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,dr4 ,tylor4 ,x is en\gh to say t f a v e>ly date1 primitive man began to reg>d ! s\l or life z some?+ b\nd up ) ! brea?1 some?+ :i* c\ld g away f ! body at w & return to x aga91 some?+ sep>able & di/9ct1 yet ess5tial to ! p]son1 v vaguely conceiv$ z immat]ial or %ad[y1 b m s at a lat] ?an at an e>li] p]iod4 99 99 ,! "q ( ! ,sep>ate ,s\l has rec5tly receiv$ v full treatm5t f ,mr4 ,fraz] 9 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 & ,mr4 ,sidney ,h>tl& 9 ,! ,leg5d ( ,p]seus4 ,moreov]1 ^! s\ls or spirits 7:i* quitt$ ! body 9 sleep or trance7 outliv$ dea?1 & appe>$ aga9 to survivors4 ,9 dreams1 we (t5 see ! %apes ( liv+ m52 b we also see ) peculi> vividness ! images ( ! dep>t$4 ,ev]ybody is famili> ) ! frequ5t reappe>ance #jdh;9 sleep ( intimate fri5ds or relations lately deceas$4 ,^! appe>ances1 ,i fancy1 are especially frequ5t dur+ ! fir/ few mon?s ( b]eavem5t1 & gradually weak5 9 frequ5cy & vividness z "t goes on4 ,! reason = bo? sets ( ph5om5a ,i take to be ?is3 ! n]v\s /ructures1 accu/om$ to be /imulat$ 9 p>ticul> comb9ations by int]c\rse ) ! dead fri5d1 miss automatically _! wont$ /imulation2 & be+ !re=e 9 a highly n\ri%$ & un/able /ate1 are peculi>ly ready to und]go ideal /imulation 9 sleep1 z we "k to be ! case ) o!r well-nurtur$ & und]work$ n]ve-c5tres4 ,or1 to put x less mat]ially1 ! bra9 falls readily into a famili> rhy?m4 ,b 9 c\rse ( "t ! *annels atrophy by disuse2 ! habit is lo/2 & ! dream-appe>ances ( ! dead fri5d gr[ m & m infrequ5t4 ,! savage1 h[ev]1 accepts ! dream-_w z almo/ equally real ) ! _w ( s5se-pres5tation4 ,z he envisages ! matt] to himself1 8 s\l has be5 away on its travels )\t its body1 & !re has met & conv]s$ ) ! s\ls ( dead fri5ds or relations4 ,we mu/ rememb] also t 9 savage life occasions = trance1 = fa9t+1 & = o!r abnormal or comatose n]v\s conditions occur f> m frequ5tly ?an 9 civilis$ life4 ,! savage is (t5 w\nd$ & fails f loss ( blood2 he cuts 8 foot aga9/ a /one1 or is half kill$ by a wild bea/2 he fa/s long & (t51 p]=ce1 or is r$uc$ to ! v v]ge ( />vation2 & he is !re=e famili>1 bo? 9 8 own case & 9 ! case ( o!rs1 ) e v>iety ( unconsci\sness & ( delirium or delusion4 ,all ^! facts figure !mselves to 8 m9d z abs5ces ( ! s\l f ! body1 :i* is ?us to him a famili> & almo/ e-day exp]i5ce4 ,moreov]1 x w h5ce result t ! savage c h>dly ga9 any cle> conception ( ,dea?1 & especially ( dea? f natural causes4 ,:5 a tribesman is br\ght home sev]ely w\nd$ & unconsci\s1 ! spectator's imm$iate #jdi;idea mu/ necess>ily be t ! s\l has gone away & des]t$ ! body4 ,= h[ long x has gone1 he _c tell2 b 8 fir/ attempts are direct$ t[>ds induc+ or compell+ x to return aga94 ,= ?is purpose1 he (t5 addresses x ) pray]s & adjurations1 or begs x to come back ) l\d cries & p]suasions4 ,& he _c possibly discrim9ate betwe5 its tempor>y abs5ce & its f9al dep>ture4 ,z ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] well says1 ! consequ5ces ( bl[s or w\nds m]ge into dea? by imp]ceptible /ages4 8,n[ ! injur$ man %ortly #8return$ to himself1rsquo2 & did n g away aga92 & n[1 return+ to himself only aft] a long abs5ce1 he pres5tly des]t$ 8 body = an indef9ite "t4 ,la/ly1 in/ead ( ^! tempor>y returns1 foll[$ by f9al abs5ce1 !re sometimes occurr$ cases 9 :i* a viol5t bl[ caus$ cont9u\s abs5ce f ! v fir/2 ! o!r self nev] came back at all40 ,9 po9t ( fact1 dur+ ^! e>li] /ages1 ! idea ( ,dea? z we "k x did n & does n occur 9 any =m4 ,!re are /ill savages :o d n seem to recognise ! univ]sality & necessity ( dea?--:o reg>d x on ! contr>y z some?+ /range & unatural1 some?+ due to ! ma*9ation ( enemies or ( wit*craft4 ,) ! e>lie/ m51 x is a =egone conclusion1 psy*ologically speak+1 t !y %\ld s reg>d x2 !y c\ld n =m any o!r concept )\t f> m ext5d$ k ?an !y h ! means ( possess+4 ,to !m1 a ,dead ,man mu/ always h seem$ a man ^: s\l or brea? or o!r self _h left him1 b might possibly return aga9 to ! body at any "t4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree /ages ( ?\ght above discrim9at$ has its appropriate mode ( dispos+ ( its dead4 ,! appropriate mode = ?is e>lie/ /age is ,pres]vation ( ! ,corpse1 :i* ev5tuates at la/ 9 ,mummification4 ,! simple/ =m ( ?is mode ( disposal ( ! corpse consi/s 9 keep+ x 9 ! hut or cave :]e ! family dwell1 toge!r ) ! liv+4 ,a ,new ,gu9ea woman ?us #jejkept h] husb&'s body 9 h] hut till x dri$ up ( itself1 & %e kiss$ x & (f]$ x food e day1 z ?\gh x 7 liv+4 ,_m simil> cases are report$ f else:]e4 ,hut pres]vation is common 9 ! v l[e/ races4 ,m frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ow+ to ! obvi\s discom=t ( liv+ 9 too close proximity to a dead body1 ! corpse at ?is /age ( ?\ght is expos$ op5ly 9 a tree or on a plat=m or "u "s o!r circum/ances :]e no h>m c come to x4 ,among ! ,au/ralians & ,&aman ,isl&]s1 :o1 l ! ,negritoes ( ,new ,gu9ea1 pres]ve = u a v e>ly type ( human cu/oms1 ! corpse is (t5 expos$ on a r\gh rais$ scaffold4 ,"s ( ! ,polynesian & ,melanesian peoples foll[ ! same practice4 ,! ,dyaks & ,kyans expose _! dead 9 trees4 8,b x is 9 ,am]ica10 says ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 8t exposure on rais$ /ages is commone/4 ,! ,dakotahs adopt ?is me?od2 at "o "t x 0 ! practice ( ! ,iroquois2 ,catl91 describ+ ! ,m&ans z hav+ scaffolds on :i* #8_! dead live z !y t]m x1' rem>ks t !y are ?us kept out ( ! way ( wolves & dogs2 & ,s*oolcraft says ! same ( ! ,*ippewas40 ,g5]ally speak+1 at ! l[e/ grades ( culture1 savages pres]ve ! actual bodies ( _! dead above gr\nd1 ei!r 9 ! home itself1 or 9 close proximity to x4 ,we %all recur lat] on to ?is s+ul> practice4 ,a slight v>iant on ?is me?od1 peculi> to a v m>itime race1 is t describ$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,o4 ,=bes among ! natives ( ,timurlaut3 8,! dead body is plac$ 9 a portion ( a prau fitt$ to ! l5g? ( ! individual1 or )9 /rips ( gaba-gaba1 or /ems ( ! sago-palm p9n$ toge!r4 ,if x is a p]son ( "s consequ5ce1 su* z an ,orang ,kaya1 an ornate & decorat$ prau-%ap$ c(f9 is specially made4 ,?is is !n envelop$ 9 calico1 & plac$ ei!r on ! top ( a rock by ! m>g9 ( ! sea at a %ort di/ance f ! village1 or on a high pile-plat=m erect$ on ! %ore #jea;ab\t l[-tide m>k4 ,on ! top ( ! c(f9-lid are erect$ tall flags1 & ! figures ( m5 play+ gongs1 %oot+ guns1 & ge/iculat+ wildly to fright5 away evil influ5ces f ! sleep]4 ,sometimes ! plat=m is erect$ on ! %ore above high-wat] m>k1 & ne> x is /uck 9 ! gr\nd a tall bamboo full ( palm-w9e2 & susp5d$ ov] a bamboo rail are bun*es ( sweet potatoes = ! use ( ! dead man's ,nitu4 ,:5 ! body is q decompos$1 8 son or "o ( ! family dis9t]s ! skull & deposits x on a little plat=m 9 8 h\se1 9 ! gable opposite ! fireplace1 :ile to w>d (f evil f himself he c>ries ab\t ) him ! atlas & axis bones ( its neck 9 8 luon1 or siri-hold]40 ,?is int]e/+ acc\nt is full ( implications ^: full] mean+ we w p]ceive h]eaft]4 ,! use ( ! skull & ( ! talisman bone %\ld especially be not$ = _! lat] importance4 ,= skulls are fundam5tal 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,cases l ^! readily pass into ! practice ( ,mummify+1 m especially 9 dry or des]t climates4 ,ev5 9 s damp a tropical c\ntry z ,new ,gu9ea1 h[ev]1 ,d',alb]tis f\nd 9 a %$ on ! banks ( ! ,fly ,riv] two mummies1 artificially prep>$1 z he ?\ght1 by removal ( ! fle%1 ! bones alone be+ pres]v$ ) ! sk9 to cov] !m4 ,"h we h evid5tly a cle> conception ( dea? z a s]i\s *ange1 ( a diff]5t "* f a m]e tempor>y abs5ce4 ,s1 too1 ,mr4 ,*alm]s says ( ! ,koi>i p 9 ! same isl&1 8,!y treat _! dead aft] ?is fa%ion4 ,a fire is kept burn+ day & night at ! head & feet = mon?s4 ,! entire sk9 is remov$ by means ( ! ?umb & =ef+]1 & ! juices pla/]$ all ov] ! face & body ( ! op]ator 7p>5t1 husb&1 or wife ( ! deceas$74 ,! fire gradually desiccates ! fle%1 s t little m ?an ! skeleton is left40 ,b mummification = ! mo/ "p is conf9$ to dri] climates1 :]e x is artificially p]=m$ #jeb;d[n to a v evolv$ /age ( civilisation1 z we "k well 9 ,p]u & ,egypt4 ,"o ^w mu/ be said 9 pass+ z to ! frequ5t habit ( specially pres]v+1 & ev5 c>ry+ ab\t ! p]son1 ! head or h& ( a deceas$ relative4 ,?is has be5 already m5tion$ 9 ! case ( ,timurlaut2 & x occurs frequ5tly else:]e4 ,?us ,mr4 ,*alm]s says ( a ,new ,gu9ea baby3 8,x w be cov]$ ) two in*es ( soil1 ! fri5ds wat*+ beside ! grave2 b ev5tually ! skull & small] bones w be pres]v$ & worn by ! "m40 ,simil>ly1 9 ! ,&aman ,isl&s1 :]e we t\* p]haps ! l[e/ exi/+ /ratum ( savage feel+1 8wid[s may be se5 ) ! skulls ( _! deceas$ p>tn]s susp5d$ r\nd _! necks40 ,! special pres]vation ( ! head1 ev5 :5 ! re/ ( ! body is eat5 or buri$1 w engage our att5tion at a lat] p]iod3 heads s pres]v$ are usually resort$ to z oracles1 & are (t5 treat$ z ! home ( ! _s4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has collect$ _m simil> in/ances1 su* z t ( ! ,tasmanians :o wore a bone f ! skull or arm ( a dead relation4 ,he rightly notes1 too1 t ?r\gh\t ! ,new ,_w 8! primitive conception ( dea? z a long-susp5d$ animation seems to h be5 especially vivid20 & we f9d accord+ly t cu/oms ( ?is "* are p>ticul>ly frequ5t among ,am]ican savages4 ,?us1 to draw once m f 8 great /oreh\se1 ! ,crs c>ri$ bones & hair ( dead relations ab\t = ?ree ye>s2 :ile ! ,c>ibs & sev]al ,guiana tribes di/ribut$ ! clean bones among ! k9sm5 ( ! deceas$4 ,9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 also1 bones ( k+s & *iefs 7 c>ri$ ab\t by _! desc5dants1 "u ! impression t ! dead ex]cis$ gu>dian%ip ov] !m4 ,at ?is /age ( ?\ght1 x seems to me1 x is ! actual corpse t is /ill ?\ght to be alive2 ! actual corpse t appe>s 9 dreams2 & ! actual corpse t is f$ & wor%ipp$ & propitiat$ ) pres5ts4 ,c]emonial #jec;cannibalism1 :i* w be m fully consid]$ h]eaft]1 appe>s 9 ?is /ratum1 & survives f x into high] levels4 ,! body is eat5 entire1 & ! bones pres]v$2 or ! fle% & fat are remov$1 & ! sk9 left2 or a portion only is sacram5tally & rev]5tly eat5 by ! surviv+ relations4 ,^! processes also w be m m9utely describ$ 9 ! sequel4 ,! fir/ /age m]ges by gradual degrees into ! second1 :i* is t ( ,burial or its equival5t4 ,cave-burial ( mummies or ( corpses =ms ! transitional l9k4 ,inde$1 inasmu* z _m races ( primitive m5 liv$ habitually 9 caves1 ! plac+ or leav+ ! corpse 9 a cave seems mu* ! same ?+ z ! plac+ or leav+ x 9 a %$1 hut1 or %elt]4 ,! cave-dwell+ ,v$dahs simply left ! dead man 9 ! cave :]e he di$1 & !mselves migrat$ to "s o!r cav]n4 ,/ill1 cave-burial l+]$ on late ) _m tribes or nations :i* _h = ages outliv$ ! habit ( cave-dwell+4 ,among ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians1 cave-burial 0 common2 & 9 ,p]u x assum$ high developm5ts ( mummification4 ,! mak+ ( an artificial cave or vault = ! dead is b a slight v>iant on ?is cu/om2 x 0 frequ5t 9 ,egypt1 ! o!r dry c\ntry :]e ! mak+ ( mummies 0 c>ri$ to a high pit* ( p]fection4 ,! ,tombs ( ! ,k+s at ,!bes are spl5did in/ances ( su* artificial caves1 elaborat$ into /ately palaces ) pa9t$ walls1 :]e ! dead mon>*s might pass _! und]gr\nd life 9 /ate & dignity4 ,cave-tombs1 natural or artificial1 are also common 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,italy1 & else:]e4 ,dur+ ! fir/ /age1 x may be not$1 ! attitude ( man t[>ds 8 dead is *iefly "o ( affectionate reg>d4 ,! corpse is kept at home1 & f$ or t5d$2 ! skull is c>ri$ ab\t z a belov$ object4 ,b 9 ! second /age1 :i* induces ! practice ( burial1 a c]ta9 ,fe> ( ! ,dead becomes m obvi\sly app>5t4 ,m5 dread ! return ( ! corpse or ! gho/1 & /rive to keep #jed;x )9 prescrib$ limits4 ,9 ?is /age1 ! belief 9 ! ,resurrection ( ! ,body is ! appropriate cre$2 & ?\gh at fir/ ! actual corpse is reg>d$ z likely to return to plague survivors1 t idea gives place a little lat]1 ,i believe1 to ! conception ( a less mat]ial d\ble or _s4 ,& "h let u beg9 by discrim9at+ c>efully betwe5 ! ,resurrection ( ! ,body & ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l4 ,! idea ( ,resurrection arose f & is closely b\nd up ) ! practice ( burial1 ! second & simpl] mode ( dispos+ ( ! rema9s ( ! dead4 ,! idea ( ,immortality arose f & is closely b\nd up ) ! practice ( burn+1 a lat] & bett] innovation1 inv5t$ at ! ?ird /age ( human culture4 ,dur+ ! e>ly hi/orical p]iod all ! mo/ advanc$ & cultivat$ nations burnt _! dead1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 accept$ ! m ideal & ref9$ notion ( ,immortality4 ,b mod]n ,european nations bury _! dead1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 accept1 nom9ally at lea/1 ! crud] & gross] notion ( ,resurrection4 ,nom9ally1 ,i say1 because1 9 spite ( cre$s & =mul>ies1 ! influ5ce ( ,plato & o!r anci5t ?9k]s1 z well z ( surviv+ ance/ral ideas1 has made mo/ educat$ ,europeans really believe 9 ,immortality1 ev5 :5 !y imag9e !mselves to be believ+ 9 ,resurrection4 ,nev]!less1 ! belief 9 ,resurrection is ! av[$ & au?oritative belief ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 :i* ?us proclaims itself z on a l[] level 9 ?is respect ?an ! civilis$ peoples ( antiquity4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! two ways ( dispos+ ( ! bodies ( ! dead is c]ta9ly by burial4 ,z ?is fact has rec5tly be5 call$ 9 "q1 ,i w v5ture to enl>ge a little ^u ! evid5ce 9 its fav\r4 ,9 po9t ( "t1 burial goes back ) c]ta9ty to ! neoli?ic age1 & ) "s probability to ! palaeoli?ic4 ,sev]al true int]m5ts 9 caves h be5 attribut$ by compet5t geologi/s to ! e>li] ( ^! two p]iods1 ! fir/ = :i* we #jee;h any sure w>ranty ( man's exi/5ce on e>?4 ,b1 z ,i d n desire to introduce controv]sial matt] ( any sort into ?is exposition1 ,i w waive ! evid5ce = burial 9 ! palaeoli?ic age z d\btful1 & w m]ely m5tion t 9 ! ,m5tone caves1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,evans1 a mo/ compet5t au?ority1 we h a case ( true burial accompani$ by neoli?ic rema9s ( a grade ( culture e>li] & simpl] ?an any kn[n to u else:]e4 ,9 o!r words1 f ! v e>lie/ beg9n+ ( ! neoli?ic age m5 buri$ _! dead2 & !y cont9u$ to bury !m1 9 caves or tumuli1 d[n to ! end ( neoli?ic culture4 ,!y buri$ !m 9 ! ,long ,b>r[s 9 ,engl&2 !y buri$ !m 9 ! ,ohio m\nds2 !y buri$ !m 9 ! %ad[y =e/s ( ,new ,zeal&2 !y buri$ !m 9 ! he>t ( d>ke/ ,africa4 ,i "k ( no case ( burn+ or any means ( disposal ( ! dead1 o!rwise ?an by burial or its e>li] equival5t1 mummification1 among p 9 ! /one age ( culture 9 ,europe4 ,x is only :5 bronze & o!r metals are introduc$ t races advance to ! ?ird /age1 ! /age ( cremation4 ,9 ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 ! ,mexicans we99re cremationi/s4 ,! wide diffusal ( burial ov] ! globe is also a /rong argum5t = its relatively primitive orig94 ,9 all p>ts ( ! _w m5 n[ bury _! dead1 or did once bury !m4 ,f ! ,tombs ( ! ,k+s at ,pek9 to ! ,pyramids ( ,memphis2 f ! ,p]uvian caves to ! ,samoy$ gravey>ds1 we f9d mo/ e>ly peoples1 mo/ savage peoples1 mo/ primitive peoples1 once or /ill engag$ 9 "o or o!r =m ( bury+4 ,burial is ! common & univ]sal mode2 burn+1 exposure1 ?r[+ into a sacr$ riv]1 & s =?1 are sporadic & exceptional1 & 9 _m cases1 z among ! ,h9dus1 are demon/rably ( late orig91 & connect$ ) c]ta9 relatively mod]n ref9em5ts ( religion4 ,once m1 9 _m or mo/ cases1 we h positive evid5ce t :]e a race n[ burns its dead1 x us$ once #jefto bury !m4 ,burial prec$$ burn+ 9 preh]oic ,greece1 z x also did 9 ,etruria & 9 e>ly ,latium4 ,! p ( ! ,long ,b>r[s1 9 ,we/]n ,europe g5]ally1 buri$ _! dead2 ! p ( ! ,r\nd ,b>r[s :o succe$$ !m1 & :o possess$ a f> high] grade ( culture1 almo/ always cremat$4 ,x has be5 assum$ t burn+ is primordial 9 ,india2 b ,mr4 ,william ,simpson1 ! well-kn[n arti/ ( ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news1 calls my att5tion to ! fact t ! ,v$as speak ) great cle>ness ( burial z ! usual mode ( dispos+ ( ! corpse1 & ev5 allude to ! tumulus1 ! circle ( /ones ar\nd x1 & ! sacr$ tem5os :i* !y enclose4 ,accord+ to ,raj5dralala ,mitra1 ^: high au?ority on ! subject is univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 burial 0 ! rule 9 ,india till ab\t ! ?irte5? or f\rte5? c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era2 !n came 9 cremation1 ) burial ( ! a%es1 & ?is cont9u$ till ab\t ! "t ( ,*ri/1 :5 burial 0 disp5s$ )1 & ! a%es 7 ?r[n into "s sacr$ riv]4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 until "s m positive evid5ce is adduc$ on ! o!r side1 we may re/ cont5t ) our g5]al conclusion t burial is ! olde/1 mo/ univ]sal1 & mo/ savage mode ( dispos+ ( ! rema9s ( ! dead among humanity aft] ! g5]al recognition ( dea? z a positive condition4 ,x probably took its rise 9 an e>ly p]iod1 :ile mank9d 0 /ill "o homog5e\s species2 & x has be5 disp]s$1 accord+ly1 ov] ! :ole _w1 ev5 to ! mo/ remote oceanic isl&s4 ,:at is ! orig9 ( ?is b>b>ic & disgu/+ cu/om1 s repugnant to all ! m delicate s5tim5ts ( human nature8 ,i ?9k ,mr4 ,fraz] is "r 9 attribut+ x to ! t]ror felt by ! liv+ = ! gho/s 7or1 r1 at fir/ ! corpses7 ( ! dead1 & ! fe> t !y may return to plague or al>m _! surviv+ fell[ tribesm54 ,9 8 admirable pap] on 8,c]ta9 ,burial ,cu/oms z ,illu/rative ( ! ,primitive ,!ory ( ! ,s\l10 ,mr4 ,fraz] po9ts out t c]ta9 tribes ( e>ly m5 paid great #jeg;att5tion to ! dead1 n s mu* f affection z f selfi% t]ror4 ,gho/s or bodies ( ! dead haunt ! e>? ev]y:]e1 unless artificially conf9$ to b\nds1 & make !mselves exce$+ly disagreeable to _! surviv+ relatives4 ,to prev5t ?is1 simple primitive philosophy 9 its second /age has hit ^u _m devices4 ,! mo/ univ]sal is to bury ! dead--t is to say1 to put !m 9 a deep-dug hole1 & to cov] !m ) a mighty m\nd ( e>?1 :i* has n[ sadly deg5]at$ 9 civilis$ c\ntries into a m]e =mal heap1 b :i* _h orig9ally ! size & dignity ( a tumulus4 ,! object ( pil+ up ?is great heap ( e>? 0 to conf9e ! gho/ 7or corpse71 :o c\ld n easily move s l>ge a sup]9cumb5t mass ( matt]4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 m5 buri$ _! dead 9 ord] to get well rid ( !m1 & to effectually prev5t _! return to light to di/urb ! survivors4 ,= ! same reason heavy /ones 7 (t5 pil$ on ! top ( ! dead4 ,9 "o =m1 ^! became at la/ ! cairn2 &1 z ! gho/s ( murd]]s & _! victims t5d to be especially re/less1 ev]ybody :o passes _! graves 9 ,arabia1 ,g]many1 & ,spa9 is b\nd to add a /one to ! gr[+ pile 9 ord] to conf9e !m4 ,9 ano!r =m1 t ( ! s+le big /one roll$ j on top ( ! body to keep x d[n by its mass1 ! makeweight has develop$ into ! mod]n tomb/one4 ,9 our own times1 inde$1 ! tomb/one has gr[n into a m]e po/hum\s polit5ess1 & is g5]ally made to d duty z a record ( ! "n & incomp>able virtues ( ! deceas$ 7conc]n+ :om1 nil nisi bonum72 b 9 orig9 x 0 no?+ m ?an ! big1 heavy b\ld]1 meant to conf9e ! gho/1 & 0 any?+ b honorific 9 int5tion & function4 ,aga91 c]ta9 nations g fur!r /ill 9 _! endeav\rs to keep ! gho/ 7or corpse7 f roam+4 ,! corpse ( a ,dam>a1 says ,galton1 hav+ be5 sewn up 9 an old ox-hide is buri$ 9 a hole1 & ! spectators jump backw>ds #jeh;& =w>ds ov] ! grave to keep ! deceas$ f ris+ out ( x4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ! ,tupis ti$ fa/ all ! limbs ( ! corpse1 8t ! dead man might n be able to get up1 & infe/ 8 fri5ds ) 8 visits40 ,y may ev5 div]t a riv] f its c\rse1 z ,mr4 ,fraz] notes1 bury y\r dead man securely 9 its b$1 & !n all[ ! /ream to return to its *annel4 ,x 0 ?us t ,al>ic 0 kept 9 8 grave f fur!r plagu+ humanity2 & ?us ,capta9 ,cam]on f\nd a tribe ( ,c5tral ,africans compell$ _! deceas$ *iefs to 8cease f tr\bl+40 ,sometimes1 aga91 ! grave is enclos$ by a f5ce too high = ! dead man to cle> ev5 ) a runn+ jump2 & sometimes ! survivors take ! prud5t precaution ( nail+ ! body securely to ! c(f91 or ( break+ _! fri5d's sp9e1 or ev5--b ?is is an extreme case--( hack+ him to pieces4 ,9 ,*ri/ian ,engl& ! poor wret* :om mis]y _h driv5 to suicide 0 prev5t$ f roam+ ab\t to ! discom=t ( ! lieges by be+ buri$ ) a /ake driv5 b>b>\sly ?r\gh him4 ,! ,au/ralians1 9 l mann]1 us$ to cut (f ! ?umb ( a sla9 enemy t he might be unable to draw ! b[2 & ! ,greeks 7 wont to hack (f ! extremities ( _! victims 9 ord] to incapacitate !m = fur!r fight+4 ,^! cases w be se5 to be v lum9if]\s :5 we come to exam9e ! orig9 & mean+ ( cremation4 ,burial1 !n1 ,i take x1 is simply by orig9 a means adopt$ by ! liv+ to protect !mselves aga9/ ! vagrant t5d5cies ( ! actual dead4 ,= "s occult reason1 ! va/ majority ( m5 9 all ages h be5 fooli%ly afraid ( meet+ ) ! spirits ( ! dep>t$4 ,_! great desire has be51 n to see1 b to avoid see+ ^! s+ul> visitants2 & = t purpose !y inv5t$1 fir/ ( all1 burial1 & aft]w>ds cremation4 ,! common mod]n conception ( ! gho/ is c]ta9ly t ( an immat]ial or %ad[y =m1 :i* c be se5 b n t\*$1 & :i* pres]ves an out] semblance #jei( ! human figure4 ,b t idea itself1 :i* has be5 import$ into all our descriptions & reason+s ab\t ! gho/-beliefs ( primitive man1 is1 ,i incl9e to ?9k1 v f> f primitive1 & has be5 l>gely influ5c$ by q late conceptions d]iv$ f ! cremational r ?an ! burial level ( religi\s philosophy4 ,9 o!r words1 ?\gh1 9 accordance ) univ]sal usage & ,mr4 ,fraz]'s prec$5t1 ,i h us$ ! ^w 8gho/0 above 9 ref]r+ to ^! sup]/iti\s t]rors ( e>ly man1 ,i believe x is f> less ! _s ?an ! actual corpse itself t e>ly m5 ev5 9 ?is second /age 7 really afraid (4 ,x is ! corpse t may come back & d h>m to survivors4 ,x is ! corpse t mu/ be kept d[n by physical means1 t mu/ be cov]$ ) e>?1 press$ flat b5ea? a big & pond]\s /one1 depriv$ ( its ?umbs1 its h&s1 its eyes1 its memb]s4 ,true1 ,i believe ! savage also ?9ks ( ! gho/ or d\ble z return+ to e>?2 b 8 psy*ology1 ,i fancy1 is n s def9ite z to di/+ui% v accurately betwe5 corpse & _s4 ,! accurate diff]5tiation ( ! two belongs r1 x seems to me1 to ! po/-cremational & m spiritual philosophy ?an to ! prim>y or pres]vative1 & ! second>y or inhumational4 ,anybody :o looks at ! evid5ce collect$ by ,mr4 ,fraz] w see = himself t precautions are tak5 r aga9/ ! return ( ! actual physical body ?an aga9/ ! return ( ! gho/ or _s4 ,or p]haps1 to be m precise1 ! two are h>dly ?\ght ( at ?is e>ly /age 9 sep>ation or anti!sis4 ,if we look at ! means tak5 to pres]ve ! body aft] dea? among ! majority ( primitive peoples1 above ! ,tasmanian level1 ?is tru? ( ! corpse be+ itself immortal becomes cle>] & cle>]4 ,we are /ill1 9 fact1 at a level :]e gho/ & dead man are insuffici5tly diff]5tiat$4 ,9 all ^! cases x is believ$ t ! dead body cont9ues to live 9 ! grave ! same sort ( life t x l$ above gr\nd2 & = ?is purpose x is provid$ #jfj) weapons1 implem5ts1 ut5sils1 food1 vessels1 & all ! necess>ies ( life = its new mansion4 ,cont9u$ s5ti5t exi/5ce ( ! body aft] dea? is ! keynote ( ! e>lie/ level ( psy*ical philosophy4 ,fir/1 ! corpse lives 9 ! hut ) its family3 lat]1 x lives 9 ! grave ) its =efa!rs4 ,b side by side ) ?is nave belief 9 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! body aft] dea?1 :i* survives into ! inhumational /age ( evolution1 goes ano!r & app>5tly irreconcilable belief 9 a future resurrection4 ,/rictly speak+1 ( c\rse1 if ! body is /ill alive1 !re is no ne$ = any su* special revivification4 ,b religi\s ?\ght1 z we all "k1 does n always pride itself ^u ! temporal virtues ( logic or consi/5cy2 & ! savage 9 p>ticul> is n 9 ! lea/ /agg]$ at be+ ask$ to conceive ( "o & ! same subject 9 two opposite & contradictory mann]s4 ,he does n br+ ! two incongruities into ?\ght toge!r2 he ?9ks !m alt]nately1 sometimes "o1 sometimes ! o!r4 ,ev5 ,*ri/ian sy/emati/s are q accu/om$ to comb9e ! incongru\s beliefs 9 a future resurrection & 9 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] dea?1 by suppos+ t ! s\l rema9s mean:ile 9 "s nondescript limbo1 ap>t f its body--"s unc]ta9 ,%eol1 "s dim hades or purgatory or 8place ( dep>t$ spirits40 ,! savage is sc>cely likely to be m exact+ 9 ?is matt] ?an our doctors ( div9ity4 ,x is ! common belief ( ! second or inhumational /age1 !n1 t !re w be at "s "t or o!r a 8,g5]al ,resurrection40 ,no d\bt ?is ,g5]al ,resurrection has be5 sl[ly develop$ out ( ! belief 9 & expectation ( _m p>tial resurrections4 ,x is und]/ood t ea* individual corpse w1 or may1 resurge at "s "t3 !re=e x is believ$ t all corpses toge!r w resurge at a s+le p>ticul> mom5t4 ,s long z burial p]si/s1 ! belief 9 ! ,resurrection p]si/s beside x1 #jfa;& =ms a ma9 feature 9 ! curr5t conception ( ! future life among ! p :o practise x4 ,h[1 !n1 d we progress f ?is second or inhumational /age to ! ?ird /age ) its practice ( burn+1 & its correlat$ dogma ( ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l8 ,9 ?is way1 z x seems to me4 ,besides keep+ d[n ! gho/ 7or corpse7 ) clods & /ones1 x 0 usual 9 _m cases to adopt o!r /ill /rong] p]suasives & dissuasives 9 ! same direction4 ,sometimes ! p]suasives 7 ( ! g5tle/ type2 = example1 ! dead man 0 (t5 politely reque/$ & adjur$ to rema9 quiet 9 ! grave & to give no tr\ble4 ,b sometimes !y 7 less bl&2 ! corpse 0 (t5 pelt$ ) /icks1 /ones1 & hot coals1 9 ord] to %[ him t 8 visits at home w\ld n 9 future be appreciat$4 ,! ord9>y /ake & mutilation treatm5t goes1 x is cle>1 ^u ! same pr9ciple2 if ! man has no feet or legs ( 8 own1 he _c v well walk back aga94 ,b fur!r developm5ts ( ! l crude idea are to cut (f ! head1 to te> out ! he>t1 to hack ! body 9 pieces1 to p\r boil+ wat] & v9eg> ov] ! dang]\s place :]e ! corpse lies buri$4 ,n[ burn+1 ,i take x1 belong$ orig9ally to ! same category ( /rong measures aga9/ refractory gho/s or corpses2 & ?is is ! m probable ow+ to ! fact t x is m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,fraz] among ! rem$ies recomm5d$ = use 9 ! extreme case ( vampires4 ,its orig9al object 01 no d\bt1 to prev5t ! corpse f return+ 9 any way to ! homes ( ! liv+4 ,once any p adopt$ burn+ z a regul> cu/om1 h[ev]1 ! *ances are t1 ct]is p>ibus1 x w\ld cont9ue & spread4 ,= ! practice ( cremation is s mu* m :olesome & sanit>y ?an ! practice ( burial t x w\ld give a d\ble advantage 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce to any race t adopt$ x1 9 peace & 9 w>4 ,h5ce x is q natural t :5 at a c]ta9 grade ( culture c]ta9 races happ5$ to light ^u x #jfb;9 ?is sup]/iti\s way1 ^? races w\ld be likely to ?rive & to take ! lead 9 culture z long z no adv]se circum/ances c\nt]act$ ! advantage4 ,b ! sup]/itions & ! false psy*ology :i* gave rise at fir/ to ! notion ( a cont9u$ life aft] dea? w\ld n1 ( c\rse1 disappe> ) ! introduction ( burn+4 ,! primitive cremationi/s may h hop$1 by r$uc+ to a%es ! bodies ( _! dead1 to prev5t ! recurr5ce ( ! corpse to ! pres5ce ( ! liv+2 b !y c\ld n prev5t ! recurr5ce ( ! gho/ 9 ! dreams ( ! survivors2 !y c\ld n prev5t ! w9d t sigh$ ab\t ! dead man's grave1 ! bats t flitt$1 ! vague noises t t]rifi$1 ! abid+ s5se ( ! corpse's pres5ce4 ,all ! factors t g to make up ! gho/ or ! rev5ant 7to use a safe ^w less liable to mis9t]pretation7 /ill rema9$ z active z ev]4 ,h5ce1 ,i believe1 ) ! introduction ( cremation ! conception ( ! gho/ m]ely suff]$ an airy *ange4 ,he grew m %ad[y1 m immat]ial1 m light1 m spiritual4 ,9 "o ^w1 he became1 /rictly speak+1 a gho/ z we n[ und]/& ! ^w1 n a return+ dead man4 ,?is conception ( ! gho/ z ess5tially a %ade or %ad[ belongs peculi>ly1 x seems to me1 to ! cremat+ peoples4 ,i c answ] = x t among negroes1 = example1 ! 8duppy0 is conceiv$ z q a mat]ial object4 ,x is classical lit]ature1 ! lit]ature ( ! cremat+ ,greeks & ,romans1 t has famili>is$ u mo/ ) ! idea ( ! gho/ z %ad[y & intangible4 ,bury+ races h m solid d\bles4 ,:5 ,pet] escap$ f prison 9 ,j]usalem1 ! assembl$ bre?r5 7 ( op9ion t x mu/ be 88 angel40 ,! :ite woman :o liv$ = ye>s 9 a native ,au/ralian tribe 0 always spok5 ( by h] ho/s z a gho/4 ,9 "o ^w1 at a l[ /age ( culture ! rev5ant is conceiv$ ( z mat]ial & e>?ly2 at a high] /age1 he is conceiv$ ( z immat]ial & %ad[y4 ,n[ #jfc:5 p take to burn+ _! dead1 x is cle> !y w no long] be able to believe 9 ! ,resurrection ( ! ,body4 ,inde$1 if ,i am "r 9 ! !ory "h set =?1 x is j 9 ord] to prev5t ! ,resurrection ( ! ,body at inconv5i5t mom5ts t !y take to burn+4 ,to be sure1 civilis$ nations1 ) _! develop$ p[] ( believ+ 9 miracles1 are capable ( suppos+1 n only t ! sea w yield up its dead1 b also t burnt1 mangl$1 or disp]s$ bodies w be collect$ f all p>ts to be put toge!r aga9 at ! ,resurrection4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! nave belief ( simple & natural m54 ,to !m1 :5 y h burnt a body y h utt]ly de/roy$ x1 "h & h]eaft]2 & we "k t mutilation & burn+ 7 employ$ = ?is v purpose 9 ! case ( vampires & o!r corpses ^: total suppression 0 desirable4 ,sepoys 7 bl[n f ! guns 9 ! ,indian mut9y = ! express reason t1 accord+ to ! ,h9du belief1 t me?od ( dispos+ ( !m de/roy$ n only ! body b ! s\l z well--got rid ( !m entirely4 ,! ord9>y human idea is t :5 y burn a body y simply annihilate x2 & on t v acc\nt e>ly ,*ri/ians pref]r$ burial to cremation1 because !y ?\ght !y /ood !reby a bett] *ance at ! ,resurrection4 ,x is true !y all[$ t ! div9e omnipot5ce c\ld make new bodies = ! m>tyrs :o 7 burnt2 b = !mselves1 !y seem to h pref]r$ on ! av]age to g on afre% ) _! old famili> ones4 ,naturally1 !re=e1 among cremat+ peoples1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,resurrection ( ! ,body t5d$ to g out1 & :at replac$ x 0 ! doctr9e ( ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l4 ,y may burn ! body1 b ! _s /ill survives2 & ! survival gives orig9 to a new philosophy ( gho/s & rev5ants1 a new idea ( ! inn] nature ( gho/hood4 ,gradually ! _s gets to be conceiv$ z div9] ess5ce1 entangl$ & imprison$1 z x 71 9 ! me%es ( ! fle%1 & only to be set free by means #jfd( fire1 :i* ?us becomes envisag$ at la/ z fri5dly r ?an de/ructive 9 its action on ! dead body4 ,:at 0 at fir/ a precaution aga9/ ! return ( ! corpse becomes 9 ! end a pi\s duty2 j z burial itself1 orig9ally a selfi% precaution aga9/ ! pranks & tricks ( return+ corpses1 becomes 9 ! end s sacr$ & imp]ative t unburi$ gho/s are conceiv$ z w&]+ ab\t1 ,ar*ytas-wise1 begg+ = ! fav\r ( a h&ful ( s& to prev5t !m f homeless vagabondage = ev]4 ,nations :o burn come to reg>d ! act ( burn+ z ! appo9t$ means = free+ ! gho/ f ! conf9+ me%es ( ! body1 & reg>d x r z a solemn duty to ! dead ?an z a p]sonal precaution4 ,n only s1 b !re arises among !m a vague & fanciful conception ( ! _w ( %ades v diff]5t inde$ f ! def9ite & mat]ial conception ( ! two e>li] /ages4 ,! mummy 0 look$ ^u z inhabit+ ! tomb1 :i* 0 furni%$ & decorat$ = its reception l a h\se2 & x 0 provid$ ) e ne$ful article = use & com=t4 ,ev5 ! buri$ body 0 suppli$ ) tools & implem5ts = ! gho/4 ,! necessities ( ! %ade are q diff]5t & m %ad[y4 ,he has no ne$ ( e>?ly tools or implem5ts4 ,! objects f\nd 9 ! ,long ,b>r[s ( ! bury+ folk & ! ,r\nd ,b>r[s ( ! cremationi/s well illu/rate ?is primordial & f>-rea*+ diff]5ce4 ,! ,long ,b>r[s ( ! ,/one ,age p are pil$ above an int]m5t2 !y conta9 a *amb]$ tomb1 :i* is really ! subt]ranean home or palace ( ! body buri$ 9 x4 ,! wives & slaves ( ! deceas$ 7 kill$ & int]r$ ) him to keep him company 9 8 new life 9 ! grave2 & implem5ts1 weapons1 dr9k+-cups1 games1 tr9kets1 & ornam5ts 7 buri$ ) _! own]s4 ,! life 9 ! grave 0 all z mat]ial & real z ?is "o2 ! same objects t s]v$ ! w>rior 9 ?is _w w\ld equally s]ve him 9 ! same =m 9 ! next4 #jfe;,x is q diff]5t ) ! ,r\nd ,b>r[s ( ! ,bronze ,age cremationi/s4 ,^! b>r[s are pil$ r\nd an urn41 :i* det]m9es ! %ape ( ! tumulus1 z ! *amb]$ tomb & ! corpse det]m9e ! %ape ( ! e>li] ,/one ,age int]m5ts4 ,!y conta9 a%es alone2 & ! implem5ts & weapons plac$ 9 !m are all brok5 or *>r$ ) fire4 ,:y8 ,because ! gho/1 immat]ial z he has n[ become1 c no long] make use ( solid e>?ly weapons or ut5sils4 ,x is only _! gho/s or %ad[s t c be ( any use to ! gho/ly possessor 9 ! l& ( %ades4 ,h5ce ev]y?+ he ne$s is burnt or brok51 9 ord] t its gho/ may be releas$ & lib]at$2 & all mat]ial objects are n[ conceiv$ z possess+ su* gho/s1 :i* c be utilis$ accord+ly 9 ! _w ( spirits4 ,note also t ) ?is advance f ! surviv+ or revivable ,corpse to ! immortal ,s\l or ,_s1 !re goes almo/ naturally & necess>ily a correlative advance f cont9u$ b solit>y life 9 ! tomb to a fre] & wid] life 9 an und]gr\nd _w ( %ades & spirits4 ,! gho/ gets greatly lib]at$ & emancipat$4 ,he has m fre$om ( movem5t1 & becomes a citiz5 ( an organis$ community1 (t5 envisag$ z rul$ ov] by a ,k+ ( ! ,dead1 & z divid$ into places ( rew>d & puni%m5t4 ,b :ile we mod]n ,europeans pret5d to be resurrectioni/s1 x is a fact t our curr5t gho/ly & es*atological conceptions 7,i speak ( ! _w at l>ge1 n ( m]e s*ola/ic !ologians7 h be5 l>gely influ5c$ by ideas d]iv$ f ?is opposite doctr9e--a doctr9e once held by _m or mo/ ( our own ance/ors1 & famili>is$ to u f *ildhood 9 classical lit]ature4 ,9 fact1 :ile mo/ ,engli%m5 ( ! pres5t day believe !y believe 9 ! ,resurrection ( ! ,body1 :at !y really believe 9 is ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l44 ,x might seem at fir/ sight z ?\gh a grave discrepancy exi/$ betwe5 ! two incongru\s ideas1 fir/ ( bury+ #jffor burn+ y\r dead s t !y may n be able to return or to mole/ y1 & second ( wor%ipp+ at _! graves or mak+ (f]+s to _! disembodi$ spirits4 ,b to ! savage m9d ^! two conceptions are by no means irreconcilable4 ,:ile he jumps ^u ! corpse ( 8 fri5d or 8 fa!r to keep x 9 ! n>r[ pit he has digg$ = x1 he yet br+s x pres5ts ( food & dr9k1 or slays animals at ! tomb1 t ! gho/ may be refre%$ by ! blood t trickles d[n to x4 ,inde$1 sev]al int]m$iate cu/oms occur1 :i* help u to bridge ov] ! app>5t gulf betwe5 rev]5tial pres]vation ( ! mummifi$ body1 & ! co>se precautions ( burial or burn+4 ,?us1 9 _m cases1 "s ( :i* we %all exam9e 9 ! next *apt]1 aft] ! body has be5 = "s "t buri$1 ! head is dis9t]r$1 & treasur$ ) c>e 9 ! family oratory1 :]e x is wor%ipp$ & t5d$1 & :]e x (t5 gives oracles to ! memb]s ( ! h\sehold4 ,a c]emonial wa%+ is almo/ always a feature 9 ?is reception ( ! head2 x recurs aga9 & aga9 9 v>i\s cases1 d[n to ! en%r9em5t ( ! head ( ,hoseyn at ,cairo1 & t ( ,/4 ,d5is at ! abbey ( ! same "n1 to bo? ( :i* we %all allude once m at a f> lat] /age ( our enquiry4 ,= ! pres5t1 x mu/ suffice to say t ! c]emonial & oracul> pres]vation ( ! head--! "p :i* sees1 & speaks1 & eats1 & dr9ks1 & li/5s--is a common feature 9 all religi\s usages2 t x gives rise app>5tly to ! collections ( family skulls :i* adorn s _m savage huts & oratories2 t x may be answ]able ultimately = ! ,roman bu/s & _m o!r imitative images ( ! dead1 9 :i* ! head alone is repres5t$2 & t :5 transf]r$ to ! sacr$ human or animal victim 7himself1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 a sla9 god71 x seems to acc\nt = ! human heads hung up by ! ,dyaks & o!r savages ab\t _! h\ses1 z also = ! skulls ( ox5 & o!r sacr$ animals habitually display$ on ! front ( places ( #jfgwor%ip1 ^: la/ relic is ! sculptur$ ox5's heads :i* fill ! metopes 9 "s ,greek & mo/ ,roman temples4 ,mu* ( ?is1 ,i admit1 w be little compreh5sible to ! read] at ! pres5t /age ( our argum5t3 b ,i beg him to be> 9 m9d provisionally ?is oracul> & repres5tative value ( ! head or skull f ?is po9t =?2 he w f9d1 z he proce$s1 its mean+ w become cle>] & ev] cle>] at ea* successive /age ( our exposition4 ,i ought also to add t betwe5 complete pres]vation ( ! corpse & ! practice ( burial !re seems to h gone ano!r int]m$iate /age1 n[ comp>atively r>e1 b once v g5]al1 if we may judge f ! traces x has left beh9d x--a /age :5 all ! body or "p ( x 0 sacram5tally eat5 by ! survivors z an act ( devotion4 ,we w consid] ?is curi\s & revolt+ practice m fully :5 we rea* ! ab/ruse problem ( sacrifice & sacram5t2 = ! pres5t x w suffice to say t 9 _m in/ances1 9 ,au/ralia1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & else:]e1 ! body is eat51 :ile only ! bones are burn$ or buri$4 ,among ^! savages1 aga91 x usually happ5s t ! head is clean$ ( its fle% by cook+1 :ile ! skull is c]emonially wa%$1 & pres]v$ z an object ( h\sehold v5]ation & an oracul> deity4 ,in/ances w be quot$ 9 succe$+ *apt]s4 ,?us1 betwe5 ! c>e tak5 to prev5t returns ( ! corpse1 & ! wor%ip paid to ! gho/ or %ade1 primitive races feel no su* s5se ( discrepancy or incongruity z w\ld in/antly occur to civilis$ p4 ,! ?ree /ages 9 human ideas ) :i* ?is *apt] deals may be %ortly summ$ up z corpse-wor%ip1 gho/-wor%ip1 & %ade-wor%ip4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,gods4 ,,mr4 #jfh;,h]b]t ,sp5c] has trac$ s admirably 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology ! progress ( developm5t f ! ,gho/ to ! ,god t ,i d n propose 9 ?is *apt] to attempt mu* m ?an a brief recapitulation ( 8 ma9 propositions1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i %all supplem5t ) fre% examples1 & adapt at ! same "t to ! conception ( ?ree successive /ages 9 human ideas ab\t ! ,life ( ! ,dead1 z set =? 9 ! prec$+ argum5t4 ,b ! ha/y resume :i* ,i %all give at pres5t w be fle%$ out incid5tally at a lat] po9t by consid]ation ( sev]al national religions4 ,9 ! e>lie/ /age ( all--! /age :]e ! actual bodies ( ! dead are pres]v$1--,gods z su* are = ! mo/ "p unkn[n3 x is ! corpses ( fri5ds & ance/ors t are wor%ipp$ & rev]5c$4 ,= example1 ,ellis says ( ! corpse ( a ,tahitian *ief t x 0 plac$ 9 a sitt+ po/ure "u a protect+ %$2 8a small alt> 0 erect$ be=e x1 & (f]+s ( fruit1 food1 & fl[]s 7 daily pres5t$ by ! relatives1 or ! prie/ appo9t$ to att5d ! body40 7,?is po9t ab\t ! prie/ is ( ess5tial importance47 ,! ,c5tral ,am]icans1 aga91 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] notes1 p]=m$ simil> rites be=e bodies dri$ by artificial heat4 ,! ,new ,gu9ea p1 z ,d',alb]tis f\nd1 wor%ip ! dri$ mummies ( _! fa!rs & husb&s4 ,a little high] 9 ! scale1 we get ! develop$ mummy-wor%ip ( ,egypt & ,p]u1 :i* survives ev5 aft] ! evolution #jfi( great] gods1 f p[]ful k+s or *iefta9s4 ,o!r evid5ce 9 abundance has be5 adduc$ f ,polynesia & f ,africa4 ,:]ev] ! actual bodies ( ! dead are pres]v$1 !re also wor%ip & (f]+s are paid to !m4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 z already not$1 x is n ! :ole body b ! head alone t is specially kept & wor%ipp$4 ,?us ,mr4 ,h4 ,o4 ,=bes says ( ! p ( ,buru3 8,! dead are buri$ 9 ! =e/ 9 "s seclud$ spot1 m>k$ (t5 by a m]ang or grave-pole2 ov] :i* at c]ta9 int]vals ! relatives place tobacco1 cig>ettes1 & v>i\s (f]+s4 ,:5 ! body is decompos$1 ! son or ne>e/ relative dis9t]s ! head1 wraps a new clo? ab\t x1 & places x 9 ! ,matakau at ! back ( 8 h\se1 or 9 a little hut erect$ = x ne> ! grave4 ,x is ! repres5tative ( 8 =efa!rs1 ^: behe/s he holds 9 ! greate/ respect40 ,two po9ts are wor?y ( notice 9 ?is int]e/+ acc\nt1 z giv+ u an anticipatory h9t ( two fur!r accessories ^: evolution we mu/ trace h]eaft]2 fir/ ! grave-/ake1 :i* is probably ! orig9 ( ! wood5 idol2 & second1 ! little hut erect$ ov] ! head by ! side ( ! grave1 :i* is und\bt$ly "o ( ! orig9s ( ! temple or pray+-h\se4 ,obs]ve also ! c]emonial wrapp+ ( ! skull 9 clo?1 & its oracul> functions4 ,simil>ly1 ,mr4 ,wyatt ,gill1 ! well-kn[n mission>y1 writes ( a dead baby at ,bo]a1 9 ,new ,gu9ea3 8,x w be cov]$ ) two in*es ( soil1 ! fri5ds wat*+ beside ! grave2 b ev5tually ! skull & small] bones w be pres]v$ & worn by ! "m40 ,& ( ! ,suau p he says3 8,enquir+ ! use ( sev]al small h\ses1 ,i le>n$ t x is to cov] grave-pits4 ,all ! memb]s ( a family at dea? occupy ! same grave1 ! e>? t ?9ly cov]$ ! la/ occupant be+ scoop$ out to admit ! newcom]4 ,^! graves are %all[2 ! dead are buri$ 9 a sitt+ po/ure1 h&s fold$4 #jgj,! e>? is ?r[n 9 up to ! m\? only4 ,an e>!n pot cov]s ! head4 ,aft] a "t ! pot is tak5 (f1 ! p]fect skull remov$ & cleans$--ev5tually to be hung up 9 a basket or net inside ! dwell+ ( ! deceas$ ov] ! fire1 to black5 9 ! smoke40 ,9 ,africa1 aga91 ! skull is frequ5tly pres]v$ 9 su* a pot & pray$ to4 ,9 ,am]ica1 e>!nw>e pots h be5 f\nd m\ld$ r\nd human skulls 9 m\nds at ,new ,madrid & else:]e2 ! skull _c be remov$ )\t break+ ! vessel4 ,inde$1 ?is curi\s me?od ( pres]vation 9 pots seems to be v widespread2 we get p]haps a vague h9t or rem9isc5ce ( its =m] preval5ce 9 ,europe 9 ! /ory ( ,isabella & ! pot ( basil4 ,! special selection & pres]vation ( ! head z an object ( wor%ip ?us not$ 9 ,new ,gu9ea & ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago is also /ill f\nd among _m o!r primitive peoples4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,&amanese wid[s keep ! skulls ( _! husb&s z a preci\s possession3 & ! ,new ,cal$onians1 9 case ( sickness or calamities1 8pres5t (f]+s ( food to ! skulls ( ! dep>t$40 ,mr4 ,sp5c] quotes sev]al simil> examples1 a few ( :i* alone ,i extract f 8 pages4 8#8,9 ! private feti%-hut ( ,k+ ,adolee1 at ,badagry1 ! skull ( t mon>*'s fa!r is pres]v$ 9 a clay vessel plac$ 9 ! e>?4' ,he #8g5tly rebukes x if 8 success does n happ5 to answ] 8 expectations4' ,simil>ly among ! ,m&ans1 :o place ! skulls ( _! dead 9 a circle1 ea* wife kn[s ! skull ( h] =m] husb& or *ild1 #8& !re seldom passes a day t %e does n visit x1 ) a di% ( ! be/ cook$ food4444 ,!re is sc>cely an h\r 9 a pleasant day1 b m or less ( ^! wom5 may be se5 sitt+ or ly+ by ! skull ( _! *ild or husb&--talk+ to x 9 ! mo/ pleasant & ende>+ language t !y c use 7z !y 7 wont to d 9 =m] days71 & seem+ly gett+ an answ] back4'0 ,?is #jga;affectionate type ( conv]se ) ! dead1 almo/ free f fe>1 is especially *>act]i/ic ( ! fir/ or corpse-pres]v+ /age ( human dea?-conceptions4 ,x seldom survives :]e burial has made ! feel+ t[>d ! corpse a pa9ful or loa?some "o1 & x is !n conf9$ to ! head alone1 :ile ! grave itself ) ! body x encloses is r %unn$ & dread$4 ,a little above ?is level1 ,mr4 ,du ,*aillu notes t "s ( 8 ,we/ ,african foll[]s1 :5 go+ on an exp$ition1 br\ght out ! skulls ( _! ance/ors 7:i* !y religi\sly pres]v$7 & scrap$ (f small portions ( ! bone1 :i* !y mix$ ) wat] & drank2 giv+ z a reason = ?is conduct t _! ance/ors 7 brave1 & t by dr9k+ a portion ( !m !y too became brave & fe>less l _! ance/ors4 ,"h we h a simple & e>ly case ( t habit ( 8eat+ ! god0 to ^: univ]sality & importance ,mr4 ,fraz] has s =cibly call$ att5tion1 & :i* we mu/ exam9e at full 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,?r\gh\t ! e>li] & rud] phases ( human evolution1 ?is primitive conception ( ance/ors or dead relatives z ! *ief kn[n objects ( wor%ip survives undilut$3 & ance/or-wor%ip rema9s to ?is day ! pr9cipal religion ( ! ,*9ese1 & ( sev]al o!r peoples4 ,gods1 z su*1 are practically unkn[n 9 ,*9a4 ,ance/or-wor%ip also survives 9 _m o!r races z "o ( ! ma9 cults1 ev5 aft] o!r elem5ts ( lat] religion h be5 sup]impos$ ^u x4 ,9 ,greece & ,rome1 x rema9$ to ! la/ an important "p ( dome/ic ritual4 ,b 9 mo/ cases1 a gradual diff]5tiation is set up 9 "t betwe5 v>i\s classes ( gho/s or dead p]sons1 "s gho/s be+ consid]$ ( m importance & p[] ?an o!rs2 & out ( ^! la/ x is t gods z a rule are f9ally develop$4 ,a god1 9 fact1 is 9 ! beg9n+ at lea/ an exceptionally p[]ful & fri5dly gho/--a gho/ able to help1 & f ^: help great ?+s may reasonably be expect$4 ,aga91 #jgb! rise ( *iefta9%ip & k+%ip has mu* to d ) ! gr[? ( a high] conception ( godhead2 a dead k+ ( any great p[] or au?ority is sure to be ?\ght ( 9 "t z a god ( consid]able importance4 ,we %all trace out ?is idea m fully h]eaft] 9 ! religion ( ,egypt2 = ! pres5t x mu/ suffice to say t ! suppos$ p[] ( ! gods 9 ea* pan!on has regul>ly increas$ 9 proportion to ! increas$ p[] ( k+s or emp]ors4 ,:5 we pass f ! fir/ plane ( corpse-pres]vation & mummification to ! second plane :]e burial is habitual1 x might seem at a ha/y glance z ?\gh cont9u$ wor%ip ( ! dead1 & _! elevation into gods1 w\ld no long] be possible4 ,= we saw t burial is prompt$ by a deadly fe> le/ ! corpse or gho/ %\ld return to plague ! liv+4 ,nev]!less1 natural affection = p>5ts or fri5ds1 & ! desire to ensure _! good w & aid1 make ^! seem+ly contr>y ideas reconcilable4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we f9d t ev5 :5 m5 bury or burn _! dead1 !y cont9ue to wor%ip !m3 :ile1 z we %all %[ 9 ! sequel1 ev5 ! great /ones :i* !y roll on top ( ! grave to prev5t ! dead f ris+ aga9 become 9 "t alt>s on :i* sacrifices are (f]$ to ! _s4 ,9 ^! two lat] /ages ( ?\ght ) reg>d to ! dead :i* accompany burial & cremation1 ! gods1 inde$1 gr[ m & m di/9ct f m9or gho/s ) an accel]at$ rapidity ( evolution4 ,!y gr[ great] 9 proportion to ! rise ( temples & hi]>*ies4 ,fur!rmore1 ! v indef9it5ess ( ! bodiless gho/ tells 9 fav\r ( an enl>g$ god%ip4 ,! gods are ?\ght ( z m & m a]ial & immat]ial1 less def9itely human 9 =m & nature2 !y are clo!d ) mighty attributes2 !y assume colossal size2 !y are ev5 id5tifi$ ) ! sun1 ! moon1 ! great p[]s ( nature4 ,b !y are nev] q omnipot5t dur+ ! poly!i/ic /age1 because 9 a pan!on !y are #jgcnecess>ily mutually limit+4 ,ev5 9 ! ,greek & ,roman civilisation1 x is cle> t ! gods 7 n commonly envisag$ by ord9>y m9ds z mu* m ?an human2 = ,pisi/ratus dress$ up a c\rtesan at ,a!ns to repres5t ,pallas ,a!ne1 & impos$ by ?is *eap !atrical trick ^u ! vulg> ,a!nians2 :ile ,paul & ,b>nabas 7 tak5 at ,ly/ra = ,zeus & ,h]mes4 ,_m simil> in/ances w occur at once to ! classical s*ol>4 ,x is only q late1 "u ! influ5ce ( mono!ism1 t ! exalt$ conceptions ( deity n[ preval5t began to =m !mselves 9 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,m]e dome/ic ance/or-wor%ip1 once m1 c\ld sc>cely give u ! orig9 ( any?+ m ?an dome/ic religion--! cult ( ! manes1 ! h\sehold gods1 z di/9ct f t ( ! tribal & national deities4 ,b k+%ip supplies u ) ! miss+ l9k4 ,we h se5 9 ,mr4 ,duff ,macdonaldrsquo2s acc\nt ( ! ,c5tral ,african god-mak+ h[ ! wor%ip ( ! *ief's ance/ors gives rise to tribal or village gods2 & x is cle> h[1 z *iefta9%ip & k+%ip wid51 national gods ( f> high] types may gradually evolve f ^! e>ly mon>*s4 ,especially mu/ we take ! "t-elem5t into acc\nt1 rememb]+ t ! e>li] ance/ors get at la/ to be individually =gott5 z m51 & rema9 9 memory only z sup]natural be+s4 ,?us k+%ip rapidly reacts ^u god%ip4 ,if ! liv+ k+ himself is great1 h[ mu* great] mu/ be ! ance/or :om ev5 ! k+ himself fe>s & wor%ips2 & h[ inf9itely great] /ill t yet e>li] god1 ! ance/or's ance/or1 :om ! ance/or himself rev]$ & propitiat$6 ,9 "s su* way !re gr[s up gradually a hi]>*y ( gods1 among :om ! olde/1 & !re=e ! lea/ kn[n1 are usually 9 ! end ! greate/ ( any4 ,! consolidation ( k+doms & empires1 & ! advance ( ! arts1 tell /rongly ) concurr5t =ce 9 ^! directions2 :ile ! inv5tion ( writt5 language sets #jgd;a f9al seal on ! godhead & might ( great e>ly ance/ors4 ,among v primitive tribes1 inde$1 we f9d z a rule only v dome/ic & rec5t objects ( wor%ip4 ,! *ief prays = ! mo/ "p to 8 own fa!r & 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors4 ,! m anci5t ance/ors1 z ,mr4 ,duff ,macdonald has s well po9t$ out1 gr[ rapidly into oblivion4 ,b ) m advanc$ races1 v>i\s ag5cies arise :i* help to keep 9 m9d ! e>ly dead2 & 9 v evolv$ communities ^! ag5cies1 rea*+ a high pit* ( evolution1 make ! rec5t gods or k+s or gho/s seem comp>atively unimportant by ! side ( ! v anci5t & v long-wor%ipp$ ones4 ,m ?an ( any o!r ?+1 x may be said ( a god1 vires acquirit eundo4 ,?us1 9 advanc$ types ( society1 sa9ts or gods ( rec5t orig9 assume b second>y or m9or importance2 :ile ! highe/ & greate/ gods ( all are ^? ( ! remote/ antiquity1 ^: human hi/ory is lo/ f our view 9 ! dim mi/ ( ages4 ,?ree su* ag5cies ( prime importance 9 ! transition f ! m]e gho/ to ! fully develop$ god mu/ "h be m5tion$4 ,!y are ! rise ( temples1 ( idols1 &1 above all1 ( prie/hoods4 ,ea* ( ^! we mu/ n[ consid] briefly b sep>ately4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,temple is v>i\s2 b all temples may nev]!less be r$uc$ 9 ! la/ resort ei!r into graves ( ! dead1 or into places :]e wor%ip is specially (f]$ up to !m4 ,?is tru?1 :i* ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] arriv$ at by exam9ation ( ! reports ( travell]s or hi/orians1 & work$ up 9 connection ) 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 0 indep5d5tly arriv$ at ?r\gh q a diff]5t l9e ( obs]vation & reason+ by ,mr4 ,william ,simpson1 ! well-kn[n arti/ ( ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news4 ,mr4 ,simpson has probably visit$ a l>g] numb] ( places ( wor%ip all ov] ! _w ?an any o!r travell] ( any g5]ation3 & he 0 e>ly impress$ by ! fact :i* =c$ itself ^u 8 eyes1 t almo/ e "o ( !m1 :]e its orig9 c\ld be #jgetrac$1 turn$ out to be a tomb 9 "o =m or ano!r4 ,he has set =? ! results ( 8 rese>*es 9 ?is direction 9 sev]al admirable pap]s1 all ( :i*1 b especially ! "o entitl$ ,! ,wor%ip ( ,dea?1 ,i c confid5tly recomm5d to ! s]i\s att5tion ( /ud5ts ( religion4 ,!y conta9 ! l>ge/ collection ( in/ances 9 ?is matt] ev] yet made2 & !y %[ beyond a d\bt ! affiliation ( ! v idea ( a temple on ! tomb or grave ( "s di/+ui%$ dead p]son1 fam\s = 8 p[]1 8 c\rage1 or 8 sa9tl9ess4 ,! cave is probably ! fir/ =m ( ! ,temple4 ,sometimes ! dead man is left 9 ! cave :i* he inhabit$ :5 liv+2 an in/ance ( :i* we h already notic$ among ! ,v$dahs ( ,ceylon4 ,9 o!r cases1 :]e races h outgr[n ! cu/om ( cave-dwell+1 ! habit ( cave-burial1 or r ( lay+ ! dead 9 caves or 9 artificial grottoes1 /ill cont9ues ?r\gh ! usual cons]vatism ( religi\s feel+4 ,(f]+s are made to ! dead 9 all ^! v>i\s caves3 & "h we get ! beg9n+s ( cave-temples4 ,su* temples are at fir/ ( c\rse ei!r natural or extremely rude2 b !y soon beg9 to be decorat$ ) r\gh frescoes1 z is done1 = example1 by ! ,s\? ,african ,bu%m54 ,^! frescoes aga9 give rise 9 "t by sl[ degrees to su* gorge\s works z ^? ( ! ,tombs ( ! ,k+s at ,!bes2 ea* ( :i* has atta*$ to x a magnific5t temple z its mortu>y *apel4 ,sculpture is simil>ly employ$ on ! decoration ( cave-temples2 & we get ! f9al result ( su* arti/ic ornam5t 9 spl5did cave-temples l ^? ( ,ellora4 ,bo? arts 7 employ$ toge!r 9 ! beautiful & int]e/+ ,etruscan tomb-temples4 ,9 ano!r class ( cases1 ! hut :]e ! dead man liv$ is ab&on$ at 8 dea? by 8 liv+ relations1 & ?us becomes a rudim5t>y ,temple :]e (f]+s are made to him4 ,?is is ! case ) ! ,hott5tots1 to take an in/ance at a v l[ grade ( culture4 ,( a ,new ,gu9ea #jgf;hut-burial1 ,mr4 ,*alm]s says3 8,! *ief is buri$ 9 ! c5tre2 a mat 0 spread ov] ! grave1 on :i* ,i 0 ask$ to sit until !y _h a weep+40 ,?is weep+ is g5]ally p]=m$ by wom5--a t\* :i* leads u on to ,adonis & ,osiris rites1 & to ! ,*ri/ian ,piet4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has collect$ sev]al o!r excell5t examples4 ,?us1 ! ,arawaks place ! corpse 9 a small boat & bury x 9 ! hut2 among ! ,creeks1 ! habitation ( ! dead becomes 8 place ( int]m5t2 ! ,fantees likewise bury ! dead p]son 9 8 own h\se2 & ! ,yucatanese 8z a rule ab&on$ ! h\se1 & left x un9habit$ aft] ! burial40 ,i w n multiply quotations2 x w be bett] to ref] ! read] to ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s own pages1 :]e a suffici5t numb] ( confirmatory examples are collect$ to satisfy any b ! mo/ prejudic$ critic4 8,z repeat$ supplies ( food are tak5 to ! ab&on$ h\se10 says ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 8& z along ) mak+ (f]+s !re g o!r propitiatory acts1 ! des]t$ dwell+ h\se1 turn$ into a mortu>y h\se1 acquires ! attributes ( a temple40 ,a ?ird orig9 = ,temples is f\nd 9 ! %$1 hut1 or %elt]1 erect$ ov] ! grave1 ei!r = ! protection ( ! dead or = ! conv5i5ce ( ! liv+ :o br+ _! (f]+s4 ,?us1 9 p>ts ( ,new ,gu9ea1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,*alm]s1 8,! natives bury _! dead 9 ! front ( _! dwell+s1 & cov] ! grave ) a small h\se1 9 :i* ! ne> relatives sleep = sev]al mon?s40 8,:]e h\se-burial is n practis$10 says ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 once m1 8! %elt]+ /ructure rais$ above ! grave1 or above ! /age be>+ ! corpse1 becomes ! g]m ( ! sacr$ build+4 ,by "s ( ! ,new ,gu9ea p !re is a #8ro( ( atap erect$ ov]' ! burial-place4 ,9 ,cook's "t ! ,tahitians plac$ ! body ( a dead p]son ^u a k9d ( bi] support$ by /icks & "u a ro(4 ,s1 too1 9 ,sumatra1 :]e #8a %$ is built ov]' ! grave2 & s1 too1 9 ,tonga4 ,( c\rse #jgg?is %$ admits ( enl>gem5t & f9i%4 ,! ,dyaks 9 "s places build mausoleums l h\ses1 #ah feet high1 ornam5tally c>v$1 conta9+ ! goods ( ! dep>t$--sword1 %ield1 paddle1 etc4 ,:5 we read t ! ,fijians deposit ! bodies ( _! *iefs 9 small enbures or temples1 we may fairly conclude t ^! s-call$ temples are simply m-develop$ %elt]+ /ructures4 ,/ill m cle>ly did ! cu/oms ( ! ,p]uvians %[ t ! /ructure erect$ ov] ! dead body develops into a temple4 ,aco/a tells u t lsquo2e "o ( ^! k+s ,yncas left all 8 treasure & rev5ues to ent]ta9e ! place ( wor%ippe :]e 8 body 0 lay$1 & !re 7 _m m9i/]s ) all _! familie d$icat$ to 8 s]vice4'0 ,note 9 ! la/ t\*1 by anticipation1 "o orig9 ( prie/hood4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we saw 9 ,mr4 ,duff ,macdonald's acc\nt ( ! ,c5tral ,african natives t ^? savages d n wor%ip at ! actual grave itself4 ,9 ?is case1 t]ror ( ! rev5ant seems to prev5t ! usual =ms ( homage at ! tomb ( ! deceas$4 ,moreov]1 ! gho/ be+ n[ conceiv$ z m or less freely sep>able f ! corpse1 x w be possible to wor%ip x 9 "s place remote f ! dread$ cemet]y4 ,h5ce ^! ,africans ldquo2seek ! _s at ! place :]e _! dep>t$ k9sman la/ liv$ among !m4 ,x is ! great tree at ! v]&ah ( ! dead man's h\se t is _! temple3 & if no tree gr[ "h1 !y erect a little %ade1 & !re p]=m _! simple rites40 ,we h 9 ?is case yet ano!r possible orig9 = c]ta9 temples1 & also1 ,i w add by anticipation ( a future *apt]1 = ! sacr$ tree1 :i* is s common an object ( pi\s adoration 9 _m c\ntries4 ,beg9n+ ) su* natural caves or su* humble huts1 ! ,temple assumes l>g] proportions & m beautiful decorations ) ! increase ( art & ! gr[? ( k+doms4 ,especially1 z we see 9 ! tomb-temples & pyramids #jgh( ,egypt & ,p]u1 does x assume great size & acquire co/ly ornam5ts :5 x is built by a p[]ful k+ = himself dur+ 8 own lifetime4 ,temple-tombs ( ?is description rea* a high po9t ( arti/ic developm5t 9 su* a build+ z ! s-call$ ,treasury ( ,atreus at ,myc51 :i* is really ! sepul*re ( "s nameless prehi/oric mon>*4 ,x is admirably recon/ruct$ 9 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez4 ,obvi\sly1 ! importance & magnific5ce ( ! temple w react ^u ! popul> conception ( ! importance & magnific5ce ( ! god :o inhabits x4 ,& conv]sely1 z ! gods gr[ great] & great]1 m art & m con/ructive skill w con/antly be devot$ to ! build+ & decoration ( _! p]man5t homes4 ,?us 9 ,egypt ! tomb 0 (t5 m c>efully built & spl5didly decorat$ ?an ! h\se2 because ! h\se 0 inhabit$ = a %ort "t only1 b ! tomb = et]nity4 ,moreov]1 z k+s grew m p[]ful1 !y (t5 adorn$ ! temples ( _! ance/ors ) emul\s pride1 to %[ _! own greatness4 ,9 ,egypt1 once m1 ! orig9al "p ( all ! m important temples is b a small d>k cell1 ( e>ly orig91 to :i* "o successive k+ aft] ano!r 9 lat] dyna/ies add$ /ateli] & ev] /ateli] ante*amb]s or por*es1 s t at la/ ! build+ assum$ ! gigantic size & noble proportions ( ,k>nak & ,luxor4 ,?is access ( importance to ! temple _c h fail$ to add correspond+ly to ! dignity ( ! god2 s t1 z "t w5t on1 in/ead ( ! e>ly k+s be+ =gott5 & no long] wor%ipp$1 !y assum$ ev] great] & great] importance f ! magnific5ce ( ! works 9 :i* _! memory 0 en%r9$4 ,to ! v end1 ! god dep5ds l>gely on 8 h\se = impressiv5ess4 ,h[ mu* did n ,hell5ic religion itself owe to ! ,p>!non & ! temple ( ,olympian ,zeus6 ,h[ mu* does n ,*ri/ianity itself owe to ,l9coln & ,durham1 to ,ami5s & ,*>tres1 to ,milan & ,pisa1 to ,/4 ,m>k's & #jgj,/4 ,pet]'s6 ,m5 _c believe t ! deities wor%ipp$ 9 su* noble & dimly religi\s %r9es 7 once human l !mselves1 compact ( ! same bodies1 p>ts1 & passions4 ,yet 9 ! la/ in/ance at lea/ we "k ! great works to be rais$ 9 hon\r ( a s+le ,l[] ,syrian peasant4 ,) ?is brief & imp]fect notice ( ! orig9 ( temples1 :i* w indirectly be exp&$ 9 lat] portions ( my "w1 ,i pass on f ! consid]ation ( ! sacr$ build+ itself to t ( ! ,idol :o usually dwells )9 x4 ,:]e burial prevails1 & :]e arts are at a l[ /age ( developm5t1 ! memory ( ! dead is n likely to survive beyond two or ?ree g5]ations4 ,b :]e mummification is ! rule1 !re is no reason :y deceas$ p]sons %\ld n be pres]v$ & wor%ipp$ = an indef9ite p]iod2 & we "k t 9 ,egypt at lea/ ! cult ( k+s :o di$ 9 ! mo/ remote times ( ! ,e>ly ,empire 0 c>ri$ on regul>ly d[n to ! days ( ! ,ptolemies4 ,9 su* a case z ?is1 !re is absolutely no ne$ = idols to arise2 ! corpse itself is ! *ief object ( wor%ip4 ,we d f9d accord+ly t bo? 9 ,egypt & 9 ,p]u ! wor%ip ( ! mummy play$ a l>ge "p 9 ! local religions2 ?\gh sometimes x alt]nat$ ) ! wor%ip ( o!r holy objects1 su* z ! image or ! sacr$ /one1 :i* we %all see h]eaft] to h _h a l orig94 ,b 9 _m o!r c\ntries1 :]e bodies 7 less visibly & obvi\sly pres]v$1 ! wor%ip due to ! gho/ or god 0 (t5 paid to a simulacrum or idol2 s mu* s t 8idolatry0 has become 9 ,*ri/ian p>lance ! common t]m = mo/ =ms ( wor%ip o!r ?an mono!i/ic4 ,n[ :at is ! orig9 & mean+ ( ,idols1 & h[ c !y be affiliat$ ^u primitive corpse or gho/ wor%ip8 ,l ! temple1 ! ,idol1 ,i believe1 has _m sep>ate orig9s1 sev]al ( :i* h be5 not$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 #jhj:ile o!rs1 x seems to me1 h escap$ ! notice ev5 ( t pr(\nd & acute obs]v]4 ,! e>lie/ ,idols1 if ,i may be all[$ ! contradictory expression1 are n idols at all--n images or repres5tations ( ! dead p]son1 b actual bodies1 pres]v$ & mummifi$4 ,^! pass readily1 h[ev]1 into v>i\s types ( repres5tative figures4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place ! mummy itself is usually wrapp$ r\nd 9 swa?+-clo?s :i* obscure its features2 & 9 ! second place x is frequ5tly enclos$ 9 a wood5 mummy-case1 :i* is itself mo/ (t5 rudely human 9 =m1 & :i* has und\bt$ly giv5 rise to c]ta9 =ms ( idols4 ,?us1 ! images ( ,amun1 ,khem1 ,osiris1 & ,ptah among ,egyptian gods are frequ5tly or habitually ^? ( a mummy 9 a mummy-case4 ,b fur!rmore1 ! mummy itself is seldom or nev] ! entire man2 ! inte/9es at lea/ h be5 remov$1 or ev51 z 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 ! entire mass ( fle%1 leav+ only ! sk9 & ! skeleton4 ,! eyes1 aga91 are (t5 replac$1 z 9 ,p]u1 by "s o!r imitative object1 s z to keep up ! lifelike appe>ance4 ,cases l ^! lead on to o!rs1 :]e ! image or idol gradually sup]s$es altoge!r ! corpse or mummy4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,o4 ,=bes gives an int]e/+ in/ance ( su* a transitional /age 9 ,timorlaut4 8,! bodies ( ^? :o die 9 w> or by a viol5t dea? are buri$1rdquo2 he says2 8& if ! head has be5 captur$ by ! enemy1 a cocoanut is plac$ 9 ! grave to repres5t ! miss+ memb]1 & to deceive & satisfy 8 _s40 ,!re is abundant evid5ce t su* make%ift limbs or bodies amply suffice = ! use ( ! s\l1 :5 ! actual corpse has be5 de/roy$ or mutilat$4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 ! sub/itution ( p>ts is delib]ate & int5tional4 ,l&a says ( ! ,yucatanese t !y cut (t ! heads ( ! anci5t lords ( ,cocom :5 !y di$1 & cle>$ !m f fle% by cook+ !m 7v probably to eat at a sacrificial fea/1 ( :i* m h]eaft]72 !n !y saw$ #jha(f ! top ( ! skull1 fill$ 9 ! re/ ( ! head ) cem5t1 &1 mak+ ! face z l z possible to ! orig9al possessor1 kept ^! images along ) ! /atues & ! a%es4 ,note "h ! usual pres]vation ( ! head z exceptionally sacr$4 ,9 o!r cases1 !y made = _! fa!rs wood5 /atues1 put 9 ! a%es ( ! burnt body1 & atta*$ ! sk9 ( ! occiput tak5 (f ! corpse4 ,^! images1 half mummy1 half idol1 7 kept 9 ! oratories ( _! h\ses1 & 7 greatly rev]5c$ & assidu\sly c>$ =4 ,on all ! fe/ivals1 food & dr9k 7 (f]$ to !m4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has collect$ o!r int]e/+ in/ances ( ?is transitional /age betwe5 ! corpse or mummy & ! m]e idol4 ,! ,mexicans1 :o 7 cremationi/s1 us$ to burn a dead "l1 & collect ! a%es2 8& aft] knead+ !m ) human blood1 !y made ( !m an image ( ! deceas$1 :i* 0 kept 9 memory ( him40 ,sometimes1 z 9 ,yucatan1 ! a%es 7 plac$ 9 a man-%ap$ receptacle ( clay1 & temples or oratories 7 erect$ ov] !m4 8,9 yet o!r cases10 says ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 8!re is wor%ip ( ! relics1 jo9$ ) ! repres5tative figure1 n by inclusion1 b only by proximity40 ,?us ,gom>a tells u t ! ,mexicans hav+ burnt ! body ( _! deceas$ k+1 ga!r$ up ! a%es1 bones1 jewels1 & gold 9 clo?s1 & made a figure dress$ z a man1 be=e :i*1 z well z be=e ! relics1 (f]+s 7 plac$4 ,x is cle> t cremation specially l5ds itself to su* sub/itution ( an image = ! actual dead body4 ,among bury+ races x is ! sev]$ skull1 on ! contr>y1 t is (t5e/ pres]v$ & wor%ipp$4 ,! transition f su* images to small /one s>cophagi1 l ^? ( ! ,etruscan tombs1 is by no means a great "o4 ,^! s>cophagi conta9$ ! burnt a%es ( ! dead1 b 7 cov]$ by a lid :i* usually repres5t$ ! deceas$1 recl9+1 z if at a banquet1 ) a beak] 9 8 h&s4 ,! tombs 9 :i* ! s>cophagi 7 plac$ 7 ( two types2 "o1 ! /one pyramid or #jhb;cone1 :i*1 says ,dr4 ,isaac ,taylor1 8is manife/ly a survival ( ! tumulus02 ! o!r1 ! rock-cut *amb]1 8:i* is a survival ( ! cave40 ,^! lordly graves are no m]e *e]less sepul*res2 !y are abodes = ! dead1 con/ruct$ on ! model ( ! homes ( ! liv+4 ,!y conta9 furniture & pott]y2 & _! walls are decorat$ ) co/ly mural pa9t+s4 ,!y are also usually provid$ ) an ante*amb]1 :]e ! family c\ld assemble at ! annual fea/ to d homage to ! spirits ( dep>t$ ance/ors1 :o %>$ 9 ! meal f _! sculptur$ s>cophagus lids4 ,at a fur!r /age ( di/ance f ! primitive mummy-idol we come ^u ! image pure & simple4 ,! ,mexicans1 = example1 z we h se51 7 cremationi/s2 & :5 m5 kill$ 9 battle 7 miss+1 !y made wood5 figures ( !m1 :i* !y hon\r$1 & !n burnt !m 9 place ( ! bodies4 ,9 some:at ! same _s ! ,egyptians us$ to place beside ! mummy itself an image ( ! dead1 to act z a refuge or receptacle = ! s\l1 89 case ( ! accid5tal de/ruction ( ! actual body40 ,s ! ,mexicans once m1 if "o ( _! m]*ants di$ on a j\rney1 7 accu/om$ to make a /atue ( wood 9 ! %ape ( ! deceas$1 to :i* !y paid all ! hon\rs !y w\ld h done to 8 actual corpse be=e burn+ x4 ,9 ,africa1 :ile a k+ ( ,congo is be+ embalm$1 a figure is set up 9 ! palace to repres5t him1 & is daily furni%$ ) food & dr9k4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has collect$ sev]al simil> in/ances ( idols sub/itut$ = ! bodies ( ! dead4 ,! ,roman imag9es wore masks ( wax1 :i* pres]v$ 9 l mann] ! features ( ance/ors4 ,p]haps ! mo/ curi\s mod]n survival ( ?is cu/om ( d\ble repres5tations is to be f\nd 9 ! effigies ( our k+s & que5s /ill pres]v$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,!re are two o!r s\rces ( idol-wor%ip1 h[ev]1 :i*1 z x seems to me1 h h>dly receiv$ suffici5t att5tion at ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s h&s4 ,^? two are ! /ake :i* #jhcm>ks ! grave1 & ! /&+ /one or tomb/one4 ,by f> ! l>g] numb] ( idols1 ,i v5ture to believe1 are desc5d$ f "o or o!r ( ^! two orig9als1 bo? ( :i* ,i %all exam9e h]eaft] 9 f> great] detail4 ,!re is inde$ no great] lacuna1 ,i fancy1 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s monum5tal "w ?an t produc$ by ! insuffici5t consid]ation ( ^! two fruitful s\rces ( wor%ipful objects4 ,i %all !re=e devote a consid]able space to _! consid]ation 9 subsequ5t *apt]s2 = ! pres5t x w suffice to rem>k t ! wood5 /ake seems (t5 to =m ! orig9 or po9t ( dep>ture = ! c>v$ wood5 image1 z well z = su* rud] objects ( rev]5ce z ! cones & wood5 pill>s s widely rev]5c$ among ! ,semitic tribes2 :ile ! r\gh b\ld]1 /&+ /one1 or tomb/one seems to =m ! orig9 or po9t ( dep>ture = ! /one or m>ble /atue1 ! commone/ type ( idol ! :ole _w ov] 9 all advanc$ & cultivat$ communities4 ,su* /ones 7 at fir/ m]e rude blocks or unhewn masses1 ! desc5dants ( ^? :i* 7 roll$ ov] ! grave 9 primitive times 9 ord] to keep d[n ! corpse ( ! dead man1 & prev5t him f return+ to di/urb ! liv+4 ,b 9 "t !y grew to be r\ghly dress$ into slabs or squ>es1 & f9ally to be decorat$ ) a rude repres5tation ( a human head & %\ld]s4 ,f ?is /age !y readily progress$ to t ( ! ,greek ,h]m4 ,we n[ "k t ?is 0 ! e>ly %ape ( mo/ ,hell5ic gods & goddesses2 & we c trace _! evolution onw>d f ?is po9t to ! :olly an?ropomorphic ,aphrodite or ,"h4 ,! well-kn[n figure ( ! ,ephesian ,artemis is an int]m$iate case :i* w occur at once to e classical read]4 ,/>t+ f su* %apeless beg9n+s1 we progress at la/ to ! arti/ic & spl5did bronze & m>ble /atues ( ,hellas1 ,etruria1 & ,rome1 to ! _m-h&$ deities ( mod]n ,india1 & to ! sculptur$ ,madonnas & ,piets ( ,r5aissance ,italy4 ,naturally1 #jhd;z ! gods gr[ m beautiful & m arti/ically f9i%$ 9 workman%ip1 ! popul> idea ( _! p[] & dignity mu/ increase p>i passu4 ,9 ,egypt1 ?is increase took *iefly ! =m ( colossal size & f9e manipulation ( h>d granitic mat]ials4 ,! s-call$ ,memnon & ! ,sph9x are famili> in/ances ( ! fir/2 ! ,pa%ts ( ,sy5ite1 ! black basalt gods1 s well kn[n at ! ,l\vre & ! ,briti% ,museum1 are examples ( ! second4 ,9 ,greece1 effect 0 s\ght r by ideal beauty1 z 9 ! ,aphrodites & ,apollos1 or by co/l9ess ( mat]ial1 z 9 ! *ryselephant9e ,zeus & ! ,a!ne ( ! ,p>!non4 ,b we mu/ always rememb] t 9 ,hellas itself ^! glori\s gods 7 develop$ 9 a comp>atively %ort space ( "t f ! %apeless blocks or /&+ /ones ( ! rud] religion2 inde$1 we h /ill _m curi\s int]m$iate =ms betwe5 ! extremely grotesque & h>dly human ,myc5an types1 & ! exquisite imag9+s ( ,myron or ,phidias4 ,! e>lie/ ,hell5ic idols engrav$ by ,messrs4 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez 9 _! great "w on ,art 9 ,primitive ,greece d n rise 9 any respect sup]ior to ! ,polynesian level2 :ile ! s-call$ ,apollos ( lat] ar*aic workman%ip1 rigidly erect ) _! arms at _! sides1 recall 9 _m respects ! /raight up-&-d[n outl9e ( ! /&+ /one f :i* !y are develop$4 ,i %\ld add t 9 an imm5se numb] ( in/ances ! rude /one image or idol1 & at a /ill l[] grade ! unwr\ght sacr$ /one1 /&s z ! c5tral object "u a %$ or %elt]1 :i* develops by degrees into ! /ately temple4 ,! advance 9 bo? is g5]ally m or less p>allel2 ?\gh sometimes1 z 9 hi/orical ,greece1 a temple ( ! noble/ ar*itecture encloses z its c5tral & pr9cipal object ( v5]ation ! r\gh unhewn /one ( e>ly b>b>ic wor%ip4 ,s ev5 9 ,*ri/5dom1 great *ur*es & ca!drals (t5 hold z _! mo/ preci\s possession "s rude & antique image l #jhe! sacr$ ,bamb9o ( ,santa ,m>ia 9 ,ara ,cli at ,rome1 or ! 8,black ,madonnas0 :i* are rev]$ by ! p at s _m fam\s ,italian places ( pilgrimage4 ,nor d ,i mean to say t e ,idol is necess>ily itself a fun]eal relic4 ,:5 once ! idea ( god%ip has be5 ?or\ghly develop$1 & :5 m5 h gr[n accu/om$ to reg>d an image or idol z ! repres5tative or dwell+-place ( _! god1 x is easy to multiply su* images indef9itely4 ,hundr$s ( repres5tations may exi/ ( ! self-same ,apollo or ,aphrodite or ,madonna or ,/4 ,seba/ian4 ,at ! same "t1 x is q cle> t = mo/ wor%ipp]s1 ! div9e be+ is m or less actually confus$ ) ! image2 a p>ticul> ,artemis or a p>ticul> ,notre ,dame is ?\ght ( z m p[]ful or m fri5dly ?an ano!r4 ,i h kn[n wom5 9 ,s\!rn ,europe g to pray at ! %r9e ( a di/ant ,madonna1 8because %e is great] ?an our own ,madonna40 ,moreov]1 x is probable t 9 _m cases images or sacr$ /ones once fun]eal 9 orig91 & repres5t+ p>ticul> gods or gho/s1 h be5 swall[$ up at la/ by o!r & m p[]ful deities1 s z to lose 9 ! end _! primitive di/9ctness4 ,?us1 !re 7 _m ,baals & _m ,a%t]o?s2 probably !re 7 _m ,apollos1 _m ,artemises1 _m ,aphrodites4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t !re 7 _m di/9ct ,h]m4 ,! progress ( rese>* t5ds to make u realise t numb]less deities1 once consid]$ unique & individual1 may be resolv$ into a :ole ho/ ( local gods1 aft]w>ds id5tifi$ ) "s p[]ful deity on ! m]e/ ext]nal resemblances ( image1 "n1 or attribute4 ,9 ,egypt at lea/ ?is process ( id5tification & c5tralisation 0 common4 ,fur!rmore1 we "k t ea* new religion t5ds to swall[ up & assimilate to itself all possible elem5ts ( old] cults2 j z ,hebrew ,jahwehism tri$ to adopt ! sacr$ /ones ( e>ly ,semitic hea!nism by associat+ !m ) episodes 9 ! hi/ory ( ! patri>*s2 & j z ,*ri/ianity has sanctifi$ #jhfsu* /ones 9 its own area by us+ !m sometimes z ! base ( a cross1 or by consecrat+ !m at o!rs ) ! "n ( "s sa9t or m>tyr4 ,b ev5 m ?an ! evolution ( ! ,temple & ! ,idol1 ! evolution ( ! ,prie/hood has giv5 dignity1 importance1 & p[] to ! gods4 ,= ! prie/s are a class ^: direct int]e/ x is to make ! mo/ ( ! greatness & maje/y ( ! deities !y t5d or wor%ip4 ,prie/hood1 aga91 has probably at lea/ two di/9ct orig9s4 ,! "o is quasi-royal2 ! o!r is quasis]vile4 ,i beg9 ) ! fir/4 ,we saw t ! *ief ( an ,african village1 z ! son & repres5tative ( ! *ief gho/s1 :o are ! tribal gods1 has alone ! "r to approa* !m directly ) (f]+s4 ,! inf]ior villag]1 :o desires to ask any?+ ( ! gods1 asks ?r\gh ! *ief1 :o is a k9sman & fri5d ( ! div9e spirits1 & :o !re=e naturally und]/&s _! ideas & habits4 ,su* *iefs are ?us also naturally prie/s4 ,!y are sacr$ by family2 !y & _! *ildr5 /& 9 a special relation to ! gods ( ! tribe1 q diff]5t f ! relation 9 :i* ! common p /&2 !y are ( ! blood ( ! deities4 ,?is type ( relation is common 9 _m c\ntries2 ! *iefs 9 su* in/ances are 8k+s & prie/s1 aft] ! ord] ( ,mel*iz$ek40 ,to put x briefly1 9 ! e>lie/ or dome/ic =m ( religion1 ! gods ( ea* little gr\p or family are its own dead ance/ors1 & especially 7:ile ! hi/oric memory is /ill b weak7 its imm$iate pr$ecessors4 ,9 ?is /age1 ! head ( ! h\sehold naturally dis*>ges ! functions ( prie/2 x is he :o approa*es ! family gho/s or gods on behalf ( 8 wives1 8 sons1 8 dep5dants4 ,to ! la/1 inde$1 ! fa!r ( ea* family reta9s ?is prie/ly function z reg>ds ! m re/rict$ family rites2 he is prie/ ( ! wor%ip ( ! l>es & p5ates2 he (f]s ! family sacrifice to ! family gods2 he reads family pray]s 9 ! ,*ri/ian h\sehold4 ,b z #jhg! tribe or nation arises1 & *iefta9%ip gr[s great]1 x is ! gho/s or ance/ors ( ! *iefly or k+ly family :o develop mo/ into gods2 & ! liv+ *ief & 8 k9 are _! natural repres5tatives4 ,?us1 9 mo/ cases1 ! prie/ly (fice comes to be associat$ ) t ( k+ or *ief4 ,inde$1 we %all see h]eaft] 9 a subsequ5t *apt] t _m k+s1 be+ ! desc5dants ( gods1 are gods !mselves2 & t ?is union ( ! k+ly & div9e *>act]s has mu* to d ) ! gr[? ( ! dignity ( godhead4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ,i waive ?is po9t = ! pres5t2 x w suffice = u to note at ! pres5t /age ( our argum5t t 9 a l>ge numb] ( in/ances ! prie/hood & ! k+%ip 7 inh]5t & h]$it>y 9 ! self-same families4 8,! union ( a royal title ) prie/ly duties10 says ,mr4 ,fraz] 9 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 80 common 9 anci5t ,italy & ,greece4 ,at ,rome & 9 o!r ,italian cities !re 0 a prie/ call$ ! ,sacrificial ,k+ or ,k+ ( ! sacr$ rites 7,rex ,sacrificulus or ,rex ,sacrorum71 & 8 wife bore ! title ( ,que5 ( ! ,sacr$ ,rites4 ,9 republican ,a!ns1 ! second magi/rate ( ! /ate 0 call$ ! ,k+1 & 8 wife ! ,que52 ! functions ( bo? 7 religi\s4 ,_m o!r ,greek democracies _h titul> k+s1 ^: duties1 s f> z !y are kn[n1 seem to h be5 prie/ly4 ,at ,rome ! tradition 0 t ! ,sacrificial ,k+ _h be5 appo9t$ aft] ! expulsion ( ! k+s 9 ord] to (f] ! sacrifices :i* _h be5 previ\sly (f]$ by ! k+s4 ,9 ,greece a simil> view appe>s to h prevail$ z to ! orig9 ( ! prie/ly k+s4 ,9 itself ! view is n improbable1 & x is borne out by ! example ( ,sp>ta1 ! only purely ,greek /ate :i* reta9$ ! k+ly =m ( gov]nm5t 9 hi/orical times4 ,= 9 ,sp>ta all /ate sacrifices 7 (f]$ by ! k+s z desc5dants ( ! god4 ,?is comb9ation ( prie/ly functions ) royal au?ority is famili> to e "o4 ,asia ,m9or1 = example1 0 ! seat ( v>i\s great religi\s capitals1 peopl$ by ?\s&s ( #8,sacr$ #jhgslaves1rsquo2 & rul$ by pontiffs :o wield$ at once temporal & spiritual au?ority1 l ! popes ( m$iaeval ,rome4 ,su* prie/-ridd5 cities 7 ,zela & ,pes-s9us4 ,teutonic ,k+s1 aga91 9 ! old hea!n days seem to h /ood 9 ! position & ex]cis$ ! p[]s ( high prie/s4 ,! ,emp]ors ( ,*9a (f] public sacrifices1 ! details ( :i* are regulat$ by ! ritual books4 ,x is ne$less1 h[ev]1 to multiply examples ( :at is ! rule r ?an ! exception 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! k+%ip40 ,we w return h]eaft] 9 ano!r connexion to ?is anci5t relation ( k+%ip ) prie/hood1 :i* arises naturally f ! /ill m anci5t relation ( ! k+ to ! god4 ,:]e prie/hood orig9ates 9 ?is p>ticul> way1 little diff]5tiation is likely to occur betwe5 ! temporal & ! ecclesia/ical p[]4 ,b !re is a second & f> m pot5t orig9 ( prie/hood1 less di/+ui%$ 9 its beg9n+s1 yet m really pregnant ( great results 9 ! end4 ,= :]e ! k+ is a prie/1 & ! desc5dant ( ! gods1 z 9 ,p]u & ,egypt1 8 imm$iate & human p[] seems to ov]%ad[ & z x 7 to belittle ! p[] ( 8 div9e ance/ors4 ,no /atue ( ,osiris1 = example1 is half s big 9 size z ! colossal figure ( ,rameses ,,ii4 :i* lies brok5 9 huge pieces outside ! mortu>y temple ( ! k+ x commemorates1 among ! ru9s ( ,!bes4 ,b :]e a sep>ate & di/9ct prie/hood gets ! managem5t ( sacr$ rites entirely into its own h&s1 we f9d ! au?ority ( ! gods (t5 ris+ sup]ior to t ( ! k+s1 :o are only _! viceg]5ts3 till at la/ we get ,popes dictat+ to emp]ors1 & p[]ful mon>*s do+ humble p5ance be=e ! co/ly %r9es ( murd]$ ar*bi%ops4 ,! orig9 ( indep5d5t or quasi-s]vile prie/hood is to be f\nd 9 ! in/itution ( 8temple slaves10--! att5dants told (f z we h already se5 to d duty at ! grave ( ! *ief or dead w>rior4 ,egypt1 aga9 af=ds #jhiu1 on ! dome/ic side1 an admirable example ( ! orig9 ( su* prie/hoods4 ,ov] ! l9tel ( ea* ( ! cave-l tombs at ,b5i ,hassan & ,sakk>ah is usually plac$ an inscription sett+ =? ! "n & titles ( its expect$ occupant 7= ea* 0 built dur+ ! life-"t ( its own]71 ) an invocation pray+ = him propiti\s fun]al rites1 & a good burial-place aft] a long & happy life4 ,!n foll[s a pi\s hope t ! _s may enjoy = all et]nity ! prop] paym5t ( fun]eal (f]+s1 a li/ ( :i* is ord9>ily app5d$1 toge!r ) a /atem5t ( ! v>i\s anniv]s>ies on :i* !y 7 due4 ,b ! po9t :i* specially conc]ns u "h is ?is3 ,prie/s or s]vants 7 appo9t$ to see t ^! (f]+s 7 duly made2 & ! tomb 0 end[$ ) prop]ty = ! purpose bo? ( keep+ up ! (f]+s 9 "q1 & ( provid+ a /ip5d or liv+-wage = ! prie/4 ,z we %all see h]eaft]1 su* prie/hoods 7 g5]ally made h]$it>y1 s z to ensure _! cont9uance ?r\gh\t all "t3 & s successful 7 !y t 9 _m cases wor%ip cont9u$ to be p]=m$ = sev]al hundr$ ye>s at ! tomb2 s t a p]son :o di$ "u ! ,e>ly ,empire 0 /ill be+ made ! recipi5t ( fun]al dues "u k+s ( ! ,eighte5? & ,n9ete5? ,dyna/ies4 ,i give ?is int]e/+ hi/orical in/ance at "s l5g? because x is "o ( ! be/ kn[n1 & also "o ( ! mo/ p]si/5t4 ,b ev]y:]e1 all ! _w ov]1 simil> evolutions h occurr$ on a %ort] scale4 ,! temple att5dants1 end[$ = ! purpose ( p]=m+ sacr$ rites = ! gho/ or god1 h gr[n into prie/s1 :o knew ! habits ( ! unse5 d5iz5 ( ! %r9e4 ,bit by bit1 prescriptions h aris52 cu/oms & rituals h develop$2 & ! prie/s h become ! deposit>ies ( ! div9e traditions4 ,!y alone "k h[ to approa* ! god2 !y alone c read ! hidd5 signs ( 8 pleasure or displeasure4 ,z int]m$i>ies betwe5 wor%ipp] & deity1 !y are !mselves half sacr$4 #jij,)\t !m1 no vot>y c rightly approa* ! %r9e ( 8 patron4 ,?us at la/ !y rise into-importance f> above _! orig92 prie/craft comes into be+2 & by magnify+ _! god1 ! memb]s ( ! hi]>*y magnify at ! same "t _! own (fice & function4 ,yet ano!r contribut+ cause mu/ be briefly not$4 ,picture-writ+ & hi]oglyphics take _! rise m especially 9 connexion ) tombs & temples4 ,! prie/s 9 p>ticul> hold z a rule ! key to ?is k4 ,9 anci5t ,egypt1 to take a well-kn[n in/ance1 !y 7 ! le>n$ class2 !y became ! le>n$ class aga9 "u o!r circum/ances 9 m$iaeval ,europe4 ,ev]y:]e we come ^u sacr$ my/]ies t ! prie/s alone "k2 & :]e hi]oglyphics exi/1 ^! my/]ies1 committ$ to writ+1 become ! peculi> prop]ty ( ! prie/s 9 a m special s5se4 ,:]e writ+ is fur!r diff]5tiat$ into hi]atic & demotic1 ! gulf betwe5 laity & prie/hood gr[s /ill wid]2 ! prie/s possess a special key to k1 d5i$ to ! commonalty4 ,! recognition ( ,sacr$ ,books has (t5 ! same result2 ( ^!1 ! prie/s are naturally ! gu>dians & expon5ts4 ,i ne$ h>dly add t side by side ) ! increase ( ar*itectural gr&eur 9 ! temple1 & ! increase ( arti/ic beauty & co/l9ess 9 ! idols or /atues & pictures ( ! gods1 goes increase 9 ! /atel9ess ( ! prie/ly robes1 ! prie/ly surr\nd+s1 ! prie/ly ritual4 ,f9ally1 we get c]emonies ( ! mo/ dignifi$ "*1 adorn$ ) all ! accessories ( pa9t+ & sculpture1 ( c&les & fl[]s1 ( inc5se & music1 ( ri* mitres & jewell$ palls1--c]emonies p]=m$ 9 ! dim %ade ( l(ty temples1 or mosques1 or *ur*es1 9 hon\r ( god or gods ( inf9ite might1 p[]1 & maje/y1 :o mu/ yet 9 ! la/ resort be trac$ back to "s hi/oric or prehi/oric ,dead ,man1 or at lea/ to "s sacr$ /one or /ake or image1 8 relic & repres5tative4 ,?us1 #jia;by conv]g5ce ( all ^! /reams1 ! primitive mummy or gho/ or _s passes gradually into a deity ( unb\nd$ glory & greatness & sanctity4 ,! bodiless s\l1 releas$ f necess>y limits ( space & "t1 envisag$ z a god1 is pictur$ z ev] m & m sup]human1 till all memory ( its orig9 is entirely =gott54 ,b to ! la/1 obs]ve ?is curi\s po9t3 all new gods or sa9ts or div9e p]sons are1 ea* z !y crop up fir/1 ( demon/rably human orig94 ,:5ev] we f9d a new god add$ f kn[n s\rces to a famili> pan!on1 we f9d )\t exception t he turns out to be--a human be+4 ,:5ev] we g back to v primitive religions1 we f9d all m5's gods are ! corpses or gho/s ( _! ance/ors4 ,x is only :5 we take relatively advanc$ races ) unkn[n e>ly hi/ories t we f9d !m wor%ipp+ a c]ta9 numb] ( gods :o _c be easily & imm$iately resolv$ into dead m5 or spirits4 ,un=tunately1 /ud5ts ( religion h (t5e/ paid ! close/ att5tion to ^? hi/orical religions :i* lie fur!/ away f ! primitive type1 & 9 :i* at _! fir/ appe>ance be=e u we come ^u ! complex idea ( godhead already fully develop$4 ,h5ce !y are too mu* incl9$1 l ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?1 & ev5 sometimes ,mr4 ,fraz] 7^: "n1 h[ev]1 ,i _c m5tion 9 pass+ )\t ! pro-f\nde/ respect71 to reg>d ! idea ( a god%ip z primordial1 n d]ivative2 & to neglect ! obvi\s d]ivation ( godhead z a :ole f ! cult & rev]5ce ( ! deifi$ ance/or4 ,yet ! mom5t we get away f ^! advanc$ & too ov]laid hi/orical religions to ! e>ly conceptions ( simple savages1 we see at once t no gods exi/ = !m save ! ance/ral corpses or gho/s2 t religion means ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 rites & (f]+s to ^! corpses or gho/s2 & t high] elem5tal or dep>tm5tal deities are :olly want+4 ,ev5 9 ! great hi/orical religions !mselves1 ! fur!r back we g1 & ! l[] d[n we #jibprobe1 ! clos] d we come to ! f\ndation-/ratum ( gho/s or ance/or-gods4 ,& :]e1 z 9 ,egypt1 ! evid5ce is olde/ & mo/ complete ?r\gh\t1 ! m d we obs]ve h[ ! my/ic nature-gods ( ! lat] prie/ly conceptions yield1 z we g back age by age 9 "t1 to ! simpl] & m purely human ance/ral gods ( ! e>lie/ docum5ts4 ,x w be our task 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s ( ?is "w to d ev5 m ?an ?is--to %[ t ! app>5tly unresolvable elem5t 9 lat] religions1 includ+ ! ,hebrew god ,jahweh himself1 c be simil>ly affiliat$ by no unc]ta9 evid5ce ^u ! primitive conception ( a gho/ or ance/or4 ,,*apt] ,v4--,,sacr$ ,,/ones4 ,i #jicm5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt] two orig9s ( ,idols to :i*1 z ,i believ$1 an insuffici5t am\nt ( att5tion _h be5 direct$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,^! 7 ! ,sacr$ ,/one & ! ,wood5 ,/ake :i* m>k ! grave4 ,to ^! two ,i w n[ add a ?ird common object ( wor%ip1 :i* does n inde$ ent] into ! g5esis ( idols1 b :i* is ( v high importance 9 e>ly religion--! sacr$ tree1 ) its collective =m1 ! sacr$ grove4 ,all ! objects ?us enum]at$ dem& fur!r att5tion at our h&s1 bo? f _! g5]al significance 9 ! hi/ory ( religion1 & also f _! special int]e/ 9 connexion ) ! evolution ( ! ,god ( ,israel1 :o became 9 due "t ! ,god ( ,*ri/ianity & ( ,islam1 z well z ! ,god ( mod]n idealis$ & sublimat$ !ism4 ,i w beg9 ) ! consid]ation ( ! ,sacr$ ,/one1 n only because x is by f> ! mo/ important ( ! ?ree1 b also because1 z we %all %ortly see1 x /&s 9 ! direct l9e ( p>5tage ( ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,all ! _w ov]1 & at all p]iods ( hi/ory1 we f9d among ! mo/ common objects ( human wor%ip c]ta9 blocks ( /one1 ei!r rudely %ap$ & dress$ by ! h&1 or else m (t5 /&+ alone on ! soil 9 all _! native & natural r\ghness4 ,! d[ns ( ,engl& are ev]y:]e /udd$ ) cromle*s1 dolm5s1 & o!r antique megali?ic /ructures 7( :i* ! gigantic trili?ons ( ,/oneh5ge & ,avebury are ! be/-kn[n examples71 #jidlong describ$ by antiqu>ies z 8druidical rema9s10 & c]ta9ly reg>d$ by ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,brita9 ) an imm5se am\nt ( respect & rev]5ce4 ,9 ,france we h ! endless av5ues ( ,c>nac & ,locm>iak]2 9 ,s>d9ia1 ! curi\s conical %afts kn[n to ! local peasants z sepolture dei giganti--! tombs ( ! giants4 ,9 ,syria1 ,major ,cond] has describ$ simil> monum5ts 9 ,he? & ,moab1 at ,gilboa & at ,he%bon4 ,9 ,india1 five /ones are set up at ! corn] ( a field1 pa9t$ r$1 & wor%ipp$ by ! natives z ! ,five ,p&avas4 ,!ophra/us tells u z "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! sup]/iti\s man t he ano9ts ) oil ! sacr$ /ones at ! /reet corn]s2 & f an anci5t tradition emb$d$ 9 ! ,hebrew scriptures we le>n h[ ! patri>* ,jacob set up a /one at ,be!l 8= a pill>10 & 8p\r$ oil ^u ! top ( x10 z a l act ( wor%ip4 ,ev5 9 our own day !re is a c]ta9 ,engli% hundr$ :]e ! old op5-air c\rt ( ! manor is inaugurat$ by ! c]emony ( break+ a bottle ( w9e ov] a /&+ /one :i* tops a tumulus2 & ! sov]eigns ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom are /ill cr[n$ 9 a *air :i* encloses "u its seat ! ance/ral sacr$ /one ( _! hea!n ,scotti% & ,iri% pr$ecessors4 ,n[1 :at is ! %>e ( su* sacr$ /ones 9 ! rise & gr[? ( ! religi\s habit8 ,x is h>dly necess>y1 ,i suppose1 to give =mal pro( ( ! famili> fact t an upright slab is "o ( ! commone/ modes ( m>k+ ! place :]e a p]son is buri$4 ,f ! anci5t pill> t prehi/oric savages set up ov] ! tumulus ( _! dead *ief1 to ! head/one t m>ks ! dw>f$ & /unt$ b>r[ 9 our own ,engli% cemet]ies1 ! practice ( mank9d has be5 "o & cont9u\s4 ,sometimes ! /one is a r\gh b\ld] f ! fields2 a repres5tative ( ! big block :i* savages place on ! grave to keep ! corpse f ris+3 sometimes x is an oblong slab ( slate or m>ble2 sometimes1 & especially among ! m advanc$ races1 x is #jie;a %apely cross or sculptur$ monum5t4 ,b :5ev] on e>? int]m5t is practis$1 !re /ones ( "s sort1 solit>y or 9 heaps1 almo/ inv>iably m>k ! place ( burial4 ,aga91 z pres5ts & sacrifices are (f]$ at graves to ! spirits ( ! dead1 x is at ! /one :i* records ! la/ re/+-place ( ! deceas$ t !y w (t5e/ be pres5t$4 ,z a matt] ( fact we "k t1 all ! _w ov]1 (f]+s ( w9e1 oil1 rice1 ghee1 corn1 & meat are cont9ually made at ! graves ( *iefs or relations4 ,victims1 bo? human & o!rwise1 are sacrific$ at ! tomb1 & _! blood is con/antly sme>$ on ! head/one or b\ld] t m>ks ! spot4 ,inde$1 aft] a "t1 ! grave & ! /one get to be conf\nd$ toge!r1 & ! place itself comes to h a c]ta9 sacr$ness1 d]iv$ f ! gho/ :i* haunts & inhabits x4 ,f\r well-m>k$ v>ieties ( e>ly tomb/one are recognis$ 9 ! ea/]n cont95t at lea/1 & _! di/ribution & nature is ?us describ$ by ,major ,cond]3 8,rude /one monum5ts1 be>+ a /rong family resemblance 9 _! mode ( con/ruction & dim5sions1 h be5 f\nd di/ribut$ ov] all p>ts ( ,europe & ,we/]n ,asia1 & occur also 9 ,india4 ,9 "s cases !y are attributable to e>ly ,aryan tribes2 9 o!rs !y seem to be ( ,semitic orig94 ,!y include m5hirs1 or /&+ /ones1 :i* 7 erect$ z memorials1 & wor%ipp$ z deities1 ) libations ( blood1 milk1 honey1 or wat] p\r$ ^u ! /ones3 dolm5s1 or /one tables1 free /&+--t is1 n cov]$ by any m\nd or sup]/ructure1 :i* may be consid]$ )\t d\bt to h be5 us$ z alt>s on :i* victims 7(t5 human7 7 immolat$3 cairns1 also memorial1 & sometimes surr\nd+ m5hirs2 ^! 7 made by ! contributions ( num]\s visitors or pilgrims1 ea* add+ a /one z witness ( 8 pres5ce3 f9ally cromle*s1 or /one circles1 us$ z sacr$ enclosures or e>ly hyp?ral temples1 (t5 #jif) a c5tral m5hir or dolm5 z /atue or alt>40 ,!re c be v little d\bt t e "o ( ^! monum5ts is ess5tially sepul*ral 9 "*4 ,! m5hir or /&+ /one is ! ord9>y grave/one /ill 9 use among u3 ! dolm5 is a *amb]$ tomb1 once cov]$ by a tumulus1 b n[ b>e & op53 ! cairn is a heap ( /ones pil$ above ! dead body3 ! /one circle is app>5tly a lat] temple built ar\nd a tomb1 ^: position is m>k$ by ! m5hir or alt>-/one 9 its c5tre4 ,& ea* has be5 ! p>5t ( a num]\s (fspr+4 ,! m5hir gives rise to ! obelisk1 ! /one cross1 & ! /atue or idol2 ! dolm51 to ! s>cophagus1 ! alt>-tomb1 & ! high alt>2 ! cairn1 to ! tope & also to ! pyramid2 ! cromle*1 or /one circle1 to ! temple or *ur* 9 "o at lea/ ( its _m developm5ts4 ,ea* ( ^! classes ( monum5ts1 ,major ,cond] obs]ves1 has its di/9ctive "n 9 ! ,semitic languages1 & is frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! e>ly ,hebrew lit]ature4 ,! m5hir is ! 8pill>0 ( our ,au?oris$ ,v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 ! dolm5 is ! 8alt>02 ! cairn is ! 8heap02 & ! /one circle appe>s "u ! names ,gilgal & ,hazor4 ,! significance ( ^! facts w appe> a little lat] on :5 ,i rea* a m advanc$ /age 9 ! evolution ( /one-wor%ip4 ,9 ! simple/ & mo/ primitive /age ( religion1 su* z t pure ance/or-cult /ill surviv+ unmix$ among ! p ( ,new ,gu9ea or ! ,african tribes ^: practice ,mr4 ,duff ,macdonald has s admirably describ$ = u1 x is ! corpse or gho/ itself1 n ! /one to m>k its dwell+1 :i* comes 9 = all ! v5]ation & all ! gifts ( ! rev]5t survivors4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t e exi/+ religion1 h[ev] primitive 9 type1 is n[ v anci5t2 & x is q natural t 9 _m cases ! /one %\ld ?us come itself to be reg>d$ z ! gho/ or god1 ! object to :i* v5]ation is #jigpaid by ! tribesm54 ,9 fact1 j 9 proportion z ! gho/ evolves into ! god1 s does ! tomb/one beg9 to evolve into ! feti% or idol4 ,at fir/1 h[ev]1 x is m]ely z ! rude un%ap5 /one t ! idol 9 ?is %ape receives ! wor%ip ( its vot>ies4 ,?is is ! /age t has be5 *ri/5$ by t v mislead+ "n feti%ism1 & errone\sly suppos$ to lie at ! v basis ( all religion4 ,"h are a few int]e/+ samples ( ?is /age ( /one-wor%ip1 tak5 f ! v c>eful ,samoan collection ( ,mr4 ,turn]1 ( ! ,london ,mission>y ,society3 8,fonge & ,toafa 7 ! names ( ! two oblong smoo? /ones :i* /ood on a rais$ plat=m ( loose /ones inl& ( "o ( ! villages4 ,!y 7 suppos$ to be ! p>5ts ( ,saato1 a god :o controll$ ! ra94 ,:5 ! *iefs & p 7 ready to g (f = weeks to c]ta9 places 9 ! bu% = ! sport ( pigeon-cat*+1 (f]+s ( cook$ t>o & fi% 7 laid on ! /ones1 accompani$ by pray]s = f9e wea!r & no ra94 ,any "o :o refus$ an (f]+ to ! /ones 0 fr[n$ ^u2 & 9 ! ev5t ( ra9 0 blam$ & puni%$ = br++ d[n ! wra? ( ! f9e-wea!r god1 & spoil+ ! sports ( ! season40 ,"h1 ev5 if "o d\bts t ,saato 0 a deceas$ ,wea!r-doctor1 & t ,fonge & ,toafa 7 8 fa!r & "m 7:i* ,i d n c>e to insi/ ^u71 x is at lea/ cle> t we h to deal ess5tially ) two /&+ /ones ( precisely ! same sort z ^? :i* habitually m>k sepulture4 ,( ! gods ( ,hudson's ,isl&1 ,mr4 ,turn] gives ?is v int]e/+ & sugge/ive acc\nt3 8,foelangi & ,maumau 7 ! pr9cipal gods4 ,!y _h ea* a temple2 & "u ! alt>s1 on :i* 7 laid out 9 r[s ! skulls ( dep>t$ *iefs & p1 7 susp5d$ (f]+s ( pe>l-%ell & o!r valuables4 ,foelangi _h an un*isell$ block ( /one to repres5t him--some?+ l a six feet high grave/one4444 #jih,(f]+s ( food 7 tak5 to ! temples1 t ! gods might fir/ p>take be=e anyone else ate any?+4444 ,husk$ cocoanuts 7 laid d[n1 "o be=e ea* skull40 ,& ( ,/4 ,augu/9e ,isl& he writes3 8,at ! ,temple ( ,maumau !re /ood a n9e feet high coral s&/one slab f ! bea*4444 ,meat (f]+s 7 laid on ! alt>s1 accompani$ by songs & dances 9 hon\r ( ! god40 ,simil>ly1 ab\t "o ( ! ,gilb]t ,gr\p1 ,mr4 ,turn] says3 8,!y _h o!r gods & goddesses1 &1 z 0 common 9 ?is gr\p1 _h s&/one slabs or pill>s set up "h & !re among ! h\ses4 ,be=e ^! %r9es (f]+s ( food 7 laid dur+ ! day1 :i* ! prie/s took away /eal?ily by night & made ! cr$ul\s believe t gods & n mortals _h done x4 ,if ! /one slab repres5t$ a goddess x 0 n plac$ erect1 b laid d[n on ! gr\nd4 ,be+ a lady !y ?\ght x w\ld be cruel to make h] /& s long40 ,9 ^! cases1 & 9 _m o!rs1 x seems to me cle> t ! orig9al grave/one or m5hir itself is ! object ( wor%ip1 view$ z ! resid5ce ( ! gho/ or god 9 ^: hon\r x 0 erect$4 ,= 9 ,samoa we "k t ! grave 80 m>k$ by a little heap ( /ones1 a foot or two high10 & at ,de ,pey/]'s ,isl& 8a /one 0 rais$ at ! head ( ! grave1 & a human head c>v$ on x0--a fir/ /ep1 z we h already se51 t[>ds ! evolution ( "o =m ( idol4 ,simil> in/ances ab\nd ev]y:]e4 ,among ! ,khonds ( ,india1 e village has its local god1 repres5t$ by an upright /one "u ! big tree on ! gre51 to use frankly an ,engli% equival5t4 7,! full importance ( ?is common comb9ation ( sacr$ /one & sacr$ tree w only come out at a lat] /age ( our enquiry47 ,9 ,p]u1 wor%ip 0 paid to /&+ /ones :i*1 says ,dr4 ,tylor1 8repres5t$ ! p5ates ( h\seholds #jii;& ! patron-deities ( villages0--9 o!r words1 ! gho/s ( ance/ors & ( tribal *iefs4 8,ne> ,acora10 says ! ,m>quis de ,nadaillac1 8! bodies 7 plac$ "u megali?ic /ones1 rem9d+ u ( ! dolm5s & cromle*s ( ,europe4 ,"o va/ pla9 is cov]$ ) erect /ones1 "s =m+ circles1 "s squ>es1 & (t5 cov]$ 9 ) l>ge slabs :i* entirely clos$ r\nd ! sepul*ral *amb]40 ,9 ,fiji ! gods & goddesses 8_h _! abodes or %r9es 9 black /ones l smoo? r\nd mile/ones1 & !re receiv$ _! (f]+s ( food40 ,an imm5se numb] ( simil> in/ances h be5 collect$ by ,dr4 ,tylor & o!r an?ropologi/s4 ,b :5 once ! idea ( ! sacr$ness ( /ones _h ?us got firmly fix$ 9 ! savage m9d1 x 0 natural en\gh t o!r /ones1 resembl+ ^? :i* 7 already recognis$ z gods1 %\ld come to be reg>d$ z !mselves div9e1 or z conta9+ an indwell+ gho/ or deity4 ,( ?is /age1 ,mr4 ,turn]'s ,samoa aga9 af=ds u "s curi\s in/ances4 8,smoo? /ones app>5tly pick$ up out ( ! b$ ( ! riv] 7 reg>d$ z repres5tatives ( c]ta9 gods1 & :]ev] ! /one 01 !re ! god 0 suppos$ to be4 ,"o resembl+ a fi% w\ld be pray$ to z ! fi%]man's god4 ,ano!r1 resembl+ a yam1 w\ld be ! yam god4 ,a ?ird1 r\nd l a breadfruit1 ! breadfruit god--& s on40 ,n[1 ! ^w 8app>5tly0 us$ by ?is v cauti\s obs]v] 9 ?is passage %[s cle>ly t he _h nev] ( 8 own k se5 a /one ?us select$ at r&om wor%ipp$ or deifi$1 & x is !re=e possible t 9 all su* cases ! /one may really h be5 "o ( sepul*ral orig94 ,/ill1 ,i agree ) ,mr4 ,sp5c] t :5 once ! idea ( a gho/ or god is well develop$1 ! notion ( su* a _s z animat+ any rem>kable or odd-look+ object is a natural transition4 99 99 ,! :ole subject is admirably work$ out 9 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 #aei4 ,h5ce ,i incl9e #ajjto believe ,mr4 ,turn] is "r1 & t ^! /ones may really h be5 pick$ out & wor%ipp$1 m]ely = _! oddity1 b always1 z he correctly inf]s1 f ! belief 9 _! connexion ) "s god or _s4 ,"h is ano!r case1 also f ,polynesia1 :]e no imm$iate connexion ) any p>ticul> grave seems def9itely impli$3 8,two un*isell$ #8smoo? /ones ( ! /ream' 7 kept 9 a temple at "o ( ! villages1 & gu>d$ ) great c>e4 ,no /rang] or ov]-curi\s p]son 0 all[$ to g ne> ! place1 "u p5alty ( a beat+ f ! cu/odians ( ^! gods4 ,!y repres5t$ good & n malici\s dea?-caus+ gods4 ,! "o made ! yams1 breadfruit1 & cocoanuts1 & ! o!r s5t fi% to ! nets4 8,ano!r /one 0 c>efully h\s$ 9 ano!r village z ! repres5tative ( a ra9-mak+ god4 ,:5 !re 0 ov]mu* ra91 ! /one 0 laid by ! fire & kept heat$ till f9e wea!r set 940 ,fur!r in/ances 7if fairly report$7 occur else:]e4 8,among ! l[] races ( ,am]ica10 says ,dr4 ,tylor1 summ>is+ ,s*oolcraft1 8! ,dakotahs w\ld pick up a r\nd b\ld]1 pa9t x1 & !n1 address+ x z gr&fa!r1 make (f]+s to x1 & pray x to deliv] !m f dang]40 ,b "h ! v fact t ! /one is wor%ipp$ & treat$ z an ance/or %[s h[ d]ivative is ! deification--h[ dep5d5t ^u ! prior association ( su* /ones ) ! tomb ( a =efa!r & its indwell+ _s4 ,j 9 ! same way we "k !re are c\ntries :]e a grave is m g5]ally m>k$1 n by a /one1 b by a wood5 /ake2 & 9 ^! c\ntries1 z = in/ance among ! ,samoy$es ( ,sib]ia1 /icks1 n /ones1 are ! mo/ common objects ( rev]5ce4 7,?us1 aga91 /ick-wor%ip is f\nd 8among ! ,dam>as ( ,s\? ,africa1 ^: ance/ors are repres5t$ at ! sacrificial fea/s by /akes cut f trees or bu%es consecrat$ to !m1 to :i* /akes ! meat is fir/ #aja(f]$407 ,b "h1 too1 we see ! cle> affiliation ^u ance/or-wor%ip2 & inde$1 :]ev] we f9d ! common wor%ip ( 8/ocks & /ones10 all ! analogies lead u to believe ! /ocks & /ones ei!r actually m>k ! graves ( ance/ors or else are accept$ z _! repres5tatives & embodim5ts4 ,! va/ majority1 h[ev]1 ( sacr$ /ones ) ^: hi/ory we are well acqua9t$ are indubitably connect$ ) int]m5ts1 anci5t or mod]n4 ,all ! ,european sacr$ /ones are cromle*s1 dolm5s1 trili?ons1 or m5hirs1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,angus ,smi?1 a mo/ cauti\s au?ority1 obs]ves categorically1 8,we "k = a c]ta9ty t memorials ( burials are ! *ief object ( ! fir/ "o1 & ( ne>ly all1 ! only object app>5tly40 ,s _m o!r examples w come out incid5tally 9 ! c\rse ( ! sequel t ,i w n lab\r ! po9t any fur!r at pres5t4 ,among ! mo/ rem>kable in/ances1 h[ev]1 ,i _c refra9 f m5tion+ ! great ,s>d9ian sacr$ /ones1 :i* s (t5 occur 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! nuraghi1 or anci5t =ts4 ,^! consi/ ( tall conical monoli?s1 r\gh & unhewn 9 ! olde/ examples1 rudely hewn 9 ! lat] ones1 & occasionally pres5t+ "s di/ant resemblance to a human face--! fir/ r\gh draft ( ! future idol4 8,beh9d ! monoli? lies ! burial-place1 t5 to f\rte5 y>ds long by "o or two 9 wid?40 ,^! burial-places h be5 exam9$ by ! ,abbate ,spano4 8,he 0 satisfi$ t sev]al bodies _h be5 buri$ toge!r 9 ! same tomb1 & t ^! 7 !re=e family burial-places4 ,:5 ! dea? ( "o ( ! memb]s ( ! tribe occurr$1 "o ( ! great transv]se /ones :i* cov]$ ! long alley built beh9d ! monoli? 0 remov$1 & !n replac$ until ! "t came = ano!r body to claim its place 9 ! tomb4 ,! monoli?1 call$ by ! ,s>d9ian peasants pietra dellrsquo2 alt>e1 or alt>-/one1 because !y believe x to h be5 us$ = human sacrifice1 always faces ! s\? or ea/40 ,su* #ajb;a surviv+ tradition z to ! human sacrifices1 9 an isl& s little sophi/icat$ z ,s>d9ia1 has almo/ c]ta9ly come d[n to u unbrok5 f a v e>ly age4 ,i h already /at$ t ! idol is probably 9 _m cases d]iv$ f ! grave/one or o!r sacr$ /one4 ,i believe t 9 an imm5se numb] ( cases x is simply ! orig9al pill>1 m or less rudely c>v$ into ! semblance ( a human figure4 ,h[ ?is comes ab\t we c readily und]/& if we recollect t by a gradual transf]5ce ( s5tim5t ! /one itself is at la/ id5tifi$ ) ! associat$ _s4 ,"h1 once m1 is a transitional in/ance f our ,polynesian /oreh\se4 ,! great god ( ,b[dit* ,isl& 80 suppos$ to be embodi$ 9 a /one1 :i* 0 c>efully wrapp$ up ) f9e mats1 & nev] se5 by any "o b ! k+0 7note ?is *>act]i/ic t\* ( k+ly prie/hood71 8& t only once a ye>1 :5 ! decay$ mats 7 /ripp$ (f & ?r[n away4 ,9 sickness1 (f]+s ( f9e mats 7 tak5 & roll$ r\nd ! sacr$ /one1 & ?us x got busk$ up to a prodigi\s size2 b z ! idol 0 expos$ to ! wea!r out ( doors1 night & day1 ! mats soon rott$4 ,no "o d>$ to appropriate :at _h be5 (f]$ to ! god1 & h5ce ! old mats1 z !y 7 tak5 (f1 7 heap$ 9 a place by !mselves & all[$ to rot40 ,n[ ! reasonabl5ess ( all ?is is imm$iately app>5t if we rememb] t ! /ones :i* /& on graves are habitually wor%ipp$1 & ano9t$ ) oil1 milk1 & blood4 ,x is b a slight fur!r /ep to reg>d ! /one1 n only z eat+ & dr9k+1 b also z ne$+ w>m? & clo?+4 ,z an admirable example ( ! same tra9 ( ?\ght1 work+ out ! same result else:]e1 comp>e ?is curi\s acc\nt ( a /one idol at ,inniskea 7a rocky islet (f ! ,mayo coa/71 giv5 by ! ,e>l ( ,rod51 z late z #ahea1 9 8 ,progress ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,irel&3 8,9 #ajc! s\? isl&1 9 ! h\se ( a man nam$ ,monigan1 a /one idol1 call$ 9 ! ,iri% #8,neev\gi1rsquo2 has be5 f "t immemorial religi\sly pres]v$ & wor%ipp$4 ,?is god resembles 9 appe>ance a ?ick roll ( home-spun flannel1 :i* arises f ! cu/om ( d$icat+ a dress ( t mat]ial to x :5ev] its aid is s\ght2 ?is is sewn on by an old woman1 its prie/ess1 ^: peculi> c>e x is4 ,( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ?is idol no au!ntic in=mation c be procur$1 b its p[] is believ$ to be imm5se2 !y pray to x 9 "t ( sickness2 x is invok$ :5 a /orm is desir$ to da% "s hapless %ip ^u _! coa/2 &1 aga91 ! ex]cise ( its p[] is solicit$ 9 calm+ ! angry waves1 to admit ( fi%+ or visit+ ! ma9l&40 ,nor is ?is a solit>y in/ance 9 mod]n ,europe4 8,9 c]ta9 m\nta9 di/ricts ( ,norway10 says ,dr4 ,tylor1 8up to ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! peasants us$ to pres]ve r\nd /ones1 wa%$ !m e ,?ursday ev5+14444 sme>$ !m ) butt] be=e ! fire1 laid !m 9 ! seat ( hon\r on fre% /raw1 & at c]ta9 times ( ! ye> /eep$ !m 9 ale1 t !y might br+ luck & com=t to ! h\se40 ,! fir/ transitional /ep t[>ds ! idol prop] is giv5 9 "s rude attempt to make ! /&+ /one at ! grave r\ghly resemble a human figure4 ,9 ! lat] ,s>d9ian examples1 two conical lumps1 repres5t+ ! brea/s1 seem to m>k t ! figure is int5d$ to be female--ei!r because a woman is buri$ !re1 or to place ! spot "u ! protection ( a goddess4 ,f ?is rude beg9n+ we get e transitional =m1 l ! ,h]m & ! ar*aic ,apollos1 till we arrive at ! p]fect fre$om & beauty ( ,hell5ic sculpture4 ,says ,grote1 9 speak+ ( ,greek wor%ip1 8_! primitive memorial erect$ to a god did n ev5 pret5d to be an image1 b 0 (t5 no?+ m ?an a pill>1 a bo>d1 a %apeless /one1 or a po/ notice ! resemblance to ord9>y grave-m>ks receiv+ c>e & decoration f ! #ajdneighb\rhood z well z wor%ip40 ,dr4 ,tylor1 to ^: great collection ( in/ances ,i owe _m ackn[l$gm5ts1 says 9 comm5t on ?is passage1 8,su* 7 ! log t /ood = ,artemis 9 ,euboea2 ! /ake t repres5t$ ,pallas ,a!ne #8s9e effigie rudis palus1 et in=me lignum2' ! unwr\ght /one at ,hye?os1 :i* #8aft] ! anci5t mann]' repres5t$ ,h]acles2 ! ?irty su* /ones :i* ! ,ph>ans 9 l fa%ion wor%ipp$ = ! gods2 & t "o :i* receiv$ su* hon\r 9 ,boeotian fe/ivals z repres5t+ ! ,!spian ,eros40 ,su* also 0 ! conical pill> ( ,asiatic type :i* /ood in/ead ( an image ( ! ,paphian ,aphrodite1 & ! conical /one wor%ipp$ 9 ,attica "u ! "n ( ,apollo4 ,a sacr$ b\ld] lay 9 front ( ! temple ( ! ,trz5ians1 :ile ano!r 9 ,argos bore ! significant "n ( ,zeus ,kappotas4 8,among all ! ,greeks10 says ,pausanias1 8rude /ones 7 wor%ipp$ be=e ! images ( ! gods40 ,among ! ,semites1 9 l mann]1 ,melc>? 0 rev]5c$ at ,tyre "u ! =m ( two /one pill>s4 ,int]m$iate =ms1 9 :i* ! /one takes successively a face1 a head1 arms1 legs1 a %apely & well-m\ld$ body1 are famili> to all ( u 9 exi/+ rema9s4 ,! well-kn[n figures ( ,priapus =m a good transitional example4 8,at ,tbala1 9 ,arabia10 says ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?1 8a sort ( cr[n 0 sculptur$ on ! /one ( al-,lat to m>k h] head40 ,inde$1 to ! la/1 ! pill> or monoli?ic type is con/antly sugge/$ 9 ! erect attitude & ! proportions ( ! /atue among all except ! highe/ ,hell5ic examples4 ,i may add1 t ev5 9 ,islam itself1 :i* s /]nly =bids images ( any sort1 "s traces ( su* an?ropomorphic grave/ones may /ill be f\nd4 ,i notic$ 9 ! mosque ( ,mehemet ,ali at ,cairo t ! head/ones ( ! ,vice-regal family 7 ea* adorn$ ) a fez & tassel4 ,x is wor? not+ t ! obelisk1 also1 d\btless owes its orig9 to ! monoli? or /&+ /one4 ,:atev] fre% #ajesacr$ness x may lat] h obta9$ f ! associations ( sun-wor%ip1 z a sol> ray1 _c mask = any wide an?ropological enquir] ! fact t x is by desc5t a m]e %apeless head-/one1 ) a new symbolic mean+ giv5 to x 7z s (t5 happ5s7 9 a new religion4 ,! two obelisksrsquo2 :i* /& s (t5 be=e ,egyptian temples are cle>ly ! analogues ( ! two pill>s ( ,melc>? at ,tyre1 & ! sacr$ pair at ,paphos1 ,h]a-polis1 & ,solomonrsquo2s temple4 ,9 ! same way1 ! ,indian tope & ! pyramid are desc5dants ( ! cairn1 z ! great /one-built tombs ( ! ,numidian k+s 9 ,alg]ia seem to be m advanc$ equival5ts ( ! tumulus or r\nd b>r[4 ,& let me cle> ! gr\nd "h = :at is to foll[ by add+ mo/ emphatically t ! g5esis ( /one-wor%ip "h sket*$ out precludes ! possibility ( phallic wor%ip be+ 9 any s5se a primitive =m ( x4 ,! /&+ /one may h be51 & d\btless (t5 01 9 lat] /ages2 id5tifi$ ) a phallus2 b if ! !ory "h advocat$ is true1 ! l+am1 in/ead ( ly+ at ! root ( ! monoli?1 mu/ necess>ily be a lat] & d]ivative =m ( x4 ,at ! same "t1 ! /one be+ reg>d$ z ! ance/or ( ! family1 x is n unnatural t e>ly m5 %\ld sometimes c>ve x into a phallic %ape4 ,hav+ said ?is1 ,i w say no m on ! subject1 :i* has really extremely little to d ) ! ess5tials ( /one wor%ip1 save t on _m grave/ones ( e>ly date a phallus m>k$ ! male sex ( ! occupant1 :ile brea/s1 or a symbolical triangle1 or a m&orla1 m>k$ ! grave ( a woman4 ,sometimes1 bo? =ms ( god1 ! mo/ primitive & ! mo/ f9i%$1 ! rude /one & ! p]fect /atue1 exi/ side by side 9 ! same community4 8,9 ! leg5d>y orig9 ( ,jaganna?10 says ,sir ,william ,hunt]1 8we f9d ! aborig9al p wor%ipp+ a blue /one 9 ! dep?s ( ! =e/4 ,b ! deity at l5g? we>ies ( primitive jungle (f]+s1 & longs = ! cook$ food ( ! m civilis$ ,aryans1 ^u #ajf^: arrival on ! sc5e ! rude blue /one gives place to a c>v$ image4 ,at ! pres5t h\r1 9 e hamlet ( ,orissa1 ?is tw(old wor%ip coexi/s4 ,! common p h _! %apeless /one or block1 :i* !y adore ) simple rites 9 ! op5 air2 :ile side by side ) x /&s a temple to "o ( ! ,aryan gods1 ) its c>v$ idol & elaborate rites40 ,:]e _m sacr$ /ones exi/ all r\nd1 m>k+ ! graves ( ! dead1 or inhabit$ by _! spirits1 x is n surpris+1 once m1 t a g5]al feel+ ( rev]5ce t[>ds all /ones %\ld beg9 to arise--t ! /one p] se1 especially if l>ge1 odd1 or conspicu\s1 %\ld be cr$it$ to "s ext5t ) indwell+ div9ity4 ,nor is x a/oni%+ t ! idea ( m5 be+ desc5d$ f /ones %\ld be rife among p :o mu/ (t51 :5 "y1 h be5 %[n head/ones1 monoli?s1 b\ld]s1 or cromle*s1 & be5 told t ! (f]+s made ^u !m 7 gifts to _! ance/ors4 ,!y w\ld accept ! idea z readily z our own *ildr5 accept ! ,hebrew my? ( ! creation ( ,adam1 our prime ance/or1 f 8! du/ ( ! gr\nd0--a f> less promis+ mat]ial ?an a block ( m>ble or s&/one4 ,9 ?is way1 x seems to me1 we c mo/ readily und]/& ! num]\s /ories ( m5 becom+ /ones1 & /ones becom+ m51 :i* are rife among ! my?s ( savage or b>b>\s peoples4 ,f]n&ez de ,pi$rahita says t ! ,la*es 8wor%ipp$ e /one z a god1 z !y said !y _h all be5 m540 ,arriaga tells u ! ,p]uvians paid hon\r to 8v l>ge /ones1 say+ t !y 7 once m540 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology = #ahhj1 sev]al /ories are told ( metamorphosis ( m5 into /ones f ! ,iroquois leg5ds4 ,accord+ to ,dorman1 ! ,oneidas & ,dakotahs claim desc5t f /ones1 to :i* !y ascribe animation4 ,an int]e/+ int]m$iate =m1 :i* %[s ! gr[? ( ?is idea1 is giv5 9 ,arriaga's /atem5t t ! ,m>cayoc1 or idol wor%ipp$ 9 #ajg,p]u z ! patron ( ! village1 8is sometimes a /one & sometimes a mummy03 9 o!r words1 x dep5d$ ^u circum/ances :e!r !y rev]5c$ ! body itself or ! grave/one t cov]$ x4 ,among ! ,coa/ ,negroes1 :5 a p]son dies1 a /one is tak5 to a c]ta9 h\se--! village valhalla--to repres5t 8 gho/2 & among ! ,bulloms1 wom5 8make occasional sacrifices & (f]+s ( rice to ! /ones :i* are pres]v$ 9 memory ( ! dead40 ,at ,tanna1 9 ! ,new ,hebrides1 ,mr4 ,gray1 a mission>y1 f\nd 8a piece ( sacr$ gr\nd1 on :i* 7 deposit$ ! /ones 9 :i* !y suppos$ ! spirits ( _! dep>t$ relatives to reside02 & ,comm&] ,h5d]son1 comm5t+ ^u a simil> case f ,vati ,isl&1 says ^! 87 ! only =m ( gods ! natives possess$1 & into !m !y suppos$ ! s\ls ( _! dep>t$ fri5ds & relatives to ent]40 ,"s ( !m 8_h a small piece *ipp$ out on "o side1 by means ( :i* ! indwell+ gho/ or _s 0 suppos$ to h +ress or egress40 ,( a ?ird sort1 rudely fa%ion$ by h&1 ,capta9 ,h5d]son says acutely1 8^!1 x seem$ to me1 7 ! beg9n+s ( a grav5 image--a common /one1 sacr$ z ! dwell+-place ( an ance/ral gho/40 99 99 ,i owe ?is & sev]al o!r ref]5ces to ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,app5dix1 z ,i d "s ( my previ\sly cit$ cases to ,mr4 ,lang or ,dr4 ,tylor4 ,classical & ,hebrew lit]ature are full ( examples ( su* /ones1 believ$ to h be5 once human4 ,niobe & ,lot's wife are in/ances t w at once occur to e read]4 ,9 ,boeotia1 ,pausanias tells u1 p believ$ ,alkm5e1 ! "m ( ,h]akles1 0 *ang$ into a /one4 ,p]seus & ! ,gorgon's head is ano!r example1 p>allel$ by ! ,breton idea t _! great /one circles 7 p1 :o1 9 ! mod]n ,*ri/ianis$ v]sion ( ! /ory1 7 turn$ into /one = danc+ on a ,sunday4 7,ab\t ?is ,*ri/ianisation ,i %all h a ^w to say fur!r on2 mean:ile1 obs]ve ! simil> "n ( ! ,giant's ,dance giv5 to ! great ,/oneh5ge #ajh( ,irel&47 ,9 ! same way !re is a ,/&+ ,rock on ! upp] ,miss\ri :i* p>allels ! /ory ( ,niobe--x 0 once a woman1 :o became petrifi$ ) grief :5 h] husb& took a second wife4 ,"s ,samoan gods 7or ance/ral gho/s7 87 *ang$ into /ones10 says ,mr4 ,turn]1 8& n[ /& up 9 a rocky "p ( ! lagoon on ! nor? side ( ,upolu40 ,on ! o!r h&1 if m5 become /ones1 /ones also become m51 or at lea/ give bir? to m54 ,we get a good in/ance ( ?is 9 ! leg5d ( ,deucalion4 ,aga91 by ! roadside1 ne> ! city ( ! ,panopoeans1 lay ! /ones out ( :i* ,prome!us made m54 ,manke1 ! fir/ man 9 ,mit*ell ,isl&1 came out ( a /one4 ,! inhabitants ( ! ,new ,hebrides say t 8! human race sprang f /ones & ! e>?40 ,on ,francis ,isl&1 says ,mr4 ,turn]1 8close by ! temple !re 0 a sev5-feet-long bea* s&/one slab erect$1 be=e :i* (f]+s 7 laid z ! p unit$ = pray]02 & ! natives "h told him t "o ( _! gods _h made /ones become m54 8,9 ,melanesia10 says ,mr4 ,lang1 8matt]s are s mix$ t x is n easy to decide :e!r a wor%ipful /one is ! dwell+ ( a dead man's s\l1 or is ( spiritual m]it 9 itself1 or :e!r ! /one is ! _s's outw>d "p or organ40 ,&1 inde$1 a sort ( g5]al confusion betwe5 ! /one1 ! gho/1 ! ance/or1 & ! god1 at la/ p]vades ! m9d ( ! /one-wor%ipp] ev]y:]e4 8,! curi\s an?ropomorphic idea ( /ones be+ husb&s & wives1 & ev5 hav+ *ildr510 z ,dr4 ,tylor calls x--an idea famili> to ! ,fijians z to ! ,p]uvians & ,lapps--is surely explicable at once by ! exi/5ce ( head/ones ei!r to m5 or wom51 & ! confusion betwe5 ! m>k & ! gho/ x commemorates4 ,an int]e/+ side-po9t 9 ?is gradual mix+ up ( ! gho/ & ! /one1 ! god & ! image1 is %[n 9 a gradual *ange ( detail z to ! mode ( mak+ (f]+s at ! tomb or %r9e4 ,on ! great trili?on 9 ,tonga1 #aji,miss ,gordon-,cumm+ tells u1 a b[l ( kava 0 plac$ on a horizontal /one4 ,"h x mu/ h be5 suppos$ t ! gho/ itself issu$ =? 7p]haps by night7 to dr9k x1 z ! s]p5t :i* repres5t$ ! _s ( ,an*ises glid$ f ! tomb to lick up ! (f]+s pres5t$ by neas4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 z ! /one & ! gho/ get m closely connect$ 9 idea ! (f]+ is made to ! monum5t itself2 ?\gh 9 ! e>li] /ages ! conv5i5ce ( us+ ! flat alt>-/one 7:]ev] su* exi/s7 z a place ( sacrifice = victims probably masks ! transition ev5 to ! wor%ipp]s !mselves4 ,dr4 ,wise saw 9 ! ,himalayas a gr\p ( /ones 8erect$ to ! memory ( ! petty ,rajahs ( ,kolam10 :]e 8"s fifty or sixty un=tunate wom5 sacrific$ !mselves40 ,! blood1 9 p>ticul>1 is (f]$ up to ! gho/2 & 8! cup-holl[s :i* h be5 f\nd 9 m5hirs & dolm5s10 says ,capta9 ,cond]1 8are ! indications ( ! libations1 (t5 ( human blood1 once p\r$ on ^! /ones by hea!n wor%ipp]s40 8,cups are (t5 f\nd10 says a good ,scot* obs]v]1 8on /ones connect$ ) ! monum5ts ( ! dead1 su* z on ! cov]+ /ones ( ki/va5s1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! %ort or r>e/ =m2 on ! flat /ones ( cromle*s2 & on /ones ( *amb]$ graves40 ,on ! top ( ! cairn at ,gl5 ,urquh>t1 on ,lo* ,ness1 is an oblong mass ( slate-/one1 obvi\sly sepul*ral1 & m>k$ ) v num]\s cups4 ,:5 ! /ones are upright ! notion ( (f]+ ! blood to ! upp] "p1 :i* repres5ts ! face or m\?1 becomes v natural1 & =ms a di/9ct /ep 9 ! process ( an?ropomorphisation ( ! head/one into ! idol4 ,we get two /ages ( ?is evolution side by side 9 ! two deities ( ! ,samoy$ travell+ ark-sl$ge1 8"o ) a /one head1 ! o!r a m]e black /one1 bo? dress$ 9 gre5 robes ) r$ lappets1 & bo? sme>$ ) sacrificial blood40 ,9 ! ,indian gr\ps ( /&+ /ones1 repres5t+ ! ,five ,p&avas1 8x is a usual practice10 #aajsays ,dr4 ,tylor1 8to daub ea* /one ) r$ pa9t1 =m+1 z x 71 a great blood-spot :]e ! face w\ld be if x 7 a %ap$ idol40 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 ,i ?9k1 hits ! key-note ( ?is practice 9 an in/ructive passage4 8,a ,dakotah10 he says1 8be=e pray+ to a /one = succ\r pa9ts x ) "s r$ pigm5t1 su* z r$ o*re4 ,n[1 :5 we read t along ) (f]+s ( milk1 honey1 fruit1 fl\r1 etc41 ! ,bodo & ,dhimals (f] #8r$ lead or co*9eal1rsquo2 we may suspect t ^! ?ree col\r+ matt]s1 hav+ r$ z _! common "*1 are sub/itutes = blood4 ,! suppos$ resid5t gho/ 0 at fir/ propitiat$ by ano9t+ ! /one ) human blood2 & !n1 9 default ( ?is1 r$ pigm5t 0 us$1 gho/s & gods be+ suppos$ by primitive m5 to be easily deceiv$ by %ams40 ,x is possible1 too1 t ) ! process ( idealisation & spiritualisation x might be suppos$ a sub/itute w\ld please ! gods equally well1 or t r$ness g5]ally 0 ! equival5t ( blood1 9 ! same way z ! ,*9ese burn pap] money & ut5sils to set free _! gho/s = ! use ( ance/ral spirits4 ,9 any case1 x is int]e/+ to note t ! faces ( _m ,h9du gods are habitually pa9t$ r$4 ,& t ?is is ! survival ( ! same anci5t cu/om we see 9 ! case ( ,%a%ti1 protectress ( *ildr51 ^: prop] repres5tative is 8a r\gh /one z big z a man's head1 sme>$ ) r$ pa9t1 & set at ! foot ( ! sacr$ vata-tree40 ,l cu/oms surviv$ 9 ,greece d[n to ! classical p]iod4 8,! faces ( ! anci5t gild$ ,dionysi at ,cor9?10 says ,mr4 ,lang1 quot+ ,pausanias1 87 smudg$ all ov] ) c9nab>1 l feti%-/ones 9 ,india or ,africa40 ,9 e>ly ,s\? ,italy1 too1 ! ,priapus-,h]mes1 :o protect$ ! fields1 _h 8 face simil>ly 8daub$ ) m9ium40 ,is x possible to dissev] ^! facts f ! cannibal banquets ( ! ,aztec gods1 :]e ! images _h lumps ( palpitat+ human fle% ?ru/ into _! lips1 #aaa;& :]e _! faces 7 sme>$ ) ! w>m blood ( ! helpless victims8 ,only 9 "o in/ance1 h[ev]1 h ,i be5 able to trace ! cu/om ( pa9t+ ) r$ directly back to cannibalism1 & t is among ! man-eat]s ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 :]e1 :5 a man di$1 & 8 body 0 laid out 9 a piece ( ?ick native clo?1 8! face 0 kept expos$ & pa9t$ r$40 ,i believe ) ?is practice mu/ ultimately be correlat$ ! r$-pa9t$ faces ( ! ,cor9?ian ,dionysi4 ,ano!r po9t ( consid]able int]e/ & importance 9 ! evolution ( /one wor%ip is connect$ ) ! migration ( sacr$ /ones4 ,:5 ! ,israelites left ,egypt1 accord+ to ! n>rative 9 ,exodus1 !y c>ri$ ! bones ( ,joseph ) !m4 ,:5 ,ra*el left h] fa!r's t5t %e /ole ! family t]aphim to accompany h] on h] w&]+s4 ,:5 neas flew f burn+ ,troy1 he bore away to 8 %ips 8 c\ntry's gods1 8 ,l>es & ,p5ates4 ,all ( ^! tales1 no d\bt1 are equally unhi/orical1 b !y repres5t :at1 to ! p :o fram$ ! leg5ds1 seem$ p]fectly natural & probable conduct4 ,j 9 ! same way1 :5 /one-wor%ipp]s migrate f "o c\ntry to ano!r1 !y are likely to c>ry ) !m _! sacr$ /ones1 or at lea/ ! mo/ portable or holie/ ( ! numb]4 ,"h is a v good illu/rative case1 once m f t mo/ valuable /oreh\se1 ,turn]'s ,samoa4 ,! ,fijian gods & goddesses we saw1 accord+ to ,tylor1 8_h _! abodes or %r9es 9 black /ones l smoo? r\nd mill/ones1 & !re receiv$ _! (f]+s ( food40 ,b on a c]ta9 ,samoan isl&1 says ,mr4 ,turn]1 8,9 a di/rict said to h be5 e>ly populat$ by settl]s f ,fiji1 a numb] ( fancy ,fijian /ones 7 kept 9 a temple1 & wor%ipp$ 9 "t ( w>4 ,! prie/1 9 consult+ !m1 built !m up 9 ! =m ( a wall1 & !n wat*$ to see h[ !y fell4 ,if !y fell to ! we/w>d1 x 0 a sign t ! enemy !re 0 to be #aab;driv52 b if !y fell to ea/w>d1 t 0 a w>n+ ( defeat1 & delay 9 mak+ an attack 0 ord]$ accord+ly40 ,i _c f9d room "h = _m detail$ in/ances ( simil> migrations2 b !re are two examples 9 ,brita9 s exce$+ly int]e/+ t ev5 9 s ha/y a notice ,i _c pass !m by )\t a brief m5tion4 ,! inn] or small] /ones at ,/oneh5ge are kn[n to be ( remote orig91 belong+ to rocks n f\nd ne>] ,salisbury ,pla9 ?an ,cumb]l& 9 "o direction or ,belgium 9 ! o!r4 ,!y are surr\nd$ by a gr\p ( mu* l>g] /ones1 arrang$ z trili?ons1 b c>v$ out ( ! common s>s5 blocks di/ribut$ ov] ! neighb\r+ c\ntry4 ,i h tri$ to %[ else:]e t ^! small] igne\s rocks1 unt\*$ by ! tool1 99 7 ! anci5t sacr$ /ones ( an immigrant tribe t came into ,brita9 f ! ,cont95t1 probably ov] a broad l&-belt :i* !n exi/$ :]e ! ,/raits ( ,dov] n[ fl[2 & t ! /rang]s on _! arrival 9 ,brita9 erect$ ^! _! ance/ral gods on ! ,pla9 ( ,amesbury1 & fur!r contribut$ to _! importance & appe>ance by surr\nd+ !m ) a circle ( ! bigge/ & mo/ impos+ grey-we!rs t ! new c\ntry 9 :i* !y _h settl$ c\ld easily af=d4 99 ,s ,moses 9 ! leg5d comm&$ ! *ildr5 ( ,israel to build 8an alt> ( :ole /ones1 ov] :i* no man ha? lift up any iron02 & s ( ! b\ld]s compos+ ! alt> on ,m\nt ,ebal x 0 said1 8,?\ %ah n lift up any iron tool ^u !m40 ,! cons]vatism ( religion kept up ! ar*aic fa%ion = sacr$ purposes4 ,! o!r case is t ( ! ,scone /one4 ,?is sacr$ block1 accord+ to ! accr$it$ leg5d1 0 orig9ally ! ance/ral god ( ! ,iri% ,scots1 on ^: royal tumulus at ,t>a x once /ood4 ,x 0 c>ri$ by !m to ,argyll%ire on _! fir/ invasion1 & plac$ 9 a cranny ( ! wall 7say mod]n v]sions7 at ,dun/affnage ,ca/le4 ,:5 ! ,scot* k+s remov$ to ,scone1 ,k5ne? ,,ii4 took ! /one to 8 new l[l& resid5ce4 ,!nce ,edw>d ,i4 #aac;c>ri$ x (f to ,engl&1 :]e x has ev] s9ce rema9$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 z "p ( ! *air 9 :i* ! sov]eigns ( ,brita9 sit at _! coronation4 ,! imm5se significance ( ^! facts or tales w be se5 m cle>ly :5 we come to consid] ! analogies ( ! ,hebrew ark4 ,mean:ile1 x may help to expla9 ! coronation usage1 & ! leg5d t :]ev] ! ,/one ( ,de/9y is f\nd 8! ,scots 9 place mu/ reign10 if ,i add a c\ple ( analog\s cases f ! hi/ory ( ! same mix$ ,celtic race4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,orsquo2,donovan1 ! inauguration /one ( ! ,o',donnells /ood on a tumulus 9 ! mid/ ( a l>ge pla92 & on ?is sacr$ /one1 call$ ! ,flag/one ( ! ,k+s1 ! elect$ *ief /ood to receive ! :ite w& or sceptre ( k+%ip4 ,a cyl9drical obelisk1 us$ = ! same purpose1 /&s to ?is day1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,petrie1 9 ! ,ra?-na-,riogh4 ,s1 too1 ,m',donald 0 cr[n$ ,k+ ( ! ,isles1 /&+ on a sacr$ /one1 ) an impression on top to receive 8 feet4 ,he bas$ himself1 z x 71 ^u ! gods 8 ance/ors4 ,! ,t>a /one ev5 cri$ al\d1 ,pr(essor ,rhys tells u1 :5 ! true k+ plac$ 8 feet above x4 ,! coronation /one exi/s 9 o!r c\ntries2 = example1 9 ,hebrew hi/ory1 or half-hi/ory1 we le>n t :5 ,abimele* 0 mads k+ x 0 8by ! pla9 ( ! pill> t 0 9 ,%e*em02 & :5 ,jehoa% 0 ano9t$ by ,jehoiada1 8! k+ /ood by a pill>1 z ! mann] 040 ,9 front ( ! *ur* ( ,sant' ,ambrogio at ,milan /&s ! /one pill> at :i* ! ,lomb>d k+s & ,g]man emp]ors took ! coronation oa?1 "u ! anci5t lime-trees :i* ov]%ad[ ! piazza4 ,n[1 x is q true t ,mr4 ,sk5e1 ! be/ au?ority on ,celtic ,scotl&1 rejects ?is /ory ( ! ,/one ( ,de/9y 9 mo/ p>ts z leg5d>y3 he believes ! ,scone /one to h be5 m]ely ! sacr$ coronation-block ( ! ,picti% ,k+s at ,scone1 & nev] to h come f ,irel& at all4 ,pr(essor ,ramsay ?9ks x is a piece ( r$ #aads&/one brok5 (f ! rock ( t di/rict ( ,scotl&4 ,ev5 ,pr(essor ,rhys 7:o gives a mo/ int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! ,t>a ,/one7 seems to h d\bts z to ! migration4 ,b1 true or n1 ! /ory w amply s]ve my purpose "h2 = ,i use x only to illu/rate ! equally dubi\s w&]+s ( a ,hebrew sacr$ /one1 at :i* we w arrive 9 due "t2 & "o leg5d is surely always ! be/ possible p>allel ( ano!r4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ages1 z religions develop1 & especially z a few great gods gr[ to ov]%ad[ ! m9or ance/ral ,l>es & spirits1 x (t5 comes ab\t t sacr$ /ones ( ! old] fai? h a new religi\s significance giv5 !m 9 ! lat] sy/em4 ,?us we h se5 ! ,argives wor%ipp$ _! old sacr$ /one "u ! "n ( ,zeus ,kappotas2 ! ,!spians id5tifi$ !irs ) ! lat] ,hell5ic ,eros2 & ! ,meg>ians consid]$ a ?ird z ! repres5tative ( ,phoebus4 ,! orig9al local sacr$ /one ( ,delos has be5 f\nd on ! spot :]e x orig9ally /ood1 b5ea? ! feet ( ! /atue ( ! ,delian ,apollo4 ,& ?is1 ,i am glad to see1 is ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang's view also2 = he rem>ks ( ! ,greek unwr\ght /ones1 8,!y 7 blocks :i* bore ! names ( gods1 ,h]a1 or ,apollo1 names p]haps giv51 z ,de ,brosses says1 to ! old feti%i/ic objects ( wor%ip1 aft] ! an?ropomorphic gods ent]$ ,i %\ld say1 7 develop$ 9 ,hellas40 ,s1 too1 9 ,india1 ! local sacr$ /ones h be5 id5tifi$ ) ! deities ( ! ,h9du pan!on2 ,mr4 ,hislop rem>ks t 9 e "p ( ! ,deccan 7:]e ,h9duism is ( comp>atively late introduction7 f\r or five /ones may (t5 be se5 9 ! ryot's field1 plac$ 9 a r[ & daub$ ) r$ pa9t1 :i* ! peasants call ! ,five ,p&avas2 b1 says ,dr4 ,tylor1 8he reasonably takes ^! ,h9du names to h sup]s$$ m anci5t appellations40 ,islam1 9 l mann]1 has adopt$ ! ,kaaba1 ! great black /one ( ! ,holy ,place at ,mecca2 & ! ,egyptian religion gave #aae;a new mean+ to ! pill> or monoli?1 by %ap+ x z an obelisk to repres5t a ray ( ! ris+ sun-god4 ,sometimes ! sanctity ( ! antique /ones 0 secur$ 9 ! lat] fai? by connect+ !m ) "s leg5d or episode ( ! or?odox religion4 ,?us ! anci5t sacr$ /one kept at ,delphi--no d\bt ! orig9al oracle ( t great %r9e1 z ! rude ,delian block 0 ! precursor ( ! ,delian ,apollo--0 expla9$ ) ref]5ce to ! lat] ,hell5ic belief by ! my? t x 0 ! /one :i* ,kronos swall[$ 9 mi/ake = ,zeus3 an explanation d\btless due to ! fact t ?is b\ld] 0 kept1 l ,monigan's ,iri% idol & ! ,samoan god1 wrapp$ up 9 flannel2 & 9 ! my?1 ,rhea deceiv$ ,kronos by (f]+ him1 in/ead ( ,zeus1 a /one wrapp$ 9 swaddl+-b&s4 ,!re is "h inde$ food = mu* reflection4 ,! sacr$ /one ( ! ,trz5ians1 9 l mann]1 lay 9 front ( ! temple2 b x 0 ,hell5is$1 s to speak1 by ! /ory t on x ! ,trz5ian eld]s sat :5 !y purifi$ ,ore/es f ! murd] ( 8 "m4 ,9 mod]n ,europe1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 a simil> ,*ri/ianisation ( holy wells1 holy /ones1 & holy places has be5 manag$ by connect+ !m ) leg5ds ( sa9ts1 or by ! /ill simpl] device ( m>k+ a cross ^u !m4 ,! cross has a ?reefold value3 9 ! fir/ place1 x drives away f _! accu/om$ haunts ! anci5t gods or spirits1 always envisag$ 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian & m$ival ?\ght z devils or demons2 9 ! second place1 x ass]ts ! supremacy ( ! new fai?2 & 9 ! ?ird place1 by conf]r+ a fre% sanctity ^u ! old holy place or object1 x induces ! p to wor%ip ! cross by ! m]e habit ( resort+ to ! %r9e at :i* _! ance/ors s long wor%ipp$4 ,gregory's well-kn[n advice to ,/4 ,augu/9e on ?is matt] is b a s+le example ( :at w5t on ov] all ,*ri/5dom4 ,9 _m cases1 crosses 9 ,brita9 are /ill f\nd firmly fix$ 9 old sacr$ /ones1 usually recognisable by _! unwr\ght condition4 ,! f9e/ #aaf;example 9 ,europe is probably ! gigantic monoli? ( ,plum5 9 ,brittany1 topp$ by an insignificant little cross1 & /ill resort$ to by ! peasants 7especially ! *ildless7 z a great place ( wor%ip4 ,! prehi/oric monum5ts ( ,n>via 9 ! ,isle ( ,man h be5 ,*ri/ianis$ by hav+ crosses deeply incis$ ^u !m4 ,o!r cases1 l ! ,black ,/ones ( ,iona1 :i* gave sanctity to t ,holy ,isle long be=e ! "t ( ,columba1 w d\btless occur at once to e read]4 ,) _m ( ! ,scot* sculptur$ /ones1 x is difficult to decide :e!r !y 7 orig9ally erect$ z crosses1 or are prehi/oric monum5ts ext]nally ,*ri/ianis$4 ,i h ?us endeav\r$ briefly to sugge/ ! ultimate d]ivation ( all sacr$ /ones f sepul*ral monum5ts1 & to po9t out ! v l>ge "p :i* !y be> 9 ! ess5tial ( religion--t is to say1 wor%ip--ev]y:]e4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o p>ticul> application to :i* ,i wi% to call special att5tion1 because ( its peculi> int]e/ z reg>ds ! orig9 ( ! mono!i/ic god ( ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,hi!rto 9 ?is *apt]1 ,i h int5tionally made b v few allusions to ! fai? & ! sacr$ /ones ( ! ,hebrews1 because ,i wi%$ fir/ to give a g5]al view ( ! :ole ramifications & modifications ( /one-wor%ip be=e com+ d[n to ! p>ticul> in/ance 9 :i* we mod]n ,europeans are mo/ deeply int]e/$4 ,i w n[1 h[ev]1 give a brief summ>y ( :at seems to me mo/ sugge/ive & important 9 ! e>ly ,semitic /one-cult4 ,^! results are no d\bt already famili> 9 outl9e to mo/ cultivat$ read]s1 b x is possible !y may appe> 9 a some:at new light :5 reg>d$ 9 connexion ) ! g5]al hi/ory ( /one-wor%ip z "h elucidat$4 ,t ! ,semites1 z well z o!r e>ly nations1 7 /one-wor%ipp]s we "k f a great numb] ( positive in/ances4 ,! /one pill>s ( ,baal & ! wood5 ,a%]a cones 7 ! *ief objects ( adoration 9 ! ,pho5ician religion4 ,! ,/one ( ,be!l 0 app>5tly a m5hir3 #aag! cairn ( ,mizpeh 0 d\btless a sepul*ral monum5t4 ,! ,israelites "u ,jo%ua1 we are told1 built a ,gilgal ( twelve /&+ /ones2 & o!r in/ances 9 ! e>ly traditions ( ! ,hebrews w be notic$ 9 _! prop] place lat] on4 ,simil>ly1 among ! ,arabs ( ! "t ( ,mohamm$1 two ( ! *ief deities 7 ,manah & ,lt1 ! "o a rock1 ! o!r a sacr$ /one or /one idol3 & ! ,kaaba itself1 ! great black /one ( local wor%ip1 ev5 ! ,prophet 0 compell$ to recognise & ,islamise by adopt+ x bodily into 8 mono!i/ic religion4 ,! /one wor%ip ( ! ,semites at l>ge1 ?\gh comp>atively neglect$ by ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?1 mu/ h play$ a l>ge "p 9 ! religion ( t race1 f :i* ! ,hebrews 7 a special (f%oot4 8,9 ,arabia10 says ,pr(essor ,smi?1 8:]e sacrifice by fire 0 almo/ unkn[n1 we f9d no prop] alt>1 b 9 its place a rude pill> or heap ( /ones1 beside :i* ! victim is sla91 ! blood be+ p\r$ out ov] ! /one or at its base40 ,to ! great ori5tali/1 x is true1 ! sacr$ /one or alt>1 l ! sacr$ tree & ! sacr$ f\nta91 are no?+ m ?an 8common symbols at sanctu>ies02 he ?9ks ( !m n z gods b m]ely z repres5tatives ( ! god1 arbitr>ily *os54 ,aft] ! evid5ce ,i h already adduc$1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k x w be se5 t ?is position is altoge!r unt5able2 inde$1 ,dr4 ,smi? himself uses _m phrases 9 ?is connexion :i* enables u to see ! true /ate ( ! case f> m cle>ly ?an he himself did4 8,! sacr$ /ones ( ! ,arabs1 :i* are already m5tion$ by ,h]odotus1 are call$ ansab1 i4e41 /ones set up1 pill>s4 ,we also f9d ! "n gh>iy1 #8blood-b$aub$1rsquo2 ) ref]5ce to ! ritual j describ$ ( sacrifice at ! nosb or sacr$ pill>4 ,! mean+ ( ?is ritual w occupy u lat]3 meantime ! ?+ to be not$ is t ! alt> is only a modification ( ! nosb1 & t ! rude ,arabian usage is ! primitive type out ( :i* all ! elaborate alt> c]emonies ( ! #aahm cultivat$ ,semites grew4 ,:atev] else 0 done 9 connexion ) a sacrifice1 ! primitive rite ( spr9kl+ or da%+ ! blood aga9/ ! alt>1 or all[+ x to fl[ d[n on ! gr\nd at its base1 0 h>dly ev] omitt$2 & ?is practice 0 n peculi> to ! ,semites1 b 0 equally ! rule ) ! ,greeks & ,romans1 & inde$ ) ! anci5t nations g5]ally40 8,x is c]ta910 says ,pr(essor ,smi? aga91 8t ! orig9al alt> among ! ,nor!rn ,semites1 z well z among ! ,arabs1 0 a great /one or cairn1 at :i* ! blood ( ! victim 0 %$40 ,!re is no diff]5ce1 he decl>es1 betwe5 ! ,hebrew alt> & ! ,arabian /&+ /one4 8,monoli?ic pill>s or cairns ( /one are frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! m anci5t p>ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z /&+ at ,sanctu>ies1 g5]ally 9 connexion ) a sacr$ leg5d ab\t ! occasion on :i* !y 7 set up by "s fam\s patri>* or h]o4 ,9 ! biblical /ory1 !y usually appe> z m]e memorial /ructures )\t any def9ite ritual significance2 b ! p5tateu*al law looks on ! use ( sacr$ pill>s z idolatr\s4 ,?is is ! be/ evid5ce t su* pill>s held an important place among ! appurt5ances ( ,canaanite temples2 & z ,hosea speaks ( ! pill> z an indisp5sable feature 9 ! sanctu>ies ( ,nor!rn ,israel 9 8 "t1 we may be sure t by ! mass ( ! ,hebrews ! pill>s ( ,%e*em1 ,be!l1 ,gilgal1 & o!r %r9es 7 look$ ^u1 n z m]e memorials ( hi/orical ev5ts1 b z necess>y p>ts ( ! ritual app>atus ( a place ( wor%ip4444 ,f ^! evid5ces1 & especially f ! fact t libations ( ! same k9d are appli$ to bo?1 x seems cle> t ! alt> is a diff]5tiat$ =m ( ! primitive rude /one pill>4 ,b ! sacr$ /one is m ?an an alt>1 = 9 ,hebrew & ,canaanite sanctu>ies ! alt>1 9 its develop$ =m z a table or he>?1 does n sup]s$e ! pill>2 ! two are f\nd side by side at ! same sanctu>y1 ! alt> z a piece ( sacrificial app>atus1 & ! pill> z a visible symbol or embodim5t ( ! #aaipres5ce ( ! deity1 :i* 9 process ( "t comes to be fa%ion$ & c>v$ 9 v>i\s ways1 till ultimately x becomes a /atue or an?ropomorphic idol ( /one1 j z ! sacr$ tree or po/ 0 ultimately develop$ into an image ( wood40 ,9 spite ( mu* obvi\s grop+ 9 ! d>k 9 ?is & o!r passages ( ! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 x is cle> t ! le>n$ pr(essor recognis$ at lea/ "o c5tral fact--8! sacr$ /one at ,semitic sanctu>ies 0 f ! fir/ an object ( wor%ip1 a sort ( rude idol 9 :i* ! div9ity 0 someh[ suppos$ to be pres5t40 ,aga91 he notes t 8,jacob's pill> is m ?an a m]e l&m>k1 = x is ano9t$1 j z idols 7 9 antiquity1 & ! pill> itself1 n ! spot on :i* x /ood1 is call$ #8! h\se ( ,god1' z if ! deity 7 conceiv$ actually to dwell 9 ! /one1 or manife/ himself !re9 to 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,& ?is is ! conception :i* appe>s to h be5 associat$ ) sacr$ /ones ev]y:]e4 ,:5 ! ,arab daub$ blood on ! no%1 8 object 0 to br+ ! (f]+ into direct contact ) ! deity2 & 9 l mann] ! practice ( /rok+ ! sacr$ /one ) ! h& is id5tical ) ! practice ( t\*+ or /rok+ ! g>m5ts or be>d ( a man 9 acts ( supplication be=e him40 ,else:]e he says3 8,s f> z evid5ce f tradition & ritual goes1 we c only ?9k ( ! sacr$ /one z consecrat$ by ! actual pres5ce ( ! godhead1 s t :atev] t\*$ x 0 br\ght into imm$iate contact ) ! deity40 ,& he quotes a l9e f an ,arab poet 9 :i* ! ,arabian gods are expressly describ$ z 8gods ( /one40 ,x is ?us cle> t sacr$ /ones 7 common objects ( wor%ip ) ! ,semites 9 g5]al1 & also ) ! ,hebrew p 9 p>ticul>4 ,b aft] ! exclusive wor%ip ( ,jahweh1 ! local ,jewi% god1 _h gr[n obligatory among ! ,jews1 x became ! policy ( ! 8,jehovi/0 prie/s to ,jehovise & to consecrate ! sacr$ /ones ( ,pale/9e by br++ !m into connexion #abj) ! ,jehovi/ic leg5d & ! tales ( ! ,patri>*s4 ,?us ,pr(essor ,*eyne comm5ts z foll[s ^u ! passage 9 ,isaiah :]e ! prophet mocks ! p>tizan ( ! old poly!i/ic cre$ z a /one-wor%ipp]--8,among ! smoo? /ones ( ! valley is ?y portion3 ,!y1 !y are ?y lot3 ,ev5 to !m ha/ ?\ p\r$ a dr9k (f]+3 ,?\ ha/ (f]$ a meat (f]+3 8,! l>ge smoo? /ones ref]r$ to above 7 ! feti%es ( ! primitive ,semitic races1 & ano9t$ ) oil1 accord+ to a widely spread cu/om4 ,x 0 su* a /one :i* ,jacob took = a pill[1 & aft]w>ds consecrat$ by p\r+ oil ^u x4 ,! e>ly ,semites & reaction>y idolatr\s ,israelites call$ su* /ones ,be!ls4444 i4e41 h\ses ( ,el 7! e>ly ,semitic ^w = ,god7 994444 ,9 spite ( ! ef=ts ( ! #8,jehovi/' :o desir$ to conv]t ^! anci5t feti%es into memorials ( patri>*al hi/ory1 ! old hea!ni% use ( !m seems to h cont9u$ especially 9 seclud$ places40 99 ,say r1 ldquo2= a god40 ,besides ! case ( ! /one at ,be!l1 !re is ! lat] "o 79 our n>rative7 :5 ,jacob & ,laban made a cov5ant1 8& ,jacob took a /one1 & set x up = a pill>4 ,& ,jacob said unto 8 bre?r51 ,ga!r /ones2 & !y took /ones & made an heap3 & !y did eat !re ^u ! heap40 ,s1 once m1 at ,%alem1 he erects an alt> call$ ,el-,elohe-,israel2 he sets a pill> ^u ! grave ( ,ra*el1 & ano!r at ! place at ,luz :]e ,god appe>$ to him4 ,( l import is ! /ory ( ! twelve /ones :i* ! twelve m5 take out ( ,jordan to commemorate ! passage ( ! tribes4 ,all are cle>ly attempts to ,jehovise ^! e>ly sacr$ /ones or local gods by connect+ !m ) incid5ts 9 ! ,jehovi/ic v]sion ( ! anci5t ,hebrew leg5ds4 ,t su* /ones1 h[ev]1 7 wor%ipp$ z deities 9 e>ly times1 be=e ! cult ( ,jahweh _h become an exclusive "o among 8 devotees1 is evid5t f ! ,jehovi/ic #aban>rative itself1 :i* has n :olly succe$$ 9 blott+ out all traces ( e>li] religion4 ,samuel judg$ ,israel e ye> at ,be!l1 ! place ( ,jacob's sacr$ pill>3 at ,gilgal1 ! place :]e ,jo%ua's twelve /ones 7 set up2 & at ,mizpeh1 :]e /ood ! cairn surm\nt$ by ! pill> ( ,laban's cov5ant4 ,9 o!r words1 ^! 7 ! sanctu>ies ( ! *ief anci5t gods ( ,israel4 ,samuel himself 8took a /one & set x betwe5 ,mizpeh & ,%em & its v "n1 ,eb5-ez]1 8! /one ( help10 %[s t x 0 orig9ally wor%ipp$ be=e proce$+ on w>like exp$itions1 ?\gh ! ,jehovi/ic gloss1 8say+1 ,hi!rto ! ,"l ha? help$ u10 does its be/1 ( c\rse1 to obscure ! real mean+4 ,s at ,p]an1 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 ,mr4 ,*alm]s saw 8a l>ge peculi>ly-%ap$ /one10 by "n ,ravai1 consid]$ v sacr$4 ,sacrifices are made to x1 & x is m p>ticul>ly address$ 9 times ( fight+4 8,be=e sett+ =?1 (f]+s are pres5t$1 ) food10 & ! /one is entreat$ to prec$e ! w>riors into battle4 ,:]ev] a /one has a "n1 x is almo/ c]ta9ly ( mortu>y orig94 ,x 0 to ! /one-circle ( ,gilgal1 once m1 t ,samuel direct$ ,saul to g1 say+1 8,i w come d[n unto !e1 to (f] burnt-(f]+s1 & to sacrifice sacrifices ( peace-(f]+s40 ,x 0 at ! cairn ( ,mizpeh t ,saul 0 *os5 k+2 & aft] ! victory ov] ! ,ammonites1 ,saul w5t once m to ! great ,/oneh5ge at ,gilgal to 8r5ew ! k+dom10 & 8!re !y made ,saul k+ be=e ,jahweh 9 ,gilgal2 & !re !y sacrific$ sacrifices ( peace-(f]+s be=e ,jahweh40 ,?is passage is a v in/ructive & important "o1 because "h we see t 9 ! op9ion ( ! writ] at lea/ ,jahweh 0 !n domicil$ at ,gilgal1 amid ! o!r sacr$ /ones ( t holy circle4 ,obs]ve1 ldquo2h[ev]1 t :5 ,saul 0 direct$ to g to f9d 8 fa!r's asses1 he 0 s5t fir/ to ,ra*el's pill> at ,telzah1 & !n to ! pla9 ( ,tabor1 :]e he 0 to meet 8?ree m5 go+ up to ,god n to ,jahweh at ,be!l10 #abb;evid5tly to sacrifice1 8"o c>ry+ ?ree kids1 & ano!r c>ry+ ?ree loaves ( bread1 & ano!r c>ry+ a bottle ( w9e40 ,^! & _m o!r l memorials ( /one-wor%ip lie ?ickly scatt]$ ?r\gh ! e>ly books ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 sometimes op5ly av[$1 & sometimes cloak$ "u a ?9 veil ( ,jehovism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 at ! pres5t day1 ! ,pale/9e exploration has %[n t no rude /one monum5ts exi/ 9 ,pale/9e prop]1 ?\gh ea/ ( ! ,jordan !y are common 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,h[1 !n1 are we to expla9 _! disappe>ance8 ,major ,cond] ?9ks t :5 pure ,jehovism f9ally triumph$ "u ,hezekiah & ,josiah1 ! ,jehovi/s de/roy$ all ^! 8idolatr\s0 /ones ?r\gh\t ! ,jewi% dom9ions1 9 accordance ) ! injunctions 9 ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy to demoli% ! religi\s emblems ( ! ,canaanites4 ,jahweh1 ! god ( ! ,hebrews1 0 a jeal\s ,god1 & he w\ld tol]ate no ali5 sacr$ /ones )9 8 own jurisdiction4 ,& :o or :at 0 ?is ,jahweh himself1 ?is local & e?nic god ( ! ,israelites1 :o w\ld suff] no o!r god or sacr$ monoli? to live ne> him8 ,i w n lay /ress ^u ! po9t t :5 ,jo%ua 0 dy+1 accord+ to ! leg5d1 he 8took a great /one0 & set x up by an oak t 0 by ! sanctu>y ( ,jahweh1 say+ t x _h he>d all ! words ( ,jahweh4 ,t docum5t is too d\btful 9 t]ms to af=d u mu* au?ority4 ,b ,i w m]ely po9t out t at ! "t :5 we fir/ seem to cat* cle> hi/oric glimpses ( true ,jahweh wor%ip1 we f9d ,jahweh1 :oev] or :atev] t my/ic object might h be51 locat$ ) 8 ark at ! ,twelve ,/ones at ,gilgal4 ,x is q cle> t 9 8! camp at ,gilgal10 z ! lat] compil]s believ$1 ,jahweh1 god ( ,israel1 :o _h br\ght 8 p up out ( ,egypt1 rema9$ till ! conque/ ( ! l& 0 complet$4 ,b aft] ! end ( ! conque/1 ! #abct5t 9 :i* he dwelt 0 remov$ to ,%iloh2 & t ,jahweh w5t ) x is cle> f ! fact t ,jo%ua ca/ lots = ! l& !re 8be=e ,jahweh1 our ,god40 ,he 0 !re /ill :5 ,hannah & h] husb& w5t up to ,%iloh to sacrifice unto ,jahweh2 & :5 ,samuel m9i/]$ unto ,jahweh be=e ,eli ! prie/4 ,t ,jahweh made a long /ay at ,%iloh is1 !re=e1 x w\ld seem1 a true old tradition--a tradition ( ! age j be=e ! hi/orical beg9n+s ( ! ,hebrew annals4 ,b ,jahweh 0 an object ( portable size1 =1 omitt+ = ! pres5t ! descriptions 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 :i* seem likely to be ( late date1 & n too tru/wor?y1 ?r\gh _! /r5u\s ,jehovi/ic edit+1 he 0 c>ri$ f ,%iloh 9 8 ark to ! front dur+ ! great battle ) ! ,phili/9es at ,eb5ez]2 & ! ,phili/9es 7 afraid1 = !y said1 8,a god is come into ! camp40 ,b :5 ! ,phili/9es captur$ ! ark1 ! rival god1 ,dagon1 fell d[n & broke 9 pieces--s ,hebrew leg5d decl>$--be=e ! face ( ,jahweh4 ,aft] ! ,phili/9es re/or$ ! sacr$ object1 x re/$ = a "t at ,kirja?-je>im1 till ,david1 on ! capture ( ,j]usalem f ! ,jebusites1 w5t d[n to t place to br+ up f !nce ! ark ( ! god2 & z x w5t1 on a new c>t1 !y 8play$ be=e ,jahweh on all mann] ( in/rum5ts10 & ,david himself 8danc$ be=e ,jahweh40 ,jahweh 0 !n plac$ 9 ! t5t or tab]nacle t ,david _h prep>$ = him1 till ,solomon built ! fir/ temple1 8! h\se ( ,jahweh10 & ,jahweh's ark 0 set up 9 x1 89 ! oracle ( ! h\se1 ! mo/ holy place1 ev5 "u ! w+s ( ! *]ubim40 ,j s ,mr4 ,*alm]s tells u t :5 he 0 at ,p]an1 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 ! peculi>ly-%ap$ holy /one1 ,ravai1 & ! two wood5 idols1 ,epe & ,kivava1 8made long ago & consid]$ v sacr$10 7 = ! mom5t 8locat$ 9 an old h\se1 until all ! arrangem5ts necess>y = _! removal to ! spl5did new dubu prep>$ = !m are complet$40 ,& s1 too1 at ! opposite end ( ! scale ( civilisation1 z ,mr4 #abd,lang puts x1 8! feti%-/ones ( ,greece 7 ^? :i* occupi$ ! holy ( holies ( ! mo/ anci5t temples1 ! my/]i\s fanes )9 d>k c$> or cypress groves1 to :i* m5 7 h>dly admitt$40 ,t ,jahweh himself1 9 ! mo/ anci5t traditions ( ! race1 0 simil>ly conceal$ )9 8 *e/ or ark 9 ! holy ( holies1 is evid5t1 ,i ?9k1 to any att5tive read]4 ,x is true1 ! lat] ,jehovi/ic glosses ( ,exodus & ,deut]onomy1 compos$ aft] ! ,jehovi/ic wor%ip _h become purifi$ & spiritualis$1 d _! be/ to d>k5 ! compreh5sion ( ?is matt] by mak+ ! pres5ce ( ,jahweh seem always incorporeal2 & ev5 9 ! e>li] traditions1 ! phrase 8! ark ( ! cov5ant ( ,jahweh0 is (t5 sub/itut$ = ! simpl] & old] "o1 8! ark ( ,jahweh40 ,b ?r\gh all ! disfigurem5ts ) :i* ! prie/ly scribes ( ! age ( ,josiah & ! sac]dotali/s ( ! return f ! captivity h ov]laid ! primitive /ory1 we c /ill see cle>ly 9 _m places t ,jahweh himself 0 at fir/ p]sonally pres5t 9 ! ark t cov]$ him4 ,& ?\gh ! scribes 7evid5tly a%am$ ( ! e>ly wor%ip !y _h outliv$7 prote/ some:at vehem5tly m ?an once1 8,!re 0 no?+ 9 ! ark save ! two tables ( /one :i* ,moses put !re at ,horeb1 :5 ,jahweh made a cov5ant ) ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 :5 !y came out ( ! l& ( ,egypt10 yet ?is mu* at lea/ ev5 !y admit--t ! object or objects conceal$ 9 ! ark consi/$ ( a sculptur$ /one or /ones2 & t to dance or s+ be=e ?is /one or ^! /ones 0 equival5t to danc+ or s++ be=e ! face ( ,jahweh4 ,! "q :e!r ! my/]i\s body conceal$ 9 ! ark 0 or 0 n a l+am or o!r phallic object ,i purposely omit to discuss "h1 z n cognate to our pres5t enquiry4 ,x is suffici5t to insi/ t f ! evid5ce be=e u1 fir/1 x 0 ,jahweh himself1 & second1 x 0 an object made ( /one4 ,fur!r ?an t 'tw]e #abe;curi\s to enquire1 & ,i = "o d n desire to pry into ! my/]ies4 ,n to pu% ! argum5t too f>1 !n1 we may say ?is mu* is fairly c]ta94 ,! *ildr5 ( ,israel 9 e>ly times c>ri$ ab\t ) !m a tribal god1 ,jahweh1 ^: pres5ce 9 _! mid/ 0 intimately connect$ ) a c]ta9 ark or *e/1 conta9+ a /one object or objects4 ,?is *e/ 0 readily portable1 & c\ld be c>ri$ to ! front 9 case ( w>f>e4 ,!y did n "k ! orig9 ( ! object 9 ! ark ) c]ta9ty1 b !y reg>d$ x emphatically z 8,jahweh _! god1 :i* l$ !m out ( ! l& ( ,egypt40 ,ev5 aft] its true nature _h be5 spiritualis$ away into a great national deity1 ! mo/ unlimit$ & incorporeal ! _w has ev] kn[n 7z we get him 9 ! be/ & pure/ "w ( ! prophets71 ! imag]y ( lat] times con/antly returns to ! old idea ( a /one pill> or m5hir4 ,9 ! embelli%$ acc\nt ( ! exodus f ,egypt1 ,jahweh goes be=e ! ,israelites z a pill> or monoli? ( cl\d by day & ( fire by night4 ,accord+ to ,levitical law 8 alt> mu/ be built ( unhewn /one1 8= if ?\ lift up ?y tool ^u x ?\ ha/ pollut$ x40 ,x is z a ,rock t ! prophets (t5 figuratively describe ,jahweh1 us+ ! half-=gott5 language ( an e>li] day to clo! _! own sublim] & m purifi$ conceptions4 ,x is to ! ,rock ( ,israel--! sacr$ /one ( ! tribe--t !y look = succ\r4 ,nay1 ev5 :5 ,josiah accept$ ! =g$ roll ( ! law & promis$ to abide by x1 8! k+ /ood by a pill> 7a m5hir7 & made a cov5ant be=e ,jahweh40 ,ev5 to ! la/ we see 9 vague glimpses ! real orig9al nature ( ! wor%ip ( t jeal\s god :o caus$ ,dagon to break 9 pieces be=e him1 & w\ld all[ no o!r sacr$ /ones to rema9 undemoli%$ )9 8 tribal b\nd>ies4 ,i d n see1 !re=e1 h[ we c easily avoid ! obvi\s inf]5ce t ,jahweh1 ! god ( ! ,hebrews1 :o lat] became sublimat$ & e!realis$ into ! ,god #abf( ,*ri/ianity1 0 9 8 orig9 no?+ m nor less ?an ! ance/ral sacr$ /one ( ! p ( ,israel1 h[ev] sculptur$1 & p]haps1 9 ! v la/ resort ( all1 ! unhewn monum5tal pill> ( "s e>ly ,semitic %eikh or *iefta94 ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,,sacr$ ,,/akes4 ,,milton #abgspeaks 9 a fam\s sonnet ( ! "t 8:5 all our fa!rs wor%ipp$ /ocks & /ones4rdquo2 ,t famili> & briefly contemptu\s phrase ( ! ,puritan poet does really cov] ! va/ majority ( objects ( wor%ip = ! human race at all times & 9 all places4 ,we h exam9$ ! /ones2 ! /ocks mu/ n[ come 9 = _! fair %>e ( att5tion4 ,!y ne$ n1 h[ev]1 delay u q s long z _! si/] deities1 bo? because !y are on ! :ole less important 9 !mselves1 & because _! developm5t f grave-m>ks into gods & idols is almo/ absolutely p>allel to t :i* we h already foll[$ out 9 detail 9 ! case ( ! /&+ /one or megali?ic monum5t4 ,/akes or wood5 po/s are (t5 us$ all ! _w ov] z m>ks ( an int]m5t4 ,l o!r grave-m>ks1 !y also %>e naturally 9 ! hon\rs paid to ! gho/ or nasc5t god4 ,b !y are less important z elem5ts 9 ! gr[? ( religion ?an /&+ /ones = two di/9ct reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a /ake or po/ mo/ (t5 m>ks ! int]m5t ( a p]son ( little social consid]ation2 *iefs & great m5 h usually /one monum5ts erect$ 9 _! hon\r2 ! commonalty h to be satisfi$ ) wood5 m>ks1 z "o may obs]ve to ?is day at ,pre ,la*aise1 or any o!r great ,*ri/ian cemet]y4 ,9 ! second place1 ! /one monum5t is f> m la/+ & p]man5t ?an ! wood5 "o4 ,ea* ( ^! po9ts c\nts = some?+4 ,= x is #abh;*iefs & great m5 ^: gho/s mo/ (t5 gr[ into gods2 & x is ! olde/ gho/s1 ! olde/ gods1 ! olde/ monum5ts t are always ! mo/ sacr$4 ,= bo? ^! reasons1 !n1 ! /ake is less critical ?an ! /one 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,nev]!less1 x has its own special importance4 ,z ! sacr$ /one d]ives ultimately f ! great b\ld] pil$ above ! grave to keep d[n ! corpse1 s ! /ake1 ,i believe1 d]ives f ! %>p-po9t$ /ick driv5 ?r\gh ! body to p9 x d[n z we saw 9 ! ?ird *apt]1 & /ill s employ$ 9 ,*ri/ian ,engl& to prev5t suicides f walk+4 ,su* a /ake or pole is usually p]mitt$ to protrude f ! gr\nd1 s z to w>n liv+ m5 ( ! neighb\rhood ( a _s4 ,at a v e>ly date1 h[ev]1 ! /ake1 ,i fancy1 became a m]e grave-m>k2 & ?\gh1 ow+ to its comp>ative inconspicu\sness1 x obta9s relatively little notice1 x is n[ & always has be5 by f> ! mo/ common mode ( pres]v+ ! memory ( ! spot :]e a p]son lies buri$4 ,a good example1 :i* w ?r[ light ^u _m subsequ5t modifications1 is giv5 by ,mr4 ,wyatt ,gill f ,port ,moresby 9 ,new ,gu9ea4 8,! body10 he says1 80 buri$4 ,at ! side 0 set up a /ake1 to :i* 7 ti$ ! spe>1 club1 b[ & arr[ ( ! deceas$1 b brok51 to prev5t !ft4 ,a little beyond 0 ! grave ( a woman3 h] cook+ ut5sils1 grass petticoats1 etc41 hung up on ! /ake40 ,simil> cu/oms1 he adds1 are almo/ univ]sal 9 ,polynesia4 ,?\gh wor%ip ( /akes or wood5 po/s is common all ov] ! _w1 ,i c give b few q unequivocal in/ances ( su* wor%ip be+ paid to a po/ actually kn[n to surm\nt an und\bt$ grave4 ,almo/ ! be/ direct evid5ce ,i c obta9 is ! case ( ! grave-pole 9 ,buru1 already quot$ f ,mr4 ,h4 ,o4 ,=bes4 ,b ! foll[+ acc\nt ( a ,samoy$ place ( sacrifice1 extract$ f ,b>on ,nord5skiold's ,voyage ( ! ,vega1 is c]ta9ly sugge/ive4 ,on a hillock on ,vaygats ,isl& #abi! ,sw$i% explor] f\nd a numb] ( re9de] skulls1 s arrang$ t !y =m$ a close ?icket ( antl]s4 ,ar\nd lay o!r bones1 bo? ( be>s & re9de]2 & 9 ! mid/ ( all 8! mighty be+s to :om all ?is spl5d\r 0 (f]$4 ,!y consi/$rsquo2 ( hundr$s ( small wood5 /icks1 ! upp] portions ( :i* 7 c>v$ v clumsily 9 ! =m ( ! human c\nt5ance1 mo/ ( !m f fifte5 to tw5ty1 b "s ( !m ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty c5timetres 9 l5g?4 ,!y 7 all /uck 9 ! gr\nd on ! s\!a/ "p ( ! em95ce4 ,ne> ! place ( sacrifice !re 7 to be se5 pieces ( driftwood & rema9s ( ! fireplace at :i* ! sacrificial meal 0 prep>$4 ,our guide told u t at ^! meals ! m\?s ( ! idols 7 besme>$ ) blood & wett$ ) br&y2 & ! =m] /atem5t 0 confirm$ by ! l>ge spots ( blood :i* 7 f\nd on mo/ ( ! l>ge idols bel[ ! holes int5d$ to repres5t ! m\?40 ,at a f> e>li] date1 ,/eph5 ,burr\gh 9 #aeef writes z foll[s to mu* ! same effect 9 8 int]e/+ n>rative pr9t$ 9 ,hakluyt3 8,!re ,i met aga9e ) ,lo%ak1 & w5t on %ore ) him1 & he br\ght me to a heap ( ,samo$s idols1 :i* 7 9 numb] ab\t #cjj1 ! wor/ & ! mo/ un>tificiall worke t ev] ,i saw3 ! eyes & m\!s ( sundrie ( !m 7 bloodie1 !y _h ! %ape ( m51 wom51 & *ildr51 v grossly wr\ght1 & t :i* !y _h made = o!r p>ts 0 also spr9kl$ ) blood4 ,"s ( _! idols 7 an olde /icke ) two or ?ree not*es1 made ) a knife 9 x4 ,!re 0 "o ( _! sl$s brok5 & lay by ! heape ( idols1 & !re ,i saw a de]s sk9ne :i* ! f\les _h spoyl$3 & be=e c]ta9e ( _! idols blocks 7 made z high z _! m\!s2 be+ all bloody1 ,i ?\ght t to be ! table :]on !y (f]$ _! sacrifice40 ,9 nei!r ( ^! acc\nts1 x is true1 is x di/9ctly m5tion$ t ! place ( sacrifice 0 a ,samoy$ cemet]y3 #acj;b ,i believe ?is to be ! case1 p>tly f analogy1 & p>tly because ,nord5skild m5tions else:]e t an upturn$ sl$ is a frequ5t sign ( a ,samoy$ grave4 ,comp>e also ! foll[+ acc\nt ( a gravey>d among nom9ally ,*ri/ian ,o/yak ,sib]ians1 also f ,nord5skild3 8,! corpses 7 plac$ 9 l>ge c(f9s above gr\nd1 at :i* almo/ always a cross 0 erect$40 ,! accompany+ woodcut %ews t ^! crosses 7 rude wood5 /akes ) "o or two crossb>s4 8,9 "o ( ! crosses a sacr$ picture 0 ins]t$ :i* mu/ be consid]$ a fur!r pro( t a ,*ri/ian re/$ 9 ! c(f94 ,not)/&+ ?is1 we f\nd "s clo!s1 :i* _h belong$ to ! dep>t$1 hang+ on a bu% beside ! grave1 toge!r ) a bundle conta9+ food1 pr9cipally dri$ fi%4 ,at ! graves ( ! ri*] natives ! survivors are ev5 said to place along ) food "s r\ble notes1 9 ord] t ! dep>t$ may n be altoge!r )\t ready money on 8 entrance into ! o!r _w40 ,to complete ! p>allel1 ,i ought to add t money 0 also deposit$ on ! sacrificial place on ,vaygats ,isl&4 ,( ano!r su* sacrificial place on ,yalmal1 ,nord5skild says1 aft] describ+ a pile ( bones1 re9de] skulls1 & walrus jaws3 8,9 ! middle ( ! heap ( bones /ood f\r erect pieces ( wood4 ,two consi/$ ( /icks a metre 9 l5g?1 ) not*es cut 9 !m4444 ,! two o!rs1 :i* cle>ly 7 ! prop] idols ( ?is place ( sacrifice1 consi/$ ( driftwood roots1 on :i* "s c>v+s _h be5 made to di/+ui% ! eyes1 m\?1 & nose4 ,! p>ts ( ! pieces ( wood1 int5d$ to repres5t ! eyes & m\?1 _h rec5tly be5 besme>$ ) blood1 & !re /ill lay at ! heap ( bones ! entrails ( a newly kill$ re9de]40 ,inde$1 ,i le>n f ano!r s\rce t 8! ,samoy$es fe$ ! wood5 images ( ! dead02 :ile an in/ance f ,erman helps fur!r to confirm ! same conclusion4 ,accord+ to t acute writ]1 among ! ,o/yaks #aca( ,ea/]n ,sib]ia !re is f\nd a mo/ int]e/+ cu/om1 9 :i*1 says ,dr4 ,tylor1 8we see ! transition f ! image ( ! dead man to ! actual idol40 ,:5 a man dies1 !y set up a rude wood5 image ( him 9 ! yurt1 :i* receives (f]+s at e meal & has hon\rs paid to x1 :ile ! wid[ cont9ually embraces & c>esses x4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ^! images are buri$ at ! end ( ?ree ye>s or s3 b sometimes 8! image ( a %aman 7native sorc]]710 says ,tylor1 8is set up p]man5tly1 & rema9s z a sa9t = ev]40 ,= 8sa9t0 ,i %\ld say 8god02 & we see ! trans=mation at once complet$4 ,inde$1 ,erman adds acutely ab\t ! great] gods ( ! ,o/yaks3 8,t ^! latt] also h a hi/orical orig91 t !y 7 orig9ally monum5ts ( di/+ui%$ m51 to :i* prescription & ! int]e/ ( ! ,%amans gave by degrees an arbitr>y mean+ & importance1 seems to me n liable to d\bt40 ,) reg>d to ! blood sme>$ ^u su* ,sib]ian wood5 idols1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t b[ls ( blood are common (f]+s to ! dead2 & ,dr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? himself1 no fri5dly witness 9 ?is matt]1 has comp>$ ! blood-(f]+s to gho/s ) ^? to deities4 ,9 ! elev5? book ( ! ,odyssey1 = example1 ! gho/s dr9k gre$ily ( ! sacrificial blood2 & libations ( gore =m a special feature 9 ,greek (f]+s to h]oes4 ,t blood 0 (f]$ to ! sacr$ /ones we h already se52 & we notic$ t !re z "h x 0 specially sme>$ ^u ! p>ts repres5t+ ! m\?4 ,(f]+s ( blood to gods1 or p\r+ ( blood on alt>s1 are too common to dem& p>ticul> notice2 & we %all also recur to t "p ( ! subject :5 we come to consid] ! important que/ions ( sacrifice & sacram5t4 ,i w only add "h t accord+ to ,maimonides ! ,sabians look$ on blood z ! n\ri%m5t ( ! gods2 :ile ! ,hebrew ,jahweh asks indignantly 9 ! fiftie? #acb,psalm1 8,w ,i eat ! fle% ( bulls1 or dr9k ! blood ( goats80 ,to pass on to m unequivocal cases ( /ake-wor%ip1 :]e we c h>dly d\bt t ! /ake repres5ts a dead man1 ,capta9 ,cook notic$ t 9 ! ,society ,isl&s 8! c>v$ wood5 images at burial-places 7 n consid]$ m]e memorials1 b abodes into :i* ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ retir$40 ,s ,ellis obs]ves ( ,polynesians g5]ally t ! sacr$ objects might be ei!r m]e /ocks & /ones1 or c>v$ wood5 images1 f six to eight feet long d[n to z _m in*es4 ,"s ( ^! 7 to repres5t 8tu10 div9e manes or spirits ( ! dead2 :ile o!rs 7 to repres5t 8tu10 or deities ( high] rank & p[]4 ,to my m9d1 ?is is almo/ a di/9ction )\t a diff]5ce2 ! fir/ be+ gho/s ( rec5tly deceas$ ance/ors1 ! second gho/s ( remot] prog5itors4 ,! anci5t ,araucanians aga9 fix$ ov] a tomb an upright log1 8rudely c>v$ to repres5t ! human frame40 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,new ,zeal& *iefs1 wood5 images1 #bj to #dj feet high1 7 erect$ z monum5ts4 ,i might easily multiply in/ances2 b ,i refra9 le/ ! li/ gr[ t$i\s4 ,dr4 ,codr+ton notes t ! l>ge m\?s & loll+ tongues ( _m ,new ,zeal& & ,polynesian gods are due to ! habit ( sme>+ ! m\? ) blood & o!r (f]+s4 ,:]e m5 pres]ve ! corpses ( _! dead1 images are n s likely to gr[ up2 b :]e fe> ( ! dead has br\ght ab\t ! practice ( burial or burn+1 x is reasonable t ! feel+s ( affection :i* prompt$ gifts & ende>m5ts to ! mummy 9 ! fir/ /age ( ?\ght %\ld seek "s simil> mat]ial outlet "u ! alt]$ circum/ances4 ,among ourselves1 a photograph1 a portrait1 ! toys ( a dead *ild1 are pres]v$ & *]i%$4 ,among savages1 rud] repres5tations become necess>y4 ,!y bury ! actual corpse safely out ( sight1 b make "s r\gh wood5 imitation to repres5t #acc;x4 ,?us x does n surprise u to f9d t :ile ! ,m>ianne ,isl&]s keep ! dri$ bodies ( _! dead ance/ors 9 _! huts z h\sehold gods1 & expect !m to give oracles out ( _! skulls1 ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 on ! o!r h&1 8set up memorial idols ( deceas$ p]sons ne> ! burial-place1 talk+ affectionately to !m z if /ill alive1 & ca/+ g>m5ts to !m :5 !y pass by10 :ile !y also 8pres]ve 9 _! h\ses small c>v$ wood5 images1 ea* d$icat$ to ! _s ( an ance/or40 ,! ,coa/ ,negroes 8place sev]al e>!n images on ! graves40 ,"s ,papuans1 8aft] a grave is fill$ up1 collect r\nd an idol1 & (f] provisions to x40 ,! ,javans dress up an image 9 ! clo!s ( ! deceas$4 ,s1 too1 ( ! ,c>ibs ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 we le>n t !y 8c>v$ little images 9 ! %ape 9 :i* !y believ$ spirits to h appe>$ to !m2 & "s human figures bore ! names ( ance/ors 9 memory ( !m40 ,f su* little images1 obvi\sly sub/itut$ = ! dead body :i* us$ once to be pres]v$ & affectionately t5d$1 are d]iv$1 ,i believe1 mo/ ( ! h\sehold gods ( ! _w--! ,l>es & ,p5ates ( ! ,romans1 ! huacas ( ! ,p]uvians1 ! t]aphim ( ! ,semites4 ,h[ absolutely image & ance/or are id5tifi$ we c see among ! ,t5imb] ,isl&]s1 ) :om 8! matmate are ! spirits ( _! ance/ors :i* are wor%ipp$ z gu>dian spirits or h\sehold gods4 ,!y are suppos$ to ent] ! h\se ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! ro(1 & to take up _! abode tempor>ily 9 ! skulls1 or 9 images ( wood or ivory1 9 ord] to p>take ( ! (f]+s40 ,a few m facts 9 ! same direction may help to br+ out 9 /ill /rong] relief ?is close equival5ce ( ! corpse & ! image4 ,a ,new ,gu9ea "m keeps ! mummi$ body ( h] *ild1 & c>ries x ab\t ) h]2 :]eas a ,we/ ,african "m1 liv+ 9 a tribe :]e t]ror ( ! dead has induc$ ! practice ( burial1 makes #acd;a little image ( h] lo/ d>l+ out ( a g\rd or calaba%1 wraps x 9 sk9s1 & fe$s x or puts x to sleep l a liv+ baby4 ,ba/ian saw ,indian wom5 9 ,p]u1 :o _h lo/ an infant1 c>ry+ ab\t on _! backs a wood5 doll to repres5t x4 ,at a some:at high] level1 8! spiritual be+s ( ! ,algonqu9s10 says ,dr4 ,tylor1 to :om ,i owe n a few ( ^! in/ances1 87 repres5t$ by1 & 9 language completely id5tifi$ )1 ! c>v$ wood5 heads0 7note ?is po9t7 8or m complete images1 to :i* wor%ip & sacrifice 7 (f]$40 ,9 all ^! in/ances we see cle>ly1 ,i ?9k1 ! c\rse ( ! g5esis ( h\sehold deities4 ,9 ,siam1 ! a%es ( ! dead are simil>ly m\ld$ into ,buddhi/ images1 :i* are aft]w>ds wor%ipp$ z h\sehold gods4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has collect$ sev]al int]e/+ examples "s ( :i* ,i w borr[1 z %[+ incid5tally h[ mu* ! gr[? ( ! idol or image dep5ds ^u su* ab/raction ( ! real body = burial or its equival5t4 ,:ile a deceas$ k+ ( ,congo is be+ embalm$1 a figure is set up 9 ! palace to repres5t him1 & is daily furni%$ ) meat & dr9k4 ,:5 ,*>les ,,vi4 ( ,france 0 buri$1 8ov] ! c(f9 0 an image ( ! late k+1 be>+ a ri* cr[n ( gold & diamonds1 & hold+ two %ields4444 ,?is image 0 dress$ ) clo? ( gold4444 ,9 ?is /ate 0 he solemnly c>ri$ to ! *ur* ( ,notre ,dame40 ,madame de ,motteville says ( ! fa!r ( ! great ,cond1 8,! effigy ( ?is pr9ce 0 wait$ ^u = ?ree days1 z 0 cu/om>y0--=ty days hav+ be5 ! orig9al "t dur+ :i* food 0 suppli$ to su* effigies at ! usual h\rs4 ,mon/relet describes a l figure us$ at ! burial ( ,h5ry ,v4 ( ,engl&3 & ! ,we/m9/] ,abbey images already notic$ belong to ! same category4 ,z 9 ! case ( sacr$ /ones1 once m1 ,i am q ready to admit t :5 once ! sanctity ( c]ta9 /akes or wood5 poles came to be g5]ally recognis$1 x #acew\ld be a simple transf]5ce ( feel+ to suppose t any /ake1 arbitr>ily set up1 might become ! %r9e or home ( an indwell+ _s4 ,?us we are told t ! ,brazilian tribes 8set up /akes 9 ! gr\nd1 & make (f]+s be=e !m to appease _! deities or demons40 ,s also we are assur$ t among ! ,d9kas ( ! ,:ite ,nile1 8! mission>ies saw an old woman 9 h] hut (f]+ ! fir/ ( h] food be=e a %ort ?ick /aff plant$ 9 ! gr\nd40 ,b 9 nei!r ( ^! cases is !re necess>ily any?+ to %[ t ! spot :]e ! /aff 0 set up 0 n a place ( burial2 :ile 9 ! second in/ance ?is is ev5 probable1 z hut int]m5ts are extremely common 9 ,africa4 ,i w quote "o o!r in/ance only1 = its illu/rative value 9 a subsequ5t connexion4 ,9 ! ,society ,isl&s1 rude logs are clo!d 9 native clo? 7l ,monigan's idol7 & ano9t$ ) oil1 receiv+ adoration & sacrifice z ! dwell+-place ( a deity4 ,?is cu/om is p>allel to t ( ! ,c>ibs1 :o took a bone ( a dead fri5d f ! grave1 wrapp$ x up 9 cotton1 & enquir$ ( x = oracles4 ,mr4 ,savage ,l&or1 9 8 int]e/+ "w ,! ,hairy ,a9u1 figures & describes "s curi\s grave-/akes ( ^? ,japanese aborig9es4 ,! /akes on ! m5's graves are provid$ ) a phallic protub]ance2 ^? on ! wom5's ) an equally phallic p]=ation4 ,?is fact helps to illu/rate ! phallicism ( sacr$ /ones 9 ,syria & else:]e4 ,among ! ,semitic peoples1 always specially int]e/+ to u f _! g5etic connexion ) ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 ! wor%ip ( /akes usually took ! =m ( adoration paid to ! curi\s log ( wood describ$ z an a%]a4 ,:at k9d ( object an a%]a 0 we le>n f ! injunction 9 ,deut]onomy1 8,?\ %alt n plant an a%]a ( any k9d ( wood beside ! alt> ( ,jahweh40 ,?is prohibition is cle>ly p>allel to t aga9/ any hewn /one or 8grav5 image40 ,b ! ,semites 9 g5]al wor%ipp$ z a rule at a rude /one alt>1 #acf;beside :i* /ood an a%]a1 "u a gre5 tree1--all ?ree ( ! great sacr$ objects ( humanity be+ ?us pres5t toge!r4 ,a simil> comb9ation is n uncommon 9 ,india1 :]e sacr$ /one & wood5 image /& (t5 "u ! %ade ( ! same holy peepul tree4 8,! a%]a10 says ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?1 8is a sacr$ symbol1 ! seat ( ! deity1 & p]haps ! "n itself1 z ,g4 ,h(fmann has sugge/$1 means no?+ m ?an ! #8m>k' ( ! div9e pres5ce40 ,^? :o h foll[$ me s f> 9 ! pres5t "w1 h[ev]1 w be m likely to conclude t x meant orig9ally ! m>k ( a place :]e an ance/or lay buri$4 8,e alt>10 says ,pr(essor ,smi?1 aga91 8_h its a%]a1 ev5 su* alt>s z 9 ! popul> preprophetic =ms ( ! ,hebrew religion 7 d$icat$ to ,jehovah40 ,! ,semitic sacr$ pole 0 treat$ 9 mo/ respects l ! o!r grave-/akes & idols we h hi!rto consid]$2 = an ,assyrian monum5t f ,khorsabad1 figur$ by ,rawl9son1 repres5ts an ornam5tal pole1 plant$ beside an alt>2 prie/s /& be=e x engag$ 9 an act ( wor%ip1 & t\* ! pole ) _! h&s1 8or p]haps10 says ,pr(essor ,smi?1 8ano9t x ) "s liquid sub/ance40 ,t ! a%]a 0 also drap$1 l ! logs ( ! ,society ,isl&]s1 or ,monigan's ,iri% idol1 we le>n f ! fam\s passage 9 ,second ,k+s 7xxiii4 #g7 :]e x is said t ! wom5 8wove hang+s = ! a%]a40 ,dr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? illu/rates ?is passage by ! p>allel ( ! sacr$ erica at ,byblus1 :i* 0 8a m]e dead /ump1 = x 0 cut d[n by ,isis & pres5t$ to ! ,byblians wrapp$ 9 a l95 clo? & ano9t$ ) myrrh l a corpse4 ,x !re=e repres5t$ ! dead god0 7,osiris1 or r 9 its orig9 ,adonis74 8,b z a m]e /ump1 x also resembles ! ,hebrew a%]a40 ,s ne> may a man come to ! p]ception ( a tru?1 & yet s utt]ly may he miss its actual import4 ,i w dwell no long] ^u ^! m or less remote d]ivatives ( ! grave-/ake4 ,i w only say briefly t 9 #acgmy op9ion all wood5 idols or images are directly or indirectly desc5d$ f ! wood5 headpo/ or /ill m primitive sepul*ral pole4 ,n ( c\rse t ,i suppose e wood5 image to h be5 necess>ily once itself a fun]eal monum5t4 ,donatello's ,magdal5 9 ,san ,giovanni at ,flor5ce1 ! blue-rob$ & />-spangl$ ,madonna ( ! wayside %r9e1 h c]ta9ly no su* imm$iate orig94 ,b ,i d believe t ! habit ( mak+ & wor%ipp+ wood5 images arose 9 ! way ,i h po9t$ out2 & to ^? :o w\ld accuse me ( 8gross ,euhem]ism10 ,i w\ld once m rem>k t ev5 9 ^! highe/ ,*ri/ian in/ances ! objects ( v5]ation are !mselves 9 ! la/ resort admitt$ to h be5 at "o "t ,galilean wom54 ,nay1 is n ev5 ! wayside %r9e itself 9 mo/ ,ca?olic c\ntries m (t5 ?an n ! mortu>y *apel erect$ :]e "s wayf>] has di$ a viol5t dea?1 by murd]1 lightn+1 accid5t1 or avalan*e8 ,,*apt] ,,vil--,,sacr$ ,,trees4 ,! #achsacr$ tree /&s less obvi\sly 9 ! direct l9e ( ance/ry ( gods & ( ,god ?an ! sacr$ /one & ! sacr$ /ake :i* we h j consid]$4 ,i w\ld will+ly pass x ov]1 !re=e1 9 ?is long prelim9>y inquisition1 c\ld ,i safely d s1 9 ord] to progress at once to ! specific consid]ation ( ! ,god ( ,israel & ! rise ( ,mono!ism4 ,b ! tree is nev]!less s closely l9k$ ) ! two o!r ma9 objects ( human wor%ip t ,i h>dly see h[ ,i c avoid consid]+ x "h 9 ! same connexion3 especially z 9 ! end x has important implications ) reg>d to ! tree ( ! cross1 z well z to ! ,true ,v9e1 & _m o!r elem5ts ( ,*ri/ian fai? & ,*ri/ian symbolism4 ,i %all !re=e give x a %ort *apt] z ,i pass1 premis+ t ,i h already ent]$ into ! subject at great] l5g? 9 my excursus ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,tree-,wor%ip1 app5d$ to my v]se translation ( ! ,attis ( ,catullus4 ,! wor%ip ( sacr$ trees is almo/ z widely diffus$ ov] ! :ole _w z ! wor%ip ( dead bodies1 mummies1 relics1 graves1 sacr$ /ones1 sacr$ /akes1 & /one or wood5 idols4 ,! great au?orities on ! subject ( ,tree-,wor%ip are ,mannh>dt's ,baumkultus & ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]'s ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh4 ,nei!r ( ^? le>n$ & acute writ]s1 h[ev]1 has fully se5 ! true orig9 ( wor%ip f fun]al practices3 & !re=e x becomes necess>y to g ov] ! same gr\nd aga9 briefly "h f ! po9t ( view af=d$ u by ! corpse-!ory & #aci;gho/-!ory ( ! basis ( religion4 ,i %all hope to add some?+ to _! valuable results1 & also incid5tally to %[ t all ! ma9 objects ( wor%ip toge!r leads u back unanim\sly to ! ,cult ( ! ,dead z _! common />t+-po9t4 ,let u beg9 9 ?is in/ance 7contr>y to our previ\s practice7 by exam9+ & endeav\r+ to und]/& a few cases ( ! behavi\r ( tree-spirits 9 v>i\s my?ologies4 ,virgil tells u 9 ! ,?ird neid h[1 on a c]ta9 occasion1 neas 0 (f]+ a sacrifice on a tumulus cr[n$ ) dogwood & myrtle bu%es4 ,he endeav\r$ to pluck up "s ( ^! by ! roots1 9 ord] to cov] ! alt>1 z 0 cu/om>y1 ) leaf-clad bran*es4 ,z he did s1 ! fir/ bu% :i* he tore up a/oni%$ him by exud+ drops ( liquid blood1 :i* trickl$ & fell ^u ! soil b5ea?4 ,he tri$ aga91 & aga9 ! tree bl$ human gore4 ,on ! ?ird trial1 a groan 0 he>d proce$+ f ! tumulus1 & a voice assur$ neas t ! b>r[ on :i* he /ood cov]$ ! murd]$ rema9s ( 8 fri5d ,polydorus4 ,n[1 9 ?is typical & highly illu/rative my?--no d\bt an anci5t & well-kn[n /ory incorporat$ by ,virgil 9 8 great poem--we see t ! tree :i* gr[s ^u a b>r[ is itself reg>d$ z ! repres5tative & embodim5t ( ! dead manrsquo2s s\l1 j z else:]e ! snake :i* glides f ! tomb ( ,an*ises is reg>d$ z ! embodi$ _s ( ! h]o1 & j z ! owls & bats :i* haunt sepul*ral caves are (t5 id5tifi$ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w ) ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$4 ,simil> /ories ( ble$+ or speak+ trees or bu%es occur abundantly else:]e4 8,:5 ! oak is be+ fell$1rdquo2 says ,aubrey1 9 8 ,rema9s ( ,g5tilisme1 8x gives a k9d ( %riekes & groanes t may be he>d a mile (f1 z if x 7 ! g5ius ( ! oak lam5t+4 ,e4 ,wyld1 ,esq41 ha? he>$ x sev]all times4rdquo2 ,c]ta9 ,indians1 says ,ba/ian1 d>e n cut a p>ticul> plant1 because !re comes out ( x a r$ juice :i* !y take = its blood4 #adj;,i myself rememb] he>+ z a boy 9 ,canada t :]ev] ,sangu9>ia ,canad5sis1 ! common ,am]ican bloodroot1 grew 9 ! woods1 an ,indian _h once be5 buri$1 & t ! r$ drops ( juice :i* exud$ f ! /em :5 "o pick$ ! fl[]s 7 ! dead man's blood4 ,9 ,samoa1 says ,mr4 ,turn]1 ! special abode ( ,tuifiti1 ,k+ ( ,fiji1 0 a grove ( l>ge & durable afzelia trees4 8,no "o d>$ cut t timb]4 ,a /ory is told ( a p>ty f ,upolu :o once attempt$ x1 & ! consequ5ce 0 t blood fl[$ f ! tree1 & t ! sacrilegi\s /rang]s all took ill & di$40 ,till #ahee1 says ,mannh>dt1 !re 0 a sacr$ l>*-tree at ,naud]s 9 ! ,tyrol1 :i* 0 ?\ght to ble$ :5ev] x 0 cut4 ,9 "s ( ^! cases1 x is true1 we d n actually "k t ! trees grew on tumuli1 b ?is po9t is specially notic$ ab\t ,polydorusrsquo2s dogwood1 & is probably impli$ 9 ! ,samoan case1 z ,i ga!r f ! title giv5 to ! _s z k+ ( ,fiji4 ,9 o!r in/ances1 h[ev]1 su* a d\bt does n exi/4 ,we are expressly told t x is ! s\ls ( ! dead :i* are believ$ to animate ! speak+ or ble$+ trees4 8,! ,diey]ie tribe ( ,s\? ,au/ralia10 says ,mr4 ,fraz]1 8reg>d z v sacr$ c]ta9 trees :i* are suppos$ to be _! fa!rs trans=m$2 h5ce !y w n cut ! trees d[n1 & prote/ aga9/ settl]s do+ s40 ,"s ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&]s believe t ! s\ls ( _! =efa!rs inhabit c]ta9 trees1 :i* !y !re=e sp>e4 ,if oblig$ to fell "o ( ^! sacr$ trunks1 !y excuse !mselves by say+ t x 0 ! prie/s :o made !m fell x4 ,n[1 h[ did ?is connexion betwe5 ! tree & ! gho/ or ance/or gr[ up8 ,9 mu* ! same way1 ,i imag9e1 z ! connexion betwe5 ! sacr$ /one or ! sacr$ /ake & ! dead *ief :o lies buri$ b5ea? x4 ,:atev] gr[s or /&s ^u ! grave is sure to %>e ! hon\rs paid to ! _s t dwells )9 x4 ,?us a snake or o!r animal se5 to glide out ( a tomb is #ada;in/antly tak5 by savages & ev5 by half-civilis$ m5 z ! g5ius or repres5tative ( ! dead inhabitant4 ,b d trees gr[ out ( graves8 ,und\bt$ly1 yes4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y may gr[ by m]e accid5t1 z !y might gr[ any:]e else2 ! m s z ! soil 9 su* a case has be5 turn$ & lab\r$4 ,b beyond ?is1 9 ! second place1 x is common all ov] ! _w to plant trees or %rubs ov] ! graves ( relatives or tribesm54 ,?\gh direct evid5ce on ?is po9t is difficult to obta91 a little is =?com+4 ,9 ,alg]ia1 ,i obs]v$1 ! ,arab wom5 w5t on ,fridays to plant fl[]s & %rubs on ! graves ( _! imm$iate dead4 ,i le>n$ f ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,/ev5son t simil> plant+s take place 9 ,samoa & ,fiji4 ,! ,tahitians put "y casu>9as on graves4 ,9 ,roman ,ca?olic c\ntries ! plant+ ( %rubs 9 cemet]ies takes place usually on ! j\r des morts1 a cu/om :i* w\ld argue = x an imm5se antiquity2 = ?\gh x is a po9t ( hon\r among ,ca?olics to expla9 ?is fete z ( comp>atively rec5t orig91 def9itely introduc$ by a p>ticul> sa9t at a p>ticul> p]iod1 its analogy to simil> celebrations else:]e %[s u t x is really a surviv+ relic ( a v anci5t =m ( ,maneswor%ip4 ,9 ,grco-,roman antiquity x is c]ta9 t trees 7 frequ5tly plant$ ar\nd ! b>r[s ( ! dead2 & t leafy bran*es =m$ "p ( ! e/abli%$ c]emonial ( fun]als4 ,i _c d bett] ?an quote 9 ?is respect once m ! case ( ,polydorus3 ,ergo in/auramus ,polydoro funus1 et +5s ,agg]itur tumulo tellus2 /ant ,manibus ar1 ,cruleis m/ vittis atraque cupresso4 ,suetonius aga9 tells u h[ ! tumulus ( ! div9e ,augu/us 0 c>efully plant$2 & ! mann] 9 :i* he notes ! fact seems to me to argue t "s special importance 0 atta*$ to ! c]emony4 ,! acacia is "o ( ! mo/ sacr$ trees ( ,egypt2 & ,egyptian monum5ts1 ) _! usual frankness1 %[ u a s>cophagus #adb;f :i* an acacia em]ges1 ) ! nave motto1 8,osiris spr+s =?401 ,an incid5t :i* occurr$ dur+ ! rec5t ,s9o-,japanese w> %[s h[ easily po9ts ( ?is sort may be ov]look$ by ha/y writ]s 9 =mal descriptions4 ,"o ( ! ,london illu/rat$ pap]s pr9t$ an acc\nt ( ! burial ( ! ,japanese dead at ,port ,ar?ur1 & aft] m5tion+ ! simple head/one erect$ at ea* grave volunte]$ ! fur!r /atem5t t no?+ else m>k$ ! place ( int]m5t4 ,b ! engrav+ :i* accompani$ x1 tak5 f a photograph1 %[$ on ! contr>y t a little tree _h also be5 plant$ on ea* t9y tumulus4 ,i le>n f ,mr4 ,william ,simpson t ! ,tombs ( ! ,k+s ne> ,pek9 are conspicu\s f af> by _! l(ty groves ( p9e trees4 ,ev]gre5s1 ,i believe1 are specially plant$ ^u graves or tumuli because !y reta9 _! gre5ness ?r\gh\t ! entire w9t]1 & ?us z x 7 give cont9u\s evid5ce ( ! vitality & activity ( ! indwell+ _s4 ,mr4 ,fraz] has %[n 9 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh t mi/letoe simil>ly owes its special sanctity to ! fact t x visibly holds ! s\l ( ! tree un9jur$ 9 itself1 :ile all ! surr\nd+ bran*es /& b>e & lifeless4 ,accord+ly1 tumuli are v frequ5tly cr[n$ by ev]gre5s4 ,almo/ all ! r\nd b>r[s 9 s\!rn ,engl&1 = example1 are topp$ by v anci5t ,scot* firs2 & z ! ,scot* fir is n an indig5\s tree s\? ( ! ,twe$1 x is practically c]ta9 t ^! old p9es are ! desc5dants ( ance/ors put 9 by human h&s :5 ! b>r[s 7 fir/ rais$ ov] ! cremat$ & buri$ bodies ( prehi/oric *iefta9s4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,scot* fir is 9 ,engl& ! sacr$ tree ( ! b>r[s4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 9 ,nor!rn ,europe1 ! yew is ! species specially plant$ 9 gravey>ds1 & sev]al su* yews 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl& & ,g]many are held to possess a peculi> sanctity4 ,! great clump ( v anci5t yews 9 #adc,norbury ,p>k ne> ,dork+1 kn[n z ! ,druids' ,grove1 has long be5 consid]$ a holy wood ( remote antiquity4 ,9 s\!rn ,europe1 ! cypress replaces ! yew z ! ev]gre5 mo/ closely connect$ ) tombs & cemet]ies4 ,9 ,prov5ce & ,italy1 h[ev]1 ! ev]gre5 holme-oak is almo/ equally a conv5tional d5iz5 ( places ( int]m5t4 ,m4 ,laj>d 9 8 able essay ,sur le ,culte du ,cypres has br\ght toge!r mu* evid5ce ( ?is wor%ip ( ev]gre5s1 among ! ,greeks1 ,etruscans1 ,romans1 ,pho5icians1 ,arabs1 ,p]sians1 ,h9dus1 ,*9ese1 & ,am]ican nations4 ,sacr$ trees1 especially :5 /&+ alone1 are treat$ 9 _m respects ) ! same c]emonial z is employ$ t[>ds dead bodies1 mummies1 graves1 sacr$ /ones1 sacr$ /akes1 & c>v$ idols or /atues4 ,9 o!r words1 ! (f]+s to ! gho/ or god may be made to ! tree t gr[s on ! grave j z well z to any o!r ( ! recognis$ embodim5ts ( ! indwell+ _s4 ,d>w9 9 ! ,voyage ( ! ,beagle describes h[ ! ,indians ( ,s\? ,am]ica w\ld greet ) l\d %\ts "s sacr$ tree1 /&+ solit>y on "s high "p ( ! ,pampas2 libations ( br&y & mat 7 p\r$ into a hole at its base to gratify ! s\l ( ! deity :o dwelt !re4 ,"o ( ^! tree-gods _h a "n1 ,wallee*u4 ,! ,congo p1 aga91 put calaba%es ( palm-w9e at ! foot ( 8trees treat$ z idols40 ,9 o!r cases1 blood is sme>$ on ! tree2 or oil is (f]$ to x4 ,mr4 ,duff ,macdonald's ,c5tral ,africans kill *ick5s at ! foot ( ! 8pray] tree10 & let its blood trickle d[n to ! roots4 ,oldfield saw at ,addacoodah f[ls & _m o!r articles ( food susp5d$ z (f]+s to a gigantic tree4 ,sir ,william ,hunt] m5tions t once a ye> at ,be]bhoom ! ,santals 8make simple (f]+s to a gho/ :o dwells 9 a ,bela tree40 ,9 ,tonga1 ! natives lay pres5ts ( food at ! foot ( p>ticul> trees :i* !y believe to be inhabit$ by spirits4 ,i ne$ n multiply #add;in/ances2 !y may be f\nd by ! hundr$ 9 ,dr4 ,tylor & o!r great an?ropological collections4 ,fur!rmore1 ! sacr$ tree is f\nd 9 ! close/ possible connection ) ! o!r indubitably ance/ral monum5ts1 ! sacr$ /one & ! idol4 8,a ,b5gal village10 says ,sir ,william ,hunt]1 8has usually its local god1 :i* x adores ei!r 9 ! =m ( a rude unhewn /one1 or a /ump1 or a tree m>k$ ) r$ lead02 ! la/ be+ probably a sub/itute = ! blood ( human or animal victims ) :i* x 0 once wat]$4 8,sometimes a lump ( clay plac$ "u a tree does duty = a deity2 & ! att5dant prie/1 :5 !re is "o1 g5]ally belongs to "o ( ! half-,h9duis$ l[ ca/es4 ,! rude /one repres5ts ! non-,aryan feti%2 & ! tree seems to owe its sanctity to ! non-,aryan belief t x =ms ! abode ( ! gho/s or gods ( ! village40 ,t is to say1 we h "h ance/or-wor%ip 9 its undisguis$ e>ly native developm5t4 ,i may m5tion "h 9 brief t1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 ?is triple comb9ation ( /one1 log1 & tree =ms almo/ ! normal or inv>iable composition ( ! primitive %r9e ! :ole _w ov]4 ,! association ( ! sacr$ tree ) actual idols or images ( deceas$ ance/ors is well se5 9 ! foll[+ passage :i* ,i quote f ,dr4 ,tylor3 8,a clump ( l>*es on a ,sib]ian /eppe1 a grove 9 ! recesses ( a =e/1 is ! sanctu>y ( a ,turanian tribe4 ,gaily-deck$ idols 9 _! w>m fur coats1 ea* set up b5ea? its great tree swa!d ) clo? or t9plate1 endless re9de]-hides & peltry hang+ to ! trees ar\nd1 kettles & spoons & snuff-horns & h\sehold valuables /rewn z (f]+s be=e ! gods--su* is ! description ( a ,sib]ian holy grove1 at ! /age :5 ! contact ( =eign civilisation has begun by ornam5t+ ! rude old c]emonial x mu/ end by aboli%+4 ,a race e?nologically alli$ to ^! tribes1 ?\gh ris5 to high] culture1 kept up rem>kable relics ( tree-wor%ip 9 ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,9 #ade;,e/honian di/ricts1 )9 ! pres5t c5tury1 ! travell] might (t5 see ! sacr$ tree1 g5]ally an anci5t lime1 oak1 or a%1 /&+ inviolate 9 a %elt]$ spot ne> ! dwell+-h\se2 & ! old memories are h&$ d[n ( ! "t :5 ! fir/ blood ( a slaught]$ bea/ 0 spr9kl$ on its roots1 t ! cattle might prosp]1 or :5 an (f]+ 0 laid b5ea? ! holy l9d51 on ! /one :]e ! wor%ipp] knelt on 8 b>e knees1 mov+ f ea/ to we/ & back1 :i* /one he kiss$ :5 he _h said1 #8,receive ! food z an (f]+4lsquo20 ,aft] ! evid5ce already giv51 ,i d n ?9k !re c be a reasonable d\bt1 9 su* a comb9ation ( tree & /one1 t we h "h a sacrifice to an ance/ral _s4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! c\rty>d ( a ,bodo h\se is plant$ ! sacr$ euphorbia ( ,ba?o1 ! national god1 to :i* a prie/ (f]s pray] & kills a pig4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,tjumba1 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 a fe/ival is held aft] h>ve/1 & vessels are fill$ ) rice z a ?ank-(f]+ to ! gods4 ,!n ! sacr$ /one at ! foot ( a palm tree is spr9kl$ ) ! blood ( a sacrific$ animal1 & rice is laid on ! /one = ! gods4 ,:5 ! ,khonds settle a new village1 a sacr$ cotton tree mu/ be plant$ ) solemn rites1 & b5ea? x is plac$ ! sacrificial /one :i* embodies or repres5ts ! village deity4 ,among ! ,semites1 says ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?1 8no ,canaanite high place 0 complete )\t its sacr$ tree /&+ beside ! alt>40 ,we %all only fully und]/& ! importance ( ^! facts1 h[ev]1 :5 we come lat] to consid] ! subject ( ! manufacture ( gods by delib]ate process1 & ! nature ( ! bloody c]emonial :i* always accompanies x4 ,9 "s ( ! above in/ances x is incid5tally m5tion$ t ! trunks ( sacr$ trees are occasionally drap$1 z we saw to be also ! case ) sacr$ /ones1 sacr$ /akes1 idols1 & relics4 ,ano!r example ( ?is practice is giv5 9 ! acc\nt ( ! holy oak ( ,rom[e1 v5]at$ #adf;by ! anci5t ,prussians1 :i* 0 hung ) drap]y l ! a%]a1 & deck$ ) little hang+ images ( ! gods4 ,! holy trees ( ,irel& are /ill cov]$ ) rag (f]+s4 ,o!r cases w be notic$ 9 o!r connexions h]eaft]4 ,once m1 j z /ones come to be reg>d$ z ance/ors1 s by a l process d sacr$ trees4 ,?us ,galton says 9 ,s\? ,africa1 8,we pass$ a magnific5t tree4 ,x 0 ! p>5t ( all ! ,dam>as4444 ,! savages danc$ r\nd x 9 great delight40 ,sev]al ,indian tribes believe !mselves to be ! sons ( trees4 ,_m o!r cases are not$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,dr4 ,tylor4 ,i d n ?9k x is necess>y = our argum5t to repeat !m "h4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 especially 9 lat] rationalis+ times1 ! sacr$ tree is m]ely said to h be5 plant$ by ! god or h]o :om x commemorates4 ,?us ! cypresses ( ,h]akles at ,daphne 7 believ$ to h be5 set on ! spot by t deity1 :ile ! tam>isk at ,be]%eba 0 suppos$ to h be5 plac$ !re by ,abraham4 ,i hope x is cle> f ?is rapid resume t all ! facts ab\t ! wor%ip ( sacr$ trees /& exactly p>allel to ^? ) reg>d to ! wor%ip ( graves1 mummies1 idols1 sacr$ /ones1 sacr$ /akes1 & o!r signs ( dep>t$ spirits4 ,inde$1 we h sometimes direct evid5ce ( su* affiliation4 ,?us ,mr4 ,turn] says ( a sacr$ tree on a c]ta9 spot 9 ! isl& ( ,savaii1 :i* enjoy$ rights ( sanctu>y l ! cities ( refuge or a m$ival ca!dral3 8,x is said t ! k+ ( a division ( ,upolu1 call$ ,atua1 once liv$ at t spot4 ,aft] he di$1 ! h\se fell into decay2 b ! tree 0 fix$ on z repres5t+ ! dep>t$ k+1 & out ( respect = 8 memory x 0 made ! sub/itute ( a liv+ & royal protector40 ,by ! light ( ?is rem>k we may surely int]pret 9 a simil> s5se su* o!r /atem5ts ( ,mr4 ,turn]'s z t a sweet-sc5t$ tree 9 ano!r place 80 held to be ! habitat ( a h\sehold god1 & any?+ aromatic #adg:i* ! family happ5$ to get 0 pres5t$ to x z an (f]+20 or aga91 8a family god 0 suppos$ to live0 9 ano!r tree2 8& h5ce no "o d>$ to pluck a leaf or break a bran*40 ,= family gods1 z we saw 9 a previ\s *apt]1 are really family gho/s1 promot$ to be deities4 ,9 mod]n acc\nts ( sacr$ trees mu* /ress is usually laid ^u ! fact t !y are l>ge & well-gr[n1 (t5 v conspicu\s1 & occupy+ a height1 :]e !y s]ve z l&m>ks4 ,h5ce x has frequ5tly be5 tak5 = grant$ t !y h be5 select$ = wor%ip on acc\nt ( _! size & comm&+ position4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k1 is a case ( putt+ ! c>t be=e ! horse1 z ?\gh "o 7 to say t ,/4 ,pet]rsquo2s & ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ! ,temple ( ,k>nak or ! ,mosque ( ,om>1 ow$ _! sanctity to _! impos+ dim5sions4 ,!re is e reason :y a sacr$ tree %\ld gr[ to be exceptionally l>ge & conspicu\s4 ,b>r[s are usually built on m or less comm&+ heights1 :]e !y may attract g5]al att5tion4 ,! gr\nd is lab\r$1 pil$ high1 fre$ f we$s1 & enri*$ by blood & o!r (f]+s4 ,! tree1 be+ sacr$1 is t5d$ & c>$ =4 ,x is nev] cut d[n1 & s naturally on ! av]age ( in/ances gr[s to be a big & well-develop$ specim54 ,h5ce ,i hold ! tree is usually big because x is sacr$1 n sacr$ because x is big4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e a tree already full-gr[n is *os5 = a place ( burial1 x w\ld no d\bt be natural to *oose a l>ge & conspicu\s "o4 ,?us ,i read ( ! tree "u :i* ,dr4 ,liv+/one's he>t 0 buri$ by 8 native s]vant1 8,x is ! l>ge/ 9 ! neighb\rhood40 ,look+ at ! "q broadly1 ! case /&s ?us4 ,we "k t 9 _m in/ances savages int] _! dead "u ! %ade ( big trees4 ,we "k t su* trees are !reaft] consid]$ sacr$1 & wor%ipp$ ) blood1 clo!s1 drap]y1 (f]+s4 ,we "k t "y %rubs #adhor trees are frequ5tly plant$ on graves 9 all c\ntries4 ,we "k t :atev] comes up on or out ( a grave is c\nt$ z repres5tative ( ! gho/ )9 x4 ,! presumption is !re=e 9 fav\r ( any p>ticul> sacr$ tree be+ ( fun]eal orig92 & ! onus ( prov+ ! opposite lies ) ! p]son :o ass]ts "s m occult & less obvi\s explanation4 ,at ! same "t ,i am q ready to all[ "h1 z 9 previ\s in/ances1 :5 once ! idea ( c]ta9 trees be+ sacr$ has gr[n common among m51 _m trees may come to possess by pure association a sanctity ( _! own4 ,?is is d\btless ! case 9 ,india ) ! peepul1 & 9 v>i\s o!r c\ntries ) v>i\s o!r trees4 ,exactly ! same ?+ has happ5$ to /ones4 ,& s1 aga91 ?\gh ,i believe ! temple to h be5 develop$ out ( ! tomb or its cov]+1 ,i d n d5y t *ur*es are n[ built ap>t f tombs1 ?\gh always d$icat$ to ! wor%ip ( a ,god :o is demon/rably a p>ticul> deifi$ p]sonage4 ,ano!r po9t on :i* ,i mu/ t\* briefly is t ( ! sacr$ grove or clu/] ( trees4 ,^! (t5 repres5t1 ,i take x1 ! trees plant$ 9 ! tem5os or sacr$ taboo$ space :i* surr\nds ! primitive tomb or temple4 ,! k\bbas or little dome-%ap$ tombs ( ,mahomm$an sa9ts s common 9 ,nor? ,africa are all surr\nd$ by su* a wall$ enclosure1 )9 :i* ornam5tal or o!r trees are habitually plant$4 ,9 _m cases ^! are palms--! famili> sacr$ tree ( ,mesopotamia1 ab\t :i* m mu/ be said h]eaft] 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,! well-kn[n bois sacr at ,blidah is a consid]able grove1 ) a k\bba 9 its mid/4 ,a simil> tem5os frequ5tly surr\nd$ ! ,egyptian & ! ,greek temple4 ,i d n ass]t t ^! 7 always ( necessity actual tombs2 b !y 7 at any rate c5otaphs4 ,:5 once p _h got accu/om$ to ! idea t c]ta9 trees 7 sacr$ to ! memory ( _! ance/ors or _! gods1 x w\ld be b a slight /ep to plant su* trees #adir\nd an empty temple4 ,:5 ,x5ophon1 = example1 built a %r9e to ,artemis1 & plant$ ar\nd x a grove ( _m k9ds ( fruit trees1 & plac$ 9 x an alt> & an image ( ! goddess1 nobody w\ld = a mom5t suppose he erect$ x ov] ! body ( an actual dead ,artemis4 ,b m5 w\ld nev] h begun build+ temples & consecrat+ groves at all if !y _h n fir/ built h\ses = ! dead god-*ief1 & plant$ %rubs & trees ^u 8 v5]at$ tumulus4 ,nay1 ev5 ! nave inscription ^u ,x5ophon's %r9e--8,he :o lives "h & enjoys ! fruits ( ! gr\nd mu/ e ye> (f] ! t5? "p ( ! produce to ! goddess1 & out ( ! residue keep ! temple 9 repair0--does x n c>ry u back implicitly to ! orig9 ( prie/hood1 & ( ! desire = p]petuity 9 ! due ma9t5ance ( ! religi\s (fices8 ,i %all say no?+ "h ab\t ! evolution ( ! great civilis$ tree-gods l ,attis & ,adonis1 s common 9 ! region ( ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean1 p>tly because ,i h already treat$ !m at "s l5g? 9 ! essay on ,tree-,wor%ip to :i* ,i h allud$ above1 & p>tly because !y w\ld lead u too f> afield f our pres5t subject4 ,b a few words mu/ be devot$ 9 pass+ to ! preval5ce ( tree-wor%ip among ! ,semitic peoples1 intimately connect$ z x is ) ! rise ( c]ta9 important elem5ts 9 ! ,*ri/ian cult4 8,9 all p>ts ( ! ,semitic area10 says ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?1 8trees 7 ador$ z div9e40 ,among ! species ?us hon\r$ he enum]ates especially ! p9es & c$>s ( ,lebanon1 ! ev]gre5 oaks ( ! ,pale/9ian hills1 ! tam>isks ( ! ,syrian jungles1 & ! acacias ( ! ,arabian wadies4 ,mo/ ( ^!1 x w be not$1 are ev]gre5s4 ,9 ,arabia1 ! mo/ /rik+ case on record is t ( ! sacr$ date-palm at ,nejran4 ,?is 0 ador$ at an annual fea/1 :5 x 0 8all hung ) f9e clo!s & wom5's ornam5ts40 ,a simil> tree exi/$ at ,mecca1 to :i* ! p resort$ annually1 #aej;& hung ^u x weapons1 g>m5ts1 o/ri* eggs1 & o!r (f]+s4 ,9 a sacr$ acacia at ,nakla a goddess 0 suppos$ to live4 ,! mod]n ,arabs /ill hang pieces ( fle% on su* sacr$ trees1 hon\r !m ) sacrifices1 & pres5t !m ) rags ( calico & col\r$ beads4 ,z reg>ds ! ,pho5icians & ,canaanites1 ,philo ,byblius says t plants 7 9 anci5t times rev]$ z gods1 & hon\r$ ) libations & sacrifices4 ,dr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? gives sev]al in/ances4 ,*ri/ianity has n ext+ui%$ ! v5]ation = sacr$ trees 9 ,syria1 :]e !y are /ill pray$ to 9 sickness & hung ) rags4 ,! ,moslems ( ,pale/9e also v5]ate ! sacr$ trees ( immemorial antiquity4 ,9 ! ,hebrew scriptures tree-wor%ip con/antly appe>s1 & is frankly dwelt ) by ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?1 :o does n refuse to connect ) ?is set ( beliefs ! leg5d ( ,jahweh 9 ! burn+ bu%4 ,! local alt>s ( e>ly ,hebrew cult 7 habitually set up 8"u gre5 trees40 ,on ?is subject ,i w\ld ref] ! read] to ,dr4 ,smi?'s own int]e/+ disquisition on p4 #aic ( ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites4 ,) reg>d to ! g5]al sacr$ness ( vegetation1 & especially ( food-plants1 su* z corn1 ! v9e1 & ! date-palm1 ,i po/pone t important subject = ! pres5t1 till we come to consid] ! gods ( cultivation1 & ! curi\s set ( ideas :i* gradually l$ up to sacram5tal god-eat+4 ,9 a !me s va/ & s involv$ z t ( human religion1 x becomes necess>y to take "o po9t at a "t1 & to deal ) ! v>i\s p>ts 9 analytic isolation4 ,we h n[ exam9$ briefly almo/ all ! pr9cipal sacr$ objects ( ! _w1 accord+ to classes--! corpse1 ! mummy1 ! idol1 ! sacr$ /one1 ! sacr$ /ake1 ! sacr$ tree or grove2 !re rema9s b "o o!r gr\p ( holy ?+s1 v g5]ally recognis$1 :i* ,i d n propose to exam9e sep>ately1 b to :i* #aea;a few words may yet be devot$ at ! end ( a *apt]4 ,i mean1 ! sacr$ wells4 ,x might seem at fir/ sight z if ^! c\ld h no possible connection ) dea? or burial2 b t expectation is1 /range to say1 delusive4 ,!re appe>s to be "s reason = br++ wells1 too1 into ! wid5+ category ( fun]eal objects4 ,! ox5's well at ,acre1 = example1 0 visit$ by ,*ri/ian1 ,jewi%1 & ,moslem pilgrims2 x 0 !re=e an object ( great anci5t sanctity2 b obs]ve ?is po9t3 !re is a ma%h$ or sacr$ tomb beside x1 8p]haps ! mod]n repres5tative ( ! anci5t ,memnonium40 ,e ,egyptian temple _h 9 l mann] its sacr$ lake4 ,9 mod]n ,syria1 8ci/]ns are always f\nd beside ! grave ( sa9ts1 & are believ$ to be inhabit$ by a sort ( fairy4 ,a p9+ *ild is ?\ght to be a fairy *angel+1 & mu/ be l[]$ into ! ci/]n40 ,! simil>ity ( ! belief ab\t holy wells 9 ,engl& & ,irel&1 & _! frequ5t association ) ! "n ( a sa9t1 w\ld seem to sugge/ = !m a l orig94 ,sacr$ riv]s usually rise f sacr$ spr+s1 ne> :i* /&s a temple4 ,! riv] ,adonis took its orig9 at ! %r9e ( ,aphaca3 & ! grave ( ,adonis1 ab\t :om mu* m mu/ be said h]eaft]1 /ood ne> ! m\? ( ! holy /ream t 0 r$d5$ by 8 blood4 ,! sacr$ riv] ,belus _h also its peculi> ,memnonium or ,adonis tomb4 ,b ,i mu/ add t sacr$ riv]s _h likewise _! annual god-victims1 ab\t :om we %all h a great deal to say at a lat] /age ( our enquiry1 & f :om 9 "p !y probably d]iv$ _! sanctity4 ,/ill1 t _! hol9ess 0 also due 9 "p1 & orig9ally1 to tombs at _! s\rces1 ,i ?9k admits ( no reasonable d\bt4 ,! equival5ce ( ! holy well & ! holy /one is %[n by ! fact t :ile a woman ^: *a/ity 0 suspect$ _h to dr9k wat] ( a sacr$ spr+ to prove h] innoc5ce1 at ,mecca %e _h to swe> sev5ty oa?s by ! ,kaaba4 ,aga91 #aebsacr$ wells & f\nta9s 7 & are wor%ipp$ ) j ! same acts ( sacrifice z gho/s & images4 ,at ,aphaca1 ! pilgrims ca/ into ! holy pool1 jewels ( gold & silv]1 ) webs ( l95 & o!r preci\s /uffs4 ,a holy grove 0 an adjunct ( ! holy spr+3 9 ,greece1 accord+ to ,botti*]1 !y 7 seldom sep>at$4 ,at ! annual fair ( ! ,sacr$ ,t]eb9?1 or tree & well ( ,abraham at ,mamre1 ! hea!n visitors (f]$ sacrifices beside ! tree1 & ca/ into ! well libations ( w9e1 ) cakes1 co9s1 myrrh1 & inc5se3 all ( :i* we may comp>e ) ! ,o/yak (f]+s to ance/ral grave-/akes4 ,at ! holy wat]s ( ,k>wa1 bread1 fruit1 & o!r foods 7 laid beside ! f\nta94 ,at ,mecca1 & at ! ,/ygian ,wat]s 9 ! ,syrian des]t1 simil> gifts 7 ca/ into ! holy s\rce4 ,9 "o ( ^! in/ances at lea/ we "k t ! holy well 0 associat$ ) an actual burial2 = at ,aphaca1 ! holie/ %r9e ( ,syria1 ! tomb ( ! local ,baal or god 0 %[n beside ! sacr$ f\nta94 8,a buri$ god10 says ,dr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? qua9tly1 9 comm5t+ on ?is fact1 8is a god t dwells "u gr\nd40 ,x w\ld be f> tru] & m philosophical to say t a god :o dwells und]gr\nd is a buri$ man4 ,i ne$ n recall ! (f]+s to ,corni% & ,iri% well-spirits1 :i* h n[ deg5]at$ = ! mo/ "p into p9s & ne$les4 ,on ! :ole1 ?\gh x is impossible to und]/& ! entire g5esis ( sacr$ f\nts & riv]s )\t previ\s consid]ation ( delib]ate god-mak+1 a subject :i* ,i res]ve = a lat] portion ( our exposition1 ,i d n ?9k we %all g f> wrong 9 suppos+ t ! sacr$ well mo/ (t5 occurs 9 company ) ! sacr$ tree1 ! sacr$ /one or alt>1 & ! sacr$ tomb2 & t x owes its sanctity 9 ! la/ resort1 orig9ally at lea/1 to a burial by its side2 ?\gh ,i d n d\bt t ?is sanctity 0 9 _m cases kept up by ! annual immolation ( a fre% victim-god1 ( a type ^: g5esis w h]eaft] #aec;deta9 u4 ,inde$1 ,dr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? says ( ! ,semitic wor%ip 9 g5]al1 8,! usual natural symbols are a f\nta9 or a tree1 :ile ! ord9>y artificial symbol is a pill> or pile ( /ones3 b v (t5 all ?ree are f\nd toge!r1 & ?is 0 ! rule 9 ! m develop$ sanctu>ies40 ,i _c agree ) him on ! po9t ( 8symbolism03 b ! collocation ( objects is at lea/ significant4 ,?us1 9 ultimate analysis1 we see t all ! sacr$ objects ( ! _w are ei!r dead m5 !mselves1 z corpse1 mummy1 gho/1 or god2 or else ! tomb :]e su* m5 are buri$2 or else ! temple1 %r9e1 or hut :i* cov]s ! tomb2 or else ! tomb/one1 alt>1 image1 or /atue1 /&+ ov] x & repres5t+ ! gho/2 or else ! /ake1 idol1 or h\sehold god :i* is fa%ion$ z _! deputy2 or else ! tree :i* gr[s above ! b>r[2 or else ! well1 or tank1 or spr+1 natural or artificial1 by ^: side ! dead man has be5 laid to re/4 ,9 "o =m or ano!r1 f beg9n+ to end1 we f9d only1 9 ,mr4 ,william ,simpson's graphic phrase1 8! ,wor%ip ( ,dea?10 z ! basis & root ( all human religion4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4--,,! ,,gods ,,( ,,egypt4 ,,we #aed;h n[ complet$ our prelim9>y survey ( ! nature & orig9 ( ,gods 9 g5]al4 ,we h se5 h[ m5 fir/ came to believe 9 ! objective exi/5ce ( ^! p[]ful & invisible be+s1 h[ !y le>nt to inve/ !m ) maje/ic attributes1 & h[ !y grew to wor%ip !m "u ! v>i\s =ms ( mummies or b\ld]s1 /one or wood5 idols1 trees or /umps1 wells1 riv]s1 & f\nta9s4 ,9 %ort1 we h briefly arriv$ at ! orig9 ( ,poly!ism4 ,we h n[ to g on to our second "q--,h[ f ! belief 9 _m gods did m5 progress to ! belief 9 "o s+le ,god1 ! creator & uphold] ( all ?+s8 ,our task is n[ to recon/ruct ! orig9 ( ,mono!ism4 ,b ,mono!ism bases itself entirely ^u ! great ,god ( ! ,hebrews4 ,to him1 !re=e1 we mu/ next address ourselves4 ,is he too resoluble1 z ,i h9t$ be=e1 into a ,sacr$ ,/one1 ! monum5t & repres5tative ( "s prehi/oric *iefta98 ,c we trace ! orig9 ( ! ,deity ( ,*ri/5dom till we f9d him at la/ 9 a =gott5 ,semitic gho/ ( ! e>lie/ p]iod8 ,! *ief ,hebrew god ,jahweh1 :5 we fir/ cat* a pass+ glimpse ( 8 primitive wor%ip by 8 own p1 0 b "o among a numb] ( compet+ deities1 mo/ly1 x w\ld appe>1 embodi$ by _! vot>ies 9 ! visible =m ( /one or wood5 pill>s1 & ador$ by a small gr\p ( loosely-connect$ tribes among ! m\nta9 region 9 ! s\?we/ ( ,syria4 ,! conf$]acy among #aee:om he dwelt knew !mselves z ! ,sons ( ,israel2 !y reg>d$ ,jahweh z _! pr9cipal god1 mu* z ! ,greeks did ,zeus1 or ! e>ly ,teutons _! national h]o ,wod54 ,b a univ]sal tradition among !m bore witness to ! fact t !y _h once liv$ 9 a subject condition 9 ,egypt1 ! h\se ( bondage1 & t _! god ,jahweh _h be5 in/rum5tal 9 lead+ !m !nce into ! rugg$ l& !y inhabit$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole hi/orical p]iod1 betwe5 ! valley ( ,jordan & ! ,m$it]ranean coa/4 ,s consi/5t & s def9ite 0 ?is traditional belief t we c h>dly reg>d x o!rwise ?an z enclos+ a k]nel ( tru?2 & n only d ,ku55 & o!r ,semitic s*ol>s ( ! pres5t day admit x z g5u9e1 b ! ,egyptologi/s also seem g5]ally to all[ its sub/antial accuracy & full accord ) hi]oglyphic lit]ature4 ,?is soj\rn 9 ,egypt _c h fail$ to influ5ce to "s ext5t ! ,semitic /rang]s3 !re=e ,i %all beg9 my que/ ( ! ,hebrew god among ! ,egyptian monum5ts4 ,admitt+ t he 0 ess5tially 9 all respects a deity ( ! true ,semitic patt]n1 ,i ?9k x w d u good to le>n a little be=eh& ab\t ! p among :om 8 vot>ies dwelt s long1 especially z ! hi/ory ( ! ,egyptian cults af=ds u p]haps ! be/ hi/orical example ( ! gr[? & developm5t ( a great national religion4 ,a peculi> int]e/1 inde$1 atta*es 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d to ! evolution ( ! gods ( ,egypt4 ,n[h]e else 9 ! _w c we trace s well su* a cont9u\s developm5t f ! v simple/ beg9n+s ( religi\s ideas to ! v highe/ planes ( my/icism & philosophic !ology4 ,!re are savage cults1 x is true1 :i* %[ u m cle>ly ! e>lie/ /ages 9 ! process :]eby ! simple ance/ral gho/ passes imp]ceptibly into ! m p[]ful =m ( a sup]natural deity3 !re are elevat$ civilis$ cre$s :i* %[ u m gr&ly 9 its evolv$ %ape ! f9al conception ( a s+le supreme ,rul] ( ! ,cosmos4 ,b !re is no o!r #aefreligi\s sy/em kn[n to u 9 :i* we c foll[ s readily1 )\t a s+le break1 ! :ole evolution>y movem5t :]eby ! e>li] ideas get gradually exp&$ & e!realis$ into ! lat]4 ,! orig9 ( ! o!r great hi/orical religions is lo/ f our eyes among dim mi/s ( fable3 9 ,egypt alone1 ( all civilis$ c\ntries1 does our record g back to ! remote p]iod :5 ! religi\s conception 0 /ill at ! common savage level1 & foll[ x =w>d cont9u\sly to ! advanc$ po9t :]e x _h all b a*iev$1 9 its syncretic movem5t1 ! ultimate goal ( pure mono!ism4 ,i w\ld wi%1 h[ev]1 to beg9 my review ( ?is s+ul> hi/ory by say+1 once = all1 t :ile ,i make no pret5sions to special ,egyptological k1 ,i mu/ nev]!less diss5t on g5]al an?ropological gr\nds f ! attitude tak5 up by ,mr4 ,le ,page ,r5\f 9 8 ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ,anci5t ,egypt4 ,t le>n$ writ]'s "w1 inde$1 is1 sci5tifically speak+1 half a c5tury beh9d its "t4 ,x is writt5 z ?\gh ! doctr9e ( evolution _h nev] be5 promulgat$2 & e page conta9s gl>+ contradictions ( ! mo/ elem5t>y pr9ciples ( human developm5t4 ,mr4 ,r5\f /ill adh]es to ! discr$it$ ideas t poly!ism grew out ( an antec$5t mono!ism2 t animal-wor%ip & o!r l[ =ms ( adoration are 8symbolical0 9 orig92 & t 8! sublim] portions ( ! ,egyptian religion are n ! comp>atively late result ( a process ( developm5t or elim9ation f ! gross]40 ,su* !ories w\ld ( !mselves be extremely improbable1 ev5 on ! fulle/ & be/ evid5ce2 b ! evid5ce :i* ,mr4 ,r5\f br+s =w>d to support !m is ( ! flimsie/ description4 ,a pla9 survey ( ! ,egyptian monum5ts 9 ! ,nile valley1 & ( ! kn[n facts ab\t ,egyptian religion1 w lead any unbiass$ m9d1 free f ! w>p+ influ5ce ( preconception1 & accu/om$ to wide an?ropological enquiry1 to precisely opposite & m probable conclusions4 ,= x mu/ be c>efully borne 9 m9d #aegt on ^! subjects ! speciali/ is ! la/ man ^: op9ions %\ld be implicitly & unhesitat+ly accept$4 ,! religion ( ,egypt1 l ! religion ( ,juda or ! religion ( ,hawaii1 mu/ be judg$1 n 9 isolation1 b by ! analogies ( o!r religions else:]e2 ! attempt to expla9 x z an unrelat$ ph5om5on1 :i* has already be5 f\nd s disa/r\s 9 ! case ( ! ,semitic & ! ,aryan cults1 mu/ be ab&on$ once = all by ! comp>ative psy*ologi/ z a hopeless error4 ,! key to ! orig9 ( ! ,egyptian fai? is to be f\nd1 n 9 ! late philosophis+ glosses quot$ by ,m4 de ,r\g & 8 ,engli% disciple1 b 9 ! simple1 unv>y+1 ance/ral cre$s ( exi/+ ,african savages4 ,look$ at f ?is po9t ( view1 !n--! evolution>y po9t ( view--no?+ c be cle>] ?an ! fact t ! e>ly ,egyptian religion bases itself entirely ^u two ma9 f\ndations1 ance/or-wor%ip & totemism4 ,i w beg9 ) ! fir/ ( ^!1 :i* all analogy tea*es u to consid] by f> ! e>lie/1 & inf9itely ! mo/ important4 ,& ,i may add t x is also1 to judge by ! ,egyptian evid5ce alone1 bo? ! elem5t :i* und]lies ! :ole religi\s conceptions ( ! ,nile valley1 & likewise ! elem5t :i* directly acc\nts1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 = all ! mo/ important gods ( ! national pan!on1 includ+ ,osiris1 ,ptah1 ,khem1 & ,am51 z well p]haps z _m ( _! correlative goddesses4 ,!re is n1 9 fact1 any great e?nical religion on e>?1 except possibly ! ,*9ese1 9 :i* ! basal importance ( ! ,dead ,man is s imm$iately app>5t z 9 ! anci5t cult ( ,ph>aohnic ,egypt4 ,! ,egyptian religion bases itself ^u ! tomb4 ,x is impossible = a mom5t to d\bt t fact z "o /&s "u ! scanty %ade ( ! des]t date-palms among ! huge sun-smitt5 du/-heaps t repres5t ! /reets ( ,!bes & ,memphis4 ,! commone/ object ( wor%ip on all ! monum5ts ( ,nile is beyond d\bt ! ,mummy3 sometimes ! private mummy ( an ance/or #aehor k9sman1 sometimes ! great] deifi$ mummies ( immemorial antiquity1 bl5d$ 9 ! lat] syncretic my/icism ) ! sun-god & o!r allegorical deities1 b repres5t$ to ! v la/ 9 all ages ( art--on ! %att]$ ,rameseum at ,!bes or ! ,ptolemaic pill>s ( /ill un%ak5 ,d5d]ah--z always unmi/akable & obvi\s mummies4 ,if ev] !re 0 a c\ntry :]e ! ,wor%ip ( ! ,dead 0 pu%$ to an extreme1 t c\ntry 0 di/9ctly & decisively ,egypt4 8,! olde/ sculptures %[ u no acts ( adoration or ( sacrifice10 says ,mr4 ,l(tie1 8except ^? ( wor%ip at ! %r9e ( a deceas$ ance/or or relative40 ,?is is fully 9 keep+ ) :at we "k ( ! dawn ( religion else:]e1 & ) ! imm5se importance always atta*$ to ! pres]vation ( ! mummy intact ?r\gh\t ! :ole long c\rse ( ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,! ,egyptian1 9 spite ( 8 high civilisation1 rema9$ always at ! fir/ or corpse-pres]v+ /age ( cu/om z reg>ds ! dead4 ,to him1 !re=e1 ! life aft] dea? 0 f> m s]i\s ?an ! life on e>?3 he realis$ x s fully t he made endless prep>ations = x dur+ 8 days above1 & built himself a tomb z an et]nal mansion4 ,! grave 0 a place ( abode1 :]e ! mummy 0 to pass ! great] "p ( 8 exi/5ce2 & ev5 9 ! case ( private p]sons 7l t fam\s ,tih ^: pa9t$ sepul*re at ,sakk>ah e t\ri/ to ,cairo makes a po9t ( visit+7 x 0 sumptu\sly decorat$ ) pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,9 ! mortu>y *amb]s or *apels atta*$ to ! tombs1 ! relations ( ! deceas$ & ! prie/s ( ! cemet]y celebrat$ on c]ta9 fix$ dates v>i\s c]emonies 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 & (f]$ appropriate gifts to ! mummy )94 ldquo2,! tables ( (f]+s1 :i* no d\bt =m$ "p ( ! furniture ( ! *amb]s1 are depict$ on ! walls1 cov]$ ) ! gifts ( meat1 fruits1 bread1 & w9e :i* _h to be pres5t$ 9 k9d40 ,^! p>5talia und\bt$ly =m$ ! ma9 feature ( ! practical religion #aei( e>ly ,egypt1 z exhibit$ to u on all ! monum5ts except ! late tomb-caves ( royal p]sonages1 devot$ to ! wor%ip ( ! equally mummifi$ great gods4 ,! ,egyptian tomb 0 usually a survival ( ! cave artificially imitat$4 ,! out] *amb]1 9 :i* ! c]emonies ( ! (f]tory took place1 0 ! only "p accessible1 aft] ! int]m5t _h be5 complet$1 to ! feet ( survivors4 ,! mummy itself1 conceal$ 9 its s>cophagus1 lay at ! bottom ( a deep pit beyond1 by ! end ( a corridor (t5 conta9+ /atues or idols ( ! deceas$4 ,^! idols1 says ,m4 ,masp]o1 7 indef9itely multipli$1 9 case ! mummy itself %\ld be accid5tally de/roy$1 9 ord] t ! ,ka 7! gho/ or d\ble7 might f9d a safe dwell+-place4 ,comp>e ! num]\s little images plac$ ^u ! grave by ! ,coa/ ,negroes4 ,x 0 ! out] *amb]1 h[ev]1 t %elt]$ ! /ele or pill> :i* bore ! epitaph1 z well z ! alt> or table = (f]+s1 ! smoke f :i* 0 convey$ to ! /atues 9 ! corridor ?r\gh a small ap]ture 9 ! wall ( p>tition4 ,d[n ! well beyond1 ! mummy 9 p]son repos$1 9 its et]nal dwell+-place1 free f all *ance ( violation or outrage4 8,! greate/ importance10 says ,mr4 ,r5\f1 80 atta*$ to ! p]man5ce ( ! tomb1 to ! cont9uance ( ! religi\s c]emonies1 & to ! pray]s ( pass]s-by40 ,aga91 8!re is a v common =mula /at+ t ! p]son :o rais$ ! tablet #8made x z a memorial to 8 fa!rs :o are 9 ! ne!r _w1 built up :at he f\nd 0 imp]fect1 & r5ew$ :at 0 f\nd out ( repair4'0 ,9 ! inscription on "o ( ! great tombs at ,b5i-,hssan ! f\nd] says3 8,i made to fl\ri% ! "n ( my fa!r1 & ,i built *apels = 8 ka or gho/4 ,i caus$ /atues to be convey$ to ! holy dwell+1 & di/ribut$ to !m _! (f]+s 9 pure gifts4 ,i in/itut$ ! (ficiat+ prie/1 to :om ,i gave donations 9 l& & pres5ts4 ,i ord]$ fun]al (f]+s = all ! fea/s ( ! ne!r _w :i* are !n enum]at$ #afj;at consid]able l5g?4 ,if x happ5 t ! prie/ or any o!r cease to d ?is1 may he n exi/1 & may 8 son n sit 9 8 seat40 ,all ?is is highly in/ructive f ! po9t ( view ( ! orig9 ( prie/hood4 ,h[ long ^! e>ly religi\s end[m5ts cont9u$ to be respect$ is %[n by ,mr4 ,r5\f himself 9 "o in/ructive passage4 ,! k+s :o built ! ,pyramids 9 ! ,e>ly ,empire end[$ a prie/ly (fice = ! purpose ( celebrat+ ! p]iodical rites ( (f]+ to _! gho/s or mummies4 ,n[1 a tablet 9 ! ,l\vre %[s t a c]ta9 p]son :o liv$ "u ! ,tw5ty-six? ,dyna/y 0 prie/ ( ,khufu1 ! build] ( ! ,great ,pyramid1 :o _h end[$ ! (fice two ?\s& ye>s be=e 8 "t4 ,we h actually ! tombs ( "s ( 8 pr$ecessors :o fill$ ! same (fice imm$iately aft] ,khufu's dea?4 ,s t 9 ?is in/ance at lea/1 ! wor%ip ( ! deceas$ mon>* cont9u$ = a c\ple ( ?\s& ye>s )\t int]ruption4 8,if 9 ! case ( private int]m5ts10 says ,m4 ,masp]o1 8we f9d no pro( ( s p]si/5t a v5]ation1 t is because 9 ord9>y tombs ! c]emonies 7 p]=m$ n by special prie/s1 b by ! *ildr5 or desc5dants ( ! deceas$ p]son4 ,(t51 at ! end ( a few g5]ations1 ei!r ?r\gh neglig5ce1 removals1 ru91 or ext9ction ( ! family1 ! cult 0 susp5d$1 & ! memory ( ! dead di$ out altoge!r40 ,= ?is reason1 z ev]y:]e else among ance/or-wor%ipp]s1 imm5se importance 0 atta*$ by ! ,egyptians to ! begett+ ( a son :o %\ld p]=m ! due family rites1 or see t !y 7 p]=m$ by o!rs aft] him4 ,! duty ( und]tak+ ^! rites is ?or\ghly insi/$ ^u 9 all ! maxims or moral texts2 :ile on ! o!r h&1 ! wi% t a man may n h a son to p]=m !m = him is ! mo/ t]rible ( all anci5t ,egyptian imprecations4 8,_m c5turies aft] ! con/ruction ( a tomb1 ,egyptian travell]s h left a record ^u its walls ( ! spl5d\r ( ! sacr$ abode1 #afa( ! abundance ( ! mat]ials :i* !y f\nd provid$ = ! fulfilm5t ( ! rites = ! dep>t$1 & ( _! own repetition ( ! fun]al =mula40 ,9 fact1 ! :ole practical religion ( ! ord9>y ,egyptians1 z a pla9 obs]v] sees x to-day 9 ! va/ mass ( ! exi/+ monum5ts1 consi/s almo/ exclusively 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ka--! g5ii1 manes1 or l>es ( ! dep>t$4 ,if ev5 ! common h]d 7 ?us c>efully embalm$--if ev5 ! less] function>ies ( ! c\rt or temple lay 9 exp5sive tombs1 da9tily pa9t$ & exquisitely sculptur$--x might readily be believ$ t ! great k+s ( ! mighty conqu]+ dyna/ies !mselves w\ld raise = _! mummies et]nal habitations ( special spl5d\r & becom+ magnific5ce4 ,& s !y did4 ,9 ,l[] ,egypt1 _! tombs are b>r[s or pyramids3 9 ,upp] ,egypt !y are artificial caves4 ,! dre>y des]t di/rict we/ ( ! ,nile & s\? ( ,cairo consi/s = _m miles1 all b un9t]rupt$ly1 ( ! cemet]y ( ,memphis--a va/ & m\ld]+ city ( ! dead--^: *ief memorials are ! wond]ful s]ies ( ,pyramids1 ! desecrat$ tombs pil$ up = ! k+s ( ! ,?ird1 ,f\r?1 ,fif?1 & ,six? ,dyna/ies4 ,!re1 "u /one tumuli ( enorm\s size1--b>r[s or cairns m c>efully con/ruct$1--! ,ph>aohs ( ! ,old ,empire repos$1 9 peace 9 sepul*res unm>k$ by any emblems ( ! my/ic gods or sacr$ bea/s ( lat] imag9ation4 ,b /ill m significant & inf9itely m beautiful are ! rock-hewn ,tombs ( ! ,k+s at ,!bes1 belong+ to ! great mon>*s ( ! ,eighte5?1 ,n9ete5? & ,tw5tie? ,dyna/ies1 :5 ! religion _h assum$ its full my/ical developm5t4 ,^? magnific5t subt]ranean halls =m 9 ! true/ & mo/ lit]al s5se a real necropolis1 a t[n ( mummies1 :]e ea* k+ 0 to inhabit an et]nal palace ( regal spl5d\r1 decorat$ ) a pr(usion ( poly*romatic art1 & fill$ ) _m mansions = ! (fic]s #afb( /ate1 /ill de/9$ to att5d ^u _! sov]eign 9 ! ne!r _w4 ,"s ( ! mural pa9t+s w\ld ev5 seem to sugge/ t slaves or captives 7 sacrific$ at ! tomb1 to s]ve _! "l 9 8 et]nal home1 z 8 c\rti]s _h s]v$ him 9 ! temporal palaces ( ,m$9et-,hbu or ! corridors ( ,luxor4 ,m4 ,m>iette has fur!r %[n t ! huge ,!ban temples :i* skirt 9 long l9e ! edge ( ! des]t ne> ! ,valley ( ,tombs 7 really c5otaphs :]e ! memory ( ! k+s buri$ h>d by 0 pres]v$ & wor%ipp$4 ,?us ! ,rameseum 0 ! ma/abah or mortu>y *apel = ! tomb & gho/ ( ,rameses ,,ii42 ! temple ( ,m$9et-,hbu fulfill$ ! same purpose = ,rameses ,,iii42 ! temple ( ,kurneh = ,rameses ,i42 & s =? ?r\gh\t ! :ole long s]ies ( ^? gigantic ru9s1 ) _! correlat$ gr\p ( subt]ranean excavations4 ,at any rate1 x is q impossible = any imp>tial p]son to exam9e ! exi/+ monum5ts :i* l9e ! grey des]t hills ( ! ,nile )\t see+ = himself t ! mummy is ev]y:]e ! c5tral object ( wor%ip--t ! entire practical religion ( ! p 0 bas$ ^u ?is all-p]vad+ s5se ( ! cont9uity ( life beyond ! grave1 & ^u ! necessity = pay+ due rev]5ce & fun]eal (f]+s to ! manes ( ance/ors4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ,egypt po9ts to ?is "o conclusion4 ,ev5 ! great sacr$ ritual is ! ,book ( ! ,dead3 & ! v ^w by :i* ! dep>t$ are (t5e/ describ$ means itself 8! liv+10 f ! firm belief ( ! p t !y 7 really enjoy+ ev]la/+ life4 ,mors janua vitae is ! %ort summ+-up ( ,egyptian religi\s notions4 ,dea? 0 ! great beg9n+ = :i* !y all prep>$1 & ! dead 7 ! real objects ( _! mo/ assidu\s oublie & private wor%ip4 ,moreov]1 9 ! tombs !mselves we c trace a gradual developm5t ( ! religi\s s5tim5t f ,corpse-,wor%ip #afcto ,god-,wor%ip4 ,?us1 9 ! tombs ( ,sakk>ah1 belong+ to ! ,old ,empire 7,fif? ,dyna/y71 all ^? symbolical repres5tations ( ! life beyond ! tomb :i* came 9 ) ! lat] my/icism are almo/ :olly want+4 ,! quotations f 7or anticipations (7 ! ,book ( ! ,dead are few & %ort4 ,! great gods are r>ely allud$ to4 ,aga91 9 ! grottos ( ,b5i-,hassan 7( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y7 ! pa9t+s mo/ly repres5t sc5es f ! life ( ! deceas$1 & ! my/ic signs & deities are /ill abs5t4 ,! doctr9e ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts rema9s z yet comp>atively 9 abeyance4 ,x is only at ! ,tombs ( ! ,k+s at ,!bes 7( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y7 t entire *apt]s ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead are transcrib$ at l5g?1 & ! walls are cov]$ ) 8a :ole army ( grotesque & fanta/ic div9ities40 8,b ! ,egyptians10 x w be object$1 8_h also great gods1 di/9ct f _! ance/ors--national1 or local1 or common gods--^: names & figures h come d[n to u inscrib$ ^u all ! monum5ts40 ,q true3 t is to say1 !re are gods :o are n imm$iately or c]ta9ly resolvable into deifi$ ance/ors--gods ^: p[] & might 7 at la/ widely ext5d$1 & :o became transfigur$ by degrees beyond all recognition 9 ! late/ ages4 ,b x is by no means c]ta91 ev5 s1 t we _c trace ^! great] gods !mselves back 9 ! la/ resort to deifi$ ance/ors ( v>i\s rul+ families or dom9ant cities2 & 9 "o or two ( ! mo/ important cases ! sugge/ions ( su* an orig9 are f> f scanty4 ,i w take1 to beg9 )1 "o typical example4 ,!re is no s+le god 9 ! ,egyptian pan!on m important or m univ]sally diffus$ ?an ,osiris4 ,9 lat] =ms ( ! national religion1 he is elevat$ into ! judge ( ! dep>t$ & k+ ( ! ne!r _w3 to be 8ju/ifi$ by ,osiris10 or1 z lat] int]pret]s say1 8a ju/ifi$ ,osiris10 is ! pray] ( e corpse z set =? 9 8 fun]al #afd;inscription2 & id5tification ) ,osiris is look$ ^u z ! rew>d ( all ! happy & fai?ful dead4 ,n[ ,osiris1 9 e "o ( 8 repres5tations & modes1 is simply--a ,mummy4 ,8 my?1 to be sure1 assum$ at la/ imm5se proportions2 & 8 relations ) ,isis & ,horus =m ! c5tre ( an endless s]ies ( irreconcilable tales1 repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 9 art & lit]ature4 ,if we took my?ology z our guide1 in/ead ( ! monum5ts1 we %\ld be tempt$ to give him f> o!r orig9s4 ,he is id5tifi$ (t5 ) o!r gods1 especially ) ,am52 & ! dis5tanglem5t ( 8 p]sonality 9 ! monum5ts ( ! new] empire1 :5 ,ra1 ! sun-god1 got mix$ up inextricably ) s _m o!r deities1 is p>ticul>ly difficult4 ,b if we neglect ^! lat] complications ( a v anci5t cult1 & g back to ! simple/ orig9 ( ,egyptian hi/ory & religion1 we %all1 ,i ?9k1 see t ?is my/ic god1 s (t5 expla9$ away by elem5tal symbolism into ! sun or ! home ( ! dead1 0 9 8 fir/ beg9n+s no?+ m or less ?an :at all 8 pictures & /atues %[ him to be--a rev]$ & wor%ipp$ ,mummy1 a v anci5t *ief or k+ ( ! t[n or little di/rict ( ,?is by ,abydos4 ,i d n d5y t 9 lat] ages ,osiris became mu* m ?an ?is4 ,nor d ,i d5y t 8 "n 0 accept$ z a symbol = all ! happy & pi\s dead4 ,fur!rmore1 we %all f9d at a lat] /age t he 0 id5tifi$ 9 ! end ) an annual sla9 ,corn-,god4 ,i w ev5 all[ t !re may h be5 m ?an "o orig9al ,osiris--t ! ^w may ev5 at fir/ h be5 g5]ic1 n specific4 ,b ,i /ill ma9ta9 t ! evid5ce %[s u ! great & pr9cipal ,osiris ( all z a ,dead ,*ief ( ,abydos4 ,we mu/ rememb] t 9 ,egypt alone hi/ory goes back to an imm5se antiquity & yet %[s u already at its v beg9n+ an advanc$ civilisation & a develop$ picture-writ+4 ,!re=e ! v olde/ kn[n /ate ( ,egypt #afenecess>ily presupposes a va/ ant]ior era ( sl[ gr[? 9 conc5tration & culture4 ,be=e ev] ,upp] or ,l[] ,egypt became unit$ "u a s+le cr[n1 !re mu/ h be5 endless mud-built villages & petty palm-%ad[$ pr9cipalities along ! bank ( ! ,nile1 ea* possess+ its own local *ief or k+1 & ea* wor%ipp+ its own local deceas$ pot5tates4 ,! %eikh ( ! village1 z we %\ld call him n[adays1 0 !n _! nameless ,ph>aoh1 & ! mummies ( 8 ance/ors 7 _! gods & goddesses4 ,ea* tribe _h also its special totem1 ab\t :i* ,i %all h a little m to say h]eaft]2 & ^! totems 7 locally wor%ipp$ almo/ z gods1 & gave rise 9 all probability to ! lat] ,egyptian ,zoolatry & ! animal-head$ deities4 ,to ! v la/1 ,egyptian religion bore m>k$ traces ( ?is orig9al tribal =m2 ! great multiplicity ( ,egyptian gods seems to be due to ! adoption ( s _m ( !m1 aft] ! unification ( ! c\ntry1 into ! national pan!on4 ,! local gods & local totems1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ to be specially wor%ipp$ 9 _! orig9al sites4 ,?us ! i?yphallic ,am5-,khem 0 specially wor%ipp$ at ,!bes1 :]e 8 figure occurs ) unpleasant frequ5cy ^u e temple2 ,apis 0 peculi>ly sacr$ at ,memphis2 ,pa%t at ,buba/is2 ,anubis at ,sekhem2 ,nei? at ,sais2 ,ra at ,heliopolis2 & ,osiris himself at ,abydos1 8 anci5t dwell+-place4 ,ev5 ,egyptian tradition seems to pres]ve "s dim memory ( su* a /ate ( ?+s1 = x ass]ts t be=e ! "t ( ,m5es1 ! fir/ k+ ( ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y1 reput$ ! e>lie/ mon>* ( a unit$ ,egypt1 dyna/ies ( ! gods rul$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 o!r words1 x 0 recognis$ t ! gods 7 orig9ally k+s ( local l9es :i* reign$ 9 ! v>i\s prov9ces ( ! ,nile valley be=e ! unification4 ,9 ! case ( ,osiris1 ! indications :i* lead u 9 ?is direction are almo/ irresi/ible4 ,x is all b c]ta9 t ,osiris 0 orig9ally a local god ( ,?is or ,?9is1 a #affvillage ne> ,abydos1 :]e a huge m\nd ( rubbi% /ill m>ks ! site ( ! great deity's re/+-place4 ,! latt] t[n is describ$ 9 ! ,h>ris papyrus z ,abud1 ! h& ( ,osiris2 & 9 ! monum5ts :i* /ill rema9 at t site1 ,osiris is ev]y:]e ! *ief deity repres5t$1 to :om k+s & prie/s pres5t appropriate (f]+s4 ,b x is a significant fact t ,m5es1 ! f\nd] ( ! unit$ mon>*y1 0 born at ! same place2 & ?is sugge/s ! probability t ,osiris may h be5 ! mo/ sacr$ & mo/ v5]at$ ( ,m5es's ance/ors4 ,! sugge/ion d]ives fur!r weight f ! fact t ,osiris is inv>iably repres5t$ z a mummy1 & t he we>s a peculi> head-dress or cap ( (fice1 ! same z t :i* 0 us$ 9 hi/orical times z ! cr[n ( ,upp] ,egypt4 ,he also holds 9 8 h&s ! crook & sc\rge :i* are ! m>ks ( k+ly (fice--! crook to lead 8 own p l a %eph]d1 ! sc\rge to puni% evil-do]s & to w>d (f enemies4 ,8 image is !re=e no?+ m nor less ?an ! image ( a ,mummi$ ,k+4 ,sometimes1 too1 he we>s 9 addition ! regal o/ri* plumes4 ,surely1 naught save ! bl9d infatuation ( my?ologi/s c\ld make !m ov]look ! pla9 inf]5ce t ,osiris 0 a mummifi$ *ief ( ,abydos 9 ! days be=e ! unification ( ,egypt "u a s+le rule1 & t he 0 wor%ipp$ by 8 successors 9 ! petty pr9cipality exactly z we "k o!r k+ly mummies 7 wor%ipp$ by _! family else:]e--exactly1 = example1 z on ! fam\s ,tablet ( ,ance/ors f\nd at ,abydos itself1 ,se?i ,i4 & ,rameses ,,ii4 are se5 (f]+ homage to sev5ty-six hi/orical k+s1 _! pr$ecessors on ! ?rone ( ,unit$ ,egypt4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 is ,osiris repres5t$ z a k+ & a mummy1 b we are expressly told by ,plut>* 7or at lea/ by ! au?or ( ! tract ,de ,osiride :i* be>s 8 "n7 t ! tomb ( ,osiris exi/$ at ,abydos1 & t ! ri*e/ & mo/ p[]ful ( ! ,egyptians 7 desir\s ( be+ buri$ 9 ! adjac5t cemet]y1 9 ord] t #afg!y might lie1 z x 71 9 ! same grave ) ! great god ( _! c\ntry4 ,all ?is is p]fectly compreh5sible & natural if we suppose t a ,?9ite dyna/y fir/ conqu]$ ! :ole ( ,egypt2 t x ext5d$ ! wor%ip ( its own local ance/or-god ov] ! entire c\ntry2 & t 9 "t1 :5 ?is wor%ip _h assum$ national importance1 ! local god became ! *ief figure 9 ! common pan!on4 ,i _h arriv$ at ?is op9ion indep5d5tly be=e ,i 0 aw>e t ,mr4 ,l(tie _h anticipat$ me 9 x4 ,b 9 8 r>e & int]e/+ ,essay on ,sc>abs ,i f9d he has rea*$ ! same conclusions4 8,! div9ity ( ,ph>aoh10 says ,mr4 ,l(tie1 80 ! fir/ article 9 ! cre$ ( ! pyramid p]iod1 ! e>lie/ ( :i* we "k any?+4 ,z "t w5t on1 ?\gh ! k+ 0 /ill call$ div9e1 we see him engag$ 9 ! wor%ip ( o!r gods4 ,at la/ he appe>s z a prie/ himself2 & :5 ,h]odotus & ! lat] ,greek hi/orians visit$ ,egypt1 !re 0 s little ( ?is "p ( ! old religion left t x is n ev5 m5tion$ by !m z a matt] ( importance40 ,?is is q natural1 ,i may rem>k p>5!tically1 = z ! antiquity & gr&eur ( ! great gods increas$1 ! gulf betwe5 !m & m]e m51 ev5 ?\gh ^? m5 7 k+s1 _! (fspr+1 mu/ always h gr[n ev] wid] & wid]4 8,i h myself no d\bt :atev]10 ,mr4 ,l(tie goes on1 8t ! names ( ,osiris & ( ,horus are ^? ( anci5t rul]s4 ,i ?9k t1 long be=e au!ntic hi/ory beg9s1 ,as> & ,aset 8 wife reign$ 9 ,egypt1 probably 9 t wide valley ( ! ,upp] ,nile :i* is n[ ! site ( ,girgeh & ,b]b0 7exactly :]e ,i place ! pr9cipality ( ,osiris74 8,_! son 0 ,hor1 or ,horus1 ! fir/ k+ ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt2 & ! #8,hor se%oo4rsquo2 ! successors ( ,horus1 are n obscurely m5tion$ by lat] *ronicl]s4 ,i "k t ?is view is n %>$ by all /ud5ts ( ! subject1 & mu* le>n+ & +5uity h be5 sp5t to prove t ,as>1 & ,aset1 & ,hor1 & #afh,ptah1 & ,anep1 are repres5tations ( ! p[]s ( nature2 t !y d n po9t to anci5t pr9ces1 b to anci5t pr9ciples2 & t ,horus & 8 successors are gods & 7 nev] m54 ,b 9 ! olde/ inscriptions we f9d none ( t my/icism :i* is %[n 9 ! sculptures f ! "t ( ! eighte5? dyna/y d[n to ! ,ptolemies & ! ,roman ,emp]ors40 ,9 %ort1 ,mr4 ,l(tie goes on to set =? a !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! great gods ess5tially simil> to ! "o ,i am "h def5d+4 ,?\gh a little out ( place1 ,i _c help not+ "h ! curi\s confirmatory fact t a numb] ( ibis mummies h be5 f\nd at ,abvdos 9 close proximity to ! m\nd :]e ,m4 ,m>iette confid5tly expect$ to discov] 9 ! rock ! actual tomb ( ,osiris himself4 ,h5ce we may conclude t ! ibis 0 9 all probability ! totem ( ,abydos or ,?is1 z ! bull 0 ( ,memphis1 ! crocodile ( ! ,fay\m1 ! cat ( ,buba/is1 & ! baboon ( ,!bes4 ,n[1 ! ibis-god ( ,abydos is ,?o?2 & x is notewor?y t ,?o?1 z record]1 always accompanies ,osiris1 9 lat] leg5d1 z judge ( ! dead3 ! local mummy-god1 9 o!r words1 has z 8 assessor ! local totem-god2 & bo? are commonly to be se5 on ! monum5ts ( ,abydos1 9 company ) ,horus1 ,anubis1 ,isis1 & o!r 7probably7 local div9ities4 ,x is q easy to see h[1 ) ?is orig91 ,osiris w\ld almo/ inevitably gr[ ) "t to be ! ,k+ ( ! ,dead1 & supreme judge ( ! ne!r regions4 ,=1 z ! mo/ sacr$ ( ! ance/ors ( ! regal l9e1 he w\ld naturally be ! "o :om ! k+s1 9 _! turn1 w\ld mo/ seek to propitiate1 & :om !y w\ld look =w>d to jo9+ 9 _! et]nal home4 ,z ! my? ext5d$1 & z my/ical int]pretations began to creep 91 id5tifications be+ made ( ! gods ) ! sun or o!r natural en]gies1 ! orig9al mean+ ( ,osiris-wor%ip w\ld gr[ gradually obscur$4 ,b to ! la/1 ,osiris himself1 9 spite ( all corruptions1 is repres5t$ #afi;z a mummy3 & ev5 :5 id5tifi$ ) ,am51 ! lat] intrusive god1 he /ill we>s 8 mummy-b&ages1 & /ill be>s ! crook & sc\rge & sceptre ( 8 primitive k+%ip4 ,x may be object$1 h[ev]1 t !re 7 _m =ms ( ,orisis1 & _m local gods :o bore ! same "n4 ,he 0 buri$ at ,abydos1 b 0 also equally buri$ at ,memphis1 & at ,phil z well4 ,! pretty little 8,temple on ! ,ro(0 at ,d5d]ah is an exquisitely elaborate *apel to ! local ,osiris ( t t[n1 ) *amb]s d$icat$ to ! v>i\s o!r ,osiris-gods ( ! =ty-two nomes ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,well1 t fact runs exactly p>allel ) ! local ,madonnas & ! local ,apollos ( o!r religions3 & nobody has sugge/$ d\bts z to ! human reality ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y because s _m diff]5t ,m>ies exi/ 9 diff]5t sacr$ sites or 9 diff]5t ca!drals4 ,our ,lady ( ,loretto is ! same z ,our ,lady ( ,l\rdes4 ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 0 nev]!less born at ,be?lehem3 he 0 ! son ( ,joseph1 b he 0 also ! son ( ,david1 & ! son ( ,god4 ,p]haps ,osiris 0 a common n\n3 p]haps a slightly diff]5t ,osiris 0 wor%ipp$ 9 v>i\s t[ns ( lat] ,egypt2 p]haps a local mummy-god1 ! ance/or ( "s ext9ct native l9e1 (t5 wrongly usurp$ ! "n & pr]ogatives ( ! great mummy-god ( ,abydos1 especially "u ! influ5ce ( late prie/ly my/icism4 ,moreov]1 :5 we come to consid] ! subject ( ! manufacture ( gods1 we %all see t ! body ( an annual inc>nation ( ,osiris may h be5 divid$ & di/ribut$ among all ! nomes ( ,egypt4 ,x is en\gh = my pres5t purpose if ,i po9t out 9 brief t ance/or-wor%ip amply expla9s ! rise & preval5ce ( ! cult ( ,osiris1 ! k+ly mummy1 ) ! associat$ cults ( ,horus1 ,isis1 ,?o?1 & ! o!r deities ( ! ,osirian cycle4 ,i may add t a gradual gr[? ( ,osiris-wor%ip is cle>ly m>k$ on ! monum5ts !mselves4 ,! simpl] #agj/el & memorials ( ! e>lie/ age seldom conta9 ! names ( any god1 b display vot>ies mak+ (f]+s at ! %r9e ( ance/ors4 ,simil>ly1 ! sc5es repres5t$ on ! walls ( tombs ( e>ly date be> no ref]5ce to ! great gods ( lat] ages1 b are m]ely dome/ic & agricultural 9 "*1 z may be obs]v$ at ,sakk>ah & ev5 to "s ext5t also at ,b5i-,hassan4 ,"u ! ,six? ,dyna/y1 ! monum5ts beg9 to make m & m frequ5t m5tion ( ,osiris1 :o n[ comes to be reg>d$ z ,judge ( ! ,dead & ,"l ( ! ,l[] ,_w2 & on a tablet ( ?is age 9 ! ,b\lak ,museum occurs = ! fir/ "t ! expression aft]w>ds s common1 8ju/ifi$ by ,osiris40 ,"u ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y1 leg5d becomes m prom95t2 a sol> & lun> "* seems to be giv5 by reflex to ,osiris & ,isis3 & ! "n ( ,ra1 ! sun1 is add$ to t ( _m previ\sly di/9ct & indep5d5t deities4 ,khem1 ! i?yphallic god ( ! ,!baid1 n[ also assumes great] importance1 z is q natural "u a l9e ( ,!ban pr9ces3 & ,khem1 a local mummy-god1 is always repres5t$ 9 8 swa?+-clo!s1 & aft]w>ds conf\nd$1 c]ta9ly ) ,am51 & probably also ) ! mummy-god ( ,abydos4 ,b ,osiris f ?is "t =w>d rises di/9ctly into ! front rank z a deity4 8,to him1 r ?an to ! dead1 ! fri5ds & family (f] _! sacrifices4 ,a c\rt is =m$ = him4 ,?o?1 ! record] totem-god ( ,abydos1 ,anubis ! wat*]1 ,ra ! imp]sonation ( tru?1 & o!rs1 assi/ 9 judgm5t on ! s\l40 ,! "n ( ! deceas$ is h5ce=? con/antly accompani$ by ! =mula 8ju/ifi$ by ,osiris40 ,ab\t ! same "t ! ,book ( ! ,dead 9 its full =m came into exi/5ce1 ) its develop$ conception ( ! l[] _w1 & its complicat$ arrangem5t ( planes ( purgatorial progress4 ,"u ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 ! leg5d ?ick5s2 ! id5tifications ( ! gods become m & m intricate2 ,am5 & ,ra are s\ght & f\nd "u innum]able #aga;=ms ( o!r deities2 & a f\ndation is laid = ! esot]ic ,mono!ism or pan!i/ic nature-wor%ip ( ! lat] philosophis+ prie/hood4 ,x 0 "u ! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y t ! cult ( local ,triads or ,tr9ities took fulle/ %ape1 & t ! my/ical int]pretation ( ! religion ( ,egypt came well into ! =egr\nd4 ,! great ,osirian my? 0 !n m & m m9utely & my/ically elaborat$2 & ev5 ! bull ,apis1 ! totem-god ( ,memphis1 0 recognis$ z a special inc>nation ( ,osiris1 :o ?us becomes1 ) ,am51 ! my/]i\s summ+-up ( almo/ all ! national pan!on4 ,at la/ we f9d ! my? go+ (f into pure my/icism1 ,osiris be+ at once ! fa!r1 bro!r1 husb&1 & son ( ,isis1 & also ! son ( 8 own *ild ,horus4 99 ,s5t5ces ) an almo/ ,a?anasian mixture ( vagu5ess & def9it5ess in=m u h[ 8! son proce$s f ! fa!r1 & ! fa!r proce$s f 8 son02 h[ 8,ra is ! s\l ( ,osiris1 & ,osiris ! s\l ( ,ra & h[ ,horus 8 *ild1 awak5$ by magical rites f 8 dead body1 is victori\s ov] ,set1 ! pr9ce ( d>kness1 & sits z ,osiris ^u ! ?rone ( ! fa!r :om he has reviv$ & av5g$4 ,"h z else:]e ! my?1 in/ead ( be+ ! explanation ( ! god1 does no?+ m ?an d>k5 c\nsel40 99 8,/ories l ! ,osiris my?10 says ,mr4 ,lang1 8spr+ f no pure religi\s s\rce1 b embody ! delusions & fanta/ic dreams ( ! l[e/ & lea/ develop$ human fancy & human speculation40 ,?is s5t5ce en=ces precisely ! same idea t ,i h previ\sly express$ 9 *apt] ii4 z to ! real relations ( religion & my?ology4 ,! my? n[h]e expla9s ! cult2 x ca/s no light ^u its orig9 or hi/ory2 on ! contr>y1 x only obscures & ov]%ad[s ! und]ly+ k]nel ( g5u9e fact4 ,9 l mann]1 ,i believe1 ,ptah 0 orig9ally a local mummy-god ( ,memphis1 & ,khem ( ,ap1 aft]w>ds kn[n z ,*emmis4 ,?is gradual gr[? ( a dead & mummifi$ village *ief1 h[ev]1 into a pan!i/ic god1 /range z x may seem1 is n 9 any way m rem>kable ?an ! gradual gr[? #agb( a ,galilean peasant into ! second p]son ( an et]nal & omnipot5t ,godhead4 ,nor does ! my? ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,osiris 7to be consid]$ h]eaft] 9 a lat] *apt]7 militate aga9/ ! reality ( 8 human exi/5ce any m ?an ! hi/ory ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/ militates aga9/ ! human exi/5ce ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 8,gross & crude euphem]ism0 may be bad2 b airy & fanta/ic ,max-mull]ism appe>s to me j z unphilosophical4 ,! difficulty ( ! evolution1 inde$1 is n at all great1 if we consid] ! fur!r fact t ev5 aft] ! concept ( god%ip _h be5 fully develop$1 ! k+ /ill rema9$ ( l nature ) ! gods1 _! son & desc5dant1 a div9e p]sonage himself1 diff]+ f !m only 9 n hav+ yet receiv$ et]nal life1 ! symbol ( :i* !y are (t5 %[n 9 sculpture z pres5t+ ) graci\s expressions to _! fav\r$ scion4 8,! rul+ sov]eign ( ,egypt10 says ,mr4 ,le ,page ,r5\f1 80 ! liv+ image ( & viceg]5t ( ! sun-god4 ,he 0 inve/$ ) ! attributes ( div9ity1 & t 9 ! e>lie/ times ( :i* we possess monum5tal evid5ce40 ,& q naturally1 = 9 antique times gods _h rul$ 9 ,egypt1 ^: successor ! k+ 03 & ! k+s be=e ,m5es 7 significantly kn[n z 8! successors ( ,horus40 ,z late z ! times ( ! ,ptolemies1 we saw1 !re 7 prie/s ( ,m5es & o!r ,ph>aohs ( ! mo/ anci5t dyna/ies4 ,! pyramid k+s took ! title ( ! ,gold5 ,horus1 aft]w>ds copi$ by _! desc5dants2 & f ,*afra onw>d ! reign+ mon>* 0 kn[n z ! ,son ( ,ra & ! ,great ,god4 ,am5ophis ,,il1 dur+ 8 own lifetime1 is 8a god good l ,ra1 ! sacr$ se$ ( ,am51 ! son :om he begot40 ,& on all ! monum5ts ! k+ is repres5t$ ( ! same sup]human /ature z ! gods !mselves3 he conv]ses ) !m on equal t]ms2 !y lead him by ! h& into _! inmo/ sanctu>ies1 or pres5t him ) ! symbols ( royal rule & ( et]nal life1 l fri5ds ( ! family4 ,! #agc;=m] gu]don be/[s ^u him ! same rank !y !mselves _h held on e>?2 ! latt] advances him to %>e ) !m ! glories ( ! o!r exi/5ce4 ,9 ! temple ( ,kurneh1 ,rameses ,i4 7!n dead7 receives ! (f]+s & liturgies ( 8 royal gr&son4 ,h>d by1 ,rameses ,,ii4 (f]s to ,am5-ra1 ,khonso1 & ,rameses ,i41 )\t di/9ction ( div9ity4 ,on ! side wall1 ,se?i ,i4 receives simil> div9e hon\rs f ! royal h&s3 :ile 9 ! c5tre *amb] ,se?i himself (ficiates be=e ! /atue ( 8 fa!r plac$ 9 a %r9e4 ,! ,k+ is ?us b ! ,liv+ ,god3 ! ,god is ?us b ! ,dead ,k+4 ,i conclude1 !re=e1 t a l>ge "p ( ! great] ,egyptian gods--! national or local gods1 z oppos$ to ^? wor%ipp$ by ea* family 9 its own necropolis--7 e>ly k+s1 ^: my?s 7 lat] exp&$ into leg5ds1 rationalis$ into nature-wor%ip1 & adorn$ by prie/ly c>e ) endless symbolical or esot]ic fancies4 ,b d[n to ! v late/ age ( indep5d5ce1 inscriptions ( ! god ,eu]getes1 & ! goddess ,b]5ice1 or repres5tations l t at ,phil1 ( ! god ,philadelphus suckl$ by ,isis1 %[ t to ! ,egyptian m9d ! gulf betwe5 humanity & div9ity 0 v n>r[1 & t ! orig9al manhood ( all ! deities 0 an idea q famili> to prie/s & p4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 ano!r class ( gods ab\t :i* we c be some:at less c]ta92 ^! are ! animal-gods & animal-head$ gods :i* develop$ out ( ! totems ( ! v>i\s villages4 ,su* be/ial types1 ,pr(essor ,sayce rem>ks1 8take u back to a remote prehi/oric age1 :5 ! religi\s cre$ ( ,egypt10 say r1 ! cu/om ( ,egypt1 80 /ill totemism40 ,b 9 :at precise relation totemism /ood to ! ma9 l9e ( ! evolution ( gods ,i d n feel q s sure 9 my own m9d z does ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,x seems to me possible t ! totem may 9 its orig9 h be5 m]ely ! lucky-bea/ or badge ( a p>ticul> tribe 7l ! regim5tal #agd;goat or de]72 & t f be+ at fir/ pett$1 dome/icat$1 & to "s ext5t respect$ on ?is acc\nt1 x may h gr[n at la/1 ?r\gh a confusion ( ideas1 to %>e ! same sort ( div9e hon\rs :i* 7 paid to ! gho/s ( ance/ors & ! gods evolv$ f !m4 ,b ,mr4 ,fraz] has sugge/$ a bett] orig9 ( totemism f ! doctr9e ( ! ,sep>able ,s\l1 :i* is1 up to date1 ! be/ explanation yet (f]$ ( ?is obscure subject4 ,be t z x may1 if ! totems 7 only gradually elevat$ into div9ities1 we c easily und]/& ,mr4 ,r5\f's rem>k t ! long s]ies ( tombs ( ! ,apis bulls at ,sakk>ah %[s 8h[ immeasurably great] ! devotion to ! sacr$ animals 0 9 ! lat] times ?an 9 ! =m]40 ,may ,i add t ! wor%ip ( totems1 z di/9ct f ! m]e c>e impli$ by ,mr4 ,fraz]'s sugge/ion1 v probably arose f ! cu/om ( c>v+ ! totem-animal ( ! deceas$ on ! grave-/ake or grave-bo>d8 ,?is cu/om is /ill univ]sal among ! ,indian tribes ( ,nor?we/]n ,am]ica4 ,nev]!less1 :atev] be ! true orig9 ( ! totem-gods1 ,i d n ?9k totemism militates 9 any way aga9/ ! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! evolution ( ! idea ( a god f ! gho/1 ! ,dead ,man1 or ! deifi$ ance/or4 ,= only aft] ! concept ( a god _h be5 =m$ f ance/or-cult1 & only aft] wor%ip _h be5 evolv$ f ! cu/om>y (f]+s to ! mummy or _s at ! tomb1 c\ld any o!r object by any possibility be elevat$ to ! godhead4 ,nor1 on ! o!r h&1 z ,i h be=e rem>k$1 d ,i feel incl9$ :olly to agree ) ,mr4 ,sp5c] t e individual god 0 necess>ily once a p>ticul> ,dead ,man4 ,x seems to me indubitable t aft] ! idea ( godhead _h become fully fix$ 9 ! human m9d1 "s gods at lea/ began to be recognis$ :o 7 directly fram$ ei!r f ab/ract conceptions1 f natural objects1 or f pure outbur/s ( ! my?opoeic faculty4 ,i d n ?9k1 !re=e1 t ! exi/5ce #age( a c]ta9 7relatively unimportant7 class ( totem-gods 9 ,egypt or else:]e is necess>ily inconsi/5t 9 any way ) our ma9 !ory ( ! orig9 ( godhead4 ,be ?is z x may1 x is at any rate cle> t totemism itself 0 a v anci5t & widespread in/itution 9 e>ly ,egypt4 ,totems are def9$ by ,mr4 ,fraz] z 8a class ( mat]ial objects :i* a savage reg>ds ) sup]/iti\s respect1 believ+ t !re exi/s betwe5 him & e memb] ( ! class an intimate & altoge!r special relation4rdquo2 8,obs]vation ( exi/+ totem tribes 9 ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 & else:]e1rdquo2 says ,sir ,m>t9 ,conway1 8%[s u t "o or m repres5tatives ( ! totem are (t5 f$ or ev5 kept alive 9 captivity by ! tribe4rdquo2 ,mr4 ,fraz] tells u t 8among/ ! ,n>-r9y]i 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 m5 ( ! snake clan sometimes cat* snakes1 pull out _! tee?1 or sew up _! m\?s1 & keep !m z pets4 ,9 a pigeon clan ( ,samoa a pigeon 0 c>efully kept & f$4 ,among/ ! ,kalong 9 ,java1 ^: totem is a r$ dog1 ea* family z a rule keeps "o ( ^! animals1 :i* !y w on no acc\nt all[ to be /ruck or ill-us$ by any "o4rdquo2 ,9 ! same way1 no d\bt1 c]ta9 ,egyptian clans kept sacr$ bulls1 cats1 crocodiles1 hawks1 jackals1 cobras1 liz>ds1 ibises1 asps1 & beetles4 ,mummies ( mo/ ( ^! sacr$ animals1 & little images ( o!rs1 are common 9 ! neighb\rhood ( c]ta9 places :]e !y 7 specially wor%ipp$4 ,:e!r ! animal-head$ gods repres5t a lat] /age ( ! same totem-wor%ip1 or :e!r !y /& m]ely = real ance/or-gods belong+ to a p>ticul> totem-clan1 & !re=e repres5t$ by its totem1 is n a "q easily settl$4 ,b at any rate x is cle> t _m gods are ! equival5ts ( su* totem-animals1 z is ! case ) ! hawk-head$ ,horus1 ! jackal-head$ ,anubis1 ! c[-head$ ,a?or1 ! ram-head$ ,knum1 ! cat-head$ ,pa%t1 ! lion-head$ ,sekhet1 ! ibis-head$ #agf,?o?1 & ! ke/rel-head$ ,khons4 ,^! gods appe> on ! e>li] monum5ts z bea/s alone1 n z human =ms ) be/ial heads4 ,till ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y1 :5 a totem-god is m5tion$ 7:i* is n (t571 8he is repres5t$10 says ,mr4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 8by 8 animal40 ,anubis1 = example1 at ?is /age1 is m]ely a jackal2 & z ,m4 ,masp]o puts x1 8,:atev] may h be5 ! object ( wor%ip 9 ,?o?-,ibis1 x 0 a bird1 n a hi]oglyph1 t ! e>lie/ ibis-wor%ipp]s ador$40 ,!re 7 o!r totems1 h[ev]1 :i* 7 less fruitful 9 deities1 b :i* ent]$ l>gely 9 arti/ic =ms into ! lat] religi\s symbolism4 ,su* 7 especially ! asp & ! sacr$ sc>abu1 :i* almo/ rival ! sun-disk 9 ! l>ge "p !y play 9 ! develop$ religi\s art-language ( ! great temple-build+ dyna/ies4 ,i may add t among ! o!r symbols ( ?is curi\s emblematical picture-writ+ are ! ,tau or crux ansata1 by orig9 app>5tly a comb9$ l+a & yoni2 ! lotus1 ! sceptre1 ! leek1 & ! cresc5t4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 yet a ?ird class ( div9e or quasidiv9e be+s 9 ! new] ,egyptian ,pan!on to :i* ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang1 9 8 able introduction to ! ,eut]pe ( ,h]odotus1 /ill all[s t great importance may be atta*$4 ,^! are ! elem5tal or seem+ly elem5tal deities1 ! ,nature-,gods :o play s l>ge a "p 9 all rationali/ic or my/ical my?ologies4 ,su* are no d\bt ,nut & ,seb1 ! p]sonal heav5 & e>?1 nam$ z e>ly z ! inscription on ! c(f9 ( ,m5ka\ra ( ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y 9 ! ,briti% ,museum3 su* p]haps 7?\gh f> less c]ta9ly7 are ,khons1 id5tifi$ ) ! ris+ sun1 & ,tum1 reg>d$ z ! imp]sonation ( 8 nightly sett+4 ,b none ( ! q obvi\sly elem5tal gods1 except ,ra1 play any l>ge "p 9 ! actual & practical wor%ip ( ! p3 to adopt ! broad di/9ction ,i h v5tur$ to draw 9 our second *apt]1 !y are gods to talk ab\t1 n gods to adore--my?ological conceptions r ?an religi\s be+s4 ,_! names occur #aggmu* 9 ! sacr$ texts1 b _! images are r>e & _! temples unkn[n4 ,x is n ,nut or ,seb ^: figures we see c>v$ abundantly 9 relief on ! grey s&/one pill>s ( ,k>nak & ,luxor1 pa9t$ 9 endless file on ! gesso-cov]$ walls ( ! ,tombs ( ! ,k+s1 or repres5t$ by doz5s 9 ! great collection ( little bronze idols t fill s _m cab9ets at ! ,b\lak ,museum4 ,! actual objects ( ! highe/ wor%ip are f> o!r ?an ^! ab/ract elem5tal conceptions3 !y are ,osiris1 ,isis1 ,horus1 ,anubis1 ,khem1 ,pa%t1 & ,a?or4 ,! qua9t or grotesque incis$ figures ( ,nut1 repres5t$ z a female =m ) arms & legs ext5d$ l a liv+ canopy ov] ! e>?1 z at ,d5d]ah1 belong1 ,i believe1 almo/ if n q exclusively to ! ,ptolemaic p]iod1 :5 zodiacal & a/rological conceptions _h be5 freely borr[$ by ! ,egyptians f ,greece & ,asia4 ,nut & ,seb1 z gods1 n my?s1 are 9 %ort q rec5t ideas 9 ,egypt4 ,ev5 sun-disk ,ra1 himself1 important z he becomes 9 ! lat] develop$ cre$1 is h>dly s mu* 9 8 orig9 a sep>ate god z an adjunct or symbol ( div9ity unit$ syncretically ) ! v>i\s o!r deities4 ,to call a k+ ! sun is a common piece ( c\rti] flatt]y4 ,x is z ,am5-,ra or z ,osiris t ! sun receives mo/ actual wor%ip4 ,8 "n is jo9$ to ! names ( gods z to ! names ( k+s3 he is almo/ z mu* a symbol z ! ,tau or ! ,asp2 he obta9s little if any adoration 9 8 simple =m1 b pl5ty :5 conjo9$ 9 a comp\nd conception ) "s m practical deity ( /rictly human orig94 ,ev5 at ! great 8,temple ( ! ,sun0 at ,heliopolis1 x 0 z ! bull ,m5 or ,mnevis t ! lum9>y 0 ador$3 & t cult1 accord+ to ,mane?o1 w5t back z f> z ! totemi/ic times ( ! ,second ,dyna/y4 ,to put x briefly1 !n1 ,i hold t ! elem5t ( nature-wor%ip is a late gloss or sup]add$ factor 9 ! ,egyptian religion2 t x is always r my?ological or explanatory ?an religi\s 9 ! /rict s5se2 & t x does #aghn 9 ! lea/ int]f]e ) our g5]al inf]5ce t ! real ,egyptian gods z a :ole 7 ei!r ance/ral or totemi/ic 9 orig94 ,f ! evid5ce be=e u1 broadly consid]$1 we may fairly conclude1 !n1 t ! e>lie/ cult ( ,egypt consi/$ ( pure ance/or-wor%ip1 complicat$ by a d\btfully religi\s elem5t ( totemism1 :i* aft]w>ds by "o means or ano!r int]wove itself closely ) ! :ole gho/ly wor%ip ( ! c\ntry4 ,! lat] gods 7 probably deifi$ ance/ors ( ! e>ly tribal k+s1 sometimes directly wor%ipp$ z mummies1 & sometimes p]haps repres5t$ by _! totem-animals or lat] /ill by human figures ) animal heads4 ,almo/ e "o ( ^! great gods is localis$ to a p>ticul> place--8,"l ( ,abydos10 8,mi/ress ( ,s5em10 8,presid5t ( ,!bes10 8,dwell] at ,h]mopolis10 z w\ld naturally be ! case if !y 7 locally-deifi$ pr9ces1 admitt$ at la/ into a national pan!on4 ,9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( :i* any monum5ts rema9 to u1 ! ance/or-wor%ip 0 pur]1 simpl]1 & fre] f symbolism or f ! cult ( ! great gods ?an at any lat] "t4 ,) ! gradual evolution ( ! cre$ & ! pan!on1 h[ev]1 leg5ds & my?s increas$1 ! syncretic t5d5cy manife/$ itself ev]y:]e1 id5tifications multipli$1 my/icism grew rife1 & an esot]ic fai?1 ) lean+s t[>ds a vague pan!i/ic mono!ism1 endeav\r$ to rationalise & to expla9 away ! m gross & fooli% portions ( ! orig9al belief4 ,x is ! ref9em5ts & glosses ( ?is f9al philosophical /age t pass curr5t = ! mo/ "p 9 sy/ematic works z ! true doctr9es ( ,egyptian religion1 & t s _m mod]n enquir]s h errone\sly treat$ z equival5t to ! e>lie/ product ( native ?\ght4 ,! ideas z to ! unity ( ,god1 & ! sun-my?s ( ,horus1 ,isis1 & ,osiris1 are cle>ly late developm5ts or excresc5ces on ! orig9al cre$1 & betray ?r\gh\t ! esot]ic _s ( prie/ly int]pretation4 ,to ! v la/1 ! ,wor%ip ( ! ,dead1 & ! #agi crude poly!ism bas$ ^u x1 7 ! true religion ( ! anci5t ,egyptians1 z we see x express$ 9 all ! monum5ts4 ,su* 0 ! religi\s _w into :i*1 if we may believe ! olde/ ,semitic traditions1 ! ,sons ( ,israel br\ght _! ,god ,jahweh & _! o!r deities f beyond ! ,euphrates at a v remote p]iod ( _! national hi/ory4 ,& su*1 9 its full] & m my/ical =m1 0 ! religion practis$ & taught 9 ,ptolemaic & ,roman ,egypt1 at ! mom5t :5 ! ,*ri/ian fai? 0 j beg9n+ to evolve itself r\nd ! hi/orical nucleus ( ! man ,*ri/ ,jesus1 & him crucifi$4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4--,,! ,,gods ,,( ,,israel4 ,,! #ahjonly p :o ev] inv5t$ or evolv$ a pure mono!ism at fir/ h& 7 ! ,jews4 ,individual ?9k]s else:]e approa*$ or aim$ at t ideal goal1 l ! ,egyptian prie/s & ! ,greek philosoph]s3 entire races else:]e borr[$ mono!ism f ! ,hebrews1 l ! ,arabs "u ,mohammad1 or1 to a less ext5t1 ! ,romans & ! mod]n ,european nations1 :5 !y adopt$ ,*ri/ianity 9 its tr9it>ian =m3 b no o!r race ev] succe$$ z a :ole 9 atta9+ by _! own ex]tions ! pure mono!i/ic plat=m1 h[ev] ne> c]ta9 p]sons among !m might h arriv$ to su* atta9m5t 9 esot]ic or my/ical philosophis+4 ,x is ! peculi> glory ( ,israel to h evolv$ ,god4 ,& ! evolution ( ,god f ! diffuse gods ( ! e>li] ,semitic religion is ,israel's great contribution to ! _w's ?\ght4 ,! sacr$ books ( ! ,jews1 z we possess !m 9 g>bl$ =ms to-day1 assign ?is peculi> belief to ! v e>lie/ ages ( _! race3 !y assume t ,abraham1 ! my?ical common fa!r ( all ! ,semitic tribes1 0 already a mono!i/2 & !y ev5 treat mono!ism z at a /ill remot] date ! univ]sal religion ( ! entire _w1 f :i* all poly!i/ic cults 7 b a corruption & a fall+ away4 ,su* a belief is n[adays1 ( c\rse1 :olly unt5able4 ,s also is ! crude notion t mono!ism 0 smitt5 out at a s+le bl[ by ! g5ius ( "o individual man1 ,moses1 at ! mom5t #aha( ! ,hebrew exodus f ,egypt4 ,! b>e idea t "o p>ticul> ?9k]1 j escap$ f ! mid/ ( ard5t poly!i/s1 ^: religion embrac$ an endless pan!on & a l[ =m ( animal-wor%ip1 c\ld possibly h inv5t$ a pure mono!i/ic cult1 is totally oppos$ to e kn[n psy*ological law ( human nature4 ,! real /ages by :i* mono!ism 0 evolv$ out ( a prec$+ poly!ism 9 a s+le small gr\p ( ,semitic tribes h already be5 well inve/igat$ by ,dut* & ,g]man s*ol>s3 all t ,i propose to d 9 ! pres5t volume is to reconsid] ! subject f our broad] an?ropological /&po9t1 & %[ h[ 9 ! great ,jewi% god himself we may /ill disc]n1 z 9 a glass1 d>kly1 ! vague b con/ant l9eam5ts ( an ance/ral gho/-deity4 ,d[n to a comp>atively late p]iod ( ,jewi% hi/ory1 z we n[ "k1 ,jahweh 0 b "o & ! highe/ among a consid]able gr\p ( ,israeliti% div9ities2 ! fir/ among 8 pe]s1 l ,zeus among ! gods ( ,hellas1 ,osiris or ,am5 among ! gods ( ,egypt1 & ,wod5 or ,?unor among ! gods ( ! old ,teutonic pan!on4 ,z late z ! c5tury ( ,hezekiah1 ! religion ( ! great mass ( ! ,israelites & ,jews 0 /ill a broad ?\gh vague poly!ism4 ,! gods seem to h be5 z num]\s & z localis$ z 9 ,egypt3 8,accord+ to ! numb] ( ?y cities are ?y gods1 ,o ,judah10 says ! prophet ,j]emiah 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,x 0 only by a sl[ process ( syncretism1 by ! absorption into ,jahweh-wor%ip ( all o!r conflict+ cre$s1 t ,israel at la/ atta9$ its full ideal ( pure mono!ism4 ,t ideal 0 nev] f9ally rea*$ by ! p at l>ge till ! return f ! captivity3 x _h only ev5 be5 aim$ at by a few ard5t & exclusive ,jahweh-wor%ipp]s 9 ! la/ dang]\s & d\btful ye>s ( national indep5d5ce :i* imm$iately prec$$ ! ,babyloni% exile4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! inn] nature ( ?is curi\s gradual revolution we mu/ look briefly1 fir/1 at ! g5]al "* #ahb( ! old ,hebrew poly!ism2 & secondly1 at ! orig9al cult ( ! great e?nical god ,jahweh himself4 ,9 spite ( _! long soj\rn 9 ,egypt1 ! national religion ( ! ,hebrews1 :5 we fir/ beg9 dimly to descry its features ?r\gh ! veil ( lat] glosses1 is reg>d$ by almo/ all mod]n inve/igators z truly ,semitic & local 9 orig94 ,x is usually describ$ z embrac+ ?ree pr9cipal =ms ( cult3 ! wor%ip ( ! t]aphim or family gods2 ! wor%ip ( sacr$ /ones2 & ! wor%ip ( c]ta9 great gods1 p>tly native1 p>tly p]haps borr[$2 "s ( !m ador$ 9 ! =m ( animals1 & "s app>5tly elem5tal or sol> 9 _! acquir$ attributes4 ,al?\gh = u ^! ?ree are "o1 ,i %all exam9e !m "h 9 t wont$ ord]4 ,! cult ( ! t]aphim1 ,i ?9k1 we _c consid]1 on a broad an?ropological view1 o!rwise ?an z ! equival5t ( all ! o!r family cults kn[n to u2 t is to say1 9 o!r words1 z pure unadult]at$ dome/ic ance/or-wor%ip4 8,by t "n10 says ,ku551 87 indicat$ l>g] or small] images1 :i* 7 wor%ipp$ z h\sehold gods1 & ^u :i* ! happ9ess ( ! family 0 suppos$ to dep5d40 ,9 ! leg5d ( ,jacob's flight f ,laban1 we are told h[ ,ra*el /ole h] fa!r's t]aphim3 & :5 ! angry *iefta9 ov]takes ! fugitives1 he enquires ( !m :y !y h robb$ him ( 8 dome/ic gods4 ,( ,micah1 we le>n t he made images ( 8 t]aphim1 & consecrat$ "o ( 8 own sons to be 8 family prie/3 su* a dome/ic & private prie/hood be+ exactly :at we are accu/om$ to f9d 9 ! wor%ip ( ance/ral manes ev]y:]e4 ,ev5 ?r\gh ! mi/ ( ! lat] ,jehovi/ic rec5sion we cat*1 9 pass+1 frequ5t glimpses ( ! e>ly wor%ip ( ^! family gods1 "o ( :i* is describ$ z belong+ to ,mi*al1 ! daught] ( ,saul & wife ( ,david2 :ile ,hosea alludes to !m z /ocks ( wood1 & ,ze*>iah z idols t speak lies to ! p4 ,x is cle> #ahct ! t]aphim 7 pres]v$ 9 ea* h\sehold ) rev]5tial c>e1 t !y 7 sacrific$ to by ! family at /at$ int]vals1 & t !y 7 consult$ on all occasions ( d\bt or difficulty by a dome/ic prie/ clad 9 an ephod4 ,i ?9k1 !n1 if we put ^! indications side by side ) ^? ( family cults else:]e1 we may conclude t ! ,jewi% religion1 l all o!rs1 0 bas$ ^u an ultimate f\ndation ( g5]al ance/or-wor%ip4 ,x has be5 d5i$1 inde$1 t ance/or-wor%ip pure & simple ev] exi/$ among ! ,semitic races4 ,a cle> contradiction ( ?is d5ial is furni%$ by ,m4 ,l5ormant1 :o comm5ts ?us on sepul*ral monum5ts f ,yem53 8,"h1 !n1 we h twice repeat$ a :ole s]ies ( human p]sons1 decid$ly deceas$ ance/ors or relations ( ! au?ors ( ! d$ications4 ,_! names are accompani$ ) ! titles !y bore dur+ life4 ,!y are invok$ by _! desc5dants 9 ! same way z ! gods4 ,!y are inconte/ably deifi$ p]sons1 objects ( a family wor%ip1 & gods or g5ii 9 ! belief ( ! p ( _! race40 ,aft] ?is1 we ne$ n d\bt t ! t]aphim 7 ! images ( su* family gods or ance/ral spirits4 ,x is n surpris+1 h[ev]1 t ^! dome/ic gods play b a small "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! p z x has come d[n to u 9 ! late ,jehovi/ic v]sion ( ! ,hebrew traditions4 ,n[h]e 9 lit]ature1 ev5 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 d we he> mu* ( ! manes & l>es1 comp>$ ) ! great gods ( national wor%ip4 ,nor 7 su* m9or div9ities likely to provoke ! wra? ev5 ( t 8jeal\s god0 :o lat] usurp$ all ! adoration ( ,israel3 s t d5unciations ( _! vot>ies are comp>atively r>e 9 ! rhapsodies ( ! prophets4 8,_! use10 says ,ku551 speak+ ( ! t]aphim1 80 v g5]al1 & 0 by no means consid]$ incompatible ) ! wor%ip ( ,jahweh40 ,!y 7 reg>d$ m]ely z family affairs1 poor foem5 = #ahd! great & awesome tribal god :o bore no rival ne> 8 ?rone1 & w\ld n suff] ! pret5sions ( ,mole* or ( ! ,baalim4 ,to use a mod]n analogy1 _! cult 0 z little inconsi/5t ) ,jahweh-wor%ip z a belief 9 fairies1 ban%ees1 or family gho/s 0 =m]ly inconsi/5t ) a belief 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is conclusion w d\btless /rike ! read] at once z directly oppos$ to ! (t-repeat$ ass]tion t ! e>ly ,hebrews _h little or no conception ( ! life beyond ! grave & ( ! doctr9e ( future rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,i am afraid x _c be d5i$ t su* is ! case4 ,h>d z x is to run c\nt] to s mu* speciali/ op9ion1 ,i c sc>cely see h[ any broad an?ropological enquir] may d5y to ! ,semites ( ! t5? & twelf? c5turies be=e ,*ri/ p>ticipation 9 an almo/ 7or q7 univ]sal human belief1 common to ! l[e/ savages & ! highe/ civilisations1 & p>ticul>ly well develop$ 9 t ,egyptian society ) :i* ! ance/ors ( ! ,hebrews _h s long rubb$ %\ld]s4 ,! subject1 h[ev]1 is f> too l>ge a "o = full debate "h4 ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) po9t+ out t1 ap>t f ! a priori improbability ( su* a conclusion1 ! ,hebrew docum5ts !mselves conta9 num]\s allusions1 ev5 9 _! e>lie/ traditional fragm5ts1 to ! belief 9 gho/s & 9 ! _w ( %ades1 z well z to ! probability ( future resurrection4 ,! habit ( cave-burial & ( excavat$ grotto-burial2 ! importance atta*$ to ! /ory ( ! pur*ase ( ,ma*pelah2 ! common phrase t su*-&-su* a patri>* 80 ga!r$ to 8 p10 or 8slept ) 8 fa!rs02 ! embalm+ ( ,joseph1 & ! c>ry+ up ( 8 bones f ,egypt to ,pale/9e2 ! episode ( ,saul & ! gho/ ( ,samuel2 & inde$ ! entire conception ( ,%eol1 ! place ( ! dep>t$--all alike %[ t ! ,hebrew belief 9 ?is respect did n l>gely diff] 9 ess5tials f ! g5]al belief ( surr\nd+ peoples4 ,! v frequ5cy ( allusions to wit*craft & necromancy #ahepo9t 9 ! same direction2 :ile ! common habit ( assum+ a prie/ly or sacrificial g>m5t1 ! ephod1 & !n consult+ ! family t]aphim z a dome/ic oracle1 is /rictly 9 accordance ) all t we "k ( ! m9or ance/or-wor%ip z x occurs else:]e4 ,closely connect$ ) ! t]aphim is ! specific wor%ip at tombs or graves4 8,! :ole nor? ,semitic area10 says ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?1 80 dott$ ov] ) sacr$ tombs1 ,memnonia1 ,semiramis m\nds1 & ! l2 & at e su* spot a god or demigod _h 8 subt]ranean abode40 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is pure ance/or-wor%ip4 ,traces ( /ill old] cave-burial are also common 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures4 8,at ! pres5t day10 says ,pr(essor ,smi?1 8almo/ e sacr$ site 9 ,pale/9e has its grotto1 & t ?is is no new ?+ is pla9 f ! num]\s symbols ( ,a/>te-wor%ip f\nd on ! walls ( caves 9 ,pho5icia4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! olde/ ,pho5ician temples 7 natural or artificial grottoes40 ,we are fairly entitl$ to conclude1 !n1 ,i believe1 t a dome/ic cult ( ! manes or l>es1 ! family dead1 =m$ ! g5]al sub/ratum ( e>ly ,hebrew religion1 ?\gh z 9 all o!r cases1 ow+ to its purely p]sonal nature1 ?is univ]sal cult makes b a small figure 9 ! lit]ature ( ! race1 comp>$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! great] national gods & goddesses4 ,second 9 ! li/ ( wor%ipful objects 9 e>ly ,israel come ! sacr$ /ones1 ab\t :i* ,i h already said a good deal 9 ! *apt] devot$ to t int]e/+ subject1 b conc]n+ ^: special nature 9 ! ,semitic field a few m words may "h be fitly add$4 ,x is n[ v g5]ally admitt$ t /one-wor%ip play$ an exce$+ly l>ge & important "p 9 ! primitive ,semitic religion4 ,h[ important a "p we may readily ga!r f _m evid5ces1 b f none m ?an f ! fact t ev5 ,mohammad himself 0 unable to exclude f ,islam1 ! mo/ mono!i/ic ( all #ahfkn[n religi\s sy/ems1 ! holy black /one ( ! ,kaaba at ,mecca4 ,9 ,arabia1 says ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ! alt> or hewn /one is unkn[n1 & 9 its place we f9d ! rude pill> or ! cairn1 beside :i* ! sacrificial victim is sla91 ! blood be+ p\r$ out ov] ! /one or at its base4 ,b 9 ,israel1 ! %ap$ /one seems ! m usual m>k ( ! gho/ or god4 ,su* a sacr$ /one1 we h already se51 0 kn[n to ! e>ly ,hebrews z a ,be?-el1 t is to say an 8abode ( deity10 f ! common belief t x 0 inhabit$ by a god1 gho/1 or _s4 ,! great preval5ce ( ! cult ( /ones among ! ,semites1 h[ev]1 is fur!r indicat$ by ! curi\s circum/ance t ?is ^w 0 borr[$ by ! ,greeks & ,romans 79 a slightly alt]$ =m7 to d5ote ! /ones s suppos$ to be inhabit$ by deities4 ,ref]5ces to su* gods ab\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,hebrew books1 ?\gh !y are sometimes d5\nc$ z idolatr\s images1 & sometimes cov]$ ) a ?9 v5e] ( ,jehovism by be+ connect$ ) ! national h]oes & ) ! lat] ,jahweh-wor%ip4 ,9 ! leg5d ( ,jacob's dream we get a case :]e ! sacr$ /one is ano9t$ & a promise is made to x ( a t5? ( ! speak]'s sub/ance z an (f]+4 ,& aga91 on a lat] occasion1 we le>n t ,jacob 8set up a pill> ( /one1 & he p\r$ a dr9k-(f]+ !reon1 & he p\r$ oil !reon20 j z1 9 ! great phallic wor%ip ( ! l+a 9 ,india 7commonly call$ ! l+a puja71 a cyl9drical pill>1 r\nd$ at ! top1 & univ]sally consid]$ z a phallus 9 its nature1 is wor%ipp$ by p\r+ ^u x "o ( five sacr$ ano9t+ liquids1 wat]1 milk1 ghee1 oil1 & w9e4 ,simil> rites are (f]$ 9 _m o!r places to o!r sacr$ /ones2 & 9 _m cases ! phallic value assign$ to !m is cle>ly %[n by ! fact t x is usual = /]ile wom5 to pray to !m = ! bless+ ( *ildr51 z ,h9du wives pray to ,mahadeo1 & z s _m ,hebrew wom5 7to be not$ h]eaft]7 #ahg;are m5tion$ 9 our texts z pray+ to ,jahweh4 ,a brief catalogue ( ! *ief /one-deities allud$ to 9 ,hebrew lit]ature may help to en=ce ! importance ( ! subject3 & x may be not$ 9 pass+ t ! /ones are (t5 m5tion$ 9 connexion ) sacr$ trees--an association ) :i* we are already famili>4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,si*em 0 an oak--! 8oak ( ! prophets0 or 8oak ( ! soo?say]s0--by :i* lay a /one1 ^: hol9ess is v>i\sly acc\nt$ = by describ+ x z1 9 "o place1 an alt> ( ,abraham1 9 ano!r an alt> ( ,jacob1 & 9 a ?ird a memorial ( ,jo%ua4 ,b ! fact %[s t x 0 resort$ to = sacrifice1 & t oracles or responses 7 s\ght f x by its vot>ies4 ,t is to say1 x 0 a sepul*ral monum5t4 ,ne> ,hebron /ood 8! oak ( ,mamre10 & "u x a sacr$ /one1 acc\nt$ = z an alt> ( ,abraham1 to :i* 9 ,david's "t sacrifices 7 (f]$4 ,ne> ,be]%eba we f9d yet a ?ird tree1 ! tam>isk1 said to h be5 plant$ by ,abraham1 & an alt> or /one pill> ascrib$ to ,isaac4 ,9 ! camp at ,gilgal 7 8! twelve /ones10 sometimes1 app>5tly1 spok5 ( z 8! grav5 images10 b sometimes expla9$ away z memorials ( ,jahweh's help at ! pass+ ( ! ,jordan4 ,o!r examples are ,eb5ez]1 8! helpful /one10 & ,tobele?1 ! 8s]p5t-/one10 z well z ! 8great /one0 to :i* sacrifices 7 (f]$ at ,be?%eme%1 & ! o!r great /one at ,gibeon1 :i* 0 also1 no d\bt1 an e>ly ,hebrew deity4 ,s (t5 is ! "n ( ,abraham connect$ ) ^! /ones1 inde$1 t1 z "s ,g]man s*ol>s h sugge/$1 ,abraham himself may p]haps be reg>d$ z a sacr$ b\ld]1 ! rock f :i* ,israel orig9ally2 sprang4 ,9 any case1 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 we mu/ look ^u su* sacr$ /ones z !mselves a fur!r evid5ce ( ance/or-wor%ip 9 ,pale/9e1 on ! analogy ( all simil> /ones else:]e4 #ahh,we may conclude t1 z 9 previ\sly not$ in/ances1 !y 7 erect$ on ! graves ( deceas$ *iefta9s4 ,& n[ we come to ! ?ird & mo/ difficult division ( e>ly ,hebrew religion1 ! cult ( ! great gods :om ! jeal\s ,jahweh himself f9ally sup]s$$4 ,! p]sonality ( ^! gods is v obscure1 p>tly because ( ! nature ( our mat]ials1 :i*1 be+ d]iv$ entirely f ,jehovi/ic s\rces1 h done _! be/ to ov]%ad[ ! 8false gods02 b p>tly also1 ,i believe1 because1 9 ! process ( evolv+ mono!ism1 a syncretic movem5t m]g$ almo/ all _! unit$ attributes into ,jahweh himself1 :o ?us becomes at la/ ! all-absorb+ syn!sis ( an entire pan!on4 ,nev]!less1 we c po9t out "o or two %ad[y ref]5ces to su* great] gods1 ei!r by "n alone1 or by ! =m "u :i* !y 7 usually wor%ipp$4 ,! s*ol>%ip ( ! eld] g5]ation w\ld no d\bt h enum]at$ fir/ among ^! gods ! famili> names ( ,baal & ,mole*4 ,at pres5t1 su* an enum]ation is sc>cely possible4 ,we c no long] see 9 ! ,baal ( ! exi/+ ,hebrew scriptures a s+le great god4 ,we mu/ reg>d ! ^w r z a common sub/antive1--8! "l0 or 8! ma/]10--descriptive ( ! relation ( ea* di/9ct god to ! place he inhabit$4 ,! ,baalim1 9 o!r words1 seem to h be5 ! local deities or deifi$ *iefs ( ! ,semitic region2 d\btless ! dead k+s or f\nd]s ( families1 z oppos$ to ! less] gods ( ea* p>ticul> h\sehold4 ,x is n improbable1 !re=e1 t !y 7 really id5tifi$ ) ! sacr$ /ones we h j be5 consid]+1 & ) ! wood5 a%]a4 ,! ,baal is usually spok5 ( indef9itely1 )\t a prop] "n1 mu* z at ,delos m5 spoke ( 8! ,god10 at ,a!ns ( 8! ,goddess10 & n[ at ,padua ( 8il ,santo10--mean+ respectively ,apollo1 ,a!ne1 ,/4 ,antony4 ,melc>? is ?us ! ,baal ( ,tyre1 ,a/>te ! ,baala? ( ,byblos2 !re 0 a ,baal ( ,lebanon1 ( ,m\nt #ahi;,h]mon1 ( ,m\nt ,peor1 & s =?4 ,a few specific ,baalim h _! names pres]v$ = u 9 ! nom5clature ( t[ns2 su* are ,baal-tam>1 ! "l ( ! palm-tree2 ) ,baal-gad1 ,baal-,b]i?1 ,baal-meon1 & ,baal-zephon4 ,b 9 ! ,hebrew scriptures1 z a rule1 e ef=t has be5 made to blot out ! v memory ( ^! 8false gods10 & to repres5t ,jahweh alone z f ! e>lie/ p]iod ! "o true pr9ce & rul] 9 ,israel4 ,z = ,mole*1 t title m]ely means 8! k+02 & x may h be5 appli$ to m ?an "o di/9ct deity4 ,dr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? does n hesitate to hold t ! p>ticul> ,mole* to :om human sacrifices ( *ildr5 7 (f]$ by ! ,jews be=e ! captivity 0 ,jahweh himself2 x 0 to ! national god1 he believes1 t ^! fi]y rites 7 p]=m$ at ! ,tophet or pyre 9 ! rav9e j bel[ ! temple4 ,we are ?us r$uc$ to ! mo/ nebul\s details ab\t ^! great gods ( ! ,hebrews1 o!r ?an ,jahweh1 9 ! p]iod prec$+ ! ,babylonian captivity4 ,all t is c]ta9 appe>s to be t a consid]able numb] ( local gods 7 wor%ipp$ "h & !re at special sanctu>ies1 ea* ( :i* seems to h consi/$ ( an alt> or /one image1 /&+ "u a sacr$ tree or sacr$ grove1 & comb9$ ) an a%]a4 ,:ile ! names ( ,*emo%1 ! god ( ,moab1 & ( ,dagon1 ! god ( ! ,phili/9es1 h come d[n to u ) p]fect frankness & cle>ness1 no local ,hebrew god save ,jahweh has left a "n t c n[ be disc]n$ ) any approa* to c]ta9ty4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! wor%ip ( _m ( ! gods ( surr\nd+ ,semitic tribes und\bt$ly ext5d$ f ! e>lie/ times into ,israel also4 ,i mu/ likewise premise t ! wor%ip ( ! ,baalim1 )9 & )\t ,israel1 0 specially direct$ to upright conical /ones1 ! mo/ sacr$ objects at all ! sanctu>ies2 & t ^! /ones are g5]ally admitt$ to h #aijpossess$ = _! wor%ipp]s a phallic significance4 ,c]ta9 writ]s h fur!r endeav\r$ to %[ t a few animal-gods ent]$ into ! e>ly wor%ip ( ! ,hebrews4 ,i d n feel sure t _! argum5ts are conv9c+2 b = ! sake ( complet5ess ,i include ! two mo/ probable cases 9 ?is brief review ( ! vague & elusive deities ( e>ly ,israel4 ,"o ( ^! is ! god 9 ! =m ( a "y bull1 specially wor%ipp$ at ,dan & ,be!l1 z ! bull ,apis 0 wor%ipp$ at ,memphis1 & ! bull ,mnevis at ,on or ,heliopolis4 ,?is cult ( ! bull is pu%$ back 9 ! lat] traditions to ! p]iod ( ! exodus1 :5 ! ,israelites made !mselves a 8gold5 calf0 9 ! wild]ness4 ,ku551 inde$1 lays /ress ^u ! po9t t ?is ,semitic bull-wor%ip diff]$ ess5tially f ! cult ( ,apis 9 ! fact t x 0 direct$ to an image or idol1 n to a liv+ animal4 ,?is is true1 & ,i c]ta9ly d n wi% to press any p>ticul> connexion betwe5 ,egypt & ! gold5 bulls ( ,j]oboam 9 ! cities ( ,ephraim3 ?\gh ,i ?9k too mu* may p]haps be made ( sup]ficial diff]5ces & too little ( deep-seat$ resemblances 9 ^! matt]s1 see+ t bull-wor%ip is a common accompanim5t ( a phallic cult 9 ! :ole wide di/rict betwe5 ,egypt & ,india4 ,x is ! t5d5cy ( ! s*ola/ic m9d1 inde$1 to ov]-elaborate trifles1 & to multiply to excess m9ute di/9ctions4 ,b 9 any case1 we are on comp>atively safe gr\nd 9 say+ t a bull-god 0 an object ( wor%ip 9 ,israel d[n to a v late p]iod2 t 8 cult desc5d$ f an e>ly age ( ! national exi/5ce2 & t ! *ief seats ( 8 images 7 at ,dan & ,be!l 9 ,ephraim1 & at ,be]%eba 9 ,judah4 ,0 ?is bull-%ap$ deity ,jahwehrsquo2 himself1 or "o ( ! polymorphic =ms ( ,jahweh8 ,su* is ! op9ion ( ,ku551 :o says explicitly1 8,jahweh 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ! %ape ( a "y bull4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t ! #aia;cult ( ! bull-calf 0 really ! cult ( ,jahweh 9 p]son40 ,& c]ta9ly 9 ! prophetic writ+s ( ! eigh? c5tury1 we c cle>ly descry t ! wor%ipp]s ( ! bull reg>d$ !mselves z wor%ipp+ ! god ,jahweh1 :o br\ght up 8 p f ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,nev]!less1 dang]\s z x may seem = an outsid] to diff] on su* a subject f great ,semitic s*ol>s1 ,i v5ture to ?9k we may see reason h]eaft] to conclude t ?is 0 n orig9ally ! case3 t ! god wor%ipp$ "u ! =m ( ! bull-calf 0 "s o!r deity1 l ! ,mole* :om we "k to h be5 repres5t$ ) a bullrsquo2s head2 & t only by ! lat] syncretic process did ?is bull-god come to be id5tifi$ 9 ! end ) ,jahweh1 a deity 7z seems likely7 ( q diff]5t orig91 mu* z ,mnevis came to be reg>d$ at ,heliopolis z an inc>nation ( ,ra1 & z ,apis came to be reg>d$ at ,memphis z an avat> ( ,ptah & /ill lat] ( ,osiris4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ rememb] t1 z ,mr4 ,fraz] has %[n1 a sacr$ animal is (t5 held to be ! repres5tative & embodim5t ( ! v god to :om x is habitually sacrific$4 ,"h aga9 we tr5* on gr\nd :i* c only satisfactorily be occupi$ at a lat] /age ( our polymorphic argum5t4 ,a second animal-god1 app>5tly1 also ador$ 9 ! =m ( a metal image1 0 ! asp or snake1 kn[n 9 our v]sion z 8! braz5 s]p5t10 & connect$ by ! ,jehovi/ic editors ( ! e>li] traditions ) ,moses 9 ! wild]ness4 ,! "n ( ?is deity is giv5 u 9 ! ,book ( ,k+s z ,nehu%tan1 8! brass god02 b :e!r ?is 0 really its prop] designation or a m]e contemptu\s descriptive title we c h>dly be c]ta94 ,! wor%ip ( ! s]p5t is said to h gone on un9t]rupt$ly till ! days ( ,hezekiah1 :51 "u ! influ5ce ( ! exclusive devotion to ,jahweh :i* 0 !n becom+ popul>1 ! image 0 brok5 9 pieces z an idolatr\s object4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to po9t out 9 pass+ t ! asp 0 "o ( ! mo/ sacr$ animals #aib;9 ,egypt3 b1 z 9 ! case ( ! bull1 ! snake 0 also a widespread object ( wor%ip ?r\gh\t all ! surr\nd+ c\ntries2 & x is !re=e probable t ! ,hebrew snake-wor%ip may h be5 p>allel to1 r ?an d]iv$ f1 ,egyptian ophiolatry4 ,su*1 !n1 se5 ?r\gh ! dim veil ( ,jehovism1 are ! mi/y features ( t unc]ta9 pan!on 9 :i*1 ab\t ! eigh? c5tury at lea/1 ,jahweh f\nd himself ! mo/ important deity4 ,! mo/ important1 ,i say1 because x is cle> f our records t = _m ages ! wor%ip ( ,jahweh & ! wor%ip ( ! ,baalim w5t on side by side )\t consci\s rivalry4 ,& :at sort ( god 0 ?is holy ,jahweh himself1 :om ! ,hebrews recognis$ f a v e>ly "t z emphatically & above all o!rs 8! ,god ( ,israel08 ,if ev] he 0 envisag$ z a gold5 bull1 if ev] he 0 reg>d$ z ! god ( light1 fire1 or ! sun1 ^? concepts1 ,i believe1 mu/ h be5 ! result ( a late transf]5ce ( attributes & confusion ( p]sons1 su* z we may see s rife 9 ! m rec5t my/ical religion ( ,egypt4 ,:at 9 8 own nature ,jahweh mu/ h be5 9 ! e>lie/ days ( 8 nasc5t godhead ,i believe we c be/ judge by putt+ toge!r "s ( ! passages 9 old tradition>y leg5d :i* be> mo/ pla9ly ^u 8 "* & functions4 ,9 ! leg5d>y acc\nt ( ! e>lie/ deal+s ( ,jahweh ) ! ,hebrew race1 we are told t ! e?nical god appe>$ to ,abraham 9 ,h>an1 & promis$ to make ( him 8a great nation40 ,lat] on1 ,abraham compla9s ( ! want ( an heir1 say+ to ,jahweh1 8,?\ ha/ giv5 me no se$40 ,!n ,jahweh 8br\ght him =? abroad1 & said1 ,look n[ t[>d heav5 & tell ! />s3 s %all ?y se$ be40 ,ov] & ov] aga9 we get simil> promises ( fruitfulness made to ,abraham3 8,i w multiply !e exce$+ly02 8?\ %alt be a fa!r ( _m nations02 8,i w make !e exce$+ fruitful02 8k+s %all come out ( !e02 8= a fa!r ( _m nations #aic;h ,i made !e40 ,s1 too1 ( ,s>ah3 8%e %all be a "m ( nations2 k+s ( p %all be ( h]40 ,& ( ,i%mael3 8,i h bless$ him & w make him fruitful1 & w multiply him exce$+ly3 twelve pr9ces %all he beget1 & ,i w make him a great nation40 ,"t aft] "t ^! bless+s recur = ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & all 8 family3 8,i w multiply ?y se$ z ! />s ( ! heav51 & z ! s& :i* is ^u ! sea%ore1 & ?y se$ %all possess ! gate ( 8 enemies40 ,9 e "o ( ^! passages1 & 9 _m m :i* ne$ n be quot$1 b :i* w readily occur to e read]1 ,jahweh is repres5t$ especially z a god ( increase1 ( g5]ation1 ( popul\sness1 ( f]tility4 ,z su*1 too1 we f9d him frequ5tly & m>k$ly wor%ipp$ on special occasions4 ,he 0 ! god to :om /]ile wom5 pray$1 & f :om !y expect$ ! special bless+ ( a son1 to keep up ! cult ( ! family ance/ors4 ,?is trait surviv$ ev5 into ! poetry ( ! late/ p]iod4 8,he make? ! b>r5 woman to keep h\se10 says a psalmi/ ab\t ,jahweh1 8& to be a joyful "m ( *ildr540 ,& f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ,hebrew leg5d we f9d a simil> *>act]i/ic ( ! e?nical god amply v9dicat$4 ,:5 ,s>ah is old & well /rick5 9 ye>s1 ,jahweh visits h] & %e conceives ,isaac4 ,!n ,isaac 9 turn 8intreat$ ,jahweh = 8 wife1 because %e 0 b>r52 & ,jahweh 0 intreat$ ( him1 & ,rebekah 8 wife conceiv$40 ,aga91 8:5 ,jahweh saw t ,leah 0 hat$1 he op5$ h] womb2 b ,ra*el 0 b>r540 ,once m1 ( ! bir? ( ,samson we are told t ,manoah's wife 80 b>r5 & b>e n03 b 8! angel ( ,jahweh appe>$ unto ! woman & said unto h]1 ,behold1 n[ ?\ art b>r5 & be>e/ n2 b ?\ %alt conceive & be> a son40 ,& ( ,hannah we are told1 ev5 m significantly1 t ,jahweh _h 8%ut up h] womb40 ,at ! %r9e ( ,jahweh at ,%iloh1 !re=e1 %e pray$ to ,jahweh t ?is disgrace might be remov$ f h] & t a *ild might #aid;be born to h]4 ,if %e bore 8a man *ild10 %e w\ld (f] him up all 8 life long z an an*orite to ,jahweh1 to be a ,naz>ite ( ! ,"l1 an ascetic & a fanatic4 8,jahweh rememb]$ h]10 & %e bore ,samuel4 ,& aft] t aga91 8,jahweh visit$ ,hannah1 s t %e conceiv$ & b>e ?ree sons & two daught]s40 ,9 _m o!r passages we get ! self-same trait3 ,jahweh is reg>d$ above ev]y?+ z a god ( increase & a giv] ( (fspr+4 8,*ildr5 are a h]itage f ,jahweh10 says ! mu* lat] au?or ( a famili> ode3 8! fruit ( ! womb are a rew>d f him40 ,x is cle>1 too1 t ?is desire = *ildr51 = a p[]ful clan1 = ! increase ( ! p1 0 a dom9ant "o ev]y:]e 9 ,ephraim & 9 ,judah4 8,?y wife %all be z a fruitful v9e10 says ,jahweh to 8 vot>y by ! m\? ( ! poet2 8?y *ildr5 l olive plants r\nd ab\t ?y table40 8,happy is ! man t ha? 8 quiv] full ( !m10 says ano!r psalmi/2 8!y %all speak ) ! enemies 9 ! gate40 ,aga9 & aga9 ! promise is repeat$ t ! se$ ( ,abraham or ( ,joseph or ( ,i%mael %all be num]\s z ! />s ( heav5 or ! s&s ( ! sea3 ,jahweh's *ief pr]ogative is evid5tly ! gift ( increase1 ext5d$ (t5 to cattle & asses1 b always includ+ at lea/ sons & daught]s4 ,if ,israel obeys ,jahweh1 says ! ,deut]onomi/1 8,jahweh w make !e pl5te\s = good 9 ! fruit ( ?y belly1 & 9 ! fruit ( ?y cattle1 & 9 ! fruit ( ?y gr\nd03 b if o!rwise1 !n 8curs$ %all be ! fruit ( ?y body1 & ! fruit ( ?y l&1 ! increase ( ?y k9e1 & ! flocks ( ?y %eep40 ,n[1 else:]e ?r\gh\t ! _w we f9d 9 l mann] a c]ta9 class ( phallic gods :o are specially conceiv$ z giv]s ( f]tility1 & to :om pray]s & (f]+s are made by b>r5 wom5 :o desire *ildr54 ,& ! po9t to obs]ve is t ^! gods are usually 7p]haps "o might ev5 say always7 embodi$ 9 /one pill>s #aieor upright monoli?s4 ,! practical great god ( ,india--! god :om ! p really wor%ip--is ,mahadeo2 & ,mahadeo is1 z we "k1 a cyl9d] ( /one1 to :om ! l+a puja is p]=m$1 & to :om b>r5 wom5 pray = (fspr+4 ,!re are sacr$ /ones 9 we/]n ,europe1 n[ cr[n$ by a cross1 at :i* b>r5 wom5 /ill pray to ,god & ! ,madonna1 or to "s local sa9t1 = ! bless+ ( *ildr54 ,x is all[$ t :ile ! obelisk is f "o po9t ( view 79 lat] !ory7 a ray ( ! sun1 x is f ano!r po9t ( view 79 e>li] orig97 a 8symbol ( ! g5]ative p[] ( nature1--:i* is only ano!r way ( say+ t x is an ance/ral /one ( phallic virtue4 ,9 %ort1 )\t lay+ too mu* /ress ^u ! connexion1 we may conclude g5]ally t ! upright pill> came e>ly to be reg>d$1 n m]ely z a mem5to ( ! dead & an abode ( ! gho/ or indwell+ god1 b also 9 "s my/]i\s & esot]ic way z a repres5tative ( ! male & g5]ative pr9ciple4 ,if we recollect t ! /one pill> 0 (t5 id5tifi$ ) ! ance/or or fa!r1 ! reason = ?is idea w n p]haps be q s h>d to und]/&4 8,f ^! /ones we are all desc5d$10 ?9ks ! primitive wor%ipp]3 8^! are our fa!rs2 !re=e1 !y are ! giv]s ( *ildr51 ! produc]s & begett]s ( all our g5]ations1 ! pr9ciple ( f]tility1 ! prop] gods to :om to pray = (fspr+40 ,add t _m ( !m1 be+ repres5t$ z human1 or human 9 _! upp] "p at lea/1 gr[ 9 "t to be i?yphallic1 l ,priapus1 p>ty by m]e grotesque b>b>ism1 b p>tly also z a sign ( ! sex ( ! deceas$3 & we c see ! naturalness ( ?is easy transition4 ,f ! ,h]m ( ! ,greeks to ! rude phallic deities ( s _m exi/+ savage races1 we get ev]y:]e signs ( ?is con/ant connexion betwe5 ! sacr$ /one & ! idea ( pat]nity4 ,:]e ! /one repres5ts ! grave ( a woman1 ! deity ( c\rse is conceiv$ z a goddess1 b ) #aif! same implications4 ,h]odotus saw 9 ,syria /el engrav$ ) ! female pud5da4 ,! upright /one god is ?us ev]y:]e & always liable to be reg>d$ z a god ( fruitfulness4 ,b did ?is idea ( ! /one pill> ext5d to ,pale/9e & to ! ,semitic nations8 ,!re is evid5ce t x did1 besides t ( ,h]odotus4 ,major ,cond]1 ^: op9ion on all que/ions ( pure ar*aeology 7z oppos$ to philology7 des]ves ! highe/ respect1 says ( ,canaaniti% times1 8,! m5hir1 or conical /one1 0 ! emblem ?r\gh\t ,syria ( ! gods presid+ ov] f]tility1 & ! cup holl[s :i* h be5 =m$ 9 m5hirs & dolm5s are ! indications ( libations1 (t5 ( human blood1 once p\r$ on ^! /ones by e>ly wor%ipp]s40 ,he connects ^! monum5ts ) ! l+a cult ( ,india1 & adds t ,dr4 ,*apl9 has f\nd su* a cult /ill surviv+ ne> ! ,sea ( ,galilee4 ,lucian speaks ( ! two great pill>s at ! temple ( ,hi]apolis z phalli4 ,( ! ,pho5icians ,major ,cond] writes3 8,! *ief emblem wor%ipp$ 9 ! temples 0 a pill> or cone1 d]iv$ no d\bt f ! rude m5hirs :i* 7 wor%ipp$ by e>ly savage tribes1 su* z ,dravidians1 ,arabs1 ,celts1 & ,hott5tots40 ,t !y 7 orig9ally sepul*ral 9 "* we c ga!r f ! fact t 8!y (t5 /ood b5ea? trili?ons or dolm5s1 or 7 plac$ be=e an alt> made by a /one laid flat on an upright base40 8,! repres5tations on e>ly ,babylonian cyl9d]s ( tables :]eon a small fire might be k9dl$1 or an (f]+ ( "s small object laid1 seem to indicate a d]ivation f simil> /ructures4 ,! orig9al temple 9 :i* ! cone & its %r9e1 or its alt>1 7 plac$1 0 b a cromle* or enclosure1 squ>e or r\nd1 made by sett+ up /ones40 ,rema9s ( su* enclosures1 ) dolm5s on "o side1 are f\nd at v>i\s spots 9 ,moab & ,pho5icia4 ,no?+ c\ld be m obvi\sly sepul*ral 9 "* ?an ^! rude %r9es or ,gilgals1 ) ! pill> or grave/one1 f :i*1 z ,major ,cond] sugge/s1 #aig! hyp?ral temples ( ,byblos & ,baalbek are f9ally develop$4 ,t ,jahweh himself 9 8 e>lie/ =m 0 su* a /one god1 ! evid5ce1 ,i ?9k1 ?\gh n p]haps exactly conclusive1 is to say ! lea/ extremely sugge/ive4 ,i h already call$ att5tion to x 9 a previ\s *apt]1 & ne$ n "h recapitulate x 9 full2 b a few /ray additions may n be )\t value4 ,besides ! g5]al probability1 among a race ^: gods 7 s almo/ univ]sally repres5t$ by sacr$ /ones1 t any p>ticul> god1 unless ! contr>y be prov$1 0 s repres5t$1 !re is ! evid5ce ( all ! lat] language1 & ( ! poems writt5 aft] ! actual /one god himself _h p]i%$1 t ,jahweh 0 /ill popul>ly reg>d$ z1 at lea/ 9 a metaphorical s5se1 a /one or rock4 8,he is ! ,rock10 says ! ,deut]onomi/1 9 ! song put into ! m\? ( ,moses2 8,i w publi% ! "n ( ,jahweh2 ascribe greatness unto our god40 8,jahweh live?1 & bless$ be my rock10 says ! hymn :i* a lat] writ] composes = ,david 9 ! ,second ,book ( ,samuel3 8exalt$ be ! god ( ! rock ( my salvation40 ,& 9 ! psalms ! image recurs aga9 & aga93 8,jahweh is my rock & my =tress02 8,:o is a god save ,jahweh1 & :o is a rock save our god802 8,he set my feet ^u a rock1 & e/abli%$ my go+s02 8,lead me to ! rock t is great] ?an ,i02 8,jahweh is my def5ce1 & my god is ! rock ( my refuge02 8,o come1 let u s+ to ,jahweh2 let u make a joyful noise to ! rock ( our salvation40 ,& t ! %ape ( ?is /one 0 probably t ( a r\nd$ pill>1 bevell$ at ! top1 we see 9 ! fact t lat] ages pictur$ to !mselves _! transfigur$ ,jahweh z lead+ ! ,sons ( ,israel 9 ! wild]ness z a pill> ( fire by night & a pill> ( cl\d by daytime4 ,! e>li] ,israelites1 h[ev]1 _h no su* poetical illusions4 ,to !m1 _! god ,jahweh 0 simply ! object--/one pill> or o!rwise--pres]v$ 9 ! ark or *e/ #aih:i* long re/$ at ,%iloh1 & :i* 0 aft]w>ds en%r9$1 8betwe5 ! ?ighs ( ! build+0 7z a lat] gloss has x71 9 ! ,temple at ,j]usalem4 ,! :ole ( ! e>ly traditions emb$d$ 9 ! books ( ,judges1 ,samuel1 & ,k+s %[ u q cle>ly t ,jahweh himself 0 !n reg>d$ z inhabit+ ! ark1 & z c>ri$ ab\t ) x f place to place 9 all its w&]+s4 ,! /ory ( ! battle ) ! ,phili/9es at ,eb5-ez]1 ! fall ( ,dagon be=e ! rival god1 ! =tunes ( ! ark aft] its return to ! ,israeliti% p1 ! removal to ,j]usalem by ,david1 ! f9al en?ronem5t by ,solomon1 all di/9ctly %[ t ,jahweh 9 p]son dwelt )9 ! ark1 betwe5 ! gu>dian *]ubim4 8,:o is able to /& be=e ! face ( ,jahweh1 ?is v sacr$ god80 ask ! m5 ( ,be?%eme%1 :5 !y v5tur$ to look inside t hall[$ abode1 & 7 smitt5 d[n by ! 8jeal\s god0 :o lov$ to live 9 ! d>kness ( ! inmo/ sanctu>y4 99 99 ,mr4 ,william ,simpson has "s excell5t rem>ks on ! analogies ( ! ,egyptian & ,hebrew arks & sanctu>ies 9 8 pamphlet on ,! ,wor%ip ( ,dea?4 ,x may be well to note 9 ?is connexion two significant facts3 ,j su* an ark 0 us$ 9 ,egypt to conta9 ! sacr$ objects or images ( ! gods4 ,& fur!r1 at ! p]iod :5 ! ,sons ( ,israel 7 tribut>ies 9 ,egypt1 a ,!ban dyna/y rul$ ! c\ntry1 & ! wor%ip ( ! great ,!ban phallic deity1 ,khem1 0 widely spread ?r\gh\t e "p ( ! ,egyptian dom9ions4 ,is !re1 h[ev]1 any evid5ce ( a l+a or o!r /one pill> be+ ev] ?us en%r9$ & entempl$ z ! great god ( a sanctu>y8 ,cle>ly1 ,major ,cond] has already suppli$ "s1 & m is =?com+ f v>i\s o!r s\rces4 ,! cone :i* repres5t$ ,aphrodite 9 ,cyprus 0 simil>ly en%r9$ z ! *ief object ( a temple1 z 7 ! /el ( all ,egyptian mummies4 8,! trili?on10 says ,major ,cond]1 8becomes lat] a %r9e1 9 :i* ! cone or a /atue /&s40 ,! significance #aii( ?is correlation w at once be se5 if ! read] rememb]s h[1 9 ! *apt] on ,sacr$ ,/ones1 ,i %[$ ! orig9 ( ! idol f ! primitive m5hir or upright pill>4 8,! ,khonds & o!r non-,aryan tribes 9 ,india10 says ,cond] once m1 8build su* temples ( rude /ones1 daub$ ) r$1--a survival ( ! old practice ( ano9t+ ! m5hirs & ! sacr$ cone or pill> ) blood ( victims1 sometimes app>5tly human4 ,among ! ,indians1 ! pill> is a l+am1 & su* app>5tly 0 its mean+ among ! ,pho5icians40 ,& 9 ! ,greek cities we "k f ,pausanias t an unhewn /one 0 simil>ly en%r9$ 9 ! mo/ magnific5t adytum ( ! noble/ ,hell5ic temples4 ,9 fact1 x 0 r ! rule ?an o!rwise t a /one 0 ! *ief object ( wor%ip 9 ! noble/ fanes4 ,"o m curi\s trait mu/ be not$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,jahweh4 ,n only did he rejoice 9 human sacrifices1 b he also dem&$ especially an (f]+ ( ! fir/born1 & he requir$ a s+ul> & significant ransom f e man-*ild :om he p]mitt$ to live among 8 peculi> vot>ies4 ,on ! fact ( human sacrifices ,i ne$ h>dly insi/3 !y 7 an integral "p ( all ,semitic wor%ip1 & _! occurr5ce 9 ! cult ( ,jahweh has be5 univ]sally all[$ by all unprejudic$ s*ol>s4 ,! cases ( ,agag1 :om ,samuel hew$ to pieces be=e ! face ( ,jahweh1 & ( ,jeph?ah's daught]1 :om h] fa!r (f]$ up z a ?ank-(f]+ = 8 victory1 ?\gh n ( c\rse /rictly hi/orical f a critical po9t ( view1 are q suffici5t evid5ce to %[ ! temp] & ! habit ( ! ,jahweh-wor%ipp]s :o describ$ !m4 ,s ) ! leg5d ( ! (f]+ ( ,isaac1 :o is m]ely rescu$ at ! la/ mom5t 9 ord] t ! god ( g5]ation may make him ! fa!r ( _m ?\s&s4 ,aga91 ,david seeks to pacify ! ang] ( ,jahweh by a sacrifice ( sev5 ( ! sons ( ,saul4 ,& ! prophet ,micah asks1 8,%all ,i give my fir/-born = my transgression1 ! fruit ( my body = ! s9 ( my s\l80--a passage #bjj:i* und\bt$ly implies t 9 ,micah's "t su* a sacrifice ( ! elde/ *ild 0 a common incid5t ( curr5t ,jahweh-wor%ip4 ,f human sacrifice to circumcision ! transition is less viol5t ?an w\ld at fir/ sight appe>4 ,an int]m$iate type is f\nd 9 ! d$ication ( ! fir/-born1 :]e ,jahweh seems to claim = himself1 n z a victim1 b z a slave & devotee1 ! fir/ fruits ( t increase :i* x is 8 peculi> function to ensure4 ,9 v>i\s laws1 ,jahweh lays claim to ! fir/-born ( man & bea/1--sometimes to all1 sometimes only to ! male fir/-born4 ,! animals 7 sacrific$2 ! sons1 9 lat] ages at lea/1 7 ei!r made ov] z ,naz>ites or r$eem$ ) an (f]+ or a money-ransom4 ,b we _c d\bt t 9 ! e>lie/ times ! fir/-born *ild 0 sla9 be=e ,jahweh4 ,9 ! curi\s leg5d ( ,moses & ,zipporah we get a /range folk-tale connect+ ?is cu/om indirectly ) ! practice ( circumcision4 ,jahweh seeks to kill ,moses1 app>5tly because he has n (f]$ up 8 *ild3 b ,zipporah 8 wife takes a /one knife1 circumcises h] son1 & fl+s ! bloody (f]+ at ,jahweh's feet1 :o !reupon lets h] husb& g4 ,?is1 r ?an ! lat] acc\nt ( its in/itution by ,abraham1 seems ! true old explanatory leg5d ( ! orig9 ( circumcision--a leg5d analog\s to ^? :i* we f9d 9 ,roman & o!r e>ly hi/ory z embody+ or expla9+ c]ta9 anci5t cu/oms or legal =mulae4 ,circumcision1 9 fact1 appe>s to be a bloody sacrifice to ,jahweh1 z ! god ( g5]ation3 a sacrifice ess5tially ( ! nature ( a ransom1 & !re=e comp>able to all ^? o!r bodily mutilations ^: orig9 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has s well %[n 9 ! ,c]emonial ,in/itutions4 ,at ! same "t1 ! nature ( ! (f]+ helps to ca/ light ^u ! "* ( ,jahweh z a god ( increase2 exactly z ! 8em]ods0 ) :i* ! ,phili/9es 7 afflict$ = ! capture ( ,jahweh & 8 ark %[ #bja! nature ( ! v5geance :i* might naturally be expect$ f a deity ( g5]ation4 ,la/ ( all1 h[ is x t lat] ,hebrew writ]s believ$ ! object conceal$ 9 ! ark to h be51 n a phallic /one1 b a copy ( ! 8,t5 ,words0 :i* ,jahweh 0 fabl$ to h deliv]$ to ,moses8 ,t w\ld be difficult to decide3 b "h at lea/ is an ap]u ^u ! subject :i* ,i ?r[ out = :at x may be wor?4 ,! lat] ,hebrews1 :5 _! views ( ,jahweh _h gr[n exp&$ & e!realis$1 7 obvi\sly a%am$ ( _! old /one-wor%ip1 if inde$ !y 7 ar*aeologi/s en\gh aft] ! captivity to "k t x _h ev] really exi/$4 ,:at m natural1 !n1 ?an = !m to suppose t ! /one :i* !y he>d ( z hav+ be5 enclos$ 9 ! ark 0 a copy ( ! 8,t5 ,words10--! cov5ant ( ,jahweh8 ,h5ce1 p]haps1 ! lat] sub/itution ( ! t]m1 8,ark ( ! ,cov5ant10 = ! old] & correct] phrase1 8,ark ( ,jahweh40 ,"o m sugge/ion1 /ill m purely hypo!tical4 ,cones ) pyramidal heads1 be>+ inscriptions to ! deceas$1 7 us$ by ! ,pho5icians = int]m5ts4 ,x is j possible t ! orig9al ,jahweh may h be5 su* an anci5t pill>1 cov]$ ) writ+s ( "s e>li] "*1 :i* 7 int]pret$ lat] z ! equival5ts or symbols ( ! 8,t5 ,words40 ,putt+ all ! evid5ce toge!r1 !n1 z f> z we c n[ recov] x1 & int]pret+ x on broad an?ropological l9es by analogy f else:]e1 ,i %\ld say ! foll[+ propositions seem fairly probable3 ,! orig9al religion ( ,israel 0 a mix$ poly!ism1 conta9+ _m v>i\s types ( gods1 & bas$ l all o!r religions ^u dome/ic & tribal ance/or-wor%ip4 ,"s ( ! gods 7 ( animal %apes3 o!rs 7 m or less vaguely an?ropomorphic4 ,b ! majority 7 wor%ipp$ "u ! =m ( sacr$ /ones1 trees1 or wood5 cones4 ,! great] "p ( ^! gods 7 ,semitic 9 type1 & common to ! ,sons ( ,israel ) _! neighb\rs #bjb;& k9sm54 ,! "* ( ! ,hebrew wor%ip1 h[ev]1 app>5tly und]w5t "s slight modification 9 ,egypt2 or at any rate1 ,egyptian influ5ces l$ to ! pref]5ce ( c]ta9 gods ov] o!rs at ! p]iod ( ! ,exodus4 ,"o god1 9 p>ticul>1 ,jahweh by "n1 seems to h be5 almo/ peculi> to ! ,sons ( ,israel1--_! e?nical deity1 & !re=e 9 all probability an e>ly tribal ance/or or ! /one repres5tative ( su* an ance/or4 ,! leg5ds are probably "r 9 _! implication t ?is god 0 already wor%ipp$ 7n ( c\rse exclusively7 by ! ,sons ( ,israel be=e _! /ay 9 ,egypt2 !y are almo/ c]ta9ly correct 9 ascrib+ ! great gr[? & ext5sion ( 8 cult to ! p]iod ( ! ,exodus4 ,! ,sons ( ,israel1 at lea/ f ! date ( ! ,exodus onw>d1 c>ri$ ?is god or 8 rude image ) !m 9 an ark or box ?r\gh all _! w&]+s4 ,! object s c>ri$ 0 probably a conical /one pill>1 :i* we may conjecture to h be5 ! grave-/one ( "s deifi$ ance/or3 & ( ?is ance/or 8,jahweh0 0 p]haps ei!r ! prop] "n or a descriptive epi!t4 ,ev5 if1 z ,col5so sugge/s1 ! "n itself 0 ,canaaniti%1 & belong$ already to a local god1 its application to ! sacr$ /one ( ! ark w\ld be m]ely ano!r in/ance ( ! common t5d5cy to id5tify ! gods ( "o race or c\ntry ) ^? ( ano!r4 ,! /one itself 0 always en%r\d$ 9 ,egyptian my/]y1 & no private p]son 0 p]mitt$ to behold x4 ,sacrifices1 bo? human & o!rwise1 7 (f]$ up to x1 z to ! o!r gods1 its fell[rsquo2s & aft]w>ds its hat$ rivals4 ,! /one1 l o!r sacr$ /ones ( pill> %ape1 0 reg>d$ z emblematic ( ! g5]ative p[]4 ,circumcision 0 a m>k ( devotion to ,jahweh1 at fir/1 no d\bt1 ei!r volunt>y1 or p]=m$ by way ( a ransom1 b becom+ ) ! gr[? & exclusiv5ess ( ,jahweh-wor%ip a di/9ctive rite ( ,jahweh's *os5 p4 7,b o!r ,semites also circumcis$ #bjc!mselves z a blood-(f]+ to _! own m or less phallic deities47 ,m briefly /ill1 among _m ,hebrew gods1 ,jahweh 0 orig9ally b a s+le "o1 a tribal ance/or-god1 wor%ipp$ 9 ! =m ( a cyl9drical /one1 p]haps at fir/ a grave-/one1 & reg>d$ z ess5tially a god ( increase1 a special object ( v5]ation by *ildless wom54 ,f ?is rude e?nical div9ity1 ! m]e sacr$ pill> ( a b>b>\s tribe1 0 gradually develop$ ! ,"l ,god ( lat] ,judaism & ( ,*ri/ianity--a p[]1 et]nal1 omnisci5t1 almighty1 holy2 ! mo/ e!real1 ! mo/ sublime1 ! mo/ sup]human deity t ! bra9 ( man has ev] conceiv$4 ,by :at sl[ evolution>y process ( syncretism & elim9ation1 ( spiritual my/icism & national en?usiasm1 ( e?ical ef=t & imag9ative impulse t mighty ,god 0 at la/ project$ out ( s unpromis+ an orig9al x w be ! task ( our succe$+ *apt]s to inve/igate & to describe4 ,,*apt] ,x4--,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,mono!ism4 ,,we #bjd;h se5 t ! ,hebrews 7 orig9ally poly!i/s1 & t _! e?nical god ,jahweh seems to h be5 wor%ipp$ by !m 9 e>ly times "u ! mat]ial =m ( a cyl9drical /one pill>4 ,or r1 to speak m naturally1 ! object !y s wor%ipp$ !y reg>d$ z a god1 & call$ ,jahweh4 ,! "q next confronts u1 h[ f ?is humble beg9n+ did ,israel atta9 to ! pure mono!ism ( its lat] age8 ,:at 0 !re 9 ! position or conditions ( ! ,hebrew race :i* made ! lat] ,jews reject all _! o!r gods1 & fabricate out ( _! e>ly national ,sacr$ ,/one ! mo/ sublime1 au/]e1 & omnipot5t deity t humanity has kn[n8 ,! answ]1 ,i believe1 to ?is pregnant "q is p>tly to be f\nd 9 a c]ta9 g5]al t5d5cy ( ! ,semitic m9d2 p>tly 9 ! peculi> political & social /ate ( ! ,israeliti% tribes dur+ ! n9?1 eigh?1 sev5?1 six?1 & fif? c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,or1 to put ! propos$ solution ( ! problem1 be=eh&1 9 a /ill simpl] =m1 ,hebrew mono!ism 0 to "s ext5t ! result ( a syncretic treatm5t ( all ! gods1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! attributes & *>act]s ( ea* became m]g$ 9 ! o!r1 only ! names 7if any?+7 rema9+ di/9ct2 & to "s ext5t ! result ( ! int5se national patriotism1 ( :i* ! e?nical god ,jahweh 0 at once ! outcome1 ! expression1 & ! fonde/ hope4 ,! belief t ,jahweh f\ght = ,israel1 #bje;& t by tru/ 9 ,jahweh alone c\ld ,israel hold h] own aga9/ ,egypt & ,assyria1 wildly fanatical z x appe>s to u to-day1 & utt]ly disprov$ by all ! facts ( ! case z x ultimately 01 nev]!less =m$ a c5tral idea ( ! ,hebrew patriots1 & result$ by sl[ degrees 9 ! firm e/abli%m5t fir/ ( an exclusive1 & aft]w>ds ( a truly mono!i/ic ,jahweh-cult4 ,x is "o ( ,erne/ ,r5an's brilliant p>adoxes t ! ,semitic m9d is naturally mono!i/ic4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,semitic m9d has %[n ?is native t5d5cy 9 its fir/ /ages by ev]y:]e evolv+ pretty mu* ! same poly!i/ic pan!on z t evolv$ by e o!r gr\p ( human be+s ev]y:]e4 ,nev]!less1 !re is p]haps ?is k]nel ( tru? 9 ,r5an's p>adoxical cont5tion2 ! ,semites1 m readily ?an mo/ o!r p1 m]ge ! features ( _! deities "o 9 ! o!r4 ,t is n1 inde$1 by any means an exclusive ,semitic trait4 ,we saw already1 9 deal+ ) ! ,egyptian religion1 h[ all ! =ms & functions ( ! gods fad$ at la/ into an inextricable mixture1 an olla podrida ( div9ity1 f :i* x 0 practically impossible to dis5tangle ) c]ta9ty ! orig9al p]sonalities ( ,ra & ,turn1 ( ,am5 & ,osiris1 ( ,nei? & ,isis1 ( ,ptah & ,apis4 ,ev5 9 ! relatively fix$ & individualis$ pan!on ( ,hellas1 x occurs (t5 en\gh t confusions bo? ( p]son & pr]ogative obscure ! di/9ctness ( ! v>i\s gods4 ,aphrodite & ,h]akles are polymorphic 9 _! embodim5ts4 ,b 9 ! ,semitic religions1 at lea/ 9 t lat] /age :]e we fir/ come across !m1 ! l9eam5ts ( ! diff]5t deities are s blurr$ & indef9ite t h>dly any?+ m ?an m]e names c ) c]ta9ty be recognis$4 ,no o!r gods are s %ad[y & s vague4 ,! type ( ?is pan!on is t dim figure ( ,el-,%addai1 ! e>ly & t]rible object ( ,hebrew wor%ip1 ( ^: attributes & nature we "k positively no?+1 b :o /&s 9 ! backgr\nd ( all ,hebrew ?\ght z ! embodim5t ( ! nameless #bjf;& trembl+ dread begott5 on man's s\l by ! irresi/ible & ru?less =ces ( nature4 ,?is vagu5ess & %ad[9ess ( ! ,semitic religi\s conceptions seems to dep5d to "s ext5t ^u ! in>ti/ic nature ( ! ,semitic culture4 ,! ,semite seldom c>v$ ! image ( 8 god4 ,roman obs]v]s not$ ) surprise t ! %r9e ( ,c>mel conta9$ no idol4 ,b x dep5d$ also ^u deep-seat$ *>act]i/ics ( ! ,semitic race4 ,melan*oly1 contemplative1 pr\d1 res]v$1 b /rangely fanciful1 ! ,arab ( to-day p]haps gives u ! clue to ! indef9ite nature ( e>ly ,semitic religi\s ?9k+4 ,!re nev] 0 ane!r _w m gho/ly ?an ,%eol2 !re nev] 7 gods m dimly awful ?an ! ,elohim :o float ?r\gh ! e>ly /ories ( ! ,hebrew my/ical cycle4 ,_! v names are h>dly kn[n to u3 !y come to u ?r\gh ! veil ( lat] ,jehovi/ic edit+ ) su* m]ely descriptive titles z ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ! ,t]ror ( ,isaac1 ! ,mighty ,p[]1 ! ,mo/ ,high ,deity4 ,inde$1 ! true ,hebrew1 l _m o!r b>b>ians1 seems to h %runk ei!r f look+ ^u ! actual =m ( 8 god itself1 or f pron\nc+ al\d 8 prop] "n4 ,8 deity 0 %r\d$ 9 ! d>kness ( an ark or ! deep gloom ( an inn] t5t or sanctu>y2 ! syllables t designat$ ! object ( 8 wor%ip 7 nev] utt]$ 9 full1 save on ! mo/ solemn occasions1 b 7 %irk$ or slurr$ ov] by "s descriptive epi!t4 ,ev5 ! unpron\nceable title ( ,jahweh itself appe>s f our docum5ts to h be5 a lat] "n be/[$ dur+ ! ,exodus on an antique god3 :ile ! rival titles ( ! ,baal & ! ,mole* mean no?+ m ?an ! ,"l & ! ,k+ respectively4 ,an excessive rev]5ce =bade ! ,semite to "k any?+ ( 8 god's p]sonal appe>ance or true "n1 & s left ! features ( almo/ all ! gods equally unc]ta9 & equally =mless4 ,b besides ! difficulty ( accurately di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! =ms & functions ( ! diff]5t ,semitic deities #bjg:i* ev5 _! vot>ies mu/ h felt f ! beg9n+1 !re 0 a sup]add$ difficulty 9 ! develop$ cre$1 due to ! sup]position ( elem5tal my/icism & nature-wor%ip ^u ! primitive cult ( ance/ral gho/s z gods & goddesses4 ,j z ,ra1 ! sun1 0 id5tifi$ 9 ! late/ ages ) almo/ e ,egyptian god1 s sol> ideas & sol> my?s affect$ at la/ ! di/9ct p]sonality ( almo/ e ,semitic deity4 ,! consequ5ce is t all ! gods become 9 ! end practically indi/+ui%able3 "o is s l ! o!r t diff]5t int]pret]s make ! mo/ div]se id5tifications1 & are app>5tly ju/ifi$ 9 s do+ 7f ! my?ological /&po9t7 by ! /rong sol> or elem5tal family lik5ess :i* runs ?r\gh ! :ole pan!on 9 its lat] /ages4 ,x has ev5 be5 d\bt$ by s*ol>s ( ! old] s*ool :e!r ,jahweh is n himself a =m ( 8 great rival ,baal3 :e!r bo? 7 n at bottom id5tical--m]e div]g5t %apes ( "o polyonym\s sun-god4 ,to u1 :o recognise 9 e ,baal ! sep>ate gho/-god ( a di/9ct tomb1 su* id5tification is cle>ly impossible4 ,to ! wor%ipp]s ( ! ,baalim or ( ,jahweh !mselves1 h[ev]1 ^! ab/rus] my?ological problems nev] pres5t$ !mselves4 ,! diff]5ce ( "n & ( holy place 0 q en\gh = !m1 9 spite ( ess5tial id5tity ( attribute or nature4 ,!y w\ld kill "o ano!r = ! sake ( a descriptive epi!t1 or risk dea? itself r ?an (f] up sacrifices at a ho/ile alt>4 ,nev]!less1 v>i\s influ5ces conspir$1 "h z else:]e1 to br+ ab\t a gradual movem5t ( syncretism--t is to say1 ( ! absorption ( _m di/9ct gods into "o2 ! f9al id5tification ( sev]al deities orig9ally sep>ate4 ,:at ^? influ5ces 7 we mu/ n[ briefly consid]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we mu/ recollect t :ile 9 ,egypt1 ) its dry & peculi>ly pres]vative climate1 mummies1 idols1 tombs1 & temples might be kept un*ang$ & unde/roy$ #bjh;= ages1 9 almo/ all o!r c\ntries ra91 w9d1 & "t are mighty levell]s ( human h&icraft4 ,?us1 :ile 9 ,egypt ! cult ( ! ,dead ,ance/or survives z su* q confess$ly & op5ly = _m c5turies1 9 mo/ o!r c\ntries ! t5d5cy is = ! actual p]sonal objects ( wor%ip to be m & m =gott52 vague gods & spirits usurp by degrees ! place ( ! hi/oric man2 rites at la/ cl+ r to sites ?an to p>ticul> p]sons4 ,! tomb may disappe>2 & yet ! sacr$ /one may be rev]5c$ /ill ) ! accu/om$ v5]ation4 ,! sacr$ /one may g2 & yet ! sacr$ tree may be wat]$ ye>ly ) ! blood ( victims4 ,! tree itself may die2 & yet ! /ump may cont9ue to be drap$ on its anniv]s>y ) fe/al app>el4 ,! v /ump may decay2 & yet gifts ( food or (f]+s ( rags may be ca/ z ( old into ! sacr$ spr+ t once well$ beside x4 ,! locality ?us gr[s to be holy 9 itself1 & gives u "o cle> & obvi\s s\rce ( lat] nature-wor%ip4 ,! gods or spirits :o haunt su* %r9es come naturally to be ?\ght ( ) ! lapse ( ages z mu* l "o ano!r4 ,god%ip is all t c long rema9 ( _! individual attributes4 ,_! v names are (t5 unkn[n2 !y are rememb]$ m]ely z ! "l ( ,lebanon1 ! ,baal ( ,m\nt ,peor4 ,no wond] t aft] a "t !y get to be practically id5tifi$ ) "o ano!r1 :ile simil> my?s are (t5 fa/5$ by po/]ity to _m ( !m toge!r4 ,inde$1 we "k t new names1 & ev5 =eign intrusive names1 frequ5tly take ! place ( ! orig9al titles1 :ile ! god himself /ill cont9ues to be wor%ipp$ z ! same %apeless /one1 ) ! same prescrib$ rites1 9 ! same squalid or spl5did temples4 ,?us1 ,melc>?1 ! ,baal ( ,tyre1 0 ador$ 9 lat] days "u ! ,greek "n ( ,h]akles2 & ?us at ,bablos two local deities1 aft] be+ id5tifi$ fir/ ) ! ,syrian div9ities1 ,adonis & ,a/>te1 7 id5tifi$ lat] ) ! ,egyptian div9ities1 ,osiris & ,isis4 #bji,yet ! my?s ( ! place %[ u t ?r\gh all t "t ! true wor%ip 0 paid to ! dead /ump ( a sacr$ tree1 :i* 0 said to h gr[n f ! grave ( a god--9 o!r words1 f ! tumulus ( an anci5t *iefta94 ,no matt] h[ greatly my?ologies *ange1 ^! local cults rema9 ev] con/ant2 ! sacr$ /ones are "h describ$ z haunt$ by dj9ns1 & !re z memorials ( ,*ri/ian m>tyrs2 ! holy wells are d$icat$ "h to nymph or h]o1 & receive (f]+s !re to sa9t or fairy4 ,s ! holy oaks ( immemorial wor%ip 9 ,engl& become 8,?or's oaks0 "u ,saxon hea!ndom1 & 8,gospel oaks0 "u m$iaeval ,*ri/ianity4 ,f9ally1 9 ! late/ /ages ( wor%ip1 an attempt is always made to "w 9 ! heav5ly bodies & ! great en]gies ( nature into ! my?ological gr\ndwork or !ory ( religion4 ,e k+ is ! desc5dant ( ! sun1 & e great god is !re=e necess>ily ! sun 9 p]son4 ,endless my?s arise f ^! phrases1 :i* are mi/ak5 by my?ologi/s = ! c5tral facts & s\rces ( religion4 ,b !y are no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,my/icism & symbolism c nev] be primitive2 !y are well-meant attempts by cultivat$ religi\s ?9k]s ( lat] days to read deep-seat$ mean+ into ! crude ideas & /ill crud] practices ( traditional religion4 ,i may add t ,dr4 ,rob]tson ,smi?'s le>n$ & able works are con/antly spoil$ 9 ?is way by 8 dogg$ det]m9ation to see nature-wor%ip z primitive1 :]e x is really d]ivative1 z ! e>lie/ />t+-po9t1 :]e x is really ! highe/ & late/ developm5t4 ,cle>ly1 :5 all gods h come to be m or less sol> 9 _! ext]nal & acquir$ features1 ! process ( id5tification & int]nationalisation is proportionately easy4 ,! syncretism ?us br\ght ab\t 9 ! ,hebrew religion by ! sup]position ( nature-wor%ip on ! primitive cult mu/ h pav$ ! way = ! lat] recognition ( #bajmono!ism1 exactly z we "k x did 9 ! esot]ic cre$ ( ,egypt1 by mak+ all ! gods s mu* alike t wor%ipp]s _h only to *ange ! "n ( _! deity1 n ! attributes ( ! ess5tial conception4 ,let u look fir/ h[ f> ?is syncretism affect$ ! lat] idea ( ,jahweh1 ! phallic /one-god pres]v$ 9 ! ark2 & !n let u enquire aft]w>d h[ ! patriotic reaction aga9/ ,assyrian aggression put ! f9al cop+-/one on ! ris+ fabric ( mono!i/ic ,jahweh-wor%ip4 ,x is (t5 ass]t$ t ,jahweh 0 wor%ipp$ 9 _m places 9 ,israel "u ! =m ( a gold5 calf4 ,t is to say1 ,hebrews :o set up images ( a metal bull believ$ !mselves nev]!less to be wor%ipp+ ,jahweh4 ,ev5 ! prophets ( ! eigh? c5tury reg>d ! cult ( ! bull z a =m ( ,jahweh-wor%ip1 ?\gh n a =m to :i* !y c p]sonally give _! approbation4 ,b ! bull is probably 9 its orig9 a di/9ct god f ! /one 9 ! ark2 & if its wor%ip 0 id5tifi$ ) t ( ! ,rock ( ,israel1 x c\ld be only by a late piece ( syncretic my/icism4 ,p]haps ! l9k "h1 z 9 ! case ( ,apis1 0 a prie/ly recognition ( ! bull z symbolis+ ! g5]ative p[] ( nature2 an idea :i* w\ld be peculi>ly appropriate to ! god ^: great function x 0 to enc\rage fruitfulness4 ,b 9 any case1 we _c b see 9 ?is lat] calf-wor%ip a sup]add$ elem5t :olly di/9ct f ! old] cult ( ! sacr$ /one1 j z ! wor%ip ( ,ra 0 :olly di/9ct 9 orig9 f ! totem-cult ( ,mnevis1 or z ! wor%ip ( ,am5 0 :olly di/9ct f t ( ,khem & ,osiris4 ,! /one-god & ! bull-god m]ge at la/ into "o1 mu* z at a f> lat] date ! man ,jesus m]ges into ! ,hebrew god1 & receives m rev]5ce 9 mod]n fai?s ?an ! old] deity :om he practically replaces4 ,ev5 9 ! ,temple at ,j]usalem itself1 symbols ( bull-wor%ip 7 app>5tly admitt$4 ,! alt> ^u :i* ! daily sacrifice 0 burnt _h f\r horns2 & ! lav] #baa;9 ! c\rt1 ! 8braz5 sea10 0 support$ ^u ! figures ( twelve ox54 ,:5 we rememb] t ! ,mole* _h ! head ( a bull1 we c h>dly fail to see 9 ^! symbols a tok5 ( t gradual syncretism :i* inv>iably affects all develop$ pan!ons 9 all civilis$ c\ntries4 ,mu* m important are ! suppos$ signs ( ! lat] id5tification ( ,jahweh ) ! sun1 & 8 em]g5ce z a modifi$ & transfigur$ sun-god4 ,x may seem odd at fir/ t su* a "* c\ld ev] be acquir$ by a sacr$ /one1 did we n recollect ! exactly simil> hi/ory ( ! ,egyptian obelisk1 :i* 9 l mann] repres5ts1 fir/ & =emo/1 ! upright pill> or monoli?--t is to say1 ! primitive grave/one--b second>ily & d]ivatively1 at once ! g5]ative pr9ciple & a ray ( ! sun4 ,) ?is lum9\s analogy to guide u 9 our se>*1 we %all h little difficulty 9 recognis+ h[ a sol> "* may h be5 giv5 to ! lat] attributes & descriptions ( ,jahweh4 ,i d n myself atta* undue importance to ^! sol> *>act]i/ics ( ! fully evolv$ ,jahweh2 b s mu* has be5 made ( !m by a c]ta9 s*ool ( mod]n ?9k]s t ,i mu/ n pass !m ov] 9 complete sil5ce4 ,to 8 e>ly wor%ipp]s1 !n1 z we saw1 ,jahweh 0 m]ely ! /one 9 ! ark4 ,he dwelt !re visibly1 & :]e ! ark w5t1 !re ,jahweh w5t ) x4 ,b ! lat] ,hebrews--say 9 ! eigh? c5tury--_h acquir$ a v diff]5t idea ( ,jahweh's dwell+-place4 ,a/rological & sol> ideas 7d\btless ,akkadian 9 orig97 _h pr(\ndly modifi$ _! rude primitive conceptions4 ,to ,amos & to ! true ,isaiah1 ,jahweh dwells 9 ! op5 sky above & is 8,jahweh ( ho/s10 ! lead] among ! %9+ army ( heav51 ! k+ ( ! />-_w4 8,ov] ^? cele/ial bodies & cele/ial inhabitants ,jahweh rules02 !y surr\nd him & execute 8 comm&s3 #bab! ho/ ( heav5 are 8 mess5g]s--9 ! m famili> language ( our mod]n religion1 8! angels ( ! ,"l10 ! s]vants ( ,jahweh4 ,to ,micah1 heav5 is 8! temple ( ,jahweh's hol9ess03 8,god on high10 is ! descriptive phrase by :i* ! prophet alludes to him4 ,9 all ?is we h rea*$ a v diff]5t conception inde$ f t ( ! e>ly & simple-m9d$ ,israelites :o c>ri$ _! god ) !m on an ox-c>t f /ation to /ation4 ,fur!rmore1 light & fire are con/antly reg>d$ by ^! lat] ?9k]s z manife/ations ( ,jahweh2 & ev5 9 edit+ ! e>li] leg5ds !y introduce su* new] ideas1 mak+ 8! glory ( ,jahweh0 light up ! ark1 or appe> 9 ! burn+ bu%1 or comb9+ bo? views1 ! eld] & ! y\ng]1 9 ! pill> ( fire t prec$$ ! nomad horde ( ,israel 9 ! wild]ness4 ,jahweh is said to 8s5d0 or to 8ca/ fire0 f heav51 9 :i* expressions we see once m ! advanc$ concept ( an elem5tal god1 ^: voice is ! ?und]1 & ^: weapon ! lightn+4 ,all ^! are famili> developm5ts ( ! *ief god 9 a pan!on4 ,says ,ze*>iah 9 8 poem1 8,ask ye ( ,jahweh ra9 9 ! "t ( ! latt] %[]s3 ,jahweh w make ! lightn+s40 ,says ,isaiah1 8,! light ( ,israel %all be = a fire1 ,& 8 holy "o = a flame02 8,behold1 ! "n ( ,jahweh come? f af>1 ,8 ang] burne?1 & viol5tly ! smoke rise? on high3 ,8 lips are full ( indignation1 ,& 8 tongue is z a dev\r+ fire40 ,9 ^! & a hundr$ o!r passages t might be quot$1 we seem to see ,jahweh envisag$ to a great ext5t z a sun-god1 & clo!d 9 almo/ all ! attributes ( a fi]y ,mole*4 ,sometimes ^! ,mole*-traits come v close inde$ to ^? ( ! m g5]ally ackn[l$g$ fire-gods4 8,?us we read10 says ,ku551 8t lsquo2! glory ( ,jahweh 0 l dev\r+ fire on ! top ( ,m\nt ,s9airsquo22 & t #88 angel appe>$ 9 a flame ( fire out ( ! mid/ ( a bu%3 ! bu% burn$ ) fire b 0 n consum$4'0 #bac,s ,jahweh himself is call$ 8a consum+ fire1 a jeal\s god03 & a poet ?us describes 8 appe>ance1 8,smoke goe? up out ( 8 no/rils1 ,& fire out ( 8 m\? dev\re?2 coals ( fire are k9dl$ by him40 ,^! are obvi\sly v d]ivative & borr[$ pr]ogatives ) :i* to deck out ! primitive /one pill> t l$ ! p ( ,israel up out ( ,egypt4 ,yet we "k t precisely analog\s evolutions h be5 und]gone by o!r /one-gods else:]e4 ,once m1 ?\gh ?is is to anticipate a little1 ! lat] ,jahweh-wor%ip seems to h absorb$ into itself c]ta9 a/rological elem5ts :i* 7 orig9ally q ali5 to x1 belong+ to ! cult ( o!r gods4 ,su* = example is ! in/itution ( ! ,sabba?1 ! unlucky day ( ! malign god ,kewn or ,saturn1 on :i* x 0 undesirable to d any k9d ( "w1 & on :i* accord+ly ! sup]/iti\s ,semite re/$ altoge!r f 8 weekly lab\rs4 ,! division ( ! lun> mon? 7! sacr$ p]iod ( ,a/>te1 ! que5 ( heav57 into f\r weeks ( sev5 days ea*1 d$icat$ 9 turn to ! gods ( ! sev5 planets1 belongs obvi\sly to ! same late cult ( ! elem5tal & a/rological gods1 or1 r1 ( ! gods ) :om ^! heav5ly bodies 7 at la/ id5tifi$ "u ,akkadian influ5ce4 ,! e>li] prophets ( ! exclusive ,jahweh-wor%ip d5\nce z idolatr\s su* obs]vation ( ! ,sabba? & ! a/rological fea/s--8,y\r ,sabba?s & y\r new moons are an abom9ation to me02 & accord+ to ,amos1 ,kewn himself _h be5 ! *ief idolatr\s object ( wor%ip by 8 c\ntrym5 9 ! wild]ness4 ,lat] on1 h[ev]1 ! ,jehovi/ic p>ty f\nd itself p[]less to break ! curr5t ( sup]/ition on ! ,sabba? "q1 & a new modus viv5di 0 !re=e necess>y4 ,!y arrang$ a prud5t compromise4 ,! ,sabba? 0 adopt$ bodily into ! mono!i/ic ,jahweh-wor%ip1 & a my?ical reason 0 giv5 = its in/itution & its sacr$ "* :i* nom9ally l9k$ x on to ! cult ( ! e?nical god4 ,on t day1 said #bad! prie/ly cosmogoni/s1 ,jahweh re/$ f 8 lab\r ( creation4 ,9 ! same way1 _m o!r fragm5ts ( ext]nal cults 7 loosely atta*$ to ! wor%ip ( ,jahweh by a v]bal connection ) "s "p ( ! revis$ ,jehovi/ic leg5d1 or else 7 accr$it$ to national ,jehovi/ic or ,jehovis$ h]oes4 ,hav+ ?us briefly sket*$ out ! gradual *anges :i* ! conception ( ,jahweh himself und]w5t dur+ ! ages :5 8 supremacy 0 be+ sl[ly e/abli%$ 9 ! conf$]acy ( ,israel1 let u n[ h>k back once m & attack ! f9al problem1 ,:y did ! p>ticul> cult ( ,jahweh become at la/ exclusive & mono!i/ic8 ,to beg9 )1 we mu/ rememb] t f ! v outset ( ! national exi/5ce1 ,jahweh 0 cle>ly reg>d$ on all h&s z ! e?nical god1 ! special god ( ,israel4 ,! relation ( su* e?nical gods to _! p has be5 admirably work$ out by ,dr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? 9 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites4 ,ev5 ?\gh we _c1 h[ev]1 accept z hi/orical ! view giv5 u ( ! exodus 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 nor admit t ,jahweh play$ any?+ l s l>ge a "p 9 ! great national migration z is !re indicat$1 x is yet obvi\s t f ! mom5t :5 ,israel felt itself a nation at all1 ,jahweh 0 recognis$ z its *ief deity4 ,he 0 ! 8god ( ,israel10 j z ,milcom 0 ! god ( ! ,ammonites1 ,*emo% ! god ( ,moab1 & ,a%t>o? ! goddess ( ,sidon4 ,z di/9ctly z e ,a!nian1 :ile wor%ipp+ ,zeus & ,h]a & ,apollo1 held ,a!ne to be ! special patron ( ,a!ns1 s did e ,israelite1 :ile wor%ipp+ ! ,baalim & ! ,mole* & ! local deities g5]ally1 hold ,jahweh to be ! special patron ( ,israel4 ,moreov]1 f ! v beg9n+1 !re is reason to suppose t ! ,israelites reg>d$ ,jahweh z _! supreme god4 ,mo/ pan!ons f9ally settle d[n into a recognis$ hi]>*y1 9 :i* "o deity or ano!r gradually assumes ! fir/ place4 ,s1 9 ,hellas1 ! supremacy ( ,zeus 0 und\bt$2 s1 9 ,rome1 0 ! supremacy #bae( ,jupit]4 ,sometimes1 to be sure1 z among our ,teutonic ance/ors1 we see room = d\bt betwe5 two rival gods3 x w\ld be difficult to assign ! exact priority to ei!r ( ! two lead+ deities3 among ! ,engli%1 ,wod5 r bore x ov] ,?unor2 among ! ,sc&9avians1 ,?or r bore x ov] ,od94 ,9 ,israel1 9 l mann]1 !re 0 app>5tly a "t :5 ! ,presid5cy ( ! ,immortals hov]$ betwe5 ,jahweh & "o or o!r ( ! local ,baalim4 ,b 9 ! end1 & p]haps ev5 f ! v beg9n+1 ! suffrages ( ! p 7 ma9ly ) ! sacr$ /one ( ! ark4 ,he 0 ! ,god ( ,israel1 & !y 7 ! *os5 p ( ,jahweh4 ,! cu/om ( circumcision mu/ h prov$ at once ! symbol & 9 "p ! cause1 9 "p ! effect1 ( ?is g5]al devotion ( ! p to a s+le supreme god4 ,at fir/1 no d\bt1 only ! fir/-born or o!r p]sons specially d$icat$ to ,jahweh1 w\ld und]go ! rite :i* m>k$ !m out s cle>ly z ! devotees ( ! god ( f]tility4 ,b z "t w5t on1 long be=e ! triumph ( ! exclusive ,jahweh-wor%ip1 x w\ld seem t ! practice ( (f]+ up e male *ild to ! national god _h become univ]sal4 ,z e>ly z ! %ad[y reign ( ,david1 ! ,phili/9es are reproa*fully allud$ to 9 our leg5ds z 8! uncircumcis$02 :5ce we may p]haps conclude 7?\gh ! au?ority is d\btful7 t ev5 !n circumcision _h become coext5sive ) ,israeliti% citiz5%ip4 ,su* univ]sal d$ication ( ! :ole males ( ! race to ! national god mu/ h done mu* to ensure 8 ultimate triumph4 ,if we look at ! circum/ances ( ! ,israelites 9 ,pale/9e1 we %all easily see h[ bo? religi\s unity & int5se national patriotism 7 fo/]$ by ! v nature ( _! t5ure ( ! soil2 & also :y a deity ma9ly envisag$ z a god ( g5]ation %\ld h become ! mo/ important memb] ( _! national pan!on4 ,_! position dur+ ! fir/ few c5turies ( _! #baflife 9 ,l[] ,syria may be comp>$ to t ( ! ,dorians 9 ,peloponnesus3 !y 7 b a little g>rison 9 a ho/ile l& fight+ incessantly ) half-conqer$ tribut>ies & encircl+ foes2 n[ h>d-press$ by rebellions ( _! int]nal enemies2 & n[ aga9 r5d]$ subject !mselves to ! ho/ile ,phili/9es on _! m>itime bord]4 ,! h&ful ( rude w>riors :o bur/ ^u ! l& "u su* blood?ir/y lead]s z ! my/ical ,jo%ua c\ld only hope = success by rapid & con/ant increase ( _! numb]s1 & by avoid+ z f> z possible ^? int]nal qu>rels :i* 7 always ! prelude to national disgrace4 ,to be 8a "m 9 ,israelrdquo2 is ! highe/ hope ( e ,hebrew woman4 ,h5ce x 0 natural t a god ( g5]ation %\ld become ! *ief among ! local deities1 & t ! promise held out by 8 prie/s ( indef9ite multiplication %\ld make him ! mo/ popul> & p[]ful memb] ( ! ,israeliti% pan!on4 ,& ?\gh all ! /one gods 7 probably phallic1 yet ,jahweh1 z ! e?nical patron1 seems mo/ ( all to h be5 reg>d$ z ! giv] ( increase to ,israel4 ,x seems cle>1 too1 t ! common wor%ip ( ,jahweh 0 at fir/ ! only solid bond ( union betwe5 ! scatt]$ & discordant tribes :o 7 aft]w>ds to gr[ into ! ,israeliti% p4 ,?is solid>ity ( god & tribe has well be5 insi/$ on by ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? z a common feature ( all ,semitic wor%ip4 ,! ark ( ,jahweh 9 its h\se at ,%iloh appe>s to h =m$ ! g5]al meet+-place = ,hebrew patriotism1 z ! sanctu>y ( ,olympia =m$ a focus lat] = ! dawn+ s5se ( ,hell5ic unity4 ,! ark 0 tak5 out to c>ry be=e ! ,hebrew army1 t ! god ( ,israel might fight = 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,evid5tly1 !re=e1 f a v e>ly date1 ,jahweh 0 reg>d$ 9 a lit]al s5se z ! god ( battles1 ! p[] ^u :om ,israel might specially rely to gu>d x aga9/ its enemies4 ,:51 z ! leg5ds tell u1 ! national unity 0 realis$ "u #bag;,david2 :5 ! subject peoples 7 f9ally m]g$ into a homog5e\s :ole2 :5 ! la/ relics ( ,canaaniti% nationality 7 /amp$ out by ! f9al conque/ ( ! ,jebusites2 & :5 ,j]usalem 0 made ! capital ( a unit$ ,israel1 ?is feel+ mu/ h increas$ bo? 9 ext5t & int5sity4 ,! br++ ( ,jahweh to ,j]usalem by ,david1 & ! build+ ( 8 temple by ,solomon 7if ^! facts be hi/orical71 mu/ h help$ to /amp him z ! great god ( ! race3 & ?\gh ,solomon also erect$ temples to o!r ,hebrew gods1 :i* rema9$ 9 exi/5ce = "s c5turies1 we may be sure t f ! date ( ! op5+ ( ! great c5tral %r9e1 ,jahweh rema9$ ! pr9cipal deity ( ! s\!rn k+dom at lea/1 aft] ! sep>ation4 ,!re 0 "o *>act]i/ic ( ,jahweh-wor%ip1 h[ev]1 :i* especially help$ to make x at la/ an exclusive cult1 & ?us pav$ ! way = its f9al developm5t into a pure mono!ism4 ,jahweh 0 specially kn[n to be a 8jeal\s god03 ?is is a trait 9 8 temp]am5t e>ly & (t5 insi/$ on4 ,we d n "k :5 or :]e ! fam\s 8,t5 ,words0 7 fir/ promulgat$2 b we h e reason to believe t 9 ess5ce at lea/ !y date f a v antique p]iod4 ,n[1 at ! head ( ^! immemorial precepts ( ,jahweh /&s ! prohibition ( plac+ any o!r gods be=e 8 face4 ,orig9ally1 no d\bt1 ! prohibition meant exactly :at x /ates2 t ,jahweh w\ld endure no companion gods to %>e 8 temple2 t :]ev] he dwelt1 he w\ld dwell alone )\t :at ! ,greeks w\ld h call$ fell[ %r9e-%>]s4 ,?us we "k t no a%]a 0 to be driv5 into ! gr\nd ne> ,jahweh's ark2 & t :5 ,dagon f\nd himself face to face ) ! ,rock ( ,israel1 he broke 9 pieces1 & c\ld n /& be=e ! awful pres5ce ( ! great ,hebrew ,pill>4 ,no m ?an ?is1 !n1 0 at fir/ dem&$ by 8! jeal\s god03 he ask$ ( 8 wor%ipp]s t !y %\ld keep him ap>t f ! society ( all inf]ior gods1 #bah%\ld all[ no m9or or rival deity to ent] 8 prec9cts4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 z ,jahweh-wor%ip grew deep]1 & ! conception ( godhead became wid] & m sublime1 ! ,jahweh-wor%ipp] began to put a /rict] int]pretation ^u ! antique comm& ( ! jeal\s god4 ,x 0 suppos$ t e circumcis$ p]son1 e man visibly devot$ to ,jahweh1 ow$ to ,jahweh alone 8 :ole religi\s s]vice4 ,nobody d\bt$ z yet1 inde$1 t o!r gods exi/$3 b ! extreme ,jehovi/s 9 ! lat] days ( national indep5d5ce held z an article ( fai? t no true ,israelite ought 9 any way to hon\r !m4 ,an int]nal religi\s conflict ?us arose betwe5 ! wor%ipp]s ( ,jahweh & ! wor%ipp]s ( ! ,baalim1 9 :i*1 z might be expect$1 ! devotees ( ! national god _h v mu* ! be/ ( x4 ,exclusive ,jahweh-wor%ip became !nce=? ! ideal ( ! extreme ,jehovi/s3 !y began to reg>d all o!r gods z 8idols10 to be id5tifi$ ) _! images2 !y began to look ^u ,jahweh alone z a liv+ god1 at lea/ )9 ! b\nds ( ! ,israeliti% nation4 ,to ?is result1 ano!r anci5t prohibition ( ! prie/s ( ,jahweh no d\bt l>gely contribut$4 ,! prie/hood held x unlawful to make or multiply images ( ,jahweh4 ,! "o sacr$ /one enclos$ 9 ! ark 0 alone to be wor%ipp$3 & by ?us conc5trat+ on ,%iloh1 or aft]w>ds on ,j]usalem1 ! :ole religi\s _s ( ! e?nical cult1 !y mu/ l>gely h succe$$ 9 cem5t+ ! national unity4 ,/rict ,jehovi/s look$ ) dislike ^u ! adoration paid to ! bull-images 9 ! nor!rn k+dom1 ?\gh ^?1 too1 7 reg>d$ 7at lea/ 9 lat] days7 z repres5tatives ( ,jahweh4 ,!y held t ! true god ( ,abraham 0 to be f\nd only 9 ! ark at ,j]usalem1 & t to give to ! ,rock ( ,israel human =m or be/ial figure 0 9 itself a high crime aga9/ ! maje/y ( _! deity4 ,h5ce arose ! peculi> ,hebrew dislike to 8idolatry02 a dislike nev] #bai;equally %>$ by any b ,semitic peoples1 & hav+ deep roots1 app>5tly1 at once 9 ! in>ti/ic g5ius ( ! p & 9 ! pr(\nd metaphysical & dreamy "* ( ,semitic ?9k+4 ,! comp>ative empt9ess ( ,semitic %r9es1 inde$1 0 always a /umbl+-block to ! ,greek1 ) 8 num]\s & exquisite images ( an?ropomorphic deities4 ,all t 0 n[ want$ to drive ! increas+ly exclusive & immat]ial ,jahweh-wor%ip into pure mono!ism = ! :ole p 0 ! spur ( a great national en?usiasm1 9 answ] to "s dang]\s ext]nal attack ^u ! exi/5ce ( ,israel & ( ,israel's god4 ,?is f9al t\* 0 giv5 by ! aggression ( ,assyria1 & lat] ( ,babylon4 ,= ye>s ! two t9y ,israeliti% k+doms _h ma9ta9$ a prec>i\s indep5d5ce betwe5 ! mighty empires ( ,egypt & ,mesopotamia4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury1 x became c]ta9 t !y c\ld no long] play _! accu/om$ game ( clev] diplomacy & polite subjection4 ,! v exi/5ce ( ,israel 0 at /ake2 & ! fanatical wor%ipp]s ( ,jahweh1 n[ pu%$ to an extreme ( fr5zy by ! desp]ate /raits to :i* !y 7 r$uc$1 broke out 9 t memorable ec/asy ( en?usiasm :i* we may fairly call ! ,age ( ! ,prophets1 & :i* produc$ ! e>lie/ ma/]pieces ( ,hebrew lit]ature 9 ! wild ef=t to oppose to ! arms ( ! invad]s ! passive resi/ance ( a supreme ,jahweh4 ,9 times ( old1 ! prophets say1 :5 ,jahweh l$ ! =ces ( ,israel1 ! horses & ! *>iots ( _! enemies c\nt$ = naught3 if 9 ?is crisis ,israel w\ld cease to ?9k ( aid f ,egypt or alliance ) ,assyria--if ,israel w\ld get rid ( all h] o!r gods & tru/ only to ,jahweh1--!n ,jahweh w\ld break asund] ! /r5g? ( ,assyria & w\ld r$uce ,babylon to no?+ be=e 8 *os5 p4 ,su* is ! language t ,isaiah v5tur$ to use 9 ! v crisis ( a grave national dang]4 ,n[1 /range z x seems to u t any p %\ld h #bbj?r[n !mselves into su* a g5]al /ate ( fanatical folly1 x is nev]!less true t ^! extraord9>y c\nsels prevail$ 9 bo? ! ,israeliti% k+doms1 & t ! v mom5t :5 ! national exi/5ce 0 mo/ s]i\sly imp]ill$ 0 ! mom5t *os5 by ! ,jehovi/ic p>ty = vigor\sly attempt+ a religi\s re=mation4 ,! d[nfall ( ,ephraim only quick5$ ! bigot$ belief ( ! fanatics 9 ,judah t pure ,jahweh-wor%ip 0 ! "o possible panacea = ! difficulties ( ,israel4 ,tak+ advantage ( a m9ority & ( a pla/ic "y k+1 !y succe$$ 9 impos+ exclusive ,jehovism ^u ! half-unwill+ p4 ,! timely =g]y ( ! ,book ( ,deut]omony--! fir/ g]m ( ! ,p5tateu*--by ! prie/s ( ! temple at ,j]usalem 0 quickly foll[$ by ! mom5t>y triumph ( pure ,jahweh-wor%ip4 ,9 ?is memorable docum5t1 ! exclusive cult ( ,jahweh 0 falsely said to h desc5d$ f ! e>lie/ p]iods ( ! national exi/5ce4 ,josiah1 we are told1 al>m$ at ! d5unciations 9 ! =g$ roll ( ! law1 set himself to "w at once to root out by viol5t means e =m ( 8idolatry40 ,he br\ght =? f ! h\se ( ,jahweh 8! vessels t 7 made = ! ,baal1 & = ! ,a%]a1 & = all ! ,ho/ ( ,heav51 & he burn$ !m )\t ,j]usalem 9 ! fields ( ,kidron40 ,he aboli%$ all ! %r9es & prie/hoods ( o!r gods 9 ! cities ( ,judah1 & put d[n 8!m t burn$ inc5se to ! ,baal1 to ! sun1 & to ! moon1 & to ! planets1 & all ! ,ho/ ( ,heav540 ,he also br\ght out ! ,a%]a f ! temple ( ,jahweh1 & burnt x to a%es2 & 8took away ! horses t ! k+s ( ,judah _h giv5 to ! sun1 & burn$ ! *>iots ( ! sun ) fire40 ,& by de/roy+ ! temples said to h be5 built by ,solomon = ,*emo%1 ,milcom1 & ,a%tore?1 he left exclusive & triumphant ,jahweh-wor%ip ! sole accr$it$ religion ( ,israel4 ,all1 h[ev]1 0 ( no avail4 ,religi\s fanaticism c\ld #bban save ! little pr9cipality f ! aggressive arms ( its p[]ful neighb\rs4 ,)9 tw5ty or ?irty ye>s ( ,josiah's re=mation1 ! ,babylonians ceas$ to toy ) _! petty tribut>ies1 & ?rice captur$ & sack$ ,j]usalem4 ,! temple ( ,jahweh 0 burnt1 ! *ief ornam5ts 7 remov$1 & ! desolate site itself lay empty & des]t$4 ,! pr9cipal inhabitants 7 transport$ to ,babylonia1 & ! k+dom ( ,judah ceas$ = a "t to h any indep5d5t exi/5ce ( any sort4 ,b :at1 9 ?is disa/]1 became ( ,jahweh himself8 ,h[ f>$ or fell ! ,sacr$ ,/one 9 ! ark1 ! ,rock ( ,israel1 9 ?is g5]al de/ruction ( all 8 holie/ belong+s8 ,/range to say1 ! ,hebrew annali/ nev] /ops to tell u4 ,9 ! pla9tive catalogue ( ! wrongs wr\ght by ! ,babylonians at ,j]usalem1 e pot & %ovel & vessel is enum]at$1 b 8! ark ( ,god0 is n s mu* z once m5tion$4 ,p]haps ! hi/orian %rank f relat+ t f9al disgrace ( 8 c\ntry's deity2 p]haps a s5se ( rev]5ce prev5t$ him f *ronicl+ x2 p]haps he knew no?+ ( :at _h f9ally be5 done ) ! *]i%$ & "t-hon\r$ /one pill> ( 8 ance/ors4 ,x is possible1 too1 t ) 8 lat] & m e!realis$ conceptions ( ! cult ( 8 god1 he _h ceas$ to reg>d ! ark itself z ! abode ( ,jahweh1 & 0 unaw>e t 8 tribal deity _h be5 repres5t$ 9 ! inn]mo/ %r9e ( ! temple by a r\gh-hewn pill>4 ,be t z x may1 ! actual fate ( ,jahweh himself is involv$ = u n[ 9 imp5etrable obscurity4 ,probably ! invad]s :o took away 8! treasures ( ! h\se ( ,jahweh1 & cut 9 pieces all ! vessels ( gold :i* ,solomon1 ,k+ ( ,israel1 _h made10 w\ld c>e b little = ! rude sacr$ /one ( a conqu]$ p4 ,we may conjecture t !y broke ,jahweh into a ?\s& fragm5ts & gr\nd him to p[d]1 z ,josiah _h done ) ! ,baalim & ! ,a%]a1 s t 8 v relics c\ld no long] be recognis$ or wor%ipp$ by #bbb;8 foll[]s4 ,at any rate1 we he> no m1 f t "t =?1 ( ,jahweh himself1 z a mat]ial exi/5ce1 or ( ! ark he dwelt 94 ,8 _s alone surviv$ unse51 to gu>d & protect 8 *os5 p4 ,yet1 /range to say1 ?is f9al disappe>ance ( ,jahweh himself1 z a visible & tangible god1 f ! page ( hi/ory1 in/ead ( prov+ ! signal = ! utt] d[nfall ( 8 cult & 8 sanctity1 0 ! v mak+ ( ,jahweh-wor%ip z a spiritual1 a mono!i/ic1 & a cosmopolitan religion4 ,at ! exact mom5t :5 ,jahweh ceas$ to exi/1 ! religion ( ,jahweh began to rea* its highe/ & fulle/ developm5t4 ,ev5 be=e ! captivity1 z we h se51 ! prophets & _! p>ty _h begun to =m a mo/ exalt$ & spiritualis$ conception ( ,jahweh's greatness1 ,jahweh's hol9ess1 ,jahweh's unapproa*able nature1 ,jahweh's sup]human sublimity & omnipot5ce4 ,b n[ t ! mat]ial ,jahweh itself1 :i* clogg$ & cramp$ _! ideas1 _h disappe>$ = ev]1 ?is spiritual conception ( a great ,unse5 ,god wid5$ & deep5$ amaz+ly4 ,=bidd5 by _! cre$ & by ,jahweh's own express comm& to make any image ( _! *os5 deity1 ! ,hebrews 9 ,babylonia gradually evolv$ = !mselves ! notion ( a ,supreme ,rul] :olly fre$ f mat]ial bonds1 to be wor%ipp$ )\t image1 repres5tative1 or symbol2 a dwell] 9 ! heav5s1 invisible to m51 too high & pure = human eyes to look ^u4 ,! conical /one 9 ! ark gave place almo/ at once to an incorporeal1 inscrutable1 & almighty ,be+4 ,x 0 dur+ ! captivity1 too1 t pure mono!ism became = ! fir/ "t ! fai? ( ,israel4 ,conv9c$ t des]tion ( ,jahweh 0 ! cause ( all _! previ\s mis=tunes1 ! ,jews dur+ _! exile grew m deeply atta*$ ?an ev] to ! deity :o repres5t$ _! national unity & _! national exi/5ce4 ,!y made _! way back 9 "t to ,juda1 aft] two g5]ations _h pass$ away1 ) a firm conviction t all _! happ9ess #bbc;dep5d$ on re/or+ 9 ideal purity a cult t _h nev] be5 ! cult ( _! fa!rs4 ,a new =m ( ,jahweh-wor%ip _h become a passion among ^? :o sat disconsolate by ! wat]s ( ,babylon4 ,few if any ( ! zealots :o return$ at la/ to ,j]usalem _h ev] !mselves kn[n ! /one god :o lay %r\d$ 9 ! ark3 x 0 ! e!realis$ ,jahweh :o rul$ 9 heav5 above among ! />ry ho/s to :om !y (f]$ up aspirations 9 a /range l& = ! re/oration ( ,israel4 ,9 ! temple t !y built on ! sacr$ site to ! new figm5t ( _! imag9ations1 ,jahweh 0 no long] p]sonally pres5t3 x 0 n s mu* 8 8h\se10 l ! old "o demoli%$ by ! ,babylonian invad]s1 z ! place :]e sacrifice 0 (f]$ & wor%ip paid to ! great god 9 heav54 ,! new religion 0 purely spiritual2 ,jahweh _h triumph$1 b only by los+ 8 di/9ctive p]sonal *>act]i/ics1 & com+ out ( ! crisis1 z x 71 ! blank =m or g5]ic conception ( pure deity 9 g5]al4 ,x is ?is t gives mono!ism its peculi> p[]1 & enables x s readily to make its way ev]y:]e4 ,= mono!ism is religion r$uc$ to its s+le c5tral elem5t2 x conta9s no?+ save :at e vot>y ( all gods already implicitly believes1 ) e unnecess>y complexity or individuality smoo!d away & simplifi$4 ,its simplicity recomm5ds x to all intellig5t m9ds2 its uni=mity r5d]s x ! easie/ & mo/ economical =m ( pan!on t man c frame = himself4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ^! new ideas1 be=e long1 ! :ole annals ( ,israel 7 edit$ & writt5 d[n 9 ,jehovi/ic =m2 ! ,p5tateu* & ! old] hi/orical books assum$ ! dress 9 :i* we n[ "k !m4 ,f ! mom5t ( ! return f ! captivity1 too1 ! mono!i/ic conception kept ev] wid5+4 ,at fir/1 no d\bt1 ev5 ) ! ,jews ( ! ,six? ,c5tury1 ,jahweh 0 commonly look$ ^u m]ely z ! e?nical god ( ,israel4 ,b1 9 "t1 ! sublim] & broad] conception #bbd( "s few among ! e>li] poetical prophets began to ga9 g5]al acceptance1 & ,jahweh 0 reg>d$ z 9 v de$ ! "o true ,god ( all ! _w--some:at su* a ,god z ,islam & ,*ri/5dom to-day ackn[l$ge4 ,/ill1 ev5 s1 he 0 z yet mo/ closely connect$ ) ! ,jewi% p1 ?r\gh :om alone ! g5tiles 7 expect$ 9 ! fulness ( "t to le>n 8 greatness4 ,x 0 res]v$ = a ,grco-,jewi% ,cilician1 five c5turies lat]1 to fulfil ! f9al ideal ( pure cosmopolitan mono!ism1 & to proclaim abroad ! unity ( god to all nations1 ) ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* z its e>?ly witness be=e ! eyes ( univ]sal humanity4 ,to ,paul ( ,t>sus we owe above all m5 t great & on ! :ole cosmopolitanis+ conception4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4--,,human ,,gods4 ,,we #bbe;h n[ 9 a c]ta9 s5se accompli%$ our int5tion ( trac+ ! evolution ( gods & ( ,god4 ,we h %[n h[ poly!ism came to be1 & h[ f x a c]ta9 p>ticul> gr\p ( m51 ! e>ly ,israelites1 rose by sl[ degrees1 ?r\gh natural /ages1 to ! mono!i/ic conception4 ,x might seem1 !re=e1 z ?\gh ! task we set be=e ourselves 0 n[ q complet$4 ,nev]!less1 _m ab/ruse & difficult que/ions /ill lie be=e u4 ,our problem z yet is h>dly half solv$4 ,we h /ill to ask1 ,i ?9k1 ,h[ did ?is purely local & national ,hebrew deity advance to ! conque/ ( ! civilis$ _w8 ,h[ f an obscure corn] ( ,l[] ,syria did ! god ( a small tribe ( despis$ & b>b>ic tribut>ies sl[ly live d[n ! great conqu]+ deities ( ,babylon & ,susa1 ( ,hellas & ,italy8 ,& aga91 we h fur!r to enquire1 ,:y d mo/ ( ! mod]n nations :i* h nom9ally adopt$ mono!ism yet conceive ( _! god z comp\nd$ 9 "s my/ically incompreh5sible fa%ion ( ,?ree ,p]sons1 ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/8 ,9 %ort1 ,i am n satisfi$ ) trac+ ! idea ( a god f ! primitive mummy or ! second>y gho/ to ! "o supreme ,god ( ! anci5t ,hebrews2 ,i desire also to foll[ on t develop$ concept till x m]ges at la/ 9 ! triune ,god ( mod]n ,*ri/5dom4 ,=1 naturally1 x is ! god 9 :om m5 believe "h & n[ t mo/ ( all conc]ns & int]e/s u4 ,i #bbfmay also add t1 incid5tally to ?is supplem5t>y enquiry1 we %all come ^u sev]al additional traits 9 ! idea ( deity & sev]al important s\rces ( e>li] godhead1 ! consid]ation ( :i* we _h to po/pone be=e till a m conv5i5t season4 ,we %all f9d t ! process ( track+ d[n ,*ri/ianity to its hidd5 spr+s sugge/s to u _m aspects ( primitive religion :i* we 7 compell$ to neglect 9 our fir/ ha/y syn!sis4 ,! read] mu/ rememb] t 9 deal+ ) s complex a subject z t ( human beliefs & human cults1 x is impossible ev] to cond5se ! :ole ( ! facts at once into a s+le conspectus4 ,we _c grasp at a "t ! entire mass ( evid5ce4 ,:ile we are foll[+ out "o clue1 we mu/ neglect ano!r4 ,x is only by exam9+ ea* ma9 set ( compon5ts 9 analytical di/9ctness t we c proce$ by degrees to a full & complete syn!tic recon/ruction ( ! :ole va/ fabric4 ,we mu/ !re=e correct & supplem5t 9 ! sequel mu* t may h seem$ vague1 inaccurate1 or insuffici5t 9 our prelim9>y survey4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion ) :i* we h next to deal bases itself fundam5tally ^u ! p]sonality ( a man1 by "n ,jesus1 commonly describ$ z ! ,*ri/1 t is to say 8! ano9t$40 ,( ?is mo/ sacr$ & deifi$ p]son x is affirm$ by mod]n ,*ri/ianity1 & has be5 affirm$ by or?odox ,*ri/ians f a v e>ly p]iod1 t he 0 n orig9ally a m]e man1 aft]w>ds tak5 into ! godhead1 b t he 0 born f ! fir/ ! son ( ,god1 t is to say1 ( ! ,hebrew ,jahweh2 t he exi/$ previ\sly f all "t2 t he 0 miracul\sly conceiv$ ( a virg9 "m2 t he 0 crucifi$ & buri$2 t on ! ?ird day he arose f ! dead2 & t he is n[ a liv+ & di/9ct p]son 9 a div9e & my/ically-unit$ ,tr9ity4 ,i propose to %[ 9 ! subsequ5t *apt]s h[ f> all ^! conceptions 7 already famili> ?r\gh\t ! _w 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity #bbg0 promulgat$1 & to h[ l>ge an ext5t ! new religion ow$ its rapid success to ! fact t x 0 b a rsum or idealis$ embodim5t ( all ! *ief conceptions already common to ! ma9 cults ( ,m$it]ranean civilisation4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ! empire 0 cosmopolitanis+ ! _w1 ,*ri/ianity began to cosmopolitanise religion1 by tak+ into itself :atev] 0 c5tral1 common1 & univ]sal 9 ! wor%ip ( ! peoples among :om x orig9at$4 ,we w beg9 ) ! "q ( ! inc>nation1 :i* lies at ! v root ( ! ,*ri/ian concept4 ,i h said already t 9 anci5t ,egypt & else:]e1 8,! ,god 0 ! ,dead ,k+1 ! ,k+ 0 ! ,liv+ ,god40 ,?is is true1 lit]ally & absolutely4 ,s9ce ! e>ly k+s are gods1 ! pres5t k+s1 _! desc5dants1 are naturally also gods by desc5t2 _! blood is div9e2 !y diff] 9 nature z well z 9 position f m]e common mortals4 ,:ile !y live1 !y are gods on e>?2 :5 !y die1 !y pass ov] to ! community ( ! gods _! ance/ors1 & %>e ) !m a happy & regal immortality4 ,we h se5 h[ ?is ess5tial div9ity ( ! ,ph>aoh is a prime article 9 ! religi\s fai? ( ! ,egyptian ,pyramid-build]s4 ,& ?\gh 9 lat] days1 :5 a ,greek dyna/y1 n ( ! old div9e native blood1 bore sway 9 ,egypt1 ?is belief 9 ! div9ity ( ! k+ grew fa9t]1 yet to ! v la/ ! ,ptolemies & ! ,cleopatras be> ! title ( god or goddess1 & c>ry 9 _! h&s ! sacr$ tau or crux ansata1 ! symbol & m>k ( ess5tial div9ity4 ,! inf]5ce made 9 ,egypt t ! *ildr5 ( gods mu/ be !mselves div9e 0 also made 9 mo/ o!r c\ntries1 especially 9 ^? :]e simil> great despotisms e/abli%$ !mselves at an e>ly grade ( culture4 ,?us 9 ,p]u1 ! ,incas 7 gods4 ,!y 7 ! *ildr5 ( ! ,sun2 & :5 !y di$1 x 0 said t _! fa!r1 ! ,sun1 _h s5t to fet* !m4 ,! ,mexican k+s 7 likewise gods1 ) full control ( ! c\rse ( nature2 #bbh!y swore at _! accession to make ! sun %9e1 ! ra9 fall1 ! riv]s fl[1 & ! e>? br+ =? h] fruit 9 due season4 ,h[ !y c\ld promise all ?is seems at fir/ a little difficult = u to conceive2 b x w become m compreh5sible at a lat] /age ( our inve/igation1 :5 we come to consid] ! gods ( cultivation3 ev5 at pres5t1 if we rememb] t k+s are *ildr5 ( ! ,sun1 & t sacr$ trees1 sacr$ groves1 & sacr$ wells are closely connect$ ) ! tombs ( _! ance/ors1 we c guess at ! beg9n+ ( su* a m5tal connexion4 ,?us ! ,*9ese emp]or is ! ,son ( ,heav52 he is held responsible to 8 p = ! occurr5ce ( dr\ght or o!r s]i\s d]angem5ts ( nature4 ,! ,p>?ian k+s ( ! ,arsacid h\se1 says ,mr4 ,fraz]1 to :om ,i am greatly indebt$ = mo/ ( ! succe$+ facts1 /yl$ !mselves bro!rs ( ! sun & moon1 & 7 wor%ipp$ z deities4 ,numb]less o!r cases are cit$ by ,mr4 ,fraz]1 :o 0 ! fir/ to po9t out ! full importance ( ?is widespread belief 9 man-gods4 ,i %all foll[ him l>gely 9 ! subsequ5t discussion ( ?is c>d9al subject1 ?\gh ,i %all (t5 give to ! facts an int]pretation slightly diff]5t f t :i* he w\ld all[ to be ! correct "o4 ,= to me1 godhead spr+s always f ! primitive ,dead ,man1 :ile to ,mr4 ,fraz] x is spiritual or animi/ic 9 orig94 ,besides ^! human gods :o are gods by desc5t f deifi$ ance/ors1 !re is ano!r class ( gods :o are gods by inspiration or indwell+ ( ! div9e _s1 t is to say ( "s gho/ or god :o tempor>ily or p]man5tly inhabits ! body ( a liv+ man4 ,! g]m-idea ( su* div9e possession we may see 9 ! facts ( epilepsy1 catalepsy1 dream1 & madness4 ,9 all su* cases ( abnormal n]v\s condition x seems to primitive man1 z x /ill seem$ to ! ,jews ( ! age ( ! ,gospels1 t ! suff]] is ent]$ or seiz$ ^u by "s _s1 :o bodily inhabits him4 ,! _s may ?r[ #bbi! man d[n1 or may speak ?r\gh 8 m\? 9 /range unkn[n tongues2 x may exalt him s t he c p]=m /range feats ( m>vell\s /r5g?1 or may debase him to a position ( grovell+ abjectness4 ,by fa/+ & religi\s asceticism m5 & wom5 c ev5 artificially atta9 ?is /ate1 :5 ! god speaks ?r\gh !m1 z he spoke ?r\gh ! m\? ( ! ,py?ia at ,delphi4 ,& fa/+ is always "o ( ! religi\s ex]cises ( god-possess$ m51 prie/s1 monks1 an*orites1 & ascetics 9 g5]al4 ,:]e races h le>nt h[ to manufacture intoxicat+ dr9ks1 or to express n>cotic juices f plants1 !y also univ]sally attribute ! effects ( su* plants to ! p]sonal action ( an inspir+ _s--an idea s p]si/5t ev5 into civilis$ ages t we habitually speak ( alcoholic liquors z spirits4 ,bo? ^! ways ( atta9+ ! pres5ce ( an indwell+ god are commonly practis$ among savages & half-civilis$ p4 ,:5 we recollect h[ we saw already t ance/ral spirits may desc5d f "t to "t into ! skulls t once 7 !irs1 or into ! clay or wood5 images t repres5t !m1 & !re give oracles1 we %all n be surpris$ to f9d t !y c ?us ent] at times into a human body1 & speak ?r\gh its lips1 = good or = evil4 ,inde$1 ,i h dwelt b little 9 ?is book on ?is migratory p[] & ?is ubiquit\sness ( ! spirits1 because ,i h desir$ to fix att5tion *iefly on t prim>y aspect ( religion :i* is imm$iately & directly conc]n$ ) ,wor%ip2 b read]s famili> ) su* works z ,dr4 ,tylor's & ,mr4 ,fraz]'s w be well aw>e ( ! common p[] :i* spirits possess ( project+ !mselves readily into e "p ( nature4 ,! faculty ( possession or ( div9ation is b "o p>ticul> example ( ?is well-kn[n attribute4 ,! my/]ies & oracles ( all cre$s are full ( su* ph5om5a4 ,c]ta9 p]sons1 aga91 are born f ! womb z inc>nations ( a god or an ance/ral _s4 8,inc>nate gods10 #bcjsays ,mr4 ,fraz]1 8are common 9 rude society4 ,! inc>nation may be tempor>y or p]man5t4444 ,:5 ! div9e _s has tak5 up its abode 9 a human body1 ! god-man is usually expect$ to v9dicate 8 "* by work+ miracles40 ,mr4 ,fraz] gives sev]al excell5t examples ( bo? ^! classes4 ,i extract a few almo/ v]batim4 ,c]ta9 p]sons are possess$ f "t to "t by a _s or deity2 :ile possession la/s1 _! own p]sonality lies 9 abeyance1 & ! pres5ce ( ! _s is reveal$ by convulsive %ak+s & quiv]+s ( ! body4 ,9 ?is abnormal /ate1 ! man's utt]ances are accept$ z ! voice ( ! god or _s dwell+ 9 him & speak+ ?r\gh him4 ,9 ,mangaia1 = in/ance1 ! prie/s 9 :om ! gods took up _! abode 7 call$ god-boxes or gods4 ,be=e giv+ oracles1 !y drank an intoxicat+ liquor1 & ! words !y spoke 9 _! fr5zy 7 !n reg>d$ z div9e4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! inspir$ p]son produces ! desir$ condition ( intoxication by dr9k+ ! fre% blood ( a victim1 human or animal1 :i*1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 is probably itself an avat> ( ! inspir+ god4 ,9 ! temple ( ,apollo ,diradiotes at ,argos1 a lamb 0 sacrific$ by night once a mon?2 a woman1 :o _h to obs]ve ! rule ( *a/ity1 ta/$ its blood1 & !n gave oracles4 ,at gira 9 ,a*a ! prie/ess ( ! ,e>? drank ! fre% blood ( a bull be=e %e desc5d$ into h] cave to prophesy4 7,note 9 pass+ t caves1 ! places ( antique burial1 are also ! usual places = prophetic inspiration47 ,9 s\!rn ,india1 ! s-call$ devil-danc] dr9ks ! blood ( a goat1 & !n becomes seiz$ ) ! div9e afflatus4 ,he is wor%ipp$ z a deity1 & by/&]s ask him que/ions requir+ sup]human k to answ]4 ,mr4 ,fraz] ext5ds ?is li/ ( oracul> practices by _m o!r /rik+ in/ances1 = :i* ,i w\ld ref] ! read] to ! orig9al volume4 ,( p]man5t liv+ human gods1 inspir$ by ! con/ant #bca;indwell+ ( a deity1 ,mr4 ,fraz] also gives sev]al apt examples4 ,9 ! ,m>quesas ,isl&s !re 0 a class ( m5 :o 7 deifi$ 9 _! lifetime4 ,!y 7 suppos$ to wield sup]natural control ov] ! elem5ts4 ,!y c\ld give or )hold ra9 & good h>ve/s4 ,human sacrifices 7 (f]$ !m to appease _! wra?4 8,a mission>y has describ$ "o ( ^! human gods f p]sonal obs]vation4 ,! god 0 a v old man :o liv$ 9 a l>ge h\se )9 an enclosure40 7,a temple 9 its tem5os47 8,9 ! h\se 0 a k9d ( alt>1 & on ! beams ( ! h\se & on ! trees ar\nd x 7 hung human skeletons1 head d[n4 ,no "o ent]$ ! enclosure1 except ! p]sons d$icat$ to ! s]vice ( ! god2 only on days :5 human victims 7 sacrific$ might ord9>y p p5etrate into ! prec9ct4 ,?is human god receiv$ m sacrifices ?an all ! o!r gods2 (t5 he w\ld sit on a sort ( scaffold 9 front ( 8 h\se & call = two or ?ree human victims at a "t4 ,!y 7 always br\ght1 = ! t]ror he inspir$ 0 extreme4 ,he 0 invok$ all ov] ! isl&1 & (f]+s 7 s5t to him f e side40 ,inde$1 ?r\gh\t ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 ea* isl& _h usually a man :o embodi$ its deity4 ,su* m5 7 call$ gods1 & 7 reg>d$ z ( div9e sub/ance4 ,! man-god 0 sometimes a k+2 (t5] he 0 a prie/ or a subord9ate *ief4 ,! gods ( ,samoa 7 sometimes p]man5tly inc>nate 9 m51 :o gave oracles1 receiv$ (f]+s 7occasionally ( human fle%71 heal$ ! sick1 answ]$ pray]1 & g5]ally p]=m$ all div9e functions4 ,( ! ,fijians x is said3 8,!re appe>s to be no c]ta9 l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 dep>t$ spirits & gods1 nor betwe5 gods & liv+ m51 = _m ( ! prie/s & old *iefs are consid]$ z sacr$ p]sons1 & n a few ( !m w also claim to !mselves ! "r ( div9ity4 #8,i am a god1rsquo2 ,tuikilakila w\ld say2 & he believ$ x too40 ,!re is said to be a sect 9 ,orissa :o wor%ip ! ,que5 ( ,engl& z _! *ief div9ity2 #bcb;& ano!r sect 9 ! ,punjab wor%ipp$ dur+ 8 lifetime ! great ,g5]al ,ni*olson4 ,sometimes1 ,i believe1 k+s are div9e by bir?1 z desc5dants ( gods2 b sometimes div9ity is conf]r$ ^u !m ) ! k+%ip1 z inde$ 0 ! case ev5 9 ! typical in/ance ( ,egypt4 ,tanatoa1 k+ ( ,raiatea1 0 deifi$ by a c]ta9 c]emony p]=m$ at ! *ief temple4 ,he 0 made a god be=e ! gods 8 ance/ors1 z ,celtic *iefs receiv$ ! *iefta9%ip /&+ on ! sacr$ /one ( _! fa!rs4 ,z "o ( ! deities ( 8 subjects1 !re=e1 ! k+ 0 wor%ipp$1 consult$ z an oracle1 & hon\r$ ) sacrifices4 ,! k+ ( ,tahiti at 8 inauguration receiv$ a sacr$ girdle ( r$ & yell[ fea!rs1 :i* n only rais$ him to ! highe/ e>?ly /ation1 b also id5tifi$ him ) ! heav5ly gods4 ,comp>e ! way 9 :i* ! gods ( ,egypt make ! k+ "o ( !mselves1 z repres5t$ 9 ! bas-reliefs1 by ! pres5tation ( ! div9e tau4 ,9 ! ,pelew ,isl&s1 a god may inc>nate himself 9 a common p]son2 ?is lucky man is !reupon rais$ to sov]eign rank1 & rules z god & k+ ov] ! community4 ,n unsimil> is ! mode ( selection ( a ,gr& ,lama4 ,9 lat] /ages1 ! k+ ceases to be q a god1 b reta9s ! ano9tm5t1 ! consecration on a holy /one1 & ! claim to 8div9e "r02 he also %[s "s la/ traces ( deity 9 8 div9e p[] to heal diseases1 :i* fades away at la/ into ! practice ( 8t\*+ = k+'s evil40 ,on all ^! que/ions1 aga91 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s great "w is a p]fect !saurus ( apposite in/ances4 ,i ab/a9 f quot+ 8 :ole two volumes4 ,b did ideas ( ?is "* /ill survive 9 ! ,m$it]ranean _w ( ! fir/ & second c5turies1 :]e ,*ri/ianity 0 evolv$8 ,mo/ und\bt$ly !y did4 ,9 ,egypt1 ! div9e l9e ( ! ,ptolemies _h only j become ext9ct4 ,9 ,rome itself1 ! div9e ,cs> _h rec5tly und]gone (ficial apo!osis2 ! div9e ,augu/us _h rul$ ov] ! empire z ! adopt$ son ( ! new-made #bcc;god2 & alt>s rose 9 prov9cial cities to ! div9e _s ( ! reign+ ,trajan or ,hadrian4 ,inde$1 bo? =ms ( div9ity 7 claim$ indirectly = ! god ,julius2 he 0 div9e by apo!osis1 b he 0 also desc5d$ f ! goddess ,v5us4 ,s ! d\ble claim 0 made = ! c5tral p]sonage ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?3 he 0 ! son ( ,god--t is to say ( ,jahweh2 b he 0 also ( k+ly ,jewi% orig91 a desc5dant ( ,david1 & 9 ! g5ealogies fabricat$ = him 9 ! ,gospels extreme importance is atta*$ to ?is pret5d$ royal ance/ry4 ,fur!rmore1 h[ readily m5 ( ! ,m$it]ranean civilisation c\ld !n id5tify liv+ p]sons ) gods we see 9 ! famili> episode ( ,paul & ,b>nabas at ,ly/ra4 ,inc>nation1 9 %ort1 0 a p]fectly ord9>y feature ( religion & daily life z !n und]/ood4 ,& to ori5tal ideas 9 p>ticul>1 ! conception 0 c]ta9ly no novelty4 8,ev5 an infant k+10 say ! laws ( ,manu1 :i* g to ! root ( s mu* ea/]n ?9k+1 8mu/ n be despis$ f an idea t he is a m]e mortal3 = he is a great deity 9 human =m40 ,to mo/ mod]n ?9k]s1 h[ev]1 x w\ld seem at fir/ sight l a grave difficulty 9 ! way ( accept+ ! deity ( an ord9>y man t he %\ld h suff]$ a viol5t dea? at ! h&s ( 8 enemies4 ,yet ?is fact1 in/ead ( /&+ 9 ! way ( acceptance ( ,*ri/'s div9ity1 is really almo/ a gu>antee & pro( ( x4 ,=1 /range z x s\nds to u1 ! human gods 7 frequ5tly or almo/ habitually put to dea? by _! vot>ies4 ,! secret ( ?is curi\s ritual & p]si/5t cu/om has be5 +5i\sly deciph]$ = u by ,mr4 ,fraz]1 ^: book is almo/ entirely devot$ to ^! two ma9 que/ions1 8,:y d m5 kill _! gods80 & 8,:y d !y eat & dr9k _! fle% & blood "u ! =m ( bread & w9e80 ,we mu/ g ov] "s ( ! same gr\nd "h 9 rapid summ>y1 ) additional coroll>ies2 & we mu/ also br+ ,mr4 ,fraz]'s curi\s facts into l9e ) our g5]al pr9ciples ( ! orig9 ( godhead4 ,mean:ile1 #bcd;x may be well to add "h two simil> in/ances ( almo/ contempor>y apo!oses4 ,! dictator ,julius 0 kill$ by a b& ( reaction>y conspirators1 & yet 0 imm$iately rais$ to div9e hon\rs4 ,a little lat]1 ,ant9\s1 ! fav\rite ( ! emp]or ,hadrian1 devot$ himself to dea? 9 ord] to av]t mis=tune f 8 ma/]2 he 0 at once hon\r$ ) temples & wor%ip4 ,! belief t x is exp$i5t t 8"o man %\ld die = ! p10 & t ! p]son :o s dies is a god 9 human %ape1 =m$1 z we %all see1 a common compon5t ( _m fai?s1 & especially ( ! fai?s ( ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean4 ,inde$1 a little lat]1 ea* ,*ri/ian m>tyrdom is foll[$ z a matt] ( c\rse by canonisation--t is to say1 by m9or apo!osis4 ,mr4 ,fraz] has trac$ ! g5esis ( ?is gr\p ( alli$ beliefs 9 ! slaught] ( ! man-god 9 ! mo/ ma/]ly mann]4 ,!y spr+ f a l>ge numb] ( conv]g+ ideas1 "s ( :i* c only come out 9 full z we proce$ 9 lat] *apt]s to o!r bran*es ( our subject4 ,9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 "o ( ! commone/ pr]ogatives & functions ( ! human god is ! c>e ( ! wea!r4 ,z repres5tative ( heav51 x is 8 bus9ess to see t ra9 falls 9 prop] quantities1 & t ! e>? br+s =? h] increase 9 due season4 ,b1 god ?\gh he is1 he mu/ ne$s be co]c$ if he does n att5d to ?is bus9ess prop]ly4 ,?us1 9 ,we/ ,africa1 :5 pray]s & (f]+s pres5t$ to ! k+ h fail$ to procure ra91 8 subjects b9d him ) ropes1 & take him to ! grave ( 8 deifi$ =efa!rs1 t he may obta9 f !m ! ne$ful *ange 9 ! wea!r4 ,"h we see 9 ! fulle/ =m ! nature ( ! relation betwe5 dead gods & liv+ ones4 ,! ,son is ! natural m$iator betwe5 m5 & ! ,fa!r4 ,among ! ,antaym\rs ( ,madagasc>1 ! k+ is responsible = bad crops & all o!r mis=tunes4 ,! anci5t ,scy?ians1 :5 food 0 sc>ce1 put _! k+s 9 bonds4 #bce,! ,banj>s 9 ,we/ ,africa ascribe to _! k+ ! p[] ( caus+ ra9 or f9e wea!r4 ,z long z ! climate is satisfactory1 !y load him ) pres5ts ( gra9 & cattle4 ,b if long dr\ght or ra9 does s]i\s h>m1 !y insult & beat him till ! wea!r *anges4 ,! ,burgundians depos$ _! k+ if he fail$ to make _! crops gr[ to _! satisfaction4 ,fur!r ?an t1 c]ta9 tribes h ev5 kill$ _! k+s 9 times ( sc>city4 ,9 ! days ( ! ,sw$i% k+ ,domalde1 a mighty fam9e broke out1 :i* la/$ sev]al ye>s1 & c\ld n be /ay$ by human or animal sacrifices4 ,s1 9 a great popul> assembly held at ,upsala1 ! *iefs decid$ t ,k+ ,domalde himself 0 ! cause ( ! sc>city1 & mu/ be sacrific$ = good seasons4 ,!n !y slew him1 & sme>$ ) 8 blood ! alt>s ( ! gods4 ,"h we mu/ recollect t ! div9e k+ is himself a god1 ! desc5dant ( gods1 & he is sacrific$ to ! (f5d$ spirits ( 8 own =efa!rs4 ,we %all see h]eaft] h[ (t5 simil> episodes occur--h[ ! god is sacrific$1 himself to himself2 h[ ! ,son is sacrific$ to ! ,fa!r1 bo? be+ gods2 & h[ ! ,fa!r sacrifices 8 ,son1 to make a god ( him4 ,to take ano!r ,sc&9avian example f ,mr4 ,fraz]'s collection3 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,olaf1 !re came a great de>?1 & ! p ?\ght t ! fault 0 ! k+'s1 because he 0 sp>+ 9 sacrifices4 ,s !y mu/]$ an army & m>*$ aga9/ him2 !n !y surr\nd$ 8 palace & burnt x1 ) him )9 x1 8giv+ him to ,od9 z a sacrifice = good crops40 ,_m po9ts mu/ "h be not$4 ,olaf himself 0 ( div9e /ock1 a desc5dant ( ,od94 ,he is burnt z an (f]+ to 8 fa!r1 mu* z ! ,c>?ag9ians burnt _! sons1 or ! k+ ( ,moab 8 fir/-born1 z sacrifices to ,melc>? & to ,*emo%4 ,! royal & div9e p]son is "h (f]$ up to 8 own fa!rs1 j z on ! cross ( ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/5dom ! inscription ran1 8,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 k+ ( ! ,jews10 & j z 9 ,*ri/ian #bcf!ology ,god (f]s 8 ,son z a sacrifice to 8 own (f5d$ ju/ice4 ,o!r in/ances else:]e po9t to ! same analogies4 ,9 #ahad1 a pe/il5ce broke out among ! re9de] ( ! ,*uk*es 7a ,sib]ian tribe72 & ! %amans decl>$ t ! belov$ *ief ,ko* mu/ be sacrific$ to ! angry gods 7probably 8 ance/ors72 s ! *ief's own son /abb$ him ) a dagg]4 ,on ! coral isl& ( ,niue 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific !re once reign$ a l9e ( k+s2 b !y 7 also 8high-prie/s0 7t is to say1 div9e repres5tatives ( div9e ance/ors72 & !y 7 suppos$ to make ! crops gr[1 = a reason :i* w come out m fully 9 ! sequel4 ,9 times ( sc>city1 ! p 8grew angry ) !m & kill$ !m10 or m probably1 z ,i w\ld int]pret ! facts1 sacrific$ !m = crops to _! own deifi$ ance/ors4 ,s 9 "t !re 7 no k+s left1 & ! mon>*y ceas$ altoge!r on ! isl&4 ,! div9e k+s be+ ?us responsible = ra9 & w9d1 & = ! gr[? ( crops1 ^: close dep5d5ce ^u !m we %all fur!r und]/& h]eaft]1 x is cle> t !y are p]sons ( ! greate/ importance & value to ! community4 ,moreov]1 9 ! ideas ( e>ly m51 _! _s is almo/ "o ) t ( ext]nal nature1 ov] :i* !y ex]t su* extraord9>y p[]s4 ,a subtle sympa?y seems to exi/ betwe5 ! k+ & ! _w outside4 ,! sacr$ trees :i* embody 8 ance/ors2 ! crops1 :i*1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 equally embody !m2 ! ra9-cl\ds 9 :i* !y dwell2 ! heav5 !y inhabit2--all ^!1 z x 71 are p>ts ( ! div9e body1 & !re=e by implication "p ( ! god-k+'s1 :o is b ! avat> ( 8 deifi$ fa!rs4 ,h5ce1 :atev] affects ! k+1 affects ! sky1 ! crops1 ! ra91 ! p4 ,!re is ev5 reason to believe t ! man-god1 repres5tative ( ! ance/ral _s & tribal god1 is !re=e ! repres5tative & embodim5t ( ! tribe itself--! s\l ( ! nation4 ,l'tat1 c'e/ moi #bcg;is no m]e p]sonal boa/ ( ,l\is ,quatorze2 x is ! belat$ survival ( an old & once v p[]ful belief1 %>$ 9 old times by k+s & peoples4 ,:atev] hurts ! k+1 hurts ! p1 & hurts by implication ext]nal nature4 ,:atev] pres]ves ! k+ f dang]1 pres]ves & saves ! _w & ! nation4 ,mr4 ,fraz] has %[n _m /range results ( ^! e>ly beliefs--:i* he traces1 h[ev]1 to ! suppos$ primitive animism1 & n 7z ,i h done7 to ! influ5ce ( ! gho/-!ory4 ,:i*ev] int]pretation we accept1 h[ev]1 8 facts at lea/ are equally valuable4 ,he calls att5tion to ! numb] ( k+ly taboos :i* are all int5d$ to prev5t ! human god f endang]+ or imp]ill+ 8 div9e life1 or f do+ any?+ :i* might react hurtfully ^u nature & ! welf>e ( 8 p4 ,! man-god is gu>d$ by ! /ricte/ rules1 & surr\nd$ by precautions ( ! utmo/ complexity4 ,he may n set 8 sacr$ foot on ! gr\nd1 because he is a son ( heav52 he may n eat or dr9k ) 8 sacr$ m\? c]ta9 dang]\s1 impure1 or unholy foods2 he may n h 8 sacr$ hair cut1 or 8 sacr$ nails p>$2 he mu/ pres]ve intact 8 div9e body1 & e "p ( x--! inc>nation ( ! community1--le/ evil come ( 8 imprud5ce or 8 folly4 ,! ,mikado1 = example1 0 & /ill is reg>d$ z an inc>nation ( ! sun1 ! deity :o rules ! entire univ]se1 gods & m5 includ$4 ,! greate/ c>e mu/ !re=e be tak5 bo? by him & ( him4 ,8 :ole life1 d[n to its m9ute/ details1 mu/ be s regulat$ t no act ( 8 may upset ! e/abli%$ ord] ( nature4 ,le/ he %\ld t\* ! e>?1 he us$ to be c>ri$ :]ev] he w5t on m5's %\ld]s4 ,he c\ld n expose 8 sacr$ p]son to ! op5 air1 nor eat out ( any b a p]fectly new vessel4 ,9 e way 8 sanctity & 8 heal? 7 jeal\sly gu>d$1 & he 0 treat$ l a p]son #bch^: security 0 important to ! :ole c\rse ( nature4 ,mr4 ,fraz] quotes sev]al simil> examples1 ( :i* ! mo/ /rik+ is t ( ! high pontiff ( ! ,zapotecs1 an anci5t p ( ,s\!rn ,mexico4 ,?is spiritual "l1 a true ,pope or ,lama1 gov]n$ ,yopaa1 "o ( ! *ief cities ( ! k+dom1 ) absolute dom9ion4 ,he 0 look$ ^u z a god 8:om e>? 0 n wor?y to hold or ! sun to %9e ^u40 ,he pr(an$ 8 sanctity if he t\*$ ! common gr\nd ) 8 holy foot4 ,! (fic]s :o bore 8 palanqu9 on _! %\ld]s 7 *os5 f ! memb]s ( ! highe/ families2 he h>dly deign$ to look on any?+ ar\nd him2 ^? :o met him pro/rat$ !mselves humbly on ! gr\nd1 le/ dea? %\ld ov]take !m if !y ev5 saw 8 div9e %ad[4 7,comp>e ! app>ition ( ,jahweh to ,moses47 ,a rule ( cont95ce 0 ord9>ily impos$ ^u him2 b on c]ta9 days 9 ! ye> :i* 7 high fe/ivals1 x 0 usual = him to get c]emonially & sacram5tally drunk4 ,on su* days1 we may be sure1 ! high gods peculi>ly ent]$ into him ) ! intoxicat+ pulque1 & ! ance/ral spirits re9=c$ 8 godhead4 ,:ile 9 ?is exalt$ /ate 78full ( ! god10 z a ,greek or ,roman w\ld h said7 ! div9e pontiff receiv$ a visit f "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( ! virg9s consecrat$ to ! s]vice ( ! gods4 ,if ! *ild %e bore him 0 a son1 x succe$$ 9 due "t to ! ?rone ( ! ,zapotecs4 ,we h "h aga9 an in/ructive mixture ( ! v>i\s ideas out ( :i* su* div9e k+%ip & god%ip is con/ruct$4 ,x might seem at fir/ sight a p>adoxical coroll>y t p :o ?us safegu>d & protect _! div9e k+1 ! embodim5t ( nature1 %\ld also habitually & c]emonially kill him4 ,yet ! app>5t p>adox is1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! e>ly wor%ipp]1 bo? natural & reasonable4 ,we read ( ! ,congo negroes t !y h a supreme pontiff :om !y reg>d z a god ^u e>?1 & #bci;all-p[]ful 9 heav54 ,b1 8if he 7 to die a natural dea?1 !y ?\ght ! _w w\ld p]i%1 & ! e>?1 :i* he alone su/a9$ by 8 p[] & m]it1 w\ld imm$iately be annihilat$40 ,?is idea ( a god z ! creator & support] ( all ?+s1 )\t :om no?+ w\ld be1 is ( c\rse a famili> compon5t elem5t ( ! mo/ advanc$ !ology4 ,b _m nations :i* wor%ip human gods c>ry out ! notion to its logical conclusion 9 ! mo/ rigor\s mann]4 ,s9ce ! god is a man1 x w\ld obvi\sly be q wrong to let him gr[ old & weak2 s9ce !reby ! :ole c\rse ( nature might be p]man5tly enfeebl$2 ra9 w\ld b dribble2 crops w\ld gr[ ?92 riv]s w\ld trickle away2 & ! race he rul$ w\ld dw9dle to no?+4 ,h5ce s5ility mu/ nev] ov]come ! sacr$ man-god2 he mu/ be kill$ 9 ! fulness ( 8 /r5g? & heal? 7say1 ab\t 8 ?irtie? ye>71 s t ! indwell+ _s1 yet "y & fre%1 may migrate unimpair$ into ! body ( "s new] & abl] repres5tative4 ,mr4 ,fraz] 0 ! fir/1 ,i believe1 to po9t out ?is curi\s result ( primitive human reason+1 & to illu/rate x by num]\s & conclusive in/ances4 ,i _c transcribe "h 9 full ,mr4 ,fraz]'s admirable argum5t1 ) ! examples :i* en=ce x2 b ,i mu/ at lea/ give s mu* ( x 9 brief z w suffice = compreh5sion ( our succe$+ exposition4 8,no am\nt ( c>e & precaution10 he says1 8w prev5t ! man-god f gr[+ old & feeble1 & at la/ dy+4 ,8 wor%ipp]s h to lay _! acc\nt ) ?is sad necessity & to meet x z be/ !y c4 ,! dang] is a =midable "o2 = if ! c\rse ( nature is dep5d5t on ! man-god's life1 :at cata/rophes may n be expect$ f ! gradual enfeeblem5t ( 8 p[]s & _! f9al ext9ction 9 dea?8 ,!re is only "o way ( av]t+ ^! dang]s4 ,! man-god mu/ be kill$ z soon z he %[s symptoms t 8 p[]s are beg9n+ to fail1 & 8 s\l mu/ be transf]r$ to a #bdjvigor\s successor be=e x has be5 s]i\sly impair$ by ! ?reat5$ decay4 ,! advantages ( ?us putt+ ! man-god to dea? in/ead ( all[+ him to die ( old age & disease are1 to ! savage1 obvi\s en\gh4 ,= if ! man-god dies :at we call a natural dea?1 x means1 accord+ to ! savage1 t 8 s\l has ei!r volunt>ily dep>t$ f 8 body & refuses to return1 or m commonly t x has be5 extract$ or at lea/ deta9$ 9 its w&]+s by a demon or sorc]]4 ,9 any ( ^! cases ! s\l ( ! man-god is lo/ to 8 wor%ipp]s2 & ) x _! prosp]ity is gone & _! v exi/5ce endang]$4 ,ev5 if !y c\ld arrange to cat* ! s\l ( ! dy+ god z x left 8 lips or 8 no/rils & s transf] x to a successor1 ?is w\ld n effect _! purpose2 =1 ?us dy+ ( disease1 8 s\l w\ld necess>ily leave 8 body 9 ! la/ /age ( weakness & exhau/ion1 & z su* x w\ld cont9ue to drag out a feeble exi/5ce 9 ! body to :i* x might be transf]r$4 ,:]eas by kill+ him 8 wor%ipp]s c\ld1 9 ! fir/ place1 make sure ( cat*+ 8 s\l z x escap$ & transf]r+ x to a suitable successor2 &1 9 ! second place1 by kill+ him be=e 8 natural =ce 0 abat$1 !y w\ld secure t ! _w %\ld n fall into decay ) ! decay ( ! man-god4 ,e purpose1 !re=e1 0 answ]$1 & all dang]s av]t$ by ?us kill+ ! man-god & transf]r+ 8 s\l1 :ile yet at its prime1 to a vigor\s successor40 ,= ?is reason1 :5 ! pontiff ( ,congo grew old1 & seem$ likely to die1 ! man :o 0 de/9$ to succe$ him 9 ! pontificate ent]$ 8 h\se ) a rope or club1 & /rangl$ or fell$ him4 ,! ,e?iopian k+s ( ,m]oe 7 wor%ipp$ z gods2 b :5 ! prie/s ?\ght fit1 !y s5t a mess5g] to ! k+1 ord]+ him to die1 & alleg+ an oracle ( ! gods 7or e>li] k+s7 z ! reason ( _! comm&4 ,?is comm& ! k+s always obey$ d[n to ! reign ( ,ergam5es1 a contempor>y ( ,ptolemy ,,ii4 ( ,egypt4 ,s1 :5 #bda! k+ ( ,unyoro 9 ,c5tral ,africa falls ill1 or beg9s to %[ signs ( approa*+ age1 "o ( 8 own wives is compell$ by cu/om to kill him4 ,! k+s ( ,s(ala 7 reg>d$ by _! p z gods :o c\ld give ra9 or sun%9e2 b ! slighte/ bodily blemi%1 su* z ! loss ( a too?1 0 consid]$ a suffici5t reason = putt+ "o ( ^! p[]ful man-gods to dea?2 he mu/ be :ole & s\nd1 le/ all nature pay = x4 ,_m k+s1 human gods1 div9e prie/s1 or sultans are enum]at$ by ,mr4 ,fraz]1 ea* ( :om mu/ be simil>ly p]fect 9 e limb & memb]4 ,! same p]fect manhood is /ill exact$ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,pope1 :o1 h[ev]1 is n put to dea? 9 case ( extreme age or feebl5ess4 ,b !re is reason to believe t ! ,gr& ,lama1 ! div9e ,pope ( ! ,tibetan ,buddhi/s1 is kill$ f "t to "t1 s z to keep him 8ev] fre% & ev] "y10 & to all[ ! inh]5t deity )9 him to escape full-blood$ into ano!r embodim5t4 ,9 all ^! cases ! div9e k+ or prie/ is suff]$ by 8 p to reta9 (fice1 or r to h\se ! godhead1 till by "s outw>d defect1 or "s visible w>n+ ( age or illness1 he %[s !m t he is no long] equal to ! prop] p]=mance ( 8 div9e functions4 ,until su* symptoms appe>1 he is n put to dea?4 ,"s peoples1 h[ev]1 z ,mr4 ,fraz] %[s1 h n ?\ght x safe to wait = ev5 ! slighte/ symptom ( decay be=e kill+ ! human god or k+2 !y h de/roy$ him 9 ! pl5itude ( 8 life & vig\r4 ,9 su* cases1 ! p fix a t]m beyond :i* ! k+ may n reign1 & at ! close ( :i* he mu/ die1 ! t]m be+ %ort en\gh to prev5t ! probability ( deg5]ation mean:ile4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,s\!rn ,india1 = example1 ! t]m 0 fix$ at twelve ye>s2 at ! expiration ( t "t1 ! k+ _h to cut himself to pieces visibly1 be=e ! great local idol1 ( :i* he 0 9 all probability ! human equival5t4 8,:oev] desires to reign o!r twelve ye>s10 says an e>ly obs]v]1 8& to und]take #bdb?is m>tyrdom = ! sake ( ! idol1 has to be pres5t look+ on at ?is2 & f t place !y raise him up z k+40 ,! k+ ( ,calicut1 on ! ,malab> coa/1 _h also to cut 8 ?roat 9 public aft] a twelve ye>srsquo2 reign4 ,b t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! rule 0 s f> relax$ t ! k+ 0 all[$ to reta9 ! ?rone1 & probably ! god%ip1 if he c\ld protect himself aga9/ all com]s4 ,z long z he 0 /rong en\gh to gu>d 8 position1 x 0 held t he 0 /rong en\gh to reta9 ! div9e p[] unh>m$4 ,! ,k+ ( ! ,wood at ,aricia held 8 prie/hood & gho/ly k+%ip on ! same condition2 z long z he c\ld hold 8 own aga9/ all com]s1 he might cont9ue to be prie/2 b any runaway slave _h ! "r ( attack+ ! k+2 & if he c\ld kill him1 he became ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood till "s o!r 9 turn slew him4 ,?is curi\s in/ance has be5 amply & le>n$ly discuss$ by ,mr4 ,fraz]1 & =ms ! c5tral subject ( 8 admirable treatise4 ,m (t5 /ill1 h[ev]1 ! div9e prie/hood1 k+%ip1 or godhead 0 held = "o ye> alone1 = a reason :i* we %all m fully compreh5d aft] we h consid]$ ! annual gods ( cultivation4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ example1 & ! mo/ cognate to our pres5t enquiry1 is t ( ! ,babylonian cu/om cit$ by ,b]osus4 ,dur+ ! five days ( ! fe/ival call$ ! ,saca1 a prison] condemn$ to dea? 0 dress$ 9 ! k+'s robes1 seat$ on ! k+'s ?rone1 all[$ to eat1 dr9k1 & ord] :atev] he *ose1 & ev5 p]mitt$ to sleep ) ! k+'s concub9es4 ,b at ! end ( five days1 he 0 /ripp$ ( 8 royal insignia1 sc\rg$1 & crucifi$4 ,i ne$ h>dly po9t out ! crucial importance ( ?is s+ul> in/ance1 occurr+ 9 a c\ntry )9 ! ,semitic circle4 ,mr4 ,fraz] rightly concludes t ! condemn$ man 0 meant to die 9 ! k+'s /ead2 0 himself1 9 po9t ( fact1 a k+ sub/itute2 & 0 !re=e inve/$ = ! "t be+ ) ! fulle/ #bdcpr]ogatives ( royalty4 ,d\btless we h "h to deal ) a modification ( an old] & /]n] rule1 :i* compell$ ! k+ himself to be sla9 annually4 8,:5 ! "t drew ne> = ! k+ to be put to dea?10 says ,mr4 ,fraz]1 8he abdicat$ = a few days1 dur+ :i* a tempor>y k+ reign$ & suff]$ 9 8 /ead4 ,at fir/ ! tempor>y k+ may h be5 an innoc5t p]son1 possibly a memb] ( ! k+'s own family2 b ) ! gr[? ( civilisation1 ! sacrifice ( an innoc5t p]son w\ld be revolt+ to ! public s5tim5t1 & accord+ly a condemn$ crim9al w\ld be inve/$ ) ! brief & fatal sov]eignty4444 ,we %all f9d o!r examples ( a crim9al repres5t+ a dy+ god4 ,= we mu/ n =get t ! k+ is sla9 9 8 "* ( a god1 8 dea? & resurrection1 z ! only means ( p]petuat+ ! div9e life unimpair$1 be+ deem$ necess>y = ! salvation ( 8 p & ! _w40 ,i ne$ n po9t out ! importance ( su* ideas z assi/+ 9 ! =mation ( a gr\ndwork = ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,o!r evid5ce on ?is po9t1 ( a m indirect nature1 has be5 collect$ by ,mr4 ,fraz]2 & /ill m w come out 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,= ! pres5t ,i w only add t ! annual "* ( "s su* sacrifices seems to be d]iv$ f ! analogy ( ! annually-sla9 gods ( cultivation1 ^: orig9 & mean+ we h yet to exam9e4 ,^! gods1 be+ intimately connect$ ) ea* ye>'s crop1 especially ) crops ( c]eals1 pulses1 & o!r annual gra9s1 7 naturally put to dea? at ! beg9n+ ( ea* agricultural ye>1 & z a rule ab\t ! p]iod ( ! spr+ equ9ox1--say1 at ,ea/]4 ,/>t+ f t analogy1 z ,i believe1 _m races ?\ght x fit t ! o!r div9e p]son1 ! man-god k+1 %\ld also be put to dea? annually1 (t5 ab\t ! same p]iod4 ,& ,i w ev5 v5ture to sugge/ ! possibility t ! in/itution ( annual consuls1 ar*ons1 etc41 may h some?+ to d ) su* annual sacrifices4 #bdd;,c]ta9ly ! leg5d ( ,codrus at ,a!ns & ( ! ,regifugium at ,rome seem to po9t to an anci5t k+-slay+ cu/om4 ,at any rate1 x is n[ c]ta9 t ! putt+ to dea? ( a public man-god 0 a common incid5t ( _m religions4 ,& x is also cle> t 9 _m cases travell]s & o!r obs]v]s h made s]i\s mi/akes by n und]/&+ ! inn] nature ( su* god-slay+ practices4 ,= in/ance x is n[ pretty c]ta9 t ,capta9 ,cook 0 kill$ by ! p ( ,tahiti j because he 0 a god1 p]haps 9 ord] to keep 8 _s among !m4 ,x is likewise cle> t _m rites1 commonly int]pret$ z human sacrifices to a god1 are really god-slay+s2 (t5 ! god 9 "o ( 8 human avat>s seems to be (f]$ to himself1 9 8 m p]man5t embodim5t z an idol or /one image4 ,?is idea ( sacrific+ a god1 himself to himself1 is "o :i* w frequ5tly meet u h]eaft]2 & ,i ne$ h>dly po9t out t1 z 8! sacrifice ( ! mass10 x has ev5 en%r9$ itself 9 ! c5tral sanctu>y ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,*ri/ianity app>5tly took its rise among a gr\p ( irregul> nor!rn ,israelites1 ! ,galilans1 sep>at$ f ! mass ( _! coreligioni/s1 ! ,jews1 by ! int]v5tion ( a h]etical & d\btfully ,israeliti% w$ge1 ! ,sam>itans4 ,! e>lie/ believ]s 9 ,jesus 7 ?us int]m$iate betwe5 ,jews & ,syrians4 ,accord+ to _! own tradition1 !y 7 fir/ describ$ by ! "n ( ,*ri/ians at ,antio*2 & !y appe> on _m gr\nds to h attract$ att5tion fir/ 9 ,syria 9 g5]al1 & p>ticul>ly at ,damascus4 ,we may be sure1 !re=e1 t _! t5ets f ! fir/ w\ld conta9 _m elem5ts m or less di/9ctly ,syrian1 & especially su* elem5ts z =m$ ideas held 9 common by almo/ all ! surr\nd+ peoples4 ,z a matt] ( fact4 ,*ri/ianity1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 may be reg>d$ hi/orically z a magma ( ! mo/ fundam5tal religi\s ideas ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas91 & especially ( ! ea/]n #bde,m$it]ranean1 graft$ on to ! ,jewi% cult & ! ,jewi% scriptures1 & clu/]+ r\nd ! p]sonality ( ! man-god1 ,jesus4 ,x is int]e/+ !re=e to note t 9 ,syria & ! nor? ,semitic area ! pr9cipal cult 0 ! cult ( j su* a sla9 man-god1 ,adonis1--orig9ally1 z ,mr4 ,fraz] %[s1 an annually sla9 man-god1 aft]w>ds put to dea? & bewail$ 9 effigy1 aft] a fa%ion ( :i* we %all see n a few examples 9 ! sequel1 & ( :i* ! ,mass itself is b an e!realis$ survival4 ,simil>ly 9 ,phrygia1 :]e ,*ri/ianity e>ly made a consid]able impression1 ! mo/ dev\tly wor%ipp$ among ! gods 0 ,attis1 :o1 z ,pr(essor ,ramsay sugge/s1 0 almo/ c]ta9ly embodi$ 9 e>ly times z an annually sla9 man-god1 & ^: cult 0 always c>ri$ on by means ( a div9e k+-prie/1 be>+ himself ! "n ( ,attis4 ,?\gh 9 lat] days ! prie/ did n actually immolate himself e ye>1 yet on ! ye>ly fea/ ( ! god1 at ! spr+ equ9ox 7correspond+ to ! ,*ri/ian ,ea/]7 he drew blood f 8 own arms1 z a sub/itute no d\bt = ! e>li] practice ( self-slaught]4 ,& ,i may add 9 ?is connexion 7to anticipate once m7 t 9 all su* godslaught]+ rites1 imm5se importance 0 always atta*$ to ! blood ( ! man-god2 j z 9 ,*ri/ianity 8! blood ( ,*ri/0 rema9s to ! end ( mo/ sav+ efficacy4 ,bo? ,adonis & ,attis 7 conceiv$ z "y m5 9 ! prime ( life1 l ! victims *os5 = o!r god-slay+ rites4 ,i h dealt 9 ?is *apt] only 9 v brief summ>y ) ?is va/ & int]e/+ "q ( human deities4 ,mr4 ,fraz] has devot$ to x two l>ge & fasc9at+ volumes4 ,8 "w is fill$ ) endless facts z to su* man-gods !mselves1 ! mode ( _! vic>i\s or expiatory slaught] on behalf ( ! community1 ! g5tl] sub/itution ( condemn$ crim9als = ! div9e k+s 9 m civilis$ c\ntries1 ! occasional mitigation :]eby ! div9e k+ m]ely draws 8 own blood in/ead #bdf( kill+ himself1 or :]e an effigy is made to take ! place ( ! actual victim1 & s =? ad inf9itum4 ,all ^! valuable sugge/ions & ideas ,i c\ld n reproduce "h )\t transcrib+ 9 full _m pages ( ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 :]e ,mr4 ,fraz] has m>%all$ ! entire evid5ce on ! po9t ) surpris+ effectiv5ess4 ,i w cont5t myself !re=e by m]ely ref]r+ read]s to t mo/ le>n$ yet int]e/+ & amus+ book4 ,i w only say 9 conclusion t :at mo/ conc]ns u "h is ,mr4 ,fraz]'s ample & conv9c+ pro( ( ! l>ge "p play$ by su* sla9 7& r]is57 man-gods 9 ! religion ( ^? self-same ea/-,m$it]ranean c\ntries :]e ,*ri/ianity 0 fir/ evolv$ z a natural product ( ! popul> imag9ation4 ,! dea? & resurrection ( ! humanly-embodi$ god =m inde$ ! keynote ( ! greate/ & mo/ sacr$ religions ( we/]n ,asia & nor!a/]n ,africa4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4--,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,gods4 ,normally #bdg;& orig9ally1 ,i believe1 all gods gr[ spontane\sly4 ,!y evolve by degrees out ( dead & deifi$ ance/ors or *iefta9s4 ,! h\sehold gods are ! dead ( ! family2 ! great] gods are ! dead *iefs ( ! /ate or t[n or village4 ,b ^u ?is e>li] & spontane\s crop ( gods !re sup]v5es lat] an artificial crop1 delib]ately manufactur$4 ,! importance ( ?is lat] artificial class is s great1 especially 9 connexion ) ! gods ( agriculture1 & ) ! habit ( eat+ ! god's body z corn & dr9k+ 8 blood z w9e1 t x becomes necess>y = u "h to exam9e _! nature 9 due ord]4 ,we %all f9d t "s k ( !m is ne$$ prelim9>y to ! compreh5sion ( ! ,*ri/ian sy/em4 ,we saw t 9 ,we/ ,africa ! belief 9 ano!r _w is s matt]-(-fact & mat]ial t a *ief :o wi%es to communicate ) 8 dead fa!r kills a slave z a mess5g]1 aft] fir/ impress+ ^u him ! nature ( ! message he w h to deliv]4 ,if he =gets any?+1 says ,mr4 ,duff ,macdonald1 he kills a second & s5ds him aft] 8z a po/script40 ,a ,khond desir$ to be av5g$ ^u an enemy2 s he cut (f ! head ( 8 "m1 :o *e]fully sugge/$ ?is dome/ic arrangem5t1 9 ord] t h] gho/ might haunt & t]rify ! (f5d]4 ,simil> pl5itude ( belief 9 ! actuality & ne>ness ( ! ,o!r ,_w makes att5dants1 wives1 & ev5 fri5ds ( a dead man1 9 _m c\ntries1 volunte] to kill !mselves #bdh;at 8 fun]al1 9 ord] t !y may accompany _! "l & ma/] to ! ne!r realms4 ,all ^! examples comb9e to %[ u two ?+s3 fir/1 t ! o!r life is v real & close to ! p :o behave s2 & second1 t no great unwill+ness habitually exi/s to migration f ?is life to ! next1 if occasion dem&s x4 ,/>t+ ) su* ideas1 x is n surpris+ t _m races %\ld h delib]ately made = !mselves gods by kill+ a man1 & especially a man ( div9e or k+ly blood1 ! embodim5t ( a god1 9 ord] t 8 _s might p]=m "s specific div9e function4 ,nor is x ev5 rem>kable t ! victim select$ = su* a purpose %\ld volunt>ily submit to dea?1 (t5 prec$$ by viol5t torture1 s z to atta9 9 ! end to a position ( tru/ & importance z a tutel>y deity4 ,we h only to rememb] ! ease ) :i* ,mahomm$an fanatics w face dea?1 expect+ to enjoy ! pleasures ( ,p>adise1 or ! f]v\r ) :i* ,*ri/ian believ]s us$ to embrace ! cr[n ( m>tyrdom1 9 ord] to conv9ce ourselves ( ! reality & pr(undity ( su* a s5tim5t4 ,! fur!r back we g 9 "t or culture1 ! /rong] does ! s5tim5t 9 "q become2 x is only ! civilis$ & sceptical ?9k] :o hesitates to ex*ange ! solid com=ts ( ?is _w = ! %ad[y & unc]ta9 delights ( ! next4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* artificially-manufactur$ gods has be5 m or less recognis$ = "s "t pa/1 & att5tion has be5 call$ to "o or o!r class ( !m by ,mr4 ,b>+ ,g\ld & ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]2 b ,i believe ! pres5t "w w be ! fir/ 9 :i* _! pr(\nd importance & _! place 9 ! g5esis ( ! high] religions has be5 fully po9t$ out 9 sy/ematic detail4 ,! be/ kn[n in/ances ( su* delib]ate godmak+ are ^? :i* ref] to ! f\ndation ( cities1 city walls1 & h\ses4 ,9 su* cases1 a human victim is (t5 sacrific$ 9 ord] t 8 blood may be us$ z cem5t1 #bdi;& 8 s\l be built 9 to ! v /ones ( ! fabric4 ,!reaft] he becomes ! tutel>y deity or 8=tune0 ( ! h\se or city4 ,9 _m cases1 ! victim (f]s himself volunt>ily = ! purpose2 frequ5tly he is ( k+ly or div9e ance/ry4 ,z a %eep be=e h] %e>]s is dumb1 s he op5s n 8 m\?4 ,9 ,polynesia1 :]e we usually /& ne>e/ to ! v core ( religion1 ,ellis he>d t ! c5tral pill> ( ! temple at ,mva 0 plant$ ^u ! body ( a human victim4 ,among ! ,dyaks ( ,borneo1 a slave girl 0 cru%$ to dea? "u ! fir/ po/ ( a h\se4 ,9 ,octob] #ahha1 ! k+ ( ,a%anti put fifty girls to dea? t _! blood might be mix$ ) ! 8swi%0 or mud us$ 9 ! repair ( ! royal build+s4 ,ev5 9 ,japan1 a c\ple ( c5turies s9ce1 :5 a great wall 0 to be built1 8"s wret*$ slave w\ld (f] himself z a f\ndation40 ,obs]ve 9 ?is in/ance ! important fact t ! immolation 0 purely volunt>y4 ,mr4 ,tylor1 x is true1 treats mo/ ( ^! cases z ?\gh ! victim 7 int5d$ to appease ! e>?-demons1 :i* is ! natural int]pretation = ! eld] s*ool ( ?9k]s to put ^u su* c]emonies2 b ^? :o h read ,mr4 ,fraz] & ,mr4 ,b>+ ,g\ld w "k t ! (f]+ is really a piece ( delib]ate god-mak+4 ,_m ( ! orig9al witnesses1 inde$1 correctly report ?is int5tion on ! "p ( ! p]petrators2 ?us ,mason 0 told by an eyewitness t at ! build+ ( ! new city ( ,tavoy 9 ,t5nass]im 8a crim9al 0 put 9 ea* po/-hole to become a protect+ demon0 or r deity4 ,s 9 ,siam1 :5 a new city gate 0 be+ erect$1 says ,mr4 ,spe?1 (fic]s seiz$ ! fir/ f\r or eight p :o pass$1 & buri$ !m "u x 8z gu>dian angels40 ,& 9 ,r\mania a /ahic is def9$ z 8! gho/ ( a p]son :o has be5 immur$ 9 ! walls ( a build+ 9 ord] to make x m solid40 ,! ,iri% ,ban%ee is d\btless ( simil> orig94 ,o!r curi\s examples are report$ f ,africa4 ,9 ,galam1 #bej;a boy & girl us$ to be buri$ alive be=e ! great gate ( a city1 to make x impregnable2 & ,i ga!r "h t ! sacrifice 0 p]iodically r5ew$1 z we %all see x to h be5 9 _m o!r cases4 ,9 ,great ,bassam & ,y>riba1 simil> sacrifices 7 usual at ! f\ndation ( a h\se or village4 ,cle>ly ! idea 9 ^! cases 0 to supply ! site ) a tutel>y deity1 a god ^: exi/5ce 0 b\nd up ) ! place ?us consecrat$ to him4 ,he & ! t[n h5ce=? 7 "o2 he 0 its s\l1 & x 0 8 body4 ,human victims are said to h be5 buri$ 8= _s-wat*]s0 "u ! gates ( ,m&elay4 ,s too1 accord+ to leg5d1 "h a tol]ably safe guide1 a que5 0 dr[n$ 9 a ,burmese res]voir1 to make ! dyke safe2 :ile ! *oice = su* a purpose ( a royal victim %[s cle>ly ! desirability ( div9e blood be+ pres5t 9 ! body ( ! future deity4 ,:5 ,rajah ,sala ,byne 0 build+ ! =t ( ,sialkot 9 ! ,punjaub1 ! f\ndation gave way s (t5 t he consult$ a soo?say]4 ,! soo?say] advis$ t ! blood ( an only son %\ld be %$ on ! spot2 & ! only son ( a wid[ 0 accord+ly kill$ !re4 ,i may add t ! blood ( 8an only-begott5 son0 has always be5 held to possess peculi> efficacy4 ,9 ,europe itself1 n a few traces survive ( su* f\ndation-gods1 or spirits ( t[ns1 t[n-walls1 & h\ses4 ,! ,piets are said to h ba!d _! f\ndation-/ones 9 human blood1 especially 9 build+ _! =ts & ca/les4 ,/4 ,columba himself1 ?\gh nom9ally a ,*ri/ian1 did n scruple ?us to secure ! safety ( 8 mona/]y4 ,columbkille said to 8 p1 8#8,x w\ld be well = u t our roots %\ld pass into ! e>? "h4' ,& he said to !m1 #8,x is p]mitt$ to y t "s "o ( y g "u ! e>? to consecrate x4'0 ,/4 ,oran volunte]$ to accept ! task1 & 0 ev] aft] hon\r$ z ! patron sa9t ( ! mona/]y4 ,"h aga9 x may be not$ t ! (f]+ 0 volunt>y4 ,z late z #adfc1 :5 ! brok5 dam ( ! ,nogat _h to be repair$1 #bea! peasants1 be+ advis$ to ?r[ 9 a liv+ man1 are said to h made a begg> drunk 79 :i* /ate he w\ld ( c\rse be 8full ( ! god07 & utilis$ him = ! purpose4 ,9 #ahhe1 on ! re/oration ( ,hols-wor?y *ur* 9 ,devon1 a skeleton ) a mass ( mort> pla/]$ ov] ! m\? 0 f\nd emb$d$ 9 an angle ( ! build+4 ,to make ! ca/le ( ,lieb5/e9 fa/ & impregnable1 a *ild 0 b\ght = h>d money ( its "m1 & wall$ into ! build+4 ,aga91 :5 ! *ur* at ,blex 9 ,old5burg 0 be+ built1 ! au?orities ( ! village cross$ ! ,wes]1 8b\ght a *ild f a poor "m at ,brem]leke1 & built x alive into ! f\ndations40 ,we %all see h]eaft] t 8to be br\ght ) a price0 is a v>iant1 z x 71 on ! volunt>y (f]+2 great /ress is (t5 laid :5 a victim is (f]$ on ?is p>ticul> fact1 :i* is held to absolve ! p]petrators f ! crime ( god-murd]4 ,s1 we %all see 9 ! sequel1 ! div9e animal-victim1 :i* is ! god (f]$ to himself1 8 animal embodim5t to 8 image or alt>1 mu/ always cons5t to its own sacrifice2 if x refuse or %[ ! slighte/ dis9cl9ation1 x is no good victim4 ,leg5d says t ! *ild 9 ! case ( ! ,lieb5/e9 (f]+ 0 beguil$ ) a cake1 probably s z to make x a cons5t+ p>ty1 & 0 sl[ly wall$ up be=e ! eyes ( ! "m4 ,all ^! details are full ( incid5tal in/ructiv5ess & importance4 ,z late z #ahfe1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,spe?1 "s ,*ri/ian lab\r]s1 work+ at a-block-h\se at ,duga1 ne> ,scut>i1 f\nd two "y ,*ri/ian *ildr5 9 ! h&s ( ,mahomm$an ,arnauts1 :o 7 try+ to bury !m alive "u ! block-h\se4 ,x is ab\t city walls1 h[ev]1 t we (t5e/ read su* leg5d>y /ories4 ,?us ! wall ( ,cop5hag5 sank z fa/ z x 0 built2 s !y took an innoc5t little girl1 & set h] at a table ) toys & eatables4 ,!n1 :ile %e play$ & eat1 twelve ma/] masons clos$ a vault ov] h]4 ,) clang+ music1 to dr[n ! *ild's cries1 #beb! wall 0 rais$1 & /ood fa/ ev] aft]4 ,9 ,italy1 once m1 ! bridge ( ,arta fell 91 "t aft] "t1 till !y wall$ 9 ! ma/] build]'s wife2 ! la/ po9t be+ a significant detail1 ^: mean+ w come out /ill m cle>ly 9 ! sequel4 ,at ,scut>i 9 ,s]via1 once m1 ! =tress c\ld only be satisfactorily built aft] a human victim 0 wall$ into x2 s ! ?ree bro!rs :o wr\ght at x decid$ to (f] up ! fir/ ( _! wives :o came to ! place to br+ !m food4 7,comp>e ! case ( ,jeph?a's daught]1 :]e ! fir/ liv+ ?+ met by *ance is to be sacrific$ to ,jahweh47 ,s1 too1 9 ,wel% leg5d1 ,vortig]n c\ld n f9i% 8 t[] till ! f\ndation-/one 0 wett$ ) 8! blood ( a *ild born ( a "m )\t a fa!r0--?is episode ( ! virg9-born infant be+ a common elem5t 9 ! g5]ation ( man-gods1 z ,mr4 ,sidney ,h>tl& has abundantly prov$ = u4 ,9 "o case cit$ above1 we saw a mitigation ( ! primitive cu/om1 9 t a crim9al 0 sub/itut$ = a p]son ( royal blood or div9e orig9--a =m ( sub/itution ( :i* ,mr4 ,fraz] has suppli$ abundant examples 9 o!r connexions4 ,/ill fur!r mitigations are ^? ( build+-9 a p]son :o has committ$ sacrilege or brok5 "s religi\s v[ ( *a/ity4 ,9 ! museum at ,algi]s is a pla/] ca/ ( ! m\ld left by ! body ( "o ,g]onimo1 a ,moori% ,*ri/ian 7& !re=e a recusant ( ,islam71 :o 0 built into a block ( concrete 9 ! angle ( ! =t 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,fai?less nuns 7 s immur$ 9 ,europe dur+ ! middle ages2 & ,mr4 ,rid] ,hagg>d's /atem5t t he saw 9 ! museum at ,mexico bodies simil>ly immur$ by ! ,inquisition has r\s$ s mu* ,ca?olic wra? & d5ial t "o c h>dly h any hesitation 9 accept+ its sub/antial accuracy4 ,b 9 o!r cases1 ! sub/itution has gone fur!r /ill2 in/ead ( crim9als1 recusants1 or h]etics1 we get an animal victim 9 place ( ! human "o4 ,mr4 ,/4 ,john saw a *ick5 sacrific$ = a slave girl #bec;at a build+ among ! ,dyaks ( ,borneo4 ,a lamb 0 wall$-9 "u ! alt> ( a *ur* 9 ,d5m>k1 to make x /& fa/2 or ! *ur*y>d 0 hansell$ by bury+ fir/ a live horse1 an obvi\s p>allel to ! case ( ,/ ,oran4 ,:5 ! p>i% *ur* ( ,*umleigh 9 ,devon%ire 0 tak5 d[n a few ye>s ago1 9 a wall ( ! fifte5? c5tury 0 f\nd a c>v$ figure ( ,*ri/1 crucifi$ to a v9e--a =m ( sub/itution to :i* we %all f9d sev]al equival5ts lat]4 ,9 mod]n ,greece1 says ,dr4 ,tylor1 to :om ,i owe _m ( ^! in/ances1 a relic ( ! idea survives 9 ! belief t ! fir/ pass]-by aft] a f\ndation-/one is laid w die )9 ! ye>2 s ! masons compromise ! matt] by kill+ a cock or a black lamb on ! f\ndation-/one4 ,?is animal !n becomes ! _s ( ! build+4 ,we %all see reason to suspect1 z we proce$1 t e slaught]$ victim 9 e rite 0 at fir/ a div9e-human be+2 & t animal victims are always sub/itutes1 ?\gh suppos$ to be equally div9e ) ! man-god !y p]sonate4 ,i w ask ! read] to look out = su* cases z we proce$1 & also to notice1 ev5 :5 ,i d n call att5tion to !m1 ! de/9ation ( ! oracul> head1 & ! frequ5t accompanim5t ( 8clang+ music40 ,else:]e we f9d o!r cu/oms :i* help to expla9 ^! curi\s survivals4 ,! %ad[ is (t5 id5tifi$ ) ! s\l2 & 9 ,r\mania1 :5 a new build+ is to be erect$1 ! masons endeav\r to cat* ! %ad[ ( a pass+ /rang]1 & !n lay ! f\ndation-/one ^u x4 ,or ! /rang] is entic$ by /eal? to ! /one1 :5 ! mason secretly measures 8 body or 8 %ad[1 & buries ! measure ?us tak5 "u ! f\ndation4 ,"h we h a survival ( ! idea t ! victim mu/ at lea/ be n unwill+4 ,x is believ$ t ! p]son ?us measur$ w langui% & die )9 =ty days2 & we may be sure t orig9ally ! belief ran t 8 s\l became ! god or gu>dian _s ( ! edifice4 #bed;,if ! ,bulg>ians _c get a human %ad[ to wall 91 !y cont5t !mselves ) ! %ad[ ( ! fir/ animal t passes by4 ,"h aga9 we get t =m ( div9e *ance 9 ! po9t+ out ( a victim :i* is se5 9 ! case ( ,jeph?a's daught]4 ,/ill mild] sub/itutions occur 9 ! empty c(f9 wall$ into a *ur* 9 ,g]many1 or ! rude images ( babies 9 swaddl+-clo!s simil>ly immur$ 9 ,holl&4 ,! la/ trace ( ! cu/om is f\nd 9 ,engl& 9 ! mod]n practice ( putt+ co9s & newspap]s "u ! f\ndation-/one4 ,"h x w\ld seem z if ! victim 7 reg>d$ z a sacrifice to ! ,e>? 7a late & d]ivative idea71 & ! co9s 7 a money paym5t 9 lieu ( ! human or animal (f]+4 ,i owe _m ( ! cases "h in/anc$ to ! c>eful rese>* ( my fri5d ,mr4 ,clodd4 ,b s9ce ?is *apt] 0 writt51 all o!r treatises on ! subject h be5 sup]s$$ by ,mr4 ,spe?'s exhau/ive & s*ol>ly pamphlet on 8,build]'s ,rites & ,c]emonies10 a few examples f :i* ,i h int]calat$ 9 my argum5t4 ,o!r implications mu/ be briefly treat$4 ,! be/ gho/ or god = ?is purpose seems to be a div9e or k+ly p]son2 & 9 /ages :5 ! mean+ ( ! practice is /ill q cle> to ! build]s1 ! de>ly-be-lov$ son or wife ( ! k+ is (t5 select$ = ! hon\r ( tutel>y god%ip4 ,lat] ?is notion passes into ! sacrifice ( ! *ild or wife ( ! ma/] mason2 _m leg5ds or traditions conta9 ?is m rec5t elem5t4 ,9 ,vortig]n's case1 h[ev]1 ! *ild is cle>ly a div9e be+1 z we %all see to be true a little lat] on 9 c]ta9 ,semitic in/ances4 ,to ! la/1 ! connexion ( *ildr5 ) su* sacrifices is mo/ m>k$2 ?us :5 9 #ahac ! ice on ! ,elbe broke d[n "o ( ! dams1 an old peasant sne]$ at ! ef=ts ( ! ,gov]nm5t eng9e]1 say+ to him1 8,y w nev] get ! dyke to hold unless y fir/ s9k an innoc5t *ild "u ! f\ndations40 ,"h ! v epi!t 8innoc5t0 9 itself reveals "s la/ #bee;e*o ( god%ip4 ,s too1 9 #ahdc1 :5 a new bridge 0 to be built at ,halle 9 ,g]many1 ! p told ! ar*itects t ! pi] w\ld n /& unless a liv+ *ild 0 immur$ "u ! f\ndations4 ,s*rad] says t :5 ! great railway bridge ov] ! ,ganges 0 begun1 e "m 9 ,b5gal trembl$ = h] infant4 ,! ,slavonic *iefs :o f\nd$ ,det9ez s5t out m5 to cat* ! fir/ boy !y met & bury him 9 ! f\ndation4 ,"h once m we h ! sacr$-*ance victim4 ,briefly ,i w\ld say !re seems to be a pref]5ce 9 all su* cases = *ildr51 & especially = girls2 ( k+ly /ock1 if possible1 b at lea/ a ne> relation ( ! ma/] build]4 ,mr4 ,spe? po9ts out t horses' heads 7 frequ5tly fa/5$ on *ur*es or o!r build+s1 & sugge/s t !y belong to animal f\ndation-victims4 ,?is use ( ! skull is 9 /rict accordance ) its usual oracul> de/9ation4 ,"s notable hi/orical or my?ical tales ( t[n & village gods1 delib]ately manufactur$1 may n[ be consid]$4 ,we read 9 ,fir/ ,k+s t :5 ,hiel ! ,be!lite built ,j]i*o1 8he laid ! f\ndation !re( 9 ,abiram 8 fir/-born1 & set up ! gates !re( 9 8 y\nge/ ,segub40 ,"h we see evid5tly a pr9cely ma/] build]1 sacrific+ 8 own two sons z gu>dian gods ( 8 new city4 ,abundant traces exi/ ( su* delib]ate production ( a ,=tune = a t[n4 ,& x is also probable t ! orig9al sacrifice 0 repeat$ annually1 z if to keep up ! con/ant /ream ( div9e life1 some:at aft] ! fa%ion ( ! human gods we _h to consid] 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,dido appe>s to h be5 ! ,=tune or f\ndation-goddess ( ,c>?age2 %e is repres5t$ 9 ! leg5d z ! f\ndress-que51 & is said to h lept into h] div9e pyre f ! walls ( h] palace4 ,b ! annual human sacrifice appe>s to h be5 p]=m$ at ! same place2 = 8,x c h>dly be d\bt$10 says ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?1 8t #bef! spot at :i* leg5d plac$ ! self-sacrifice ( ,dido to h] husb& ,si*>bas 0 t at :i* ! lat] ,c>?ag9ian human sacrifices 7 p]=m$40 ,at ,laodicea1 aga91 an annual sacrifice took place ( a de]1 9 lieu ( a maid52 & ?is sacrifice1 we are expressly told1 0 (f]$ to ! goddess ( ! city4 ,leg5d said t ! goddess 0 a maid51 :o _h be5 simil>ly sacrific$ to consecrate ! f\ndation ( ! t[n1 & 0 !nce=? wor%ipp$ z its ,=tune1 l ,dido at ,c>?age2 8x 0 !re=e ! dea? ( ! goddess h]self10 says ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?1 8t 0 annually r5ew$ 9 ! piacul> rite40 7,i d n admit ! ju/ice ( ! epi!t 8piacul>407 ,aga91 ,malalas tells u t ! #bb;d ( ,may 0 kept at ,antio* z ! anniv]s>y ( a maid5 sacrific$ at ! f\ndation ( ! city1 & wor%ipp$ !reaft] z ! ,ty*e1 or luck1 ( ! t[n4 ,at ,durna 9 ,arabia an annual victim 0 simil>ly buri$ "u ! /one :i* =m$ ! alt>4 ,9 mo/ ( ! leg5ds1 z !y come d[n to u f civilis$ & lett]$ antiquity1 ! true nature ( ?is sangu9>y f\ndation-rite is ov]laid & disguis$ by lat] rationalis+ guesses & ,i may m5tion t ,dr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? 9 p>ticul> habitually treats ! rationalis+ guesses z primitive1 & ! real old tradition ( ! slaught]$ virg9 z a my? ( explanation ( 8! lat] ,euhem]i/ic ,syrians40 ,b aft] ! examples we h already se5 ( f\ndation-gods1 ,i ?9k ,i c h>dly be d\bt$ t ?is is to rev]se ! true ord]2 t a girl 0 really sacrific$ = a tutel>y deity :5 a t[n 0 f\nd$1 & t ! sub/itution ( an animal victim at ! annual r5ewal 0 a lat] ref9em5t4 ,mr4 ,spe? quotes a case 9 po9t ( a popul> tradition t a "y girl _h be5 built into ! ca/le ( ,ni$]-,m&]s*i$2 & :5 ! wall 0 op5$ 9 #ahdd1 ! ,euhem]i/ic workm5 f\nd a cavity enclos+ a human skeleton4 ,i w\ld sugge/1 aga91 t 9 ! orig9al leg5d ( ! f\ndation ( ,rome1 ,romulus 0 repres5t$ z hav+ built-9 #beg;8 bro!r ,remus z a ,=tune1 or god1 ( ! city1 & t to ?is id5tification ( ,remus ) ! city we ought to trace su* phrases z turba ,remi = ! ,roman p4 ,! ^w =um 9 its primitive signification means ! empty space left be=e a tomb--! llan or tem5os4 ,h5ce ,i w\ld sugge/ t ! ,roman ,=um & o!r ,lat9 =a 7 really ! tomb-enclosures ( ! orig9al f\ndation-victims4 99 ,s1 too1 ! ,engli% village gre5 & 8play-field0 are probably ! space d$icat$ to ! tribal or village god--a sla9 man-god2 & !y are usually connect$ ) ! sacr$ /one & sacr$ tree4 ,i tru/ ?is po9t w become cle>] z we proce$1 & develop ! :ole !ory ( ! f\ndation god or goddess1 ! alli$ sacr$ /one & ! tree or trunk memorial4 99 ,9 ! case ( ,rome1 ! ,=um w\ld repres5t ! grave ( ! lat] f\ndation-god ( ! comp\nd ,lat9 & ,sab9e city4 ,=1 if ,i am "r1 ! entire primitive ritual ( ! f\ndation ( a village consi/$ 9 kill+ or bury+ alive or build+ into ! wall a human victim1 z t[n or village god1 & rais+ a /one & plant+ a tree close by to commemorate him4 ,at ^! two monum5ts ! village rites 7 !reaft] p]=m$4 ,! /one & tree are ?us f\nd 9 _! usual conjunction2 bo? coexi/ 9 ! ,indian village to ! pres5t day1 z 9 ! ,sib]ian woodl& or ! ,slavonic =e/4 ,?us1 at ,rome1 we h n only ! leg5d ( ! dea? ( ,remus1 a pr9ce ( ! blood-royal ( ,alba ,longa1 intimately connect$ ) ! build+ ( ! wall ( ,roma ,quadrata1 b we h also ! sacr$ fig-tree ( ,romulus 9 ! ,=um1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z ! embodim5t ( ! city life ( ! comb9$ ,rome1 s t :5 x %[$ signs ( )]+1 con/]nation spread ?r\gh ! city2 & h>d by we h ! sacr$ /one or ,palladium1 gu>d$ by ! sacr$ ,ve/al ,virg9s :o kept ! city he>?-fire1 & /ill m closely b\nd up ) ! =tune ( t second>y ,rome :i* _h its home 9 ! ,=um4 ,are n ^! ?ree ! #behtriple =m ( ! f\ndation-god ( t unit$ ,capitol9e & ,palat9e ,rome8 ,& may n ! sacr$ cornel on ! ,palat9e1 aga91 h be5 simil>ly ! holy f\ndation-tree ( t old] ,roma ,ouadrata :i* is m p>ticul>ly associat$ ) ! "n ( ,romulus8 ,( ?is tree ,plut>* tells u t :5 x appe>$ to a pass]-by to be droop+1 he set up a hue & cry1 :i* 0 soon respond$ to by p on all sides ru%+ up ) buckets ( wat] to p\r ^u x1 z if !y 7 ha/5+ to put out a fire4 ,cle>ly1 "h aga9 we h to deal ) an embodi$ ,=tune4 ,we d n (t5 get all ?ree ( ^! ,=tunes comb9$--! human victim1 ! /one1 & ! tree1 ) ! annual (f]+ :i* r5ews its sanctity4 ,b we f9d traces s (t5 ( "o or o!r ( ! trio t we are ju/ifi$1 ,i ?9k1 9 connect+ !m toge!r z p>ts ( a :ole1 :]e( "h "o elem5t survives1 & !re ano!r4 8,among all primitive communities10 says ,mr4 ,gomme1 8:5 a village 0 fir/ e/abli%$1 a /one 0 set up4 ,to ?is /one1 ! headman ( ! village made an (f]+ once a ye>40 ,to ! pres5t day1 ,london pres]ves h] f\ndation-god 9 ! %ape ( ,london ,/one1 n[ enclos$ 9 a rail+ or iron grill j opposite ,cannon ,/reet ,/ation4 ,n[1 ,london ,/one 0 = ages consid]$ z ! repres5tative & embodim5t ( ! entire community4 ,proclamations & o!r important /ate bus9esses 7 ann\nc$ f its top2 & ! def5dant 9 trials 9 ! ,"l ,mayor's c\rt 0 summon$ to att5d f ,london ,/one1 z ?\gh ! /one itself spoke to ! wrong-do] ) ! unit$ voice ( ! assembl$ citiz5s4 ,! fir/ ,"l ,mayor1 inde$1 0 ,h5ry de ,lundon/one1 no d\bt1 z ,mr4 ,l(tie sugge/s1 ! h]$it>y keep] ( ?is urban feti%1--9 %ort1 ! repres5tative ( ! village headman4 ,i h writt5 at great] l5g? on ! implications ( ?is int]e/+ relic 9 an article on ,london ,/one 9 ,longmanrsquo2s ,magaz9e1 to :i* ,i w\ld ref] ! read] = fur!r in=mation4 #bei;,i w only add "h ! curi\s episode ( ,jack ,cade1 :o1 :5 he =c$ 8 way1 "u 8 assum$ "n ( ,mortim]1 into ! city 9 #adej1 fir/ ( all proce$$ to ?is sacr$ relic1 ! embodim5t ( palladium ( anci5t ,london1 & hav+ /ruck x ) 8 sword exclaim$1 8,n[ is ,mortim] "l ( ?is city40 ,a simil> sacr$ /one exi/s to ?is day at ,bovey ,tracey 9 ,devon1 ( :i* ,orm]od tells u t ! mayor ( ,bovey us$ to ride r\nd x on ! fir/ day ( 8 t5ure ( (fice1 & /rike x ) a /ick1--:i* fur!r expla9s ,jack ,cade's proce$+4 ,accord+ to ! ,totnes ,times ( ,may #ac1 #ahhb1 ! "y m5 ( ! t[n 7 compell$ on ! same day to kiss ! magic /one & pl$ge allegiance 9 uphold+ ! anci5t rights & privileges ( ,bovey4 7,i owe ^! details to ,mr4 ,lawr5ce ,gomme's ,village ,community47 ,i d n ?9k we c dissociate f ^! two cases ! o!r sacr$ /ones ( ,brita91 su* z ! ,k+'s ,/one at ,k+/on 9 ,surrey1 :]e sev]al ( ! ,we/ ,saxon k+s 7 cr[n$2 nor ! ,scone ,/one 9 ! coronation-*air at ,we/m9/] ,abbey2 nor ! ,/one ( ,clackmannan1 & ! sacr$ /ones already m5tion$ 9 a previ\s *apt] on :i* ! heads ( clans or ( ,iri% septs succe$$ to ! *iefta9%ip ( _! respective families4 ,^! may 9 "p h be5 ance/ral & sepul*ral monum5ts3 b x is probable t !y also p>took 9 "p ( ?is artificial & factiti\s sanctity4 ,c]ta9ly 9 "s cases t sanctity 0 r5ew$ by an animal sacrifice4 ,) ^! fairly obvi\s in/ances ,i w\ld also connect c]ta9 o!r /atem5ts :i* seem to me to h be5 hi!rto mis9t]pret$4 ,?us ,me%a1 k+ ( ,moab1 :5 he is close beleagu]$1 burns 8 son z a holocau/ on ! wall ( ! city4 ,is n ?is an (f]+ to protect ! wall by ! delib]ate manufacture ( an additional deity8 ,= /raightway ! besieg]s seem to feel !y are ov]p[]$1 & ! siege is rais$4 ,obs]ve #bfj;"h once m t x is ! k+'s own de>ly-be-lov$ son :o is *os5 z victim4 ,aga91 at ,ama?us1 human sacrifices 7 (f]$ to ,jupit] ,hospes 8be=e ! gates02 & ?is ,jupit] ,hospes1 z ,ovid calls him1 is ! ,ama?usian ,h]akles or ,malika1 ^: "n1 pres]v$ = u by ,hesy*ius1 id5tifies him at once z a local deity simil> to ! ,tyrian ,melc>?4 ,0 n ?is aga91 !re=e1 ! ,=tune ( ! city8 ,at ,tyre itself1 ! sepul*re ( ,h]akles ,melc>? 0 %[n1 :]e he 0 said to h be5 cremat$4 ,= among cremat+ peoples x 0 natural to burn1 n slaught]1 ! ye>ly god-victim4 ,at ,t>sus1 once m1 !re 0 an annual fea/1 at :i* a v fair pyre 0 erect$1 & ! local ,h]akles or ,baal 0 burn$ on x 9 effigy4 ,we _c d\bt1 ,i ?9k1 t ?is 0 a mitigation ( an e>li] human holocau/4 ,inde$1 ,dr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? says ( ?is in/ance3 8,?is annual commemoration ( ! dea? ( ! god 9 fire mu/ h its orig9 9 an old] rite1 9 :i* ! victim 0 n a m]e effigy1 b a !an?ropic sacrifice1 i4e41 an actual man or sacr$ animal1 ^: life1 accord+ to ! antique conception n[ famili> to u1 0 an embodim5t ( ! div9e-human life40 ,?is is v ne> my own view on ! subject4 ,f ^! in/ances we may proce$1 ,i ?9k1 to a m curi\s set1 ^: implications seem to me to h be5 ev5 m griev\sly mi/ak5 by lat] int]pret]s4 ,i mean ! case ( *ildr5 ( k+s or ( rul+ families1 sacrific$ 9 "t ( w> or p]il z additional or auxili>y deities4 ,?us ,philo ( ,byblos says3 8,x 0 an anci5t cu/om 9 a crisis ( great dang] t ! rul] ( a city or nation %\ld give 8 belov$ son to die = ! :ole p1 z a ransom (f]$ to ! av5g+ demons2 & ! *ildr5 ?us (f]$ 7 sla9 ) my/ic rites4 ,s ,cronus1 :om ! ,pho5icians call ,israel1 be+ k+ ( ! l&1 & hav+ an only-begott5 son call$ ,je\d 7= 9 ! ,pho5icians tongue ,je\d signifies only-begott571 dress$ him 9 royal robes & sacrific$ him ^u an alt> #bfa;9 a "t ( w>1 :5 ! c\ntry 0 9 great dang] f ! enemy40 ,i d n ?9k ,philo is "r 9 8 gloss or guess ab\t 8! av5g+ demons10 b o!rwise 8 /ory is int]e/+ evid5ce4 ,x helps u m or less directly to connect ! common ,pho5ician & ,hebrew *ild-sacrifices ) ?is delib]ate manufacture ( artificial gods4 ,i d n d\bt1 inde$1 t ! *ildr5 7 p>tly sacrific$ to pre-exi/5t & well-def9$ great gods2 b ,i believe also t ! practice fir/ arose z "o ( delib]ate manufacture ( gods1 & reta9$ to ! end _m traces ( its orig94 ,we "k t 9 times ( national calamity ! ,pho5icians us$ ?us to sacrifice _! de>e/ to ,baal4 ,pho5ician hi/ory1 we "k f ,porphyry1 is full ( su* sacrifices4 ,:5 ! ,c>?ag9ians 7 defeat$ & besieg$ by ,aga?ocles1 !y ascrib$ _! disa/]s to ! ang] ( ! god2 = :]eas 9 =m] times !y us$ to sacrifice to him _! own *ildr51 !y _h latt]ly fall5 7z we %all see h]eaft] ! ,khonds did7 into ! habit ( buy+ *ildr5 & re>+ !m z victims4 ,s two hundr$ "y p ( ! noble/ families 7 pick$ out = sacrifice2 & ^! 7 accompani$ by no less ?an ?ree hundr$ m1 :o volunte]$ to die = ! fa!rl&4 ,!y 7 sacrific$ by be+ plac$1 "o by "o1 on ! slop+ h&s ( ! braz5 image1 f :i* !y roll$ into a pit ( fire4 ,s too at ,j]usalem1 9 mom5ts ( great dang]1 *ildr5 7 sacrific$ to "s ,mole*1 :e!r ,jahweh or ano!r1 by be+ plac$ 9 ! fi]y arms ( ! image at ! ,tophet4 ,i w admit t 9 ^! la/ cases we approa* v ne> to ! m]e piacul> human sacrifice2 b we %all see1 :5 we come to deal ) gods ( cultivation1 & ! doctr9e ( ! atonem5t1 t x is difficult to draw a l9e betwe5 ! two2 :ile ! fact t a de>ly-belov$ or only-begott5 son is ! victim--especially ! son ( a k+ ( div9e blood--l9ks su* cases on directly to ! m obvi\s in/ances ( delib]ate god-mak+4 ,"s su* volunt>y sacrifice #bfbseems to me to be commemorat$ 9 ! beautiful imag]y ( ! #ec;d ( ,isaiah4 ,b !re ! language is di/9ctly piacul>4 ,t annual human sacrifices orig9at$ 9 delib]ate god-mak+ ( ?is sort is an inf]5ce :i* has already be5 almo/ arriv$ at by m or?odox ?9k]s4 8,among ! ,semites10 says ,dr4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 8! mo/ curr5t view ( annual piacula seems to h be5 t !y commemorate a div9e trag$y--! dea? ( "s god or goddess4 ,! orig9 ( su* my?s is easily expla9$ f ! nature ( ! ritual4 ,orig9ally1 ! dea? ( ! god 0 no?+ else ?an ! dea? ( ! !an?ropic victim2 b :5 ?is ceas$ to be und]/ood1 x 0 ?\ght t ! piacul> sacrifice repres5t$ an hi/orical trag$y 9 :i* ! god 0 kill$40 ,b we %all see h]eaft] t ! idea ( expiation 9 sacrifice is q a late & d]ivative "o2 x seems m probable t ! victim 0 at fir/ a human god1 = :om lat] an animal victim 0 sub/itut$4 ,9 ! ,a!nian ,?>-gelia1 ! victims 7 human to ! v end1 ?\gh und\bt$ly !y 7 ?\ght ( z be>+ vic>i\sly ! s9s ( ! p4 ,we %all come across simil> intrusions ( ! idea ( expiation 9 lat] *apt]s2 t idea belongs to a /age ( ?\ght :5 m5 consid]$ x necess>y to expla9 away by "s e?ical ref]5ce ! sangu9>y elem5t ( primitive ritual4 ,?us 9 two ,greek t[ns1 z we le>n f ,pausanias--at ,potni & ,patr1--an annual sacrifice exi/$ :i* _h once be5 ! sacrifice ( a human victim2 b ?is 0 lat] expla9$ z an expiation ( an anci5t crime = :i* satisfaction _h to be made f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,inde$1 z a rule1 lat] ages look$ ^u ! murd] ( a god z obvi\sly crim9al1 & !re=e reg>d$ ! slaught] ( ! victim1 :o replac$ ! god1 z be+ an atonem5t = 8 dea?1 in/ead ( reg>d+ x z a delib]ate release ( 8 div9e _s4 ,i h dwelt "h ma9ly on t p>ticul> =m ( artificial #bfc;god-mak+ :i* is conc]n$ ) ! f\ndation ( h\ses1 villages1 cities1 walls1 & =tresses1 because ?is is ! commone/ & mo/ /rik+ case1 outside agriculture1 & because x is specially connect$ ) ! _w-wide in/itution ( ! village or city god4 ,b o!r types occur 9 abundance2 & to !m a few l9es mu/ n[ be devot$4 ,:5 a %ip 0 laun*$1 x 0 a common practice to provide h] ) a gu>dian _s or god by mak+ h] roll ov] ! body ( a human victim4 ,! ,norwegian vik+s us$ to 8r$d5 _! roll]s0 ) human blood4 ,t is to say1 :5 a w>%ip 0 laun*$1 human victims 7 la%$ to ! r\nd logs ov] :i* ! galley 0 run d[n to ! sea1 s t ! /em 0 spr9kl$ ) _! spurt+ blood4 ,?us ! victim 0 incorporat$1 z x 71 9 ! v planks ( ! vessel4 ,capta9 ,cook f\nd ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s simil>ly *ri/5+ _! w>-canoes ) blood4 ,9 #aghd1 says ,mr4 ,william ,simpson1 at ! laun*+ ( "o ( ! ,bey ( ,tripoli's cruis]s1 8a black slave 0 l$ =w>d & fa/5$ at ! pr[ ( ! vessel to influ5ce a happy reception 9 ! ocean40 ,& ,mr4 ,spe? quotes a newspap] acc\nt ( ! sacrifice ( a %eep :5 ! fir/ caique = 8,con/ant9ople at ,olympia0 0 laun*$ 9 ! ,bosphorus4 ,9 _m o!r cases1 x is not$ t a victim1 human or animal1 is slaught]$ at ! laun*+ ( a %ip4 ,our own c]emony ( break+ a bottle ( w9e ov] ! b[s is ! la/ relic ( ?is b>b>\s practice4 ,"h z else:]e r$ w9e does duty = blood1 9 virtue ( its col\r4 ,i d n d\bt t ! images ( gods 9 ! b[ ( a %ip 7 orig9ally idols 9 :i* ! spirits ?us lib]at$ might dwell1 & t x 0 to !m ! sailors pray$ = assi/ance 9 /orm or p]il4 ,! god 0 b\nd up 9 ! v fabric ( ! vessel4 ,! mod]n figure-head /ill repres5ts ^! gods2 figure-heads ess5tially simil> to ! dome/ic idols occur on ,new ,zeal& & ,polynesian w>-canoes4 ,! #bfd;canoes ( ! ,solomon ,isl&]s1 = example1 8(t5 h z figure-head a c>v$ repres5tation ( ! upp] half ( a man1 :o holds 9 8 h&s a human head40 ,?is head1 kn[n z ! 8canoe-god0 or 8*>m10 8repres5ts ! life tak5 :5 ! canoe 0 fir/ us$40 ,a canoe ( importance 8requir$ a life = its inauguration10 says ,dr4 ,codr+ton4 ,ano!r curi\s in/ance is to be f\nd 9 ! cu/oms & beliefs reg>d+ riv] gods4 ,riv]s1 ,i h sugge/$1 are (t5 div9e because !y spr+ ne> or are connect$ ) ! grave ( a h]o4 ,b (t5 _! div9ity has be5 delib]ately giv5 !m1 & is annually r5ew$ by a god-mak+ sacrifice3 j z at ! ,jewi% ,passov] an annual animal-victim 0 sla91 & 8 blood sme>$ on ! l9tels1 z a r5ewal ( ! f\ndation sacrifice4 ,! be/ in/ance ,i h f\nd ( ?is curi\s cu/om is "o cit$ by ,mr4 ,gomme f ,major ,ellis4 ,along ! banks ( ! ,prah 9 ,we/ ,africa !re are _m deities1 all be>+ ! common "n ( ,prah1 & all reg>d$ z spirits ( ! riv]4 ,at ea* t[n or consid]able village along ! /ream1 a sacrifice is held on a day ab\t ! middle ( ,octob]4 ,! usual sacrifice 0 two human adults1 "o male & "o female4 ,! inhabitants ( ea* village believe 9 a sep>ate _s ( ! ,prah1 :o resides 9 "s "p ( ! riv] close to _! own hamlet4 ,ev]y:]e along ! riv] ! prie/s ( ^! gods (ficiate 9 gr\ps ( ?ree1 two male & "o female1 an arrangem5t :i* is peculi> to ! riv] gods4 ,"h1 unless ,i mi/ake1 we h an obvi\s case ( delib]ate god-mak+4 ,?is savage in/ance1 & o!rs l x1 :i* space precludes me f detail+1 sugge/ ! conclusion t _m riv] gods are ( artificial orig94 ,! ,wohh&a 9 ,e/honia receiv$ (f]+s ( little *ildr51 :om we may fairly comp>e ) ! *ildr5 immur$ 9 build+s or (f]$ to ! ,mole*4 ,_m o!r riv]s spontane\sly #bfetake _! victim annually2 ?us ! ,devon%ire rhyme goes1 ,riv] ( ,d>t1 riv] ( ,d>t1 ,e ye> ?\ claime/ a he>t4 ,! ,spey also takes "o life ea* ye>1 & s d sev]al ,briti% riv]s else:]e4 ,orig9ally1 no d\bt1 ! victim 0 delib]ately *os5 & sla9 annually2 b lat] on1 z a mitigation ( ! cu/om1 ! riv] itself seems to h select$ its own _s by div9e *ance1 su* z we h already se5 9 action m ?an once 9 ! e>li] cases4 ,9 o!r words1 if a pass]-by happ5$ to be accid5tally dr[n$1 he 0 accept$ 9 place ( a delib]ate victim4 99 ,h5ce ! dang] ( rescu+ a man f dr[n+2 y int]f]e ) ! c\rse ( div9e selection1 & y w pay = x y\rself by be+ ! next victim4 8,:51 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 a man accid5tally falls into a riv]1 & a %>k attacks him1 he is n all[$ to escape4 ,if he succe$s 9 elud+ ! %>k1 8 fell[-tribesm5 ?r[ him back to 8 doom1 believ+ him to be m>k$ out = sacrifice to ! god ( ! riv]40 ,simil>ly1 9 ,brita9 itself1 ! ,lanca%ire ,ribble has a wat]-_s call$ ,peg o' ,nell1 repres5t$ by a /one image1 n[ headless1 :i* /&s at ! spr+ :]e ! riv] rises 9 ! gr\nds ( ,waddon4 7,comp>e ! ,adonis tomb & grove by ! spr+ at ,aphaca47 ,?is ,peg o' ,nell 0 orig9ally1 accord+ to tradition1 a girl ( ! neighb\rhood2 b %e 0 done to dea? by incantations1 & n[ dem&s e sev5 ye>s t a life %\ld be qu5*$ 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,ribble4 ,:5 8,peg's night0 came r\nd at ! close ( ! sept5nate1 unless a bird1 a cat1 or a dog 0 dr[n$ 9 ! riv]1 x 0 sure to claim its human victim4 ,?is "n ( ,peg is evid5tly a corruption ( "s old local ,celtic or pre-,celtic ^w #bff;= a nymph or wat]-_s2 = !re is ano!r ,peg 9 ! ,tees1 kn[n z ,peg ,p[l]2 & *ildr5 us$ !re to be w>n$ aga9/ play+ on ! banks ( ! /ream1 = fe> ,peg %\ld drag !m into ! wat]4 ,su* traces ( a *ild-sacrifice are extremely significant4 99 ,"h is an analogue 9 f\ndation sacrifices4 ,a h\se 0 be+ built at ,h9d ,head :ile ?is book 0 9 progress4 ,a workman fell f a beam & 0 kill$4 ,! o!r workm5 decl>$ ?is 0 luck = ! h\se & w\ld ensure its /ability4 ,i _c d m ?an sugge/ "h 9 pass+ t we h 9 ^! /ories & practices ! mo/ probable orig9 ( ! common my? :i* acc\nts = ! exi/5ce ( riv] gods or riv] nymphs by "s episode ( a y\? or maid5 dr[n$ !re4 ,are?usa is ! example t occurs to ev]yone4 ,grossly ,euhem]i/ic z x may s\nd to say s1 ,i yet believe t su* my?s ( metamorphosis h _! orig9 9 ! delib]ate manufacture ( a wat]-deity by immolation 9 ! /ream2 & t ! annual r5ewal ( su* a sacrifice 0 due 9 "p to ! desire to keep alive ! memory ( ! gods--to be sure !y 7 !re1 to make !m 8fre% & fre%10 if "o may v5ture to say s--& 9 "p to ! analogy ( ^? v important artificial gods ( agriculture ^: orig9 & mean+ we h /ill to consid]4 ,i w\ld add t ! commonness ( sea-horses & riv]-horses 9 ! my?ology ( ! _w d\btless owes its orig9 p>tly to ! natural idea ( 8:ite horses0 on ! waves1 b p>tly also to ! delib]ate sacrifice ( horses to ! sea or riv]s1 :i* ?is notion sugge/$1 & :i* t5d$ to int5sify x4 ,x is z ?\gh ! wor%ipp] wi%$ to keep up a cont9u\s supply ( su* div9e & gho/ly /e$s4 ,at ,rhodes1 = example1 f\r horses 7 annually ca/ into ! sea2 & ,i ne$ h>dly ref] to ! conv5tional horses ( ,poseidon & ,neptune4 ,! ,ugly ,burn 9 ,ross-%ire is ! abode ( a wat]-horse2 9 ! rema9s ( ! ,roman temple at ,lydney1 ! god ,nod5s1 :o repres5ts ! ,sev]n1 is %[n 9 ! mosaic pavem5t z drawn 9 a *>iot by f\r horses2 & ! ,yore1 ne> ,middleham1 is /ill infe/$ by a wat]-horse :o annually claims at lea/ "o human victim4 ,else:]e o!r animals take ! place ( ! horse4 ,! ,o/yaks #bfgsacrifice to ! riv] ,ob by ca/+ 9 a live re9de] :5 fi% are scanty4 ,i d n d5y t 9 _m ( ^! cases two di/9ct ideas--! e>li] idea ( ! victim z future god1 & ! lat] idea ( ! victim z prey or sacrifice--h got inextricably mix$ up2 b ,i d ?9k en\ghrsquo2 has be5 said to sugge/ ! probability t _m riv]-gods are artificially produc$1 & t ?is is 9 l>ge "p ! orig9 ( nymphs & kelpies4 ,leg5d1 inde$1 almo/ always repres5ts !m s2 x is only our my?ologi/s1 ) _! bl9d hatr$ ( ,euhem]ism1 :o fail to p]ceive ! obvi\s implication4 ,& t ev5 ! accid5tal victim 0 (t5 envisag$ z a riv]-god1 aft] 8 dea?1 we see cle>ly f ! ,bohemian cu/om ( go+ to pray on ! riv] bank :]e a man has be5 dr[n$1 & ca/+ into ! riv] a loaf ( new bread & a pair ( wax c&les1 obvi\s (f]+s to 8 _s4 ,_m o!r classes ( manufactur$ gods seem to me to exi/1 ^: exi/5ce ,i mu/ "h pass ov] almo/ 9 sil5ce4 ,su* are ! gods produc$ at ! beg9n+ ( a w>1 by human or o!r sacrifice2 gods int5d$ to aid ! w>riors 9 _! com+ ent]prise by be+ set free f fle%ly bonds = t v purpose4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,phyl>*us1 a human sacrifice 0 at "o "t cu/om>y 9 ,greece at ! beg9n+ ( ho/ilities2 & we "k t z late z ! age ( ,!mi/ocles ?ree captives 7 ?us (f]$ up be=e ! battle ( ,salamis4 ,! sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia is a good leg5d>y case 9 po9t1 because x is "o ( a virg91 a pr9cess1 ! daught] ( ! lead]1 & !re=e a typical release ( a div9e or royal _s4 ,"h1 z usual1 lat] philosophis+ repres5ts ! act z an expiation = mortal guilt2 b we may be sure ! orig9al /ory conta9$ no su* e?ical or piacul> elem5t4 ,among ! e>ly ,hebrews1 ! summons to a w> seems simil>ly to h be5 made by s5d+ r\nd pieces ( ! human victim2 9 lat] ,hebrew usage1 ?is rite decl9es into ! sacrifice ( a burnt #bfh(f]+2 ?\gh we get an int]m$iate /age :5 ,saul s5ds r\nd portions ( a slaught]$ ox1 z ! ,levite 9 ,judges _h s5t r\nd ! sev]$ limbs ( 8 concub9e to r\se ! ,israelites4 ,9 ,africa1 a w> is /ill op5$ ) a solemn sacrifice1 human or o!rwise2 & ,mr4 ,h4 ,o4 ,=bes gives a graphic acc\nt ( ! simil> c]emony :i* prec$es an exp$ition 9 ! isl& ( ,timor4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i w only say t a great _m o!r obscure rites or d\btful leg5ds seem to me explicable by simil> delib]ate ex]cises ( god-mak+4 ,h[ common su* sacrifice 0 9 agricultural relations we %all see 9 ! sequel2 b ,i believe t ev5 9 o!r fields ( life future rese>* w s expla9 _m o!r cu/oms4 ,! self-immolation ( ,codrus1 ( ,s>danapa-lus1 ( ,p4 ,decius ,mus1 z ( s _m o!r k+s or h]oes or gods or goddesses2 ! div9e be+s :o fl+ !mselves f cliffs into ! sea2 ,m4 ,curtius devot+ himself 9 ! gulf 9 ! ,=um2 ! tombs ( ! lov]s :om ,semiramis buri$ alive2 all ^!1 ,i take x1 h m or less simil> implications4 ,ev5 su* tales z t ( ,t4 ,manlius ,torquatus & 8 son mu/ be assimilat$1 ,i ?9k1 to ! /ory ( ! k+ ( ,moab kill+ 8 son on ! wall1 or to t ( ! ,c>?ag9ians (f]+ up _! *ildr5 to ! (f5d$ deity2 only1 9 lat] times1 ! tale 0 mis9t]pret$ & us$ to po9t ! suppos$ moral ( ! /]n & inflexible old ,roman discipl9e4 ,frequ5t reit]ation ( sacrifices seems necess>y1 also1 9 ord] to keep up ! sanctity ( images & sacr$ rites--to put1 z x 71 a new s\l into !m4 ,?us1 riv]s ne$$ a fre% riv]-god e ye>2 & rec5tly 9 ,a%antee x 0 discov]$ t a feti% w\ld no long] 8"w0 unless human victims 7 abundantly immolat$ = x4 ,?is is also p]haps ! prop] place to obs]ve t j z ! great god ,baal has be5 resolv$ by mod]n s*ol>%ip #bfi;into _m local ,baalim1 & j z ! great god ,adonis has be5 r$uc$ by rec5t rese>* 9 ea* case to "s p>ticul> ,adon or "l out ( _m1 s ea* su* sep>ate deity1 artificially manufactur$1 ?\gh call$ by ! common "n ( ! ,prah or ! ,tib]1rsquo2 yet reta9s to ! la/ "s di/9ct id5tity4 ,9 fact1 ! great gods appe> to be r classes ?an individuals4 ,t !re 7 _m ,nymphs & _m ,fauni1 _m ,silvani & _m ,m>tes1 has long be5 kn[n2 x is beg9n+ to be cle> t !re 7 also _m ,saturns1 _m ,jupit]s1 _m ,junones1 _m ,ve/4 ,ev5 9 ,greece x is m ?an probable t ! g5]alis$ names ( ! great gods 7 giv5 9 lat] ages to v>i\s old sacr$ /ones & holy sites ( div]se orig93 ! real object ( wor%ip 0 9 ea* case ! spontane\s or artificial god2 ! "n 0 b a g5]al title appli$ 9 common1 p]haps adjectivally1 to sev]al su* sep>ate deities4 ,9 ! ,roman pan!on1 ?is pr9ciple is n[1 q well e/abli%$2 9 ! ,semitic x is probable2 9 mo/ o!rs1 ! progress ( mod]n rese>* is gradually lead+ up to x4 ,ev5 ! elem5tal gods !mselves d n seem 9 _! fir/ orig9 to be really s+ul>2 !y gr[1 app>5tly1 f g5]alis$ phrases1 l our 8,heav50 & 8,provid5ce10 appli$ at fir/ to ! p>ticul> deity ( :om at ! mom5t ! speak] is ?9k+4 ,! ,zeus or ,jupit] v>ies ) ! locality4 ,?us1 :5 ! ,lat9 prtor1 at ! outbreak ( ! ,lat9 w>1 defi$ ! ,roman ,jupit]1 we may be sure x 0 ! actual god !re visible be=e him at :om he hurl$ 8 sacrilegi\s *all5ge1 n ! ideal deity 9 ! sky above 8 head4 ,inde$1 we n[ "k t ea* village & ea* f>m _h a ,jovis ( its own1 reg>d$ z ess5tially a god ( w9e1 & specially wor%ipp$ at ! w9e-fea/ 9 ,april1 :5 ! fir/ cask 0 broa*$4 ,?is individuality ( ! gods is an important po9t to be> 9 m9d2 = ! t5d5cy ( language is always to treat _m simil> deities z practically id5tical1 especially 9 late #bgj;& e!realis$ =ms ( religion4 ,& my?ologi/s h made ! mo/ ( ?is syncretic t5d5cy4 ,a s+le concrete in/ance w help to make ?is g5]al pr9ciple yet cle>]4 ,b\nd>ies1 ,i believe1 7 orig9ally put "u ! *>ge ( local & artificial deities1 by slaught]+ a human victim at ea* turn+-po9t 9 ! limits1 & erect+ a sacr$ /one on ! spot :]e he di$ to pres]ve 8 memory4 ,(t51 too1 9 accordance ) ! common rule1 a sacr$ tree seems to h be5 plant$ beside ! sacr$ /one monum5t4 ,ea* su* victim became =?) a b\nd>y god1 a protect+ & wat*+ _s1 & 0 kn[n !nce=? z a ,h]mes or a ,t]m9us4 ,b !re 7 _m ,h]m & _m ,t]m9i1 n 9 ,greece & ,italy alone1 b ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,only mu* lat] did a g5]alis$ god1 ,h]mes or ,t]m9us1 arise f ! union into a s+le ab/ract concept ( all ^! sep>ate & individual deities4 ,once m1 ! b\nd>y god 0 r5ew$ ea* ye> by a fre% victim4 ,our own practice ( 8beat+ ! b\nds0 appe>s to be ! la/ expir+ relic ( su* annual sacrifices4 ,! b\nds are beat51 app>5tly1 9 ord] to expel all =eign gods or ho/ile spirits2 ! boys :o play a l>ge "p 9 ! c]emony are ! repres5tatives ( ! human victims4 ,!y are :ipp$ at ea* t]m9us /one1 p>tly 9 ord] to make !m %$ te>s z a ra9-*>m 7aft] ! fa%ion ) :i* ,mr4 ,fraz] has made u famili>71 b p>tly also because all artificially-made gods are sc\rg$ or tortur$ be=e be+ put to dea?1 = "s reason :i* ,i d n ?9k we yet fully und]/&4 ,! rationalis+ gloss t ! boys are :ipp$ 89 ord] to make !m rememb] ! b\nd>ies0 is "o ( ! usual %all[ explanations s glibly (f]$ by ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! fact t ! c]emony takes place at sacr$ /ones or 8,gospel oaks0 suffici5tly proclaims its orig9al mean+4 ,! idea und]ly+ ,*ri/ian m>tyrdom1 :]e ! m>tyr #bgavolunt>ily devotes himself or h]self to dea? 9 ord] to ga9 ! cr[n & palm 9 heav51 is ess5tially simil> to ! self-immolation ( ! artificial gods1 & helps to expla9 ! nature ( su* self-sacrifice4 ,= ,*ri/ianity is only nom9ally a mono!i/ic religion1 & ! sa9ts & m>tyrs =m 9 x practically a second>y or m9or rank ( deities4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! po9t ( view ( ! god-slay]s _c be m graphically put ?an 9 ! /ory :i* ,mr4 ,william ,simpson relates ( ,sir ,ri*>d ,burton4 ,burton1 x seems1 0 explor+ a remote ,mahomm$an region on ! ,indian fronti]1 & 9 ord] to d s ) great] fre$om & ease _h disguis$ himself z a fakir ( ,islam4 ,s great 0 8 k ( ,muslim devotions t ! p soon began to ent]ta9 a great respect = him z a mo/ holy p]son4 ,he 0 congratulat+ himself ^u ! success ( 8 disguise1 & look+ =w>d to a consid]able /ay 9 ! valley1 :5 "o night "o ( ! eld]s ( ! village came to him /eal?ily1 & begg$ him1 if he valu$ 8 own safety1 to g away4 ,burton ask$ :e!r ! p did n l him4 ,! eld] answ]$1 yes2 t 0 ! root ( ! tr\ble4 ,!y _h conceiv$1 9 fact1 ! highe/ possible op9ion ( 8 exceptional sanctity1 & !y ?\ght x w\ld be an excell5t ?+ = ! village to possess ! tomb ( s holy a man4 ,s !y 7 ca/+ ab\t n[ h[ !y c\ld be/ kill him4 ,:e!r ?is p>ticul> /ory is true or n1 x at lea/ exhibits 9 v vivid col\rs ! /ate ( m9d ( ! ord9>y god-slay]4 ,dr4 ,tylor1 ,mr4 ,spe?1 & o!r writ]s on f\ndation sacrifices treat !m z spr++ f primitive animism4 ,to me1 !y seem r to imply ! exact opposite4 ,= if ev]y?+ has already a s\l by nature1 :y kill a man or crim9al to supply x ) "o8 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4--,,gods ,,( ,,cultivation4 ,,by #bgb;f> ! mo/ int]e/+ 9 ! curi\s gr\p ( artifically-made gods are ^? :i* are sacrific$ 9 connexion ) agriculture4 ,^! deities appeal to u f sev]al po9ts ( view4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y =m1 among agricultural races z a :ole1 ! mo/ important & v5]at$ objects ( wor%ip4 ,9 ! second place1 x is l>gely ?r\gh _! influ5ce or on _! analogy1 z ,i believe1 t s _m o!r artificial gods came to be r5ew$ or sacrific$ annually4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 x is ! gods ( agriculture :o are mo/ ( all sla9 sacram5tally1 ^: bodies are eat5 by _! vot>ies 9 ! %ape ( cakes ( bread or o!r food/uffs1 & ^: blood is drunk 9 ! =m ( w9e4 ,! imm$iate connexion ( ^! sacram5tal c]emonies ) ! sacrifice ( ! mass1 & ! id5tification ( ! ,*ri/ ) bread & w9e1 give to ?is bran* ( our enquiry a peculi> importance f ! po9t ( view ( ! evolution ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,we mu/ !re=e ent] at "s little l5g? into ! g5esis ( ^! peculi> & dep>tm5tal gods1 :o /& s directly 9 ! ma9 l9e ( evolution ( ! c5tral div9e figure 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,all ov] ! _w1 :]ev] cultivation exi/s1 a special class ( corn-gods or gra9-gods is f\nd1 deities ( ! *ief food/uff1--be x maize1 or dates1 or planta91 or rice--& x is a common feature ( all ^! gods t !y are repres5t$ by human or quasi-human victims1 :o are annually sla9 at ! "t ( s[+4 ,^! human gods #bgc;are believ$ to reappe> once m 9 ! =m ( ! crop t rises f _! sacr$ bodies2 _! dea? & resurrection are celebrat$ 9 fe/ivals2 & !y are eat5 & drunk sacram5tally by _! vot>ies1 9 ! %ape ( fir/-fruits1 or ( cakes & w9e1 or ( "s o!r embodim5t ( ! div9e be+4 ,we h !re=e to enquire into ! orig9 ( ?is curi\s sup]/ition1 :i* involves1 z x seems to me1 ! v orig9 ( cultivation itself z a human cu/om4 ,& ,i mu/ accord+ly bespeak my read]s' indulg5ce if ,i div]ge = a :ile into :at may seem at fir/ a purely botanical digression4 ,mo/ p mu/ h be5 /ruck by ! p>adox ( cultivation4 ,a p>ticul> plant 9 a /ate ( nature1 let u say1 gr[s & ?rives only 9 wat]1 or 9 "s exce$+ly moi/ & damp situation4 ,y take up ?is wat]side plant ) a tr[el "o day1 & transf] x incont95tly to a dry b$ 9 a sun-bak$ g>d52 :5 lo6 ! moi/ure-lov+ creature1 in/ead ( )]+ & dy+1 z "o might naturally expect ( x1 beg9s to gr[ apace1 & to ?rive to all appe>ance ev5 bett] & m lu/ily ?an 9 its native habitat4 ,or y remove "s p>*$ des]t we$ f its arid rock to a moi/ & ra9y climate2 & in/ead ( dw9dl+1 z "o imag9es x ought to d "u ! alt]$ conditions1 x spreads abroad 9 ! deep ri* m\ld ( a %rubb]y b$1 & atta9s a /ature impossible to its k9d 9 its orig9al surr\nd+s4 ,our g>d5s1 9 fact1 %[ u side by side plants :i*1 9 ! wild /ate1 dem& ! mo/ v>i$ & dissimil> habitats4 ,sib]ian squills blossom amicably 9 ! same b$ ) ,italian tulips2 ! alp9e saxifrage spreads its purple rosettes 9 fri5dly rivalry ) ! bog-lov+ m>%-m>igold or ! dry ,spani% iris4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 soon] or lat] occurs to ! enquir+ m9d3 ,h[ c !y all live toge!r s well "h 9 man's doma91 :5 9 ! outside _w ea* dem&s & exacts s extremely diff]5t & specialis$ a situation8 ,( #bgd;c\rse x is only an inexp]i5c$ biologi/ :o c\ld long be puzzl$ by ?is app>5t p>adox4 ,he mu/ soon see ! true solution ( ! riddle1 if he has read & dige/$ ! tea*+s ( ,d>w94 ,= ! real fact is1 9 a g>d5 or out ( x1 mo/ ( ^! plants c\ld get on v well 9 a great v>iety ( climates or situations--if only !y 7 protect$ aga9/ outside competition4 ,!re we h ! actual crux ( ! problem4 ,x is n t ! moi/ure-lov+ plants _c live 9 dry situations1 b t ! dry-lov+ plants1 specialis$ & adapt$ = ! po/1 c compete ) !m !re at an imm5se advantage1 & s1 9 a v %ort "t1 live !m d[n altoge!r4 ,e species 9 a /ate ( nature is cont9ually expos$ to ! ceaseless competition ( e o!r2 & ea* on its own gr\nd c beat its competitors4 ,b 9 a g>d51 ! v ?+ we aim at is j to re/rict & prev5t competition2 to give ea* species a fair *ance = life1 ev5 9 conditions :]e o!r & bett]-adapt$ species c usually outlive x4 ,?is1 9 fact1 is really at bottom all t we ev] mean by a g>d5--a space ( gr\nd cle>$1 & kept cle>1 ( its natural vegetation 7commonly call$ 9 ?is connexion we$s71 & delib]ately /ock$ ) o!r plants1 mo/ or all ( :i* ! we$s w\ld live d[n if n artificially prev5t$4 ,we see ! tru? ( ?is po9t ( view ! mom5t ! g>d5 is1 z we say1 ab&on$--t is to say1 left once m to ! op]ation ( unaid$ nature4 ,! plants ) :i* we h /ock$ x loit] on = a :ile 9 a feeble & unc]ta9 fa%ion1 b are ultimately *ok$ out by ! /rong] & bett]-adapt$ we$s :i* compose ! natural vegetation ( ! locality4 ,! dock & nettle live d[n 9 "t ! l>kspur & ! peony4 ,! ess5tial ?+ 9 ! g>d5 is1 9 %ort1 ! cle>+ ( ! gr\nd f ! we$s--t is1 9 o!r words1 f ! native vegetation4 ,a few m9or ?+s may or may n be add$1 su* z manur+1 turn+ ! soil1 protect+ ) #bge%elt]1 & s =?2 b ! cle>+ is itself ! "o ?+ ne$ful4 ,slight z ?is po9t seems at fir/ sight1 ,i believe x includes ! :ole secret ( ! orig9 ( tillage1 & !re=e1 by implication1 ( ! gods ( agriculture4 ,=1 look$ at 9 ess5ce1 cultivation is we$+1 & we$+ is cultivation4 ,:5 we say t a c]ta9 race cultivates a c]ta9 plant-/aple1 we mean no m 9 ! la/ resort ?an t x s[s or sets x 9 soil artificially cle>$ ( compet+ species4 ,s[+ )\t cle>+ is absolutely useless4 ,s ! "q ( ! orig9 ( cultivation resolves itself at la/ simply into ?is--h[ did c]ta9 m5 come fir/ to "k t by cle>+ gr\nd ( we$s & keep+ x cle> ( !m !y c\ld promote ! gr[? ( c]ta9 desirable human food/uffs8 ,to beg9 )1 x may be z well to premise t ! problem ( ! orig9 ( cultivation is a f> m complex "o ?an appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,= we h n only to ask1 z might seem to ! enquir] unaccu/om$ to su* inve/igations1 8,h[ did ! e>ly savage fir/ f9d out t se$s w\ld gr[ bett] :5 plant$ 9 op5 soil1 already fre$ f we$s or natural competitors80 b also ! o!r & f> m difficult "q1 8,h[ did ! e>ly savage ev] f9d out t plants w\ld gr[ f se$s at all80 ,t1 ,i take x1 is ! real riddle ( ! situation1 & x is "o :i*1 s f> z ,i "k1 has hi!rto escap$ all enquir]s into ! hi/ory & orig9 ( human progress4 ,fully to grasp ! pr(\nd nature ( ?is difficulty we mu/ ?r[ ourselves back m5tally into ! condition & position ( primitive man4 ,we ourselves h kn[n s long & s famili>ly ! fact t plants gr[ f se$s--t ! se$ is ! ess5tial reproductive "p ( ! vegetable organism--t we f9d x h>d to un?9k t piece ( commonplace k1 & to realise t :at to u is an almo/ self-evid5t tru? is to ! primitive savage a long & difficult inf]5ce4 ,our own common & #bgf;c]ta9 acqua9tance ) ! fact1 inde$1 is entirely-d]iv$ f ! practice ( agriculture4 ,we h se5 se$s s[n f our e>lie/ *ildhood4 ,b be=e agriculture grew up1 ! connexion betwe5 se$ & se$l+ c\ld n possibly be kn[n or ev5 suspect$ by primitive man1 :o 0 by no means prone to make ab/ract inve/igations into ! botanical nature or physiological object ( ! v>i\s organs 9 ! h]bs ab\t him4 ,t ! se$ is ! reproductive "p ( ! plant 0 a fact z little likely 9 itself to /rike him z t ! /am5s 7 ! male organs1 or t ! leaves 7 ! assimilative & dige/ive surfaces4 ,he c\ld only h f\nd out t plants grew f se$s by ! exp]im5tal process ( s[+ & gr[+ !m4 ,su* an exp]im5t he 0 f> f likely ev] to try = its own sake4 ,he mu/ h be5 l$ to x by "s o!r & accid5tal co9cid5ce4 ,n[ :at 0 primitive man likely to "k & obs]ve ab\t ! plants ar\nd him8 ,prim>ily "o ?+ only3 t "s ( !m 7 edible1 & "s 7 n4 ,!re y h a di/9ction ( imm$iate int]e/ to all humanity4 ,& :at p>ts ( plants 7 mo/ likely to be useful to him 9 ?is respect z food/uffs8 ,^? p>ts :i* ! plant _h specially fill$ up ) ri* mat]ial = its own use or ! use ( its (fspr+4 ,! fir/ are ! roots1 /ocks1 bulbs1 corms1 or tub]s 9 :i* x lays by food/uffs = its future gr[?2 ! second are ! se$s :i* x produces & enri*es 9 ord] to cont9ue its k9d to succe$+ g5]ations4 ,primitive man1 !n1 kn[s ! fruits1 se$s1 & tub]s1 j z ! squirrel1 ! monkey1 & ! p>rot "k !m1 z s mu* good food/uff1 suitable to 8 purpose4 ,b :y %\ld he ev] dream ( sav+ or pres]v+ "s ( ^! fruits or se$s1 :5 he has f\nd !m1 & ( bury+ !m 9 ! soil1 on ! b>e (f-*ance t by pure magic1 z x 71 !y might give rise to o!rs8 ,no idea c\ld be m =eign to ! nature & #bgg;habits ( e>ly man4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he is f> f provid5t2 8 way is to eat up at once :at he has kill$ or pick$2 & 9 ! second place1 h[ c\ld he ev] come to conceive t se$s buri$ 9 ! gr\nd c\ld possibly produce m se$s 9 future8 ,nay1 ev5 if he did "k x--:i* is well-nigh impossible--w\ld he be likely1 feckless creature t he is1 to save or sp>e a h&ful ( se$s to-day 9 ord] t o!r se$s might spr+ f _! burial-place 9 ano!r twelvemon?8 ,! difficulty is s enorm\s :5 "o fairly faces x t x positively /agg]s "o2 we beg9 to wond] :e!r really1 aft] all1 ! fir/ /eps 9 cultivationrsquo2 c\ld ev] h be5 tak54 ,! savage1 :5 he has kill$ a de] or a game-bird1 does n bury a "p ( x or an egg ( x 9 ! gr\nd1 9 ! expectation t x w gr[ into m de] or m bird h]eaft]4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld he1 :5 he has pick$ a peck ( fruits or wild c]eals1 bury "s ( !m 9 ! gr\nd1 & expect a h>ve/8 ,! savage is a simple & sup]/iti\s p]son2 b ,i d n ?9k he is q su* a fool z ?is proce$+ w\ld make him out to be4 ,he is n likely ev] to h notic$ t plants 9 ! wild /ate gr[ f se$s--at lea/ prior to ! rise ( agriculture1 f :i*1 z ,i believe1 he fir/ & sl[ly ga9$ t useful k4 ,& he c]ta9ly is n likely ev] to h tri$ delib]ate exp]im5ts ^u ! prop]ties ( plants1 z if he 7 a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,^! two roads be+ ?us effectually block$ to u1 we h to enquire1 8,0 !re ev] any way 9 :i* primitive man c\ld h blund]$ bl9dfold ^u a k ( ! tru?1 & c\ld h discov]$ incid5tally to "s o!r function ( 8 life ! two ess5tial facts t plants gr[ f se$s1 & t ! gr[? & supply ( useful food-plants c be artificially increas$ by bury+ or s[+ su* se$s 9 gr\nd cle>$ ( we$s1 t is to say ( ! natural compet+ vegetation80 ,i #bgh;believe !re is "o way1 & "o way only1 9 :i* primitive man 0 at all likely to become famili> ) ^! facts4 ,i %all try to %[ t all ! op]ations ( primitive agriculture v =cibly po9t to ?is /range & almo/ magical orig9 ( cultivation2 t all savage agriculture reta9s to ! la/ _m traces ( its orig92 & t ! s[+ ( ! se$ itself is h>dly consid]$ s important & ess5tial a "p ( ! complex process z c]ta9 purely sup]/iti\s & blood?ir/y practices t long accompany x4 ,9 "o ^w1 n to keep ! read] 9 d\bt any long]1 ,i am incl9$ to believe t cultivation & ! s[+ ( se$s = crops _h _! beg9n+ z an adjunct ( ! primitive burial sy/em4 ,up to ! pres5t "t1 s f> z ,i "k1 only "o orig9 = cultivation has ev] be5 ev5 conjecturally sugge/$2 & t is a h>d "o4 ,x has be5 said t ! fir/ h9t ( cultivation may h come f ! obs]vation t se$s accid5tally ca/ out on ! kit*5-midd5s1 or on ! cle>$ space ab\t huts1 caves1 or o!r human dwell+-places1 g]m9at$ & produc$ m se$s 9 succe$+ seasons4 ,v probably _m savages h obs]v$ ! fact t food-plants frequ5tly gr[ on su* heaps ( refuse4 ,b t obs]vation alone does n br+ u mu* ne>] to ! orig9 ( cultivation4 ,= :y %\ld e>ly man connect su* a fact ) ! se$s m ?an ) ! bones1 ! %ells1 or ! m]e accid5t ( proximity8 ,we mu/ rid our m9ds ( all ! preconceptions ( inductive & exp]im5tal sci5ce1 & ?r[ ourselves m5tally back into ! position ( ! savage to :om nature is "o va/ field ( unrelat$ ev5ts1 )\t fix$ sequ5ce or physical causation4 ,moreov]1 a kit*5-midd5 is n a cle>$ space3 on ! contr>y1 x is a we$-b$ ( extraord9>y luxuriance4 ,x br+s u no ne>] ! orig9 ( cle>+4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o set ( functions 9 :i* primitive m5 d actually p]=m all ! ess5tial acts ( agriculture1 )\t 9 ! lea/ int5d+ x2 & t is ! almo/ #bgiuniv]sal act ( ! burial ( ! dead4 ,burial is1 s f> z ,i c see1 ! only object = :i* e>ly races1 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 v l[ savages1 ev] turn or dig ! gr\nd4 ,we h se5 already t ! orig9al idea ( burial 0 to conf9e ! gho/ or corpse ( ! dead man by putt+ a weight ( e>? on top ( him2 & le/ ?is %\ld be insuffici5t to keep him f tr\blesome reappe>ances1 a big /one 0 frequ5tly roll$ above 8 m\nd or tumulus1 :i* is ! orig9 ( all our monum5ts1 n[ div]t$ to ! hon\r & commemoration ( ! deceas$4 ,b ! po9t to :i* ,i wi% j n[ to direct att5tion is ?is--t 9 ! act ( burial1 & 9 t act alone1 we get a fir/ beg9n+ ( turn+ ! soil1 expos+ fre% e>?1 & s incid5tally eradicat+ ! we$s4 ,we h "h1 9 %ort1 ! fir/ necess>y prelude to ! evolution ( agriculture4 ,! next /ep1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be ! s[+ ( ! se$4 ,& "h1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 fun]al cu/oms supply u ) ! only conceivable way 9 :i* su* s[+ c\ld ev] h begun4 ,= e>ly m5 w\ld c]ta9ly n wa/e ! preci\s se$s :i* x took !m s mu* "t & tr\ble to collect f ! wild plants ar\nd !m1 9 m]e otiose sci5tific exp]im5ts on vegetable developm5t4 ,b we h se5 t x is ! cu/om ( all savages to (f] at ! tombs ( _! ance/ors food & dr9k ( ! same k9d z !y !mselves are 9 ! habit ( us+4 ,n[1 ) p 9 ! hunt+ /age1 su* (f]+s w\ld no d\bt mo/ frequ5tly consi/ ( meat1 ! fle% ( ! hunt$ bea/s or game-birds2 b !y w\ld also include fi%1 fruits1 se$s1 tub]s1 & b]ries1 & 9 p>ticul> su* ri* gra9s z ^? ( ! native pulses & c]eals4 ,evid5ce ( su* ?+s be+ (f]$ at ! graves ( ! dead has be5 collect$ 9 su* abundance by ,dr4 ,tylor1 ,mr4 ,fraz]1 & ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 t ,i ne$ n "h adduce any fur!r examples ( s famili> a practice4 ,:at mu/ be ! obvi\s result8 ,"h1 & "h alone1 #bhj! savage q unconsci\sly s[s se$s ^u newly-turn$ gr\nd1 depriv$ ( its we$s1 & fur!r manur$ by ! blood & meat ( ! frequ5t sacrificial (f]+s4 ,^! se$s mu/ (t5 spr+ up & gr[ apace1 ) a rapidity & luxuriance :i* _c fail to /rike ! imag9ation ( ! primitive hunt]4 ,especially w ?is be ! case ) t class ( plants :i* ultimately develop into ! food-crops ( civilis$ society4 ,= ! peculi>ity ( ^! plants is t !y are "o & all--maize1 corn1 or rice1 pease1 beans1 or millet--annuals ( rapid gr[? & port5t\s /ature2 plants :i* h ?riv5 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce by lay+ up l>ge /ores ( utilisable mat]ial 9 _! se$s = ! use ( ! se$l+2 & ?is peculi>ity enables !m to />t 9 life 9 ea* g5]ation exceptionally well end[$1 & s to compete at an advantage ) all _! fell[s4 ,se$s ( su* a sort w\ld ?rive exce$+ly 9 ! newly-turn$ & well-manur$ soil ( a grave or b>r[2 & produc+ !re a quantity ( ri* & edible gra91 w\ld c]ta9ly attract ! att5tion ( t practical & obs]vant man1 ! savage4 ,= ?\gh he is s incuri\s ab\t :at are non-ess5tials1 y\r savage is a peculi>ly longhead$ p]son ab\t all t conc]ns 8 own imm$iate advantage4 ,:at conclusion w\ld at once be =c$ ^u him8 ,t se$s plant$ 9 fre%ly-turn$ & ri*ly-manur$ soil produce ?reefold & f\rfold8 ,no?+ ( ! sort4 ,he kn[s naught ( se$s & manures & soils2 he w\ld at once conclude1 aft] 8 k9d1 t ! dread$ & p[]ful gho/ 9 ! b>r[1 pleas$ ) ! gifts ( meat & se$s (f]$ to him1 _h repaid ^? gifts 9 k9d by return+ gra9 = gra9 a hundr$fold out ( 8 own body4 ,?is orig9al connexion ( ideas seems to me fully to expla9 t curi\s id5tification ( ! gho/ or _s ) ! corn or o!r food/uff :i* ,mr4 ,fraz] has s wond]fully & conclusively elaborat$ 9 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh4 ,"s #bhalittle evid5ce is ev5 =?com+ t vegetation actually does %[ exceptional luxuriance on graves & b>r[s4 ,! ,rev4 ,alex&] ,/ew>t ( ,balla*uli% m5tions t ! milkmaids 9 ,lo*ab] & else:]e 9 ! ,scot* highl&s us$ to p\r a little milk daily f ! pail on ! 8fairy kn[es10 or prehi/oric b>r[s2 & ! consequ5ce 0 t 8^! fairy knolls 7 clo!d ) a m beautiful v]dure ?an any o!r spot 9 ! c\ntry40 ,9 ,fiji1 ,mr4 ,fison rem>ks t yam-plants spr+ luxuriantly f ! heaps ( yam pres5t$ to ance/ral spirits 9 ! sacr$ /one enclosure or tem5os2 & two or ?ree rec5t correspond5ts 7s9ce ?is *apt] 0 fir/ pr9t$ 9 a mon?ly review7 h oblig+ly communicat$ to me analog\s facts f ,madagasc>1 ,c5tral ,africa1 & ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,x is cle> f _! acc\nts t graves d (t5 give rise to crops ( food/uffs1 accid5tally spr++ f ! food laid ^u !m4 ,j at fir/1 "u su* circum/ances1 ! savage w\ld no d\bt be cont5t m]ely to pick & eat ! se$s t ?us grew casually1 z x 71 on ! graves or b>r[s ( 8 k+s & k9sfolk4 ,b 9 process ( "t x w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly come ab\t t ! area ( cultivation w\ld be wid5$ some:at4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>d su* wid5+1 ,i take x1 w\ld arise f ! obs]vation t c]eals & o!r se$s only ?rove exceptionally ^u newly-made graves1 n on graves 9 g5]al4 ,= z soon z ! natural vegetation reass]t$ itself1 ! quick5+ p[] ( ! gho/ w\ld seem to be us$ up4 ,?us x might be f\nd well to keep fre% gho/s always go+ = agricultural purposes4 ,h5ce might gradually arise a habit ( mak+ a new grave annually1 at ! mo/ fav\rable s[+-"t1 :i* la/ w\ld come to be recognis$ by half-unconsci\s exp]im5t & obs]vation4 ,& ?is new grave1 z ,i %all %[ reason = believ+ a little lat]1 w\ld be ! grave1 n ( a p]son :o happ5$ to die !n & !re accid5tally1 b #bhb( a delib]ate victim1 sla9 9 ord] to provide a _s ( vegetation1--an artificial god1--& to make ! corn gr[ ) vig\r & luxuriance4 ,/ep by /ep1 ,i believe1 x w\ld at l5g? be discov]$ t if only y dug wide en\gh1 ! corn w\ld gr[ well ar\nd z well z ^u ! actual grave ( ! div9e victim4 ,?us sl[ly !re w\ld develop ! cultivat$ field1 ! wid] cle>+1 dug up or lab\r$ by h&1 & f9ally ! pl\gh$ field1 :i* yet rema9s a grave 9 !ory & 9 all ess5tials4 ,i h v5tur$ to give ?is long & app>5tly uness5tial preamble1 because ,i wi% to make x cle> t ! manufactur$ or artificial god ( ! corn-field or o!r cultivat$ plot really dates back to ! v orig9 ( cultivation4 ,)\t a god1 !re w\ld be no corn-field at all2 & ! corn-field1 ,i believe1 is long conceiv$ m]ely z ! embodim5t ( 8 vegetative _s4 ,nay1 ! till$ field is (t5 at our own day1 & ev5 9 our own c\ntry1 a grave 9 !ory4 ,x is a m]e commonplace at ! pres5t "t to say t among e>ly m5 & savages e act ( life has a sacr$ significance2 & agriculture especially is ev]y:]e & always inve/$ ) a special sanctity4 ,to u1 x w\ld seem natural t ! act ( s[+ se$ %\ld be reg>d$ z purely practical & physiological2 t ! se$ %\ld be look$ ^u m]ely z ! "p ( ! plant int5d$ = reproduction1 & t its g]m9ation %\ld be accept$ z a natural & normal process4 ,savages & e>ly m51 h[ev]1 h no su* conceptions4 ,to !m ! :ole ?+ is a piece ( natural magic2 y s[ se$s1 or1 to be m accurate1 y bury c]ta9 gra9s ( food/uff 9 ! fre%ly-turn$ soil1 ) c]ta9 magical rites & c]emonies2 & !n1 aft] ! lapse ( a c]ta9 "t1 plants beg9 to gr[ ^u ?is soil1 f :i* y f9ally obta9 a crop ( maize or :eat or b>ley4 ,! burial ( ! se$s or gra9s is only "o "p ( ! #bhcmagical cycle1 no m necess>ily important = ! realisation ( ! desir$ end ?an _m o!rs4 ,& :at are ! o!r magical acts necess>y 9 ord] t gra9-be>+ plants may gr[ ^u ! soil prep>$ = _! reception8 ,mr4 ,fraz] has collect$ abundant evid5ce = answ]+ t "q1 a small "p ( :i* ,i %all recapitulate "h = ! b5efit ( ^? :o h n read 8 rem>kable "w1 ref]r+ /ud5ts to ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh itself = full] details & collat]al developm5ts4 ,at ! same "t ,i %\ld l to make x cle>ly und]/ood t ,mr4 ,fraz] is p]sonally 9 no way responsible = ! use ,i "h make ( 8 admirable mat]ials4 ,all ! _w ov]1 savages & semi-civilis$ p are 9 ! habit ( sacrific+ human victims1 ^: bodies are buri$ 9 ! field ) ! se$ ( corn or o!r bread-/uffs4 ,(t5 en\gh ! victim's blood is mix$ ) ! gra9 9 ord] to f]tilise x4 ,! mo/ fam\s in/ance is t ( ! ,khonds ( ,orissa1 :o *ose special victims1 kn[n z ,m]iahs1 & (f]$ !m up to ensure good h>ve/s4 ,! ,m]iah 0 (t5 kept = ye>s be=e be+ sacrific$4 ,he 0 reg>d$ z a consecrat$ be+1 & treat$ ) extreme affection1 m+l$ ) def]5ce4 ,a ,m]iah y\?1 on rea*+ manhood1 0 giv5 a wife :o 0 h]self a ,m]iah2 _! (fspr+ 7 all br\ght up z victims4 8,! p]iodical sacrifices10 says ,mr4 ,fraz]1 87 g5]ally s arrang$ by tribes & divisions ( tribes t ea* head ( a family 0 enabl$1 at lea/ once a ye>1 to procure a %r$ ( fle% = 8 fields1 g5]ally ab\t ! "t :5 8 *ief crop 0 laid d[n40 ,on ! day ( ! sacrifice1 :i* 0 horrible beyond description 9 its details1 ! body 0 cut to pieces1 & ! fle% hack$ f x 0 in/antly tak5 home by ! p]sons :om ea* village _h deput$ to br+ x4 ,on arriv+ at its de/9ation1 x 0 divid$ by ! prie/ into two portions1 "o ( :i* he buri$ 9 a hole 9 ! gr\nd1 ) 8 back turn$ & )\t look+ #bhd;at x4 ,!n ea* man 9 ! village add$ a little e>? to cov] x1 & ! prie/ p\r$ wat] ov] ! mimic tumulus4 ,! o!r portion ( ! fle% ! prie/ divid$ into z _m %>es z !re 7 heads ( h\ses pres5t4 ,ea* head ( a h\se buri$ 8 %r$ 9 8 own field1 plac+ x 9 ! e>? beh9d 8 back )\t look+4 ,! o!r rema9s ( ! human victim--! head1 ! bones1 & ! inte/9es--7 burn$ on a fun]al-pile1 & ! a%es 7 scatt]$ ov] ! fields1 or mix$ ) ! new corn to pres]ve x f injury4 ,e "o ( ^! details %\ld be c>efully not$4 ,n[1 9 ?is case1 x is q cle> to me t e field is reg>d$ z ess5tially a grave2 portions ( ! div9e victim are buri$ 9 x2 8 a%es are mix$ ) ! se$2 & f ! gr\nd ?us treat$ he spr+s aga9 9 ! =m ( corn1 or rice1 or turm]ic4 ,^! cu/oms1 z ,mr4 ,fraz] rightly notes1 8imply t to ! body ( ! ,m]iah !re 0 ascrib$ a direct or intr9sic p[] ( mak+ ! crops to gr[4 ,9 o!r words1 ! fle% & a%es ( ! victim 7 believ$ to be end[$ ) a magical or physical p[] ( f]tilis+ ! l&40 ,m ?an t1 x seems to me t ! se$ itself is n reg>d$ z suffici5t to produce a crop3 x is ! se$ buri$ 9 ! sacr$ grave ) ! div9e fle% :i* g]m9ates at la/ into next ye>'s food/uffs4 ,a few o!r po9ts mu/ be notic$ ab\t ?is ess5tial case1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ typical in/ances ( manufactur$ godhead4 ,! ,m]iah 0 only satisfactory if he _h be5 pur*as$--8b\ght ) a price10 l ! *ildr5 :o 7 built z f\ndation-gods into walls2 or else 0 ! *ild ( a previ\s ,m]iah--9 o!r words1 0 ( div9e /ock by desc5t & inh]itance4 ,khonds 9 di/ress (t5 sold _! *ildr5 z ,m]iahs1 8consid]+ ! beatification0 7apo!osis1 ,i w\ld r say7 8( _! s\ls c]ta91 & _! dea?1 = ! b5efit ( mank9d1 ! mo/ hon\rable possible40 ,?is s5se ( ! sacrifice z a case ( 8"o man dy+ = ! p0 is mo/ #bhem>k$ 9 our acc\nts1 & is especially int]e/+ f its analogy to ,*ri/ian reason+4 ,a man ( ! ,panua tribe 0 once kn[n to upbraid a ,khond because he _h sold = a ,m]iah 8 daught] :om ! ,panu wi%$ to m>ry2 ! ,khonds ar\nd at once com=t$ ! insult$ fa!r1 exclaim+1 8,y\r *ild di$ t all ! _w may live40 ,"h & else:]e we h ! additional idea ( a piacul> value atta*$ to ! sacrifice1 ab\t :i* m mu/ be said 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,! dea? ( ! ,m]iah 0 suppos$ to ensure n only good crops1 b also 8immunity f all disease & accid5t40 ,! ,khonds %\t$ 9 8 dy+ e>1 8,we b\ght y ) a price2 no s9 re/s ) u40 ,x is also wor?y ( notice t ! victim 0 ano9t$ ) oil1 a po9t :i* recalls ! v "n ( ,*ri/us4 ,once m1 ! victim might n be b\nd or make any %[ ( resi/ance2 b ! bones ( 8 arms & 8 legs 7 (t5 brok5 to r5d] /ruggl+ impossible4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 he 0 /upefi$ ) opium1 "o ( ! ord9>y features 9 ! manufacture ( gods1 z we h already se51 be+ su* prelim9>y /upefaction4 ,among ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* ! ,m]iah 0 sla9 ,i w\ld p>ticul>ly specify ! mode ( execution by squeez+ him to dea? 9 ! cleft ( a tree4 ,i m5tion ^! po9ts "h1 ?\gh !y some:at int]rupt ! g5]al c\rse ( our argum5t1 because ( _! great importance z antec$5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian !ory4 ,9 fact1 ,i believe ! ,*ri/ian leg5d to h be5 ma9ly con/ruct$ out ( ! details ( su* e>ly god-mak+ sacrifices2 ,i hold t ,*ri/ is ess5tially "o su* artificial god2 & ,i tru/ ! read] w c>efully obs]ve = himself z we proce$ h[ _m small details 7su* z ! break+ ( ! bones7 recall 9 _m ways ! incid5ts ( ! passion & ! crucifixion4 ,! ,khonds1 h[ev]1 h some:at e!realis$ ! conception ( artificial god-mak+ by all[+ "o victim to d = _m fields toge!r4 ,o!r savages are m prodigal #bhf( div9e crop-rais]s4 ,to draw once m f ,mr4 ,fraz]'s /oreh\se--! ,indians ( ,guayaquil1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 us$ to sacrifice human blood & ! he>ts ( m5 :5 !y s[$ _! fields4 ,! anci5t ,mexicans1 conceiv+ ! maize z a p]sonal be+ :o w5t ?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( life betwe5 se$-"t & h>ve/1 sacrific$ new-born babes :5 ! maize 0 s[n1 old] *ildr5 :5 x _h spr\t$1 & s on till x 0 fully ripe1 :5 !y sacrific$ old m54 ,may we n p>allel ) ?is in/ance ! s+ul> fact t ! ,romans _h z _! *ief agricultural deity ,saturnus1 ! god ( s[+1 b _h also sev]al o!r subsidi>y crop-deities1 su* z ,seia1 :o has to d ) ! corn :5 x spr\ts1 ,segetia1 ) ! corn :5 %ot up1 & ,tutil9a ) ! corn /or$ 9 ! gran>y8 7,an obvi\s objection bas$ on ! num]\s gods ( *ildhood & practical arts at ,rome w be answ]$ 9 a lat] *apt]47 ,! ,pawnees1 aga91 annually sacrific$ a human victim 9 spr+1 :5 !y s[$ _! fields4 ,!y ?\ght t an omission ( ?is sacrifice w\ld be foll[$ by ! total failure ( ! crops ( maize1 beans1 & pumpk9s4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( "o su* sacrifice ( a girl 9 #ahcg or #ahch1 we are told3 8,:ile h] fle% 0 /ill w>m1 x 0 cut 9 small pieces f ! bones1 put 9 little baskets1 & tak5 to a neighb\r+ corn-field4 ,"h ! head *ief took a piece ( ! fle% f a basket1 & squeez$ a drop ( blood ^u ! newly-deposit$ gra9s ( corn4 ,8 example 0 foll[$ by ! re/1 till all ! se$ _h be5 spr9kl$ ) ! blood2 x 0 !n cov]$ up ) e>?40 ,_m o!r cases might be quot$ f ,am]ica4 ,9 ,we/ ,africa1 once m1 a tribal que5 us$ to sacrifice a man & woman 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*4 ,!y 7 kill$ ) spades & hoes1 & _! bodies buri$ 9 ! middle ( a field :i* _h j be5 till$4 ,at ,lagos1 9 ,gu9ea1 x 0 ! cu/om annually to impale a "y girl alive soon aft] ! spr+ equ9ox 9 ord] to #bhgsecure good crops4 ,a simil> sacrifice is /ill annually (f]$ at ,b594 ,! ,m>imos1 a ,be*uana tribe1 sacrifice a human be+ = ! crops4 ,! victim *os5 is g5]ally a %ort /\t man4 ,he is seiz$ by viol5ce or intoxicat$ 7note t detail7 & tak5 to ! fields1 :]e he is kill$ among/ ! :eat 8to s]ve z se$40 ,aft] 8 blood has coagulat$ 9 ! sun1 x is burn$1 along ) t peculi>ly sacr$ "p1 ! frontal bone1 ! fle% atta*$ to x1 & ! bra92 ! a%es are !n scatt]$ ov] ! gr\nd to f]tilise x4 ,su* scatt]+ ( ! a%es occurs 9 _m in/ances1 & w meet u aga9 9 ! case ( ,osiris4 ,9 ,india1 once m1 ! ,gonds1 l ! ,khonds1 kidnapp$ ,brahman boys1 & kept !m z victims to be sacrific$ on v>i\s occasions4 ,at s[+ & reap+1 aft] a triumphal procession1 "o ( ! lads 0 kill$ by be+ punctur$ ) a poison$ arr[4 ,8 blood 0 !n spr9kl$ ov] ! pl\gh$ field or ! ripe crop1 & 8 fle% 0 sacram5tally dev\r$4 ,! la/ po9t aga9 w call at a lat] /age = fur!r exam9ation4 ,i w detail no m su* in/ances 7out ( ! ?\s&s t exi/7 = fe> ( seem+ t$i\s4 ,b ! int]pretation ,i put ^u ! facts is ?is4 ,orig9ally1 m5 notic$ t food-plants grew abundantly f ! lab\r$ & well-manur$ soil ( graves4 ,!y obs]v$ t ?is ri*ness sprang f a co9cid5ce ( ?ree factors--digg+1 a sacr$ dead body1 & se$s ( food/uffs4 ,9 "t1 !y not$ t if y dug wide en\gh & scatt]$ se$ f> en\gh1 a s+le corpse 0 capable ( f]tilis+ a consid]able area4 ,! grave grew into ! field or g>d54 ,b !y /ill ?\ght x necess>y to bury "s "o 9 ! field2 & mo/ ( ! evid5ce %[s t !y reg>d$ ?is victim z a div9e p]sonage2 t !y consid]$ him ! ma9 s\rce ( gr[? or f]tility2 & t !y endeav\r$ to des]ve 8 fav\r by treat+ him well dur+ ! great] "p ( 8 lifetime4 ,= 9 _m ( ! acc\nts x is expressly /at$ #bhht ! int5d$ victim 0 treat$ z a god or z a div9e k+1 & 0 suppli$ ) e sort ( luxury up to ! mom5t ( 8 immolation4 ,9 process ( "t1 ! conception ( ! field z diff]+ f ! grave grew m def9$1 & ! l>ge "p borne by se$ 9 ! proc$ure 0 m fully recognis$4 ,ev5 s1 h[ev]1 nobody dream$ ( s[+ ! se$ alone )\t ! body ( a victim4 ,bo? gra9 & fle% or blood came to be reg>d$ alike z 8se$03 t is to say1 ! concurr5ce ( ! two 0 consid]$ necess>y to produce ! desir$ effect ( g]m9ation & f]tility4 ,till a v late p]iod1 ei!r ! actual sacrifice or "s vague remnant ( x rema9$ z an ess5tial "p ( cultivation4 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s pages teem ) su* survivals 9 mod]n folk-cu/om4 ,f 8 "w & f o!r s\rces1 ,i w give a few in/ances ( ^! la/ dy+ relics ( ! primitive sup]/ition4 ,mr4 ,gomme1 9 8 ,e?nology 9 ,folklore1 supplies an acc\nt ( a s+ul> village fe/ival 9 ,s\!rn ,india4 ,9 ?is fea/1 a prie/1 kn[n z ! ,potraj1 & specially arm$ ) a div9e :ip1 l ! sc\rge ( ,osiris1 sacrifices a sacr$ buffalo1 :i* is turn$ loose :5 a calf1 & all[$ to fe$ & roam ab\t ! village4 ,9 t case1 we h ! common sub/itution ( an animal = a human victim1 :i* almo/ always accompanies advanc+ civilisation4 ,at ! high fe/ival1 ! head ( ! buffalo 0 /ruck (f at a s+le bl[1 & plac$ 9 front ( ! %r9e ( ! village goddess4 ,ar\nd 7 plac$ vessels conta9+ ! diff]5t c]eals1 & h>d by a heap ( mix$ gra9s ) a drill-pl\gh 9 ! c5tre4 ,! c>case 0 !n cut up into small pieces1 & ea* cultivator receiv$ a portion to bury 9 8 field4 ,! heap ( gra9 0 f9ally divid$ among all ! cultivators1 to be buri$ by ea* "o 9 8 field ) ! bit ( fle%4 ,at la/1 ! head1 t v sacr$ "p1 0 buri$ be=e a little temple1 sacr$ to ! goddess ( b\nd>ies4 ,! goddess is repres5t$ by a %apeless /one--no d\bt a ,t]m9us1 #bhior r ! tomb/one ( an artificial goddess1 a girl buri$ "u an anci5t b\nd>y-m>k4 ,"h we h evid5tly a la/ /age ( ! same ritual :i* 9 ! case ( ! ,khonds 0 p]=m$ ) a human victim4 ,x is wor? :ile not+ t1 z "p ( ?is c]emony1 a /ruggle took place = portions ( ! victim4 ,a /ill m att5uat$ =m ( ! same c]emony is m5tion$ by ,capta9 ,h>kness & o!rs1 z occurr+ among ! ,badagas ( ! ,nilgiri ,hills4 ,i cond5se _! acc\nts1 tak+ out ( ea* su* elem5ts z are mo/ cognate to our purpose4 ,among ^! b>b>ians1 ! fir/ furr[ is pl\gh$ by a l[-ca/e ,kurrumb>1 :o gives 8 b5$iction to ! field1 )\t :i* !re w\ld be no h>ve/4 ,"h1 ! memb] ( ! aborig9al race is cle>ly look$ ^u z a prie/ or k9sman ( ! local gods1 ^: coop]ation mu/ be obta9$ by lat] intrusive races4 ,b ! ,kurrumb> does n m]ely bless ! field2 he also sets up a /one 9 its mid/2 & !n1 pro/rat+ himself be=e ! /one1 he sacrifices a goat1 ! head ( :i* he keeps z 8 p]quisite4 ,?is peculi> value ( ! oracul> head reta9$ by ! prie/ is also significant4 ,:5 h>ve/-"t comes1 ! same ,kurrumb> is summon$ once m1 9 ord] t he may reap ! fir/ h&ful ( corn1 an episode ! full importance ( :i* w only be app>5t to ^? :o h read ,mr4 ,fraz]'s analysis ( h>ve/ cu/oms4 ,b 9 ?is case also1 ! appe>ance ( ! sacr$ /one is pregnant ) mean+4 ,we c h>dly resi/ ! inf]5ce t we h "h to d ) ! animal sub/itute = a human sacrifice ( ! god-mak+ ord]1 9 :i* ! victim 0 slaught]$1 a /one set up to m>k ! site ( ! sacrifice1 & ! head pres]v$ z a god to give oracles1 9 ! fa%ion ) :i* we are already famili>4 ,comp>+ ?is in/ance ) ! previ\s "o ( ! sacr$ buffalo & ! /ill e>li] cases ( ance/ral heads pres]v$ z gods = oracul> purposes1 ,i ?9k ! affiliation is too cle> to be disreg>d$4 ,evid5ce #bij( simil> cu/oms else:]e exi/s 9 su* abundance t ,i c only give a v small "p ( x at pres5t1 le/ ,i %\ld assign too mu* space to a subord9ate "q2 ,i hope to detail ! :ole ( x h]eaft] 9 a subsequ5t volume4 ,"h is a /rik+ example f ,mr4 ,gomme's ,e?nology 9 ,folklore1 ! analogy ( :i* ) prec$+ in/ances w at once be app>5t4 8,at ! village ( ,holne1 situat$ on "o ( ! spurs ( ,d>tmoor1 is a field ( ab\t two acres1 ! prop]ty ( ! p>i%1 & call$ ! ,ploy ,field4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is field /&s a granite pill> 7,m5hir7 six or sev5 feet high4 ,on ,may-morn+1 be=e daybreak1 ! "y m5 ( ! village us$ to assemble !re1 & !n proce$ to ! moor1 :]e !y select$ a ram lamb1 &1 aft] runn+ x d[n1 br\ght x 9 triumph to ! ,ploy ,field1 fa/5$ x to ! pill>1 cut its ?roat1 & !n roa/$ x :ole1 sk91 wool1 etc4 ,at midday a /ruggle took place1 at ! risk ( cut h&s1 = a slice1 x be+ suppos$ to conf] luck = ! ensu+ ye> on ! =tunate dev\r]4 ,z an act ( gallantry ! "y m5 sometimes f\ght _! way ?r\gh ! cr[d to get a slice = ! *os5 among/ ! "y wom51 all ( :om1 9 _! be/ dresses1 att5d$ ! ,ram ,fea/1 z x 0 call$4 ,danc+1 wre/l+1 & o!r games1 assi/$ by copi\s libations ( cid] dur+ ! aft]noon1 prolong$ ! fe/ivity till midnight40 ,"h aga9 we get sev]al int]e/+ features ( ! primitive ritual pres]v$ = u4 ,! connexion ) ! /one :i* en%r9es ! orig9al village deity is p]fectly cle>4 ,?is /one no d\bt repres5ts ! place :]e ! local f\ndation-god 0 sla9 9 v remote ages2 & x is !re=e ! prop] place = ! annual r5ewal sacrifices to be (f]$4 ,! selection ( ,maymorn+ = ! rite2 ! slaught] at ! /one pill>2 ! roa/+ ( ! bea/ :ole2 ! /ruggle = ! pieces2 & ! idea t !y w\ld conf] luck1 all %[ survival ( primitive feel+4 ,s does ! cid]1 sacram5tal #bia;intoxication be+ an integral "p ( all ^! proce$+s4 ,e detail1 inde$1 has its mean+ = ^? :o look close2 = ! /ruggle at midday is itself significant1 z is also ! prolongation ( ! fea/ till midnight4 ,b we miss ! burial ( ! pieces 9 ! fields2 9 s f>1 ! primitive object ( ! rite seems to h be5 =gott5 or ov]look$ 9 ,devon%ire4 ,a /ill m att5uat$ survival is quot$ by ,mr4 ,gomme f ano!r ,engli% village4 8,a ,:itsuntide cu/om 9 ! p>i% ( ,k+'s ,teignton1 ,devon%ire1 is ?us describ$3 ,a lamb is drawn ab\t ! p>i% on ,:itsun ,monday 9 a c>t cov]$ ) g>l&s ( lilac1 laburnum1 & o!r fl[]s1 :5 p]sons are reque/$ to give some?+ t[>ds ! animal & att5dant exp5ses2 on ,tuesday x is kill$ & roa/$ :ole 9 ! middle ( ! village4 ,! lamb is !n sold 9 slices to ! poor at a *eap rate4 ,! orig9 ( ! cu/om is =gott51 b a tradition1 suppos$ to trace back to hea!n days1 is to ?is effect3 ,! village suff]$ f a de>? ( wat]1 :5 ! inhabitants 7 advis$ by _! prie/s to pray to ! gods = wat]2 :]eupon ! wat] sprang up spontane\sly 9 a mead[ ab\t a ?ird ( a mile above ! riv]1 9 an e/ate n[ call$ ,rydon1 amply suffici5t to supply ! wants ( ! place1 & at pres5t adequate1 ev5 9 a dry summ]1 to "w ?ree mills4 ,a lamb1 x is said1 has ev] s9ce t "t be5 sacrific$ z a votive ?ank-(f]+ at ,:itsuntide 9 ! mann] be=e m5tion$4 ,! said wat] appe>s l a l>ge pond1 f :i* 9 ra9y wea!r may be se5 jets spr++ up "s in*es above ! surface 9 _m p>ts4 ,x has ev] _h ! "n ( #8,fair ,wat]4'0 ,i m5tion ?is curi\s in/ance "h1 because x well illu/rates ! elusive way 9 :i* su* div9e cu/oms ( v>i\s orig9s m]ge into "o ano!r2 & also ! mann] 9 :i* diff]5t ideas are atta*$ 9 diff]5t places to v simil> c]emonies4 ,= ,mr4 ,fraz] has %[n t ! notion ( a ra9-*>m is also closely b\nd up ) #bib! gods ( agriculture2 ! ,khond ,m]iah mu/ weep1 or !re w be no ra9 t ye>2 8 r$ blood mu/ fl[1 or ! turm]ic w n produce its prop] r$ col\r4 7,comp>e ! r$ blood t fl[$ f ,poly-dorus's cornel1 & ! ,indian's blood t drops f ! ,canadian bloodroot47 ,9 ?is la/ in/ance ( ! ,k+'s ,teignton c]emony1 x is ! ra9-*>m t has mo/ cle>ly surviv$ to our days3 & !re are obvi\s ref]5ces to a human sacrifice (f]$ up to make a riv]-god 9 times long gone1 & n[ replac$ by an animal victim4 ,! g>l&s ( lilac1 laburnum1 & o!r fl[]s are1 h[ev]1 common adornm5ts ( ! artificial god ( cultivation2 !y occurr$ 9 ! ,dionvsiac rites & ! ,attis fe/ival1 & are /ill pres]v$ 9 _m ,european cu/oms4 ,v closely b\nd up ) ! artificial gods ( cultivation are ! t]m9al gods ) :om ,i dealt 9 ! la/ *apt]2 s closely t x is sometimes impossible to sep>ate !m4 ,we h already se5 "s in/ances ( ?is connexion2 ! procession ( ! sacr$ victim usually ends ) a p]lu/ration ( ! b\nd>ies4 ,?is p]lu/ration is (t5 prec$$ by ! head ( ! !an-?ropic victim4 ,su* a c]emony ext5ds all ov] ,india2 9 ,france & o!r ,european c\ntries x survives 9 ! %ape ( ! rite kn[n z ,bless+ ! ,fields1 :]e ! prie/ plays ! same "p z is play$ among ! ,nilgiri hillsm5 by ! l[-ca/e ,kurrumb>4 ,9 ?is rite1 ! ,ho/ is c>ri$ r\nd ! b\nds ( ! p>i%1 z ! head ( ! sacr$ buffalo is c>ri$ r\nd at ! ,indian fe/ival4 ,9 "s cases e field is sep>ately visit$4 ,i 0 told z a boy 9 ,norm&y t a portion ( ! ,ho/ 7/ol5 or conceal$1 ,i imag9e7 0 sometimes buri$ 9 ea* field1 b ( ?is curi\s detail ,i c n[ obta9 no confirmatory evid5ce1 & ,i d n insi/ ^u x4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ! ,ho/ is ! body ( ,*ri/1 & t its pres5ce 9 su* cases is ! exact analogue ( ! c>ry+ r\nd ! pieces ( ! ,m]iah4 ,9 #bic;,engl&1 ! c]emony m]ges into t ( ,beat+ ! ,b\nds1 already describ$2 ?\gh ,i believe ! significance ( ! boy-victims1 & ! necessity = :ipp+ !m z a ra9-*>m1 w n[ be m app>5t ?an :5 we la/ met ) x4 ,9 _m cases1 all ! _w ov]1 v>i\s animals come to replace ! human victim-god4 ,?us we le>n f ,fe/us t ! ,romans sacrific$ r$-hair$ puppies 9 spr+1 9 ! belief t ! crops w\ld ?us gr[ ripe & ruddy2 & !re c be little d\bt t ^! puppies1 l ! lamb sacrifice at ,holne & ,k+'s ,teignton1 7 a sub/itute = an orig9al human victim4 ,ev5 s1 ! ,egyptians1 z we %all see1 sacrific$ r$-hair$ m5 z ! repres5tatives ( ,osiris1 envisag$ z a corn-god4 ,9 "s cases1 inde$1 we h hi/orical evid5ce ( ! human god be+ replac$ at rec5t dates by a div9e animal-victim2 = example1 9 ,*9na ,kim$y1 aft] ! ,briti% _h suppress$ human sacrifices1 a goat took ! place ( ! sacr$ ,m]iah4 ,mannh>dt has collect$ mu* evid5ce ( ! curi\s cu/oms /ill 7or lately7 exi/+ 9 mod]n ,europe1 :i* look l survivals 9 a v mitigat$ =m ( ! same sup]/ition4 ,^! are g5]ally kn[n by ! "n ( 8,c>ry+ out ,dea?10 or 8,bury+ ! ,c>nival40 ,!y are practis$ 9 almo/ e c\ntry ( ,europe1 & relics ( !m survive ev5 9 ,engl&4 ,! ess5ce ( ^! c]emonies consi/s 9 an effigy be+ sub/itut$ = ! human victim4 ,?is effigy is treat$ mu* z ! victim us$ to be4 ,sometimes x is burn$1 sometimes ?r[n into a riv]1 & sometimes buri$ piecemeal4 ,9 ,au/rian ,silesia1 = example1 ! effigy is burn$1 & :ile x is burn+ a g5]al /ruggle takes place = ! pieces1 :i* are pull$ out ( ! flames ) b>e h&s4 7,comp>e ! /ruggle among ! ,khonds1 & also at ! ,potraj fe/ival & ! ,holne sacrifice47 ,ea* p]son :o secures a fragm5t ( ! figure ties x to a bran* ( ! l>ge/ tree 9 8 g>d51 or buries x 9 8 field1 9 ! #bid;belief t ?is causes ! crops to gr[ bett]4 ,sometimes a %eaf ( corn does duty = ! victim1 & portions ( x are buri$ 9 ea* field z f]tilis]s4 ,9 ! ,h>tz ,m\nta9s1 at simil> c]emonies1 a liv+ man is laid on a bak+-tr\gh & c>ri$ ) dirges to a grave2 b a glass ( br&y is sub/itut$ = him at ! la/ mom5t4 ,"h ! _s is ! equival5t ( a god4 ,9 o!r cases ! man is actually cov]$ ) /raw1 & s lightly buri$4 ,9 ,italy & ,spa91 a simil> cu/om bore ! "n ( 8,saw+ ! ,old ,woman40 ,9 ,pal]mo1 a real old woman 0 drawn ?r\gh ! /reets on a c>t1 & made to m\nt a scaffold1 :]e two mock execution]s proce$$ to saw ?r\gh a bladd] ( blood :i* _h be5 fitt$ to h] neck4 ,! blood gu%$ out1 & ! old woman pret5d$ to swoon & die4 ,?is is obvi\sly a mitigation ( a human sacrifice4 ,at ,flor5ce1 an effigy /uff$ ) walnuts & dri$ figs repres5t$ ! ,old ,woman4 ,at mid-,l5t1 ?is figure 0 sawn ?r\gh ! middle 9 ! ,m]cato ,nuovo1 & :5 ! dri$ fruits tumbl$ out !y 7 scrambl$ = by ! cr[d1 z savages scrambl$ = fragm5ts ( ! human victim or 8 animal repres5tative4 ,^u all ?is subject a mass ( mat]ial has be5 collect$ by ,mannh>dt & ,mr4 ,fraz]4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ case ( all is ! ,russian c]emony ( ! ,fun]al ( ,y>ilo4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 ! p *ose an old man & gave him a small c(f9 conta9+ a figure repres5t+ ,y>ilo4 ,?is he c>ri$ out ( ! t[n1 foll[$ by wom5 *ant+ dirges1 z ! ,syrian wom5 m\rn$ = ,adonis1 & ! ,egyptians = ,osiris4 ,9 ! op5 fields a grave 0 dug1 & into x ! figure 0 l[]$ amid weep+ & wail+4 ,my? & folk-lore also reta9 _m traces ( ! primitive connexion4 ,?us1 9 ! g5u9e ,am]ican leg5d ( ,hiawa?a1 ! h]o wre/les ) & vanqui%es ,mon-dam91 & :]e he buries him spr+s up = ! fir/ "t ! maize1 or ,indian-corn plant4 ,simil> episodes occur #bie;9 ! ,f9ni% ,kalevala & o!r b>b>ic epics4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,*alm]s1 ! ,motu tribe 9 ,new ,gu9ea say t yams sprang fir/ f ! bones ( a murd]$ man1 :i* 7 buri$ 9 a grave4 ,aft] "s "t1 ! grave 0 op5$1 & ! bones 7 f\nd to be no long] bones1 b l>ge & small yams ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,9 ord] to complete our prelim9>y survey ( ^! artificial gods ( cultivation1 be=e we proce$ to ! consid]ation ( ! great corn-gods & w9e-gods1 x may be well to premise t 9 !ory at lea/ ! orig9al victim seems to h be5 a k+ or *ief1 himself div9e1 or else at lea/ a k+'s son or daught]1 "o ( ! div9e /ock1 9 ^: ve9s fl[$ ! blood ( ! e>li] deities4 ,lat] on1 x w\ld seem1 ! tempor>y k+ 0 (t5 all[$ to d duty = ! real k+2 & = ?is purpose he seems frequ5tly to h be5 clad 9 royal robes1 & treat$ ) div9e & royal hon\rs4 ,examples ( ?is complication w crop up 9 ! sequel4 ,= ! pres5t ,i w only ref] to ! int]e/+ set ( survivals1 collect$ by ,mr4 ,gomme1 :]e tempor>y k+s or mayors 9 ,engl& are annually elect$1 app>5tly = ! sake ( be+ sacrific$ only4 ,9 _m ( ^! cases we get m]e fragm5t>y portions ( ! orig9al rite2 b by piec+ !m all toge!r1 we obta9 on ! :ole a tol]ably complete picture ( ! orig9al c]emonial obs]vance4 ,at ,/4 ,g]mans 9 ,cornwall1 ! mock mayor 0 *os5 "u ! l>ge walnut-tree at ! ,may-fair2 he 0 made drunk ov]night1 9 ord] to fit him = (fice1 & 0 9 t /ate drawn r\nd ! nut-tree1 mu* z we saw ! mayor ( ,bovey rode r\nd ! ,bovey /one on 8 accession to ! mayoralty4 ,! mayor ( ,/4 ,g]mans also display$ 8 royal "* by be+ m\nt$ on ! wa9 or c>t ( old ,teutonic & ,celtic sov]eignty4 ,at ,lo/)iel1 ! mock mayor 0 dress$ ) a cr[n on 8 head1 & a sceptre 9 8 h&1 & _h a sword borne be=e him4 ,at ,p5rhyn1 ! mayor 0 prec$$ by tor*-be>]s & t[n s]geants1 & ?\gh he 0 n #bif;actually burnt1 ei!r 9 play or 9 effigy1 bonfires 7 light$1 & fireworks dis*>g$1 :i* connect ! c]emony ) su* pyre-sacrifices ( cremationi/s z ! fe/ival ( ! ,tyrian ,melc>? & ! ,baal ( ,t>sus4 ,on ,halgav] ,moor1 ne> ,bodm91 a /rang] 0 arre/$1 solemnly tri$ 9 sport1 & !n tra9$ 9 ! mire or o!rwise ill-treat$4 ,at ,polp]ro1 ! mayor 0 g5-rally 8"s half-witt$ or drunk5 fell[1rdquo2 9 ei!r case1 accord+ to e>ly ideas1 div9e2 he 0 treat$ ) ale1 &1 8hav+ complet$ ! p]ambulation ( ! t[n10 0 :eel$ by 8 att5dants into ! sea4 ,!re1 he 0 all[$ to scramble out aga91 z ! mock victim does 9 _m ,european c]emonies2 b orig9ally1 ,i d n d\bt1 he 0 dr[n$ z a ra9-*>m4 ,^! c]emonies1 at ! "t :5 our au?orities le>nt ( !m1 _h all deg5]at$ to ! level ( m]e *ildi% pa/imes2 b !y conta9 9 !m1 none ! less1 p]si/5t elem5ts ( mo/ tragic significance1 & !y po9t back to hide\s & sangu9>y god-mak+ fe/ivals4 ,9 mo/ ( !m we see /ill pres]v$ ! *oice ( ! will+ or unconsci\s victim2 ! pref]5ce = a /rang]1 a fool1 or an idiot2 ! habit ( intoxicat+ ! *os5 p]son2 ! treatm5t ( ! victim z k+1 mayor1 or gov]nor2 8 sc\rg+ or mock+2 8 f9al dea?2 & 8 burn+ on a pyre1 or 8 dr[n+ z a ra9-*>m4 ,all ^! po9ts are /ill m cle>ly noticeable 9 ! o!r =m ( survival :]e ! k+ or div9e victim is repres5t$1 n by a mock or tempor>y k+1 b by an image or effigy4 ,su* is ! common case ( ,k+ ,c>nival1 :o is at la/ burnt 9 all 8 regalia1 or ?r[n into a riv]4 ,our own ,guy ,fawkes1 ?\gh fa/5$ ^u ! p]sonality ( a p>ticul> unpopul> hi/orical "*1 seems to be ! la/ feeble ,engli% repres5tative ( su* a human victim4 ,i w n elaborate ?is po9t any fur!r 7consid]ations ( space =bid71 b w ref] ! read] = additional examples to ,mr4 ,gomme's #big,village ,community1 & ,mr4 ,fraz]'s wond]ful collection ( examples 9 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh4 ,! g5]al conclusion ,i w\ld incl9e to draw f all ^! in/ances is briefly ?is4 ,cultivation probably began ) ! accid5tal s[+ ( gra9s ^u ! tumuli ( ! dead4 ,gradually x 0 f\nd t by ext5d+ ! dug or till$ area & s[+ x all ov]1 a crop w\ld gr[ ^u x1 provid$ always a corpse 0 buri$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,9 process ( "t div9e corpses 7 annually provid$ = ! purpose1 & buri$ ) great c]emony 9 ea* field4 ,by-&-bye x 0 f\nd suffici5t to (f] up a s+le victim = a :ole tribe or village1 & to divide 8 body piecemeal among ! fields ( ! community4 ,b ! crops t grew 9 su* fields 7 /ill reg>d$ z ! direct gifts ( ! dead & deifi$ victims1 ^: s\l 0 suppos$ to animate & f]tilize !m4 ,z cultivation spread1 m5 became famili>is$ at la/ ) ! conception ( ! se$ & ! pl\gh+ z ! really ess5tial elem5ts 9 ! process2 b !y /ill cont9u$ to atta* to ! victim a religi\s importance1 & to believe 9 ! necessity ( 8 pres5ce = good luck 9 ! h>ve/4 ,) ! gradual mitigation ( savag]y an animal sacrifice 0 (t5 sub/itut$ = a human "o2 b ! fragm5ts ( ! animal 7 /ill di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! fields ) a mimic or symbolical burial1 j z ! fragm5ts ( ! man-god _h =m]ly be5 di/ribut$4 ,f9ally1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity & o!r civilis$ religions1 an effigy 0 sub/itut$ = a human victim1 ?\gh an animal sacrifice 0 (t5 reta9$ side by side ) x1 & a real human be+ 0 playfully kill$ 9 pantomime4 ,9 e>ly /ages1 h[ev]1 ,i note t ! field or g>d5 sometimes reta9s ! =m ( a tumulus4 ,?us ,mr4 ,turn]1 ! ,samoan mission>y1 writes ( ! p ( ,tana1 9 ! ,new ,hebrides3 8,!y be/[ a great deal ( lab\r on _! yam plantations1 & keep !m 9 f9e ord]4 ,y look ov] a re$ #bih;f5ce1 & !re y see t5 or tw5ty m\nds ( e>?1 "s ( !m sev5 feet high & sixty 9 circumf]5ce4 ,^! are heaps ( loose e>? )\t a s+le /one1 all ?r[n up by ! h&4 ,9 ! c5tre !y plant "o ( ! l>ge/ yams :ole1 & r\nd ! sides "s small] ones40 ,?is looks v mu* l a tumulus 9 its tem5os4 ,i %\ld greatly l to "k :e!r a victim is buri$ 9 x4 ,i may add t ! idea ( ! crop be+ a gift f ! deifi$ ance/or or ! div9e-human victim is kept up 9 ! common habit ( (f]+ ! fir/-fruits to ! dead1 or to ! gods1 or to ! liv+ *ief1 _! repres5tative & desc5dant4 ,( ! equival5ce ( ^! ?ree c]emonies1 ,i h giv5 "s evid5ce 9 my essay on ,tree-,wor%ip app5d$ to my translation ( ! ,attis ( ,catullus4 ,= example1 ,mr4 ,turn] says ( ^! same ,tanese 9 ! ,new ,hebrides3 8,! spirits ( _! dep>t$ ance/ors 7 among _! gods4 ,*iefs :o rea*$ an advanc$ age 71 aft] dea?1 deifi$1 address$ by "n1 & pray$ to on v>i\s occasions4 ,!y 7 suppos$ especially to preside ov] ! gr[? ( ! yams & ! diff]5t fruit-trees4 ,! fir/-fruits 7 pres5t$ to !m1 & 9 do+ ?is !y laid a little ( ! fruit on "s /one or %elv+ bran* ( ! tree1 or "s m tempor>y alt>441 9 ! =m ( a table4444 ,all be+ quiet1 ! *ief act$ z high prie/ & pray$ al\d ?us3 #8,compassionate fa!r1 "h is "s food = y2 eat x2 be k9d to u on acc\nt ( x4rsquo2 ,& in/ead ( an ,am51 all unit$ 9 a l\d %\t40 ,simil> evid5ce is abundant else:]e4 ,i summ>ise a little ( x4 ,e ye> ! ,ko*s ( ,assam1 :5 !y ga!r _! fir/-fruits1 (f] "s to _! ance/ors1 call+ !m ev5 by "n1 & clapp+ _! h&s to summon !m4 ,! p ( ,kobi & ,s>iputi1 two villages 9 ,c]am1 8(f] ! fir/-fruits ( ! paddy 9 ! =m ( cook$ rice to _! ance/ors z a tok5 ( gratitude40 #bii,! c]emony is call$ 8,fe$+ ! ,dead40 ,9 ! ,t5imb] & ,timorlaut ,isl&s1 ! fir/-fruits ( ! paddy are (f]$ to ! spirits ( ! ance/ors1 :o are wor%ipp$ z gu>dian gods or h\sehold l>es4 ,! p ( ,luzon wor%ip *iefly ! s\ls ( _! ance/ors1 & (f] to !m ! fir/-fruits ( ! h>ve/4 ,9 ,fiji ! e>lie/ ( ! yams are pres5t$ to ! ance/ral gho/s 9 ! sacr$ /one enclosure2 & no man may ta/e ( ! new crop till aft] ?is pres5tation4 ,9 o!r cases x is gods r ?an gho/s to :om ! (f]+ is made1 ?\gh among savages ! di/9ction is = ! mo/ "p an elusive "o4 ,b 9 n a few in/ances ! fir/-fruits are (f]$1 n to spirits or gods at all1 b to ! div9e k+ himself1 :o is ! liv+ repres5tative & e>?ly c\nt]p>t ( 8 deifi$ ance/ors4 ,?us 9 ,a%antee a h>ve/ fe/ival is held 9 ,septemb]1 :5 ! yams are ripe4 ,dur+ ! fe/ival ! k+ eats ! new yams1 b none ( ! p may eat !m till ! close ( ! fe/ival1 :i* la/s a =tnight4 ,! ,hovas1 ( ,madagasc>1 pres5t ! fir/ %eaves ( ! new gra9 to ! sov]eign4 ,! %eaves are c>ri$ 9 procession to ! palace f "t to "t z ! gra9 rip5s4 ,s1 9 ,burmah1 :5 ! pangati fruits rip51 "s ( !m us$ to be tak5 to ! k+'s palace t he might eat ( !m2 no "o might p>take ( !m be=e ! k+4 ,9 %ort1 :at is (f]$ 9 "o place to ! liv+ *ief is (f]$ 9 ano!r place to 8 dead pr$ecessor1 & is (f]$ 9 a ?ird place to ! great deity :o has gr[n sl[ly out ( !m4 ,! god is ! dead k+2 ! k+1 z 9 anci5t ,egypt1 is ! liv+ god1 & ! desc5dant ( gods1 8 deifi$ ance/ors4 ,inde$1 ! fir/-fruits seem sometimes to be (f]$ to ! human victim himself1 9 8 deifi$ capacity1 & sometimes to ! ,adonis1 or ,osiris1 :o is 8 cry/allis$ embodim5t4 ,our own h>ve/ fe/ival seems to pres]ve ! (f]+ 9 a ,*ri/ianis$ =m4 ,f9ally1 ,i w add t 9 _m cases x looks z ?\gh ! #cjj;div9e agriculture-victim 7 reg>d$ z ! k+ 9 p]son1 ! embodim5t ( ! village or tribal god1 & 7 (f]$ up1 himself to himself1 at ! /one :i* =ms ! monum5t & alt> ( ! primitive deity4 ,( ?is idea we %all see examples :5 we g on to exam9e ! great corn-gods & w9e-gods ( ! ,m$it]ranean region4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4--,,corn- ,,& ,,w9e-,,gods4 ,,9 #cja;advanc$ communities1 ! agricultural gods ) :om we dealt 9 ! la/ *apt] come to acquire specific class-names1 su* z ,attis & ,adonis2 are specialis$ z corn-gods1 w9e-gods1 gods ( ! date-palm1 or gods ( ! h>ve/2 & rise to great di/9ction 9 ! v>i\s religions4 ,i propose to exam9e at "s l5g? ! m important ( ^! 9 ! ,m$it]ranean civilisations1 :]e ,*ri/ianity 0 fir/ evolv$4 ,& ,i beg9 ) ,dionysus4 ,"o ( ! notable features ( ! ,potraj fe/ival ( s\!rn ,india1 :i* ,sir ,walt] ,elliot has m9utely describ$ = u1 & ( :i* ,i gave a brief ab/ract 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 is its orgia/ic "*4 ,z type ( ! orgia/ic god-mak+ c]emonies1 ) _! five-day fe/ival1 x well des]ves "s full] description4 ,! fea/ takes place ne> ! temple ( ! village goddess1 :o is wor%ipp$ 9 ! =m ( an un%apely /one1 /a9$ r$ ) v]million1 ! probable repres5tative ( ! fir/ human f\ndation-victim4 ,an alt> 0 erect$ beh9d ?is temple to ! god :o be>s ! "n ( ,potraj4 ,he is a deity ( cultivation4 ,! fe/ival itself 0 "u ! *>ge ( ! ,p>iahs1 or aborig9al outca/s2 x 0 att5d$ by all ! l[e/ classes1 includ+ ! danc+ girls ( ! temple & ! %eph]ds or o!r 8non-,aryan0 ca/es4 ,dur+ ! fe/ival1 ^! p took tempor>ily ! fir/ place 9 ! village2 !y appe>$ to #cjb;=m ! c\rt ( ! tempor>y k+1 & to repres5t ! e>ly local wor%ip1 ^: gods ! conqu]+ races are afraid ( (f5d+4 ,= s9ce ! dead ( ! conqu]$ race are 9 possession ( ! soil1 immigrant conqu]ors ev]y:]e h a sup]/iti\s dread ( incurr+ _! displeasure4 ,on ! fir/ day ( ! orgy1 ! l[-ca/e p *ose "o ( !mselves z prie/ or ,potraj4 ,on ! second day ( ! fea/1 ! sacr$ buffalo1 already describ$ z hav+ ! "* ( a !an?ropic victim1 0 ?r[n d[n be=e ! goddess2 its head 0 /ruck (f at a s+le bl[1 & 0 plac$ 9 front ( ! %r9e1 ) "o leg 9 its m\?4 ,! c>case1 z we saw already1 0 !n cut up1 & deliv]$ to ! cultivators to bury 9 _! fields4 ,! blood & (fal 7 aft]w>ds collect$ into a l>ge basket2 & ! (ficiat+ prie/1 a l[-ca/e man1 :o bore 7l ! god7 ! "n ( ,potraj1 tak+ a live kid1 hew$ x 9 pieces ov] ! mess4 ,! basket 0 !n plac$ on ! head ( a nak$ man1 ( ! lea!r-dress] class1 :o ran ) x r\nd ! circuit ( ! village b\nd>ies1 scatt]+ ! fragm5ts "r & left z he w5t4 ,! ,potraj 0 arm$ ) a sacr$ :ip1 l ,osiris2 & ?is :ip 0 itself ! object ( pr(\nd v5]ation4 ,on ! ?ird & f\r? days1 _m buffaloes & %eep 7 slaught]$2 & on ! f\r? day1 wom5 walk$ nak$ to ! temple1 clad 9 b\ghs ( trees alone2 a common religi\s ex]cise ( :i* ,i h only space "h to sugge/ t ,/4 ,elizabe? ( ,hung>y & ! ,godiva procession at ,cov5try are surviv+ relics4 7,^! relations h well be5 elucidat$ by ,mr4 ,sidney ,h>tl&47 ,on ! fif? & la/ day1 ! :ole community m>*$ ) music to ! village temple1 & (f]$ a conclud+ sacrifice at ! ,potraj alt>4 ,a lamb 0 conceal$ close by4 ,! ,potraj1 hav+ f\nd x aft] a pret5d$ se>*1 r5d]$ x ins5sible by a bl[ ( 8 :ip1 or by mesm]ic passes--a survival ( ! idea ( ! volunt>y victim4 ,!n ! assi/ants ti$ ! ,potraj's h&s beh9d 8 #cjc;back1 & ! :ole p>ty began to dance r\nd him ) orgia/ic joy4 ,potraj jo9$ 9 ! excitem5t1 & soon came "u ! pres5t influ5ce ( ! deity4 ,he 0 l$ up1 b\nd1 to ! place :]e ! lamb lay motionless4 ,c>ri$ away ) div9e fr5zy1 he ru%$ at x1 seiz$ x ) 8 tee?1 tore ?r\gh ! sk91 & eat into its ?roat4 ,:5 x 0 q dead1 he 0 lift$ up2 a di%ful ( ! meat-(f]+ 0 pres5t$ to him2 he ?ru/ 8 blood-/a9$ face into x1 & x 0 !n buri$ ) ! rema9s ( ! lamb beside ! alt>4 ,aft] t1 8 arms 7 unti$1 & he fl$ ! place4 ,i may add t z a rule ! slaught]] ( ! god ev]y:]e has to fly f ! v5geance ( 8 wor%ipp]s1 :o1 aft] p>ticipat+ 9 ! attack1 pret5d indignation z soon z ! sacrifice is complet$4 ,! re/ ( ! p>ty n[ adj\rn$ to ! front ( ! temple1 :]e a heap ( gra9 deposit$ on ! fir/ day 0 divid$ among all ! cultivators1 to be s[n by ea* "o 9 ! field ) 8 piece ( fle%4 ,aft] ?is1 a di/ribution 0 made ( ! pil$-up heads ( ! buffaloes & %eep slaught]$ on ! ?ird & f\r? days4 ,^! 7 evid5tly consid]$ z sacr$ z div9e heads g5]ally 9 all c\ntries & ages4 ,ab\t =ty ( ! %eeps' heads 7 divid$ among c]ta9 privileg$ p]sons2 = ! rema9d]1 a g5]al scramble took place1 m5 ( all ca/es soon roll+ toge!r on ! gr\nd 9 a mess ( putrid gore4 ,= ! buffaloes' heads1 only ! ,p>iahs cont5d$4 ,:oev] 0 =tunate en\gh to secure "o ( ei!r k9d c>ri$ x (f & buri$ x 9 8 field4 ,( ! special importance ( ! head 9 all su* sacrifices1 ,mr4 ,gomme has collect$ _m apposite examples4 ,! proce$+s 7 t]m9at$ by a procession r\nd ! b\nd>ies2 ! burial ( ! head ( ! sacr$ buffalo close to ! %r9e ( ! village goddess2 & ! outbreak ( a p]fect orgy1 a 8rule ( misrule10 dur+ :i* ! *ief musician indulg$ 9 unbridl$ abuse ( all ! au?orities1 native or ,briti%4 ,i #cjd;h giv5 at su* l5g? an acc\nt ( ?is s+ul> fe/ival1 p>tly because x %$s light ^u mu* t has gone be=e1 b p>tly also because x helps to expla9 _m elem5ts 9 ! wor%ip ( ! great corn- & w9e-gods4 ,"o po9t ( c>d9al importance to be notic$ "h is t ! (ficiat+ prie/1 :o 0 at "o "t also bo? god & victim1 is call$ ,potraj l ! deity :om he repres5ts4 ,s1 too1 9 ,phrygia ! comb9$ ,attis-victim & ,attis-prie/ bore ! "n ( ,attis2 & s 9 ,egypt ! annual ,osiris-(f]+ bore ! "n ( ,osiris1 :om he repres5t$4 ,if ,i am "r1 !re=e1 9 ! analogy ( ! two fea/s ,dionysus 0 9 8 orig9 a corn-god1 & lat] a v9e-god1 annually sla9 & buri$ 9 ord] t 8 blood might f]tilise ! field or ! v9ey>d4 ,9 ! ,hom]ic p]iod1 he 0 /ill a g5]al god ( cultivation3 only lat] did he become di/9ctively ! grape-god & w9e-deity4 ,!re 0 orig9ally1 ,i believe1 a ,dionysus 9 e village2 & ?is div9e victim 0 annually (f]$1 himself to himself1 ) orgia/ic rites l ^? ( ,potraj4 ,mr4 ,laur5ce ,gomme has already 9 "p po9t$ out ?is equation ( ! ,hell5ic & ! ,indian cu/om4 ,! e>lie/ =m ( ,dionysus-wor%ip1 on ?is hypo!sis1 w\ld be ! "o :i* surviv$ 9 ,*ios & ,t5$os1 :]e a liv+ human be+ 0 orgia/ically torn to pieces at ! fea/ ( ,dionysus4 ,at ,or*om5us1 ! human victim 0 by cu/om a woman ( ! family ( ! ,olei 7s t !re 7 wom5 ,dionysi73 at ! annual fe/ival1 ! prie/ ( ,dionysus pursu$ ^! wom5 ) a drawn sword1 & if he caught "o1 he _h ! "r to slay h]4 7,?is is ! sacr$-*ance victim47 ,9 o!r places1 ! c]emony _h be5 alt]$ 9 hi/orical times2 ?us at ,potnice1 9 ,boeotia1 x 0 once ! cu/om to slay a *ild z ,dionysus2 b lat] on1 a goat1 :i* 0 id5tifi$ ) ! god1 0 sub/itut$ = ! orig9al human victim4 ,! equival5ce ( ! animal victim ) ! human god is %[n by ! fact t at ,t5$os ! newborn #cje;calf sacrific$ to ,dionysus--or z ,dionysus--0 %od 9 busk9s1 :ile ! "m c[ 0 t5d$ l a woman 9 *ildb$4 ,else:]e we f9d o!r orgia/ic rites /ill m closely resembl+ ! ,indian patt]n4 ,among ! ,cretans1 a ,dionysus 0 sacrific$ bi5nially "u ! =m ( a bull2 & ! wor%ipp]s tore ! liv+ animal to pieces wildly ) _! tee?4 ,inde$1 says ,mr4 ,fraz]1 ! r5d+ & dev\r+ ( live bulls & calves seems to h be5 a regul> feature ( ! ,dionysiac rites4 ,9 "s cities1 aga91 ! animal t took ! place ( ! human victim 0 a kid4 ,:5 ! foll[]s ( ,dionysus tore 9 pieces a live goat & drank its blood1 !y believ$ !y 7 dev\r+ ! actual body & blood ( ! god4 ,?is eat+ & dr9k+ ! god is an important po9t1 :i* w deta9 u aga9 at a lat] /age ( our enquiry4 ,i d n desire to dwell too long ^u any "o deity1 or r class ( deities2 !re=e ,i w say briefly "h t :5 ,dionysus became ! annual or bi5nial v9e-god victim1 x 0 inevitable t 8 wor%ipp]s %\ld h se5 8 resurrection & embodim5t 9 ! v9e1 & %\ld h reg>d$ ! w9e x yield$ z ! blood ( ! god4 ,9 ?is case1 ! id5tification 0 p>ticul>ly natural1 = c\ld n e wor%ipp] feel ! god 9 ! w9e8 & did n ! div9e _s )9 x inspire & intoxicate him8 ,to be 8full ( ! god0 0 ! natural expression = ! result+ exhil>ation2 ! cult ( ! w9e-_s is ?us "o ( ^? :i* /&s on ! sure/ & mo/ intimate p]sonal basis4 ,! dea? & resurrection ( ,dionysus are accord+ly a physical reality4 ,! god is annually kill$ 9 ! fle%1 z man1 bull1 or goat2 & he rises aga9 9 ! v9e1 to give 8 blood once m = ! good ( 8 vot>ies4 ,moreov]1 he may be us$ z a f]tilis] = _m o!r trees2 & s we f9d ,dionysus has _m functions4 ,he is v>i\sly ador$ z ,dionysus ( ! tree1 & m p>ticul>ly #cjf( ! fruit-be>+ fig & apple4 ,8 image1 l ^? ( o!r tree-gods already enc\nt]$1 0 (t5 an upright po/1 )\t arms1 b drap$ 7l ! a%]a7 9 a mantle1 & ) a be>d$ mask to repres5t ! head1 :ile gre5 b\ghs project+ f x m>k$ 8 vegetable "*4 ,he 0 ! patron ( cultivat$ trees2 pray]s 7 (f]$ to him to make trees gr[2 he 0 hon\r$ by fruit-gr[]s1 :o set up an image ( him1 9 ! %ape ( a natural tree-/ump1 9 ! mid/ ( _! or*>ds4 7,comp>e t la/ degrad$ & utilit>ian relic1 ! mod]n sc>ecr[47 ,= o!r equally int]e/+ facts1 ,i w\ld ref] ! read] once m to ,mr4 ,fraz]1 ^: ri* /ore ,i mu/ n fur!r rifle4 ,x seems to me obvi\s f 8 collection ( facts t !re 0 orig9ally ev]y:]e a sep>ate local ,dionysus1 an annual man-god or woman-god victim 7= :i* a bea/ 0 lat] sub/itut$71 & t only sl[ly did ! wor%ip ( ! individual ,dionysi pass into ! g5]al wor%ip ( "o great idealis$ god ,dionysus4 ,! great gods are at fir/ classes1 n individuals4 ,mr4 ,gomme has fur!r po9t$ out ?ree int]e/+ po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ! ,dionysiac rites & ! ,indian ,potraj fe/ival4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,dionysus is sometimes repres5t$ to 8 wor%ipp]s by 8 head only--no d\bt a pres]v$ oracul> head2 & 9 any case a p>allel to ! importance ( ! head 9 ! ,indian c]emony4 ,9 ! second place1 ! sacrific] ( ! calf at ,t5$os 0 driv5 out & /on$ aft] ! fulfilm5t ( ! rite--a c\nt]p>t ( ! ,potraj flee+ f ! place aft] ! slaught] ( ! lamb4 ,& 9 ! ?ird place1 ! wom5 wor%ipp]s ( ,dionysus att5d$ ! rites nude1 cr[n$ ) g>l&s1 & daub$ ov] ) dirt--a c\nt]p>t ( ! nak$ female vot>ies surr\nd$ ) bran*es ( trees 9 ! ,indian fe/ival4 ,all ?ree ( ^! po9ts recur abundantly 9 simil> c]emonies else:]e4 ,z a rule1 ,i sev]ely disreg>d m]e my?s1 z d>k5]s ( #cjg;c\nsel1 conf9+ my att5tion to ! purely religi\s & practical elem5ts ( cu/om & wor%ip4 ,b x is wor? :ile not+ "h = its illu/rative value ! ,cretan ,dionysus-my?1 pres]v$ = u 9 a ,romanis$ =m by ,firmicus ,mat]nus4 ,dionysus is !re repres5t$ z ! son ( ,zeus1 a ,cretan k+2 & ?is leg5d1 dismiss$ cavali]ly by ,mr4 ,fraz] z 8,euhem]i/ic10 at lea/ encloses ! old idea t ! ,dionysus-victim 0 at fir/ himself a div9e god-k+1 connect$ by blood ) ! supreme god or f\nd] ( ! community4 ,h]a1 ! wife ( ,zeus1 0 jeal\s ( ! *ild1 & lur$ him into an ambu%1 :]e he 0 set ^u by h] satellites ! ,titans1 :o cut him limb f limb1 boil$ 8 body ) v>i\s h]bs1 & ate x4 ,o!r =ms ( ! my? tell u h[ 8 "m ,demet] piec$ toge!r 8 mangl$ rema9s1 & made him "y aga94 ,m (t51 h[ev]1 ,dionysus is ! son ( ,semele1 & v>i\s o!r v]sions are giv5 ( ! mode ( 8 resurrection4 ,x is en\gh = our purpose t 9 all ( !m ! w9e-god1 aft] hav+ be5 sla9 & torn limb f limb1 rises aga9 f ! dead1 & (t5 asc5ds to 8 fa!r ,zeus 9 heav54 ,! resurrection1 visibly enact$1 =m$ 9 _m places a "p ( ! rite2 ?\gh ,i _c agree ) ,mr4 ,fraz]'s app>5t & 7= him7 unusual sugge/ion t ! rite grew out ( ! my?2 ,i hold ! exact opposite to h be5 ! ord] ( evolution4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ?\gh ,i d n d5y t ! lat] ,greeks envisag$ ,dionysus z a s+le supreme god ( vegetation1 nor t _m ab/ract ideas 7 f9ally fa!r$ ^u ! wor%ip--especially ^? :i* id5tifi$ ! dea? & resurrection ( ! god ) ! annual w9t] sleep & spr+ revival--,i ma9ta9 t 9 8 orig9 ! ,dionysus 0 no?+ m ?an ! annual corn-victim1 aft]w>ds ext5d$ into ! tree & v9e victim1 f ^: grave sprang ! pomegranate1 t blood-r$ fruit1 & ^: life-juice 0 express$ z ! god-giv+ w9e4 ,at fir/ a ye>ly human victim1 he 0 aft]w>ds p]sonat$ #cjh;by a goat or a bull2 & 0 !re=e repres5t$ 9 art z a bull1 or a bull-horn$ man4 ,gradually id5tifi$ ) vegetation 9 g5]al1 he 0 reg>d$ at la/ z ! ,fl[]y ,dionysus1 ! ,fig ,dionysus1 or ev51 l ,attis1 ! god ( ! p9e-tree4 ,b all ^!1 ,i believe1 7 lat] syncretic additions2 & ,i consid] t 9 su* primitive =ms z ! orgia/ic crop-god ( ! ,indian corn-fe/ival we get ! prime orig9al ( ! ,hell5ic v9e-deity4 ,i pass on to ,osiris1 9 8 second>y or acquir$ "* z corn-god4 ,i h already express$ ! belief1 9 :i* ,i am back$ up by ,mr4 ,l(tie1 t ! orig9al ,osiris 0 a real hi/orical e>ly k+ ( ,?is by ,abydos4 ,b 9 ! lat] ,egyptian religion1 aft] my/ic ideas _h begun to be evolv$1 he came to be reg>d$ z ! god ( ! dead1 & e mummy or e ju/ifi$ s\l 0 look$ ^u z an ,osiris4 ,moreov]1 x seems probable t 9 ,egypt ! "n ( ,osiris 0 also fitt$ to ! annual sla9 corn-victim or corn-god4 ,?us all ov] ,egypt !re 7 _m duplicates ( ,osiris2 notably at ,busiris1 :]e ! "n 0 atta*$ to an e>ly tomb l ! "o at ,abydos4 ,?is id5tification ( ! new-made god ) ! hi/oric ance/or1 ! dead k+1 or ! tribal deity is q habitual2 x is p>allel to ! id5tification ( ! (ficiat+ ,potraj ) ! ,potraj god1 ( ! ,attis-prie/ ) ,attis1 ( ! ,dionysus-victim ) ! son ( ,zeus3 & x w meet u h]eaft] 9 savage p>allels4 ,let u look at ! evid5ce4 ,z 9 ,india1 ! ,osiris fe/ival la/$ = five days4 7,! p]iod is wor? not+47 ,! c]emonies began ) pl\gh+ ! e>?4 ,we d n "k = c]ta9 t a human victim 0 immolat$2 b _m side-analogies w\ld lead u to t conclusion1 & sugge/ t z else:]e ! sacr$ victim 0 torn to pieces 9 ! eag]ness ( ! cultivators & wor%ipp]s to obta9 a fragm5t ( 8 f]tilis+ body4 ,= 9 ! my?1 ,typhon cuts up ! corpse ( ! god into f\rte5 pieces1 :i* he #cjiscatt]s abroad 7z ! nak$ lea!r-dress] scatt]s ! sacr$ buffalo73 & we "k t 9 ! ,egyptian c]emonies "o *ief elem5t 0 ! se>* = ! mangl$ portions ( ,osiris1 ! rejoic+s at _! discov]y1 & _! solemn burial4 ,on "o ( ! days ( ! fea/1 a procession ( prie/s w5t ! r\nd ( ! temples--or beat ! b\nds3 & ! fe/ival clos$ ) ! erection ( a pill> or /one monum5t to ! ,osiris1 :i*1 9 a bas-relief1 ! k+ himself is repres5t$ z assi/+ 9 rais+4 ,i ?9k x is impossible to ov]look ! g5]al resemblance ( ^! rites to ! rites ( ,potraj4 ,i ought to add1 ?\gh ,i _c g into t matt] fully "h1 t ! _m allusions to ! fl++ ( ! c(f] conta9+ ! ,osiris into ! ,nile are cle> indications ( ! ra9-*>m obta9$ by ?r[+ ! human victim into a spr+ or riv]4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 x mu/ ( c\rse be reg>d$ locally z a *>m to make ! ,nile rise 9 due season4 ,! "* ( ! lat] ,osiris1 or ! god-victim id5tifi$ ) him1 z a corn & vegetable god1 is amply borne out by sev]al o!r pieces ( evid5ce4 ,osiris1 x is said1 0 ! fir/ to tea* m5 ! use ( corn4 ,he also introduc$ ! cultivation ( ! v9e4 ,mr4 ,fraz] notes t 9 "o ( ! *amb]s d$icat$ to ,osiris 9 ! great temple ( ,isis at ,phil1 ! dead body ( ,osiris is repres5t$ ) /alks ( corn spr++ f x1 & a prie/ is wat]+ ! /alks f a pit*] :i* he holds 9 8 h&4 ,t human corn-victims 7 at lea/ n unkn[n 9 ,egypt we h on ! direct au?ority ( ,mane?o1 :o tells u t r$-hair$ m5 us$ to be burn$1 & _! a%es scatt]$ ) w9n[+ fans4 7,simil> cases else:]e h be5 previ\sly m5tion$47 ,s1 too1 ! leg5d tells u t ,isis plac$ ! sev]$ limbs ( ,osiris on a corn-sieve4 ,r$-hair$ ox5 7 also sacrific$ 9 ,egypt1 app>5tly 9 ord] to produce r$ :eat4 ,?is is ! analogue ( ! bull sacrific$ z ,dionysus4 ,aga91 #caj;9 ! leg5d ( ,busiris1 & ! glosses or comm5ts ^u x1 we get important evid5ce1 ! value ( :i* has n fully be5 not$1 ,i believe1 by ,mr4 ,fraz]4 ,! /ory comes to u 9 a ,greek =m2 b we c see ?r\gh x t x repres5ts ! my? :i* acc\nt$ = ! ,osiris sacrifice4 ,! "n ,busiris means ! city ( ,osiris1 :i* 0 s call$ because ! grave ( an anci5t ,osiris 7ei!r a mummy1 or a local *ief id5tifi$ ) ! great god ( ,abydos7 0 situat$ !re4 ,human sacrifices 7 said to h be5 (f]$ at 8 tomb2 j z ! ,potraj sacrifice is (f]$ at ! %r9e ( ! village goddess1 & j z ! annual victim else:]e 0 sacrific$ at ! ,t]m9us /one or ! sacr$ /one ( ! f\ndation-god or goddess4 ,! victims 7 r$hair$ m51 & /rang]s4 ,_! a%es 7 scatt]$ abroad ) w9n[+ fans4 ,!y 7 sla9 on ! h>ve/-field1 & m\rn$ by ! reap]s 7l ,adonis & ,attis7 9 ! song :i* ?r\gh a ,greek mi/ake is kn[n to u z ! ,man]os4 ,! reap]s pray$ at ! same "t t ,osiris might revive & return ) r5ew$ vig\r 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ po9t 9 ?is acc\nt1 piec$ toge!r f ,apollodorus1 ,diodorus1 & ,plut>*1 is ! fact t x %[s u h[ ! annual ,osiris 0 id5tifi$ ) ! old div9e k+ :o lay 9 8 grave h>d by2 & s br+s ! case into l9e ) o!rs we h already consid]$ & mu/ /ill consid]4 ,z = ! hunt+ aft] ! pieces ( ,osiris's body1 t is j l ! hunt+ aft] ! mangl$ pieces ( ,dionysus by ,demet]4 ,i int]pret bo? ! resurrection ( ,osiris1 & ! /ory ( ! fragm5ts be+ piec$ toge!r & gr[+ "y aga91 told ( ,dionysus1 z mean+ t ! scatt]$ pieces1 buri$ l ^? ( ! ,khond ,m]iah1 gr[ up aga9 next ye> into ! liv+ corn = ! h>ve/4 ,fur!rmore1 !re exi/s to ?is day 9 ,egypt an app>5t survival ( ! anci5t ,osiris rite1 9 an att5uat$ =m 7l ! mock mayors 9 ,engl&71 :i* di/9ctly sugge/s #caa! id5tification ,i am "h attempt+4 ,9 ,upp] ,egypt1 ,klunz+] tells u1 on ! fir/ day ( ! 7,egyptian7 sol> ye>1 :5 ! ,nile has usually rea*$ its highe/ po9t1 ! regul> gov]nm5t is susp5d$ = ?ree days 9 ea* di/rict1 & e t[n *ooses its own tempor>y rul]4 ,?is tempor>y k+ 7a local ,osiris1 z ,i believe7 we>s a conical cap1 & a long flax5 be>d1 & is envelop$ 9 a /range mantle4 ,i say unhesitat+ly1 ! dress ( an ,osiris1 we>+ ! old royal cap ( ,upp] ,egypt4 ,) a w& ( (fice 9 8 h&s--l ! crook :i* ,osiris c>ries on ! monum5ts--& att5d$ by m5 disguis$ z scribes1 execution]s1 & s =?1 he proce$s to ! gov]nor's h\se4 ,! gov]nor all[s himself to be depos$2 ! mock k+1 m\nt+ ! ?rone1 holds a tribunal1 to ^: decisions ev5 ! gov]nor himself mu/ b[4 ,9 %ort1 l o!r tempor>y k+s1 he really enjoys royal au?ority = ! mom5t4 ,aft] ?ree days1 h[ev]1 ! mock k+ is condemn$ to dea?2 ! envelope or %ell 9 :i* he is encas$ is committ$ to ! flames2 & f its a%es creeps =? ! ,fellah :o imp]sonat$ him4 ,i d n d\bt t ! case "h repres5ts ! antique c(f] or mummy-case ( ,osiris4 ,9 ?is graphic c]emonial1 !n1 ,i see a survival1 ) ! cu/om>y mitigations1 ( ! annual ,osiris sacrifice1 once actually p]=m$ on a human victim4 ,i d n d\bt t 9 ,egypt z else:]e a mock k+ 0 =m]ly *os5 9 place ( ! real k+ to p]sonate ! desc5dant ( ,osiris1 an ,osiris himself2 & t ?is sub/itute 0 put to dea?1 & torn to pieces or burnt1 :ile 8 a%es 7 w9n[$ & scatt]$ ov] ! l&4 ,x may also be wor? :ile to enquire :e!r ! sc\rge :i* ,osiris holds 9 ! bas-reliefs is n ! equival5t ( ! div9e :ip ( ! ,potraj1 & ! o!r :ips :i* ,mr4 ,gomme has s +5i\sly correlat$ ) t v v5]able & my/ic attribute4 ,i w\ld sugge/1 !n1 t ,osiris 9 8 lat] embodim5t #cab0 annually r5ew$ z a corn & v9e victim4 ,orig9ally a k+ ( ,upp] ,egypt1 or "p ( x1 he 0 envisag$ 9 lat] my? z a g5]al culture-god4 ,isis1 8 si/] & wife1 discov]$ :eat & b>ley gr[+ wild2 & ,osiris introduc$ ^! gra9s among 8 p1 :o !reupon ab&on$ cannibalism1 & took to gra9-gr[+4 ,an annual victim1 mo/ (t5 a /rang]1 id5tifi$ ) ! racial god1 0 torn to pieces 9 8 place2 & ,osiris himself 0 f9ally m]g$ ) ! ab/ract _s ( vegetation1 & suppos$ to be ! p>5t ( all trees4 ,j z ! ,cor9?ians1 :5 ord]$ by an oracle to wor%ip a c]ta9 p9e tree 8equally ) ! god10 cut x d[n & made two images ( ,dionysus out ( x1 ) gilt bodies & r$-/a9$ faces2 s ! ,egyptians cut d[n a p9e-tree1 took out ! he>t1 made an image ( ,osiris1 & !n buri$ x 9 ! holl[ ( ! tree f :i* x _h be5 tak54 ,simil> rites obta9$ 9 ,attis-wor%ip & all alike be> witness to t late & ab/ract /age ( ?\ght :]e ! primitive cultivation-victim has be5 sublimat$ & elevat$ into a g5]alis$ god ( vegetation 9 ! ab/ract4 ,b ?is1 :i* = ,mr4 ,fraz] is ! />t+-po9t1 is = me ! goal ( ! evolution ( ,osiris4 ,let u next look v briefly at ! case ( ,adonis4 ,! ,adon or ,"l commonly kn[n z ,?ammuz 0 "o ( ! *ief elem5ts 9 ,syrian religion4 ,he 0 closely connect$ ) ! namesake riv] ,adonis1 :i* rose by 8 grave at ! sacr$ spr+ ( ,aphaca4 ,we d n actually "k1 ,i believe1 ( a human ,adonis-victim2 b 8 dea? 0 annually lam5t$ ) a bitt] wail+1 *iefly by wom54 ,images ( him 7 dress$ l corpses1 & c>ri$ out z if = burial1 & !n ?r[n into ! sea or into spr+s4 ,?is 0 evid5tly a ra9 *>m1 su* z is p>ticul>ly natural 9 a dry c\ntry l ,syria4 ,& ,i w add incid5tally t ,i attribute to simil> circum/ances also "s portion at lea/ ( ! sanctity ( riv]s4 ,9 c]ta9 places1 ! resurrection ( ! ,adonis 0 #cac;celebrat$ on ! succe$+ day4 ,at ,byblos1 he also asc5d$ into heav5 be=e ! eyes ( 8 wor%ipp]s--a po9t wor? notice f its ,*ri/ian analogies4 ,! blood-r$ hue ( ! riv] ,adonis 9 spr+--really due to ! discoloration ( ! tribut>y torr5ts by r$ e>? f ! m\nta9s--0 set d[n to ! blood ( ! god ,adonis2 ! sc>let anemone sprang f 8 w\nds4 ,b ! s*olia/ on ,!ocritus expressly expla9s ! ,adonis z 8! s[n corn20 & t he 0 8se$10 l ! common corn-victims 9 ,india & else:]e1 we c h>dly d\bt f ! repeat$ /ories ( 8 dea? & resurrection4 ,! s-call$ 8g>d5s ( ,adonis10 :i* 7 mimic repres5tations ( a tumulus plant$ ) corn1 =m$ a mo/ noticeable "p ( ! god's ritual4 ,!y consi/$ ( baskets or pots1 fill$ ) e>?1 9 :i* :eat1 b>ley1 fl[]s1 & s =? 7 s[n & t5d$ by wom52 & at ! end ( eight days !y 7 c>ri$ out ) ! images ( ! dead ,adonis1 & flung into ! sea or into spr+s4 ,?is 0 no d\bt ano!r case ( a ra9-*>m4 ,mr4 ,fraz] has collect$ sev]al int]e/+ examples ( simil> rites ! :ole _w ov]4 ,a few o!r embodim5ts ( ! corn-god may be m ha/ily treat$4 ,:at ,adonis 0 to ,syria1 ,attis 0 to ,phrygia4 ,orig9ally he seems1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,ramsay1 to h be5 repres5t$ by an annual prie/-victim1 :o slew himself = ! p to ensure f]tility4 ,?is prie/-victim himself bore ! "n ( ,attis1 & 0 id5tifi$ ) ! god ^: wor%ip he p]=m$4 ,9 lat] days1 in/ead ( kill+ himself1 he m]ely drew 8 own blood2 & !re is reason to ?9k t a pig 0 also sub/itut$ z duplicate victim1 & t ?is pig 0 itself reg>d$ z an ,attis4 ,analogies exi/ ) ! ,pas*al lamb2 :ile ! self-mutilation ( ,attis-wor%ip has also features 9 common ) ,jewi% circumcision4 ,moreov]1 ! c]emonies 7 closely connect$1 at ,pess9us at lea/1 ) ! anci5t sacr$ /one :i* bore ! "n ( ,cybele1 & :i* 0 #cad;describ$ z ! ,"m ( ! ,gods2 ?is connexion exactly recalls t ( ! ,potraj-god 9 ,india ) ! cult ( ! local village goddess4 ,z ,i believe ! village goddess to be ! p]man5t =m ( ! f\ndation human sacrifice1 ,i also believe ,cybele 7gross ,euhem]ism z x may seem7 to be ! sacr$ /one ( ! orig9al virg9 :o 0 sacrific$ at ! fir/ f\ndation ( ,pess9us4 ,:5 ! sacr$ /one ( ,cybele & ! cult ( ,attis 7 remov$ to ,rome 7"u circum/ances to :i* ,i %all ref] 9 a lat] *apt]7 ! fe/ival consi/$ ( a five days' rite1 l t ( ! ,potraj4 ,x took place at ! spr+ equ9ox1 z does our own equival5t fe/ival ( ,ea/]4 ,on ! fir/ day1 a p9e-tree 0 cut d[n 9 ! woods1 & ! effigy ( a "y man 0 ti$ to x4 ,?is effigy no d\bt repres5t$ ! primitive human sacrifice1 & its crucifixion answ]s exactly to ! slaught] ( ! sacr$ buffalo 9 ,india4 ,! second day yields no?+ ( importance2 on ! ?ird day1 ! ,attis-prie/ drew blood f 8 own arms & pres5t$ x z an (f]+2 ,i w\ld conjecture t ?is 0 a sub/itute = self-immolation1 & t ! self-immolation 0 orig9ally p]=m$ by mutilation ( ! g5itals4 ,x 0 p]haps on ?is night t a m\rn+ took place ov] ! body ( ,attis1 repres5t$ by an effigy1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds solemnly buri$4 ,on ! f\r? day came ! ,fe/ival ( ,joy1 on :i*1 z ,mr4 ,fraz] believes1 ! resurrection ( ! god 0 celebrat$4 ,! fif? day clos$ ) a procession to ! brook ,almo1 9 :i* ! sacr$ /one ( ! goddess & h] bullock-c>t 7 ba!d z a ra9-*>m4 ,on ! return1 ! c>t 0 /rewn ) fl[]s4 ,i ?9k ! close p>allelism to ! ,indian usage is "h fairly evid5t4 ,inde$1 out ( consid]ation = brevity1 ,i h suppress$ sev]al o!r mo/ curi\s resemblances4 ,attis 0 ?us ess5tially a corn-god4 ,8 dea? & resurrection 7 annually celebrat$ at ,rome & at ,pess9us4 ,an ,attis ( "s sort di$ ye>ly4 ,! ,attis ( ,pess9us 0 bo? prie/ & k+2 x 0 p]haps at "o "t #cae;8 duty to die at ! end ( 8 ye>ly reign z a corn-god = 8 p4 ,"o epi!t ( ,attis 0 8v fruitful02 he 0 address$ z 8! reap$ yell[ e> ( corn02 & :5 an effigy took ! place ( ! annual sla9 prie/-k+1 ?is effigy itself 0 kept = a ye>1 & !n burnt z ! prie/-k+ himself w\ld h be5 at an e>li] p]iod4 ,x seems to me impossible to resi/ ! cumulative weight ( ?is s+ul> evid5ce4 ,= ! v curi\s cu/oms & my?s reg>d+ ,demet]1 ,p]sephone1 & o!r female corn-victims1 ,i mu/ ref] ! read] once m to ,mr4 ,fraz]4 ,x is true1 ! enquir] w !re f9d ! subject treat$ f ! opposite /&po9t2 he w see ! goddesses reg>d$ z fir/ corn-spirits1 !n animal1 f9ally human3 b aft] ! examples ,i h "h giv5 ( my own mode ( envisag+ ! facts1 ,i ?9k ! read] w see = himself :at corrections to make = ,mr4 ,fraz]'s animism & p]sonal equation4 ,i w only say "h t 9 _m c\ntries1 f ,p]u to ,africa1 a girl or woman seems to h be5 (f]$ up z a corn-goddess2 t ?is corn-goddess seems to h be5 s[n ) ! se$1 & believ$ to come to life aga9 ) ! corn2 & t sev]al ,european h>ve/ cu/oms appe> to be mitigations ( ! old c]emonial1 ) ! usual sub/itution ( an animal or an effigy = ! human victim4 ,reg>d$ 9 ?is light1 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s collection ( facts ab\t ! ,corn ,baby af=ds an excell5t gr\ndwork = rese>*2 b ?\gh ,i c\ld say mu* on ! subject1 ,i w refra9 f x "h1 z ,i desire only at pres5t to give su* an outl9e z w enable ! read] to und]/& my g5]al pr9ciples4 ,! half is (t5 m ?an ! :ole2 & ,i fe> if ,i fle% out ! framework too mu*1 x may be difficult to foll[ ! ma9 l9e ( my argum5t4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 refra9 f m5tion+ t ! c]emonies ( 8,c>ry+ out ,dea?0 & 8,bury+ ! ,c>nival10 :i* prevail all ov] ,europe1 reta9 _m int]e/+ features ( ! ,potraj1 ,dionysus1 & ,attis-,adonis #caf;fe/ivals4 ,! figure ( ,dea?--t is to say1 z ,i und]/& x1 ! image ( ! dead human god--is (t5 torn to pieces1 & ! fragm5ts are !n buri$ 9 ! fields to make ! crops gr[ well4 ,b ! ,dea? is also dr[n$ or burn$2 9 ! fir/ case1 l ,adonis1 9 ! second1 l ! ,osiris 9 ! mod]n ,egyptian cu/om4 ,& ! analogies ( ! fe/ivals to ^? ( ,india & ,we/]n ,asia mu/ /rike e att5tive read] ( ,mr4 ,fraz]'s ma/]work4 ,two or ?ree typical in/ances mu/ suffice z examples4 ,9 ,bohemia1 ! *ildr5 c>ry a /raw man out ( ! village1 call+ x ,dea?1 & !n burn x1 s++1 ,n[ c>ry we ,dea? out ( ! village1 ,! new summ] into ! village2 ,welcome1 de> summ]1 ,gre5 little corn4 ,"h ! relation ( ! c]emony to ! primitive corn-sacrifice is imm$iately evid5t4 ,& ! mak+ ( ! effigy out ( /raw is significant4 ,at ,tabor 9 ,bohemia ! image ( ,dea? is flung f a high rock into ! wat]1 evid5tly z a ra9-*>m1 ) a simil> song1 pray+ = 8good :eat & rye40 7,comp>e ! c]emony ( ! ,t>peian rock1 :]e ! victim 0 at la/ a condemn$ crim9al3 z also ! my?s ( immolation by jump+ into ! sea47 ,9 ,l[] ,bav>ia ! pantomime 0 m reali/ic2 ! ,pf+/l1 z ! victim 0 call$1 0 clad 9 leaves & fl[]s1 & dr5*$ ) wat]4 ,he wad$ into a brook up to 8 middle1 :ile a boy pret5d$ to cut (f 8 head4 ,9 ,saxony & ,?r+51 ! ,wild ,man1 :o repres5ts ! god1 is kill$ 9 dumb %[ at ,:itsuntide4 ,8 captors pret5d to %oot him1 & he falls z if dead1 b is aft]w>ds reviv$1 z 9 ! resurrection ( ,adonis & ,dionysus4 ,su* resurrections =m a common episode 9 ! popul> corn-drama4 ,i h f\nd a case 9 ,sussex4 ,at ,semic 9 ,bohemia we h ! fur!r graphic po9t t ! victim is actually describ$ z ! ,k+1 we>s a cr[n ( b>k1 & c>ries a w& z a #cagsceptre1 l ! mock ,osiris4 ,o!r k+s are frequ5t else:]e4 ,9 ! ,koniggratz di/rict1 ! ,k+ is tri$1 &1 if condemn$1 is behead$ 9 pantomime4 ,ne> ,s*omb]g1 ! mock victim us$ to be kn[n z ! ,fool1 ano!r significant "n1 & 0 f9ally buri$ "u /raw & dung1 a conjunction ( obvi\s agricultural import4 ,9 ,rottweil1 ! ,fool is made drunk1 & int]r$ 9 /raw amid ,adonis-l lam5tations4 ,else:]e1 ! ,fool1 ei!r 9 p]son or by a /raw effigy1 is flung into wat]4 ,at ,s*luck5au1 realism goes a /age fur!r3 ! ,wild ,man we>s a bladd] fill$ ) blood r\nd 8 neck2 ?is ! execution] /abs1 & ! blood gu%es =? on ! gr\nd4 ,next day1 a /raw man1 made to look z l him z possible1 is laid on a bi]1 & tak5 to a pool into :i* x is flung4 ,9 all ^! antique c]emonies x is impossible n to see a n[ playful survival ( ! primitive corn-sacrifice4 ,our own ,april ,fool %[s ! la/ /age ( degradation 9 su* _w-wide cu/oms4 ,orig9ally s5t on a fool's err& to ! place ( sacrifice1 s t he might g volunt>ily1 he is n[ m]ely s5t 9 mean+less d]ision4 ,i w only add "h t :ile corn-gods & w9e-gods are ! mo/ notable memb]s ( ?is /range gr\p ( artificial deities1 ! sacr$ date-palm has its importance z well 9 ! religions ( ,mesopotamia2 & else:]e ! gods ( ! maize1 ! planta91 & ! cocoanut rise into special or local prom95ce4rsquo2 ,s d ! ,rice-,_s1 ! ,oats-,wife1 ! ,"m ( ! ,rye1 & ! ,"m ( ! ,b>ley 7or ,demet]74 ,all seem to be modifications ( ! primitive victim1 sacrific$ to make a _s = ! crop1 or to act z 8se$0 = ! date or ! planta94 ,,*apt] ,,xv4--,,sacrifice ,,& ,,sacram5t4 ,,we #cah;h n[ arriv$ at a po9t :]e we c m fully und]/& ^? curi\s ideas ( sacrifice & sacram5t :i* lie at ! root ( s mu* t is ess5tial 9 ! ,jewi%1 ! ,*ri/ian1 & mo/ o!r religions4 ,mr4 ,galton tells u t to ! ,dam>as1 :5 he travell$ among !m1 all meat 0 common prop]ty4 ,no "o kill$ an ox except z a sacrifice & on a fe/al occasion2 & :5 ! ox 0 kill$1 ! :ole community fea/$ ^u x indiscrim9ately4 ,?is is b a s+le in/ance ( a feel+ almo/ univ]sal among primitive pa/oral p4 ,cattle & o!r dome/ic animals1 be+ reg>d$ z sacr$1 are r>ely kill$2 & :5 !y are kill$1 !y are eat5 at a fea/ z a social & practically religi\s rite--9 %ort1 sacram5tally4 ,i ne$ n give in/ances ( s well-kn[n a pr9ciple2 ,i w cont5t myself ) quot+ :at ,dr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? says ( a p>ticul> race3 8,among ! e>ly ,semites g5]ally1 no slaught] 0 legitimate except = sacrifice40 ,b>b>ic h]dsm51 inde$1 c h>dly conceive ( m5 to :om fle% meat is a daily article ( diet4 ,mr4 ,galton f\nd ! idea v /range to 8 ,dam>as4 ,primitive pa/oral races keep _! dome/ic animals ma9ly = ! sake ( ! milk1 or z bea/s ( burd51 or = ! wool & hair2 !y seldom kill "o except = a fea/1 at :i* ! gods are fell[-p>tak]s4 ,inde$1 x is probable1 z ! sequel w sugge/1 t dome/ic animals 7 orig9ally kept z totems or ance/or-gods1 & t ! habit ( eat+ #cai! meat ( %eep1 goats1 & ox5 has aris5 ma9ly out ( ! sub/itution ( su* a div9e animal-victim = ! div9e human-victim ( e>li] usage4 ,our but*]s' %ops h _! orig9 9 mitigat$ sacrificial cannibalism4 ,sacrifice1 reg>d$ m]ely z (f]+ to ! gods1 has ?us1 ,i believe1 two di/9ct orig9s4 ,its e>lie/1 simple/1 & mo/ natural =m is t ^: developm5t we h already trac$1--! plac+ ( small articles ( food & dr9k at ! graves ( ance/ors or k+s or rev]$ fell[-tribesm54 ,t f a v e>ly p]iod m5 h believ$ ! dead to eat & dr9k1 :e!r z corpse1 z mummy1 z gho/ ( buri$ fri5d1 or z e!real _s ( cremat$ *iefta91 we h already se5 ) suffici5t frequ5cy4 ,ab\t ! orig9 ( ^! simple/ & mo/ primitive sacrifices1 ,i ?9k1 !re c be little d\bt4 ,savages (f] at ! graves ( _! dead precisely ^? ord9>y articles ( food :i* !y consum$ :ile liv+1 )\t any di/9ction ( k9d2 & !y cont9ue to (f] !m 9 ! same nave way :5 ! gho/ has progress$ to ! /atus ( "o ( ! great gods ( ! community4 ,b !re is ano!r mode ( sacrifice1 sup]pos$ ^u ?is1 & gradually t5d+ to be m or less id5tifi$ ) x1 :i* yet1 if ,i am "r1 _h a q diff]5t orig9 9 ! artificial production ( gods ab\t :i* ,i h writt5 at consid]able l5g? 9 ! la/ ?ree *apt]s4 ,! human or animal victim1 ?us slaught]$ 9 ord] to make a new god or protect+ _s1 came 9 "t to be assimilat$ 9 ?\ght to ! old] type ( m]e honorific (f]+s to ! dead gods2 & s gave rise to ^? my/ic ideas ( ! god :o is sacrific$1 himself to himself1 ( :i* ! sacram5t ( ! ,mass is ! f9al & mo/ my/]i\s outcome4 ,?us1 ! f\ndation-gods1 orig9ally kill$ 9 ord] to make a protect+ _s = a h\se or a tribal god = a city or village1 came at la/ to be reg>d$ z victims sacrific$ to ! ,e>? ,goddess or to ! ,e>? ,demons2 & ?us1 too1 ! ,m]iahs & o!r agricultural #cbjvictims1 orig9ally kill$ 9 ord] to make a corn-god or a corn-_s1 came at la/ to be reg>d$ z sacrifices to ! ,e>?1 or to "s ab/ract ,dionysus or ,attis or ,adonis4 ,& s9ce 9 ! la/ case at lea/ ! god & ! victim 7 /ill call$ by ! same "n & recognis$ z "o1 !re grew up at la/ 9 _m l&s1 & 9 bo? hemisph]es1 b especially 9 ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean bas91 ! my/ic !ory ( ! sacrifice ( a god1 himself to himself1 9 atonem5t or expiation1 :i* =ms ! basis ( ! ,*ri/ian ,plan ( ,salvation4 ,x is ?is second>y & d]ivative =m ( sacrifice1 ,i believe1 :i* is ma9ly consid]$ 9 ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?'s elaborate & extremely valuable analysis4 ,i h said t ! second>y =m ( sacrifice1 :i* = brevity's sake ,i %all h5ce=? designate z ! my/ic1 is f\nd 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w & 9 bo? hemisph]es4 ,?is naturally raises ! "q :e!r x has a s+le common orig91 & ant$ates ! disp]sal ( mank9d ?r\gh ! hemisph]es2 or :e!r x has be5 indep5d5tly evolv$ sev]al times ov] 9 _m l&s by _m races4 ,= myself1 ,i h no cut-&-dri$ answ] to ?is ab/ruse "q1 nor d ,i reg>d x1 inde$1 z a really important "o4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re are _m reasons = suppos+ t c]ta9 relatively high traits ( ?\ght or art 7 common prop]ty among mank9d be=e ! disp]sion f ! primitive c5tre1 if a primitive c5tre ev] exi/$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 psy*ologi/s "k well t ! human m9d acts ) extraord9>y simil>ity 9 giv5 circum/ances all ! _w ov]1 & t id5tical /ages ( evolution seem to h be5 pass$ ?r\gh indep5d5tly by _m races1 9 ,egypt & ,mexico1 9 ,*9a & ,p]u2 s t we c f9d no?+ inh]5tly improbable 9 ! idea t ev5 ^! complex conceptions ( my/ic sacrifice h di/9ct orig9s 9 remote c\ntries4 ,:at is c]ta9 is ! fact t among ! ,aztecs1 z among ! ,phrygians1 ! prie/ :o sacrific$1 ! victim he slew1 & ! image or great god to #cba:om he slew him1 7 all id5tifi$2 ! kill]1 ! kill$1 & ! be+ 9 ^: honor ! kill+ took place 7 all "o s+le indivisible deity4 ,ev5 su* details z t ! prie/ clo!d himself 9 ! sk9 ( ! victim are common to _m l&s2 !y may v well be ei!r a h]itage f remote ance/ral humanity1 or ! sep>ate product ( ! human m9d1 work+ along l grooves "u id5tical conditions4 ,9 "o ^w !y may p]haps be necess>y & inevitable coroll>ies f antec$5t conceptions4 ,i mu/ fur!r premise t no religion z we n[ "k x is by any means primitive4 ,! mo/ savage cre$s we f9d among u h /ill hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s beh9d !m4 ,! olde/ religions ^: records h desc5d$ to u1 l ^? ( ,egypt & ( ,assyria1 are /ill remote by hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s f ! prime orig9al4 ,cultivation itself is a v anci5t & immemorial art4 ,few savages1 ev5 among ^? :o are commonly describ$ z 9 ! hunt+ /age1 are :olly ignorant ( "s simple =m ( se$-s[+ & tillage4 ,! few :o are n[ ignorant ( ^? arts %[ "s app>5t signs ( be+ r deg5]ate ?an primitive peoples4 ,my own belief or suspicion is t ideas d]iv$ f ! set ( practices 9 connexion ) agriculture detail$ 9 ! la/ two *apt]s h deeply col\r$ ! life & ?\ght ( almo/ ! :ole human race1 includ+ ev5 ^? rude/ tribes :i* n[ "k little or no?+ ( agriculture4 ,b ,i d n lay /ress ^u ?is half-=m$ conviction1 to ju/ify :i* w\ld lead me too f> afield4 ,i %all be cont5t ) endeav\r+ to sugge/ h[ f> !y h col\r$ ! ideas ( ! great] numb] ( exi/+ nations4 ,e>ly pa/oral races seldom kill a bea/ except on great occasions4 ,:5 !y kill x1 !y dev\r x 9 common1 all ! tribe be+ invit$ to ! fe/ival4 ,b !y also eat x 9 fell[%ip ) _! gods2 e great fea/ is ess5tially a ,!ox5ion1 a ,lecti/]nium1 a banquet 9 :i* ! #cbb;deities p>ticipate ) mortals4 ,x is ?is s5se ( a common fea/ ( gods & m5 :i* gave1 no d\bt1 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! complex idea ( ! sacram5tal meal--an idea /ill fur!r develop$ at a lat] /age by ! addition ( ! concept t ! wor%ipp] eats & dr9ks ! actual div9ity4 ,my own belief is t all sacrificial fea/s ( ?is godeat+ "* mo/ probably orig9at$ 9 actual cannibalism2 & t lat] an animal victim 0 sub/itut$ = ! human meat2 b ,i d n insi/ on ?is po9t1 nor attempt1 /rictly speak+1 to prove x4 ,x is h>dly m ?an a deeply gr\nd$ suspicion4 ,nev]!less1 ,i w beg9 = conv5i5ce' sake ) ! cannibal class ( sacrifice1 & w come r\nd 9 "t to ! famili> slaught] ( %eep & ox51 :i* 9 _m cases is kn[n to h supplant$ a human (f]+4 ,aco/a's acc\nt ( ! ,mexican cu/om is p]haps ! be/ in/ance we n[ possess ( ! ritual ( cannibal my/ic sacrifice 9 its fulle/ b>b>ity4 8,!y took a captive10 says t racy old au?or1 8at r&om2 & be=e sacrific+ him to _! idols1 !y gave him ! "n ( ! idol to :om he %\ld be sacrific$1 & dress$ him 9 ! same ornam5ts1 id5tify+ him ) ! god4 ,dur+ ! "t t ! id5tification la/$1 :i* 0 = a ye> 9 "s fea/s1 six mon?s or less 9 o!rs1 !y rev]5c$ & wor%ipp$ him 9 ! same mann] z ! idol itself4 ,mean:ile1 he 0 all[$ to eat1 dr9k1 & make m]ry4 ,:5 he w5t ?r\gh ! /reets1 ! p came =? to wor%ip him2 & e "o br\ght alms1 ) *ildr5 & sick p t he might cure !m & bless !m4 ,he did z he pleas$ 9 ev]y?+ except t he _h t5 or twelve m5 ab\t him1 to prev5t him f escap+4 ,9 ord] t he might be rev]5c$ z he pass$1 he sometimes s\nd$ ^u a small flute1 to tell ! p to wor%ip him4 ,:5 ! fea/ arriv$1 & he _h gr[n fat1 !y kill$ him1 op5$ him1 & mak+ a solemn sacrifice1 eat him40 ,!re1 9 ! words #cbc( a compet5t au?ority1 we h ! simple cannibal fea/ 9 its fulle/ nak$ness4 ,i ne$ h>dly po9t out h[ mu* ?is acc\nt recalls ! ,khond cu/om ( ! ,m]iah4 ,! victim1 ?\gh n really ( royal blood1 is made artificially into a div9e k+2 he is treat$ ) all ! hon\rs ( royalty & godhead1 is dress$ l ! deity ) :om he is id5tifi$1 & is f9ally kill$ & eat54 ,! la/ po9t alone diff]s 9 any l>ge degree f ! case ( ! ,m]iah4 ,we h /ill to enquire1 8,:y did !y eat him80 ,! answ] to ?is enquiry takes u into ! v he>t & core ( ! sacram5tal concept4 ,x is a common e>ly belief t to eat ( any p>ticul> animal gives y ! qualities ( t animal4 ,! ,miris ( ,nor!rn ,india prize tig]'s fle% = m52 x gives !m /r5g? & c\rage2 b wom5 mu/ n eat x2 'tw\ld make !m 8too /rong-m9d$40 ,! ,namaquas ab/a9 f eat+ h>e2 !y w\ld become fa9t-he>t$ if !y swall[$ x2 b !y eat ! meat ( ! lion or dr9k ! blood ( ! leop>d1 9 ord] to ga9 _! /r5g? & c\rage4 ,among ! ,dyaks1 "y m5 & w>riors mu/ n eat de]2 x w\ld r5d] !m c[>dly2 b wom5 & v old m5 are all[$ to eat x4 ,m5 ( ! ,buro & ,aru ,isl&s fe$ on ! fle% ( dogs 9 ord] to be bold & nimble4 ,mr4 ,fraz] has collect$ an imm5se numb] ( simil> in/ances1 :i* %[ bo? h[ widespread & h[ deep-seat$ are su* beliefs4 ,ev5 scrap+s ( ! bones are suffici5t to produce ! desir$ result2 9 ,corea1 ! bones ( tig]s fet* a high] price ?an ^? ( leop>ds z inspir]s ( c\rage4 ,! he>t ( a lion is also p>ticul>ly good = ?is purpose2 & ! tongues ( birds are recomm5d$ = eloqu5ce4 ,aga91 on ! same analogy1 ! fle% & blood ( brave m5 are eat5 9 ord] to inspire brav]y4 ,! ,au/ralian ,kamil>oi eat ! he>t & liv] ( a valiant w>rior 9 ord] to acquire 8 c\rage4 ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&]s dr9k ! blood ( _! brave/ enemies4 ,9 ! ,%ire ,highl&s #cbd( ,africa1 ^? :o kill a di/+ui%$ fight] eat 8 he>t to get 8 c\rage4 ,du ,*aillu's negro1 att5dants1 we saw1 scrap$ _! ance/ors' skulls1 & drank ! p[d] 9 wat]4 8,our ance/ors 7 brave10 said !y2 8& by dr9k+ _! skulls1 we %all be brave z !y 740 ,"h aga9 ,i c only ref] ! read] = num]\s examples to ,mr4 ,fraz]'s inexhau/ible /oreh\se4 ,! case ( ,du ,*aillu's w>riors1 h[ev]1 takes u ) "o b\nd into ! he>t ( ! subject4 ,_m savages = simil> reasons actually eat _! own dead fa!rs4 99 ,we le>n f ,/rabo t ! anci5t ,iri% 8deem$ x hon\rable to dev\r ! bodies ( _! p>5ts40 ,s1 ,h]odotus tells u1 did ! ,iss$ones ( ,c5tral ,asia4 ,! ,massaget us$ 8f compassion0 to club & eat _! ag$ p4 ,! cu/om 0 q rec5tly common among ! ,battas ( ,sumatra1 :o us$ 8religi\sly & c]emonially to eat _! old relations40 ,9 ,au/ralia1 x 0 usual to eat relatives :o di$ by mis*ance4 ,( ! ,cucumas we read t 8z soon z a relation di$1 ^! p assembl$ & eat him roa/$ or boil$1 accord+ z he 0 ?9 or fat40 ,! ,t>ianas & ,tucanas1 :o dr9k ! a%es ( _! relatives1 8believe t ?us ! virtues ( ! deceas$ w be transmitt$ to ! dr9k]s40 ,! ,arawaks ?9k x ! highe/ m>k ( hon\r !y c\ld pay to ! dead to dr9k _! p[d]$ bones mix$ 9 wat]4 ,g5]ally speak+1 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases1 ! p>5ts or relatives 7 eat5 9 ord] 8n to let ! life g out ( ! family0 or to pres]ve ! bodies & s\ls 9 a k9dr$ body2 or to ga9 ! c\rage & o!r qualities ( ! dead relation4 ,9 %ort1 ! dead 7 eat5 sacram5tally or1 z "o writ] ev5 phrases x1 8eu*>i/ically40 ,mr4 ,h>tl& has collect$ _m /rik+ in/ances4 99 ,s9ce ?is *apt] 0 writt51 ! subject ( honorific cannibalism has be5 f> m fully treat$ by ,mr4 ,sidney ,h>tl& 9 ! *apt] on ,fun]al ,rites1 9 ! second volume ( ,! ,leg5d ( ,p]seus4 ,h[ ?is /range cu/om orig9ates we may guess f ,mr4 #cbe,wyatt ,gill's description ( a ,new ,gu9ea fun]al4 8,! wom5 lac]at$ _! faces & beat _! brea/s mo/ affect+ly10 he says2 8& !n1 9 ! madness ( _! grief1 press$ ! matt] out ( ! w\nd$ ?igh1 & sme>$ x ov] _! faces & p]sons1 & ev5 lick$ x up40 ,( ! ,koi>i corpses he says3 8,a fire is kept burn+ day & night at ! head & feet = mon?s4 ,! entire sk9 is remov$ by means ( ! ?umb & =ef+]1 & ! juices pla/]$ all ov] ! face & body ( ! op]ator1--p>5t1 husb&1 or wife ( ! deceas$4 ,! fire gradually desiccates ! fle%1 s t little m ?an ! skeleton is left40 ,?is naturally leads on to eat+ ! dead1 :i* inde$ is practis$ else:]e 9 ,new ,gu9ea4 ,b if m5 eat ! bodies ( _! fa!rs1 :o are _! family & h\sehold gods1 !y w also naturally eat ! bodies ( ! artificial gods ( cultivation1 or ( ! tempor>y k+s :o die = ! p4 ,by eat+ ! body ( a god1 y absorb 8 div9ity2 he & y become "o2 he is 9 y & inspires y4 ,?is is ! root-idea ( sacram5tal practice2 y eat y\r god by way ( complete union2 y subsume him 9 y\rself2 y & he are "o be+4 ,/ill1 h[ c y eat y\r god if y also bury him z a corn-_s to use him z se$8 ,! ,gonds supply u ) ! answ] to t obvi\s difficulty4 ,=1 z we saw1 !y spr9kle ! blood ( ! victim ov] ! pl\gh$ field or ripe crop1 & !n !y sacram5tally dev\r 8 body4 ,su* a d\ble use ( ! artificial god is frequ5tly to be detect$1 inde$1 ?r\gh ! vague words ( our au?orities4 ,we see x 9 ! ,potraj c]emony1 :]e ! blood ( ! lamb is drunk by ! (ficiat+ prie/1 :ile ! rema9d] ( ! animal is buri$ beside ! alt>2 we see x 9 ! num]\s cases :]e a portion ( ! victim is eat5 sacram5tally1 & ! re/ burn$ & scatt]$ ov] ! fields1 :i* x is suppos$ to f]tilise4 ,y eat y\r god 9 "p1 s z to imbibe 8 div9ity2 b y bury #cbf;him 9 "p1 s z to secure at ! same "t 8 f]tilis+ qualities = y\r corn or y\r v9ey>d4 ,i admit t all ?is is di/9ctly my/ic2 b my/]y-mong]+ & /range r$uplication ( p]sons1 ) m>vell\s id5tifications & m9ute di/9ctions1 h always =m$ mu* ( ! /ock-9-trade ( religion4 ,if cults 7 all pla9 sail+ ?r\gh\t1 :at room = fai?8--!re w\ld be less to engage ! imag9ation ( ! vot>y4 ,& n[ let u return a:ile to our ,mexican in/ances4 ,at ! annual fea/ ( ! great god ,tezcatlipoca1 :i*1 l mo/ simil> fe/ivals1 fell ab\t ! same "t z ! ,*ri/ian ,ea/]1 a "y man 0 *os5 to be ! repres5tative ( ! god = a twelvemon?4 ,z 9 ! case ( almo/ all *os5 victims1 he _h to be a p]son ( unblemi%$ body1 & he 0 tra9$ to behave l a god-k+ ) becom+ dignity4 ,dur+ 8 ye> ( god%ip1 he 0 lapp$ 9 luxury2 & ! actual reign+ emp]or took c>e t he %\ld be spl5didly attir$1 reg>d+ him already z a pres5t deity4 ,he 0 att5d$ by eight pages clad 9 ! royal liv]y--:i* %[s him to h be5 a k+ z well z a god2 & :]ev] he w5t ! p b[$ d[n to him4 ,tw5ty days be=e ! fe/ival at :i* he 0 to be sacrific$1 f\r noble maid5s1 be>+ ! names ( f\r goddesses1 7 giv5 him to be 8 brides4 ,! f9al fea/ itself1 l ^? ( ,dionysus1 ( ,attis1 & ( ,potraj1 occupi$ five days--a co9cid5ce betwe5 ! two hemisph]es :i* almo/ po9ts to orig9al id5tity ( cu/om be=e ! disp]sion ( ! races4 ,dur+ ^! five days ! real k+ rema9$ 9 8 palace--& ?is circum/ance pla9ly %[s t ! victim belong$ to ! common class ( sub/itut$ & tempor>y div9e k+-gods4 ,! :ole c\rt1 on ! o!r h&1 att5d$ ! victim4 ,on ! la/ day ( ! fea/1 ! victim 0 f]ri$ across ! lake 9 a cov]$ b>ge to a small temple 9 ! =m ( a pyramid4 ,on rea*+ ! summit1 he 0 seiz$ & held d[n on a block ( /one1--no d\bt #cbg;an alt> ( fun]eal orig91--:ile ! prie/ cut op5 8 brea/ ) a /one knife1 & pluck$ 8 he>t out4 ,?is he (f]$ to ! god ( ! sun4 ,! head 0 hung up among ! skulls ( previ\s victims1 no d\bt = oracul> purposes1 & z a p]man5t god2 b ! legs & arms 7 cook$ & prep>$ = ! table ( ! lords1 :o ?us p>took ( ! god sacram5tally4 ,8 place 0 imm$iately fill$ by ano!r "y man1 :o = a ye> 0 treat$ ) ! same respect1 & at ! end ( t "t 0 simil>ly slaught]$4 ,i d n ?9k ,i ne$ po9t out ! close resemblance ( ?is ritual to t ( ! ,khond ,m]iah1 ( ! ,potraj1 & ( ! fe/ivals ( ,dionysus1 ,osiris1 ,attis1 & ,adonis4 ,b ,i w\ld also call p>ticul> att5tion to ! f9al de/9ation ( ! skull1 & its exact equival5ce to ! skull ( ! animal-god 9 ,india & else:]e4 8,! idea t ! god ?us sla9 9 ! p]son ( 8 repres5tative comes to life aga9 imm$iately10 says ,mr4 ,fraz]1 80 graphically repres5t$ 9 ! ,mexican ritual by sk9n+ ! sla9 man-god1 & clo?+ 9 8 sk9 a liv+ man1 :o ?us became ! new repres5tative ( ! godhead40 ,= example1 at an annual fe/ival 9 ,mexico1 a woman 0 sacrific$ :o repres5t$ ,toci1 ! ,"m ( ! ,gods--a sort ( ye>ly ,mexican ,cybele4 ,%e 0 dress$ 9 ! ornam5ts & bore ! "n ( ! goddess ( :om %e 0 believ$ to be an inc>nation4 ,aft] be+ fea/$ = sev]al days1 %e 0 tak5 at midnight to ! summit ( a temple1 & !re behead$4 ,h] body 0 flay$1 & "o ( ! prie/s1 clo?+ himself 9 ! sk91 became ! repres5tative ( ! goddess ,toci4 ,! sk9 ( ! woman's ?igh1 h[ev]1 0 sep>ately remov$1 & a "y man :o repres5t$ ! god ,c9teotl1 ! son ( ,toci1 wrapt x r\nd him l a mask4 ,c]emonies !n foll[$1 9 :i* ! two m51 clad 9 ! woman's sk91 enact$ ! p>ts ( ! god & goddess4 ,9 all ?is1 !re is mu* t seems to me rem9isc5t #cbh( ,isis & ,horus1 ( ,cybele & ,attis1 ( ,semele & ,dionysus1 & ( sev]al o!r ea/]n rituals4 ,/ill m significant is ! ye>ly fe/ival ( ! god ,totec1 :o 0 repres5t$ 9 l mann] by a prie/1 clad 9 ! sk9 ( a human victim1 & :o receiv$ (f]+s ( fir/-fruits & fir/-fl[]s1 toge!r ) bun*es ( maize :i* _h be5 kept = se$4 ,"h we h ! close/ possible analogy to ! case ( ! ,m]iah4 ,! (f]+ ( fir/-fruits1 made sometimes to ! k+1 sometimes to ! ance/ral spirits1 is "h made to ! human god ( cultivation1 :o repres5ts bo? 9 8 own p]son4 ,_m o!r cannibal sacrifices are record$ 9 ,mexico3 9 m ?an "o ( !m x 0 cu/om>y = ! prie/ to te> out ! w>m ?robb+ he>t ( ! victim1 & pres5t x to ! idol4 ,:e!r ^! sacrifices 9 ea* p>ticul> case 7 ( ! ord9>y or ( ! my/ic type x is n always q easy to decide2 probably ! wor%ipp]s !mselves did n accurately discrim9ate 9 e in/ance4 ,b h[ev] t may be1 we "k at lea/ ?is mu*3 :5 human sacrifices _h be5 r>e1 ! prie/s rem9d$ ! k+s t ! gods 87 />v+ ) hung]02 w> 0 !n made on purpose to take prison]s1 8because ! gods _h ask$ = some?+ to eat10 & ?\s&s ( victims 7 ?us slaught]$ annually4 ,! blood ( ! victims 0 sep>ately (f]$2 & ,i may add 9 ?is connexion t z a rule bo? gho/s & gods are r ?ir/y ?an hungry4 ,i take ! explanation ( ?is peculi> ta/e to be t blood & o!r liquids p\r$ ^u ! gr\nd ( graves or at alt>-/ones soon s9k 91 & s seem to h be5 drunk or suck$ up by ! gho/ or god2 :]eas meat & solid (f]+s are se5 to be unt\*$ by ! deity to :om !y are pres5t$4 ,a m9or trait 9 ?is blood-lov+ habit ( ! gods is se5 9 ! fact t ! ,mexicans also gave ! god to dr9k fre% blood drawn f _! own e>s1 & t ! prie/s likewise drew blood f _! legs1 & daub$ x on ! temples4 ,simil> mitigations ( self-immolation #cbi;are se5 else:]e 9 ! ,attis-prie/ draw+ blood f 8 arms = ,attis1 9 ! ,hebrew ,baal-prie/s 8cutt+ !mselves = ,baal10 & 9 ! famili> ,hebrew rite ( circumcision4 ,blood is con/antly drawn by survivors or wor%ipp]s z an act ( homage to ! dead or to deities4 ,i might multiply in/ances ( human sacrifices ( ! my/ic ord] else:]e1 b ,i pref] to pass on to ! v>i\s mitigations :i* !y t5d to und]go 9 v>i\s communities4 ,9 its fulle/ =m1 ,i take x1 ! my/ic sacrifice ought to be ! self-immolation ( a div9e prie/-k+1 a god & desc5dant ( gods1 himself to himself1 on ! alt> ( 8 own div9e f\ndation-ance/or4 ,b 9 mo/ cases :i* we c trace1 ! sacrifice has already assum$ ! =m ( an immolation ( a will+ victim1 a tempor>y k+1 ( ! div9e /ock only by adoption1 ?\gh sometimes a son or bro!r ( ! actual mon>*4 ,fur!r modifications are t ! victim becomes a captive tak5 9 w> 7:i* inde$ is impli$ 9 ! v etymology ( ! ,lat9 ^w victima71 or a condemn$ crim9al1 or an imbecile1 :o c be m readily induc$ to und]take ! fatal (fice4 ,( all ( ^! we h se5 h9ts at lea/ 9 previ\s cases4 ,/ill m mitigat$ are ! =ms 9 :i* ! victim is all[$ to escape actual dea? by a subt]fuge1 & ^? 9 :i* an image or effigy is all[$ to d duty = ! liv+ p]son4 ,( ^! int]m$iates we get a good in/ance 9 ! case ( ! ,bhagats1 m5tion$ by ,col4 ,dalton1 :o 8annually make an image ( a man 9 wood1 put clo!s & ornam5ts on x1 & pres5t x be=e ! alt> ( a ,mahadeo0 7or rude /one phallic idol74 8,! p]son :o (ficiates z prie/ on ! occasion says1 #8,o1 ,mahadeo1 we sacrifice ?is man to y accord+ to anci5t cu/oms4 ,give u ra9 9 due season1 & a pl5tiful h>ve/4' ,!n1 ) "o /roke ( ! axe1 ! head ( ! image is /ruck (f1 & ! body is remov$ & buri$40 ,?is /range rite %[s u a surviv+ #ccj;b mu* mitigat$ =m ( ! ,khond ,m]iah practice4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 su* bloodless repres5tations d n please ! gods2 nor d !y succe$ 9 really lib]at+ a gho/ or corn-god4 ,!y are aft] all b feeble phantom sacrifices4 ,blood ! gods want1 & blood is giv5 !m4 ,! mo/ common sub/itute = ! human victim-god is !re=e ! animal victim-god1 ( :i* we h already se5 copi\s examples 9 ! ox & kid ( ,dionysus1 ! pig ( ,attis1 & _m o!rs4 ,x seems probable t a l>ge numb] ( sacrifices1 if n ! majority ( ^? 9 :i* dome/ic animals are sla91 belong 9 ! la/ resort to ! same category4 ,?us1 inde$1 we c mo/ easily expla9 ! !ory ( ! s-call$ 8!an-?ropic0 victim1--! animal :i* /&s = a man & a god1--z well z ! po9t ( view ( sacrifice s ably elaborat$ by ,dr4 ,rob]tson ,smi?4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! dome/ic animals 7 e>ly reg>d$ z ( ! same k9 or blood z ! tribe2 & ! slaught] ( an ox1 a goat1 or a %eep c\ld only be p]mitt$ if x 7 done1 l ! slaught] ( a k+'s son1 sacrificially & sacram5tally4 ,9 my own op9ion1 ?is sc>cely means m ?an t ! sacr$ dome/ic animals 7 e>ly accept$ z sub/itutes = ! human victim1 & t !y 7 eat5 sacrificially & sacram5tally z ! human victim 0 also eat54 ,b ,i w waive ?is some:at controv]sial po9t1 & cont5t myself ) sugge/+ t ! animal victim 0 habitually treat$ z 9 itself div9e1 & t its blood 0 treat$ 9 ! same way z ! blood ( ! orig9al cannibal (f]+4 ,at ! same "t1 ! sacrifice 0 usually (f]$ at ! alt> ( "s old] &1 s to speak1 m con/ant deity1 :ile ! blood ( ! victim 0 all[$ to fl[ ov] ! sacr$ /one4 ,c]ta9ly1 bo? among ! ,arabs & ! ,hebrews1 all slaught] ( dome/ic animals appe>s to h be5 at "o "t sacrificial2 & ev5 :5 ! slaught] ceas$ necess>ily to involve a =mal sacrifice1 x 0 /ill ?\ght #ccanecess>y to slay ! victim 9 ! "n ( a god1 & to p\r out ! blood 9 8 hon\r on ! gr\nd4 ,ev5 9 ! ,grco-,roman _w1 ! mass ( but*]'s meat 0 8meat (f]$ to idols40 ,we %all see h]eaft] t among exi/+ savages ! slaught] ( dome/ic animals is /ill reg>d$ z a sacr$ rite4 ,i believe also t z a rule ! blood-(f]+ is ! e>lie/ & commone/ =m ( slaught] to ! gods2 & t ! victim 9 ! e>li] /ages 0 g5]ally consum$ by ! communicants1 z we "k ! cannibal victim to h be5 consum$ among ! ,mexicans1 & z we saw ! !an?ropic goat or kid 0 orgia/ically dev\r$ by ! wor%ipp]s ( ,dionysus4 ,x is a detail :e!r ! sacr$ victim happ5$ to be eat5 raw or cook$2 ! "o usage prevail$ 9 ! e>li] & m orgia/ic rites1 ! o!r 9 ! mild] & m civilis$ c]emonies4 ,b 9 ei!r case1 ! animal-god1 l ! human god1 0 eat5 sacram5tally by all 8 wor%ipp]s1 :o ?us took into !mselves 8 div9e qualities4 ,! practice ( burn+ ! victim1 on ! o!r h&1 prevail$ ma9ly1 ,i ?9k1 among cremationi/s1 l ! ,tyrians & ,hell5es1 ?\gh x und\bt$ly ext5d$ also to _m bury+ peoples1 l ! ,hebrews & ,egyptians4 ,9 mo/ cases ev5 ( cremat$ victims1 x w\ld appe>1 a portion at lea/ ( ! animal 0 sav$ f ! fire & sacram5tally eat5 by ! wor%ipp]s4 ,once m1 ! victim itself 0 usually a p>ticul> k9d ( sacr$ animal4 ,?is sacr$ness ( ! *os5 bea/ has "s m important be>+s ?an we h yet consid]$4 ,= among v>i\s pa/oral races1 v>i\s dome/icat$ animals possess 9 !mselves positive sanctity4 ,we "k1 = example1 t c[s are v holy 9 ! great] "p ( ,india1 & buffaloes 9 ! ,deccan4 ,among ! ,african peoples ( ! pa/oral tribes1 ! common food is milk & game2 cattle are seldom slaught]$ m]ely to eat1 & always on exceptional or sacr$ occasions--! v occasions :i* else:]e dem& a human #ccbvictim--su* z ! proclamation ( a w>1 a religi\s fe/ival1 a w$d+1 or ! fun]al ( a great *iefta94 ,9 su* cases1 ! fea/ is public1 all blood-relations hav+ a natural "r to att5d4 ,! cattle-kraal itself is extremely sacr$4 ,! h]d & its memb]s are treat$ by _! ma/]s ) affectionate & almo/ bro!rly reg>d4 ,a few fur!r po9ts mu/ also be add$4 ,among e>ly races1 to kill & eat wild animals1 or to kill & eat enemies1 :o are n memb]s ( ! tribe1 is n acc\nt$ 9 any way wrong4 ,b to kill a tribesman--to %$ k9dr$ blood--is deeply s9ful2 & s x is s9ful to kill & eat ! dome/ic h]ds4 ,9 old age1 inde$1 or :5 sick & feeble1 y may kill & eat y\r blood-relation blamelessly2 & s y may also kill & eat old or sickly cattle4 ,b z a rule1 y only eat !m sacram5tally & sacrificially1 "u ! same circum/ances :]e y w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 kill+ & eat+ a human victim4 ,?us1 z a rule1 ea* tribe has its own sacr$ bea/1 :i* is employ$ z a regul> sub/itute = a man-god4 ,among ! ,arabs1 ?is bea/ 0 a camel2 among ! ,indian peoples1 ! bull or ! buffalo2 among %eph]d races1 x is ! %eep or goat2 among ! ,teutons1 ! horse2 among _m settl$ urban peoples1 ! pig2 & ) ! ,samoy$s & ,os-tiaks1 _! "o *attel1 ! re9de]4 ,also1 z a rule1 ! c[ or o!r female animal 0 n usually sacrific$2 %e 0 kept = milk-yield+4 ,x 0 ! bull1 ! ram1 ! ox1 ! he-goat t 0 (t5e/ (f]$ & eat5 sacram5tally4 ,m]e utilit>ian consid]ations w\ld soon lead to ?is use1 j z our own but*]s kill ram lambs by *oice1 & sp>e ! ewes = bre$+4 ,! cu/om1 once introduc$1 w\ld t5d to become sacr$2 = :atev] our div9e ance/ors did is itself div9e1 & %\ld n be lightly or c>elessly alt]$4 ,h5ce we c und]/& t supreme sanctity ( ! c[1 :i* has made s _m races refuse to sacrifice x1 :ile !y sacrifice & eat ! bull or ox )\t let or scruple4 #ccc,?us ! ,todas h nev] eat5 ! fle% ( ! female buffalo2 b ! male !y eat once a ye>1 sacram5tally1 all ! adult m5 9 ! village jo9+ 9 ! c]emony ( kill+ & roa/+ x4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ! !an?ropic sacrifice ( su* a sacr$ animal is giv5 u 9 ,nilus's acc\nt ( ! c]emony p]=m$ by ! ,arabs ( 8 "t4 ,a holy camel1 *os5 z a victim1 0 b\nd ^u a rude cairn ( pil$-up /ones4 ,9 ?is primitive alt> we c h>dly fail to recognise ! grave ( an e>ly tribal *iefta94 ,! lead] ( ! b& !n l$ ! wor%ipp]s ?rice r\nd ! cairn 9 a solemn procession1 *ant+ a solemn hymn z !y w5t4 ,z ! la/ words ( ! hymn 7 sung1 he fell ^u ! camel 7l ,potraj on ! lamb71 w\nd$ x1 & ha/ily drank ( ! blood t gu%$ out f x4 ,=?) ! :ole company fell on ! victim ) _! swords1 hack$ (f pieces ( ! quiv]+ fle%1 & dev\r$ !m raw ) su* wild ha/e t betwe5 ! rise ( ! day-/> & t ( ! sun1 ! entire camel1 body & bones1 sk91 blood1 & entrails1 0 absolutely eat54 ,i ne$ n po9t out ! close resemblance ( ?is savage rite to ^? ( ,potraj & ( ,dionysus4 ,x is a po9t1 h[ev]1 to obs]ve t "h also ! blood falls on ! cairn or grave or alt>4 ,i may note t ! annual sacrifice ( ! pas*al lamb among ! %eph]d ,hebrews is obvi\sly a m]e mitigation ( ?is b>b>\s rite4 ,9 t case1 z might be expect$ 9 a m civilis$ race1 ! victim is roa/$ :ole3 b x is simil>ly necess>y t e "p ( x %\ld be ha/ily eat54 ,leg5d fur!r in=ms u1 9 ! in/ance ( ! ,passov]1 t ! lamb 0 a sub/itute = a human victim1 & t ! fir/-born 7 sanctifi$ to ,jahweh1 in/ead ( be+ sacrific$4 ,note also t ! fea/ ( ! pas*al lamb occupi$ ! n[ famili> space ( five days3 ! sacr$ animal 0 *os5 on ! t5? day ( ! mon?1 & sacrific$ on ! f\rte5?4 ,! :ole c]emonial is mo/ illu/rative & full ( survivals4 ,?\gh #ccd;x breaks = a mom5t ! ?read ( my argum5t1 ,i f9d x impossible n to m5tion "h ! curi\s p>allel case ( ! judicial sacrifice among ! ,battas ( ,sumatra1 :i* is ! human analogue ( ! ,arabian camel-sacram5t4 ,only 9 ?is in/ance1 z 9 s _m o!rs1 sacrifice & puni%m5t m]ge into "o ano!r4 8,) !m ! adult]]1 ! night-?ief1 & ^? :o _h trea*]\sly attack$ a t[n1 a village1 or a p>ticul> p]son1 7 condemn$ to be eat5 by ! p4 ,!y 7 ti$ to ?ree po/s2 _! legs & _! arms 7 /ret*$ out 9 ! %ape ( a ,/4 ,&rew's cross2& !n1 :5 a signal 0 giv51 ! populace ru%$ ^u ! body & cut x into fragm5ts ) hat*ets or ) knives1 or p]haps m simply ) _! nails & _! tee?4 ,! /rips s torn (f 7 dev\r$ in/antly1 all raw & bloody2 !y 7 m]ely dipp$ into a cocoanut b[l conta9+ a sauce prep>$ be=eh& ( lemon-juice & salt4 ,9 ! case ( adult]y1 ! outrag$ husb& _h ! "r ( *oos+ fir/ :at piece he lik$ be/4 ,! gue/s invit$ to ! fea/ p]=m$ ?is "w ) s mu* ard\r t !y (t5 tore & hurt ea* o!r40 ,i d n ?9k we c read ?is acc\nt )\t be+ /ruck by its close analogy to _m ( our previ\s sacrifices1 bo? ( human corn-gods & ( sacr$ animals4 ,! crim9al is "h no?+ m ?an ! sub/itute = a holy human victim4 ,& n[ we mu/ also rememb] t 9 mo/ c\ntries ! gods 7 h\semates ( _! wor%ipp]s1 pres5t at all times 9 e home1 & p>tak]s ( e meal1 side by side ) ! liv+4 ,!y liv$ 9 ! h\se1 z /ill 9 ,new ,gu9ea4 ,libations to !m 7 p\r$ f e cup2 food 0 (f]$ to _! gho/s or skulls or wood5 images at e family ga!r+4 ,! ord9>y fea/s 7 ?us m]e enl>g$ fe/al ga!r+s1 at :i* a victim 0 sacrificially sla9 & sacram5tally eat52 & ! visitors believ$ !y 7 eat+ ! body & blood ( ! god to _! own salvation4 ,great] sacrifices1 l ! #cce;hecatombs1 or ! h]oic ,indian horse-sacrifice1 mu/ h be5 relatively r>e2 b 9 all ( !m we see cle> pro( t ! victim 0 reg>d$ z a sacr$ animal1 t is to say a god1 9 "o ( 8 embodim5ts4 ,cle> evid5ce ( ?is equival5ce is se5 9 ! fact t ! wor%ipp]s (t5 clad !mselves 9 ! sk9 ( ! victim1 z ! ,mexicans did 9 ! sk9 ( ! annual god4 ,sometimes ! hide is ev5 us$ to deck ! idol4 ,9 ! ,cyprian sacrifice ( a %eep to ! %eep-goddess ,aphrodite1 ! celebrants wore ! sk9 ( ! %eep2 :ile ! ,assyrian ,dagon-wor%ipp] (f]$ ! fi%-sacrifice to ! fi%-god1 clad 9 a fi%-sk94 ,( simil> import is d\btless ! gis or goat-sk9 ( ,a!na1 envisag$ z a goat-goddess1 & ! sk9s us$ 9 ! ,dionysiac my/]ies4 ,i d n hesitate to affiliate all ^! on a primitive usage l t ( ! ,mexican cannibal sacrifice4 ,hav+ rea*$ ?is po9t1 we c see fur!r t ! case :]e a sacr$ animal1 ! repres5tative ( a human victim1 is slaught]$ be=e ! alt> ( an old] god is exactly equival5t to ! o!r kn[n case :]e a human victim is slaught]$ be=e ! f\ndation-/one ( a t[n or village4 ,9 ei!r case1 !re is a di/9ct r5ewal ( ! div9e life2 fre% blood1 z x 71 is in/ill$ by ! act into ! anci5t deity4 ,all ! o!r concomitants are precisely ! same4 ,?us at ! ,!ban sacrifice ( a ram to ! ram-god ,am51 ! wor%ipp]s bewail$ ! victim1 z ! wom5 bewail$ ,adonis & ,attis2 & ! image ( ,am5 0 f9ally drap$ 9 ! sk9 ( ! victim1 :ile its body 0 buri$ 9 a sacr$ c(f94 ,at ! ,buphonia or sacram5tal ox-slay+ 9 ,a!ns1 !re 0 a regul> trial aft] ! victim 0 sla91 ev]ybody ?r[+ ! blame on "o ano!r1 till at la/ ! knife t inflict$ ! w\nd 0 f\nd guilty ( murd] & ca/ into ! sea4 7,?is ca/+ into ! sea ( a guilt-be>] = ! community w meet u aga9 :5 we come to consid] ! doctr9e ( ! atonem5t47 ,s we saw t ! ,potraj fl$ aft] ! p]=mance ( 8 sangu9>y sacrifice2 & #ccfs too ! slay] ( ! ,dionysus-calf at ,t5$os fl$ = 8 life :5 ! c]emony 0 complet$4 ,inde$1 we get _m int]m$iate cases1 l t ( ! goat dress$ up z a girl :i* 0 (f]$ !an?ropically to ,artemis ,muny*ia1 or t ( ! ,dionysus-calf clad 9 busk9s1 ^: "m-c[ 0 treat$ z a woman 9 *ild-bir?4 ,to me1 all ^! in/ances are obvi\s attempts to palm (f1 z x 71 on ! gods a sacr$ animal 9 place ( a g5u9e human victim4 ,!y are little m ?an div9e legal fictions1 ek$ out1 no d\bt1 by ! fiction ( k9%ip betwe5 ! h]d & its ma/]s4 ,z a :ole1 !n1 we may v5ture to say n p]haps t all1 b t a great numb] ( sacrifices1 & c]ta9ly ! be/-kn[n among hi/oric nations1 are slaught]s ( animal sub/itutes = human victims2 & t ! fle% is sacram5tally consum$ by ! wor%ipp]s4 ,!re is "o special =m ( ?is animal sacrifice1 h[ev]1 :i* ,i _c "h pass ov] 9 complete sil5ce4 ,x is ! "o ( :i* ! h>ve/-fea/ is ! f9al relic4 ,mr4 ,fraz] has fully work$ out ?is !me 9 8 fasc9at+ essay3 to detail x "h at l5g? w\ld occupy too mu* space2 ,i c only give ! b>e/ outl9e ( 8 in/ances4 ,orig9ally1 x w\ld seem1 ! corn-god or corn-_s 0 conceiv$ dur+ ! reap+ z tak+ refuge 9 ! la/ %eaf left /&+4 ,:oev] cut t wisp ( corn slew ! corn-_s1 & 0 !re=e1 on ! analogy ( ! slay] ( ! div9e k+1 himself ! corn-_s4 ,mr4 ,fraz] does n absolutely ass]t t ?is human repres5tative 0 orig9ally kill$ & eat51 ?\gh all analogy w\ld seem to sugge/ x2 b t he 0 at lea/ kill$ is abundantly c]ta92 & kill$ he /ill is1 9 dumb %[ at any rate1 on _m mod]n ,european corn-fields4 ,m (t51 h[ev]1 ! corn-_s is suppos$ to be embodi$ 9 any animal :i* happ5s to be f\nd 9 ! la/ %eaf1 :]e ev5 n[ small creatures l mice & h$gehogs (t5 take refuge4 ,9 e>li] times1 h[ev]1 wolves1 wild bo>s1 & o!r l>ge animals #ccgseem to h be5 frequ5tly met ) "u simil> circum/ances4 ,h[ev] t may be1 a great _m bea/s--g5]ally sacr$ bea/s--are or h be5 sacram5tally eat5 z repres5tatives ( ! corn-god2 :ile1 conv]sely1 ! la/ %eaf is (t5 made up into ! image ( a man or /ill m (t5 ( a woman1 & pres]v$ religi\sly = a ye>1 l ! annual k+1 till ! next h>ve/4 ,sometimes a cock is behead$ & eat5 at ! h>ve/ fea/1 special importance be+ "h atta*$ to its head1 z to ! head ( ! human victim 9 s _m o!r cases4 ,sometimes1 z ) ! anci5t ,prussians1 x 0 ! corn-goat ^: body 0 sacram5tally eat54 ,sometimes1 z at ,*ambry1 an ox is slaught]$1 & eat5 ) special rites by ! reap]s at supp]4 ,sometimes1 x is ! old sacr$ ,teutonic animal1 ! horse1 t is believ$ to inhabit ! la/ wisp ( corn4 ,i w add p>5!tically "h 7:at ,i tru/ 9 "s future "w to %[7 t we h probably 9 ?is & k9dr$ ideas ! orig9 ( ! sacr$ & oracul> heads ( horses & ox5 atta*$ to temples or built into *ur*es4 ,sometimes1 aga91 x is a pig t repres5ts ! god1 & is c]emonially eat5 at ! h>ve/ fe/ival4 ,i ne$ h>dly m5tion t all ^! sacr$ animals1 sub/itutes = ! orig9al human god1 f9d _! p>allels 9 ! fe/ivals ( ,dionysus1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,demet]1 ,adonis1 ,lity]ses1 & ! o!r great corn & w9e gods ( ! hi/oric civilisations4 ,b !re is yet ano!r & m sublimat$ =m ( sacram5tal fea/4 ,s9ce ! corn-god & ! w9e-god1 :5 sla91 und]go resurrection 9 ! corn & ! v9e1 may we n also eat _! bodies z bread1 & dr9k _! blood z w9e or soma8 ,to p already famili>1 fir/ ) ! honorific cannibal =m ( god-eat+1 & !n ) its g5tl] animal-victim modification1 no?+ c\ld be m natural ?an ?is slight transf]5ce ( feel+4 ,nay1 m3 :oev] eat bread & drank w9e f ! beg9n+ mu/ h kn[n #cch;x 0 ! body & blood ( a god he 0 eat+ & dr9k+4 ,/ill1 !re is a c]ta9 diff]5ce betwe5 m]e ord9>y e-day food & ! sacram5tal fea/1 to :i* sacr$ cannibalism & animal-sacrifice _h n[ famili>is$ m5's m9ds4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d 9 _m cases t !re exi/s a special sacram5tal eat+ & dr9k+ ( bread & w9e1 :i* is m especially reg>d$ z eat+ ! body & dr9k+ ! blood ( ! deity4 ,"s curi\s illu/rative facts may "h be cit$4 ,s9ce /raw & corn gr[ f ! slaught]$ corn-god1 !y may be reg>d$ z "o ( 8 natural embodim5ts4 ,h5ce1 :5 human sacrifices are prohibit$1 p sometimes make a /raw god d duty = a human "o4 ,! ,gonds1 we saw1 us$ once to kidnap sacr$ ,brahman boys--gods by race1 z x 71 yet /rang]s & *ildr5--scatt] _! blood ov] ! fields1 & eat _! bodies sacram5tally4 ,b :5 ! unsympa!tic ,briti% gov]nm5t int]f]$ ) ! god-mak+ habits ( ! ,gond p1 !y took1 says ,col4 ,dalton1 to mak+ an image ( /raw in/ead1 :i* !y n[ simil>ly sacrifice4 ,s x may be not$ 9 _m ( ! c]emonies ( 8,bury+ ! ,c>nival0 & ! l1 :i* ,i h already cit$1 t a /raw man is sub/itut$ symbolically = ! human victim4 ,inde$1 9 t s+ul> set ( survivals we h e possible sub/itute--! mock k+1 ! imbecile1 ! pret5d$ kill+1 ! c]emonial %$d+ ( blood1 ! animal victim1 & ! /raw man or effigy4 ,i may add t ev5 ! mak+ ( our mod]n ,guy ,fawkes z 8a man ( /raw0 is ?us no m]e accid5t4 ,b we get a v simil> use ( corn 9 ! curi\s practice ( fa%ion+ ! corn-wife & ! corn-baby1 s fully detail$ by ,mr4 ,fraz]4 ,9 ?is att5uat$ survival ( human sacrifice1 a %eaf ( corn does duty = a human victim1 & repres5ts ! life ( ! corn-god or corn-_s f "o ye> to ano!r4 ,all ! exi/+ evid5ce goes to sugge/ ! idea t at h>ve/ a corn-maid5 or corn-wife1 aft] a ye> #cci( deification1 0 sla9 9 =m] times1 & t ! human victim is n[ repres5t$ by h] vegetable analogue or equival5t1 ! corn 9 ! e>1 a %eaf ( :i* does duty 9 h] place1 & reigns z corn-que5 till ! next ye>'s h>ve/4 ,! corn-baby is ?us a tempor>y que51 made ( corn1 n ( human fle% & blood4 ,we may comp>e ) ?is case ! acc\nt ( ! ,si\x girl :o 0 sacrific$ by ! ,pawnees1 by be+ burn$ ov] a sl[ fire1 & !n %ot 7l ,/4 ,seba/ian7 ) arr[s4 ,! *ief sacrific] tore out h] he>t & dev\r$ x1 ?us eat+ ! goddess 9 true cannibal fa%ion4 ,:ile h] fle% 0 /ill w>m1 x 0 cut up into small pieces & tak5 to ! corn-field4 ,drops ( blood 7 squeez$ f x ^u ! gra9s ( se$-corn2 aft] :i* x 0 all cov]$ up 9 ! gr\nd to =m a crop-rais]4 ,( su* a gha/ly goddess-mak+ c]emony1 our seem+ly innoc5t h>ve/ com$y ( ! corn-baby is probably ! la/ surviv+ relic4 ,mr4 ,fraz] rightly connects x ) ! cult ( ! ,a!nian ,kor1 ,p]sephone4 ,i ?9k1 inde$1 ! d\ble =m ( ! "n1 8! ,old ,woman0 & 8! ,corn-baby10 makes x probable t ! pair are ! vegetable equival5ts ( bo? ,demet] & h] ravi%$ daught]4 ,9 o!r cases1 h[ev]1 x is ! actual bread & w9e !mselves1 n ! /raw or ! corn 9 ! e>1 t repres5t ! god & are sacram5tally eat54 ,we owe to ,mr4 ,fraz] mo/ ( our exi/+ k ( ! wide preval5ce & religi\s importance ( ?is s+ul> ritual4 ,we h se5 already t 9 _m c\ntries ! fir/-fruits ( ! crops are pres5t$ ei!r to ance/ral gho/s1 or to ! great gods1 or else to ! k+1 :o is ! liv+ god & pres5t repres5tative ( ! div9e ance/ors4 ,till ?is is done1 x w\ld be unsafe to eat ( ! new h>ve/4 ,! god )9 x w\ld kill y4 ,b 9 addition to ! c]emonial (f]+ ( fir/-fruits to ! spirits1 _m races also 8eat ! god0 9 ! new corn or rice sacram5tally4 ,9 ,w]ml&1 9 ,sw$51 ! f>m]'s wife uses #cdj! gra9 ( ! la/ %eaf 79 :i*1 z we saw1 ! corn-god or corn-_s is suppos$ specially to reside71 9 ord] to bake a loaf 9 ! %ape ( a little girl4 ,"h we h ! maid51 :o 0 previ\sly sacrific$ z a corn-goddess or ,p]sephone1 reappe>+ once m 9 a bread image4 ,?is loaf is divid$ among all ! h\sehold & eat5 by !m4 ,s at ,la ,palisse 9 ,france1 a man made ( d\gh is hung ^u ! fir-tree :i* is c>ri$ home to ! gran>y on ! la/ h>ve/-waggon4 ,! d\gh man & ! tree are tak5 to ! mayor's h\se till ! v9tage is ov]2 !n a fea/ takes place1 at :i* ! mayor breaks ! d\gh man 9 pieces1 & gives ! fragm5ts to ! p to eat4 ,"h1 ! mayor cle>ly repres5ts ! k+ or *ief1 :ile ! fea/ ( fir/-fruits & ! sacram5tal eat+ are comb9$1 z 0 p]haps orig9ally ! case1 9 "o & ! same sacrificial c]emony4 ,no p>ticul> m5tion is made ( w9e2 b z ! fea/ is def]r$ s z to take place aft] ! v9tage1 x is probable t ! blood ( ! w9e-god z well z ! body ( ! corn-god ent]$ once at lea/ into ! primitive ritual4 ,_m simil> fea/s survive 9 ,europe2 b = ! rite ( eat+ ! corn-god 9 its fulle/ =m we mu/ g once m to ,mexico1 :i* also suppli$ u ) ! be/ & mo/ ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic examples ( ! cannibal god-eat+4 ,twice a ye>1 9 ,may & ,decemb]1 an image ( ! great ,mexican god ,huitzilopo*tli 0 made ( d\gh1 !n brok5 9 pieces1 & solemnly eat5 by 8 assembl$ wor%ipp]s4 ,two days be=e ! ,may fea/1 says ,aco/a1 ! virg9s ( ! temple knead$ beet-se$s ) roa/$ maize1 & m\ld$ !m ) honey into a pa/e idol1 z big z ! p]man5t wood5 idol :i* repres5t$ ! god1 putt+ 9 glass beads = eyes1 & gra9s ( ,indian corn 9 ! place ( tee?4 ,! nobles !n br\ght ! vegetable god an exquisite & ri* g>m5t1 l t worn by ! wood5 idol1 & dress$ ! image up 9 x4 ,?is done1 ! c>ri$ ! effigy on a litt] #cdaon _! %\ld]s1 no d\bt to m>k its royal au?ority4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! fea/1 ! virg9s ( ! god dress$ !mselves 9 g>l&s ( maize & o!r fe/al attire4 ,"y m51 simil>ly cap>ison$1 c>ri$ ! image 9 its ark or litt] to ! foot ( ! great pyramid temple4 ,x 0 drawn up ! /eps ) clang+ music ( flutes & trumpets--a common accompanim5t ( god-slay+ c]emonies4 ,fl[]s 7 /rew$ on x1 z 0 usual ) all ! gods ( vegetation1 & x 0 lodg$ 9 a little *apel ( roses4 ,c]ta9 c]emonies ( s++ & danc+ !n took place1 by means ( :i* ! pa/e 0 consecrat$ into ! actual body & bones ( ! god4 ,f9ally1 ! image 0 brok5 up & di/ribut$ to ! p1 fir/ ! nobles1 & !n ! commonalty1 :o receiv$ x1 m51 wom51 & *ildr51 8) su* te>s1 fe>1 & rev]5ce z if x 7 sacr$1 say+ !y did eat ! fle% & bones ( ,god1 :]e) !y 7 griev$40 ,i ne$ n po9t out ! close resemblance "h to ! m\rn+ ov] ! bodies ( ,attis & ,adonis1 nor to ! rites ( ,dionysus4 ,/ill m closely does ! ,decemb] fea/ 7:i* took place1 l ,*ri/mas1 at ! w9t] sol/ice7 recall ! cannibal practice2 = "h an image ( ! god 0 made ( se$s1 knead$ into d\gh ) ! blood ( *ildr54 ,su* a ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts occurs (t5 else:]e 9 simil> connexions3 we %all meet ) x aga9 on a subsequ5t occasion4 ,! image 0 plac$ on ! *ief alt> ( ! temple1 & on ! day ( its ,epiphany1 ! k+ ( ,mexico (f]$ inc5se to x4 ,bamb9o gods l ?is are well kn[n 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,next day x 0 tak5 d[n1 & a prie/ flung at x a fl9t-tipp$ arr[4 ,?is 0 call$ 8kill+ ! god s t 8 body might be eat540 ,"o ( ! prie/s !n cut out ! he>t ( ! image & gave x to ! actual k+ to eat1 j z 9 o!r sacrifices ! prie/ cut out ! ?robb+ he>t ( ! human victim & plac$ x 9 ! m\? ( ! cannibal god4 ,! re/ ( ! image 0 divid$ into small pieces1 #cdb:i* 7 di/ribut$ to all ! males ( ! community1 adults or *ildr54 ,! c]emony 0 call$ 8,god is ,eat540 ,i w n multiply examples ( ! ma9 pr9ciple ( eat+ ! corn-god 9 ! %ape ( little cakes or human images1 :i* h be5 collect$ 9 abundance all ! _w ov]4 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s "w is a p]fect !saurus ( analog\s cu/oms4 ,i w r call att5tion to "o or two special p>allels ) simil> god-eat+ rites1 cannibal or animal1 :i* occur else:]e4 ,at ! close ( ! rice h>ve/ 9 ,bo]oe1 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ea* clan meets at a common sacrificial meal1 to :i* e memb] ( ! clan is b\nd to contribute a little ( 8 new rice f ! curr5t season4 ,?is is call$ 8eat+ ! s\l ( ! rice40 ,b "s ( ! rice is also set ap>t & (f]$ to ! spirits--t is1 ,i take x1 to ! gho/s ( ance/ors4 ,?is comb9ation is l ! common case ( ! human victim be+ (f]$ on ! alt>-/one ( e>li] ance/ral deities4 ,among/ ! ,alfo]s ( ,celebes1 aga91 x is ! prie/ :o s[s ! fir/ rice-se$s1 & plucks ! fir/ ripe rice 9 ea* field4 ,?is he roa/s & gr9ds into meal1 giv+ "s ( x to ea* memb] ( ! family4 ,"h ! prie/ no d\bt repres5ts ! old tribal prie/-k+4 ,sev]al simil> practices are report$ f ,india1 only "o ( :i* ne$ at pres5t deta9 u4 ,among ! ,h9doos ( ! ,deccan !re is a magical & sacram5tal eat+ ( ! new rice2 b ! special po9t ( int]e/ to be not$ "h is ! fact t "s ( x is (f]$ to ! god ,ganesa1 aft] :i* ! :ole family p>take ( ! produce4 ,among ! ,kafirs ( ,natal & ,zulul&1 h[ev]1 x is at ! k+'s kraal t ! p assemble = _! sacram5tal fea/ ( new fruits1 :]e !y dance & p]=m c]ta9 sacr$ c]emonies4 ,9 ?is case1 ! k+1 ! liv+ god1 seems to take ! place ( ! god1 ! dead k+1 9 ! ,indian fe/ival4 ,v>i\s gra9s are mix$ ) ! fle% ( a sacrific$ animal1 9 :om we %all n[ h p]haps little difficulty 9 recognis+ ! repres5tative #cdc( a human corn-god victim2 & a portion ( ?is mess is plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ea* man by ! k+ himself1 "h (ficiat+ 9 8 capacity ( ance/ral prie/4 ,by ! light ( su* analogies1 ,i ?9k we ne$ h no hesitation 9 recon/ruct+ ! primitive sacram5tal fea/1 :]e a man 0 sacrific$ z an annual manufactur$ corn-god2 se$s 7 mix$ ) 8 blood2 8 fle% 0 eat5 sacram5tally by ! p1 f$ by ! k+2 a "p ( 8 body 0 also eat5 by ! k+ himself1 & a "p 0 (f]$ to ! great gods1 or to ! tribal god1 or ! f\ndation god or goddess ( ! village or city4 ,aft] putt+ toge!r ! v>i\s survivals already cit$1 ,i d n ?9k ?is is too l>ge an ex]cise ( ! con/ructive faculty4 ,an int]e/+ mix$ case ( god-eat+1 9 :i* ! cake 0 bak$1 n 9 ! =m ( a man1 b ( a div9e animal1 ,i h se5 myself 9 ! h\se ( ,iri% emigrants 9 ,canada4 ,! new corn 0 !re made into loaves or buns 9 ! %ape ( little pigs1 ) currants = eyes2 & "o ( ^! 0 giv5 to ea* ( ! *ildr54 ,?\gh m]ely reg>d$ z a playful cu/om1 ?is in/ance1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 has /ill its own illu/rative value4 ,! practice ( knead+ sacram5tal cakes f ! blood ( infants1 :i* we saw to prevail 9 ! case ( a ,mexican god1 is p>allell$ 9 ! practice ( mix+ !m ) %r$s ( ! fle% f an animal victim 9 ! ,zulu c]emony4 ,! cannibal =m ( ! rite mu/1 h[ev]1 h be5 v widespread2 z we ga!r f ! fact t a ,*ri/ian sect1 ! ,paulicians1 7 accus$ ( x z late z ! eigh? c5tury4 ,john ( ,osun1 ,patri>* ( ,arm5ia1 wrote a diatribe aga9/ ^! sect>ies1 9 :i* he m5tions ! fact t !y m\ld$ an image ( :eat5 fl[] ) ! blood ( *ildr51 & eat !re) _! unholy communion4 ,( c\rse1 !re c\ld h be5 no direct int]c\rse 9 ! n9? c5tury betwe5 ,arm5ia & ,mexico2 b ! accusation %[s at lea/ t simil> c]emonies 7 kn[n or rememb]$ 9 #cdd;,asia z actual practices4 ,inde$1 ! ,h>ranians 9 ! middle ages annually sacrific$ an infant1 & boil+ d[n its fle%1 bak$ x into cakes1 ( :i* e freeman 0 all[$ to p>take4 ,9 bo? ^! cases1 we h ! two extremes ( eat+ ! god comb9$ 9 "o practice--! cannibal rite & ! sacram5tal corn-cake4 ,mr4 ,fraz] calls att5tion to ano!r int]e/+ transitional in/ance4 ,loaves made 9 ! %ape ( m5 7 call$ at ,rome ,mani2 & x appe>s t su* loaves 7 specially made at ,aricia4 ,n[ ,aricia 0 also ! "o place 9 ,italy :]e a div9e prie/-k+1 ! ,rex ,nemoralis1 liv$ on well recognis$ into ! full blaze ( ! hi/oric p]iod1 on ! old savage t5ure ( kill+ 8 pr$ecessor4 ,aga91 ,mania 0 ! "n ( ! ,"m or ,gr&mo!r ( ,gho/s4 ,wooll5 images1 d$icat$ to ?is ,lat9 ,cybele1 7 hung out 9 ,rome at ! fea/ ( ! ,compitalia1 & 7 said to be sub/itutes = human victims4 ,mr4 ,fraz] sugge/s t ! loaves 9 human =m :i* 7 bak$ at ,aricia 7 sacram5tal bread2 & t 9 old days1 :5 ! ,rex ,nemoralis 0 annually sla91 loaves 7 also made 9 8 image z 9 ,mexico1 & 7 eat5 sacram5tally by 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,i d n hesitate myself to sugge/ /ill fur!r t ! g+]bread cakes1 %ap$ l a man1 & /ill ri*ly gilt1 :i* are sold at s _m fairs 9 ,france & ,italy1 & also sometimes 9 ,engl&1 are la/ dy+ relics ( simil> e>ly sacram5tal images4 ,= fairs are = ! mo/ "p dim9i%$ survivals ( religi\s fe/ivals4 ,z ! !an?ropic animal victim repres5ts a man & a god1 x is reasonable t a cake %ap$ z an animal & bak$ ( fl\r %\ld sometimes d z well z ! animal victim4 ,= ! corn is aft] all ! embodim5t ( ! corn-god4 ,h5ce bak]s 9 ! antique _w us$ to keep 9 /ock repres5tations 9 d\gh ( ! v>i\s sacrificial animals1 = p :o 7 too poor to af=d ! orig9als4 ,ox5 & %eep 7 regul>ly s repres5t$4 ,:5 ,mi?ridates besieg$ ,cyzicus1 & ! p #cde;c\ld n get a black c[ to sacrifice to ,p]sephone1 !y made a d\gh c[ & plac$ x at ! alt>4 ,at ! ,a!nian fe/ival ( ! ,diasia1 cakes %ap$ l animals 7 simil>ly sacrific$2 & at ! ,osiris fe/ival 9 ,egypt1 :5 ! ri* (f]$ a real pig1 ! poor us$ to pres5t a d\gh pig z a sub/itute1 l ! d\gh pig ( ! ,iri% ,canadians4 ,b 9 _m o!r rites1 ! sacram5tal & sacrificial cake has entirely lo/ all semblance ( a man or animal4 ,! god is !n eat5 ei!r 9 ! %apeless =m ( a boil$ mess ( rice or porridge1 or 9 a r\nd cake or loaf1 )\t image ( any sort1 or 9 a waf] /amp$ ) ! sol> or ,*ri/ian cross4 ,in/ances ( ?is type are famili> to ev]yone4 ,m closely relat$ /ill to primitive cannibalism is ! curi\s ritual ( ! ,s9-,eat]1 s well elaborat$ by ,mr4 ,sidney ,h>tl&4 ,9 ,upp] ,bav>ia1 :at is call$ a corpse-cake is knead$ f fl\r1 & plac$ on ! brea/ ( a dead p]son1 9 ord] to absorb ! virtues ( ! dep>t$4 ,?is cake is !n eat5 by ! ne>e/ relation4 ,9 ! ,balkan p59sula1 a small image ( ! dead p]son 0 made 9 bread & eat5 by ! survivors ( ! family4 ,^! are int]m$iate /ages betwe5 cannibalism & ! well-kn[n practice ( s9-eat+4 ,i hope ,i h n[ made cle> ! g5]al affiliation :i* ,i am seek+ to sugge/1 if n to e/abli%4 ,my idea is t 9 ! beg9n+ c]ta9 races dev\r$ _! own p>5ts1 or p>ts ( !m1 s z to absorb ! div9e s\ls ( _! =ebe>s into _! own bodies4 ,lat]1 :5 artificial god-mak+ became a frequ5t usage1 especially 9 connexion ) agriculture1 m5 eat ! god1 or "p ( him1 = a simil> reason4 ,b !y likewise eat him z ! corn or yam or rice1 sacram5tally4 ,:5 !an-?ropic victims 7 sub/itut$ = ! man-god1 !y eat ! !an?ropic victim 9 l mann]4 ,also !y made images 9 pa/e ( bo? man & bea/1 &1 treat+ ^! z comp\nd$ ( ! god1 simil>ly sacrific$ & eat !m4 #cdf;,& !y drank 8 blood1 9 ! s\? z w9e1 9 ! nor? z be]1 9 ,india z soma4 ,if ?is l9e ( recon/ruction be approximately correct1 !n sacram5ts z a :ole are 9 ! la/ resort bas$ ^u survival f ! cannibal god-fea/4 ,x is a significant fact t 9 _m cases1 z at ! ,potraj fe/ival1 ! (ficiat+ prie/ dr9ks ! blood ( ! div9e victim1 :ile ! laity are only p]mitt$ to eat ( its body4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4--,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,! ,,atonem5t4 ,,"o #cdgm elem5t ( "s importance yet rema9s 9 ! complex conception ( ! human or animal victim1 or sla9 god1 :i* we mu/ briefly exam9e be=e we c proce$ ) advantage to ! evolution ( ,*ri/ianity2 ,i mean ! doctr9e ( piacul> sacrifice--or1 9 o!r words1 ( ! atonem5t4 8,)\t %$d+ ( blood10 says ! au?or ( "o ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian tractates1 8!re is no remission ( s940 ,?is is a common !ory 9 all advanc$ religions2 ! sacrifice is reg>d$1 n m]ely z ! self-immolation ( a will+ div9e victim or inc>nate god1 b also z an expiation = crimes committ$4 8,behold ! ,lamb ( ,god10 says ! ,bapti/ 9 ! leg5d1 8:i* take? away ! s9s ( ! _w40 ,?is idea1 ,i take x1 is n primitive4 ,s9 mu/ be reg>d$ z a late e?ical intrud] into ! doma9 ( religion4 ,e>ly man = ! mo/ "p takes 8 gods joy\sly4 ,he is on ! be/ ( t]ms ) !m4 ,he eats & dr9ks & c>\ses 9 _! pres5ce4 ,!y jo9 9 8 phallic & bac*analian orgies4 ,!y are n great moral c5sors1 l ! noble creation ( ! ,hebrew prophets1 8( pur] eyes ?an to behold iniquity40 ,!y are creatures ( l passions & fail+s ) himself1--de> ance/ors & fri5ds1 ev] ready to ov]look small human frailties l murd] or rap9e1 b ex]cis+ a fa!rly c>e = ! mo/ "p ov] ! lives & =tunes ( _! desc5dants or tribesm54 ,angry !y may be at times1 #cdhno d\bt2 b _! ang] z a rule c be easily assuag$ by a human victim1 or by ! blood ( slaught]$ goats & bulls4 ,"u normal circum/ances1 !y are famili> h\semates4 ,_! skulls or images adorn ! he>?4 ,!y assi/ at ! family & dome/ic fea/s2 & !y lick up ! (f]+s ( blood or w9e made to !m ) a smil+ c\nt5ance4 ,9 %ort1 !y are av]age memb]s ( ! tribe1 gone be=e to ! _s-_w2 & !y cont9ue to %>e )\t pride or asceticism 9 ! joys & fea/s & m]ry-mak+s ( _! relatives4 ,?us ! idea ( expiation1 save z a pass+ appeasem5t = a tempor>y tiff1 did n probably occur 9 ! v e>lie/ & mo/ primitive religions4 ,x is only lat]1 z e?ical ideas beg9 to obtrude !mselves into ! sacr$ cycle1 t ! notion ( s91 :i* is prim>ily t ( an (f5ce aga9/ ! e/abli%$ etiquette ( ! gods1 makes itself sl[ly visible4 ,9 _m cases1 lat] glosses seem to put a piacul> s5se ^u :at 0 9 its orig9 by obvi\s analogy a m]e practical god-mak+ & godslay+ c]emony4 ,b 9 m consci\sly philosophic /ages ( religion ?is idea ( atonem5t ga9s gr\nd s fa/ t x almo/ swall[s up ! e>li] conception ( communion or fea/+ toge!r4 ,sacrifice is !n *iefly conceiv$ ( z a piacul> (f]+ to a ju/ly (f5d$ or e/rang$ deity2 ?is is ! =m ( belief :i* we f9d almo/ ev]y:]e meet+ u 9 ! hecatombs ( ! ,hom]ic poems1 z 9 _m works ( ,hell5ic & ,semitic lit]ature4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! piacul> sacrifice seems to h cry/allis$ & solidifi$ r\nd ! sacr$ p]son ( ! artificial deity4 8,! accumulat$ mis=tunes & s9s ( ! :ole p10 says ,mr4 ,fraz]1 8are sometimes laid ^u ! dy+ god1 :o is suppos$ to be> !m away = ev]1 leav+ ! p innoc5t & happy40 8,surely he ha? borne our griefs & c>ri$ our sorr[s10 says "o ( ! ,hebrew poets1 ^: v]ses are conjecturally attribut$ #cdito ,isaiah1 ab\t "o su* div9e scapegoat2 8yet we did e/eem him /rick51 smitt5 ( ,god1 & afflict$4 ,he 0 w\nd$ = our transgressions2 he 0 bruis$ = our iniquities4 ,! *a/isem5t ( our peace 0 ^u him1 & ) 8 /ripes are we heal$4 ,jahweh ha? laid ^u him ! iniquity ( u all40 ,! ideas "h express$ 9 su* noble language 7 common to all ! lat] man-gods ( ! m advanc$ & e?ical religions4 ,mr4 ,fraz] is probably "r 9 connect+ ! notion ( ! scapegoat1 human or animal1 ) ! popul> b>b>ic idea ( ! transf]5ce ( evils4 ,?us1 9 popul> magic ( all nations1 diseases ( e sort1 f s]i\s fev]s & plagues1 d[n to heada*e1 too?a*e1 w>ts1 & sores1 are transf]r$ by "s simple c]emony ( wit*craft to animals1 rags1 or o!r p4 ,i w quote examples b briefly4 ,epilepsy is made ov] to leaves & ?r[n away 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,too?a*e is put into a /one 9 ,au/ralia4 ,a ,be*uana k+ gave 8 illness to an ox1 :i* 0 dr[n$ 9 8 /ead1 to secure 8 recov]y4 ,mr4 ,gomme quotes a t]rible /ory ( a ,scot* nobleman :o transf]r$ 8 mortal disease to 8 bro!r by a magical c]emony4 8,*>ms0 = fev] or = w>ts g5]ally conta9 "s su* amiable elem5t ( transf]r+ ! tr\ble to a /r+1 a rag1 or a piece ( pap]1 :i* is flung away to c>ry ! evil ) x to ! p]son :o next t\*es x4 ,num]\s cases ( l implication may be f\nd 9 ! works ( ,mr4 ,gomme & ,mr4 ,h>tl&1 to :i* ,i w\ld ref] enquir]s aft] fur!r evid5ce4 ,closely connect$ ) ^! notions ( transf]5ce are also ! occasional or p]iodical c]emonies und]tak5 = ! expulsion ( evils f a village or a community4 ,devils1 demons1 ho/ile spirits1 diseases1 & o!r mis=tunes ( e sort are frequ5tly ?us expell$ ) gongs1 drums1 & o!r magical in/rum5ts4 ,(t5 ! b\nd>ies ( ! tribe or p>i% are gone ov]1 a #cejp]lu/ration is p]=m$1 & ! evil influ5ces are wa%$ out ( ! t]ritory or =cibly eject$4 ,our own rite ( ,beat+ ! ,b\nds repres5ts on "o ( its _m sides ?is primitive c]emony4 ,wa%+s & dipp+s are frequ5t accompanim5ts ( ! expulsive ritual2 9 ,p]u1 x 0 also b\nd up ) t common feature ( ! corn-god sacram5t--a cake knead$ ) ! blood ( liv+ *ildr54 ,! p]iodical exorcism g5]ally takes place once a ye>1 b is sometimes bi5nial3 x has obvi\s relations ) ! sacrifice ( ! human or animal victim4 ,9 ,europe1 x /ill survives 9 _m places z ! ye>ly expulsion ( wit*es4 ,! :ole subject has be5 s admirably treat$ by ,mr4 ,fraz] t ,i h no?+ to add to 8 excell5t exposition4 ,putt+ ^! two c>d9al ideas toge!r1 we arrive at ! comp\nd conception ( ! scapegoat4 ,a scapegoat is a human or animal victim1 *os5 to c>ry (f1 at fir/ ! mis=tunes or diseases1 lat] ! s9 & guilt ( ! community4 ,! "n by :i* we designate x 9 ,engli%1 be+ tak5 f ! d]ivative ,hebrew usage1 has animal implications2 b1 z 9 all analog\s cases1 ,i d n d\bt t ! human evil-be>] prec$es ! animal "o4 ,a good example ( ?is incipi5t /age 9 ! evolution ( ! scapegoat occurs at ,onit%a1 on ! ,quorra ,riv]4 ,two human be+s are !re annually sacrific$1 8to take away ! s9s ( ! l&0--?\gh ,i suspect x w\ld be m true to native ideas to say1 8! mis=tunes40 ,! numb] two1 z appli$ to ! victims1 crops up frequ5tly 9 ?is special connexion4 ,! victims "h aga9 are 8b\ght ) a price0--pur*as$ by public subscription4 ,all p]sons :o dur+ ! previ\s ye> h committ$ gross (f5ces aga9/ native e?ics are expect$ to contribute to ! co/ ( ! victims4 ,two sickly p are b\ght ) ! money1 8"o = ! l& & "o = ! riv]40 ,! victims are dragg$ along ! gr\nd to ! place ( execution1 face d[nw>d4 ,! cr[d :o accompany #cea!m cry1 8,wick$ness6 wick$ness60 ,s 9 ,siam x 0 cu/om>y to *oose a brok5-d[n woman ( evil life1 c>ry h] on a litt] ?r\gh ! /reets 7:i* is usually a symbol ( k+%ip or godhead7 & ?r[ h] on a dunghill or h$ge ( ?orns outside ! wall1 =bidd+ h] ev] aga9 to ent] ! city4 ,9 ?is ea/]n case1 !re is m]e expulsion1 n actual kill+4 ,9 o!r in/ances1 h[ev]1 ! div9e "* attribut$ to ! human scapegoat is q unmi/akable4 ,among ! ,gonds ( ,india1 at ! fe/ival ( ! god ( ! crops1 ! deity desc5ds on ! head ( "o ( ! wor%ipp]s1 :o is seiz$ ) a fit1 & ru%es (f to ! jungle4 ,!re1 x is believ$ he w\ld die ( himself1 if he 7 n br\ght back & t5d]ly treat$3 b ! ,gonds1 m m]ciful "h ?an 9 _m o!r cases1 take him back & re/ore him4 ,! idea is t he is ?us s+l$ out to be> ! s9s ( ! re/ ( ! village4 ,at ,halb]/adt 9 ,?ur+ia an exactly simil> cu/om surviv$ till late 9 ! middle ages4 ,a man 0 *os51 /a9$ ) deadly s91 z ! public scapegoat4 ,on ! fir/ day ( ,l5t he 0 dress$ 9 m\rn+1 & expell$ f *ur*4 ,= =ty days1 he w&]$ ab\t1 f$ only by ! prie/s1 & no "o w\ld speak to him4 ,he slept 9 ! /reet4 ,on ! day be=e ,good ,friday1 h[ev]1 he 0 absolv$ ( 8 s9s1 & be+ call$ ,adam1 0 believ$ to be n[ 9 a /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,?is is a mitigat$ & ,*ri/ianis$ =m ( ! human s9-(f]+4 ,aga91 ! ,albanians ( ! ,ea/]n ,caucasus kept a numb] ( sacr$ slaves 9 ! temple ( ! moon1 _m ( :om 7 inspir$ & prophesi$4 ,:5 "o ( ^! m5 exhibit$ unusual symptoms ( inspiration1 ! high prie/ _h him b\nd ) a sacr$ *a91 & ma9ta9$ = a ye> 9 luxury1 l ! ,mexican corn-god4 ,?is fact imm$iately br+s ! human scapegoat into l9e ) ! annual human gods we h already consid]$4 ,at ! end ( a ye>1 he 0 ano9t$ ) ungu5ts 7or1 s to speak1 *ri/$71 & l$ =? to be sacrific$4 #ceb,! sacrifice 0 accompli%$ z a purificatory c]emony4 ,mr4 ,fraz]1 to :om ,i owe all ^! examples1 connects ) su* rites ! curi\s c]emony ( ! expulsion ( ! ,old ,m>s1 ! ,mamurius ,veturius1 at ,rome4 ,e ye> on ! #ad? ( ,m>* 7ne> ! spr+ equ9ox71 a man1 call$ by ! "n ( a god1 0 clad 9 sk9s--! significance ( :i* rite we n[ "k--& aft] be+ beat5 ) long :ite rods1 0 expell$ ! city4 ,f "o po9t ( view1 ?is p]sonage no d\bt repres5t$ ! god ( vegetation ( ! previ\s ye> 7= ! ,m>s 0 orig9ally an annual corn-god74 ,b f ano!r po9t ( view1 be+ n[ ( no fur!r use to ! community1 he 0 utilis$ ) true old ,roman p>simony z a scapegoat1 & s5t to c>ry away ! (f5ces ( ! p4 ,inde$1 !re seems to be "s reason = believ+ t he 0 driv5 into ! t]ritory ( ! ho/ile ,oscans4 ,9 ?is case we p]ceive t an annual god is made ! s9-(f]+ = ! crimes ( a nation4 ,9 ,greece1 we get simil> traces ( ! human scapegoat4 ,at ,*ronea 9 ,boeotia1 ! *ief magi/rate at ! t[n-hall1 & e h\sehold] 9 8 own h\se1 z we le>n f ,plut>* 7:o 0 himself a magi/rate !re7 _h on a c]ta9 day to beat a slave ) rods ( agnus ca/us1 & turn him out ( doors1 ) ! =mula1 8,out1 hung]6 91 heal? & weal?60 ,else:]e ! cu/om reta9$ m unpleasant features4 ,at ,m>seilles1 :5 ! colony 0 ravag$ by plague1 a man ( ! poor] classes us$ volunt>ily to (f] himself z a s9-(f]+ or scapegoat4 ,"h we h once m ! common episode ( ! will+ victim4 ,= a :ole ye>1 l o!r annual gods1 he 0 f$ at ! public exp5se1 & treat$ z a g5tleman--t is to say1 a k+ly man-god4 ,at ! end ( t "t1 he 0 dress$ 9 sacr$ g>m5ts --ano!r m>k ( god%ip--deck$ ) holy bran*es1 ! common insignia ( gods ( vegetation1 & l$ ?r\gh ! city1 :ile pray]s 7 (f]$ up t ! s9s ( #cec! p might fall on 8 head4 ,he 0 !n ca/ out ( ! colony4 ,! ,a!nians kept a numb] ( outca/s z public victims at ! exp5se ( ! t[n2 & :5 plague1 dr\ght1 or fam9e befell1 sacrific$ two ( !m 7note ! numb]7 z human scapegoats4 ,"o 0 said to be a sub/itute = ! m51 & "o = ! wom54 ,!y 7 l$ ab\t ! city 7l ,beat+ ! ,b\nds aga97 & !n app>5tly /on$ to dea? )\t x4 ,moreov]1 p]iodically e ye>1 at ! fe/ival ( ! ,?>gelia1 two victims 7 /on$ to dea? z scapegoats at ,a!ns1 "o = ! m51 & "o = ! wom54 ,i w\ld conjecturally v5ture to connect ?is sacr$ numb]1 n m]ely ) ! ,african practice already not$1 b also ) ! dual k+s at ,sp>ta1 ! two consuls at ,rome1 & ! two suffetes at ,c>?age & 9 o!r ,semitic cities4 ,! duality ( k+s1 inde$1 is a frequ5t ph5om5on4 ,i c only add "h t ! _m o!r c]emonies connect$ ) ^! human scapegoats h be5 well exp\nd$ & expla9$ by ,mannh>dt1 :o %[s t !y 7 all ( a purificatory "*1 & t ! sc\rg+ ( ! god be=e putt+ him to dea? 0 a necess>y po9t ( div9e proc$ure4 ,h5ce ! significance ( ! agnus ca/us4 ,briefly1 !n1 ! evid5ce collect$ by ,mannh>dt & ,fraz] suffices to sugge/ t ! human scapegoat 0 ! la/ t]m ( a god1 condemn$ to dea?1 ^u ^: head ! transgression or mis=tunes ( ! community 7 laid z sub/itute4 ,he 0 ! vic>i\s (f]+ :o di$ = ! p4 ,x is only "h & !re1 h[ev]1 t ! scapegoat reta9s to hi/orical times 8 fir/ e>ly =m z a human victim4 ,mu* m (t51 9 civilis$ l&s at lea/1 we get ! usual successive mitigations ( ! cu/om4 ,sometimes1 z we h se5 already 9 ^! cases1 ! victim is n actually kill$1 b m]ely expell$1 or ev5 only playfully & c]emonially driv5 out ( ! city4 ,9 o!r in/ances1 #cedwe get ! famili> sub/itution ( ! condemn$ crim9al1 or ! imbecile1 z 9 ! ,attic ,?>gelia4rsquo2 ,! ,greeks ( ,asia ,m9or us$ actually to burn _! atonem5t-victim1 & ca/ 8 a%es into ! sea2 b ! ,leucadians m]ely ?rew d[n a condemn$ prison] f a cliff1 & light5$ 8 fall by fa/5+ live birds to him1 :ile !y kept boats bel[ to save him f dr[n+1 & c>ry him well beyond ! fronti]4 ,9 ! va/ majority ( cases1 h[ev]1 we h ! /ill m common sub/itution ( a sacr$ animal = a human victim2 & ?is appe>s to be 9 l>ge "p ! orig9 ( t common religi\s feature1 ! piacul> sacrifice4 ,occasionally we get hi/orical or half-hi/orical evid5ce ( ! transition f a human victim to a div9e or quasidiv9e animal4 ,?us1 ! p ( ,nias (f] ei!r a r$ horse or a buffalo to purify ! l&2 b =m]ly1 a man 0 b\nd to ! same /ake ) ! buffalo1 & :5 ! buffalo 0 kill$1 ! man 0 driv5 away1 no native d>+ to receive him or fe$ him4 ,! sacrificial camel ( ! anci5t ,arabs1 presumably piacul>1 is expressly /at$ to be a sub/itute = a human victim4 ,! fav\rite victims ( ! ,s>ac5s 7 "y & beautiful captives3 b if su* 7 n to be procur$1 !y cont5t$ !mselves ) a :ite & faultless camel4 ,! /ep h5ce to ! habitual immolation or driv+ =? ( a div9e animal 9 place ( a div9e or quasi-div9e man is a v small "o4 ,9 ,malab>1 ! c[ is a sacr$ bea/1 & to kill or eat a c[ is a crime l murd]4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,brahmans transf] ! s9s ( ! p to a c[ or c[s1 :i* are !n driv5 out :]ev] ! ,brahmans appo9t4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians us$ to sacrifice a bull1 & lay ^u its head all ! evils :i* might o!rwise happ5 to !mselves & _! c\ntry2 !n !y sold ! bull's head to ! ,greeks1 or flung x into ! riv]4 7,contra/ ?is ef=t to get rid ( ! accurs$ head ) ! c>eful pres]vation & wor%ip ( ! sacr$ "o47 ,! be/-kn[n case ( all1 ( c\rse1 is ! ,hebrew scapegoat1 :i* 0 #cee! sacr$ animal ( a %eph]d p1 turn$ out to die ( hung] or ?ir/ 9 ! des]t1 & be>+ on its head ! s9s ( ! p4 7,contra/ ! scapegoat ) ! pas*al lamb1 & comp>e ) ! goats & %eep ( ! la/ judgm5t47 ,:5 *ol]a rages among ! aborig9al tribes ( ,india1 !y take a goat or a buffalo--9 ei!r case a female1 ! mo/ sacr$ sex 9 ,indian sacrifice1 & black all ov]1 l ,apis & ,mnevis2 !y turn x out ( ! village1 ) magical c]emonies1 & d n all[ x to return )9 _! prec9cts4 ,9 _m o!r simil> poojahs1 ! victim is a goat4 ,mr4 ,fraz] has collect$1 "h z else:]e1 a va/ numb] ( valuable & illu/rative in/ances4 ,z a rule1 ! man-god or div9e animal select$ z a scapegoat is n actually slaught]$1 9 ! fulle/ =m ( ! rite2 he is driv5 away1 or flung into ! sea1 or left to die ( hung] & ?ir/4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 he is burn$ z a holocau/3 sometimes he is /on$1 & sometimes slaught]$4 ,& 9 lat] & less p]fect =ms ( piacul> animal sacrifice1 slaught] 0 ! rule1 save :]e burn+ _h ou/$ x4 ,inde$1 9 _m cases1 x is difficult to dis5tangle ! v>i\s elem5ts ( ! complex problem4 ,p _h got accu/om$ to c]ta9 =ms ( sacrifice1 & mix$ !m up indiscrim9ately1 s t "o & ! same rite seems sometimes to be sacram5tal1 sacrificial1 & piacul>1 all at once4 ,?us ,dr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? writes ( anci5t ,egypt3 8,bulls 7 (f]$ on ! alt>1 & "p ( ! fle% eat5 9 a sacrificial fea/2 b ! sacrifice 0 only p]mitt$ z a piaculum1 0 prec$$ by a solemn fa/1 & 0 accompani$ by public lam5tation1 z at ! dea? ( a k9sman40 ,comp>e ! annual m\rn+ = ,adonis2 & also ! simil> union ( sacrifice1 sacram5t1 & atonem5t 9 ! ,mass1 :i*1 at ! great resurrection-fe/ival ( ! ,*ri/ian ye>1 ,ea/]1 is equally prec$$ by a fa/1 & by ! solemn m\rn+ ( ,good ,friday4 ,n[1 ,i d n pret5d to discrim9ate accurately 9 ^! #cefv mix$ cases betwe5 "o elem5t & ano!r 9 ! comp\nd rite4 ,(t5 en\gh1 all ! v>i\s traits ( god-slay+1 ( sacram5t1 & ( public expiation are evid5tly pres5t4 ,usually1 too1 ! victim is sla9 be=e ! alt> or sacr$ /one ( "s e>li] & great] god1 & its blood p\r$ =? = him4 ,?us1 9 ! ,hebrew ritual bo? ( ! holocau/ & ! s9-(f]+1 ! victim is sla9 at ! alt>1 8be=e ,jahweh10 & ! effusion ( blood on ! sacr$ slab has a special significance4 ,9 ! ,semitic held1 z ,dr4 ,rob]tson ,smi? obs]ves 7& ,i w\ld add1 9 mo/ o!rs71 8! fundam5tal idea ( sacrifice is n t ( a sacr$ tribute1 b ( jo9t communion betwe5 ! god & 8 wor%ipp]s1 by jo9t p>ticipation 9 ! liv+ fle% & blood ( a sacr$ victim40 ,b ! id5tity ( god & victim is (t5 q cle>2 ?us1 z we saw be=e1 ! %eep-,aphrodite 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,cyprus ) an annual my/ic & piacul> sacrifice ( a %eep2 & ! wor%ipp]s !mselves 7 clad 9 %eepsk9s1 a rite ^: significance is n[ abundantly evid5t to u4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 at ! /age we h at la/ rea*$1 ,i w n attempt to di/+ui% 9 e case betwe5 ! v>i\s sup]pos$ ideas 9 ! sacrificial c]emony4 ,mo/ sacrifices seem 9 ! la/ resort to be sub/itutes = human-div9e victims4 ,mo/ seem to be sacram5tal1 & mo/ to be m or less di/9ctly piacul>4 ,i d n ev5 "k :e!r1 9 recon/ruct+ afre% = o!rs a s]ies ( rites ! ideas ( :i* h gr[n sl[ly cle> to my own m9d by consid]ation ( num]\s mix$ examples1 ,i h always plac$ ea* p>ticul> fact 9 its be/ & mo/ effective position = illu/ration4 ,! elem5ts ( ! problem are s involv$ & s closely int]osculat+4 ,= in/ance1 ,i d n d\bt t ! great ,pho5ician & ,c>?ag9ian holocau/s ( human victims1 :i* ,i 0 compell$ at fir/ to treat mo/ inadequately1 7 ma9ly piacul> 9 int5tion2 nor d ,i d\bt t ! ,greek hecatomb 7or holocau/ ( a hundr$ ox57 0 a mitigation or att5uation #ceg( su* gigantic human holocau/s z ^!1 or z ^? attribut$ to ! ,briti% ,druids4 ,asclepiades /ates expressly t e victim 0 orig9ally reg>d$ z a sub/itute = human sacrifice2 & s1 9 ! ,elohi/ic acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( burnt sacrifice1 a ram is accept$ z a sub/itute = ! life ( ,isaac1 ! de>ly-belov$ son :om ! *ief or k+1 ,abraham1 int5ds to (f] z a royal victim to 8 tribal god4 ,abraham says t ! god himself w provide a victim2 & ! ram !n1 z x 71 volunt>ily (f]s itself4 ,s at ! great temple ( ,a/>te at ,eryx1 :]e ! victims 7 drawn f ! sacr$ or div9e h]ds kept at ! sanctu>y1 ! *os5 bea/ 0 believ$ ( its own accord to pres5t itself at ! alt>4 ,at ! ,dupolia 9 l mann] a numb] ( bulls 7 driv5 toge!r r\nd ! holy table2 & ! bull 0 select$ :i* volunt>ily approa*$ & eat ( ! sacr$ cakes2 !reby n only %[+ himself to be a will+ victim1 b also d\bly div9e1 fir/ because he took ! food int5d$ = ! god1 & second because he swall[$ ! sacr$ corn1 itself ! duplicate body ( ! deity4 7,comp>e1 ( c\rse1 ! ,hebrew %ewbread47 ,i ne$ n pursue ?is l9e ( ?\ght any fur!r4 ,x mu/ be obvi\s t _m sacrifices at lea/ are sacra-m5tally-piacul> god-slay+ c]emonies1 & t 9 mo/ ( !m ! god is sla91 himself to himself1 9 human or animal =m1 z an expiation ( crimes aga9/ 8 own maje/y4 ,nor ne$ ,i po9t out h[ ?is complex concept lies at ! v root ( ,paul9e !ology4 ,i w\ld l to add1 h[ev]1 t ! ideas "h =mulat$ mu/ give a new mean+ to _m po9ts we c\ld n at fir/ und]/& 9 c]emonies m5tion$ 9 our e>li] *apt]s4 ,i w take only "o example--t ( ! place ( ,samoy$ sacrifice :i* ,b>on ,nord5skild saw on ,vaygats ,isl&4 ,we c n[ div9e ! mean+ ( ! heap ( re9de] skulls pil$ ar\nd ! rude op5-air %r9e2 = re9de] are ! sacr$ & !-an?ropic animals ( ! nor!rn races2 :ile ! pres]vation #ceh( _! heads at ! hyp?ral alt> ( ! eld] gods or gho/s has its usual holy & oracul> mean+4 ,we c also guess :y rema9s ( a fireplace c\ld be se5 by ! side1 at :i* ! sacrificial & sacram5tal meal 0 habitually prep>$2 & :y ! m\?s ( ! idols 7 sme>$ ) blood1 9 ord] to make ! old] gods or gho/s p>ticipators 9 ! fe/ival4 ,inde$1 any read] :o has foll[$ me ?us f>1 & :o n[ turns back to ! e>li] *apt]s ( ?is book1 w f9d t _m details appe> to him 9 q a diff]5t light1 & w see :y ,i h insi/$ be=eh& on "s m9or po9ts :i* mu/ h seem$ to him at ! "t :olly irrelevant4 ,_m o!r curi\s c]emonies t seem equally mean+less at fir/ 9 n>ratives ( travel w also come to h a significant mean+ :5 ?us reg>d$4 ,= in/ance4 ,mr4 ,*alm]s tells u t among ! ,new ,gu9ea natives ( p>ticul> di/ricts1 8pigs are nev] kill$ b 9 ! "o place1 & !n !y are (f]$ to ! _s4 ,! blood is p\r$ out !re1 & ! c>case is !n c>ri$ back to ! village1 to be divid$1 cook$1 & eat54 ,pigs' skulls are kept & hung up 9 ! h\se4 ,food = a fea/1 su* z at h\se-build+0--a mo/ pregnant h9t--8is plac$ ne> ! po/ :]e ! skulls hang1 & a pray] is said4 ,:5 ! c5tre-po/ is set up1 ! spirits h wallaby1 fi%1 & bananas pres5t$ to !m1 & !y are bes\ght to keep t h\se always full ( food1 & t x may n fall :5 ! w9d is /rong40 ,if we recall o!r cases else:]e1 we c h>dly d\bt t ! pigs 9 ^! in/ances are kill$ z sacr$ victims at ! grave ( ! *ief family ance/or2 especially :5 ,mr4 ,*alm]s also tells u t 8ea* family has a sacr$ place :]e !y c>ry (f]+s to ! spirits ( deceas$ ance/ors1 :om !y greatly fe>40 ,:5 sickness1 fam9e1 or sc>city ( fi% occur1 x is ^! spirits t h to be appeas$4 ,& if we recollect once m t 9 s _m cases ! c5tral po/ ( ! hut is bas$ on a human or animal victim1 bo? #cei;9 ,new ,gu9ea & else:]e1 we c h>dly d\bt t to ?is h\sehold god or f\ndation-gho/ ! (f]+s at ! c5tral po/ are pres5t$4 ,f9ally1 ! skulls ( ! pigs :i* are kept 9 ! h\se & hung on ! po/ rem9d u on ! "o h& ( ! skulls ( ance/or-gods simil>ly pres]v$1 & on ! o!r h& ( ! skulls ( !an?ropic victims kept by ! p ( ,india at _! fe/ivals1 or fa/5$ by e>ly ,greeks & ,romans on _! temples4 8,!y cook ! heads ( _! sla9 enemies10 says ,mr4 ,*alm]s aga91 8to secure clean skulls to put on sacr$ places40 ,adequately to develop ! h9ts ?us sugge/$1 h[ev]1 w\ld require ano!r book z long z ! pres5t "o4 ,yet "h is j "o m su* h9t1 f ! same au?or1 too pregnant to be omitt$4 8,:5 ! natives beg9 plant+1 !y fir/ take a bun* ( bananas & sug>-cane1 & g to ! c5tre ( ! plantation1 & call ov] ! names ( ! dead belong+ to _! family1 add+3 #8,!re is y\r food1 y\r bananas & sug>-cane2 let our food gr[ well1 & let x be pl5tiful4 ,if x does n gr[ well & pl5tiful1 y all w be full ( %ame1 & s %all we4rsquo2 8,:5 !y g on trad+ exp$itions1 !y pres5t _! food to ! spirits at ! c5tre-po/ ( ! h\se1 & ask ! spirits to g be=e !m & prep>e ! p1 s t ! trad+ may be prosp]\s4 8,:5 sickness is 9 ! family1 a pig is br\ght to ! sacr$ place ( ! great _s0 7probably ! *ief ance/ral gho/71 8& kill$4 ,! c>case is !n tak5 to ! sacr$ place ( ! family1 & ! spirits are ask$ to accept x4 ,s9s are confess$1 su* z bananas t are tak51 or cocoanuts1 & none h be5 pres5t$1 & leave n giv5 to eat !m4 #8,!re is a pig2 accept1 & remove ! sickness4' ,dea? foll[s1 & ! day ( burial arrives4 ,! fri5ds all /& r\nd ! op5 grave1 & ! *ief's si/] or c\s90 7! primitive prie/ess7 8calls out 9 a l\d voice1 #8,y h be5 angry ) u = #cfj! bananas we h tak5 7or cocoanuts1 z ! case may be71 & y h1 9 y\r ang]1 tak5 ?is *ild4 ,n[ let x suffice1 & bury y\r ang]4' ,! body is !n plac$ 9 ! grave1 & cov]$ ov] ) e>?40 ,"h we h 9 brief a p]fect epitome ( savage !ology1 savage c]emonial1 & savage atonem5t4 ,i c\ld enl>ge n a little on its num]\s implications4 ,a s+le quotation f ,mr4 ,savage ,l&or's "w on ,! ,hairy ,a9u ( ,japan w also s]ve z an excell5t summ>y ( su* encyclopa$ic b>b>ic !ology4 8,if !y h any belief at all10 he says1 8x is an imp]fect k9d ( ,totemism1 & ! c5tral po9t ( t belief is _! own desc5t f ! be>4 ,?is does n include ! smalle/ rev]5ce = _! ance/or4 ,!y capture _! ,totem & keep x 9 captivity2 !y speak to x & fe$ x2 b no pray]s are (f]$ to x4 ,:5 ! be> is fat1 x is tak5 out ( ! cage to be ill-treat$ & bait$ by all ! m5 pres5t40 ,l ! ,khond ,m]iah & ! tortures ( m>tyrs4 8,x is ti$ to a /ake0 or /auros or accurs$ tree1 8& a pole is ?ru/ into its m\?2 & :5 ! poor bea/ has be5 suffici5tly tortur$1 prick$ ) po9t$ /icks1 %ot at ) blunt$ arr[s10 l ,/4 ,seba/ian1 8bruis$ ) /ones10 l ,/4 ,/eph51 8madd5$ ) rage & ill-usage1 x is kill$ outright1 &1 ance/or z x may be1 x makes ! *ief di% & raison drsquo2etre ( a fe/ival1 :]e all ! memb]s ( ! tribe p>take ( its fle%4 ,! own] ( ! hut 9 :i* ! fea/ takes place !n /icks ! skull on to a =k$ pole1 & sets x outside ) ! o!rs at ! ea/ end ( 8 hut4 ,! sk9 is made into g>m5ts1 or is spread on ! gr\nd to sleep on40 ,"h1 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 we h sacrifice1 sacram5t1 ori5tation1 ! sacr$ head1 ! use ( ! sk9 z a cov]+ ( ! wor%ipp]1 & all ! o!r traits ( !an?ropic sub/itution4 ,x is m to our purpose n[1 h[ev]1 to rememb] ^! two c>d9al po9ts3 fir/1 t a dy+ god1 human or animal1 is usually select$ z a conv5i5t vehicle = ! #cfas9s ( ! p2 & second1 t 8)\t %$d+ ( blood !re is no remission ( s940 ,^! two doctr9es 7 commonly curr5t all ov] ! _w1 b especially 9 t ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean _w :]e ,*ri/ianity 0 fir/ evolv$4 ,inde$1 !y 7 !re s g5]ally recognis$ t ! writ]s ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian tractates1 ! ,apo/olic ,epi/les1 take !m = grant$ z self-evid5t--z pr9ciples ( :i* e intellig5t man w\ld at once admit ! tru? & cog5cy4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4--,,! ,,_w ,,be=e ,,*ri/4 ,*ri/ianity #cfb;grew4 ,x 0 a natural product4 ,x did n spr+1 full-fl$g$1 f any "o manrsquo2s bra91 z ,a!ne sprang f ! head ( ,zeus4 ,x 0 n ev5 inv5t$ by any little gr\p or s*ool ( m51 ,petr9e or ,paul9e1 ! apo/les or ! disciples1 ! e>ly *ur* ( ,j]usalem1 ,antio*1 or ,alex&ria4 ,*ri/ianity grew--sl[ly4 ,x develop$1 bit by bit1 = ?ree long c5turies1 tak+ %ape by gradual /ages 9 all ! teem+ c5tres ( ! ,roman _w2 & ev5 aft] x _h assum$ a consi/5t =m z ! ,holy ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 x /ill w5t on gr[+ 9 ! m9ds ( m51 ) a gr[? :i* nev] ends1 b :i* reveals itself ev5 n[ 9 a ?\s& modes1 f a ,vatican ,c\ncil to ! la/ new dep>ture ( ! la/ new gr\p ( ,am]ican sect>ies4 ,*ri/ianity grew--9 ! cr[d$ cosmopolitanis$ seaports & cities ( ! ,roman empire--9 ,antio*1 ,alex&ria1 ,!ssalonica1 ,cyr5e1 ,byzantium1 ,rome4 ,its highway 0 ! sea4 ,?\gh p>tly ,jewi% 9 orig91 x yet appe>s f its e>lie/ days ess5tially z a univ]sal & int]national religion4 ,!re=e we may ga9 "s approximate k ( its orig9 & antec$5ts by consid]+ ! religi\s condition ( ^! v>i\s great t[ns at ! "t :5 ,*ri/ianity began to spr+ spontane\s 9 _! mid/4 ,we c arrive at "s idea ( ! product itself by obs]v+ ! environm5t 9 :i* x 0 evolv$4 ,once m1 ,*ri/ianity grew--= ! mo/ "p among #cfc! l[] ord]s ( ! cosmopolitan seaports4 ,x fa%ion$ itself among ! slaves1 ! fre$m51 ! ,jewi%1 ,syrian1 & ,african immigrants1 ! ,druidical ,gauls & ,britons ( ,rome1 ! petty %opkeep]s1 ! paup]is$ cli5ts1 ! babes & suckl+s ( ! popul\s c5tres4 ,h5ce1 :ile bas$ ^u ,judaism1 x ga!r$ hospitably into itself all ^? elem5ts ( religi\s ?\ght & religi\s practice t 7 common to ! :ole _w1 & especially to ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean bas94 ,fur!rmore1 x ga!r$ hospitably into itself 9 p>ticul> ^? elem5ts :i* belong$ to ! old] & deep]-seat$ "p ( ! popul> religions1 r ?an ^? :i* belong$ to ! civilis$1 ,hell5is$1 & recognis$ modifications ( ! /ate religions4 ,x 0 a democratic r ?an an (ficial product4 ,we h to look1 !re=e1 at ! eld] f> m ?an ! y\ng] /ratum ( religi\s ?\ght 9 ! great cities1 = ! influ5ces :i* w5t to m\ld ,*ri/ianity4 ,i d n d5y1 inde$1 t ! new fai? 0 t\*$ & t+$ 9 all its high] p>ts by beautiful influ5ces f ,neo-,platonism1 ,alex&rian ,judaism1 & o!r half-my/ical philosophic sy/ems2 b = its ess5tial gr\ndwork we h /ill to g to ! root-/ratum ( religi\s practice & belief 9 ,antio* & ,alex&ria1 9 ,phrygia & ,galatia1 9 ,j]usalem & ,rome4 ,x bas$ itself above all on sacram5t1 sacrifice1 atonem5t1 & resurrection4 ,yet aga91 ,*ri/ianity orig9at$ fir/ ( all among ! ,jewi%1 ,syrian1 or ,semitic population ( ^! great t[ns ( ! empire1 at ! v mom5t ( its full cosmopolitanisation2 x spread rapidly f !m1 no d\bt at fir/ ) s]i\s modifications1 to ! mix$ mass ( sailors1 slaves1 fre$wom51 & t[nspeople :o =m$ app>5tly its e>lie/ adh]5ts4 ,h5ce1 we mu/ look 9 x = an intimate bl5d ( ,judaism ) ! c5tral ideas ( ! popul> religions1 ,aryan or ,hamitic1 ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas94 ,we mu/ expect 9 x mu* t 0 common 9 ,syria1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,hellas1 & ,egypt1--some?+ ev5 f ,gaul1 ,hispania1 ,c>?age4 ,its fir/ o w great #cfd;apo/le1 if we may believe our au?orities1 0 "o ,saul or ,paul1 a half-,hell5is$ ,jew ( ,semitic & comm]cial ,t>sus 9 ,cilicia1 & a ,roman citiz54 ,its fir/ great *ur*es sprang up 9 ! busy ports & m>ts ( ! ,levant4 ,its v "n ( ,*ri/ian 0 giv5 to x fir/ 9 ! cr[d$ & cosmopolitan city ( ,antio*4 ,x is "h1 !n1 9 ^! huge slave-peopl$ hives ( ,hell5is$ & ,romanis$ comm]ce1 t we mu/ look = ! "m-ideas ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,antio* 0 q und\bt$ly 9 ! e>lie/ times ! pr9cipal cradle ( ! new religion4 ,i d n mean t ,j]usalem 0 n v probably ! place :]e m5 fir/ began to =m a small sect ( esot]ic ,*ri/-wor%ipp]s1 or t ,galilee 0 n ! region :]e ! ,*ri/ himself mo/ l>gely liv$ & taught1 if inde$ su* a p]son ev] really exi/$4 ,9 ^? matt]s ! traditions h&$ d[n to u 9 ! relatively late ,gospels may be p]fectly correct3 & aga91 !y may n4 ,b ,*ri/ianity z we "k x1 ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,paul9e epi/les & ! lat] writ+s1 su* z ! ,gospels & ! works ( ! ,fa!rs1 mu/ h be5 ess5tially a cult ( wid] ,syrian & ,g5tile gr[?4 ,x embraces 9 itself elem5ts :i* d\btless l+]$ on 9 seclud$ corn]s m or less among ! mass ( ! p ev5 9 ,juda itself1 ?\gh disc\nt5anc$ by ! adh]5ts ( ! prie/ly & (ficial ,jahweh-wor%ip2 b :i* 7 integral p>ts ( ! popul> & ev5 ! recognis$ religion ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( nor!rn ,syria4 ,antio*1 :]e ,*ri/ianity ?us took its fir/ feeble /eps1 0 a h&some & bu/l+ comm]cial city1 ! capital ( ! ,greek ,seleucid k+s1 & ! ackn[l$g$ metropolis ( ! ,syrian area4 ,at ! "t ( ,paul 7if !re 0 a ,paul71 x probably conta9$ half a million p2 x 0 c]ta9ly ! l>ge/ t[n 9 ,asia1 & wor?y to be comp>$ ) ,rome itself 9 ! spl5d\r ( its build+s4 ,_m ?+s ab\t its position are des]v+ ( notice4 ,x /ood ^u ! banks ( ! ,orontes1 a #cfesacr$ /ream1 ensconc$ 9 a ri* agricultural pla91 f\rte5 miles f ! riv]'s m\?4 ,its ,o/ia 0 at ,selucia1 ! h>b\r :5ce fl[$ ! entire export trade ( ,syria & ! ea/ t[>ds ,hellas & ,italy4 ,! ,m$it]ranean 9 front connect$ x ) ,rome1 ,alex&ria1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,greece2 ! c>avan r\tes across ! ,syrian des]t 9 ! re> put x 9 communication ) ! baz>s ( ,mesopotamia & ! remot] ea/4 ,x 0 ?us ! ma9 entrept ( ! ?r\gh trade betwe5 two important worlds4 ,! ,v5ice ( its "t1 x lay at ! focal po9t :]e ! highroads ( ,europe & ( ,asia conv]g$4 ,s*ol>s ( repute h po9t$ out ! fact t ev5 e>li] ?an ! days ( ,paul1 ,buddhi/ ideas f ,india seem to h dribbl$ ?r\gh & affect$ ! ,syrian _w1 z ,zoroa/rian ideas a little lat] dribbl$ ?r\gh & affect$ ! ?\ght ( ,alex&ria3 & "s importance has be5 atta*$ to ?is infiltration ( motives f ! my/ical ea/4 ,n[1 ,i d n c>e to d5y t budd+ ,*ri/ianity may h be5 mu* influ5c$ on its ritual & /ill m on its e?ical side by float+ elem5ts ( ,buddhi/ op9ion3 t ! infancy ( ! ,*ri/ may h be5 nurs$ by ! ,magi4 ,b on ! :ole ,i ?9k ! facts we h j be5 consid]+ z to ! manufacture ( artificial human gods & ! nature & mean+ ( piacul> sacrifices w suffice to %[ t ,*ri/ianity 0 *iefly a plant ( home gr[?4 ,! native soil conta9$ already e ess5tial elem5t t 0 ne$$ to fe$ x--! doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation1 ! dea? ( ! ,man-,god1 ! aton+ p[] ( 8 ,blood1 ! ,resurrection & ,asc5sion4 ,s t1 :ile all[+ due weight to ?is peculi> int]national position ( ,antio*1 z ! d\ble-fac$ ,janus-gate ( ,europe & ,asia1 ,i am n incl9$ to ?9k t po9ts peculi> to ,buddhism ne$ h ex]cis$ any pr$om9ant influ5ce 9 ! evolution ( ! new religion4 ,= we mu/ rememb] t ,buddhism itself did b subsume into its own fabric ideas #cff:i* 7 common to ,p]u & ,mexico1 to ,greece & ,india1 to ,syria & ,egypt1 & :i* came out 9 fre% =ms1 surg+ up f bel[1 9 ! cre$ ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,if any?+ is cle> f our previ\s rese>*es x is ?is--t ! _w has nev] really _h m ?an "o religion--8( _m names1 a s+le c5tral %ape10 z ! poet phrases x4 ,! ,syrian p1 ,semites by race & cult1 _h fall51 l all ! re/ ( ! ea/]n _w1 "u ! ,hell5ic dom9ion ( ! successors ( ,alex&]4 ,a quick & subtle folk1 v pliable & pla/ic1 !y und]w5t rapid & facile ,hell5isation4 ,x 0 an easy task = !m to accept ,greek culture & ,greek religion4 ,! wor%ipp] ( ,adonis _h little difficulty 9 r5am+ 8 *ief god z ,dionysus & cont9u+ to practise 8 old rites & c]emonies to ! newly-nam$ deity aft] ! ance/ral patt]n4 ,! ,a/>te :om ! ea/ _h giv5 to ,hellas "u ! alias ( ,aphrodite1 came back aga9 z ,aphrodite to ,a/>te's old sanctu>ies4 ,id5tifications ( gods & cults 7 b simple matt]s1 :]e s _m gods 7 aft] all ess5tially simil> 9 orig9 & function4 ,?us ! easy-go+ ,syrian _h few scruples ab\t practis+ 8 primitive c]emonies "u =eign titles1 or admitt+ to ! hospitality ( 8 ,semitic temples ! ,hell5ic deities ( ! reign+ ,antio*i4 ,! ,seleucids1 h[ev]1 did n f>e s well 9 _! attempt to impose ! ali5 gods on ! fi]ce ,jehovi/ic zealots ( ! s\!rn m\nta9s4 ,antio*us ,,iv4 endeav\r$ 9 va9 to =ce ! cults ( intrusive ,hell5ism on 8 new k+dom ( ,pale/9e4 ,he reckon$ )\t 8 ho/s4 ,! populace ( ,j]usalem w\ld n away ) 8 8idolatr\s0 rites--w\ld n p]mit ! wor%ip ( ,zeus & ,pallas1 ( ,artemis & ,aphrodite1 to usurp a place 9 ! holy city ( ,jahweh4 ,! rebellion ( ! ,maccabees secur$ at lea/ ! religi\s indep5d5ce ( ,juda f ! e>ly ,seleucid p]iod d[n to ! days ( ,vespasian & ,titus4 ,l[] ,syria rema9$ true 9 h] arid hills #cfgto ! exclusive & mono!i/ic cult ( ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,& at ! same "t ! ,jew spread ev]y:]e ov] ! surr\nd+ c\ntries1 c>ry+ ) him n only 8 /raw & 8 basket1 b also 8 +ra9$ & in]adicable prejudices4 ,9 ,antio*1 !n1 aft] ! ,roman absorption ( ,syria1 a mo/ cosmopolitan religion appe>s to h exi/$1 conta9+ m+l$ ,semitic & ,hell5ic elem5ts1 half assimilat$ to "o ano!r1 9 a way t 0 highly *>act]i/ic ( ! e>ly empire4 ,& among ! popul> cults ( ! great city we mu/ c]ta9ly place high ^? ( ,adonis & ,dionysus1 ( ,aphrodite-,a/>te1 & ( ! local gods or goddesses1 ! ,baalim & ,a%t>e?1 su* z ! maid5 :o1 z we le>nt f ,malalas1 0 sacrific$ at ! orig9al f\ndation ( ! city1 & ev] aft] wor%ipp$ z its ,ty*e or ,=tune4 ,9 o!r words1 ! conception ( ! human god1 ( ! corn & w9e god1 ( ! dea? ( ! god1 & ( 8 glori\s resurrection1 mu/ h all be5 p]fectly famili> ideas to ! p ( ,antio* & ( ,syria 9 g5]al4 ,let u note "h1 too1 t ! p>ticul> gr\p ( ,jah-weh-wor%ipp]s among :om ! ,*ri/ is said to h f\nd 8 p]sonal foll[]s1 7 n p ( ! prie/ly type ( ,j]usalem1 b ,galilan peasants ( ! nor!rn m\nta9s1 sep>at$ f ! mo/ or?odox set ( ,jews by ! intrusive w$ge ( h]etical ,sam>itans1 & closely bord]+ on ! hea!n ,pho5ician seabo>d--8! coa/s ( ,tyre & ,sidon40 ,"h ,judaism & hea!nism m>*$ toge!r2 "h ,jahweh _h 8 wor%ipp]s among ! fi%]s ( ! lake1 :ile ,hell5ism _h fix$ itself 9 ! /ateli] villas ( ,tib]ias & ,ptole-mais4 ,alex&ria 0 ano!r ( ! great cosmopolitan seaport t[ns :]e ,*ri/ianity made its e>lie/ conv]ts1 & assum$ n a few ( its di/9ctive t5ets4 ,n[1 9 ,alex&ria1 ,hell5ism & ! immemorially anci5t ,egyptian religion f\nd !mselves face to face at v close #cfhqu>t]s4 ,x is true1 ! t[n 9 its hi/orical aspect 0 ma9ly ,greek1 f\nd$ by ! great ,mac$onian himself1 & prid+ itself on its pure ,hell5ic culture4 ,b ! mass ( ! l[] ord]s :o ?rong$ its alleys mu/ surely h consi/$ ( m or less mongrel ,egyptians1 /ill cl++ ) all ! old ,egyptian cons]vatism to ! ideas & practices & rites ( _! fa!rs4 ,besides ^!1 we get h9ts ( a l>ge cosmopolitan seaf>+ population1 among :om /range fai?s & exotic gods f\nd ready acceptance4 ,beside ! /ately =ms ( ! ,greek pan!on1 & ! mummifi$ or animal-head$ ,egyptian deities1 ! import$ ,syrian wor%ip ( ,adonis _h acquir$ a firm foot+2 ! annual fe/ival ( ! slaught]$ god 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal holidays2 & o!r ,syrian or remot] fai?s _h manag$ to secure _! special foll[+4 ,! hybrid ,s]apis occupi$ ! /atelie/ fane ( ! hybrid city4 ,9 t huge & busy hive1 inde$1 e =m ( cult f\nd a recognis$ place1 & e cre$ 0 tol]at$ :i* did n inculcate int]f]5ce ) ! equal religi\s fre$om ( o!rs4 ,! ,ptolemaic family repres5ts 9 itself ?is curi\s adaptability ( ! ,grco-,egyptian ,alex&rian m9d4 ,at ,alex&ria & 9 ! ,delta1 ! k+s appe> be=e u z good ,hell5es1 wor%ipp+ _! ance/ral deities 9 spl5did temples2 b 9 ! ,!baid1 ! god ,ptolemy or ! goddess ,cleopatra erect$ build+s 9 honor ( ,ptah or ,khem 9 precisely ! old ,egyptian /yle1 & appe>$ on _! propyla 9 ! guise ( ,ph>aohs engag$ 9 wor%ipp+ ,am5-,ra or ,osiris4 ,! great ,alex&] himself _h inaugurat$ ?is sy/em :5 he gave himself out z ! son ( 8,zeus ,ammon02 & 8 indirect repres5tatives c>ri$ x on ?r\gh\t ) a curi\s dualism :i* excus$ itself "u ! veil ( arbitr>y id5tifications4 ,?us ,s]apis himself 0 ! dead ,apis bull1 inve/$ ) ! attributes ( an ,osiris & ( ! ,hell5ic ,hades2 :ile ,am5-,ra 0 ,zeus 9 an ,egyptian avat>4 ,! l>ge ,jewi% colony at ,alex&ria also prep>$ ! way #cfi;= ! ultimate admixture ( ,neo-,platonism 9 ! ,*ri/ian fai?2 :ile ! ,egyptian belief 9 ,triads ( gods =m$ ! gr\ndwork = ! future doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 s dogg$ly battl$ = by ! ,alex&rian ,a?anasius4 ,x is true t ,ampre & ,prell] h /r5u\sly d5i$ any ,egyptian admixture 9 ! philosophy ( ,alex&ria2 & _! reason+ may be conclusive en\gh z to ! upp] /ratum ( ?\ght3 b x mu/ at lea/ be admitt$ t popul> belief 9 ! city ( ! ,ptolemies mu/ h be5 deeply col\r$ by ! ideas & cre$s ( its ,egyptian sub/ratum4 ,n[1 9 ! gr[? ( ,*ri/ianity1 x 0 ! p :o c\nt$1 n ! (ficial classes1 ! le>n$1 or ! philosophic4 ,we mu/ n attribute to ! population ( ! ,ea/ ,end ( ,london ! !ology ( ,pusey or ! evolutionism ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,*ri/ianity w\ld seem also to h tak5 "p at lea/ ( its =m 9 ,rome4 ,& z ,roman influ5ce ext5d$ likewise ov] e portion ( ! va/ empire1 ,i mu/ say a v few words "h ab\t ! orig9 & gr[? ( ! ,roman religion4 ,t religion1 z x comes ^u u 9 ! few glimpses we get ( its e>ly ,italic & pre-,hell5is$ =m1 0 "o ( ! rude/ & mo/ primitive type1 almo/ savage 9 its extreme simplicity4 ,x knew h>dly any great gods by "n3 ! few deities x possess$1 x express$ only = ! mo/ "p by adjectival names4 ,few1 ,i say1 z to type1 = z to numb] ( individuals1 _! "n inde$ 0 legion2 !y p]vad$ ! :ole1 _w 9 t reckless multiplicity :i* di/+ui%es ! simple gho/s or spirits ( e>ly hunt+ or pa/oral peoples4 ,) ! ,romans1 ?is multiplicity1 ubiquity1 & vagu5ess surviv$ into a relatively settl$ & civilis$ agricultural condition4 ,a va/ numb] ( small dep>tm5tal gods1 ) few or no great ones--t is ! fir/ /ate ( ! ,roman pan!on4 ,! c5tral po9t ( old ,roman religion 0 cle>ly ! h\sehold2 ! family gho/s or l>es 7 ! mo/ hon\r$ #cgj;gods4 ,we may in/ructively comp>e ,mr4 ,*alm]s's acc\nt ( ! !ology ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,beside ^! ance/ral %ades1 or almo/ id5tical ) !m1 came ! pnates or practical deities ( ! /ore-room1 p]haps ! repres5tatives ( ! victims sla9 z f\ndation-gho/s at ! fir/ erection ( ! build+4 ,( ^! two1 ! ,l>es 7 und\bt$ly ! dep>t$ ance/ors ( ! family2 !y liv$ ne> ! spot :]e !y 7 fir/ buri$ 7= ! old ,romans 7 buri]s71 & !y /ill presid$ ov] ! h\sehold z 9 life1 l its fa!rs & s5ators4 ,!y 7 wor%ipp$ daily ) pray]s & simple (f]+s ( food & dr9k2 _! masks or bu/s :i* hung on ! wall 7 p]haps ! repres5tatives1 or 9 anci5t days ! cov]+s1 ( ! old oracul> heads or skulls2 = ! skulls !mselves may h be5 pres]v$ 9 wax1 z s (t5 else:]e at an e>li] p]iod4 99 ,! ,p5ates1 :i* 7 wor%ipp$ ) ! ,l>es1 seem to h /ood = ! family _s 9 a m g5]alis$ way2 !y repres5t ! cont9uity & p]si/5ce ( its ,=tune2 & !re=e1 if we may tru/ ! analogy ( ! ,=tune ( a t[n1 !y are probably ! gho/s ( ! f\ndation or r5ewal victims4 ,9 judg+ ( all ?is1 we _c atta* too great importance to ! analogy ( ,negritto & ,polynesian cu/oms4 99 ,to ?is use ( ! oracul> head ,i w\ld v5ture also to ref] ! common employm5t ( small masks z amulets3 an employm5t :i*1 z ,bottig] rightly rem>ks1 expla9s 8! va/ numb] ( su* subjects met ) 9 antique gems40 ,o!r deities are m public4 ,b mo/ ( !m seem to belong to ! simple/ & mo/ imm$iately gho/-l /ratum4 ,!y _h to d ) s[+1 reap+1 & v9tage--9 o!r words1 7 corn or w9e gods4 ,or else !y _h to d ) ! navigable riv]1 ! ,tib]1 & ! port ( ,o/ia1 :i* lay at its m\?--9 o!r words1 7 spr+ & riv] gods4 ,or else !y _h to d ) w> & exp$itions--9 o!r words 7 slaught]$ campaign gods ( ! ,iphig5ia patt]n1 ,bellonas & battle-victims4 ,among #cga?is dim cr[d ( eld] manufactur$ deities1 ,saturnus1 ! s[+ god1 0 mo/ likely an annual corn-victim2 8 adjectival "n by itself sugge/s t conclusion4 ,t]m9us1 ! b\nd>y god1 is already famili> to u4 ,ab\t ^! two at lea/ we c h>dly be mi/ak54 ,a r$-hair$ man 7z 9 ,egypt7 no d\bt prec$$ z ye>ly corn-victim ! r$-hair$ puppies /ill slaught]$ = ! crops )9 ! k5 ( ,fe/us4 ,seia1 ,segetia1 ,tutil9a1 ! successive corn-deities1 we h already consid]$4 ,!y seem to equate ) ! successive maid5s sla9 = ! corn 9 o!r communities1 & /ill commemorat$ 9 our mid/ by ! corn-baby & ! corn-wife4 ,at ea* /age ( age 9 ! corn1 a correspond+ /age 9 ! age ( ! human victim 0 consid]$ desirable4 ,b h[ reconcile ?is idea ) ! exi/5ce ( num]\s petty functional deities--gods ( ! door & ! h+e8--) ! ,cun9a :o gu>ds ! *ild 9 ! cradle1 & ! ,/at9a :o takes c>e ( him :5 he beg9s to /&8 ,i answ]1 all ^! are b adjectival gods1 m]e gho/s or spirits1 unkn[n 9 !mselves1 b conceiv$ z ex]cis+ ?is p>ticul> function4 8,! god t does s-&-s0 is j a conv5i5t expression1 no m2 x s]ves its purpose1 & t 0 en\gh = ! practical ,roman4 ,h[ readily !y c\ld put up ) ^! r\gh-&-ready id5tifications we "k 9 ! case ( ,aius ,locutius & ( ! ,deus ,r$iculus4 ,ea* ,t]m9us & ea* ,silvanus is ?us ! god or protect+ gho/ ( ea* b\nd>y /one or ea* sacr$ grove--n a prop] "n1 b a class--n a p>ticul> god1 b a k9d ( _s4 ,! g5]alis$ & ab/ract gods are lat] unifications ( all ! individuals includ$ 9 ea* g5us4 ,! ,janus1 ,i take x1 0 at fir/ ! victim once sacrific$ annually be=e ea* gate ( ! city1 z he is sacrific$ /ill on ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa3 z ! god ( op5+1 he 0 slaught]$ at ! op5+ ( e new ye>2 & ! ye> conv]sely op5$ its c\rse ) ! mon? sacr$ to ! god ( op5+4 ,p]haps he 0 also sla9 #cgb;z =tune at ! beg9n+ ( ea* w>4 ,! ,ve/a is ! he>?-goddess2 & e h\se _h its ,ve/a2 p]haps orig9ally a slaught]$ he>?-victim4 ,e man _h 9 l mann] 8 ,g5ius1 an ance/ral protect+ _s2 ! correspond+ gu>dian ( ! woman 0 h] ,juno2 !y desc5d to ,*ri/ianity1 especially 9 its mo/ di/9ctive ,roman =m1 z ! gu>dian angels4 ,m>s 0 a corn-_s2 only lat] 0 he id5tifi$ ) ! exp$ition>y god4 ,8 annual expulsion z ! human scapegoat has already be5 consid]$4 ,! ,jupit] or ,jovis 0 a multiple w9e-god1 d\btless 9 e case ! annual victim sla91 ,dionysus-wise1 = ! b5efit ( ! v9ey>d4 ,ea* village & ea* f>m _h once its ,jovis1 specially wor%ipp$1 &1 ,i d\bt n1 orig9ally slaught]$1 at ! broa*+ ( ! ye>'s fir/ w9e-cask 9 ,april4 ,b 8 "n %[s t1 z usual1 he 0 also id5tifi$ ) t v anci5t ,sky-god :o is common to all ! ,aryan race2 ! p>ticul> ,jovis be+ probably sacrific$1 himself to himself1 be=e ! old ,sky-god's alt>1 z else:]e ! ,dionysus-victim at ! %r9e ( ,dionysus4 ,^! id5tifications1 ,i "k1 may s\nd fanciful to m]e classical s*ol>s1 unacqua9t$ ) ! rec5t advances 9 an?ropology1 & ,i w\ld n h v5tur$ to prop\nd !m at an e>li] /age ( our involv$ argum5t2 b n[ t we h se5 & le>n$ to recognise ! extraord9>y simil>ity ( all pan!ons ! :ole _w ov]1 ,i ?9k ! exact way ^! deities fall into l9e ) ! wall-gods1 gate-gods1 corn-gods1 w9e-gods1 b\nd>y-gods1 =e/-gods1 f\nta9-gods1 & riv]-gods ev]y:]e else mu/ surely be all[$ "s little weight 9 analogically plac+ !m4 ,! lat] ,roman religion only wid5s1 if at all1 f )9 its own range1 by ! inclusion ( l>g] & l>g] tribal elem5ts4 ,?us ! ,deus ,fidius1 :o presid$ ov] ea* sep>ate alliance1 ,i take to be ! gho/ ( ! victim sla9 to =m a cov5ant2 j z 9 ,africa to ?is day1 :5 #cgctwo tribes h conclud$ a treaty ( peace1 !y crucify a slave 8to ratify ! b>ga940 ,! nature ( su* cov5ant victims has be5 well illu/rat$ by ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?1 b ! gr[? ( ! cov5ant-gods1 :o f9ally assum$ v wide importance1 is a subject :i* consid]ations ( space prev5t me f includ+ 9 our pres5t purview4 ,! victim1 at fir/ no d\bt human1 became lat] a !an?ropic animal2 z did also ! ,jo vis-victim & ! repres5tatives ( ! o!r adjectival or dep>tm5tal deities4 ,! ,roman ,m>s & ! ,sab9e ,ouir9us may readily h be5 amalgamat$ into a ,m>s ,ouir9us1 if we rememb] t ,m>s is probably a g5]al "n1 & t any numb] ( ,m>tes may at any "t h be5 sacrific$4 ,! ,jovis ( ! city ( ,rome ?us comes at la/ to be ! greate/ & mo/ p[]ful ,jupit] ( !m all1 & ! repres5tative ( ! ,roman union4 ,"u ,hell5is+ influ5ces1 h[ev]1 all ^! m9or gods get elevat$ at la/ into g5]alis$ deities2 & ! animal victims (f]$ to !m become m]e honorific or piacul> sacrifices1 h>dly id5tifi$ at all ) ! great images :o receive !m4 ,! ,hell5is+ process w5t s f>1 inde$1 at ,rome t ! old ,roman religion grew completely obscur$1 & almo/ disappe>$1 save 9 its dome/ic "*4 ,9 ! home1 ! ,l>es /ill held ! fir/ rank4 ,else:]e1 ,bac*us took ! place ( ,lib]1 :ile ! traits ( ,h]mes 7 fa/5$ on ! adjectival ,roman b>ga9-_s ,m]curius4 ,yet ev5 s1 ! ,roman reta9$ 8 primitive belief 9 corn & w9e gods1 "u ! new] guises2 8 ,c]es he saw z "o ) ! ,attic ,demet]2 8 rural c]emonies /ill cont9u$ un*ang$ by ! *ange ( attributes t infect$ & transfigur$ ! city temples4 ,moreov]1 ! ,romans1 & lat] ! cosmopolitan population ( ,rome1 borr[$ gods & goddesses freely f )\t 9 ev] increas+ numb]s4 ,9 v e>ly days1 !y borr[$ f ,etruria2 lat]1 !y borr[$ ,apollo f ,greece1 & 7by an etymological blund]7 #cgd;fix$ ^u _! own ,h]cules ! traits ( ,h]acles4 ,on ! occasion ( a plague1 !y publicly summon$ ,asclepios1 ! ,greek lee*-god1 f ,epidaurus2 & at ! v crisis ( ! life-&-dea? conflict ) ,hannibal1 !y fet*$ ! sacr$ field-/one kn[n z ,cybele1 ! ,"m ( ! ,gods1 f ,pess9us 9 ,phrygia4 ,! p ( ,pess9us ) /range compliance let _! goddess g2 & ! :ole orgia/ic cult ( ,attis 0 ?us transport$ entire to ,italian soil4 ,! rites ( ! great fe/ival 7 c>ri$ on at ,rome almo/ z !y _h be5 c>ri$ on be=e 9 ,phrygia2 s t an ,asiatic wor%ip ( ! mo/ riot\s type f\nd a firm (ficial foot+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! empire4 ,! prie/1 inde$1 0 /ill an ,asiatic1 or at lea/ n a ,roman2 b ! expulsion ( ,hannibal f ,italy :i* foll[$ on ?is adoption ( a =eign god1 mu/ h greatly increas$ ! pre/ige & reputation ( ! ali5 & orgia/ic deity4 ,! luxuri\s ,aphrodite ( ,eryx 9 ,sicily arriv$ 9 ,rome ab\t ! same "t ) ,cybele4 ,orig9ally a ,semitic goddess1 %e comb9$ ! ,hell5ic & ori5tal ideas1 & 0 id5tifi$ 9 ,italy ) ! old ,lat9 ,v5us4 ,lat] /ill1 yet o!r gods 7 import$ f )\t4 ,new deities fl[$ 9 f ,asia & ,africa4 ,! population ( ! city "u ! e>ly empire _h almo/ ceas$ to be ,roman1 save 9 ! upp] /rata2 a va/ numb] ( slaves f all p>ts ( ! _w =m$ ! l[e/ lay] 9 ! cr[d$ vaults3 ! middle rank 0 fill$ by ,syrians1 ,africans1 ,greeks1 ,sicilians1 ,moors1 & fre$m5--m5 ( all places & races f ,spa9 or ,brita9 to ! ,euphrates & ! ,nile1 ! /eppes & ! des]t4 ,! ,orontes1 said ,juv5al1 _h flood$ ! ,tib]4 ,among ?is mix$ mass ( all cre$s & col\rs1 subfusk or gold5-hair$1 a curi\s mixture ( religions grew up4 ,"s ( ^! 7 m]e ready-made =eign importations--,isis-wor%ip f ,egypt2 ,jahweh-wor%ip f ,juda2 /range ea/]n or nor!rn or ,african cults f ! remote/ p>ts ( ,pontus or ,mauritania4 ,o!rs 7 int]mixtures #cgeor rationalisations ( old] religions1 su* z ,*ri/ianity1 :i* m+l$ toge!r ,judaism & ,adonis or ,osiris elem5ts2 su* z ,gno/icism1 :i*1 />t+ f ,zoroa/rian infiltrations1 knead$ all ! gods ( ! _w at la/ into its own supreme my/ic & magic-god ,abraxas4 ,look+ a little deep] ?r\gh ! empire 9 g5]al1 we see t f ! "t ( ,augu/us onw>d1 ! ne$ = a new cosmopolitan religion1 to fit ! new cosmopolitan /ate1 0 beg9n+ to be dimly felt & ackn[l$g$4 ,soldi]s1 enli/$ 9 "o c\ntry1 took ! cult & images ( _! gods to ano!r4 ,! bull-slay+ ,mi?ra 79 :om we c h>dly fail to see a sol> =m ( ! bull-god1 :o sacrifices a bull1 himself to himself1 be=e 8 own alt>7 0 wor%ipp$ "h & !re1 z num]\s bas-reliefs %[1 f ,p]sia to ,brita94 ,! ,gaul endeav\r$ to id5tify 8 own local w>-gods ) ! ,roman ,m>s1 :o _h be5 ,hell5is$ 9 turn into ! duplicate pres5tm5t ( ! ,greek ,ares4 ,! ,briton saw 8 riv]-gods remodell$ 9 mosaic into images l ^? ( ,roman ,tib]1 or provid$ ) ! f\r horses :o drag ! ,roman ,neptune1 z ,neptune _h borr[$ ! repres5tation at lea/ f ! ,greek ,poseidon4 ,& ?is 0 all ! easi] because ev]y:]e alike horses 7 sacrific$ to sea or riv]1 9 lieu ( human victims2 j z ev]y:]e corn-gods 7 dress$ 9 gre51 & ev]y:]e w9e-gods wore coronals ( v9e-leaves on _! holy =eheads4 ,m5 felt ! tru? ,i h tri$ to impress1 t ev]y:]e & always !re is b "o religion4 ,attributes & orig9 7 s mu* alike t wor%ip 0 rapidly und]go+ a cosmopolitanisation ( "n1 z x already possess$ a simil>ity ( rites & und]ly+ features4 ,language itself assi/$ ?is unify+ process4 ,9 ! we/1 z ,lat9 spread1 ,lat9 names ( gods sup]s$$ local ones2 9 ! ea/1 z ,greek spread1 ,hell5ic deities gave _! titles & _! beautiful =ms to native images4 ,an artificial unity 0 introduc$ #cgf;& fix$ by a conv5tional li/ ( ,greek & ,roman equival5ts2 & 9 ! we/1 z ,greek art ga9$ gr\nd & spread1 noble ,greek repres5tations ( ! high] gods 9 ideal human =m became ev]y:]e common4 ,b t 0 n en\gh4 ,z ! gov]nm5t 0 "o1 "u a /rong c5tralis$ despotism1 x 0 b natural t ! religion %\ld be "o also1 "u ! rule ( a4 simil> omnipot5t deity4 ,man makes 8 heav5 9 ! image ( e>?2 8 pan!on answ]s to 8 political con/itution4 ,! m$iaeval hall ( heav5 _h an imp]ial ,god1 l ! ,o?os or ! ,fr$]icks1 on 8 regal ?rone1 surr\nd$ by a c\rt ( great b>ons & abbots 9 ! angels & ar*angels1 ! sa9ts & m>tyrs3 ! new religions1 l spiritualism & ,!osophy1 :i* spr+ up 9 ! mod]n democratic _w1 are religions ( free & indep5d5t spirits1 h>dly ev5 !i/ic4 ,! ,roman empire ?us dem&$ a s+le religion "u a s+le /rong god4 ,x t5d$ to f9d x1 if n 9 ! ,g5ius ( ,trajan or ,anton9e1 !n 9 "s bull-slay+ ,mi?ra or "s univ]sal ,abraxas4 ,mat]iali/s 7 satisfi$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! ,emp]or or ( ! city ( ,rome3 ideali/s turn$ r to ,isis or to ,*ri/4 ,"o religion !re 0 :i* might h answ]$ ! turn ( ! empire3 ! pure & ideal mono!ism ( ,juda4 ,b ! cult ( ,jahweh 0 too local & too national2 x nev] ext5d$ beyond ! real or adopt$ sons ( ,israel4 ,ev5 s1 x ga9$ proselytes ( high rank at ,rome1 especially among wom52 z reg>ds m51 ! pa9ful & degrad+ initiatory c]emony ( ,judaism mu/ always h /ood s]i\sly 9 ! way ( conv]ts4 ,yet 9 spite ( ?is drawback1 !re 7 proselytes 9 all ! cosmopolitan cities :]e ! ,jews 7 settl$2 m5 :o lov$ _! nation & _h built !m a synagogue4 ,if ,judaism c\ld b get rid ( its national exclusiv5ess1 & c\ld incorporate into its god "s m ( ^? g5ial & univ]sal traits :i* he _h too e>ly %uffl$ (f--if #cgg;x c\ld make itself less au/]e1 less ab/ract1 & at ! same "t less local--!re 0 a *ance t x might rise to be ! religion ( humanity4 ,! dream ( ! prophets might /ill come true & all ! _w might draw nigh to ,zion4 ,at ?is critical juncture1 an obscure little sect began to appe> among ! ,jews & ,galilans1 9 ,j]usalem & ,antio*1 :i* happ5$ to comb9e 9 a rem>kable degree all ! ma9 requirem5ts ( a new _w-religion4 ,& :atev] ! cult ( ,jesus lack$ 9 ?is respect 9 its fir/ beg9n+s1 x made up = z x w5t by absorption & p]meation4 ,x 0 a ,ca?olic ,*ur*3 x /ood = ! _w1 n = a tribe or a nation4 ,x 0 a ,holy ,*ur*3 x laid great /ress ^u ! e?ical elem5t4 ,x 0 a ,roman ,*ur*3 x grew & prosp]$ ?r\gh\t ! ,roman empire4 ,x made a city :at 0 once a _w4 ,:5ce x came & h[ x grew mu/ be our next & f9al que/ions4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4--,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,,:ile #cgh! _w 0 ?us see?+ & f]m5t+ ) new fai?s ! cre$ ( ! ,*ri/ made its fir/ appe>ance on ! seabo>d ( ,asia4 ,9 spite ( c]ta9 rem>ks 9 my fir/ *apt]1 ,i am n su* a 8gross & crass ,euhem]i/0 z to insi/ dogmatically on ! hi/orical exi/5ce ( a p]sonal ,jesus4 ,( ! ,*ri/ himself1 if a ,*ri/ !re 71 we "k little or no?+4 ,! acc\nt ( 8 life :i* has come d[n to u 9 ! ,gospels is s devoid ( au?ority1 & s entirely built up ( miracul\s fragm5ts1 d]iv$ f else:]e1 t we may well be excus$ = gravely d\bt+ :e!r he is n r to be numb]$ ) ,/4 ,george & ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 ) ,p]seus & ,ar?ur1 among ! :olly my?ical & imag9>y figures ( leg5d & religion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is q possible1 or ev5 probable1 t !re really did live 9 ,galilee1 at "s "t ab\t ! beg9n+ ( our accept$ era1 a tea*] & re=m] be>+ ! ,semitic "n :i* is f9ally ,hell5is$ & ,lat9is$ = u z ,jesus4 ,if s1 x seems n unlikely t ?is unkn[n p]son 0 crucifi$ 7or r hung on a po/7 by ! ,romans at ,j]usalem "u ! ,procurator ,c4 ,pontius ,pilatus2 & t aft] 8 dea? he 0 wor%ipp$ m or less z a god by 8 imm$iate foll[]s4 ,su* k]nel ( tru? may v well exi/ 9 ! late & d]ivative ,gospel /ory2 a k]nel ( tru?1 b imb$d$ 9 a mass ( unhi/orical my?1 :i* implicitly id5tifies him ) all ! famili> corn-gods & w9e-gods ( ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean4 ,fur!rmore1 #cgi;x is ev5 possible t ! ,*ri/ may h be5 delib]ately put to dea?1 at ! in/igation ( ! ,jewi% rabble1 z "o ( ^? tempor>y div9e k+s ^: nature & mean+ we h already discuss$4 ,if ?is sugge/ion seem improbable f ! lack ( any simil> record$ case 9 ! scanty ,jewi% annals1 ,i w\ld answ] t =mal hi/ories seldom give u any h9t ( ! simil> cu/oms /ill surviv+ 9 civilis$ ,european c\ntries2 t _m popul> rites exi/ unhe>d ( ev]y:]e2 & t ! ,jews 7 commonly believ$ ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages to crucify ,*ri/ian boys1 l ,/4 ,hugh ( ,l9coln1 9 c]ta9 irregul> & unrecognis$ e?nical c]emonies4 ,fur!rmore1 le/ ,i %\ld be ?\ght to adduce ?is in/ance ?r\gh an anti-,semite t5d5cy 7:i* ,i d n 9 ! slighte/ degree possess71 ,i may add t ev5 among ,*ri/ians simil> cu/oms are believ$ to exi/ 9 rural p>ts ( ,italy at ! pres5t day1--!re are villages :]e a man dies ye>ly z ! repres5tative ( ,*ri/2 & t 9 my op9ion ! ,ob]amm]gau & o!r ,passion ,plays are survivals ( l repres5tations 9 :i* a condemn$ crim9al1 ! usual sub/itute1 did once actually enact ! "p ( ,*ri/4 ,9 %ort1 ,i d n hesitate to say t god-slay+ c]emonies1 m or less att5uat$1 h l+]$ on ev]y:]e 9 obscure =ms among ! folk-rites & folk-cu/oms ( ! mo/ civilis$ peoples4 ,)\t do+ m ?an briefly indicate ?is possibility1 h[ev]1 ,i pass on to say t if ev] !re 0 really a p]sonal ,*ri/1 & if 8 foll[]s began by vaguely believ+ 9 8 resurrection1 ! leg5d1 z we get x1 is obvi\sly made up ( collect$ fragm5ts f all ! godslay+ cu/oms & beliefs we h be5 consid]+ 9 detail ?r\gh ! la/ six or sev5 *apt]s4 ,9 ! ,gospel ( 8 lat] believ]s1 aft] ! sect _h spread widely among ! ,g5tiles ( ! t[ns1 ,jesus is conceiv$ ( z a corn & w9e god1 a tempor>y k+1 sla9 on a cross z a piacul> atonem5t1 & rais$ aga9 f ! dead aft] #chj?ree days1 9 ! mann] common to all corn & w9e gods4 ,x is possible1 ( c\rse1 t ! fir/ believ]s may h fa/5$ all ^! ideas on to an accid5tal condemnation & execution1 s to speak2 b x is possible too t ! ,*ri/ may actually h be5 put to dea? at ! great spr+ fea/ ( ! ,passov]1 9 accordance ) "s obscure & unrecognis$ folk-rite ( ! rabble ( ,j]usalem4 ,i d n ev5 pret5d to h an op9ion on ?is subject2 ,i d n ass]t or d5y any hi/orical nucleus ( fact3 ,i am satisfi$ ) say+ t ! /ory on ! :ole exhibits ! ,*ri/ to u entirely 9 ! "* ( a tempor>y k+1 sla9 ) piacul> rites z a corn & w9e god4 ,9 ?is case at lea/1 ,i am no dogmatic ,euhem]i/4 ,i ?9k x 0 ,pr(essor ,freeman :o once qua9tly describ$ ,buddhism z 8a blasphem\s anticipatory p>ody ( ,*ri/ianity40 ,! le>n$ hi/orian's idea app>5tly 0 t ! au?or ( all evil1 be+ aw>e be=eh& ( ! div9e int5tions1 _h inv5t$ ,buddhism be=e ! adv5t ( ,*ri/1 s z to disc\nt ! ,*ri/ian ,plan ( ,salvation by anticipation4 ,if s1 we mu/ reg>d all o!r religions z simil> blasphem\s attempts at =e/all+ ,god3 = we %all see z we proce$ t e "o ( !m conta9s innum]able anticipations ( ,*ri/ianity--or1 to put x conv]sely1 t ,*ri/ianity subsumes !m all into itself1 9 a highly conc5trat$ & e!realis$ solution4 ,9 ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian docum5ts1 ! ,paul9e & o!r ,apo/olic ,epi/les1 we get little in=mation ab\t ! hi/ory ( ! real or my?ical ,*ri/4 ,%ad[y allusions alone to ! crucifixion & ! resurrection repay our scrut9y4 ,b ?r\gh ! mi/ ( words we see two or ?ree ?+s cle>ly4 ,! ,*ri/ is describ$ z ! son ( ,god--t is to say ( ! ,jewi% deity2 & he is spok5 ( cont9ually z sla9 on a po/ or tree1 ! sacr$ symbol ( s _m old religions4 ,he dies to save mank9d2 & salvation is (f]$ 9 8 "n to all m54 ,a c>eful read+ #cha( ! epi/les f ?is po9t ( view w give 9 brief an epitome ( ! e>lie/ & lea/ dogmatic yet v doctr9al ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,its c>d9al po9ts are f\r --inc>nation1 dea?1 resurrection1 atonem5t4 ,! lat] acc\nts :i* we get 9 ! ,gospels are f> m explicit4 ,! leg5d by t "t _h tak5 =m3 x _h gr[n cle> & consi/5t4 ,all ! elem5ts ( ! sla9 & ris5 corn & w9e god are !re 9 p]fection4 ,= brevity's sake1 ,i w run all ^! acc\nts toge!r1 add+ to !m c]ta9 traits ( /ill lat] orig94 ,! aspect ( ,*ri/ z a survival ( ! corn-god is already cle> 9 ,paul's argum5t 9 ,fir/ ,cor9?ians on ! resurrection ( ! body4 ,?is argum5t w\ld /rike home at once to e ,greek & e ,asiatic4 8,t :i* y s[ is n quick5$ unless x die4 ,& :5 y s[1 y s[ n ! body t is to be1 b b>e gra92 x may be :eat or any o!r gra94 ,b ,god gives x a %ape z pleases him2 to e se$ its own body40 ,! :ole ( ?is fifte5? *apt]1 ! e>lie/ /atem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian belief1 %\ld be read ?r\gh 9 ?is connexion by any "o :o wi%es to und]/& ! close relation ( ! idea ( s[+ to ! resurrection4 ,x might h be5 writt5 by any wor%ipp] ( ,adonis or ,osiris :o wi%$ to recomm5d 8 special doctr9e ( a bodily resurrection to a d\btful cremationi/1 famili> ) ! cult ( ,dionysus & ( ,attis4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n rite ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* 0 ! sacram5tal eat+ & dr9k+ ( bread & w9e toge!r2 :i* rite 0 said to commemorate ! dea? ( ! ,"l1 & 8 la/ supp]1 :5 he eat & drank bread & w9e ) 8 disciples4 ,! language put into 8 m\? on ?is occasion 9 ! ,gospels1 especially ! ,f\r?1 is di/9ctly t ( ! corn & w9e god4 8,i am ! true v9e2 ye are ! bran*es40 8,i am ! bread ( life40 8,take1 eat1 ?is is my body40 8,?is is my blood ( ! new te/am5t40 ,numb]less o!r t\*es ( l k9d are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! spee*es4 ,9 ! p>able #chb( ! v9ey>d1 ,god ! ,fa!r is describ$ z ! own] ( a v9ey>d1 :o s5ds 8 only begott5 son to receive ! fruit ( x3 & ! work]s slay him4 ,! fir/ miracle at ,cana ( ,galilee is "o :]e wat] is turn$ into w9e by ! h& ( ,jesus3 & s on ?r\gh a long s]ies ( curi\s in/ances1 :i* read]s c discov] = !mselves by inspection4 ,9 e>ly ,*ri/ian art1 z exhibit$ 9 ! catacombs at ,rome1 ! true v9e is mo/ frequ5tly figur$2 z are also baskets ( loaves1 ) ! correspond+ miracle ( ! loaves & fi%es4 ,multiplication ( bread & w9e are ! natural cr$5tials ( ! corn & w9e god4 ,! e>lie/ description we possess ( ,*ri/1 t ( ,john ( ,damascus1 /ates t 8 complexion 0 8( ! col\r ( :eat02 :ile 9 ! apocryphal lett] ( ,l5tulus to ! ,roman ,s5ate we read 9 ! same _s t 8 hair 0 8w9e-col\r$40 ,! ,greek description by ,epiphanius ,mona*us says t ,*ri/ 0 six feet high2 8 hair long & gold5-col\r$2 & 9 c\nt5ance he 0 ruddy l 8 fa!r ,david4 ,all ^! descriptions are obvi\sly influ5c$ by ! id5tification ( ! bread & w9e ( ! eu*>i/ ) ! p]sonal ,jesus4 ,9 ! usage ( ! *ur* f v e>ly days1 x has be5 cu/om>y to eat ! body ( ,*ri/ 9 ! =m ( bread1 & to dr9k 8 blood z w9e 9 ! sacram5t4 ,9 ! ,ca?olic *ur*1 ?is cont9u\s c]emony takes place at an alt>1 conta9+ sacr$ bones1 & is repres5t$ z be+ ! (f]+ ( ,god1 himself to himself1 9 ! =m ( a my/ic & piacul> sacrifice4 ,! prie/ dr9ks ! w9e or blood2 ! laity eat only ! bread or body4 ,a curi\s cu/om :i* occurs 9 _m *ur*es ( ,sicily at ,ea/] /ill fur!r en=ces ?is unity ( ,*ri/ ) ! cult ( e>li] corn & w9e gods1 l ,adonis & ,osiris4 ,! wom5 s[ :eat1 l5tils1 & can>y-se$ 9 plates1 :i* are kept 9 ! d>k & wat]$ e second day4 ,! plants soon %oot up2 !y are !n ti$ toge!r #chc) r$ ribbons1 & ! plates conta9+ !m are plac$ on ! sepul*res :i*1 ) effigies ( ! dead ,*ri/1 are made up 9 ,roman ,ca?olic & ,greek *ur*es on ,good ,friday1 8j z ! g>d5s ( ,adonis10 says ,mr4 ,fraz]1 87 plac$ on ! grave ( ! dead ,adonis40 ,9 ?is curi\s c]emony we get a survival f ! v l[e/ /ratum ( corn-god wor%ip2 ! /ratum :]e an actual human victim is kill$1 & corn & o!r crops are s[n above 8 body4 ,ev5 :]e ! s[+ itself no long] survives1 ! sepul*re rema9s z a relic ( ! same antique ritual4 ,su* sepul*res are ev]y:]e common at ,ea/]1 z are ! cradles ( ! *ild-god at ! fea/ ( ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,! ,piet is ! f9al =m ( ?is m\rn+ ( ! corn-god by ! holy wom54 ,pass+ on to ! o!r aspects ( ,*ri/ z corn-god & div9e-human victim1 we see t he is d\bly recognis$ z god & man1 l all ! simil> gods ( e>ly races4 ,9 ! spee*es put into 8 m\? by 8 biograph]s1 he con/antly claims ! ,jewi% god z 8 fa!r4 ,moreov]1 he is a k+2 & 8 k+ly desc5t f 8 ance/or ,david is insi/$ ^u 9 ! g5ealogies ) "s little p]si/5ce4 ,he is ,god inc>nate2 b also he is ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews1 & ! ,k+ ( ,glory4 ,wise m5 come f ! ea/ to wor%ip him1 & br+ gifts ( gold & myrrh & frank9c5se to ! infant ,god 9 8 mang] cradle4 ,b he is fur!r ! ,*ri/1 ! ano9t$ ( ,god2 &1 z we saw1 ano9tm5t is a common elem5t ) num]\s o!r div9e-human victims4 ,once m1 he is ! ,k+'s son2 & he is ! only begott5 son1 ! de>ly belov$ son1 :o is sla9 z an expiation = ! s9s ( ! p4 ,! heav5s op51 & a voice f !m decl>es1 8,?is is my belov$ son 9 :om ,i am well pleas$40 ,he is affiliat$1 l all o!r su* victims1 on ! old] & e>li] e?nical god1 ,jah-weh2 & ?\gh he is himself ,god1 & "o ) ! ,fa!r1 he is (f]$ up1 himself to himself1 9 expiation ( #chd! s9 committ$ by m5 aga9/ div9e ju/ice4 ,all ?is w\ld be famili> !ology inde$ to ! wor%ipp] ( ,osiris1 ,adonis1 & ,attis4 ,! common ,hebrew (f]+ 0 ! pas*al lamb2 !re=e ,*ri/ is envisag$ z ! ,lamb ( ,god1 t take? away ! s9s ( ! _w4 ,9 ! pa9t+s ( ! catacombs1 x is z a lamb t ! ,savi\r ( ! _w is (t5e/ repres5t$4 ,z a lamb he raises ano!r lamb1 ,laz>us2 z a lamb he turns ! wat] into w9e2 z a lamb he /rikes ! liv+ spr+s f ! rock on ! sp&rils ( ! s>cophagus ( ,junius ,bassus4 ,b 8 bir? 9 a mang] is also significant3 & 8 v9e & 8 dove are almo/ z frequ5t z 8 lamb 9 ! catacombs4 ,! ,gospel hi/ory repres5ts ! passion ( ,*ri/ ess5tially z ! sacrifice ( a tempor>y k+1 inve/$ ) all ! famili> elem5ts ( t e>ly ritual4 ,*ri/ ent]s ,j]usalem 9 royal /ate1 among popul> plaudits1 l ^? :i* always accompany ! tempor>y k+1 & ! ,attis or ,adonis4 ,he is m\nt$ on an ass1 ! royal bea/ ( ! ,semites4 ,! p fl+ d[n bran*es ( trees 9 8 pa?1 z !y always fl+ d[n p>ts ( gre5 trees be=e ! gods ( vegetation4 ,on ,palm ,sunday 8 *ur*es are /ill deck$ ) palm-bran*es or ) sprays ( will[-catk94 ,su* rites ) gre5 ?+s =m an integral "p ( all ! old rituals ( ! tree-god or ! corn-god1 & ( all ! mod]n ,european survivals 9 folk-lore--!y are equally f\nd 9 ! ,dionysiac fe/ival1 & 9 ! ,jack-9-!-,gre5 revels on ,engli% fair-days4 ,! connexion ) trees is also well m>k$ ?r\gh\t ! ,gospels2 & ! miracle ( ! b>r5 fig-tree is specially m5tion$ 9 close connexion ) ! entry into ,j]usalem4 ,! p z he ent]$ cri$ 8,hosanna0 to ! son ( ,david & ! prophetic words 7 suppos$ to be fulfill$1 8,behold1 ?y k+ come? unto !e1 meek1 sitt+ ^u an ass1 & a colt1 ! foal ( an ass40 ,! ,*ri/ goes z a will+ victim to ! cross2 he does n #ches]i\sly ask t ! cup %\ld pass f him4 ,he =etells 8 own dea?1 & volunt>ily submits to x ,b he is also b\ght ) a price--! ?irty pieces ( silv] paid to ,judas4 ,( all ?is1 we _h =eca/s 9 ! ,khond1 ! ,mexican1 & v>i\s o!r rituals4 ,fur!rmore1 !re is a trial--a d\ble trial1 be=e ! high prie/1 & be=e ,pilate4 ,su* trials1 we h se51 are common elem5ts ( ! mock-k+'s degradation4 ,l all o!r simil> victims1 ! ,*ri/1 aft] be+ treat$ l a mon>*1 is revil$ & spat ^u1 buffet$ & insult$4 ,he is b\nd ) cords1 & c>ri$ be=e ,pilate4 ,! procurator asks him1 8,art ?\ ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews80 & ! ,*ri/ by implication admits ! ju/ice ( ! title4 ,all ! subsequ5t episodes ( ! pa9ful drama are already famili> to u4 ,! sacr$ victim is cruelly sc\rg$ t 8 te>s may fl[4 ,z 9 o!r cases he is cr[n$ ) fl[]s or ) b>k1 9 ord] to m>k 8 position z k+ ( vegetation1 s "h he is cr[n$ ) a *aplet ( ?orns t adds to 8 ignom9y4 ,! sacr$ blood mu/ fl[ f ! sacr$ head4 ,b /ill1 he is clo!d ) purple & salut$ ) ! words1 8,hail1 ,k+ ( ! ,jews60 9 solemn irony4 ,he is /ruck on ! head ) a re$ by ! soldi]s3 yet ev5 z !y /rike1 !y b[ _! knees & wor%ip him4 ,!y give him to dr9k w9e1 m+l$ ) myrrh2 8b he receiv$ x n40 ,!n he is crucifi$ at ,golgo?a1 ! place ( a skull1 99 on a cross1 ! old sacr$ emblem ( s _m religions2 x be>s ! inscription1 8,! ,k+ ( ! ,jews10 by ord] ( ! ,procurator4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ! ,*ri/ he is m\rn$ ov]1 l ,adonis & ,osiris1 by ! holy wom51 includ+ 8 "m4 ,i d n ?9k ,i ne$ po9t out 9 detail ! _m close resemblances :i* exi/ betwe5 ! ,"m ( ! ,gods & ! ,"m ( ,god--! ,!otokos4 99 ,accord+ to m$iaeval leg5d1 ! skull 0 ,adam's1 & ! sacr$ blood :i* fell ^u x reviv$ x4 ,9 crucifixions1 a skull is g5]ally repres5t$ at ! foot ( ! cross4 ,! #chf?ieves crucifi$ ) ! ,savi\r h _! legs brok51 l _m o!r sacr$ victims2 b ! ,*ri/ himself has n a bone brok51 l ! pas*al lamb :i* 0 ! ,jewi% sub/itute = ! primitive human victim4 ,?us bo? ideas on ?is subject1 ! e>li] & ! lat]1 seem to f9d an appropriate place 9 ! hi/ory4 ,in/ead ( hav+ 8 legs brok51 h[ev]1 ! ,*ri/ has 8 side pi]c$2 & f x fl[s ! my/ic blood ( ! atonem5t1 9 :i* all ,*ri/ians are !oretically wa%$2 ?is baptism ( blood 7a lit]al reality 9 old] cults7 be+ already a famili> image at ! date ( ! ,apocalypse1 :]e ! robes ( ! elect are wa%$ :ite 9 ! blood ( ! lamb t 0 sla94 ,aft] ! crucifixion1 ! ,*ri/ is tak5 d[n & buri$4 ,b1 l all o!r corn & w9e gods1 he rises aga9 f ! dead on ! ?ird day--?is v p]iod ( ?ree days be+ already a conv5tional "o 9 simil> cases4 ,e "o ( ! surr\nd+s recalls ,osiris & ,attis4 ,x is ! wom5 once m :o see him fir/2 & aft]w>ds ! m54 ,f9ally1 he asc5ds into heav51 to 8 ,fa!r1 be=e ! wond]+ eyes ( 8 disciples & 8 "m4 ,9 ea* item ( ?is1 !re is no?+ ) :i* we are n already famili> else:]e4 ,i w n pursue ! analogy fur!r4 ,to d s w\ld be endless4 ,inde$1 ,i d n ?9k !re is an elem5t 9 ! ,gospel /ory :i* does n be> out ! p>allel "h sugge/$4 ,! slight incid5t ( ! visit to ,h]od1 = example1 is exactly analog\s to ! visit ( ! false ,osiris 9 mod]n ,egypt to ! gov]nor's h\se1 & ! visit ( ! tempor>y or mock k+ 9 s _m o!r cases to ! real k+'s palace4 ,! episode :]e ,h]od & 8 m5 ( w> array ! ,*ri/ 9 a gorge\s robe is ! equival5t ( ! episode ( ! ,mexican k+ array+ ! god-victim 9 royal dress1 & is also p>allel$ 9 num]\s o!r l dramas else:]e4 ,! wom5 :o prep>e spices & o9tm5ts = ! body recall ! ,adonis rites2 ,pilate wa%+ 8 h&s ( ! guilt ( condemnation #chgrecalls ! frequ5t episode ( ! slaught]]s ( ! god lay+ ! blame ^u o!rs1 or ca/+ x on ! knife1 or cry+ out1 8,we b\ght y ) a price2 we are guiltless40 ,:oev] w read c>efully ?r\gh ! ,gospel acc\nts1 side by side ) ,mr4 ,fraz]'s well-*os5 collection ( mock-k+ n>ratives1 w see = himself t endless o!r m9or traits crop up 9 ! /ory :i* may be equat$ ) num]\s simil> incid5ts 9 ! dea? & resurrection ( ! man-god else:]e4 ,! v subjects ( ! p>ables are 9 !mselves significant3 ! "l ( ! v9ey>d :o s5ds 8 son1 :om ! hir]s slay2 ! lab\r]s :o come at ! elev5? h\r3 ! s[] & ! good & bad gr\nd3 ! gra9 ( mu/>d-se$3 ! leav5 ( ! ,ph>isees3 ! se$ gr[+ secretly3 ! sons 9 ! v9ey>d4 ,x w be f\nd t almo/ all ( !m turn on ! key-note subjects ( bread & w9e1 or at lea/ ( se$-s[+4 ,by :at precise /ages ! /ory ( ! ,galilan man-god arose & fix$ itself ar\nd ! p]son ( ! real or my?ical ,jesus x w\ld be h>d to say4 ,already 9 ! epi/les we may cat* /ray glimpses1 9 ! g]m1 ( mo/ ( x4 ,already we notice /range h9ts & =e%ad[+s4 ,probably ! fir/ ,jewi% disciples _h arriv$ at ! outl9e ( ! exi/+ /ory ev5 be=e ! ,g5tiles began to add _! quotum4 ,& :5 we look at docum5ts s ov]load$ ) miracle & leg5d z ! ,gospels & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 we f9d x h>d inde$ to sep>ate any elem5t ( hi/orical tru? f ! enorm\s accretion ( my? & leg5d4 ,/ill1 ,i see no grave reason to d\bt ! g5]al tru? ( ! idea t ! ,*ri/ian belief & practice arose fir/ among ,galilan ,jews1 & t f !m x spread ) comp>ative rapidity to ! p ( ,syria & ,asia ,m9or4 ,x ev5 seems probable t "o ,saul or ,paul 0 really ! p]son :o fir/ conceiv$ ! idea ( prea*+ ! new religion ?r\gh\t ! empire1 & especially 9 ! great cities1 z a fai? :i* might be embrac$ by bo? ,jew & ,g5tile4 ,c]ta9ly1 #chh:ile ! "y cult conta9$ mo/ ( ! be/ features ( ,judaism1 view$ z a possible univ]sal religion1--its mono!ism1 its purity1 its comp>ative fre$om f vile & absurd leg5ds ( ! gods & _! am\rs--x surpass$ ! eld] fai? 9 acceptability to ! _w at l>ge1 & especially to ! p ( ,syria & we/]n ,asia4 ,e "o ( !m c\ld h said ) p]fect tru?1 8,no?+ is *ang$2 !re is b "o god m to wor%ip40 ,z ! *ur* spread1 ! leg5d grew apace4 ,to ! e>ly acc\nt ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews1 lat] n>rators add$ ! /ory ( 8 miracul\s bir? f a virg9 "m1 :o conceiv$ directly f ! _s ( ,god waft$ d[n ^u h]4 ,! wide ext5t & ! orig9 ( ?is belief ab\t ! conception ( gods & h]oes has be5 fully exam9$ by ,mr4 ,sidney ,h>tl& 9 8 admirable /udy ( ! ,leg5d ( ,p]seus4 ,! new believ]s fur!r provid$ _! div9e lead] ) a royal g5ealogy f ,david d[nw>d1 & made him by a tol]ably circuit\s argum5t be born at ,be?lehem1 accord+ to ! suppos$ prophecy--?\gh if !re ev] 0 really a ,jesus at all1 x w\ld seem t ! "o fact ( :i* we c\ld feel tol]ably sure ab\t him1 0 ! fact ( 8 be+ a man ( ,naz>e?4 ,lat] writ]s put into 8 m\? a high moral tea*+ = its "t1 some:at anticipat$ by ,hillel & o!r rabbis1 & p]haps 9 "p ( ,buddhi/ orig92 !y also made him ann\nce = himself t div9e rle ( m$iator & aton] :i* !y !mselves claim$ = ! ,savi\r ( ,mank9d4 ,he calls himself ! v9e1 ! bread ( life1 ! good %eph]d2 he is call$ 8! lamb ( ,god t take? away ! s9s ( ! _w10 by ,john ! ,bapti/1 an en?usia/ ^: fame has attract$ him at la/ into ! ,*ri/ian leg5d4 ,v e>ly1 ! old rite ( wat]-lu/ration or baptism1 adopt$ by ,john1 0 employ$ z "o ( ! *ief ,*ri/ian c]emonies1 ! c]emony ( initiation1 :i* replac$ ) advantage ! bloody & dang]\s ,jewi% circumcision4 ,?is #chi;all[$ = f> fre] proselytism ?an ,judaism c\ld ev] expect2 & ?\gh no d\bt at fir/ ! ,*ri/ians reg>d$ !mselves z a sect ( ! ,jews1 & ?\gh !y always adopt$ entire ! ,jewi% sacr$ books & ! ,jewi% ,god1 ) all ! ,jewi% hi/ory1 cosmogony1 & my?ology1 yet ! new religion 0 f ! beg9n+ a cosmopolitan "o1 & prea*$ ! ^w unto all nations4 ,su* a fai?1 com+ at su* a mom5t1 & tell+ m5 precisely :at !y 7 ready to believe1 0 c]ta9 be=eh& ( pretty g5]al acceptance4 ,:5 ,con/ant9e made ,*ri/ianity ! (ficial cre$ ( ! empire1 x is cle> t he did b put an (ficial /amp ( approval on a revolution t _h long be5 gr[+ m & m inevitable4 ,9 "o ^w1 ,*ri/ianity triumph$1 because x unit$ 9 itself all ! mo/ vital elem5ts ( all ! religions !n curr5t 9 ! _w1 ) little t 0 local1 national1 or di/a/eful2 & x add$ to !m all a high e?ical note & a social doctr9e ( human bro!rhood especially suit$ to an age ( unification & sy/ematic gov]nm5t4 ,occasionally1 ev5 9 ! ,gospels !mselves1 we get /range pass+ e*oes ( a my/]i\s id5tification ( ! ,*ri/ ) ! anci5t ,hebrew e?nical god1 n z ! ,"l ( ! ,univ]se alone1 b vaguely rememb]$ z ! sacr$ /one ( ! ark1 ! ,rock ( ,israel4 8,! /one :i* ! build]s reject$1 t "o has become ! head ( ! corn]40 8,:osoev] %all fall on ?is /one %all be brok52 b on :omsoev] x %all fall1 x w gr9d him to p[d]40 ,& 9 a spee* put into ! m\? ( ,*ri/1 he says to ,pet]1 8,rock ?\ art1 & on ?is ,rock w ,i build my assembly40 99 99 ,i c hone/ly assure ! polemical ,prote/ant div9e t ,i am well aw>e ( ! diff]5ce 9 g5d] 9 ?is passage--& ( its utt] unimportance4 ,! "n ,pet] c\ld n well be made fem99e to suit a p>ticul> play ^u words or to anticipate ! objections ( a p>ticul> set ( trivial ^w-twi/]s4 ,sometimes1 too1 9 ! epi/les ! two ideas ( ! corn-god & ! f\ndation /one-god are work$ ^u alt]nately4 #cij8;,i h plant$2 ,apollos wat]$40 8,ye are ,god's husb&ry2 ye are ,god's build+40 8,i h laid ! f\ndation1 & ano!r builds !reon4 ,let e man take c>e h[ he builds ^u x4 ,= o!r f\ndation c no man lay ?an t :i* is laid1 :i* is ! ,*ri/1 ,jesus40 ,or aga91 8,y are built ^u ! f\ndation ( ! apo/les & prophets1 ,jesus1 ! ,*ri/1 be+ himself ! *ief corn] /one40 ,:oev] r]eads ! epi/les by ! light ( ! analogies sugge/$ 9 ?is book w f9d t !y positively teem ) simil> ref]5ces to ! famili> !ology ( ! v>i\s sla9 man-gods1 :i* mu/ h be5 kn[n to e "o along ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! *ur* :i* 0 built ^u ?is rock--& t ,rock 0 ,*ri/--has %[n its cont9uity ) e>li] religions 9 a ?\s& ways & by a ?\s& analogies4 ,sol> & a/rological elem5ts h be5 freely admitt$1 side by side ) ^? :i* recall ! corn & w9e gods4 ,! *ief fe/ivals /ill cl+ to ! sol> fea/s ( ! equ9oxes & ! sol/ices4 ,?us e ye> ! *ur* celebrates 9 mimicry ! dea? & resurrection ( ! ,*ri/1 z ! ,m$it]ranean peoples celebrat$ ! dea? & resurrection ( ! ,attis1 ! ,adonis1 ! ,dionysus1 ! ,osiris4 ,x celebrates ! fea/ at ! usual "t = mo/ su* fe/ivals1 ! spr+ equ9ox4 ,m ?an t1 x *ooses = ! actual day ( ! resurrection1 commonly call$ 9 ,engli% ,ea/]1 & 9 ! ,lat9 dialects ! ,pas*al fea/ 7or ,pques71 a trebly a/rological date4 ,! fe/ival mu/ be z ne> z possible to ! spr+ equ9ox2 b x mu/ be aft] a full moon1 & x mu/ be on ! day sacr$ to ! sun4 ,be=e ! fea/1 a long fa/ takes place1 at ! close ( :i* ! ,*ri/ is sla9 9 effigy1 & solemnly laid 9 a mimic sepul*re4 ,good ,friday is ! anniv]s>y ( 8 piacul> dea?1 & ! special day ( ! annual m\rn+1 z = ,adonis & ,attis4 ,on ,ea/] ,sunday1 he rises aga9 f ! dead1 & e good ,ca?olic is b\nd to communicate--to eat ! body ( 8 slaught]$ #cia;god on ! annual spr+ fe/ival ( reviv+ vegetation4 ,comp>ison ( ! ,holy ,week c]emonies at ,rome ) ! o!r annual fe/ivals1 f ! ,mexican corn-fea/ & ! ,potraj rite ( ,india to ,attis & ,adonis1 w be f\nd extremely enlight5+--,i mean1 ( c\rse1 ! c]emonies z !y 7 :5 ! ,pope1 ! ,prie/-,k+1 ! repres5tative ( ! annual ,attis at ,pess9us1 (ficiat$ publicly 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 ) pas*al music kn[n z ,lam5tations1 & elevation ( ! ,ho/ amid ! bl>e ( trumpets4 ,on ?is subject1 ,i limit myself to ! b>e/ h9t4 ,:oev] *ooses to foll[ out s pregnant a clue w f9d x lead him into curi\s analogies & almo/ incr$ible survivals4 ,simil>ly1 ! bir? ( ,*ri/ is celebrat$ at ! w9t] sol/ice1 ! well-kn[n date = s _m e>li] c]emonies ( ! gods ( vegetation4 ,!n ! infant god lies unconsci\s 9 8 cradle4 ,:oev] has read ,mr4 ,fraz]'s great "w w und]/& ! connexion ( ! holly & ! mi/letoe1 & ! ,*ri/mas tree1 ) ?is second great fe/ival ( ,*ri/5dom1 v important 9 ! ,teutonic nor?1 ?\gh f> inf]ior 9 ! s\? to ! spr+-tide fea/1 :5 ! god is sla9 & eat5 ( necessity4 ,i limit myself to say+ t ! ,*ri/mas rites are all ( !m rites ( ! bir? ( ! corn-god4 ,ev5 ! ,*ri/ian cross1 x is n[ kn[n1 0 n employ$ z a symbol ( ! fai? be=e ! days ( ,con/ant9e1 & 0 borr[$ f ! sol> :eel ( ! ,gauli% sun-god-wor%ipp]s :o =m$ ! mass ( ! successful emp]or's legion>ies4 ,we are n[1 !re=e1 9 a v diff]5t position = und]/&+ ! causes :i* l$ to ! rise & developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian religion f t :i* we occupi$ at ! outset ( our enquiry4 ,we _h !n to accept crudely ! b>e fact t ab\t ! fir/ c5tury ( our era a c]ta9 cult ( a ,div9e ,man1 ,jesus1 arose among a fraction ( ! m>itime p ( ,l[] ,syria4 ,t fact z we at fir/ receiv$ x /ood isolat$ & unrelat$ #cib;9 its nak$ s+ul>ity4 ,we c n[ see t x 0 b "o m example ( a univ]sal god-mak+ t5d5cy 9 human nature1 high or l[2 & 9 our la/ *apt] we %all f9d t ?is univ]sal t5d5cy to wor%ip ! dead has ev] s9ce p]si/$ z fully z ev]1 & is 9 fact ! c5tral elem5t 9 ! entire religi\s in/9ct ( humanity4 ,! ma9 emotional *ord ^u :i* ,*ri/ianity play$ 9 its e>ly days--& inde$ ! ma9 *ord ^u :i* x /ill plays--is j1 ,i believe1 ! univ]sal feel+ 9 fav\r ( ! deification or beatification ( ! dead1 ) ! desire = immortality on ! "p ( ! individual believ] himself 9 p]son4 ,l all o!r religions1 b ev5 m ?an any o!r religion at t "t 9 vogue1 ,*ri/ianity appeal$ to ^! two alli$ & deep-seat$ long+s ( human nature4 ,x appeal$ on ! "o h& to ! unselfi% emotions & affections ( mank9d by promis+ a close1 bodily1 p]sonal1 & spe$y reassociation ( ! liv+ believ] ) 8 dead relatives & fri5ds4 ,x appeal$ on ! o!r h& to ! selfi% wi%es & desires ( ea*1 by hold+ =? to e man ! sure & c]ta9 hope ( a glori\s resurrection4 ,l all o!r cre$s1 b beyond all o!r cre$s1 x 0 ! religion ( immortality1 ( ! dead reviv$1 ( ! new _w3 9 an age ( d\bt1 ( scepticism1 ( ! decay ( fai?1 x gave fre% life & a totally new basis to ! old beliefs--p]haps ! old delusions--( ! religi\s nature4 ,a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! univ]sal f]m5t & int]mixture ( pan!ons ev]y:]e dur+ ! e>ly days ( ! ,roman empire 0 a c]ta9 am\nt ( float+ scepticism ab\t ! gods z a :ole1 :i* rea*es its highe/ po9t 9 ! mock+ hum\r ( ,lucian1 or /ill e>li] 9 ! ,epicurean a!ism ( ,lucretius & ( ,roman philosophy 9 g5]al4 ,b :ile ?is nasc5t scepticism 0 v real & v widespread1 x affect$ r curr5t beliefs z to ! p]sonality & hi/ory ( ! v>i\s gods ?an ! #cicund]ly+ conception ( godhead 9 ! ab/ract4 ,ev5 ^? :o laugh$ & ^? :o disbeliev$1 reta9$ at bottom _m sup]/itions & sup]natural ideas4 ,_! scepticism 0 due1 n l t ( our own "t to fundam5tal criticism ( ! v notion ( ! sup]natural1 b to ! obvi\s inadequacy ( exi/+ gods to satisfy ! requirem5ts ( educat$ cosmopolitans4 ,! deities ( ! "t 7 too co>se1 too *ildi%1 too gross = _! wor%ipp]s4 ,! common philosophic attitude ( cultivat$ ,rome & cultivat$ ,alex&ria might be comp>$ to "s ext5t to t ( our own ,unit>ians1 :o are n inde$ ho/ile to ! conception ( !ology 9 its own nature1 b :o demur to ! mo/ miracul\s & sup]natural "p ( ! popul> doctr9e4 ,) ! mass1 h[ev]1 ! religi\s unre/ %[$ itself ma9ly1 z x always %[s itself at su* critical mom5ts1 9 a g5]al habit ( runn+ aft] new & /range religions1 f "s "o or o!r ( :i* ! anxi\s enquir] hopes to obta9 "s div9e answ] to 8 d\bts & difficulties4 ,:5 old fai?s decay1 !re is room = new ones4 ,z might h be5 expect$1 ?is t5d5cy 0 mo/ cle>ly %[n 9 ! great cosmopolitan trad+ t[ns1 :]e m5 ( _m nations rubb$ %\ld]s toge!r1 & :]e outl&i% cults ( v>i\s sorts _h _! temples & _! adh]5ts4 ,especially 0 ?is ! case at ,rome1 ,alex&ria1 & ,antio*1 ! capitals respectively ( ! ,roman1 ! ,hell5ic1 & ! ,semitic worlds4 ,9 ! ,grco-,egyptian metropolis1 ! wor%ip ( ,s]apis1 a composite deity ( hybrid orig91 grew gradually into ! pr9cipal cult ( ! teem+ city4 ,at ,antio*1 ,hell5ic deities 7 ou/+ ! ,baalim4 ,at ,rome1 ! wor%ip ( ,isis1 ( ,jahweh1 ( ,syrian & o!r remot] ,ea/]n gods 0 c>ri$ on by an ev]-increas+ body ( ! =eign1 native1 & s]vile population4 ,^! 7 ! places :]e ,*ri/ianity spread4 ,! m5 ( ! villages 7 long1 z ! _w /ill qua9tly phrases x1 8pagans40 ,! #cid/range cults :i* unit$ 9 ?us gradually cru%+ out ! old local & national pan!ons ?r\gh\t ! ,roman _w1 _h = ! mo/ "p two m>k$ attributes 9 common3 !y 7 m or less my/ical2 & !y t5d$ m or less 9 ! direction ( mono!ism4 ,sol> my?1 syncretism1 ! esot]ic prie/ly int]pretations1 & ! g5]al diffusion ( ,greek philosophic notions1 mix$ ) subtl] ori5tal & ,zoroa/rian ideas1 _h all promot$ ! rise & gr[? ( ! my/ic elem5t3 :ile a vague mono!i/ic movem5t _h long be5 app>5t 9 ! high] ?\ght ( ,egypt1 ,greece1 ,italy1 & ! ,ea/4 ,9 ! result+ conflict & int]mixture ( ideas1 ,judaism1 z "o ( ! mo/ my/ical & mono!i/ic ( religions1 w\ld h /ood a good *ance ( becom+ ! fai? ( ! _w1 _h x n be5 = ! fatal weight ( its /rict & ob/9ate national "*4 ,ev5 z x 01 ,jewi% communities 7 scatt]$ ?r\gh all ! comm]cial t[ns ( ! ,grco-,roman _w2 a ,jewi% colony /rongly influ5c$ ,alex&ria2 & ,jewi% tea*]s made proselytes 9 ,rome 9 ! v bosom ( ! imp]ial h\sehold4 ,! f]m5t :i* ?us exi/$ by ! ,orontes1 ! ,nile1 & ! ,tib] mu/ also h ext5d$ 9 a some:at less degree to all ! cosmopolitan seaports & trad+ t[ns ( ! great & het]og5e\s milit>y empire4 ,:at 0 true ( ,rome1 ,alex&ria1 & ,antio*1 0 true 9 "p1 we h e reason to believe1 ( ,damascus1 ( ,byzantium1 ( ,s9ope1 ( ,ephesus3 ( ,rhodes1 ( ,cyr5e1 ( ,a!ns1 ( ,c>?age2 p]haps ev5 ( ,massilia1 ( ,gades1 ( ,burdigala1 ( ,lugdunum4 ,all ar\nd ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean at lea/1 new fai?s 7 see?+1 new ideas 7 brew+1 new my/icisms 7 be+ evolv$1 new sup]/itions 7 aris+1 ,pho5ix-l1 out ( ! dy+ emb]s ( decay+ cre$s4 ,sett+ aside m]e exotic or hybrid cults1 l ! wor%ip ( ,s]apis at ,alex&ria & ( ,isis at ,rome1 or m]e abortive attempts l ! %ort-liv$ wor%ip ( ,ant9\s 9 ,egypt1 #ciewe may say t ?ree ( ^! new religions appeal$ /rongly to ! wants & desires ( ! "t3 & ^? ?ree 7 ,mi?raism1 ,gno/icism1 & ,*ri/ianity4 ,all 7 alike some:at eclectic 9 "*2 & all c\ld lay claim to a c]ta9 cosmopolitan & ca?olic _s unkn[n to ! cults ( ! old national pan!ons4 ,all came to ! ,greek & ,roman _w f ! my/ic ea/1 ! l& ( ! ris+ sun1 ^: magic is felt ev5 at ! pres5t day by ! vot>ies ( ,!osophy & ( ,esot]ic ,buddhism4 ,:i* ( ! ?ree 0 to conqu] 9 ! end might h seem$ at "o "t extremely d\btful3 nor inde$ d ,i believe t ! ultimate triumph ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! lea/ impos+ ( ! ?ree1 inevitable z x at la/ became1 0 by any means at fir/ a =egone conclusion4 ,! religion ( ,jesus probably ow$ q z mu* to :at we call *ance--t is to say1 to ! play ( purely p]sonal & casual circum/ances--z to its own ess5tial int]nal *>act]i/ics4 ,if ,con/ant9e or any o!r %rewd milit>y *ief _h happ5$ to adopt ! symbols ( ,mi?ra or ,abraxas in/ead ( ! "n ( ,*ri/1 x is q conceivable t all ! civilis$ _w might n[ be ador+ ! my/ic div9ity ( ! ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five emanations1 z s$ul\sly z x actually adores ! f9al !ological outcome ( ! old ,hebrew ,jahweh4 ,b !re 7 c]ta9 real advantages z well1 :i* told1 ,i believe1 9 ! v nature ( ?+s1 9 fav\r ( ! ,*ri/ z aga9/ ! co9age ( ,basilides or ! f>-ea/]n sun-god4 ,con/ant9e1 9 o!r words1 *ose 8 religion wisely4 ,x 0 ! cult exactly adapt$ to ! times3 above all o!rs1 dur+ ! two c5turies or s t _h pass$ s9ce its fir/ beg9n+ 7= we mu/ place ! real evolution ( ! ,*ri/ian sy/em consid]ably lat] ?an ! life or dea? ( ,jesus himself7 x _h %[n itself capable ( ?or\ghly engag+ on its own side ! pr(\nde/ int]e/s & emotions ( ! religi\s nature4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 too1 t 9 all religi\s crises1 :ile #cif;fai? 9 ! actual gods & cre$s decl9es rapidly1 no correspond+ weak5+ occurs 9 ! und]ly+ s5tim5ts on :i* all religions ultimately base !mselves4 ,h5ce ! app>5t p>adox t p]iods ( d\bt are also almo/ always p]iods ( int5se cr$ulity z well4 ,! human m9d1 ca/ free f ! moor+s :i* h long suffic$ = x1 drifts ab\t re/lessly 9 se>* ( "s new hav5 9 :i* x may take refuge f ! t]rors ( unc]ta9ty & infidelity4 ,& its new fai? is always b a fre% =m ( ! old "o4 ,a god or gods1 pray]1 praise1 & sacram5ts1 are ess5tial elem5ts4 ,m especially is x ! case t :5 tru/ 9 ! great gods beg9s to fail1 a bl9d grop+ aft] necromancy1 spiritualism1 & gho/-lore 9 g5]al takes its place = ! mom5t4 ,we h se5 ?is t5d5cy fully exemplifi$ 9 our own "t by ! spirituali/s & o!rs3 nor 0 x less m>k$ 9 ! tempe/ ( conflict+ ideas :i* broke ov] ! ,roman _w f ! age ( ! ,anton9es to ! fall ( ! empire4 ,! fact is1 ! av]age man c>es b little1 aft] all1 = 8 gods & 8 goddesses1 view$ z individuals4 ,!y are b an outlet = 8 own emotions4 ,he appeals to !m = help1 z long z he cont9ues to believe 9 _! effective helpfulness3 he is ready to cajole !m ) (f]+s ( blood or to flatt] !m ) homage ( praise & pray]1 z long z he expects to ga9 "s pres5t or future b5efit1 bodily or spiritual1 9 return = 8 assidu\s adulation4 ,b z soon z 8 fai? 9 _! exi/5ce & p[] beg9s to break d[n1 he puts up ) ! loss ( _! godhead1 s f> z !y !mselves are conc]n$1 )\t "o qualm ( disappo9tm5t or inconv5i5ce4 ,x is some?+ f> o!r ?an t t t\*es him 9 religion3 x is 8 hopes = 8 own et]nal welf>e1 & ! welf>e aft] dea? ( ^? t love him4 ,h5ce1 a decl9e ( fai? 9 ! great gods is imm$iately foll[$ by a recrudesc5ce ( ! mo/ b>b>ic & orig9al elem5t 9 religion--! cult ( ! gho/ or _s1 #cignecromancy1 ! direct wor%ip ( ! dead or int]c\rse ) ! dead3 a habit ( enquiry into ! positive *ances ( human immortality4 ,?is necromantic _s is well m>k$ 9 ,gno/ic rema9s1 & 9 ! fragm5t>y magical lit]ature ( ! decad5t ,grco-,roman _w4 ,x is precisely ! same t5d5cy :i* produces spiritualism 9 our own "t3 & x is due to ! desire to f9d "s new & exp]im5tal basis = ! common human belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l or ! resurrection ( ! body4 ,& "h we get ! clue to ! s]i\s *ange :i* ,*ri/ianity wr\ght 9 ! religi\s feel+ ( ! we/]n _w3 a *ange ^: importance & ^: retrograde nature has nev] yet1 ,i believe1 be5 fully recognis$4 ,= ,*ri/ianity1 :ile f "o po9t ( view1 z a mono!i/ic or quasi-mono!i/ic religion1 an imm5se advance ^u ! ae/hetic paganism ( ,greece & ,italy1 0 f ano!r po9t ( view1 z a religion ( resurrection r ?an a religion ( immortality1 a /ep backw>d = all ,we/]n ,europe4 ,ev5 among ! ,jews !mselves1 h[ev]1 ! new cult mu/ h come ) all ! =ce ( an 8aid to fai?0 9 a sceptical g5]ation4 ,abroad1 among ! ,jewi% ,hell5i/s1 ,greek philosophy mu/ h und]m9$ mu* ( ! fanatical & patriotic en?usiasm = ,jahweh :i* _h gr[n /rong] & ev] /rong] 9 ,juda itself ?r\gh ! days ( ! ,maccabees & ! ,asmonan pr9ces4 ,scraps ( vague ,platonic !oris+ on ! nature ( ! ,div9e 7 tak+ among ^! exiles ! place ( ! firm old dogmatic belief 9 ! ,rock ( ,israel4 ,at home1 ! ,hell5is+ t5d5cies ( ! h\se ( ,h]od1 & ! importance 9 ,j]usalem ( ! ,sadducees 8:o say !re is no resurrection10 7 /rik+ at ! v roots ( ! hope & fai? t pi\s ,jews mo/ t5d]ly *]i%$4 ,in/ead ( ,israel conv]t+ ! _w1 ! _w seem$ likely to conv]t ,israel4 ,swamp$ 9 ! great absorb+ & assimilat+ empire1 ,judah #cihmight foll[ 9 ! way ( ,ephraim4 ,& ,israel's "w 9 ! _w might ?us be undone1 or r /ultifi$ = ev]4 ,j at ?is v mom5t1 :5 all fai?s 7 tott]+ visibly to _! fall1 a t9y b& ( obscure ,galilan peasants1 :o p]haps _h foll[$ a wild local en?usia/ f _! native hills up to turbul5t ,j]usalem1 may h be5 seiz$ ) a delusion nei!r unnatural nor unaccu/om$ "u _! peculi> circum/ances2 b :i* nev]!less has suffic$ to turn or at lea/ to modify pr(\ndly ! entire subsequ5t c\rse ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,_! lead]1 if we may tru/ ! univ]sal tradition ( ! sect1 z laid d[n long aft] 9 _! leg5d>y ,gospels1 0 crucifi$ at ,j]usalem "u ,c4 ,pontius ,pilatus4 ,if any fact ^u e>? ab\t ,jesus is true1 besides ! fact ( 8 resid5ce at ,naz>e?1 x is ?is fact ( ! crucifixion1 :i* d]ives v]isimilitude f be+ always closely connect$ ) ! "n ( t p>ticul> ,roman (ficial4 ,b ?ree days aft]1 says ! leg5d1 ! body ( ,jesus c\ld n be f\nd 9 ! sepul*re :]e 8 fri5ds _h laid him3 & a rum\r graduallyrsquo2 ga9$ gr\nd t he _h ris5 f ! dead1 & _h be5 se5 abroad by ! wom5 :o m\rn$ him & by v>i\s ( 8 disciples4 ,9 %ort1 :at 0 univ]sally believ$ ab\t all o!r & eld] human gods1 0 specifically ass]t$ afre% 9 a new] case ab\t ! man ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,! idea fitt$ 9 ) ! ne$s ( ! "t1 & ! doctr9e ( ! ,resurrection ( ,jesus ! ,*ri/ became ! corn]-/one ( ! new-born ,*ri/ian religion4 ,no?+ c be cle>] ?an ! fact admitt$ on all h&s1 t ?is ev5t =m$ ! c5tral po9t ( ! ,apo/les' prea*+4 ,x 0 ! ,resurrection ( ,jesus1 reg>d$ z an e>ne/ ( g5]al resurrection = all 8 foll[]s1 t !y mo/ insi/$ ^u 9 _! words & writ+s4 ,x 0 ! resurrection t conv]t$ ! _w ( we/]n ,europe4 8,y\r fai? is flagg+10 said ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 9 effect to _! pagan fell[s3 8y\r gods are #cii;half-dead2 y\r ideas ab\t y\r own future1 & ! pres5t /ate ( y\r dep>t$ fri5ds1 are mo/ vague & %ad[y4 ,9 opposition to all ?is1 we (f] y a sure & c]ta9 hope2 we tell y a tale ( real life1 & rec5t2 we prea* a god ( ! famili> patt]n1 yet v close to y2 we pres5t y ) a specim5 ( actual resurrection4 ,we br+ y good tid+s ( ,jesus z ! ,messiah1 & him crucifi$3 to ! ,jews1 a /umbl+-block2 to ! ,greeks1 fooli%ness2 b to su* z are sav$1 a pla9 evid5ce ( ! p[] ( ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,accept our ^w3 let y\r dead sleep 9 ,*ri/ 9 our catacombs1 z once !y slept 9 ,osiris at ,abydos1 or re/$ ^u him t re/s at ,phil40 8,if ,*ri/ be n ris510 says "o ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian writ]s 9 a passionate p]oration1 8!n is our prea*+ va91 & y\r fai? is va9 also3 b z x is1 ,*ri/ is ris5 f ! dead1 & has become ! fir/ fruits ( !m t slept40 8,else :at %all !y d10 he goes on1 t\*+ to ! quick t +ra9$ human desire = communion ) ! dep>t$1 8:at %all !y d :i* are baptis$ = ! dead1 if ! dead rise n at all8 ,:y are !y !n baptis$ = ! dead80 ,^!1 9 %ort1 ap>t f ! elem5ts common to all cre$s1 are ! ?ree great motors ( primitive ,*ri/ianity3 "o dogmatic1 ! resurrection ( ,jesus3 "o selfi%1 ! salvation ( ! individual s\l3 "o altrui/ic1 ! desire = reunion ) ! dead among "o's belov$4 ,syria & ,egypt c\ld easily accept ! new doctr9e4 ,x involv$ = !m no s]i\s *ange ( front1 no wide dep>ture f ! ideas & c]emonies :i* always =m$ _! r\nd$ concept ( human exi/5ce4 ,!re is a repres5tation ( ! resurrection ( ,osiris 9 ! little temple on ! ro( at ,d5d]ah :i* might almo/ pass = a ,*ri/ian illu/ration ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus4 ,to ,syrian & ,egyptian1 ! resurrection inde$ 0 b a special mod]n in/ance ( a well-kn[n fact2 a fre% basis ( evid5ce ^u :i* to plant firmly ! tott]+ edifice #djj( _! old convictions4rsquo2 ,9 its beg9n+s1 9 %ort1 ,*ri/ianity 0 ess5tially an ori5tal religion2 x spread fa/e/ 9 ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean bas91 :]e ,judaism 0 already well e/abli%$3 at ,rome1 x seems to h attract$ *iefly ! ori5tal population4 ,& x is a significant fact t its (ficial adoption z ! public religion ( ! ,roman /ate 0 ! act ( ! same pr9ce :o delib]ately %ift$ ! seat ( 8 gov]nm5t f ! ,tib] to ! ,bosphorus1 & l>gely trans=m$ ! "* ( ! empire f a ,lat9 to a ,grco-,asiatic type4 ,all ! new religions :i* /ruggl$ toge!r = ! ma/]y ( ! _w 7 ori5tal 9 orig93 ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity 0 b a s+le episode 9 ! g5]al triumph ( aggressive ori5talism ov] ! occid5tal elem5t 9 ! ,roman sy/em4 ,egypt 9 p>ticul>1 ,i believe1 _h f> m to d ) ! dogmatic %ap+ ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 & ! settlem5t ( ,*ri/ian symbolism & ,*ri/ian my/icism1 ?an is g5]ally admitt$ by ! (ficial hi/orians ( ! primitive *ur*4 ,!re1 :]e ! idea ( resurrection 0 already s univ]sal1 & :]e e man desir$ to be 8ju/ifi$ by ,osiris10 ,*ri/ianity soon made an easy conque/ ( a p on ^: fai? x ex]t$ s little *ange4 ,& ,egypt easily made its influ5ce felt on ! pla/ic "y cre$4 ,x is all[$ t ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity took %ape among ! ,triad-wor%ipp]s on ! banks ( ! ,nile1 & t ! sc>cely less important doctr9e ( ! ,logos 0 borr[$ f ! philosophy ( ,alex&rian ,jews4 ,nobody c look at ! figures ( ,isis & ! infant ,horus 9 any ,egyptian museum )\t be+ at once /ruck by ! obvi\s =e%ad[+ ( ! ,coptic & ,byzant9e ,madonna & ,*ild4 ,! my/]y t sprang up ab\t ! new doctr9es2 ! /range syncretic union ( ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/ into a s+le ,tr9ity2 ! miracul\s conception by ! ,!otokos or "m ( ,god--a cle> v>iant 9 "o aspect on ! old] idea ( ,ha?or2 & ! ant5atal exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ #dja;9 heav5 be=e 8 inc>nation2 all are ?or\ghly ,egyptian 9 "*1 ) a fa9t sup]add$ da% ( ,alex&rian ,jewi% ,hell5ism4 ,! love ( symbols :i* ! "y *ur* s e>ly exhibits 9 ! catacombs & else:]e smacks equally ( ,ptolemaic rem9isc5ces ( ,!bes & ,memphis4 ,! mummy-=m ( ,laz>us2 ! fi% t makes su* a clev] alphabetic ideogram = ! "n & titles ( ,jesus2 ! dove t symbolises ! ,holy ,gho/2 ! animal types ( ! f\r evangeli/s--all ^! are 9 l>ge "p ,egyptian e*oes1 resonant ( ! same _s :i* produc$ ! hi]oglyphics & ! symbolism ( ! great ,nilotic temples4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be rememb]$ t sacr$ fi% 7 common 9 ,syria1 & t simil> id5tifications ( gods ) animals h met u at e turn1 9 our e>li] inve/igation4 ,nay1 m1 ! v details !mselves ( ,*ri/ian symbolism (t5 g back to e>ly ,egyptian models4 ,! c5tral ,*ri/ian emblem ( all1 ! cross1 is holy all ! _w ov]3 x is ! sacr$ tree3 & ea* race has adapt$ x to its own preconceiv$ ideas & symbols4 ,b 9 ,coptic ,*ri/ianity x has obvi\s aff9ities ) ! crux ansata4 ,9 ! ,coptic room ( ! ,new ,museum at ,ghizeh is an e>ly ,*ri/ian monum5t ) a ,greek uncial inscription1 on :i* is repres5t$ a cross ( f\r equal limbs ) exp&$ flanges1 hav+ a crux ansata ins]t$ 9 all its f\r int]/ices4 ,at ! ,coptic *ur* ( ,abu ,sirgeh at ,old ,cairo occurs a simil> cross1 also ) sugge/ions ( ,tau-l orig91 b ) o!r equal-limb$ crosses sub/itut$ = ! cruces ansatae 9 ! corn]s4 99 ,h[ f> ! ,egyptian ,*ri/ians ?us m]ely transf]r$ _! old ideas to ! new fai? may be ga!r$ f a s+le curi\s example4 ,9 ,mr4 ,l(tie's collection ( sacr$ beetles is a sc>abu #djb;conta9+ a repres5tation ( ! crucifixion1 ) two palm bran*es3 & o!r sc>abs h ,*ri/ian crosses1 8"s ( !m10 says ,mr4 ,l(tie1 8v unmi/akable40 ,if we rememb] h[ extremely sacr$ ! sc>ab 0 held 9 ! ,egyptian religion1 & also t x 0 reg>d$ z ! symbol ( ! resurrection1 we _c possibly miss ! importance ( ?is implication4 ,inde$1 ! ,alex&rian ,fa!r1 ,epiphanius1 speaks ( ,*ri/ z 8! sc>abu ( ,god10 a phrase :i* may be /ill bett] und]/ood if ,i add t 9 ! treatise on hi]oglyphs kn[n "u ! "n ( ,horapollo a sc>abu is said to d5ote 8an only-begott540 ,?us 8! lamb ( ,god0 9 ! tongue ( ,israel becomes 8! sc>abu ( ,god0 9 ! m\? ( an ,egyptian speak]4 ,to put x %ortly1 ,i believe we may say ) tru?1 9 a s5se f> o!r ?an t int5d$ by ei!r prophet or evangeli/1 8,out ( ,egypt h ,i call$ my son40 99 ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella's int]e/+ "w on ,! ,migration ( ,symbols well illu/rates ?is common syncretism & int]*angeability ( symbolic signs1 :i* runs p>allel ) ! syncretism ( gods & religions4 ,9 ! we/1 h[ev]1 ! results ( ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity 7 f> m revolution>y4 ,inde$1 ,i d n ?9k ! cult ( ,jesus c\ld ev] h spread at all 9 ,rome _h x n be5 = ! l>ge ext5t to :i* ! city 0 peopl$ 9 lat] times by ,syrians & ,africans4 ,& if ,*ri/ianity _h n spread 9 ,rome1 x c\ld nev] h ga9$ a foo?old at all 9 ! ,aryan _w3 = x is n at bottom an ,aryan religion 9 tone & feel+3 x has only become possible among ,aryan peoples by und]go+ at la/ a consid]able *ange ( _s1 ?\gh n l>gely ( =m1 9 its we/w>d progress4 ,?is *ange is indicat$ by ! fir/ great s*ism1 :i* sev]$ ! ,lat9 f ! ,greek communion4 ,=emo/ among ! *anges :i* ,*ri/ianity involv$ 9 ,italy & ! re/ ( we/]n ,europe 0 ! retrograde *ange f ! belief 9 immortality & ! immat]iality ( ! s\l1 ) cremation z its practical outcome1 to ! belief 9 ! resurrection ( ! body1 ) a return to ! disus$ & discr$it$ practice ( burial z its normal correlative4 ,! catacombs 7 ! necess>y #djcresult ( ?is backw>d movem5t2 & ) ! catacombs came 9 ! possibility ( relic-wor%ip1 m>tyr-wor%ip1 & ! adoration ( sa9ts & _! corpses4 ,i %all trace out 9 my next *apt] ! remot] effects ( ?is curi\s revival ( ! prime elem5t 9 religion--! cult ( ! dead--9 great] detail3 x mu/ suffice "h to po9t out briefly t x result$ z a logical effect f ! belief 9 ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 & ! consequ5t re/oration ( ! practice ( burial4 ,moreov]1 to poly!i/s1 ?is habit gave a practical op5+ = ! cult ( _m deities 9 ! mid/ ( nom9al mono!ism1 :i* ! ,italians & sundry o!r ess5tially poly!i/ic peoples 7 n sl[ to seize ^u4 ,"h aga9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! m mono!i/ic & syncretic ea/1 :i* puts a ban ^u grav5 images1 & ! m poly!i/ic & sep>at+ we/1 :i* freely admits ! employm5t ( sculpture1 is n a little significant4 ,x is true t !oretically ! adoration paid to sa9ts & m>tyrs is nev] reg>d$ z real wor%ip3 b ,i ne$ h>dly say t te*nical di/9ctions l ^! are always a m]e "p ( ! artificial !ology ( s*ola/ic prie/hoods1 & may be z safely disreg>d$ by ! broad an?ropological enquir] z may all ! o!r fanciful lumb] ( metaphysical ,brahmans & !ologians ev]y:]e4 ,! g5u9e facts ( religion are ! facts & rites ( ! popul> cult1 :i* rema9 9 ea* race = long p]iods toge!r ess5tially uni=m4 ,?us we e>ly get two ma9 =ms ( ,*ri/ianity1 bo? (ficial & popul>3 "o ea/]n--,greek1 ,coptic1 ,syrian2 m my/ical 9 type1 m symbolic1 m philosophic1 m mono!i/ic3 ! o!r we/]n--,lat91 ,celtic1 ,spani%2 m ,aryan 9 type1 m practical1 m mat]ial1 m poly!i/ic4 ,& ^! at a lat] "t are re9=c$ by a ?ird or nor!rn =m1--! ,teutonic & ,prote/ant2 9 :i* e?ical ideas prepond]ate ov] religi\s1 & ! wor%ip ( ! ,book 9 its mo/ lit]al & (t5 fooli% int]pretation sup]s$es ! e>li] wor%ip ( ,madonna1 sa9ts1 pictures1 /atues1 & emblems4 ,at #djd! p]iod :5 ,*ri/ianity fir/ beg9s to em]ge f ! primitive obscurity ( its =mative nisus1 h[ev]1 we f9d x practically comp\nd$ ( ! foll[+ elem5ts--:i* repres5t ! common union ( a y\ng] god (f]$ up to an old] "o ) :om he is id5tifi$4 ,fir/ ( all1 z ! impli$ basis1 tak5 = grant$ 9 all ! e>ly ,hebrew scriptures1 !re is curr5t ,judaism1 9 ! =m t ,judaism _h gradually assum$ 9 ! f\r?1 ?ird1 & second c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,?is includes z its ma9 pr9ciple ! cult ( ! "o god ,jahweh1 n[ no long] l>gely ?\ght ( "u t p]sonal "n1 or z a /rictly e?nic deity1 b r envisag$ z ! ,"l ,god :o dwells 9 heav51 v mu* z ,*ri/ians ( to-day /ill envisage him4 ,x includes also an und]curr5t ( belief 9 a heav5ly hi]>*y ( angels & ar*angels1 ! c\rt ( ! ,"l 7modifications ( an e>li] a/rological conception1 ! ,ho/ ( ,heav571 & 9 a pr9ciple ( evil1 ,satan or ! devil1 dwell+ 9 hell1 & simil>ly surr\nd$ by a cr[d ( m9or or assi/ant demons4 ,fur!r1 x accepts implicitly f e>li] ,judaism ! resurrection ( ! dead1 ! judgm5t ( ! good & ! wick$1 ! doctr9e ( future rew>ds & puni%m5ts 7p]haps 9 its fulle/ %ape a ,hell5i/ic importation f ,egypt1 ?\gh also commonly f\nd 9 mo/ spontane\s religions71 & _m o!r t5ets ( ! curr5t ,jewi% belief4 ,9 %ort1 ! v e>lie/ ,*ri/ians1 be+ probably = ! mo/ "p ,jews1 ,galilans1 & proselytes1 or else ,syrians & ,africans ( ,judais+ t5d5cies1 did n attempt to get rid ( all _! preconceiv$ religi\s op9ions :5 !y became ,*ri/ians1 b m]ely sup]add$ to ^! z a new item ! special cult ( ! deifi$ ,jesus4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ! ,gospel spread to ! ,g5tiles1 x 0 n ?\ght necess>y to burd5 ! fre% conv]ts ) ! :ole m9ute c]emonial ( ,judaism1 & especially ) ! difficult & unpleasant initiatory rite ( circumcision4 #dje;,a m]e symbolical lu/ration1 kn[n z baptism1 0 all t 0 dem&$ ( new adh]5ts to ! fai?1 ) ab/95ce f any p>ticipation 9 ldquo2hea!n0 sacrifices or functions4 ,to ?is ext5t ! old exclusiv5ess ( ,jahweh-wor%ip1 ! cult ( ! jeal\s ,god1 0 /ill all[$ to ass]t itself4 ,& ! g5]al au?ority ( ! ,hebrew scriptures1 especially z a hi/orical acc\nt ( ! developm5t ( ,judaism1 f :i* ,*ri/ianity sprang1 0 m or less fully admitt$1 at fir/ by implication or quotation alone1 b aft]w>ds by ! delib]ate & av[$ voice ( ! :ole ,*ri/ian assembly4 ,! translation ( ?is mix$ mass ( hi/orical docum5ts1 e>ly cosmogonies1 ill-report$ & ,jeho-vis$ ,jewi% traditions1 mis9t]pret$ poems1 & consci\s =g]ies1 9 ! ,lat9 v]sion kn[n z ! ,vulgate1 _h ! effect ( end[+ ,europe = _m c5turies ) a false body ( anci5t hi/ory1 :i* mu/ h l>gely ret>d$ ! developm5t ( ! race up to our own "t1 & ^: evil effects h h>dly yet pass$ away among ! m ignorant & cons]vative ,bibliolatr\s classes ( mod]n society4 ,sup]impos$ ^u ?is sub/ratum ( curr5t ,judaism ) its wor%ip ( ,jahweh came ! di/9ctive ,jesus-cult1 ! wor%ip ( ! p>ticul> dead ,galilan peasant4 ,?is elem5t 0 sup]add$ to ! cult ( ! ,fa!r1 ! great god :o _h sl[ly & imp]ceptibly develop$ out ( ! sacr$ /one t ! sons ( ,israel 7 believ$ to h br\ght up ) !m f ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,b h[1 9 a religion pret5d+ to be mono!i/ic1 7 ^! two di/9ct cults ( two su* div]se gods to be reconcil$ or to be expla9$ away8 ,by ! famili> doctr9e ( ! inc>nation1 & ! belief 9 ! human god :o is sacrific$1 himself to himself1 z a piacul> (f]+4 ,jewi% tradition & subtl] ,egyptian my/icism suffic$ to smoo? ov] ! app>5t anomaly4 ,! ,jews look$ =w>d to a my/]i\s deliv]]1 a new ,moses1 ! ,messiah1 :o 0 to fulfil ! de/9y ( ,israel by unit+ all nations "u ! sceptre ( ,david1 & by #djf;br++ ! ,g5tiles to ! feet ( ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,jesus1 said ! ,*ri/ians1 _h proclaim$ himself t v ,messiah1 ! ,*ri/ ( ,god2 he _h (t5 allud$ to ! great ,hebrew deity z 8 fa!r2 he _h laid claim to ! wor%ip ( ! ,"l ( heav54 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 p]haps1 ! unaid$ ,jewi% intellig5ce w\ld h>dly h gone3 x w\ld h be5 satisfi$ ) assign+ to ! sla9 man-god ,jesus a second>y place1 z ! only begott5 ,son ( ,god1 :o gave himself up z a will+ victim--a position p]haps sc>cely m important ?an t :i* ,mohammad holds 9 ! sy/em ( ,islam4 ,su*1 x seems to me1 is on ! :ole ! conception :i* p]meates ! synoptic ,gospels1 repres5t+ ! ideas ( ,syrian ,*ri/5dom4 ,b "h ! acute ,grco-,egyptian m9d came 9 ) its nice di/9ctions & its my/ical id5tifications4 ,!re 0 b "o god1 inde$2 yet t god 0 at lea/ tw(old 7to g no fur!r = ! pres5t74 ,he _h two p]sons1 ! ,fa!r & ! ,son3 & ! ,second ,p]son1 id5tifi$ ) ! ,alex&rian conception ( ! ,logos1 ?\gh inf]ior to ! ,fa!r z t\*+ 8 manhood1 0 equal to ! ,fa!r z t\*+ 8 godhead--aft] ! precise fa%ion we saw s common 9 describ+ ! relations ( ,osiris & ,horus1 & ! id5tification ( ! ,attis or ,adonis victim ) ! e>li] & old] god he repres5t$4 8,i & my ,fa!r are "o10 says ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ! embodim5t & inc>nation ( ! ,alex&rian ,logos4 ,& 9 ! v =efront ( t manife/o ( ,neo-,platonic ,*ri/ianity comes ! dogmatic ass]tion1 8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,logos3 & ! ,logos dwelt ) ,god3 & ! ,logos 0 ,god40 ,ev5 s ! basis ( ! new cre$ is /ill incomplete4 ,! ,fa!r & ,son give ! :ole ( ! comp\nd deity z ! popul> m9d1 ev]y:]e & always1 has commonly appreh5d$ x4 ,b ! s*ola/ic & !ological intellig5ce ne$$ a ,?ird ,p]son to complete ! ,tr9ity :i* to all mank9d1 z especially to ori5tals1 is ! #djgonly p]fect & ?or\ghly r\nd$ figure4 ,9 lat] days1 no d\bt1 ! ,madonna w\ld h be5 *os5 to fill up ! blank1 &1 on ! analogy ( ,isis1 w\ld h fill$ x mo/ effici5tly4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 9 ! cre$ ( ,*ri/5dom z ! ,ca?olic p "k x1 ! ,madonna is really "o ( ! mo/ important p]sonages4 ,b 9 ^? e>ly =mative times1 ! cult ( ! ,!otokos _h h>dly yet assum$ its full importance3 p]haps1 inde$1 ! ,jewi% believ]s w\ld h be5 %ock$ at ! b>e notion ( ! wor%ip ( a woman1 ! readmission ( an ,a/>te1 a ,que5 ( ,heav51 into ! fai? ( ,israel4 ,ano!r object ( adoration _h !re=e to be f\nd4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 t vague ess5ce1 ! ,holy ,gho/1 or ,div9e ,wisdom1 ^: gradual developm5t & dissociation f ,god himself is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s *apt]s 9 all ! hi/ory ( artificial god-mak+4 ,! 8_s ( ,jahweh0 _h frequ5tly be5 m5tion$ 9 ,hebrew writ+s2 & ) s invisible & unapproa*able a deity z ! ,jewi% ,god1 0 (t5 made to d duty z a mess5g] or int]m$i>y :]e ! p]sonal pres5ce ( ,jahweh himself w\ld h be5 felt to contrav5e ! fir/ necessities ( incorporeal div9ity4 ,x 0 ! 8_s ( ,jahweh0 t came ^u ! prophets3 x 0 ! 8wisdom ( ,jahweh0 t ! poets describ$1 & t grew at la/ to be deta*$ f ! p]sonality ( ,god1 & allud$ to almo/ z a liv+ individual4 ,9 ! e>ly *ur*1 ?is 8_s ( ,god10 ?is 8holy _s10 0 suppos$ to be p\r$ =? ^u ! heads ( believ]s3 x desc5d$ ^u ,jesus himself 9 ! visible =m ( a dove f heav51 & ^u ! disciples at ,p5teco/ z tongues ( fire4 ,gradually1 ! conception ( a p]sonal ,holy ,gho/ took =m & def9it5ess3 an ,alex&rian monk insi/$ on ! necessity = a ,triad ( gods :o 7 yet "o ,god3 & by ! "t ! fir/ cre$s ( ! nasc5t *ur* 7 committ$ to writ+1 ! ,_s _h come to rank ) ! ,fa!r & ! ,son z ! ,?ird ,p]son 9 ! ev]-bless$ ,tr9ity4 ,by #djh?is "t1 too1 x is pretty cle> t ! orig9al manhood ( ,jesus _h got m]g$ 9 ! idea ( 8 et]nal godhead2 he 0 reg>d$ z ! ,logos1 come d[n f heav51 :]e he _h exi/$ be=e all worlds1 & inc>nate by ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,! o!r articles ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? clu/]$ gradually r\nd ^! prime elem5ts3 ! my? ga!r$ =ce2 ! my/icism increas$2 ! second>y div9e be+s or sa9ts grew va/ly 9 numb]s2 & ! elem5t ( ,judaism disappe>$ piecemeal1 :ile a new poly!ism & a new sac]dotalism took root apace 9 ! ,aryan _w4 ,i %all /rive to %[1 h[ev]1 9 my conclud+ *apt]s1 h[ ev5 to ! v end ! wor%ip ( ! dead is /ill ! c5tral =ce 9 mod]n ,*ri/ianity3 h[ religion1 :atev] its =m1 c nev] w&] f> f t fundam5tal reality3 & h[1 :5ev] by =ce ( circum/ances ! gods become too remote f human life1 s t ! doctr9e ( resurrection or p]sonal immortality is endang]$ = a "t1 & reunion ) relations 9 ! o!r _w becomes d\btful or insecure1 a reaction is sure to set 9 :i* takes ?+s back once m to ^! fundam5tal concepts1 ! mo/ p]si/5t & p]petually recurr5t elem5t 9 all religi\s ?9k+4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4--,,survivals ,,9 ,,*ri/5dom4 ,,we #dji;h n[ travell$ f>1 app>5tly1 f t primitive /age ( god-mak+ :]e ! only kn[n gods are ! corpses1 mummies1 skulls1 gho/s1 or spirits ( dead *iefta9s or dead fri5ds & relations4 ,! ,god ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 8 fully-evolv$ =m1 especially z kn[n to ?9k]s & !ologians1 is a be+ s va/1 s ab/ract1 s ubiquit\s1 s et]nal1 t he seems to h h>dly & po9ts ( contact at all ) ! simple ance/ral _s or sacr$ /one f :i* 9 ! la/ resort he appe>s to be desc5d$4 ,yet ev5 "h1 we mu/ bew>e ( be+ misl$ by too p]sonal an outlook4 ,:ile ! high] m9ds 9 ,*ri/5dom und\bt$ly conceive ( ! ,*ri/ian ,god 9 t]ms ( ,mansel & ,m>t9eau1 ! l[] m9ds ev5 among ourselves conceive ( him 9 f> simpl] & m mat]ial fa%ions4 ,a good deal ( enquiry among ord9>y ,engli% p ( v>i\s classes1 n always ! poore/1 conv9ces me t to l>ge numb]s ( !m ,god is envisag$ z possess+ a mat]ial human =m1 m or less gase\s 9 composition2 t1 9 spite ( ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles1 he has body1 p>ts1 & passions2 t he is usually pictur$ to ! m9d's eye z ab\t t5 or twelve feet high1 ) head1 h&s1 eyes & m\?1 us$ to see ) & speak ) 9 human fa%ion2 & t he sits on a ?rone1 l a k+ t he is1 surr\nd$ by a visible c\rt ( angels & ar*angels4 ,italian art s inv>iably repres5ts him1 ) a frankness unkn[n to ,prote/ant ,*ri/5dom4 ,in/ead ( #daj;be+ 9 all places at once1 p]vad+ & und]ly+ nature1 ! ,deity is conceiv$ ( by mo/ ( 8 wor%ipp]s z hav+ m]ely ! p[] ( annihilat+ space1 & f9d+ himself :]ev] he likes at a giv5 mom5t4 ,8 omnisci5ce & omnipot5ce are readily grant$2 b 8 ab/ractness & immat]iality are n really grasp$ by "o out ( a ?\s& ( 8 believ]s 9 ,brita94 ,! fact is1 s ab/ract a conception z ! highe/ !ological conception ( ,god _c be realis$ except symbolically1 & !n = a few mom5ts only1 9 complete isolation4 ,! mom5t ,god is def9itely ?\ght ( 9 connexion ) any cosmic activity1 /ill m 9 connexion ) any human ne$1 he is inevitably ?\ght ( on human analogies1 & m or less completely an?ropomorphis$ 9 ! bra9 ( ! believ]4 ,be+ by orig9 an (f%oot ( ! m9d ( man1 a great deifi$ human be+1 he reta9s necess>ily /ill1 = all save a few v my/ical or ontological s\ls1 ! obvi\s m>ks ( 8 ultimate desc5t f a gho/ or _s4 ,inde$1 on ! m5tal z oppos$ to ! bodily side1 he does s = u all2 s9ce ev5 !ologians freely ascribe to him su* human feel+s z love1 affection1 a s5se ( ju/ice1 a _s ( m]cy1 ( tru?1 ( wisdom3 k1 w1 ! p[]s ( intellect1 all ! ess5tial & fundam5tal human faculties & emotions4 ,?us1 f> z we seem to h travell$ f our base 9 ! mo/ exalt$ concepts ( ,god1 we are ne>] to x /ill ?an mo/ ( u imag9e4 ,moreov]1 9 spite ( ?is height to :i* ! highe/ m9ds h rais$ _! idea ( ! ,deity1 z ! creator1 su/a9]1 & mov] ( ! univ]se1 e religion1 h[ev] mono!i/ic1 /ill cont9ues to make new m9or gods = itself out ( ! dead z !y die1 & to wor%ip ^! gods ) ev5 m assidu\s wor%ip ?an x be/[s ^u ! great ,god ( ,*ri/5dom or ! great gods ( ! c5tral pan!on4 ,& ! ,*ri/ian religion makes su* m9or deities no less ?an all #daao!rs4 ,! fact is1 ! religi\s emotion takes its orig9 f ! affection & reg>d felt = ! dead by survivors1 m+l$ ) ! hope & belief t !y may be ( "s use or advantage1 temporal or spiritual1 to ^? :o call ^u !m2 & ^! primitive fai?s & feel+s rema9 s +ra9$ 9 ! v core ( humanity t ev5 ! mo/ ab/ract ( all religions1 l ! ,prote/ant s*ism1 _c :olly *oke !m1 :ile recrudesc5ces ( ! orig9al cre$ & cu/om spr+ up f "t to "t 9 ! =m ( spiritualism1 !osophy1 & o!r vague types ( simple gho/-wor%ip4 ,mo/ advanc$ religions1 h[ev]1 & especially ,*ri/ianity 9 its c5tral1 true1 & ma9 =m ( ,ca?olicism1 h f\nd x necess>y to keep r5ew+ f "t to "t ! /ock ( m9or gods--"h arbitr>ily kn[n z sa9ts--mu* z ! old] religions f\nd x always necess>y f ye> to ye> to r5ew ! f\ndation-gods1 ! corn & w9e gods1 & ! o!r special deities ( ! manufactur$ ord]1 by a con/ant supply ( !an?ropic victims4 ,:at ,i wi% m p>ticul>ly to po9t out "h1 h[ev]1 is t ! va/ majority ( places ( wor%ip all ! _w ov] are /ill erect$1 z at ! v beg9n+1 above ! body ( a dead man or woman2 t ! *ief objects ( wor%ip 9 e %r9e are /ill1 z always1 su* *]i%$ bodies ( dead m5 & wom52 & t ! primitive connexion ( ,religion ) ,dea? has nev] = a mom5t be5 practically sev]$ 9 ! great] "p ( ! _w1--n ev5 9 ,prote/ant ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,mr4 ,william ,simpson 0 "o ( ! fir/ p]sons to po9t out ?is curi\s und]ly+ connexion betwe5 *ur*es1 temples1 mosques1 or topes1 & a tomb or monum5t4 ,he has prov$ 8 po9t 9 a v full mann]1 & ,i w\ld ref] ! read] :o wi%es to pursue ?is bran* ( ! subject at l5g? to 8 int]e/+ monographs4 ,9 ?is "w1 ,i w conf9e my att5tion ma9ly to ! cont9u$ pres5ce ( ?is dea?-elem5t 9 ,*ri/ianity2 b by way ( illu/ration1 ,i w preface my rem>ks #dab;by a few /ray in/ances pick$ up at r&om f ! neighb\r+ & int]e/+ field ( ,islam4 ,!re is no religion 9 all ! _w :i* pr(esses to be m purely mono!i/ic 9 "* ?an ,mohamm$anism4 ,! unity ( ,god1 9 ! v /ricte/ s5se1 is ! "o dogma r\nd :i* ! entire cre$ ( ,islam c5tres4 ,m ?an any o!r cult1 x repres5ts itself z a di/9ct reaction aga9/ ! poly!ism & sup]/ition ( surr\nd+ fai?s4 ,! isolation ( ,allah is its "o great dogma4 ,if1 !re=e1 we f9d ev5 9 ?is mo/ mono!i/ic ( exi/+ religi\s sy/ems a l>ge elem5t ( practically poly!i/ic survival--if we f9d t ev5 "h ! ,wor%ip ( ! ,dead rema9s1 z a *ief compon5t 9 religi\s practice1 if n 9 religi\s !ory1 we %all be fairly entitl$ to conclude1 ,i ?9k1 t su* con/itu5ts are inde$ ( ! v ess5ce ( religi\s ?9k+1 & we %all be greatly /r5g!n$ 9 ! conclusions at :i* we previ\sly arriv$ z to a belief 9 immortality or cont9u$ life ( ! dead be+ 9 fact ! core & basis ( wor%ip & ( deity4 ,"s eight or t5 ye>s s9ce1 :5 ,i fir/ came practically into connexion ) ,islam 9 ,alg]ia & ,egypt1 ,i 0 imm$iately /ruck by ! wide preval5ce among ! ,mahomm$an population ( =ms ( wor%ip = :i* ,i 0 little prep>$ by any?+ ,i _h previ\sly read or he>d z to ! nature & practice ( t exclusive & o/5tati\sly mono!i/ic fai?4 ,two po9ts1 inde$1 =cibly /rike any visitor :o = ! fir/ "t has ! opportunity ( obs]v+ a ,mahomm$an community 9 its native surr\nd+s4 ,! fir/ is ! univ]sal habit on ! "p ( ! wom5 ( visit+ ! cemet]ies & m\rn+ or pray+ ov] ! graves ( _! relations on ,friday1 ! sacr$ day ( ,islam4 ,! second is ! frequ5cy ( ,k\bbas1 or little :itewa%$ mosque-tombs erect$ ov] ! rema9s ( ,m>ab\ts1 fake]s1 or local sa9ts1 :i* =m ! real c5tres = ! religion & wor%ip ( e village4 ,islam1 9 practice1 is a religion #dac( pilgrimages to ! tombs ( ! dead4 ,9 ,alg]ia1 e hillside is dott$ ov] ) ^! picturesque little :itewa%$ domes1 ea* ov]%ad[$ by its sacr$ date-palm1 ea* surr\nd$ by its small wall$ enclosure or tem5os ( prickly pe> or agave1 & ea* att5d$ by its local m9i/rant1 :o takes *>ge ( ! tomb & ( ! alms ( ! fai?ful4 ,holy body1 sacr$ /one1 tree1 well1 & prie/--n an elem5t ( ! orig9al cult ( ! dead is lack+4 ,num]\s pilgrimages are made to ^! k\bbas by ! dev\t3 & on ,friday ev5+s ! little c\rty>ds are almo/ inv>iably ?rong$ by a cr[d ( eag] & devot$ wor%ipp]s4 ,)91 ! bones ( ! holy man lie pres]v$ 9 a frame hung ab\t ) ros>ies1 pictures1 & o!r oblations ( 8 ard5t disciples1 exactly z 9 ! case ( ,roman ,ca?olic *apels4 ,! sa9t1 9 fact1 is q z mu* an in/itution ( mono!i/ic ,islam z ( any o!r religion ) :i* ,i am practically acqua9t$4 ,^! two peculi>ities ( ! cult ( ,islam /rike a /rang] imm$iately on ! mo/ casual visit4 ,:5 he comes to look at ! matt] m closely1 h[ev]1 he f9ds also t mo/ ( ! l>g] mosques 9 ! pr9cipal t[ns are !mselves simil>ly built to conta9 & en%r9e ! bones ( sa9tly p]sonages1 m or less rev]$ 9 _! imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,"s ( ^! are inde$ s holy t _! bones h be5 duplicat$ exactly l ! wood ( ! true cross1 & two tombs h be5 built 9 sep>ate places :]e ! :ole or a portion ( ! suppos$ rema9s are said to be buri$4 ,i w only specify z in/ances ( su* holy tombs ! sacr$ city ( ,k]\an 9 ,tunisia1 :i* ranks second to ,mecca & ,m$9a alone 9 ! op9ion ( all dev\t we/]n ,mohamm$ans4 ,"h1 ! mo/ rev]$ build+ is ! %r9e ( 8,! ,companion ( ! ,prophet10 :o lies )9 a catafalque cov]$ ) palls ( black velvet & silv]--z fun]eal a monum5t z is kn[n to me any:]e4 ,close by /&s ! catafalque ( an ,indian sa9t :ile #dado!r holy tomb-mosques ab\nd 9 ! city4 ,9 ,algi]s t[n1 ! holie/ place is simil>ly ! mosque-tomb ( ,sidi ,abd-er-,rahman1 :i* conta9s ! %r9e & body ( t sa9t1 :o di$ 9 #adga4 ,ar\nd him1 s z to %>e 8 sacr$ burial-place 7l ! ,egyptians :o wi%$ to be int]r$ ) ,osiris71 lie ! bodies ( sev]al ,deys & ,pa%as4 ,lights are kept con/antly burn+ at ! sa9t's tomb1 :i* is hung ) v>i\sly-col\r$ drap]y1 aft] ! old ,semitic fa%ion1 :ile bann]s & o/ri*-eggs1 ! gifts ( ! fai?ful1 dangle o/5tati\sly r\nd x f ! decorat$ ceil+4 ,/ill m sacr$ 9 its way is ! v5]able %r9e ( ,sidi ,okba ne> ,biskra1 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t places ( wor%ip 9 ! ,mahomm$an _w4 ,! tomb ( ! great sa9t /&s 9 a *antry1 scre5$ (f f ! noble mosque :i* =ms ! ante-*amb]1 & is hung r\nd ) silk & o!r da9ty (f]+s4 ,on ! front an inscription 9 v e>ly ,cufic *>act]s in=ms u t 8,?is is ! tomb ( ,okba1 son ( ,nafa3 ,may ,allah h m]cy ^u him40 ,! mosque is a fam\s place ( pilgrimage1 & a belief obta9s t :5 ! ,sidi is rightly invok$1 a c]ta9 m9>et 9 its front w nod 9 acceptance ( ! *os5 wor%ipp]4 ,i c\ld multiply in/ances indef9itely1 b refra9 on purpose4 ,all ! *ief mosques at ,tlemen1 ,con/ant9e1 & ! o!r lead+ ,nor? ,african t[ns simil>ly ga!r ov] ! bodies ( sa9ts or m>ab\ts1 :o are invok$ 9 pray]1 & to :om e act ( wor%ip is (f]$4 ,all ov] ,islam we get su* holy grave-mosques4 ,! tomb ( ! ,prophet at ,m$9a heads ! li/3 ) ! equally holy tomb ( 8 daught] ,fatima4 ,among ! ,%iahs1 ,ali's grave at ,nejef & ,hoseyn's grave at ,k]bela are z sacr$ z t ( ! ,prophet at ,m$9a4 ,! %r9es ( ! ,imams are mu* ador$ 9 ,p]sia4 ,! graves ( ! pe]s 9 ,india1 ! ,zi>ets ( ! fake]s 9 ,afghani/an1 %[ ! same t5d5cy4 ,9 ,pale/9e1 says ,major #dae;,cond]1 wor%ip at ! tombs ( local sa9ts 8repres5ts ! real religion ( ! peasant40 ,i _h orig9ally int5d$1 inde$1 to include 9 ?is "w a special *apt] on ^! survivals 9 ,islam1 a va/ numb] ( :i* ,i h collect$ 9 v>i\s places2 b my book has already swell$ to s mu* l>g] dim5sions ?an ,i _h orig9ally contemplat$ t ,i am compell$ reluctantly to =ego ?is disquisition4 ,"o ^w1 h[ev]1 mu/ be giv5 to ,egypt1 :]e ! cult ( ! dead 0 always s m>k$ a feature 9 ! develop$ religion1 & :]e nei!r ,*ri/ianity nor ,islam has be5 able to obscure ?is primitive t5d5cy4 ,no?+ is m noticeable 9 ! ,nile ,valley ?an ! extraord9>y way 9 :i* ! habits & ideas z to burial & ! pres]vation ( ! dead h surviv$ 9 spite ( ! d\ble & rapid alt]ation 9 religi\s !ory4 ,at ,sak-k>ah & ,!bes1 "o is famili> ) ! /reets & h\ses ( tombs1 regul>ly laid out s z to =m 9 ! /ricte/ s5se a true ,necropolis1 or city ( ! dead4 ,j outside ,cairo1 on ! edge ( ! des]t1 a precisely simil> mod]n ,necropolis exi/s to ?is day1 regul>ly plann$ 9 /reets & qu>t]s1 ) ! tomb ( ea* family /&+ 9 its own c\rty>d or enclosure1 & (t5 v closely resembl+ ! common r\nd-ro($ or dom$ ,egyptian h\ses4 ,9 ?is t[n ( dead bodies1 e di/9ction ( rank & weal? may n[ be obs]v$4 ,! ri* are buri$ "u spl5did mausolea ( great ar*itectural pret5sions2 ! poor occupy humble tombs j rais$ above ! surface ( ! des]t1 & m>k$ at head & foot ) r\gh & simple ,egyptian tomb/ones4 ,/ill1 ! entire aspect ( su* a cemet]y is ! aspect ( a t[n4 ,9 nor!rn climates1 ! dead sleep _! la/ sleep "u grassy little tumuli1 :olly unlike ! /reets ( a city3 9 ,egypt1 to ?is day1 ! dead occupy1 z 9 life1 :ole lanes & alleys ( et]nal h\ses4 ,ev5 ! _s :i* produc$ ! ,pyramids & ! ,tombs ( ! ,k+s is conspicu\s 9 mod]n or m$iaeval ,cairo 9 #daf! ta/e :i* begot ^? va/ dom$ mosques kn[n z ! ,tombs ( ! ,khalifs & ! ,tombs ( ! ,mamelooks4 ,:atev] is bigge/ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( anci5t ,memphis turns out on exam9ation to be ! la/ re/+-place ( a ,dead ,man1 & a place ( wor%ip4 ,almo/ e "o ( ! great mosques ( ,cairo is ei!r a tomb built = himself by a rul]--& ?is is ! m frequ5t case--or else ! holy %r9e ( "s sa9t ( ,islam4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,egypt1 h[ev]1 :]e k+ & god h always be5 s closely comb9$1 t :ile else:]e ! mosque is usually ! pray]-tomb ( a holy man1 9 ,cairo x is usually ! memorial-temple ( a ,sultan1 an ,eme]1 a vic]oy1 or a ,kh$ive4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d1 too1 aft] all we h se5 z to ! special sanctity ( ! oracul> head1 t p]haps ! holie/ ( all ^! mosques conta9s ! head ( ,hoseyn1 ! gr&son ( ! ,prophet4 ,a c]emonial wa%+ is p>ticul>ly m5tion$ 9 ! /ory ( its translation4 ,! mosque ( ,sultan ,hassan1 ) its spl5did mausolem1 is a peculi>ly f9e example ( ! temple-tombs ( ,cairo4 ,i w n l+] any long]1 h[ev]1 9 ! prec9cts ( ,islam1 fur!r ?an to m5tion ! significant fact t ! great c5tral object ( wor%ip = ! ,mahomm$an _w is ! ,kaaba at ,mecca1 :i* itself1 z ,mr4 ,william ,simpson long ago po9t$ out1 be>s obvi\s traces ( be+ at once a tomb & a sacr$ alt>-/one4 ,sir ,ri*>d ,burton's orig9al sket* ( ?is my/ic object %[s x z a squ>e & undecorat$ temple-tomb1 cov]$ ?r\gh\t ) a tassell$ black pall--a mo/ fun]eal object--! s-call$ 8sacr$ c>pet40 ,x is1 9 po9t ( fact1 a simple catafalque4 ,z ! ,kaaba 0 adopt$ direct by ,mohammad f ! e>ly ,semitic hea!nism ( ,arabia1 & z x mu/ always h be5 treat$ ) ! same respect1 ,i d n ?9k we c avoid ! obvi\s conclusion t ?is v anci5t tomb has be5 fun]eally drap$ 9 ! self-same mann]1 l ^? ( ,biskra1 ,algi]s1 & ,k]\an1 f ! "t ( its fir/ erection4 #dag,?is case ?us ?r[s light on ! drap+ ( ! a%]a1 z d also ! _m-col\r$ drap]ies & hang+s ( sa9ts' catafalques 9 ,alg]ia & ,tunis4 ,nor c ,i resi/ a pass+ m5tion ( ! ,moh>ram fe/ival1 :i* is said to be ! commemoration ( ! dea? ( ,hoseyn1 ! son ( ,ali 7^: holy head is pres]v$ at ,cairo74 ,?is is a rude piece ( act+1 9 :i* ! ev5ts suppos$ to be connect$ ) ! dea? ( ,hoseyn are graphically repres5t$2 & x ends ) a sacr$ ,adonis-l or ,osiris-l procession1 9 :i* ! body ( ! sa9t is c>ri$ & m\rn$ ov]4 ,! fun]al is ! gr& "p ( ! p]=mance2 catafalques are con/ruct$ = ! holy corpse1 cov]$ ) gre5 & gold t9sel--! gre5 be+ obvi\sly a la/ rem9isc5ce ( ! god ( vegetation4 ,9 ,bombay1 aft] ! dead body & %r9e h be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! /reets amid weep+ & wail+1 !y are f9ally ?r[n into ! sea1 l ,k+ ,c>nival4 ,i ?9k we ne$ h>dly d\bt t "h we h an evanesc5t relic ( ! rites ( ! corn-god1 end+ 9 a ra9-*>m1 & v closely resembl+ ^? ( ,adonis & ,osiris4 ,b if 9 ,islam ! great objects ( wor%ip are ! ,kaaba tomb at ,mecca & ! ,tomb ( ! ,prophet at ,m$9a1 s ! mo/ holy spot 9 ! _w = ,*ri/5dom is--! ,holy ,sepul*re4 ,x 0 = possession ( t mo/ sacr$ place ( pilgrimage t ,*ri/ians f\ght ,moslems ?r\gh ! middle ages2 & x is !re t :ile fai? 9 ! human ,*ri/ 0 /rong & vigor\s ! va/ majority ( ! mo/ m]itori\s pilgrimages cont9u$ to be direct$4 ,to wor%ip at ! tomb ( ! ris5 ,r$eem] 0 ! highe/ hope ( ! dev\t m$ival ,*ri/ian4 ,imitations ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re occur 9 abundance all ov] ,europe3 "o exi/s at ,s4 ,/efano 9 ,bologna2 ano!r1 due to ! g5ius ( ,alb]ti1 is well kn[n 9 ! ,ruccellai *apel at ,flor5ce4 ,i ne$ h>dly recall ! ,sacro ,monte at ,v>allo4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 h[ev]1 9 ,*ri/5dom1 & especially #dah;9 ^? p>ts ( ,*ri/5dom remote f ,pale/9e1 m5 cont5t$ !mselves ) ne>] & m dome/ic sa9ts4 ,f a v e>ly date we see 9 ! catacombs ! gr[? ( ?is practice ( (f]+ up pray] by 7or to7 ! bodies ( ! ,dead :o slept 9 ,*ri/4 ,a *apel or capella1 z ,dean ,burgon has po9t$ out1 meant orig9ally an ar*$ sepul*re 9 ! walls ( ! catacombs1 at :i* pray] 0 aft]w>ds habitually made3 & above-gr\nd *apels 7 modell$1 lat] on1 ^u ! patt]n ( ^! anci5t und]gr\nd %r9es4 ,i h allud$ briefly 9 my second *apt] to ! probable orig9 ( ! cruci=m *ur* f two gall]ies ( ! catacombs cross+ "o ano!r at "r angles2 ! ,high ,alt> /&s !re ov] ! body or relics ( a ,dead ,sa9t2 & ! *apels repres5t o!r m9or tombs gr\p$ l ni*es 9 ! catacombs ar\nd x4 ,a *apel is ?us1 z ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] phrases x1 8a tomb )9 a tomb02 & a great ca!dral is a s]ri$ set ( su* cumulative tombs1 "o built beside ! o!r4 ,sometimes ! *apels are actual graves1 sometimes !y are c5otaphs2 b ! connexion ) dea? is always equally evid5t4 ,on ?is subject1 ,i w\ld ref] ! read] aga9 to ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s pages4 ,s long z ,*ri/ianity 0 proscrib$ at ,rome & ?r\gh\t ! empire1 ! wor%ip ( ! dead mu/ h gone on only sil5tly1 & mu/ h c5tr$ 9 ! catacombs or by ! graves ( sa9ts & m>tyrs--! la/-nam$ be+ practically m]e ,*ri/ian successors ( ! will+ victims ( e>li] religions4 8,to be c\nt$ wor?y to suff]0 0 ! he>t's desire ( e e>ne/ ,*ri/ian--z x /ill is among fre% & liv+ sects l ! ,salvation ,army2 & ! cre$ ( self-sacrifice1 ^: v "n betrays its human-victim orig91 0 all b univ]sal4 ,:5 ,*ri/ianity _h triumph$1 h[ev]1 & ga9$ n only (ficial recognition b (ficial hon\r1 ! cult ( ! m>tyrs & ! o!r fai?ful dead became ) ,*ri/ian ,rome a p]fect passion4 ,! ,holy ,innoc5ts1 #dai,/4 ,/eph5 ,protom>tyr1 ! nameless m>tyrs ( ! ,t5 ,p]secutions1 toge!r ) ,poly c>p1 ,vivia ,p]ptua1 ,flicitas1 ,ignatius & all ! re/1 came to receive f ! *ur* a =m ( v5]ation :i* only ! nice di/9ctions ( ! !ological m9d c\ld enable u to discrim9ate f actual wor%ip4 ,! great procession ( ! sla9 = ,*ri/ 9 ! mosaics ( ,sant' ,apoll9>e ,nuovo at ,rav5na gives a good compreh5sive li/ ( ! m important ( ^! e>lie/ sa9ts 7at lea/ = ,aryan wor%ipp]s7 head$ by ,/4 ,m>t91 ,/4 ,clem5t1 ,/4 ,ju/91 ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 & ,/4 ,hippolytus4 ,lat] on came ! m my?ical & poetic figures1 d]iv$ app>5tly f hea!n gods--,/4 ,ca?>9e1 ,/4 ,b>b>a1 ,/4 ,george1 ,/4 ,*ri/oph]4 ,^! =m z !y g a p]fect new pan!on1 circl+ r\nd ! figures ( ,*ri/ himself1 & 8 "m ! ,madonna1 :o gr[s quickly 9 turn1 by absorption ( ,isis1 ,a/>te1 & ,artemis1 into ! ,que5 ( ,heav54 ,! love-fea/s or agap ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 usually held1 9 ! catacombs or else:]e1 above ! bodies ( ! m>tyrs4 ,subsequ5tly1 ! rema9s ( ! sa9t$ dead 7 transf]r$ to lordly *ur*es )\t1 l ,sant' ,agnese & ,san ,paolo1 :]e !y 7 deposit$ "u ! alt> or sacr$ /one ?us consecrat$1 f ^: top ! body & blood ( ,*ri/ 0 di/ribut$ 9 ! ,eu*>i/4 ,z e>ly z ! f\r? c5tury1 we "k t no *ur* 0 complete )\t "s su* relic2 & ! passion = m>tyrs spread s greatly f t p]iod onw>d t at "o "t no less ?an #bcjj corpses ( holy m5 toge!r 7 buri$ at ,s4 ,prass$e4 ,x is only 9 ,rome itself t ! full importance ( ?is m>tyr-wor%ip c n[ be suffici5tly und]/ood1 or ! l>ge "p :i* x play$ 9 ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity adequately recognis$4 ,p]haps ! easie/ way = ! ,prote/ant read] to put himself 9 t\* ) ?is side ( ! subject is to p]use ! v int]e/+ & graphic #dbj;acc\nt giv5 9 ! second volume ( ,mrs4 ,jameson's ,sacr$ & ,leg5d>y ,art4 ,i h room = a few illu/rative examples only4 ,:5 ,/4 ,ambrose f\nd$ 8 new *ur* at ,milan1 he wi%$ to consecrate x ) "s holy relics4 ,9 a vision1 he beheld two "y m5 9 %9+ clo!s1 & x 0 reveal$ to him t ^! 7 holy m>tyrs ^: bodies lay ne> ! spot :]e he liv$ 9 ! city4 ,he dug = !m1 accord+ly1 & f\nd two bodies1 :i* prov$ to be ^? ( two sa9ts1 ,g]vasius & ,protasius1 :o _h suff]$ = ! fai? 9 ! reign ( ,n]o4 ,!y 7 in/all$ 9 ! new basilica ,ambrose _h built at ,milan4 ,*ur*es 9 _! hon\r n[ exi/ all ov] ,*ri/5dom1 ! be/ kn[n be+ ^? at ,v5ice & ,p>is4 ,! body ( ,/4 ,agnes1 sa9t & m>tyr1 :o is always repres5t$ ) t famili> emblem1 ! lamb :i* %e duplicates1 lies 9 a s>cophagus "u ! ,high ,alt> ( ,sant' ,agnese beyond ! ,porta ,pia1 :]e a basilica 0 erect$ ov] ! rema9s by ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 only a few ye>s aft] ! m>tyrdom ( ! sa9t4 ,! body ( ,/4 ,cecilia lies simil>ly 9 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,cecilia 9 ,tra/ev]e4 ,9 ?is la/-nam$ case1 ! orig9al h\se :]e ,cecilia 0 put to dea? is said to h be5 consecrat$ z a place ( wor%ip1 aft] ! v e>ly savage fa%ion1 ! room :]e %e suff]$ possess+ especial sanctity4 ,pope ,symma*us held a c\ncil !re 9 ! ye> #ejj4 ,?is e>lie/ *ur* hav+ fall5 into ru9s dur+ ! tr\bles ( ! b>b>ians1 ,pope ,pas*al ,i41 ! great patron ( relic-hunt+1 built a new "o 9 hon\r ( ! sa9t 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,:ile engag$ 9 ! "w1 he _h a dream 7( a common patt]n71 :5 ,cecilia appe>$ to him & %[$ him ! place 9 :i* %e lay buri$4 ,se>* 0 made1 & ! body 0 f\nd 9 ! catacombs ( ,/4 ,calixtus1 wrapp$ 9 a %r\d ( gold tissue1 :ile at h] feet lay a l95 clo? dipp$ 9 ! sacr$ blood ( h] m>tyrdom4 ,ne> h] 7 deposit$ ! rema9s ( ,val]ian1 ,tiburtius1 & ,maximus1 #dba;all ( :om are m or less mix$ up 9 h] leg5d4 ,! body 0 remov$ to ! exi/+ *ur*1 ! little room :]e ! sa9t di$ be+ pres]v$ z a *apel4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! sacr$ build+ 0 aga9 repair$ & re/or$ 9 ! atroci\s ta/e ( ! "t2 & ! s>cophagus 0 op5$ be=e ! eyes ( sev]al prelates1 includ+ ,c>d9al ,b>onius4 ,! body 0 f\nd entire1 & 0 !n replac$ 9 ! silv] %r9e 9 :i* x /ill reposes4 ,almo/ e *ur* 9 ,rome has ?us its entire body ( a patron sa9t1 (t5e/ a m>tyr ( ! e>ly p]secutions4 ,9 _m simil> cases1 imm5se importance is atta*$ to ! fact t ! body rema9s1 z ! phrase goes1 8uncorrupt$02 & ,i may m5tion 9 ?is connexion t 9 ! frequ5t repres5tations ( ! ,rais+ ( ,laz>us1 :i* occur z 8emblems ( ! resurrection0 9 ! catacombs1 ! body ( ,laz>us is repres5t$ z a mummy1 (t5 enclos$ 9 :at seems to be a mummy-case4 ,inde$1 x is mo/ rem9isc5t ( ! ,egyptian ,osiris images4 ,i pass on to o!r & m int]e/+ in/ances ( survival 9 corpse-wor%ip4 ,! great c5tral temple ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome4 ,! v body ( ! crucifi$ sa9t lies en%r9$ "u ! high alt>1 9 a s>cophagus br\ght f ! catacomb ne> ,s4 ,seba/iano4 ,^u ?is ,rock1 ,/4 ,pet]'s & ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* are f\nd$4 ,ana-cletus1 ! successor ( ,clem5t1 built a monum5t ov] ! bones ( ! bless$ ,pet]2 & if ,pet] be a hi/orical p]son at all1 ,i see no reason to d\bt t 8 v]itable body actually lies !re4 ,/4 ,paul %>es ) him 9 ! same %r9e2 b only half ! two corpses n[ repose )9 ! /ately ,confessio 9 ! ,sacri/y ( ! papal basilica3 ! o!r portion ( ,/4 ,pet] consecrates ! ,lat]an2 ! o!r portion ( ,/4 ,paul gives sanctity to ,san ,paolo fuori le ,mura4 ,o!r mu* v5]at$ bodies at ,rome are ^? ( ! ,quattro ,coronati1 9 ! *ur* ( t "n2 ,s4 ,prax$is #dbb;& ,/4 ,pud5tiana 9 _! respective *ur*es2 ,/4 ,cosmo & ,/4 ,damian2 & _m m too num]\s to m5tion4 ,sev]al ( ! ,roman *ur*es1 l ,san ,clem5te1 /& ^u ! site ( ! h\se ( ! sa9t to :om !y are d$icat$1 or ^: body !y pres]ve1 ?us recall+ ! e>ly ,new ,gu9ea practice4 ,o!rs occupy ! site ( 8 alleg$ m>tyrdom1 or enclose ! pill> to :i* he 0 fa/5$4 ,! leg5ds ( all ^! ,roman sa9ts are full ( significant e*oes ( paganism4 ,! visitor to ,rome :o goes ! r\nd ( ! *ur*es & catacombs ) an unprejudic$ m9d mu/ be a/oni%$ to f9d h[ sites1 my?s1 & c]emonies recall at e /ep famili> hea!n holy places or /ories4 ,9 ! s+le *ur* ( ,san ,zacc>ia at ,v5ice1 aga91 ,i f\nd ! bodies ( ,/4 ,za*>ias 7fa!r ( ,john ! ,bapti/71 ,/4 ,sab9a1 ,/4 ,t>asius1 ,/s4 ,n]eus & ,a*illes1 & _m o!r sa9ts too num]\s to m5tion4 ,h[ great importance 0 atta*$ to ! possession ( ! actual corpse or mummy ( a sa9t we see exceptionally well inde$ 9 ?is case ( ,v5ice4 ,! br++ ( ! corpse or mummy ( ,/4 ,m>k f ,alex&ria to ! lagoons 0 long consid]$ ! mo/ important ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,republic2 ! *ur* 9 :i* x 0 h\s$ is ! noble/ 9 ,*ri/5dom1 & conta9s an endless s]ies ( records ( ! connexion ( ,/4 ,m>k ) ! city & p t s royally receiv$ him4 ,! s\l1 z "o may see 9 ,t9toret's fam\s picture1 flitt$ ov] sea ) ! body to ,v5ice1 w>n$ ! sailors ( dang] by ! way1 & ev] aft] protect$ ! hospitable ,republic 9 all its ent]prises4 ,"o mu/ h liv$ long 9 ! city ( ! ,lagoons & drunk 9 its v _s 9 ord] to "k h[ absolutely x id5tifi$ itself ) ! ,evangeli/ its patron4 8,pax tibi1 ,m>ce1 evangeli/a metis10 is ! motto on its build+s4 ,! lion ( ,/4 ,m>k /ood high 9 ! ,piazzetta to be se5 ( all2 he recurs 9 e detail ( sculpture or pa9t+ 9 ! ,doges' ,palace & ! public edifices ( ! city4 ,! body t lay #dbc"u ! pall ( gold 9 ! great *ur* ( ! ,piazza 0 a v]itable ,palladium1 a v pres5t help 9 "t ( tr\ble4 ,x 0 no m]e s5tim5t or fancy to ! ,v5etians2 !y knew t !y possess$ 9 _! own soil1 & "u _! own *ur* domes1 ! body & s\l ( ! second ( ! evangeli/s4 ,nor 0 t ! only important help] t ,v5ice c\ld boa/4 ,%e conta9$ also ! body ( ,/4 ,george at ,san ,giorgio ,maggiore1 & ! body ( ,/4 ,ni*olas at ,san ,niccolo di ,lido4 ,! beautiful leg5d ( ! ,doge & ! ,fi%]man 7immortalis$ = u by ! p5cil ( ,p>is ,bordone 9 "o ( ! noble/ pictures ! _w has ev] se57 tells u h[ ! ?ree great gu>dian sa9ts1 ,/4 ,m>k1 ,/4 ,george1 & ,/4 ,ni*olas1 took a gondola "o day f _! respective *ur*es1 & r[$ out to sea amid a rag+ /orm to circumv5t ! demons :o 7 com+ 9 a tempe/ to ov]:elm ,v5ice4 ,a f\r? sa9t1 ( f> lat] date1 :om ! ,v5etians also c>ri$ (f by guile1 0 ,/4 ,ro* ( ,montpeli]4 ,?is holy man 0 a v great sanit>y precaution aga9/ ! plague1 to :i* ! city 0 mu* expos$ ?r\gh its ea/]n comm]ce4 ,s ! m5 ( ,v5ice simply /ole ! body by fraud f ,montpeli]1 & built 9 its hon\r ! exquisite *ur* & ,scuola di ,san ,rocco1 ! great museum ( ! art ( ,t9toret4 ,! fact t m]e possession ( ! holy body c\nts 9 itself = mu* c\ld n be bett] %[n ?an by ^! =cible abductions4 ,! corpse ( ,/4 ,ni*olas1 :o 0 a highly rev]$ bi%op ( ,myra 9 ,lycia1 lies1 z ,i said1 "u ! high alt> ( ,san ,niccolo di ,lido at ,v5ice4 ,b ano!r & m au!ntic body ( ! same great sa9t1 ! patron ( sailors & likewise ( s*oolboys1 lies also "u ! high alt> ( ! magnific5t basilica ( ,san ,nicola at ,b>i1 f :i* circum/ance ! holy bi%op is g5]ally kn[n z ,/4 ,nicolas ( ,b>i4 ,a miracul\s fluid1 ! ,manna di ,b>i1 highly priz$ by ! pi\s1 exudes f ! rema9s4 ,a gorge\s ca!dral rises ov] ! sepul*re4 #dbd,su* emul\s duplication ( bodies & relics is extremely common1 bo? 9 ,*ri/5dom & 9 ,islam4 ,i h made a po9t ( visit+ ! %r9es ( a va/ numb] ( lead+ sa9ts 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,italy2 & c\ld devote a volume to _! po9ts ( int]e/4 ,! corpse ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 = example1 lies at ,pavia 9 a glori\s ark1 "o ( ! mo/ sumptu\s monum5ts ev] erect$ by ! skill ( man1 z well z "o ( ! lovelie/4 ,padua simil>ly boa/s ! body ( ,/4 ,antony ( ,padua1 locally kn[n z 8il ,santo10 & f> m important 9 8 own t[n ?an all ! re/ ( ! ,*ri/ian pan!on put toge!r4 ,! _m-dom$ *ur* erect$ ov] 8 rema9s is consid]ably l>g] ?an ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice2 & ! actual body ( ! sa9t itself is enclos$ 9 an exquisite m>ble *apel1 design$ by ,sansov9o1 & enri*$ ) all ! noble/ art ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,dom9ican monks & nuns make pilgrimages to ,bologna1 9 ord] to v5]ate ! body ( ,/4 ,dom9ic1 :o di$ 9 t city1 & ^: corpse is enclos$ 9 a magnific5t s>cophagus 9 ! *ur* d$icat$ to him1 & adorn$ ) exquisite sculpture by v>i\s h&s f ! "t ( ,niccolo ,pisano to t ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,si5a has = its special glory ,/4 ,ca!r9e ! second--! fir/ 0 ! my?ical pr9cess ( ,alex&ria2 & ! h\se ( t ec/atic nun is /ill pres]v$ intact z an oratory = ! pray]s ( ! pi\s4 ,h] head1 laid by 9 a silv] %r9e or casket1 decorates ! alt> ( h] *apel 9 ,san ,dom5ico1 :]e ! fam\s frescoes ( ,sodoma too (t5 usurp ! entire att5tion ( nor!rn visitors4 ,comp>e ! holy head ( ,hoseyn at ,cairo4 ,! great ,franciscan *ur* at ,assisi1 once m1 en%r9es ! rema9s ( ! f\nd] ( ! ,franciscans1 :i* =m]ly repos$ "u ! high alt>2 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia degli ,angeli bel[ x encloses ! little hut :i* 0 ! fir/ n>r[ home ( ! nasc5t ord]4 ,i c\ld g on multiply+ su* in/ances )\t numb]2 ,i hope ^! few w suffice to make ! ,prote/ant read] feel h[ real is ! rev]5ce #dbe/ill paid to ! v corpses & h\ses ( ! sa9ts 9 ,italy4 ,if ev] he 0 pres5t at ,milan on ! fe/a ( ,san ,c>lo ,borromeo1 & saw ! peasants f neighb\r+ villages flock 9 hundr$s to kiss ! relics ( ! holy man1 z ,i h se5 !m1 he w\ld n hesitate to connect mu* curr5t ,*ri/ianity ) ! mo/ primitive =ms ( corpse-wor%ip & mummy-wor%ip4 ,nor? ( ! ,alps1 aga91 ,i _c refra9 f m5tion+ a few sali5t in/ances1 :i* help to en=ce pr9ciples already enunciat$4 ,at ,p>is1 ! two great local sa9ts are ,/4 ,d5is & ,/e4 ,g5evive4 ,/4 ,d5is 0 ! fir/ bi%op ( ,lutetia & ( ! ,p>i%3 he is said to h be5 behead$ ) 8 two companions at ,montm>tre1--,mons ,m>tyrum4 ,he aft]w>ds walk$ ) 8 head 9 8 h&s f t po9t 7n[ cov]$ by ! little *ur* ( ,/4 ,pi]re1 next door to ! new basilica ( ! ,sacre ,cur71 to ! spot :]e he pi\sly desir$ to be buri$4 ,a holy woman nam$ ,catulla 7note t la/ e*o7 p]=m$ ! f9al rites = him at ! place :]e ! /ately abbey-*ur* ( ,/4 ,d5is n[ pres]ves 8 memory4 ,! fir/ ca!dral on ! spot 0 erect$ be=e ! ,franki% invasion2 ! second1 built by ,dagob]t1 0 consecrat$ 7z a vision %[$7 by ,*ri/ himself1 :o desc5d$ = ! purpose f heav51 surr\nd$ by apo/les1 angels1 & ,/4 ,d5is4 ,! actual head or skull ( ! sa9t 0 long pres]v$ 9 ! basilica 9 a spl5did reliqu>y ( solid silv]1 ! gift ( ,m>gurite de ,france1 j z ,hoseyn's head is /ill pres]v$ at ,cairo1 & z s _m o!r miracul\s or oracul> heads are kept by savages or b>b>ians else:]e4 ,inde$1 ! an?ropological enquir] may be incl9$ to suppose t ! sev]ance ( ? head f ! body & its pres]vation above gr\nd1 aft] ! common fa%ion1 gave rise lat] to ! peculi> b by no means unique leg5d4 ,comp>e ! be>'s head 9 ! ,a9o sup]/ition1 z well z ! oracul> ,g]man & ,sc&9avian ,ni?/angs4 ,z = #dbf,/e4 ,g5evive1 %e re/$ fir/ 9 ! *ur* d$icat$ to h] on ! site n[ occupi$ by ! ,pan!on1 :i* /ill 9 "p1 ?\gh secul>is$1 pres]ves h] memory4 ,h] body 7or :at rema9s ( x7 lies at pres5t 9 ! neighb\r+ *ur* ( ,/4 ,eti5ne du ,mont1 :]e e lov] ( ,p>is surely pays 8 devotion to ! %r9e 9 ! mo/ picturesque & orig9al build+ :i* ! city holds1 :5ev] he passes ?r\gh ! doma9 ( ,/e4 ,g5evive4 ,h[ real ! devotion ( ! p /ill is may be se5 on any morn+ ( ! work+ week1 & /ill m dur+ ! octave ( ! sa9t's fete-day4 ,z 9 _m o!r cases1 h[ev]1 ! rema9s ( ! virg9 patroness ( ,p>is h be5 m ?an once remov$ f place to place = safe cu/ody4 ,! body 0 orig9ally buri$ 9 ! crypt ( ! old abbey *ur* ( ! ,holy ,apo/les on ! ,ile de la ,cit4 ,:5 ! ,normans ov]ran ! c\ntry1 ! monks c>ri$ x away ) !m 9 a wood5 box to a place ( safety4 ,z soon z peace 0 once m re/or$1 ! corpse 0 en%r9$ 9 a spl5did *sse2 :ile ! empty tomb 0 /ill treat$ ) ! utmo/ rev]5ce4 ,at ! ,revolution1 ! actual bones1 x is said1 7 de/roy$2 b ! s>cophagus or c5otaph surviv$ ! /orm1 & 0 transf]r$ to ,/4 ,eti5ne4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,neuva9e1 ?\s&s ( ! fai?ful /ill flock to wor%ip x4 ,! s>cophagus is believ$ ev5 n[ to conta9 "s holy portions ( ! sa9t's body1 sav$ f ! wreck by pi\s adh]5ts4 ,o!r famili> examples w occur to e "o1 su* z ! bones ( ! ,magi or ,?ree ,k+s1 pres]v$ 9 a reliqu>y 9 ! ,ca!dral at ,cologne2 ^? ( ,/4 ,ursula & ! #aa1jjj virg9s2 ^? ( ,/4 ,/eph5 & ,/4 ,lawr5ce at ,rome2 ^? ( ,/4 ,hub]t1 dis9t]r$ & f\nd uncorrupt$1 at ! t[n ( ! same "n 9 ! ,ard5nes2 & ^? ( ,/4 ,long9us 9 8 *apel at ,mantua4 ,all ^! relics & bodies p]=m a/\nd+ miracles1 & #dbg;all h be5 ! c5tres ( important cults = a consid]able p]iod4 ,9 ,brita91 f ! fir/ /ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! rev]5ce paid to ! bodies ( sa9ts 0 mo/ m>k$1 & ! /ory ( _! w&]+s =ms an important "p ( our e>ly annals4 ,inde$1 ,i dwell s long ^u ?is po9t because few nor!rn]s ( ! pres5t day c fully appreciate ! l>ge "p :i* ! ,dead ,body plays & has play$ = _m c5turies 9 ,*ri/ian wor%ip4 ,only ^? :o1 l me1 h liv$ long 9 ?or\ghly ,ca?olic c\ntries1 h made pilgrimages to num]\s fam\s %r9es1 & h wad$ ?r\gh reams ( ,anglo-,saxon & o!r e>ly m$iaeval docum5ts1 c really und]/& ?is phase ( ,*ri/ian hagiology4 ,to su* p x is abundantly cle> t ! actual ,dead ,body ( "s sa9t$ man or woman has be5 9 _m places ! *ief object ( rev]5ce = millions ( ,*ri/ians 9 successive g5]ations4 ,a good ,briti% in/ance is f\nd 9 ! case ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t's corpse4 ,! tale ( its w&]+s is too long to be giv5 "h 9 full2 x %\ld be read 9 any good hi/ory ( ,durham4 ,i epitomize briefly4 ,! body ( ! devot$ mission>y ( ! nor? 0 fir/ kept = "s "t at ,l9disf>ne4 ,:51 at ! end ( elev5 ye>s1 ! sa9t's tomb 0 op5$1 8 out] =m 0 f\nd /ill incorrupt2 & s = m ?an #hjj ye>s x 0 believ$ to rema94 ,x re/$ at ,l9disf>ne till #hge1 :5 ! piratical ,danes invad$ ,nor?umbria4 ,! monks1 reg>d+ ,/4 ,cu?b]t z _! greate/ treasure1 fl$ inl&1 c>ry+ ! holy body ) !m on _! own %\ld]s4 ,su* translations ( sacr$ corpses are common 9 ,*ri/ian & hea!n hi/ory4 ,aft] _m w&]+s1 dur+ :i* x 0 treat$ ) ! utmo/ c>e & devotion1 ! hall[$ body f\nd an asylum = a :ile at ,*e/]-le-,/reet 9 #hhc4 ,9 #iie1 x 0 transf]r$ to ,ripon1 :]e x sanctifi$ ! m9/] by ev5 s %ort a soj\rn2 b 9 ! same ye> x w5t =? aga91 on its way nor? to ,l9disf>ne4 ,on ! way1 h[ev]1 x miracul\sly #dbhsignifi$ 7by /ubborn refusal to move7 its desire to re/ = ev] at ,durham--a t[n ^: /rong natural position & capacity = def5ce does hon\r to ! sa9t's milit>y judgm5t4 ,"h1 enclos$ 9 a co/ly %r9e1 x rema9$ work+ daily miracles till ! ,re=mation4 ,! lat] grave 0 op5$ 9 #ahbf1 :5 ! c(f9 0 f\nd to enclose ano!r1 made 9 #aajd3 & ?is aga9 conta9$ a ?ird1 :i* answ]$ ! description ( ! s>cophagus made 9 #fih1 :5 ! sa9t 0 rais$ f 8 fir/ grave4 ,! inn]mo/ case conta9$1 n inde$ ! uncorrupt$ body ( ,cu?b]t1 b a skeleton1 /ill entire1 & wrapp$ 9 f9e robes ( embroid]$ silk4 ,no /ory kn[n to me ca/s m light on corpse-wor%ip ?an does ?is "o :5 read ) all ! graphic details ( ! orig9al au?orities4 ,b ev]y:]e 9 ,brita9 we get simil> local sa9ts1 ^: bodies or bones p]=m$ m>vell\s miracles & 7 zeal\sly gu>d$ aga9/ sacrilegi\s intrud]s4 ,b$e himself is already full ( su* holy corpses3 & 9 lat] days !y increas$ by ! hundr$4 ,/4 ,alban at ,/4 ,alban's1 ! protom>tyr ( ,brita92 ! 8:ite h&0 ( ,/4 ,oswald1 t :5 all else p]i%$ rema9$ :ite & uncorrupt$ because bless$ by ,aidan2 ,/4 ,e!ldr$a at ,ely1 ano!r rem>kable & illu/rative in/ance2 ,edw>d ! ,confessor at ,we/m9/] ,abbey2 ^! are b a few out ( hundr$s ( examples :i* w at once occur to /ud5ts ( our hi/ory4 ,& ,i w add t sometimes ! leg5ds ( ^! sa9ts l9k u on unexpect$ly to f> e>li] types ( hea!n wor%ip2 z :5 we read conc]n+ ,/4 ,edmund ( ,ea/ ,anglia1 ! patron ( ,bury ,/4 ,edmund's1 t ,+v> ! vik+ took him by =ce1 b\nd him to a tree1 sc\rg$ him cruelly1 made him a t>get = ! arr[s ( ! pagan ,danes1 & f9ally behead$ him4 ,ei!r1 ,i say1 a god-mak+ sacrifice ( ! nor!rn hea!ns2 or1 fail+ t1 a rem9isc5ce1 l ,/4 ,seba/ian1 ( su* god-mak+ rites z pres]v$ #dbi;9 ! leg5ds ( anci5t m>tyrs4 ,comp>e "h1 once m1 ! ,a9o be>-sacrifice4 ,b dur+ ! lat] middle ages1 ! sacr$ ,body ( ,brita91 above all o!rs1 0 und\bt$ly t ( ,?omas ,a',becket at ,cant]bury4 ,hi!r1 z we "k1 all ,engl& w5t on pilgrimage2 & no?+ c\ld m fully %[ ! rapidity ( canonisation 9 su* cases ?an ! fact t ev5 ! mighty ,h5ry ,,ii4 _h to pro/rate himself be=e 8 old enemy's body & submit to a public sc\rg+ at ! %r9e ( ! new-made m>tyr4 ,= sev]al hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 dea? !re c be no d\bt at all t ! cult ( ,/4 ,?omas ( ,cant]bury 0 mu* ! mo/ real & liv+ wor%ip ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,engl&2 its only s]i\s rivals 9 popul> fav\r be+ ! cult ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t to ! nor? ( ,humb]1 & t ( ,/4 ,e!ldr$a 9 ! ,ea/]n ,c\nties4 ,holy heads 9 p>ticul> 7 common 9 ,brita9 be=e ! ,re=mation4 ,a famili> ,scotti% case is t ( ! head ( ,/4 ,f]gus1 ! apo/le ( ,banff & ! ,picti% ,highl&s1 transf]r$ to & pres]v$ at ! royal seat ( ,scone4 8,by ,sanct ,f]gus heid at ,scone0 0 ! fav\rite oa? ( ! ,scot* mon>*s1 z 8,p> ,sa9ct ,d5ys0 0 t ( _! ,fr5* contempor>ies4 ,9 almo/ all ^! cases1 aga91 & d[n to ! pres5t day1 popul> appreciation goes long be=e (ficial ,roman canonisation4 ,miracles are fir/ p]=m$ at ! tomb1 & pray]s are answ]$2 an irregul> cult prec$es ! =mal "o4 ,ev5 9 our own day1 only a few weeks aft] ,c>d9al ,mann+'s dea?1 adv]tisem5ts appe>$ 9 ,ca?olic pap]s 9 ,london1 giv+ ?anks = spiritual & temporal bless+s receiv$ ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( ,our ,lady1 ! sa9ts1 8& our belov$ ,c>d9al40 ,?is popul> canonisation has (t5 f> outrun ! regul> (ficial acceptance1 z 9 ! case ( ,joan ( ,arc 9 ,france at ! pres5t day1 or ( 8,mai/] ,john ,s*orn1 t bless$ man born10 9 ! ,k5t ( ! middle ages4 ,?us c\ntries l ,wales & ,cornwall are full ( local & #dcjpatriotic sa9ts1 (t5 ( d\btful ,ca?olicity1 l ,/4 ,cadoc1 ,/4 ,pad]n1 ,/4 ,petrock1 ,/4 ,piran1 ,/4 ,ruan1 & ,/4 ,illtyd1 n to m5tion m accept$ cases1 l ,/4 ,asaph & ,/4 ,david4 ,! fact is1 m5 h ev]y:]e felt ! natural desire = a ne>1 a famili>1 a rec5t1 & a pres5t god or sa9t2 !y h wor%ipp$ r ! dead :om !y lov$ & rev]$ !mselves ?an ! eld] gods & ! remot] m>tyrs :o h no body among !m1 no p]sonal %r9e1 no local associations1 no liv+ memories4 8,i h se5 9 ,brittany10 says a ,fr5* correspond5t ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s1 8! tomb ( a pi\s & *>itable prie/ cov]$ ) g>l&s3 p flock$ to x by hundr$s to pray ( him t he w\ld procure !m re/oration to heal?1 & gu>d ov] _! *ildr540 ,!re1 ) ! ,*ri/ian addition ( ! supreme ,god1 we get once m ! root-idea ( religion4 ,i %\ld l to add t beyond su* actual v5]ation ( ! bodies ( sa9ts & m>tyrs1 !re has always exi/$ a def9ite !ory 9 ! ,roman *ur* t no alt> c exi/ )\t a relic4 ,! alt>1 be+ itself a monum5tal /one1 ne$s a body or "p ( a body to ju/ify & consecrate x4 ,dr4 ,rock1 a high au?ority1 says 9 8 ,hi]urgia1 8,by ! regulations ( ! ,*ur* x is orda9$ t ! ,holy ,sacrifice ( ! ,mass be (f]$ ^u an alt> :i* conta9s a /one consecrat$ by a ,bi%op1 enclos+ ! relics ( "s sa9t or m>tyr2 & be cov]$ ) ?ree l95 clo?s t h be5 bless$ = t purpose ) an appropriate =m ( b5$iction40 ,! consecration ( ! alt>1 inde$1 is consid]$ ev5 m s]i\s ?an ! consecration ( ! *ur* itself2 = )\t ! /one & its relic1 ! c]emony ( ! ,mass _c be p]=m$ at all4 ,ev5 :5 ,mass has to be said 9 a private h\se1 ! prie/ br+s a consecrat$ /one & its relic along ) him2 & o!r su* /ones 7 c>ri$ 9 ! retables or portable alt>s s common 9 milit>y exp$itions ( ! middle ages4 ,! *ur* is ?us #dca;a tomb1 ) *apel tombs ar\nd x2 x conta9s a /one monum5t cov]+ a dead body or "p ( a body2 & 9 x is made & exhibit$ ! ,body ( ,*ri/1 9 ! =m ( ! consecrat$ & transmut$ waf]4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 is ! alt> 9 ?is mann] a r$uc$ or symbolical tomb1 & n only is x (t5 plac$ above ! body ( a sa9t1 z at ,/4 ,m>k's & ,/4 ,pet]'s1 b x also sometimes consi/s itself ( a /one s>cophagus4 ,"o su* s>cophagus exi/s 9 ! ,ca!dral at ,/4 ,malo2 ,i h se5 o!r c(f9-%ap$ alt>s 9 ! mona/]y ( ,la ,trappe ne> ,algi]s & else:]e4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! alt> /&s1 l t at ,/4 ,pet]'s1 above ! actual body ( a sa9t1 x does n require to conta9 a relic2 o!rwise x does4 ,t is to say1 x mu/ be ei!r a real or else an att5uat$ & symbolical s>cophagus4 ,9 ! ea/]n *ur*1 a sort ( relic-bag1 call$ an ,antim9s1 is necess>y = ! prop] p]=mance ( ! ,holy ,eu*>i/4 ,x consi/s ( a squ>e clo?1 laid on ! alt> or wrapp$ up 9 its cov]+s1 & figur$ ) a picture repres5t+ ! burial ( ,*ri/ by ,joseph ( ,arima!a & ! ,holy ,wom54 ,?is br+s x v ne> to ! ,adonis & ,hoseyn c]emonies4 ,b x mu/ necess>ily conta9 "s sa9tly relic4 ,ap>t f corpse-wor%ip & relic-wor%ip 9 ! case ( sa9ts1 ,ca?olic ,*ri/5dom has long possess$ an annual ,commemoration ( ! ,dead1 ! ,j\r des ,morts1 :i* l9ks itself on directly to e>li] ance/or-wor%ip4 ,x is true1 ?is commemoration is /at$ (ficially1 & no d\bt correctly1 to owe its orig9 79 its recognis$ =m7 to a p>ticul> hi/orical p]son1 ,adam de ,sa9t ,victor3 b :5 we consid] h[ univ]sal su* commemorations & annual dead-fea/s h be5 9 all times & places1 we c h>dly d\bt t ! *ur* did b adopt & sanctify a practice :i*1 ?\gh p]haps acc\nt$ hea!ni%1 _h nev] di$ out at all among ! mass ( believ]s4 ,! v desire to be buri$ 9 a *ur* or *ur*y>d1 & all t x implies1 l9k on ,*ri/ian usage "h #dcbonce m to primitive corpse-wor%ip4 ,comp>e ) ! dead :o sleep ) ,osiris4 ,9 ! middle ages1 _m p 7 buri$ 9 *apels conta9+ ! body 7or a relic7 ( _! patron sa9t4 ,9 %ort1 f fir/ to la/1 religion nev] gets f> away f ^! its e>lie/ & pr(\nde/ associations4 8,god & immortality10--^? two are its key-notes4 ,& ^? two are "o2 = ! god 9 ! la/ resort is no?+ m ?an ! immortal gho/1 e!realis$ & ext5d$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5ev] religion travels too f> afield f its emotional & primal base 9 ! cult ( ! ne>] dead1 x mu/ ei!r be con/antly r5ew$ by fre% & famili> objects ( wor%ip1 or x t5ds to dissipate itself into m]e vague pan!ism4 ,a new god1 a new sa9t1 a 8revival ( religion10 is cont9ually necess>y4 ,! ,sacrifice ( ! ,mass is wisely repeat$ at frequ5t int]vals2 b t alone does n suffice2 m5 want ! assurance ( a ne>]1 a m famili> deity4 ,9 our own "t1 & especially 9 ,prote/ant & sceptical ,engl& & ,am]ica1 ?is ne$ has made itself felt 9 ! rise ( spiritualism & k9dr$ beliefs1 :i* are b ! doctr9e ( ! gho/ or %ade 9 its purifi$ =m1 ap>t1 z a rule1 f ! high] conception ( a supreme rul]4 ,& :at is ,positivism itself save ! v5]ation ( ! mighty dead1 j t+$ ) vague e?ical ye>n+s aft] ! ab/ract s]vice ( liv+ humanity8 ,i h kn[n _m m5 ( intellect1 suff]+ "u a sev]e b]eavem5t--! loss ( a wife or a de>ly-lov$ *ild--take refuge = a "t ei!r 9 spiritualism or ,ca?olicism4 ,! =m] seems to give !m ! practical assurance ( actual bodily int]c\rse ) ! dead1 ?r\gh m$iums or table-turn+2 ! latt] supplies !m ) a !ory ( dea? :i* makes reunion a probable future = !m4 ,?is desire = direct conv]se ) ! dead we saw exemplifi$ 9 a v e>ly or primitive /age 9 ! case ( ! ,m&an wives :o talk lov+ly to _! husb&srsquo2 skulls2 x probably =ms ! basis = ! common habit ( keep+ ! head #dcc:ile bury+ ! body1 ^: widespread results we h s frequ5tly notic$4 ,i h kn[n two in/ances ( mod]n spirituali/s :o simil>ly _h _! wives' bodies embalm$1 9 ord] t ! _s might return & inhabit !m4 ,?us ! ,cult ( ! ,dead1 :i* is ! e>lie/ orig9 ( all religion1 9 ! s5se ( wor%ip1 is also ! la/ relic ( ! religi\s _s :i* survives ! gradual decay ( fai? due to mod]n scepticism4 ,to ?is cause ,i ref] on ! :ole ! spirituali/ic utt]ances ( s _m among our lead]s ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,!y h reject$ religion1 b !y _c reject ! inh]it$ & +ra9$ religi\s emotions4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4--,,conclusion4 ,,& #dcdn[ we h rea*$ at la/ ! end ( our long & toilsome disquisition4 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 to ^? :o h p]si/$ ) me s f>1 t ,i d n reg>d a s+le "p ( x all z by any means f9al4 ,!re is n a *apt] 9 ?is book1 inde$1 :i* ,i c\ld n h exp&$ to d\ble or treble its pres5t l5g?1 _h ,i *os5 to include 9 x a ti! ( ! evid5ce ,i h ga!r$ on ! subject ) :i* x deals4 ,b = _m adequate reasons1 compression 0 imp]ative4 ,"s ( ! greate/ treatises ev] writt5 on ?is pr(\ndly important & int]e/+ "q h met ) f> less ?an ! att5tion !y des]v$ because !y 7 s bulky & s ov]load$ ) evid5ce t ! read] c\ld h>dly see ! wood = ! trees2 he lo/ ! ?read ( ! argum5t 9 ! mazes ( example4 ,9 my own case1 ,i _h or believ$ ,i _h a c5tral idea2 & ,i desir$ to set t idea =? ) su* simple brevity z w\ld enable ! read] to grasp x & to foll[ x4 ,i g1 z x 71 be=e a ,gr& ,jury only4 ,i d n pret5d 9 any "o in/ance to h prov$ my po9ts2 ,i am satisfi$ if ,i h made out a prima facie case = fur!r enquiry4 ,my object 9 ! pres5t recon/ructive treatise has !re=e be5 m]ely to set =? 9 z %ort a =m z 0 consi/5t ) cle>ness my conception ( ! /eps by :i* mank9d arriv$ at its idea ( its ,god4 ,i h n tri$ to produce evid5ce on ea* /ep 9 full2 ,i h only tri$ to lay be=e ! g5]al public a r\gh sket* ( a psy*ological #dcerebuild+1 & to sugge/ at ! same "t to s*ol>s & an?ropologi/s "s inkl+ ( ! l9es along :i* evid5ce 9 fav\r ( my propos$ recon/ruction is likelie/ to be f\nd4 ,?is book is ?us no m ?an a summ>y ( probabilities4 ,%\ld x succe$ 9 attract+ att5tion & ar\s+ int]e/ 9 s va/ & fundam5tal a subject1 ,i %all hope to foll[ x up by o!rs 9 future1 9 :i* ! v>i\s compon5t elem5ts ( my !ory w be treat$ 9 detail1 & orig9al au?orities w be copi\sly quot$ ) ! fulle/ ref]5ces4 ,z1 h[ev]1 9 ?is prelim9>y outl9e ( my views ,i h dealt ) few save well-kn[n facts1 & reli$ = ! mo/ "p ^u famili> collocations ( evid5ce1 ,i h n ?\ght x necess>y to encumb] my pages ) frequ5t & p$antic footnotes1 ref]r+ to ! passages or p]sons quot$4 ,! s*ol> w "k well en\gh :]e to look = ! pro(s he ne$s1 :ile ! g5]al read] c only judge my r\gh =e%ad[+ ( a hypo!sis accord+ z he is impress$ by its v]isimilitude or ! contr>y4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is avant-c\ri] ( a reason$ sy/em fails to int]e/ ! public1 ,i mu/ p]=ce be cont5t to refra9 f go+ any deep] 9 pr9t into ?is fasc9at+ !me1 on :i* ,i h /ill an imm5se numb] ( ideas & facts :i* ,i desire ! opportunity ( publicly v5tilat+4 ,i wi% also to rem>k be=e ,i close t ,i d n hold dogmatically to ! :ole or any "p ( ! elaborate doctr9e "h t5tatively sugge/$4 ,i h *ang$ my own m9d f> too (t51 ) reg>d to ^! matt]s1 9 ! c\rse ( my p]sonal evolution1 ev] to ?9k ,i h rea*$ complete f9ality4 ,fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s ago1 inde$1 ,i 0 ra% en\gh to ?9k ,i _h come to an*or1 :5 ,i fir/ read ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s sket* ( ! orig9 ( religion 9 ! op5+ volume ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology4 ,t5 or twelve ye>s s9ce1 d\bts & difficulties aga9 obtrud$ !mselves4 ,six ye>s ago1 once m1 #dcf:5 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh appe>$1 aft] ?is book _h be5 plann$ & 9 "p execut$1 ,i 0 =c$ to g back entirely ^u _m *]i%$ =m] op9ions1 & to reconsid] _m que/ions :i* ,i _h fondly imag9$ 7 long s9ce clos$ = me4 ,s9ce t "t1 new lights h be5 con/antly %$ ^u me f )\t1 or h occurr$ to me f )93 & ,i humbly put ?is sket* =w>d n[ = :at x may be wor?1 n ) ! idea t ,i h by any means fa?om$ ! :ole va/ tru?1 b 9 ! fa9t hope t ,i may p]haps h look$ d[n "h & !re a little deep] into ! pr(\nd abysses b5ea? u ?an has be5 ! lot ( mo/ previ\s inve/igators4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i ne$ h>dly reit]ate my s5se ( ! imm5se obligations "u :i* ,i lie to n a few among !m1 & preem95tly to ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 ,mr4 ,fraz]1 ,mr4 ,h>tl&1 & ,dr4 ,tylor4 ,my only claim is t ,i may p]haps h set =? a s*eme ( recon/ruction :i* fur!r evid5ce w possibly %[ to be true 9 p>ts1 & mi/ak5 9 o!rs44 ,on ! o!r h&1 by /rictly conf9+ my att5tion to religi\s features1 prop]ly s call$1 to ! exclusion ( my?ology1 e?ics1 & all o!r ext]nal accretions or accid5ts1 ,i tru/ ,i h be5 able to demon/rate m cle>ly ?an has hi!rto be5 done ! intimate connexion :i* always exi/s betwe5 cults 9 g5]al & ! wor%ip ( ! ,dead ,god1 natural or artificial4 ,ev5 if ,i h n q succe$$ 9 induc+ ! believ] 9 primitive animism to reconsid] 8 prime dogma ( ! orig9 ( gods f all-p]vad+ spirits 7( :i* affiliation ,i c see no pro( 9 ! evid5ce be=e u71 ,i v5ture to ?9k ,i %all at any rate h made him feel t ,ance/or-,wor%ip & ! ,cult ( ! ,dead ,god h play$ a f> l>g] & deep] "p ?an he has hi!rto be5 will+ to admit 9 ! g5esis ( ! religi\s emotions4 ,?\gh ,i may n h rais$ ! wor%ip ( ! ,dead ,man to a supreme & unique place 9 ! god-mak+ process1 ,i h at lea/1 ,i tru/1 rais$ x to a position ( high] importance ?an #dcg;x has hi!rto held1 ev5 s9ce ! publication ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s epo*-mak+ rese>*es4 ,i believe ,i h made x tol]ably cle> t ! va/ mass ( exi/+ gods or div9e p]sons1 :5 we come to analyse !m1 d actually turn out to be dead & deifi$ human be+s4 ,9 %ort1 x is my hope t ,i h rehabilitat$ ,euhem]ism4 ,?is is n ! place1 at ! v end ( s long a disquisition1 to exam9e ! !ory ( primitive animism4 ,i w\ld !re=e only say briefly "h t ,i d n d5y ! actual exi/5ce ( t pr(\ndly animi/ic frame ( m9d :i* ,mr4 ,im ,?urn has s well depict$ among ! ,indians ( ,guiana2 nor t :i* exi/s among ! ,sa-moy$s ( ,sib]ia2 nor t :i* meets u at e turn 9 hi/orical acc\nts ( ! old ,roman religion4 ,i am q ready to admit t1 to p at t /age ( religi\s evolution1 ! _w seems simply ?rong$ ) spirits on e side1 ea* ( :om has (t5 8 own special functions & peculi> pr]ogatives4 ,b ,i fail to see t any "o ( ^! ideas is demon/rably primitive4 ,mo/ (t51 we c trace gho/s1 spirits1 & gods to p>ticul> human orig9s3 :]e spirits exi/ 9 abundance & p]vade all nature1 ,i /ill fail to und]/& :y !y may n be ref]r$ to ! "o kn[n s\rce & spr+ ( all gho/ly be+s4 ,x is abundantly cle> t no di/9ction ( "n or rite habitually dem>cates ^! ubiquit\s & unc]ta9 spirits at l>ge f ^? dome/ic gods ^: orig9 is p]fectly well rememb]$ 9 ! family circle4 ,i make bold to believe1 !re=e1 t 9 e su* case we h to deal ) unkn[n & g5]alis$ gho/s1--) gho/s ( mo/ v>y+ degrees ( antiquity4 ,if any "o c %[ me a race ( _s-believ]s :o d n wor%ip _! own ance/ral spirits1 or c adduce any effective prime diff]5tia betwe5 ! _s t 0 once a liv+ man1 & ! _s t nev] 0 human at all1 ,i w gladly he> him4 ,up to date1 h[ev]1 no su* race has be5 po9t$ out1 & no su* diff]5tia ev] posit$4 ,! #dchtru? is1 we h n[ no primitive m5 at all4 ,exi/+ m5 are ! desc5dants ( p :o h _h religions1 9 all probability1 = ov] a million ye>s4 ,! be/ we c d1 !re=e1 is to trace :at gods we c to _! orig9al s\rce1 & believe t ! re/ are ( simil> developm5t4 ,& :i!r d we track !m8 8,s f> z ,i h be5 able to trace back ! orig9 ( ! be/-kn[n m9or prov9cial deities10 says ,sir ,alfr$ ,lyall1 speak+ ( ,india 9 g5]al1 8!y are usually m5 ( pa/ g5]ations :o h e>n$ special promotion & brevet rank among disembodi$ gho/s4444 ,( ! num]\s local gods kn[n to h be5 liv+ m51 by f> ! great] proportion d]ive f ! ord9>y canonisation ( holy p]sonages4444 ,! numb] ( %r9es ?us rais$ 9 ,b]> alone to ^! an*orites & p]sons deceas$ 9 ! od\r ( sanctity is l>ge1 & x is con/antly increas+4 ,"s ( !m h already atta9$ ! rank ( temples40 ,we h se5 t an acute obs]v]1 ,erman1 came to a simil> conclusion ab\t ! gods ( ^? v ,o/yaks :o are (t5 quot$ z typical examples ( primitive animi/s4 ,( late ye>s1 all ! _w ov]1 num]\s unprejudic$ inve/igators1 l ,mr4 ,duff ,macdonald & ,capta9 ,h5d]son1 h simil>ly come to ! conclusion t ! gods ( ! natives among :om !y work$ 7 all ( human orig92 :ile we "k t "s :ole great national cre$s1 l ! ,%9to ( ,japan1 recognise no deities at all save liv+ k+s & dead ance/ral spirits4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 judg+ ! unkn[n by ! kn[n1 ,i hesitate to take ! v bold /ep ( posit+ any new & fanciful s\rce = ! small residuum ( unresolv$ gods ^: human orig9 is less c]ta9ly kn[n to u4 ,9 "o ^w1 ,i believe t corpse-wor%ip is ! protoplasm ( religion1 :ile admitt+ t folk-lore is ! protoplasm ( my?ology1 & ( its m mod]n & philosophical (f%oot1 !ology4