,,motherhood ,,motherhood ,,and ,,the ,,relationships ,,of ,,the ,,sexes ,,by ,c4 ,,gasquoine ,,hartley ,author of 8,the ,truth ,about ,women10 8,the ,age of ,mother-,power10 etc4 ,illustration ,,new ,,york ,,dodd1 ,,mead ,,and ,,company #aiag ,,copyright1 #aiag1 ,,by ,,dodd1 ,,mead ,,and ,,company1 ,inc4 ,dedication ,,to ,,leslie ,in writing at last this book on ,motherhood1 which for so many years has had a place in my thoughts1 one truth has forced itself upon me2 the predominant position of ,woman in her natural relation to the race4 ,the mother is the main stream of the racial life4 ,all the hope of the future rests upon this faith in motherhood4 ,to whom1 then1 but to you1 my son1 can ,i dedicate my book8 ,you came to me when ,i was still seeking out a way in the futility of ,individual ends2 you reconciled my warring motives and desires2 you brought me a new guiding principle4 ,you taught me that the ,individual ,life is but as a bubble or cluster of foam on the great tide of humanity4 ,i knew that the redemption of ,woman rests in the growing knowledge and consciousness of her responsibility to the race4 ,,contents ,,chap4 ,,page ,,part ,i ,,introductory ,i ,a ,,retrospect3 ,,the ,,position ,,of ,,women ,,before ,,the ,,great ,,european ,,war #i ,,ii ,,the ,,position ,,of ,,women ,,as ,,affected ,,by ,,the ,,war #bi ,,part ,,ii ,,the ,,maternal ,,instinct ,,in ,,the ,,making ,,iii ,,insect ,,parenthood #ee ,,iv ,,parenthood ,,among ,,reptiles ,,and ,,fishes3 ,a ,,chapter ,,on ,,good ,,fathers #gg ,v ,,parenthood ,,among ,,birds1 ,,with ,,further ,,examples ,,of ,,good ,,fathers #ig ,,vi ,,parenthood ,,among ,,the ,,higher ,,animals3 ,,the ,,fixing ,,of ,,the ,,parental ,,instinct ,,in ,,the ,,mother #aag ,,part ,,iii ,,the ,,primitive ,,family ,,vii ,,the ,,mother ,,in ,,the ,,primitive ,,family #acg ,,part ,,iv ,,motherhood ,,and ,,the ,,relationships ,,of ,,the ,,sexes ,,viii ,,the ,,family ,,and ,,the ,,home #afa ,,ix ,,monogamous ,,marriage ,,and ,,woman #ahg ,x ,,marriage3 ,a ,,continuation ,,of ,,the ,,previous ,,chapter1 ,,with ,,some ,,remarks ,,on ,,the ,,character ,,of ,,woman #bjg ,,xi ,,sexual ,,relationships ,,outside ,,of ,,marriage #bbg ,,xii ,,the ,,unmarried ,,mother #bee ,,xiii ,,the ,,danger ,,of ,,secret ,,diseases #bhc ,,part ,v ,,sexual ,,education ,,xiv ,,the ,,mother ,,and ,,the ,,child #cja ,,xv ,,sexual ,,education1 ,,with ,,special ,,reference ,,to ,,the ,,adolescent ,,girl #cbg ,,xvi ,a ,,continuation ,,of ,,the ,,last ,,chapter1 ,,with ,,an ,,attempt ,,to ,,suggest ,a ,,remedy #cdi ,,bibliography #cgi ,,index #cie ,,part ,i ,,introductory ,it is now a well-established truism to say that the most injurious influences affecting the physical condition of young children arise from the habits1 customs and practices of the people themselves rather than from external surroundings or conditions4 ,the environment of the infant is its mother4 ,its health and physical fitness are dependent primarily upon her health1 her capacity in domesticity1 and her knowledge of infant care and management4 ,thus the fundamental requirement in regard to this particular problem is healthy motherhood and the art and practice of mother-craft4 ,given a healthy and careful mother we are on the high road to securing a healthy infant2 from healthy infancy we may expect healthy childhood1 and from healthy childhood may be laid the foundations of a nation's health4 8,education and ,infant ,welfare40 ,annual ,report for #aiad of the ,chief ,medical ,officer of the ,board of ,education4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,i ,a ,,retrospect--,,the ,,position ,,of ,,women ,,before ,,the ,,great ,,european ,,war ,the overwhelming events of the ,great ,war--,change in my own views--,primitive conception of the relative position of the two sexes--,the war divides the feminist struggle into two periods--,the demand of woman to live her own life--,the merits and demerits of the ,suffrage ,movement--,the vote gospel a drug swallowed to still the craving for something vitally needed--,women swept out of their own interests into a swirling sea of desire--,emotion the strong guide to action--,militancy--,a tremendous adventure--,the mob spirit--,sowing a crop of feminine wild oats--,what has been gained--,much experience and some knowledge--,experience indispensable as a foundation of a broader feminism--,solidarity of women--,war came like a thunderbolt from a clear sky--,the clamour and deception of meetings and propaganda4 ,,chapter ,i ,a ,,retrospect ,,the ,,position ,,of ,,women ,,before ,,the ,,great ,,european ,,war 8,there is one profound weakness in your movement towards emancipation4 ,your whole argument is based on an acceptance of male values40--,,dr4 ,,ananda ,,coomaraswary4 ,as ,i set out to write yet another book on ,woman1 ,i find it necessary first to decide whether the primary interest should rest in the eternal instincts1 passions and typical character of womanhood1 or in women's actions and characters as affected by the unusual conditions of the time in which my work is undertaken4 ,it is a decision by no means so simple as it would seem4 ,always the realisation of what is immediately before us tends by its vivid nearness to give an over-estimation of its significance4 ,but to read life in this way is to understand very little4 ,something must be done to clear our vision so that we may take a wider view4 ,the present1 after all1 is but the day at which the past and the future meet4 ,yet there are times when some overwhelming event so sharply changes the present as to obscure all the shining wonder of life4 ,and at no period in history has this been more true than it has been in ,europe in the last two years4 ,nowhere and never in the world can there have been a period of deeper or more rapid change4 ,war came upon us without warning1 like a thunderbolt from a clear sky2 and in a day the outlook of life was changed4 ,now1 this thought of surprising and quick-coming change brings me to something it is necessary for me to say4 ,my book should have been begun many months back1 at the very beginning of the war4 ,but here ,i have to make a confession4 ,the war caused in my mind a confusion that for some time left me extremely uncertain upon many things about which hitherto ,i have been sure4 ,it has been a war of miracles in so far as it has made real much that seemed outside the world of possibility4 ,our sluggard imaginations have been stirred by an appeal that has aroused many primitive emotions4 ,i recall the opening sentence in the last book that ,i wrote on ,woman4#a 8,the twentieth century is the age of ,woman4 ,some day1 it may be1 it will be looked back upon as the golden age--the dawn1 some say1 of feminine civilisation40 ,now1 as ,i read this statement1 which1 when ,i wrote it1 ,i felt to be true1 it appears so wrong as to be almost ridiculous4 ,that sort of dream is over4 ,what a fantastic picture it was that ,suffrage militancy made for itself before the outbreak of the war4 ,we pictured a golden age which was to come with the self-assertion of women2 an age in which most of those problems that have vexed mankind from the dawn of history were to be solved automatically by a series of quick penny-in-the-slot reforms1 that would follow on the splendour and superiority of woman's rule4 ,militants1 aflame for the reformation of man1 discussed prostitution1 the ,white ,slave traffic1 and all sex problems with a zeal that was partly pathological and partly the result of a ,utopian dream4 ,then1 at the most crucial hour in the history of women's struggle for power and political recognition1 all this dream was arrested4 ,in the stress of war1 the promise of an accumulating betterment was swept down1 even as a too-bright dawn that passes into storm2 the ugly aspects of life sprang upon us with intensifying urgency4 ,yes1 the sudden events of war seemed1 for women1 to have blotted out the present and the past1 and to have made all action uncertain4 ,so it is always when life is stirred at its depths4 ,the change was almost staggering4 ,women have had to learn many new and strange lessons2 they are more changed than perhaps they themselves know4 ,there had come a time when1 without any preparation1 we women were brought back to the primitive conception of the relative position of the two sexes4 ,military organisation and battle afford the grand opportunity for the superior force capacity of the male4 ,again man was the fighter1 the protector of woman and the home4 ,and at once his power became a reality4 ,the striking and praise-demanding work was done by men4 ,and at the first violent change there seemed to be nothing for women beyond the patience of waiting and the service of sacrifice4 ,later1 women have been called to step in to take the places of men1 and there has been work for them to do of all kinds and in ever-increasing amount4 ,but of this work1 and the new conditions that have thereby arisen1 ,i propose to speak in the next chapter4 ,here ,i am considering only the events that rushed upon women at the oncoming of war4 ,and inevitably they were pushed aside into obscurity2 they had to be content with unnoticed work that not infrequently was futile4 ,it is hard to step so suddenly out of the limelight4 ,and women were acutely aware of this change in their prospects1 and many of them expressed the situation with engaging frankness4 ,let me give a small illustration4 ,i had occasion in the late summer of #aiad1 a few weeks after the war had started1 to visit a friend4 ,some months had passed since ,i had previously seen her4 ,at that time she was actively engaged in the suffrage campaign4 ,now1 ,i found her knitting woollen comforters for the soldiers1 and she was knitting them very badly4 ,i expressed my surprise4 ,her answer to me was1 8,it is all that there is to do40 ,she then added this significant statement1 8,we women have had to learn our place40 ,there was1 of course1 exaggeration in her remark4 ,but it does1 ,i believe1 picture what happened in the thoughts of many women with the sudden ceasing of their active struggle for political recognition4 ,it was a state of resigned surprise4 ,and may it not be that women had need of some lesson8 ,in the curious phases witnessed before the war1 in that struggle which was but a more violent expression of the eternal effort at adjustment between the sexes1 there were many strange signs to give pause and fear to all who think4 ,women did not1 as ,i believe1 realise the possible results of their sex rebellion4 ,they did not sufficiently distinguish between those limitations and hardships which could comparatively easily be removed and those limitations and hardships which are due to the nature of their sex4 ,old traditions1 without any discrimination1 were cast aside in a violent seeking1 and women broke out in unexpected ways1 to fight nervously1 carelessly1 yet hungrily1 as if they were trying to force the pace of progress4 ,women are possessed of great elasticity and cleverness2 they are1 and possibly will always remain1 more imitative than creative4 ,and from this follows a very real danger1 plainly arising from the quick feminine receptiveness which is at once the strength of women as well as the cause of their pitiable weakness4 ,in every direction the new independence and work capacity of woman was proved in following and imitating men4 ,thus it was easy for women to externalise their life in every way1 and to gain success in many different kinds of work4 ,but the question has never been--could women do this1 or do that1 kind of work8 rather it is--what work is it most worth while for them to do8 ,wounded by the narrowness of their lives1 women spent immense energy out of which much that is good has been gained4 ,much that was false has crumbled into ruins1 but also much that was fine4 ,what was wanting most was this3 the complete absence in the entire programme of reform of any kind of feminine idealism4 ,did women forget8 ,i think that they did4 ,the realm of woman was still splendid1 still vast4 ,why1 then1 this rage against all restrictions8 ,why this continuous effort to obliterate the wise differences of sex8 ,in their violent seeking for life1 women were ready to spend all to gain something which may well prove to be absolutely unnecessary to them4 ,and to many it must have seemed that they wasted the whole of themselves only to lose something within themselves4 ,there was much heroic fighting4 ,women robbed life for the sake of what they believed was freedom2 yet may it not prove that they have been in love with that which is unattainable for women8 ,the demand of woman to 8live her own life0 brought1 as it seems to some of us1 a slavery not less strong or less evil than that from which an escape was sought4 ,women1 however unconsciously1 were suppressing themselves in new ways1 and still doing things alien to themselves4 ,this restless seeking was but a further foolish forgetting of the truth that the only freedom worth having is the freedom to be one's self4 ,all that women had promised themselves in a new order of existence must depend on their acceptance of the responsibilities and limitations of their womanhood4 ,and by this ,i mean a full and glad acceptance of those physical facts of their organic constitution which make them unlike men1 and should limit their capacity for many kinds of work4 ,it can never be anything but foolishness to attempt to break down the real differences between the two sexes4 ,this may be a hard saying to some women3 ,i believe that it is true4 ,it is necessary to emphasise this fact again1 and yet again1 because it is the almost complete disregard by women of their own sexual nature and its special needs that is the grave evil that is robbing us of life2 this was also the inherent weakness in the ,women's ,movement1 which1 so far from fulfilling the promise of its earlier period1 had ceased1 even before war brought us back to realities1 to exert any widely representative or serious influence4 ,the predilection for wild pranks1 which in this country marked the later efforts of women to gain political recognition1 may1 ,i think1 be traced back to causes bent on crushing and levelling the sex characteristics4 ,women had not sufficiently valued themselves1 and thus they ceased to care to be essentially feminine4 ,instead there was an insatiable desire to enjoy experience1 arising from lack of disciplined culture and from excess of energy and idleness4 ,it is manifest that militancy gave to women excitement and occupation4 ,and this avidity to know and feel and shine1 to establish new contacts with life and affairs1 was coupled also with that deeper seeking of the spirit which has robbed peace from the modern woman4 ,possibly such defects are essential to such a movement1 a mere destructive phase in the process of renewing--a clearing of the ground4 ,but the way to gain freedom is long and toilsome2 it is a way that permits of no such energetic short cuts as the militant ,suffragists would have achieved4 ,mixed up with all that was fine in their movement was an infinity of glitter and tinsel1 vanity and restlessness4 ,there was present always an intense and theatrical egotism1 a yearning to make an impression and force applause at any cost4 ,there was1 of course1 another side--a side which most gladly ,i acknowledge4 ,no movement that was founded merely on excitement would have overcome difficulties as the ,suffrage movement did1 nor could its members have worked and suffered as they did for a common end4 ,there was always much even in the most mistaken militancy that was generous1 ardent and wholesome4 ,but these useful qualities were deformed by a want of proportion and sanity2 by feelings run riot that made women impatient of all restraints1 overweeningly sure of themselves1 and incapable of facing troublesome facts or foreseeing the most certain consequences of their own actions4 ,there is nothing here that should surprise us4 ,in many cases1 perhaps in all1 emotion is the sole and strong guide of our actions4 ,at least1 ,i am sure this is true of women4 ,what we do is to invent reasons to justify acts to which we are impelled by some emotion arising from an instinctive need4 ,i do not see how this can be avoided1 nor do ,i at all regard it in itself as evil4 ,reason by itself too often is an excuse for doing nothing2 it is the excuse of all those who take infinite care not to see in case they may come to feel4 ,reason alone never does anything2 it is too reasonable4 ,the necessary thing is first to feel4 ,and the only possible method of guiding emotion is to realise its force and to use it successfully2 not to take cover fearfully in avoidance of feeling4 ,there is1 indeed1 a very deep reason for this human need for emotion4 ,the springs of our actions may be traced back in almost all cases to certain excitements arising from some need or desire of whose existence in ourselves we are in nine cases out of ten quite unconscious1 but which 7unless dammed up when the fear of an escape is always great and imminent7 will find an expression in characteristic instinctive acts4 ,and the most forcible human excitements are fear and anger3 these exercise an energising influence on body and mind often leading to the accomplishment of quite extraordinary acts4 ,periods of intense excitement will yield a consciousness of overwhelming strength1 so that the individual reaches a state of self-forgetfulness in which almost anything may be done4 ,almost every one must at some time have experienced this super-strength4 ,and what is important to note is that at an opportunity for exercising these emotions1 the most peaceable people have felt the stir of the primitive instincts of hate and fear1 of anger and the desire to destroy and to hurt4 ,they have developed--often to their own surprise--the destructive capacities of the fight-loving1 danger-braving animal4 ,and when such emotions seize on individuals in groups1 their effect is greatly intensified and is felt by many who would be only slightly susceptible to such emotions when isolated4 ,this explains1 ,i believe1 the surprising revolt of women and how it was they broke out in such unexpected ways4 ,there is in the sex an immense and unrecognised capacity for adventure1 due to the surplus of energy unused that was so painfully present in the lives of many women1 and to the expression of which the narrowness of their lives had afforded little opportunity4 ,the danger here was strong for women1 because in their lives1 to a far greater extent than in the lives of men1 there had been so many dammed-up channels of emotion4 ,it is the things they might not do that had mattered for women1 and not the things they had been allowed to do4 ,then the fever of this anger caught hold of them1 and they became conscious of an obscure travail in their souls4 ,here1 indeed1 were causes of unrest2 here were the first shadows of some subtle decay4 ,the suffrage movement was a search--yes1 a wild search--for something to bridge the gap1 for something to do that mattered1 something to open the gates to adventure4 ,the militant revolt to many women proved an exciting game4 ,this may appear strange2 but what ,i want you to mark is that such violence was a necessary thing for women4 ,they felt impelled to get into their lives something that meant movement1 excitement1 joy1 and the stinging of adventure4 ,and they have been happy4 ,to many people1 and especially to men1 it seemed that in adopting militancy women were departing entirely from their womanhood4 ,but it is just here they were mistaken2 they did not grasp the fact that women had felt injured1 and that this injury aroused in them an excitement of anger forcing wild action4 ,women1 too1 ,i think1 have not themselves understood the real causes of their actions4 ,it was impossible to follow the procession of excuses by which the militant apologists attempted to justify their often senseless outrages on the law without realising how erroneously they comprehended their own movement4 ,they honestly thought that they were espousing the cause of ,woman's freedom2 it never struck them that they were not working for this1 at least that this was not the motive which impelled their actions of violence4 ,they did not know that they were taking the quickest way to fill lives left empty1 and to express in action the clamorous excitement that surged within them4 ,it is never easy for women to be quite honest even to themselves4 ,manifestly this violent seeking was but an outgrowth of woman's fierce race-protecting passion2 an unconscious expression of that instinct to give life which rules not only in the body but in the spirit of woman4 ,many women fought without truly wanting to fight1 and merely because their deep hidden instincts demanded something on which to expend themselves4 ,there was in the ,suffrage movement a wise policy of action4 ,and this using of women's stored-up energy1 however wastefully it may have been expended1 inflamed in them a gladness that made easy all their payments of imprisonment1 of forcible feeding1 and even of death4 ,in militancy women gained an object and a satisfaction3 they were the centre of something that depended on them4 ,their movement1 with all its absurdities1 was a live thing in their hands4 ,thus the members gave to the cause their labour and their enthusiasm1 and1 because they had given it so much1 they came to love it4 ,their energetic organisation came to stand above them like a big1 greedy child1 grabbing at anything and everything4 ,it robbed from them the flying hours of life1 little by little devouring them4 ,but in so doing new fuel was thrown on the dead flames of women's passions4 ,for they gained that for which they were seeking4 ,a new1 strange opportunity for sacrifice was here1 supplying the need which1 however unrecognised and denied1 is the fundamental desire of woman4 ,this was the joy that was gained by the ,suffrage martyrs--something vivifying1 flooding dead lives with colour1 action and emotion4 ,yes1 these women yielded themselves to their movement with joy1 just as a woman yields herself to her lover that she may give life to his child4 ,and then all this audacious1 hardly understood movement was brought to an end by war4 ,militarism put a swift close to militancy4 ,as far as women were concerned1 their hope of forcing political recognition fell to confusion4 ,the war came like a great shadow across the whole bright complex problem of the future4 ,so much was this so that writing of militancy now feels almost like referring to a forgotten event that happened in the very far past4 ,it would be easy to pass over the whole ,suffrage movement in silence4 ,and1 indeed1 ,i should have done this if ,i did not believe that its inner effect on women had been more lasting than the outward gain4 ,i wish to emphasise the change that came to women in the period immediately before the war4 ,the ,suffrage movement was a collective movement in which the individual had to win honour in self-forgetfulness and in group work4 ,and this co-operation for the gaining of the ,vote carried with it also a co-operation of service and a great development of mutual helpfulness4 ,and from this it has followed very directly that many women have turned their backs for ever on petty interests and disloyalties to one another1 and have recovered a quite fresh sense of honourable emulations and loyalty4 ,this concord and unity in duty had much the same quality of joy that sends the soldier to face death4 ,it stirred something very deep in women's nature4 ,militancy brought a rare chance of happiness3 it made women aware of their souls4 ,through it they first found escape from the deadness of sterile lives and gave up separate little aims that made conflicts between woman and woman4 ,the petty strifes of no issue and no importance were changed into one struggle that must be won2 and by expanding from an existence of aimlessness and stagnation into one of common purpose and advance1 women gained the chance they were seeking of adventure and sacrifice for body and spirit4 ,no wonder1 then1 that they gave themselves up to a great holiday of the emotions4 ,this may have expressed itself basely in the wrecking of property and much that was useless1 but it was not all base4 ,in the lives of numberless women it has meant something much more than hatred and vanity1 or self-deceiving work4 ,militancy has been a great as well as a very little thing4 ,as a movement it was foolish and morally perverse1 no doubt1 but its members were morally passionate4 ,the disorder of purpose1 the spectacle of wasted effort and folly1 which filled many of us with anger--all this did bring gladness and liberation of spirit to the women themselves4 ,they felt that their fighting was noble and glorious1 which it was not1 but they felt this with a power that came from the perverse conviction of their whole nature4 ,and we shall need a conviction as passionate as this1 but not perverse1 before women can in the same way be won again to an equal passion of sacrifice and service4 ,and this very rapture of escape from an aimless existence was in itself the sign of the failure in women's lives1 a proof that there was1 indeed1 something to be escaped from4 ,we may not claim more than this for the ,suffrage movement4 ,war1 such war as is now loose upon the world1 came to accomplish its miracles1 acting swiftly and almost without women knowing what was being done4 ,the reality of life and of death has shaken up everything1 and the quick pressure of events is changing all the conditions of life4 ,let us try to see a little more clearly4 ,it has been a common mistake that amongst civilised peoples intellectual views and peace interests have superseded the primitive fighting instincts4 ,but the cultural period in which wars have been exceptional and peace the normal state has been short1 and is1 indeed1 only a span when compared with the long history when men had to fight in order to live4 ,this violence was a necessary phase in human1 as in all animal1 development4 ,war is only an organised and specialised replacement of this indiscriminate and blind struggle for life4 ,it is probable that the instinct of battle was once for all developed and fixed2 and the question arises1 as to whether we shall ever get far away from this deeply rooted stimulus to action4 ,it may even be a condition of life that we should not get too far away from it4 ,we have had a striking example of the enthusiasm and interest evoked by situations of conflict and danger1 in the intense and primitive emotions revived in all of us by the war4 ,war is the thunder and voice of the trumpet without which the wisest moral and political ideas never attract sufficient attention to lead to difficult action4 ,for the world will not listen to a truth until bloodshed and violence have awakened its sluggard imagination4 ,and in these new circumstances we all1 women as well as men1 have been caught by a powerful excitement4 ,the war has us in its grip1 there is no other thought1 no other remedy1 no other interest4 ,in many ways war is the most uniting of all forces4 ,we are all joined in one work of service and co-operation4 ,no man or woman can turn away1 skulk in the individual garden of their own petty interests1 because they do not want to be bothered4 ,something fresh has come1 something that had to come1 and all that went before is changed4 ,we see thus that war has brought to all of us a succession of disturbing revelations of reality4 ,and the lesson has come most severely on those whose lives have been most unreal4 ,here is a force against which there is no argument4 ,we are involved in a struggle of the most momentous dimensions4 ,no one as yet can mark the limits of destruction1 and in the harshness of the war's lesson the struggle of women for sex mastery at once became uninteresting4 ,for hundreds of centuries and myriads of generations the life of fighting has gone on for men4 ,but women's opportunity waits upon leisure and peace4 ,the savagery of war brings the two sexes back to primitive values4 ,and the truth is forced upon us2 we realise the gulf which lies between the man and the woman4 ,all our days we women have been denying this separation1 and1 enslaved by male ideals1 have sought to break through the barriers of sex4 ,we have been pursuing power1 wrapping ourselves up in one garment after another1 calling these coverings romance1 adventure1 work1 individual development1 and what not2 now we have come in our hearts to know the falsity of it all4 ,somewhere in the confusion of war stark facts awaited us4 ,we had to face life as a reality1 not as theories1 or movements1 or sex development4 ,for many of us women the lesson has been sharp and sudden4 ,war leapt upon us as it were a beast out of some hidden darkness2 leapt upon us1 holding us powerless1 tearing our illusions into shreds with its blood-stained claws4 ,and on a sudden women were held by a new1 quick-striking1 absolute realisation of the truth4 ,they had not seen it nor felt like this before4 ,but this beast of war crouching in front of them said to women1 8,always ,i have been beside you waiting for this hour4 ,i have waited for a long time4 ,you have struggled2 you have fought2 you have played2 you have come to think yourselves important in strange ways1 meddling in all the affairs of the world4 ,this you have done1 and you have learnt much of the means of life1 but you have everything yet to re-learn about life itself4 8,in all your struggles for political recognition and in all your work reality has not touched you4 ,you have feared to be yourselves4 ,you have been ashamed of your sexual differentiation4 ,you have gathered power around you to pretend that you were the same as men1 your strength as their strength1 that your work was the same as their work4 ,you have mocked at those qualities that were your own1 that set you apart from men1 denying your womanhood4 ,you have suffered4 ,but you will not suffer less by any such efforts to escape4 ,who can wonder that you have been dissatisfied8 ,for you have wasted in haste the power that is your own4 ,and conscious of1 though not understanding1 the want in your own lives1 you have been deeply conscious of the discords in the rest of the world4 ,the instinct of motherhood has been strong within you1 and wasted1 it has not ceased to torment you4 8,you have gained excitement and applause1 much work you have done and had many triumphs4 ,it has seemed a big thing4 ,yet1 after all1 has the gain been worth the payment8 ,have women indeed escaped from their prison8 ,think1 do you not know deep in your hearts that its bars have not been broken80 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,position ,,of ,,women ,,as ,,affected ,,by ,,the ,,war ,the new conditions brought by the war--,seriousness of the position--,my object in writing a book on motherhood--,the ,annual ,report of the ,chief ,medical ,officer of the ,board of ,education for #aiad--,the condemnation of motherhood shown by the facts of this ,report--,the greatness of the evil that we are permitting--,women ill-trained as women and incapacitated for their supreme duty--,the inquiry into the conditions of working-class motherhood made by the ,women's ,co-operative ,guild--,the miserable health of the mothers of our working classes--,this one of the greatest dangers and social crimes of the day--,the health of women must be safeguarded--,the problem greatly increased by the special war conditions--,report issued by the ,health of ,munition ,workers ,committee on 8,employment of ,women0 and 8,hours of ,work0--,the danger of overworking women--,woman sows in her flesh for the race--,she needs to store energy1 not to expend it--,the confusion and failure in efficient motherhood--,we have got to find what this failure is4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,position ,,of ,,women ,,as ,,affected ,,by ,,the ,,war 8,to be mothers were women created and to be fathers men40--,sayings of ,,manu4 ,i have spoken in the last chapter of the changes that came in the thoughts and attention of women in the first few months of the war4 ,we saw how war spoke with a more powerful voice1 and the women who had been snatching at power felt the quickening of a quite new spirit of humbleness4 ,that uplifting was the great opportunity4 ,women discovered something stronger and more important than themselves4 ,our inquiry now is this3 ,what has happened since then8 what fresh conditions is war developing or likely to develop8 ,and first it is well to note the strange power of war to stir us into action4 ,two years ago it would have seemed impossible to feed the hungry and clothe the ragged and to turn all the wasters and slackers into vigorous heroes4 ,now these things have been done2 and much that in peace time seemed a far-off possibility has become a present fact4 ,war has a terribly effective way of dealing not only with men but with their problems4 ,and one result is that a quite new interest is being taken in motherhood and child welfare4 ,england can no longer afford to be wasteful of the lives of her citizens4 ,she has been wasteful in the past1 and her new mood of caring must be made a conviction and a purpose4 ,as a result of this world war there has been and will continue to be an immense sacrifice of men1 much in excess of any wars in the past history of nations1 and it is evident that every belligerent country must lose from her best male stock2 and it is not only the physically fittest1 but the mentally and morally fittest1 that are sacrificed4 ,for years to come the birth rates will be lowered throughout the greater part of ,europe4 ,in our own land the situation is one that must give fear4 ,our death rate has been very high in numbers and in quality1 while at the same time our birth rate has been the lowest on record4 ,even the civilian death rate has risen2 and1 worst and most menacing of all1 the infantile mortality rate has risen two per thousand above the average of the last two years4 ,put these grave facts together1 and1 with even a fraction of realisation of their meaning1 it becomes clear that we have to face a wastage of life unparalleled in the annals of our race4 ,what are we going to do8 ,now1 ,i am not one who believes in the advantage1 or even in the possibility of any forced excess in procreative activity4 ,numbers are of less importance to a nation than the moral1 mental1 and physical superiority of its men4 ,the wholesale waste of these qualities in war is just what must be of such enormous menace to the future4 ,the nation that does nothing to meet this and to ensure as far as possible the superiority of the next generation of her children will gain nothing even from victory1 for it will mean only defeat in the future4 ,the issues of life and death have by the lurid war-light been forced upon our attention4 ,and again ,i ask1 ,what are we going to do8 ,the answer is plain4 ,this terrible loss of life and of the forces of life abroad in war must be made good by a more intelligent and efficient care of the young lives at home4 ,this we must do1 and we must do it quickly4 ,it is possible for a nation by such increased care of the rising generation of its children to compensate itself for the loss of lives during the war within a comparatively short period after the close of war4 ,indeed1 if we have the will1 as we possess the means1 we can make it true that because of the war there will be more people--yes1 and healthier and happier--in this land of ours in ten or fifteen years' time than if the war had never happened4 ,this is what we can do4 ,shall we do it8 ,the answer is with women4 ,we can1 within limits1 do almost what we please4 ,there has come to us a great opportunity1 and out of the gates of death itself we may snatch life4 ,much waits to be done1 not only in the actual saving of infantile life1 but further1 by providing effective and prompt remedies to all bad conditions of living1 so that the health and the mental capacity and moral character of the children dependent upon these conditions1 or related to them1 may be raised and maintained at a right standard of efficiency4 ,then we have to realise that more even than this is needed1 and that all our efforts will fail of their full effect unless we go further back than the child1 and the problem of the mother be frankly faced4 ,the question of infantile mortality and child welfare is really the question of motherhood4 ,and there is now no ultimate need of the ,state greater1 more imperative1 than this of securing a more enlightened motherhood4 ,this need is the reason for my book4 ,i know that the days of war are not a time suitable either for the writing or reading of long books4 ,yet ,i offer no apology1 so convinced ,i am of the urgency of this matter of saving motherhood that ,i had to write4 ,the object of my book is twofold4 ,first1 to put forward a fresh plea for assigning that high value to motherhood in practice which at present it receives only in words4 ,this would ensure at once right conditions for all mothers and all children2 it would also serve better than anything else to do away with many age-old mistakes1 misunderstandings and disorder4 ,in the second place 7or rather in connection with all that is said71 ,i wish to set forth what seem to me to be the chief causes that hitherto have hindered motherhood and bound my sex from the full enjoyment of life2 and to suggest that the reason of this bondage is not1 as is so often stated1 the aggressive selfishness of men1 but is due much more to women's own actions1 to their absurdly wrong education and entire misunderstanding of the sexual life2 a misunderstanding which has decided the direction in which they believed the freedom they have been so ardently1 yet wastefully seeking1 was to be found4 ,so that we may understand our present failures better1 ,i have attempted to seek causes and to suggest reasons4 ,my inquiry reaches back before human parenthood and examines the parental instinct in its making2 it shows the way and for what reason this instinct of caring for the young became fixed and stronger in the mother than in the father4 ,it sets out from this beginning1 and1 after a short chapter on primitive motherhood1 passes to the consideration of women and the home1 marriage as it affects parenthood1 the unmarried mother and sexual relationships outside of marriage1 as well as other allied questions4 ,it tries to offer a practical solution to some of the problems involved1 in particular the problem of education and new ideals of conduct and sexual health for all girls4 ,it recommends a revolution in our schools and methods of training2 changes that must1 as ,i believe1 be made1 unless we are prepared to accept as inevitable the decay of motherhood1 as well as an increasing failure of happiness in marriage1 with its resulting antagonism between sex and sex4 ,but to return to this present introductory chapter4 ,i have upon my study table two documents4 ,the one is that from which ,i have taken the quotation placed before this opening section of my book4 ,it is the ,annual ,report for #aiad1b of the ,chief ,medical ,officer of the ,board of ,education4 ,the second consists of two pamphlets on the ,health of ,munition ,workers1 treating of the ,hours of ,work and ,employment of ,women1 both prepared by the command of ,right ,hon4 ,d4 ,lloyd ,george1 and published in connection with the important illustrated ,report1 which shows and explains all the numerous and different engineering operations on which women are now engaged in munition work4 ,the object of the ,report is to attract more women workers2 but it is with the two pamphlets ,i am concerned4 ,for the present1 however1 ,i shall leave them1 returning to them later in order to show how closely they are connected with the other ,report1 which treats of infant mortality1 child disease and neglect1 and all the wastage of motherhood4 ,it is on the shameful significance of the facts given in this ,report that we must now fix our attention4 ,it would be difficult to find a more complete condemnation of motherhood4 ,the ,report is full of condemning facts4 ,for1 let us not disguise it from ourselves that1 in spite of much that has been done1 many efforts and real improvements1 motherhood remains very evil2 about the lives of little children lurk cruelties1 disease1 dirt1 and neglect that ought not to be permitted4 ,let me take one group of facts from this ,report2 facts that cry out to us all how urgently wrong things are4 ,in the year #aiad1 #ib1aff children died in ,england and ,wales under one year of age4 ,think of the wanton wastage3 in every thousand children born one hundred and five have died4 ,their number of the year's toll of new lives reaches close up to the recorded deaths for the first fifteen months of war6#c ,and the evil does not end here1 for the bad conditions which kill these babies act also in maiming and disabling1 or at least in lowering the health standard1 of many of the children who live1 and thus add to the number of those who die in the early years of childhood1 or survive only with enfeebled bodies and defective minds4 ,and1 further1 no account is taken here of the lives that are lost before birth takes place3 ,i mean the still births and abortions1 the ante-natal deaths of which no record is kept4 ,our tendency is to assume that life begins at the birth1 whereas the life of each child starts at the moment of its conception4 ,thus the birth rate is really the survival from the conception rate4 ,and the destruction of life before birth from adverse ante-natal conditions is probably larger than the death rate in the first post-natal year4 ,you will see that the problem is sufficiently grave4 ,and this unnecessary waste--for it is unnecessary--is going on every year1 and will go on until we begin to feel it strongly enough to take action to prevent it4 ,it can be prevented4 ,the chief causes of infant mortality are briefly two-- 7#a7 ,poor physique of the mother or inheritable disease in one or other parent1 causing premature births with weakened constitutions and congenital defects in the children4 7#b7 ,ignorance of mothers in appropriate infant care and low standard of home life2 bad feeding and insanitary conditions are accountable for the greater number of child deaths4 ,we find the infantile death rate is much higher in urban communities than it is in rural ,england4 ,it is well to give a table to show this-- ,,annual ,,rates ,,per ,,annual ,,rates #ajjj ,,living ,,per #ajjj ,,births ,diarrha and ,infant ,birth ,rate4 ,death ,rate4 ,enteritis ,mortality 7under two ,rate4 years74 ,england and ,wales #bc4h #ac4g #bj4d #aje #ig great towns 7including ,london7 #be4j #ae4j #bf4a #aad #ade smaller towns #bc4i #ac4a #ai4h #ajd ,england and ,wales less the #bdb towns #bb4b #ab4d #ab4f #ic ,london #bd4c #ad4d #bg4f #ajd ,consider the reason for this difference in the death rates--#aad deaths per #ajjj in the great towns1 #ajd in the smaller towns1 and #ic in the country districts4 ,does not this prove that children are killed by the conditions into which they are born4 ,it is obvious that urbanisation1 with all that it means of unhealthy living1 with factory work and the employment of women1 exerts a profound effect on the lives and health of little children4 ,a portion of infant and child mortality represents1 ,i well know1 the removal from life of diseased children who ought never to have been born1 and would not have been born under different sexual conditions1 for this1 above all1 is a question of instructed motherhood4 ,i am not forgetting this side of the problem4 ,but these children1 doomed to death from the time they are conceived1 represent a fraction only of our infant mortality4 ,the vast majority of babies are born healthy2 it is we who kill them4 ,though the fact of the falling birth rate is being shouted aloud with an ever-increasing fear and insistence1 the plain1 simple fact is neglected2 it is absurd to go on having more babies if we can't first care enough to keep alive the babies that we have4 ,there are still too many births for our civilisation to look after2 we are still unfit to be trusted with a rising birth rate4#d ,let us consider now how our neglect acts on the children who fight through the first years of infancy4 ,i can take a few facts only chosen almost at hazard from the mass of similar evidence in the ,educational ,report4 ,in ,london1 out of #bid1jjj children medically examined1 #aja1jjj or nearly half1 were found to be in need of treatment4 ,in ,england and ,wales #cia1ceb children of school age were medically attended4 ,a summary of the returns shows a wide prevalence of verminous uncleanness1 the percentage being #ah4a per cent4 for the heads and #aa4h per cent4 for the bodies of the children4 ,again the figures show unclean conditions to be most prevalent in the towns1 in some instances the percentage rising as high as thirty unclean children out of each hundred children examined4 ,i ask you to think what this implies4 ,the nutrition of the children is equally bad1 the different counties varying in percentage between five and twenty4 ,stockton-on-,tees has the unenviable distinction of standing the highest--thirty out of each hundred of its children showing signs of malnutrition4 ,the same ,report shows the fatal prevalence among the children of rickets1 eye disease1 discharging ears1 and diseases of the throat and nose4#e ,the proportion of defective teeth is higher than any malady and often exceeds seventy and eighty per cent4 of the school entrants4 ,we should note that insufficient or unsuitable food is the chief cause of malnutrition and illness in children1 and investigations seem to show that wrong feeding is the more prevalent4 ,thus ,dr4 ,gould1 writing of the children he examined in ,bolton1 says1 8it is obvious that defective nutrition is due to dietetic ignorance on the parents' part or to parental neglect40 ,dr4 ,macdonald of ,northampton1 reporting on #ddh cases examined in #aiad1 corroborates this view1 stating in the course of his report of adenoidal children1 8,many are suffering1 not from insufficiency of food 7that1 ,i think1 far from common in ,northampton71 but from bad food and badly prepared food40 ,again1 ,dr4 ,orr of ,shrewsbury writes1 8,the subject of unsuitable food is a very important one4 ,the women of the working classes often show a surprising ignorance of the proper methods of cooking for family requirements1 a want of knowledge of the value and suitability of food stuffs1 and too often a general incompetence respecting household management40#f ,i may add as corroboration an instance from my own knowledge2 one that would be comic1 if it were not so piteous4 ,a party of poor workings girls were invited to a meal2 they were asked what they would like to have to eat4 ,they answered1 8,bread and pickles10 and added1 8,pickles are so sustaining60 ,who can doubt the greatness of the evil that is going on8 ,i could add many more facts at least equally impressive with the few that ,i have given1 all witnessing to weakness in the constitution of our children1 to disease and dirt1 and every other painful result of ignorance and neglect4 ,and does not all this speak of unfit motherhood2 of women ill-trained as women and incapacitated for their supreme duty8 ,there is failure somewhere4 ,we have to find out where that failure is4 ,for ,i wish to make it very clear that ,i am not blaming the individual mother4 ,what ,i do blame are the conditions of our civilisation that have called her into being4 ,i have before me the admirable but infinitely distressing book1 ,maternity3 ,letters from ,working ,women4 ,they are the outcome of an inquiry into the condition of working-class motherhood made by the ,women's ,co-operative ,guild4 ,nothing that ,i can say1 or that any other writer could say1 can have the reality and the bitter vividness of these letters written by the women themselves4 ,i am able to quote only scattered sentences taken from a few letters just as they come and without special selection4 7#a7 ,,mother ,,injured ,,in ,,girlhood 8,through being left without a mother when a baby--father was a very large farmer and girls were expected to do men's work--,i1 at the age of sixteen1 lifted weights that deformed the pelvis bones1 therefore making confinement a very difficult case4 ,i have five fine healthy girls1 but the boys have all had to have the skull-bones taken away to get them past the pelvis4''' ,i wish more could be done to train growing girls to be more careful40 7#b7 ,a ,,wage-,,earning ,,mother 8,i myself had some very hard times1 as ,i had to go out to work in the mill4 ,i was a weaver and we had a lot of lifting to do4 ,my first baby was born before its time1 from me lifting my piece off the loom onto my shoulder4''' ,if ,i had been able to take care of myself ,i should not have had to suffer as ,i did for seven weeks before the baby was born1 and for three months after1 and then there was the baby suffering as well1 as he was a weak little thing for a long time1 and cost pounds that could have been saved had ,i been able to stay at home and look after myself40 7#c7 ,a ,,mother',s ,,injury ,,to ,,her ,,daughters 8,i am very pleased to say that1 having one of the best of husbands1 ,i suffered nothing during pregnancy1 only ailments of my own caused through my mother having to work in the brickyard during her pregnancy with me4 ,that1 ,i am sorry to say1 is the cause of my own and my sister's illness ''' and that thing will go on until women give up hard work during pregnancy40 7#d7 ,,worked ,,too ,,hard ,,as ,a ,,girl 8,my third child was born nine years after the second4''' ,she lived six hours1 and was convulsed from birth4 ,the doctor's opinion was that ,i had worked too hard as a girl lifting heavy weights1 therefore weakening the whole system40 7#e7 ,,the ,,results ,,of ,,poverty 8,i think a great deal of suffering is caused to the mother and child during pregnancy by lack of nourishment and rest1 combined with bad housing arrangements4 ,the majority of working women before marriage have been used to standing a great deal at their work1 bringing about much suffering which does not tell seriously until after marriage1 particularly during pregnancy4''' ,i believe that bad housing arrangements have a very bad effect on mothers during pregnancy4 ,i know of streets of houses where there are large factories built1 taking the whole of the daylight away from the kitchen1 where the woman spends the best part of her life4 ,on the top of this you get the continual grinding of machinery4 ,the mother wonders what she has to live for2 if there is another baby coming she hopes it will be dead when it is born4 ,the result is she begins to take drugs4''' ,all this tells on the woman1 physically and mentally2 can you wonder at women turning to drink80 7#f7 ,,another ,,case ,,of ,,poverty ,,and ,,overwork 8,the first part of my life ,i spent in a screw factory from six in the morning till five at night1 and after tea used to do my washing and cleaning4 ,i only left two weeks and three weeks before my first children were born4 ,after that ,i took in lodgers and washing1 and always worked up till an hour or so before baby was born4 ,the results were that three of my girls suffer with their insides4 ,none are able to have a baby4 ,one dear boy was born ruptured on account of my previous hard work40 7#g7 ,,the ,,evil ,,of ,,sexual ,,ignorance 8,judging from my own experience1 a fair amount of knowledge at the commencement of pregnancy would do a lot of good4 ,one may have a good mother who would be willing to give information1 but to people like myself your mother is the last person you would talk to about yourself or your state4''' ,i have learnt the most useful things since my children grew up4 ,the idea that you impress the child all through with your habits and ways1 or that its health is to a great extent hindered or helped by your own well-being1 was quite unknown to me40 7#h7 ,,another ,,case 8,when ,i was married1 ,i had to leave my own town to go out into the world1 as it were1 and when ,i had to have my first baby1 ,i knew absolutely nothing1 not even how they were born4 ,i had many a time thought how cruel 7not wilfully1 perhaps7 my mother was not to tell me all about the subject when ,i left home4''' ,when my baby was born ,i had been in my labour for thirty-six hours1 and did not know what was the matter with me4''' ,it was only a seven-months baby1 and ,i feel quite sure if ,i had been told anything about pregnancy it would not have happened4 ,i carried a heavy piece of oilcloth1 which brought on labour4''' ,i knew very little about feeding children1 when they cried ,i gave them the breast4 ,if ,i had known then what ,i know now my children would have been living4 ,i was ignorant1 and had to suffer severely for it1 for it nearly cost me my life1 and also those of my children4 ,i very often ponder over this part of my life4 ,i must not say anything about my mother now1 because she is dead1 but ,i cannot help thinking what might have been if she had told me40 7#i7 ,,healthy ,,motherhood1 ,,given ,,as ,a ,,contrast 8,although ,i have had eight children and one miscarriage1 ,i am afraid my experience would not help you in the least1 as ,i am supposed to be one of those women who can stand anything4 ,during my pregnancy1 ,i have always been able to do my own work4 8,with the boys labour has only lasted twenty minutes1 girls a little longer4 ,i have never needed a doctor's help1 and it has always been over before he came4''' ,my idea is that everything depends on how a woman lives1 and how healthy she was born4 ,i had the advantage of never having to work before ,i was married and never have wanted for money1 so when the struggle came ,i had a strong constitution to battle with it all40 7#aj7 ,,another ,,fortunate ,,case 8,i must be one of the fortunate ones4 ,i have always had fairly good health during pregnancy and good times at confinements and getting up4''' ,i owe my good health to being well nourished and looked after by my mother when ,i was a growing girl4 ,i think if all young girls of to-day are properly cared for1 it will make all the difference to the mothers of the future1 and save much suffering during pregnancy and after40 ,i should like to quote further from these letters1 which have filled me with a passion of protest and pity4 ,but why should ,i go on bringing fresh arguments to prove what already is sufficiently clear8 ,give but a moment's attention to the facts that stand out in these eight summarised cases1 and at once you will grasp what is wrong4 ,these mothers have not been equal to their task of child-bearing2 we have demanded from them too much4 ,we have permitted the weakening of their constitutions from girlhood with unsuitable and too heavy work1 and we have allowed them to grow up and marry sexually ignorant4 ,what wonder that so many have failed in their supreme work of motherhood4 ,the women bitterly feel this failure2 many of them are convinced of the evils that have resulted to themselves and their children from their own overstrain through work and their ignorance of sexual hygiene and mother-craft4 ,take now a few briefly summarised results of all these three hundred and forty-eight examined cases of motherhood4 ,we find the following figures3 ,total number of live births1 #a1cif1 #hj still-births and #bah miscarriages4 ,these figures speak for themselves4 ,it is probable all miscarriages are not given1 but even those that are stated show a pre-natal death rate of #ba4c per #ajj deaths4 ,and we have no record of abortions1 which1 without doubt1 are very numerous4 ,according to some medical authorities the frequency of abortion 8is believed to be about #bj to #be per cent4 of all pregnancies40 ,consider the following facts3 two of these women each had ten miscarriages2 one woman had eight miscarriages and no living child1 while a second woman1 after suffering seven miscarriages1 consoled her motherhood by adopting an orphan boy2 another woman gave birth to five dead children2 the record of still another woman is three still-births and four miscarriages4 ,the last of these mothers writes3 8,i had to work very hard to do everything for my little family1 and after that ,i never had any more children to live4 ,i either miscarried or they were still-born40 ,the post-natal deaths are also numerous4 ,of the three hundred and forty-eight mothers1 eighty-six 7or #bd4g per cent47 lost children in the first year of life4 ,the total number of deaths rises to #abb1 or #h4g per #ajj live births1 and it should be noted that #ej per cent41 or one half of these deaths1 occurred during the first month of infantile life or were due to wrong birth conditions when death was after the first month4 ,it seems useless to comment further upon these facts2 the figures speak with sufficient clearness for themselves4 ,i would ask you1 however1 to remember them2 ,i would ask you to try to understand all that they mean of our deplorable neglect of motherhood4 ,for long we have been persistently assuming that the characteristics of the child at birth are genetic or hereditary and therefore can be but slightly affected by a favourable or an adverse nurture4 ,this is a monstrous error4 ,very few indeed are the defects and the diseases that are inevitable and part of the birth-inheritance1 rather they are traceable directly to malnutrition or poison in the mother1 and by this means the fresh life is weakened or infected before it is born4 ,so much the greater is the importance of ante-natal nurture4 ,the child can be saved only through the mother4 ,inferior mothers must result in inferior children4 ,and what we need now for the future maintenance and welfare of our race in adequate numbers and quality1 is a speedy and practical recognition of the truth that nothing will avail us if we so educate1 train1 and work our women that as mothers they fail in their creative hour4 ,let us now consider briefly how these matters stand in our land at the present time1 and let us examine them in the light of these facts we have established of an over-burdened and1 therefore1 unfit motherhood4 ,and the first thing we find is that the special conditions brought about by the ,great ,war have greatly increased the problem we have to solve4 ,i have already referred to the ,report issued by the ,health of ,munition ,workers ,committee on 8,employment of ,women0 and 8,hours of ,work40 ,they give summary accounts of the conditions of women's labour and what is actually going on4 ,i confess that what is stated has filled me with the gravest fears4 ,i will give a few of the facts as they are set down4 8,the engagement of women in the manufacture of munitions presents many features of outstanding interest4 ,probably the most striking is the universal character of their response to the country's call for help2 but of equal social and industrial significance is the extension of the employment of married women1 the extension of the employment of young girls and the revival of the employment of women at night40 ,with regard to the class of women employed we learn-- 8,the munition workers of to-day include dressmakers1 laundry workers1 shop assistants1 university and art students1 women and girls of every social grade and of no previous wage-earning experience1 also1 in large numbers1 wives and widows of soldiers1 many married women who had retired altogether from industrial life1 and many again who had never entered it4 ,in the character of the response lies largely the secret of its industrial success1 which is remarkable4 ,the fact that women and girls of all types and ages have pressed and are pressing into industry shows a spirit of patriotism which is as finely maintained as it was quickly shown40 ,the prodigious efforts of war are employing energies that have never been employed before4 ,and there is something fine in the obdurate courage and determination of women to go through with their work4 ,the spirit of woman does not easily resist4 ,ah6 there is the danger4 ,it is so difficult to induce any woman to recognise the limits of her physical powers4 ,i am certain1 too1 that this danger of reckless overstrain is greater in ,england than in many other lands where women are working1 for here custom and our habits of curious prudery force a woman to treat her sexual life as if it did not exist4 ,this is the deep root of the danger4 ,thus1 just as ,i should expect1 the report goes on-- 8,conditions of work are accepted without question and without complaint which1 immediately detrimental to output1 would1 if continued1 be ultimately disastrous to health4 ,it is for the nation to safeguard the devotion of its workers by its foresight and watchfulness1 lest irreparable harm be done to body and mind both in this generation and in the next40 ,the necessity of war has revived1 after almost a century of disuse1 the night employment of women in factories4#g ,the report shows the deterioration in the health and energy of the women1 due partly to overstrain from want of sleep and proper rest1 but also to the difficulty the workers find in eating at night4 ,we read-- 8,in one factory visited at night the manager stated that fatigue prevented many of the women making the effort to go from there to the mess room1 though in itself the room was attractive4 ,in another1 visited also by night1 several women were lying1 during the meal hour1 beside their piles of heaped-up work2 while others1 later1 were asleep beside their machines1 facts which bear additional witness to the relative failure of these hours4 ,a few women of rare physique withstand the strain sufficiently to maintain a reasonable output1 but the flagging effort of the majority is not only unproductive at the moment1 it has its influence also upon the subsequent output1 which suffers as in a vicious circle40 ,the report shows plainly the destruction that is taking place in the home life of the workers4 ,it states-- 8,while the urgent necessity for women's work remains1 and while the mother's time and the time of the elder girls is largely given to the making of munitions1 the home and the younger children must inevitably suffer4 ,where home conditions are bad1 as they frequently are1 where a long working day is aggravated by long hours of travelling1 and where1 in addition1 housing accommodation is inadequate1 family life is defaced beyond recognition40 ,again1 take this passage-- 8,often1 far from offering a rest from the fatigue of the day1 the home conditions offer but fresh aggravation4 ,a day begun at #d or even #c4cj a4m41 for work at #f a4m41 followed by fourteen#h hours in the factory and another two or two and a half hours on the journey back1 may end at #aj or #aj4cj p4m41 in a home or lodging where the prevailing degree of overcrowding precludes all possibility of comfortable rest4 ,beds are never empty and rooms are never aired1 for in a badly crowded district the beds1 like the occupants1 are organised in day and night shifts4 ,in such conditions of confusion1 pressure and overcrowding1 home life can have no existence40 ,the overstrain of the women is increased by their difficulty in obtaining living accommodation near to the factories4 8,it is far from uncommon now to find some two or three hours spent on the journey each way1 generally under the fatiguing conditions of an overcrowded tram or train1 often with long waits and a severe struggle before even standing room can be obtained4 ,the superintendent of a factory situated in a congested district stated that the women constantly arrive with their clothes torn in the struggle for a train1 the satchel in which they bring their tea being sometimes torn away4 ,the workers were of an exceptionally refined type1 to whom such rough handling should be altogether unfamiliar1 but they bore these conditions with cheerful resolution40 ,what are the results going to be8 ,women have no right to bear such conditions with cheerful resolution4 ,and it is just this acceptance of so many things that never ought to be accepted that fills me with apprehension4 ,you see1 ,i believe there is a much deeper cause than the urgencies of the war which is causing women to spend their strength in industrial work4 ,did ,i not think this1 there would be little need for me to write4 ,i know that women's labour at the present crisis is a matter of necessity4 ,how the work is to be done with the least possible injury to the workers is the question of the present4 ,for it is equally momentous to the future that the standard of health and well-being of the country should be maintained4 ,the problem is1 how much work and of what kind can women do combined with perfect health4 ,the health we must have1 for it is requisite for the life of the race4 ,no doubt ,nature is prodigal in her gifts of energy to women and provides enough for high-pressure work4 ,but what we forget is this3 the total amount of energy is strictly limited1 and if women use up in work the energy that ought to be stored for child-bearing1 they are preparing the way for an enfeebled race4 ,thus the problem of women's labour will not be solved until her work no more unfits her to be a mother than man's work unfits him to be a father4 ,woman sows in her flesh for the race1 and because the demands of sex are stronger upon her she has to store more for the future than the man2 she cannot expend so much in work in the present4 ,i have tried now to show in this and the preceding chapter the present and urgent need of an inquiry into the conditions of motherhood4 ,the facts we have considered give1 ,i feel1 sufficient proof of our immense failure4 ,our attempt must be to bring order where we have had confusion4 ,we have got to end this disastrous squandering of women's energies2 a bankrupt expenditure which must result in wholesale waste in health and the lives of little children4 ,and ,i do not allude here only to the obvious immediate remedies4 ,these will have to be made4 ,the efforts for reducing infantile mortality must be such as will have lasting and substantial effect4 ,feeble tinkerings with such a question are the deepest foolishness4 ,england can be indifferent to the health and well-being of women no longer1 for she cannot afford to lose children by tens of thousands and to let the survivors be maimed and weakened by the million4 ,this1 however1 is not all2 no legislation or social reconstruction--not any outward change1 can accomplish alone what needs to be done4 ,i am very certain of this4 ,the wretched confusion and failure in efficient motherhood1 which repeats itself everywhere1 again and again1 and in all classes of women1 must be due to something more than industrialism and the hideous1 ugly pressure of work for women1 now so startlingly increased by the urgencies of war2 it must be due to something stronger and more fundamental1 to some inward cause4 ,we must1 ,i think1 look to find some general and essential failure in women themselves--some unsoundness in their desires and their ideals1 and in the principles they have set down for the conduct of their lives4 ,we have got to find what this failure is4 ,,note4--,the ,annual ,report for #aiae of the ,chief ,medical ,officer of the ,board of ,education has been issued since this chapter was written4 ,the conditions have not materially changed since the previous year4 ,ten per cent4 of all the children attending the ,elementary ,schools suffer from malnutrition1 due largely to unsuitable and insufficient food4 ,there is still a large amount of uncleanliness--the returns show about #af per cent4 of the children have dirty heads1 and #ae per cent4 dirty bodies4 ,a further evil has arisen from the greatly increased employment of children of school age2 during one year #de1jjj children have left school before the usual age1 and #ae1jjj are temporarily employed in agriculture4 ,in addition1 more children are working as 8half-timers0 and as workers out of school hours4 ,this wasteful employment of the young life of the future must1 as the ,report states1 lead to physical and mental deterioration4 ,,part ,,ii ,,the ,,maternal ,,instinct ,,in ,,the ,,making 8,but what is the use of this history1 what is the use of all this minute research8 ,i well know that it will not produce a fall in the price of paper1 a rise in that of crates of rotten cabbages1 or other serious events of that kind1 which cause fleets to be manned and set people face to face intent on one another's extermination4 ,the insect does not aim at so much glory4 ,it confines itself to showing us life in the inexhaustible variety of its manifestations2 it helps us to decipher in some small measure the obscurest book of all--the book of ourselves40--,,henri ,,fabre4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,iii ,,insect ,,parenthood ,the necessity of beginning the investigation of motherhood before human parenthood--,the instinct not fixed but dependent on circumstances and the conditions of life--,experiments in family life--,bewildering diversity in strength of parental instinct--,numerous cases of insect home makers--,domestic economy of bees and ants--,does the word 8instinct0 explain--,parental devotion of the scarabee beetles--,fabre's account--,important to note 7#a7 connection between form of union or marriage of the sexes and parental devotion1 7#b7 connection between degree of intelligence in the parent and amount of care devoted to the young4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,insect ,,parenthood 8,there can be few people alive who have not remarked on occasion that men are the creatures of circumstances4 ,but it is one thing to state a belief of this sort in some incidental application1 and quite another to realise it completely40--,h4 ,g4 ,,wells4 ,this statement of ,mr4 ,wells that ,i have placed at the head of the chapter will explain the reason why ,i find it necessary to go back to the grey primeval dawn of life to start my inquiry into motherhood4 ,i want to establish that the instinct of caring for the young is not fixed1 that it does not always develop in the same way or in the same parent1 but rather that it is a quality1 fluid and of indeterminate possibilities1 that can be set and shaped by the conditions of life as wax is shaped by a mould4 ,and ,i know no other way to make this clear4 ,the few scattered facts that ,i have been able to gather together tell the miracles of the parental instinct4 ,they must1 ,i think1 teach us humility4 ,let us throw aside the garments of conceit and false learning1 and recognise that in reality we know almost nothing about anything1 if things are probed to the bottom4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the widest treatment of the maternal instinct it will not suffice to narrow our attention to the function of human motherhood1 or to take up our study of the conditions relating to the mother and the child as we find them amongst us to-day4 ,were ,i to do this and to attempt at once to bring forward my own views1 with the reforms that ,i wish for in this matter1 my work would be as a building without a firm foundation1 more or less uncertain1 and for this reason valueless4 ,to get a proper grip of all that is here concerned we must understand that the maternal instinct is the deepest and strongest instinct in woman4 ,it is in the emotions and actions either directly arising from or connected with motherhood that we find the real difference between the sexes4 ,in its essence the parental instinct belongs to woman alone4 ,the male may be infected with its energy--we witness this among birds1 as well as in humbler animals1 where the duties of caring for offspring are shared and1 in some cases1 carried out by the male alone2 but man possesses1 as yet1 its faint analogy only4 ,it is the most primary of all women's qualities4#i ,now1 why is this8 ,why is woman's being so much more strongly infected with motherhood than the man's with fatherhood8 ,it is a question not so readily to be answered as it might appear4 ,if we find the explanation in the intimate connection between the mother and the child we have not1 ,i think1 exhausted the matter4 ,we must not forget that other questions remain behind unanswered1 all centring round the one question to which an adequate answer is so difficult to find3 ,how has this arisen8 ,the fact has to be explained that the sharp separation in the parental impulse and the parental duties1 so strong amongst us1 has not always existed2 that there are many examples in the history of life which show an exactly opposite condition4 ,to find the clue it will thus be necessary to turn our attention to the earlier stages of life where1 in particular among insects1 reptiles1 fishes1 and birds1 we find the widest possible range of difference in the expression of the parental instinct and the most varied relations existing between parents and offspring4 ,here indeed1 among these pre-human parents1 we can study the maternal instinct in the making4 ,there are many new and strange facts for us to learn4 ,i know well the dangers of such an inquiry4 ,to many1 who will allow its interest1 it will yet appear as being profitless4 ,there is perhaps some justification for this view4 ,certainly any attempt to establish the conditions of human motherhood from examples in natural history must be far from conclusive4 ,all comparisons of our own habits and impulses with their earlier expression as we see them in the animals are somewhat unsatisfactory4 ,the lines on which human motherhood has developed and the conditions which have so largely helped to shape its expression1 differ vastly from many of the other needs and circumstances which govern the activities of parents in the lower forms of life4 ,chief among these differences is the more complex character of the human brain1 which is correlated with the far greater length of time that the human infant is dependent on its mother4 ,yet1 allowing for all this difference1 ,i believe that there is much for us to learn from the life-histories of these pre-human parents4 ,at least we find wonderful agreement prevailing between the conduct which we think reason dictates to us and that which we hold instinct dictates to the animals4 ,and the question will be forced upon us3 ,how far back in the record of life did the fierce mother-instinct exist8 ,we shall find many unheeded examples1 alike of its operation and of its failure to operate1 which1 if we consider them1 in the light they may possibly cast forward on our own problems1 will not fail to bring us to some unexpected conclusions4 ,life is full of surprises1 and this matter of the care of the young affords not the least of them4 ,nowhere are the links between the present and the past more fascinatingly represented4 ,i am far indeed from being able to explain many facts ,i have come to know4 ,i have been puzzled often1 and the suggestions ,i offer ,i know may be wrong4 ,the early stages in the growth of parental care1 even among the animals whose habits are known to us1 are often enshrouded in mystery1 baffling the penetration of the most patient and careful inquirers4 ,nevertheless1 during recent years a host of facts have been gathered together which throw much new light not only on the theme of pre-human parenthood1 but also on the probable action of the parental instinct as it has slowly developed through the ages4 ,but apart from such more speculative considerations there are yet other aspects to be considered1 such as the effect of the environment1 the conditions of the home1 and the type of union between the male and the female1 all of which have their influence on the duration and kind of care shown by animal parents to their offspring4 ,some explanation must be sought for the almost bewildering diversity which we find in this relationship2 for while the young of some animals 7and often among low types where least we should expect it7 are jealously guarded and cared for by at least one of the parents1 in others there is no trace of such sacrifice and solicitude1 and the young are thrown on to the world1 orphaned before they are born1 and left to live or die as chance decrees4 ,why is this8 ,why is the parental instinct so actively strong in some cases1 so absent in others8 ,can we1 indeed1 hope to find the answer8 ,if we can do this1 we shall learn much to surprise and also to instruct us4 ,in the higher types of animals1 with the longer period of infancy1 some amount of care for the young is always shown by the mother4 ,all the mammals1 without exception1 nurse their offspring for a longer or shorter period4 ,among the birds the young in many species are tended by both parents1 and we find many beautiful examples of parental fosterage and protection4 ,but we find also species1 like the cuckoos1 which thrust the parental duties on to others2 and there are others1 such as the megapodes1 where the mother trusts the incubation of her eggs to natural agencies1 and after placing them in a position to get the heat generated by decaying vegetation or that derived from hot springs1 leaves them1 and exhibits no apparent care for the future welfare of the family4 ,here is something to give us food for thought4 ,and the same surprises meet us as we descend the scale of life4 ,the reptiles show little or no parental care1 but strangely enough the toads and frogs1 and many fishes1 furnish us with examples of remarkable forethought1 or apparent forethought1 for their offspring2 and1 let it be noted1 this solicitude is in most cases shown by the father and not by the mother4 ,even more remarkable are the insects1 among whom1 though still lower in the scale1 we find the most wonderful cases of parental sacrifice to be met with anywhere in life4 ,some of these little creatures1 indeed1 seem to be endowed with a devotion to their young so insistent1 that their lives can be described only as a passion of sacrifice4 ,in truth they live but to give life and die4 ,and accompanying this parental sacrifice1 first in supplying food for embryonic development1 and also1 in some cases1 affording fosterage and protection during the early stages of growth1 we meet the most varied and wonderful behaviour which seems to prove an intelligence that thinks and plans2 and1 whatever explanation we try to find for these acts of devotion1 we still are far from understanding them4 ,life has its secrets1 and we shall probably fail to penetrate these mysteries4 ,all that is possible to us is to inquire humbly that we may learn a few truths4 ,but for the sake of clearness1 let me cease from generalising and direct our attention to certain definite examples4 ,i will select first the model household of the ,minotaurus ,typhus in the order ,coleoptera-- 8,the female digs a large burrow which is often more than a yard and a half deep and which consists of spiral staircases1 landings1 passages and numerous chambers4 ,the male loads the earth on the three-pronged fork that surmounts his head and carries it to the entrance of the conjugal dwelling4 ,next he goes into the fields in search of harmless droppings left by the sheep1 he takes these down to the first storey of the crypt and1 with the aid of his trident begins to reduce them to flour1 while the mother1 right at the bottom1 collects and kneads it into huge cylindrical loaves1 which will presently become food for the little ones4 ,for three months1 until the provisions are deemed sufficient1 the unfortunate husband1 without taking any nourishment of any kind1 exhausts himself in this gigantic work4 ,at last1 his task is accomplished4 ,feeling his end is at hand1 so as not to encumber the house with his wretched remains1 he spends his last strength in leaving the burrow1 drags himself laboriously along and1 lonely and resigned1 knowing that he is henceforth good for nothing1 goes and dies far away amid the stones40#aj ,here we have exactly the kind of example we are in search of1 and the most important thing to observe is the co-operation of the father with the mother in the work of providing for the family3 such male devotion is undoubtedly exceptional4 ,some measure of parental solicitude is almost universally common1 and even among the lowliest creatures we find convincing proof of this4 ,among the species of limited resources1 where the least care is bestowed and the young are left to look after themselves1 the eggs are placed by the mother in a suitable environment so that the young can be sure of a sufficiency of food until they can feed themselves4 ,the numerous caterpillars offer a well-known illustration of this primitive care1 where it is common for the eggs to be attached to the food-plant by means of some adhesive covering4 ,more striking is the case of certain weevils1 which1 in order to endow their young with a suitable home1 possess the art of rolling a leaf in which the eggs are laid1 thus forming a nursery1 which serves as board and lodging in one4 ,fabre1 in a wonderful account of the most skilful of these workers1 the ,poplar weevil1 states that not far from the scroll1 made and laboriously rolled by the mother1 we almost always find the male4 ,but do not make a mistake4 ,the weevil father is not moved by devotion to the family interests as was the father in the last case we examined4 ,no1 rather he is filled with the egoistic desire of the male4 ,but ,i must give the history as ,fabre relates it1 fearing to spoil his beautiful account by my own halting description-- 8,what is he doing there1 the idler8 ,is he watching the work as a mere inquisitive onlooker8 ,from time to time ,i see him take his stand behind the manufacturer1 in the groove of the fold1 hang on to a cylinder and join for a little in the work4 ,this is a means of declaring his flame and urging his merits4 ,after several refusals and notwithstanding advances made by a brief collaboration at the scroll1 the impatient one is accepted4 ,for ten minutes the rolling is suspended4 ,the male still looks on4 ,sooner or later a new visit is paid to the worker by the dawdler1 who1 under pretence of assisting1 plants his claws for a moment into the rolling piece1 plucks up courage and renews his exploits with the same vigour as though nothing had yet happened4 ,and this is repeated four or five times during the making of a single cigar40 ,here1 it may be remarked in passing1 we seem to see the first faint expression of the father's interest in the family1 which1 if ,i may hazard a guess1 may have started in this way as a means of gaining his desire with the female4 ,the correctness of this surmise will receive considerable confirmation as we proceed with our inquiry4 ,and if analogies with animal conduct were not so apt to be misleading1 ,i would venture to suggest the persistence of the same egoistic factor among many human fathers4 ,but for the present ,i must leave this question4 ,from the very beginning of life parental sacrifice is more common in the mother2 it is in exceptional cases that her devotion is shared by the father4 ,but such good fathers are of special importance to our inquiry4 ,even more interesting are those species among which the father takes all charge of the young1 while the mother spends her time away from the family4 ,nor is this departure from what we may call the normal order of the family so surprising as at first sight it may seem1 if we can account for the necessity under which probably it arose and seek to explain it4 ,the welfare of the young is a matter of vital urgency2 instinct dictates to the animals what reason dictates to us4 ,nature1 as if to show her resourcefulness1 her love of successful experiments1 is always discovering contrary ways of attaining the same end4 ,and what ,i wish to make clear is this3 when1 for some reason that we do not know1 the family cares are neglected by the mothers1 the work of tending and feeding the young is undertaken by the fathers4 ,i shall have much more to say on this question at a later stage1 and ,i ask you to keep it persistently in the focus of your attention4 ,i desire to emphasise it at once4 ,whatever groups of animals we survey1 we shall find examples of this replacement of the mother by the father1 new aspects of the family1 which may afford us a better grip of some problems that at present elude us4 ,the reality of the mother's regard for the young is proved among many insects by the building of a nest to safeguard the family4 ,the ,anthidium1 or tailor-bee1 and the ,chalicodoma1 a species of wild bee1 afford illustrations of this maternal forethought4 ,in the former case the eggs1 when laid1 are placed in the ground1 protected in cotton-felt satchels made by the mother from fibre which she scratches with her mandibles from the cobwebby stalks of the yellow centaury2 the ,chalicodoma works with cement and gravel carefully selected from some ruined building1 and with such difficult material she fashions her nursery4 ,even more remarkable is the home of the ,magachilles1 or leaf-cutting bee4 ,the mother bee1 using her mandibles as scissors1 cuts pieces from the leaves of the trees1 wherewith she forms thimble-shaped wallets to contain the honey and eggs2 the larger oval pieces which she cuts make the sides and the floor1 and the round pieces the lid or door4 ,these leaf-formed thimbles are placed in a row1 one on top of the other1 sometimes as many as a dozen being used4 ,the cylinder thus formed is fitted into the deserted home of some other insect1 such as the tunnels of fat earth-worms1 the apartments bored in the trunks of trees by the larv of the ,capricorn beetles1 or1 failing these1 a reed stump or crevice in the wall is selected4 ,but the choice of the home is always carefully made1 it would seem1 according to the tastes of the mothers4 ,this structure1 in part made and in part borrowed1 forms the leaf-cutter's nest4#aa ,numerous cases of home-making might be recorded1 and the difficulty rests in the selection4 ,many spiders and the book scorpion carry their eggs in a silken bag attached to the under surface of the body4 ,there is a case recorded that shows heroic devotion on the part of one spider mother4 ,she was placed 7in order that her behaviour might be watched7 in the pit of an ant-lion4 ,at once the enemy seized the eggs and tore them from her charge4 ,then the mother1 though she was driven out of the pit1 returned and chose to be dragged in and buried alive rather than desert her charge4#ab ,a regular process of incubation is practised by the mother earwig1 and the young1 when hatched1 keep close to her for protection4 ,special food for the young is prepared by many mothers1 as1 for instance1 among the apid1 who prepare a disgorged food in the form of a sweet milk juice4 ,the ,hymenoptera mothers1 upon whom the cares of motherhood devolve in their fulness1 provide board and lodging for their family4 ,stores of insects are caught and preserved in the nursery larder1 being cunningly paralysed so that live food may be ready when needed by the children4 ,these clever mothers1 as ,fabre has shown us1 become masters of a host of arts for the benefit of a family which their faceted eyes will never see4 ,of the domestic economy of the bees and ants whole volumes might be1 and have been1 written4 ,the habits of the termites1 the so-called white ants1 are less widely known1 although they show one of the most remarkable developments of the family that ,i have met4 ,each colony is really a patriarchal family1 in which the members1 all the descendants of a single pair1 live in a community1 and work in different ways4 ,all the individuals are at first true males and females4 ,some of these develop slowly1 but grow up perfect insects able to form new families4 ,but the workers and the soldiers have to pass a period of youthful servitude in the community4 ,these develop quickly1 and grow up blind and wingless1 and their reproductive organs remain in a condition of arrested development4 ,some of these are workers1 and carry out the duties of the community2 others at the same time develop jaws and heads of enormous size4 ,it is their duty to defend the colony4 ,and from this has come about the strange condition of their being so altered and trained for their special work that they cannot pass on to the normal life and normal duties of perfect individuals4 ,among the bees and some social wasps there is a further step1 and only females are selected to do household work1 and modified so that they lose the ordinary personal instincts and devote themselves entirely to working for the community1 while the males develop only the instincts and capacities of sex4 ,in some species of wasps1 however1 the males do some work1 chiefly domestic1 for which they are fed by their foraging sisters4 ,in the communities of ants1 as in the termites1 there are individuals modified to serve as workers and as soldiers2 but here again they are all arrested females1 and the males are used only for the purpose of sex4 ,the colonies of ants last much longer than those of the bees and wasps1 which are annual1 and this has given the possibility of the elaboration of a very complex and extraordinary community4#ac ,we are always being surprised by new experiments in family life which show the ready adaptation of habits to special circumstances4 ,a bald statement of these facts seems to tell very little4 ,i leave untouched a whole series of devices and wonderful behaviour--so much that ,i should like to record4 ,in all these cases we see the maternal instinct in the making4 ,but so varied and so fitting to the needed purpose are the actions of these lowly parents that much which they do gives an impression of the inexplicable--even the magical4 ,it is common to explain everything by the word 8instinct40 ,but does this explanation take us very far8 ,an elaborate instinctive capacity is probably the result of adding on one contrivance after another to a simpler common habit4 ,and this is surely the same as saying that these little creatures have the power of learning through experience4 ,a beginning of the instinct of caring for the young is exhibited when the mother insect chooses a favourable food position wherein to lay the eggs4 ,nor is it difficult to imagine how this maternal forethought may have grown out of an earlier habit1 for it is but a step1 though a great one1 from collecting food for self--an instinct that may be traced back and back--to the habit of providing and collecting food for others4 ,then1 this instinct of caring for the future being strongly fixed1 it1 in some cases and under certain favourable conditions1 leads on and on to the specialised maternity and climax of parental sacrifice and devotion1 such as may be illustrated by the admirable scarabees1 or dung-beetles1 of the ,mediterranean region and elsewhere4 ,i have given one case of perfect parents1 the ,minotaurus ,typhus2 but ,i wish to review such conduct more fully4 ,the family qualities of the dung-beetles are so devoted and so striking1 they will repay our study4 ,the late ,m4 ,fabre describes in his inimitable way the nursery which makes the centre and life of the scarabees' home4 ,these dung-workers edify us with their morals4 ,both sexes co-operate in making the burrows which serve as a larder for food and a nursery for the young4 ,they are cavities dug in soft earth1 usually in sand1 shallow in form1 about the size of one's fist1 and communicating with the outside by a short channel just large enough for the passage of the balls of dung-food4 ,both parents work with equal zeal to found a household4 8,the father is the purveyor of victuals and the person entrusted with the carrying away of rubbish4 ,alone1 at different hours of the day he flings out of doors the earth thrown up by the mother's excavations2 alone he explores the vicinity of the home at night in quest of the pellets whereof his sons' loaves shall be kneaded4 8,a most careful choice of material is undertaken1 and often the devoted husband and father is compelled to search long and far for pellets freshly dropped1 for whereas coarse bread crammed with bits of hay is good enough for his own and his wife's food1 he is always more careful where the children are concerned4 ,legful by legful1 with slow and most patient labour1 the material is heaped up and rolled into a ball4 ,then the food-ball has to be carried to the burrow2 no easy task4 ,even then the father's labours are not ended2 on reaching the burrow1 it is his work to shred the dung-food into flour1 which he pours down to the mother for her to knead into the children's bread4 ,finally1 when the last task is accomplished1 the dung-father goes out alone to die4 ,he has gallantly performed his duty as a paterfamilias2 he has spent himself without stint to secure the prosperity of his kith and kin40 ,the devotion of the dung-father is equalled by that of the dung-mother4 ,more skilled than her spouse in domestic matters1 she is occupied always in the home1 where she works in the lower floor of the burrow1 which she has prepared for the nursery4 ,here she kneads and forms the cylindrical loaves in which the eggs are placed4 ,in some cases she does more1 and we find several species of the dung-mothers anticipating the suckling of the young1 the supreme expression of maternal solicitude4 ,these mothers chew the dung-food1 and out of it prepare a frothy pap or cream1 with which they cover the walls of the nest to form a special first meal for the emerging grub4 ,throughout her working life the dung-mother never leaves the home4 ,it should be noted that her family is always a very small one3 does this1 perhaps1 explain the parental devotion8 ,from the first fortnight in ,may1 when the eggs are laid1 the mother mounts guard over her children4 ,never does she eat herself1 as she will not touch the food prepared and needed for them4 ,she watches through the long months until the coming of the autumn rains in ,september4 ,then1 when the day of release comes at last1 she returns to the surface1 accompanied by her family4 ,at once her children leave her2 unmindful of her devotion1 they go off to find food and begin life for themselves4 ,thereupon1 having nothing left to do1 she dies1 and ends her sacrifice4#ad ,before ,i leave this fascinating record of the dung-beetle parents1 space must be found wherein to note further certain of their characteristics and habits1 which are of special interest to my inquiry as they would appear to be directly connected with the highly developed family qualities of these insects4 ,fabre tells us that there is no outward difference between the two sexes among the dung-beetles4 ,i call attention to this fact1 which ,i am not able to explain4 ,the scarabees are among the most beautiful of all insects1 and the female and male share the same glory4 ,it is my belief that the secondary sexual characters are directly dependent on the occupational activities of the species1 as also on the form of union or marriage which pertains and the strength of the parental emotions4 ,thus1 when the male and the female are equally devoted to each other and to the family and its care1 many cases among these pre-human parents seem to prove that such devotion and occupational union tends to lessen the ornamental sexual differences in the secondary physical characters4 ,this is a question of profound interest1 and demands more attention than it has yet received4 ,the second fact is of even greater importance to us4 ,the form of union or marriage common among the dung-beetles would appear to be an unusually strict monogamy4 ,these insects1 as we have seen1 associate in couples1 and there is strong evidence that the male remains faithful to his spouse4 ,such admirable conduct is the more remarkable when we remember that the mother is held in the nursery by her duties during the greater period of the marriage2 and meantime the father has to wander far in search of food1 making frequent excursions outside the home1 but he resists the temptations to which these outings are likely to lead1 and always he returns to the home1 where he wears himself out for his family4 ,to test the strength of this conjugal fidelity ,fabre made an experiment with the dung-beetles of whose habits ,i have before spoken1 the ,minotaurus ,typhus4 ,he placed two couples of these beetles in an enclosed space1 marking one of the couples4 ,he allowed them to begin the making of their burrows or homes1 then he separated the couples and destroyed the half-made burrows4 ,once1 twice1 and a third time he did this1 causing confusion among these peaceful workers4 ,but on each occasion the couples came together in the same order2 the right male and female knew each other1 and1 taking little notice of the tumult1 each time again they began their work of home-making4 ,five more times ,fabre separated them and broke up their homes4 ,the result ,i will give in ,fabre's own beautiful words-- 8,things are now spoilt1 sometimes each of the four that are experimented on settles apart1 sometimes the same burrow contains the two males or the two females1 sometimes the same crypt the two sexes1 but differently associated from what they were at first4 ,i have abused my powers of repetition4 ,henceforth disorder reigns4 ,my daily shufflings have demoralised the burrowers1 a crumbling home always requiring to be begun afresh has put an end to lawful associations4 ,respectable married life becomes impossible from the moment when the house falls in from day to day40 ,i have now said enough1 ,i think1 to show that at many different levels in the insect kingdom the parental instinct is already developed4 ,pre-eminent in virtue is the behaviour of the dung-beetle parents4 ,and this is all the more interesting as it proves how closely related good parenthood is with the conditions of the home and the form of marriage4 ,a few more words may here be added to what has been said already concerning the influence of intelligence on instinct4 ,it is a difficult question1 but1 speaking roughly1 intelligence may be said to act in two opposite ways2 that is1 it may aid both in the making and the unmaking of instincts4#ae ,thus the dung-beetles frequently change their conduct1 and they do this by modifying their instincts through intelligent adaptation4 ,it is scarcely too much to say that with them intelligence reaches its highest form of originality4 ,why is this8 ,fabre gives us the answer4 8,the more the maternal instinct asserts itself1 the higher does instinct ascend40 ,it would be better probably if the word instinct were used in a more restricted sense3 it should not be regarded as being able to explain everything4 ,this mysterious impulse is held to direct all pre-human parents in their conduct to their young4 ,very well2 but what of the directing force behind8 ,the evidence is strong that even the lowliest creatures have their own problems1 and are able to solve them4 ,can we explain otherwise the wide difference in conduct between parent and parent8 ,do we know what it is that gives a special direction to the instinctive activities in the accomplishment of a design greater than any of these parents know8 ,we cannot answer fully4 ,but instinct has its twin brother in intelligence1 and1 acting together1 they are the guardians of life4 ,when real things are so wonderful1 what can we do but note them and try to understand8 ,not elsewhere in the insect world do we meet with a devotion more complete than that of both the dung-parents2 not elsewhere do we find a finer development of intelligence4 ,these two things are related and closely dependent1 the one upon the other4 ,it is this fact that now ,i am seeking to establish4 ,sacrifice in the parent does not lead to limitation1 but to expansion4 ,at this early stage of life the care of the young is as a rule very slight1 and often is confined1 as ,i have shown1 to the laying of the eggs in a favourable position1 where the grub can find food4 8,the higher inspirations of the intellect are banished among these insects40 ,i quote again from ,fabre1 whose opinion on this question so strongly confirms all that ,i wish to make clear4 ,he asserts further3 8,the mother neglects the gentle cares of the cradle1 and the prerogatives of the intellect1 the best of all1 diminish and disappear1 so true is it that for animals1 even as for ourselves1 the family is the source of perfection40 ,and again3 8,placed in charge of the duration of the species1 which is of more serious interest than the preservation of individuals1 maternity awakens a marvellous foresight in the drowsiest intelligence4''' ,the more maternity asserts itself1 the higher does instinct ascend40 ,we cannot get away from this2 it is one of the unalterable laws of life4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,iv ,,parenthood ,,among ,,the ,,reptiles ,,and ,,fishes ,a ,,chapter ,,on ,,good ,,fathers ,the parental impulse not always fixed in the mother--,among reptiles and fishes1 such care as is afforded by parents is given most frequently by the father--,suggested reason for this--,primitive hatching nurseries--,parental care among frogs and toads--,many examples of exemplary fathers--,the devotion of the male stickleback--,the unnatural conduct of the female stickleback--,the emotions of the fish--,fish fathers who guard the nest--,perpetual variety in the actions of even the lowliest parents--,summary--,no continuous line of development of instinct in scale of animals--,much baffles our explanations--,suggestions important to my inquiry--,reversal of sex labours--,is it due to failure on the part of the mother--,devoted parents are of high intelligence4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,parenthood ,,among ,,reptiles ,,and ,,fishes ,a ,,chapter ,,on ,,good ,,fathers 8,nature is a riddle without a definite solution to satisfy man's curiosity40--,,maurice ,,maeterlinck4 ,in this chapter ,i shall consider certain examples1 which ,i think are important to establish what we have learnt in our examination of the insects1 that the parental impulse was not always fixed in the mother4 ,among the reptiles and fishes the reverse is true1 and what care is afforded to the young is given most frequently by the father4#af ,the bond between the mother and her young is directly dependent on their helplessness and the duration of time during which they require her care and attention4 ,young reptiles are from birth independent1 and1 as a consequence1 there has been no stimulus to develop maternal solicitude4 ,between mother and offspring there are no ties of affection save in one or two exceptional cases4 ,young alligators1 for example1 are guarded by their mothers and owe more to her than they can ever know4 ,she prepares a hatching nursery by scraping together a large mound of leaves1 twigs1 and fine earth1 and upon this mound the eggs are placed about eight inches from the surface4 ,then the mother digs a hole in the river bank1 close by1 and here she waits and watches to protect her children4 ,a more advanced form of nursery building is practised by the tortoise1 who prepares a sort of nest with considerable care1 which she afterwards cunningly conceals4 ,but when once the eggs are safe she shows no further interest in the safety of the nest4#ag ,most snakes bury their eggs and then leave them4 ,but a more enduring maternal interest is felt by the mother python2 she coils her body around her future family and jealously guards them during the period of incubation1 refusing all food and never leaving her duty4 ,a similar guardianship is shown to young crocodiles by their mothers4 ,the home is prepared by digging a deep hole in the sand in which the eggs are placed1 and during the period of incubation each mother sleeps in guard above her family4 ,the naturalist ,voeltzkow1 to prove the reality of one mother crocodile's solicitude1 built a fence around the nest just before the hatching time4 ,each night on her return1 the mother broke down the fence1 though each time it was made stronger than the last4 ,finally the nest was found to be deserted1 and then it was discovered that this intelligent and persecuted mother had dug a hole beneath the fence and thence had led her brood away to safety4 ,it is impossible to admire sufficiently such a case as this one1 where we see so clearly the driving power of maternal solicitude in quickening the intelligence of even the lowliest mothers4 ,such cases are1 however1 few in number out of the #b1fjj species of reptiles of whom the majority are unnatural parents4 ,but again surprises await us4 ,many frogs and toads1 both the mothers and the fathers1 show a really marked development of the familial instincts4#ah ,an illustration of this care is furnished by a large tree-frog 7,hyla faber7 of ,brazil1 commonly known as the ,ferreiro1 8the smith10 from its strange voice resembling the mallet of a smith1 slowly and regularly striking on a metal plate4 ,this frog prepares a nursery in the shallow waters of the ponds1 where a basin-shaped hollow is dug in the mud4 ,the building is done by the mother1 the material removed being used to form a wall1 circular in shape1 which is carried up to the surface of the water4 ,in this cavity the eggs are placed1 protected against the attacks of aquatic insects and fishes4 ,a ,japanese tree frog 7,rhacophorus schlegelii7 builds a similar nest1 but here the mother lines the walls of her nursery with a secretion1 a kind of milk food1 from her own body1 which by rapid movements of her feet is worked into a froth1 and in the midst of this foamy mass the eggs are laid4 ,more remarkable is the nursery building of the 8,wollunnkukk0 frog 7,phyllomedusa hypochondrialis7 of ,paraguay1 whose habits were noted by ,dr4 ,budgett during the exploration of the ,paraguayan ,chaco4 8,whilst sitting near the water's edge he saw a female carrying a male upon her back4 ,at last she climbed up the stem of a plant1 reached out and caught hold of an overhanging leaf and climbed on to it4 ,both then caught hold of its edges and held them together2 and into the funnel thus formed the female poured her eggs1 the male fertilising them as they passed4 ,the jelly surrounding the eggs served as a cement to hold the edges of the leaves together4 ,then1 moving up a little further1 the process was repeated until the leaf was full1 and about a hundred eggs had been enclosed40#ai ,a similar leaf nest is made by a ,brazilian frog1 known as ,ihering's frog 7,p4 ,ihering71 while a home of more elaborate construction1 in which several leaves are used1 is prepared by ,savage's leaf-frog 7,p4 ,sauvagii74 ,it should be noted that in these cases the care of the parents is confined to the providing of a nursery2 when once this is done the young are abandoned4 ,but many frogs and toads do much more than this1 and one or other parents1 most often the father1 guard their offspring with jealous care4 ,a ,papuan frog-father1 for instance1 takes up the duties of a nurse2 and when the eggs are laid1 he sits upon them1 holding the mass with both hands4 ,and this vigil he keeps during the whole time while the young are undergoing growth1 passing through the larval and tadpole stage4 ,we must own that such a father acts with singular devotion4 ,it should be noted that seventeen eggs only are laid by the mother1 a much smaller number than is common among the species where neither parent affords any kind of guardianship4 ,this is what we should expect4 ,nature has different ways of gaining the same end4 ,life must be carried on1 that is all that matters--an incessant renewal1 an undying fresh beginning and unfolding of life4 ,but a species is maintained sometimes by the prodigality of production and sometimes by the expenditure of care and sacrifice on the part of the parents4 ,and here we find again a lesson waiting for us to learn4 ,for it is hardly necessary to point out that the same facts are true of human births2 just as the family is unregulated or considered1 do we find waste and many births with parental neglect in the first case and restricted births with parental devotion in the second4 ,there seem to be no problems of the family that these pre-human parents have not had to face and solve4 ,but to return4 8,the celebrated ,midwife toad 7,alytes obstetricans7 gives us a further delightful example of the father nursing the young4 ,the mother-toad lays her eggs attached to one another by threads so that they form a long chain4 ,the father-toad then twines this chaplet of his wife's eggs round and round his thighs4 ,he has the strange appearance1 it has been said1 of a gentleman of the court of the time of ,james ,i1 arrayed in puffed breeches4 ,his devotion is very complete4 ,after having encumbered himself with the coming family1 he retreats to a hole in the ground4 ,here he stays with admirable patience by day1 stealing forth at night to feed1 and to bathe his egg-burdened legs in dew or1 when possible1 in water4 ,when his period of service is past and the young are ready for quitting the eggs1 he seeks the water4 ,here before long the young burst forth and swim away1 whereupon the father1 now free from his family duties1 makes himself tidy 7cleans himself of the remains of the eggs7 and resumes his normal appearance40 ,with some frogs1 as1 for example1 in certain ,s4 ,american and ,african species1 the parents take up the burden of caring for the young only after they have reached the tadpole stage4 ,the ,german naturalist ,brauer recently found in the ,seychelles islands a small frog 7,arthroleptis ,seychellensis7 undertaking the guardianship of the young family4 ,an adult frog 7it is not stated whether it was the father or the mother7 was carrying nine tadpoles on its back1 to which they were attached by a sucker on the belly4 ,unfortunately1 little is known of the habits of these frogs4 ,it is believed that the eggs are laid in some shallow pool1 and that later one or other parent returns to the nursery to take up the care of the young tadpoles4 ,a further remarkable case of care exercised by the father is that of ,darwin's frog1 the ,rhinoderma darwini1 where the eggs are guarded in a great pouch under the throat1 and opening by two slits into the mouth4 ,during the courtship this pouch is used as a voice organ to charm the female1 with sharp ringing notes like a bell4 ,but the love-calls end with the birth of the family4 ,there is now serious work to be accomplished4 ,the father takes his wife's eggs into his pouch1 which now enlarges and extends backwards under the belly to the groin1 and upwards on each side almost to the backbone4 ,in the warm chamber thus formed1 the tadpoles live until they become young frogs4 ,they then make their way up through the doorways into their father's mouth1 and from that living nursery they swim out into the wide world4 ,well1 what can we say of this case8 ,we have heard of some animal fathers eating their progeny1 but here the father's mouth is turned into the hatching nursery4 ,did ,i not tell you we should find very much to astonish us8 ,i could give many more examples of reptile parents whose family habits are more or less singular4 ,there are the little-known 8,ccilians10#bj the strange1 snakelike amphibians of ,s4,e4 ,asia and ,ceylon2 where the mother1 with her limbless body1 yet contrives to dig a nursery for her eggs1 which she jealously guards4 ,i should like to write of the families of the newts and salamanders1 among whom the young are never completely abandoned1 and whose parental habits present many features of interest4 ,but to tell their life stories with all the vivid facts would take more space than ,i can allow to this one chapter of my book2 and to give a bald record of their habits would afford little interest4 ,i must1 however1 recount two instances of marked solicitude for the family1 shown in each case by a different parent4 ,take the case of a mother's care first4 ,a captive mother-salamander1 of the species known as ,oregon plethodon1 was placed with her eggs in a jar4 ,she at once took possession of them1 forming a loop around them with her tail4 ,but1 displeased with this unfamiliar house1 she moved the eggs repeatedly from place to place till at length she was satisfied1 and all the time using her tail for the work of transportation as a kind of maternal arm4 ,in the second case the father most faithfully guards the eggs4 ,a giant salamander in the ,zoological ,gardens of ,amsterdam kept watch over a clump of his wife's eggs for a period of ten weeks4 ,this careful father was seen every now and then to crawl among the eggs and lift them up1 apparently for the purpose of aerating them4 ,from the foregoing examples it may1 ,i think1 be taken as established that among the reptiles there are many exemplary fathers4 ,if the question is asked as to why in some species the care of the young is undertaken by the father and in others by the mother1 ,i can only answer that ,i do not know4 ,it would seem almost that at this early stage of life ,nature was making experiments as to which was the better parent4 ,i would suggest that possibly such a reversal of the family duties was started by chance1 possibly by the loss of the mother1 or even by a specially energetic father1 and on being found successful the arrangement was continued and became fixed as a habit4 ,i have not sufficient knowledge to know if this is possible4 ,at any rate1 it appears to be plain that1 where for any reason the family duties are neglected by the mother1 and where the maintenance of the species demands protection being given to the young1 the father steps in to take the place of the mother2 and by his care and devotion he becomes a truly constituent part--a working member--of the family group4 ,i would ask you to keep this fixed in your attention1 as ,i shall have to refer again and again to this fact that is here suggested4 ,what obtains among reptiles with regard to the father's care for the young is even more frequent among fish-fathers4 ,the common stickleback of our ponds and streams affords an admirable illustration of intelligent and devoted fatherhood4 ,in this species the rle of the two sexes is completely reversed2 when once the eggs are deposited by the mother1 the whole task of guarding them is undertaken by the father4 ,his labours begin with the construction of a nest4 ,this is formed of bits of weed1 of fibre and dirt1 collected with much care1 the whole being held together by a cement produced by the clever father out of a secretion from his kidneys4 ,having prepared the nursery1 the stickleback sets out to find a wife heavy with eggs4 ,his love choice apparently is decided by the capability of his spouse for her maternal function4 ,by means of much persuasion and passionate courtship he woos her and induces her to deposit her burden of eggs in his nest4 ,i must wait to impress upon you the wonder of this fact4 ,these love-antics of the stickleback1 which are unique among fishes1 would seem not to be exercised for the gratification of male desire1 but for the purpose of inducing the female to lay her eggs1--to do her part in giving him offspring4 ,vainly do ,i ask myself the reason of this quite unusual sexual altruism4 ,this is very extraordinary4 ,the father woos the reluctant mother with passionate dances and his glad excitement is apparently intense4 ,at this season the stickleback is transformed and glows with brilliant colours1 his scales make silver look dim1 his throat glows with flaming vermilion1 he literally puts on a wedding garment of love4#ba ,and did ,i not fear being tedious by again waiting to point a moral1 ,i should ask attention to this further proof given by the stickleback's love joys to the truth which stands out in these life histories of pre-human parents4 ,i mean this3 the parent--the mother or the father--lives in the offspring4 ,you will see how deep is the truth here4 ,the parent is1 after all1 only the transitory custodian of the undying gift of life4 ,the conduct of the mother stickleback is in sharp contrast with the devotion of the stickleback father4 ,at once1 having rid herself of her eggs1 her desire would seem to be to escape any further responsibilities4 ,she forces her way out of the nest by wriggling through the wall opposite the entrance4 ,true1 by doing this she renders a service to the nursery1 as she thereby furnishes a channel through which a continuous supply of fresh1 cool water can be driven1 thus keeping the eggs bathed4 ,this is the only work the stickleback mother does for the family4 ,the male1 after the first laying1 may persuade her to add still further to the deposit of eggs4 ,sometimes1 wearied with her one effort1 she refuses4 ,thus forced1 the stickleback seeks a second wife1 driven into polygamous conduct through his desire for offspring4 ,i know of no other case that is parallel with this4 ,and the stickleback's action has often been misrepresented4 ,he is instanced as a polygamist2 such is the fate that ever awaits self-sacrifice6 ,when the nest is full the father stickleback mounts guard over the entrance of the nursery for nearly a month1 and he watches by day and by night1 defending his precious charge against all comers4 ,and here another curious fact must be noted3 the most dangerous assailants to the safety of the nursery are his own wives2 these unnatural mothers would1 if they were permitted1 devour every single egg4 ,is it this conduct of the female sticklebacks that explains the devotion of the male8 ,again ,i do not know4 ,certain it is1 however1 that the safety and care of the young is the stickleback father's constant occupation--the duty to which he sacrifices his life4 ,from time to time he changes the position of the eggs2 he is a master in sanitation and keeps them constantly bathed with fresh water4 ,this he does by driving a stream through the nest by means of a fanning motion of his breast1 fins and tail4 ,through all the hatching period he works with unceasing care4 ,when at length the fry are born1 the father's vigilance is even further taxed4 ,the children1 vigorous and venturesome1 have to be watched by day and by night and protected4 ,around and across and in every direction the father1 as guardsman1 continually swims4 ,he drives off all comers with splendid courage4 ,on one occasion a stickleback father was watched while his nest was attacked by two tench and a golden carp2 he seized their fins and struck with all his might at their heads and eyes4 ,truly the stickleback's care of his children is extraordinary4 ,his vigilant eye is everywhere4 ,if any members of the young brood stray too far from the nest for safety1 he immediately swims after them1 seizes them in his mouth1 and brings them back to the safe playwater in the vicinity of the nursery4 ,this continuous watchfulness lasts for about six days after the hatching4#bb ,well1 what do you think now of the common view of the parental instinct being stronger always in the mother than in the father8 ,have we not been taking too much for granted and accepting theory for truth8 ,in the light of our knowledge gained from these examples of the father's extreme devotion1 it seems impossible to refrain from thinking that the most intelligent and fit parent is the one who cares for the young4 ,no doubt it is difficult1 or even impossible1 to decide the circumstances that have contributed to this strange result of the father taking the mother's place in the family4 ,we do not know whether these acts of his sacrifice to the children's welfare imply the presence of the mind element--that is1 whether they can be regarded as conscious as distinguished from unconscious adaptation1 but this is altogether a separate matter and has nothing to do with the question we are considering4 ,fish display1 according to ,romanes1#bc emotions of fear1 pugnacity1 social1 sexual and parental feelings1 anger1 jealousy1 play and curiosity4 ,such emotions1 he states1 correspond with those that are distinctive of the psychology of a child of about four months4 ,in many diverse species there is clear evidence of some form of parental solicitude4 ,the spotted goby1 or pole-wing1 for instance1 a fish which is found in the ,thames1 is a nest-builder4 ,an old cockle-shell is skilfully utilised to form the nursery4 ,the shell is placed with its cavity turned downwards1 beneath it the soil is removed and then the earth-walls are cemented together with a secretion from the skin of the parents4 ,access to the nest is gained by a cylindrical tunnel1 and the whole nursery is covered and concealed by loose sand4 ,again it is the father who mounts guard over the eggs2 his vigil lasts for about nine days4#bd ,there are many instances of nursery building undertaken by fish parents4 ,agassiz#be records a case in which an elaborate nest formed of knotted weeds is made by a certain fish1 known as ,chironectes4 ,this rocking fish-cradle is carried by both parents and is a kind of arbour1 affording protection and afterwards food for its living freight4#bf ,a remarkable nest is built by the ,american bow-fin 7,amia calva71 found in the eastern states of ,north ,america4 ,both the mother and the father work together to construct the nursery1 which is formed by a large circular area cleared among the weedy shallows2 these intelligent parents actually bite through the stems of all the plants that they cannot break or push aside4 ,in the pool that is thus made the eggs are placed by the mother and fertilised by the father2 the young develop with remarkable rapidity and hatch out in about eight days from time of laying4 ,the family is then jealously guarded by the father1 who herds the children--often numbering as many as a thousand individuals#bg--;by circling around and above them in untiring watchfulness4 ,another remarkable nest is that of the eel-like gymnarchus of the ,nile2 a huge floating nursery is made of grasses1 measuring some two feet long and a foot broad4 ,within this nest some thousand eggs are laid1 and as soon as they are deposited by the mother1 the father mounts guard1 defending them1 and afterwards the young1 with great ferocity4 ,some fishes' nests1 like those made by the frogs1 are constructed of foam4 ,m4 ,carbonnier gives the case of a ,chinese butterfly fish in his private aquarium in ,paris4 ,the male fish constructed a large nest of froth1 fifteen to eighteen centimetres horizontal diameter and ten to twelve centimetres high3 this he did by a curious sucking and expelling air which formed the mucus in his mouth into a white foam4 ,when the nest was thus prepared the female was induced to enter4 ,i do not know whether the father's duty was continued after this point4#bh ,even where no nest is made1 the eggs and young are sometimes guarded by one or other of the parents1 but generally the father4 ,schneider saw several fishes at the ,naples ,aquarium protecting their eggs2 in one case the male mounted guard over a rock where the eggs were deposited1 and swam with open mouth against all intruders4 ,again1 the butter-fish 7,pholis7 of our coasts lays a mass of eggs1 and around this future family the father coils his body1 just as does the python among the reptiles4 ,some fishes1 as for instance the cat-fishes 7siluridae71 have the curious habit of carrying the eggs in their mouth4 ,a further interesting case of paternal solicitude is furnished by the male fish of the common lump-sucker4 ,the eggs are deposited in large clumps1 and the father's first care is to secure their proper oxygenation4 ,this he does by pressing his head into the centre of each clump1 an action which not only prevents the eggs from being too closely crowded1 but serves also to press the spawn firmly into the crevices of the rock on which it is always laid4 ,as soon as this is done this fish-father mounts guard over his family4 ,all would-be enemies1 such as star-fish and crabs1 who make ceaseless efforts to rob the nursery1 are driven off4 ,the work of oxygenation is still carried on1 and streams of fresh water1 so necessary for the young lives1 are driven by the careful father into the masses of the eggs4 ,when the young appear new family duties await him1 for the fry at once attach themselves to his body and are carried about by him4#bi ,there are other instances where the young are attached to the body of the parent4 ,sometimes it is the mother who gives this protection1 and bears her eggs attached to the under surface of her body4 ,the lophobranchiate fish incubate their eggs in pouches in the same way as some frogs1 and they show elaborate parental feelings4 ,when the young are hatched out1 one or other parent1 usually the father1 carefully guards them1 and the pouch then serves as a place of shelter or retreat from danger4 ,dr4 ,reinhold ,hensel states of a little-known ,brazilian fish 7,geophagus scymnophilus7 that one of the parents--he does not say which--keeps careful guard over the family1 which numbers from twenty to thirty4 ,at a distance he watches his children4 ,when alarmed for their safety1 he takes a swift swim towards them1 and they1 as if at his word of command1 collect around his mouth4 ,suddenly1 if the cause of alarm is not removed1 the mouth is opened1 and the whole family is engulfed4 ,in an adult which was captured while thus laden1 the young were seen to be crowded together in the mouth with their heads towards the gills4 ,here the family is safe1 and when the cause for alarm is passed1 the youngsters are probably suddenly expelled from their living cavern4 ,another extraordinary case is recorded by ,m4 ,carbonnier1 which certainly appears to show anxiety on the part of fish-fathers to have offspring4 ,the males of the grotesque telescope-fish 7a variety of ,carassius auratus7 have the curious habit of acting as accoucheurs to the females4 ,on one occasion three males were watched pursuing one mother heavy with spawn4 ,they rolled her like a ball upon the ground for a distance of several metres1 and this process they continued1 without rest or relaxation1 for two days4 ,then the exhausted mother1 who had been unable to recover her equilibrium for a moment1 at last evacuated her eggs4 ,there is perpetual variety in the actions of even the lowliest parents4 ,i might add many further examples more or less extraordinary1 of the habits of fish and reptile mothers or fathers2 but1 even did the limit of my space permit this1 it is not1 ,i think1 necessary3 ,i have proved the existence low down in the scale of life of marked solicitude for the young1 and shown that such care and sacrifice is shown frequently by the father4 ,let me summarise now what we have learnt in this and the preceding chapter1 so as to establish the lessons that seem to me may be taken from these pre-human parents4 ,the diversity in the expression of the parental instincts must first be grasped4 ,there is no fixed order1 nor does there seem to be any continuity of development in this matter of care for the young4 ,we have to give up quite the evolutionary idea of a certain and uninterrupted progress4 ,throughout our inquiry we have been met with surprises4 ,these things baffle our attempts to find an explanation4 ,what is it that decides and develops the strong instinct of parenthood8 ,a parent in a species that is lower in the scale will often have more parental feeling than a parent in a higher species4 ,why1 for instance1 is the stickleback such a devoted father2 more self-sacrificing than any other fish-father8 and why is the stickleback mother without regard for her children8 ,why among the dung-beetles is the same parental sacrifice shown by both parents8 ,again1 why is a nursery made in some cases and not in others8 why are the young guarded sometimes by the mother and sometimes by the father8 ,we may say that all this wide diversity in habits has arisen through adaptation2 the circumstances that have conditioned the life of the species have been different1 and this has necessarily caused variety in their behaviour4 ,this is1 of course1 true1 but does it really teach us very much8 ,no sooner do we begin to apply our reasons to any particular case of family behaviour than we find ourselves at a loss4 ,our reasoning suddenly breaks down1 either because our knowledge is incomplete1 or because one set of facts we possess seem to be contradicted by other facts of which we are equally sure4 ,let us at once acknowledge our ignorance2 there is much that cannot be explained4 ,if1 however1 we speculate at all on the matter1 certain general ideas may be suggested4 ,we are led to the view that when the father undertakes the care of the young1 this reversal in the family duties must be primarily due to some failure on the part of the mother in performing the work in the nursery and home which customarily is hers4 ,it is as if the father steps into her place in order that the species may escape the nemesis of elimination4 ,the facts we have learnt are of no little importance4 ,they tend to minimise1 in the beginning of the family at least1 the importance of the mother in relation to the young as compared with the importance of the father4 ,it is this that ,i wish to establish4 ,and what we have learnt suggests the further interdependence1 that does seem to exist among all species1 between intelligence and good parenthood4 ,fabre1 out of his wisdom and as a result of his great knowledge1 says that the duties of caring for the young are the supreme inspirers of the intellect4 ,wherever we find devoted parents there also do we find lofty instincts4 ,this is the second idea ,i ask you to accept4 ,i think that we have proved its truth4 ,i may not stay here to point out the immense importance of these suggestions to the inquiry we are making as to the action of the maternal instinct1 nor shall ,i pause to indicate the lessons that seem to me to await us from the curious transformation found in so many species in the duties of the two sexes4 ,these considerations must wait until we know more4 ,we have1 ,i trust1 extended somewhat1 as well as rendered more exact1 our knowledge on this complex and difficult question of motherhood4 ,in the next two chapters ,i shall endeavour to extend it still further by a brief consideration of certain striking habits ,i have met with of parenthood among the birds and higher animals4 ,i am well aware that there are many people who cannot bring themselves to believe in1 or even listen without impatience to1 any comparison between the conduct of animals and that which prevails among ourselves4 ,it is absurd1 they will say1 to try to explain the conditions of human parenthood by references to animal parents4 ,i have no hope of convincing1 nor do ,i much desire to convince1 those who thus object4 ,i would merely advise them to leave out this section of my book altogether4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,v ,,parenthood ,,among ,,birds ,,with ,,further ,,examples ,,of ,,good ,,fathers ,recapitulation of facts established--,reversal of sex attributes--,courting females and nursing males among certain birds--,attempt at explanation--,are sex-hunger and parental affection in conflict--,a high standard of family life among birds--,few birds who are bad fathers--,examples of varying division of family work--,a few birds who are bad parents--,where the mother takes sole charge of the eggs the father as a rule takes little interest in the family--,the polygamous gallinaceous birds--,conduct affected by habits of the home--,the ,adlie penguins--,their co-operative child-rearing--,the great emperor penguin--,scrimmage of childless mothers and fathers for possession of chickens4 ,,chapter ,v ,,parenthood ,,among ,,birds ,,with ,,further ,,examples ,,of ,,good ,,fathers 8,prais'd be the fathomless universe1 ,for life and joy1 and for objects and knowledge curious40 ,,walt ,,whitman4 ,two things ,i have been anxious to bring out prominently in the foregoing chapters3 that parental behaviour among the insects1 reptiles and fishes presents us with a bewildering diversity of aspects--in particular1 that the instinct of caring for the young is not fixed in the mother1 but may be transferred from her to the father2 and further1 that all parental sacrifice1 though often unconsciously expended to maintain the well-being of the family1 is of direct benefit to the parent who bestows it1 and is the surest means of developing and brightening such a parent's individual intelligence4 ,now1 ,i wish to elaborate and establish these two propositions with further examples in order that they may be laid hold of and firmly grasped as indubitable facts2 and then we may come to see and understand the significance to ourselves of these unusually devoted fathers1 which are found1 and that not infrequently1 among all classes of pre-human parents4 ,the varied behaviour of bird-parents--more especially of the males--furnishes just the kind of evidence we need4 ,there are several cases known1 and ,i believe there must be others as yet unrecorded1 wherein the conduct and1 indeed1 the whole character of the two sexes is reversed4 ,here the females1 driven it would seem by a fierce sex-hunger1 do the courting and fight one another as rivals for the males1 while the males undertake all the family duties of incubation and brooding and the feeding of the young4 ,the phalaropes1 both the grey and the red-necked species1 which are found in ,scotland and ,ireland1 afford a striking example of these unsexed females4 ,among these birds the rle of the sexes is reversed4 ,the duties of incubation and rearing the young are conducted entirely by the male1 and in correlation with this habit1 the female does all the courting4 ,she is stronger and more pugnacious than the male1 and is also brighter in plumage4 ,this is really very remarkable4 ,what has acted in bringing about this reversal in the secondary sexual characters8 ,can the male nature be transferred to the female8 ,these are difficult questions4 ,in colour the phalaropes are a pale olive very thickly spotted and streaked with black4 ,the male is the psychical mother1 the female takes no notice of the nest after laying the eggs4 ,frequently at the beginning of the breeding season she is accompanied by more than one male1 so that it is evident polyandry is practised4#cj ,the same unusual family conditions prevail with the rhea and the emu1 and also among the painted snipes1 cassowaries1 tinamous1 and some of the button-quails4#ca ,there are probably instances of other birds1 but ,i do not know of details of their habits2 ,wallace#cb also mentions several species in different parts of the world1 among whom all care of the young falls entirely upon the father4 ,in all these bird families exactly opposite conditions prevail to what we are accustomed4 ,it should be specially noted that these unnatural 7,i use the word simply to mean unusual7 mothers are larger and more vividly coloured than the hard-worked fathers2 in all such cases polyandry is practised4 ,why is this8 ,the only attempt at an explanation that ,i have been able to discover is given by ,mr4 ,pycraft in his fascinating book1 ,the ,courtship of ,animals4 ,he says--#cc 8,the solution of this problem probably lies with the physiologist4 ,we now know that the problem of sex does not rest merely in the complete development of the primary sexual organs2 we know that fertile unions do not depend merely on the act of pairing1 but on the functional activity of the ancillary glands4 ,and it may well be that some change in the character of the secretions has not only affected the numerical values of the sexes1 but reversed the normal rle of coloration and behaviour40 ,mr4 ,pycraft does not consider that the polyandrous habits of these birds are due primarily to a preponderance of the females in the species over the males1 but holds that this condition must rather be regarded as having arisen from a transference to the females1 or development in them1 of increased sexual hunger1 which intensity of passion would tend to lead to an exhaustion of the males4 ,this is exceedingly interesting4 ,mr4 ,pycraft continues-- 8,neither polygamy nor polyandry among the lower animals1 at any rate1 has been brought about or is maintained by the excessive death rate due to combats for the possession of mates1 but must be explained as demonstrating inherent changes in the germ-plasm1 disturbing the relative proportions of the sexes and correlated with a profound transformation1 not only in the behaviour of the sexes during the period of reproductive activity1 but also in their physical characteristics40 ,if ,i understand this aright1 the conclusion seems forced upon us that parental conduct is directly dependent on the action of the sexual appetite3 that it may be modified1 and in some cases profoundly changed1 by any variation in this appetite's strength and expression4 ,this is of profound interest1 and such a view1 if established1 might explain a great deal4#cd ,but can it be accepted8 ,to say that such changes are due to the action of the 8hormones10 or secretions of the sexual glands1 does not help us very much4 ,what we want to know is what induces the changes4 ,there is much that cannot yet be explained4 ,if ,i may venture to speculate on so difficult a question1 it would seem that when the intensity of sex-hunger becomes for any reason stronger in the females than in the males1 the result may be a diminishing of the instincts of motherhood4 ,it is as if the egotistic desires of sex were in opposition to the racial duties4 ,this would explain the female phalaropes1 whose maternal instincts are completely atrophied4 ,does it not suggest also a possible explanation of some failures in human motherhood8 ,this opens up questions that reach very far4 ,i am tempted to wait to enlarge on the immense significance of these unnatural bird-mothers in the analogy their conduct bears to one of the most difficult cases of human motherhood--the strongly sexual woman who bears children but is quite unfit and without any desire to rear them4 ,i shall have more to say in the later part of my inquiry about such women1 who are driven by passion to be mothers without having any instinct for motherhood4 ,but now a return must be made to the birds' nurseries4 ,it is a matter of common knowledge that birds display a marvellous solicitude for the welfare of the young1 and their family life presents a beautiful and high standard of conduct4#ce ,there are very few examples of birds who are bad fathers4 ,often the male rivals the female in love for the young2 he is in constant attendance in the vicinity of the nest2 he guards1 feeds1 and sings to the female1 and often shares with her the duty of incubation4 ,the cock ostrich1 for example1 watches by night over the hole in which the eggs have been buried1 and the hen takes this duty by day4 ,the screamer birds1 again1 work in shifts of two or three hours each4 ,when they bred in the ,london ,zoological ,gardens1 it was noticed that the cock-bird acted as timekeeper1 and at the end of a watch used to come and push the female off the nest4#cf ,these examples are delightful4 ,it would seem almost that the males1 when infected with paternal passion1 were more ardent and regular in the performance of nursery duties than the mother4 ,among many birds it is usual for all family work to be performed quite irrespective of sex1 and the parent who is free takes the task of feeding the one who is occupied with the nest4#cg ,the male hornbill is a family despot2 during the breeding season he walls up his spouse within the trunk of a tree4 ,he feeds her with great care1 but he allows her no liberty4 ,as soon as one family is reared many birds at once burden themselves with another4 ,the ,californian quail affords an example4 ,in this species the father takes sole charge of the family as soon as the young birds attain the age of three weeks1 when the mother begins the labours of rearing a second brood4 ,more curious are the habits of the water hen1 among whom the young of the first family assist in the work of feeding their brothers and sisters of the later broods4#ch ,the labour of feeding the young family is a heavy task in which both parents commonly share4 ,there are no cases of unsuitable feeding of nestlings by careless or ignorant parents4 ,a regular course of nursery dietary is practised1 in particular with nidicolous species1 where the young are born in a helpless condition2 often a special infant food is prepared by a process of regurgitation1 or food partly digested and thrown up4 ,thus baby finches are fed on food made of digested insects2 parent parrots also prepare a digested vegetable food2 storks break up worms and frogs and pieces of little fishes and mix it with partly digested matter and throw it out on the edge of the nest for the family meals4 ,young pigeons thrust their beaks into the mouths of their mothers to absorb the so-called pigeon's-milk1 which is really digested food mixed with a secretion from the crop2 little cormorants thrust their bills right down the neck of their mother and help themselves to food out of her stomach4 ,the petrels secrete oil from the fish they eat to feed the young3 this oil is used also as a weapon of defence both by the parents and the nestlings1 who squirt it out from their mouths and nostrils at any unwelcome intruder on the privacy of the nest4#ci ,when the young are fed entirely on insects the work entailed on the parents is enormous4 ,a pair of blue tit-mice1 for example1 have been seen to make no less than four hundred and seventy-five journeys to the nest during a day's foraging extending over seventeen hours4 ,again1 the male of the common dabchick works untiringly1 and has been seen to take as many as forty journeys1 with food1 in the space of an hour1 back to the nest1 where his wife waits with the children1 which commonly perch on her back and are protected by her wings4 ,small wonder is there that the labours of both parents are needed to keep the young families from starvation4 ,in some cases a practical division of work is arranged2 and the father will bring a different kind of food from the mother4 ,with the stow-chat1 for instance1 the mother brings small prey1 generally spiders1 but sometimes butterflies and moths1 while the father selects and carries large caterpillars4 ,even where the young are precocious1 fairly active at birth1 and soon able to feed themselves1 one or both parents for a considerable time guard1 teach and protect them4 ,great bravery and intelligence are displayed in the face of any danger1 not only will many parent-birds savagely attack an enemy1 but in some cases1 as1 for instance1 the plover or the partridge1 the mother will feign to have a broken limb or to be lame1 to draw off from the young the attention of the intruder4 ,no parental duty is neglected4 ,daily lessons are frequently given to the nurslings on the right kind of food and the best way of feeding4 ,thus young birds of prey are instructed1 first in the art of breaking up their food1 and later in the best methods of its capture4 ,young swallows1 again1 receive a carefully graduated course of lessons on the difficult work of catching the insects which form their food1 while they are flying4 ,the parents of the woodcock carry their children to the feeding ground1 to and from the nest1 supporting the precious little ones with their beaks1 and pressed close within their feet1 which are used as maternal arms4#dj ,a delightful incident was witnessed during the feeding-time of a red-backed shrike--#da 8,the male had brought to the nest a young bird1 and1 pulling off its head1 proceeded to ram it down the throat of a very unfortunate youngster4 ,but the morsel was too big1 and had to be readjusted1 not once1 but many times2 and finally it was forced home with such success that the wretched bird was in imminent danger from choking4 ,at this the female1 who had been sitting on the opposite side of the nest1 making1 apparently1 very sarcastic comments on the awkwardness of her lord1 and males in general1 suddenly seized the offending head and1 dragging it forth1 proceeded to tear it into small pieces1 giving each of the brood a piece4 ,and during this time the male looked on in what appeared to be a very subdued fashion40 ,almost all birds take great trouble to ensure the sanitation of the nursery1 and are diligent in their care of the health of the young4 ,all the excrements are removed from the nest1 a task that is rendered easy1 as the droppings of the young are enclosed in a white1 film-like envelope or capsule4 ,a most careful search is made at the bottom of the nest for these capsules by the parents whenever they come to feed the young4 ,do they fail to find the expected capsules1 one or other of the parents after the feeding will tap1 tap on the anus of the young birds as if to remind them of a duty neglected4#db ,this is1 perhaps1 the most extraordinary example of parental care that ,i have been able to discover4 ,one wonders how far this apparent recognition of the necessity of regular habits and cleanliness is instinctive1 or how far we may grant to these parents some direct realisation of the dangers arising to their children from neglect and a dirty nursery4 ,it must not1 however1 be thought that all birds are good parents4 ,in some species there would seem to have been a revolt against family ties and the duty of caring for the young4 ,the common cuckoo and some other cuckoos are well-known examples4 ,among them1 the mother1 as every one knows1 always lays the eggs in the nest of some other birds1 and the young cuckoo1 when it is hatched1 would seem to have some knowledge of its precarious position as a stranger4 ,it creeps under the nestlings of its foster-parents1 and1 by a violent effort1 raises them one by one on its hollow back and jerks them out of the nest1 so securing undivided attention in its alien nursery4 ,a similar parasitic habit1 not yet so firmly established1 is found among the cow-birds of the ,argentine4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,hudson has seen the mothers trying to build nests and failing to do this1 as if they were struggling to regain a dying instinct4 ,the females flutter about the mud-nests of the oven-birds1 and whenever a chance presents itself will dart in and lay their eggs4 ,other cow-birds make no effort at all in nest-building1 and always lay their eggs in the occupied nests of other birds1 and1 as their eggs develop very quickly1 the intruders hatch out before the true children of the nursery and rob them of their parents' care4 ,what do we learn from this8 ,that neglect on the part of the mother--any shuffling out of her duties1 thereby placing the care of her children on the shoulders of other parents1 leads to crime and disorder in the social organisation4 ,some birds are content with very little care for home-building ready for their eggs4 ,birds belonging to many different species make nurseries in hollow trees1 caves1 burrows or natural cavities1 sometimes lining them with leaves and feathers to make them soft1 but sometimes even neglecting this care4 ,the ,new ,zealand kakapo or ground parrot1 to take one instance1 hides in any hole it finds and lays its eggs there without any preparation2 the kingfisher1 again1 digs out a hole in the ground1 or occupies one that it finds4 ,emus scrape a shallow hole in the ground and do not cover the eggs4 ,the cassowary scrapes together a rude pile of leaves and mould on which she lays the eggs4 ,some of the megapodes or bush turkeys bury their eggs in the sand1 and then take no further trouble about them1 leaving incubation to the chance warmth of the sun4 ,others build enormous heaps of decaying leaves1 forming a hot-bed from natural fermentation1 by which the chicks are hatched out with no trouble to the parents4 ,the young of the megapodes are the only living birds that are hatched out able to fly at once and ready to take care of themselves4 ,it would appear that neglectful parents foster self-development in the children4#dc ,where the mother broods alone over the eggs it sometimes happens that the father-bird takes no interest in the family4 ,the polygamous gallinaceous birds appear to be without1 or to have lost1 the paternal instinct4 ,peacocks1 pheasants1 turkey-cocks1 and barn-door cocks do practically nothing for their families1 and while the mother-birds' care in feeding and guarding the young is untiring1 the fathers are running after amorous adventures4 ,the conduct of the male turkey is even worse1 for1 prompted by jealousy1 he will often attempt to devour the eggs1 and the young are protected from his attacks only by the mothers uniting together in troops4 ,here we see the exact opposite conduct in the two sexes from that in such a family as the sticklebacks1 where good fathers replace bad mothers4 ,but the same result follows4 ,in either case the neglect of parental duty by one or other parent is a source of weakness to the family and increases the risks to which the young are exposed4#dd ,i must insist on how strongly conduct is affected by the conditions of the home2 and any change of habits will directly modify parental behaviour4 ,thus an animal habitually domestic may easily change under the pressure of external causes4 ,thus wild ducks1 though good parents and strictly monogamous1 and very highly developed in social qualities when in the wild state1 become indifferent to their offspring and loosely polygamous under domestication4#de ,civilisation1 in this case1 depraves the birds as often it does men4 ,but the examples of bad parents among birds are few in number4 ,i will end this chapter by relating1 with as much detail as is possible1 the curious family history of the ,adlie penguins2#df as these birds have developed some interesting and startling experiments in nursery care and parenthood4 ,the penguins live in large social colonies4 ,it should be noted first that the death rate among the young birds is enormously high1 as happens invariably where the single family is replaced by great breeding colonies4 ,yet the penguins are self-sacrificing parents4 ,year by year in the month of ,october they return to the same breeding-ground1 having travelled many hundreds of difficult miles1 and urged by a mysterious nostalgia that their children may be born in the same home4 ,the first duty is to take possession of one of the old stone nests1 or to scoop out a new hollow in the ground4 ,here the hens sit by the future home1 and wait for proposals from the cocks4 ,the advance is made by what appears to be a symbolic action and the cock places a stone at the hen's feet4 ,but often the hen answers never a word4 ,bloody duels are fought between rival suitors to arouse her passion and prove the vigour of her mate4 ,both birds work at the home-making1 repairing an old nest or forming a new one1 which is made of rounded stones4 ,the cock collects these1 and it is interesting to note what would seem to be an sthetic taste in these bird-builders2 certain painted pebbles1 provided by the explorers for the use of the birds1 were in great demand1 the colour red being preferred to green4 ,during the first days of wedded life the conflicts between the cocks continue1 and the chosen cock maintains his rights by driving off all interlopers2 but later1 when the pair settle down to the serious duties of the family1 they live in peace and are perfectly faithful to each other4 ,not until the eggs have been laid does either parent go to feed2 the shortest period of total abstinence from food being about eighteen days and the longest about twenty-eight days--a fine example of parental sacrifice4 ,then one of the birds marches off to the water for a holiday1 which may last from seven to ten days1 after which it comes back to give the other bird its turn4 ,when the young penguins are hatched the parents share in the work of feeding and guarding them1 and relieve each other at frequent intervals4 ,the bird who goes to feed always returns heavily burdened with provisions1 and its always quaint shape becomes grotesque1 when so laden with crustaceans that it has to lean backwards to keep its balance4 ,sometimes a bird will try to carry too much1 with the result that it tumbles over and loses the entire load4 ,the young chicks feed in the same way as the young cormorants1 by thrusting their heads into the parent's gullet4 ,though both birds work together and with the same zeal1 it must be noted that the mother's guard over the young is more strict than is that of the father4 ,when the mother is sitting1 nothing1 not even a wrangle with her next-door neighbour1 will induce her to move from her post4 ,whatever happens1 there she stays until her turn for relaxation comes4 ,but the cocks are more easily led astray4 ,their combativeness causes them to forget family affairs4 ,often much harm is done by these quarrels in the crowded rookery1 which occur frequently and in spite of the protests of anxious neighbouring parents1 who are seen trying to make peace4 ,the most curious habit of these delightful birds has still to be recorded4 ,they have developed a taste for games1 such as leaping1 diving and boarding the ice-floes4 ,these amusements are indulged in by the adults1 who band themselves in large companies1 and play occupies much of their time4 ,to gain the necessary freedom for this fun from their homes1 and without leaving the chicks to perish1 a most instructive device has been evolved by the penguin parents4 ,the birds with young families 8pool their offspring0 in groups1 which are left in charge of a few conscientious birds1 both cocks and hens1 who act as nurses2 they ward off the attacks of the sukas1 and keep1 or try to keep1 the chicks from wandering4 ,the holidaying parents bring food at intervals--when their consciences smite them--and they remain faithful to their own crches4 ,this is1 ,i think1 the earliest example of what must be regarded as a premeditated experiment in co-operative child-rearing4 ,for the parents it doubtless has many advantages4 ,these remarkable birds certainly appear to find a quite unusual joy in life3 we read of the ecstatic attitudes they will frequently assume and the weird 8chant de satisfaction0 which they utter during play when all is well with their world4 ,yet the fact1 already noted1 must not be overlooked that the death rate in the rookery is enormously high2 indeed1 a frightful mortality often overtakes the young chicks when left by their parents4 ,the children pay for the escape on the part of the parents from the sacrifice parenthood must entail4 ,i have a further case to record of a different experiment in co-operative parenthood1 in this case necessitated through the severities of the struggle of life4 ,in the same antarctic regions where the ,adlie penguins make their home there dwells another penguin1 the great emperor penguin4 ,this bird has a sad history2 never1 during the whole course of its life1 does it touch dry land2 the vast ice-fields form its only home1 and it has to brave the perils of the open water in its search for food4 ,under such circumstances the struggle for life is severe1 and the parent-birds have the greatest difficulty to rear the young4 ,in these ice-nurseries1 incubation in the usual manner in a nest is impossible2 a new and curious method is adopted4 ,each mother lays but a single egg1 which is placed for warmth and safety in a 8brood-spot0 situated at the back of the feet1 where it is covered by the overlapping feathers of the abdomen4 ,even this care is not rewarded always1 and many of the eggs perish4 ,owing to the difficult incubation1 a large percentage of brooding birds are left without eggs and young4 ,and the curious thing is that this loss seems to increase the desire for offspring1 until the parental instinct becomes a tormenting passion4 ,this is what happens4 ,each childless bird strives to adopt a child from the more fortunate parents2 and this leads to a competition in parenthood1 which of its kind is without parallel4 ,not only the duty of incubation1 but afterwards caring for the young chicks1 is carried out not by one bird only1 but by a dozen or more1 which stand patiently round for a chance to seize either a chicken or an egg4 ,nor is it1 as might be expected1 the mothers alone who are seized by the passion of thwarted maternity2 the fathers help their childless wives in their efforts to steal offspring4 ,every bird1 male as well as female1 has developed the 8brood-spot10 and has the same bare patch of skin at the lower part of the abdomen against which the egg1 when possessed1 is pressed for warmth4 8,what we actually saw1 again and again10 states ,dr4 ,wilson1 8was the wild dash made by a dozen adults1 each weighing anything up to ninety pounds1 to take possession of any chicken that happened to find itself deserted on the ice4 ,it can be compared to nothing better than a football scrimmage1 in which the first bird to seize the chicken is hustled and worried on all sides by the others while it rapidly tries to push the infant between its legs with the help of its pointed beak1 shrugging up the loose skin of the abdomen the while to cover it4''' ,the chicks are fully alive to the inconvenience of being fought for by so many clumsy nurses1 and ,i have seen them not only make the best use of their legs in avoiding so much attention1 but remain to starve and freeze in preference to being nursed4 ,undoubtedly1 ,i think that of the #gg per cent4 that die before they shed their down1 quite half are killed by kindness40 ,it is from such an example as this that we may come to realise the extraordinary power of parent-hunger4 ,consider these penguin mothers and fathers clamouring and fighting for the possession of a child4 ,with them the parental instinct has gained fierce strength from being thwarted4 ,is there not here yet another lesson for us to learn8 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,vi ,,parenthood ,,among ,,the ,,higher ,,animals ,,the ,,fixing ,,of ,,the ,,parental ,,instinct ,,in ,,the ,,mother ,retrogression in fatherhood--,among mammals no examples of devoted fathers--,egoistic desires increase in the males and interest in the family decreases--,probable reason--,method of birth and circumstances of life of infant mammals force mothers to monopolise nutrition and care of young--,parenthood more automatic--,the father pushed out of his earlier position of service to the family--,instead of a working partner with the mother he becomes a member apart--,his character appears to change--,he becomes masterful1 pugnacious and jealous--,this general among mammals--,number of young among mammals usually reduced--,varied forms of sexual association practised by different species--,polygamy frequent--,the matriarchal family--,the clue we are seeking--,the egoism of the males acts for the advantage of the females--,the maternal instinct fixed in the mothers--,self-sacrifice becomes once and for ever the supreme joy and privilege of the female--,objections that may be raised--,resum--,general conclusions to be drawn from pre-human parenthood4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,parenthood ,,among ,,the ,,higher ,,animals ,,the ,,fixing ,,of ,,the ,,parental ,,instinct ,,in ,,the ,,mother 8,the universe throbs with restless change4 ,everything that we know is becoming rather than being40--,p4 ,,chalmers ,,mitchell ,one of the difficulties that has met me in my studies of the family among the animals is that1 as we ascend the scale of life1 there is a moral retrogression in fatherhood--at least1 that is how it appears to me4 ,there are1 as far as ,i have found1 no examples among mammals1 the highest and last group of the animal kingdom1 of devoted fathers undertaking the sole charge of the young1 and few where the father even shares with the mother to any extent in the work connected with the upbringing of the family4 ,the egoistic desires seem to increase in the males1 with a corresponding weakening of their interest in the family and willingness to participate in its duties4 ,the young are carried by the mother alone1 they are protected chiefly by her2 the father takes no part in the nursery cares1 and rarely does he help in providing food for the children4 ,the family is maternal1 the female--the mother--its centre2 the male is bound sexually to the female1 but apart from this his connection with the family is slight2 we find him most frequently following personal interests4 ,in contrast with the conduct of the fathers in the families we have so far examined among the birds1 reptiles1 fishes and insects1 with whom the father's solicitude and sacrifice for the young equals and1 in some cases1 rivals that of the mother1 this complete paternal indifference is really very startling4 ,it demands our attention4 ,what factors have brought about this reversal1 which at first sight appears so strange8 ,why is it that the parental instinct diminishes in the father and is now fixed in the mother8 ,it is1 however1 easy to understand this change if we consider what now happens1 and the changed conditions under which the young are born4 ,the mammals do not lay eggs like bird and reptile mothers1 but each mother retains the eggs within her body1 and so secures for the young warmth and protection far more certainly than would be possible in the best-contrived nest or home4#dg ,but this has led to changed habits4 ,no nest or brooding-home has to be made1 and the same preparations for the family1 which hitherto have united in work the father with the mother1 are unnecessary4 ,again1 food has not now to the same extent to be collected and stored in readiness for the future needs of the children4 ,the embryo1 living within the body of its mother1 gains the food for its growth directly from her blood4 ,the connection between mother and child now is closer2 her condition and health become of direct importance for the welfare of the young4 ,at the same time the importance of the father is sharply lessened4 ,this is plain4 ,the early stages of mother-care1 instead of being conscious and external acts regulated by special circumstances and often modified to meet different needs1 now become part of the unconscious functions of the body of the mother--the child is an extension of herself4 ,the advantage to the offspring of this change from external to internal protection is great1 in the added safety thereby gained from fixed functions over the habits that might be slurred over1 bungled or forgotten4 ,i think1 however1 that there is a corresponding loss--that parenthood becomes more possibly irresponsible and1 at the same time1 individualism becomes stronger4 ,birth1 with narrowed opportunity for intelligent adaptation1 is more of an unconsidered incident2 ,i mean that before it occurs it demands much less from the parents in sacrifice and in work4 ,this is certainly the case with the father1 whose part in gaining offspring is reduced to a single momentary act1 and one1 moreover1 that is prompted by the fiercest egoistic desire4 ,but ,i think1 too1 there is a deterioration1 though much less in degree1 in the quality of motherhood4 ,the preparation made for the birth of her children by the mammal mother is very slight1 indeed1 in many cases the mother appears to be unaware of the approaching event until the actual birth begins4 ,here is an account of a langur monkey1 whose first baby was born in the ,london ,zoological ,gardens1 at which event the mother seemed to be utterly surprised4 ,the birth took place at night1 and the mother1 from the marks in the cage1 must have dragged up and down the new1 astonishing object4 ,but by the morning she had grown accustomed to the baby1 and held it pressed closely to her breast1 from time to time thrusting the head outwards and eagerly looking at it4 ,for several weeks the baby never left her1 and she showed endless curiosity and pleasure in it1 ceaselessly examining it1 turning it over1 stroking it and keeping it clean with her hands4 ,she was jealous of visitors1 and when they came near to the cage she would turn round so as to hide the baby from them4 ,the father1 in case of accidents1 had been taken away and put in the adjoining cage1 which was shut off by a piece of canvas4 ,he made a hole in this1 and from time to time1 especially when the mother or baby made any noise1 he would raise the torn flap and peep through4#dh ,it must be remembered that among the mammals it is the rule for the young to be suckled by the mother1 a mode of feeding already foreshadowed by many bird parents and some insects4 ,but with them the special nursery food is prepared from their own food by incessant work1 undertaken1 as a rule1 by both parents4 ,the act of suckling1 on the other hand1 occurs without conscious work1 and is a function in which the father has no concern whatever4 ,i have no facts to trace the steps whereby this function of maternal feeding was developed and established1 but ,i would suggest that1 apart from the advantage to the young of a special diet1 the immense labour entailed on the parents in obtaining food--the foraging over wide areas and the carrying of the provisions back to the nursery--made it a question of economy2 and that the mother1 as more usually being with the young1 was the parent who came without conscious effort to prepare for them in her body this early nourishment4 ,it is plain that the bond between the mother and offspring would be greatly strengthened2 they would be dependent upon her alone1 and drawing life from her body1 she would become increasingly conscious of them during a much longer period4 ,the emotional quality of affection really develops now4 ,the suckling is a continuation of the organic relation by which the child is born of the mother's body2 now the child exists through her1 and becomes1 so to speak1 a habit which grows up out of her own individuality4 ,i lay stress upon this fact3 the maternal feeding is the beginning of a new period in the growth of motherhood1 and is the foundation of the indestructible bond between mother and child4 ,we see1 then1 the reasons for the curious and sudden deterioration in fatherhood2 the father has1 as it were1 been pushed out of his earlier position of service4 ,now that there is no nursery to be built1 and the mother is the sole feeder of the young during their period of greatest helplessness1 the father loses his interest in the family4 ,our interests and our habits are fixed by whatever occupies our attention4 ,freed from the first and most important care of the young1 the male is severed from the family and its duties1 and his attention1 thus set free1 turns in new directions and centres upon himself4 ,in this connection we have1 ,i would suggest1 an explanation of the greater variability of the male as well as of his more violent passions4 ,instead of a working partner with the mother1 sharing in her sacrifice for the welfare of the family1 he is a member apart2 he grows larger than the female1 becomes masterful1 pugnacious1 jealous of her and of the young3 a fighting1 egoistic specialisation4 ,he is still attached to the female1 but he seeks her to satisfy his sexual needs1 he less frequently remains with her as a domestic partner1 relieving her in connection with the rearing of the young4#di ,this is the general condition among the mammals4 ,it is the rule that the young are tended by the mother during the period of their youth4 ,at birth they are usually helpless1 and often are born before the eyelids have opened and while the body is yet naked1 or but scantily clothed4 ,but there are degrees of helplessness1 determined1 it would seem1 by the conditions of the environment and habits of the parents4 ,the maternal care is greater or less in accordance with the needs of the young4 ,the period of youth is much longer1 and increases as we ascend in the scale of life4 ,the great apes1 for instance--the gorilla1 the orang and the chimpanzee--take from eight to twelve years to grow up1 while baboons and common monkeys take from three to eight years1 and the little ,south ,american monkeys and lemurs two to three years4#ej ,in connection with this longer childhood we find an increased mental growth2 the years of youth are the time in which the brain cells increase in size and co-ordinate with the rest of the body4 ,and the longer the period of youth the more perfect is the brain4 ,thus the helplessness of the young stands in direct relation to the increased vitality shown by the adults4 ,it is also the strongest factor in developing and fixing the maternal instincts4 ,the young do not leave their mother until they are well ready to start life on their own account2 then they are thrown into the world4 ,till then they are cared for4 ,freed of any duty of finding food1 and very seldom having to defend themselves1 they have time to experiment and learn from experience4 ,the instincts in this way become educated1 their rigidity is destroyed1 and more and more they are controlled by memory and experience--the stored-up results of experiment4 ,the purpose of youth is to give time for this4 ,the number of the young is now very greatly reduced1 and the small families are protected by the mothers1 in some cases assisted by the fathers4 ,the maintenance of the species by the production of enormous families has ceased4 ,some of the small rodents1 it is true1 breed several times in the course of the year1 and there are other fecund mammals1 such as pigs1 which give birth to many young in one litter4 ,but these are rare exceptions4 ,the usual number of young is two or three at a birth1 and the higher in the scale of mammalian life the smaller is the family4#ea ,there is a fact that must be noted here4 ,a curious perverted instinct is not uncommon among mammal mothers1 though rare with the monkeys4 ,in the first day or two after birth a mother will kill and eat her young4 ,i had a bitch who once did this3 the first time she had a family she ate all her puppies in the first night2 afterwards 7,i mean when for a second time she had puppies7 she was a good and fond mother4 ,i think this habit of maternal infanticide must be connected with that change1 of which ,i have spoken1 whereby the early stages of brood-care are carried on without the direct consciousness of the mother4 ,the children do not enter into her experience because she has not had to work for them4 ,she eats them as she would eat any other helpless thing4 ,in a carnivorous mother especially this habit is not surprising2 it happens almost always with young and inexperienced mothers4 ,and ,i think it shows that maternal care is not so instinctive as we are led to believe1 but is the result of1 and directly dependent upon habit and the attention being fixed on the family4 ,in all the carnivores the young are born helpless1 usually blind1 though new-born lions can see2 they remain with their mother for a period varying from a few weeks with the smaller creatures to even more than a year4 ,sometimes the father stays loosely attached to the family4 ,the large predaceous creatures cover great distances in search of prey4 ,there is1 however1 a stationary home lair in a well-concealed place1 to which the mother always returns with food4 ,she takes scrupulous care to keep the nursery clean1 and she carefully looks to the needs of her young family1 licking them with her tongue1 until they are old enough to perform their own toilet or lick and clean each other4 ,before they are weaned they are allowed to scrape off fragments of flesh from the mother's food1 so that they may become accustomed to their future food4 ,at the same time they are taught the elements of stalking1 in play-lessons with the mother's tail and paws4 ,later they are taken out by the mother1 sometimes by both parents1 on foraging expeditions4 ,family parties of lions1 for instance1 often have been seen by ,african hunters4 ,the fathers do little for the young families4 ,sometimes they afford protection in fighting and driving off enemies2 it is important1 however1 to note that this service to the family seems to be prompted by jealousy and aggression1 and must be considered as an expression of the egoistic instincts rather than connected with parental solicitude4 ,among the mammals polygamy is frequent1 and there are cases of the most brutal promiscuity1 where the males and females unite and separate at chance meetings1 without any care for the family arising in the mind of the male4 ,polygamous unions are especially common among species with sociable habits who live in hordes4 ,sociability probably arises through individual weakness4 ,animals that are badly armed for fierce combats1 and that have1 besides1 difficulty in obtaining food are glad to live in association4 ,thus the ruminants live in hordes or polygamous groups1 composed of females and young subject to a male who protects them1 expelling his rivals1 and being a veritable chief of a band4#eb ,the conditions of the nursery and early life of the young are changed necessarily by these different habits4 ,in the first place1 the ruminants are wanderers1 and travel long distances in search of food and water4 ,thus there is no permanent home and no nursery1 and the mothers make no preparation beforehand for the young4 ,they retire for a few minutes to a thicket1 where they drop the calves or lambs4 ,families are small1 and one is the usual number at a birth4 ,the young are not born helpless1 as is the case among the young carnivores where there is a settled nursery1 but are clothed1 have their eyes open1 and their senses are very alert4 ,in a very short time1 almost as soon as their mother has licked them clean1 they are ready to follow her2 and they join the herd1 if the animals are gregarious4 ,the mothers show marked affection to the young1 but it would seem to be the business of the young one rather to follow and stick to the mother than for the mother1 as amongst the carnivores1 to take the lead in the affections4 ,there is no real training of the young by the mother4 ,sometimes1 if there is a herd1 the males will combine to defend the group of the females and their young2 but more frequently there is a family party1 consisting of one or possibly two males1 with their several wives and children4#ec ,many different animals live in this manner in familial groups4 ,the moufflons of ,europe and of the ,atlas1 for instance1 form polygamous social groups in the breeding season4#ed ,among the walrus1 the male1 who is of a very jealous temperament1 collects around him from thirty to forty females1 making altogether a polygamous family sometimes amounting to a hundred and twenty individuals4#ee ,again1 the male of the ,asiatic antelope is inordinately polygamous2 he expels all his rivals1 and forms a harem numbering sometimes a hundred females4 ,it should be noted that polygamic rgime does not appear to lessen the affectionate sentiment in the females towards their tyrant lord4 ,there are many examples of the most oppressed females being faithful wives4 ,and so much is this so that the conclusion is almost forced upon us that the female animal likes servitude4#ef ,there is a wide range in the form of sexual association practised by different species4 ,the carnivorous animals1 as a rule1 live in couples2 this is done1 for example1 by bears1 weasels and whales4 ,but this is not an absolute rule1 for the ,south ,african lion is a polygamist1 and is usually accompanied by four or five females4#eg ,sometimes species that are very nearly allied have different conjugal customs2 thus the white-cheeked peccary lives in social groups1 while the white-ringed peccary lives in couples4#eh ,permanent unions are formed1 especially among the anthropoid apes4 ,thus strictly monogamous marriages are frequent among gorillas and orang-utans1 and any approach to loose behaviour on the part of the wife is severely punished by the husband4#ei ,the ouanderoo 7,macaque silenus7 of ,india has only one female1 and is faithful to her till death4#fj ,but polygamy is frequent4 ,savage tells us that the ,gorilla guia1 for instance1 forms small hordes1 consisting of a single adult male1 who is the despotic master of many females and a certain number of the young4 ,we find both the matrichate and the patrichate family2 but whatever the form of sexual relationship practised1 the father has always much less affection for the young than the mother4 ,among the mammals this is universal4 ,the females among the mammals being smaller and less powerful than the males1 no sexual association comparable to polyandry is possible4 ,yet in justice it must be noted that the desire for sexual variety is not always confined to the males4 ,a female will sometimes take advantage of the moment when the attention of her lord and master is entirely absorbed by the anxiety of a fight to run off with a young male4 ,even among species noted for their conjugal fidelity this will happen4 ,the male animal has no monopoly in sexual sins4#fa ,the polygamous families of monkeys are always subject to patriarchal rule4 ,the father is the tyrant of the band--an egoist1 who spends his time in fighting and in love adventures4 ,any protection he gives to his wives is in his own interest and to keep them bound to himself4 ,he neither makes the home nor feeds the young4 ,often he is a disturber of the family peace4 ,he will1 on occasion1 show jealousy of his own sons1 whom he expels from the band as soon as they are old enough to give him trouble2 his daughters1 in some cases1 he adds to his harem4 ,even in monogamous species1 where the male keeps with the female1 he does so more as chief than as father4 ,he takes little interest in the nursery4 ,at times he is much inclined to commit infanticide and to destroy the offspring which1 by absorbing the attention of his partner1 thwart his amours4 ,thus among the large felines the mother often is obliged to hide her young ones from the male when he stays with her1 in order to prevent his devouring them4#fb ,again1 among the even-toed ungulates 7pigs1 peccaries and hippopotami7 we find marked maternal affection and care4 ,little pigs are feeble at birth1 and are sedulously guarded by their mother4 ,a hippopotamus baby 7the family usually consists of one only7 stays with its mother for a long time1 probably several years1 and when the mother goes to and fro to the water to feed1 the little one rides on her back4 ,the fathers take no notice at all of the young4 ,the odd-toed ungulates 7horses1 asses and zebras1 and the tapirs and rhinoceroses7 live in herds4 ,the young are active soon after birth and able to follow their mothers1 who have great affection for them4 ,the males will protect the females and young when the herd is attacked if a fight is unavoidable1 but they prefer to seek safety in flight4 ,the fathers do not appear to have any affection for the young4#fc ,among the numerous classes of rodents1 where the young are born naked1 blind and helpless1 the whole duty of their upbringing is undertaken by the mother4 8,i do not know of any instance10 states ,mr4 ,p4 ,chalmers ,mitchell1 8in which the male takes care of the young2 generally they either neglect them altogether1 or attack them and persecute them40 ,from such pictures as these the position of the father in the family will readily be seen4 ,no longer bound by domestic ties to the young1 he knows no duty to the family except the rule of jealous ownership4 ,how complete is the change in the family organisation4 ,how sharp is the contrast between these indifferent males1 jealous and fighting1 and the devoted fathers among the birds1 fishes1 reptiles and insects1 uniting with the mothers as working partners in the home-making1 food-providing1 and all the care of the young4 ,the father is now alone--separated from the family1 banded with other males4 ,and do you not see how this change1 and the indifference of the males to any interests but their own1 have forced the mothers into closer union with the family8 ,the male strength1 the gorgeous display of sex-charms1 the fierce fighting for prey and for love1 are now markedly developed4 ,but this polygamous jealousy and egoism acts really for the advantage of the females4 ,it is the egoistic male conduct that forces altruism upon them4 ,i attach great importance to this4 ,i maintain that the forcing out of the father from his service and earlier important position of a worker in the circle of the family served as a means to the end of deepening and fixing the maternal instinct in the mothers4 ,what was lost for fatherhood was gained for motherhood4 ,self-sacrifice became once and for ever the supreme joy and privilege of the female4 ,we have found the clue we were seeking4 99 99 99 99 99 ,further than this ,i must not go4 ,the first part of my inquiry has come to an end4 ,there is little more that ,i need to say4 ,it may seem to the reader that the animal family1 in a book written to establish the duties and rights of human motherhood1 has received too much attention4 ,to those who hold this view ,i can say only that ,i do not agree with them4 ,in forethought and sacrifice for the well-being of the young--the devotion of the father as well as of the mother--these pre-human parents do not yield precedence to many human families4 ,they deserve our attentive study4 ,but ,i have no hope1 nor much desire1 to convince those of an opposite opinion1 who hold that we are so much higher and different from the animals that we can learn nothing from them4 ,to all such ,i would recommend again that they leave this section of my book unread4 ,there is1 however1 another objection that may be raised4 ,it may be thought that too much stress has been laid on the father and his connection with the family1 that my choice of illustrations has been biased1 and cases taken in which the father's devotion is unusually prominent4 ,this ,i have done4 ,and ,i have done it of fixed purpose4 ,in the first place1 ,i desired to prove the error in the common opinion that the parental instinct has at all times been the endowment of the female1 stronger in her than in the male4 ,i wanted it to be known that in the beginning of the family the father was as true a parent as the mother1 his devotion sometimes being greater than hers4 ,then1 secondly1 ,i hoped1 by means of the insight that the many and great changes in the past conditions of the family afford us1 to establish the close connection which does at all times exist between parental devotion and the duties performed in feeding and caring for the young4 ,the parent who sacrifices most is the parent who loves most4 ,some of the suggestions ,i have made may be more or less open to question1 but not a few1 ,i think1 are true in the light of the facts that cannot be questioned4 ,i am fully aware of the omissions and inadequacy of my summary2 probably ,i have made mistakes4 ,i think this could not have been prevented4 ,much ground had to be covered4 ,the illustrations ,i have been able to give of each stage in the history of parenthood are few1 compared with the rich number that might be studied4 ,i have made no attempt at completeness1 nor have ,i tried to set up any exact order of behaviour4 ,life is too full of surprises for such arbitrary theories4 ,i have1 however1 tried to make clear certain ideas that have forced themselves very strongly upon my attention during my own studies4 ,we have seen the maternal instinct in the making1 and we have come to understand the strong force of this impulse1 which finds its expression in so many diverse ways4 ,there is much that we cannot understand4 ,but this is largely because we know so little4 ,we have1 ,i hope1 gained a clearer view2 we have learnt many things that may cast forward suggestions for the solving of our own sexual1 domestic and social relationships4 ,the facts which ,i have recorded are1 ,i trust1 sufficient for this purpose3 ,i hold that the following general conclusions may be drawn from them-- ,regarding the care of the young as the moving force in developing the intelligence of the parents1 ,i have accepted the truth1 which it is the chief purpose of my book to make plain1 that the individual exists for the race4 ,other personal things may be important1 they may be profoundly important1 but they are not primary--not one with the forces that do not change4 ,the individual is primarily the host and servant of the seed of life4 ,birth is the essential fact underlying all experience4 ,from this service to the future arises the family and the home4 ,and with the appearance of the family1 new habits are necessarily formed1 and these act in developing the higher sides of mental and emotional life4 ,co-operation1 friendship and love which is not sexual attraction find their first beginnings in the limiting by the parents of their desire to look after themselves1 to satisfy their own appetites and provide for their own needs4 ,the mere toleration of the young is the start in a new life4 ,there follows a mutual joining in work with the necessity and opportunity of modifying instinct by practice4 ,in this way a direct push forward is given for the development of intelligent conduct4 ,an immense advance1 then1 is gained from the association of the young with the old in the family tie4 ,in the cases we have examined1 we have seen that the same end is not gained always in the same way4 ,nature has no fixed rule for the family4 ,the contrasts and paradoxes of animal family life are numerous4 ,we have watched the development of the parental intelligence in many family groups2 we have seen that there is no fixed order in the relations which exist between parents and offspring4 ,all arrangements are good on the one condition that they succeed in serving the family and preserving its life4 ,to produce large families1 making little provision for them1 is a wasteful and improvident way of maintaining life4 ,this spendthrift fashion of reproduction was the early method4 ,to limit the number of the family and to cherish and protect the young1 not throwing them upon the world until they are well fitted to make a brave fight against its dangers1 is the later1 wiser and safer way4 ,we have noted devices of this kind in each group of the animal kingdom1 but parental care becomes more and more complete as the scale of life is ascended4 ,not only are the numbers in the family reduced1 but the period of youth becomes longer4 ,the protected young are permitted a longer time in which they have the opportunity of learning to live4 ,the importance of the form of union or marriage between the parents and of the kind of home must be considered4 ,we have found that polygamous fathers and polyandrous mothers care little for the young4 ,the withdrawal of the interest and care of either parent is a source of weakness which can be compensated only by an added devotion on the part of the remaining parent4 ,we have noted the withdrawal of the father from active work for the family4 ,this came with the greater importance of the mother1 which itself was not the result of any conscious act4 ,it was a necessary step1 following the change from external to internal protection1 whereby the young are retained within the body of the mother4 ,animal parents do not teach us that mothers are always more devoted and self-sacrificing than fathers4 ,sometimes1 indeed1 the contrary would appear to be true4 ,even the mother's instinct to protect and serve the young1 which seems to increase as we ascend the scale towards human parentage1 must1 ,i think1 be regarded as an extended egoism4 ,formed in her body and fed from her sustenance1 the young are a part of her individuality1 and her solicitude for them is but a wider caring for herself4 ,there are many surprises in animal parenthood4 ,the conduct of the parents may vary within very wide limits1 and all kinds of devices are employed by different parents to ensure the well-being of the family4 ,solicitude and sacrifice for the young are common1 but indifference also occurs2 and there are unnatural parents of both sexes who shirk family duties4 ,we have found1 indeed1 the suggestion of all the virtues of human parents as well as many of their sins1 every form of devotion and intelligent parenthood as well as examples of folly and neglect4 ,we have observed the greatest difference in particular in the conduct of the father as regards his participation in the work of building the home and in feeding and rearing the young4 ,thereby we have learnt that a psychic metamorphosis of the male may occur1 causing him to fulfil the duties of the mother1 and that accompanying this is an alteration in the character of the female which completely transforms her sexual nature4 ,an attempt was made to solve this riddle of sex4 ,it seems probable that changes in function1 by which is meant changes in the form of union and conditions of the family--as when one sex1 for some reason or other1 performs the duties usually undertaken by the other sex--may profoundly alter the sexual nature of the individual and modify the differences which tend to thrust the sexes apart4 ,we cannot know with any certainty4 ,yet ,i can see no other interpretation of these curious instances of sexual transformation1 and1 if ,i mistake not1 it may be possible in this way to cast a light on one of the most difficult problems with which we are faced to-day4 ,i have asserted again and again that the strength of the parental instinct is dependent directly on the opportunities for its expression2 which is to say that the parent who tends and feeds the young is the parent who loves the young4 ,we may go further than this4 ,there is no such thing as instinctive motherhood4 ,the emotional quality of affection comes later than the birth of offspring1 and is not dependent on any instinctive feeling in the mother4 ,it is the consequence and not the cause of parental care4 ,so true it is that sacrifice and forgetfulness of self is the basis of affection4 ,the most important result that we have gained from our inquiry is a knowledge of the close connection which exists between the care of the young and the character and conduct of the parents4 ,you will see what this implies4 ,the essential fact for the male and the female--for the mother and also for the father--is a development of responsibility in fulfilling duties to the family4 ,neither sex can keep a position apart from parenthood4 ,just in so far as the mother and the father attain to consciousness and intelligent sacrifice in their relation to their offspring do they attain individual intelligence1 development and joy4 ,to me1 at least1 this is the truth that stands out as the lesson to be learnt from these pre-human parents4 ,,part ,,iii ,,the ,,primitive ,,family 8,round the fundamental facts of parenthood and the dependence of the breeding mother woman has built up the tissue of customs and conventions called #8home1' which expanded in ever widening circles became society40--,e4 ,,colquhoun4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,vii ,,the ,,mother ,,in ,,the ,,primitive ,,family ,the importance of the customs of primitive peoples--,such knowledge necessary to an understanding of our present family system and form of marriage--,my earlier book1 ,the ,age of ,mother-,power--,this work a necessary part of my present inquiry--,re-statement of my own views--,an attempt to group the matter to be considered--,the early period in which man developed from his ape-like ancestors--,parenthood more fixed1 fewer experiments--,the probable conditions of the primordial human family--,customs of brute male-ownership--,this the pre-matriarchal stage of the family--,progress--,the second stage--,the growth of the communal clan--,the increasing influence of the women--,reasons why this view may be accepted--,mother-descent and mother-rights--,the importance of this early matriarchate--,the maternal form of marriage--,visiting husbands--,communal dwelling houses--,contrast between the customs of the patriarchal individual family and the maternal communal clan--,the power of the wife and the mother--,the alien position of the husband and father--,the assertion of the male force in the person of the woman's brother--,the communal clan a transitional stage--,the re-establishment of the individual patriarchal family--,the fixing of paternity and the rise of the father's power--,lessons to be learnt from this past history of the family4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,the ,,mother ,,in ,,the ,,primitive ,,family 7,a chapter which may be omitted by the reader who has no interest in the customs of primitive peoples47 8,the clan exists on account of the struggle for existence1 the family seeks for the enjoyment of that which they have obtained40--,,starcke4 ,and now having finished my preliminary study of the maternal instinct in the making1 having given examples of its varied manifestations in the animal kingdom1 and made clear certain general ideas on parenthood and the family1 ,i may hope to go on to consider human mothers and fathers with a surer knowledge and less misunderstanding4 ,the fitting method of inquiry1 and the one ,i should like to employ would be to begin with the lowest forms of the human family4 ,i myself am always greatly attracted by the customs of primitive peoples1 for ,i was born amongst them4 ,i hold that some knowledge of the family and the domestic and social conditions still to be found among uncivilised races1 in all parts of the world1 is essential to a complete understanding of our own social and sexual problems4 ,in an earlier work1 ,the ,age of ,mother-,power1#fd ,i have given my views on the past history of the family4 ,i have attempted to establish the existence of a ,mother-age civilisation1 the so-called ,matriarchate1 described in detail the privileged position of the mother1 and noted1 with many examples1 the family conditions1 sex-customs and forms of marriage among primitive peoples4 ,that book should form the historical section of this present work4 ,it is1 indeed1 a necessary part of my inquiry4 ,i am convinced that the only way to estimate the value of our present family system is to examine the history of that system in the past4 ,we find suggestions of primitive customs in many directions2 they are shadowed in certain of our marriage rites and direct many of our sex habits2 they have left unmistakable traces on our literature1 in our language and in our laws2 indeed we may find their influence almost everywhere1 if we know what to look for and how to interpret the signs4 ,the close connection which links the present with the past cannot easily be neglected4 ,we often say3 ,this or that custom belongs to the present era3 yet nine times out of ten the thing we believe to be new is in reality as old as the history of mankind4 ,often what we think is a step forward is not so at all2 we are going back to a custom and practices long discarded4 ,we are less inventive and more bound than we know4 ,no period stands alone1 and the present in every age is merely the shifting ground at which the past and the future meet4 ,i would therefore ask all those among my readers who care to follow in detail the history of the family through the long1 early1 upward stages of its growth1 at this point to leave this work in order to read ,the ,age of ,mother-,power1 therein to learn what ,i hold to have been the family conditions in the period known as the ,mother-age4 ,but as such a course may be impossible1 or be disliked1 by the reader1 ,i will now for our present guidance re-state very briefly the main conclusions arrived at by that investigation4 ,and first it should be noted that the history of human parenthood from its earliest known appearance shows an orderly progress from the start to the end4 ,there is no difficulty even in fixing the beginning4 ,man1 the gorilla1 the orang and the chimpanzee had a common ancestor1 and for this reason the parental stages of the great apes and of man have an almost startling resemblance4 ,professor ,metchnikoff was so impressed by this likeness that he has suggested that the human race may have taken its origin from the precocious birth of an ape4 ,we thus find no gap that has to be filled3 we take up our inquiry of the family at the exact place at which we left it4 ,there are1 of course1 changes to fit the parents and the young for their new stage of life2 more and more instincts are modified by experiment and experience4 ,intelligence grows4 ,new habits afford possibilities of advance1 and suggest the directions in which the family may move4 ,there are1 however1 far fewer experiments1 less sharp differences in the conduct of the different parents2 the family shows less flexibility1 and the maternal instincts settle down1 as it were1 to an average character1 with average limitations and an average expression4 ,our most primitive ancestors1 half-men1 half-brutes1 lived in small1 solitary1 and hostile family groups1 composed of an adult male1 his wife1 or1 if he were powerful1 several wives and their children4 ,in such a group the father is the chief or patriarch as long as he lives1 and the family is held together by their common subjection to him4 ,his interest in the family is confined to fighting to drive off rivals1 and1 for this reason1 he drives his sons from the home as soon as they are old enough to be dangerous to his interests3 his daughters he adds to his wives1 unless they are caught and carried off by some other male4 ,it was doubtless thus1 in a family organisation similar to that of the great monkeys1 that man first lived4 ,here was the most primitive form of jealous government of the family by the male4 ,such conduct1 prompted by the egoistic desires of sex1 mark the continuation of the degradation in fatherhood1 which we noted as occurring among the mammals as soon as the father was freed from the duties of providing a home and the first feeding and tending of the young4 ,in the primitive families the idea of descent is feeble so that the groups are small and readily disrupted4 ,but though originally without explicit consciousness of relationships1 the members would be held together by a feeling of kin4 ,such feeling would become conscious first between the mothers and their children1 and in this way mother-kin must have been realised at a very early period4 ,the father's relationship1 on the other hand1 would not be forced into conscious recognition4 ,he would be a member apart from this natural kinship4 ,such were the probable conditions in the primordial human family4 ,the important thing to note is that in each family group there would be only one adult polygamous male1 with several women of different ages1 and the children of both sexes1 all in more or less complete subjection to his rule4#fe ,these customs of brute-male-ownership are still in great measure preserved among the least-developed races4 ,this may be called the pre-matriarchal stage of the family1 and its existence explains how there are many rude peoples that exhibit no trace at all of mother-descent4 ,in the lowest nomad bands of savages of the deserts and forests we still find these rough paternal groups1 who know no social bonds1 but are ruled alone by brute strength and jealous ownership4 ,with them development has been very slow2 they have not yet advanced to the social organisation of the maternal family clan4 ,from these first solitary families1 grouped submissively around one tyrant-ruler1 we reach a second stage1 out of which order and organisation sprang4 ,in this second stage the family expanded into the larger group of the communal clan4 ,the change had to come4 ,with the fierce struggle for existence1 the solitary family-group became impossible1 association was the only way to prevent extermination4 ,how did the change come8 ,now1 it is part of my conviction that the earliest movements towards peace and expansion of the family came through the influence of women4 ,i must state briefly my reasons for this view4 ,in the first place it certainly would be in the women's interests to consolidate the home and the family1 and1 by means of union1 to establish their own power4 ,what we desire and fix our attention upon1 as a rule1 is what we do4 ,in the early groups the mothers with their adult daughters and the young of both sexes would live on terms of association as friendly hearthmates4 ,such is the marked difference in the position of the two sexes--the solitary jealous unsocial male and the united women4 ,the strongest factor in this association would arise from the dependence of the children upon their mothers1 a dependence that was of much longer duration than among the animals on account of the pre-eminent helplessness of the human child1 which entailed a more prolonged infancy4 ,the women and the children would form the family-group1 to which the male was attached by his sexual needs1 but he remained always apart--a kind of jealous fighting specialist4 ,the temporary hearth-home would be the shelter of the women4 ,it was under this shelter that children were born and the group accumulated its members4 ,whether cave1 or hollow tree1 or frail branch shelter1 the home must have belonged to the women4 ,it is clear that under these conditions the female members of the group-family must necessarily have been attached to the home much more closely than the man1 whose desire lay in the opposite direction1 and whose conduct by constant jealous fights tended to the disruption of the home4 ,moreover this home attachment would be present always and acting on the female members1 as the daughters--unless captured by other males--would remain in the home as additional wives to their father2 on the other hand1 it could never arise in the case of the sons1 whose fate was to be driven out from the hearth-home as soon as they were old enough to become rivals to their father4 ,such conditions must1 as time went on1 have profoundly modified the female outlook1 bending the desire of the women to a steady settled life1 conditions under which alone the family could expand and social organisation develop4 ,again1 the daily search for the daily food must surely have been undertaken chiefly by the women4 ,for it is impossible that one man1 however skilful a hunter1 could have fed all the female members and children of the group4 ,further than this1 we may1 ,i think1 conceive that much of his attention and his time would be occupied in fighting his rivals2 also his strength as sole progenitor must have been expended largely in sex4 ,it is1 therefore1 probable that the male was dependent on the food activities of his women4 ,the mothers1 their inventive faculties quickened by the stress of the needs of their children1 would try to convert to their own uses the most available portion of their own environment4 ,it would be under their attention that plants were first utilised for food1 seeds planted and nuts and fruit stored1 birds would also be snared1 fish caught1 and animals tamed for service4 ,primitive domestic vessels and baskets would be fashioned and clothes have to be made4 ,all the faculties of the women1 in exercises that would lead to the development of every part of their bodies and their minds1 would be called into play by the work of satisfying the physical needs of the group4 ,in all these numerous activities the women of each group would work together4 ,and through this co-operation must have resulted the assertion of the women's power1 as the directors and organisers of industrial occupations4 ,as the group slowly advanced in progress1 such power1 increasing1 would raise the mother's position2 the women would establish themselves permanently as of essential value in the family1 not only as the givers of life1 but as the chief providers of the food essential to the preservation of the life of its members4 ,and a further result would follow in the treatment by the males of this new order4 ,the women by obtaining and preparing food would gain an economic value4 ,wives would become to the husband a source of riches indispensable to him1 not only on account of his sex needs1 but on account of the more persistent need of food4 ,thus the more women he possessed the greater would be his own comfort1 and the physical prosperity of the group4 ,and again1 a further result would follow4 ,the greater the number of women in the group the stronger would become their power of combination4 ,i attach great importance to this4 ,working together for the welfare of all1 the maternal instinct of sacrifice would be greatly strengthened in the women so that necessarily they would come to consider the collective interests of the family4 ,can it be credited that such conditions could have acted upon the males1 whose conduct would still be inspired by individual appetite and selfish inclination8 ,i maintain such a view to be impossible4 ,another advantage1 ,i think1 would arise for the women4 ,from the circumstances of the family their interest in sex must have been less acute in consciousness than that of the male4 ,they must have gained freedom from being less occupied with love1 and from being less jealously interested in the male than he was in them4 ,doubtless each woman would be attracted by the male's courageous action in fighting his rivals for possession of her1 but when the rival was the woman's own son such attraction would come into strong conflict with the deeper maternal instinct4 ,thus the unceasing sexual preoccupation of the male1 with the emotional dependence it entailed on the females1 must1 ,i would suggest1 have given the women an immense advantage4 ,they would come to use their sex charms as an accessory of success4 ,and if ,i am right here1 the husband would be in the power of his women1 much more surely than they would be in his power4 ,from the standpoint of physical strength the male was the master1 the tyrant ruler of the family1 who1 doubtless1 often was brutal enough4 ,but the women with their children1 leading an independent life to some extent1 and with their mental ingenuity developed by the conditions of their life1 would learn1 ,i believe1 to outwit their masters by passive united resistance4 ,the mothers and daughters may even have asserted their will in rebellion4 ,i picture1 indeed1 these savage women ever striving for more privilege1 and step by step advancing through peaceful combination to power4 ,such conditions as those ,i have briefly pictured could not fail to domesticate the women4 ,they must have acted also in strengthening the bonds between the mothers and their children and in making more conscious the strong instinct of maternal sacrifice4 ,but mark this3 ,i do not wish to set up any claim for1 because ,i do not believe in1 the superiority of one sex over the other sex4 ,character is determined by the conditions of living4 ,if1 as ,i conceive1 progress came through the mothers1 rather than through the father1 it was because the conditions were really more favourable to them1 and drove them on in the right path4 ,collective motives were more considered by women1 not at all because of any higher standard of moral virtue1 but because of the peculiar advantages arising to themselves and to their children--advantages of peaceful family association which could not exist in a group ruled by individual inclination4 ,during the development of the family1 we may expect to find that the males will seek to hold their rights1 and that the women of the group will exert their influence more and more in breaking these down2 and this is precisely what we do find4 ,and for this reason the clan system1 which developed from these solitary hostile families1 must be considered as a feminine creation1 which had special relation to motherhood4 ,the sexual egoism by which one male1 through his strength and seniority1 held marital rights over all the females of his group had to be struck at its roots4 ,in other words1 the solitary despot had to learn to tolerate the association of other adult males4 ,it is impossible for me here to follow step by step the means whereby this change was brought about4 ,i would1 however1 assert my strong belief that it was the mothers1 acting in the interests of their children1 who tamed the jealous desires and domesticated the males4 ,the adult sons1 instead of being driven from the home by the father1 were permitted to remain as members of the family group and to bring in young wives captured from other families4 ,at a later stage1 daughters received husbands1 young males from other groups1 who came first as temporary lovers1 visiting their brides by night1 but afterwards remained with them as permanent guests in the home of the mother4 ,under these new conditions1 the marital rights of the male members were restricted and confined4 ,a system of taboos was established1 which1 as time advanced1 was greatly strengthened by the use of sacred totem marks1 and became of inexorable strictness4 ,in this way peace was established1 and association between the jealous fighting males was made possible4 ,here1 then1 are the reasons which led to the formation of the maternal family and the communal clan4 ,it depended1 in the first place1 on the development of mutual aid between mother and offspring1 based on the much closer relationship of the children to their mothers than to the father4 ,as soon as the women of the family-group by combination were able to outwit and curb the jealous rule of the father1 the matriarchal clan developed from the primitive patriarchal family4 ,the contrast between the family and clan seems to me of great importance4 ,individual relationships became of less importance2 the clan did not consist of groups of families but of individuals4 ,i have stated that the sexual relationships between the young people began with the reception by the daughters of temporary lovers in the clan-home4 ,a connection thus formed would tend under favourable circumstances to be continued and would be perpetuated as a marriage4 ,thus it came to be the custom for the husband to live temporarily or permanently in the wife's home and among her kindred4 ,here he was compelled to work for the general good2 he was without property or any recognised rights in the clan2 he was not permitted a separate home1 and was left with no--or very little--control over his wife and none over the children of the marriage4 ,he occupied1 indeed1 the position of a more or less permanent guest in the maternal hut or tent4 ,under such an organisation the family--the first group of the father1 wives and children--is swallowed up in the larger clan4 ,the male has no position of mastery over the female4 ,as time goes on1 the clan becomes more and more a free association for mutual protection1 ruled over by the ablest and most capable members4 ,not only does the father not stand out as a principal person from the background of the familial clan2 he has not even any recognised domestic rights in connection with his own wife and children4 ,this restriction of the husband and father was clearly dependent on the form of marriage4 ,the later modifications of the communal clan and the social customs that grew up1 in most cases--and always1 ,i believe1 in the complete maternal form--were favourable to the authority of the mothers4 ,kinship was reckoned through the mother1 the totem name was taken from her1 since in this way alone could the undivided family be maintained4 ,the continuity of the clan thus depending on the women they were placed in a position of importance2 the mother was at least the nominal head of the household1 shaping the destiny of the clan through the aid of her kindred4 ,all the members of such a compound family were responsible for the offences of any individual member2 and in the same way the clan exacted blood vengeance or compensation collectively for any offence committed against its members4 ,but the men belonged to their own clans1 that is1 to the clans of their mothers2 they did not belong to and had no rights in the clan of which their wife and children were members4 ,as husbands and fathers they were without power4 ,this is very important4 ,the woman's closest male relation was not her husband1 but her brother1 who acted as father to her children4 ,a pure type of matriarchal family fully preserved is rare4 ,there are scattered tribes in different parts of the world where descent is still reckoned through the mother4 ,some features favourable to women are found in one community1 some in another4 ,the sexual relationships1 in particular1 are interesting4 ,the girl is frequently the wooer of the man1 and in certain cases she or her mother imposes the conditions of the marriage4 ,after marriage1 the free provisions for divorce 7often more favourable to the wife than to the husband7 are1 perhaps1 of even greater significance4 ,there are many traces of discipline exercised in the bringing up of children and more or less systematic training of boys in endurance1 speed1 courage1 etc4 ,this task falls to the mother's brother4 ,the daughters are instructed by the mothers and the matrons of the tribe in all that concerns their duties as wives and mothers4 ,the woman is subject to the authority of her eldest brother1 and sometimes as well to that of her other brothers1 her uncles and male relations4 ,but descent being reckoned in the female line1 and the fact that she is the conduit by which property passes to and from the men1 gives the woman a position of very considerable1 though varying1 importance4 ,in all cases the power of the wife is clearly dependent on the maternal form of marriage4 ,i must insist upon this4 ,where this custom of the husband living in the home of the wife was practised for any long period1 the women often established their own claims and all property was held by them2 conditions which1 under favourable circumstances1 developed into what may literally be called a matriarchate4 ,elder women among some tribes are the heads of kinsfolk1 they even have a seat or voice in the tribal council1 and there have been exceptional cases of female tribal chiefs4 ,religion is in some periods in the hands of women1 and goddesses are more reverenced than gods4 ,here is certain proof of the favourable influence mother-descent may exercise on the authority held by women4 ,in all circumstances the children's position was dependent on the mother and her kindred4 ,such a system of inheritance may be briefly summarised as mother-right4 ,other forms of marriage are found2 indeed1 every possible experiment in family and sexual association has been tried and is still practised among barbarous races1 often with very little reference to those moral ideas to which we are accustomed4 ,it is1 however1 very necessary to remember that monogamy is frequent and indeed usual under the maternal system4 ,when the husband lives with his wife in a dependent position to her family1 he can do so only in the case of one woman4 ,for this reason polygamy is much less deeply rooted under the conditions in which the communal life of the compound family is developed than in the single patriarchal family4 ,polygamy is an indication1 if not always a proof1 of the subordination of women to the headship of the husband4 ,in the complete maternal family it is never common and is even prohibited4 ,it was quite otherwise with polyandry1 and though less usual than monogamy1 this form of association is in some cases connected with the conditions of the maternal clan4 ,i do not believe it can be regarded as due to a licentious view of the sexual relations1 but arose as an expression of the communism which was characteristic of such an organisation4 ,the whole subject of primitive sexual relationships--which1 of course1 involves the family1 the position of woman and the welfare of the children--is a very wide and complicated one4 ,if ,i differ on several important points from learned authorities1 whose knowledge and research far exceed my own1 ,i do so only after great hesitation1 and because ,i must4 ,almost invariably the writers on these questions are men1 and perhaps for this reason the position of women has not received the attention that it claims4 ,my own studies have convinced me that in the early beginnings of the human family women exercised a more direct and stronger influence than is usually believed4 ,this is no fanciful idea of my own1 as ,i claim to have proved in my earlier book1#ff where it was possible to bring forward in detail the evidence ,i have collected on the subject4 ,but even in this brief summary enough has been said to give in rough outline some picture of the family under the conditions of the maternal communal clan4 ,we have marked the steady strengthening of the tie between the mother and the child1 with the corresponding movement in the opposite direction in regard to the father's position in the family4 ,all the chances for success in parenthood rested with the mother1 rather than with the father4 ,the male was driven out from the holy circle of the family4 ,this degradation of fatherhood is a fact that must be kept before our attention4#fg ,there is1 however1 another side to the matter4 ,in the face of what we have established1 it must1 ,i think1 be accepted that women held considerable power in this period of mother-descent and under the maternal form of marriage4 ,the mother was dominant in the family in this second stage of its development4 ,this is still denied by some authorities4 ,there are many facts of the early power of women which the great world does not know4 ,how1 then1 are we to come to a decision8 ,shall we look back to the maternal stage as the golden period of the family wherein were realised conditions of free motherhood1 which even to-day have not been established8 ,it is a question very difficult to answer1 and we must not in any haste rush into mistakes4 ,and unfortunately the limitation of my space can allow only the briefest consideration of the matter4 ,we find that the mother-age was a transitional stage in the history of the growth of society1 and we can trace the stages of its gradual decline4 ,there is nothing to show that the customs of maternal communism1 dependent on descent traced in the female line and the maternal form of marriage1 have ever been permanently maintained in any progressive society4 ,the enlarged family of the maternal clan is thus proved to have been a less stable social system than the patriarchal single family which again succeeded it1 or it would not have perished in the struggle with it4 ,i think this must be accepted4 ,within the large and undivided group-family of the clan1 the restricted family became gradually re-established by a reassertion of domestic interests4 ,in proportion as the family gained in importance 7which would arise as the struggle for existence lessened and the need of association was less imperative7 the interests of the individual members would become separated from the group to which they belonged4 ,as society advanced and personal property began to be acquired1 each man would aim at gaining a more exclusive right over his wife and children2 he would not willingly submit to the bondage of the maternal form of marriage4 ,we find the husband and father moving towards the position of a fully acknowledged legal parent by a system of buying off his wife and her children from their clan-group4 ,then the payment of a bride-price was claimed from the bridegroom by the bride's relations1 and an act of purchase was accounted essential before marriage2 it was1 however1 regarded as a condition1 not so much of the marriage itself1 but of the transference of the wife to the home of the husband and of the children to his kindred4 ,the change was1 of course1 effected slowly2 often we find the two forms of marriage--the maternal form and the purchase-marriage--occurring side by side4 ,what1 however1 is certain is that the purchase-marriage in the struggle was the one which prevailed4 ,this reversal in the form of the marriage brought about a corresponding reversal in the position of the woman in the sexual relationship4 ,this is so plain4 ,as the patriarchate developed1 and men began to gain individual possession of their children by the purchase of their mothers1 the father became the dominant power in the family4 ,women no longer are the transmitters of property and of the family name1 but are themselves property passing from the hands of their kindred to those of a husband4 ,as purchased wives1 they reside in the husband's house and among his kin1 where they occupy the same position of disadvantage in the family as the husband and father had done under the maternal marriage4 ,the protection of her own kindred was the source of the wife's privileged position4 ,this now was lost4 ,the change was not brought about without a struggle1 and for long the old customs contended with the new4 ,but step by step the man became the father-master in the home4 ,it is1 however1 very necessary to remember that this reversal in the marriage custom may well have been brought about as much by the desire of the women as by the action of the men4 ,i believe that the change to the individual family must have been regarded favourably by primitive women4 ,an arrangement which would give a closer relationship in marriage and the protection of a husband for herself and her children may well have been preferred by the wife to the position of subjection in which she was frequently placed to the authority of her brother and her own relatives4 ,nor do ,i think it unlikely that she1 quite as strongly as the man1 may have desired to live apart from her mother and her kindred in her husband's home4 ,we have to remember that the reassertion of the father within the family-group was a necessary step1 and one that had to be taken4 ,the mother is bound to the family by her children in a much closer way than the man ever can be bound4 ,and for this reason any conditions which separate the father from the home and liberate him from his responsibilities to his children are certain not to act in the direction of progress4 ,the male needs to be held to the family4 ,this is a fact much too often forgotten4 ,the social clan organised around the mothers carried mankind a long way--a way the length of which we are only beginning to realise4 ,but it could not carry mankind forward to the closer family ties and family life from which so much was afterwards to develop4 ,the clan system was essential to the conditions of primitive life1 owing to the fierce struggle to exist1 and it could then limit and interfere with the family on every side4 ,but as soon as life was easier1 men wanted to establish a home with wife and children and to enjoy the possession of property4 ,and women wanted this too4 ,it was not possible for the family to be permanently absorbed4 ,i must insist upon this again4 ,the individual family--that is1 the trinity composed of father1 mother and child--is the older and the more lasting institution4 ,i affirm1 further1 that of the two forms of the family1 the individual limited form is the one that is the more natural and happy4 ,special circumstances may make necessary the enlarged social family1 but such conditions are not really a step forward4 ,with all the evils and restrictions that father-right and the individual family-group may1 throughout the ages1 have brought to women1 we have got to remember that the woman owes the individual relationship in love and the protection of the man for herself and her children to the patriarchal system4 ,the father's right in his children 7which1 unlike the right of the mother1 was not founded upon kinship1 but rested on the quite different and insecure basis of property7 had to be re-established4 ,without this being done1 the family in its fairness and complete development was impossible4 ,the survival value of the patriarchal family consists in the additional gain to the children of the father's to the mother's care4 ,i do not think this gain can ever safely be lost4 ,,part ,,iv ,,motherhood ,,and ,,the ,,relationships ,,of ,,the ,,sexes 8,for the great majority of mankind at least it can be held that life resolves itself quite simply and obviously into three cardinal phases4 ,there is a period of youth and preparation1 a great insurgence of emotion and enterprise centring about the passion of ,love2 and a third period in which1 arising amidst the warmth and stir of the second1 interweaving indeed with the second1 the care and love of offspring becomes the central interest in life4''' ,looking at this with a primary regard to its broadest aspect1 life is seen essentially as a matter of reproduction2 first a growth and training to that end1 then commonly mating and actual physical reproduction1 and finally the consummation of these things in parental nurture and education4 ,love1 ,home and ,children1 these are the heart-words of life40--,h4 ,g4 ,,wells4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,family ,,and ,,the ,,home ,attacks on the family not likely to destroy it--,dominance of the male may be changed without altering the fundamental ideal of the family--,bernard ,shaw ignorant of human needs--,two statements by ,h4 ,g4 ,wells--,the inhuman ideals of intellectual reformers--,trained hands to replace mother's love--,foolish egoism the basis of the whole argument--,the sweated victim of an industrial age is the ideal emancipated woman--,the power of the mother in non-industrial societies--,modern uncertainty and want of a fixed standard of conduct--,the extension of women's work during the war--,is it of benefit to the coming generation--,can the mother both work outside the home and give sufficient care to her children--,woman's subordinate qualities are man's dominant qualities--,hence the wastefulness of rivalry in the same work--,early experiments in communist families--,the child's need for a home of its own--,we must insist on conditions that will make home life possible--,types of mothers--,the personal rights of the child--,the position of the father--,the father can be detached from the family--,this harmful--,the child's need for the care of both its parents--,the home exposed to danger--,it awaits a fresh inspiration to turn back and hold the desires of women4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,family ,,and ,,the ,,home 8,the ideal which the mother and wife makes for herself1 the manner in which she understands duty and life1 contain the fate of the community40--,amiel's ,journal4 ,there are some who hold that the family rests on a trembling quicksand1 and state that its supporters are compelled to weave a network of lies to sustain its foundation4 ,we hear much wild talk1 and a great deal is said about the restrictions imposed by the family1 and very little about its duties and its joys4 ,there is1 and ,i think its existence must be faced1 a growing tide of discontent which would seem to render the stability of the home more and more precarious--the faint-hearted cry to us that everything is coming to an end4 ,it is not so1 but rather1 everything is about to be renewed4 ,institutions as vital to life as the family will continue4 ,from the most distant period of life1 among the animals as among mankind1 the history of the family has been a long series of regenerations4 ,we have found witness to this again and again in the past records of pre-human and primitive human parenthood4 ,and1 indeed1 the most important result we have gained from our long inquiry is the abundant proof it has furnished of the indestructible character of the family4 ,wherever the individual family 7the lasting union of the male with the female for the protection of the young7 has been departed from for some other and perhaps freer form of sexual association a return has followed4 ,special conditions have called forth experiments1 new family arrangements1 but in no case have they become universal and permanent4 ,we cannot argue against all that the past teaches us4 ,and assuredly the history of the family turns into foolishness many reforms that1 in our blindness1 we are seeking to-day4 ,we believe they will bring progress and freedom to women4 ,but what sure ground have we for such a belief8 ,in truth we have much to learn4 ,institutions have this in common with rivers1 they do not readily flow backwards4 ,if they sometimes seem to retro-grade1 it is generally only a mere appearance1 and though tributary streams break away in experimental courses the main river flows on4 ,you will see what ,i mean by this4 ,the changes that will take place1 and have for long been taking place1 have been changes not affecting the fundamental qualities in the ideal of the family--its permanence1 the fidelity of its partners in thought and deed1 its sentiments and its obligations of joyous sacrifice in united parental care4 ,attacks have altered 7and it is well that they have altered7 the dominance of the male4 ,the patriarchal customs of proprietary ownership are gradually disappearing both for the wife and for the children4 ,the family has broadened4 ,the feeling of hostility to the outer world1 the self-centredness--much that limited the family is being changed4 ,but the idea of the family1 and its value as one of the most essential forms of social life1 remains unaffected4 ,and mark this3 ,no ideals whatever have been produced by even the most progressive and enlightened persons to replace the family group4 ,the wild reforms contemplated by some among us1 who talk1 but fortunately do not act1 are fog and nonsense4 ,the home1 in particular1 has been spoken of with contempt4 ,thus1 ,bernard ,shaw1 who in the reforms he advocates fails so frequently to see the real human needs of life1 cries3 8,home is the girls' prison and the woman's workhouse40 ,again1 ,w4 ,l4 ,george in ,women and ,to-morrow 7a 8,to-morrow0 which1 by the way1 ,i trust ,i may never live to see7 states3 8,the home is the enemy of ,woman4 ,purporting to be her protector1 it is her oppressor4 ,it is her fortress1 but she does not live in the state apartments1 she lives in a dungeon40 ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 in a much more recent utterance1 wherein he professes to forecast 8,what is ,coming10 speaks even more strongly1 and all the present conditions are estimated4 ,he states3 8,now1 to be married is an incident in a woman's career1 as in a man's40 7,the italics are mine47 8,there is not the same necessity of that household1 not the same close tie2 the married woman remains partially a freewoman and assimilates herself to the freewoman4 ,there is an increasing disposition to group solitary children and to delegate their care to specially qualified people2 and this is likely to increase1 because the high earning power of young women will incline them to entrust their children to others40 ,and again1 at the conclusion of his article on 8,the ,war and ,women10 ,mr4 ,wells sums up the situation as follows3 8,to sum all that has gone before1 this war is accelerating rather than deflecting the stream of tendency1 and is bringing us rapidly to a state of affairs in which women will be much more definitely independent of their sexual status1 much less hampered in their self-development and much more nearly equal to men than has ever been known before in the whole history of mankind40 ,now1 if these two late pronouncements of ,mr4 ,wells are compared with what he wrote a few years back1 with the quotation from ,mankind in the ,making which ,i have placed before this section of my book because it so well expresses my own views1 ,i think the harm that of late years has been working is strongly evident2 harm that is incredibly active in our consciousness4#fh ,such talk of my sex as 8freewomen0 and of a liberation from the sexual life1 as if that could be possible1 fills me with impatience4 ,i would not wait to notice it did ,i not believe that the hurt done to women had been deep and far-reaching4 ,it has increased for them the difficulty of unifying life4 ,and this uncertainty of desire is1 as ,i believe1 the modern disease which has worked such havoc in the souls of women4 ,i would like to silence all useless1 impious negators2 those who1 seeking to be clever1 really are blinkered1 and unable to see the results that would follow from their destructions4 ,the error in all these outcries is the error of blindness1 of getting into a condition of confused intellectual excitement1 and because some women are dissatisfied and have been unhappy1 saying1 therefore1 and usually with passion1 that they would be more satisfied if all the sex were freed from its own duties4 ,as if freedom were ever gained by running away4 ,the intellectual reformer is so very far from understanding the real human needs4 ,there is1 for instance1 a significant omission in the quotations ,i have given--no mention is made of the results of all this to the child1 and no suggestion is offered except that it should be trained and cared for by experts and apart from its parents4 ,the home is to go because it restricts the liberty of women and will hinder their earning power1 as if this were all that had to be considered4 ,i can hardly find a more striking example of how far the apparently simple and elemental things escape the attention of the intellectual reformer4 ,in the society in which we are living1 the only use that can be made of modern progressive teaching about the family--the only ounces of practice to be derived from pounds of precept--will lead1 as ,i believe1 to a very undesirable course of action4 ,the programme for the abolition of the home has been outlined for us by reformers of both sexes4 ,communal houses and kitchens1 and the intervention of armies of experts1 are to solve the problems which now keep women tied in the individual home4 ,the parents are to be supplanted by 8born educators40 ,successive institutions are planned for the bottle-period1 kindergarten1 school age1 and so on4 ,the children are to stand on visiting relations to the individual home and their parents1 while their bodies and souls are to be cared for by specialists4 ,and we are asked to believe that this will be a gain to the child6 8,it is the trained hand that the baby needs1 not mere blood relationship ''' personal love is too hot an atmosphere for the young soul40#fi ,now1 if ,i wanted a general term to express the state of mind of these reformers1 ,i do seriously think the word inhuman would be as near to it as any4 ,some people talk as if there were no emotional quality to decide these questions2 they are dry-minded and quite unable to grasp the true values in life4 ,and the essence of all such folly is an insupportable egoism4 ,the whole argument against the home is based on the claim of woman to lead an independent life4 ,independent of what8 ,it is not easy to answer4 ,it is asserted that the ideal of the home as the special care of woman has tied her to material things2 it is urged that her emancipation from the fetish of the home is essential for her soul's freedom4 ,the feminists ask us to make the wage-earning woman our ideal1 instead of regarding her1 as ,i do1 as the unfortunate victim of industrial life and industrial ideals--and this is a very dangerous attitude and one which cannot fail to affect very seriously the fate of the home in the future4 ,it is this that causes me such grave fear4 ,the ideals that we set before us do exercise an influence greater than we know4 ,now1 ,i am not much moved by this modern cry for liberty4 ,what is this freedom for which women have been clamouring8 ,in what tyranny are they held other than that in which their womanhood holds them8 ,is the new liberty to be found as sweated workers8 ,will it come even now when women's industrial work is being sought for and well paid8 ,can it ever come from the fevered effort to live the same lives as men live and do the same work that men do8 ,but this kind of view is of a most superficial sort1 and one that1 comparatively speaking1 is new4 ,before the coming of industrialism the ideals of women were far different and were centred in the home4 ,the family was then firmly established on the patriarchal system4 ,i have just read a ,russian book#gj which gives a perfect picture of the patriarchal home4 ,the scene is described by a child3 the head of the house has died and the new male-head comes from the death-bed4 ,he is thus received by the women of the house-- 8,suddenly the door opened1 and my father came in4 ,he looked thin and pale and sad4 ,instantly all rose and went to meet him2 even grandmother1 who was very stout and could not walk without some one supporting her1 dragged herself towards him1 and all his four sisters fell down at his feet and began to #8keen4' ,it was impossible to catch all they said and part ,i now forget1 but ,i remember the words1 #8,you are our father now3 be kind to us poor orphans4' ,my father with tears lifted them all up and embraced them2 when his mother advanced towards him1 he bowed to the ground before her1 kissed her hands1 and vowed that he would always submit to her authority1 and that no changes would be made by him4''' ,they then sat down to eat so heartily--my mother did not--that ,i watched them with astonishment4 ,my ,aunt ,tatyana helped fish-soup out of a large tureen1 and1 as she put bits of roe and liver on the plates1 she begged all to do justice to them3 #8,how poor father loved the roe and the liver6'0 ,now1 to the self-assertive1 feminist mind1 imbued with industrial ideals1 this scene may make no appeal4 ,its peace is too quiet4 ,here is none of the modern unrest1 the boredom1 the moving about in worlds unrealised4 ,but ,i do not think this will be noted4 ,the one suggestion that will leap to the thoughts is the dependent position of the women4 ,this is true1 but it is equally true that the power of the women is far greater than it is in any industrial home4 ,and we find that such power is not exercised by the young women and on account of any sexual attraction1 in the way to which we are accustomed and have come to expect1 but the power is held by the mother1 whose desires through life are a law to her son4 ,i can hardly emphasise too strongly this power and influence of the mother at all times when the family is firmly established4 ,i think it must be granted that the mother has lost her position of influence in the home wherever industrial views of life have penetrated4 ,she has little power over her grown-up sons or even over her daughters4 ,self-assertion is also the desire of the children2 they want to break away from the mother4 ,perhaps this is inevitable1 and maybe it is right4 ,it is very difficult to be certain4 ,i will not dwell on this question4 ,i would1 however1 ask you to keep fixed in your attention this hesitation that has entered as a disease into our modern consciousness4 ,we are without purpose1 and have no absolute standard of conduct4 ,and the result for most of us is a life of confused aims1 restless and seeking1 achieving by accident what is achieved at all4 ,there have been1 of course1 many separate causes and influences uniting to bring this unrest1 but the disorganisation of the patriarchal home1 with the change in the ideal and desires of women1 has acted very strongly as a disturbing force4 ,we have lost1 especially1 that harmony in life which woman alone is able to create4 ,within the patriarchal family-group women lived a life that was complete in itself1 the home was self-contained because it included all the elements necessary for the carrying on of a useful and healthy life4 ,true this home life1 complete as it was in itself1 was not life in the fullest sense of living1 for it lacked some of the larger elements that only freedom of action can give4 ,it was for women a restricted1 and1 in later times1 even a stunted life3 in the end it came to be a parasitic life4 ,but for long it was a natural and satisfying life and it was always entirely feminine1 because motherhood embraced it all1 inspiring every motive and guiding every act4 ,what we want is the family reconstructed1 with all its historic bonds of unity and sanctity preserved and yet fitted to meet modern needs4 ,it must be a home where life can be lived in its fulness and its depth4 ,it is clear that this reconstruction is not going to be easy4 ,such a task must even be held to be absurd1 if we view life from the modern standpoint1 which can only be that of the doctrine of self-assertion4 ,where the ,self is so insistent1 there can be no consciousness of duty as something fixed and of life as being purposive1 consecrated to an end1 which may not be left or taken up4 ,and the first thing necessary is to break through the separate aims that cause such confusion in women's thoughts and desires4 ,no standard of action can be fixed until we know what we want4 ,separation must arise from self-assertion4 ,nothing worth doing can be done until the collective consciousness of women has found itself and regained a unifying ideal4 ,life at the moment is in a state of too violent instability for any attempts to reconstruct the home to be of any avail1 and1 in any case1 it is difficult to believe that any new form of the family can in modern times exercise the sway that the patriarchal system wielded in times gone by4 ,and yet some standard we must have1 or the confusion in women's lives will go on1 and all feminine idealism must perish through the very number of its varieties4 ,now1 it may be that the forces which acted against the family in its past history are acting again to-day4 ,communal living and group homes have been tried already in the beginnings of civilisation4 ,they were developed on account of conditions of danger which threatened the primitive family-groups1 forcing them to unite with one another for mutual protection and help4#ga ,to-day again the home is threatened4 ,industrialism has steadily undermined its foundations1 and changed the desire of women4 ,industrial workers have departed far indeed from the ideal of absolute self-dedication and service to the home that once was the supreme conception of woman4 ,and now a further step has been taken4 ,war has made necessary conditions that industrialism first taught women to desire4 ,for the first time in our industrial history a demand has arisen for women's labour as pressing and large as the supply4 ,hundreds and thousands of women and girls have been called from their homes to carry on the necessary work of the country4 ,there are already #aie1jjj women employed in munition work1 while #bge1jjj more women are engaged in industrial occupations4#gb ,women have shown that there is hardly any work of men that they cannot do4 ,they are driving motor-lorries1 they are working on the railways1 acting as conductors on trams and buses2 they are doing the postman's round and carman's deliveries2 they are ploughing and sowing the land2 they are standing long hours at the mechanic's lathe4 ,women are everywhere4 ,and day by day the country is calling for more1 and yet more women workers4 ,they are wanted on the land1 they are wanted in the factories1 they are wanted in the shops1 in offices1 in schools1 they are wanted in every kind of industry4 ,women will answer the call2 they will take the places of those who have gone to fight1 for their patriotism is as strong as the patriotism of men4 ,that women should work to-day is unavoidable3 it is war4 ,yet necessary as this working of women is for the duration of war1 it is equally necessary that the conditions of their labour should be regulated to meet the special needs of their feminine constitution4 ,in all cases where women are doing men's work they should work shorter hours1 have longer rests and more holidays4 ,do we understand what the results of overwork may be8 ,it is racial suicide to allow adolescent girls and young women1 who are1 or who will be1 mothers1 to do work which may break into or overstrain their reserve strength1 using up now what ought to be given to the next generation4 ,a nation's wealth and future depend directly on the health and nerve reserve of its women4 ,it is deplorable that these forces of life are being used so wastefully4 ,i know well that in the confusion of the times it is not easy to get public attention for the needs of women workers4 ,yet the importance of this matter is such that delay may be disastrous4 ,a further consideration arises1 and one1 too1 that is vital4 ,after the war1 what will happen8 ,peace is the normal state of the world and we shall return to it--some day4 ,are these conditions of continuous work for women to go on then8 ,there is much to cause grave fear4 ,women--and ,i have spoken to many of them on the subject--seem to regard this taking on of men's work1 not as a temporary thing forced on them by the necessities of war1 but as the gaining of a goal for which for long they have been fighting4 ,here is some of the talk that ,i have heard at women's meetings or read in recent articles by feminist writers3 8,new fields of action lie open to women on all sides1 the opportunities are coloured with splendid possibilities02 or 8,the need for workers is woman's opportunity1 and as such she recognises and will use it40 ,again1 8,the path lies open and clear before women1 their hour has come to establish a rooted and solid foundation for the woman worker of the future40 ,and yet again1 8,woman has done more than any man could have imagined to win this war4 ,at the same time she has won a new station for herself40 ,now to me all such talk is the visible sign of the deplorable failure in women's lives4 ,feminists tell me that the breaking up of the individual home with the institutional rearing of children will liberate women4 ,by this plan of reform they will be free1 able to have children and also to devote themselves to gainful work4 ,they will gain the economic independence for which they are so loudly crying4 ,motherhood will be but a short interruption in the professional or industrial career--mother-care a superstition of the past4 ,what can ,i say to show how misplaced and how mischievous is the outlook of those who thus turn away from the long experience of the past8 ,it is not so that the problems of the future can be solved4 ,the past gives us proof enough that woman's creation1 the home1 has been her great contribution to civilisation4 ,no transitory needs or seeming personal gains can counterbalance the loss that must come to us as a people from woman's neglect of positive duties4 ,there has been neglect under industrial conditions4 ,escape was impossible4 ,and in our homes there has been urgent need for reform4 ,here ,i am in agreement with those who discredit the value of the home4 ,i1 too1 am certain that our family and home life1 in many directions1 have been as bad as they could be4 ,a radical change is needed1 but ,i hope it will be in the opposite direction from the plan of institutional upbringing of the children1 and the substitution of the communal dwelling-house for the individual home4 ,i know well1 as every woman must know1 that the creating of the right kind of home is no easy task1 but one that demands the continuous presence of the mother1 with an unceasing giving of herself in body and in soul4 ,and the trouble is that under industrial ideals of restless discontent and of pulling down the barriers1 the majority of women have become more and more unfitted for efficient home-making4 ,of one fact ,i am certain4 ,things cannot go on as before4 ,here is the reason4 ,the supervision of the home and the maintenance of any true form of family life is not compatible with the regular outside occupation of married women4 ,such a duplication of a woman's energies can be undertaken only by her using for herself and her work the reserve of physical1 mental1 and spiritual energy that should be stored and given to her children4 ,to deny this is foolishness4 ,are women possessed of inexhaustible stores of energy8 ,do the ordinary rules of arithmetic and subtraction not hold good in their case8 ,it would seem so4 ,for women are maintaining that to divert so large a proportion of their energies in fresh directions will not involve any diminution of the strength available for their own affairs4 ,women are oddly blind4 ,yet modern experience makes it daily more evident that to do any work well requires the employment of one's whole time with a complete concentration of attention4 ,now the woman is rare who can put the best of herself both into professional work and into her home4 ,one or other must suffer1 and since the standard required in the outside work is fixed and cannot1 as a rule1 be lowered1 if the position is to be retained1 it is the home that is certain to suffer4 ,a wife's and a mother's duties cannot be accomplished in stray hours snatched from professional work4 ,i speak from my own experience4 ,i know that the attempt to do this results too often in failure1 together with an intolerable overstrain4 ,the case is much worse with the industrial worker1 the conditions of whose existence make any kind of home life impossible4 ,what1 then1 is the remedy8 ,the answer that will be given by many is the raising of women's wages to the same level as the wages of men and the improving of the conditions of labour4 ,this will do something1 but it will not do what ,i want4 ,conditions that at bottom are continuously wrong need revolutionising1 not patching up4 ,the change must be a different one1 if the ideal of the home for which ,i am pleading is to be saved4 ,there is one way out1 and only one4 ,the socially wasteful1 racially suicidal1 and body and soul withering consequences of the working of mothers outside the home must cease4 ,i know well the difficulties4 ,self-centred professional women1 worldly women who have never found their souls1 cultured intellectuals chasing the new1 dreamers who think to reform society--all these and many other women are preaching the doctrine that the economic independence of woman is essential for her own well-being and equality with men4 ,this1 as ,i believe1 is a profound mistake that is dependent on industrial values4 ,but on this question ,i have spoken already1 and ,i shall speak again in a later chapter4 ,let us clear our thoughts absolutely1 or at least as far as we humanly can1 from personal standards of value4 ,the home is not a bygone contrivance to be given up as useless in the march of humanity4 ,each home that is established in love will burn in its children an ineradicable impression that no folly from those who have missed its protection will be strong enough to destroy4 ,the demand that women shall prepare for competition with men at all costs will fall into foolishness under wiser conditions of life4 ,this must surely be4 ,for women's qualities and capacities are different from those of men4 ,what is paramount in woman is secondary in man2 her dominant qualities are not the same as his1 but different4 ,and by using her subordinate qualities1 as she must do1 in competition with man1 she is up against the dominant qualities in him and will be beaten by him3 on the other hand1 if woman develops her dominant qualities with a wise education in youth and afterwards by training herself in the right performance of her own work1 she cannot fail increasingly to occupy a position of power4 ,and this is only another way of saying that woman can achieve her highest position only as a woman4 ,as a worker she has at all times and in all races occupied a secondary place1 as woman she is the strongest force in life4 ,we cannot escape from nature1 and no matter how seemingly urgent it is for women to train themselves to act like men on account of prevailing economic conditions1 it is always wrong at the bottom to yield to those conditions3 the results will not fail to bring evil in the future4 ,let us know where we are going4 ,war conditions have rushed women forward at a racing speed on the paths which their desire previously had made them seek4 ,if after the coming of peace the desire of women is not turned back to family duties and the home1 if it still seems better and happier to them to do men's work than to do their own--then the individual home may be swallowed up and replaced by some form of communal living4 ,this may be necessary2 it can never be an ideal4 ,and further1 let us remember that it will not be a step forward in progress2 rather will it be a sign of failure1 a step made necessary by the confusion and conflicts of our industrial civilisation4 ,we delude ourselves for want of knowledge when we think that we are thus advancing to something that is new4 ,the long houses of ,iroquois ,indians1 the joint tenement houses of the ,pueblo peoples of ,new ,mexico and ,arizona1 and the village communities common among the ,panang ,highlanders of ,sumatra are a few instances of the many early experiments in communistic life4 ,even ,garden ,suburbs have been tried by the ,creek ,indians of ,georgia1 where the natives live together in groups of associated dwellings4#gc ,did ,i not tell you that many of the reforms we are seeking in the belief that they are new discoveries1 giving proof of our progress1 are really worn-out forms that are as old as mankind8 ,they are even older4 ,i would recall the curious experiments in co-operative child-rearing made by the ,adlie penguins1 noted in ,chapter ,v4 ,these pre-human parents would seem to be troubled with a strongly developed egoism4 ,craving liberty for play1 they pool their families in what ,i may perhaps call 8the primordial co-operative nursery scheme0--a plan of child-rearing much advocated by advanced feminists4 ,among the penguins the results are not satisfactory4 ,true1 the penguin mothers have liberty to play with the penguin fathers1 but the price thereby paid is an excessively high mortality among the young birds4#gd ,i recognise that co-operative nurseries and proposals for freeing mothers to work outside the home have interest for some women1 and consequently have their use3 they will help1 no doubt1 those women who while desiring and physically fit to bear children1 yet have no capacity or wish to care for them4 ,there are many such women to-day4 ,i regard this as a great evil4 ,it has been left to modern intellectual women to fail utterly to understand the primary value of the home4 ,its first service is to immerse the child in a protective environment of its own4 ,i wish to emphasise these five concluding words4 ,they will make clearer why ,i believe so firmly in the patriarchal individual family4 ,each child needs to feel in personal connection with its surroundings--that what is nearest to him belongs to him and is his own4 ,and this connection can be established only by love1 and maintained by a lasting tradition of duty on the part of both the parents bound to each other in service to the child4 ,it is often objected that children are happier and healthier away from their parents1 and that no conditions could possibly be worse than those which exist in countless homes4 ,i know this4 ,but it is no indictment against the home as an institution1 rather it is an indictment of the kind of home and of the mother and the father4 ,i can hardly express too strongly my own want of faith in the expert child-trainer4 ,i have found always that they regard the child1 mainly1 if not entirely1 as something to be improved and instructed on a definite plan4 ,the expert is never human1 and the child has need of all the human element that it can get4 ,it has absolute need of a mother and of a father4 ,and it is impossible to be parents in the complete and right sense apart from the individual home4 ,all experience shows us that the home1 with its sympathetic relationships of mutual affection1 cannot be replaced4 ,we must insist on conditions of society that will make home life possible4 ,the child has to accept the arrangements we make as a sacred thing1 that is why this question is of such immense importance4 ,if the matter could be fixed by the will of children1 ,i should have no fear4 ,the child has not lost the true values of life4 ,we have grown careless of the home under the blighting effects of industrialism4 ,and the problem of the child is much more difficult in the case of modern mothers1 who have few children and no strong traditions--no fixed standard of child training and of home life4 ,each mother is continually making personal experiments1 a course of conduct that is not only harmful to the individual child1 but one that must lead to collective confusion4 ,under such conditions excessive ardour may be as dangerous as neglect4 ,one of the most unfortunate children ,i have known was an idolised only child with most conscientious modern parents1 who kept a record in many large volumes of its every act and every saying4 ,this child was trained out of childhood4 ,there may be too much care and attention given by the parents as well as too little4 ,motherhood in theory much praised1 poetised1 and hailed as a wonderful thing1 often in actual expression is the strongest deterrent influence in the life of the child4 ,the mother cannot realise the young life that has come from her life apart from herself4 ,the child is too near to her4 ,and it follows from this that her instinct and her love are not primarily concerned with the child1 rather she is interested in it chiefly as its mother1 that is1 the birth-giver and possessor of the child4 ,most mothers bind their children to them much too closely with an egoistic love which is the most poisonous form of selfishness4 ,therefore the mother often is the real enemy in the home1 the most self-centred and conservative member4 ,there are1 of course1 exceptional mothers who have the knowledge and the will to avoid such danger2 mothers who as need arises are strong enough even to push their children from them at any personal cost2 who insist on the freedom of each child1 and see it has the opportunity to grow up harmoniously1 unhampered and unspoilt1 and according to its own nature4 ,but such wise mothers to-day are few4 ,and the average mother is like the hen with her brood1 for ever fretting about her chicks if they venture away from her4 ,in such conduct there is a terrible infringement of the personal rights of the child4 ,indeed1 the mother too often enslaves with kindness1 a bondage harder to bear and even more difficult to escape from than the brutal fist of a father4 ,now1 this mother-egoism will not be changed easily4 ,it is a quality that reaches far back before human parenthood1 and is instinctive and not conscious4 ,you will recall that ,i referred to this in ,chapter ,,vi1#ge where ,i tried to find an explanation4 ,we saw then the manner in which the maternal instinct was fixed and strengthened4 ,the mother became chief parent1 as soon as the early stages of mother-care were changed from an external to an internal process4 ,this strengthened immeasurably the relation of the mother to the offspring1 who now became an extension of her life4 ,before1 the mother's relation to the family was not very different from the relation of the father1 and was dependent on parental sacrifice and the amount of care bestowed4 ,and one result of the change was a deepening of egoism--of the self-feeling1 if ,i may so call it--in the mother's love1 a quality which has a much deeper significance that is commonly recognised4 ,in my opinion it is stronger in the love of the mother than it ever is in the love of the father4 ,mother-love is not quite the unselfish thing we have been accustomed to believe4 ,even the care which is bestowed so lavishly upon the child is often but the outward sign of a self-fussing anxiety1 and serves no true purpose1 but is a hindrance to the child's health and happiness4 ,i would emphasise this difference between the two parents1 a difference which may be marked in the father's attitude to and affection for the child4 ,it seems to me to be of great importance4 ,it is the popular view among women who are too idle to think--it saves them the trouble of detecting their own faults--that all good women have an instinctive understanding of a child and of its needs4 ,this is very far from being true4 ,and1 indeed1 there are good grounds for believing--though ,i own ,i do not like to acknowledge it--that the father's guidance and sympathy are of even greater importance to the spiritual well-being and happiness of the child than the excessive care and too-absorbing love of the mother4 ,here1 then1 is yet another reason why we must regard with profound mistrust the modern movement to break away from the tried and fixed institution of the patriarchal home4 ,we have seen again and again in our examination of the past history of parenthood1 that wherever the father has been cut off from the family and the duties in caring for the young1 a deterioration has followed4 ,the development of the individual family is most intimately connected with patriarchy4 ,it was under this system that the father's position in the family and his right to his children were established4 ,nature sees to it that the tie between the mother and the child cannot be set aside2 the case is different with the father1 and his position in the family has to be made secure in another manner4 ,we need to remember the degradation of fatherhood which must be connected with any matriarchal programme4 ,and my own faith in the patriarchal family-group and the individual home1 a faith that has only recently been fixed and made strong1 is based upon this3 ,i am convinced that it is the natural and1 indeed1 the only way of securing the loving care of both parents for the upbringing of the children4 ,in these days of destruction and of the pulling down of barriers1 the home is exposed to peculiar danger4 ,much1 incalculably much1 depends on women's attitude4 ,the maternal instinct1 or what ,i would call the mother-sense1 has surely lost in quality4 ,when ,i think about this1 ,i feel as if ,i would like to found an order for motherhood4 ,everything to be truly done must become a religion4 ,and motherhood should have its ritual no less than faith4 ,there is not a single act of duty in the home and in care given to the child which the mother may not make into a spiritual exercise of her soul4 ,the child should be the mother's creation4 ,she is the potter with the power to mould the clay1 and she should know the rapture of the artist4 ,i want to bring back to motherhood the quality it has lost4 ,the home awaits a fresh inspiration to turn back and hold the desire of women4 ,we have to find again the right way4 ,if we get our ideal fixed1 it will be translated later into the acts of our life4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,ix ,,monogamous ,,marriage ,,and ,,woman ,the false view of woman's being instinctively monogamous--,the ,adam and ,eve myth and what it symbolises--,woman's inevitable power over man--,the beginnings of marriage--,the maternal form--,the personal relationship in marriage dependent on patriarchy--,its advantages in fixing the father to the family and the service of the home--,polygamy the most ancient form of marriage under father-right--,polygamy tends to disappear as social life develops--,monogamy the permanent form of marriage--,its supreme advantage over all other marriage forms--,our preference for monogamy goes beyond laws and religion--,it is the best way we have yet found of men and women living together--,the stupidity of profligacy--,false intellectual views of life and of right and wrong--,the sexually masterful lover--,misuse of the word love--,the function of passion--,women regard love from a standpoint of unreality--,the ,christian view of marriage too materialistic and too ascetic--,how this has reacted disastrously on marriage--,the immense disturbing power of the sex emotions--,we need the limiting safeguards of legal marriage--,the ideal of faithfulness--,the refixing of moral standards4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,monogamous ,,marriage ,,and ,,woman 8,it should be remembered that the progress of a nation is stimulated and the stability of society is increased by the most humanising of all institutions1 marriage40--,,walter ,,heape4 ,it is commonly asserted--,i am not sure whether it is really believed--that woman is instinctively monogamous1 whereas man by his sexual nature is bent towards polygamy4 ,now1 my experience and desire for truth forces me to doubt the reality of this view4 ,i believe that the woman's superiority in this matter of constancy1 even when it is present1 is not fundamental to the female character any more than it is fundamental to the character of the male1 and1 indeed1 ,i am inclined to think that it is the man who in his desire is more bent than woman towards complete faithfulness in the sexual partnership1 and if it is the wife who more often is apparently and outwardly constant in marriage than the husband1 it is because such conduct is expected of her and has been forced upon her by the conventions of her life4 ,we must see things a little more as they are4 ,compared with woman1 man is a comparatively constant creature1 romantic1 and not readily moved from his love when once it is fixed4 ,i am very certain that ,i am right in this4 ,no man leaves a woman till she sends him from her3 while she wants him1 and lets him feel that she wants him1 he is hers4 ,what is symbolised by the myth representing ,eve as first eating of the fruit and then offering it to ,adam3 the representation of the man in subjection to the woman1 the bending of his action to her will through his need of her2 the active rle being here rightly attributed to the woman which man in the blindness of his masculine conceit has pretended to hold himself3 this piece of symbolism has left deep marks throughout the entire history of marriage and is active in all the relationships of the two sexes4 ,maybe woman is what man has made her2 but this is an outside thing1 a social tag1 having reference only to her position in the world4 ,man has not touched woman's soul4 ,he cannot4 ,there are many things which a man must learn that woman knows from the beginning4 ,to love is one of them4 ,woman teaches man that1 and he does not learn easily4 ,and it is in these trials1 these efforts of his to find himself1 that woman contributes in so great a measure to the making or the marring1 of the man4 ,the soul of a man passes from the hollow of one woman's hand to the hollow of another's4 ,he loves first that extension of himself called 8mother10 and from her he passes on to other less individualised relationships4 ,and each woman1 with cruel hands or with kind1 presses deep the imprint of her hold upon his plastic clay4 ,yes1 it is women who mould the lives of men as it is women who give them birth4 ,it is strangely difficult to induce in good women to-day a practical understanding of their almost limitless power over men4 ,each woman is able to create perpetually in the man she loves the qualities she desires2 a power infinitely greater1 as ,i believe1 than can be ever gained through individual self-assertion4 ,and if woman feels this power of being the source of creating energy to man 7and it belongs to all women1 although many of them have lost the consciousness of their gift71 this knowledge is the very centre of her being1 the flame which feeds life2 and she is intensely and supremely happy just in so far as she is steeped in sacrifice4 ,i do not hope1 however1 to convince any woman who does not know within herself already the gladness of this service to man1 and ,i diverge a little from my main subject in making these remarks4 ,a glance back at the beginnings of marriage should teach women a little modesty1 for there we see that the wife's constancy was directly dependent on the conditions of her marriage4 ,under the maternal form1 where the husband lived in the home of the wife1 her sexual liberty was in many cases greater than his4 ,and there is abundant proof that full advantage was taken both by unmarried and married women of such freedom wherever it was allowed4#gf ,woman is not instinctively inclined to virtue4 ,and an inherent desire towards faithfulness in marriage has not1 ,i am certain1 always acted more strongly in women than it has in men2 indeed1 ,i am not sure that the opposite is not true4 ,the development of the personal relationship in marriage is intimately dependent on patriarchy4 ,again ,i am compelled to assert this truth4 ,the establishment of paternity as a working and acknowledged fact was comparatively a late achievement4 ,under the conditions of the maternal clan1 the family was incomplete2 it consisted only of the mother and children4 ,this was not a natural condition1 and therefore was not permanent4 ,the new stage was ushered in by what may perhaps be called 8the social annunciation of paternity40 ,and this led eventually to the establishment of marriage in the form in which we understand it to-day4 ,now for the first time the home was firmly founded4 ,the father was the head of the domestic hearth3 he was the priest of sacrifice at the domestic altar4 ,his ancestors were present in the spirit and all the members of the family honoured them4 ,and in their presence nothing unclean was tolerated4 ,the wife at the moment when1 as a bride1 she crossed the threshold of the home1 or was carried across it1 gave up her own kindred and her own gods4 ,her husband's home was now her home1 his gods were her gods4#gg ,so strong an insistence has been made on the evils of the wife's subjection to the husband1 which arose under this system of marriage1 that we have lost sight of the enduring benefits that from the beginning to the end must be connected with it4 ,there is much nonsense talked and written about the patriarchal home4 ,its conditions and rules were slowly established for the workable happiness of all its members1 not1 as is too often assumed1 arbitrarily imposed by the will of men4 ,the duties of the husband and the wife were regulated by tradition1 and all the service in the home was a holy service4 ,by fixing the father to the family and securing his protection and toil for the children a future stability as well as fuller happiness was made possible4 ,i do not see that this advantage could have been gained1 or can now be maintained1 under any other form of marriage4 ,nature herself seems to condemn man in his capacity as father4 ,so delicate is the bond which binds him to the child compared with the bond which binds the mother1 so readily can he be pushed outside the circle of the family1 where1 as a member apart1 he will inevitably seek his own interests and pleasure4 ,the most ancient form of marriage under father-right was polygamy4 ,wives and children were a source of wealth in primitive communities4 ,as a rule there was a principal wife for the procreation of legitimate children1 but in addition a wealthy man had several subordinate wives or concubines4 ,polygamy has always been dependent on the possession of property4 ,the position of each wife and that of her children was fixed by custom1 sometimes enforced by law2 in no case was a man free from obligations in regard to any woman who had 8been to him as a wife02 even an unfruitful and childless woman could not be cast aside without provision being made for her4 ,it is important to remember this4 ,however distasteful the idea of legalised polygamy must be1 and ,i believe it is distasteful to the majority of women and men 7and this not from ethical reasons1 but on account of deep and instinctive desires71 it is certain that an open recognition of unions outside of marriage does prevent an escape from sexual responsibility on the part of men4 ,i shall consider this question in fuller detail in a later chapter1#gh just now we are concerned with the development of marriage4 ,out of this patriarchal polygamy monogamic marriage gradually arose4 ,the long upward process by which the change was accomplished cannot be stated here4 ,one factor ,i would emphasise1 as its force has never1 ,i think1 been sufficiently recognised4 ,polygamy tends to disappear with the development of the conception of fatherhood4 ,as ,i have asserted already1 the child is bound to its mother and belongs to her whatever the form of marriage1 but the same force does not act in the case of the father4 ,the child belongs to him much more closely under monogamy than under polygamy or any other form of marriage4 ,now men do want the possession of their children4 ,thus a desire to have many children by several wives gives place to the desire to have a closer connection with fewer children born of one loved wife4 ,as the marriage relations become more firmly established the partners in each union are held more closely to each other and to their children1 and are pledged to greater purity of life4 ,there were1 of course1 many causes that contributed to this result4 ,chastity1 first imposed upon the wife because she was the property of her husband and might transgress this rule only with his permission1 came in time to bind men1 though for a different reason4 ,for the limits set to the sexual freedom of women acted also on them1 since they were thus deprived of the means of obtaining women for themselves1 without violating the rights of other men4 ,in this and other ways we find that polygamy was threatened on many sides4 ,as an accepted and legalised form of marriage it tends to disappear with the conditions under which social life is developed4 ,like the maternal marriage1 and other primitive experiments in sexual associations1 polygamy is not a form of marriage that can be regarded as a permanent expression of the marriage law3 that is1 it is experimental and suitable to special conditions2 it is not a final form1 growing up by custom from earlier practices1 or one which strives for mastery and will not tolerate other co-existent forms4 ,on the other hand1 monogamy has always been characterised by the strongest self-assertion1 and from the earliest times we find it triumphing1 and more and more seeking to exclude other forms of marriage4 ,these facts of the past history of marriage need to be considered by those who seek to bring discredit on monogamous marriage4 ,various reformers1 too frightenedly concerned with the present shortage of men1 increasing as it will enormously the disproportion between the number of the two sexes1 have jumped to the conclusion that polygamy is likely to be legalised in the near future4 ,i do not believe it4 ,at least1 it will not be polygamy under the form we have known it in the past4 ,polygamy has always been connected with the property value of woman and is dependent upon wealth4 ,for this reason1 even if for no other1 polygamy will not replace monogamous marriages4 ,such a marriage system could not be supported by war-impoverished countries4 ,the remedy must be a different one1 as presently ,i shall show4 ,there is a strange idea among some people that sexual happiness can be gained by breaking away from the traditional bonds2 it is the visible sign of our confusion as a people and the want of happiness in our lives4 ,we should not set at naught the experience of the ages4 ,polygamy is an institution which in the growth of civilisation belongs only to primitive or non-progressive states4 ,no race or nation has ever risen to front rank1 or even secondary rank1 under this marriage system4 ,our preference for monogamy goes beyond laws and religions4 ,it is that deeply rooted thing--a matter of racial experience and desire4 ,it is the best way that we have yet found of men and women living together4 ,the individual household1 where both parents share in the common interest of bringing up the children1 is the foundation on which monogamy has been built up and on which it must stand4 ,if the conditions of the home are seriously changed1 and the duty of providing and caring for the children is taken out of the hands of either or of both parents1 a change in marriage practice will follow4 ,i do not think you can hold the one if you let the other go4 ,for ,westermarck is right1 and children should not be regarded as the result of marriage1 but rather marriage is the result of children4 ,and love between parents implies duties and sorrows on each side2 without this1 love1 even of the most passionate kind1 loses its quality and tends to become an ephemeral or even a corrupt thing4 ,there is much stupidity in the view of many reformers of marriage who fail to see that1 however hard it is to live faithfully as man and wife1 the monogamic ideal of marriage does so appeal to our emotional nature1 that men and women are seriously unhappy in trying to destroy it4 ,fortunately it is easier to talk of 8love's freedom0 than it is to act as if it ever could be free4 ,in spite of what advanced people say1 some feeling of duty will always exist as long as it at all hurts us to hurt others4 ,the immorality that says1 8,do what you desire irrespective of others10 is as yet beyond most of us4 ,attempts to solve these problems quickly are bound to fail4 ,intellectual revolutionists are1 ,i think1 too hopeful with regard to what may be done to produce a harmony of sexual needs4 ,the optimism that once prevailed in economics is being transformed to sexual matters4 ,once people supposed that if every one followed his own interests1 a harmony would automatically establish itself in the economy of society4 ,now they tend to say the same about sex4 ,they put forward many solutions1 but they do not as a rule make use of these solutions1 even when they could1 in their own lives4 ,they say what they do not believe1 either with conscious insincerity1 or because they are ignorant of life and are used to trying to get effects with words4 ,intellectual views of life and of what is right and wrong always tend to break people into groups1 each struggling to explain everything according to one theory1 built on a single principle4 ,and as the result of caring so much for one thing people seem quite unable to grasp any facts that do not refer to their own one particular reform1 they are not even able to consider it as part of a world in which there is anything else4 ,all the evil in marriage is due to too large families and population pressing on the food supply1 we are told by one class of enthusiasts1 while others point to men's tyranny over women4 ,votes for women would have a magical effect3 men are all bad1 say some4 ,the father is a parasite1 unnecessary except for his share in begetting the child2 the mother is the one parent4 ,all would be well if legal marriage were abolished and motherhood made free1 is the view common among one class of reformers4 ,eugenical breeding and the sterilisation of the unfit is the remedy brought forward by others4 ,many suggest economic changes and the endowment of motherhood4 ,but the matter is not so simple as these reformers seem to believe4 ,and ,i doubt if any outward change is really capable of producing the prompt kind of penny-in-the-slot results that its supporters claim that it can4 ,the complexity of marriage1 in particular1 the occurrence of sexual disharmonies so present and active for misery to-day1 are ignored by all intellectual reformers4 ,it is because they have no emotional hold of life as a whole that they find it easy to squeeze all life into their magic theories4 ,for myself ,i can see no sure remedy3 and were ,i asked to state one1 ,i could say only3 8,a few thousand years more of development3 a growth towards consciousness and a fuller understanding of the meaning of life40 ,marriage is not a matter of abstract principles3 it will always be difficult4 ,if it is anything that can be stated1 it is a social practice1 preserving unity and order amongst those who find these qualities of service in the art of living4 ,we should humble ourselves to accept the lessons of life1 then we should be more careful of simple human needs4 ,a very slight knowledge of existing marriages is sufficient to convince even the most optimistic believer that true mating is hard4 ,i do not believe that most marriages are unhappy1 but ,i do know that only the very few are happy4 ,with many partners1 and even those who are passionate lovers1 the attraction of sex always seems to fall short of its end2 it draws the two together in a momentary self-forgetfulness1 but for the rest it seems rather to widen their separateness2 they are secret to one another in everything1 united only in the sexual embrace4 ,and the man who has not found his way already to the soul of a woman by some other means1 will not do so through the channels of sex4 ,for a woman wants to be loved for what she is1 not for what the man wants from her4 ,and for this reason those men who have in them no faculty for friendship will be likely always to meet with coldness on the part of their wives in response to their continued ardour4 ,such men do not understand that despite all their sexual proneness they are psychologically impotent4 ,the word love is used in so general and indiscriminate a way to denote sometimes the most transitory impulse1 and sometimes the most intimate and profound feeling1 that a mass of misunderstanding arises4 ,love comes from the senses as well as from the soul1 and the one emotion often is mistaken for the other4 ,and what this serves to bring home to us is the dualism inherent in the marriages of a civilised age1 in which the element of sexual masterfulness1 being a natural expression of masculinity1 is unintentionally active1 a survival of very primitive instincts1 which to-day struggle for mastery with newer emotions and sympathy1 flaring up in a late expression to justify the need for sexual contrast4 ,it is1 however1 very necessary for me to guard against my meaning being mistaken1 in case ,i should be thought to be supporting the view that men are less capable than women are of unselfish love1 and feel only passion4 ,i do not understand such a distinction4 ,possibly it is true that affection can exist without passion1 though if by 8passion0 sex-feeling is meant1 it certainly is not true2 and assuredly passion is the great and important part of love--nay1 rather1 it is ,love itself4 ,the truth is this3 ,women have been taught for generations to look on love from a standpoint of unreality1 and when in marriage they are forced to face some great fact in life1 they are shocked and disillusioned4 ,it is useless for women to go on acting as if sex desire was something of which nice people ought to be ashamed4 ,marriage is really a contract in which the woman undertakes certain sexual duties as well as the man1 and the woman has the advantage1 for she possesses all that the man most wants4 ,we may not safely ask too much or too little from marriage or take too high or too low a view of it4 ,but the ,christian view of the nature of marriage is at once too materialistic and too ascetic4 ,the ancient world looked on marriage as a religious duty4 8,to be mothers were women created1 and to be fathers men40 ,christianity permitted marriage1 but only as a necessary evil against the temptations of lust4 8,it is better to marry than to burn40 ,this is1 of course1 a long past story4 ,but such hateful view of marriage has left in every ,christian land an inheritance of evil4 ,the sexual life was considered impure and a concession to the lower nature in man2 true purity of life was to be attained only in celibacy4 ,small wonder that marriage1 thus regarded as an escape from worse evil and a cover to laxity of sexual conduct1 is often so immoral4 ,we see at once that the main evil of this gross misunderstanding of love must have fallen upon women4 ,the woman was there just to keep the man in condition and from sin4 ,i can hardly over-estimate the disastrous consequences both to marriage and to women of this unholy view of the sexual relationship4 ,the false glorification of asceticism1 which denies the true nature of marriage while at the same time professedly regarding marriage as a sacrament1 has involved a corresponding and unhealthy classifying of love into higher and lower1 the spiritual and the physical2 and the action of this double standard in the sexual life has led1 on the one side1 to the setting up of a theoretical ideal of conduct which1 as few are able to follow it1 tends to become an empty form1 and this1 on the other side1 has led to a hidden laxity1 within marriage and outside it4 ,i have emphasised this question of the unholy ascetic view of marriage because of its unspeakable evil1 not only for women1 but for the waste it entails to the race4 ,it is the basis of most of the failures and diseases in our sexual life4 ,as you know1 our moral and religious systems regard the body as the prison of the soul1 and pay consequently no attention whatever to the body from the moral point of view4 ,i desire a regeneration of all the instincts of the body through consciousness4 ,i desire this much more for the health and happiness of women themselves than ,i do for the enjoyment of men4 ,but it is not going to be easy4 ,the education of the senses is quite a new thing1 and it is not even allowed to most women to possess them4 ,the principle of 8re-discovery0 will have to be begun4 ,we must teach woman that she wants love for herself2 the man must not claim it from her as a right he has bought by marriage4 ,most women and some men do not realise 7at least1 they do not openly acknowledge7 the immense disturbing power of sex and the claims the sexual life makes at some time on us all4 ,to hear many people talk you would think it were possible to free ourselves at will of all those troubles and prejudices of sex that are our heritage from an uncountable past4 ,love is something fiercer than hand-holding in the darkness of the cinema1 or moon-gazing in the parks4 ,in fear we try to keep the blinds down so that love may be decently obscured4 ,yet how can we ever begin to understand and deal with these problems of sex unless we will admit all the instincts and tendencies which ever lead us backwards to the more elemental phases of life8 ,the deepest of the emotions is sex1 and its action1 like all the emotions that are fundamental1 may be traced into a thousand bye-paths of the ordinary experience of each of us2 it exercises its influence on every period of our development1 and works subconsciously to control our actions in endless ways that we refuse to acknowledge4 ,hence the conflicts which manifest themselves so strangely and so fiercely in our lives4 ,the emotional self refuses at times to be controlled by the reason self4 ,restraint cannot do much1 and indeed1 often brings deeper evil4 ,for our unconscious selves are stronger than all the pretences we have set up by our conscious wills1 either as individuals to encourage our own deceit or collectively as a nation in the hope of controlling conduct4 ,this is why so much that is said to-day about sexual conduct is so foolish4 ,the real question is not what people ought to do1 but what they actually do and want to do1 and1 therefore1 are likely to go on doing4 ,it is these facts that the reformers of marriage almost always fail to face4 ,having said this much1 you will readily understand why ,i regard as necessary for the morality of marriage some public recognition of the relationship1 and some accepted standard of conduct in it4 ,we cannot1 remembering the inherent defectiveness of our wills1 safely hesitate and experiment in the liberties we can allow and the limits we must set to a force so strong as sexual love4 ,still less can we allow to be done in secret and in shameful darkness things that we will not face in the light4 ,the unregulated union in any form does not seem to me to be practicable4 ,our sexual relationships are1 or ought to be1 so hedged about by duties1 obligations1 and consequences1 that sexual conduct can never be considered as a personal question1 and any society that permits such a view1 whether openly acknowledged or secretly accepted1 opens the way to real immorality and great unhappiness4 ,not all who cry 8,it is useless10 can do without the limiting safeguards of legal marriage4 ,we still feel the serpent's sting of jealousy1 and the old questions1 8,where do you come from80 8,what have you been doing to-night80 8,who handled your body till daytime1 while ,i watched and wept80 8,in what bed did you lie and whom did you gladden with your smile80 are still felt in the heart1 even if not uttered by the lips1 of the most advanced and emancipated husbands and wives4 ,for often we are forced into acts over which reason has no control4 ,and our sex judgments are not merely moral1 not just questions of understanding and forgiving1 but also physical questions of the nerves1 of the blood1 of the fiercest instinct4 ,and marriage1 ,i say1 the old patriarchal marriage that the advanced people and the idealists alike scoff at1 is necessary for most of us--it does through its checking influence help us1 and1 by setting clear limits and prescribing a fixed code of conduct1 it certainly hinders1 if it cannot destroy1 irregular manifestations of love4 ,moreover it does1 by its ideal of faithfulness and duty to one mate1 turn the imagination to desire fidelity4 ,it is not so much that we could not love others1 but that we shall not want to do so4 ,our desire is the first necessity3 all else will follow4 ,it is the seed of everything that can grow up in marriage3 it is the true magic power4 ,and this desire is always active1 every real marriage is a continual renewing of interest through love1 and1 if the partners are not interested in each other1 they will seek for something else4 ,if we try to be faithful to one another in marriage1 instead of outside of it1 there will be for most of us a greater chance of enduring happiness than is likely under conditions where each individual couple sets up a standard of sexual conduct for themselves4 ,our minds to-day are certainly in conflict1 and1 in my opinion1 it will be impossible to make much change in all that is wrong without the refixing of moral standards4 ,there is no kind of unity in our desires3 we do not know what we want4 ,we have broken down without building up4 ,and when traditional rules for conduct are absent there must be confusion4 ,for the existence of many standards1 each with its own theory of what is good1 is an evil which opens a clear way for license and unhappiness4 ,as ,i have tried to show1 the two great faults of the modern reform movements connected with marriage and sexual conduct are their instability and externality4 ,these faults are the direct result of too much intellectualism and too much individualism4 ,we have gone astray because we have thought chiefly of our own immediate wants and been over eager for experience1 without considering what the result of our action must be to others in the future4 ,we have had no clear vision of evil and good4 ,i feel almost that a mistaken vision--so long as it was a vision common to us all--would be better than no vision at all1 which really is the result when each one of us gazes at our own particular star4 ,this has been the blasting modern disease4 ,and our inability to set up plain standards of right and wrong1 with no ideals to strive after1 has left vacant room for false ideals4 ,for ,i hold that the broad direction of our conduct follows straight from our faith4 ,to believe in marriage is to want to do right in marriage4 ,then do we fail1 and our own union comes to disaster1 it will be a personal failure1 not a collective failure2 we shall blame ourselves1 not the institution of marriage4 ,and to have this faith in marriage as a people--not as a law imposed upon us1 but a necessary binding that we accept of our own wills--will bring us again to be unified by a comprehending idea3 an ideal of purpose and duty to one another and among us all in our sexual conduct1 and in this way we shall be helped in right-doing4 ,carried onwards by a ruling motive1 we shall find unity of desire1 with its value to life of an absolute standard4 ,it is for this reason ,i care so deeply that the monogamic ideal of marriage--the living faithfully to one mate in thought and deed--should be held sacred by us all3 held sacred1 however greatly we may fail as individuals to attain to this ideal4 ,our failures in faithful living may bring disaster to ourselves4 ,but the institution of marriage can be hurt much more by the fading and loss of our belief in the duty of faithfulness4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,x ,,monogamous ,,marriage ,,and ,,woman3 ,a ,,continuation ,,of ,,the ,,previous ,,chapter1 ,,with ,,some ,,remarks ,,on ,,the ,,character ,,of ,,woman ,some men and women unfitted for faithful mating--,the enforced continuance of an unreal marriage--,this leads to immorality--,the real controlling power in marriage is our desire--,the need for honourable divorce--,the immorality present in many marriages--,we accept monogamy but tolerate hidden extra-conjugal relationships--,this worse than regulated polygamy--,the necessity of distinguishing between sex passion and the desire for a child--,all women do not want to be mothers--,the sins that follow the binding of such women in the bonds of monogamous marriage--,the child born against the will of its mother--,a contrast between two types of women--,the siren woman and the maternal woman--,an attempt to explain such difference--,the pleasure factor in sex--,our ignorance in all matters relating to sex--,an instance of the siren type of woman as a mother4 ,,chapter ,x ,,monogamous ,,marriage ,,and ,,woman3 ,a ,,continuation ,,of ,,the ,,previous ,,chapter1 ,,with ,,some ,,remarks ,,on ,,the ,,character ,,of ,,woman 8,that the first decade of the child life of all mankind age after age passes continuously through the hands of woman seemed to him one of the most significant facts in the whole range of human affairs40--,life and ,letters of ,edward ,thring4 ,i trust from what ,i have said already on marriage in the previous chapter that two things have been made plain3 on the one side1 my own strong faith in monogamous marriage as the most practical and happiest form of association for the great majority of women and men2 and my further opinion that sexual relationships must be regulated by law4 ,i am1 however1 deeply conscious of the ignominious conditions of many marriages1 and thus1 on the other side1 ,i am forced to the opinion that for the whole of sexual conduct there cannot safely be one only rule4 ,i know well there will always be exceptions3 men and also women who are unfitted for faithful mating4 ,it is this fact we do not face that makes the problem so difficult to solve at all and to solve completely impossible4 ,regarding companionship as essential in any true union1 the reform most likely to produce a balance of good in marriage is such an alteration in the basis of marriage and increased spirituality in the way of conceiving it as will make incompatibility of temperament1 resulting in inability to maintain companionship1 justify honourable divorce4 ,to consider sexual infidelity as the only valid ground for divorce is to take a limited and wrong view of marriage4 ,spiritual unfaithfulness may be a far greater sin1 and one bringing much deeper unhappiness in marriage1 than sexual unfaithfulness4 ,it may seem that this view is a contradiction of what ,i have said of the enduring character of marriage4 ,i do not think so4 ,no marriage that should be maintained will ever be broken by making divorce easy4 ,it will add nothing to the sanctity of marriage to force those who are really unmated to remain mated by law4 ,one marvels at the folly of such a view4 ,i want people to enter into marriage and to remain in it1 because they want to be there1 not because they are forced4#gi ,for ,i do believe that the great majority of women and men do really desire to live faithfully with one mate4 ,divided allegiance is possible only where love is of a slight character4 ,if it is absorbing it cannot be diffuse1 and the more diffuse it is the less the partners in such a union will be able to give or take from one another4 ,it is impossible to be lovers and partners in the fullest and most human sense in several unions4 ,the real controlling power in marriage is our desire1 though our acts may be1 and usually are1 directed as well by habit and tradition--a sort of conscience and feeling for the judgment of others4 ,and divorce can never be easy while it at all hurts us to hurt one another4 ,i must1 however1 reaffirm my opinion that sexual relationships1 whether within marriage or outside of it1 whether legal or free1 can never safely be unregulated1 and will always be a difficult experiment4 ,and experience has forced on me the knowledge that the most passionate union is often the one most likely to end in disaster4 ,for ,buckle is not far from right when he says we accumulate knowledge1 but do not progress in morals1 which depend on the unaltered heart of man4 ,some characters are manifestly and essentially unfaithful1 self-seeking1 and regardless of the happiness of others in love and in all the affairs of life4 ,others again act unfaithfully through weakness or haste1 or through the misfortune of circumstances4 ,the mistake with many of these people is that they ever bind themselves in permanent unions4 ,we should not condemn or deal harshly with them1 for by so doing we drive them to undertake obligations which they do not1 because they cannot1 fulfil4 ,in my opinion1 it is foolishness to pretend that for the whole of sexual conduct there can ever be one fixed rule4 ,we shall have more morality1 not less1 if we accept this4 ,it is for this reason that ,i am altogether persuaded of the need of much greater facilities of divorce than exist at present3 divorce on the ground of mutual consent1 and based on inability through any cause to maintain true partnership in marriage4 ,there are some men and also women unsuited for marriage and quite undesirable as life-partners2 they are not1 however1 undesirable because of the legal bond1 but because of certain qualities which as individuals they possess4 ,and this wider facility of divorce would do very much to lessen individual hardships1 and moreover it would cleanse1 in a way not sufficiently recognised1 the immorality which is present in many unions4 ,marriage1 with its fixed duties and the restrictions it does impose1 in particular1 upon the woman1 will always appear to some a bondage from which they will seek the quickest way of escape4 ,if no honourable way is allowed to them1 they will take a dishonourable course4 ,this may be deplored1 it cannot 7at any rate under existing conditions of character and public opinion7 be helped1 and nothing but evil can follow by pretending it is not so4 ,thus we find that the difficulty of divorce is the strongest factor that brings disgrace and immorality into marriage4 ,this matter of honourable divorce is1 however1 one only of the almost countless questions in the tangle of considerations involved in the difficult matter of any attempt to change sexual conduct4 ,more important1 perhaps1 is the great disproportion between the two sexes in a country that calls itself and tries to be monogamous4 ,in our society1 where so many conditions and causes have corresponded to make marriage more and more difficult1 there are a very large number of women and also some men1 and will be for a long time1 who1 from necessity rather than from choice1 have to seek to satisfy their sex needs and to find love in the best way that they can4 ,i do not see that we can or ought to condemn without fuller knowledge than as a rule we can have1 these breaches of the prohibitions and laws of marriage3 ,i am very certain that no good can be gained by branding those who commit them as sinners4 ,rather the conditions that give rise to such conduct must be openly faced and wherever possible dealt with4 ,war1 acting as it must inevitably do in increasing these evils and making marriage more difficult for many women1 perhaps will bring us to do this4 ,changes in our laws may be forced upon our acceptance4 ,we shall have to be more careful to protect life and to prevent waste of the powers of life4 ,we cannot1 therefore1 ,i think1 go on1 in this question of the sex needs that are not satisfied in marriage1 with the old game of pretence1 that no irregular conduct need be considered as long as it can be hidden1 or at least not publicly acknowledged4 ,but of sexual relationships outside of marriage ,i shall speak in a separate chapter4#hj ,the question is too urgent to be dealt with hastily4 ,i shall state what seems to me can be done to regulate these unlegalised unions so as to free them1 as far as this is possible1 from the secrecy and shamefulness which acts1 ,i am certain1 as the strongest factor in the distress and evil which they do almost inevitably bring1 both to the individuals who enter into them and to the society which tolerates1 but does nothing to protect1 them4 ,in the past1 we have failed sufficiently to recognise the immorality which is present in many marriages4 ,monogamy has in reality never been attained either by ancient civilisations or in the modern world4 ,thus1 while accepting monogamy1 we tolerate extra conjugal relationships1 which can be regarded only as a hidden polygamy1 and1 indeed1 from one practical point of view1 it is even worse in its results than a well-understood and regulated polygamy1 as these fugitive unions1 being unrecognised1 carry with them no obligations4 ,and the action of this double standard of sexual morality1 with its concealed element of lying hypocrisy1 has brought1 and rightly brought1 into discredit legal monogamous marriage2 it has led on the one side to the setting up of an ideal of marriage conduct which1 as many in fact actually do not follow it1 tends to become an outward form1 and this on the other side leads to a concealed laxity in practice1 which results only too frequently in irresponsible unions1 hidden diseases and blasted motherhood1 the most terrible of the evils in our disordered sexual life of to-day4 ,facts of daily observation may not be shuffled out of observation by any hypocrisy4 ,they must be faced and dealt with4 ,the question becomes clearer1 if we consider that some people1 men as well as women1 have a great desire for children2 or possibly as the desire is not always consciously recognised1 it would be truer to say that with them the sexual impulse is more deeply rooted4 ,i mean1 though it is very difficult in words to express this1 that erotic desire is less personally overmastering1 that they are in truer relation with the race--one link in the long chain of the generations4 ,this being so1 the getting of a child is the ultimate1 though rarely1 ,i think1 the conscious1 satisfaction of sex2 while for others--and this is true of some women quite as much as it is true of many men--sexual relations are in themselves the final gratification of love4 ,children may come1 but they are born because of the operation of this strictly personal impulse or need of the parents4 ,it is1 ,i think1 very necessary to distinguish between sex-passion and the desire for a child2 they are not the same1 though1 of course1 the one impulse may be1 and is as a rule1 involved in the other4 ,we need more clear thinking and frank speaking on the two elements in the reproductive act4 ,this is a human problem1 one that belongs to mankind alone2 moreover1 it has greatly increased among civilised races1 and is likely to become more1 and not less1 difficult with the advance of time4 ,animals have sex-passion1 which is neither love as we feel it nor lust2 with them1 as also in some degree with most primitive peoples1 this passion is seasonal1 not always active1 and is more or less closely connected with the obtaining of offspring4 ,far different and much more complicated are the conditions of love among us to-day4 ,men and women have a continuous desire for love1 with sex-passion as its outward expression and children for its efflorescence4 ,they also have lust1 which is a comparatively new expression1#ha at least1 that is my opinion as to what is true of the majority among us4 ,i do not use the word 8lust0 here in any sense of contempt1 but to express strong and conscious sex-passion1 seeking its own satisfaction without connection with any possible result in a child4 ,then at a much lower level there is lust-desire without love1 or clothed merely in a rootless ephemeral mimicry of passion--a libertinage having no law but curiosity in self-indulgence4 ,and all passion is a very different thing from the serene considerations which1 according to the ,prayer ,book1 cause men and women to marry4 ,now1 it is because of what sex-passion has come to be among us--its variety in desire and in result--that we are far more remote than pre-human and primitive parents from having marriage and parenthood settled so as to meet the desires and sex-needs of every one1 as would be easily possible if the reproductive act could be regarded as being solely1 or even chiefly1 connected with the birth of children4 ,i do not know if ,i have made my meaning perfectly clear1 but what ,i wish to insist upon is this3 ,it is necessary in all questions and judgments connected with marriage to consider the presence or absence in the partners of the wish to produce and possess a child4 ,i propose to deal briefly with this question in relation to the character of women4 ,it is commonly asserted that the normal woman desires to be a mother4 ,now1 this may be true1 but what is forgotten is that all women are not normal1 and thus there are many who not only have no desire to become mothers1 but exceedingly dislike the idea of bearing children4 ,you may say this is an unnatural condition2 but such a use of the word 8unnatural0 is surely wrong2 nothing is 8natural0 to the man or woman save what they have evolved1 and by that ,i mean what they have come to desire to be2 and my contention is that we have evolved a type of woman unsuited for motherhood because she does not desire it1 and for such a woman it is 8unnatural0 to be a mother4 ,of course this turning away from motherhood is in numerous cases the result of wrong education1 and is dependent on the weakened constitutions and shaken nerves of women1 which forces them to fear the pains of child-birth1 as well as inducing an increasing dislike to the restrictions and duties that the care of children will entail4 ,these causes are strong to-day2 doubtless they hold back many women from becoming mothers1 but ,i do not think that they take us very far to the deeper hidden causes which are also present among us1 nor can they be regarded as essential factors in deciding the question as to which women should be mothers4 ,there is something acting much more strongly1 a cause which must be sought in the character of woman herself1 and one which1 unlike those dependent on outside conditions1 cannot1 ,i think1 be altered4 ,you see1 ,i regard the true instinct for motherhood as a quality directing all expression1 something deep-seated in the nature1 and therefore a quality that cannot be added to a character if the woman does not possess it4 ,and because ,i believe this1 ,i regard any effort to force maternity1 even as an ideal1 upon all women as a great wrong4 ,we do not expect all men to desire to be fathers1 we must cease to expect all women to desire to become mothers4 ,for by so doing we cause more evil than we know4 ,and the hurt is not borne by the mother alone4 ,the child born against the will of its mother must tend also to be without will2 too weak to bear well the stress and struggle of life4 ,this is no fanciful statement4 ,i believe it can be proved by any one1 with sufficient knowledge1 who takes the trouble to investigate the facts4 ,the child who is born through the physical mastery of the father and the physical subserviency of its mother1 and against her desire1 does pay the penalty in a heritage which lacks stability and harmony in character4 ,one of the many hypocrisies of our society to-day is the condemnation1 still maintained by many who do not understand1 of the use of the many safe artificial preventatives to conception4 ,the mother must be given more control over the birth of her children4 ,personally ,i have not a strong feeling against the procuring of abortion1 but perhaps the forbidding of it is necessary as a fence around the reverence for human life2 but the prevention of birth is a different matter4 ,and certainly each woman must be free to make her own choice as to whether she bears children or does not bear them2 no man1 and still more no social or moral compulsion1 may safely decide this matter for her2 she must give life gladly to be able to give it well4 ,nor must we look with disfavour on those women who desire to avoid motherhood and its duties1 or regard them as 8unnatural0--this word1 as ,i have just said1 is used far too carelessly4 ,it were well to remember that the parental instinct is not fixed and is dependent on causes that very few of us understand1 that it is not present in all women any more than the fighting instinct is present in all men4 ,a vast amount of stupid confusion arises from our failing to accept the wide diversity in women's temperaments and characters in relation to this question of motherhood4 ,between the more usual type of woman1 whose deepest desire and strongest instincts are fixed in motherhood1 and the woman at the other extreme to whom even the thought of maternity is a terror1 there are a wide range of intermediate types--women able to love and even in some respects markedly feminine1 but with weak maternal feeling4 ,such diversity in the family qualities has always existed4 ,we have seen in our past study of the family that the maternal instincts may be overlaid and even destroyed1 being replaced by others more clearly masculine4 ,examples of this are found in the insect world1 and striking examples among fishes and reptiles1 where the father is the true parent and undertakes all duties connected with the young4 ,the case of the phalaropes furnished us with a further remarkable instance of this reversal in the characters of the two sexes4 ,things are not quite as dramatic1 perhaps1 in the human world1 but they are more fateful1 more significant4 ,and such changes in the expression of the emotions1 dependent as they would seem to be on changes in the sexual character1 can be effected1 for every individual of one sex has in him or her the qualities of the other sex in a less degree2 and any special circumstance or alteration in the conditions of life which acts on an individual or group of individuals in an opposite direction from the ordinary1 may succeed in modifying and1 in some cases1 transforming the deep impulses of sex4#hb ,i do not wish to follow this question here4 ,it is1 however1 widely evident that in the society we have evolved to-day there are many women in whom1 what ,i may perhaps call1 an atrophy of the maternal instincts has taken place4 ,this may be regretted1 it cannot wisely be blamed1 for it forms no solution of the problem thus to mark down for blame4 ,there is one way1 and one way only1 as far as ,i can see1 whereby this great evil that has happened and still is taking place might be stayed4 ,the maternal women1 the mother type1 should be the only women to be mothers2 which is1 of course1 the same thing as saying that every child should be born of passionate desire4 ,but this is not so simple in practice as at first sight it seems2 it carries with it first the demand that women must be given the knowledge and means to prevent the conception of every undesired child2 and second1 and even more important1 that all girls should be educated to understand something at least of their sexual nature so that they may know their own need and strongest instincts2 then1 does their desire turn towards motherhood1 they will be better able to choose as the father of their children men who desire to be fathers as they desire to be mothers1 so that together they may decide the number of children they will bring into the world and under what conditions4 ,that is the only kind of motherhood that will endure4 ,i am prepared for an objection here4 ,i shall be told that a woman1 much less a girl1 does not know whether she wants a child until she bears one2 that it is then her maternal instinct will develop4 ,i do not believe it4 ,i find this is the opinion of men and of women who have failed to think straight2 both judge in these matters too arbitrarily and with too little understanding4 ,they forget how difficult it has been1 and still is1 for any one of my sex to be at all sexually truthful4 ,considering the folly of the education we give to girls1 there is little reliance to be placed on what any woman says about sex4 ,what we need most of all is the liberation of women's instincts through education in consciousness4 ,perhaps1 then1 we shall cease to expect the impossible1 by which ,i mean we shall not hope to make good mothers of the girls who have no deep instinct to love children4 ,i know1 of course1 that the girl who before marriage does not love children1 may1 and as a rule will1 love her own child3 but ,i am certain that in nine cases out of every ten she will do so in the wrong way2 the child will be cherished only as a possession of herself1 an extension of her own egoism1 which is very far indeed from what ,i hold as the self-giving character of the mother-woman4 ,here is one reason why good motherhood is so rare4 ,one source of great error arises because of the hypocrisy that society still forces upon women in all questions of sex1 and in particular on this matter of their wanting1 or not wanting1 to be mothers4 ,you see1 the desire for a child is allowed to them1 but it is not yet allowed to them to desire love without the child4 ,we are a strange people4 ,and this belief1 instilled into us by puritanism and a religion which denies simple human needs1 that sex enjoyment is immoral without the purpose of procreation1 has been a most degrading influence4 ,it has done great harm4 ,it has poisoned the lives of thousands of women and men2 but the greatest of the evils it has wrought is that1 under its influence1 countless children have been born1 both in marriage and outside of it1 against the will of their mothers4 ,until it is openly recognised that women are not alike in their sexual natures any more than they are alike in their outward appearance1 that they cannot all be classed together as the mother-sex1 this evil cannot be changed2 the old hypocrisy will continue and children will verily be born in sin1 for they will be born without the mother's desire1 and for this the race must pay the penalty4 ,we have1 ,i am sure1 to face the fact of the general occurrence among us of women of the siren type2 they are the exact opposite to the mother type4 ,with them the 8pleasure factor0#hc in the sexual act is the aim and end of love3 this results1 as it seems to me1 in an intensified egoism1 which has far-reaching effects first in the woman's attitude to the man1 as later in her attitude to her children4 ,the siren woman is the property of all men1 or rather it would be much nearer to the truth to say that all men are her property4 ,i do not think such a woman can ever remain satisfied with one mate1 though circumstances may hold her apparently faithful to her marriage vows4 ,she is quite unsuited for monogamous marriage1 unless1 indeed1 she finds a man of a similar type whom she has perpetually to reconquer4 ,even then there must be variety in each conquest to provide the excitement necessary with both to stimulate love4 ,such a woman1 as1 of course1 also the man1 is always unsuited for the selfless sacrifices of parenthood4 ,she is the natural prostitute1 who absorbs everything in sex for her own desire4 ,the case is quite different with the mother type1 and her relation to the man is not the same2 true1 she also seeks and uses the man1 the difference is not here4 ,woman is better equipped for the sex-battle than is man4 ,there is nothing wrong in this4 ,i hold that a woman should be able to take the man she loves as her right2 she does take him now1 but in ways that too often should make both herself and him ashamed4 ,the mother-woman exercises her right of choice as the representative of ,nature4 ,she is the fount of the race1 she seeks the man as her helper and because he will give life to the child she desires4 ,such a woman is not always faithful in marriage1 but she wishes to be so1 and she will be faithful in actual fact1 if she is fortunate and finds in her lover the fitting father she seeks unconsciously for her children4 ,of course1 this is a purely arbitrary classification2 the two types of character mingle in most women4 ,there are traces of the siren in every woman1 and no woman--though ,i am less certain here--is entirely devoid of the maternal instinct4 ,it is very difficult to know the truth4 ,but it seems to me that1 when from any cause the pleasure factor in sex becomes secretly over-accentuated1 as it may so easily do under conditions where full sex expression is denied to many women1 the normal sexual impulses are in some cases weakened or even atrophied through disuse1 while in others satisfaction is gained in secret erotic practice1 and by so doing the character and these deep impulses receive a twist in an unhealthy direction1 leading or at least tending to an inflaming of the egoistical desires1 which1 if long continued1 will increase to crowd out1 like an overgrowth of some poisonous weed1 the more tender plant of the parental instinct4 ,while certainly not presuming to speak with authority on so difficult a subject1 ,i think that the suggestion ,i have made may possibly afford an explanation of the poverty of the mother instinct in some women compared with its richness in other women4 ,i plead for a patient recognition of the fact that in all these deep matters relating to sex we are still very ignorant4 ,let me now give an example that quite recently came under my notice1 of a woman who1 though a mother1 was without any glimmering flicker of maternal feeling4 ,it seems to me to be worth recording as being the most striking case ,i have met of the siren type of woman1 who1 if ,i am right1 is occupying a wrong place in any monogamous marriage4 ,facts speak more forcibly than any mere statements4 ,in a boarding-house at which ,i was staying there was a young and beautiful mother4 ,she had borne seven children1 of whom the two youngest were with her1 a boy of about five and a baby a year old4 ,she had with her also a young niece of about seven years of age4 ,they were healthy and1 ,i should judge1 charming children4 ,the mother apparently had no love for them whatever4 ,it was a most extraordinary case4 ,physically this woman was fitted to bear children1 but she was clearly without any capacity for caring for them4 ,she reminded me of the phalarope mothers1 who seek love adventures and leave the charge of their children to the fathers4 ,in this case the father was not present3 the guardian of the baby was the niece4 ,i never saw a more patient worker than this tiny child4 ,i do not know whether it was fear held her to her task4 ,she did not play3 all day she tended1 and worked1 and watched4 ,sometimes she was assisted by the tiny boy1 her cousin4 ,here is one out of many conversations that ,i chanced to overhear4 ,harry1 the boy1 called to his cousin-- 8,susie1 ,i have washed baby's napkins1 what shall ,i do now80 ,she answered1 8,begin to get the food ready2 ,i will come in a minute to boil the milk40 ,this is no exaggeration1 ,i state exactly what ,i heard4 ,now1 it is no use shrieking out that this woman's conduct is unnatural and a libel on motherhood4 ,if the maternal instinct was a fixed instinct and bore good fruit only1 this might be done4 ,the objection to the wrong kind of women being mothers is precisely that it inevitably produces some such results4 ,this woman simply followed the promptings of her own desires3 the difference was that she did it much more frankly than is usual4 ,she employed the days in playing croquet and tennis and in flirting with any available male4 ,i do not think she knew she was not a good mother4 ,at intervals1 when she remembered1 she scolded the children2 but when she forgot them1 which was frequently1 she left them alone4 ,often ,i talked with her1 as she interested me very strongly4 ,i wished that ,i could have known her early history1 and especially some details of her sexual life4 ,i could but guess1 still ,i do not think ,i was mistaken4 ,she told me quite frankly that she did not like children1 though she added 7clearly1 though quite unconsciously1 speaking conventionally71 8,of course1 ,i love my own children40 ,then 7lapsing again into truth7 she went on bewailing the length of the school holidays 7the little boy and the girl were both at boarding-school7 and her present position of being without a nurse to look after the baby4 ,on the occasion of another conversation she told me that she did not care for men4 ,i answered1 8,probably not1 but you like them to care for you40 ,she laughed and seemed pleased1 and asked me how ,i knew this4 ,now1 this woman was to me a most interesting study4 ,a friend who was staying with me at the time blamed her very severely4 ,i think this was unfair4 ,what was clear to me was that life was demanding from this woman what she could not give4 ,she was strongly sensual without being passionate2 she was probably philoprogenitive or she would not have had so many children2 but she was not at all maternal1 and was quite unfitted to be entrusted with any child4 ,she was not immoral--at least1 ,i think not2 probably she was faithful in the usual meaning to her husband4 ,in her world the price was too high to make unfaithfulness worth while2 but she was wholly non-moral4 ,such a woman should not marry2 she should never be a mother4 ,i would go even further and say her place was the place of the prostitute4 ,this judgment may seem hard4 ,yet ,i know of no other remedy4 ,you cannot alter these things by pretending they are not there4 ,and the expression of sex is always a question of refinement and of character4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xi ,,sexual ,,relationships ,,outside ,,of ,,marriage ,my purpose in writing on this subject--,no desire to lessen responsibility--,the great difficulties of such an inquiry--,a return to the question considered in the previous chapters on marriage--,some women and men unsuited for monogamous marriage and the duties of parenthood--,the evils that must arise when those unfitted for true monogamy are forced to live under its cover--,sex subjects usually viewed either with false sentiment or with vulgarity--,shameful concealments and sniggering do not lead to true chastity--,these bad conditions exert more influence on men than on women--,celibacy as unnatural and harmful in women as in men--,one form of union can never be imposed for every one--,is secrecy advantageous to society--,effect of economic conditions and pressure of opinion--,without some change prostitution and the degradation of the more honourable partnerships outside marriage must be accepted--,the position of the mother must always be secured--,the war has caused increased independence of women--,the war as well will cause a shortage of men and probably a period of poverty--,these must act as further causes of avoidance of marriage--,at the same time the nation will have an increased need for children--,more than one form of sexual association required--,the highest types of men and women should live in monogamous marriage--,for others the sterile temporary union--,the law should establish contracts providing for the woman in such relationships--,advantages of this procedure--,increase not hinder morality4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,sexual ,,relationships ,,outside ,,of ,,marriage 8,all love must have its responsibilities1 or it will degrade and dissipate itself in mere sentiment or sensuality40 ,i find this sentence written in an old notebook1 one that for a long time ,i have not been using4 ,i took the book up by chance1 when my eyes lighted on this saying2 at once ,i decided to place it at the beginning of this chapter on sexual relationships outside of marriage4 ,i want to make it clear at the very start that it is far indeed from my purpose to make easy the way of irregular unions or at all to loosen the responsibilities that ought to bind men and women4 ,the difficulties of writing upon all questions of sexual conduct are very real4 ,almost always one is suspected of advocating license and of disbelief in marriage1 so commonplace is it to misunderstand1 so easy to misrepresent4 ,for not only is there prejudice to encounter1 which on no question is so obstinate as it is on this one that we are now considering of unregulated love1 but we have to deal with so many different problems1 taking account of many opposed facts1 where threads are crossed and entangled and at best can be patched only roughly together4 ,i plead for a patient recognition of the real seriousness of this problem1 which1 ,i am certain1 will have to be faced in the near future if our sexual life and marriage are to be freed from secret disgrace that is unbearable4 ,we have found in the two previous chapters what all of us must know from our own experience of life1 that some women and men are by their temperament unsuited for monogamous marriage and the duties of parenthood4 ,often1 ,i would even say as a rule1 these individuals are strongly sexual4 ,they will not1 because with the character they have1 they cannot1 live for any long period celibate4 ,they will marry to gain permanent sexual relief or they will buy temporary relief from prostitutes1 unless they are able to seek satisfaction in an irregular union4 ,now ,i affirm it as my conviction that the first and second of these courses are likely to lead to greater misery and sin than the third course2 and of the three1 the first1 in my opinion1 is the worst4 ,i have no doubt at all on this matter4 ,no one1 who is not blind to the facts of life1 can close their eyes to the evil and suffering that a coercive monogamy forces upon those people who are unfitted and do not desire to fulfil the obligations and duties of living faithfully with one partner4 ,and ,i would ask all those who stand in fear of any change or reform in our marriage laws or of any open toleration of wider opportunities for sexual friendships to consider this fact3 the discredit which has fallen upon monogamous marriage arises largely from the demoralising lives lived under its cover by those unsuited for enduring mating4 ,our moral code is1 however1 much less ruled by law than by custom and the united will of the community4 ,it is for this reason that ,i want to force men1 and even more women1 to think practically on these matters4 ,my own opinion is firm4 ,apart from the fact that the disproportion in the number of the sexes in this country makes marriage impossible for all and condemns great numbers of women to sterile celibacy 7a question ,i have dealt with elsewhere#hd71 ,i am persuaded of the need for much wider facilities for honourable partnerships outside of permanent marriage2 such unions are1 ,i am sure1 necessary in order to harmonise our sexual life and meet the desires of a large1 and ,i believe increasing1 number of women and men1 whose exceptional needs our existing institutions and customs ignore or crush4 ,let us view these questions in the light of their results4 ,most of us fail to meet the facts4 ,we never realise the evil of this hypocrisy--love everywhere carried on secretly1 that is acting always as a disturbing force in our sexual life--it is a worm that gnaws unceasingly at the roots of marriage and destroys too often the most beautiful blossoms of love4 ,one great source of difficulty arises from the want of frankness in our thoughts4 ,especially is this the case with women1 who throughout their lives have had the great fundamental facts of life clothed in euphemisms1 until it seems as if they have succeeded1 by the help of many fictitious aids1 in concealing the natural outward signs of the existence of sex4 ,and largely from these concealments our every idea of sex has become tainted with sentiment and vulgarity4 ,we can hardly speak of the subject even to our children without an apology4 ,the actions and emotions of life undraped with lies seem to most of us anathema2 we1 who have so veneered our lives that we know no longer of what wood they are made2 we1 who for generations have been so covered with shameful concealments1 deceiving even ourselves1 and are impervious to the claims of that ill-bred creature--,life4 ,and how deep we have wandered into sin in seeking to escape from it6 ,need we put up with this8 ,must we turn our eyes away for ever from things as they are--stifle our desires in fear of what we shall do8 ,the sex-needs almost always are dealt with as though they stood apart and lay out of line with any other need or faculty of our bodies4 ,this is1 in part1 due to the secrecy which has kept sex as something mysterious4 ,we have most of us been trained from our childhood into indecent secretiveness4 ,but there is as well a deeper reason1 and it will be a long time before we can change it4 ,sex is so powerful in most of us1 and1 when from any cause awakened into consciousness1 occupies really so large a part of our attention1 that we are afraid of ourselves1 and this reacts in fear of any open acknowledgment even in our thoughts of our own sex-needs4 ,still less can we grant the sex-needs of others1 perhaps stronger and different from our own need4 ,it is necessary to face very frankly this tremendous force of the sex-passion1 for the most part veiled in discussion4 ,many women and some men do not realise at all the immense complications of sex1 or understand the claims that passion makes on many natures4 ,almost necessarily in any inquiry into these questions of sexual conduct one's opinions are biased by temperament and personal experience4 ,we are dealing with forces in which the individual element cannot be set aside4 ,it is foolishness always to preach continence4 ,sexual abstinence is possible without great effort for some people1 it is not possible for all4 ,i am certain we have to recognize this fact1 and to allow for its action4 ,it is not what we want people to do1 but what they will do1 that we are considering4 ,if we look at the matter practically1 it is of course necessary to remember that this question of the possibility of1 as well as the advantage to be derived from1 sexual abstinence is an entirely different one1 as it relates to the time before1 or after1 the first experience of love4 ,the sex desires are strong when roused1 but when not definitely aroused1 the ideal of chastity asserts itself1 and for long periods these desires may not greatly occupy the conscious imagination4 ,it is clear that the physical problem cannot be1 and ought not to be1 considered apart from the will4 ,great good in some cases may be done by establishing control over thought4 ,it is1 however1 idle to count on a course of thought and action being taken by the rough majority among us which so much of our civilisation and daily environment makes difficult and indeed impossible4 ,a race of young men and women surrounded with shameful concealments and bred to a blind acceptance of wrong sexual conditions1 accustomed to an atmosphere of sniggering and suggestiveness in connection with the central facts of love and life--such a race cannot have1 much less practise1 an ideal of true chastity4 ,these wrong and vulgar conditions without doubt have acted more strongly against men than against women4 ,and ,i would note in passing1 that here1 as ,i believe1 we find one explanation of the greater continence among unmarried women than among unmarried men4 ,it is not because satisfaction for the sex-needs is more necessary for the health and well-being of men than it is for the health and well-being of women--a statement ,i do not believe2 nor is it proved that this absence of conscious sex-desires necessarily implies the absence of unconscious sex-action2 all that can be claimed is that the sexual impulses have been diverted into different expressions1 and the explanation of such diversion is to be sought in the boy's and young man's education and life1 which forces sex so much more strongly into the conscious thought and attention4 ,we are dealing with a question very difficult to solve4 ,on this assumption that the sex-needs of the man are more imperative than the sex-needs of the woman1 much that is false has been accepted as true2 there are many who have advocated a 8duplex sexual morality10 and while demanding from the woman complete sexual abstinence until she marries1 regard this as impossible in the case of men4 ,such a separation as this between the sex-needs of man and the sex-needs of woman is1 in my opinion1 a very grave error4 ,celibacy is unnatural and harmful in man1 it is at least equally unnatural and harmful in woman4 ,now1 it is on this question of the sex-needs of women that ,i find myself1 as ,i have suggested already1 in such direct opposition to the great majority of women1 numbers of whom do not1 will not1 admit to a consciousness of any kind of sexual need4 ,i believe they are quite honest1 but ,i know they are mistaken4 ,the doctrine of chastity being the natural and special virtue of women is entirely false4 ,complete abstinence from love cannot be borne by women through a long period of years without producing serious results on the body and the mind4 ,and these results are by no means clearly dependent on a conscious knowledge of unsatisfied sex4 ,the evil may be pronounced even when the woman herself has not the slightest knowledge of her real needs4 ,in many women the penalty is paid in an unceasing and wearying restlessness of mind and body4 ,we have also to face the fact that prolonged and enforced abstinence may act to cultivate a morbid obsession with sexual things4 ,i believe that the celibate often is less chaste than the normally sexual individual4 ,this may seem to be a wanton charge to some1 but ,i am not speaking without due consideration4 ,i know well that some among my readers1 and in particular women1 will say that ,i am wrong1 many will accuse me of exaggerating and complain that ,i see sex in everything2 the few only will know that ,i am right4 ,i would1 however1 refer all those who doubt to the researches of ,freud and his followers1 which have proved in the most conclusive way that the manifestations of sex may be concealed in numberless guises4 ,without some understanding of the 8,unconscious0 it is useless to attempt to deal with these questions4 ,we need to realise that the fact of an individual1 or group of individuals1 being unconscious of the presence of sex does not prove that sex is not acting strongly and often harmfully within them4 ,nay1 we may go further and say that could it be proved that desire was absent and no sex difficulties of any kind be discovered1 this is no reason why we should necessarily be too satisfied4 ,if no kind of action is apparent1 it is very probable that some deep evil is at work1 which hinders sex from a more healthy and open expression4 ,i am haunted by the fear that the careless reader will think ,i am writing against chastity4 ,this is not so4 ,i would affirm again1 with all the power that ,i have1 that compulsory sexual abstinence may not be confused with voluntary chastity4 ,we must be very clear in our thought about this4 ,we can never establish an ideal of true chastity until we have rooted out from our social life all the unnatural and empty forms of chastity4 ,the long waiting for marriage which economic and other causes have forced upon us1 more and more increases the difficulties of maintaining any true chastity4 ,it is a great evil which almost always wastes the energies of life4 ,there are very many women 7as also these are men7 who are moral1 because they are too great cowards to be immoral4 ,the reasons for chastity must in many cases be sought in the poverty of experience and the difficulty of obtaining love1 in the hard binding of circumstances1 and1 even more often1 in the terror of being found out4 ,respectability is the strong moral safeguard of woman4 ,the conception of faithfulness to one mate 7the true chastity7 is as strong in many men as it is in any woman1 a fact to which ,i gladly bear witness1 from my knowledge of the men ,i have known4 ,it is too commonly taken for granted that sex-passion is less refined in men and different from sex-passion in women4 ,i am sure in many cases it is not true4 ,i am not going to discuss the question further1 as it is one that cannot easily be proved4 ,it is1 however1 very necessary to break down the idea that for the impulses of sex1 with their immense complications and differences1 there is one general rule either for men or for women4 ,in every case the element of personal idiosyncrasy must be taken into account1 and1 for this reason1 the difficulties of these questions are enormously complex4 ,nor is it possible1 ,i am sure1 to make any arbitrary judgments4 ,to me the man or woman who is able to live a celibate life is not necessarily better than the man or woman who is not4 ,i may prefer one type1 ,i may dislike the other1 but this also is a matter of my personal idiosyncrasy4 ,we cannot safely class those who differ from ourselves as wrong1 and set them down as fit only for suppression and restraint4 ,we have to put aside those shrieks of blame that are possible only to the ignorant4 ,it is all very well to preach the ideal of complete sexual abstinence until marriage1 but there are the clear1 hard conditions of contemporary circumstances for all but the really rich1 who can marry when they want to do so without other consideration1 and the very poor who marry young because they have nothing at all to consider4 ,we have to face the presence amongst us to-day of an amount of suffering through enforced celibacy which is acting in many directions in degrading our sexual lives4 ,any number of these sufferers1 both the unmarried and the married who are ill-mated1 are everywhere amongst us4 ,i need not say more to prove this3 the facts face us all1 unless1 indeed1 we are too ignorant and too prejudiced to know what is happening4 ,many new lessons will have to be learnt4 ,i would suggest as a first step towards honesty and health1 that we ought to claim an open declaration of the existence of any form of sexual relationship between a woman and a man4 ,we shall1 ,i believe1 do this1 if not now1 then later1 because we are finding out the evils that must ensue1 both to the individuals concerned and to the society of which they are members1 by forcing men and women into the dark1 immoral way of concealments4 ,it is ridiculous to say1 as many do1 that sexual relationships between two people affect no one but themselves1 unless a child is born4 ,the partners in even the strongest and purest mutual passion have no right to say to society1 8,this is our business and none of yours40 ,the consequences may be so grave and wide for society that the deed can never be confined to the interests of the pair concerned4 ,and the sexual partnership that is kept secret will work anti-socially just in the same way as any other secret partnership4 ,opportunity will be given to those who desire to sin and escape the responsibilities of the partnership1 while other men and women1 who wish to and would act honourably1 find the way so difficult that in nine cases out of ten they fail in their endeavors4 ,many unions that now are shameful would not be shameful if the parties had not been driven into concealments1 which cannot fail to act in a way that is immoral4 ,we must see things a little more as they are4 ,we must accept ourselves as we are4 ,we must do more than this1 we must accept others as they are1 and cease from blaming them when we find them different from ourselves4 ,we must give up being hypocrites4 ,to force every one to accept the one form of union is not the wisest way to deal with the matter4 ,we must understand what is the result of our doing this4 ,it does not prevent people from acting wrongly4 ,anything may be done1 any sexual partnership be undertaken1 however shameful1 as long as it is hidden4 ,we shall have more morality1 not less1 by an open recognition of honourable sexual friendships entered into outside the permanent binding of monogamous marriage4 ,i do not think we need fear to do this4 ,my own faith in monogamous marriage1 as the most practical1 the best1 and the happiest form of union for the great majority of people1 is so strongly rooted that ,i do not wish1 because ,i hold it as unnecessary1 to force any one either to enter into or to stay within its bonds4 ,i want them to do this because they themselves want to be bound4 ,we get further and further away from real monogamy by allowing no other form of honourable partnerships4 ,under present economic conditions and the pressure of social opinion1 the penalties that the woman has had to pay for any sexual relationship outside of marriage are very heavy4 ,this is manifest4 ,indeed1 when we see the difficulties faced in these unions1 that so many women do take the risks is another proof1 if one were needed1 of the elemental strength of the sex-passion in women4 ,but mark this3 it is only the woman whose social conscience is unawakened1 or the few women strong enough and able to ignore the censure of their friends1 who can enter into these irregular relationships--except in a hateful secrecy4 ,and this has acted1 as ,i believe1 harmfully in a way not usually recognised1 in so far as it has driven into marriage many who would have been better not to marry4 ,at present our monogamous marriage is buttressed with prostitution and maintained with the help of countless secret extra conjugal relationships1 which thus makes our moral attitude one of intolerable deception4 ,to this question ,i shall presently return4 ,under existing social conditions the opportunities for sexual relationships to meet the needs of those women and men unable1 or not desiring1 to marry must1 in almost all cases1 entail the sacrifice of the woman4 ,it is an unsocial1 because an ostracised union4 ,our efforts at reform have so far been not only ineffective1 but absurd4 ,it is no use shirking it1 if some change cannot be made1 then we must accept prostitution and wild-love as well as the degradation of all the more honourable partnerships entered into outside of marriage4 ,i believe that many of these problems of our sexual life must remain unsolved2 some of them1 perhaps1 are unsolvable1 but certain of the evils are preventable4 ,and first note this3 there is one rule that is able and ought to guide us4 ,i have asserted elsewhere1#he what again ,i would affirm here3 it is an essential fact of sexual morality1 as ,i conceive it1 that in any relation between the two sexes--,i care not whether the association be legal or illegal--the position of the woman as the mother must be made secure4 ,the immoral union is the union which results in bad and irresponsible parenthood4 ,it is because ,i believe this1 that ,i wish to see saner1 more practical1 and more moral relations made possible between those women and men who live together but do not marry4 ,but before ,i attempt the difficult task of suggesting what seems to me the way in which better conditions could be established1 it will be necessary to note briefly a few facts concerning changes actually taking place in the position of women1 which it seems to me must be certain to affect profoundly the conditions of marriage and the problem we are considering4 ,the quite new importance as workers which women have now obtained will react inevitably on the relations between the sexes4 ,in every sort of occupation1 in clerking1 shop-assisting1 railway work1 motor driving and conducting1 police work1 in labour on the land and in many more unusual capacities1 they are being found efficient beyond precedent4 ,and in the munition factories1 in the handling of heavy and intricate machinery1 their adaptability and inventiveness1 as well as their steadfastness and enthusiasm1 have surprised all those who are without knowledge of the bewildering resourcefulness of the feminine character4 ,all the disengaged energy of women has been employed4 ,they have gained a strong position in the economic world4 ,this is evident1 but what is not realised are the forces working beneath4 ,what is going to be the permanent result8 ,will all this energy evaporate after the war1 will it be reabsorbed in the home and work directly connected therewith1 or will this great force of women's work be still used in industrial and other employments8 ,it is not easy to give a certain answer4 ,leaving aside the question whether such work if permanently continued will be good or bad for women1 a matter on which already ,i have expressed my opinion strongly1#hf ,i want to consider how these fresh and advantageous labour conditions have affected1 and will1 ,i think1 go on affecting1 women's own desires4 ,the question is whether this change that war conditions have brought is one which the desires of women cause them to welcome1 or whether it is an arrangement that has arisen out of necessity to which they are essentially antagonistic4 ,what1 in my opinion1 makes the present situation dangerous is1 that long before the war women were forcing an entrance into the world of labour1 and struggling in competition with men to gain the positions which now are being thrust upon them4 ,and ,i do not believe that in the mass to-day they are doing their work temporarily and to replace men for the period of the war1 but rather they are aiming to establish their own economic emancipation4 ,probably of the million women#hg who have plunged into new work in connection with the war1 the great majority are much better off economically than ever they were in times of peace4 ,war has brought more of gain than of sacrifice4 ,the new thing is the opportunity that has come4 ,individually women were adventurous before the war2 they have now become adventurous as a class4 ,war has but accentuated and made obvious the change that for long had been taking place in the desires of women4 ,this turning away from themselves1 from their own lives and duties1 to the world and employments and duties of men1 is a thing that was going on before the war1 slowly and against much prejudice1 but what matters is that it was going on4 ,i shall make no attempt to deal with the serious economic results that are likely to occur should women1 when the war is ended1 struggle to compete with men in the labour market4 ,the disasters that would follow such action are sufficiently plain4 ,one result would certainly be a clash of sex1 unavoidable in a work-struggle for the upper hand between women and men4 ,the great temptation to women then will be to keep their positions by accepting lower wages than the men can take4 ,no one can know whether they will do this4 ,there can be no question that the situation will be difficult4 ,for the return of women to the home and what hitherto has been considered exclusively feminine work is going to mean much more than a change of occupation2 it will be going back to the insistent duties of the narrowed woman's sphere with new ideas and a fresh command of life4 ,it is useless pretending that this can be easy4 ,for one thing1 the great uplift in women's wages has given girls as well as women an independence1 with a quite strange joy as spenders which they have not known before4 ,and this new power in industry has been associated also with many women with a new power in the home4 ,the withdrawal to the war of the men of the family has left women with an opportunity to spend incomes over which hitherto they had no direct control4 ,so that sometimes one wonders whether men will be allowed to re-enter their homes1 if they come back1 on the same terms as before they held4 ,will women again accept with contentment a position of economic dependence8 ,this cannot fail1 ,i think1 to act directly on the conditions of marriage4 ,the question would seem to be this3 ,will women come back to the home believing the home to be the central interest of their lives8 ,will they feel that motherhood1 with the care of the little child and all the duties it should entail1 is the ultimate joy1 for the denial of which no personal freedom or success in work can compensate8 ,it is one of the unhappy features of our present condition of necessity for women to carry on the work of this country that the most deep and far-reaching issues are being decided in haste1 and in many cases by young girls who have never been taught by any wise training to realise their own nature as women1 or to understand their sexual needs with their immense restricting power4 ,and my fear is that the things which matter most to life will be lost4 ,i feel that almost everything in the future depends on the inner attitude of the thousands and thousands of girls and young women who to-day have gone out of the home4 ,i wish ,i had the gift to make them feel the far-acting importance of their personal attitude4 ,the root of all action is the will or desire4 ,yes1 that is the danger4 ,our desires are the greatest realities that we have1 and we should look closely to the direction towards which they are turned4 ,nothing but the strongest desire on the part of women will save the home4 ,many forces will be acting to make permanent conditions that cannot fail to act adversely to any right ideal of home life4 ,my hope is that women in the mass will understand in time and resist these forces4 ,yet1 ,i do not know1 and sometimes my fear is more active than my hope4 ,at least1 it is evident that in the immediate future the home is not going to be re-established without effort4 ,women will have to make great sacrifice to surrender in every direction the new power of controlling and spending money which now they are enjoying4 ,and for this reason1 even if for no other1 many women almost certainly will seek to hold their places in the labour world and keep on working for themselves4 ,therefore1 it is1 ,i think1 safe to expect that to some limited extent the present extension of women's employment outside the home will be permanent when peace is established4 ,certainly it is unnecessary for me to say1 after what ,i have written in the earlier chapters of my book1 how exceedingly ,i regret the permanence of conditions that can seem good only in an industrial society4 ,in my opinion the working of women will be the greatest of the many disasters that are likely to follow and remain from the war4 ,i wish ,i had the power to prevent it4 ,i do not1 however1 see any way in which this can be done4 ,for one thing1 if the desires of women are being set in a direction away from the home1 this1 as ,i have just said1 must count as the strongest factor of all4 ,what women want to do is what they are likely in the end to do4 ,so many women have been for long1 and still are1 suffering from the delusion that conditions which industrialism1 with all its failures in the art of life1 first established1 and which war now has made necessary1 are an advantage to be maintained after the need of war has made them unnecessary4 ,this is the great mistake4 ,i would emphasise again what ,i have shown in an earlier chapter1#hh that conditions which act against the home and marriage 7always dependent on the individual home7 are sure proof of social instability4 ,such conditions are centuries old2 all this flood of change is bringing nothing that is new4 ,in all periods of unsettled life the individual home and the family have been threatened4 ,the primitive form of marriage1 the maternal form1 where the husband visited the wife in her own home1 is very near to the most modern suggestions for the readjustment of marriage4 ,and the heavy working of women is a further sign of disturbance and of primitive conditions of life4 ,it is a step backward1 not a step forward4 ,few women1 however1 realise that this is so4 ,perhaps this explains why so many among them are talking and behaving to-day as if no more babies were desired to be born4 ,how far this will be carried ,i do not profess to say4 ,women will have a fresh power to refuse the position of wife and mother2 thus it seems likely that there may be an increased option against marriage in its true and binding form4 ,and closely connected with the independent position of women will be the great shortage1 for the next decade1 of marriageable men1 due to the killing and disablements of war4 ,it will be a world in which the proportion of women will be very high4 ,and although it would be folly to estimate precisely how this great numerical strength of one sex will act1 whether it will strengthen women's position1 or1 as it equally well may1 will lessen their importance in a society crowded with unwanted women1 it is plain that it must directly affect the sexual relationships4 ,women1 accustomed when young to control their own lives and able to be self-supporting1 will not only find it much more difficult to marry1 but they will be in a position to get along economically without marriage4 ,to every married woman there are likely to be three or four unmarried ones4#hi ,it will also probably be a period of poverty4 ,the economic stress which war causes will almost necessarily continue in the years when we shall all be compelled to meet the huge task of national recovery that peace must bring4 ,it is possible that for some years it will be more difficult to maintain a family than it has ever been before4 ,this will be a third factor acting against marriage1 and tending to maintain as permanent the class of energetic1 not strongly maternal and undomesticated women workers4#ij ,in different directions also causes very much the same may possibly be acting to the same end4 ,the desires of men as well as the desires of women may be affected1 and be turned from marriage and the duties of the family and the home4 ,many men will not come back out of the hell of war the same men that entered it4 ,it may not be easy to plan life on the old rules1 the safe customs of civilisation may well count for less4 ,some men will not want to return to the posts kept open for them by women2 to sell tablecloths to fussy women1 or to spend dull days in offices adding columns of figures and addressing envelopes1 may not appear 8a man's job0 to men who have met the stark facts of death and life4 ,i doubt the zeal of the response of all these men to the binding ties of family life4 ,and in this way1 it may be1 that many fathers will be cut off from the family and turned away from desiring the sacrifice and duties that children entail1 which cannot fail to act as a further force in modifying marriage4 ,if we try to take an entirely practical view of the position1 certain grave facts must1 ,i think1 become evident4 ,for side by side with these forces acting against marriage1 and the parental sacrifice necessary to maintain the ideal of the family1 must be placed the nation's increased need for children--in particular for male children4 ,the repair of the war drain on the world's manhood must fall heaviest on women4 ,it is woman who has borne and bred and loved each life that has been lost by war4 ,it is she who will have to make good the waste4 ,this is her bill of compulsory service4 ,never will child life have been so precious as it will be after this ,world ,war4 ,already in this country we are beginning to recognise this need4 ,excellent work for the restriction of infant mortality and the protection of child life is beginning to be undertaken1 and these questions are receiving a practical recognition which they never gained in the days of peace4 ,but much more drastic action than has as yet been considered will be needed4 ,it is certainly not inconceivable that this need for children may lead to changes both in our public and private attitudes to many sexual questions4 ,i am hopeful that it may force us to face squarely many problems that hitherto we have turned from in fear4 ,speculations on all matters connected with marriage and the relations between the sexes are so hazardous that they are likely to be wrong4 ,i do1 however1 think that1 having regard to the direction in which so many forces are acting1 the position in regard to the special problem we are considering has become clearer4 ,monogamous marriage and the home based upon maternity and offspring has got to be saved4 ,and in my opinion this will be done most surely by a frank acceptance1 under the almost certain conditions of the future1 of more than one form of sexual association4 ,this proposal is not made lightly4 ,i am not advocating such a course as being in itself desirable or undesirable4 ,i am attempting merely to estimate the drift and tendency of the times1 considering those forces that were beginning to act before the war and1 as ,i think1 must continue1 even with greater power1 after the war4 ,i suggest1 therefore1 the one course that seems to me can in any practical way help us to be more moral4 ,all the facts that we have found work out to force us to the realisation that an increasing number of women will not be able1 and probably will not desire1 even if they marry1 to bear children4 ,now1 ,i do not believe in changing the ideal of marriage so that its duties no longer bind women to their children and to the home4 ,i think it better to make provision for other partnerships1 to meet the sex-needs 7for we can cause nothing but evil by failing to meet them7 of the women and men who are not able or do not desire to enter the holy bonds of marriage and undertake together the duties and sacrifice inevitable to the founding and maintenance of a family4 ,i know the whole question is a very difficult one4 ,let me try to make my position somewhat clearer4 ,i am in one way in agreement with ,roman ,catholic ,christianity 7,i use the phrase to make my meaning plain1 and ask indulgence if to any one it seems in itself indefensible74 ,the ,roman ,catholic ,church admits the need of two standards of sexual conduct--some women and men are fitted for a religious life and should bind themselves to celibacy2 others need to marry1 and to them marriage is permitted4 ,the difference between my view and the one just expressed is that1 whereas it is usual to suppose the morals of the celibate monk or nun superior to those of the married man or woman1 ,i should hold the opposite opinion2 it is the highest types of men and women who would seek to marry and be best and happiest if living together as faithful man and wife1 as devoted father and mother4 ,i do1 however1 hold that there are others--women as well as men--without the gifts that make for successful parenthood or happy permanent marriage4 ,i would recognise the divergence of these two roughly defined classes and let those who cannot marry be openly permitted to live together in temporary childless unions1 destined1 ,i hope1 to show to the world the inferiority of every type of ideal of the sex relationships other than the monogamous union1 which fulfils the completion of the woman and the man in the child created by their love4 ,and further1 these sterile unions would1 by their childlessness1 act to remove for ever from the world those unsuited to be parents4 ,it is this last result that matters most4 ,as long as we force those unsuited for faithful mating into marriage and hold them bound against their desire1 children will be born who must pay the penalty in weakness of character of their parents' sins against love4 ,i believe if there were some open recognition of honourable partnerships outside of marriage1 not necessarily permanent1 with proper provision for the future1 guarding the woman1 who1 in my opinion1 should be in all cases protected1 a provision not dependent on the generosity of the man and made after the love which sanctioned the union has waned1 but decided upon by the man and the woman in the form of a contract before the relationship was entered upon1 then there would be many women ready to undertake such unions gladly2 there would be women as well as men who1 ,i believe1 would prefer them to monogamous marriage that binds them permanently to one partner for life4 ,in this way many marriages would be prevented that inevitably come to disaster4 ,and this would leave greater chances of marriage and child-bearing for other and more suitable types4 ,it is also possible that such friendship-contracts might1 under present disastrous conditions1 be made by those who are unsuitably mated and yet are unable1 or do not wish1 to sever the bond between them1 with some other partner they could love4 ,such contracts would open up possibilities of honourable partnerships to many who must otherwise suffer from enforced sexual abstinence or be driven into shameful and secret unions4 ,by this means a solution might be found for conditions of dishonour in our midst that we all know to be there--dishonour that1 as far as ,i am able to see1 is likely to be increased1 and not lessened1 in the near future by the conditions left by war4 ,moreover1 prostitution1 and also the diseases so closely connected with prostitution1 would be greatly lessened1 though ,i do not think that sexual sins would cease4 ,there will always be for a very long time men and women who will be attracted to wild-love4 ,this we have to recognise4 ,men would not1 however1 be driven to buy sexual relief4#ia ,we have got1 ,i am certain1 to recognise that our form of permanent marriage--the monogamous union--cannot meet the sex-needs of all people4 ,to assert that it can do this is to close our eyes to the facts we all know to exist4 ,the extending of the opportunities of honourable love must be faced before we can hope for more moral conditions in marriage4 ,i must affirm again how necessary1 in my opinion1 is some kind of fixed public recognition for every form of sexual relationship between a man and a woman1 so that there may be some accepted standard of conduct for the partners entering into them4 ,may not something be done now1 when we are being forced to consider these questions1 to make some such recognition possible8 ,partnerships other than marriage have had a place as a recognised and guarded institution in many older and more primitive societies1 and it may be1 as ,i have tried to show1 that the conditions brought upon us after the ,world ,war may act in forcing upon us a similar acceptance4 ,i believe that1 in face of the many past disorders in our sexual conduct1 such a change would work for good and not for evil2 that it would not destroy marriage1 but might re-establish its sanctity4 ,the whole question of any sexual relationships outside of marriage in the past has been left in the gutter1 so to speak1 in darkness and concealment4 ,this would be changed4 ,it is the results that have almost always followed these irregular unions that have branded them as anti-social acts4 ,but the desertion of women1 which has arisen from the conditions of secrecy under which they now exist1 would be put to an end4 ,one reason why extra conjugal relationships are discredited is because the difficulties placed around them are so numerous that1 as a rule1 only the weak1 the foolish1 and the irresponsible undertake these partnerships4 ,make these partnerships honourable and honourable men and women will enter into them4 ,i do not see how we can forbid or treat with bitterness any union that is openly entered into and in which the duties undertaken are faithfully fulfilled4 ,it is our attitude of blame that has made this impossible4 ,i can anticipate an objection that will probably be raised4 ,why1 ,i shall be asked1 if sexual relationships are to be acknowledged outside of marriage1 preserve marriage at all8 ,i have answered this question sufficiently4 ,monogamous marriage will be maintained because the great majority of women and men want it to be maintained4 ,i have affirmed before my own belief in the monogamic union3 the ideal marriage is that of the man and woman who have dedicated themselves to each other for the life of both1 faithfully together to fulfil the duties of family life4 ,this is the true monogamy2 this is the marriage which ,i regard as sanctified4 ,but ,i1 regarding it as a holy state1 would preserve it for those suited for the binding duties of the individual home so intimately connected with it4 ,and ,i do disavow the sanctity of many professedly monogamous marriages that are maintained only with the support of prostitution and clandestine loves4 ,squalid intrigues have been the shadow of the old1 narrow moral code4 ,the contract-partnerships ,i have suggested will do nothing to change the sanctity of any true marriages4 ,and the answer ,i would give to those who fear an increase of immorality from any openly recognised provision for sexual partnerships outside of permanent marriage is1 that no deliberate change made in the future in our sexual conduct can conceivably make moral conditions worse than they have been in the recent past4 ,as a matter of fact1 every form of irregular union has existed and does exist to-day1 but shamefully and hidden4 ,it is certain that they will continue1 and that their number will be increased4 ,i have sought to put these matters as plainly as may be in the conviction that nothing can be gained by concealment4 ,any one who writes on the subject of marriage reform is very open to misconception4 ,it is not realised that the effort of the reformer is not to diminish at all the bonds in any sexual partnerships1 rather the desire is to strengthen them1 but the forms of the partnership will have to be more varied1 unless1 indeed1 we prefer to accept unregulated and secret vice4 ,matters are likely to get worse and not better4 ,we shall1 ,i do most sincerely believe1 gain more morality by doing what ,i am pleading for than will be gained in any other way4 ,the only logical objection that ,i can think of being advanced against an honourable recognition of these partnerships is that1 by doing away with all necessity for concealments1 their number is likely to be larger than if the old penalties were maintained4 ,this is undoubtedly true2 it is also true that recognition is the only possible way by which such unions can cease to be shameful4 ,prohibition and laws1 however stringent1 can do nothing4 ,the past has proved their failure2 they will fail still worse in the future4 ,nor is the change really so great or so startling as at first it may appear to be4 ,our marriage in its present form is primarily an arrangement for the protection of the woman and the family4 ,what ,i want is that some measure1 at least1 of the protection now given to the legal wife1 should also be afforded to all women who in an open and honourable way fulfil any of the same duties4 ,i am not seeking to make immorality easier1 that is very far indeed from my purpose4 ,these changes for which ,i am pleading will make immorality much harder1 for it will not be so easy as now it is to escape from the responsibilities of love4 ,no one can suppose1 of course1 that these changes can be other than gradual4 ,there will be no stage at which a large section of society will give up the accepted convention of concealments with regard to unregulated unions1 and will stand perplexed as to how they may readjust their opinion and moral judgments on this question4 ,what will happen is this4 ,the slow abandonment by society of the old attitude of blame and fear1 as experiments in sexual partnership are made1 at first by the few1 to be followed by an ever increasing number4 ,when the need for change arises1 then does a change come4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xii ,,the ,,unmarried ,,mother ,the law should help unmarried parents to give adequate protection to their child--,repressive terrors drive men to desert girls made pregnant through their lust--,the penalty for illegitimate parentage should not be paid by the child--,at present the child does pay--,figures to show this--,illegitimate infant death-rate--,unmarried mother not able to give proper care to her child--,some mothers unfit to care for their children--,different types of unmarried mothers--,four cases--,where both parents working-class least harm usually results from birth of a love-child--,enlightened legislation in ,scandinavia--,the law in ,england and in ,france--,good legislation in ,australia and ,new ,zealand--,other countries--,five proposals for reforming our law4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,the ,,unmarried ,,mother 8,the ,british ,empire has invested thousands of its best lives to purchase future immunity for civilisation4 ,this investment is too great to be thrown away40--,right ,hon4 ,d4 ,,lloyd ,,george4 ,one of the most pressing questions that we shall have to face in the near future is the attitude and practical action which1 as a people1 we are going to adopt towards the unmarried mother and her child4 ,i have so far said almost nothing upon this problem of illegitimacy1 though the whole difficult question is connected with1 and is1 in fact1 closely dependent for its solution on1 the conclusions we arrived at in the preceding chapter on ,sexual ,relationships outside of ,marriage2 we then realised the moral advantage that would result from an open avowal and the regulation of all sexual partnerships1 with the fixing1 as far as this is possible1 of a standard of conduct to be expected and claimed from those who enter into them4 ,i have left over this question of the child on purpose that we may give it special consideration4 ,no other matter is of greater significance to my book on ,motherhood than is this1 and none is deeper in my own interest or1 in my opinion1 of more urgent importance4 ,it is really impossible to evade it much longer4 ,there is obviously something ridiculous1 at a time when the fateful importance of child-life is being forced more and more upon our attention1 to repeat our conventional1 unimaginative and inconsistent judgments4 ,we are learning new and sharp lessons4 ,terrific war losses are teaching governments to consider the necessity of preserving the new generation even to its last and meanest members4 ,at last the movements to improve the condition of illegitimate children1 for which many of us have for long struggled in vain1 have received new impetus4 ,what humanity has been powerless to do1 the most ancient of all inhumanities--war--has suddenly accomplished4 ,and it is well4 ,we cannot go on as we have done before4 ,we call motherhood holy1 and yet we have sanctioned the sacrifice of mothers1 driving them to crimes1 to abortion1 to child-murders and to death2 we have sent them into sweated industries2 we have turned them out onto the streets1 forcing them to choose between starvation and prostitution4 ,we have permitted the yearly destruction of tens of thousands of little children1 born into a hard and barren world without the slightest provision for their physical and mental needs4 ,at the same time1 the fact has been hammered into us of the declining birth-rate4 ,this has gone on and on1 but we have done nothing that the evils may be stopped and life take the place of unnecessary death4 ,i cannot understand an attitude which simultaneously condemns the non-maternal woman1 who does not wish to be a mother1 accusing her of sin in shirking the duty of bearing children1 and then brands the unmarried mother to infamy4 ,by the cruelty of our law and the short-sightedness of our 8moral0 attitude we have worked to make life a martyrdom for the unmarried mother1 and for the children born out of wedlock1 who are smirched by us with the shame of their illegitimate birth1 and thus are forced downward in the hard struggle of life4 ,and such foolish and cruel action has all been done in the name of morality6 ,let us tear the mask from the lying face of our social conscience4 ,we need a clean clearance of a moral attitude that really is profoundly immoral4 ,let no one make a mistake4 ,in pleading for these unhonoured mothers and their children1 ,i am not advocating illegal parentage4 ,there is a sin of illegitimacy1 as presently ,i shall show4 ,irresponsible parentage must always be immoral4 ,it is1 however1 the parents who behave illegitimately1 not the child1 since it can never be the fault of any child that its parents have brought it into the world4 ,i would wish for every child that it should be born within the happy safeguards of a true monogamous marriage4 ,but ,i cannot close my eyes to the facts of life4 ,i know that we shall not be able to make it impossible for extra-conjugal procreation to take place3 love-children will be born4 ,and what we1 in our curious moral muddle-headedness1 forget is that by penalising the mother we cannot escape the penalty being paid by the child4 ,our attitude in the past has been a reproach to our social intelligence4 ,i am very far indeed from any desire to lessen parental responsibility4 ,and if ,i want the harshness of our law and our moral attitude changed1 it is first of all because ,i wish to make it possible for unmarried parents--the father as well as the mother--to give adequate protection to their child4 ,if they do not do this willingly1 ,i would use the pressure of the law and a strong public opinion to bring them to their duty4 ,under present conditions this can never be done4 ,it is because our harshness does no good that ,i condemn it4 ,the iniquity of our bastardy laws and public opinion concerning illegitimacy both reflect the ,anglo-,saxon habit of mind1 which persists in ignoring all social problems arising from the sex relation4 ,we have never yet squarely faced the question1 we have just pushed it into the darkness1 and pretended it was not there4 ,it has even been a kind of disgrace to bring it forward2 and the evil and the waste is so hidden up that most of us have been quite unaware of its immense existence among us4 ,but we cannot thus escape from what we have done1 or rather have left undone4 ,the fact is1 that all our thought on these questions has been obscured by the puritan view of punishment1 based on the assumption that harshness in the treatment of sexual offences will make for a higher standard of morality4 ,do we really believe this8 ,surely the underlying fallacy of our morality has always rested here--in our desire to crucify the offender4 ,we forget that1 by doing this1 we but open the way to make easy1 even if not inevitable1 the committal of further sin4 ,by our attitude we drive men to desert the girls made pregnant through their lust1 and open the way for them to escape from responsibility for their sexual sins and to disown their fatherhood2 we do everything that we can to encourage unfit parenthood4 ,few people want to do wrong2 they drift into wrong2 the circumstances are too hard or their wills too weak to resist4 ,we are suffering a great deal of confusion from demanding from men and women a rule of conduct in sex without taking any care that the conditions of life render such conduct practicable4 ,in the last chapter ,i tried to make plain how short-sighted has been the attempt to force all types into a single mould4 ,the plan ,i there outlined for an open acceptance of honourable unions outside of permanent marriage1 would cut at the roots of many of these problems1 and1 in particular1 by lessening the sufferings from enforced sexual abstinence1 would render much less frequent those disgraceful and hidden unions which result in illegitimate births2 it would also materially reduce the dire results of venereal diseases1 and would be1 in my opinion1 more beneficial and far-reaching than anything that yet has been proposed4 ,i would affirm again that ,i am not advocating license of conduct4 ,it is necessary to proclaim allegiance to the ,god of morals1 who has proclaimed for ever 8thou shalt0 and 8thou shalt not40 ,but it is necessary also to understand that repressive terrors may drive men and women into greater sins4 ,our bastardy laws act directly in this immoral way4 ,the child born of unmarried parents has been branded under ,christian teaching as 8the child of sin10 and condemned from its birth as a member of an unclean caste4 ,but1 from the point of view of practical morality1 this identification of the child with the sin of its parents is wholly unjustifiable4 ,the urgent duty that rests upon us all is the duty of taking action to prevent the penalty for the sin of illegitimate parentage being paid by the child4 ,it is common sense1 after all4 ,we have to remember that the birth of every child--and it matters not at all whether the birth is legal or illegal--is always the introduction of a new individual into the community4 ,birth is not a personal fact only1 but a social fact1 in which the ,state cannot fail to be concerned4 ,the effect in increasing the infantile death-rate and the misery caused in physical and mental unfitness in the children who survive1 are the result of our blind action4 ,this is what we have to change4 ,for it is such social waste that makes our cruel bastardy laws so absurd4 ,after all1 you cannot go on indefinitely encouraging the production of wastrels4 ,it is the practical question of health and social well-being that we need to consider in reforming our laws4 ,the practical aspects of the question are serious4 ,illegitimacy has a far closer relation than is generally understood to the racial wastage which it helps to feed4 ,certainly it looms large as a factor in social disintegration--in the degeneration which leads to the streets and to the prison1 and the ever-increasing hosts of the submerged4 ,the ,minority ,report of the ,royal ,commissioners on the ,poor ,law #aiji1 for instance1 estimates 7no definite statistics having been kept67 that in the ,united ,kingdom in each year are born over #ae1jjj children in the ,poor ,law institutions1 and of these #cj per cent4 are legitimate and #gj per cent4 illegitimate4 ,the yearly harvest of these shame-branded children appears almost incredibly great4 ,roughly estimating1 in ,great ,britain 7excluding ,ireland7 there are #ej1jjj illegitimate births in each year--that is to say1 about one million of these children are born in this land in a single generation4 ,nor is this all4 ,in ,england1 unfortunately1 still-born births are not required to be registered2 were these recorded the illegitimate birth-rate would be much higher than the present statistics show4 ,in those countries where the records are kept1 the number of still-born illegitimate births is always higher than it is for children born under the protection of marriage4 ,and to this vast host of helpless children we1 in this land1 give almost no protection4 ,in the ,english law they have no father4 ,they are filii nullius--nobody's children2 without kin2 they have no rights of inheritance4 ,all through life they are branded4 ,the child in ,england is not legitimised even on the subsequent marriage of its parents4 ,in ,scotland this injustice is not found4 ,the illegitimate child becomes legitimate by the simple and natural process of its father marrying its mother4 ,can the cruelty of our ,english law have any positive value8 ,it is difficult to think so4 ,aside from sentimentality1 aside even from the value or worthlessness of punitive measures1 here is a law that stands as a direct obstacle against right and responsible conduct4 ,and what is the result8 ,the infant mortality rate1 high as it is for the children of married parents1 is doubled and more than doubled in the case of illegitimate children4 ,three times as many children born out of wedlock die before reaching adolescence1 as compared with those children born under the protection of the law4 ,think just a little of the real significance of this alarmingly high infant death-rate2 these tell-tale figures are the proof of our failure4 ,do they not speak of a waste of infant life which1 if for practical reasons only1 we cannot suffer to go on8 ,this fact of ,england's need for children should drive us on to action4 ,here1 as in many other cases of indifference1 we have failed to recognise that life--the one thing without which all else must perish--has been slipping from us by our carelessness1 in a way that threatens the whole future and well-being of our race4 ,in many towns in ,england the illegitimate death-rate of infants under one year has increased1 and still is increasing to an extent that ought to give alarm4 ,in ,london the illegitimate infant death-rate is more than twice as high as the legitimate4 ,the exact figures vary in different boroughs3 thus in ,poplar the number of legitimate infant deaths per thousand is #aba4e as against #bha4bd illegitimate1 whereas ,wandsworth has #ig as the death-rate of legitimate children and #bgf for illegitimate4 ,in the city of ,manchester1 where the death-rate of legitimates is #afi1 that of illegitimates is #cfb4 ,in one division 7,clayton7 it is #ehc1 in another 7,blackley7 it is as high as #ffg4 ,bristol1 again1 has a legitimate death-rate of #abd per thousand and an illegitimate of #cdi2 ,leicester1 #acj against #cgg2 ,cardiff1 #abd against #cdi2 while ,cambridge1 with a legitimate death-rate as low as #ha per thousand1 has an illegitimate rate of #bgf4 ,the meaning of these figures is plain3 the unmarried mother cannot give proper care to her child1 as a rule she cannot feed it1 and1 deprived of its natural nourishment1 it is more likely to die1 and1 if it lives1 it will be less strong to meet life4 ,this is proved by the vital statistics1 which show that the illegitimate babies1 unlike legitimate babies1 are not stricken with death in the first week of infant life2 they die more frequently in the second month than in the first1 and more frequently in the third than in the second month4 ,illegitimates at birth are equal to legitimate children2 indeed1 from these statistics they would seem to be born stronger4 ,it is evident that the high death-rate among them is caused only by defective nutrition and want of sufficient care4 ,in other words1 these children are killed needlessly by our neglect4 ,for the sin of their deaths rests upon each and all of us1 until we rise up and refuse to accept conditions that permit children to be born only to die4 ,and while you grasp the offence of these facts1 do not be consoled by thinking that this open infantile slaughter is the only or indeed the greatest1 evil that follows from our indifference4 ,no statistics can do more than shadow the extent of the wrong2 motherhood brought to despair--the child-murders that fortunately remain hidden1 the secret abortions1 the concealed births1 the still-born children who might have been born alive4 ,we have suffered these things4 ,but it is the race that pays and rots2 the penalty for our sins of neglect is paid by these innocent little ones4 ,let me at this place insert a brief digression to point out one particular that it is very necessary for us to remember4 ,there are many types among these unmarried mothers1 as many as there are among married women2 and some would be good mothers did we allow them the opportunity1 others would not be good mothers under any circumstances1 because they are weak in character and are incapable of maternal sacrifice4 ,now1 the problem of the saving of the child is quite a separate one in these opposite cases3 in the one instance everything ought to be done to keep the child with its mother1 in the other the one safeguard is to keep the child wholly out of the mother's power4 ,i will give the reader four cases from my own knowledge to make this fact clearer2 they will1 ,i believe1 speak more forcibly than any mere statement of my own opinion4 ,the first case shows illegitimacy at its very lowest--motherhood made a crime4 ,the facts were told to me by a doctor friend on whose word ,i can rely absolutely4 ,a company of five or six men were gathered in some outbuildings of a country farm1 among them was one who was half-witted4 ,in an adjoining barn was a girl1 also half-witted4 ,the men joked one with another2 a bet was made1 and the half-witted man was sent to seek the girl4 ,this he did1 and as the result of this hideous act a child was born and lived4 ,i do not know what became of it4 ,in the second case also the woman was quite unfitted to be a mother1 though her character and the circumstances were as different as possible4 ,this time the mother was highly born and educated4 ,though ,i knew her fairly well1 ,i was unacquainted with her family history1 which probably would show many features of great interest4 ,she was of neurotic temperament1 and belonged to the type ,i have classed as the siren woman4 ,she had several lovers1 as she was strongly sexual4 ,by one of these men1 and by mistake1 a child was born4 ,the father refused to accept the responsibilities of his fatherhood1 though he did not deny that the child was his4 ,the mother also had no love for it1 and the little one would have been neglected and probably would have died4 ,but1 when about two months old1 the child was taken from its mother and cared for and most tenderly loved by one of the woman's lovers4 ,he left her1 as her indifference to her child killed his affection1 but he took her child to bring up as his own son4 ,the third case is more usual1 and shows us illegitimacy as it most commonly occurs4 ,the events happened in the north of ,england1 where once ,i lived4 ,the girl was well known to me4 ,she was of respectable parentage1 and very beautiful2 she would have made a good mother4 ,the father did not live in the same village1 and ,i did not know him2 but ,i heard he was young and strong2 he was the gardener at the place where the girl was servant2 probably the child would have been healthy4 ,but the girl was sent from her situation as soon as her condition was known to her ,christian 767 mistress2 later she was driven from her home by her fanatically religious 767 father4 ,thus hounded to death and to crime she sought refuge in a disused quarry2 she was there for two days without food4 ,it was winter4 ,when we found her1 her child had been born and was dead4 ,afterwards the girl went mad4#ib ,i will add no comment1 because ,i feel quite unable to write calmly4 ,i can only record my belief that under a more moral public opinion and saner social organisation such crimes of mothers against their children would be impossible4 ,infanticide is committed always1 ,i believe1 under the biting pressure of want and despair4 ,the last case is in sharp contrast with all the others1 and shows responsible motherhood outside of marriage4 ,the woman here is strong and passionate and deeply maternal1 but1 unable to marry the man she loves1 because he is married already1 but to a woman who has no desire to be a mother1 she chooses1 therefore1 to bear his child4 ,i know several similar unions4 ,some of these have been temporary1 some have lasted1 but in each case the woman has had strength of character and a social position which have made it practicable for her thus to assert her right to motherhood4 ,such cases we may leave alone4 ,i do not think any one of us should condemn such action4 ,the immense pity is that women of this strong maternal type should by any cause be kept from marriage4 ,they are the fittest wives and mothers4 ,the relation between marriage and illegitimacy is a very close one2 any cause that hinders early marriage must tend to encourage the increase of illegal unions4#ic ,the question is1 however1 a very difficult one4 ,and ,i am not fully convinced of the wisdom of permanent marriage being undertaken at so young an age that chance births would be prevented2 at any rate1 the danger would be great until our young women and young men are more sanely educated in sex4 ,the young have very little understanding of their own need1 and no experience of life2 and for this reason a way might be opened up that1 after marriage1 would lead to even more harmful looseness of conduct4 ,already numerous illegitimate births are the result of unhappy marriages4 ,this happens1 perhaps1 most frequently among the working classes1 though ,i am not sure1 and it may be only that among them the facts of such births are more openly known4 ,the fear of another child to the too-hard-worked mother is often very great1 and this 7when the means to prevent conception are not known7 causes her to refuse to have intercourse with her husband1 which all too frequently sends him to another woman4 ,unmarried mothers are overwhelmingly preponderant among the economically weak1 in particular1 among servant girls1 factory workers1 laundry hands1 waitresses1 and all classes of day workers4 ,this does not necessarily prove greater looseness of conduct among these classes1 and the more numerous illegitimate births are1 of course1 explained to a great extent by the fact that among the better-educated girls means to prevent conception are used2 illegitimate births are also very frequently hidden4 ,this1 in particular1 happens where both parents belong to the upper classes of society4 ,it is also frequent with the gentleman father and the mother of a lower social class4 ,and here1 before ,i go further1 ,i must again give warning against the over-hasty view1 that men and their uncontrolled passions are alone responsible4 ,this opinion1 once held by me in common with most women1 ,i have been compelled to give up4 ,seduction cannot1 ,i believe1 be accepted1 without very great caution1 as the chief cause of illegitimate births4 ,it is so comfortable to place the sins of sex on men's passions4 ,but ,i doubt very much if any woman can be made a mother against her own will4 ,i am inclined to believe that excitement and escape from dulness1 as also the joy in receiving presents1 are the principal motives that at first lead girls into illegal relations4#id ,we find that paternity is acknowledged most frequently in those cases where the father belongs to a lower social level1 where he loses less by open behaviour4 ,in these classes the man1 unless prevented by a pre-existing tie1 usually marries the mother at a later period1 and he does not despise her4 ,the woman's sin is not as a rule taken too tragically4 ,if the father of her child does not marry her1 it is quite possible for her to find another husband1 who1 as a rule1 acts as a father to her love-child4 ,for these reasons the least moral and economic dangers1 alike to the child and its mother1 occur when both the father and the mother belong to the working classes4 ,this is not1 however1 always true4 ,the whole question is a difficult one2 the further we inquire1 the more strongly does this appear4 ,we learn that there is no one type of the unmarried mother1 no one cause of the evil of illegitimacy1 no one remedy that will cure it4 ,we cannot wisely be too hopeful4 ,but this is not an excuse for our indifference4 ,our system of ignoring this question and of forcing the unmarried mother into shame1 with its incredible short-sightedness and culpable lack of help and discrimination1 is proved out-of-date1 because we now know that it is useless4 ,it does not prevent illegitimate births1 for no law can change the sexual nature of men and women4 ,as things stand with us at present1 honourable or even decent conduct in illegal sexual relationships has a poor chance of being cultivated2 but those who realise that this is the case are still very few4 ,it is because ,i have come to realise this that ,i have urged1 with all the power ,i have1 an open recognition of these hidden relationships as the only way to save them from disgrace and shame4 ,i hope to have made it clear that ,i am not thinking of lessening responsibility in asking for a change in our law4 ,i am not at all advocating any sentimental legislation2 we have had quite enough of that4 ,it is an intelligent insight that considers causes and their effects that we need to-day in the administration of our laws4 ,all thinkers are coming to see the waste of the old system4 ,the modern tendency is to place remedy in lieu of punishment4 ,thus1 we need scarcely doubt that we are approaching the acceptance of a more truly moral code1 based on the need of protection for the child4 ,it is this1 and this alone1 that should guide us in the reform of our laws4 ,the life of every child must be safeguarded1 not on sentimental or even on ethical grounds1 but for the sake of the health and efficiency of our race4 ,this practical morality is what we need4 ,the ,state must have healthy children1 and by any negligence in working to this end it inflicts serious charges upon itself1 and at the same time dangerously impairs its efficiency in the future4 ,the nationalisation of healthy children is of much greater importance than the nationalisation of education4 ,it has needed the catastrophe of ,war to force upon modern ,states a just recognition of their obligations to motherhood and the child-life upon which their very existence depends4 ,to a surprising and gratifying degree the position of the illegitimate child is being discussed in all countries1 and practical remedies are being found for some of the worst evils1 by associations for the protection of motherhood and by changes in the law4 ,much wise legislation already has been passed by progressive ,states4 ,among ourselves1 however1 little has as yet been done4#ie ,why is this8 ,i know that reforms that matter are not easy to make4 ,our legislators seem to me as blind fighters1 dealing blows that sometimes hit the mark by chance1 but more usually miss it4 ,the difficulty of bringing about any change in our laws is certainly very great1 for respect of the law is1 perhaps1 the guiding principle of ,english life4 ,so far any movement towards reform has been in the hands of private individuals1 and only the few have cared at all4 ,and there the matter rests1 and there it will rest1 until our politicians are by us driven into action4 ,it is this for which ,i am hoping4 ,for ,i do not believe that great changes in things that really matter are often brought about by ,acts of ,parliament4 ,parliament may register the reforms1 may try to modify or check them2 it does not create them4 ,it is public opinion that does this4 ,when we really care for the injustice with which we treat the illegitimate child1 our bastardy laws will be changed4 ,till then we shall go on as we have done1 enunciating moral platitudes in which few of us believe and raising sentimental limitations1 but we shall be content to muddle on1 careless of the evils we are sowing by our carelessness4#if ,yet ,i do not despair2 a change is coming4 ,the widespread interest1 and also the more practical and moral view taken by the majority of people1 during the agitation on the supposed existence of the 8war-babies10 were to me a very hopeful sign4 ,it is true the agitation was short-lived3 soon we were told it was unnecessary4 ,nothing was done4 ,the lesson must be driven deeper and then public opinion will awaken to the knowledge that the conditions causing illegitimacy and its disasters are present in times of peace as well as in times of war4 ,in the meantime1 it may be salutary for us to know the action that other countries are taking in this question4 ,certainly we have much to learn4 ,our law1 in this matter of protection for the unmarried mother and maintenance for her child1 lags far behind that of other countries1 and is one example only1 out of many1 of our hide-bound attachment to ancient abuses4 ,for the most enlightened legislative advances we have to look to ,scandinavia1 the birth-land of ,ellen ,key4 ,surely it is due to her beneficent influence that the position of the bastard child and its mother has been faced with a quite new practical efficiency2 and as a result constructive legislation has been wisely undertaken1 which will fix the rights of the illegitimate child and enforce responsible conduct upon both its parents4 ,in ,norway a bill1 prepared by the ,department of ,justice1 was laid before the ,storthing in #aiji1 8whose simple but revolutionary intention was to give every child two parents4 ,it aimed to equalise illegitimate children and legitimate children before the law3 that is1 to give the illegitimate child the right to a father40#ig ,this bill1 as one might expect1 met with opposition2 it was adopted as law only in #aiae4 ,i wish it were possible for me to give in detail all the bill's wise enactments4 ,even its title1 ,law ,concerning ,children ,whose ,parents ,have ,not ,married ,each ,other1 is significant4 ,the unjust stigma 8illegitimate10 as applied to the innocent child1 has been discarded4 ,this gives the clue to the intention of the bill4 ,it is concerned 7#a7 with the welfare of the child1 saving it from social disgrace and the position of legal disadvantage which hitherto has been the lot of half-parented children2 7#b7 with the fixing of both parents' responsibilities1 so that no man or woman may escape the results of their sexual acts4 ,undeniably here is a law that at once is moral as well as practical in its aims4 ,and the double accomplishment is not so difficult as might at first thought appear4 ,no cumbersome rules are laid down1 difficult of application and likely to fail in their working2 indeed1 what most impresses one is the obvious simple common sense of these measures4 ,were ,i younger1 ,i should feel sure that now ,norway has shown us so splendidly what to do in this matter1 and how easily right can be done1 ,england and all other countries would hasten to act in prompt and glad imitation2 but life has taught me that it is just the very simple things to right what is wrong that as a rule we never do4 ,let us glance at the ,norwegian bill4 ,i can give only the briefest summary of its principal clauses4 7#a7 ,a child whose parents have not married each other has a right to the surname of its father4 7#b7 ,the child is entitled to demand from both his parents adequate support and education4 ,the amount to be contributed by each parent for support to be dependent on the economic position of the father and to be decided by the authority appointed for that purpose4 ,the cost of the child's education to be borne as far as possible by both parents4 7#c7 ,on the death of the parents1 the child to have full rights of inheritance4 ,by these means the child born without the protection of marriage is given special protection by the law1 so that in general his position is the same as that of the legitimate child4 ,and in this way the child is saved1 while the parents are punished for their careless sin in the one wise way1 by forcing them to undertake the same responsibilities they would have had to fulfil to their child if they had not acted illegitimately4 ,but more even than this is necessary2 the child must be saved for healthy life before birth1 as well as being maintained and educated after it is born1 and this can be done only by taking care of the mother4 ,the ,norwegian bill1 therefore1 provides for this to be done2 the father is to bear his right share of the responsibilities of the birth4 ,thus1 the man has to pay the expenses of the woman's confinement2 his obligations in this respect extending to providing maintenance during three months of pregnancy and six weeks following confinement1 which maintenance may be extended to a period of nine months if the mother keeps the child with her and nurses it for that length of time4 ,but the most revolutionary clause of the bill relates to those cases where1 owing to the loose character of the mother1 or for other reasons1 paternity cannot be fixed4 ,the promoters of the bill1 knowing that it is just these children who most need protection1 has provided for their fatherhood in the following simple1 but wise1 manner3 ,where it is not possible to fix with certainty the man who is the begetter of the child1 the responsibilities and obligations of the father shall rest upon any man who has had sex relations with the mother at such a time that in the course of nature he might be the father of her child4 ,in those cases where several men have had intercourse about the same time with the mother1 then each of them will be accounted1 in part1 as the father1 and must contribute to the child's support1 the amount to be paid by each to be determined by the authority prescribed4 ,and the same rule will hold with regard to the confinement expenses of the mother4 ,it would be difficult to over-emphasise the far-reaching effects of such an enactment4 ,so far the plea1 8,there were others10 what the law calls the exceptio plurium1 has served to free men from all the responsibility for irregular connections4 ,under the ,scandinavian law there is now no such way of escape4 ,anonymous parenthood at last is recognised as a crime against society4 ,the only plea now allowed in ,norway to any man is that he has had no sexual intercourse with the mother1 otherwise he becomes liable for the child's support1 which he may have to bear alone or in partnership with other men who are also adjudged to be possible fathers4 ,here is a law to re-establish the father's responsibility4 ,it also closes one of the widest doors whereby profligacy has been made easy4 ,casual and transient unions will no longer be able to be entered into without any thought of the consequences4 ,is an act of such clear morality as this one impossible for us in ,england8 ,i fear that at present it is4 ,what1 then1 have we done in this ,christian land for the unmarried mother and her child8 ,it is little enough that hitherto has been held to be necessary4 ,the father1 if he can be caught and his paternity proved1 may be compelled to pay a few shillings weekly to the mother for aliment4 ,under no circumstances can he be made to pay more than five shillings2 this sum is deemed to be sufficient whatever his financial or social status4 ,moreover1 the payments for the child cease when it reaches the age of sixteen2 and the law makes no provision that the child must be trained for a livelihood4 ,no help whatever is claimed to ensure for the mother proper conditions during her confinement and the necessary rest before and afterwards to enable her to nurse her child4 ,further trouble arises for the mother from the costs and difficulties of the law4 ,improvements have of late been made in this respect2 but much more waits to be done4#ih ,the difficulties that have hindered moral and responsible conduct are really little short of comic4 ,it would seem that the object of our bastardy laws was rather to protect the father and to render profligacy easy than to aid the child or its mother4 ,i ask1 ,is this justice8 ,is it even common sense8 ,one plain result is that a small percentage only--it is stated by some to be as low as five per cent4--of unmarried mothers ever apply to establish paternity and claim alimony from the man4 ,it is much easier for the woman to go on to the streets2 the army of prostitutes every year is recruited by many thousands of these girls4 ,the punishment for the sin of an illegitimate birth falls on one partner in the act2 the man escapes his payment4 ,the barriers that have been placed in the path of the unmarried mother afford certain proof of how greatly we are in need of further changes in the law4 ,these should be made at once4 ,other countries are realising this and are not failing to act4 ,take1 for instance1 the lands of our ,allies1 where1 in ,france1 action at last has been taken regarding the famous ,napoleonic edict1 ,la recherche de la paternit est interdite4 ,in #aiac this prohibition was quietly expunged2 and1 in certain cases1 the child born out of wedlock now has the right to its father's name and nationality1 and to half the property which would have descended by law to a legitimate child4 ,again1 a law has just recently been passed by the ,russian ,duma by which the father of an illegitimate child is made responsible for the birth3 he must keep the mother until such time as she is fit to earn her own living4 ,in ,australia1 where women possess a larger share than elsewhere in making and administering the law1 much practical attention has been given to these matters and a number of reforms have been made which act directly in helping the child4 ,thus1 in ,south ,australia1 paternity may be proved by the mother before the birth of the child2 when this is done1 the father must furnish security1 by order of a magistrate1 that he will find lodging for the mother for one month before and one month after her confinement1 as well as pay the doctor and the nurse1 and provide clothing for the child4 ,after the child is born1 the father pays a weekly sum1 at the decision of the magistrate1 to the mother for its maintenance4 ,children are legitimised on the marriage of their parents4 ,in ,new ,zealand 7again a land where women's influence is strong7 an illegitimate child is now registered in the name of the father1 where paternity is proved4 ,changes in the law1 all favourable to the legal position of the child1 have been made in ,denmark1 in ,sweden1 and in ,switzerland4 ,in this last country the bastard has all the rights of a child born in marriage1 when once paternity has been recognised4 ,and if the mother fails to find the father1 the child himself1 or his guardian1 can take proceedings4 ,a similar law1 recently enacted1 is now in force in ,sweden3 in ,denmark the father supports the child up to the age of eighteen2 he provides for the mother for one month before and one month after the birth of the child4 ,the money for such help is paid to the mother by the authorities1 and is afterwards claimed by them from the father4 ,this may seem of small importance1 yet it is our carelessness in such details that1 in great measure1 causes the utter futility of our laws4 ,i would ask you to consider very carefully these different wise and practical measures4 ,do they not show more common sense than our methods8 ,are they not more in line with the modern spirit--the spirit1 that is1 of intelligent seeking for the advantage of the child8 ,and here at length do we not see the way that in the future may lead us to more moral action and greater justice in the framing of our laws8 ,a wider knowledge has grown with our inquiry and an understanding of what we have to do4 ,the welfare of the child is the one consideration that matters4 ,i must drive this fact home again1 even though ,i risk wearying my readers with repetition3 our present immoral laws are practically equivalent to freeing the man from his obligations as a father2 they drive unmarried mothers to death and prostitution2 they are the direct cause of infanticide4 ,again ,i would urge practical and prompt action1 which alone can bring us nearer to moral conduct by making responsibility a necessary condition of all sexual relationships1 however carelessly and transiently they are entered into4 ,first1 and ,i think most important of all1 the law should take notice of the desire of the parents4 ,in all cases where parenthood is acknowledged openly by the father as well as by the mother1 and guarantees are given that the duties of the parents will be fulfilled1 the child should be legitimised1 receive the name of the father and be qualified to inherit from him1 even if the parents are unable1 or do not wish1 to marry4 ,this opportunity of right conduct once given to the parents by the law1 ,i believe that many men would voluntarily take this course and gladly acknowledge their fatherhood4 ,in all other cases in which paternity is not voluntarily acknowledged ,i take the first and most important duty of the law to be the appointment of guardians4 ,i believe that nothing else is quite so urgently needed to safeguard the fatherless little one4 ,i do not think the illegitimate child safely can be left without supervision in the care of its mother4 ,those who talk here of the mother's right to her child are being misled by sentiment4 ,these mothers are1 as a rule1 incapable of giving adequate care or any form of training to their children4 ,i would go further than this and say that1 in entering into such a union with a man1 and thus depriving their child of a father willing to acknowledge his fatherhood1 they have proved already their unfitness for motherhood4 ,but this is not to say that the mothers must be punished1 rather it is the more necessary that they must be helped1 supported1 and guarded1 just because of and in proportion to their weakness1 for this is the only way of salvation for the child4 ,and1 for this reason1 the law1 as it affects the unmarried mother1 must be made easier in its working4 ,all artificial difficulties preventing the mother from obtaining alimony must be removed4 ,no longer should the law make it easy for any man to escape his sexual responsibilities4 ,it is immoral to countenance laws that make profligacy easy4 ,we must1 therefore1 claim-- 7#a7 ,the removal of the present limit of the father's payment to 8an amount not exceeding #es4 per week40 ,the alimony paid should vary according to the means and social status of the father3 in all cases it should include some kind of training to enable the child to earn its own living2 until that time the payments of the father should continue4 ,and if the child should be physically or mentally deficient1 so as to be unable to support itself1 the father must continue his aid for all its life4 7#b7 ,a further charge should be made upon the man for the support of the mother for a period1 certainly not less than one month before and three months after the birth of the child4 ,he should be compelled to pay for a doctor and a nurse for the mother1 and provide clothes for the child4 7#c7 ,the father's responsibility should be truly recognised so that1 if the mother is driven to commit any deed of violence against the child1 he must be held accountable with her and punished1 should he have known of her condition and refused to help her4 7#d7 ,in the case of the death of the mother1 it should be possible to bring an order against the father or the supposed father4 ,the mortality in childbed in these cases is much higher than among married women1 and it is clearly unfair that the mother's death should leave the child unprotected1 without any power on the part of its guardians to compel the father to fulfil his parental responsibilities4 7#e7 ,the father against whom an order has been made must be prevented from leaving the country unless he has first paid a sum sufficient to discharge his obligations or has made suitable arrangements for payments during his absence4 ,probably all these conditions could better be secured if paternity was proved before1 instead of after1 the birth of the child4 ,registration on the part of the woman at the time of conception would be the best way to prevent the crime of anonymous paternity4 ,there is much more that ought to be done4 ,we shall still be far behind the reforms of ,norway4 ,but the carrying out of even these simple demands will lead us a great step forward in practical morality4 ,can we1 ,i ask myself1 who in this twentieth century no longer are quite ignorant as to the factors that act in the making of fit citizens1 who know that of all causes tending towards degeneracy1 bad ante-natal and early life conditions are the greatest1 can we pursue our policy of carelessness as if this knowledge were not ours8 ,a recognition of the claims of the child is being forced home by our need4 ,no longer can we afford to be careless of the life of the future4 ,a new sense of our responsibility--a responsibility not to punish sin1 but to prevent sin--is surely dawning on our social conscience4 ,and as soon as we understand1 we must hasten to reform our inhuman bastardy laws4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,the ,,danger ,,of ,,secret ,,diseases ,extent of the evil--,why these diseases are not treated--,need for secrecy prevents those afflicted from obtaining the best treatment--,recommendations of the ,royal ,commission--,enlightened interest in the subject needed--,desire to punish men prevents wise action--,if men fear to tell the truth they are more likely to infect their wives--,three attitudes towards the evil--,bad effects on both boys and girls of too romantic views of love--,woman often to blame for cleavage between husband and wife--,the wife's responsibility for the husband's unfaithfulness--,the art of love--,certain reflections4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,the ,,danger ,,of ,,secret ,,diseases 8,the abolition of prostitution and the suppression of venereal diseases would be almost tantamount to the solution of the entire sexual problem40--,,iwan ,,bloch4 ,so far in writing of marriage and of the irregular partnerships entered into outside of marriage ,i have ignored the question of venereal diseases and of prostitution1 so intimately connected with them1 but to continue to do this would be to make my inquiry useless1 as1 properly speaking1 they constitute the central problem of the sexual relationships4 ,there are no other factors of the same importance to motherhood and to the life and health of the race4 ,without doubt the subject is eminently complicated1 while the problems involved are so immense1 far-reaching and perilous1 linking themselves with the deepest interests of the race1 that ,i hesitate almost in making an attempt to discuss so wide a subject briefly1 and necessarily inadequately1 in the short space at my disposal4 ,yet it is clearly impossible to take the easy way and pass these matters over in silence4 ,on the question of prostitution ,i have written already in my earlier book1 ,the ,truth about ,woman1 where ,i stated as truthfully as ,i could some facts ,i had come to know about the prostitute class1 as well as my own opinions on this very complex social phenomenon4 ,i shall1 therefore1 now as far as possible leave this side of the problem without further comment4 ,it must1 however1 be remembered that the problem of prostitution and the problem of venereal diseases are inseparably interconnected1 the former evil being the chief cause of the latter4 ,indeed1 if prostitution could be ended venereal diseases would of themselves disappear4 ,and here we touch at once the grave difficulty of the position4 ,these diseases are set apart from all other sicknesses of our bodies4 ,moral considerations become confused with practical values4 ,i do not see that this in itself can be wrong4 ,for there can be no greater ideal than that of removing the poisonous sting that with such abundant activity has worked evil in our midst4 ,there is1 however1 danger in too much and wrongly directed moral enthusiasm4 ,it is of vital importance that a contagious disease should be isolated and cured1 and if moral condemnation acts to defeat these objects1 it cannot but be a danger4 ,a contagious disease that must be kept secret cannot be properly dealt with and healed4 ,i hope ,i made my own position clear when ,i wrote on prostitution1 where ,i tried to avoid a purely moral and idealistic treatment of the subject4#ii ,i shall follow the same plan here4 ,i shall limit myself to the aspects of the question that to me seem to be of special importance1 choosing by preference facts about which ,i have some little personal knowledge1 or a fixed opinion of my own4 ,in this way ,i may be able to contribute a word or two of worth to this difficult question4 ,the ,report of the ,royal ,commission on ,venereal ,disease brought the subject before a reluctant and apathetic public4 ,it was time4 ,according to the ,commission one-tenth of the city population is infected by syphilis4 ,the number of those affected by gonorrha is much larger4 ,the latter disease is the more terribly injurious to women and children1 because it is often considered a triviality by men4 ,syphilis serves as the origin of many functional and organic diseases1 and its hereditary influence is truly disastrous4 ,blindness1 deafness and insanity1 as well as a weakened nervous resistance1 are the inheritance handed to the children of the syphilitic4 ,gonorrha is the chief source of sterility in women1 probably accounting for one-half of all cases4 ,at a time when infant life is of such supreme value to the nation as it is to-day1 it is impossible to exaggerate the importance of these facts4 ,we have to realise that could we act strongly and wisely so that in one generation we grappled with this great evil and cured it1 we could make good the suffering and waste of life caused by the war4 ,is it not worth while to do this8 ,it can be done4 ,there was a time when syphilis did not exist in our civilisation4 ,it cannot be traced with any certainty in ,europe before the fifteenth century1 although its origin is involved in some controversy4 ,the attempt to suppress venereal diseases by proper treatment is of less than twelve years' duration4 ,three men--,wassermann1 ,ehrlich and ,noguchi--have supplied the knowledge and given the means whereby the evil may be attacked4 ,up to the present little use has been made of the effective means of diagnosis and cure that we now possess4 ,the cure has been left to private doctors4 ,no general hospital would treat these diseases1 and the special hospitals are few in number4 ,benefit societies and insurance commissioners have refused to grant the usual benefits to patients suffering from these diseases4 ,the inoculations are very expensive1 and many patients1 even among the wealthy1 have not used them1 as they have feared to discover the truth4 ,the desire for concealment has done everything to make cure difficult4 ,i must emphasise constantly the danger of secrecy4 ,we have to face the facts as they are1 not as we wish them to be4 ,and for this reason1 because the results are what we now know them to be1 we must demand the clearing away of the moral stigma that has been placed as a ban upon the infected4 ,it is so plain4 ,until every one attacked by these diseases seeks the best remedies1 there can be no cure2 and they will not seek the remedies while the presence of the diseases is considered as evidence of sin4 ,in the past we have relied on fear as a deterrent and ignorance as a safeguard4 ,they have failed4 ,let us now try practical cures4 ,a pharisaic attitude is so highly mischievous that it becomes immoral4 ,the ,government has taken prompt and fine action4 ,it has removed one great difficulty1 and effected all that can be done without fresh legislation4 ,a comprehensive scheme of free diagnosis and treatment in general hospitals is to be organised by local authorities1 who are to receive a grant from the ,imperial ,exchequer amounting to #ge per cent4 of the cost4 ,it is to be hoped that this admirable action will counteract the evils due to the increase of venereal disease certain to accompany the war4 ,the chief recommendations of the ,commission other than those connected with direct immediate cure1 which the ,government has been able to carry out by an administrative ,act1 are as follows-- 7#a7 ,the presence of infective venereal disease should be a cause for the prevention or annulment of marriage2 further1 the process of annulment should be made available for all persons1 however poor4 7#b7 ,a communication made by a medical practitioner to a parent1 guardian1 or other person directly interested in the welfare of a woman or man in order to prevent or delay marriage with a person in an infectious condition should be a 8privileged communication40 ,it should not1 in such circumstances1 be libel or slander to state that an intending husband cannot safely marry4 7#c7 ,it is further strongly recommended that better instruction be given on sexual subjects4 8,the evils which lead to the spread of venereal diseases are in great part due to want of control1 ignorance and inexperience1 and the importance of wisely conceived educational measures can hardly be exaggerated40 ,there should be no delay in dealing with the last recommendation4 ,a strong ,president of the ,board of ,education could1 by an order of his pen1 give instruction in an afternoon1 and start arrangements which could introduce such teaching in all schools4 ,it is1 however1 another matter whether there would be teachers capable to give the instruction4 ,it is doubtful also whether sex teaching1 introduced in this way as something apart from the usual educational course1 could ever safeguard from sin4 ,i need1 however1 say little in this chapter on the important and difficult question of sexual education1 as the whole of the last section of my book deals with that subject4 ,i shall there try to show that the greater number of the evils connected with marriage and motherhood are due to false ideals and wrong methods of training in early life4 ,i am1 in particular1 convinced of the mistakes we have been making in the education of girls--mistakes which prevent them as young women from having any clear aim to guide their lives1 and act1 as ,i believe1 disastrously on their whole nature as well as spoiling their happiness4 ,this public recommendation for a recognition of the sexual life and the problems connected with it as being of vital importance in the training of the young generation fills me with strong hope4 ,but everything will depend on how such instruction is going to be given4 ,unwisely undertaken1 it may easily lead to more harm than good4 ,to be really efficacious it will need a sweeping change in the home and a revolution in the school4 ,now is the appointed time to act2 if the opportunity be allowed to pass1 it may not come again4 ,the force of tradition and the convention of silence has been broken as it has not been broken before4 ,we are all convinced that the time to change has come and to do something2 when so many are agreed upon what ought to be done1 the danger lies chiefly in the dispersion of energy by the weariness brought on by endless discussions on the way to give the education--a subject which unfortunately lends itself to much talking and disagreement4 ,but to return to the ,royal ,commission ,report4 ,recommendations 7#a7 and 7#b7 cannot be carried out without special legislation4 ,to obtain the support of the ,house of ,commons for measures which would necessarily be opposed by some persons in every constituency1 which have no vote-catching value and have not been chewed to pulp by long-continued party platform oratory1 is a difficult task4 ,the ordinary member of ,parliament feels afraid to have convictions which are unsupported by powerful organisations2 convictions which may cost him much opposition at election times4 ,probably such a measure to safeguard marriage could be more easily initiated by a vigorous and fearless member of the ,house of ,lords4 ,the ,house of ,commons at the present time1 even apart from the ,great ,war and its urgency1 is often busy for months with intricate ,government measures1 which take up nearly all the time available4 ,marriage laws cannot be dealt with in half an hour on a ,friday evening4 ,this need not discourage us too much4 ,it will not serve to leave matters to official action alone4 ,if the victory against venereal diseases is to be won1 strong signs of general interest must be shown4 ,more even than this is necessary4 ,the interest shown must be of an enlightened character4 ,i feel it is urgent to emphasise this need for wise1 and not hasty1 action4 ,women have of late been taking a quite new concern in sexual questions1 in particular in venereal diseases1 so intimately connected with their interests4 ,this is as it should be4 ,but ,i have been forced to the knowledge that this interest1 unbacked by wide knowledge and still more by experience of the facts of life1 often leads them into folly4 ,the possession of the vote by women has been expected to achieve immediate magical effects2 it has been forgotten that women voters would be neither united in their aims nor possessed of the political capacity which would enable them infallibly to gain all for which they wished4 ,women ought not to hope to solve the ancient1 fierce enigmas which have vexed mankind in every modern civilised society4 ,in my opinion1 the greatest cause of error in women's judgment arises from the tendency 7doubtless due to what their sex has suffered7 to throw the whole blame for sexual sins on men4 ,some women carry sex antagonism like a flag1 which they flourish in every wind4 ,these are1 of course1 a small minority2 but the majority of women fail to take a wide1 sane view of both the question of prostitution and that of venereal diseases4 ,let me give an illustration4 ,i recently attended a meeting where a paper was read on the ,report of the ,venereal ,disease ,commission4 ,the reader of the paper1 being a woman doctor1 took the wise view that the most important matter was the cure of the disease4 ,in the discussion that followed1 it was plainly evident that few of the audience agreed with her4 ,these were women who had read about1 and to some limited extent thought and studied these questions4 ,yet the general view was that the men ought to be punished4 ,one speaker1 who stated that she was married1 said that no true woman could or ought to forgive a husband who had become infected with venereal disease4 ,now1 it is this view1 here so crudely expressed1 that ,i am writing to combat4 ,such an attitude of blame and unforgiveness has to be changed1 or no legislation or public action will effect a real cure4 ,women are really responsible for the secrecy of these diseases4 ,and what is the result8 ,because these infectious diseases are secret they are largely uncured4 ,i hasten to say that ,i am not taking an unfair view of the position4 ,it is1 of course1 easy to understand the attitude taken up by women4 ,blame is not easily avoided4 ,i would1 however1 ask them very earnestly to consider whether there is not some confusion in their minds4 ,the sin that the man commits against his wife is being unfaithful4 ,having caught the venereal disease is a misfortune4 ,the effect must not be blamed by itself4 ,let me illustrate this point of view by considering a different case4 ,your child gets scarlet fever by an act of direct disobedience or sin4 ,he goes to play at a house he has been forbidden to enter4 ,would you1 because of his sin1 refuse to pity and nurse him8 ,rather would you not forget his disobedience and desire only to help and to heal him8 ,do you see what ,i mean now8 ,it is not that ,i uphold immoral conduct in the husband or in the lover that ,i plead thus for pity and understanding on the part of women4 ,few men are intentionally evil4 ,they do not even act foolishly in this question of infectious disease because they are wantonly careless4 ,often they are fully alive to the danger that may result to their wives from their own infection4 ,i repeat they are not necessarily bad men1 and they may love their wives and children2 but they are cowards4 ,all men are cowards when it comes to facing their wives with their own wrong doings4 ,if they cannot rely on the pity of their wives1 few men will dare to tell the truth4 ,if they cannot tell the truth1 they cannot avoid infecting their wives4 ,this may lead to the birth of infected children1 and who may say that in this case the crime is the man's alone8 ,it is to prevent this crime against the child and against life1 that ,i urge upon women a wiser and more tolerant attitude4 ,for greater clearness1 ,i may state the matter thus3 there are three attitudes that may be adopted towards sexual disease4 ,first1 that of the pure moralist1 who says only1 8,this is a sin to be punished40 ,on the opposite side is the purely utilitarian1 who says1 8,this is only a disease to be cured40 ,but both attitudes may be alike wrong1 or1 more correctly1 the truth lies midway between the two4 ,the disease1 as a disease1 needs to be cured4 ,this is the first step with which nothing should interfere4 ,but far different and much more complex is the treatment required to alter the actions that lead to the disease4 ,as a first step1 public opinion ought to condemn too late marriage1 instead of recommending it on economic grounds4 ,the mania for making economics the centre of life should now surely cease3 the falsity of this view has been exposed by many great writers1 but much stronger is the condemnation that must be given to it by all who can understand the evils that it has wrought in our sexual lives4 ,late marriages must be one of the causes contributing to men's use of prostitutes before marriage4 ,this subject has been dealt with already in ,chapter ,,xii4 ,a natural division of the subject here presents itself4 ,the problems of venereal infection are different before and after marriage4 ,a practical knowledge of the physical facts of sex should be the possession of every girl some years before the age of marriage4 ,sex must cease to be a subject on which it is not decent for a girl to speak4 ,until this has been achieved1 it will be impossible to have that frankness between lovers which will make certain an acknowledgment being made of infection1 if it is or ever has been present in the man1 so as to do away with the dangers of concealment and further disease4 ,in my opinion1 this openness is of necessary importance to the wise choice on the part of girls of the men they are to marry4 ,our whole attitude towards youth in relation to sex is mistaken4 ,and some of our worst mistakes take a direction not usually recognised4 ,we often over-emphasise the possibilities of romantic love and chivalrous devotion1 or we leave our children to gain this false attitude from the books they read4 ,this is bad for both boys and girls4 ,to personify all inspiration and nobility as ,woman often but acts to make unknown vice attractive to youth4 ,the unknown is almost always desirable4 ,it is probable that times and places where excessive respect for women has been expressed in poetry and romance have been distinguished by looseness of sexual habits2 just in the same way and for the same reason that extremely vulgar behaviour between the sexes is compatible with the strictest physical chastity4 ,in the case of girls1 the evil that may be done by over-exalting romantic love is a different one4 ,to idealise the male virtues of courage1 adventurousness and self-confidence comes near1 in many cases1 to teaching the girls admiration for the calm1 reckless ,don ,juan4 ,this is the man who is likely to have been infected by venereal diseases4 ,in the story of the ,beauty and the ,beast we have material out of which part of the great sex difficulty can be explained4 ,in the fairy story1 the husband before marriage looks like a beast1 after marriage he becomes a prince4 ,in real life1 the story is inverted4 ,there is a deluding force in the mere skin and limbs of those of the opposite sex at the time when maturity is reached which may give princely attributes to those who would be seen as beasts at other times4 ,the prince seen as a beast after marriage is a tragedy into which the romantic1 ignorant girl must beware of drifting4 ,the man who most boldly plays up to the romantic part expected of him--reciprocating to the perhaps unconscious encouragement of the girl--is not the man who will be the most agreeable to live with4 ,i believe there is real danger in the sentimental view of love that is common to most girls4 ,they do not know the poverty of feeling that loudly expressed sentiment may hide4 ,the defect of many unfaithful lovers is not sensuality1 but sentimentality4 ,the lower types of lovers are strangely1 almost incredibly1 sentimental4 ,such teaching as this about the danger of an over-romantic view of love will not safeguard from all evils1 but it will at least give knowledge that may protect in some time of peril4 ,the problem of the wife infected by a husband1 who becomes diseased after marriage1 is one that is different and more complicated4 ,i have spoken already of the urgent need on the part of the wife that she should feel pity for the husband1 even if she does this as the only means of protecting herself and her children4 ,without this pity1 men will not dare to tell the truth4 ,and even against their judgment and their wish1 they will have sexual intercourse with their wives to prevent suspicion4 ,there is a further question that must be placed before women1 and it is necessary for me to speak plainly4 ,there is a question which ,i would ask the wife whose husband has become infected since marriage with one or other of the two forms of venereal disease3 ,what is it that sends the man who is married to seek sexual satisfaction with the prostitute8 ,it will not do to dismiss this question with the old1 unreasoning condemnation of the male and his brute passions4 ,in the case of the man of average decency1 it is not deliberate choice that first sends him to dissipation4 ,let us look at the matter a little closer and with greater truth4 ,in marriage the woman dominates more often than usually is known4 ,she has the children on her side4 ,undeniably the greatest function of any man in the life of the average woman is to be the father of her child4 ,all other things that he means to her are secondary to this4 ,for this reason1 after the birth of her children she frequently ceases physically to desire her husband4 ,thus the position arises that many husbands1 after some years of marriage1 find themselves in a condition of loneliness in their own homes4 ,and the cleavage is wider than the physical needs1 and extends to the mental and spiritual plains4 ,the woman's life is filled with her children2 she ceases to belong to her husband as completely as he belongs to her4 ,she holds back more and more of herself--the vital part that he wants4 ,the man feels that he is losing1 and1 after some bluster and conflict1 he begins not to care4 ,this1 ,i believe1 is the history of many marriages that started with love4 ,the result in the end is almost certain4 ,the lower types of husband from time to time will break away and seek distraction in wild love4 ,other men of more refinement will suffer much more1 till they seek to find love with some woman in a permanent union outside marriage4 ,it may1 and ,i expect will1 be said that ,i am looking at this question from the man's side only4 ,this is not because ,i do not feel the woman's position1 but because the facts ,i am trying to state are so often neglected1 in particular by women themselves4 ,women have been taught to believe1 and do really feel1 that by sexual unfaithfulness a husband does them the cruellest possible wrong that a man can do to a woman4 ,but is the man ever wholly to be blamed8 ,after all1 he has given away only what his wife has shown him she does not want for herself4 ,most ,english wives always are acquiescent rather than passionate in the sexual embrace4 ,even when in love they are unresponsive1 hiding what they feel1 and rarely showing their husbands that they want them with any real desire4 ,after a few years of marriage1 his embraces are suffered as a duty4 ,and here ,i would re-state an opinion given in an earlier chapter3 ,i do hold that man is by his nature faithful4 ,if he has once loved a woman1 he does not cease to desire her until after she has ceased to desire him4 ,this brings me to the last question ,i want to consider4 ,why does the desire of the wife so often cease towards her husband8 ,it is a difficult question to answer4 ,one reason has been given already in the false attitude of the woman1 which in so many cases makes her ashamed of expressing openly the passion that she feels4 ,yet there is1 ,i think1 another and much deeper part of the truth that is fairly clear4 ,each man is able to enforce his sexual desire upon his wife at a time when she feels no desire1 whereas she cannot gain her desire unless he gain his4 ,we may perhaps trace back to this cause the feeling of disharmony and waning of desire which injures the woman's power to love4 ,of course1 this disharmony is not always conscious even to herself1 and the man is quite unaware of the evil4 ,but his acceptance of the woman's subordination1 however gladly given1 does exhaust the passion in her4 ,this difference in the power for sexual sacrifice between the two sexes is1 ,i have frequently thought1 one of the gravest causes of our misery4 ,it will take very long to overcome it4 ,only as we advance in refinement and knowledge of love can this antagonism in the sex act lessen1 as the woman gains in frankness and the man comes to know how to arouse and keep aflame her desire4 ,and there is here a question ,i would put to those husbands who are suffering to-day from the sexual coldness of their wives4 ,i would ask them3 ,have they taken sufficient trouble to understand1 both on the physical and psychical side1 the sexual nature of woman1 which is much more complex and difficult than their own8 ,the art of love is not understood by ,western people4 ,if we paid more attention to this subject marriage would be freed from the greatest cause that brings it to disaster4 ,greater openness and sexual confidence between the husband and the wife is the first necessary step4 ,but we shall never have this until we have rooted out of our moral conscience the idea of 8the body as the prison of the soul40 ,i have often asked myself if this misconception of love is not the real cause of all sex trouble4 ,and the remedy8 ,yes1 that is the difficult matter4 ,we cannot alter these evils by any cut-and-dried plan4 ,the expression of sex is a question of refinement1 and its regeneration must begin with a movement towards consciousness4 ,it may seem that we have reached no very definite conclusion4 ,we have not solved the problem of venereal diseases4 ,there is nothing to be gained by denying the difficulties that visit us in our sexual lives1 or in talking1 as many do1 as though there were an easy way out4 ,there is not4 ,i hold preaching on all these complicated questions to be quite useless4 ,no platitudinous formul1 no recrimination of one sex against the other sex1 will do any good4 ,the wrong is deep down in our attitude towards love1 in our system of education1 and in the very prevalent vulgarity of our surroundings4 ,it is there that we must seek for it and destroy it4 ,i dare to think of a regeneration of our sexual lives through education and a fuller understanding of the meaning of love4 ,by education must be understood all that influences the desires and imaginations1 so that our children shall be turned to seek health and clean living4 ,yet it were unwise to be too hopeful4 ,we cannot be architects of life4 ,our sons and our daughters will make new mistakes1 even should they escape our follies4 ,we can see a very short way along the path of life1 and often we are confused4 ,the wisest amongst us are only as bricklayers1 and the best can but lay two or three bricks in a lifetime4 ,our work is to do that if we can4 ,we can guess very feebly at the whole design4 ,many mistakes must be made by us1 as they have been made by those before us4 ,and it may be the duty of a new generation to pull down the work that in sorrow we have toiled to build up4 ,,part ,v ,,sexual ,,education ,wendla4 ,i have a sister who has been married for two and a half years1 ,i myself have been made an aunt for the third time1 and ,i haven't the least idea how it all comes about4 ,don't be cross1 ,mother dear1 don't be cross6 ,whom in the world should ,i ask but you6 ,please tell me1 dear ,mother4 ,i am ashamed for myself4 ,please1 ,mother1 speak6 ,don't scold me for asking you about it4 ,give me an answer--,how does it happen8 ,how does it all come about8 ,you cannot really deceive yourself that ,i1 who am fourteen years old1 still believe in the stork4 ,frau ,bergmann4 ,good ,lord1 child1 but you are peculiar6 ,what ideas you have6 ,i really can't do that6 ,wendla4 ,but why not1 ,mother8 ,why not8 ,it can't be anything ugly if everybody is delighted over it6 ,frau ,bergmann4 ,o--,o ,god protect me6 ,i deserve---- ,go get dressed1 child1 go get dressed4 ,wendla4 ,i'll go4 ,and suppose your child went out and asked the chimney sweep8 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,the ,,mother ,,and ,,the ,,child ,a tragedy of childhood--,the ,awakening of ,spring1 by ,frank ,wedekind--,how we have ignored the need of the young for sexual enlightenment--,the old method of silence a fatal mistake--,our fear of sex--,the question of the sexual education of the child--,conflicting opinion--,the twin causes of our civilisation prudery and prurience--,the manner in which parents shirk and evade the natural inquiries of their children about birth and the facts of sex--,the inevitable harm of this action--,the early activity of the child's intelligence--,foolish stories and lies--,stimulate instead of quiet curiosity--,sex knowledge gained from servants and vicious companions--,this danger from servants greater in the case of boys--,many young boys seduced by women--,the duty of the mother to instruct her children--,the difficulties that hinder parents--,the child and the sexual impulse--,the teaching of ,freud--,the danger from mistakes in the early training of the child--,no age too young for education to begin--,mistakes that may be made--,our unconscious teaching stronger than anything we say--,the mistake of set lessons--,sex not a subject to be taught like arithmetic--,what is necessary is to tell the child the truth--,its questions must be answered as soon as they are put--,the importance of not arousing curiosity--,the child1 not the mother1 to be the guide--,cases in which we must be prepared to fail--,the mother cannot always help her child--,recapitulation--,the real difficulty in sexual education arises from our treatment of sex as something apart from the rest of life--,we are afraid--,nothing worth doing can be done until this is changed4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,the ,,mother ,,and ,,the ,,child 8,the child at its mother's knee is not too young to hear from her lips the sacred facts concerning his own origin2 in a few years1 indeed1 he will be too old1 for he will have learnt those facts from a worse source1 perhaps in the gutter2 and instead of being beautiful to him1 as they might and could be1 they will be merely dirty40--,,havelock ,,ellis4 ,the quotation ,i have placed before these three chapters on ,sexual ,education1 which form the fifth and final section of my book1 is taken from the play1 ,the ,awakening of ,spring1 by ,frank ,wedekind2 he calls it a tragedy of childhood1 and dedicates the work to parents and to teachers4 ,the play deals with a group of school children1 just entering the age of puberty1 and consists mainly of their conversations one with another4 ,these imaginative young souls speculate about the mysteries of birth and sex in a manner that is typical of all children1 not mentally inert4 ,herein rests the great value of the work3 we come to realise the terrible darkness surrounding the sexual life of the great majority of boys and girls1 with the resulting tragedies that may1 and often do1 destroy health and even life4 ,unable to explain the forces germinating in their nature1 these children are hindered and crushed by the sham decencies and complacent morality that greet their blind gropings4 ,never was a more powerful indictment made against the sham of our educational system as a preparation for life4 ,the manner in which1 up to the present time1 we have ignored the need of the young for enlightenment and guidance in questions of such elemental importance to health and well-being is at once remarkable and difficult to understand4 ,under the influence of the idea of the sinfulness and radically evil nature of the sexual life1 we have stood helpless1 as if we were faced with a mysterious and malignant power2 we have left the development even of our own children to the blind hazard of chance4 ,those among us who were wiser were not heeded4 ,celebrated pedagogues of a hundred years ago1 such as ,rousseau1 ,salzmann1 ,jean ,paul and others1 expressed themselves strongly in favour of the early sexual enlightenment of youth1 and gave many valuable suggestions as to the methods of such teaching4 ,their wise recommendations remained for the most part without practical results4 ,only in recent years1 in connection with the question of the protection of motherhood and the campaign against prostitution1 has interest in the matter been reawakened4 ,a heightened sense of responsibility has been quickened amongst us4 ,an increased knowledge1 gained by the patient work of investigation of the sexual impulse1 is proving the immense importance of its right direction in the individual life4 ,this would seem to be forcing us to act4 ,to-day it is conceded1 even by many who are conservative in their attitude to sex1 that the old plan of silence and leaving this matter to chance1 has been a fatal mistake3 we are coming to understand that every child has a sacred claim to wise training in sex knowledge4 ,there can be no doubt of our past guilt4 ,the proof rests in unnumbered and needless disasters in the lives of almost all of us--sufferings unendurable and maiming2 hurts to our deepest selves1 that we have come to understand only when our thoughts have been liberated by knowledge4 ,from our fear of sex1 we have become the victims of sex4 ,what can save us8 ,it is women--the mothers who hold the future in their keeping4 ,the answer rests with them4 ,liberation from the manifold problems of our disordered sexual life depends largely on a right transmission of knowledge to our children1 so that they without harm may become wise4 ,such teaching must be given first by the mother4 ,in this way only1 through a trained and wiser motherhood1 making possible the unhampered unfoldment of the children of the future1 can humanity come into its heritage4 ,this is my firm conviction1 my profound belief4 ,and for this reason1 in my book on ,motherhood1 ,i have placed the question of sexual education last1 because ,i hold it to be the most important of all--the foundation necessary before other changes or reforms can be of any avail4 ,there is much that gives me hope4 ,this question of the sexual education of her children has begun to stir in the conscious thought of countless mothers4 ,the days of folded hands are happily over4 ,mothers of all classes desire knowledge for their children because they want to save them from suffering and from falling into the mistakes that they1 through want of knowing1 have themselves made4#ajj ,while1 however1 mothers1 as well as the great mass of educationalists and reformers1 recognise more and more the need for this knowledge for all children1 they are yet uncertain as to how and when sex teaching should be given4#aja ,there is too much hesitating so that often cowardice prevents any action being taken4 ,and the question1 8,what shall we teach our children and at what age ought we first to speak80 is one to which few have as yet found a certain answer4 ,the truth is1 the vast majority of mothers and teachers are themselves amazingly and perilously ignorant on the whole subject of sex4 ,the ban of silence has worked untold evil in our thoughts1 and what makes the difficulty even worse is that we are so very much afraid of sex it is impossible for us to learn4 ,hence we go about seeking mysteries and hunting lies1 and completely lose sight of what should be as clear as daylight--the need of the little child4 ,the twin curses of our civilisation that fetter the spirit1 prudery and prurience1 acting together1 have drawn sex into the darkest1 unwholesomest corners of our minds1 so that few of us mention the subject even to our own children without a feeling of shame4 ,so pitifully afraid are we of the facts of life that we invent fables and lie to them as to how they were born4 ,parents shirk and evade the natural inquiries of their children2 very often no kind of answer is given to their young searchings for the truth4 ,in other cases foolish fictions that outrage even a child's intelligence are repeated1 and falsehood piled upon falsehood4 ,for it is one condition of a lie that it can never stand alone2 and when a mother has lied to her child once1 she is compelled to weave a network of falsehood to sustain her first false statement4 ,she must go on from one foolish evasion to worse untruths to keep up appearances4 ,every story which1 like that of the stork or the gooseberry bush1 rests upon a lie1 is an outrage to the child4 ,and the mother's authority stands upon a veritable quicksand1 for the day will come when the child will not believe her4 ,a careless word may be spoken by a servant1 a companion1 or some other1 and1 if the mother has not saved herself in time1 she will be discovered by her child as a liar4 ,the whole structure of her pretence and shameful evasions will totter and fall to ruin4 ,and with it must go her power to influence her child4 ,barriers of doubts and silence are raised which1 as time goes on1 more and more will separate the child from the parent4 ,and such barriers once set up can hardly ever be broken through4 ,an embarrassing sense of shame1 rising like a poisonous gas between mother and child1 will work death to any confidence4 ,how many mothers have been forced in bitterness to cry1 8,i lied to my child4 ,i concealed the truth year after year4 ,now my child turns from me1 and no longer has faith in me or in my words40 ,and this failure of duty on the part of the mother works unknown harm to the child4 ,that is the essential point4 ,do our children remain in ignorance of the facts of sex which we1 in our fear1 fail to teach them8 ,no1 they do not4 ,girls and boys in tens of thousands take the course of action threatened by the child ,wendla--they go and learn from others what their mothers have refused to tell them4 ,few children fail to discover1 either through their own intelligence or by some information they gain at school or from servants1 some kind of sexual information4 ,thus too often they glean their first knowledge of sex from the vulgar1 ignorant lips of the prurient4 ,i marvel at the blindness of parents1 who seem unable to approach this question with even common understanding4 ,nine children out of ten gain information upon the relations of the sexes in the worst possible way4 ,fortunate is the child who escapes the contamination of ignorant indecency4 ,it should be remembered that in children the activity of the intelligence begins to work at an early age4 ,curiosity is very prominent3 all children want 8to find out40 ,and their activity will certainly tend to manifest itself in an inquisitive desire to know many elementary facts of life1 which are dependent upon sex4 ,the primary and most universal of these desires is the wish to know where babies come from4 ,the degree of curiosity differs1 of course1 in different children2 ,i do not think it is absent from any normal child4 ,if they do not question their elders1 they certainly will talk with one another4 ,and the shy child1 or the child who is kept from other companions1 is not saved from these curiosities3 ,i am inclined to think that the interest is strengthened and made more dangerous by repression4 ,many foolish stories are told by mothers1 in their blindness and lack of faith1 to put off the child's natural desire to learn its origin4 ,there is a curious illusion that children accept these fables1 and really believe that the baby is found in the garden under the gooseberry tree1 or brought by the stork1 or by the doctor in his bag4 ,but the child's perception is more acute than is believed1 and very rarely is any one deceived4 ,and the mother forgets that by puzzling the child's mind with these foolish stories she defeats very surely the object for which they are invented4 ,the greater the mystery about sex matters the more will childish curiosity be aroused4 ,we cannot escape from this4 ,the child thinks much less of what it knows and is sure of than of what it does not know1 but wants to find out4 ,and the same objection1 of stimulating instead of quieting curiosity1 applies to the plan adopted by many parents of telling the child when it asks these questions that it is too young to understand and must wait until it is older4 ,this postponement is better than inventing foolish fables and telling lies1 but ,i am sure it is unwise4 ,the mother thinks the child is satisfied and forgets4 ,very rarely is this the case2 the child puzzles alone1 its curiosity only quickened by the hurt that has been given to its sensitive young intelligence4 ,a wide experience has taught me that the only children who do not talk or think much about the origin of babies are the children who know how babies are born4 ,the silly stories told by parents are supplemented by equally absurd and often seriously injurious conversations with other children4 ,many servants of both sexes are addicted to idle and irreverent1 even if not vicious1 talk upon this subject1 and by this means the views of many children1 and even their whole future outlook1 upon sex are distorted and besmirched4 ,this is particularly the case with boys1 where any intimacy with servants is much more dangerous than a similar intimacy in the case of girls4 ,i must follow this question a little1 though it leads me aside from the main subject of this chapter4 ,young boys at school and elsewhere are in constant danger4 ,it is rarely that girls are placed in a position of intimacy with an adult male1 except their father or their brothers4 ,the very reverse is the case with boys3 they are tended1 and when young are washed and bathed1 by women servants1 their clothes are looked after by women1 in sickness they are nursed by women1 and in innumerable cases they are brought into much more intimate relations with women than girls are ever brought into with men4 ,i would like to say a great deal more about this danger4 ,the part played by servants in the sexual initiation of boys carelessly left in their charge1 and often when they are still children1 is much larger than usually is credited4 ,it is folly to close our eyes to the evils that may1 and often do1 arise4 ,perhaps in no other matter has the ignorance of mothers worked greater evils or been more culpable than it has been here4 ,nor is it servants alone that have to be feared in this connection3 many boys have been seduced by women1 who would be least suspected of such an act4 ,i could give cases from my own knowledge3 men1 at least1 will know that ,i speak the truth4 ,the facts are ugly1 but they may not be overlooked4 ,no mother should be ignorant on these matters4 ,for myself ,i would trust my little adopted son--he is twelve years old--with no servant and with very few women4 ,this may seem a hard saying1 but it is based on a wide knowledge of what happens to many boys4 ,we expose our children to manifold dangers which only now are we coming to understand4 ,we have to accept these things unless we are ready to act4 ,even if no such great evil happens1 much harm may be done by vulgar speech4 ,beautiful and sacred emotions1 marvellous processes of nature1 legitimate and essential longings1 become associated in the tender expanding mind of the healthy boy with the unseemly1 the shameful1 and the unclean4 ,where the child should learn to wonder1 he is taught to know shame and to deride4 ,the results are terrible in many cases4 ,it is the mother's duty and privilege unceasingly to watch her child1 but this she can do only if she has knowledge and is wise4 ,it must not be thought that ,i am unmindful of the many and great difficulties that hinder the actions of parents4 ,under our present conditions of almost universal concealments1 the sexual education of our children is1 indeed1 so difficult a problem that ,i am conscious of all manner of obstacles as ,i attempt to suggest a solution4 ,of one thing only am ,i certain3 we can no longer leave this matter safely to the hazard of chance4 ,i know well that there are many parents who1 fully recognising the importance of safeguarding their children1 yet hold back in fear of what they think may be the danger of bringing the sex impulses too early into the child's focus of consciousness4 ,it is also thought1 though less often said1 that in previous generations boys and girls got on very well without this fad of sex-instruction4 ,but the question is whether they really did4 ,the widespread prevalence of sexual troubles 7which are only now beginning to be understood and to gain the attention that for so long they have claimed7 is to a large extent the corollary of our hypocritical or cynical attitude as adults to the difficulties of youth4 ,we ourselves have 8muddled through10 and we placate our consciences with the whisper1 8,what we have done1 the youngsters can do also4 ,let them alone1 it's a beastly awkward subject to tackle40 ,it would be waste of time to answer such arguments4 ,i would point out only one result of such criminal and cold-blooded indifference3 it is generally the most promising children who are destroyed through sex struggles4 ,the coarser-fibred children may escape and come through without great hurt3 it is the sensitive children--who fight and recoil and thus suffer--who are sacrificed by the total lack of appreciation on the part of their elders of their difficulties and blind gropings for light1 sacrificed sometimes to the slaying of the body and the soul4 ,the first objection needs more careful consideration4 ,here1 as ,i have pointed out already1 the greatest difference of opinion arises in connection with the questions as to when and how sexual instruction should be given to children4 ,some1 like myself1 plead for the enlightenment to be as early as possible1 in the first years of the child's life1 so that never may there be a conscious period in which the child does not know4 ,there are1 however1 many who disagree and hold it better1 for the reasons ,i have shown1 to defer sexual instruction till the child is older1 to the onset of puberty1 or even later4 ,perhaps the attitude common to most parents is one of hesitation1 that may be expressed in the question3 ,for how long can we safely leave this matter alone8 ,no one will wisely give a dogmatic answer to this question4 ,yet ,i think we can come to a better understanding if we at once put out of our minds any idea of formal instruction4 ,sex is not something outside of life--a subject that we can teach or not teach to our child1 like arithmetic1 for instance4 ,this has been our great mistake4 ,and we shall see our folly more clearly1 if for a little time we focus our attention on the child1 and stop our rather useless discussions4 ,now it is part of the popular belief about the sexual impulse that it is absent in childhood1 and first appears in the period of life known as puberty4 ,this is a serious error and one that has brought many evil consequences1 not the least of which has been our failure to understand the nature of the child4 ,we are now reaping our mistakes and finding out that the exact opposite of this is the truth4 ,the remarkable work of ,freud1 that has opened up a whole new field of inquiry1 has shown us that the sexual instinct is never absent in the normal child4 8,in reality10 he states1 8the new-born infant brings sexuality with it into the world1 sexual sensations accompany it through the days of lactation and childhood1 and very few children can fail to experience sexual activities and feelings before the period of puberty40#ajb ,possibly there is some little exaggeration in this view1 for the basis of our knowledge is still very narrow2 but it seems certain we must accept ,freud's view as in the main right1 as1 indeed1 any one of us who has had any experience of children may prove for ourselves by our own observation4 ,have you ever considered the games of your young children--the way in which they imitate father and mother1 play the game of the family1 and delight in being the parents of their dolls8 ,your child is being taught by ,nature1 and the first appearance of sex in its heart occurs as simply as the fall of the dew upon the flowers4 ,it is we1 their elders1 who in our blundering too often break in and sully this beautiful unfolding4 ,sex is not something to be escaped from4 ,this never can be done4 ,we have1 even if against our will1 to accept its presence4 ,freud--and his opinion may not be put aside--holds that in all young children there is present a sexual life more or less subconscious1 which may be exaggerated and even perverted by any carelessness1 neglect1 or repression4 ,it is believed that certain manifestations of infantile activity1 notably the excretory functions and feeding1 as also the common habit of thumb-sucking and biting of the nails1 are closely connected with the sexual impulse4 ,in normal children the sexuality of this infantile period1 which lasts until the third or fourth year1 then passes into more or less complete oblivion4 ,there follows a happy play period during which sex is latent1 and this lasts until puberty approaches4 ,it is during this period of sexual latency that the psychic forces of the child develop--forces which1 in later years1 act as inhibitions on the sexual life and narrow and direct its expression like dams4 ,but in nervous children1 where frequently there is sexual precocity1 this order is very likely to be disturbed4 ,and the danger may be increased by the over-fondling of an unwise and voluptuous mother1 by an ignorant nurse1 or the suggestion of an older and vicious child1 with very detrimental results4 ,a wrong direction may most easily be given to the child's sexual development in its earliest years4 ,neurotic manifestations such as hysteria1 obsessions1 and many sexual perversions1 are traced back by ,freud to the influence of the wrongly directed or repressed erotic experiences of childhood4 ,it seems to be quite clear that any repression of the instinctive and subconscious infantile sexuality makes for evil2 that the only safe course to follow is the culture of a healthy and right expression4 ,freud goes the length of saying that obsessions are in every case transformed reproaches which have escaped from the attempted repression and are always connected with some pleasurable sexual feeling aroused in childhood4 ,now1 before ,i go on further to point out the line of action1 and the change in our attitude to this question1 that must follow inevitably from our knowledge of the early existence in the child of the sexual impulse1 ,i would wish to underline as strongly as ,i am able the facts that we have learnt3 7#a7 ,every child is born with a sexual nature2 7#b7 this infantile sexuality furnishes the groundwork of the later sexual life2 7#c7 and the individual's sexual conduct and health will depend1 in part at least1 on the peculiarities of this early period of infancy and childhood2 7#d7 therefore1 the sexual desires and instincts with which the child is born cannot safely be left alone2 they must be dealt with in some way2 7#e7 for a wrong direction to these instincts may most easily be given by any mistake or neglect on the part of the mother or those connected with the child2 7#f7 lastly1 and most important of all1 repression of sex is always dangerous2 any efforts made in this direction are very likely to lead to evil in the later life of the child4 ,we have found now the answer to the question we were seeking3 the sexual education of the child should begin in its earliest years1 since there is no age too young for harm to be done by our neglect or mistakes4 ,the first teacher must1 therefore1 be the mother1 who is with the child and should watch over and direct its unfolding nature1 by unceasing and selfless care1 in these early years when care counts for most4 ,and ,i would state in passing1 that here is another reason--and ,i hold it the strongest reason of all--why no mother1 who is not forced to do so1 should leave her home to work and have thus to delegate her sacred duty of caring for her child to another4 ,but again we are faced with difficulties many and various that will have to be overcome4 ,for while every one must agree that a wise mother is incomparably the child's best teacher1 it is equally true that the unwise mother may do incalculable harm4 ,and when we face1 as ,i am attempting to do1 the conditions of the ordinary home1 as we all know it to be under the present guidance of ignorance and prejudice in these questions1 it seems certain that few mothers can wisely carry out this teaching4 ,not much hope for the child until this is changed4 ,thus1 it is clear that the sexual education of the child will have to begin with changed conditions in the home and sexual education of the mother4 ,this is going to be a very difficult task1 and ,i speak here of good mothers1 not of bad ones4 ,it is a painful fact that many mothers1 who are keenly conscious of their responsibility and most anxious to train their children aright1 are too shy to be of much direct use to them in their sexual education4 ,they cannot free themselves1 even when they wish to do this1 from the vulgarisation of the idea of sex that has resulted from their own training4 ,there can be nothing gained by pretending that this question of sexual education is going to be an easy matter4 ,it may be so in theory1 it will not be easy in practice4 ,sometimes1 indeed1 ,i am so filled with doubts and sadness1 that1 if doing and saying nothing were working well1 ,i might be tempted to think that to establish sexual training under present conditions was even a worse course than to go on leaving the matter alone4 ,but ,i know that all is not well4 ,by continuing our policy of negligence and cowardice we are holding open the way to disasters in the future1 the far-reaching evils of which we are only now beginning to understand4 ,it is obvious that sex instruction may be given blunderingly even with the greatest good-will2 ,i am1 indeed1 exceedingly doubtful of the efficacy of any kind of formal teaching4 ,certainly set lessons1 or even 8arranged talks10 should not be given to young children4 ,all children harbour curiosities regarding their bodily structure and the basis of life4 ,in an atmosphere of trust1 sooner or later they will express these natural curiosities in a tentative1 haphazard way4 ,this is the psychological moment for the mother's teaching4 ,the question asked must be answered truthfully and in terms simplified to the comprehension of the child4 ,the reply must have the air of being both candid and confidential3 that is to say1 it must satisfy curiosity and at the same time leave the impression that such subjects are to be avoided in general conversation1 not because they are 8nasty10 but because they are so sacred and intimate that they should be mentioned only to those the child loves and respects4 ,the ideal must ever be to educate through love1 to avoid always repressive measures1 and to aid the expression of the normal sex instincts3 let the child establish its own psychic individuality4 ,our unconscious example must always be far stronger in its result on the child's mind than anything we can say4 ,of what use can our teaching be1 if1 through our own want of purity1 the concealments that breed curiosity and shame1 are evident in all our attitude to our bodies and to the physical facts of our being8 ,the child is not shown the duty of reverence for himself2 he is not taught the beauty of all the processes of his young life2 the sex organs are left without proper names1 and the child is told that it must not speak of these parts4 ,we are continuously careless in our conversations and in our acts before our children4 ,we take them to see picture plays and allow them to read books and tell them stories in which love is vulgarised1 and all kinds of false statements are allowed4 ,in these and in numerous other ways1 weeds are caused by our folly to spring up in the child's mind4 ,we can never undo by any teaching a sense of shame in sex and love that our actions and thoughtless words have revealed to the quick intelligence of the child4 ,it is entirely false to think that the facts of sex plainly and simply told will shock and seem strange to the young child4 ,it is to the prurient only that there is anything ugly or disillusioning in birth and love4 ,the child will receive your information with wonder and guileless delicacy4 ,the mother need have no fear of her child1 only of herself4 ,the error in all these cases is the error of our own impurity of thought2 the hateful idea that the facts of sex are ugly and disillusioning4 ,here we have the key to the whole problem3 it explains the utter helplessness and weakness of our attitude4 ,it will be very long before this can be changed2 the evil is rooted so deeply in almost all of us4 ,a child of four and even younger will begin to ask questions of its mother4 ,as soon as the questions are put they should be answered in such a manner that the child's curiosity is satisfied4 ,and this brings me to what ,i hold to be more important than all else4 ,in this difficult question of sexual enlightenment1 it is the child who must be the guide of the parent4 ,i regard this as the most urgent rule for every mother4 ,never arouse sexual curiosity in the child1 either directly by offering instruction on the subject or indirectly by careless speech or action1 but always be ready to satisfy such curiosity at once when it is present in the child's consciousness4 ,this is1 of course1 to say that every question of the child must be answered by the truth4 ,it goes without saying1 that the mother must give her answer just as if she were talking on any other subject1 or explaining the function of any other organ of the body4 ,this course can be adopted only where adults are able to talk of these subjects without shame4 ,there must be no hushed voices1 no special manner in speaking4 ,any hint of such feeling or hesitancy on the part of the mother will communicate itself at once to the quick consciousness of the child4 ,here again ,i am driven back to the difficulty of our own fear of sex3 this is the stumbling-block that hinders the right teaching of our children4 ,i know there are many parents who will fear this openness of speech and action1 holding that it is dangerous to break through the mystery and reserve with which we have surrounded the physical facts of love4 ,this danger is felt to be specially great in the case of girls4 ,i am certain this is a very deep mistake4 ,show the child that the mystery of sex rests in its sacredness3 teach it that1 for this reason1 we do not speak of the subject lightly1 holding it in too great reverence for common speech2 but never let it be thought of as a subject tabooed1 one on which openness of thought is not nice1 for thus it will become shameful1 and uncleanness and not mystery will keep it in the dark places of the child's consciousness4 ,but here ,i would give a further word of warning to the mother4 ,she must not expect or desire from her child a continued attention to her teaching1 nor must she force by over-emphasis or any kind of moral warnings a false sentiment in her teaching4 ,i believe this to be very important4 ,the child1 at the age when such questions first will be asked and should be answered1 will tire very quickly of any information that the mother gives4 ,it will break off to run away and play1 or will interrupt the most beautiful and carefully prepared lesson4 ,but if the mother is wise1 she will never go beyond the interest of the child4 ,facts communicated in this way and at such natural opportunities are subconsciously noted and swiftly dismissed from the consciousness of the child1 who soon becomes interested in something else after the disconnected discursive fashion of childish thinking4 ,and1 when so treated1 it will be found that children are not inordinately interested in these questions2 they will break off from what they are asking you about birth or the procedure of the sexual act to talk about toy soldiers or dolls4 ,this very carelessness in attention is1 indeed1 the immense value of this form of teaching3 the child has the information and yet does not trouble about it1 and ignores it when it is not to the point4 ,such can never be the case when the information is given in the form of a set lesson and interconnected with moral teaching4 ,so important is this that ,i think it better and safer for the mother to err on the side of saying too little than saying too much4 ,all that is essential is that the truth should be told4 ,now this is not going to be easy4 ,above all else1 it is necessary to establish1 as far as is possible1 feelings of openness and sympathy between the mother and her child4 ,and for this it is essential that the mother must herself have the most absolute faith in the purity of sex1 and in her own physical relationship to her child and to its father4 ,without this nothing that is worth gaining can be gained from any form of teaching4 ,the slightest doubt or uncertainty on the mother's part is fatal2 then1 at once1 shame will begin to creep in to hurt the young and sensitive life4 ,there is another matter that must be considered4 ,it is often stated1 by the most careful parents as well as by those who are careless1 that complete and perfect sympathy exists between them and their children4 8,my child tells me everything0 has been the thought to bring comfort to many mothers4 ,but is this true8 ,for myself ,i have wondered if such an ideal can ever be attained fully4 ,nor am ,i certain1 if we think of the child only1 whether it is an ideal really to be desired4 ,we have to remember that we--the parents--belong to one generation and the child to another4 ,and this barrier of age is felt in nothing more strongly than it is in sex4 ,the intense and complicated forces that have moulded us are but awakening in the young life4 ,we can1 at best1 hope only to guide our children2 we can give to them some little knowledge gained by the experience of our mistakes1 but we cannot give them the knowledge they can gain only from life1 nor can we save them from making their own mistakes4 ,idle curiosity is banished by simple honest teaching1 and much evil is thereby prevented4 ,but the boundless curiosity of the child is not and1 indeed1 should not be satisfied4 ,the boy or the girl1 as he or she grows older1 will have to experiment1 to find out for himself or herself4 ,to ignore this need is1 ,i am certain1 to blind ourselves to the facts of life4 ,we must be prepared that1 with all our care1 our most loving efforts to gain the confidence of our children will be met by refusals4 ,and although this failure may1 and1 indeed1 must sadden us as we watch the child of our love passing out of the protective circle of our power to help1 we need to know that this is a natural process--a step forward that should be taken by the boy or girl2 we even fail in our duty do we try to hold them back and refuse to loosen the cords of guidance4 ,the child is fulfilling his or her own needs in turning from us4 ,age cannot always help youth4 ,in the early years the child desires and should have the very individualised and binding relation with its parents1 but when he is older he ought to free himself from the old bindings--from the covering protection of the mother and father--if he is to establish his own character and suitably adapt himself to the world outside the home4 ,our children will turn away from us in their search for knowledge and experience4 ,all that any mother can do is to establish a relationship of openness and confidence in her child's early years1 for if it is not done then hardly ever can it be done later4 ,but even when this has done1 there will still be needed the utmost care that what has been gained may not be used for the mother's own satisfaction and against the good of the boy or the girl4 ,all the wisdom and patience and tenderness and sacrifice of the parents will be needed after the epoch of puberty and in the difficult years of adolescence1 to know when it is wise to give advice and claim confidence1 or when the harder duty must be done of pushing the boy or the girl away to experiment and live upon their own responsibility4 ,here1 again1 ,i would give warning3 in these later adolescent years it is always the child--boy or girl--and not the parents who must be the guide4 ,the mother and the father must be ready at all times1 but their task is1 ,i think1 one of very patient and loving waiting3 it is the child who must desire to give the confidence4 ,it is true that the wise parent may create opportunities of confidence2 to these the boy or the girl will respond readily2 at least this will be so when the early training of the child has been without any hateful sense of shame4 99 99 99 99 99 ,such are the facts as they present themselves to me4 ,the real failure in sexual education arises from our treatment of sex as something apart from the rest of life4 ,we have got to change this1 if we are to help our children4 ,sex must cease to be a forbidden subject4 ,label any natural function as improper1 not to be spoken about and repellent1 and at once you set up an abnormal curiosity1 and open a way for almost every evil4 ,we must cease to be afraid4 ,there is1 of course1 a very deep reason for this fear of sex4 ,the sex impulses are not often realised and understood in the conscious life of men and women1 and although they can be caught up and fused into all that is best in the individual character1 they remain in most of us unrecognised and untamed4 ,you will see what ,i mean4 ,the sex instinct has retained its wildness1 and we must1 ,i think1 face the fact that there is in all of us a volcanic element in sex1 underlying and influencing all the rest of our nature1 and1 for that very reason1 shaking the individual character from its foundations with tremor1 if not with catastrophe4 ,this distrust of the dynamic force1 which so often we have found difficult to control in ourselves1 causes us to fear for our children4 ,we are afraid that many growths we do not like may spring up in them4 ,and the immediate result in us is an inhibitory awkwardness--largely an effort of hiding--in the face of everything that comes within hailing distance of the sex passion4 ,until we have cleared our thoughts from this confusion of fear1 very little good can be done4 ,let us purify ourselves and re-establish our own faith4 ,when once we come to understand1 we cannot go on leaving our children to be sullied1 and in some cases--and those not a few--even crushed and destroyed by our mock modesty1 sham decencies and complacent blindness4 ,it is my firm conviction that most of the perversions of sex1 a whole list of diseases1 the almost countless number of unhappy marriages1 many of the existing social evils--may be traced back to this cause4 ,it is unsafe to prophesy1 yet ,i think much of the misery would be remedied1 if once we could dispel the unwholesome mystery with which we1 in our timidity and uncleanness of mind1 have enveloped the facts of birth and the relations between the sexes4 ,such mystery is really nothing but shame2 much of it may be dispelled by the wholesome light of simple and wise teaching4 ,so only can we hope to guide our children's natural and beautiful unfolding4 ,we must inculcate in them from their earliest years respect for their own bodies and for the reproductive act4 ,reverence for sex as something holy should be part of every child's education4 ,the eternal hymn of ,love is the noblest strain in the universe1 and the young should be taught to heed it reverently4 ,there must be no false valuation of the impulse which unites men and women1 if we wish our daughters and our sons to fulfil worthily the high duties of parenthood4 ,we cannot teach unless our faith is great and we also practise4 ,we must plant deep in our children's fresh natures a desire for beauty1 not alone in outside things1 but in all thought and in every deed relating to the ,life force1 which is ,love4 ,you will see now the scope of the claim ,i am making for sexual education3 it is to be the means whereby concealments are to be broken through and shame in sex is to be destroyed4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xv ,,sexual ,,education ,,with ,,special ,,reference ,,to ,,the ,,adolescent ,,girl ,our very limited powers--,our children have to experiment and to learn life for themselves--,the theoretical teacher who reforms the world on paper--,the hindrances placed in the way of the sex emotions--,we educate girls and boys as if they were sexless neuters--,the folly of this denial of sex--,the origin of our fear--,an attempt to express the psychological meaning of the combination of the man and the woman--,the differences between the boy and the girl--,an attempt to follow this dissimilarity--,the evils arising from the modern tendency to ignore sex differences--,this the real weakness in the position of the modern girl--,she has a profound distrust of herself as a woman--,our schools and educational system founded on the needs of boys--,this a great evil--,the development of the girl at puberty more difficult than the development of the boy--,every girl lives a hidden life of her own--,the conflict in the sensitive soul of the adolescent--,this the age of romance and idealism--,the danger of sudden and wrong knowledge of the physical facts of sex--,full instruction of girls more necessary even than the instruction of boys--,the immense danger of repression--,the transformation of puberty--,painful experiences of youth act harmfully in the later years--,our deadly silences and sham presentation of life--,the injury we do to the girl by ignoring her sexual life--,induces sexual coldness--,this the great cause of unhappiness in marriage--,our fear and denial of love--,this what is wrong with life4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,sexual ,,education ,,with ,,special ,,reference ,,to ,,the ,,adolescent ,,girl 8,but1 alas6 a hindrance ever lurketh in our way2 it is the leaven in the dough1 the deadly flies that invert the sweetness of the fragrant wine2 ''' ,thus ''' the wrongful thoughts ferment4 ,evil plougheth in and urgeth as a task-master4 ,he wasteth and destroyeth1 and1 lo6 we are taken captive in this thraldom2 he giveth over the innocent and pure to death2 defilement spreadeth1 and of joy there is naught left40--7,eng4 trans41 ,jewish ,prayer for the ,day of ,atonement47 ,now1 because ,i desire sexual enlightenment for all children1 and1 in particular1 for all girls1 and seek as a reformer the re-shaping of education in the home and in the school1 it does not follow that ,i am so over-presumptuous as to believe it possible in this way quickly to remedy all sexual mistakes1 or that ,i do not realise how our policy of muddle and leaving these matters alone has not always been as disastrous as1 indeed1 we might expect4 ,i know that in many cases and among numerous young people the sexual life follows a healthy and beautiful unfolding1 in spite of anything we may do or may leave undone4 ,and it needs but a cursory view to see that all is not confused and an aimless conflict of waste1 but that the wonderful beauty of youth often will triumph over the meanness of our fears1 our subterfuges and blind blunderings4 ,one perceives something that goes on1 something that is continually working in the child to make order out of our muddle1 beauty out of our defacements3 to force light1 frankness and purity in place of our shams and our lies4 ,doubtless to the theoretical teacher eager to reform the world on paper1 it seems a very easy matter to lay down rules for mothers and teachers regarding sexual instruction--new finger-posts to conduct1 whereby the young generation may be guarded from making the mistakes that we ourselves have made4 ,but can we do this8 ,for in sex we have as yet learnt very little1 and ,i doubt sometimes if we can ever learn very much1 except each one of us for ourselves out of our own experience4 ,we of an older generation cannot save our children very far1 or hold them back from life4 ,and it may be well that at once we realise and acknowledge the very narrow limits of our power4 ,but this is not to say that we are to shirk and continue to act as if all were well when we know that it is not so4 ,the manner in which1 up to the present day1 we have completely ignored the very fact of sex in our educational system is almost incredible4 ,there has been in many directions a vast range of betrayal and baseness in our treatment of youth4 ,no other emotion is so hindered1 opposed1 and loaded with material and moral fetters4 ,we know how education makes a beginning in this way1 and how life continues the process4 ,perhaps some of these hindrances are inevitable2 but many are the direct result of our adult stupidity1 and the way we have failed in training the young4 ,how can you expect the primitive powerful sex impulse not to suffer8 ,the sex emotions are among the deepest1 if not the deepest1 of our nature2 they exercise an influence on every phase of development1 and1 in one form or another1 direct the entire being of the individual4 ,we know this4 ,and all the time we continue to educate girls and boys as if they were sexless neuters4 ,could folly be greater8 ,by our teaching and our example we are destroying for the young the harmony of ,nature4 ,we ourselves are shame-faced because we are still savages in sex4 ,if not1 why this awe and funk1 these taboos and mysteries1 all the secretive cunning with which we hide from the young facts that we all know1 but pretend that we don't know8 ,and it cannot be overlooked that this fear of sex is of very ancient origin1 which makes it the more difficult to eradicate4 ,we have1 ,i believe1 to allow for an ages-old1 and therefore strongly rooted1 sense of separation1 causing an often unconscious antagonism between the two sexes4 ,we see its unchecked action in many examples in the animal kingdom1 though not in all--it is quite absent1 for instance1 in the family life of certain insects and in the perfect loves of many birds1 whose life-histories we examined in the first section of this book4 ,we see the same antagonism acting continually among primitive peoples in the elaborate and sacred system of taboos which separate the two sexes4 ,indeed1 the beginnings of the marriage system can be traced back to a primitive conception of danger attaching to the sexual act4 ,i am not very hopeful that this sex separation that is a kind of antagonism can ever be wholly eliminated2 ,i am not even sure that it is well that it should be eliminated4 ,may it not be that love itself would be withered did we take it away8 ,i am not certain at all2 ,i know1 however1 that this fear of sex has led us into great folly4 ,what is the psychological meaning of the combination of man and woman8 ,it is the union between opposites1 which1 perhaps1 ,i may try to explain further as the union between consciousness and unconsciousness4 ,the man is essentially conscious1 the woman essentially unconscious2 the man is concentrated in his intellect1 the woman is concentrated in her senses4 ,these1 at least1 are the nearest words in which ,i am able to express it4 ,and of one thing ,i am certain3 the modern way of mixing the qualities of the two sexes acts directly for unhappiness and in harm to the race4 ,i did not always think this3 ,i did not want to think it4 ,i have come slowly to be convinced and against my own will4 ,and ,i am glad to take the opportunity now1 as ,i near the end of my book on ,motherhood--the subject which ever has been deepest in my heart--to state this as my later opinion1 which has been made clear to me by the experiences of my life4 ,there is no use in saying there is no difference between the girl and the boy when human nature keeps asserting that there is4 ,there is even1 as ,i have been forced into accepting1 a natural tendency between boys and girls to draw away from each other4 ,you may see this separation in every co-education school where the children1 led by deeper instincts than we have understood1 bring our wisdom to foolishness4 ,they unconsciously feel that separation which we have been trying to pretend does not exist4 ,each sex1 at the very dawn of the teens and before1 is unfolding interests1 tastes1 plays and ambitions of its own4 ,it would be interesting to follow this dissimilarity as far as it could lead us4 ,sometimes it would seem that we had got to the bottom--to what is common to the girl as to the boy2 the qualities that both sexes share as human beings1 where the ties of similarity seem to link their characters4 ,but wait6 deeper than this we must seek for the truth4 ,even in this likeness there is an all-pervading unlikeness4 ,and it is just this3 the differences1 which cannot1 ,i think1 be expressed1 but which do exist--differences in souls1 in minds and in bodies--as well as a separation in the habits1 the desires1 and attitude to life1 that makes for such harmony in the elemental depths4 ,the influence of sex extends in mysterious ways that as yet we do not understand4 ,and the variation between the girl and the boy is far greater1 ,i believe1 than has ever in modern times been recognised4 ,the longer ,i live1 and the more life teaches me1 the more strongly ,i am convinced of this fact3 you do not make the girl into the boy by ignoring her special functions2 you do not lessen sexuality by pretending it is not there4 ,from the start of puberty this difference between the girl and the boy should be faced2 great is the harm that follows from our pretending it is not there4 ,and the hurt suffered in my opinion1 is almost always more serious to the girl than to the boy4 ,many women are blindly prejudiced on this question as1 indeed1 ,i myself once was4 ,the reason of such mistake is plain4 ,this breaking down or lessening of the differences between the two sexes may be1 and is1 possible4 ,by means of education and the action of habit a child may be impressed with characteristics normally foreign to its sex1 qualities and tendencies are thus developed which ordinarily appear only in a child of the opposite sex4 ,i would refer the reader back to the early section of this book for examples1 most curious and suggestive1 of such complete transposition of the female and male characters4#ajc ,things are not quite so obviously plain in the human world1 but they are not less fateful1 less significant4 ,we touch here the real weakness in the position of the modern girl3 the profound distrust that she has of herself4 ,i do not mean1 of course1 intellectually or as a worker1 but a distrust of herself as ,woman4 ,i believe it results directly from educational influences4 ,all our effort is directed to repress from the consciousness of the girl the realities of her own sexual nature2 and what we do is to hinder her deepest instincts so that often they fail in finding a healthy expression4 ,in our schools the educational system is founded on the needs of boys and not on the needs of girls4 ,i regard this as a great crime4 ,for one thing1 the development of the girl is more obscure and difficult than the development of the boy2 in her sex-life there are finer balances1 which opens up the way to greater evils4 ,there is every possibility of morbid disturbance from any mistakes in the training4 ,the girl has more that she needs to learn to establish her health and sexual happiness than has the boy2 the pubescent period lasts longer with her and is more unsettling2 while the greatest difficulty of all1 perhaps1 arises from the fact that her conduct is more ruled by deep unconscious instincts4 ,every girl lives a hidden life of her own1 and it is within this shrine of her individuality that the primitive and fierce instincts of her sex struggle to find expression2 and though always unacknowledged and often1 indeed1 unrecognised1 alike by the girl herself as well as by her elders1 it is these instincts that direct her growth and are the determining influence of her life1 far more important than the actions directed by her conscious self1 which is occupied in learning lessons1 in play1 and all the outward interests of the daily life4 ,and it is this deeper ego that suffers from our educational system and the elaborate ingenuity with which the facts of life are hidden and glossed over4 ,girls in our schools1 and also in our homes1 are trained to become secretive about themselves1 treating their special sexual functions as a mystery and a shame4 ,truth-telling is inculcated in all matters except sex1 and here there is an unceasing evasion1 which prepares disharmonies at the very dawn of sexual consciousness4 ,let us understand what harm we are doing4 ,do we know8 ,do we care8 ,we have1 ,i suppose1 a certain vague ideal as to what ,woman should be1 but as far as ,i can see we give no kind of training to help a girl in any way to live healthily and fully her life as a woman4 ,as it is1 one is tempted to say that it is rather in spite of than by means of her education that any modern girl arrives at any conception of her womanly nature and her tasks4 ,we really seem to be proclaiming a sense of injury because there is such a fact in the girl's nature as sex4 ,again ,i assert that our crime is manifest4 ,we have set up an educational system that is blind to the needs of girls and the facts of their sexual life4 ,how many among us women of this generation have suffered hurt--thousands of women defrauded of happiness and of health1 bearing with them year after year the mark of lost instincts1 stifled desires1 and natures in part murdered4 ,do ,i write strongly8 ,yes1 ,i do2 but ,i write of what ,i know to be true4 ,mothers1 wrapped in the long trance of complacent living1 remain indifferent1 or are themselves too ignorant and dead to life to give help4 ,as their daughters come to consciousness1 as they begin to suffer their own fulfilment1 they can do nothing and they cast them off4 ,hard shut down and silent in themselves1 how many girls suffer the anguish of youth reaching out for the unknown ideal that they can't grasp1 can't even distinguish or conceive4 ,what we call education helps them not at all1 for how can any educational system succeed when it runs contrary to nature8 ,all the larger intimate problems that encompass life are neglected1 while the intellect is crammed with a store of quite useless facts4 ,real education would lead to emancipation1 but instead we prepare girls for examinations4 ,and what we have to fear is a deadening of physical and spiritual response that must tend to follow from this suppression4 ,for what is a girl's life8 ,she works and rests from work1 eats1 and sleeps1 and plays1 and all the while she remains wrapped in the closest egoism1 her strongest instincts smouldering beneath the dull weight of an education that is not an education1 but an unstimulating and conforming pretence1 and not fitted to the needs1 of living4 ,even when she is free and is turned out at last1 apathetic and obliterated1 she carries with her vague dreads of positive acts and new ideas4 ,how seldom does she succeed in urging out of herself the inmost vital part she has stifled4 ,she is compacted of numbed faculties and inhibited desires4 ,the inmost ,self yearns to get out and away1 to spend itself1 to find its due share in the ever-creating life4 ,but the confidence and possession of the ,self has been destroyed2 the ego is left alone with its dread1 with the distrust of desires not understood and instincts thrust back within4 ,and do you not see the result of this conflict to the sensitive soul of the adolescent8 ,the terrible evil of disharmonies first started during these pregnant and inceptive years that should be the infancy of the higher powers of womanhood8 ,robbed of a just confidence and pride in her sex1 her own stifled instincts become to a girl hateful and as something of which she should be ashamed2 she begins to chafe against her womanhood and spurn it1 bemoaning the limitations of her sex4 ,she lapses into boy's ways1 methods of work and ideals2 she comes to live gaily enough and to laugh carelessly1 not knowing what she has lost2 to care nothing to be herself--content to choke the vision in her own life4 ,so it has been with you1 with me1 with all of us4 ,are we content that this blighting shall be suffered by our daughters8 ,the evil is happening for want of a generous guidance from us who have gone before4 ,i write of what ,i know4 ,great and unending is the misery that we make possible by our folly1 sickness of body and soul1 so that the repressed nature rots away and doubt eats into natural faith4 ,nature is violated at every step1 and after we have educated her1 in nine cases out of ten1 the girl emerges a mere residuum of decent minor dispositions4 ,there is need to change4 ,much that is said or done1 both consciously and unconsciously1 by the adult will torture the adolescent's sensitiveness much more than is conceivable to any one who has no insight to the curious psychology of girls in these difficult years4 ,there is as a rule at this period of life a painful dualisation of the soul2 thus1 while seeking to know about sex1 many girls will turn violently from the truth1 so that any guidance we may give now will be very likely to arouse anger and disgust4 ,and ,i know of no safeguard except a full knowledge of the physical facts of sex--of begetting and of birth1 that has been gained earlier in the play period of childhood1 in years when such knowledge can be assimilated unconsciously and its deep significance causes no response of personal disturbance4 ,we have to remember that these are the years of romance and idealism1 when the always strong tendency among girls to sublimate and spiritualise love is at its highest4 ,sex knowledge could not possibly be given at a worse time than now1 when the young soul is passing through its difficult birth and the conscious self seethes and teems with emotional ferment4 ,if at this period the physical side of love is brought for the first time into notice there will be a withdrawal of the girl's ever-sensitive confidence1 and worse1 an ebb of the nerves1 caused by distrust liberating the demon of fear2 an almost certain reaction of incredulity and disillusionment will follow1 with after results that may prove to be deep and far-reaching in their danger to healthy life4 ,we find then1 contrary to the usual opinion1 that an early and full instruction in the physical facts of sex is more necessary for girls even than it is for boys4 ,the dangers of ignorance1 or of sudden and too late knowledge1 are greater4 ,for any primary reaction of aversion1 which is rarely absent1 will in many cases strengthen into disgust and a curious horror that is partly fear and partly strengthened desire4 ,for at the same time there will very likely be a strong attractive element in the form of intensely excited curiosity1 which may be active and experimenting1 but more often and with even greater danger is kept hidden1 but yet spies and clutches for new evidence4 ,such unhealthy curiosity1 remaining for long unsatisfied or insufficiently satisfied1 almost necessarily sets up morbid reactions1 causing many sexual evils4 ,you may say1 of course1 that ,i am mistaken2 that these things do not happen--at least1 not in the case of your daughter or of any nice girls4 ,i can answer only1 that it is you--the mother or the teacher--who1 ,i fear1 are wrong1 living in the paradise of the fool4 ,i am not exaggerating at all4 ,i have tried to show how serious is the shock and how severe the disillusionment that may follow to the adolescent on a too sudden meeting with the physical facts of sex4 ,it is time for us to cease pretending4 ,we must realise that the mutilating or slaying of sex is followed always by disaster4 ,instincts which have been prevented from their natural expression must tend to escape and find expression in abnormal forms that may1 and often do1 give rise to greater devastation4 ,we have to face these things3 there is no use in turning from them because they are horrid and in fear of giving offence4 ,let me take but one fact4 ,masturbation is of very frequent occurrence among girls and among women1 and this form of erotic indulgence acts directly in lowering sexual sensibility1 and not only limits the desire for love1 but prevents a right physical response so that satisfaction may be gained from the normal sexual act4 ,is it not time that we women began to be frank8 ,we have pretended to ourselves1 and argued away from these questions far too long4 ,love cries out against our denials4 ,extreme passion may work ill1 but the opposite extreme of the sacrifice of healthy natural instincts is as great an evil4 ,i am driven back always to this3 the immense danger of repression4 ,for our hindrances lead inevitably to repressions1 always dangerous2 and these tend to set up deep indwelling disharmonies1 and then the way is opened up to manifold evils that may be traced into many by-paths of the after sexual life4 ,and though ,i know there are many among my readers impatiently exclaiming that ,i am constantly dragging sex into everything1 ,i assert that ,i do not drag it in3 it is there4 ,and for this reason alone it is certain that to formulate a system of education which ignores sex must lead to disaster4 ,i would call attention again to the fact noted in the previous chapter that the sex impulse is never absent in any child1 however young4 ,the transformation of puberty is really a co-ordination of the individual sex-life that already exists4 ,with the development of the bodily structure and the marked changes in the sexual organs1 there takes place a psychic growth which causes a perfectly natural seeking out of the young soul for experience and love4 ,there is every possibility of morbid disturbance should this new order of development be hindered and not take place4 ,and if this beautiful natural transformation is to succeed there must be no forcing back of the nature upon itself4 ,the period of adolescence should crown and complete every organ and every faculty4 ,no over-emphasis can be laid on the fateful issues that may follow to each girl from any mistakes in training at this period of adult birth1 when the nature must find its new expression in the right direction of health or in the wrong direction of the abnormal4 ,we are deceived so often by the outside appearance of things4 ,the painful experiences of youth may disappear from the conscious memory1 but they do not thereby cease to act as an influence directing the after life4 ,every mother and every teacher ought to understand this4 ,any hurt now done by our folly can never be undone4 ,no experience is entirely lost4 ,what seems to have vanished from the consciousness has really passed into a sub-consciousness1 where it lives on in an organised form as real as if it were still part of the conscious personality2 and although any experience may lie dormant1 unknown to the conscious self1 it may1 and almost certainly will at some time1 cause emotional reactions that continue without a known reason to excite and direct the outward ordinary life4 ,our easy1 complacent and devastating folly in ignoring the special physical nature of girls1 and the elaborate ingenuity with which the facts of life are hidden from them or glossed over by unhealthy sentiment1 is the true cause of the physical and spiritual etiolation of womanhood4 ,there is1 ,i allege1 murder to the girl's power to be herself--to fulfil her woman's destiny--in our evasions1 our deadly silences1 and sham presentation of life1 conditioned in all cases by theory and never by the act of living4 ,it is because ,i believe this that ,i am writing with all the power that ,i have against our schools which show the most coarse lack of understanding of the nature of the girl4 ,i want new schools fitted to the needs of girls4 ,the aim of education should be a general cohesion in all the different elements of the personality4 ,and if the method is right1 it will prove a way to greater happiness and fulness of growth4 ,no longer will sex be held as a hindrance to life4 ,i believe that almost everything in the future depends upon this4 ,life would be liberated4 ,an instinct that continually is hindered and denied cannot easily develop for health2 and often1 owing to these hindrances1 the sexual life is stunted2 then later the right and simple impulse to the performance of the sex act and its final consummation and enjoyment may be interfered with for ever and even prevented4 ,will you think what this means4 ,in plain words1 we are1 by our false ideals and the wrong attitude towards the sexual life which conditions our system of education for girls1 doing all that we can to prevent them from being women4 ,i am not exaggerating2 ,i am trying to make you see what it is that is wrong with life4 ,every one who refuses to blink facts knows that the vast majority of marriages are unhappy owing to the coldness of the wife4 ,it is certain that sexual ansthesia to-day is present in many women1 and there would seem1 indeed1 to be an increasing diminution of the strength of the sexual impulse4 ,any number of women are unable to give themselves up to the sex act in such a way as to derive from it real satisfaction and the gladness and health that it should give4 ,this is a very grave matter4 ,the evil would be less if these frigid women did not marry1 but as a rule they do marry4 ,it is a curious fact that women who sexually are cold are sought as wives with greater frequency than are more passionate women1 probably because their easily maintained reserve acts as a stimulus to the man4 ,men are persistently blind in these matters4 ,they want response to their own desire in their wives1 but most of them are very much afraid of any woman who possesses the strong passion to enable them to give such response4 ,the woman gains her fulfilment from the man when he gives her his child1 but when she turns from him she leaves him unsatisfied4#ajd ,the drama and the novel are burdened with this problem1 which1 indeed1 intrudes itself on every hand4 ,we are1 by our wrong ideals1 inducing an entirely perverted view1 which regards physical desire as something of which women should be ashamed1 and the sex act as a thing in itself degrading and even disgusting--the nasty side of love2 something to be submitted to1 indeed1 in order to bear children1 or for the sake of the loved man1 whose passions must be allowed1 but not for the health and desire1 the delight and perfectment of the woman herself4 ,this false view1 ,i affirm again1 is the blight that has been1 and still is1 the destroyer of woman1 and through her1 equally the destroyer of man4 ,and this fear and denial of love1 this separation between the sexes1 is the serious side of the problem of marriage4 ,for the hideous disguises and constant lying often made necessary to the husband1 owing to the wife's entire failure to realise the physical necessities of love1 makes domestic life an organised hypocrisy4 ,we fight1 and fight to be free1 yet ever anew the antagonism lays fresh hold1 it crops up in many and curious ways1 imposing its poison and destroying love--the deep1 deep-hidden rage of unsatisfied men against women4 ,the need for love will not often allow itself to be inhibited without claiming payment4 ,and if desire so frequently manifests itself in abnormal forms of the coarsest and commonest dissipation1 this is almost always to be explained by some hindrance opposed to its normal expression4 ,when women face facts and realise this truth1 many things in men's conduct will be clear that hitherto have been hidden from them4 ,again it may be thought that ,i am exaggerating2 and there are1 ,i know1 other aspects of this question which just now ,i am neglecting4 ,but the unreal and abysmal misconception into which one sex has fallen with regard to the other--this horrible1 grasping1 backwash of shame--is1 in large measure1 the result of our pretence and the way in which women have been kept living with blinds drawn down upon most of the unruly turbulence and elemental forces of life4 ,it may also be held mistakenly that in what ,i have said ,i am writing against women2 that ,i am raising a belated cry for masculine prerogatives and standards of sexual conduct4 ,but that is not so4 ,i am1 it is undeniable1 writing against the attitude of the modern woman towards marriage1 her coldness of response to passion and her suppression of the realities of sex2 an attitude ,i deplore and hold to be destructive alike to the happiness of women and men and to the health of the race1 as also to any practical moral life4 ,but such coldness and atrophy of instinct1 ,i believe1 has been imposed upon women by wrong education1 the conditions of ignorance under which they marry and become mothers1 and all the hindrances set around them1 preventing them living out their lives from a sexual point of view4 ,it is example and the ideal set before us which produces the formation of opinion and of character1 and few mothers remember the inner discord which exists between what they teach their daughters about love and what they act themselves in the daily life4 ,and if the home is wrong1 the school is1 ,i think1 much worse4 ,in olden times1 and still among primitive peoples--whose unconsidered actions are in many directions so much wiser than is our knowledge--girls were early given by matrons all the gathered wisdom of their sex pertaining to wifehood and motherhood2 just the knowledge that we make it hard for them to gain4 ,could folly be greater than this8 ,with the decay of the specific traditions of the ideal of womanhood the idea of a general culture1 neither male nor female1 has tended to prevail4 ,we touch here the deep roots of the evil4 ,and what ,i wish to make plain is the inevitable failure of an educational system which makes no kind of arrangement for the special care and training of girls during the most critical years of their growth4 ,there is1 ,i allege1 in all our educational establishments a strange and most culpable lack of understanding of the nature of the girl and her functions as a woman4 ,they model brains without proper consideration of bodies1 and with frightful convention repress from the seeking young the realities of love1 and treat as secret1 almost as something to be ignored1 the functions connected with a girl's sexual life4 ,the mistake here is so far-reaching that ,i find it difficult to write calmly4 ,for again ,i must assert that what we are doing is really to teach our girls a shameful denial of their womanhood4 ,i wish that the power of my pen was stronger1 so that ,i might bring a stinging consciousness of all the terrible mischief that is being done to the knowledge of every mother and every teacher4 ,how many of us have ourselves suffered8 ,but our memories are strangely short4 ,we forget1 in our complacence and lazy1 vicarious optimism1 the dark places that imprisoned our young growing souls1 haunts of gloom and despair that were never lit by a ray of sympathetic enlightenment from our sadder and wiser1 but so forgetful1 elders4 ,we forget the grievous wounds to our self-respect4 ,we forget the duality of soul2 those oscillations between fear and disgust and curiosity and desire1 with1 perhaps1 furtive trembling concessions to a power we did not understand1 to be followed by morbid reactions of loathing1 both of the mysterious impulse and of ourselves1 that survive in those deadly disharmonies that are beginning to engage the attention of modern psychologists1 and act to-day in our adult consciousness to war with the sum of unity which is happiness4 ,yes1 we all have forgotten4 ,yet none the less has this shameful early struggle left us fettered and seeking1 and we have no window to inform us we are in prison4 ,it has warped our natures1 till1 when in after years we look at ,love1 we behold1 not the shining impersonation of the ,life-force1 but seeing double1 view a monstrous ,siamese twin of two figures1 ,lust and ,sentimentality1 a satyr bound to a wan angel by a navel-cord of procreative necessity4 ,and often there is no rest1 no cessation from a conflict that has left us helpless1 so that for us love is moulded round a core of diseased desires4 ,it makes us examine our hearts4 ,is it to be so for ever8 ,we forget that perhaps four-fifths of the misery that follows in the train of sex-fulfilment is due to this mental and moral 8diphobia0 acquired in the days of adolescence in the unassisted struggle with the awakening and entirely misunderstood sex-impulse4 ,we may forget1 but few and happy are they who escape the effects of that encounter4 ,according to our temperaments it has made us sedulous puritans and unconscious hypocrites1 passionless neuters1 or careless cynics and voluptuaries4 ,and we are all of us to some extent marked and dirtied for ever4 ,deep and ineffaceable in us are the records of our disastrous early grapple with a great organic impulse which no one taught us to understand4 ,i am strongly of opinion that the tendency1 so prevalent among women1 to regard love as a twofold thing1 one part of which is physical and evil and the other part spiritual and good1 is almost diagnostic in an individual of a disharmony arising from an ancient reaction against sex1 caused by some hindering influence or shock1 encountered at the opening of the conscious sexual life4 ,the tremendous force that awakens in soul and body in these early years1 and that with wise control and comprehension might be tended till in due course it flowers into ,love1 is early shorn of its splendour4 ,its whispered intimations of wondrous things to come fall on deaf ears4 ,taught to regard it as a malignant enemy that may destroy1 instead of the most sacred and wonderful agency in human life1 we enter into a hopeless struggle to eliminate the most basal part of our nature1 or fawn before it in furtive and shameful surrender4 ,so most of us1 embittered by the degradation of this struggle1 whether it be won or lost1 grow up to view with distrust what we absurdly call the 8physical side of love40 ,we1 and especially women1 accept it resignedly as an unavoidable baseness in the grain of ,love4 ,we forget that the baseness is in us and not in ,love4 ,love has no physical side1 or mental side1 or spiritual side4 ,it is a unity upon which we lay sacrilegious hands when we make an artificial separation into physical and spiritual4 ,we do this because of our own impurity1 and because of the hurts we have suffered4 ,we can no longer look at ,love without furtively scanning his garments for the stains of ,lust4 ,we have created ,lust4 ,lust is a morbid by-product in the evolution of ,love4 ,it is this that we have suffered4 ,,contents ,,of ,,chapter ,,xvi ,a ,,continuation ,,of ,,the ,,last ,,chapter1 ,,with ,,an ,,attempt ,,to ,,suggest ,a ,,remedy ,an attempt to find the remedy--,what is the real root of the evil--,the young woman of the new generation--,the years since the war began--,an examination of present conditions--,what is likely to happen when peace comes--,the independent woman--,the ,commissioner's ,report of the ,national ,birth-,rate ,investigation1 #aiaf--,the failure in our lives--,where is the real root of the evil--,the whole educational system of girls in our homes and in our schools is wrong--,the importance of menstruation--,influence of conventionality--,wrong ideals set before girls--,the destruction working in our midst--,fear of sex directs our educational system--,the remedy to begin in our schools--,we must educate girls to be women--,menstruation and the girl's special sexual life must be emphasised and not as now ignored--,adolescent schools--,the sexual life of the adolescent girl--,the difficulties that must be faced--,opposition on the part of women--,motherhood to be saved--,regeneration of the girl's instincts through consciousness--,the hope with which we may look to the future--,motherhood will triumph4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,a ,,continuation ,,of ,,the ,,last ,,chapter1 ,,with ,,an ,,attempt ,,to ,,suggest ,a ,,remedy 8,with fear and trembling take care of the heart of the people2 that is the root of the matter in education--that is the highest in education40--,k',,ung ,,fu ',,tzu4 ,it is1 of course1 easy to write of these evils1 the difficult thing is to find the remedy4 ,and the question ,i now wish to put squarely is this3 ,where is the real root of the evil1 what is wrong in our educational ideals that accounts for our failure to develop the best and happiest type of women8 ,you may1 of course1 deny this1 and assert that we do not fail1 but that will not alter facts4 ,i say we are creating a race of work-efficient and highly educated1 but unsatisfied women1 whose very independence betrays their sorrow4 ,this is a very serious matter4 ,it would seem that our young women have now for the first time realised their power in outside things4 ,war has acted quickly in facilitating their economic emancipation4 ,but ,i find it hard not to think that this may involve a cost which their womanhood will not bear without injury more or less profound4 ,women are being sold to work in the same way that formerly men were sold4 ,and though no one can know the results1 ,i am very far from sharing the sense of satisfaction expressed by so many to-day3 ,i fear for the girls ,i see in such numbers in every place of work a deadening of response to life--a further clog and degradation of womanly feeling and instincts4 ,and as ,i have said again and again1 my fear is much deeper1 because this externalisation of life is no new thing4 ,i could add more1 much more2 but words--what are they in the face of facts6 ,last week ,i was in conversation with a young and comely tram conductress4 ,she was married3 ,i asked her if she had children4 ,she answered me3 8,my goodness1 ,no60 and then added1 8,one doesn't want babies on this job40 ,one dares not generalise too largely1 yet for so long women1 in this industrially blinded land1 have been struggling to gain the world at the payment of losing themselves4 ,the young women of the new generation are full of distrust1 the most demoralising of influences4 ,by this ,i do not mean that they distrust themselves2 they do not4 ,what they do distrust is instinct and emotion1 with a corresponding over-valuation of intellectualism and of marketable work-power2 and from this distrust there has followed necessarily a breaking away from fixed standards1 with a loss of any steadying ideal4 ,this1 ,i think1 is the essential trouble1 sending them very far astray from the facts of life4 ,look at the women you may see in all classes of society4 ,you may see them hastening to and from their work2 you may see them in the streets each evening or in every place of amusement4 ,how many bear upon their brows this stamp of a nature unfixed of purpose1 in the expression of their face as well as the body movements1 in their restlessness and noisy happiness is the sign of disharmonies aroused1 a nature strained and failing in the fulfilment of its functions4 ,one feels that as women these young girls of the present generation have lost something1 lost it so completely that they know no longer what they desire4 ,i should1 however1 like to make it very clear that ,i am not disparaging women1 nor do ,i fail to admire all they have achieved in difficult positions4 ,there is no need to re-tell the oft-told and much praised facts of what they have done in these years since the war began4 ,there can be no shadow of doubt as to the efficiency and value of the work of the thousands of women at present engaged in many and varied branches of labour4 ,but what ,i fear is the waste of the struggle should it continue for any period of years4 ,let us except this hard working of women as a necessary evil of warfare1 demanding at the same time special protection and special provision for child-bearers4 ,but do not let us fall into the error of regarding such conditions as in themselves good and desirable1 leading1 as ,i believe must follow1 to a further obliteration of sex1 with its differences and wise separation4 ,difficult as at present is the problem1 we need to understand that we cannot afford to be wasteful of the strength of women4 ,we are being wasteful4 ,the physiological life even of the unmarried woman ought to handicap her in almost every kind of work4 ,long hours of standing1 the lifting of heavy weights1 any kind of drain on the nervous power1 cannot fail to do harm4 ,there are days when every young girl and woman who may have to bear children1 however strong1 ought to release tension1 to step aside from work to maintain full health4 ,i am filled with impatience at our pretence on this question of women's health4 ,there is a difference between the work capacity of the woman and the work capacity of the man4 ,sex must play a far larger part1 making far stronger claims on the strength of the girl and the woman than it ever does in the lives of boys and men4 ,it is vain to assume that because women are willing1 and apparently able1 to do the same work now as men in the past have done1 that1 therefore1 it is wise to allow them to do it4 ,the price of the violent energy1 so wastefully being poured out1 will have to be paid4 ,countless women and girls are using up now the nervous energy and strength of which they are merely the pilots and guardians2 the health and calm of spirit which should be stored and transmitted to generations to come4 ,the increased activity and exertion daily demanded from child-bearers must be anti-social in its racial effects4 ,either these girls1 constantly stimulated1 over-excited1 and robbed of the tranquillity they need1 will bear enfeebled children1 or1 what is more likely1 through the direct premium placed on childlessness1 fewer and fewer children will be born1 and from this there may tend to follow a further deadening and even a crushing out of the maternal instinct4 ,children will not be wanted4 ,i pointed out in the earlier chapters of my book#aje that such a transformation of impulse may take place4 ,the parental instinct is not fixed1 and disuse is the swiftest way to decay4 ,think what this must mean to the life values of the future4 ,i believe it is not possible to estimate how far-reaching may be the results of what is now being done so quickly and so recklessly4 ,by our absurd denials and our ignorance we shall have brought down upon us this evil--our punishment for conceiving sex in women as something too terrible to be faced in its reality4 ,let us understand what it is that we shall be doing4 ,we are built up of habits just as a house is built up of bricks4 ,and what motherhood is going to be in the future depends on our desires and our action to-day4 ,a sound nation has for its essential condition healthy children--yes1 and many of them--and healthy mothers to bear and to rear them4 ,we know this4 ,but what are the facts8 ,we find more and more young women turning away from motherhood4 ,they are marrying in larger numbers just now1 for war has turned men into heroes and this has made marriage popular4 ,but we may not count too much on this1 for no longer does marriage mean the bearing of children and the founding of a family4 ,the wife no longer is comparable to the fruitful vine1 no longer are children like olive plants about the table of the house4 ,the blessings of the old sweet poem fail to stir our desires4 ,babies are not wanted4 ,the volume of evidence and the observations made by the ,commissioners' ,report of the ,national ,birth-,rate ,investigation1 #aiaf1 which lies upon my desk1 cannot be read without a sense of almost hopeless depression4 ,a dark picture is revealed of men and women harried and driven by the sex instinct within them2 the relation of the husband and the wife made hateful from a perpetual fear of the natural consequences of birth4 ,the struggle is but too clearly apparent in every section of society4 ,the evidence discloses that the prevention of conception is growing steadily and rapidly1 for though it began with and1 for a time1 was practised only by the well-to-do1 it is now spreading downwards to the poorest1 amongst whom the practice of abortion has for long been extensively used4 ,dr4 ,mary ,scharlieb1 whose report is1 perhaps1 the most interesting of all the ,commissioners1 states that in the working classes there are five abortions to every one live birth4 ,what sordid facts this ,report reveals6 ,what a failure it proves our life6 ,is there any use in talking of raising the birth-rate until these things are changed8 ,is our land fit to receive the children8 ,has not the child the right to demand from its parents that its birth shall be looked on as something more than an unfortunate mistake8 ,i know1 of course1 the difficulties which face the parents1 among which economic difficulties are important1 arising from the competitive capitalistic system by which all our lives are entangled4 ,yet ,i feel that these considerations1 though they cannot be neglected and increase the evil1 alone are not responsible2 that the cause lies deeper and is dependent on the desires of the mind2 that apart from any economic causes1 and even assuming that every child could be better born and with a happy life secured to it1 there would yet be much of the problem that would remain unsolved4 ,and what ,i am trying all this time to make plain is this3 ,if we wish to get rid of the atrophy that is increasingly present in the instincts of our young women1 and quicken their response to passion1 with its desire for motherhood1 we must first get rid of our wrong values of what is good in life and makes for enduring happiness2 and to do this we must change our educational methods1 the training in the home and in the school1 and conditions of work that are their parent4 ,there can be no help and no change1 at least ,i cannot see any1 except to alter our ideals4 ,nothing else of any wide value can be done until these are changed4 ,in the name of common sense and of sanity let us get to the real bottom of this matter4 ,to do anything at all we must begin at the beginning1 where the wrong is started4 ,it is absurd to go on crying out against the shirking of motherhood1 while at the same time1 in the education of our girls and afterwards in the arrangements we make for their working life1 we show a complete evasion of the function most intimately connected with motherhood4 ,that is where the clue to the trouble lies4 ,the whole educational system in our homes and in our schools1 as well as the conditions in our workshops and houses of business1 is wrong4 ,it discourages motherhood very heavily4 ,and the rational thing for us to do in the matter is not to grow eloquent about a declining birth-rate1 or to blame women for not desiring to be mothers1 but rather to make intelligent changes so as to minimise to the young the discouragement that by our teaching and our actions we have hitherto given to motherhood4 ,and the first step towards this must be1 ,i am certain1 to banish from the consciousness of every girl all feeling of shame1 and all concealments connected with her function of menstruation4 ,in other words1 we have to face the facts of a girl's sexual life4 ,this is not going to be easy4 ,in the immediate past our attitude of hiding on these questions was due to reasons of prudishness in regard to all natural functions1 and notably menstruation--the rubicon in the life of every girl1 which first brings or1 ,i ought to say1 should bring1 full realisation that life for her is separate and needs to take a different course from the life of the boy and the man4 ,this truth has been disliked so much that in practice it has been disregarded4 ,the wrong is started early and is continued throughout the sexual life4 ,the real controlling force in the education of the girl is the mother2 and motherhood has failed4 ,girls1 with an almost criminal neglect1 have been left without any wise preparation for the first menstruation1 upon the regular establishment of which function their health in the future must depend4 ,many girls1 being seriously frightened or stirred to rebellion and anger1 have done foolish actions1 and through neglected hygiene evil is begun that never can be undone4 ,this is no over-statement4 ,the first few menstruations have a far greater influence not only on the body1 but also on the brain and the soul of a girl than do those that follow later when the sexual health is better established4 ,every mother and teacher ought to know and heed this4 ,at best1 and even when instructed by their mothers1 girls have been taught to regard this function as a troublesome illness that must be suffered with patience2 such a view1 of course1 being a relic of the supposed curse laid upon the woman's sex4 ,nor can it be said that even to-day there is any improvement when quite different ideals prevail regarding woman's place and her vocation4 ,for the new emancipation has brought with it a false view that girls should be educated in the same way as boys1 and should be brought up in the pretence that it is right and possible for them to work and play at all times like boys and to be as independent of their sexual life as boys can afford to be4 ,now1 it does not need much imagination to understand the harm of such teaching4 ,the menstrual function--which really marks the sex of the girl and fits her for motherhood--is ignored as if its occurrence were of no importance4 ,and such an attitude of dislike and hiding necessarily causes a feeling of shame1 more or less deep according to the temperament of the girl4 ,from the very first sex is presented in the shape of something to be despised and desperately fought against1 something secret and disgusting4 ,even at this early stage disharmony enters into the young and sensitive soul4 ,some girls revolt in the very depths of their being1 while the common feelings aroused are expressed by such words as aversion and dislike1 anger and shame4 ,do you not see now the harm that is done8 ,how sadly we are sowing for the future4 ,for what can be the result except to teach our girls a shameful disrespect for themselves4 ,what wonder is there that many girls are stirred to rebellion which takes the outward form of resolutely ignoring their monthly periods1 and the fact that they are girls4 ,and the immediate result is a general lowering in the standard of sexual health4 ,i shall be told that this is not true4 ,but ,i am writing of what ,i know4 ,menstruation is a perfectly natural function and every girl should be taught so to regard it4 ,but at its start it does exercise a very disturbing effect on the whole system and character4 ,and the folly that pretends that in these early years special care is not required at the monthly periods cannot be too strongly condemned4 ,for the harm is deeper and further reaching than the physical hurt1 though certainly in our folly we are making invalids of the future mothers of the race4 ,harm in many cases is done to the after sex expression2 harm which probably is never recognised1 and about which the ordinary parent and teacher are densely ignorant and optimistic4 ,how little do we consider the consequences of our acts8 ,i say there is no limit and no end to the evil that we are permitting4 ,and the most fearful thing about it is that it all seems so wantonly needless4 ,the always difficult passage of the girl into the woman is alarming only to the girl who knows nothing about herself and her sexual life4 ,just as far as she understands does recoil and resentment and shame become needless4 ,rightly taught1 she will learn to regard her special function1 not as something to be hidden and ignored1 but as the sign of the changes that now are taking place in her body--healthy natural changes that will fit her one day for love and wifehood and motherhood4 ,then1 indeed1 her shame and her aversion will be converted into pride4 ,understanding1 she will have a fitting reverence for herself4 ,she will now know why she is under certain restrictions1 and has at the times of her monthly periods to refrain from overwork and all strain1 and to give up some pleasures and excitements2 she will do this gladly in order that her development into womanhood may be without pain1 healthy and complete4 ,i believe firmly that this change in our attitude to menstruation--a change that will emphasise its importance to health and its connection with fit motherhood--a change that must start at the beginning of the girl's conscious sexual life1 is absolutely necessary to the development of a higher motherhood4 ,at least1 if it does not come1 ,i can have no hope at all4 ,you cannot gather fruit from a tree that is unhealthy at its root4 ,and you cannot have glad motherhood while you start out by despising the function most sacredly connected with motherhood4 ,we must understand this4 ,until we do understand it1 and then act in the practical way that will cause us to change our teaching to all young girls1 we shall find women in ever-increasing numbers turning away from motherhood1 and wasting in external things the realities of love and life4 ,how can healthy womanhood be possible within the limits and wrong ideals of our present system1 and how can they fail to give rise to continuous restlessness8 ,i declare once more and plainly that we are raising a generation of girls--those with whom the duties of wifehood and motherhood should reside--who have instincts atrophied by dull studies1 to be followed by deadening work4 ,i hold that this is a matter of the gravest concern1 not only for women and men and their individual happiness in union one with the other1 but is also what will decide the future of this land and empire4 ,but few among us understand the destruction that is working in our midst4 ,we do not recognise the symptoms that mark the disharmony in the lives of the great majority of the girls and young women of the present generation4 ,war has but increased the mischief4 ,independence in material things has given triumph to that rebellion which our mistaken training and wrong ideal had started long ago smouldering in the souls of our daughters4 ,to-day youth is in demand2 the young girl can fill every place4 ,and youth has risen fearlessly and splendidly to every opportunity1 but so quickly as not to have time to consider how much is being trampled underfoot4 ,the danger of speed--the filling of every moment of time1 always a mistake made by women--has been intensified by the war4 ,the war race has provided the opportunity to live riotously and wastefully4 ,of course1 it is we of the older generation--the mothers--who are to blame4 ,we have left our daughters in a dangerous position2 we did not see where modern education1 with its effort to obliterate sex1 must inevitably lead4 ,education may be either a most helpful or a most dangerous process4 ,and what is most to be feared is the shut-in instincts that tend to twist the nature from its simple fulfilment4 ,there is something essentially harmful in any failure or wrong expression of a special function4 ,now1 we have insisted upon repressions1 and what we believed to be a high moral and efficient working character for girls1 not knowing that what we so mistakenly were straining for was really something very like an entire absence of any kind of womanly character4 ,the real nature of girls is wild1 and our fears have been very great4 ,and for this reason have we held that the nakedness of the adolescent's new-born womanhood must be clothed with conventionalities and draped with culture4 ,it is this fear of sex that directs our educational system3 there is too much drill and too much strain4 ,girls' schools are governed too much1 for girls need1 not less1 but more liberty than boys4 ,the teachers are dull and narrow in their own outlook and in their experience of life2 they are not trained to understand the needs of adolescent girls1 only to teach them facts that as a rule are of no real service2 they do not trouble to train the inner and hidden instincts that really form character1 they do not even look for them2 they reck nothing of early development or late1 of the presence of strong passion or its absence2 they have no kind of understanding of the unceasing action of sex1 forcing its expression in unconscious acts1 which alone give the clue to character2 of all this 7the only knowledge that matters7 the teachers are profoundly ignorant2 but they measure out girl-humanity for the conventional standard of efficiency like a dressmaker measures out her material with a yard measure4 ,there is no thought1 at least none is betrayed1 that the school is a preparation for living4 ,no kind of training is given for the part the girls will have to play in the life of sex for their own health and happiness and the regeneration of the race4 ,the sexual life is persistently ignored4 ,i recall reading somewhere--,i do not remember the exact connection--how an official of a college for girls was questioned by a visitor as to the advantage gained by the students in their after life from a university training4 ,she answered3 8,one third of the students profit by it1 another third gain some little good1 while the remaining third are failures40 8,and what becomes of the failures80 was the question asked1 while the answer given was this3 8,oh1 they marry60 ,now1 ,i do not know if this excellent story can be accepted as a fact1 but it does point to a contempt for marriage and its duties--a contempt for woman's sex and for her own work--which ,i believe is present in the thought and attitude1 even if not acknowledged openly1 among the majority of educationalists4 ,this is a very serious matter4 ,the remedy1 then1 has to begin in our schools4 ,we must control education with a finer sense of its value to life4 ,and to do this we must accept the extreme importance of sex1 and guard those differences which separate the girl from the boy4 ,as a first movement of reform1 ,i would recommend one to three years' rest from the usual school work for every girl1 during the period when her sexual life is becoming established4 ,this is not1 of course1 to advocate idleness4 ,i am not upholding any form of invalidism for girls2 the adolescent always should have plenty of healthy occupation1 but that is a far different thing from the strain of the ordinary school course1 foolishly arranged for girls on the same lines as that for boys1 and without any regard to the important function of menstruation4 ,there should be attached to every school for girls a special class for adolescents1 and this should be the most important class in the school4 ,at the onset of puberty the girls would enter this class1 in which they would stay for two years or longer4 ,the sexual life would not be1 as now it is1 ignored2 rather the chief work of the school would be the healthy establishment of the menstrual function1 upon which the future well-being of the girl depends1 and to the interests of which everything else should for a time be secondary4 ,there must be a new valuation of education1 with an entire change of attitude1 which will make possible more openness between the teacher and her pupils4 ,the difficulties here will1 ,i know1 be great4 ,if the mothers do not know how to help their daughters1 and usually they do not2 if the girls do not know how to help themselves1 and dumb and untaught they are helpless1 the task of the teachers cannot fail to be hard4 ,and especially will this be the case wherever the mother has failed in her duty and a girl has received no kind of sexual training in the home4 ,i know of what ,i am writing here1 and how real is the prejudice that will have to be overcome4 ,in my own school ,i was met with this trouble again and again4 ,the girls resented any mention of their menstrual function1 and expressed often real anger and disgust when ,i required them to tell me the dates of their monthly periods1 so that ,i might see they had extra food1 more rest1 and lighter studies4 ,the answer that usually was given to me was this3 8,my mother never wanted me to tell her2 ,i took no notice when ,i was at home40 ,what an unconscious indictment of the mothers6 ,often it was after long and patient effort only that ,i gained my way1 and brought my girls to speak to me naturally about this function4 ,i had the very hardest work to free their thoughts from the deeply implanted feelings of shame and disgust3 in many cases ,i failed altogether1 and ,i cannot1 indeed1 be sure that ,i ever fully succeeded4 ,of course1 my failures were the result of harm that had been done much earlier in the home4 ,it was at this time of my life1 now long years ago1 when these considerations were forced upon my attention by my failures with my elder pupils1 that ,i was first led to desire special classes for girls to enter at the age of puberty1 where the life1 the work1 and the aims were separate and quite different from the ordinary school4 ,it is so much easier to do the wise thing1 if what you are doing is a matter of course1 and not something you start for yourself4 ,i am convinced of the value that would be gained for life from the plan ,i am advocating4 ,i would begin with these special classes1 but ,i want more than that to be done4 ,a much better course would be that separate adolescent schools should be provided1 preferably in the country1 where all work as well as play could be done out of doors4 ,all girls would enter before the commencement of puberty1 and would stay in one of these special adolescent schools for two or three years or longer4 ,the work would be organised entirely to meet the needs of the individual girl2 there must be no set courses of study1 no hide-bound rules1 and above all no examinations to be crammed for4 ,in my opinion1 which was formed from my own experience in my school1 girls should do hardly any steady work for one year before and two years after puberty2 they cannot1 ,i am certain1 work continuously without peril4 ,mental overwork or any kind of strain destroys the nervous resistance and tends to that irritable weakness which makes the rankest ground for all sexual ill health1 and may work to establish evil habits in ways not yet openly recognised4 ,the kind of work done should be chosen by the girl herself2 there should be far more opportunity for rest and for play1 and1 while guarding against opportunities for harmful idleness1 any kind of mental or bodily strain must be avoided4 ,hard study1 if this is necessary1 will come later at the close of this special school period4 ,but ,i plead for all girls during the difficult time of their metamorphosis from the girl to the woman to leave them much more largely than we do at present to nature and to themselves4 ,the adolescent girl often is thought to be lazy1 and when called upon to work she shows an exasperating dulness and inattention4 ,this is a natural condition when the girl is passing through the langour of physical growth2 she is overcome1 not by listlessness1 but by the strain of her awakening senses1 and the inattention of the mind is1 as a rule1 but a symptom of the mysterious and difficult maturing of the brain4 ,the apparent apathy is not real3 all the girl's power1 all energy of body and mind is being consumed by the overwhelming force of the half-conscious life of instincts that are ripening within4 ,the young girl for the first time feels1 though very rarely does she understand1 the power of her nature stirring her soul4 ,and any seeming backwardness in studies during these years1 as should be known by the wise teacher1 leads afterwards to finer progress1 if only the right opportunity of unstrained development is given4 ,but it is this harmony of growth that we have been disturbing as with persistent zeal we have educated from the outside4 ,little wonder that we have failed4 ,i have spoken before of the wide difference that is present between the nature of the boy and that of the girl1 and though ,i speak with hesitation on a question that is too complex to permit dogmatic assertions1 the boy has1 ,i think1 a much more healthy and conscious knowledge of himself2 a girl understands herself less1 and has a very dim notion of the motives of her conduct4 ,this leads to very certain danger4 ,the thoughts of most girls are occupied with vague and romantic longings1 much heightened by the nonsense written on love in the books girls are allowed to read1 stories from which every hint of wholesome reality has been omitted4 ,such false feelings1 dominating the girl's mind at the time of the adolescent crisis1 work grave evil4 ,while always thinking of love most girls know almost nothing of what love really is2 and certainly the strain of any sudden chance investigation of the physical facts of sex is a very near danger4 ,that is one reason why1 in a previous section1 ,i have urged so strongly that sexual enlightenment be given to the girl while she is still at the age when sex has no strong personal significance4 ,the importance of early knowledge is not sufficiently recognised4 ,if from childhood there has been frankness between the girl and her mother1 and they have spoken together openly of sex and the facts of birth1 it will certainly have happened that the chief emphasis in the mother's instruction will have been placed upon the relation between the child and herself4#ajf ,such teaching may well prove a great safeguard4 ,the personal1 or 8pleasure10 element in sex will in this way not be too soon forced and stamped on the girl's consciousness2 it will be1 as it should1 deferred until the age of passion comes4 ,even then the result of the earlier teaching will be present to direct the desires4 ,love and marriage will not be divorced entirely from the thought of motherhood1 as so disastrously happens with many girls to-day4 ,it is a question ,i must leave1 though it is one on which much more might be said4 ,for ,i believe we have here a further explanation of the triumph of the egoistical sexual desires over the parental instincts of sacrifice4 ,i am altogether convinced of the deep and wide-reaching harm that is done1 in ways that have never yet been recognised1 from the sexual ignorance of girls and our shameful concealments and untrue education4 ,and ,i have felt often that the brutal frankness of boys in sex matters1 bad as certainly it sometimes is in its after coarsening effect1 in many ways is better in its results than the confused silence and sentiment with which most girls are surrounded2 it is1 at least1 in nearer touch with the facts of life4 ,i have had considerable experience with adolescent girls4 ,i am sure that their thoughts are more occupied with sex than they know themselves1 or is recognised by the adults who are with them4 ,i am speaking here of the normal girl in whom the sexual impulse takes definite form during the early years of puberty4 ,it will need all our wisdom and patience to be able to help the girl now1 if we have left her in the darkness of her soul before4 ,she is suffering the anguish of youth1 reaching out for the unknown ideal1 which she cannot grasp1 cannot even distinguish or conceive4 ,there are1 of course1 other types of girls--girls of delicate and sensitive temperament in whom sexual development for long may be delayed4 ,this may be due to various causes1 but is most frequently a result of excessive mental strain from over-pressure or unsuitable work at the onset of puberty1 tending to de-normalise the sex-life4 ,now1 to some parents and teachers1 not understanding the results1 it may seem that this is an end to be desired1 and that such a postponement of the sex-life to the years when the girl is older will be a safeguard against evils4 ,this1 ,i believe1 is a mistake4 ,the sex feelings are not absent but hidden1 and the result too often is a profound melancholy and a dull heaviness which may continue to spoil life4 ,and when the time comes1 as come it must1 and the long-repressed feelings force an expression1 the sex-strain is often very great1 and troubles frequently arise that could not have happened except for our interference with the right process of nature4 ,of course1 whatever we do1 we must expect often to fail4 ,we are not dealing with anything that can be fixed2 and our methods as well as our success must vary with each individual girl4 ,it is this personal element that has not been considered4 ,and this is why there is such need for a higher and different standard in our schools1 and of more knowledge and understanding on the part of all who are connected with the training of girls4 ,i know of nothing that can prepare the girl but the early teaching of the mother1 but ,i think in the later adolescent years it is the wise teacher who can better carry on the work4 ,the task of the educator ought to be plain3 to encourage all girls in their natural reaching out for experience and knowledge of themselves1 not to smother all that is individual in them under set lessons1 necessary perhaps and helpful at other periods of growth1 but now ,i am certain harmful1 dulling the character with falsehood and the bodies with constraints1 and wearying the minds with overstrain through long hours of drudgery into a dull acceptance4 ,the worst influence of the school is its isolation from life4 ,consciousness1 not instruction1 should be the aim of education4 ,yet in all directions our girls have been led and forced into following material consciousness1 and1 at the same time1 they have increasingly lost consciousness of themselves4 ,realisation of one's own being--how to produce this by means of education--that is the question4 ,what answer are we going to give8 ,such a rest period in specially adapted schools as ,i am here advocating would serve not only to establish the health of adolescent girls and fit them for vigorous womanhood1 it would1 as ,i believe1 change their ideal and remake life4 ,in such surroundings fitted to their own needs1 and with a different valuation of the future set before them1 they would have a truer sense of self-consciousness2 they would come to understand in quite a new way the responsibilities and high glory of being women4 ,the difficulties1 of course1 are numerous4 ,and1 first of all1 it will not be easy to find the right teachers for these adolescent schools4 ,they will need to be specially trained2 but training alone will not serve4 ,the teachers must have had a much wider experience of life than is usual to women2 they ought to have genius and a passionate love of children3 they need to be mothers in spirit4 ,necessarily1 the expense of such teachers and of these special schools1 which should be established in great numbers and with no thought of sparing the cost1 will be heavy4 ,it will be thought1 ,i know1 by many that this fact alone makes the plan impracticable4 ,i can answer only1 that any expenditure that will produce fit and glad mothers for the future is an expense that will be met by a wise nation4 ,i would urge that this question be approached from a practical attitude4 ,on all sides concern is being felt at the decline in the birth-rate1 which has fallen one-third in the last thirty-five years4 ,the ,royal ,commission that ,i have referred to already has made its investigation and issued its report4 ,much has been written on the problem1 and many guesses made as to the vaguely understood causes4 ,the economists find all the evil in economic conditions2 the religious say that it is our morality that is at fault4 ,many are the remedies suggested1 a few of which are practical and good4 ,and so urgent is the matter felt to be1 now that war with its destruction of life is teaching us a little more the value of life1 that changes1 long called for1 but hitherto seemingly unattainable1 shortly may be made in our divorce and marriage laws4 ,the sharp and cruel line drawn between the married and the unmarried mother will at last waver and break on its rotten supports4 ,already the saving of child life has become a matter of such urgent need that much necessary reform is being accomplished4 ,there is little doubt that these valuable movements will go on4 ,yet1 ,i think1 we are failing to attack the real cause1 and unless we do attack it there1 right at the beginning1 we shall go on as we usually do1 experimenting in this way and in that1 doing one thing and leaving another undone1 and we shall only tinker and fuss and then wonder why we fail4 ,blind and fools6 we fail1 and shall go on failing1 because we do not educate our girls and act in life in such a way as will encourage motherhood4 ,i have put out my idea3 ,i have tried to be as explicit as possible in suggesting the remedy4 ,i am conscious now of opposition that will be raised4 ,i shall be told that my plan1 which seems so simple1 of educating girls to be women is not practicable4 ,and then ,i shall be reminded of the immense surplus of women in this country who are unable to marry and live a full and healthy life--a surplus large before the war1 enormously greater now4#ajg ,let me state at once that ,i am very far indeed from forgetting this great host of enforced celibate women4 ,i have spoken more than once in my book about them1 and ,i am not now concerned with their position4 ,what ,i want is to save the future4 ,many girls and women to-day are finding their work and the fresh excitements of independence sufficient to gladden life4 ,they do not claim pity2 yet this satisfaction that women are feeling is the danger that threatens the future4 ,it is just because these women1 whose desires will be fixed on work and away from motherhood1 must be here among us1 in every place1 especially in our schools and in our factories--everywhere in contact with youth--that ,i am pleading with all the power that ,i have for a quite changed training for the young girls of the coming generation of women4 ,i fear greatly the influence that ,i believe must grow up if industrial values of what is good in life are unchecked1 and the desire of women is turned more from motherhood and the life that matters to the outside details of existence4 ,life must be re-shaped1 and the first step is the perception of an idea4 ,we want belief1 for life must have a structure--the scaffolding on which we may build4 ,and each individual woman among us may not be trusted to make her own structure--to convey and carry whatever it may be that she desires4 ,such selfishness makes any permanent building impossible4 ,that is why in this generation we have lost our ideal4 ,the previous age fixed its attention on the reform of injustice in the outward relations of men and women1 on the regulation of capital and labour1 on the equality of the sexes and the improvement of the conditions of life--efforts which culminated naturally in socialism4 ,my work is one dealing essentially with an attitude towards life4 ,i would protest against the want of respect for the ultimate emotional aspects of life1 the love of man for woman and of woman for her child--a want of respect which makes it impossible to tell a young girl openly the reason why she must not over-exert herself at the time of her monthly periods4 ,i confess to little patience with this effort to escape sex4 ,everything connected with birth and maternity has to be hidden and mentioned only in whispers4 ,we have forced the attention of girls away from motherhood1 fixing their desires on work and independence4 ,obedient and inexperienced1 they have followed our guiding4 ,we have taught them to regard the physical attraction which they ought to feel towards men as not nice1 thereby associating in their young minds all sexual feelings without distinction as not nice4 ,we have left them ignorant that sex feelings may be good or bad according to their associations4 ,harmful emotional repression has been inevitable1 with a result in the after years of distaste for motherhood and passionate marriage4 ,we have made love unclean and separated it from their lives4 ,and1 where love is not1 all else is barren4 ,i must speak strongly1 for very great is the evil we are countenancing4 ,the attitude of woman herself is the deep secret of this question2 and by attitude ,i mean something more than the desire of the individual girl or woman1 ,i mean the collective spirit in which life is approached4 ,that is where we have been wanting4 ,we1 the mothers and teachers of this last generation of women1 have failed to grasp life and all that it means4 ,what we have most dreaded in education is sex4 ,we can control this attitude only in our schools4 ,emancipation can come through a regaining of consciousness4 ,get this right--let our girls feel that their education because they are women is the most important work of the nation1 more1 not less important1 than is the education of their brothers1 and the rest will follow4 ,we have by our whole attitude shown the most coarse lack of understanding of the needs of girls4 ,instruction has been the sole effort of our schools4 ,this has hampered the perfection of life4 ,our daughters have but accepted and abandoned their bodies and their souls to the rollers of that crushing machine we have called education4 ,all of us are responsible1 for our thoughts and our desires affect the universe and our neighbours4 ,neither can any repentance that may come late1 nor any wailings of dismay1 stop the consequences of our sinning follies4 ,i cannot lay too much stress on this sense of women's desire1 for it is this that will direct action in the future4 ,if we cannot have a fundamental change of desire1 a fresh view of what is a sane1 complete and profitable life2 if we cannot cease from our fears of sex2 if we cannot alter the ideals we place before girls and work a revolution in the practice of our education1 we shall do no good4 ,there will be endless talk of advancement--of higher motherhood1 of economic emancipation and freedom in marriage2 there will also be continued tinkering legislation1 with many timid experiments in mother-training and child-rearing1 and underneath the spirit of motherhood will be dying1 dying all the time4 ,but the unbeliever will cry out3 ,all this is utterly impossible2 this is the old clog and degradation for women1 limiting her to the single function of her sex4 ,my answer is this4 ,even so it was from the beginning of time4 ,nature has so planned it1 fixing the maternal instinct deep in the mother1 and claiming from her the payment that must be given4 ,woman can only bow before the ,throne of ,life4 ,she is entrusted with life's supreme mission1 that of transmitting the sacred torch of life to future generations4 ,she belongs not to herself but to posterity4 ,she must not squander her gift4 ,she must store her energy that she may give life to her child4 ,woman1 all-containing1 universal--how should she be limited to herself8 ,this is my deepest belief4 ,woman is the giver1 the interpreter4 ,freedom for her never can be identified with self-assertion4 ,great elementary truths to-day have acquired an intensified significance4 ,oppression stretches like a rod over the earth1 the world is ploughed with swords and reaped in blood4 ,the echoes of slaughter reach from land to land4 ,the cataclysm1 with its immense appeal to terror and love and hate and pity1 has acted to stir us profoundly and quicken our response to the emotional aspects of life4 ,old prejudices are rooted up2 institutions are in the melting-pot4 ,a people habitually resistant to emotion1 we have been awakened to reality4 ,i cannot doubt that we shall profit4 ,we were occupied in intellectual pleasures and energies1 but now our souls have been harrowed4 ,this is the great opportunity if we have the will to use it4 ,fear has been in us the folly irredeemable1 planted like seeds of the wild weeds among our wheat4 ,even in our childhood doubt has slept with us in our cradles1 as verily we have been conceived in sin1 being born without passionate joy4 ,and this disharmony has followed us up and down in the home2 doubt was our schoolfellow1 ever following our steps in our work and in our play1 until fear has become our perpetual companion4 ,i see the past1 the present and the future existing all at once before me1 and ,i know that as soon as fear is conquered redemption is ready4 ,then no longer will the blessings of the ,psalmist be changed by our faithless folly into cursing1 but again the wife shall be as a fruitful vine by the sides of the house and the children like olive plants around the table4 ,behold1 thus shall the woman and the man be blessed together1 and they shall see good all the days of their life4 ,but this regeneration will come only through the creation of our wills4 ,without unceasing desire nothing can be done4 ,desire is action4 ,if you leave off desiring salvation you are lost4 ,i tell you no virtue can be found apart from our desires4 ,life is the struggle everlasting1 unceasing sacrifice1 constant aspiration4 ,what is the secret1 if it is not ,love8 ,the spirit of ,life is ,love triumphant1 the immortal force which incites the struggle1 makes glad the sacrifice1 which stirs the desire to achieve4 ,and the law of ,love is as easy to state as it is difficult to apply3 it is the transforming of the will which says 8mine0 into the will which says 8thine40 ,it is a law that can be comprehended only by living it4 ,i shall be called old-fashioned4 ,yet1 perhaps1 after all1 ,i see further1 deeper1 and more surely than those who call me so4 ,the union of the man and the woman cleaving to each other can be the wonder of life4 ,marriage should be a blessing of the senses1 a kindling of the spirit1 a mutual surrender1 and a new creation4 ,creation is not accomplished2 it is continuous and unceasing1 and in its work every living thing has its share1 destroying and creating4 ,what is it that ,i desire8 ,what is it that ,i expect8 ,what is the change of whose coming ,i feel as assured as of the rising of to-morrow's sun8 ,i look for a regeneration of woman's instincts through consciousness4 ,she1 who has conquered the world1 will then renounce the world4 ,the old corruption will be swept away4 ,woman is the keeper of redemption2 it is her work to lead man back to the gate of his being4 ,we are waiting in pain for the new liberation4 ,love alters everything1 it melts the whole world and makes it afresh4 ,love is the sun of our spirits and the wind4 ,is there1 indeed1 this glad hope of things changing8 ,changing8 ,they have got to change4 ,the weeds of our mistakes have so grown up that they are choking us4 ,yes1 whether from inside or from out1 ,i do not know yet1 but there is change and awakening coming4 ,motherhood will triumph4 ,life is going to be made new before long4 ,,footnotes #a ,the ,position of ,women in ,primitive ,society4 #b ,see note at the end of the chapter4 #c ,the number recorded as killed up to ,november #i1 #aiad1 was #aji1gbc4 #d ,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 ,mankind in the ,making1 p4 #hh4 #e ,the towns with the highest percentages are as follow3 ,morley #ca1 ,chadderton #cb1 ,bacup #ch1 ,stockton #cd1 ,liverpool #ch1 ,salford #cb1 ,stockport #ci1 ,mansfield #di4 #f ,these quotations are taken from the ,report of the ,board of ,education1 p4 #gj4 #g ,night work in the textile trades was prohibited for women by the factory legislation of #ahdd4 ,the custom disappeared gradually in ,great ,britain and other countries4 ,then it was finally banished by international agreement from twelve ,european countries at the ,international ,conference of ,bonn1 #aijf4 #h ,the three systems of employment adopted are as follows-- ,one shift of #ac-ad hours 7the overtime system72 ,two shifts of #ab hours2 ,three shifts of #h hours4 ,the report strongly recommends the universal adoption of the #h-;hour shift system4 #i ,see ,the ,truth about ,woman 7pp4 #bdg-bgj71 where this difference between the sexes is treated from a different point of view4 #aj 8,the ,insects' ,homer10 by ,maurice ,maeterlinck1 ,fortnightly ,review1 ,october #aiab4 #aa ,fabre1 8,the ,leaf ,cutters10 ,english ,review1 ,march #aiae4 #ab ,these cases are taken from ,pycraft1 ,the ,infancy of ,animals1 and the different works of ,fabre1 ,social ,life in the ,insect ,world1 ,the ,life and ,love of the ,insect1 ,insect ,life1 etc4 #ac ,see article by ,j4 ,arthur ,thomson in ,the ,new ,statesman1 ,november #aiae4 #ad ,not all the scarabees live to see the adult growth of their children4 ,this is done1 as ,fabre's observations have established by the ,spanish ,copris and some related dung-beetles1 which are unique among non-social insects1 inasmuch as the mother survives to see the emergence and complete metamorphosis of the family for whom she and her husband have so unremittingly toiled4 #ae ,in this connection the reader is recommended to consult ,c4 ,lloyd-,morgan's works1 in particular ,animal ,life and ,intelligence4 ,see also the interesting remarks on 8,de ,l',amour ,maternal10 in ,socits ,animales1 by ,alfred ,espinas1 pp4 #agb-ahj4 #af ,see ,espinas1 ,des ,socits ,animales1 especially ,chapter ,v1 8,socit domestique paternelle10 pp4 #bcf et seq4 #ag ,these cases1 as well as many others in this and in the next chapter1 are taken from ,pycraft's ,infancy of ,animals4 ,i would wish to record my indebtedness to this fascinating book4 ,to prevent continuous reference notes1 wherever it is not otherwise stated1 the reader will know the cases ,i quote have been taken from ,mr4 ,pycraft's book4 #ah ,the reader is referred to a small book by ,st4 ,george ,mivart1 ,the ,common ,frog4 #ai ,i quote from ,mr4 ,pycraft's account of this incident1 ,infancy of ,animals1 p4 #aic4 #bj ,pycraft gives a short account of their habits1 ibid41 pp4 #bjj-bjf4 #ba ,problems of ,sex1 by ,j4 ,a4 ,thomson and ,prof4 ,geddes1 p4 #bj4 #bb ,pycraft1 ,the ,infancy of ,animals1 pp4 #bae-baf2 ,g4 ,j4 ,romanes1 ,animal ,intelligence1 pp4 #bdc-bde1 #bdf-bdg2 ,j4 ,a4 ,thomson and ,prof4 ,geddes1 ,problems of ,sex1 p4 #bj4 #bc ,animal ,intelligence1 p4 #bdb4 #bd ,pycraft4 ,these cases1 with those that follow1 are again taken from ,the ,infancy of ,animals1 pp4 #bag-bai4 #be ,animal ,intelligence1 p4 #bdb4 #bf ,romanes refers to ,silliman's ,american ,journal1 ,february #ahgb4 #bg ,these cases would seem to contradict the statement made on p4 #hb that small families occur when the young are protected by the parents4 ,i cannot explain this exception4 ,but what ,i have stated about the dependence of the birth rate on the amount of parental care is commonly true4 ,in this connection ,i would quote ,mr4 ,pycraft 7,infancy of ,animals1 p4 #bad73 8,a careful survey of the facts shows us that the production of large numbers of eggs and young produces the same result as obtained where but few eggs are laid1 and are either carefully guarded by the parents or are specially protected by some other means40 #bh ,quoted by ,st4 ,george ,mivart4 #bi ,pycraft1 ibid41 p4 #bah4 ,the story of this excellent father and also several of the other cases given are taken from ,yarrell1 ,brit4 ,fishes1 #bnd edit41 ii4 p4 #dcf4 #cj ,j4 ,lewis ,bonhote1 ,british ,birds1 pp4 #cad-cae4 ,see also ,the ,truth about ,woman1 pp4 #ajg1 #bdi1 #bfe4 #ca ,p4 ,chalmers-,mitchell1 ,childhood of ,animals1 pp4 #gj1 #aji1 #aeg4 #cb ,several examples are mentioned in ,darwinism1 p4 #bha4 ,wallace1 however1 brings them forward in quite a different connection to prove his theory of the protective duller colours of the female birds4 #cc ,p4 #acf et seq4 #cd ,see p4 #bba1 which is evidence that1 perhaps1 may be held to give some corroboration4 #ce ,an interesting account of the family qualities of birds is given by ,espinas in ,des ,socits ,animales1 pp4 #bcd-bib4 #cf ,p4 ,c4 ,mitchell1 ,childhood of ,animals1 pp4 #aeg1 #aeh4 ,see also about the ostrich1 ,the ,truth about ,woman1 p4 #id4 #cg ,this is done to my knowledge by the male wood-pigeon1 missel-thrush1 blue-martin1 buzzard1 stone curlew1 curlew1 dottrel1 sand-piper1 common gull1 black-coated gull1 kittiwake1 razorbill1 puffin1 stormy petrel1 great blue heron and black vulture4 ,there are probably good fathers among other species whose names ,i have missed4 #ch ,pycraft1 ,infancy of ,animals1 p4 #fb4 #ci ,pycraft1 ,infancy of ,animals1 pp4 #gg-gh4 #dj ,mitchell1 ,childhood of ,animals1 pp4 #afj-afb4 ,pycraft1 ,infancy of ,animals1 pp4 #fc1 #fh1 #gj1 #ga1 #ge1 #gf4 #da ,the scene was witnessed by ,miss ,turner4 ,i take my account from ,mr4 ,pycraft1 who quotes from ,miss ,turner4 #db ,mr4 ,eliot ,howard calls attention to this remarkable conduct in his fascinating book on the ,british ,warblers4 #dc ,mitchell1 ,childhood of ,animals1 pp4 #adi-aej1 #aei4 #dd ,for a much fuller account of these bad fathers among birds see ,the ,truth about ,woman1 pp4 #ij1 #ajd-aaa1 where explanation is attempted4 ,see also ,the ,position of ,woman in ,primitive ,society 7,american title1 ,the ,age of ,mother-,power71 p4 #fc4 #de ,j4 ,g4 ,millais1 ,natural ,history of ,british ,ducks1 p4 #h4 #df ,the habits of the penguins were first noted by the late ,dr4 ,ed4 ,a4 ,wilson1 the distinguished naturalist of the ,discovery ,expedition1 and on his death his work was ably carried on by the ,staff ,surgeon1 ,murray ,levick4 ,he has come nearer to the life of the penguin than any other discoverer4 ,see ,natural ,history of the ,adlie ,penguins4 ,also article in ,the ,new ,statesman1 ,april #ag1 #aiae4 #dg ,the lowliest living mammals1 the duck-billed mole and the anteater of ,australia1 still lay eggs1 which they retain within their bodies until nearly ready to hatch4 #dh ,this case is recorded by ,mr4 ,chalmers ,mitchell in ,the ,childhood of ,animals1 the fascinating book from which ,i have gained so much assistance4 #di ,see ,the ,truth about ,woman1 pp4 #ajb-aad1 also ,the ,position of ,woman in ,primitive ,society1 the theme of which book follows and develops this theory4 #ej ,mitchell1 ,childhood of ,animals1 p4 #bbe4 #ea ,mitchell1 ,childhood of ,animals1 pp4 #afd1 #aff1 #bbe4 #eb ,letourneau1 ,the ,evolution of ,marriage1 p4 #cb4 #ec ,mitchell1 ,childhood of ,animals1 pp4 #agj-aga4 #ed ,espinas1 ,soc4 ,animales1 pp4 #abj et seq4 ,the reader should consult this work on the three stages of domestic societies3 8the society conjugal1 the society maternal1 and the society paternal40 #ee ,letourneau1 ,evolution of ,marriage1 p4 #cbg4 #ef ,in this connection see ,the ,truth about ,woman pp4 #aaj-aaa4 #eg ,darwin1 ,descent of ,man1 p4 #ddc4 #eh ,espinas1 ,soc4 ,animales4 ,see the introductory and concluding chapters of this admirable book4 #ei ,havelock ,ellis1 ,psychology of ,sex1 vol4 vi4 p4 #dbb4 #fj ,j4 ,c4 ,houtzeau1 ,facults mentales des animaux1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cid4 ,this work should be consulted1 in particular1 for the comparison it gives of the mental faculties of the animals with those of man4 #fa ,darwin1 ,descent of ,man1 p4 #cii4 #fb ,letourneau1 ,evolution of ,marriage1 p4 #cc4 ,see also ,the ,truth about ,woman1 p4 #aji and ,the ,position of ,woman in ,primitive ,society4 #fc ,mitchell1 ,childhood of ,animals1 p4 #aga et seq42 p4 #agf4 #fd ,english title1 ,the ,position of ,woman in ,primitive ,society3 ,a ,study of ,matriarchy4 #fe ,i am not giving any references in support of the statements made in this chapter4 ,the reader is referred to ,the ,age of ,mother-,power4 #ff ,the ,age of ,mother-,power4 #fg ,i would wish to say here that ,i did not consider this question sufficiently when ,i wrote ,the ,age of ,mother-,power4 ,i was1 perhaps1 carried away by the advantages to women of the maternal system of reckoning descent4 ,such a system could be preserved only under the conditions of the communal clan4 ,this necessitated the absorption of the individual family1 which must consist of father1 mother and children4 ,i hold this to be a greater evil than the wrongs--great as those wrongs undoubtedly were--that came in family relationships with the re-establishment of the patriarchal home4 #fh ,the reader is referred to a new book on feminism that has come into my hands while reading the proofs of this chapter1 ,towards a ,sane ,feminism1 by ,wilma ,meikle4 ,the book is instructive as expressing the views of the younger suffragists4 ,note especially the three chapters1 8,simplifying ,sex ,problems10 8,how to be ,moral though ,married10 and 8,between the ,home and the ,labour ,market40 ,one short sentence ,i quote which clearly shows the opinions held by the writer1 8,the truth is that ,motherhood is one of the most casual of all relationships and one of the shortest-lived40 ,any comment from me on this smart folly is unnecessary4 #fi ,the quotation is taken from the well-known book of ,mrs4 ,perkins ,gilman1 who gave the earliest expression to this false view of what is good for the child4 #gj ,years of ,childhood1 by ,serge ,aksakoff1 trans4 by ,j4 ,d4 ,duff4 #ga ,see note on p4 #aee4 #gb ,these were the numbers given in the debate in ,parliament1 ,april #d1 #aiaf1 at the time of writing this chapter4 ,they will be much1 much larger before my book is finished and published4 #gc ,for a full description of these early experiments in communal dwellings see ,the ,age of ,mother-,power1 pp4 #dh1 #ajc-aca1 #aea4 #gd ,see p4 #aab4 #ge ,see p4 #aai4 #gf ,see ,the ,age of ,mother-,power1 pp4 #abg1 #agc1 #agh1 #agg-ahj4 #gg ,see ,iwan ,bloch1 ,sexual ,history of our ,times1 p4 #aif1 who quotes from ,josef ,kohler4 #gh ,see pp4 #bbi-bed4 #gi ,the reader is referred to the chapter on 8,divorce0 in ,the ,truth about ,woman1 pp4 #ceb-cei4 ,i may1 perhaps1 also state my intention of devoting my next book entirely to the urgent question of ,divorce ,reform4 ,for this reason ,i have said very little about the subject in this work4 #hj ,see pp4 #bbi-bed4 #ha ,see p4 #cdg4 #hb ,the reader is referred to the chapter on 8,reproductive ,differences0 in an instructive little book1 ,preparation for ,marriage1 by ,walter ,heape4 #hc ,see p4 #cci4 #hd ,see ,the ,truth about ,woman1 pp4 #cbf-cbh4 ,also article in the ,english ,review1 ,september #aiac1 republished as a small book in ,america under the title ,women and ,morality4 #he ,the ,truth about ,woman1 p4 #aia4 #hf ,see p4 #ea4 #hg ,this estimate of the number of ,women ,war ,workers is given by ,sir ,leo ,chiozza ,money4 #hh ,see p4 #aee4 #hi ,sir ,leo ,chiozza ,money1 in an article in ,tit ,bits 7,october #ba1 #aiaf71 8,women's ,share in ,winning the ,war10 says1 8,assuming peace to come by the end of #aiag1 the country will probably contain about two millions more women than men of marriageable age40 #ij ,i am here in agreement with ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells' forecast1 8,what is ,coming80 ,see his essay on ,women and the ,war1 already referred to1 p4 #afg4 #ia ,on this question see ,the ,truth about ,woman1 pp4 #cgb1 #cgc4 ,an article by ,mr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,george1 8,women after the ,war10 appeared in the ,english ,review of ,december #a4 ,mr4 ,george gives some very interesting statistics as to the disproportion between the numbers of the two sexes1 treating the question from a very new point of view4 ,he shows that the number of unmarried men in ,england and ,wales at the last census so greatly outnumbered the extra women that there were 8nearly three men for every superfluous woman60 #ib ,i related this incident first in ,the ,truth about ,woman1 p4 #cdg4 #ic ,very interesting statistics in this connection are given in an admirable monograph by ,dr4 ,max ,marcuse1 ,uneheliche ,mtter 7,berlin1 #aijg1 vol4 xxvii4 of the ,documents of ,great ,towns1 edited by ,hans ,ostwald74 ,marriages ,illegitimate births per #ajjj4 per #ajjj4 #ahgf #h4e #h4f #ahgg #h4j #h4g #ahgh #g4g #h4g #ahgi #g4e #h4h ,taken from ,jahrbuch fr das deutsche ,reich4 ,this table clearly shows a steady increase in the illegitimate birth-rate in direct proportion to the decline in the number of marriages4 ,in ,bavaria1 again1 up to the year #ahfh1 the parishes 7,gemeinden7 held a power of veto over all wage-earners desiring to marry4 ,in #ahfh most of these restrictions were abolished1 and at once the illegitimate births dropped #ab4f per cent4 #id ,the reader is referred to the chapter on 8,prostitution0 in ,the ,truth about ,woman4 #ie ,by the ,affiliation ,order ,act1 #aiad1 two important changes in the law were gained 7see p4 #bgf71 but little has been done in comparison with the wise changes made in other ,states4 #if ,in this connection the reader is referred to a statement made in the ,report of the ,royal ,commission of ,venereal ,diseases 7p4 #ag71 with regard to 8the high prevalence of syphilis among unmarried mothers40 ,an examination made by ,dr4 ,mott as to the presence of syphilis in poor unmarried and working-class married women found that among the former #bg4f per cent4 of the mothers were infected1 while for the married the percentage was as low as #f4f4 ,the ,report states3 8,the tests in the above cases were carefully carried out1 and the results1 although based on too few cases to justify sweeping generalisations1 must be regarded as extremely significant40 ,see also the next chapter1 8,the ,dangers of ,sexual ,diseases40 #ig ,feminism in ,germany and ,scandinavia1 by ,katharine ,anthony4 ,this interesting little book gives a full account of the splendid ,norwegian bill1 as well as considerable information on other matters connected with the unmarried mother4 #ih ,by the ,affiliation ,order ,act of #aiad1 two important changes in the law were gained-- 7#a7 ,the compulsory interval of six days 7a period which gave the man opportunity to escape7 between the summons and the appearance in court of the putative father was abolished4 7#b7 ,the amount of the affiliation order was made payable through an official of the court 7formerly it was left to the woman to collect the money71 who has power1 with the consent of the woman1 to take action in case of non-payment4 #ii ,the ,truth about ,woman1 pp4 #cei-cgd4 #ajj ,in proof of this1 see the letters from the ,mothers of the ,co-operative ,guild quoted on pp4 #dj-dd4 #aja ,the ,education ,committee of the ,london ,county ,council1 for instance1 have just agreed that in spite of the ,report on ,venereal ,diseases and with its recommendation to schools to give sexual instruction1 they would in no case advise teachers to give class instruction on such matters1 but1 at the same time1 they advise teachers to give such instruction privately to 8individual0 pupils4 #ajb 8,three ,contributions to the ,sexual ,theory10 ,the ,infantile ,sexuality1 p4 #ch4 ,eng4 trans41 ,new ,york1 #aiaj4 #ajc ,see p4 #ajj4 ,also p4 #bbb4 ,for further information on this subject1 the reader is referred to the works of ,mr4 ,walter ,heape1 especially ,sex ,antagonism and ,preparation for ,marriage4 #ajd ,see pp4 #ahe and #bih4 #aje ,see pp4 #ajj-ajb4 #ajf ,this is the opinion of ,stanley ,hall1 whose wise work on ,adolescence should be read by all mothers4 ,in this connection he beautifully writes3 8,in this way the girl will be anchored in time to what is really the essential thing1 viz4 reproduction and the carrying beneath her heart and then bearing children1 which are the hope of the world40 #ajg ,i find it estimated that by the end of #aiag1 of the persons aged from fifteen to forty-four in the ,united ,kingdom1 the females will exceed the males by nearly two millions4 ,,bibliography ,n4,b4--,this bibliography is intended as a guide to the student2 it is merely representative1 not in any part exhaustive4 ,the books to which reference is made are marked with an asterisk1 those of special importance with two asterisks4 ,,part ,i ,,the ,,woman',s ,,movement ,,anker1 ,e4 ,women's ,suffrage in ,norway4 ,n4,u4 of ,w4,s4,s4 #aiac4 ,,anthony1 ,k4 ,feminism in ,germany and ,scandinavia4 ,london1 #aiaf4 ,,bax1 ,e4 ,b4 ,the ,fraud of ,feminism4 ,london1 #aiac4 ,,blease1 ,w4 ,l4 ,the ,emancipation of ,english ,women4 ,new ed4 ,london1 #aiac4 ,,breevoort1 ,j4 ,haar idealen 7on feminism in ,holland74 ,rotterdam1 #aiad4 ,,catt1 ,c4 ,c4 ,the ,world ,movement for ,woman's ,suffrage4 ,london1 #aiaa4 ,,colquhoun1 ,e4 ,the ,vocation of ,woman4 ,london1 #aiad4 99,,coomaraswamy1 ,a4 ,,sati3 ,a ,vindication of the ,hindu ,women4 ,reprinted from the ,sociological ,review1 ,april #aiac4 ,,fairfield1 ,z4 ,the ,woman's ,movement4 ,london1 #aiaa4 ,some ,aspects of the ,woman's ,movement4 ,london1 #aiaf4 ,,fawcett1 ,m4 ,g4 ,women's ,suffrage3 ,a ,short ,history of a ,great ,movement4 ,the ,people's ,books4 #aiab4 ,,george1 ,w4 ,l4 ,woman and ,to-morrow4 ,london1 #aiab4 ,article in ,english ,review1 ,december #aiaf4 ,,gordon1 ,h4 ,the ,prisoner3 ,a ,sketch4 ,an experience of forcible feeding4 ,letchworth ,press1 #aiaa4 ,,grieg1 ,t4 ,b4 ,the ,militant ,suffrage ,movement3 ,emancipation in a ,hurry4 ,london1 #aiaa4 ,towards ,woman's ,liberty4 ,london1 #aiaj4 ,,hutchins1 ,b4 ,l4 ,conflicting ,ideals3 ,two ,sides of the ,woman's ,question4 ,london1 #aiac4 ,international ,women's ,suffrage4 ,alliance ,publications4 ,,key1 ,,ellen4 ,the ,women's ,movement4 7,translated by ,m4 ,b4 ,borthwick1 with ,introduction by ,havelock ,ellis47 ,new ,york and ,london1 #aiab4 ,,lytton1 ,,lady ,,constance4 ,prisons and ,prisoners4 ,london1 #aiad4 ,,martin1 ,e4 ,s4 ,the ,unrest of ,women4 ,new ,york and ,london1 #aiac4 ,,mason1 ,b4 ,story of the ,woman's ,suffrage ,movement4 7,introduction by the ,right ,rev4 the ,lord ,bishop of ,lincoln47 ,new ,york and ,london1 #aiab4 ,,mayreder1 ,,rosa4 ,a ,survey of the ,woman ,problem4 7,translated from the ,german by ,h4 ,scheffauer47 ,london1 #aiac4 99,,meikle1 ,m4 ,towards a ,sane ,feminism4 ,london1 #aiaf4 ,national ,union of ,women's ,suffrage ,societies ,publications4 ,,owen1 ,h4 ,woman ,adrift3 ,the ,menace of ,suffragism4 ,london1 #aiab4 ,,pankhurst1 ,e4 ,why we are ,militant4 ,london1 #aiad4 ,my ,own ,story4 ,london1 #aiad4 ,,pankhurst1 ,e4 ,s4 ,the ,suffragette4 ,the history of the women's militant suffrage movement4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 ,,roberts1 ,k4 ,pages from the ,diary of a ,militant ,suffragette4 ,letchworth ,press1 #aiaa4 ,,robins1 ,e4 ,way ,stations4 ,london1 #aiac4 ,,sharp1 ,e4 ,rebel ,women4 7,introduction by ,e4 ,robin47 ,london1 #aiae4 ,,schirmacher1 ,k4 ,the ,modern ,women's ,rights ,movement4 ,an historical survey4 7,translated from #crd ,german ed4 by ,c4 ,conrad47 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,,stanton1 ,c4 ,s4 ,history of ,women's ,suffrage4 ,new ,york1 #ahha4 ,,swanwick1 ,h4 ,m4 ,the ,future of the ,women's ,movement4 7,introduction by ,mrs4 ,fawcett47 ,london1 #aiac4 ,woman's ,press4 ,many ,publications4 ,women's ,freedom ,league4 ,the ,vote1 pamphlets1 etc4 ,women's ,social and ,political ,union4 ,votes for ,women and other publications4 ,,wright1 ,,sir ,a4 ,the ,unexpurgated ,case against ,woman ,suffrage4 ,london1 #aiac4 ,,zimmern1 ,a4 ,women's ,suffrage in ,many ,lands4 #aiji4 ,,part ,,ii ,,animal ,,parenthood 99,,audubon1 ,j4 ,j4 ,ornithological ,biography3 ,an ,account of the ,habits of the ,birds of the ,united ,states of ,america4 #e vols4 ,edinburgh1 #ahca-i4 99,,bonhote1 ,j4 ,,lewis4 ,birds of ,britain4 ,london1 #aijg4 ,vigour and ,heredity4 ,london1 #aiae4 99,,brehm1 ,a4 ,e4 ,thierleben4 ,leipzig1 #ahgf1 etc4 ,ornithology of the ,science of ,birds4 7,from the text of ,dr4 ,brehm47 #b parts4 ,columbus1 ,cincinnati1 #ahgh fol4 99,,darwin1 ,c4 ,the ,expression of the ,emotions in ,man and ,animals4 ,pop4 ed4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,the ,variation of ,animals and ,plants under ,domestication4 ,pop4 ed4 ,london1 #aije4 9999,,espinas1 ,a4 ,des ,socits ,animales tude de psychologie compare4 ,paris1 #ahgg4 9999,,fabre1 ,j4 ,,henri4 ,the ,life and ,love of the ,insect4 7,translated by ,a4 ,teixeira de ,mattos47 ,london1 #aiaa4 ,social ,life in the ,insect ,world4 7,translated by ,bernard ,miall47 ,london1 #aiab4 ,the ,works of ,j4 ,h4 ,fabre4 7,translated by ,a4 ,teixeira de ,mattos4 ,preface by ,maurice ,maeterlinck47 ,london and ,new ,york1 #aiab1 etc4 99,,geddes1 ,p41 and ,,thomson1 ,j4 ,a4 ,the ,evolution of ,sex4 #dth revised ed4 ,london1 #aija4 ,sex4 ,home ,univ4 of ,modern ,knowledge4 ,london1 #aiaa4 ,problems of ,sex4 ,tracts for the ,times4 ,london1 #aiaa4 99,,houzeau1 ,j4 ,c4 tudes sur les facults mentales des animaux compares celles de l'homme4 ,mons1 #ahgb4 99,,hudson1 ,w4 ,h4 ,adventures ,among ,birds4 ,london1 #aiac4 ,birds and ,man4 ,london1 #aiae4 ,british ,birds4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,the ,naturalist in ,la ,plata4 ,london1 #aijc4 99,,kellogg1 ,v4 ,l4 ,animal ,life4 ,twentieth ,century ,text ,books4 ,evolution and ,animal ,life1 etc4 ,new ,york1 #aijg4 ,insect ,stories4 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 99,,letourneau1 ,c4 ,j4 ,m4 ,the ,evolution of ,marriage and of the ,family4 7,cont4 ,sci4 ,series47 ,london1 #ahia4 9999,,levick1 ,g4 ,m4 ,natural ,history of the ,adlie ,penguins4 7,natural ,history ,report1 ,zoology1 vol4 i1 ,no4 #b1 #aiad47 99,antarctic ,penguins4 ,a ,study of their ,social ,habits4 ,london1 #aiad4 99,,milne-,,edwards1 ,h4 ,leons sur la physiologie et l'anatomie compare de l'homme et des animaux4 ,paris1 #aheg4 ,histoire naturelle des insects1 tom4 #b4 ,paris1 #ahbe4 9999,,mitchell1 ,p4 ,,chalmers4 ,the ,childhood of ,animals4 ,london and ,new ,york1 #aiab4 99,,mivart1 ,,st4 ,,george4 ,types of ,animal ,life4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,man and the ,apes4 ,an ,exposition on ,structural ,resemblances bearing upon ,questions of ,affinity and ,origin4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,the ,common ,frog4 ,london1 #ahgc4 99,,morgan1 ,c4 ,,lloyd4 ,animal ,life and ,intelligence4 ,london1 #ahij4 ,animal ,behaviour4 ,london1 #aijj4 ,animal ,sketches4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,habit and ,instinct4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,instinct and ,experience4 ,london1 #aiab4 9999,,pycraft1 ,w4 ,p4 ,the ,infancy of ,animals4 #aiab4 ,the ,courtship of ,animals4 #aiac4 9999,,romanes1 ,g4 ,j4 ,animal ,intelligence4 7,int4 ,sci4 ,series47 ,london1 #ahgb4 ,mental ,evolution in ,animals1 with ,posthumous ,essay on ,instinct by ,c4 ,darwin4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,,sutherland4 ,the ,origin and ,growth of the ,moral ,instinct4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahih4 99,,thomson1 ,j4 ,a4 7see ,geddes74 ,heredity4 7,pro4 ,sci4 ,series47 ,london1 #ahih4 ,britain's ,birds and their ,nests4 ,london1 #aiaa4 ,the ,haunts of ,animals4 ,london1 #aijh4 ,the ,study of ,animal ,life4 ,london1 #ahih4 99,,wallace4 ,darwinism4 ,london1 #ahhi4 99,,ward1 ,l4 ,f4 ,pure ,sociology4 ,new ,york1 #aijc4 ,,part ,,iii ,,the ,,mother ,,among ,,primitive ,,peoples 9999,,atkinson1 ,j4 ,j4 ,primal ,law4 ,see ,lang1 ,a4 9999,,bachofen1 ,j4 ,j4 ,das ,mutterrecht4 ,see ,french translation of ,introduction by ,giraud ,teulon4 ,stuttgart1 #ahfa4 99,,bancroft1 ,h4 ,h4 ,the ,native ,races of the ,pacific ,states of ,north ,america4 #e vols4 ,new ,york1 #ahge-f4 99,,crawley1 ,a4 ,e4 ,the ,mystic ,rose3 ,a ,study of ,primitive ,marriage4 ,london1 #aijb4 ,,cushing1 ,f4 ,h4 ,outlines of ,zui ,creation ,myths4 ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #acth ,report1 #ahia-b4 ,zui ,folk ,tales4 ,introduction by ,j4 ,w4 ,powell4 ,new ,york and ,london1 #aija4 ,my ,visit to the ,zui ,indians4 ,century ,magazine1 #ahhc4 99,,dalton1 ,e4 ,t4 ,descriptive ,ethnology of ,bengal4 ,calcutta1 #ahgb4 9999,,dargun1 ,l4 ,mutterrecht und ,raubehe und ihre ,reste im germanischen ,recht und ,leben4 ,breslau1 #ahhc4 ,studien zum ltesten ,familienrecht4 ,leipzig1 #ahib4 9999,,ellis1 ,h4 ,,havelock4 ,man and ,woman4 7,con4 ,sci4 ,series47 ,new ed4 #aijd4 ,woman and ,man4 ,reprinted from the ,westminster ,review1 #ahhh4 9999,,fison1 ,l41 and ,,howth1 ,a4 ,w4 ,kamclarvi and ,kurnia4 ,melbourne and ,sydney1 #ahhj4 ,folk ,lore4 ,review of ,myth1 ,tradition1 ,institution1 and ,custom4 ,london4 99,,frazer1 ,j4 ,g4 ,the ,golden ,bough3 ,a ,study in ,magic and ,religion4 #crd ed4 #ab vols4 ,london1 #aijg-ae4 ,totemism4 ,edinburgh1 #ahhg4 ,article in ,the ,academy1 ,march #bg1 #ahhf4 9999,,giraud-,,teulon1 ,a4 ,la mre chez certains peuples de l'antiquit4 ,paris1 #ahfg4 ,les origines du mariage et de la famille4 ,geneva and ,paris1 #ahhd4 9999,,gurdon1 ,p4 ,r4 ,the ,khasis4 7,introduction by ,sir ,ch4 ,lyall47 ,london1 #aijg4 9999,,hartland1 ,e4 ,s4 ,primitive ,paternity3 the ,myth of ,supernatural ,birth in ,relation to the ,history of the ,family4 #b vols4 ,london1 #aijg4 ,mythology and ,folk ,tales4 ,popular ,studies in ,mythologies1 ,etc4 #bnd vol4 ,london1 #aiji4 ,the ,science of ,fairy ,tales4 7,con4 ,sci4 ,series47 #ahia4 9999,,hartley1 ,c4 ,g4 ,the ,truth ,about ,woman4 ,london and ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,the ,age of ,mother ,power4 7,english title3 ,the ,position of ,woman in ,primitive ,society3 ,a ,study of the ,matriarchy47 ,london and ,new ,york1 #aiaf4 99,,hearn1 ,w4 ,e4 ,the ,aryan ,household4 ,london and ,melbourne1 #ahgi4 99,,heriot1 ,g4 ,travels through the ,canadas4 ,london1 #ahjg4 ,,herrera1 ,a4 de4 ,the ,general ,history of ''' the ,west ,indies4 7,translation47 #f vols4 ,london1 #ahbg-hb4 99,,hooker1 ,j4 ,d4 ,himalayan ,journals4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahee4 99,,howitt1 ,a4 ,w4 ,australian ,group ,relations4 ,smithsonian ,report1 #ahhc4 99,,im ,,thurn1 ,e4 ,f4 ,among the ,indians of ,guiana4 ,london1 #ahhc4 99,journal of the ,anthropological ,institute of ,great ,britain and ,ireland4 ,london4 99,journal of the ,asiatic ,society of ,bengal4 ,calcutta4 99,journal of the ,ethnological ,society4 ,london4 ,,kidd1 ,d4 ,savage ,childhood4 ,london1 #aijf4 ,,laboulaye1 ,e4 ,r4 ,recherches sur la condition civile et politique des femmes4 ,paris1 #ahdc4 9999,,lang1 ,a4 ,social ,origins3 ,primal ,law4 ,by ,j4 ,j4 ,allanson4 ,london1 #aijc4 ,customs and ,myths4 ,new ed4 ,london1 #aijd4 99,,letourneau1 ,c4 ,j4 ,m4 ,evolution of ,marriage and the ,family4 7,con4 ,sci4 ,series47 ,london1 #ahia4 ,la condition de la femme dans les diverses races et civilisations ,paris4 ,,lippert1 ,j4 ,die ,geschichte der ,familie4 ,stuttgart1 #ahhd4 99,,macdonald1 ,d4 ,africana4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahhb4 9999,,mcgee1 ,w4 ,j4 ,the ,beginning of ,marriage4 ,american ,anthropologist1 ,november #ahif4 ,the ,beginning of ,agriculture4 ,american ,anthropologist1 ,october #ahie4 ,the ,relations of ,institutions to ,government4 ,smithsonian ,report1 #ahif4 9999,,mclennan1 ,j4 ,t4 ,the ,patriarchal ,theory4 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,studies in ,ancient ,history4 ,london1 #ahhf4 99,,marsden1 ,w4 ,the ,history of ,sumatra4 ,london1 #ahaa4 99,,mason1 ,o4 ,woman's ,share in ,primitive ,culture4 ,london and ,new ,york1 #ahie4 ,,moore1 ,t4 ,marriage ,customs1 ,modes of ,courtship and ,singular ,propensities of the ,various ,nations of the ,universe4 ,london1 #ahad4 9999,,morgan1 ,l4 ,h4 ,house and ,house ,life of the ,american ,aborigines4 ,contributed to the ,north ,american ,ethnology1 vol4 iv4 ,washington1 #ahha4 ,ancient ,society1 or ,researches on the ,lines of ,human ,progress4 ,london1 #ahig4 ,systems of ,consanguinity and ,affinity of the ,human ,family4 ,smithsonian ,contribution4 9999,,pearson1 ,e4 ,c4 ,the ,family3 ,an ,ethnographical and ,historical ,outline4 ,new ,york and ,london1 #aijf4 ,the ,old-,fashioned ,woman3 ,primitive ,fancies about the ,sex4 ,new ,york and ,london1 #aiac4 9999,,pearson1 ,,karl4 ,chances of ,death4 ,vol4 ii1 8,essays on the ,mother-,age10 8,civilisation10 etc4 ,london and ,new ,york1 #ahig4 99,,ploss1 ,h4 ,das ,weib in der ,natur und ,vlkerkunde4 #b vols4 ,leipzig4 ,das ,kind in ,branch und ,sitte der ,vlker4 #b vols4 #bnd ed4 ,leipzig1 #ahhd4 99,,ratzel1 ,f4 ,history of ,mankind4 7,translated from #bnd ,german ed4 by ,a4 ,j4 ,butler4 ,introduction by ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor47 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahif-h4 99,,reclus1 ,e4 ,primitive ,folk4 7,con4 ,sci4 ,series47 99,,schoolcraft1 ,a4 ,history1 ,condition1 and ,prospects of the ,indian ,tribes of the ,united ,states4 #f vols4 ,philadelphia1 #ahea-fj4 99,,semper1 ,k4 ,die ,palou 7,inseln7 im ,stillen ,ocean4 ,leipzig1 #ahgc4 9999,,smith1 ,w4 ,,robertson4 ,marriage and ,kinship in ,early ,arabia4 ,cambridge1 #ahhe4 9999,,spencer1 ,b41 and ,,gillen1 ,f4 ,j4 ,the ,native ,tribes of ,australia4 ,london1 #ahii4 9999,,starcke1 ,c4 ,n4 ,the ,primitive ,family in its ,origin and ,development4 #bnd ed4 ,london1 #ahif4 9999,,thomas1 ,w4 ,j4 ,sex and ,society4 ,london and ,chicago1 #aijg4 99,,turner1 ,s4 ,tibet4 ,london1 #ahjj4 9999,,tylor1 ,e4 ,b4 ,anthropology4 ,london1 #ahha4 ,researches into the ,early ,history of ,mankind4 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,primitive ,culture4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahga4 ,the ,matriarchal ,family ,system4 ,nineteenth ,century1 ,july #ahif4 99,,voth1 ,h4 ,r4 ,brief ,miscellaneous ,hopi ,papers4 ,chicago 7,field ,columbian ,museum71 #ahie4 99,,waitz1 ,t4 ,introduction to ,anthropology4 7,translated by ,j4 ,f4 ,collingwood47 ,london1 #ahfc4 99,,wake1 ,c4 ,s4 ,the ,development of ,marriage and ,kinship4 ,london1 #ahhi4 99,,westermarck1 ,e4 ,a4 ,the ,history of ,human ,marriage4 #crd ed4 ,london1 #aija4 ,on the ,position of ,women in ,early ,civilisation4 ,london1 #aije4 ,,wilken1 ,g4 ,a4 ,das ,matriarchat bei den alten ,araberro4 ,leipzig1 #ahhd4 9999,,ymer4 ,tidskrift utgifven of ,svenska ,sllskapet fr ,antropologi och ,geografi4 ,stockholm4 ,,zimigrodzki1 ,m4 ,,von4 ,die ,mtter bei den ,vlkern des arischen ,stammes4 ,munich1 #ahhf4 ,,part ,,iv ,,women ,,workers2 ,,marriage2 ,,illegitimacy2 ,,venereal ,,diseases ,,addams1 ,j4 ,the ,long ,road of ,women's ,misery4 ,new ,york1 #aiaf4 ,a ,new ,conscience and an ,ancient ,evil4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 9999,,baines1 ,h4 ,h4 ,c4 ,the ,divorce ,commission4 ,the ,majority and ,minority ,reports ,summarised4 7,preface by ,lord ,guthrie and ,sir ,t4 ,dibbin47 ,london1 #aiab4 ,,baldwin4 ,mental ,development in the ,child and the ,race4 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,,barrault1 ,m4 ,le travail ,domicile en ,angleterre4 ,paris1 #aiae4 ,,benson1 ,g4 ,r4 ,legislation for the ,protection of ,women4 ,london1 #aiab4 ,,bird1 ,m4 ,women at ,work4 ,london1 #aiaa4 ,,black1 ,c4 ,sweated ,industry and the ,minimum ,wage4 7,introduction by ,a4 ,g4 ,gardiner47 ,london1 #aijg4 ,,black1 ,c4 7edited by74 ,married ,women's ,work4 ,report of inquiry by ,women's ,industrial ,council4 ,london1 #aiae4 ,,blagg1 ,h4 ,m4 ,analysis of ,infant ,mortality4 ,london1 #aiaj4 9999,,bloch1 ,i4 ,sexual ,history of our ,times4 7,translated from #fth ,german ed4 by ,m4 ,eden ,paul47 ,london1 #aiaj4 9999,,braun1 ,,lily4 ,die ,frauenfrage4 ,leipzig1 #aija4 ,,bray1 ,b4 ,a4 ,the ,town ,child4 ,london1 #aijg4 ,british ,medical ,journal4 ,many articles1 especially3 8,legislation for the ,expectant ,mother and her ,unborn ,infant10 ,july #ag1 #aiae2 8,maternity and ,child ,welfare10 ,february #bb and ,april #bb1 #aiaf2 8,report on the ,royal ,commission on ,venereal ,diseases10 ,march #d and #aa1 #aiae4 ,,cadbury1 ,e41 and ,,shann1 ,g4 ,sweating4 ,london1 #aijg4 ,,cadbury1 ,e41 ,,matheson1 ,m4 ,c41 and ,,shann1 ,g4 ,women's ,work and ,wages4 ,london1 #aijf4 9999,,campbell1 ,,harry4 ,differences in the ,nervous ,organisation of ,man and ,woman3 ,physiological and ,pathological4 ,london1 #ahia4 ,,carpenter1 ,e4 ,love's ,coming of ,age4 ,london1 #aiad4 ,the ,intermediate ,sex3 a ,study of some ,transitional ,types of ,men and ,women4 ,london1 #aijh4 ,intermediate ,types among ,primitive ,folks3 a ,study on ,social ,evolution4 ,london1 #aiad4 ,,castle1 ,c4 ,s4 ,a ,statistical ,study of ,eminent ,women4 ,new ,york1 #aijf4 ,archives of ,psychology1 ,no4 #bg4 ,,chapman1 ,a4 and ,m4 ,status of ,women under the ,english ,law4 ,london1 #aiji4 ,,chapman1 ,c4 ,marriage and ,divorce4 ,some needed ,reforms in ,church and ,state4 ,london1 #aiaa4 ,,chesser1 ,e4 ,s4 ,woman1 ,marriage1 and ,motherhood4 7,preface by ,lady ,betty ,balfour47 ,london1 #aiac4 ,,collet1 ,c4 ,e4 ,women in ,industry4 ,london1 #aiaa4 99,,drysdale1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,v4 ,the ,small ,family ,system3 ,is it ,injurious or ,immoral4 7,prefatory note by ,dr4 ,bonnie ,dunlop47 ,london1 #aiac4 ,,elderton1 ,e4 ,m4 ,report on the ,english ,birth-,rate4 ,london1 #aiad4 9999,,ellis1 ,h4 ,,havelock4 ,studies in the ,psychology of ,sex3 vol4 i1 8,the ,evolution of ,modesty02 vol4 ii1 8,sexual ,inversion02 vol4 iii1 8,analysis of the ,sexual ,impulse02 vol4 iv1 8,sexual ,selection in ,men02 vol4 v1 8,erotic ,symbolism02 vol4 vi1 8,sex in ,relation to ,society40 ,philadelphia1 #aijf-ab4 ,the ,nationalisation of ,wealth4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,the ,problem of ,race ,regeneration4 ,new ,tracts for the ,times4 ,london1 #aiaa4 ,essays in ,wartime4 ,london1 #aiae4 ,eugenical ,review1 ,the4 ,london4 ,f,r1 ,c4 ,s4 ,the ,pathology of the ,emotions4 7,translated from the ,french by ,r4 ,park47 ,london1 #ahii4 ,la famille nvropathique4 ,paris1 #ahih4 ,,finot1 ,j4 ,problem of the ,sexes4 7,translated from ,french by ,m4 ,j4 ,safford47 ,london1 #aiac4 ,psychologie de la ,femme4 ,paris4 ,,foerster1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,marriage and the ,sex ,problem4 7,translated from the #crd ,german ed4 by ,meyrick ,booth47 ,london1 #aiab4 9999,,forel1 ,a4 ,the ,sexual ,question3 a ,scientific1 ,psychological1 ,hygienic and ,sociological ,study for the ,cultured ,classes4 ,,gallichan1 ,w4 ,m4 ,chapters on ,human ,lives4 ,london1 #aijd4 ,women under ,polygamy4 ,london and ,new ,york1 #aiad4 ,the ,great ,unmarried4 ,london1 #aiaf4 99,,galton1 ,sir ,f4 ,eugenics3 ,its ,definition1 ,size and ,aims4 ,london1 #aijh4 ,hereditary ,genius3 ,an ,inquiry into its ,law and ,consequences4 ,london1 #aiad4 ,natural ,inheritance4 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,,galway1 ,w4 ,r4 ,a ,review of our ,present ,position as regards the ,prevention and ,treatment of ,venereal ,diseases4 ,madras1 #aiad4 ,,gibes1 ,t4 ,w4 ,the ,campaign against ,syphilis4 ,london1 #aiae4 ,,greenwood1 ,a4 ,health and ,physique of ,school ,children4 ,school of ,economics4 ,london1 #aiac4 ,,guibert1 ,g4 ,le ,mariage et ses consequences4 9999,,hartley1 ,c4 ,,gasquoine4 ,the ,truth about ,women4 ,london and ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,women and ,morality4 7,reprinted from the ,english ,review1 ,september #aiac47 ,chicago1 #aiad4 ,the ,unmarried ,mother4 7,article in ,english ,review1 ,september #aiad47 99,,heape1 ,,walter4 ,sex ,antagonism4 ,london1 #aiac4 ,preparation for ,marriage4 ,london1 #aiac4 ,,heron1 ,dr4 ,on the ,relation of ,fertility in ,man to ,social ,status4 ,london1 #aijf4 ,,hollander1 ,b4 ,nervous ,disorders of ,women3 the ,modern ,psychological ,conception of their ,cause1 ,effect and ,rational ,treatment4 ,london1 #aiaf4 ,,holt1 ,e4 ,b4 ,the ,freudian ,wish and its ,place in ,ethics4 ,london1 #aiae4 ,,holt1 ,m4 ,the ,care and ,feeding of ,children4 7,introduction by ,e4 ,pritchard1 #hth ed47 ,new ,york and ,london1 #aiae4 ,,hooper1 ,w4 ,the ,law of ,illegitimacy4 ,london1 #aiab4 ,,howard4 ,a ,history of ,matrimonial ,institutions4 ,chicago and ,london1 #aijd4 99,,hutchins1 ,l4 ,b4 ,labour ,laws for ,women4 ,london1 #aijg4 ,note on ,mortality of ,young ,children4 ,reprinted from ,journal of ,statistical ,society4 ,london1 #aijh4 ,statistics of ,women's ,life and ,employment4 ,reprinted from ,journal of ,statistical ,society4 ,london1 #aiji4 ,woman in ,modern ,industry4 ,chapter on ,women's ,wages1 by ,j4 ,j4 ,multon4 ,london1 #aiae4 ,,johnston1 ,j4 ,wastage of ,child ,life as exemplified by conditions in ,lancashire4 ,fabian ,socialist ,series1 ,no4 #g4 ,london1 #aijh1 etc4 ,,keeling1 ,f4 ,the ,labour ,exchange in relation to ,boy and ,girl ,labour4 ,london1 #aiaj4 ,,keogh1 ,sir ,a4 7,introduction by74 ,manual of ,venereal ,diseases4 #bnd ed4 ,oxford4 9999,,key1 ,,ellen4 ,love and ,marriage4 7,translated by ,a4 ,g4 ,chator1 ,introduction by ,h4 ,havelock ,ellis47 ,new ,york and ,london1 #aiad4 ,the ,renaissance of ,motherhood4 7,translated by ,anna ,e4 ,b4 ,fries47 ,new ,york and ,london1 #aiad4 99,,kirch1 ,e4 ,h4 ,the ,sexual ,life of ,woman in its ,physiological1 ,pathological and ,hygienic ,aspects4 7,authorised translation by ,m4 ,eden ,paul47 ,london1 printed in ,america1 #aiaj4 ,,krafft-,,ebing1 ,,baron ,r4 ,,von4 ,psychopathia ,sexualis4 7,translation of the #gth ,german ed41 by ,c4 ,g4 ,chaddock47 ,philadelphia and ,london1 #ahib4 ,,leys1 ,g4 ,a ,text ,book on ,gonorrha and its ,complications4 7,translated by ,a4 ,foerster47 ,london1 #aiac4 ,,lushington4 ,the ,law of ,affiliation and ,bastardy4 ,london1 #aiaf4 ,,mccabe1 ,j4 ,the ,influence of the ,church on ,marriage and ,divorce4 ,london1 #aiaj4 99,,marcuse1 ,m4 ,uneheliche ,mtter4 7,grosstadt ,dokumente ,band #bg47 ,berlin1 #aije1 etc4 99,,metchnikoff1 ,e4 ,the ,nature of ,man4 7,translation1 ed4 by ,p4 ,chalmers ,mitchell47 ,london and ,new ,york1 #aijd4 ,essais ,optimistes4 ,paris1 #aijh4 99,,moll1 ,a4 ,hypnotism4 7,translated from #bnd ,german ed41 ,con4 ,sci4 ,series47 ,london1 #ahij4 ,das nervse ,weib4 ,berlin1 #ahih4 ,die contrre ,sexualempfindung4 ,berlin1 #ahia4 ,untersuchungen ber die ,libido sexualis4 ,berlin1 #ahig4 ,,morley1 ,e4 ,j4 7edited by74 ,women ,workers in ,seven ,professions4 7,fabian ,women's ,research47 ,london and ,new ,york1 #aiad4 ,,naish1 ,e4 ,m4 ,whose ,children are ,these8 ,birmingham1 #aiac4 ,,newsholm1 ,a4 ,the ,elements of ,vital ,statistics4 ,london and ,new ,york1 #ahii4 ,school ,hygiene4 #adth ed41 rewritten by ,j4 ,kerr4 ,london1 #aiaf4 ,,parsons1 ,e4 ,c4 ,the ,decline of the ,family4 7,chapter ,v in ,national ,life and ,character47 ,london and ,new ,york1 #ahid4 ,marriage and ,parenthood3 a ,distinction4 7,the ,international ,journal of ,ethics1 ,july #aiae47 ,london1 #aiae4 ,,payne1 ,c4 ,e4 ,women after the ,war and ,now4 ,london1 #aiae4 9999,,pearson1 ,,karl4 ,the ,ethic of ,freethought and other ,addresses and ,essays4 #bnd ed4 ,london1 #aija4 9999,,pearson1 ,,karl1 and ,,elderton1 ,e4 ,m4 ,on the ,correlation of ,fertility with ,social ,value4 7,university ,college ,eugenics ,laboratory ,memoirs1 ,no4 #ah47 ,london1 #aiac4 9999,,pearson1 ,,karl4 ,nature and ,nurture1 the ,problem of the ,future4 7,university ,college ,eugenics ,laboratory ,lectures1 ,no4 #f47 ,london1 #aiaj4 ,,rembaugh1 ,b4 ,the ,political ,status of ,women in the ,united ,states4 ,a ,digest of ,laws concerning ,women in the various ,states and ,territories4 7,introduction by ,h4 ,s4 ,blatch47 ,new ,york and ,london1 #aiaa4 ,,rowntree1 ,s4 ,poverty3 ,a ,study of ,town ,life4 ,london1 #aija4 ,,saleeby1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,woman and ,womanhood4 ,london1 #aiab4 ,the ,methods of ,race ,regeneration4 7,new ,tracts for the ,times47 ,london1 #aiaa1 etc4 ,parenthood and ,race ,culture4 ,london1 #aiji4 ,,saunders1 ,t4 ,w4 ,law and ,practice of ,orders of ,affiliation4 #aath ed4 ,london1 #aiae4 ,,scharlieb1 ,dr4 ,m4 ,the ,hidden ,scourge4 7,national ,life ,series47 ,london1 #aiaf1 etc4 ,womanhood and ,race ,regeneration4 7,new ,tracts for the ,times47 ,london1 #aiaa4 ,what it means to ,marry4 ,questions of ,sex4 ,london1 #aiad4 ,the ,prevention and ,arrest of ,venereal ,disease in ,women4 7,lecture at ,royal ,institute of ,public ,health47 ,reported in ,medical ,world of ,london1 ,january #bf1 #aiag4 ,,schreiner1 ,o4 ,woman and ,labour4 ,london1 #aiaa4 ,thoughts about ,women4 7,preface by ,anna ,purcell47 ,cape ,town1 #aiji4 ,,smith1 ,a4 ,c4 ,the ,problem of ,nations3 ,a ,study in the ,causes1 ,symptoms1 and ,effects of ,sexual ,diseases1 and the ,education of the ,individual ,therein4 ,london1 #aiaf4 ,,smith1 ,e4 ,wage-,earning ,women and ,their ,dependents4 7,fabian ,society47 ,london1 #aiaf4 ,,smith1 ,w4 ,g4 ,incompatibility and ,some of its ,lessons4 #bnd ed4 ,london and ,dublin1 #aiaa4 ,statistique des ,familles4 ,paris1 #aijf4 99,,stocker1 ,h4 ,die ,liebe and die ,frauen4 ,minden1 #aijf4 ,,taylor1 ,g4 ,s41 and ,,mackenna1 ,r4 ,w4 ,the ,salvarsan ,treatment of ,syphilis4 ,london1 #aiad4 9999,,tweedie1 ,,mrs4 ,,alec4 ,the ,women's ,army4 ,eng4 ,review1 ,january #aiag4 ,,urbin1 ,e4 ,l4 ,a ,short ,history of ,marriage3 ,marriage ,rites1 ,customs and ,folklore in many ,countries and all ,ages4 ,london1 #aiac4 ,,watson1 ,d4 ,gonorrha and its ,complications in ,male and ,female4 ,london1 #aiad4 ,,webb1 ,s4 ,the ,declining ,birth-,rate4 7,fabian ,tract ,no4 #aca47 ,london1 #aiaj4 ,,whelham1 ,w4 ,c4 ,d4 ,the ,war and the ,race4 ,the ,quarterly ,review1 ,january #aiag4 ,woman and ,child ,wage-earners1 ,u4,s4,a41 vols4 i-xiii4 9999,woman's ,co-operative ,guild4 ,maternity ,letters from ,working ,women4 7,preface by ,rt4 ,hon4 ,herbert ,samuel47 ,london1 #aiae4 ,women's ,labour ,league ,pamphlets4 ,london4 ,working ,women and ,divorce4 ,an ,account of ,evidence given on behalf of the ,woman's ,co-operative ,guild before the ,royal ,commission on ,divorce4 ,london1 #aiab4 ,,yule1 ,g4 ,u4 ,on the ,changes in the ,marriage and ,birth-rate in ,england and ,wales during the past ,half-century4 ,journ4 ,roy4 ,stat4 ,soc41 lxix41 #aijf4 ,,part ,v ,,sexual ,,education ,,and ,,the ,,young ,,girl ,,addams1 ,j4 ,spirit of ,youth and the ,city ,streets4 ,new ,york1 #aiji4 ,,bell1 ,s4 ,a ,preliminary ,study of the ,emotion of ,love ,between the ,sexes4 ,american ,journ4 ,psychology1 ,july #aijb4 ,,blackwell1 ,e4 ,counsel to ,parents4 ,london1 #aiac4 ,,bremner1 ,c4 ,s4 ,education of ,girls and ,women4 7,preface by ,e4 ,p4 ,hughes47 ,london1 #ahig4 ,,butler1 ,g4 ,f4 ,love and its ,affinities4 ,chicago1 #ahii4 ,,chesser1 ,e4 ,s4 ,from ,girlhood to ,womanhood4 ,london1 #aiac4 ,,chisholm1 ,,dr4 ,medical ,inspection of ,girls in ,secondary ,schools4 ,,clapar,,de1 ,,ed4 ,psychologie de l',enfant4 ,paris1 #aiaf4 ,,clouston1 ,,sir ,t4 ,s4 ,the ,psychological ,dangers to ,women in ,modern ,social ,developments4 ,london1 #aiaa4 ,before ,i ,wed2 or1 ,young ,men and ,women4 ,london1 #aiac4 ,,ellis1 ,h4 ,,havelock4 ,the ,task of ,social ,hygiene4 ,london1 #aiab4 9999,,freud1 ,s4 ,three ,contributions to the ,sexual ,theory4 ,infantile ,sexuality 7,eng4 translation74 ,new ,york1 #aiaj4 ,,gould1 ,f4 ,j4 ,parent's ,guide to the ,sex ,instruction of ,sons and ,daughters4 ,on the ,threshold of ,sex4 7,introduction by ,dr4 ,saleeby47 ,london1 #aiji4 ,,grant1 ,c41 and ,,hodgson1 ,n4 ,the ,case for ,co-,education4 9999,,hall1 ,g4 ,,stanley4 ,adolescence4 #b vols4 ,new ,york1 #aijd4 ,educational ,problems4 #b vols4 ,new ,york and ,london1 #aiaa4 ,youth3 ,its ,education1 ,regimen and ,hygiene4 ,new ,york1 #aijf4 ,aspects of ,child ,life and ,education4 7,by ,g4 ,s4 ,hall and some of his pupils4 ,ed4 by ,t4 ,l4 ,smith47 ,boston1 #aiab4 ,contents of ,children's ,minds on ,entering ,school4 ,pedagogical ,seminary1 ,june #ahia4 ,,housman1 ,l4 ,the ,immoral ,effects of ,ignorance in ,sex ,relations4 ,london1 #aiaa4 9999,,key1 ,,ellen4 ,the ,century of the ,child4 ,the ,younger ,generation4 7translated by ,h4 ,g4 ,chater47 ,new ,york and ,london1 #aiad4 ,,lischnewska1 ,m4 ,geschlechtliche ,belehrung der ,kinder4 ,reprinted from ,mutterschutz1 #aije1 ,heft #d and #e4 9999,,moll1 ,a4 ,the ,sexual ,life of the ,child4 7,translated by ,dr4 ,eden ,paul47 ,london1 #aiab4 ,,morgan1 ,a4 ,the ,american ,girl3 ,her ,education1 ,her ,responsibility1 ,her ,recreation1 ,her ,future4 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,,sidgwick1 ,,mrs4 ,h4 ,health ,statistics of ,women ,students of ,cambridge and ,oxford and of their ,sisters4 ,london1 #ahij4 ,reports1 ,minority and ,majority1 of ,special ,commission on ,co-,education of the ,sexes4 ,school ,document ,no4 #ai4 ,boston4 ,,thomas1 ,c4 ,e4 ,athletic ,training for ,girls4 ,london1 #aiab4 ,,thomson1 ,m4 ,h4 ,environment and ,efficiency4 ,,wood-,,allen1 ,,mary4 ,what a ,young ,girl ,ought to ,know4 ,philadelphia1 #ahig4 ,,woods1 ,a4 ,co-,education4 ,london and ,new ,york1 #ahic4 ,,reports ,annual ,report for #aiad of the ,chief ,medical ,officer of the ,board of ,education4 7,cd4 #hjee47 ,annual ,report for #aiae of the ,chief ,medical ,officer of the ,board of ,education4 7,cd4 #hcch47 ,board of ,education3 ,school ,attendance and ,employment in ,agriculture4 #aiaf4 7,cd4 #haga47 ,final ,report of the ,royal ,commission on ,venereal ,diseases4 #aiaf4 7,cd4 #hahi47 ,appendix1 ,minutes of ,evidence1 etc41 to ,final ,report of the ,royal ,commission on ,venereal ,diseases4 #aiaf4 7,cd4 #haij47 ,ministry of ,munitions3 ,health of ,munitions ,workers ,committee4 ,memorandum #d1 ,employment of ,women4 7,cd4 #hahe47 ,memorandum #e1 ,hours of ,work4 7,cd4 #hahf71 and ,memorandum #ab1 ,statistical ,information concerning ,output in ,relation to ,hours of ,labour4 7,cd4 #hcdd47 ,august #aiaf4 ,ministry of ,munitions 7,health of ,munitions ,workers ,committee71 ,juvenile ,employment4 #aiaf4 7,cd4 #hcfb47 ,report of the ,inter-,departmental ,committee on ,physical ,deterioration4 #aijd4 7,cd4 #bage47 ,report of the ,royal ,commission on the ,poor ,laws 7,minority ,report74 #aiji4 7,cd4 #ddii47 ,report on ,sex in ,industry1 being ,part ,,iv of #ccrd ,report of the ,mass4 ,bureau of ,statistics of ,labour4 ,boston1 #aijd4 ,the ,declining ,birth-,rate1 its causes and effects1 being the ,report of and chief evidence taken by the ,national ,birth-,rate ,commission4 ,london1 #aiaf4 ,report of the ,proceedings of the ,conference on ,infant ,mortality held in ,caxton ,hall1 ,westminster1 ,march #aijh4 ,king ,son1 ,london1 #aijh4 ,,index ,a ,abolition of one home4 7,see ,home life threatened47 ,abolition of marriage4 7,see ,free love47 ,abortion1 #cf1 #de1 #bag1 #beh1 #bfd ,adam and ,eve myth1 #ahi-aij ,adolescence1 #cbd1 #cbi et seq41 #ccd1 #cdj-cda1 #cei et seq4 ,adolescence1 ,dangers of1 #cje-cjf1 #ccc-cce1 #cda et seq41 #cde-cdf ,adolescent girls1 #age1 #cbi-cdg1 #cef-cgd ,aksakoff1 ,s41 #aga ,alligators1 #gi ,ancestors1 ,our primitive1 #adc et seq4 ,animal parenthood4 7,see ,parenthood1 pre-human47 ,ante-natal deaths1 #cf1 #de ,ants1 #fi1 #gj ,asceticism1 #aii1 #bbj4 7,see also ,celibacy47 ,b ,bastardy laws in ,england1 #beg1 #beh1 #bfa1 #bfb-bfc1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgf-bgg ,bastardy laws in ,norway1 #bgb-bgf ,bastardy laws in other countries1 #bgg-bgi ,bastardy laws in ,scotland1 #bfc ,bastardy laws1 ,reform of1 #bga-bhb ,beauty and one ,beast story1 #bie ,bees1 #fi1 #gj ,bird parents1 #fj1 #fc1 #ii-aad ,birds1 ,devotion of1 to family1 #ajc et seq4 ,birth-rate1 ,decline of1 #ca1 #cb1 #cf1 #bdg1 #beh1 #bfc1 #cee-cef1 #ceg1 #cga ,bloch1 ,iwan1 #aib ,bonhote1 ,j4 ,lewis1 #ajj ,brauer1 #hc ,c ,carbonnier1 ,m41 #ia1 #ic ,care of young by pre-human parents1 #ei-ace ,carnivores1 #abc1 #abd ,celibacy in men and women1 #bcd ,celibacy1 ,suffering caused by1 #bcg ,celibacy1 ,value of1 #bcf ,celibate women1 #cgb ,chastity1 #aid1 #bcd1 #bce-bcg ,child1 ,duty to1 #bjb1 #bjc-bjd1 #bad ,child1 ,its rights1 #aha-ahc1 #cef ,child to be trained by experts1 #afi1 #aha-ahb ,child welfare1 #ca1 #cc1 #ce et seq41 #eb1 #bdg1 #bfd1 #bgi1 #cgd ,children born in sin1 #bba ,children1 ,desire for1 #aac-aad1 #bad1 #bag ,children1 ,dislike of1 #baf-bag1 #bbj1 #bbc-bbe ,children killed by conditions of life1 #cf et seq41 #dj et seq4 ,children not wanted1 #ceb1 #ced ,child's curiosity on sex matters1 #caj et seq41 #cbj-cbc1 #cbd ,child's need of its parents1 #aha ,civilisation1 ,failure of1 #dj et seq4 ,co-education1 #ccb ,communal clan1 #ade1 #adi-aej1 #aeb1 #aee1 #aef1 #aei1 #agd1 #aia ,communal houses1 #afi1 #aha ,communal living1 #agc1 #agf1 #agg1 #ahj ,companionship essential to true marriage1 #bji ,concealments in love sinful1 #bcj et seq41 #bdi-bed1 #beg1 #bfa ,conduct1 ,advantages of fixed standards for1 #bjc ,confusion in women's lives1 #afh1 #agc1 #bjc ,connection between mother and child1 #fj1 #fa1 #aah-aba1 #adg1 #aea1 #aed1 #ahd ,contempt for woman's sphere1 #cfc ,contrast between the family and the clan1 #aej-aec ,contrasts between the sexes1 #bdi-bed ,co-operation between the father and the mother1 #ga1 #aje-ajf1 #aba1 #acb1 #aif ,co-operative child-rearing1 #aaa-aac1 #afg et seq41 #afi1 #agf1 #agg1 #aha ,courtship1 #aeb ,creating a home1 #agg ,creek ,indians of ,georgia1 #ahj ,crime in the family1 #ajh ,crime of irresponsible parenthood1 #bdj ,crime of overworking mother1 #dj et seq4 ,crocodiles1 ,young1 #hj ,cuckoo1 #fc1 #ajg ,curiosity on sex matters1 ,child's1 #caj et seq41 #cbj-cbc1 #cbd ,customs of male ownership of woman1 #add et seq41 #adi1 #aec ,d ,darwin1 #abf ,death-rate1 #cb ,death-rate1 ,illegitimate1 #bfb-bfd ,death-rate1 ,infantile1 #cf-ch1 #de-df1 #bhg1 #cee ,e ,economic conditions4 7,see ,industrialism47 ,educating girls as sexless neuters1 #ccb et seq4 7,see also ,sexual education47 ,education1 #cd1 #ce1 #cje-cgg ,education1 ,failure of1 #cca-ccg1 #cda1 #cdd-cde1 #cga et seq4 ,eggs1 ,care of1 #fc1 #gj1 #hj1 #ha1 #ajc ,egoism in female1 #ai et seq41 #ajb1 #aai1 #abj1 #acc1 #agj1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #bba1 #bbc1 #cfa ,egoism in male1 #fd1 #ajh1 #aag1 #aai1 #aba1 #abd1 #abg1 #abi1 #adc et seq41 #aej ,egoistic factor in sex1 #ff1 #ajc1 #aag1 #aej1 #bbb1 #cfg-cfh ,ehrlich1 #bhg ,ellis1 ,havelock1 #abg ,emotion displayed by fishes1 #hi ,emotion1 ,human need of1 #bj-ba1 #ace1 #agg1 #bja ,emotional view of life1 ,importance of1 #cgb-cgc ,environment1 ,effect of1 #fb ,espinas1 ,alfred1 #ge1 #gi1 #abf ,eugenics1 #aig ,f ,fabre1 ,henri1 #ee1 #fe-ff1 #fh1 #ga1 #gb1 #gd1 #gf1 #ie ,familial groups1 #abe-abf1 #ade4 7,see also ,communal clan and ,familial instinct47 7,see ,parental instinct47 ,family1 ,the1 #afe-ahf ,family1 ,experiments in the1 #ff1 #gj1 #he1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aji-aad1 #aec1 #afe1 #agc1 #aie-aif ,family1 ,history of the1 #ada-aei ,family1 ,ideal of1 #afe-ahf ,family1 ,limitation of the1 #hb1 #abb1 #abc1 #acb1 #acc1 #aid1 #aig1 #bag ,family1 ,reversal in duties connected with the1 #fj1 #fc1 #gi1 #hb-hd1 #hf-hi1 #ij1 #ib1 #ic1 #id-ie1 #ii-ajc1 #bff ,father1 ,legal parent1 #aee et seq41 #aeg1 #aib ,father-right1 #aei1 #aib-aid4 7,see also ,patriarchal family47 ,fathers1 ,devotion of1 #fd-fe1 #gj-gb1 #ahd-ahe4 7,see also ,family1 ,reversal in duties connected with47 ,feeding offspring1 #ci1 #fd1 #gj-ga1 #ajc1 #ajd-aje1 #aah1 #abj1 #adg1 #bfd ,fidelity1 ,conjugal1 #ahi1 #aia1 #aif1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bje1 #baj1 #bac1 #bbj1 #bbb1 #big ,fish fathers1 #hf-id ,freud1 ,s41 #bce1 #cae1 #caf ,g ,gallinaceous birds4 7,see ,polygamous fathers47 ,games of children1 #cae ,geddes1 ,professor1 #hi ,george1 ,rt4 ,hon4 ,d4 ,lloyd1 #ce1 #beg ,george1 ,w4 ,l41 #afg1 #bea ,gilman1 ,mrs4 ,perkins1 #afi ,girls1 ,denial of their womanhood1 #cde et seq4 7,see also ,adolescent girls47 ,girls1 ,hidden life of1 #ccd et seq41 #cff1 #cfh ,girls1 ,passage into womanhood1 #cfj et seq41 #cff4 7,see also ,adolescent girls47 ,girls1 ,real nature of1 #cfb1 #cfh ,girls1 ,view of love1 #cfg-cfh ,gonorrha1 #bhg4 7,see also ,venereal diseases47 ,h ,habits1 ,importance of1 #gj1 #abj1 #adc ,hall1 ,stanley1 #cfg ,hensel1 ,dr4 ,reinhold1 #ib ,home1 ,attachment of woman to the1 #adf ,home1 ,importance of1 #fb1 #aji1 #afe-ahf ,home and one family1 #afe-ahf ,home life threatened1 #di1 #agd1 #agf et seq41 #ahe1 #bda et seq41 #bdd-bdg ,houtzeau1 ,j4 ,c41 #abg ,howard1 ,eliot1 #ajg ,hudson1 ,w4 ,h41 #ajg ,hygiene1 ,sexual4 7,see ,sexual education47 ,hypocrisy1 #bca et seq41 #bcf1 #bch1 #beg1 #cdf ,i ,ideal of the home1 #agj1 #aif1 #bdc-bdd ,ideal of marriage1 #bdh-bdi1 #cjj ,ideals1 ,the guide to conduct1 #eb1 #aff1 #agj1 #bjc1 #bjd-bje1 #baj1 #baf1 #cjj1 #cdb1 #cdd1 #ced1 #cgb ,ignorance1 ,evils of1 #dj ,illegitimacy1 ,causes of1 #bfh-bgj ,illegitimacy1 ,its connection with marriage1 #bfg-bfh ,illegitimacy1 ,problem of1 #beg-bhb ,illegitimacy1 ,sin of1 #bei1 #bfa1 #bgd ,illegitimate birth the result of unhappy marriages1 #bfh ,illegitimate child1 ,appointment of guardians for1 #bgi1 #bhj ,illegitimate child1 ,protection of1 #bei1 #bfa1 #bfe1 #bgj-bhb ,illegitimate infantile death-rate1 #bfa-bfd ,incubation of eggs1 #fc1 #ajc ,independence of woman4 7,see ,freedom and woman47 ,indifference to offspring among pre-human parents1 #fc1 #hg1 #ajj1 #aba ,individual family1 #ade1 #aee et seq41 #aei1 #agj1 #aha1 #ahe1 #aie1 #bde ,individualism1 #bjd1 #ceb1 #cgb ,industrialism1 #dj et seq41 #ej1 #eb1 #agj1 #aga1 #agd1 #agg1 #ahb1 #bdd1 #ceb1 #cef ,industrial values1 #ceb1 #cgb ,infanticide1 #abh1 #bfg1 #bgi ,infantile death-rate4 7,see ,death-rate1 ,infantile47 ,infantile sexuality1 #cae-caf1 #cdj ,insect home-makers1 #fd-ff1 #fg1 #fh1 #gj1 #gd ,insect parenthood1 #ei-gf ,instinct1 ,action of1 #ba1 #cg1 #fa1 #fd1 #gj1 #ge-gf1 #aii-baf1 #cda1 #cef ,instincts1 ,atrophy of1 #cef et seq4 ,instincts1 ,primitive1 #aii ,instincts1 ,regeneration of1 #bja1 #bih-cjj1 #cgf1 #cgg ,instruction of girls among primitive peoples1 #aeb1 #cdd ,instruction in sex more necessary for girls than boys1 #cbi-cci ,intellectual reformers1 #aff-afh1 #aif1 #aig1 #ccj ,intelligence1 ,connection between caring for young1 #ge-gf1 #ie1 #ii1 #aca1 #acb1 #ace ,iroquois ,indians1 #ahj ,j ,jealousy1 #aji1 #aba et seq41 #adc-adf1 #aej et seq41 #bjb-bjc ,k ,key1 ,ellen1 #bgb ,kinship1 ,feeling of1 #add4 7,see also ,mother1 ,the1 in one primitive family47 ,l ,laws1 ,need of1 to protect illegitimate child1 #bgi-bhb4 7,see also ,mother1 ,the unmarried47 ,lessons to be learnt from past history of one family1 #adb-adc1 #afe et seq41 #aia et seq4 ,lessons to be learnt from pre-human parents1 #fj et seq41 #gf1 #hb-hc1 #ic-if1 #ii-ajb1 #aab1 #aad1 #acj-ace1 #afe1 #aha ,letourneau1 #abe1 #abf1 #abh ,letters from working women4 7,see ,women's ,co-operative ,guild47 ,levick1 ,murray1 #aaj ,libertinage4 7,see ,profligacy47 ,life1 ,externalising of1 #ag et seq41 #cea et seq4 ,life1 ,meaning of1 #ace1 #aei1 #aig-aih1 #cge-cgf ,love1 #aij1 #aih-bjj1 #bja1 #baa1 #bad-bae1 #cbf1 #cdg1 #cgf-cgg ,love1 ,art of1 #bih ,love-child4 7,see ,illegitimacy47 ,love1 ,free1 #aig1 #bjb1 #baa4 7,see also ,sexual relationships1 ,irregular47 ,love triumphant1 #cgf-cgg ,love1 ,wild1 #bci1 #bea ,love1 ,woman's view of1 #aii et seq41 #bid-big1 #cci et seq41 #cde-cdg1 #cgc et seq4 ,lover1 ,the passionate1 #aih et seq4 ,lovers1 ,responsibilities of1 #bbd1 #bdj1 #bec-bed1 #bgc1 #bge1 #bgg1 #cgf-cgg ,m ,maeterlinck1 ,m41 #fd ,male held to the family1 #aeh1 #ahc ,male the psychical mother1 #he et seq41 #acd4 7,see also ,fathers1 ,devoted47 ,mammals1 ,parenthood among1 #aag-ace1 #afe ,man the protector1 #ae ,man1 ,suffered selfishness of1 #cd1 #bfi1 #cdc ,marriage as it affects parenthood1 #cd1 #bdh1 #bfh ,marriage1 ,a religious duty1 #aii ,marriage1 ,christian view of1 #aii-bjj ,marriage1 ,difficulties of1 #aih1 #baa1 #bab ,marriage1 ,immorality in connection with1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #bji1 #bac1 #bcj ,marriage1 ,late1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bfg-bfh1 #bid ,marriage1 ,maternal1 #aej-aeb1 #aec1 #aef1 #aia1 #bde ,marriage1 ,some people unsuited for1 #bji1 #baa-bab1 #bba1 #bbb-bbc1 #bcj1 #bci ,marriage1 ,various forms of1 #acc1 #ade1 #aed1 #aef1 #aia1 #aid ,marriages1 ,causes of unhappiness in1 #cdb1 #cdd ,maternal communism4 7,see ,communal clan47 ,maternal family4 7,see ,matriarchate47 ,maternal instinct1 #cd1 #cg et seq41 #fa1 #gj1 #gi1 #hj1 #hd et seq41 #ii1 #abc1 #baf-bag1 #bba1 #bbb ,maternal instinct in the making1 #ee1 #gj1 #he1 #aja1 #aca4 7,see also ,parenthood1 ,pre-human47 ,masturbation1 #cci ,matriarchate1 #ada et seq41 #aej1 #aeb ,megapode1 #fc ,meikle1 ,wilma1 #afh ,menstruation1 ,importance of1 #ceg1 #cei-cfj1 #cfc-cfd ,menstruation1 ,our neglect of1 #cec1 #cef1 #ceg-cfd ,metchnikoff1 #adc ,militancy1 #ad1 #ai et seq4 ,millais1 ,t4 ,g41 #aji ,mivart1 ,st4 ,george1 #ha1 #ia ,money1 ,l4 ,chiozza1 #bda1 #bdf ,monkeys1 #aai1 #abc1 #abg1 #add ,monogamy among the animals1 #gc1 #gd1 #aji1 #abf-abg1 #abh ,monogamy1 ,desire for1 #aic et seq41 #aie1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bjd-bje1 #bji1 #bch ,monogamous marriage1 #aeh1 #ahi-bje1 #bji et seq41 #bcj1 #bch1 #bdh ,monogamy1 ,woman's inclination towards1 #ahi-aij ,moral standards1 ,necessity for1 #bjc1 #bjd ,mother-age4 7,see ,matriarchate47 ,mother1 ,descent reckoned through1 #aeb ,mother egoism4 7,see ,egoism1 ,female47 ,mother1 ,our neglect of the1 #ce et seq41 #dj et seq41 #df1 #cec et seq41 #cef1 #ceg ,mother1 ,the1 in one primitive family1 #ada-aei ,mother1 ,the unmarried1 #beg-bhb ,motherhood1 ,decay of1 #ce et seq41 #dj et seq41 #bae et seq41 #bef1 #cfd ,motherhood degraded1 #ce et seq41 #dj et seq41 #ii-ajb1 #ajg1 #abc1 #ahb1 #bad1 #bag1 #bbc-bbe1 #cdg ,motherhood1 ,enlightened1 #cc1 #aha1 #cfj1 #cgd1 #cgg ,motherhood1 ,healthy1 #dj-dd1 #ej ,motherhood1 ,saving of1 #cd1 #eb-ec1 #ahe-ahf ,motherhood1 ,shirking of1 #cef ,motherhood1 ,some women unsuited for1 #bba-bbb1 #bbc-bbe ,mother-instinct4 7,see ,maternal instinct47 ,mother-right1 #aed4 7,see also ,matriarchate47 ,mothers injured through work1 #dj-da1 #ced ,mothers1 ,neglectful1 #ff1 #hg-hh1 #ii-ajb1 #ajg-ajh ,mother-woman1 #bba et seq4 ,munition workers1 #df-ec1 #bdj ,n ,nervous energy1 ,importance of1 for women1 #ej-eb1 #cec et seq4 ,nestmaking1 #fe1 #fg1 #gi1 #hj1 #hb1 #hd1 #ij1 #ia1 #ajb1 #ajg-ajh ,new generation of young women1 #cea-ceb ,newts1 #he ,noguchi1 #bhg ,nursing offspring4 7,see ,feeding offspring47 ,o ,obsessions1 #caf ,offspring cared for by father4 7,see ,fathers1 ,devoted47 ,ostrich1 #ajc ,p ,parent hunger1 #aac-aad1 #bad ,parental conduct4 7,see ,intelligence1 ,connection between caring for young47 ,parental conduct dependent on the sexual appetite1 #ajb1 #bba et seq41 #cfh ,parental duties1 ,neglect of1 weakens family1 #ajg ,parental instinct1 #cd1 #fj1 #fa1 #fb1 #gj1 #ha1 #ia1 #id et seq41 #aje1 #ajf1 #acj1 #aif1 #bad1 #bba1 #cfh ,parental instinct1 ,diversity of1 #fb1 #id1 #ii1 #acb1 #acd ,parental instinct not fixed in the mother1 #gi1 #hi1 #ii-ajb1 #acj1 #ahd1 #bbc ,parental instinct1 ,strength of the1 dependent on expression1 #id1 #ace1 #aif ,parental sacrifice1 #fc1 #fd-fe1 #ff1 #gj-gc1 #ajc et seq41 #ajf1 #bba ,parental sacrifice more common with mother than father1 #ff1 #aga-agc1 #ahe ,parenthood1 ,difference between human and pre-human1 #fa1 #acj ,parenthood1 ,pre-human1 #cd1 #cg1 #acj1 #ace ,parents1 ,bad1 #ajg1 #ahb-ahc1 #bba et seq4 ,paternal instinct4 7,see ,fathers1 ,devoted47 ,patriarchal family1 #fh-fi1 #abg1 #adc et seq41 #aej1 #aef et seq41 #aff1 #aga-agc1 #ahe ,patriarchal family4 7,see ,advantages of47 #aeg-aei1 #agj1 #agc1 #ahe1 #aia et seq41 #bjc ,paul1 ,jean1 #cjf ,penang1 ,highlanders of ,sumatra1 #ahj ,penguins1 #aji-aad1 #aha ,phalaropes1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #bbd ,pleasure factor in love1 #bba1 #bbb ,polygamy1 #aed1 #aic-aie ,polygamy connected with desire for offspring1 #hg1 #hh1 #adh ,polygamous fathers1 #aja1 #ajh-aji1 #abd et seq41 #abf1 #abg1 #acc ,polygamy1 ,legalised1 #aia1 #aie1 #bac ,polyandrous mothers1 #aja1 #acc1 #bbc ,polyandry1 #aed-aee ,position of the father under matriarchy1 #aea1 #aia ,position of the mother under patriarchy1 #aga-agb1 #aib ,primitive human family1 #ada-aei ,problem of education4 7,see ,education47 ,production1 ,prodigality of1 #hb1 #abc ,profligacy1 #aic1 #bjb1 #baj1 #bae1 #bcj1 #bha1 #cdc ,prostitute1 ,the natural1 #bba ,prostitution1 #bcj1 #bci1 #bej1 #beb1 #bhe-bhf1 #cjf ,prudery1 #dh1 #cjh1 #ceg ,prurience1 #cjh1 #cji1 #cbj ,psalmist on blessings of home1 #cgf-cgg ,psychological meaning of the combination of man and woman1 #cca-ccb ,pueblos of ,new ,mexico1 #ahj ,puritan views of sex1 #bah1 #cdf ,purpose1 ,women's want of1 #ahj1 #bij ,pycraft1 #fh1 #hj1 #hb1 #hd1 #hi1 #ij1 #ib1 #aja1 #ajd1 #ajf ,python mother1 #hj ,r ,race-protecting instinct1 #bb ,racial duty1 #ajb1 #age1 #bjb1 #bad1 #bfb et seq41 #bfe1 #bhe et seq41 #ced1 #cgd-cgg ,remedy1 ,the1 #cea-cgg ,repression1 ,dangers of1 #ba1 #bjb1 #bfa1 #cag1 #cci1 #cdj1 #cee1 #cgc ,reptile parents1 #fc1 #gi-hf ,response to life1 ,deadening of the1 #cea et seq4 ,rodents1 #abi ,romance1 ,dangers of1 for girls1 #bie1 #cch1 #cff ,rousseau1 #cjf ,s ,sacrifice1 ,woman's obligation of1 #ae1 #abi1 #ade1 #cgf ,salamander parents1 #he ,salzmann1 #cjf ,saving of infant life4 7,see ,child welfare47 ,scharlieb1 ,dr4 ,mary1 #cee ,schneider1 #ia ,schools for girls1 #ce1 #ccd1 #cda1 #cfb1 #cgj ,schools1 ,special adolescent1 #cfc-cga ,secondary sexual characters1 #gc1 #hd1 #acd ,secret sexual relationships1 #bbi-bed ,seduction1 #bfi ,self-assertion the modern disease1 #ag et seq41 #aga1 #bda et seq41 #ceb ,servants1 ,danger of1 with boys1 #caa1 #cab ,sex antagonism1 #bdb1 #cca1 #cdc ,sex1 ,fear of1 #cjg1 #cjh et seq41 #cac1 #cae1 #cbj1 #cbd-cbf1 #cbi1 #cca1 #cci1 #cdc1 #cdf1 #ceg1 #cfb1 #cgc1 #cge ,sex hunger1 #ajj1 #aja1 #adf1 #bja1 #bac1 #bae1 #bcb ,sex1 ,importance of1 #ii1 #agb1 #bac1 #bae1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bce1 #bcf ,sex needs1 #bcb et seq41 #bcd-bce1 #bea ,sex1 ,reverence for1 #cbf ,sex1 ,unceasing action of1 #cfb ,sexes1 ,differences between1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bg1 #fj1 #gc1 #ade1 #ahi1 #bcd-bce1 #cca-ccb1 #cdb1 #cff1 #cfh ,sexes1 ,disproportion in numbers of1 #bcj1 #bde1 #cea ,sexual abstinence1 #bcb1 #bcf4 7,see ,celibacy47 ,sexual ansthesia1 #cdb ,sexual association4 7,see ,marriage1 ,various forms of47 ,sexual contrast1 #aii1 #bca ,sexual diseases4 7,see ,venereal diseases47 ,sexual disharmonies1 #aig1 #bce1 #bci1 #cag1 #cci1 #cde1 #cdf ,sexual education1 ,the child's1 #bhi1 #cje-cbf1 #cfg ,sexual education1 ,the girl's1 #bfh1 #bij1 #bid1 #cbi-cdf1 #cff et seq4 ,sexual friendships1 #aih1 #bcj et seq41 #bch1 #bdi-bee4 7,see also ,sexual relationships1 ,irregular47 ,sexual happiness1 #aie1 #bbi1 #bej1 #cce1 #cdb1 #ced ,sexual health1 #bce1 #bhe et seq41 #caf1 #cbi1 #cce1 #cfb1 #cfe ,sexual ignorance1 #db-dc1 #aii1 #bbj1 #bbb1 #bcb1 #bdc1 #bfj1 #bfh1 #cje-cgg ,sexual impulse1 #bad1 #cjf1 #ccj1 #ccc et seq41 #cde-cdg1 #cfh ,sexual life1 ,liberation from1 #afh1 #bja ,sexual life1 ,neglect of1 #cd1 #dg-dh1 #bja1 #bab1 #bac1 #bbi1 #bca1 #bij1 #bih1 #ccj et seq41 #cdb1 #cfb-cfc1 #cfh-cfi ,sexual nature1 ,woman's1 #ah1 #aii1 #bba1 #bbd1 #bcd-bcf1 #bci1 #bih1 #cda1 #cec1 #ceg et seq4 ,sexual relationships1 ,irregular1 #cd1 #aic1 #aie1 #bjb1 #baj-baa1 #bac1 #bbi-bed1 #beg1 #bfj1 #bhe1 #ceg ,sexual relationship not a private matter1 #bcg et seq4 ,sexual relationships1 ,open declaration of1 #bcg et seq41 #bdi-bed1 #beg ,sexual sacrifice1 #big ,sexual sin1 ,man's responsibility for1 #bib et seq4 ,sexual superiority1 #adi1 #aii1 #bdd1 #caa ,sexual transformation1 #hf-hi1 #ii-ajb1 #acd1 #ccc1 #ccd1 #ced ,shaw1 ,bernard1 #afg ,siren type of woman1 #bba et seq41 #bbd-bbe ,social colonies1 #fh et seq41 #aji4 7,see also ,communal clan47 ,sociability dependent on weakness1 #abg ,species where young are tended by the father4 7,see ,reversal in the family duties47 ,stability of the home1 #afe1 #agi ,standard of conduct1 #cdd ,sterile unions1 #bdi ,sticklebacks1 ,devoted fathers among1 #hf-hi1 #id1 #aji ,sticklebacks1 ,unnatural mothers among1 #hg-hh1 #id ,still-births1 #cf1 #de1 #bfb ,suffrage martyrs1 #be ,suffrage movement1 #ac-bh ,syphilis1 #bgb1 #bhg4 7,see also ,venereal diseases47 ,t ,taboos1 ,sexual1 #aej1 #cca ,tadpoles1 #hb1 #hd ,termites4 7,see ,ants47 ,thomson1 ,j4 ,arthur1 #gj1 #hi ,toads1 #hc ,totem marks1 #aej ,u ,unconscious1 ,the1 #bce1 #cci-cdj1 #cdf1 #ced ,union1 ,form of1 between the sexes1 #fb1 #gc-gd1 #acc4 7,see also ,sexual relationships1 ,irregular47 ,unmarried mother4 7,see ,mother1 ,the unmarried47 ,urban life1 ,effect on motherhood1 #cg et seq4 ,v ,variability of the male1 #aba ,venereal diseases1 #bjj1 #bac1 #bej1 #bgb1 #bhe-cjj ,venereal diseases1 ,commission1 #bhf-bib1 #cjh ,venereal diseases1 ,dangers of secrecy1 #bhf1 #bhh1 #bib et seq4 ,venereal diseases1 ,woman's responsibility for1 #bib-cjj ,visiting-husbands1 #aej1 #aea1 #bde ,voeltzkow1 #hj ,votes for women1 #aig4 7,see also ,suffrage movement47 ,w ,wage-earning woman1 ,the ideal1 #agj1 #bda et seq41 #bdf1 #cgc ,wallace1 ,r41 #ajj ,war as impetus to action1 #ca1 #bdg1 #beh1 #bfc1 #cga1 #cge ,war1 ,effect of1 on woman's position1 #ad-ag1 #bf-bh1 #ca et seq41 #df et seq41 #agd1 #agi et seq41 #bab1 #bda et seq41 #bdd-bdg1 #bea1 #cea1 #cee ,war1 ,the ,great1 #ad1 #bf1 #bg-bh1 #ca et seq41 #bdg1 #bia1 #cge ,wasps1 ,social1 #fi ,wasserman1 #bhg ,wastage of life from war1 #cb1 #cf1 #bab1 #bde1 #bdg1 #beh1 #bfc1 #cga ,waste1 ,the sin of1 #ca1 #cf et seq41 #ea1 #ei1 #age1 #bab1 #beh1 #bfe1 #bgj ,wedekind1 ,frank1 #cje ,wells1 ,h4 ,g41 #ch1 #afg1 #afh ,wife1 ,coldness of1 #bif1 #cdb-cdc1 #cdd ,wilson1 ,dr4 ,ed4 ,a41 #aaj1 #aad ,woman1 ,character of1 #ahi et seq41 #aia1 #bae et seq41 #bcd1 #bdj1 #cde ,woman1 ,desertion of the1 #bea-bfj ,woman1 ,entrusted with life's supreme mission1 #cgd et seq4 ,woman1 ,maternal type of1 #bfg et seq4 ,woman1 ,the domesticator of man1 #aej et seq4 ,woman's attitude to life1 #cgc et seq4 ,woman's demand to live her own life1 #ah1 #ba1 #agb1 #agi1 #baf1 #cea-cec ,woman's movement1 ,the1 #ah et seq41 #bg-bh ,woman's power over man1 #aij-aia1 #cdd1 #cgg ,woman's position in the primitive family1 #ade-adi ,woman's primary qualities1 #fj1 #agi1 #cde et seq4 ,woman's undervaluation of herself1 #ai1 #bh1 #aij1 #bja1 #cce1 #cde1 #ceb ,women and ,freedom1 #afh1 #cge et seq4 ,women1 ,the desire of1 #bjc1 #baj1 #bda1 #bdc et seq41 #bdd1 #bdf1 #ced1 #cgb1 #cgc1 #cgd1 #cgf ,women1 ,types of1 #bba-bbe ,women1 ,unsatisfied1 #cea ,women's ,co-operative ,guild 7maternity letters71 #dj-dd ,women's desire for excitement1 #ai1 #ba et seq41 #bh ,women's need for experience1 #ai1 #ba-bc1 #bg-bh ,work and women1 #ae1 #ag1 #ah1 #bh1 #ce1 #dj et seq41 #df et seq41 #ea1 #agj1 #agd et seq41 #agi1 #bdj et seq41 #cdh1 #cgb ,work1 ,bad conditions of1 #dj et seq41 #age1 #beh1 #ceb-ced ,workers1 ,munition1 #df-eb1 #bdj ,y ,youth1 ,importance of1 #abb-abc1 #cfa4 7,see also ,sexual education47 ,youth1 ,our sins towards1 #bij1 #cje1 #cjf1 #cde-cdg1 #cfa1 #cgd et seq4