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,transcrib]'s ,note3  ,?is v]sion ( !   
text _c repres5t c]ta9 typographical    
effects4 ,italics are delimit$ ) ! #8'  
"* z italic4  ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to  
directly foll[ ! p>agraphs 9 :i* !y are 
ref]5c$4  ,m9or errors1 attributable to 
! pr9t]1 h be5 correct$4 ,please see !  
transcrib]'s note at ! end ( ?is text = 
details reg>d+ ! h&l+ ( any textual     
issues enc\nt]$ dur+ its prep>ation4    
,,/udies                                
,,9 ,,!                    ,,evolution>y
 ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,feel+                
,,/udies ,,9 ,,!                        
,,evolution>y ,,psy*ology               
,,( ,,feel+                             
,,by                             ,,hiram
 ,m4 ,,/anley             ,memb] ( !    
,am]ican ,psy*ological ,association     
,illu/ration3 colophon                  
,london                          ,,swan 
,,sonn5s*e9  ,,co                       
,,new ,,york3 ,,macmillan  ,,co         

#ahie                                   
,,butl]  ,,tann]1                       
,,! ,,selwood ,,pr9t+ ,,works1          
,,frome1 ,,& ,,london4                  
,,preface  ,illu/ration   ,?is "w does n
 pr(ess to be a treatise on ! subject ( 
feel+1 b m]ely a s]ies ( /udies1 & r    
t5tative ones at t4 ,i h attempt$ to    
d$uce f ! /&po9t ( biologic evolution ! 
orig9 & developm5t ( feel+1 & !n to     
consid] h[ f> introspection confirms ^! 
results4 ,i am well aw>e t ,i trav]se   
moot po9ts--:at po9ts 9 psy*ology are n 
moot8--& ,i tru/ t ! position tak5 w    
receive ?or\gh criticism4 ,i %\ld be v  
glad to h new facts adduc$1 :atev] way  
!y may be>4 ,i h no !ory to def5d1 b !  
results (f]$ are simply ! be/           
int]pretation ,i h z yet be5 able to    
atta94  ,"s ( ! mat]ial ( ?is book has  
appe>$ dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s 9 ! pages (   
,m9d1 ,moni/1 ,sci5ce1 ,philosophical   
,review & ,psy*ological ,review1 b my   
contributions to ^! p]iodicals h 9 _m   
cases be5 l>gely re-writt54             

,,hiram ,m4 ,,/anley4  ,,lake ,,=e/1    
,,ill9ois1 ,u ,s4,a4                    
,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts  ,illu/ration     
,,*apt] ,i                              
,,page   ,,on ,,! ,,introspective ,,/udy
 ,,( ,,feel+                            
#a                                      
,,*apt] ,,ii   ,,on ,,primitive         
,,consci\sness                          
#ab                                     
,,*apt] ,,iii   ,,!ories ,,(            
,,pleasure-,,pa9                        
#ce                                     
,,*apt] ,,iv   ,,! ,,relation ,,(       
,,feel+ ,,to ,,pleasure-,,pa9           
#dh                                     
,,*apt] ,v   ,,e>ly ,,diff]5tiation     
#fa                                     
,,*apt] ,,vi   ,,repres5tation ,,&      
,,emotion                               
#gh                                     
,,*apt] ,,vii   ,,fe> ,,z ,,primitive   
,,emotion                               
#ic                                     
,,*apt] ,,viii   ,,! ,,diff]5tiation ,,(

 ,,fe>                                  
#ajh                                    
,,*apt] ,,ix   ,,despair                
#aba                                    
,,*apt] ,x   ,,ang]                     
#abg                                    
,,*apt] ,,xi   ,,surprise1              
,,disappo9tm5t1 ,,emotion ,,( ,,novelty 
#afc                                    
,,*apt] ,,xii   ,,retrospective         
,,emotion                               
#agf                                    
,,*apt] ,,xiii   ,,desire               
#aib                                    
,,*apt] ,,xiv   ,,"s ,,rem>ks ,,on      
,,att5tion                              
#bbe                                    
,,*apt] ,,xv   ,,self ,,feel+           
#bea                                    
,,*apt] ,,xvi   ,,induction ,,&         
,,emotion                               
#bhb                                    
,,*apt] ,,xvii   ,,! ,,/hetic ,,psy*osis
                                        
#bie                                    

,,*apt] ,,xviii   ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,(   
,,lit]>y ,,/yle                         
#caj                                    
,,*apt] ,,xix   ,,e?ical ,,emotion      
#ccb                                    
,,*apt] ,,xx   ,,! ,,expression ,,(     
,,feel+                                 
#cde                                    
,,*apt] ,,xxi   ,,conclusion            
#cga   ,,index                          
#cia                                    
,,evolution>y ,,psy*ology  ,illu/ration 
,,*apt] ,i                 ,,on ,,!     
,,introspective ,,/udy ,,( ,,feel+   ,( 
all ! sci5ces psy*ology is1 p]haps1 !   
mo/ imp]fect4 ,if a sci5ce is a body ( k
 obta9$ by special rese>* & accept$ by !
 g5]al cons5sus ( speciali/s1 !n        
psy*ology is s defective z to sc>cely   
m]it ! "n ( sci5ce4 ,?is want ( cons5sus
 is ev]y:]e app>5t1 & mu/ especially    
impress any "o :o comp>es ! lack (      
h>mony 9 manuals ( psy*ology ) !        
practical unanimity 9 manuals ( botany1 
geology1 physics1 & o!r sci5ces4 ,ev5 9 

! mo/ fundam5tal po9ts !re is no        
agreem5t1 z w be evid5t 9 a mo/ summ>y  
/atem5t4  ,x is n[ some?+ m ?an a c5tury
 s9ce ! g5]al division ( psy*ic ph5om5a 
into intellect1 feel+ & w1 fir/ came    
into repute1 b /ill "s psy*ologi/s (    
note d n agree to ?is fundam5tal        
classification1 b w\ld unite feel+ & w 9
 a s+le ord]4 ,z to ! subdivisions (    
feel+ & w we are confess$ly :olly at    
sea4 ,9 intellect x is only on ! l[]    
side1 s5sation & p]ception1 t any?+ (   
great sci5tific value has be5           
accompli%$2 & ev5 n[ x _c be said t !   
classes ( s5sation h be5 m>k$ (f )      
p]fect c]ta9ty4 ,9 ! high] range (      
intellect psy*ology c d sc>cely m ?an   
accept "s ready-made divisions f common 
obs]vation & logic4 ,& if s little has  
be5 settl$ 9 ! comp>atively simple "w ( 
a descriptive classification ( ! facts (
 m9d1 we may be assur$ t /ill less has  
be5 accompli%$ t[>d a sci5tific cons5sus
 = ! laws ( m9d4 ,web]'s law alone seems
 to /& on any secure basis ( exp]im5t1 b

 its range & mean+ are /ill f> f be+    
det]m9$4 ,ev5 ! laws ( ! association (  
ideas are /ill ! subjects ( endless     
controv]sy4 ,also 9 me?od !re is        
manife/ly ! greate/ disagreem5t4 ,!     
physiological & introspective s*ools ea*
 magnify _! own me?ods1 sometimes s f> z
 to discr$it all o!rs4 ,physiological   
me?od has won = itself a c]ta9 /&+1     
inde$1 b j :at are its limitations is   
/ill f> f be+ settl$4  ,b ! griev\s lack
 ( g5]ally accept$ results is mo/ app>5t
 9 ! doma9 ( feel+4 ,! discussion (     
feel+ 9 mo/ manuals is v meagre &       
unsatisfactory4 ,pr(essor ,james's rec5t
 treatise1 = in/ance1 gives "s #ijj     
pages to ! ,intellect1 & ab\t #ajj pages
 ea* to ,feel+ & ,w4 ,!re is little     
?or\gh analysis & no p]fect$ inductive  
classification4 ,we (t51 inde$1 f9d     
essays ( lit]>y value :i* appeal to !   
au?ority ( lit]ature4 ,b to ref] to     
,%akspe>e or ,goe! z psy*ological       
au?orities1 or 9 illu/ration or pro( (  
psy*ological laws1 is g5]ally a d\btful 

proc$ure4 ,! lit]>y & arti/ic treatm5t (
 human nature is q di/9ct f ! sci5tific1
 & lit]ature & art _c be said to be (   
mu* m value = psy*ology ?an = physics1  
*emi/ry1 or biology4 ,to appeal to !    
,bible or ,%akspe>e 9 matt]s            
psy*ological1 is usually z mislead+ z to
 consult !m = light on geology or       
botany4 ,ev5 ! full] treatises on !     
subject ( feel+ r>ely rea* beyond lit]>y
 me?od & common obs]vation1 be+ = ! mo/ 
"p a collection & arrangem5t ( ! results
 ( common s5se1 accept+ common          
def9itions1 t]ms1 & classifications4    
,n[1 sci5ce is always m ?an common s5se 
& common p]ception1 x is uncommon s5se2 
x is an insight & a prolong$ special    
inve/igation :i* p5etrates b5ea? !      
surface ( ?+s & %[s !m 9 ^? inn] & deep]
 relations :i* are entirely hid f g5]al 
obs]vation4 ,common views 9 psy*ology   
are likely to be z untru/wor?y z 9      
physics or a/ronomy1 or any o!r         
dep>tm5t4 ,sci5ce mu/1 inde$1 />t )     
common s5se1 b x does n des]ve ! "n (   

sci5ce till x gets beyond x4  ,aga91 !  
subject ( pleasure1 pa91 & emotion1 is  
usually discuss$ ) consid]able e?ical or
 philosophical bias4 ,! :ole subject (  
feel+ has be5 s naturally associat$ )   
e?ics & philosophy f ! e>lie/ p]iod (   
,greek ?\ght t a purely col\rless       
sci5tific treatm5t is q difficult4      
,fur!rmore1 feel+ has be5 too (t5       
discuss$ f an a priori po9t ( view1 z 9 
! rigid foll[+ out ( ! ,h]b>tian !ory ( 
feel+ z connect$ ) h9drance or fur!rance
 ( repres5tation4 ,/ill fur!r1 !        
physical side ( emotion has be5 s       
emphasiz$ by ! physiological s*ool z to 
di/ract att5tion f purely psy*ological  
inve/igation4  ,x is obvi\s1 !n1 on !   
mo/ cursory review1 t v little has be5  
accompli%$ 9 ! pure psy*ology ( feel+4  
,"h is a region almo/ unexplor$1 & :i*1 
by reason ( ! elusiv5ess & obscurity ( !
 ph5om5a1 has seem$ to "s q             
unexplorable4 ,dr4 ,nahl[sky truly      
rem>ks1 t feel+ is a 8/range my/]i\s _w1
 & ! entrance to x is d>k z to ,hades ( 

old40 ,is !re any way out ( ?is d>kness 
& confusion8 ,if ! /udy ( feel+ is to   
become sci5tific1 we mu/1 ,i ?9k1 assume
 t all feel+ is a biological function   
gov]n$ by ! g5]al laws ( life & subject 
9 orig9 & developm5t to ! law ( /ruggle 
= exi/5ce4 ,assum+ ?is /rictly sci5tific
 po9t ( view1 we h to po9t out "s       
difficulties 9 ! way ( ! introspective  
psy*ology ( feel+ z comp>$ ) o!r        
dep>tm5ts ( biological sci5ce4  ,we     
trace directly & ) comp>ative ease any  
physiological organ & function f its    
simple/ to its mo/ complex =m2 =        
example1 9 ! circulation ( ! blood !re  
is cle>ly obs]vable a connect$ s]ies f !
 mo/ elem5t>y to ! mo/ specializ$ he>t z
 develop$ ?r\gh ! pr9ciple (            
s]viceability4 ,9 "s cases1 z 9 !       
orohippus1 a =m 9 ! evolution ( ! horse1
 we are able to pr$ict an int]m$iate    
organism4 ,psy*ology is /ill f> f ?is   
d$uctive /age2 we h no analog\s s]ies ( 
psy*ic =ms1 mu* less are able to supply1
 a priori1 ! gaps 9 a s]ies4 ,! reason =

 ?is is ma9ly ! inevitable automorphism 
( psy*ological me?od4 ,9 biology we are 
n driv5 to und]/& life solely ?r\gh     
analogy ) our own life1 b 9 psy*ology   
m9d 9 g5]al mu/ be int]pret$ ?r\gh !    
self-obs]vation ( ! human m9d4 ,9       
biology we see )\t ef=t facts & =ms (   
life mo/ div]se f our own2 ! mo/ /range 
& primitive types are z readily         
disc]nible z ! mo/ famili> & advanc$1 ! 
mo/ simple z ! mo/ complex4 ,we /udy a  
fi% j z readily z a human body1 b !     
fi%'s m9d--if x has any--seems beyond   
our k51 at lea/ is n susceptible (      
direct /udy1 b a matt] = d\btful inf]5ce
 & speculation4 ,:e!r a giv5 action does
 or does n indicate consci\sness1 & :at 
k9d ( consci\sness1 ?is is mo/ difficult
 to det]m9e4 ,?us we h ! mo/ v>i\s      
int]pretations1 "s1 z ,clif=d1 ev5 go+ s
 f> z to make psy*ic ph5om5a univ]sal 9 
matt]1 o!rs1 on ! o!r h&1 z ,desc>tes1  
limit+ !m to man alone4  ,! difficulty (
 ?is subjective me?od1 ?is reflex       
inve/igation1 is almo/ insurm\ntable4   

,consci\sness mu/ act z bo? reveal] &   
reveal$1 mu/ be a light :i* enlight5s   
itself4 ,a fact ( consci\sness to be    
kn[n mu/ n simply exi/ l a physical fact
 or object1 z a piece ( /one1 b x mu/ be
 su* t ! obs]v+ consci\sness realizes or
 re-enacts x4 ,to "k ! fact we mu/ h !  
fact1 we mu/ be :at we "k4 ,m9d is pure 
activity2 we d n see an organ & ask :at 
x is =1 :at does x d2 b we are          
imm$iately consci\s ( consci\sness z    
activity1 & n z an objective organ4 ,we 
mu/ "h1 !n1 rev]se ! g5]al ord] & "k !  
activity be=e we c id5tify ! organ z a  
physical basis4  ,by ! purely objective 
vision ( ! l[] sci5ces we c easily      
det]m9e a g5etic s]ies ( =ms mo/ remote 
f our own life1 b 9 psy*ology1 m9d c be 
= u only :at m9d is 9 u4 ,! primitive   
types ( psy*osis are1 no d\bt1 z remote 
& =eign f our own z is ! primitive type 
( he>t or n]v\s sy/em f t ( man's4 ,9 ! 
case ( he>t & n]ve we c objectively     
trace ) c]ta9ty ! successive /eps1 b 9  
endeav\r+ to realize by subjective me?od

 ! evolution ( m9d we are involv$ 9     
great d\bt & p]plexity4 ,h[ c we und]/& 
an insect's feel+s8 ,h[ c we appreciate 
m9ds :i* are )\t appreh5sion ( object1  
?\gh !re is reason to believe su* m9ds  
exi/8 ,only to a v limit$ ext5t c a     
tra9$ & sympa!tic m9d project itself    
back into "s ( its imm$iately antec$5t  
/ages4 ,consci\sness1 because ( its     
self-directive & self-reflective p[]1 is
 ! mo/ ela/ic ( functions1 yet x c nev] 
atta9 ! p[] ( realiz+ all its previ\s   
/ages4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! m9d 9 p]fect
 quiesc5ce t5ds to relapse into         
primitive modes1 :i* may aft]w>d be not$
 by reflection1 b su* occasions are     
comp>atively r>e4 ,! subjective me?od   
means a commonalty ( exp]i5ce :i* is (t5
 impossible to atta94 ,?us a man may    
believe !re are feel+s ( mat]nity2 he   
has obs]v$ ! expression ( nurs+ mo!rs1 &
 kn[s 9 a g5]al way t "h is a peculi>   
psy*osis into :i* he c nev] ent]1 & :i* 
is1 !re=e1 beyond 8 sci5tific analysis4 
,! psy*ic life ( ! *ild is m ak9 to 8   

?an t ( ! "m2 yet x is only by an       
incessant cultivation ( receptivity &   
repression ( adult prop5sities t "o c   
ev] atta9 any true inkl+ ( infant       
exp]i5ce4 ,!re is !n1 ,i ?9k1 a va/     
range ( psy*ic life :i* mu/ = ev] lie   
:olly hidd5 f u1 ei!r z inf9itely bel[  
or inf9itely above u2 !re is also an    
imm5se realm :]e we c only d\btfully    
inf] ! pres5ce ( "s =m ( consci\sness   
)\t be+ able to discrim9ate its quality1
 or 9 exceptional cases to "k x v       
p>tially2 & !re is b a relatively small 
sph]e :]e sci5tific results ( any l>ge  
value may be expect$4 ,by reason ( its  
objective me?od ! realm ( physical      
sci5ce is practically illimitable1 b    
psy*ic sci5ce is1 by reason ( its       
subjective me?od1 kept = ev] )9 n>r[    
b\nd>ies4  ,we mu/ !n take into acc\nt !
 inh]5t difficulties ( ! subjective     
me?od z appli$ to ! /udy ( feel+ & m9d 9
 g5]al1 & yet we mu/ recognise its      
necessity4 ,no am\nt ( objective        
physiological rese>* c tell u any?+ ab\t

 ! real nature ( a feel+1 or c discov]  
new feel+s4 ,grant+ t neural processes  
are at ! basis ( all feel+s z ( all     
m5tal activities1 we c inf] no?+ f !    
physiological activity z to ! nature ( !
 psy*ic process4 ,x is only su* feel+s &
 elem5ts z we h already discov]$ &      
analyz$ by introspection t c be         
correlat$ ) a physical process4 ,nor c  
we ga9 mu* light ev5 if we suppose--:i* 
is grant+ a good deal 9 our pres5t /ate 
( k--t !re exi/s a g5]al analogy betwe5 
n]ve gr[? & activity1 & m5tal op]ations4
 ,if relat+1 i4e41 cognition1 is        
e/abli%$ on basis ( int]-relation 9 bra9
 tissue1 if e m5tal connect+ means a    
connect+ ( bra9 fibres1 we might1 inde$1
 det]m9e ! numb] ( ?\ghts1 b we c\ld n  
tell :at ! ?\ghts 74 ,s if m5tal        
di/urbance always means bodily          
di/urbance1 we c /ill tell no?+ m ab\t !
 nature ( ea* emotion ?an we knew be=e4 
,we mu/ fir/ "k fe>1 ang]1 etc41 z      
exp]i5ces 9 consci\sness be=e we c      
correlate !m ) corporeal acts4  ,is n[  

?is necess>ily subjective me?od         
peculi>ly limit$ z to feel+8 ,c we "k   
feel+ directly z psy*ic act or only     
indirectly ?r\gh accompanim5ts8 ,mr4    
,james ,w>d 7vide article on ,psy*ology 
9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 p4 #di1   
cf4 p4 #ga7 rem>ks t feel+s _c be kn[n z
 objects ( direct reflection1 we c only 
"k ( !m by _! effects on ! *a9 (        
pres5tation4 ,! reason = ?is is1 t feel+
 is n pres5tation1 & 8:at is n pres5t$  
_c be re-pres5t$40 8,h[ c t :i* 0 n     
orig9ally a cognition become su* by be+ 
reproduc$80  ,x _c4 ,b d we ne$ to      
id5tify ! kn[n ) kn[+1 9 ord] t x may be
 kn[n8 ,mu/ feel+ be made into a        
cognition to be cogniz$8 ,x is obvi\s   
en\gh t no feel+ c be reviv$ into a     
repres5tation ( itself1 b no m c any    
cognition or any m5tal activity4        
,revival or recurr5ce ( consci\sness c  
nev] con/itute consci\sness (           
consci\sness :i* is an ord] ap>t4 ,if   
cognition is only pres5tation &         
re-pres5tation ( objects1 we c nev]     

atta9 any appreh5sion ( consci\sness1   
any cognition ( a cognition or ( a feel+
 or ( a volition1 = !y are all equally 9
 ?is s5se subjective acts4              
,re-pres5tation at any degree is nev] by
 itself s5se ( re-pres5tation or k ( !  
pres5tation4  ,( c\rse1 ! doctr9e (     
relativity applies to introspection z to
 all cognition1 & subject qua subject is
 z unkn[able z object qua object4 ,we d 
n "k feel+ 9 itself1 nor any?+ else 9   
itself1 ! subjective l ! objective d+ an
 si* is beyond our k54 ,yet k9ds (      
consci\sness are z directly appreh5d$ & 
discrim9at$ z k9ds ( ?+s1 b ! kn[+ is1 z
 su*1 di/9ct f ! kn[n ev5 :5 kn[+ is    
kn[n4 ,"h ! act kn[+ is n ! act kn[n &  
is diff]5t 9 value4 ,! object kn[n is n1
 at lea/ f ! purely psy*ological po9t ( 
view1 ev] to be conf\nd$ ) ! kn[+1 to be
 incorporat$ into cognition by virtue ( 
be+ cogniz$4 ,feel+1 !n1 seems to be z  
directly kn[n by introspection &        
reflection z any o!r process4 ,x is n a 
hypo!tical cause br\ght 9 by ! intellect

 to expla9 c]ta9 m5tal ph5om5a1 b x is z
 di/9ctly & directly appreh5d$ z        
cognition or volition4  ,! di/9ction    
betwe5 hav+ a feel+ & kn[+ a feel+ is a 
v real "o1 ?\gh common phraseology      
confuses !m4 ,we say ( a brave man1 he  
nev] knew fe>2 by :i* we mean he nev]   
fe>$1 nev] exp]i5c$ fe>1 & n t he 0     
ignorant ( fe>4 ,aga91 9 l mann]1 we say
 sometimes ( a v heal?y p]son1 he nev]  
knew :at pa9 01 mean+ he nev] felt pa94 
,^! expressions convey a tru? 9 t !y    
emphasize t necessity ( exp]i5ce 9 !    
ex]cise ( ! subjective me?od ^u :i* we h
 already comm5t$1 b /ill !y obscure a   
di/9ction :i* mu/ be app>5t to sci5tific
 analysis4 ,we _c "k feel+ except ?r\gh 
realization1 yet ! kn[+ is n !          
realization4 ,be+ aw>e ( ! pa9 & ! feel+
 pa9 are di/9ct acts ( consci\sness4    
,all feel+1 pa9 & pleasure1 is direct   
consci\sness1 b k ( x is reflex1 is     
consci\sness ( consci\sness4 ,!         
cognition ( ! pa9 z an object1 a fact ( 
consci\sness1 is surely a di/9ct act f !

 pa9 9 consci\sness1 f ! fact itself4 ,!
 pa9 di/urbance is "o ?+ & !            
introspective act by :i* x is cogniz$ q 
ano!r4  ,^! two acts are n always       
associat$1 ?\gh !y are commonly reg>d$ z
 insep>able4 ,x is a common po/ulate t  
if y h a pa9 y w "k x1 or notice x4 ,if 
we feel pa9$1 we always "k x4 ,?is      
seem+ly true /atem5t comes ( a conf\nd+ 
( t]ms4 ,if ,i h a pa91 ,i mu/1 inde$1  
be aw>e ( x1 "k x1 9 ! s5se t x mu/ be 9
 consci\sness2 b ?is makes1 aw>e ( pa91 
& kn[+ pa91 su* v g5]al phrases z to    
equal exp]i5ce ( pa9 or hav+ pa94 ,b !re
 is no k 9 pa9 itself1 nor pa9 9 ! kn[+ 
act p] se4 ,! kn[+ ! pa9 mu/ be diff]5t 
f ! pa9 itself1 & is n always a necess>y
 sequ5t4 ,we may exp]i5ce pa9 )\t       
cogniz+ x z su*4 ,:5 dr[sy 9 b$ ,i may  
feel pa9 ( my foot be+ 8asleep10 b n "k 
x z a m5tal fact4 ,we may believe1      
inde$1 t pa9 (t5 rises & subsides 9     
consci\sness )\t our be+ cognizant ( x1 
b1 ( c\rse1 9 ! nature ( ! case !re is  
no direct pro(1 = pro( implies          

cognizance ( fact4 ,pa9 z m5tal fact1 an
 object = consci\sness1 n an exp]i5ce 9 
consci\sness1 is :at is prop]ly meant by
 kn[+ pa94 ,consci\sness-(-pa9 z k ( x  
is n always involv$ by                  
pa9-9-consci\sness z exp]i5ce ( x4      
,consci\sness ( pa9 by its d\ble mean+ z
 cognizance ( pa9 & exp]i5ce ( pa9 leads
 easily to obscurity ( ?\ght ^u ?is     
subject4 ,b exp]i5ce does n1 if we may  
tru/ ! g5]al law ( evolution f simple to
 complex1 at ! fir/ conta9 consci\sness 
( exp]i5ce4 ,?is latt] elem5t is b      
gradually built up into exp]i5ce1 ?\gh 9
 ! end !y are s p]man5tly unit$ 9       
develop$ ego life t x is difficult to   
p]ceive _! di/9ctness & indep5d5ce4 ,t  
pa9 & pleasure are cogniz$ z facts (    
consci\sness seems to u cle>1 b ?is does
 n d5y t = u1 at lea/1 !y may be        
cognizable only 9 fusion ) o!r elem5ts1 
z ) s5sation or volition4 ,b :e!r kn[n  
only ) o!r elem5ts or n1 pleasure-pa9 is
 equally kn[n only by direct            
introspection4 ,i "k directly &         

imm$iately pa9 & pleasure :5 ,i exp]i5ce
 !m1 ?\gh !y always occur b\nd up ) "s  
s5sation4 ,x may be t ,i nev] exp]i5ce  
m]e pa9 b "s k9d ( pa91 z a prick+ pa91 
burn+ pa91 etc41 & t ,i always recall   
pa9 by its s5sation tone1 t ,i _c       
isolate x by any act ( att5tion4 7,e4   
,b4 ,tit*5]1 ,philosophical ,review1    
vol4 iii41 p4 #dca47 ,h[ev] ,i "k t ,i h
 pa9 z well z ,i "k t ,i h a prick+ or  
burn+ s5sation4 8,did y feel ! prick80  
8,yes40 8,0 x pa9ful or pleasurable80   
8,pleasurable02 su* a common colloquy   
implies z direct consci\sness ( !       
pleasure-pa9 z ( ! s5sation4 ,t ,i c at 
once discrim9ate a s5sation z ei!r      
pleasurable or pa9ful c]ta9ly %[s a     
direct aw>5ess ( pleasure-pa94  ,if pure
 pleasure-pa9 is primitive consci\sness 
7see *ap4 ii471 x mu/ be mo/ r>e        
ph5om5on 9 su* an advanc$ consci\sness z
 t ( ! human adult3 & x is n surpris+ t 
"o %\ld se>* = x 9 va94 ,b 9 any case x 
c\ld n yield to att5tion4 ,att5tion z   
cognition views its object 9 relation1 9

 a milieu2 x c reproduce only by fa/5+  
^u some?+ to reproduce by1 b pure       
pleasure-pa9 has no?+ connect$ ) x4     
,aga91 att5tion z volition _c reproduce 
m]e pleasure-pa9 :i* is n volitional 9  
its orig9 & gr[? l s5s+1 p]ceiv+1 or    
ideat+4 ,we m]ely 8suff]0 pa94 ,bo?     
pleasure & pa9 9 !mselves are purely    
passive2 will+ _c directly affect !m1 & 
!y are n1 l cognitions1 modes (         
volition1 or ef=tful activities4 ,= man 
to h a primitive consci\sness by ex]cise
 ( w w\ld be q z difficult z to turn    
himself into a protozon4  ,fur!r1 w\ld n
 att5tion z introspective al]tness to   
discov] su* a fact ( consci\sness z pure
 pleasure-pa9 d5ote t consci\sness is   
!reby rais$ f> above ! level at :i* su* 
a ph5om5on c occur8 ,9 g5]al also       
con/ant introspective att5tion t5ds to  
defeat itself4 ,a cont9ual int5tness &  
wat*+ = a giv5 psy*ic ph5om5on is a /ate
 :i*1 ! m int5se & p]si/5t x is1 t5ds to
 b> out ! p>ticul> /ate wat*$ =1 &1     
inde$1 all o!r /ates ?an itself4 ,if    

att5tion z act engrosses1 x defeats     
itself4  ,if1 h[ev]1 undiff]5tiat$      
pleasure-pa9 %\ld at any "t occur 9     
human consci\sness1 might we become     
imm$iately & spontane\sly aw>e ( x8 ,by 
its v nature x may escape consci\s      
att5tive inve/igation1 b may !re n be a 
direct & simple aw>5ess or app]ception (
 x8 ,we might suppose t "o man tells    
ano!r1 8,i 0 v sick1 & 9 /ate ( coma ,i 
_h pa91 m]ely pa91 n any k9d ( pa9 or   
pa9 any:]e1 b j pa91 t 0 all !          
consci\sness ,i _h40 ,su* an expression 
is intelligible1 & may be a fact4       
,h[ev]1 x is 9 ! ph5om5a ( lapse & rise 
( consci\sness t we see evid5ces t      
undiff]5tiat$ feel+ probably occurs1 & t
 sometimes 9 high psy*isms4 ,9 ! foll[+ 
*apt] we discuss !n ?is po9t z a matt] (
 judgm5t ( t5d5cies1 r ?an on basis (   
direct evid5ce ( introspection1 ?\gh ?is
 is n b>r$ out4                         
,,*apt] ,,ii                       ,,on 
,,primitive ,,consci\sness   ,sci5ce    
views ! _w z an assemblage ( objects    

hav+ mutual relations4 ,9 ?is cosmos (  
int]act+ elem5ts c]ta9 objects become   
end[$ ) m5tal p[]s by :i* !y accompli%  
self-cons]vation4 ,j :at ^! objects are 
& h[ !y atta9 m5tal quality is beyond   
our direct inve/igation4 ,h[ev]1 assum+ 
consci\sness z a purely biological      
function1 z a mode = secur+ fav\rable   
reactions1 we c discuss ! probable c\rse
 ( its evolution "u ! law (             
self-cons]vation4 ,m9d1 l all o!r vital 
function1 mu/ orig9ate 9 "s v simple &  
elem5t>y =m z dem&$ at "s critical mom5t
 = ! pres]vation ( ! organism4 ,x is    
tol]ably obvi\s t ?is c\ld n be any     
objective consci\sness1 any cognitive   
act1 l pure s5sation1 = ?is has no      
imm$iate value = life4 ,x 0 n z aw>5ess 
( object or 9 any discrim9at+ activity t
 m9d orig9at$1 = m]e appreh5sion w\ld n 
s]ve ! be+ m ?an ! prop]ty ( reflection 
! mirror4 ,! dem& ( ! organism is = t   
:i* w accompli% imm$iate movem5t to !   
place ( safety4 ,! /one press$ ^u by a  
heavy weight does n react at once to    

secure itself1 b is cru%$ out ( its     
id5tity2 b ! organism reacts at once    
?r\gh pa94 ,x is c]ta9ly m consonant ) !
 g5]al law ( evolution t m9d />t ?us 9  
pure subjective act r ?an 9 m]e         
objective acts1 l bits ( pres5tation or 
a manifold ( s5se4 ,we %all n[ endeav\r 
to elucidate ?is conception ( pure pa9 z
 primitive m9d1 fir/ f ! g5]al po9t (   
view ( ! law ( self-cons]vation1 &      
secondly f p>ticul> inductive           
consid]ations4  ,x is v difficult to    
conceive :at ?is b>e undiff]5tiat$ pa9 z
 orig9al consci\s act 01 x be+ s =eign  
to our own m5tal acts4 ,our psy*oses h a
 c]ta9 connection "o ) ! o!r1 & a       
connection :i* is cogniz$ z su*1 s t !  
:ole ( m5tal life is p]vad$ by an       
ego-s5se4 ,b primitive consci\sness mu/ 
h be5 by int]mitt5t & isolat$ fla%es4 ,!
 primitive pa91 moreov]1 0 n a pa9 9 any
 p>ticul> k9d1 b :olly undiff]5tiat$ or 
b>e pa94 ,!re 0 no s5se ( ! pa9ful1 b   
only pure pa94 ,nor 0 !re any           
consci\sness ( ! pa91 any k or          

app]ception ( x4 ,! pa9 /&s alone &     
entirely by itself1 & con/itut+ by      
itself a g5us4  ,n[ to ass]t t ?is g5]al
 pa9 exi/s1 is n1 ( c\rse1 realism4 ,!  
pa9 is a p>ticul> act1 ?\gh x is :olly  
)\t p>ticul> quality4 ,x is n a pa9 z "o
 ( a k9d di/9ct f o!r k9ds1 b x is      
comp>able to a =mless1 unorganiz$ mass (
 protoplasm :i* has 9 x pot5cy ( future 
developm5t4 ,pa9 may exi/ z su*1 b n a  
consci\sness or a feel+4 ,x is mean+less
 to say t ! fir/ psy*osis may h be5 a   
consci\sness 9 g5]al =m :i* 0 nei!r a   
feel+1 a w1 or a cognition1 b !         
undiff]5tiat$ basis ( ^!1 nor c a feel+ 
p] se exi/4 ,! expressions1 pa9ful      
consci\sness1 & pa9ful feel+ are        
deceptive2 !re is no consci\sness :i*   
pa9s1 b consci\sness is ! pa91 & ! feel+
 is n pleasurable or pa9ful1 b is !     
pleasure or pa94 8,feel+10 z ,i h said  
7,m9d1 vol4 xiii41 p4 #bdd71 8has no    
indep5d5t be+ ap>t f ! attributes :i* 9 
common usage are atta*$ to x1 nor is !re
 any g5]al act ( consci\sness ) :i* ^!  

prop]ties are to be connect$40  ,fur!r1 
! law ( cons]vation requires u to       
associate ) ?is primitive act ( bl9d1   
=mless pa9 ! w act ( /ruggle & ef=t :i* 
is z simple & undiff]5tiat$ z ! feel+4  
,& ^! two we mu/ m>k z ! orig9al elem5ts
 ( all m5tal life4 ,/r5u\sness ?r\gh &  
by pa9 is primal & is simple/ =ce :i* c 
conduce to self-pres]vation4 ,x is ?us t
 active be+s ) a value 9 & = !mselves   
are con/itut$4 ,! e>lie/ consci\s       
response to outw>d ?+s is purely c5tral 
& has no cognitive value4 ,! fir/       
consci\sness 0 a fla% ( pa91 ( small    
int5sity1 yet suffici5t to awak5 /ruggle
 & pres]ve life4  ,pleasure1 !n1 we h   
exclud$ f play+ any rle 9 absolutely    
primitive consci\sness4 ,pleasure & pa9 
c\ld n bo? be primitive functions1 & ( !
 two pa9 is fundam5tal 9 t ! e>lie/     
function ( consci\sness mu/ be purely   
monitory4 ,pa9 alone fulfils primitive  
dem&s1 & secures /ruggle :i* ends 9 !   
abatem5t ( pa9 ?r\gh *ange ( environm5t 
or o!rwise4 ,pa9 less5s1 b pleasure does

 n come1 b unconsci\sness in/ead1 = no  
cont9u\s organic psy*ic life is yet     
evolv$4 ,z long z pa9 cont9ues !re is   
ef=t & self-cons]v+ action2 :5 pa9      
ceases1 consci\sness ceases1 because !  
ne$ = x is gone4 ,ea* fit ( pa9 subsides
 into unconsci\sness z /ruggle succe$s1 
& !re is no room = ev5 ! pleasure (     
relief1 :i*1 inde$1 mu/ be acc\nt$ a    
tol]ably late feel+4 ,z f> z ! l[e/     
organisms h a consci\s life x is a pa9  
life1 b !y h a ,nirvana 9 a real        
unconsci\sness4 ,! evolution ( pleasure 
mu/ be acc\nt$ a di/9ct problem4  ,! law
 ( evolution is1 t orig9 ( function &   
all progressive modification arise at   
critical /ages4 ,?us x is 9 pa9ful      
circum/ances t ! orig9 ( m9d is to be   
trac$1 & ! important /eps 9 its         
developm5t h be5 a*iev$ 9 sev]e/ /ruggle
 & acute/ pa9 at critical p]iods4       
,pleasure is n !n ! orig9al /imulant (  
w1 b is a second>y =m4 ,pleasure has an 
obvi\s utility :i* is f> f ! absolutely 
primitive4 ,! pleasure-mode e>ly ent]s1 

h[ev]1 to %>p5 by contra/ ! pa9-mode1 & 
x is only by _! int]action t any high   
grade ( psy*ic life c\ld be built up4 ,!
 developm5t ( pleasure _c be f pa91 b z 
a pol> opposite to x4 ,we _c br+ !      
developm5t ( m9d into a p]fectly        
cont9u\s evolution f a s+le g]m1 z is ! 
case 9 biological evolution4 ,9 a s5se  
we may say t pleasure & pa9 are         
complem5t>y1 l positive & negative      
electricity1 b ! comp>ison _c be press$4
 ,we _c1 inde$1 c>ry x s f> z to believe
 ei!r absolutely ess5tial to ! o!r4 ,we 
m5tion1 !n1 ! evolution ( pleasure z a  
problem :i* is yet to be dealt ) 9 full4
 ,h[ev]1 t x is n orig9al elem5t 9 m9d  
is easily se5 f ?is4 ,z we asc5d !      
grades ( psy*ic life ! pleasure-pa9     
gamut l5g!ns1 & z we desc5d1 x %ort5s1 )
 pleasure always z ! int]m$iate factor4 
,?us1 if we c repres5t x by a l9e1      
,,pa9          ,,pleasure          ,,pa9
                     any s+le elem5t :i*
 c affect psy*ic life1 z temp]ature1    
moves ?r\gh a highe/ pa9 int5sity1 an   

int]m$iate region1 !n to pa9 aga9 z     
effects 9 a range f a v high temp]ature 
to v l[1 or vice v]s4 ,n[1 ?is gamut 9 a
 human be+1 f ! int5se/ agony f heat to 
! greate/ suff]+ f cold1 consi/s ( v _m 
notes1 b ! /ep to unconsci\sness is     
always at "o end ( ! scale4 ,9 l[]      
psy*ic life x %ort5s1 b always at !     
int]m$iate po9ts :]e pa9 m]ges into     
pleasure & pleasure into pa91 & ?us 9 ! 
l[e/ =m ! orig9al elem5t ( consci\sness 
z feel+ is se5 :5 only ! two extremes   
rema91 namely1 primitive consci\sness z 
pa9 reaction4 ,z ! /ep f                
feel+--consci\sness to unconsci\sness is
 ?r\gh a pa91 ?is c]ta9ly po9ts to pa9 z
 ! orig9al feel+1 & ! fir/ elem5t (     
consci\sness4 ,we mu/ suppose !n t !    
fir/ organism :i* atta9$ consci\sness   
felt pa91 t if ?is came f temp]ature1 = 
example1 t int5se heat & int5se cold    
w\ld bo? produce a pa9 "o & ! same 9    
nature1 b>e pa91 n s5sation ( heat or   
cold4 ,& ?is pa9-consci\sness response  
came at fir/ only at ! application ( ^! 

critical temp]atures1 all o!r degrees n 
br++ any response4 ,if consci\sness l   
o!r functions orig9at$ z an inf9itesimal
 g]m at "s crisis 9 life1 x mu/ h be5 ) 
pa94 ,! pleasure function1 unlike ! pa91
 does n orig9ate 9 life & dea? crises4  
,t pleasure is second>y is also sugge/$ 
by ?is1 t pleasure is ma9ly connect$ )  
su* late =mations z ! special s5ses1    
:]eas pa9 is prom95t ) e>li] functions4 
,?us we h pleasures ( ta/e1 b visc]al   
pleasure is sc>cely noticeable1 ?\gh    
visc]al pa91 z colic1 may be v acute4   
,wild animals1 :i* fe$ (t5 "u fe> (     
int]ruption or 9 extreme hung]1 bolt _! 
food )\t ta/+1 & s miss ta/e pleasure1 &
 ?is seems to be ! type ( primitive     
fe$+4  ,! orig9 ( pleasure is !n1 ,i    
?9k1 to be trac$ z an int]m$i>y feel+   
betwe5 pa9 z produc$ by excess1 & pa9 f 
lack z diff]5tiat$ =m4 ,pa9 z orig9al & 
undiff]5tiat$ is ! same :e!r result+ f  
excess or lack1 b x is only aft] x has  
diff]5tiat$ s f> z to be 9 two modes t  
pleasure c ent] z a m$iate =m ( feel+ & 

become a direct+ =ce to advantage\s     
action4 ,! primitive pleasure-pa9 gamut 
0 ?is3                ,,lack ,,pa9      
,,pure ,,pleasure     ,,excess ,,pa9    
,a g5]al survey f ! po9t ( view (       
self-cons]vation leads u !n to reg>d !  
orig9al psy*ic /ate z a pa9-ef=t =m4    
,!re is fir/ a purely undiff]5tiat$ s5se
 ( pa9 & closely consequ5t a purely     
undiff]5tiat$ nisus4 ,!re is nei!r s5se 
( objectivity 9 g5]al1 nor 9 any special
 mode1 nor is !re feel+ ( pleasure4 ,& !
 /udy ( :at seem to be ! e>lie/ =ms (   
m5tal life 9 ! *ild & 9 ! l[] animals   
po9ts t[>d ?is conclusion4 ,prey]1 9 8  
/udies on ! m9d ( ! *ild1 expresses 8   
conviction t ! feel+s 8are ! fir/ ( all 
psy*ical ev5ts to appe> ) def9it5ess10 &
 t at fir/ 9 no manifold =ms4 ,he adds1 
8,! fir/ p]iod ( human life belongs to !
 lea/ agreeable1 inasmu* z n only !     
numb] ( enjoym5ts is small1 b ! capacity
 = enjoym5t is small likewise1 & !      
unpleasant feel+s pr$om9ate until sleep 
int]rupts !m0 7,m9d ( ! ,*ild1 ,"p ,i41 

,new ,york1 #ahhh1 p4 #adc1 cf4 p4      
#ahe74 ,s9ce 9 ! embryology ( ! m9d z 9 
t ( ! body ! individual repeats 9       
cond5s$ mann] ! evolution ( life1 we    
judge t ^! obs]vations po9t t[>d !      
g5esis ( consci\sness 9 a s+le feel+    
/ate1 pure undiff]5tiat$ pa94 ,! e>lie/ 
consci\sness we c discov] seems to      
approa* ?is type4 ,! close obs]v] ( v "y
 infants mu/ feel t ! meagre psy*ic life
 !y may h consi/s ma9ly ( int]mitt5t    
pa9s int]rupt$ by comp>atively long     
p]iods ( unconsci\sness 9 sleep4 ,(     
c\rse1 ! e>lie/ psy*ic life ( ! infant  
is n absolutely primitive bo? on acc\nt 
( h]$ity & on acc\nt ( pre-natal        
exp]i5ce2 b 9 its g5]al =m x1 no d\bt1  
rev]ts t[>d ! orig9al /atus ( m9d4 ,?is 
orig9al /ate1 to :i* t ( a v "y infant  
is ak91 0 m]ely pa91 :i* knew n itself  
nor its relation to o!r /ates1 nor its  
relation to ! ext]nal _w1 b 0 a :olly   
c5tral subjective fact1 & s 0 express$  
only 9 wild & bl9d g5]al movem5ts4 ,! v 
l[e/ types ( psy*ic life :i* we c       

int]pret seems to feel & no?+ m4 ,!y d n
 feel at any?+1 & d n feel because !y   
"k1 nor d !y h def9ite k9ds ( feel+4    
,pure feel+ z b>e pa9 & z undiff]5tiat$ 
pleasure is c]ta9ly f> remov$ f our     
ord9>y consci\s exp]i5ce1 yet x may     
sometimes appe> 9 a survival =m1        
especially 9 sluggi% /ates1 9 wak+ f    
sleep1 & 9 recov]+ f an/hetics4 ,we are 
sometimes awak5$ by a dull pa9 :i* 0    
evid5tly 9 its inception m]e b>e pa9 )\t
 diff]5tiation4 ,b 9 all su* cases !    
pure pa9 or pure pleasure is b mom5t>y1 
& is quickly swall[$ up 9 a flood (     
manifold s5sations4 ,_m objects by _m   
modes ( s5se at once invade & possess   
consci\sness1 & ! e>ly indef9ite mode   
vani%es s quickly t we v r>ely h "t to  
note x by reflective consci\sness4  ,b x
 is n m]ely 9 exceptional /ates (       
develop$ consci\sness t we may trace !  
elem5t>y =m ( feel+1 b we may believe x 
to be fundam5tal to consci\sness 9      
g5]al4 ,x is natural = u :o are s p]vad$
 & dom9at$ by s5se ( objectivity to see 

9 x ! causal elem5t 9 m5tality2 feel+ & 
w seem consequ5t to x1 & we appreh5d &  
feel accord+ly4 ,b ! ord] ( evolution 0 
n f k 9 any =m to feel+1 b ! rev]se1 &  
we may suspect t 9 ! complete/ analysis 
consci\sness w /ill be f\nd to obey its 
orig9al law4 ,if ! rise ( k 0 at !      
in/ance ( feel+1 x is c]ta9ly unlikely t
 a fundam5tal ord] %\ld be m ?an        
app>5tly rev]s$4  ,! ord] ( consci\sness
 is really ! rev]se ( ! ord] conceiv$ by
 ! objectify+ consci\sness1 & ?is is a  
po9t :]e cognition by its v nature z    
objective may be said to obscure itself4
 ,to appreh5d is to br+ into relation1 &
 ! relation is v easily attribut$ to :at
 is purely unrelat$1 to pure            
subjectivity4 ,?us "h 9 ! int]pretation 
( m]ely subjective facts k t5ds to /& 9 
its own way4 ,x is only objectively t ! 
objectify+ c appe> causative ( feel+2   
subjectively s5se ( object mu/ always be
 tak5 z subsequ5t to a pleasure-pa9     
psy*osis4 ,! object communicates or     
causes ! feel+1 b ! subjective ord] is z

 su* ( necessity ! opposite2 ! object   
does n come 9 view2 !re is no relat+1   
until feel+ has incit$ to x1 & gradually
 ! m9d rea*es out to an objective ord] f
 ! purely c5tral fact4 ,9 e psy*ical    
reaction !re mu/ be ! purely c5tral     
di/urbance be=e ! reb\nd to ! actuality 
occasion+ ! di/urbance4 ,i mu/ feel be=e
 ,i c discrim9ate or h any s5se ( !     
communication ( ! feel+4 ,?is means t :5
 ext]nal objects are br\ght into        
relation ) a :olly unanticipat+         
consci\sness1 ! fir/ elem5t 9 psy*osis  
is always pure pleasure or pure pa94    
,?us1 on a cold1 d>k day a sudd5 ru% (  
sunlight on a bl9dfold man causes       
pleasure1 !n feel+ w>m1 & !n s5se ( w>m+
 object4 ,! gl[ ( pleasure & ! pang (   
pa9 m]ely z su* is 9 all cases prec$5t  
to any objective ref]5ce4 ,pure         
c5trality ( response1 ,i ?us take to be 
! initial elem5t ( all psy*osis1        
primitive or develop$4 ,! fir/ t5d5cy 9 
e consci\sness is pure pa9-pleasure1    
complete subjectivity :i*1 h[ev]1 9     

high] consci\sness is s quickly lo/     
?r\gh practically cons5tane\s           
diff]5tiation t all traces ( x seem     
:olly ext+ui%$4 ,pure subjectivity mu/  
be pron\nc$ ! mo/ evanesc5t ( all       
*>act]s 9 develop$ m9ds & yet ! mo/     
con/ant4 ,x is ! inevitable prec$5t 9 e 
s5sation & 9 e p]ception4 ,we always    
exp]i5ce pleasure or pa9 be=e !         
pleasurable or pa9ful4 ,a bright col\r  
gives pleasure be=e we see x1 & ?is     
pleasure incites to ! see+ x4 ,b s fully
 has ! objective ord] be5 wr\ght into   
consci\sness z a mode ( int]pretation t 
! great majority on read+ ! prec$+      
s5t5ce w m5tally at fir/ attribute s5se 
( objectivity f ! expression 8bright    
col\r gives pleasure10 z if !re 7       
pleasure at col\r1 a col\r-pleasure1    
:]eas is meant pleasure & no?+ m1--b>e1 
undiff]5tiat$ pleasure4  ,! objective   
/atem5t1 h[ev] true1 is no measure (    
subjective fact1 b ?is twi/+ (          
subjective fact to correspond )         
objective ord] is s emb$d$ 9 language & 

common ?\ght t x w p]haps always rema9 !
 =m ( ord9>y ?9k+1 l common-s5se realism
 & geoc5tric appe>ance4 ,! expressions1 
x pleas$ me1 x pa9$ me1 & ! common modes
 ( spee* 9 g5]al1 are fundam5tally      
mislead+4 ,pleasure & pa9 br+ _!        
objects1 n objects pleasures & pa9s4    
,pleasure p] se does n come = & 9       
consci\sness f ! object1--?\gh ?is is   
objective ord]--b ! object = & 9        
consci\sness comes f ! pleasure4        
,pleasure & pa9 always prec$e any       
cognizance ( ! ?+1 & x is only !        
comb9ation ( ! two elem5ts t con/itutes 
pleasure or pa9 ( or at a ?+4 ,!        
primitive elem5t1 ! orig9al feel+       
movem5t1 also excludes subject z real   
object2 bo? ! 8x0 & 8me0 are n yet      
app>5t2 !re is n yet id5tification (    
exp]i5ce ) subject or object1 & 9 fact  
no s5se ( exp]i5ce at all4 ,! psy*ologi/
 mu/ reta9 common expressions1 h[ev]1 b1
 l ! a/ronom] :o reta9s su* phrases z ! 
sun rises1 ! sun sets1 he mu/ rev]se    
common int]pretation & correct natural  

error4  ,guid$ by ?is pr9ciple we note  
an obvi\s error 9 ! int]pretation ( *ild
 consci\sness4 ,if a bright-col\r$      
object is pass$ be=e ! eyes ( a "y      
infant we may conclude f its expression 
t a pleasure-consci\sness is awak5$1 b  
we are probably q at fault if we        
conceive x to h a consci\sness ( bright1
 & t ?is consci\sness prec$$ & gave rise
 to pleasure & gave x a quale z         
pleasure-brightness4 ,s5se (            
pleasure-object is manife/$ by          
appropriative activities1 b 9 ! v "y1   
:]e ^! activities are lack+1 ! response 
to object is be/ reg>d$ n z 9 any wise  
s5se ( object1 nor ev5 any k9d (        
s5sation1 b z a pure subjectivity (     
pleasure4 ,( c\rse ! same rem>ks apply  
to ! pa9 side ( ! *ild's exp]i5ce4  ,!  
purely subjective exp]i5ce1 :ile x      
becomes m & m evanesc5t factor z m9d    
develops1 yet always ma9ta9s its place z
 ! initial po9t & vani%+-po9t ( e       
psy*osis4 ,e psy*osis beyond ! mo/      
primitive mu/ be acc\nt$ a feel+-w-kn[+ 

gr\p4 ,^! psy*ic =ces exi/ 9 a correlat$
 union g5]ally comp>able ) ! correlat$  
activity ( physical =ces l electricity &
 heat4 ,ea* psy*osis repeats 9 itself1 9
 t5d5cy =m at lea/1 ! ess5tial /ages 9 !
 evolution ( consci\sness4 ,e psy*osis  
rises f ! pure pleasure-pa9 z ! l[e/    
level ( m5tality l a wave1 & l a wave   
falls back into x aga94 ,e wave (       
consci\sness1 :e!r x rises sl[ly or     
rapidly1 :e!r x subsides gradually or   
viol5tly1 rises f pure subjectivity &   
comes back to x aga94 ,?is absolutely   
simple feel+ phase is accompli%$ s      
rapidly 9 ord9>y human consci\sness z to
 be r>ely p]ceptible1 b 9 l[]           
consci\sness x (t5 exi/s z mood1 z m or 
less p]man5t psy*osis4 ,! ,brahmans     
atta9 artificially a subjectivity ak9 to
 ?is ?r\gh _! exp]tness 9 m5tal control 
& manipulation4 ,!y succe$ 9 r$uc+ &    
keep+ consci\sness 9 "s v simple type1 &
 _! ,nirvana may be consid]$ z a /ate ( 
pure subjectivity on ! pleasure side4   
,!y1 ( c\rse1 _c really atta9 ?is /ate  

or1 at lea/1 keep x1 = pleasure is at   
bottom relative1 yet !y come to some?+  
approa*+ x4 ,pa9 at its height j be=e   
unconsci\sness is rea*$1 is always ( !  
pure subjective type4 ,9 sl[ torture pa9
 increases to a maximum int5sity 9 pure 
pa91 beyond :i* !re is a gradual loss ( 
int5sity & consci\sness 9 g5]al1 till   
ultimate failure ( all consci\sness4 ,f 
! maximum int5sity on to ! end1         
consci\sness is entirely subjective4    
,pleasure at its maximum atta9s only    
comp>ative subjectivity4 ,su* facts t5d 
t[>d a !ory ( m9d :i* makes its orig9al 
& fundam5tal act purely c5tral2 m9d />ts
 z 9 a g]m :i* pu%es outw>d till x      
p5etrates space & "t1 b n 9 any rev]se  
motion a pu%+ inw>d ( a s]ies (         
pres5tation =ms4  ,we %all n[ notice    
c]ta9 ( ,mr4 ,james ,w>d's /atem5ts on  
primordial m9d--9 ! article ,psy*ology1 
,encyclopdia ,britannica--9 :i* he      
controv]ts feel+ z orig9al & simple/    
unit 9 m5tality4 ,mr4 ,w>d reg>ds 8!    
simple/ =m ( psy*ical life0 z involv+   

8qualitatively di/+ui%able pres5tations 
:i* are ! occasions ( ! feel+40         
,pres5tation is primitive & initial 9   
all consci\sness1 & cognition--feel+--w 
is ! ord] = all m9d4 ,we always act z we
 are pleas$ or pa9$ ) ! 8*anges 9 our   
s5sations1 ?\ghts1 or circum/ances0 (   
:i* we are aw>e4 ,"s pres5tation =m is1 
?r\gh\t all our exp]i5ce1 ! precursor & 
cause ( feel+1 & feel+ c nev] be said to
 exi/ 9 a pure /ate z b>e pleasure & pa9
 totally )\t cognitive value4  ,on !    
contr>y1 ,i conclude f g5]al            
consid]ations & f special indications 9 
our own m9ds t pure pa9 is ! orig9al    
elem5t1 & t pure pleasure & pa9 are     
fundam5tal 9 all m9d4 ,pure feel+ arises
 f objects1 inde$1 b is /ill :olly      
unkn[+ ( object & )\t qualitative       
aspect4 ,pure feel+ is ! con/ant        
inc5tive to all kn[+ & w activity4 ,to  
say t ,i am pleas$ ) a ?+ is to trans=m 
objective ord] into subjective fact4    
,pleasures & pa9s c]ta9ly come f ?+s b  
?is does n inv>iably r\se cognition ( !m

 z s com+1 or ( object z causative ag5t4
 ,! gov]n+ & ess5tial fact ( m9d is     
always pure feel+1 :i*1 by reason ( its 
p]fect c5trality1 necess>ily & naturally
 t5ds to elude obs]vation4 ,e act (     
consci\sness beg9s & ends ) pure feel+1 
b m9d1 z f> z x m9ds itself1 is mo/ apt 
to see only culm9at+ phases r ?an !     
obscure & inn] =ces :i* con/itut$ long  
outgr[n /ages4 ,! prom95t facts ( late  
consci\sness are always v complex4      
,cognition z reveal] unites ) ! kn[n &  
inevitably1 b /rongly t5ds to reg>d     
itself z ! det]m9+ & causative ag5t1    
:]eas by its ess5ce & function x is     
second>y4 ,cognition does n create its  
object1 except 9 ! view ( a transc5d5tal
 philosophy4  ,mr4 ,w>d ass]ts t ph5om5a
 ( pleasure & pa9 involve *ange 9       
consci\sness ) consci\sness ( *ange     
:]eby we are pleas$ or pa9$4 ,a *ang+   
pres5tation cont9uum is impress$ ^u m9d1
 & x is by aw>5ess ( ^! *anges t feel+s 
are caus$4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a complex    
mode to be assign$ to all consci\sness4 

,?is ass]ts t prim>ily consci\sness     
m]ely happ5s 9 pres5tation =m z det]m9$ 
f )\t1 b ,i take x t ! evolution (      
faculty is always acquirem5t1 n m9d     
det]m9$1 b m9d det]m9+1 a*iev+ its own  
gr[? 9 bl9d /ruggle4 ,m9d is :olly an   
inw>d gr[?1 n a s]ies ( giv5s2 &        
pres5tations are accompli%$ n m]ely 9 x 
b by x4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple is t :ile
 objects d det]m9e consci\s functions1 x
 is only ?r\gh self-cons]vative int]e/1 
?r\gh pleasure & pa9 react+ to !m4 ,all 
s5sations1 intuitions1 pres5tations1 are
 at bottom a*ievem5ts z =c$ by law (    
/ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,!y d1 inde$1 seem to
 come ( necessity & spontane\sly to     
adult human consci\sness1 b develop$    
faculty by virtue ( be+ su* does n h to 
atta9 beg9n+s4  ,b we note also ?is1 t  
:ile all consci\sness is *ange 9 ! s5se 
( be+ dynamic1 ( be+ an activity1 ?is   
does n include consci\sness ( *ange4    
,consci\sness z a *ang+ factor is v     
di/9ct f consci\sness ( t *ange1 & does 
n necess>ily include or imply x4 ,t !   

=ms ( activity :i* we gr\p "u ! g5]al   
t]m consci\sness h _! exi/5ce :olly 9   
movem5t & *ange is true1 b ?is does n   
necessitate t ! *ang+ elem5ts %\ld be   
aw>e ( ! *ange z su*4 ,diff]5t ?+s may  
be felt & kn[n1 b ?is does n always     
result 9 be+ kn[n z diff]5t4 ,?is br+s 9
 comp>ison1 consci\sness ( relation1 :i*
 is c]ta9ly beyond primitive            
consci\sness4 ,9 e>ly m9d we conceive t 
new elem5ts are cont9ually tak+ ! place 
( ! old1 t *ange is incessant1 yet )\t  
s5se ( ! *ange4 ,s f> z ! e>lie/        
consci\sness is spasmodic & int]mitt5t1 
appe>+ 9 isolat$ fla%es1 we _c speak ev5
 ( *ange 9 consci\sness1 mu* less (     
consci\sness ( *ange1 = !re is no       
cont9u\s ?read1 no integration1         
consequ5tly *ange is n 9 consci\sness f 
a consci\sness to a consci\sness1 b !   
only *ange is f a consci\sness to       
unconsci\sness4 ,9 ! :ole life ( "s     
organisms we may believe t only ?ree or 
f\r pa9s or pleasures occur1 entirely   
subjective & undiff]5tiat$1 & ?is       

collection ( consci\snesses :]e /ate    
does n foll[ & influ5ce /ate1 :]e !re is
 no complexity1 is sc>cely to be t]m$ a 
consci\sness :i* *anges1 mu* less t is  
aw>e ( *ange4 ,x is n improbable t ev5 )
 civiliz$ & educat$ m5 m9d may sometimes
 lapse s f> t *anges occur ) no aw>5ess 
( *ange4 ,9 su* sluggi% conditions z :5 
half asleep we may exp]i5ce succession (
 consci\snesses )\t not+ succession1 ea*
 phase /&+ alone 9 itself & by itself4  
,:ile consci\sness is ma9ta9$ z         
consci\sness--t is1 a cont9uance (      
consci\s /ates--by ! *ange1 x is        
obvi\sly n necess>y to ?is t !re %\ld be
 aw>5ess ( *ange4 ,"h z else:]e we mu/  
keep cle> ( ! mi/ake ( mak+ consci\sness
 m ?an a g5]al t]m = a gr\p ( ph5om5a4  
,consci\sness z su* has no reality or   
exi/5ce1 b m]ely d5om9ates a sum (      
consci\snesses4 ,! phrase1 *ange (      
consci\sness1 & simil> expressions      
easily convey ! impression t            
consci\sness is a *ang+ some?+4 ,b we "k
 t consci\sness does n exi/ z a g5]al   

indef9ite some?+ :i* *anges or has o!r  
prop]ties1 b is m]ely a "n = c]ta9      
activities & functions4  ,! =mula ( ,mr4
 ,w>d's h>dly applies to develop$       
consci\sness1 mu* less to undevelop$4   
,consci\sness ev5 9 man _c be reg>d$ z a
 some?+ :i* *anges 9 s5sation &         
pres5tation =ms z pure giv5s1 det]m9$ ) 
imm$iate complet5ess f )\t1 & ^! *anges 
p]ceiv$1 & pleasure & pa9 result4 ,on ! 
contr>y ! imm$iat5ess & spontaneity (   
pres5tation =ms 9 our ord9>y adult human
 consci\sness are 9 appe>ance only2 !y  
/& fir/ be=e u because !y h rea*$ a     
dom9ance ?r\gh h]$ity & education1 b    
/ill ! lat5t & inw>d ord] is always f   
feel+ to k & n vice v]s4 ,! accompli%m5t
 ( pres5tation is usually s m>vell\sly  
rapid 9 p]ceptive be+s1 & acts ^u su*   
slight inc5tive t x is only "u v r>e    
conditions ( regression1 or :5 develop+ 
a new s5se or new =m ( s5se t we see t !
 mov+ elem5t 9 m5tality is pure feel+4  
,?us1 = example1 9 be+ awak5$ f s\nd    
sleep by a bright light sudd5ly br\ght  

into ! room1 ! ord] ( consci\sness is1  
pure feel+ ( pa91 s5sation ( light1     
p]ception ( light$ object1 & n ! rev]se2
 :5ev] we c cat* consci\sness gradually 
awak5+ we c always id5tify ?is ord]4 ,! 
light$ lamp1 objectively speak+1 c]ta9ly
 caus$ ! feel+ ( discom=t ) :i*         
consci\sness began1 & ?is feel+ r\s$ !  
m9d to bo? s5sation ( light & p]ception 
( lamp4 ,i1 ( c\rse1 h a feel+ z to !   
visible object only aft] see+ x1 b ?is  
is altoge!r di/9ct f ! feel+ :i* incites
 to ! see+4 ,a vague1 undiff]5tiat$ pa9 
or pleasure is always initiative1 b pure
 pleasure-pa9 is (t5 s l[ 9 int5sity t x
 does n />t any cognitive act4  ,9 a    
g5]al way ! influ5ce ( feel+ & emotion  
^u cognitive act 9 high] psy*ical life  
is ackn[l$g$ by common obs]vation4 ,!   
wi% is fa!r to ! ?\ght--we see :at we   
want to see4 ,:at we obs]ve dep5ds ^u   
prepossession1 int]e/1 & ! :ole         
pleasure-pa9 tone4 ,! m9d mu/ be det]m9$
 to cognitive act by int]e/ ( "s k9d1 & 
ev5 = advanc$ consci\sness ) all its    

/r5g? ( inh]it$ aptitude total loss (   
int]e/ ultimately leads to loss (       
p]ceptive p[]4 ,! impetus ( all previ\s 
cognitive ef=t w c>ry on cognition1 (   
any high ord]1 at lea/1 b a comp>atively
 %ort "t4 ,blot feel+ out ( life & all  
nature w\ld soon become a dumb %[ &     
quickly fade into no?+ness4 ,absolute   
passionless receptivity is impossible "u
 ! conditions ( reality1 & pure         
pres5tation =ms nev] come z antec$5t &  
causative to feel+4 ,we h con/antly to  
be> 9 m9d t 9 ! nature ( ! case !       
simple/ elem5ts & fundam5tal laws are   
hidd5 & c]ta9ly f> f conspicu\s 9 highly
 develop$ m9d1 :i* is an intricate nexus
 ( feel+1 w1 & cognition con/antly act+ 
& react+ on ea* o!r4  ,z a g5]al        
/atem5t1 !n1 impli$ly z to m9d 9 g5]al1 
& implicitly z to ! develop$ human m9d1 
! proposition t consci\sness is         
fundam5tally aw>e ( *anges 9 itself z ! 
basis & cause ( all feel+ is an ass]tion
 :i* may well be que/ion$4 ,c]ta9 x is t
 be+ 8pleas$ or pa9$ ) ! *ange0 is n    

feel+ 9 g5]al1 b a p>ticul> k9d ( feel+1
 namely1 feel+ ( v>iety & novelty4      
,fur!r1 to be pleas$ ) a ?+ = itself    
alone is n to be ref]r$ to pleasure or  
pa9 8) ! *ange40 ,!re is intr9sic       
pleasurabl5ess & pa9fulness :i* does n  
come "u ! head ( pleasure or pa9 (      
*ange4 ,f bo? an a priori po9t ( view ( 
! law ( self-cons]vation1 & also f a    
brief survey ( c]ta9 =ms 9 comp>ative & 
human psy*ology1 we incl9e t[>ds accept+
 pure pa9 z ! orig9al consci\sness :i*  
is v soon diff]5tiat$ into excess & lack
 pa9 ) evolution ( pure pleasure4 ,w    
exi/s ?r\gh\t z incit$ by feel+4 ,mu*1  
inde$1 is to be done be=e ?is !ory ( !  
nature ( m9d is ei!r fully elucidat$ or 
prov$2 b ,i believe t ! assumption ( m9d
 z life function leads t[>d su* a !ory4 
,s5sationalism & intuitionalism are bo? 
mi/ak5 z to ! orig9 & ess5ce ( m5tality4
 ,consci\sness is n at bottom any mode (
 cognition1 ei!r z m or less freely     
accompli%$ by a 8m9d10 or z m or less   
me*anical impression f 8?+s10 b x is    

primitively & fundam5tally pa9 &        
pleasure z s]v+ ! organism 9 ! /ruggle =
 exi/5ce4 ,x is /range t evolution>y    
psy*ologi/s h s g5]ally miss$ ?is po9t (
 view1 & ma9ta9 s5sationalism4  ,comte1 
inde$1 acutely rem>ks 7,positive        
,philosophy1 vol4 #a1 p4 #dfc7 t 8daily 
exp]i5ce %[s t ! affections1 !          
prop5sities1 ! passions1 are ! great    
spr+s ( human life2 & t1 s f> f result+ 
f intellig5ce1 _! spontane\s & indep5d5t
 impulse is indisp5sable to ! fir/      
awak5+ & cont9u\s developm5t ( ! v>i\s  
intellectual faculties40 ,he "h assumes 
! introspection :i* he else:]e d5ies z  
psy*ological me?od1 & enunciates an     
important pr9ciple :i* he nev] c>ri$    
out4 ,horwicz has made a survey ( feel+ 
z fundam5tal aspect ( m9d1 b 8          
discussion is physiological4  ,our      
conclusions h be5 f\nd$ on g5]al        
consid]ations & on ! ph5om5a ( gr[? (   
m9d 9 g5]al & p>ticul>4 ,ano!r l9e (    
evid5ce w\ld be decad5t m9d4 ,m5tal p[]s
 %\ld decl9e & vani% 9 ! rev]se ( !     

g5]al ord] 9 :i* !y arose2 ! ord] (     
disappe>ance %\ld be ! rev]se (         
appe>ance1 & if pa9-pleasure be         
primitive1 we %\ld expect to f9d x bo? !
 fir/ consci\s elem5t 9 infancy & ! la/ 
9 old age4 ,! la/ /age ( s5ility seems  
s5sitive only to organic pleasures &    
pa9s4 ,fur!r1 old age does n s mu* seek 
pleasure z gu>d aga9/ pa9s1 & ?is fact  
is 9 l9e ) our treatm5t ( pa9 z prior to
 pleasure & m fundam5tal ?an x4 ,we may 
consid] x likely t consci\s life 9 !    
individual beg9s ) a pa9 & ends ) a pa94
 ,s5ile psy*ology on ?is & o!r po9ts is 
wor?y ( f> m att5tion ?an x has receiv$1
 = x is on ! :ole m accessible &        
tru/wor?y ?an infant psy*ology4  ,)     
reg>d to ,mr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,m>%all's rem>ks  
7,philosophical ,review1 vol4 #a1 p4    
#fcb71 x is suffici5t to say t ,i lay no
 great emphasis on ei!r pa9 or pleasure 
be+ ! fir/ fact ( consci\sness2 b my ma9
 cont5tion is t ! primitive facts (     
consci\sness are ( ! pa9-pleasure type4 
,:ile ,i h notic$ "s consid]ations z    

imply+ pa9 to be ! fir/ consci\sness    
ph5om5on1 yet ,i am satisfi$ t pa9 &    
pleasure are correlative & complem5t>y1 
ea* imply+ ! o!r4 ,fur!r1 ,i d n reg>d  
pa9 z 8primal s5se10 b z primal fact4   
,pa9 is n 9 any wise a s5se1 & s5se (   
pa9 c only mean capacity = pa91 or      
actual pa9 exp]i5ce4  ,aga91 ,i d n1 z  
,mr4 ,m>%all implies1 reg>d pa9 z !     
diff]5tiat+ basis ( subsequ5t evolution1
 b r z m]e prius & impetus1 & h5ce ,i d 
n look = pa9-pleasure to disappe> )     
m5tal evolution1 nor yet to m>k         
divisions 9 8s5sational ph5om5a02 b x w 
ev] rema9 9 repres5tative =ms1 at lea/1 
z increas+ly complex /imulant ( all     
m5tal life4  ,! objection urg$ by ,hffd+
 & o!rs to ! primitive nature ( pure    
feel+ is t we s5se be=e we feel pa9 or  
pleasure2 ?us we h ! s5sation ( t\* be=e
 we feel ! pa9 f contact ) a hot /ove2  
we feel ! p91 !n ! prick+ s5sation1 !n !
 pa94 ,?is prec$5ce has be5 measur$ by  
,beau & o!rs4  ,b :at is ! significance 
( ^! well-recognis$ facts8 ,d !y %[ t   

pa9-pleasure orig9ates always 9         
s5sation8 ,:at is ! orig9 ( tactile p[]8
 ,h[ & :y 0 ! fir/ tactile ef=t made1 if
 n at impulse ( "s pa9-pleasure8 ,:5    
consci\s life 0 at pre-tactile          
/age--be=e x _h le>n$ to t\*--x _h no   
pa9 f t\*1 b x _h pa94 ,we c sc>cely d5y
 t a pre-tactile /age exi/s1 t all      
s5sation 0 orig9ally a s5s+--an ex]tive 
act1 t x did n come1 b 0 atta9$2 = all !
 gr[? ( s5sitive p[] 9 ! race proce$s   
?us at pres5t1 & ! law ( pres5t psy*ic  
developm5t 9 ?is reg>d seems g5]al4 ,b x
 is pa9-pleasure :i* =ces all action2 "h
 is ! impulse :i* br+s ex]tion :e!r z   
s5s+ or o!rwise4 ,a doctr9e (           
spontaneity is aga9/ ! g5]al law (      
developm5t by /ruggle4 ,x is c]ta9ly    
true t1 /&+ ) my back to ! /ove &       
inadv]t5tly com+ 9 contact1 ,i1 )\t any 
previ\s pa9-pleasure impulse & )\t      
ex]tion1 h s5se ( t\*1 !n pa94 ,b ?is   
spontaneity is n orig9al factor2 x is ! 
result ( inh]it$ p[]s4 ,:5 tactility has
 become a well-develop$ p[] & is h&$ d[n

 to desc5dants1 !n contact ) ?+s is     
imm$iately & spontane\sly realiz$ 9 ! =m
 ( t\*1 :i* contact w\ld orig9ally h be5
 unnotic$4 ,t is1 ! sev]e/ condition--a 
r$ hot /ove--w\ld impress ! l[e/ psy*ism
 only 9 t]ms ( m]e pa91 & s result 9    
g5]al reactions ( m9imum s]vice4 ,! e>ly
 psy*ism :i* is j 9 process ( a*iev+    
s5se ( t\* w\ld h pa91 & !n ) ef=t t\* !
 object & ?us atta9 "s m special        
reaction ( m p>ticul> s]vice4 ,b !      
tactile1 l all s5s+ activity is         
anticipatory1 x is a f9d]1 an int]pret]4
 ,suppose ,i br+ a v f9e ne$le t[>d y\r 
eye1 y may see x & avoid x2 b suppose   
y\r eyes are %ut ! eye comes 9 contact )
 ! ne$le1 & y h s5sation ( t\*2 b y are 
s\nd asleep1 !n prick+ s5sation may wake
 y z ne$le proce$s deep]1 b 9 pr(\nde/  
sleep undef9$ pa9 may be ! fir/         
consci\sness to result4 ,n[ ! ne$le     
might be s small z to be se5 ) great    
difficulty by ! wak+ man1 or invisible1 
or to be t\*$ ) great difficulty2 b ?is 
/age ( ex]tive action = ! s5se is only  

relative1 & 9 ! hi/ory ( m9d ! v grosse/
 =ms 7 at "o "t only dimly se5 by       
int5se/ ef=t1 & l[] /ill1 t\*$ only by  
int5se/ ef=t4 ,see+ orig9at$ 9 look+1 & 
passive t\* 9 active t\*1 z mov$ by     
int]e/ or direct pleasure-pa94 ,n[ pa9  
is n 9 ! m]e sight or t\*1 b is sugge/$ 
by !m4 ,! :ole ord]--see+1 t\*+1 feel+  
prick1 feel+ pa9--is ! rev]se (         
evolution ord]4 ,! rational mode1 !n1 ( 
int]pret+ ! orig9 ( any s5se1 :e!r      
tactile1 visual or o!r1 is n by         
receptivity1 b ?r\gh /ruggle at critical
 /age :5 great pa9 is actual or imm95t4 
,?us1 if ! conditions ( life requir$ !  
developm5t ( a special s5se ( magnetism1
 x w\ld surely arise by /ronge/ ef=t1 z1
 inde$1 all progress 9 special          
s5sitiv5ess is n[ be+ accompli%$4 ,?us1 
! anticipatory & premonitory function ( 
s5se does n make x orig9al1 r ! contr>y2
 x is guide & significant (             
pa9-pleasure4  ,x is obvi\s t !         
cognitive t5d5cy once e/abli%$ becomes  
an in/9ct ( objectivity & gov]ns ! :ole 

m5tality4 ,?is is obvi\sly ! case ) man4
 ,he does n exi/ 9 t sluggi%ness &      
semi-consci\sness :]e pa9-pleasure mu/  
arise z primitive impulse1 b by habit & 
in/9ct he is passively & actively       
cognitive4 ,! eye is cont9ually see+ ?+s
 spontane\sly1 ! h& t\*+1 b z to "s v   
small object we h to ex]t ef=t to see or
 t\*1 & ?is 0 und\bt$ly ! mode by :i*   
all see+ & t\*+ arose4 ,x is because    
g5]ations ( ance/ors actively s5s$1 t we
 automatically s5se2 ! t5d5cy has become
 +ra9$ 9 m9d4 ,s x is t man is          
pr$om9antly s5s+1 is cont9ually &       
naturally awake to objective conditions1
 is con/antly anticipatory1 & s normally
 s5ses be=e he feels pa9-pleasure4      
,h[ev]1 a man 9 a 8br[n /udy10          
inadv]t5tly t\*+ a hot /ove1 has pa91 !n
 w>m?1 !n t\* s5sation1 & actively      
realizes ^!4 ,s 9 deep slumb] m5tality  
(t5 beg9s ) pa9-pleasure4 ,at bottom !  
reason we h pa9 f a s5s+ is because we  
_h orig9ally pa9-impulse to t s5s+1 & ! 
pa9 !re)4 ,?us tactility1 aris+ z       

ef=tful s5s+1 0 produc$ by pa9 f ?+ to  
be t\*$1 to be s5s$ 9 its exp]im5tal    
value4 ,by innum]able pa9ful exp]i5ces )
 hot ?+s1 ! hot ?+ is tactilily         
appreciat$2 & z t\*+ is actively pursu$ 
by organism on ! al]t1 ! associat$ pa9  
is m & m quickly realiz$ f giv5 object4 
,9 orig9 pa9 0 felt f ! hot ?+ 9        
contact1 be=e ei!r s5se ( w>m? or       
contact 0 s5s$2 x 0 ?is pa9 t =c$ to    
s5s+ & developm5t ( cognition1 :i*1     
h[ev]1 ultimately became habit1 & ?+s 7 
con/antly appreciat$ & anticipat$4 ,?us 
! t\*-w>m?-pa9 ord] is e/abli%$4 ,s5se  
is significant ( pa9-pleasure1 b !      
pa9-pleasure came n at fir/ f ! s5s+1 b 
! contr>y2 s5s+ 0 det]m9$ by x1 & became
 correlat$ ) x1 & became sign ( x4 ,!   
progress is f initial subjectivity to an
 in/9ctive con/ant objectivity4 ,?is    
objectivity is reflect$ 9 all objective 
expression z language2 8! heat 0        
pa9ful10 8x hurt02 ! 8x0 be+ tactual ?+1
 etc41 etc4 ,h[ev]1 if we look =        
primitive consci\sness1 we mu/ f9d x    

only 9 primitive organisms 9 _!         
primitive /age1 & 9 man mo/ r>ely only z
 t5d5cy 9 pr(\nd relapse4 ,we mu/ m>k   
?is1 t cognition is n to be evolv$ out (
 feel+1 b at in/ance ( feel+ z impell+ !
 kn[+ ef=t or volition4  ,we may suppose
 t primitive consci\sness /ill exi/s 9 !
 l[e/ types ( life1 b x may also be !   
sub-consci\sness 9 ! high] types4 ,view$
 biologically1 :at is sub-consci\sness8 
,! e>lie/ liv+ aggregations atta9 b a v 
slight degree ( common life1 & v sl[ly d
 ! cells1 "u ! pressure ( s]viceability 
9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 give up _!       
indep5d5cy & become int]dep5d5t1 ea*    
!reby giv+ up "s function+ to be done = 
x by o!rs1 & 9 turn function+ = o!rs4   
,?us x is b sl[ly t a /oma* is          
specialis$1 ! cells 9 g5]al 9 ! organism
 long reta9+ & ex]cis+ "s dige/ive      
function1 :i* is prop]ly t]m$           
sub-dige/ion4 ,9 ?is way a s\p ba? gives
 n\ri%m5t4 ,if psy*ic function          
specializes gradually l o!r functions1  
we %all h 9 ! same way a sub-=m "h1 a   

sub-consci\sness :i* /&s = l[] c5tres1 &
 n = ! :ole organism z su*4 ,! wid]1    
high]1 & m specializ$ psy*ic c5tre does 
n at once ext+ui% ! l[]4  ,n[ :at is a  
high organism b an involv$ s]ies (      
comb9ations ( comb9ations8 ,) e new     
integration a high] plane is a*iev$1 & !
 vital process has a wid] function+3 b !
 physical or psy*ical activity s f> z x 
does n pass ov] into ! s]vice ( ! new & 
high] :ole rema9s z sub-function4 ,) e  
new /age 9 evolution ! integrat+ psy*ic 
factors only p>tially lose !mselves 9   
effect+ a common psy*ism = ! new :ole1 a
 sub-consci\sness & a                   
sub-sub-consci\sness1 etc41 are /ill    
c>ri$ on 9 survival4 ,9 man1            
physiologically speak+1 x is ! bra9     
consci\sness :i* is g5]al4 ,b we ne$ n  
suppose ?is to ext+ui% all ! l[]        
ganglionic consci\sness f :i* & by :i* x
 arose4 ,if psy*ic function be          
correlative ) o!r function1 we mu/      
expect 9 man a va/ am\nt ( survival     
sub-m5tality :i*1 :ile n ! m9d ( ! man1 

is yet m9d 9 ! man4 ,! individual kn[s  
necess>ily only ! g5]al consci\sness1 = 
?is only is 8 consci\sness & con/itutes 
8 individuality1 yet ! doctr9e (        
evolution w\ld call = a va/ deal (      
undiscov]able simple consci\sness :i*   
nev] rises to ! level ( ! :ole          
organism's consci\sness4 ,a cell or a   
gr\p ( cells may be 9 pa9 & yet !re be  
no pa9 9 ! individual's consci\sness1 & 
s unkn[n to ?is g5]al consci\sness4  ,we
 h intimat$ t primitive consci\sness may
 occur 9 a sub-consci\s way 9 ! highe/  
organisms4 ,b c ?is sub-consci\sness ev]
 be m ?an m]e survival 9 its nature8 or 
may x play ess5tial "p z basis ( high]  
manife/ations8 ,if ! integration (      
m5tality is l o!r integration1--e4g4    
mat]ial :i* is bas$ on molecul> & atomic
 activity--x w be b\nd up 9 ! activity (
 psy*ic units1 :i* c be none o!r ?an    
sub-consci\sness4 ,t is1 any common or  
g5]al consci\sness :5 look$ at f bel[1 &
 analytically is ! dynamic organic :ole 
( elem5ts2 x is a product ( activities  

:i* are on ano!r plane f itself4 ,r\ghly
 illu/rat$1 ,i may say t my f+] feels   
pa9 be=e ,i d4 ,we conceive t at a c]ta9
 int5sity a sub-consci\sness t5ds to    
r\se a g5]al consci\sness1 & = a "t     
ma9ta9 x2 & los+ int5sity1 ! g5]al      
consci\sness disappe>s leav+ only !     
sub-consci\sness1 :i* may long outla/ ! 
g5]al =m4  ,sub-consci\sness1 :e!r z    
survival or basal1 is put beyond our    
direct obs]vation1 b x rema9s a necess>y
 biological & psy*ological hypo!sis4 ,"h
 is exemplifi$ = psy*osis t law ( !     
aggregation ( units 9 hi]>*ical ord]1 t 
:eel )9 :eel /ructure ( ! univ]se1 ^u   
:i* ,i h t\*$ 9 ,m9d1 ix4 pp4 #bgb-c4   
,,*apt] ,,iii                           
,,!ories ,,( ,,pleasure-,,pa9   ,! be>+ 
( our /udies on a !ory ( ! conditions ( 
pleasure-pa9 is obvi\s4 ,if we consid]  
pure feel+ z ! prim>y1 fundam5tal1 &    
condition+ m5tality1 x /&s be=e all o!r 
m5tality1 & _c be int]pret$ z           
condition$4 ,pa9 z primum mobile is n   
intr9sically dep5d5t on any o!r         

psy*osis4 ,h5ce we run c\nt] to !       
,h]b>tian ,s*ool1 :i* ma9ta9s t psy*ism 
exi/s f ! fir/ = itself z intellectual  
ideational activity1 & t pleasure-pa9 is
 b reflex ( ! effici5cy & ease1 or !    
ineffici5cy & difficulty ( ?is activity4
 ,! *eck+ ( ! curr5t ( ideas may give a 
pa91 b our exposition has be5 t pa9     
arose be=e ideas or pres5tations ( any  
k9d1 & long be=e any int]f]5ce c\ld be  
felt z pa94  ,aga91 if we say 8all pa9  
comes f t5sion0 7,m9d1 xii4 p4 #f71 we h
 to ask1 ,t5sion ( :at8 ,if we say      
t5sion ( s5sation or ideation1 ?is is   
,h]b>tianism m]ely4 ,h[ also c t5sion be
 felt z pa9ful1 except ?r\gh s5sation ( 
t5sion1 :i* is a feel+ ( int5se         
s5sation--obvi\sly a late psy*osis8 ,&  
c]ta9ly pa9 is m ?an a g5]al            
consci\sness fatigue4 ,& fur!r /ress &  
/ra9 result 9 pa91 because we imply ^! z
 pa9ful activities by ! v notion ( !    
words4 ,a /ress or /ra9 is assum$ly     
pa9ful activity1 b ?is is n explanation4
 ,b ap>t f ?is1 if ! organism felt pa9  

m]ely z direct result ( /ruggl+ & /ra9+1
 x w\ld cease activity2 activity &      
evolution w\ld /op4 ,x may be t by      
t5sion is n meant a mode ( consci\sness1
 b ( n]v\s or muscul> activity2 b z we  
are n[ consid]+ psy*osis only z         
condition+ pure feel+1 we leave ?is     
aspect = discussion till a little lat]4 
,b on ! psy*ical side1 t all pa9 is a   
by-product ( ov]-int5se consci\sness1   
intellectual or volitional1 t ! orig9 & 
developm5t ( pa9 is 9 a m5tal int5sity  
:i* has gone beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 ?is   
seems1 on g5]al evolution>y gr\nds1     
unlikely4 ,"h1 inde$1 is m]ely a v      
p>ticul> & r late mode ( pa94 ,& may n  
pa9s !mselves atta9 an int5sity :i* is  
itself pa9ful8 ,x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1     
h[ev]1 t ! :ole doctr9e z to            
consci\sness int5sity1 its nature1      
reactions1 laws1 & measurem5ts is v     
obscure4  ,aga91 z to ! !ory t          
pleasure-pa9 is reflex ( quantity (     
consci\sness1 t pleasure results f m5tal
 expansion1 pa9 f m5tal contraction1 ?is

 mu/1 l ! int5sity !ory1 be consid]$ z  
putt+ a late & special =m z cov]+ all   
=ms4 ,m5tality "h exi/s = itself1 &     
consci\s self-developm5t--a v late      
mode--is presuppos$4 ,! promotion ( l>ge
 complete free consci\sness1 ! s5se (   
progress & ( unimp$$ m5tal activity1    
c]ta9ly conveys high joys to c]ta9 *oice
 natures1 b !y d n t\* ! va/ majority ( 
ev5 human m9ds1 mu* less animal4 ,) !   
/olid an exp&+ consci\sness is pa9ful4  
,consci\sness only z consci\s ( itself1 
& z self-develop+1 rea*es a pleasure or 
pa9 z a felt fur!rance or h9drance ( its
 own expansion4  ,all reflex !ories take
 u above ! realm ( simple consci\sness  
act+ directly = life1 & ?is is ! v =m   
:i* seems commone/1 & :i* appe>s to be  
full ( pass+ pleasures & pa9s4 ,t       
consci\sness does react on itself 9 late
 phases is pla91 b if consci\sness1 l   
o!r functions1 has develop$ f !         
extremely simple to ! extremely complex1
 ?is self-reaction _c be reg>d$ z       
primitive4 ,n till consci\sness becomes 

integrat$ z a manifold organism d       
pleasure & pa9 become prom95t z         
reflexes4 ,we are n n[ look+ = !        
functional value ( pleasure & pa9 9 m9d 
itself z an indep5d5t :ole2 b reg>d+ its
 functional quality & t ( all m5tality 9
 life values1 & "h ! functional mean+ ( 
su* reflexes is second>y4 ,9 m9d1 z     
organic cont9u\s :ole1 pleasure-pa9 is  
bo? resultant & excitant2 x /&s relat$  
to an antec$5t /ate & x is /imulant to  
foll[+ /ates4 ,its function is excitant 
& x is ! />t+ po9t ( all o!r m5tality1  
bo? orig9ally & 9 ! lat] manife/ation4  
,! hav+ pleasure-pa9 is :at />ts bo?    
motor & cognitive volition4  ,x has1    
inde$1 be5 ma9ta9$ t :ile pleasure-pa9  
is n a product or concomitant ( "s      
psy*osis1 z s5sation1 x is itself a     
s5sation1 a def9ite mode ( s5sibility4  
,i h a pa9 s5se j z ,i h a temp]ature   
s5se1 ,i feel pa9 9 ! same way z ,i feel
 w>m1 & by ! analog\s s5sory n]ves4 ,)  
ref]5ce to ?is !ory we mu/ ask1 s9ce    
s5sation is correspond5t to modes (     

objects1 to :at mode is pa9             
correspond5t8 ,s5se responds to modes ( 
object1 z light1 & sonor\s vibrations2 b
 pa9 is n bas$ on any su* mode (        
objects4 ,if pa9 71 !re w\ld h be5 long 
s9ce a dep>tm5t ( physics1 :i* w\ld h   
treat$ t basis j z x treats light1 heat1
 s\nd1 etc4 ,b we all "k t an object is 
n pa9ful or pleas+ 9 ! same way t x is  
w>m or cold1 heavy or light4 ,i d n say 
! /one feels heavy & pa9ful1 b ,i d say 
! /one feels pa9fully heavy1 t is feel+ 
pa9 is n a /ate ( aw>5ess4 ,fur!r1 hav+ 
pa9 or pleasure is n by any s5s+ ef=t4  
,i d n try to feel pa9 z ,i try to see !
 light ( a /> or feel ! w>m spot 9 a b> 
( iron4 ,to be sure1 ! doctor asks 8    
pati5t1 8d y feel any pa980 & aft] a    
mom5t's delay ! answ] may be1 8yes10 b  
?is is n 9 ! nature ( a s5s+ ef=t1 b    
m]ely an att5tiv5ess to bodily          
conditions z affect+ m5tal /ate1 n an   
objective att5tion b an analytical      
self-att5tion4 ,/ill fur!r1 a neural    
basis = pleasure-pa9 is altoge!r likely1

 b ev5 if ^! n]ves 7 f\nd to be g5]ally 
di/ribut$ ov] ! body1 ?is w\ld n prove  
s5sation1 b m]ely t pleasure-pa9 is     
functional ?r\gh\t ! organism1 diffusive
 organic consci\sness4 ,if pleasure-pa9 
is primitive1 & neurality & m5tality    
correlate1 ! e>lie/ n]ve                
/ructure--ganglion--0 a pleasure-pa9    
organ4 ,h[ev]1 ! s5sory motor pr$om9ance
 is s e>ly & complete t ! curr5t !ory1 z
 ! m objective1 is ! natural physiologic
 int]pretation4  ,aga91 x has be5       
ma9ta9$ t pleasure-pa9 is n a def9ite   
/ate ( consci\sness1 b a quality l      
int5sity1 a modus :i* mu/ belong to all 
/ates4 ,b if we assign pleasure-pa9 to  
su* a category z int5sity we mu/ def9e j
 :at we mean by ?is category4 ,is       
int5sity a m]e objective quality :i* we 
z obs]v]s assign to all psy*osis1 j z we
 d to electrical or lum9\s ph5om5a8 or  
is x inh]5t elem5t1 an actual con/itu5t1
 ( e psy*osis8 ,if a man is angry &     
becomes m angry1 int5sity is increas$2 b
 we may conceive t he simply is m angry 

)\t be+ aw>e ( ?is *ange ( int5sity1 t  
is )\t e *ange ( int5sity be+ not$ by   
consci\sness4 ,z introspection av]s1 x  
(t5 happ5s t a man is bo? unconsci\s ( 8
 ang] & unconsci\s ( its increase4 ,z ,i
 h frequ5tly _h occasion to note1 simple
 natures are :olly unconsci\s ( _!      
emotions & ( _! int5sity v>iations4 ,t  
is1 z matt] ( fact1 int5sity ( feel+ is 
n feel+ ( int5sity4 ,if y feel w>m y    
feel diff]5tly ?an :5 y feel w>m]1 b ?is
 is no m ?an say+ t :5 ! iron is hot x  
is 9 a diff]5t /ate ?an :5 x is hott]4  
,int5sity means ! same 9 bo? cases4     
,consci\sness1 primitively1 at lea/1 is 
n self-aw>5ess ( its own *anges 9       
int5sity4 ,! feel+ w>m & ! feel+ w>m]   
occur simply z facts :i* are            
subjectively unrelat$ & unmeasur$ by !  
consci\sness :i* has ! v>y+ int5sities4 
,i /rike a c[ h>d--result1 int5se pa92  
h>d]1 m int5se pa92 ?is is correlative  
)1 ,i /rike iron1 int5se tremor2 h>d]1 m
 int5se tremor4 ,! c[ exp]i5ces m int5se
 pa91 b does n consci\sly measure x (f z

 su*4 ,i c say1 8,i feel hott] ?an ,i   
did10 b ! c[ does n appreciate & express
 its own s5se ( its exp]i5ce4 ,!        
language fallacy leads u a/ray4 ,by our 
v use ( t]ms1 w>m & w>m]1 & by our      
discussion ( ! matt]1 we imply a        
consci\sness ( int5sity :i* is f> f be+ 
primitive or g5]al4 ,x w\ld probably be 
an ov]e/imate to say t ! int5sity ( "o 9
 a ?\s& psy*oses makes itself felt z su*
 9 consci\sness4  ,t consci\sness is n  
always consci\s ( its own int5sity is !n
 %[n by direct introspection4 ,& 9 g5]al
 we mu/ obs]ve t e psy*osis has its own 
int5sity1 :i* int5sity may or may n be  
not$ by a consci\sness ( int5sity4 ,if  
!re come a consci\sness ( int5sity1 ?is 
consci\sness has its own int5sity1 :i*  
may be not$ by a new consci\sness1 ^:   
int5sity may 9 l mann] be not$ by a new 
consci\sness1 etc41 ad inf9itum4 ,t is1 
a consci\sness is nev] its own int5sity1
 & int5sity is nev] a consci\sness1 su* 
z pa9 or pleasure1 b is m]e comp>ative  
objective quality4  ,aga91 consci\sness 

has almo/ f ! fir/ diff]5t degrees (    
activity1 b x w\ld be mo/ unlikely t s  
complex an act z consci\sness consci\s (
 its own int5sity %\ld be primitive &   
e>ly4 ,also1 if consci\sness develops z 
life factor x mu/ be imm$iate utility   
:i* det]m9es its e>ly =ms4 ,h5ce on ?is 
g5]al pr9ciple ( biologic evolution x is
 mo/ unlikely t primitive organisms w   
bo? h consci\snesses & consci\sness ( _!
 int5sity1 = ( :at direct & vital value 
is ?is int5sity-consci\sness z psy*ic   
mode8 ,on ! o!r h& x is obvi\sly        
desirable t psy*oses %\ld e>ly          
diff]5tiate int5sity z objective        
quality1 i4e41 )\t self-aw>5ess ( x1    
%\ld h diff]5t degrees ( a psy*osis to  
meet diff]5t degrees ( requirem5t2 ?us  
to fe> /rongly or weakly accord+ to     
necessity ( ! case4 ,to h fe> set at "o 
pit* = all cases is p]haps absolutely   
primitive1 b diff]5tiation is e>ly4 ,b  
to fe> m or less1 i4e41 at diff]5t      
int5sities1 is n to h int5sity z        
subjective elem5t1 an actual psy*osis   

con/itu5t appreciat$ z su*1 :i* is v    
late evolution s9ce ! dem& = x is late4 
,9 ?us def9+ ! category ( int5sity we h 
pla9ly isolat$ x f ! pleasure-pa9       
category4 ,we "k pleasure or pa9 z act (
 consci\sness j z we "k volition or     
s5sation4 ,pa9 & pleasure are def9ite   
facts l see+ or t\*+ or will+1 & are s  
recognis$ by common consci\sness4 ,"o or
 ! o!r may be involv$ 9 all exp]i5ce1 b 
?is does n make !m g5]al qualities l    
int5sity4 ,pa9 is a consci\sness1       
int5sity is n a consci\sness4 ,?is is ! 
imm$iate value ( ! t]ms1 ! v names      
convey di/9ctness ( category4 ,i h a    
pa91 ,i d n h an int5sity2 ,i am 9 pa91 
,i am n 9 int5sity4 ,my pa9 is int5se1 b
 ,i _c say my int5sity is pa9ful4 ,we   
exp]i5ce pa9 & pleasure1 b we nev]      
exp]i5ce int5sity4  ,?is quale hypo!sis 
z pres5t$ by ,m>%all 9 ,pa91 ,pleasure &
 ,ae/hetics1 is set ^u ! dang]\s        
f\ndation ( ignorance1 viz41 ( ! neural 
basis ( pleasure-pa91 & ( causes ( its  
v>iability4 ,x is z yet disput$ :e!r a  

n]ve organ = pleasure-pa9 has be5 f\nd2 
b if "o is g5]ally ackn[l$g$1 ! !ory    
w\ld be ov]?r[n4 ,great] int5sity 9 any 
psy*osis1 z s5sation ( w>m?1 means      
simply great] n]v\s activity 9 !        
p>ticul> n]ves subs]v+ ! psy*osis1 9 ?is
 case ! temp]ature n]ves4 ,s also       
pleasure-pa9 z g5]al concomitant l      
int5sity mu/ mean m]ely "s g5]al mode ( 
n]v\s activity z yet unkn[n1 if we all[ 
x any n]v\s basis at all4 ,aga91 !      
v>iability ( pleasure-pa9 = a giv5      
cont5t1 ! fact t ! ta/e ( olives is at  
"o "t pleasant1 at ano!r1 unpleasant1   
sugge/s t pleasure-pa9 is l int5sity    
m]ely a g5]al quality1 :i* mu/ 9 "o =m  
or ano!r atta* to all psy*oses4 ,b ?is  
does n expla9 any?+4 ,:at we want to "k 
is :y 9 any giv5 case we h pleasure & n 
pa92 we d n wi% to be put (f ) a g5]al  
/atem5t t ! nature ( pleasure-pa9 is su*
 t we may h ei!r1 :i* is ak9 to ! old   
metaphysical me?od ( ab/ract            
explanation2 mak+ ! rationale ( ! lion  
leon9ity is n unlike ! hypo!sis t       

expla9s pleasure-pa9 9 all its v>iations
 by v>iability z its nature4 ,we h a    
sci5tific fai? t v>iability is n a g5]al
 unexpla9able quality1 b t !re is = e   
case ( pleasure-pa9 a def9ite rationale 
bas$ 9 ! facts ( life dem& & life       
hi/ory4 ,t olives n[ give pleasure1 & n[
 give pa91 is bas$ ^u def9ite conditions
 ( physical /ate :i* are v complex1 b   
:i* c be reveal$ by pati5t rese>* alone4
  ,any !ory ( pleasure-pa9 !n f ! po9t (
 view ( pure psy*ology1 z expla9+ x by  
ref]5ce to o!r modes ( consci\sness1 is1
 we ?9k1 unsatisfactory4 ,b p]haps !    
physiological po9t ( view w be m        
satisfactory4 ,x is g5]ally consid]$ t !
 function & orig9 ( pa9 is 9 :at is     
unfav\rable to physiological function1 (
 pleasure1 9 :at is fav\rable4 ,i cut my
 f+]1 & ! pa9 says1 /op ! injuri\s      
action4 ,h[ev]1 !re are exceptions4 ,i  
ta/e sug> ( lead2 x is pleasant1 & ,i   
keep on ta/+1 & am poison$4 ,lotze      
expla9s t ?is sweetness is imm$iately   
soo?+ & advantage\s4 8,we mu/ n reg>d   

pleasure10 says ,grant ,all51 z         
8prophetic40 ,b :at has be5 ! evolution 
( ta/e z s5s+ act except to be          
8prophetic10 to give at ! op5+ ( !      
alim5t>y canal a monitor to ! /oma* &   
o!r dige/ive organs8 ,t x ta/es sweet1 t
 ?is ta/e is pleasant1 & s ! sub/ance is
 swall[$1 or t x ta/es bitt] &          
unpleasant1 & ! sub/ance is reject$2 ?is
 surely is anticipatory & 8prophetic40  
,! ta/e = sweetness is n evolv$ =       
itself2 b = its life value2 & h5ce      
,lotze's explanation fails f ! po9t (   
view ( evolution>y psy*ology4 ,! organic
 sweet is ! nutriti\s & b5eficial1 & !  
s5s+ ?is quality 9 connection ) ^!      
fav\rable & pleasant effects on ! /oma* 
& organism z a :ole has l$ to a ta/e &  
lik+ = sweetness4 8,sweet & :olesome0 is
 ! common & j conception4 ,b if m9]al   
sweets injuri\s to life1 l sug> ( lead1 
_h be5 a common environm5t1 & ! only    
sweet kn[n1 ?is sweetness w\ld h be5 z  
unpleasant z ! s\r or acid n[ is4 ,we   
see ev5 n[ t sweets t h sev]al times    

caus$ nausea1 ?\gh at fir/ highly       
agreeable1 come to be di/a/eful &       
disgu/ful4 ,we n[ f9d t s\r & bitt]     
sub/ances are dislik$ by animals 9 g5]al
 z pa9ful1 = ! s\r & bitt] is g5]al sign
 ( ! un:olesome2 b ^? animals :i* live  
almo/ exclusively on bitt] h]bs         
und\bt$ly appreciate ?is quality z we d 
a bon bon4 ,m5 lo/ 9 a des]t by         
p]t9aci\sly ta/+ bitt] h]bs & becom+    
dep5d5t ^u !m = support w\ld soon       
realize _! bitt]ness z pleasant1 & a    
race might orig9ate to :om sweetness    
w\ld be unpleasant4 ,h5ce ! value ( a   
s5sation does n--9 natural              
evolution--lie 9 itself1 x is m]ely a   
guide & index2 & ! s5sation quality w be
 pleasant or unpleasant accord+ to its  
relation to ! dem&s ( life4 ,a s5sation 
is inh]5tly ei!r pleasurable or pa9ful1 
b n ess5tially "o & n ! o!r1 h5ce !     
prov]b1 de gu/ibus non disput&um4 ,!    
s5s+ act 9 itself is indiff]5t1 i4e41   
sweetness & bitt]ness1 purely z ta/es1 z
 s5s+ acts1 are indiff]5t2 b z matt] (  

fact hav+ gr[n up ) & = pleasure-pa9    
tones z indicative ( life values1 !y are
 ei!r "o or ! o!r accord+ to _! relation
 to life4 ,:]e s5se s]ves n life b      
itself1 z ) ! epicure1 a new ord] (     
pleasures & pa9s is det]m9$ :i* is n )9 
our pres5t scope ( discussion4  ,?is    
v>iability ( pleasure-pa9 tone (        
s5sations ev5 "u natural evolution %[s t
 ! ma9 =ce at lea/ ( _! pleasurability  
or ! contr>y does n lie 9 ! affection ( 
! s5se organ itself4 ,if a giv5         
s5sation1 = example1 bitt]ness1 7 pa9ful
 9 all degrees only because ( its       
h>mfulness to ! s5se organ1 h[ c\ld ?is 
v>iability be expla9$8 ,we consid] t !  
ta/+ bitt]ness1 = example1 arose ?r\gh  
pa9ful /oma*ic & b[el exp]i5ce ) h]bs   
:i* _h ?is quality1 & :i* by s5s+ ef=ts 
7 s cogniz$ at l5g?1 & pa9 connect$ by  
its v orig9 ) s5se ( bitt]ness1 :i*     
becomes 9 all degrees pa9ful4 ,!        
id5tify+ ! nutriti\sly h>mful we$ by    
ta/+ its bitt]ness has ! pa9 quality (  
its effects1 s9ce ! ta/+ has gr[n up 9  

connection ) its effects4 ,x is out (   
actual injuri\s & pa9ful exp]i5ces t !  
organism is l$ to put out s5s+ ef=t & to
 rea* su* a s5sation z t ( a bitt] ta/e 
^: pa9 value is ma9ly1 at lea/1 due to !
 actual results ( ! sub/ance l[] d[n 9 !
 alim5t>y canal4 ,a s5se ( bitt]ness    
becomes disagreeable 9 all degrees1 = 9 
its inception1 :5 fir/ s5s$1 x has its  
connection ) ! pa9 effects :i* /imulate 
?is s5s+4 ,to discrim9ate ! unnutriti\s 
or poison\s by ta/+ is a gr& a*ievem5t1 
secur+ ! rejection at ! v op5+1 ! m\? ( 
! alim5t>y canal1 9 place ( rejection by
 nausea f ! /oma* itself4 ,! organism   
:i* c\ld only "k t a c]ta9 sub/ance 0   
bad = x by v pa9ful nausea1 n[ kn[s its 
badness by ! comp>atively pa9less ta/+  
bad4 ,:atev] ta/es bad1 is bad4  ,! *ief
 difficulty ( ! !ory ( bodily advantage 
& disadvantage z condition+ pleasure &  
pa9 comes n f any su* in/ance z ! sug> (
 lead ph5om5on2 b x lies 9 ! fact t life
 progressiv5ess1 enl>gem5t1             
specialization1 t :i* is to ! highe/    

pr(it ( life1 is uni=mly rea*$ only by  
pa9ful /ruggle4 ,x is only by int5se    
/ruggle1 by supreme/1 pa9fulle/ ef=t1 t 
^? new psy*ic =ms are initiat$ &        
develop$ :i* are ( ! utmo/ s]vice to !  
organism4 ,! act ( adju/m5t to a new    
circum/ance is s extremely difficult &  
pa9ful t x is attempt$ by few & a*iev$  
by v few ( any set ( organisms4 ,by an  
act ( mo/ pa9ful /ruggle ! fitte/       
survive2 & ! re/1 ! va/ majority1 :o    
c\ld n key !mselves to t pit*1 p]i%4    
,adju/m5t to ! ord9>y conditions is     
simply a free us+ ( intellig5ce & en]gy 
integrat$ & /or$ by ance/ors :5 ^!      
conditions 7 new to !m4 ,! adju/m5ts :i*
 are s spontane\sly made by new-born    
animals z response to environm5t 7 once 
new1 & secur$ & integrat$ = inh]itance  
by ! mo/ pa9ful & p]si/5t ef=t4 ,su* is 
! in]tia & cons]vatism ( life t :ile x  
moves spontane\sly 9 grooves already    
made1 x does n rejoice 9 ! toil ( real  
progress4 ,! /ruggle by :i* ! greate/   
life advances h be5 accompli%$ has      

always be5 int5sely pa9ful 9 itself1    
:atev] ! aft]ma? ( pleasure may be1 !   
pleasure ( a*ievem5t & creation1 !      
satisfaction at successful ef=t1 :i* is 
pla9ly a v late psy*osis4  ,! orig9 &   
place ( pleasure is indicat$ by ^!      
consid]ations4 ,?\gh function is g5]at$ 
& develop$ by sev]e/ pa9fulle/ /ruggle1 
yet ! rew>d is pleasurability ( ! free  
functional activity2 & ! m manifold !   
function+ built up1 ! m manifold !      
pleasure4 ,?us x is t a highly complex  
organism l man1 :i* repres5ts _m psy*ic 
ages ( pa9ful function build+1 has a v  
high pleasure capacity4 ,e new          
adaptation :5 integrat$ means a new     
pleasure4 ,x is pleasurable to inhale   
fre%1 cool air1 b ! lung function+      
itself has be5 built up by pa9ful       
ex]tion 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,pleasure
 z reflex ( function+ is m]ely !n       
cons]v+ p[]4 ,! imm$iately &            
intr9sically pleasure-giv+ acts are n   
progressive1 b m]ely hold life at ! giv5
 & already acquir$ /atus4 ,b ! mo/ &    

l>ge/ pleasure is 9 ! m]e exp5diture (  
/or$ en]gy4 ,! easie/ way1 ! way (      
incl9ation & obvi\s direct pleasure is  
regressive4 ,x is liv+ ^u ! pa/1 liv+ ^u
 accumulat$ capital bequea!d1 & p]haps 9
 "s measure acquir$4 ,! use ( a         
/imulant1 z alcohol1 enables ! capital  
to be us$ up fa/]4 ,z ! sy/emic crav+   
becomes great] ) ! drunk>d1 ! pleasure  
increases1 & on ! br9k ( dissolution he 
may rea* ! extreme/ pleasure4 ,9        
alcoholism ! m injuri\s ! dr9k1 ! m     
viol5t ! pleasure4 ,! mo/ rapid &       
de/ructive us+ up ( vital =ce 9 lu/1    
rev5ge & o!r excitem5ts gives ! ke5e/   
pleasure4 ,! orgy1 ! *ase1 ! prize r+1  
give ! exp5sive 8?rill10 :i* is ec/atic 
pleasure4 ,debau*]y & alcoholism are    
quick ways ( us+ ! pleasure capacity :i*
 has be5 built up by pa9ful ef=t ( ?\s&s
 ( g5]ations4 ,a ta/e s5sation1 :i* 0   
a*iev$ z ! highe/ ef=t ( g5ius by "s v  
remote ance/or at a critical mom5t &    
atta9$ by pa9ful s5s+ ex]tion1 is f9ally
 aft] g5]ations ( sev]e volition        

integrat$1 & becomes spontane\s         
activity1 & reactive z free pleasurable 
function+4 ,t is1 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ta/+ 
! pleasure tak5 9 x 0 by discrim9at+    
ef=t1 a pleasure realiz$ by ex]tion z   
pleasures ( arti/ic 8ta/e0 are n[ enjoy$
 by _m p2 :i* pleasure may at l5g? be s 
inwr\ght into psy*ism t x occurs        
spontane\sly4 ,at lea/1 we h no o!r clue
 to ! orig9 ( pleasures except by judg+ 
f ! pres5t developm5t ( def9ite         
pleasures 9 ! case ( man1 :i* pleasures 
come only by ef=tful cultivation1 =     
in/ance1 ! highe/ pleasures ( art4 ,!   
:ole range ( s5se pleasures h be5 built 
up & capacity !re=e has be5 inh]it$1 &  
may be us$ up ) great int5sity4  ,!     
l>ge/ & ke5e/ sort ( pleasures is f     
exp5diture4 ,yet /orage 9 c]ta9 modes   
yields a mod]ate pleasure1 z ! pleasure 
( re/1 doz+ aft] ex]cise4 ,"h is a g5]al
 spontane\s accumulation ( physical     
pleasure capacity1 x is a case :]e      
functional repair has become automatic1 
& ?us f> is analog\s to ! spontaneity ( 

pleasures ( exp5diture4 ,b ^! /orage    
pleasures are ma9ly negative1 relief    
only2 & !y are n ! great positive       
corporeal pleasures :i* are s l>gely    
s\ght4 ,! drunk>d gradually recov]+ f a 
spree exp]i5ces feel+s ( relief1 b he   
does n indulge 9 8 cups to feel !       
gradual recov]y f ! pa9ful aft] effects4
  ,no biologic or psy*ologic !ory (     
pleasure & pa9 c yet be enunciat$ :i* is
 fully explanatory4 ,9 fact1 if         
pleasure-pa9 is ! primitive & fundam5tal
 fact1 if x con/itutes ! wor? ( life &  
is life1 !n x mu/ expla9 o!r factors1 b 
rema9 itself unexpla9$4 ,! !ory (       
advantage & disadvantage fails signally1
 = ! mo/ pleasurable act is frequ5tly ! 
mo/ disadvantage\s to ! int]e/s ( !     
organism1 & ! mo/                       
advantage\s--progressive ef=tful        
volition--is inv>iably mo/ pa9ful4 ,z to
 :y ! way ( cons]vation & upbuild+ %\ld 
be pa9ful1 :y pleasure %\ld n be inh]5t 
9 ! progressive /ruggle r ?an pa91 is1  
at lea/ = ! pres5t1 a philosophical     

problem2 b ! fact rema9s4 ,we h consid]$
 t /ruggle is pa9-impell$ & pa9ful1 & t 
pleasure is resultant ( function+ !reby 
e/abli%$1 & t all pleasure capacity is  
pa9fully acquir$4 ,) ! gr& exception (  
?is s+ul> & important fact1 h[ev]1 we c 
say t 9 natural evolution--t is1 be=e   
m9d has become indep5d5t & artificial & 
subject$ itself to pa?ologic t5d5cies--!
 g5]al law t pleasure d5otes fav\r+     
organic conditions1 pa91 unfav\rable1   
may be assum$4 ,h[ev]1 if ! body is m]e 
dep5d5cy & expression ( m9d1 ! =m (     
/atem5t mu/ be rev]s$2 t is1 a giv5 pa9 
or pleasure is an acquirem5t by m9d 9   
its function build+4 ,i h pa9ful ta/e   
s5sation ( bitt]1 pleasant s5sation (   
sweet1 n z orig9ally reflex ( bodily    
conditions1 b ! s5s+ p[] & ! organ1 l   
all bodily specialization1 is outcome ( 
m9d z /ruggle4 ,a typical               
consci\sness--s]ies ( a l[ type :i*     
places pleasure 9 its place is3 pa9 7z f
 hung]7--/ruggle-s5s+ 7z t\*+ =         
food7--desire 7:5 food is recognis$     

?r\gh s5s+7--absorptive & dige/ive ef=t 
& action--pleasure--/ruggle to cont9ue &
 increase pleasure--slight satiety      
pa9--unconsci\sness ( sleep4 ,s we d n  
connect pleasure-pa9 z outcome ( organic
 function 9 g5]al or p>ticul>1 b        
function is outcome ( pleasure-pa94 ,x  
det]m9es function1 & n function x4 ,!   
feel+s :i* prompt$ & develop$ a         
function+1 & ! correlate                
total--organism--necess>ily involve a v 
high complex1 at lea/ = any late        
psy*ism1 & make a g5]al law (           
pleasure-pa9 impossible to det]m9e "u   
pres5t conditions4 ,! rationale (       
p>ticul> pleasures & pa9s c only be     
rea*$ ?r\gh a ?or\gh inve/igation ( life
 hi/ory1 an inve/igation :i* 9 pres5t   
circum/ances seems 9 mo/ cases beyond   
our p[]s4 ,a great mass ( psy*ological  
data1 & n any g5]al !ory1 is !          
desid]atum4                             
,,*apt] ,,iv                ,,!         
,,relation ,,( ,,feel+ ,,to             
,,pleasure-,,pa9   ,%\ld ! t]m ,feel+ be

 made to include c]ta9 /ates (          
consci\sness :i* are nei!r pleasurable  
nor pa9ful8 ,or %\ld all su* neutral    
/ates be designat$ by "s o!r t]m8 ,we   
are conc]n$ "h ) an important matt] (   
def9ition :i* implies an ext5sive       
analysis ( consci\sness ) ref]5ce to    
pleasure & pa94 ,x w n be difficult to  
f9d _m s-call$ feel+s :i* are neutral1  
or seem to be s2 b x is ! duty ( !      
psy*ologi/ to c>efully analyse all su*  
/ates1 & po9t out ! prop] use ( ! t]m   
,feel+4  ,common obs]vation neglects    
m9ute analysis1 & is unreliable :5 x    
speaks ( c]ta9 indiff]5t /ates z feel+s4
 ,:5 a man speaks ( feel+ que]1 or      
/range1 or bewild]$1 or surpris$1 & says
 t ! /ate ( m9d seem$ nei!r agreeable   
nor disagreeable1 we may suspect t by a 
p]fectly natural t5d5cy he is ext5d+ !  
"n ,feel+ to closely-connect$ /ates (   
cognition or w4 ,9 id5tification &      
def9ition common obs]vation is = all    
sci5ces notori\sly untru/wor?y1 &       
especially 9 psy*ology2 s on ?is "q !   

evid5ce ( language & popul> te/imony    
c\nts = little "o way or ! o!r4 ,?is is 
/rik+ly evid5t :5 p speak ( feel+       
indiff]5t z to "s matt]1 mean+ t !y h no
 feel+ on ! matt]4 ,! t]m ,feel+ is us$ 
9 su* a broad & vague way t #8,i feel   
indiff]5t' means #8,i am indiff]5t1'    
#8,i h no feel+4' ,! mi/ake "h is 9 us+ 
! ^w ,feel+ z an equival5t to ,ego1 or  
any quality ( ,ego4 ,a feel+ (          
indiff]5ce is no feel+ at all4 ,popul>  
evid5ce !n1 ,i believe1 c be no guide 9 
?is matt]4 ,9 pass+1 ,i may also say t !
 v abundant use ( analogy by "s writ]s  
on ?is subject seems to me ill-advis$4  
,analogy does v well to br+ up ! re>1 b 
x is (t5 v useless & confus+ z an       
advance-gu>d4  ,pr(4 ,ba9 7,m9d1 ,no4   
#ec7 insi/s t ideas t5d to actualise    
!mselves by neutral int5sity or         
excitem5t1 :i* is feel+2 or r1 he says1 
a 8fac+-bo?-ways condition40 ,?is la/   
expression is c]ta9ly n v helpful or    
satisfactory4 ,pr(4 ,ba9 admits t       
typical w is incit$ by pleasure & pa91 b

 he ma9ta9s t sometimes1 z notably 9    
imitation1 w is /imulat$ by purely      
neutral excitem5t or feel+4 ,9 !        
discussion ( ?is subject mu* has be5    
said ab\t excitem5t1 &1 z ,mr4 ,sully   
has sugge/$1 ?is requires c>eful        
def9ition4  ,reflection assures u t e   
m5tal activity has a c]ta9 int5sity1 & !
 ^w ,excitem5t may1 9 ! mo/ g5]al s5se1 
d5ote ?is int5sity4 ,! int5sity may be s
 slight z to be unnotic$ by ! subject1 &
 rema9 :olly un9dicat$ to ! ke5e/       
obs]v]2 or x may be s /rong z to be     
p]fectly evid5t to bo?2 or x may be     
evid5t to ! subject & n to ! obs]v]1 or 
vice v]s4 ,?us ! obvi\s division (      
,excitem5t f ?is po9t ( view is into    
subjective1 :]e x is imm$iately         
recognis$ & felt 9 ! consci\sness ( !   
subject1 & objective1 :]e x is unnotic$1
 or notic$ only by obs]v]4 ,classify+ by
 ano!r pr9ciple1 we may di/+ui%         
,cognition-int5sity1 ,feel+-int5sity &  
,w-int5sity1 & ! natural subdivisions "u
 ^! accord+ to ! accept$ subdivisions ( 

m5tal activities4 ,excitem5t is n1      
h[ev]1 g5]ally us$ 9 ! l>ge s5se we h j 
m5tion$1 b z d5ot+ int5sity ( a high    
degree s z to be v noticeable to !      
subject1 or obs]v]1 or bo?4  ,x is pla9 
t ,excitem5t1 z subjective int5sity1 is 
! only k9d :i* be>s on ! "q "u          
discussion4 ,x is ) excitem5t z a feel+1
 viz41 ! feel+ ( int5sity1 & n )        
excitem5t z quality ( feel+1 t is1      
int5sity1 t we h to deal1 & x is        
necess>y t ?is di/9ction be cle>ly borne
 9 m9d4 ,"o may be excit$ b n feel      
excit$1 may h int5sity ( feel+ b n feel+
 ( int5sity4 ,us+ ! t]m1 !n1 z equival5t
 to feel+ ( int5sity1 x is to be not$ t 
x is a reflex or second>y m5tal /ate4 ,x
 is ! feel+ result+ f consci\sness (    
int5sity ( consci\sness4 ,! int5sity (  
any consci\sness may increase to su* a  
po9t t x pu%es itself into consci\sness1
 fir/ z m]e recognition ( int5sity1 b   
imm$iately & mo/ manife/ly z feel+ (    
int5sity4 ,9 rapid alt]nations (        
contra/$ /ates1 z ( hope & fe>1 int5sity

 soon rises to su* a degree t x =ces its
 way into consci\sness z feel+ (        
int5sity4 ,?is feel+ ( int5sity may be  
itself ei!r weak or int5se4 ,9 v        
reflective natures1 ! cognition & feel+ 
( int5sity may be reflex at any p[]3 !re
 may be cognition ( ! int5sity (        
cognition-(-int5sity1 etc41 9 indef9ite 
regression4 ,mo/ p]sons /op ) ! s+le /ep
 9 ! regression4  ,x is evid5t t z f> z 
excitem5t is reg>d$ m]ely z int5sity1 z 
a fundam5tal elem5t 9 all feel+ & m5tal 
action1 x is a confusion ( t]ms to apply
 quality to x1 to speak ( x z ei!r      
pleasurable1 or pa9ful1 or neutral4     
,int5sity ( m5tal action has degrees b n
 quality1 j z pit* 9 s\nd has degree1 b 
n timbre or quality4 ,reg>d+ excitem5t z
 feel+-(-int5sity1 x has ! g5]al        
*>act]i/ics ( all feel+s1 & is n m      
likely to be neutral ?an any o!r feel+4 
,tak+ ! case ( surprise1 :i* is s       
frequ5tly in/anc$ z a neutral feel+1 let
 u analyse x ) special ref]5ce to !     
excitem5t z feel+ ( int5sity (          

cognition4 ,a typical case w\ld be !    
surprise f he>+ ?und] 9 ,janu>y4 ,!     
pres5tation is quickly comp>$ ) a       
repres5tation ( obs]v$ ord] ( facts1 & !
 disagreem5t ( ! two m>k$4 ,?is is s f> 
purely cognitive activity2 b imm$iately 
connect$ ) ! p]ception ( disagreem5t is 
! =cible recognition ( ! break+ up ( a m
 or less rigid ord]4 ,!re is a          
di/urbance 9 cognitive activity & !     
t5sion breaks into consci\sness z       
excitem5t1 ! feel+ ( int5sity4 ,!       
conflict ( a settl$ conviction ) rec5t  
pres5tation int5sifies consci\sness1 &  
?is int5sity ) ! abrupt *ange 9 quantity
 & quality ( m5tal activity breaks into 
consci\sness z intellectual s5se ( %ock 
accompani$ & closely foll[$ by feel+ (  
unpleasantness & pa94 ,x is to be not$ t
 :5 we come ^u ! feel+-elem5t 9 surprise
 we f9d pa94 ,surprise 9 ! /rict s5se is
 !n ! reflex act ( consci\sness 9 :i* ! 
m9d becomes aw>e ( & feels ! sudd5      
di/urbance & t5sion set up 9 itself by !
 sudd5 weak5+ ( an e/abli%$ belief4 ,!  

pa9ful %ock has "s relation to ! =ce ( !
 di/urb+ factor1 b is m closely connect$
 ) ! /r5g? ( ! belief assail$4 ,! feel+ 
( ! disagreem5t z pa9 is due to ! fact t
 ?is disagreem5t imp+es on subjectivity1
 p]sonal op9ion & conviction1 & !       
di/urbance w be m or less disagreeable  
accord+ to ! degree ( p]sonal int]e/4   
,note t by exact /atem5t ! feel+ is n   
pa9ful1 b is ! pa9 concomitant or       
resultant ^u ! m5tal p]ception4 ,!      
surprise = a p]son ( r weak habit ( m9d 
& ( little g5]alis+ p[] w be almo/ :olly
 intellectual4 ,disagreem5t w be not$1 b
 n felt4 ,= "o ( /rong intellectual     
int]e/1 ! surprise w mean def9ite &     
acute pa94 ,= a meteorologi/ :o has     
writt5 a book /at+ t 9 ?is latitude     
?und] does n occur 9 ,janu>y ! surprise 
might be v griev\s4 ,! intellectual     
elem5t 9 surprise is emphasiz$ 9 !      
/atem5t 8,i am surpris$10 ! feel+-elem5t
 9 8,i feel surpris$40 ,if antec$5t     
/ates ( repres5tation1 comp>ison & inn] 
p]ception are plac$ "u ! t]m            

feel+-(-surprise1 we may expect         
consequ5t /ates to be likewise easily   
confus$4 ,:5 "o speaks ( be+ agreeably  
or disagreeably surpris$1 ! pleasure or 
pa9 is n really1 h[ev]1 a "p ( !        
surprise4 ,! s5se & feel+ ( intellectual
 de/ruction1 :i* con/itutes surprise1 is
 s quickly & ?or\ghly swall[$ up 9      
pleasure 9 hav+ hope realiz$1 or 9 pa9 9
 hav+ fe> realiz$1 z ! ev5t may prove1 t
 ! t]m is naturally appli$ to :at       
engrosses att5tion4 ,?us1 8,x 0 a v     
pleasant surprise0 means 8,! surprise 0 
foll[$ by v pleasant consequ5ces40 ,:5  
,i am surpris$ by ! arrival ( an        
intimate fri5d :om ,i suppos$ a ?\s&    
miles away1 ! m5tal disagreem5t1 & ! pa9
 f conflict ( conception & p]ception1   
are quickly elim9at$ by ! ev5t accord+ )
 desire1 & by ! m9d anticipat+ joys4 ,we
 see1 !n1 h[ easily ! antec$5ts &       
consequ5ts ( surprise are conf\nd$ )    
surprise itself1 :i* is ! reflex act (  
consci\sness recognis+ & feel+ sudd5    
di/urbance 9 int5sity1 quality &        

quantity 9 cognitive activity4 ,i       
conclude t surprise1 z feel+1 is pa9    
col\r$ by cognition ( %ock & by volition
 to avoid di/urb+ elem5t4  ,absorption 9
 ?\ght may be att5d$ by :at seems to be 
neutral excitem5t1 b is n really s4 ,!  
int5sity ( ?\ght may press into         
consci\sness z a k & feel+ ( int5sity1 b
 s f> z x is a feel+ x is indubitably   
pleasure or pa94 ,?is pleasure or pa9   
may rema9 z cont9u\s und]tone )         
frequ5tly repeat$ intrusion into full   
consci\sness4 ,c>eful analysis 9 ?is    
case %[s t app>5t neutrality results f a
 /rong att5dant recognition1 or f !     
natural volitions be+ quickly ov]rul$ by
 feel+s consequ5t ^u o!r consid]ations4 
,intellectual m5 are n apt to be guid$  
by excitem5t4 ,pr(essor ,ba9 says t     
imitation is a te/-case1 t ?is is a     
volition :i* is obvi\sly /imulat$ by    
neutral feel+4 ,9 "s cases imitation    
seems cle>ly a me*anical1 ideo-motor    
affair1 an in/9ctive action )\t ei!r    
consci\s feel+ or will+4 ,9 all o!r     

cases ( imitation analysis w %[ excitant
 pleasure or pa94 ,z ,prey] & o!rs h %[n
 9 ! case ( "y *ildr51 mimicry arises   
ma9ly f pleasure 9 activity z su*1 & n f
 its peculi> quality z imitation4 ,=    
*ildr51 & (t5 = adults1 imitation is    
simply a me?od ( joy\s & novel activity4
 ,! /imulant 9 high] grades ( imitation 
is pleasure 9 atta9m5t4 ,z f> z         
excitem5t is /imulant1 x is1 on ! g5]al 
pr9ciple be=e /at$1 ei!r pleasure or    
pa94 ,! pleasant feel+ ( int5sity w t5d 
t[>d cont9uance ( imitative action1 !   
unpleasant t[>d discont9uance4 ,!       
pleasurable s5se ( activity1 z incit+ & 
cont9u+ w 9 imitation1 is a good example
 ( excitem5t z feel+ (                  
volition-int5sity4  ,if volitional      
excitem5t z in/anc$ 9 imitation1 &      
cognitive excitem5t1 z exemplifi$ 9     
surprise & absorption ( ?\ght1 _c be    
t]m$ neutral1 x is q unlikely t we %all 
f9d any neutral feel+-excitem5t4 ,a     
p]son at a horse-race may at fir/ h s   
small a degree ( pleasurable hope &     

pa9ful fe> ar\s$ t ! int5sity does n =ce
 itself into consci\sness4 ,! increas+ly
 rapid p5dulum-sw+ ( consci\sness f hope
 to fe> & back aga9 becomes soon s      
int5se t ?is objective int5sity ( feel+ 
=ces its way into consci\s life z feel+ 
( int5sity4 ,?is excitem5t may be ma9ly 
reg>d$ z accompanim5t1 or x may be valu$
 9 itself z excitem5t = excitem5t's     
sake4 ,?is absorption 9 ! feel+ (       
int5sity is eag]ly s\ght = by ! ennuy4  
,! devot$ !atre-go] (t5 induces bo?     
pleasures & pa9s simply = ?is resultant 
feel+ ( t5sion :i* he reg>ds z enjoyable
 = its own sake4 ,feel+-excitem5t 9 !   
simpl] & e>li] =m & 9 ?is lat]          
artificial =m is pla9ly pleasure or pa9 
col\r$ by slight elem5t ( cognition z   
recognition ( int5sity1 & by volition 9 
cont9u+ or 9 /opp+ ! causative activity4
  ,be>+ 9 m9d ! analysis ( excitem5t j  
made1 ! true int]pretation ( sev]al     
matt]s :i* h be5 sugge/$ is obvi\s &    
cle>4 ,mr4 ,johnson 7,m9d1 xiii4 #hb7   
rem>ks t v int5se m5tal pleasure & pa9  

t5ds to run into a /ate ( neutral       
excitem5t4 ,?is ,i int]pret z ! m5tal   
law t int5sity ( any m5tal activity1 (  
any pleasure or pa91 t5ds to displace   
?is activity by feel+ ( int5sity4 ,?is  
feel+ ( int5sity is inde$ neutral z     
reg>ds previ\s /ates--t is1 x is n1 (   
c\rse1 ! feel+ ^: int5sity x feels2 b1 z
 ,i h s\ght to %[1 x is nev]!less always
 pleasure or pa94 ,aga91 z to ! "q :e!r 
/ates ( m9d equally pleasurable or      
pa9ful may h diff]5t degrees (          
excitem5t4 ,if excitem5t means "h       
subjective excitem5t1 !n ,i answ] t !y d
 n h any degree ( excitem5t1 = feel+ (  
int5sity c nev] be a quality ( ! feel+  
^: int5sity is felt4 ,if excitem5t is ! 
objective =m1 & ref]s to ! int5sity 9   
g5]al1 !n1 z has be5 be=e said1 x is a  
confusion 9 t]ms to apply ! t]ms        
pleasure & pa9 to x4 ,! anticipation    
sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,johnson z a case (     
neutral excitem5t is precisely analog\s 
to ! case ( excitem5t at a horse-race1  
:i* has be5 analys$4 ,mr4 ,johnson      

concludes t feel+ is n only m or less   
pleasure or pa91 b also m or less       
excitem5t4 ,! prop] way ( /at+ ?is is3  
all feel+s1 includ+ ! feel+ ( excitem5t1
 consi/ ( pleasure or pa9 & h degrees ( 
int5sity4  ,aga91 let me note ! relation
 ( int5sity1 & consequ5tly feel+ (      
int5sity1 to quantity ( consci\sness--a 
subject sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,sully 7,m9d1   
xiii4 #beb74 ,! fundam5tal prop]ties (  
consci\sness--quality1 quantity1        
int5sity--& also _! int]-relations1 w\ld
 be a fruitful !me = ext5d$ discussion4 
,i ?9k t ! cle>+-up ( _m problems w\ld  
result f ?or\gh inve/igation & c>eful   
def9ition 9 ^! po9ts2 b at pres5t ,i c  
only (f] a rem>k or two ^u ! subject4 ,x
 is pla9 t int5sity v>ies ) diff]5t     
qualities1 t c]ta9 k9ds ( m5tal action  
are m g5]ally *>act]is$ by high degrees 
( int5sity ?an o!rs4 ,pres5tations t5d  
to high] int5sities ?an repres5tations1 
& pa9s ?an pleasures4 ,x is noticeable t
 our psy*ological nom5clature1 bo?      
popul> & sci5tific1 is mo/ly conc]n$ )  

qualities1 :i* %[s t quantities &       
int5sities h n receiv$ ! att5tion !y    
des]ve1 & h n be5 c>efully discrim9at$4 
,a repres5tation ( ! same h\se comes up 
9 ! m9ds ( two p]sons1 "o ( :om has liv$
 9 x1 ! o!r m]ely se5 x sev]al times4   
,ea* psy*osis is z repres5tative z !    
o!r3 !y h ! same quality1 b 9 quantity &
 int5sity !y v>y greatly4 ,9 a s+le     
multiplex act ( consci\sness1 ! =m]     
embraces a wide rea* ( detail &         
association & a high degree ( int5sity  
:i* is lack+ 9 ! meagre & fa9t image ( !
 latt]4 ,physiologically1 quantity is z 
! mass ( co-ord9ate co9cid5t activities 
( bra9 9 highe/ c5tres1 & int5sity is z 
! art]ial & n]v\s t5sion 9 ! highe/     
c5tres4 ,int5sities may be equal1 &     
quantities v unequal2 z comp>e "o       
greatly int]e/$ 9 a game ( c>ds ) a     
p]son wat*+ a ne> relative at a critical
 mom5t ( illness4 ,int5sity (           
pleasurable hope alt]nat+ ) pa9ful fe>  
may be equal 9 bo? cases1 b 9 quantity !
 latt] w\ld t5d to exce$4 ,v quiet      

natures are (t5 *>act]is$ by l>g5ess (  
quantity ( consci\sness4 ,o!r ?+s be+   
equal1 int5sity t5ds to r$uce quantity &
 obscure quality ( consci\sness4        
,quantity1 l int5sity1 may cause a      
reflex act ( consci\sness :5 x becomes s
 great z to pu% into consci\sness z     
recognition & feel+ ( quantity2 & z a   
feel+ ( l>g5ess1 elevation & m5tal p[] x
 is cle>ly di/+ui%able f excitem5t z    
feel+ ( int5sity4 ,int5sity is dep5d5t  
on ! =ce or /r5g? by :i* a m5tal /ate   
t5ds to p]si/ aga9/ o!r /ates :i* may be
 cr[d+ 91 & x is also closely connect$ )
 rapidity ( m5tal movem5t2 b x is       
prim>ily t5sion1 consci\sness at its    
highe/ /ret*1 specially z t\*+ ^u       
int]e/1 an elem5t m or less involv$ 9   
all consci\sness4  ,x w\ld seem highly  
desirable1 9 ord] to keep cle> !        
di/9ction betwe5 int5sity &             
feel+-(-int5sity1 to re/rict ! t]m      
,excitem5t to ! latt] mean+1 & sub/itute
 ! g5]al t]m ,int5sity = all objective  
excitem5t s-call$4 ,x is also greatly to

 be desir$ t ! reflex /ates :i* arise f 
sudd5 or great *anges 9 quality1        
quantity & int5sity ( consci\sness1 &   
:i* are commonly t]m$ feel+s1 %\ld      
receive m g5]al att5tion f psy*ologi/s  
?an h]et(ore4 ,i h 9 ?is pap] essay$    
some?+ 9 ?is direction1 b x is a v l>ge 
field1 & comp>atively unexplor$4        
,h[ev]1 s f> z ! problem ( feel+ z      
indiff]5ce is conc]n$1 en\gh has be5    
said on ,excitem5t & ,int5sity1 & ,i    
%all n[ consid] ,neutralisation z giv+  
neutral feel+1 a me?od sugge/$ by ,mr4  
,johnson 7,m9d1 xiii4 #hb71 & develop$  
by ,miss ,mason 7xiii4 #bec74 ,does a   
feel+1 neutral z reg>ds pleasure & pa91 
result f ! union 9 "o consci\sness ( a  
pleasure & pa9 ( equal int5sities8 ,is  
!re a composition ( equal pleasure-pa9  
=ces s t resultant equals z]o8 ,su* a "q
 implies a cle> appreh5sion ( :at is    
meant by be+ 9 consci\sness1 & z to !   
possibility ( p]fect co9cid5ce &        
equality 9 m5tal activities4 ,x is pla9 
t s f> z consci\sness is l9e>1          

neutralisation _c occur4 ,:]e !re is b  
"o track1 & b "o tra9 at a "t1 collision
 is impossible4 ,m5tal /ates (t5 appe>  
coexi/5t :ile !y are really consecutive4
 ,x is d\btful :e!r pa9 f too?a*e &     
pleasure f music ev] appe> 9 absolute   
syn*ronism 9 consci\sness1 b !y may     
alt]nate s rapidly sometimes z to appe> 
syn*ron\s to uncritical analysis4 ,to a 
man dr[n+1 a lifetime ( consci\s        
exp]i5ce seems cond5s$ into a few       
seconds4 ,?is means a consci\sness made 
v s5sitive & v rapid 9 its movem5t1 &   
:i* acts l a cam]a tak+ pictures ) a    
lightn+-%utt]4 ,ev5 if a pleasure & pa9 
did co9cide1 x is probable t 9 no case  
w\ld !y be exactly equal4 ,9 m5tal life 
z 9 organic life e product has an       
individuality3 z e leaf diff]s f e o!r  
leaf1 s e m5tal /ate is on complete/    
obs]vation sui g5]is4 ,?is is evid5tly a
 mo/ delicate inve/igation1 b ,i d\bt   
:e!r x c ev] be %[n t two equal         
pleasures & pa9s ev] appe> 9 ! same s5se
 9 consci\sness at ! same "t4           

,practically equal pleasures & pa9s 9   
consecutive consci\sness lead to        
vacillation1 & ! second>y pa9 (         
alt]nation & excitem5t drives intellig5t
 ag5ts to new activity1 or 9 /upid ag5ts
 ! alt]nation may be c>ri$ to exhau/ion4
  ,x is und\bt$ly true t consci\sness1 9
 all ! high] =ms at lea/1 is a complex2 
yet full & complete consci\sness is     
probably ( "o elem5t only1 & ! rema9+   
portion ( ! nexus grades (f into        
subconsci\sness & unconsci\sness4 ,!re  
is a network ( coexi/5t /ates (         
consci\sness 9 diff]5t degrees 9 mutual 
reaction1 ea* /riv+ = dom9ance b only "o
 at a "t rea*+ x4 ,"s portions ( !      
nexus1 z ,ego-tone1 are q p]man5t       
elem5ts4 ,! light ( a l>ge & brilliant  
consci\sness may illum9e a consid]able  
area1 b brightness mo/ c]ta9ly dim9i%es 
9 rapid ratio z ! di/ance increases f   
att5tion1 ! s+le po9t ( greate/         
illum9ation4 ,a highly develop$ bra9 may
 su/a9 a highly complex consci\sness1 b 
x is only at ! po9t ( highe/ functional 

activity t we f9d ! physiological basis 
( a full consci\sness4 ,:ile high grades
 ( m5tal life are s complex1 we d n f9d 
any:]e a m5tal comp\nd4 ,two div]se or  
opposite elem5ts nev] comb9e into a     
comp\nd :i* is totally unlike ei!r4     
,close analysis w fail to reveal any    
process ( neutralisation or comb9ation  
:]eby we exp]i5ce neutral /ates ( feel+4
  ,i h endeav\r$ to set =? ! real nature
 ( c]ta9 s-call$ neutral feel+s2 b at ! 
bottom ! "q is1 z 0 at fir/ intimat$1 a 
matt] ( def9ition4 ,is x be/ to re/rict 
! t]m ,feel+ to pleasurable & pa9ful    
/ates ( consci\sness1 or is x advisable 
= cle>ness & def9it5ess to wid5 ! use ( 
! t]m s z to include c]ta9 neutral      
/ates8 ,f su* analysis z has be5 made1  
,i d\bt ! advisability4 ,appeal 9 su*   
matt]s mu/ always be made to analysis1 &
 ! advantage mu/ be %[n = a concrete    
example4 ,! a priori idea or g5]al      
impression t pleasure & pa9 is too small
 a basis = all feel+ has no real weight4
 ,moreov]1 x mu/ always be borne 9 m9d t

 psy*ology1 l all o!r sci5ces1 deals    
only ) ph5om5a & n ) ess5ces1 n ) m9d b 
) m5tal manife/ations1 n ) feel+ z m5tal
 entity hav+ prop]ties1 be+ pleasurable1
 pa9ful1 etc41 b ) ^! qualities 9 & =   
!mselves4 ,?us ! metaphysical fallacy   
hidd5 9 su* common expressions z        
8pleasurable & pa9ful feel+s0 is to be  
con/antly gu>d$ aga9/4 ,! feel+ is n    
pleasurable or pa9ful1 b is ! pleasure  
or ! pa94 ,! feel+ has no indep5d5t be+ 
ap>t f ! attributes :i* 9 common usage  
are atta*$ to x1 nor is !re any g5]al   
act ( consci\sness ) :i* ^! prop]ties   
are to be connect$4 ,z indicat$ at !    
beg9n+ ( ?is pap]1 ?is common t5d5cy has
 its psy*ological basis 9 ! br++ "u !   
t]m ,feel+ "s ( ! m p]man5t elem5ts (   
consci\sness--especially !              
,ego-s5se--:i* /& = metaphysics z be+s &
 entities hav+ prop]ties4 ,k1 ,feel+1   
,w1 are = nom9ali/ic sci5ce simply g5]al
 t]ms d5ot+ ! ?ree gr\ps ( m5tal ph5om5a
 :i* seem to /& (f mo/ cle>ly &         
fundam5tally f ea* o!r1 & ,pleasure &   

,pa9 are mo/ cle>ly & fundam5tally set  
ov] aga9/ ,kn[+ & ,will+4 ,x does n seem
 t ,pr(essor ,ba9 & o!rs h made pla9 to 
u any bett] diff]5tia4  ,if ?is         
def9ition ( ,feel+ seems ! be/ t        
descriptive classification c give u1 x  
is c]ta9ly en=c$ by g5etic              
consid]ations4 ,! key to a really       
sci5tific classification lies 9 ! hi/ory
 ( m9d 9 ! individual & race4 ,! greate/
 progress 9 psy*ology is n to be atta9$ 
by ! psy*ologi/ cont9ually rev]t+ to 8  
own highly develop$ consci\sness1 b1 z 9
 all sci5ces1 ! /udy ( ! simple mu/ be  
made to ?r[ light ^u ! complex4         
,m5tality l life is a body ( ph5om5a ^: 
=ms _c be sep>at$ by h>d & fa/ l9es into
 ord]s1 g5]a1 species2 b !re is a       
cont9u\s developm5t ( radical factors4  
,9 ! e>lie/ =ms ( m9d we f9d ! mo/      
radical di/9ctions mo/ cle>ly & simply  
set =?1 & :at ,feel+ is at fir/1 x is by
 cont9uity ( developm5t ! same = ev]    
aft]4 ,! e>lie/ indications ( consci\s  
life %[ m]e/ trace ( appreh5sion (      

object1 "s organic pleasure & pa91      
consid]able /riv+ & ef=t4 ,m5tal        
evolution1 l all evolution1 is n by !   
elim9ation b by ! expansion ( its primal
 factors2 & by ! cont9u\s amplification 
& int5sification ( ^! ! highe/          
developm5t is rea*$4 ,pleasure & pa9    
rema9 !n = all consci\sness z con/ant   
factors2 & if ! t]m ,feel+ is to        
indicate "o elem5t 9 trip>tite m9d1 x   
mu/ be held to ?is mean+ ( pleasure &   
pa94 ,pleasure & pa9 9 _! mo/ complicat$
 col\r+s f develop$ k & w1 & 9 _! mo/   
subtle int]actions1 rema9 true to !     
primal type2 & :5 we f9d a /ate (       
consci\sness 9 :i* nei!r is a dom9ant   
factor1 we _h be/ d5ote x by "s o!r t]m 
?an ,feel+4 ,?is evolution>y reason     
seems to me ! /ronge/ "o = mak+ ! t]m   
,feel+ signify /ates ( pleasure or pa91 
&1 z ,i h sugge/$ 7,m9d1 xi4 #gd-e71 a  
g5etic classification ( ! feel+s mu/    
proce$ ^u ?is basis4                    
,,*apt] ,v                              
,,e>ly ,,diff]5tiation   ,a bl9d psy*ic 

life ( pure feel+ _c long avail 9 ! %>p 
/ruggle ( exi/5ce1 = to all /imulations 
x secures only two crude reactions1 a   
spasmodic1 def5sive activity f pa91 & an
 appropriative motion f pleasure4 ,?is  
p]fectly subjective consci\sness c s]ve 
only ! e>lie/ & crude/ dem&s ( life2 b z
 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce becomes fi]c]1 ! m 
delicate & def9ite reactions1 :i* c only
 come ?r\gh cognition1 are requir$4 ,all
 t we c say z to ! orig9 ( k 9 g5]al is 
t x arose1 or r 0 a*iev$1 l o!r consci\s
 & extra-consci\s functions1 9 answ] to 
! press+ dem&s ( ! organism2 & s f> z we
 c see1 x does n seem to be evolv$ f any
 pre-exi/+ consci\sness or any common   
basis ( m9d4 ,x is a di/9ct type (      
consci\sness1 & s utt]ly div]se t we _c 
trace any psy*ical cont9uity4 ,h[ev]1 we
 c rem>k ?is1--t p]fect objectify+ is n 
at once a*iev$1 b cognition mu/ be      
reg>d$ z beg9n+ 9 a v m9ute & obscure   
g]m 9 "s int5se feel+ /ate4 ,yet ?is g]m
 does n seem to h a direct psy*ical     
connection ) ! pure feel+ by :i* x is   

excit$ into exi/5ce1 b x is a reaction  
to an opposite mode m div]se f pleasure 
& pa9 ?an ^! are f ea* o!r4 ,moreov]1   
accord+ to ! law ( evolution by /ruggle1
 ?is fir/ cognition does n come to m9d1 
b is a*iev$ only 9 mo/ int5se w act1    
comp>able = relative int5sity to ! k    
orig9at$ by sev]e/ ef=t ( a man 9 dang] 
( 8 life li/5+ to a b>ely audible s\nd1 
or wat*+ a b>ely visible object on a    
di/ant horizon4 ,! evolution po9t = all 
life is 9 /ress & /ra91 & ?is is ! law (
 ! developm5t ( s5sation at all times 9 
psy*ic hi/ory4,a  -----  ,footnote ,a3  
,cf4 my rem>ks 9 ,psy*ological ,review1 
vol4 ii4 pp4 #ec ff4  -----  ,cognition 
und\bt$ly began z a v crude s5sation1 z 
! b>e/ movem5t t[>ds objectify+ s5se1 z 
a pure s5sation )\t any image =m1 any   
direct p]ception ( an object4 ,9 ! ord] 
( disappe>ance ( elem5ts f consci\sness1
 we note t s5sation ma9ta9s itself ?r\gh
 a long s]ies1 & is ! la/ /age be=e pure
 feel+ sets 94 ,z heat /imulus is       
increas$1 s5se ( heat beg9s at a c]ta9  

po9t1 & increases up to a c]ta9 int5sity
 ( ! /imulus & to a c]ta9 int5sity ( its
 own1 :5 x rapidly vani%es1 & 9 ! agony 
on ! v]ge ( unconsci\sness is lo/ 9 pure
 pa94 ,we note also t ! cognition (     
object1 ( ?+1 disappe>s be=e ! s5sation 
( heat does4 ,a p]son burn+ to dea? is =
 a "t consci\s ( ! fire1 :i*            
consci\sness at l5g? is lo/ 9 int5se    
pa9ful s5sations ( heat2 & ?is 9 turn1  
at ! acme ( consci\sness entirely       
disappe>s1 leav+ only pure pa94 ,fur!r1 
! rise to full consci\sness1 z well z ! 
fall to unconsci\sness1 also sugge/s b>e
 s5sation z ! orig9al cognition4 ,if a  
hot iron be appli$ to "o 9 deep sleep1 !
 ord] ( wak+ consci\sness--ap>t f any   
dream ord]--is pure pa91 !n s5sation (  
heat1 !n aw>5ess ( hot object1 & also ( 
"p heat$ & pa9+4 ,9 our ord9>y          
consci\sness x is c]ta9ly v h>d to ev5  
p>tially isolate ! v>i\s elem5ts4       
,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a p]son w say1 8,i h 
su* a que] pa92 ,i d n "k :at x is40 ,! 
psy*osis ?us indicat$ is evid5tly pa9 ) 

a movem5t t[>ds a s5sation :i* yet is n 
realiz$4 ,s5sation does n come ?\gh x is
 look$ =2 !re is pa9 only1 & unqualifi$ 
save by ! peculi>ity ( be+ unid5tifi$4  
,! s5se ( lack ( s5sation bewild]s1     
because s5sation is s con/ant = our     
psy*ic life2 b 9 primitive m9d !re is no
 su* feel+ ( que]ness :5 s5sation does n
 come1 or x is n able to atta9 x4 ,?is  
inwr\ght t5d5cy to s5se all our pa9s &  
pleasures1 & to feel ! lack if we d n1  
is evid5tly ! result ( a long evolution4
 ,s5sation is ?us se5 to be an activity 
:i* we ex]cise to give def9ition to our 
pure feel+s2 !re is some?+ unfulfill$ = 
u if s5sation does n come1 & we may ?us 
g out = x & int]pret ! pa9 9 s5se =m by 
a w-ef=t4 ,primitive m9d1 h[ev]1 does n 
a*ieve its s5sations z incit$ by ?is    
indef9ite s5se ( lack-que]ness or       
/rang5ess1 b ?r\gh pa9 at "s critical   
mom5t to obta9 a suitable reaction4 ,all
 s5sation is at fir/1 z we ev5 n[ c     
fa9tly realize1 by a sev]e ef=t1 & is n 
a spontane\s1 incom+ impression4        

,p>adoxical z is ! expression1 8we le>n 
to "k10 yet x conta9s a tru? 9 t        
cognition is an atta9m5t incit$ by !    
necessities ( ! organism4 ,necessity is 
! "m ( inv5tion1 & k is at fir/ an      
inv5tion :i* ! organism hits ^u to help 
x 9 ! exig5cies ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 e>ly &   
ev5 9 lat] consci\sness x is probable t 
! majority ( pleasures & pa9s are s dull
 9 int5sity t !y d n r\se s5sation1 &   
comp>atively few incite z f> z to       
p]ception4 ,a close analysis ( our own  
consci\sness ev5 w %[ _m pleasures &    
pa9s1 _m vague /ates ( uneas9ess &      
discom=t1 & _m ( organic pleasure &     
com=t1 :i* lead to no?+ & come to no?+ =
 ei!r s5sation or p]ception4 ,^! /ates  
/& alone by !mselves1 & vani% ) little  
effect on ei!r m9d or body4 ,!y         
con/itute ! out] fr+e ( consci\sness :]e
 all m5tality />ts1 & "u suffici5t      
pressure ( life-int]e/ develops into    
great fulness & complexity1 or1 :5 (    
comp>atively little value to ! organism1
 !y disappe> sudd5ly & completely4 ,i am

 incl9$ also to ?9k t close scrut9y w   
sometimes reveal = psy*ical life1 z = ! 
physical1 c]ta9 entirely useless        
survivals1 undiff]5tiat$ feel+s ( "s    
types1 & probably also "s pure          
s5sations4  ,i conceive !n t !          
fundam5tal ord] ( consci\sness is n1 z  
usually set =?1 pure s5sation )         
accompany+ pleasure & pa91 b !          
rev]se--pure pleasure & pa9 ) accompany+
 s5sation2 & only by a v gradual        
evolution inde$ did pure feel+ br+ 9    
s5sation1 :i* is ?us always sequ5t & n  
accompanim5t4 ,we commonly inquire z to 
a s5sation1 ,0 x pleasurable or pa9ful8 
b ! true =m ( inquiry is1 ,0 ! pa9 or   
pleasure s5seful8 ,did x atta9 to br++ 9
 ! qualify+ elem5t ( a s5sation1 & 9 :at
 =m8  ,! qualify+ ( pure feel+ to atta9 
actions suitably diff]5tiat$ = di/9ct   
=ces mu/ h proce$$ v sl[ly1 & h _h !    
dimme/ beg9n+4 ,we _c suppose t         
consci\sness atta9$ at once & easily to 
a manifold ( s5se1 mu* less h _h ?is    
br\ght to x1 involunt>ily receiv$4 ,!   

e>lie/ =ms ( s5sations 7 no d\bt ( ^?   
affections ( ! body produc$ by heat1    
pressure1 & o!r elem5ts :i* det]m9e mo/ 
vitally ! exi/5ce ( ! organism4 ,! fir/ 
s5sation inde$ 0 und\bt$ly n 9 any      
p>ticul> mode1 b 0 a b>e & undiff]5tiat$
 =m4 ,x 0 "s su* indef9ite & g5]al      
s5sation z we may sometimes detect ne> !
 vani%+-po9t ( consci\sness j be=e pure 
pa9 /ate occurs4 ,= example1 ! s5se (   
heat z su* is lo/ at a giv5 temp]ature =
 a giv5 case1 & !re exi/s = a mom5t a   
vague g5]al s5sation1 s5sation p] se1   
be=e m]e pa9 absorbs all consci\sness4  
,s5sation at its v orig9 0 n s5se ( any 
k9d1 s5se ( heat1 pressure1 etc41 b a   
m]e undiff]5tiat$ s5se ( bodily         
affection4 ,! body is n1 ( c\rse1       
appreh5d$ z object1 b !re is a vague    
attribut+ & qualify+ :i* m>ks ! /ate z m
 ?an purely c5tral1 z be+ a real        
objectify+4 ,too?a*e1 = in/ance1 implies
 a*e be=e ! too?a*e1 & ?is g5]al a*+ is 
! type ( e>ly unorganiz$ s5sation4 ,pa9 
is ! ess5ce ( ! /ate1 & is ?r\gh\t      

dom9ant1 ! cognition 9 m]e a*+ be+ a v  
m9or elem5t4 8,i 0 awak5$ 9 ! night by a
 too?a*e10 is ! objective description ( 
a triple movem5t 9 consci\sness1 pa91   
a*e1 too?a*e4 ,! e>lie/ cognitive       
exp]i5ces 7 all ( ?is v g5]al type (    
s5sation1 :i* becomes gradually m       
def9itely localiz$ & qualifi$ z di/9ct  
modes ( s5sation2 pa9-hung]1 pa9-heat1  
pa9-pressure1 & correspond+             
pleasure-s5sations are diff]5tiat$4     
,subtract ! m]e pa9 f hung] /ate & f    
pa9ful s5sation ( heat1 & we h c]ta9    
quales :i* are difficult to analyse1 b  
:i* are cognitive 9 nature4 ,div]se     
bodily affections are s5s$ div]sely     
in/ead ( be+ felt 9 "o mode1 pure feel+4
  ,we h f> outgr[n ! s5sation-cognition 
psy*ic /age1 & speak+ ( psy*ic hi/ory 9 
biologic t]ms1 x belongs to ! e>ly      
palozoic4 ,we h yet to =mulate !        
succession ( psy*ic ages1 9 ea* ( :i* "s
 di/9ct psy*ic p[] atta9s dom9ancy1 &   
produces m9ds z div]se f ours z !       
organisms ( pa/ ages are diff]5t f our  

own bodies4 ,z already po9t$ out1 x is  
an extremely difficult problem to       
realize by subjective me?od ^! anci5t   
types4 ,a m]e g5]al s5sation is a v r>e 
ph5om5on 9 our ord9>y consci\sness1 &   
ev5 special s5sations r>ely occur 9 pure
 =m4 ,to realize :at s5sation ( heat is 
= a simple consci\sness1 we mu/ /rip our
 m9ds b>e ( mo/ ( _! furni%+s1 = all our
 s5sations ( heat are int]pret$ )       
ref]5ce to visual & tactual objects :i* 
mu/ be non-exi/5t = e>ly consci\sness4  
,s5sation = u is a complex ( s5sations  
plus p]ceptions & o!r cognitive &       
emotional elem5ts :i* lie beyond e>ly   
m9d1 b :i* by an inevitable automorphism
 we int]pret into e>ly =ms4 ,?is        
automorphism ) ! *ild is complete1 & is 
nev] p]fectly effac$ ev5 9 ! mo/        
accompli%$ psy*ologi/4 ,a life ( simple 
feel+1 or ( ?is plus simple s5sation is 
mo/ difficult ( realization2 /ill we may
 h reason to believe t ! psy*ic life ( a
 l[ type consi/s :olly 9 repeat$ pa9s & 
pleasures occasionally ris+ s high t    

consci\sness rea*es to a vague g5]al    
s5sation1 or r>ely to a ?rill ( heat1 or
 s5se ( hung] or pressure4 ,( c\rse1 9  
all cases we assume w-activity4  ,& we h
 to emphasize ?is aga91 t all s5sation1 
l all pa91 :ile always f objects is nev]
 ( objects4 ,! objective description "h1
 z usual1 does n give ! inn] /ate4 ,our 
automorphic t5d5cy leads u inevitably to
 reg>d ! ord] 9 :i* we p]ceive !        
organism to be effect$ by ext]nal       
objects to be its receiv$ ord]4 ,b a    
little reflection always conv9ces u t   
?is is 9 ! nature ( ! case an errone\s  
proc$ure1 t :at happ5s )9 consci\sness  
is n prim>ily any cognition ( a _w (    
objects1 nor an appreh5sion ( !m 9 any  
=m4 ,s5sation1 :ile objective by virtue 
( be+ cognition1 is n 9 any way a       
realization ( object1 b is objective    
only t[>d ! dynamic )9 ! individual     
organism1 & is n appreh5sion ( /atic    
:oles ( any k9d4 ,x is an objectify+ to 
=ce1 n to ?+s1 & ?is 9 ! modes (        
physiological affection4 ,x is n        

appreciation ( a some?+1 b ( a someh[4  
,9 ! e>lie/ /age ( m9d1 z has be5 be=e  
notic$1 all mann] ( mat]ial causes r\se 
n\ght m ?an a pure feel+ mode2 heat1    
pressure1 electricity1 s\nd1 light1     
nutrim5t or its abs5ce1 if !y atta9 to  
wak5 ! function ( consci\sness1         
accompli% no m ?an pure feel+ z b>e pa9 
& pleasure4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 natural to  
conceive t f ! fir/ consci\sness1       
responds objectively 9 s5sation 9 z _m  
modes z organism is mov$ by ext]nal &   
int]nal =ces2 b a multi=m s5se orig9 (  
consci\sness is n borne out by ! g5]al  
t5d5cy & law ( evolution1 nor yet by su*
 special indications 9 consci\sness z we
 are able to obs]ve4 ,:5 a v "y infant  
seems to rea* pleasurably to w>m?1 if we
 are correct 9 posit+ consci\sness at   
all1 x is /ill v unlikely t !re is s5se 
( w>m?1 b ! /ate is probably pure       
pleasure2 & if !re is s5se ( w>m?1 x did
 n give ! pleasure1 b ! rev]se4 ,we     
believe likewise t x is probable t a    
consci\sness response to nutrim5t is1 at

 fir/1 m]e pleasure1 & only1 second>ily1
 organic s5sation4 ,?us1 w>m? & nutrim5t
 effect1 b only1 at fir/1 9 ! "o mode ( 
pure feel+1 & secondly1 pure s5sation z 
g5]al organic satisfaction4 ,la/ly      
arises a diff]5c+ 9 consci\sness = !    
diff]5t bodily *anges4 ,& ! multi=mity (
 /imulus & paucity ( consci\sness 9     
modes :ile s v app>5t 9 e>ly m9d is yet 
always f\nd 9 all grades ( psy*ic life4 
,! responsiv5ess ( consci\sness is nev] 
p]fect$1 & m9d has a practically inf9ite
 field = ! acquirem5t ( s5sation1 =     
appreciat+ :at has nev] affect$         
consci\sness1 or :i* m9d has felt or    
kn[n only by "s g5]al mode4 ,! infant1  
no d\bt1 has _m pa9s = :i* x has no     
s5sation values4 ,^! pa9s1 p]fectly pure
 & undiff]5tiat$ ! "o f ! o!r1 h _h _!  
occasion 9 a v>iety ( physical *anges4  
,a native ( ! tropics1 :o on fir/ t\*+  
ice says x burns1 has at fir/ b a s+le  
s5sation = v div]se physical affections2
 b he soon atta9s an icy s5sation1 t ice
 feels n burn+1 b /++ cold4 ,m51        

civiliz$ & educat$1 (t5 are consci\sly  
affect$ by bodily *anges ( :i* !y are   
:olly incognizant1 ! psy*osis be+ n     
specializ$ accord+ to ! mode ( *ange4 ,9
 degrad$ /ates ( consci\sness1 :i* come 
to all1 !re (t5 appe>s obscure feel+ &  
s5sation1 :i* is a practically s+le mode
 ( answ] to a v wide v>iety ( physical  
excitation4 ,9 realiz+ ! v>iety (       
ext]nal objects & *anges ! m9d proce$s b
 sl[ly1 ea* new =m always at fir/ 9 pure
 feel+4 ,x is only z some?+ affects     
feel+ & int]e/ t we ev] come to "k x or 
its manife/ations 9 physiological *ange4
  ,s5sations are1 !n1 by no means su*   
orig9al & simple elem5ts ( m9d z (t5    
conceiv$2 b !y are develop$ =ms ( "s    
g5]al undiff]5tiat$ cognitive /ate1     
s5sation z b>e appreh5sion ( bodily     
di/urbance1 & ?is itself _c be acc\nt$  
absolutely orig9al4 ,! evolution into   
p>ticul> modes ( s5sation1 z s5se (     
heat1 hung]1 light1 pressure1 etc41 is 9
 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce gradually a*iev$1 &
 also !re) ! evolution ( special        

s5se-organs4 ,& we mu/ always be> 9 m9d 
t x is n ! s5se-organ t develops !      
s5sation1 b on ! contr>y ! ef=t at s5s+ 
t produces1 ma9ta9s1 & improves !       
s5se-organ4 ,! eagle's eye has be5      
develop$ by unceas+ /ra9+ z incit$ by ! 
necessities ( exi/5ce felt 9 pa9 &      
pleasure4 ,x is natural = u at our /age 
( developm5t to suppose t ! organs (    
s5se give s5sations & to expla9 !       
s5sation by ! physiological organ2 b :5 
we reflect t s5sations come to u f !    
organ only up to ! measure ( ! mom5tum f
 h]$ity1 we see ! insuffici5cy ( purely 
physiological int]pretation4 ,evolution 
to-day is on ! same basis z evolution at
 any p]iod1 & z x always has be51 x     
always w be1 dep5d5t ^u a ceaseless     
nisus4 ,x is only by pa9/ak+            
ef=t--lab\r--t man progresses 9         
s5sibility1 & ?is ef=t has always an    
inc5tive 9 "s =m ( int]e/ t is          
pleasure-pa9 basis4 ,?us x is t !       
a/ronom]'s eye1 ! microscopi/'s eye1 !  
arti/'s eye1 is =m$4 ,! multi=m         

s5sibility ( ! tea-ta/] is atta9$ by    
assidu\s ta/+1 & ! developm5t 9 organ   
only foll[s p>i passu4 ,:at is seem+ly  
simple & orig9al 9 s5sation = u 01 no   
d\bt1 l ! v special =ms ( s5sibility    
acquir$ by our speciali/1 a*iev$ by !   
l[] =ms pa9fully & toilfully1 & pass$ on
 to u4 ,our highe/ feats ( s5sation &   
insight may likewise = our remote       
desc5dants be intuitions1 ^: app>5tly   
simple nature may be ass]t$ z ! basis ( 
philosophic sy/ems4 ,a g5ius is "o :o   
ant$ates ! g5]al /age ( progress ( 8    
p]iod by hav+ z intuitions1 z seem+ly   
direct & simple kn[l$ges & s5sations1   
:at is beyond or b>ely )9 ! int5se/ ef=t
 ( 8 contempor>ies1 ?\gh x may become   
common & easy = all m5 ( lat] ages4  ,! 
mov+ factors1 ! active ag5ts 9 !        
evolution ( consci\sness1 are n1 ,i ?9k1
 s5se-impressions ( any k9d2 ^! are !   
results1 r ?an ! inc5tives1 ( m5tal     
evolutions4 ,m9d acquires its :ole s5se 
outfit1 & receives no cognition :atev]  
ready-made4 ,x is h>d1 inde$1 = u to put

 ourselves at ! po9t ( view ( acquirem5t
 ( :at seem to u simple impressions (   
s5se2 b ! difficulty is only ( ! same   
g5]al nature z to und]/& h[ :at seem to 
be direct p]ceptions ( ?+s 9 space are  
really indirect4 ,! progress ( psy*ology
 w1 9 my op9ion1 t5d to %[ m & m t giv5s
 ( all k9ds are su* 9 appe>ance only1 & 
t m9d 9 its ess5ce is purely a          
feel+-ef=t4  ,! diff]5tiation ( action  
secur$ ?r\gh s5sation & its             
diff]5tiations is evid5tly ( ! utmo/    
importance to life1 b /ill ! objectivity
 secur$ is small4 ,9 ! pure feel+ /age1 
reaction is a v hit-&-miss affair1 & 9  
pure s5sation /age x is b little bett]4 
,guid$ only by pres5t s5sations1 !      
organism 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is bl9d  
to all objects1 &1 kn[+ n itself nor o!r
 objects1 anticipatory action is        
entirely beyond its p[]4 ,! gr[? ( m9d  
is to secure delicacy & precision (     
adju/m5t ) l>ge/ "t & space ext5sion1 & 
! a*ievem5t ( objectification 0 a t\r de
 =ce ( ! highe/ value4 ,! exig5cies (   

life-/ruggle lead comp>atively e>ly f   
cognition ( mode ( affection to !       
cognition ( ?+ affect+4 ,p]ception      
arises to supplem5t s5sation1 & full    
objectification op5s ! way = intellig5t 
activities4 ,?+ or object is fir/1 no   
d\bt1 appreh5d$ tactually2 b ! s5se (   
t\* is1 ( c\rse1 acquir$ be=e cognition 
( ?+ t\*$4 ,we1 inde$1 f9d x difficult  
to appreciate ?is1 s9ce 9 t\* we        
con/antly appreh5d ?+s z 9 contact ) u2 
/ill1 if 9 "s v sluggi% /ate1 z deep    
sleep1 :5 ! v>i$ & correlat$ life (     
s5sation ) p]ception is practically nil1
 a r\gh object be made to be> ^u ! body 
z a lump 9 ! mattress1 x is evid5t t    
consci\sness beg9s z b>e pa91 !n g5]al  
uneas9ess z b>e g5]al s5sation1 !n s5se 
( t\*1 & f9ally cognition ( object by   
means ( & ?r\gh ! t\* s5sation4 ,! s5se 
( ?+ t\*$ foll[s on s5se ( t\*4 ,?is    
g5]al ord] may be illu/rat$ f a squib 9 
a comic pap] ( ! day4 ,a swell f9d+ a   
fri5d sitt+ by an op5 w9d[ on a cold day
 asks him if he does n feel cold4 ,he   

answ]s1 8,ya-z2 ,i guess ,i d4 ,i knew  
!ah 0 some?+ ! mattah ) me2 ,i suppose x
 mu/ be cold40 ,! ?reefold movem5t 9 ?is
 noodle's m9d z evid5c$ by 8 words1 is1 
fir/1 feel+ pa92 second1 a some?+ !     
matt]1 i4e41 g5]al s5s+ & objectify+    
!reupon2 ?ird1 p>ticul>iz+ to feel+     
cold4 ,he has simply gone back to       
primitive process4 ,t\* or o!r s5sation 
is 9 itself no m ?an an objectification 
( physiological *ange1 & calls up no    
object :atev]4 ,9 pure s5sation !re is  
no image ( any?+1 b x is m]ely a peculi>
 modify+ ( pleasure-pa9 accord+ to mode 
( physiological /imulus4 ,a heat ?rill  
does n include objectification to any   
exi/5ces1 n ev5 to ! physical body ( !  
organism s5s+4  ,x is only by & ?r\gh   
s5se ( physiological di/urbance t       
aw>5ess ( object is a*iev$4 ,int5se     
s5sation /imulates to full cognition1 to
 complete act ( objectify+4 ,?is t5d5cy 
( s5sation is illu/rat$ by ! common     
say+1 8hung] %>p5s wit02 & c]ta9 x is t 
pres5tation ( food objects is arriv$ at 

only by ?is /imulus4 ,! e>lie/          
objectify+1 no d\bt1 arose f a          
pa9-s5sation ( "s k9d2 b ?is primitive  
cognition ( object 0 purely g5]al1 j z  
primitive s5sation 0 purely g5]al4 ,a _w
 ( objects is n at fir/ & at once       
atta9$1 b only object b>ely z su*1 dim  
aw>5ess ( a m]e mass4 ,9 ! e>lie/ /age e
 pres5tation is ( a b>e objectivity1 s t
 "o cognition diff]s f ano!r 9 no wise z
 reg>ds cont5t4 ,?is m]e ?+1 :i* is fir/
 full cognition cont5t1 is next to      
no-?+4 ,:5 we try to conceive ?is ?+ we 
inevitably foi/ 9 "s special s5sation & 
p]ception1 mo/ g5]ally s5se ( light &   
see+2 & ! explication j made 9 ! previ\s
 s5t5ce 0 und\bt$ly und]/ood by ! read] 
9 visual t]ms4 ,our appreh5sion ( object
 is correlation ( sev]al modes1 & x is  
mo/ difficult to intimate 9 any word+   
:at b>e undiff]5tiat$ appreh5sion (     
object may be4 ,if ! embryology ( m9d 7 
m ?or\ghly /udi$1 we %\ld und]/& 9 "s   
measure1 = ?is /age mo/ probably occurs 
9 ! v e>lie/ activities ( e human &     

animal m9d4 ,a totum objectivum1 :i* is 
?+ & no?+ m1 is1 p]haps1 occasionally   
obs]vable 9 our own consci\sness :5 at v
 l[ ebb--at su* times :5 pure feel+ &   
pure s5sation become possible phases4   
,?is g5]al1 undiff]5tiat$ cognition (   
object & all ! special =ms !refrom      
develop$ mu/ always be acc\nt$ z com+   
ab\t 9 no spontane\s way1 b z atta9$ &  
support$ ?r\gh w activity ( an int5se   
=m4 ,p]ception ( object is n 9 any true 
s5se impress$ f )\t1 nor yet 9 any true 
s5se is x a native faculty or p[]4 ,x is
 n m or less freely con/ruct$ out ( m or
 less giv5 data4 ,x is ! necessities (  
life t br+ m9d to a*ieve full cognition2
 & ?is alone is ! fir/ cause (          
cognition1 :i* is always 9 its inception
 cognitive ef=t t[>d objective          
realities1 t[>ds a _w ( ?+s4 ,^!        
objects1 among :i* & 9 close relation to
 :i* "s s+le object1 organism1 mu/      
live--?is is ! common po/ulate ( all    
biologic sci5ce1 psy*ology              
includ$--con/itute a _w4 ,! liv+ object 

is su* by virtue ( ! simple/            
consci\sness1 a feel+-w1 z absolutely   
ess5tial to any advantage\s action4 ,x  
is by ?is root-=m1 feel+-w1 t cognition 
is ultimately accompli%$1 & n by virtue 
( any impr9t+ ( objects ^u m9d z 9 "s   
measure a tabula rasa1 nor yet 9 any    
purely subjective con/ruction ( object4 
,object is reveal$ nei!r f )\t nor f )92
 x is a*iev$ solely z a guide to        
advantage\s action 9 ! /ruggle =        
exi/5ce4 ,( c\rse1 ! m9d does n kn[+ly  
rea* k1 does n =ekn[ x & its advantage 9
 ord] to atta9 x2 ?is is a contradiction
 9 t]ms1 & pr(ects backw>d a highly     
ref9$ teleology4 ,all we d at pres5t is 
to simply assume x z law t s]viceable   
consci\snesses1 cognition & o!rs1 are   
inevitably atta9$ 9 ! /ress ( exi/5ce4  
,= ! sci5ce ( psy*ology1 metaphysics    
ap>t1 ?is is ! be/ /&po9t1 & all we c n[
 say4 ,! confirmation ( an organism's   
activity1 cognitive & o!rwise1 z        
s]viceable1 is 9 feel+ pa9 & pleasure1  
:i* is ! orig9al mode 9 :i* objects     

excite consci\sness or consci\sness     
reacts to !m4 ,x is 9 feel+ z ! />t+    
po9t t cognition is det]m9$ & ma9ta9$4  
,we _c sci5tifically speak ( any m5tal  
process z native1 t is1 m9d itself is n 
native4 ,by ! v t]m orig9al we exclude  
inborn4 ,! fir/ consci\sness occurr$1 x 
0 m]ely ev5t1 useful ev5t2 & if we fur!r
 say x 0 acquir$1 we probably say :at   
agrees be/ ) biology z a :ole4 ,x is    
impossible at pres5t to discuss :e!r or 
n m9d may be a primitive vital function1
 = :]e life beg9s or ends is itself a   
mo/ obscure problem2 b :e!r x be prim>y 
or second>y1 m9d 9 no =m is prop]ly     
native1 t is a pure giv51 b we simply   
say ! function is display$1 z we speak (
 nutrition or reproduction4 ,9 !        
organism we see some?+ :i* has          
nutritive1 reproductive1 motor          
processes1 p]haps also consci\sness     
processes2 & s f> z !re is any problem z
 to ! nature ( consci\sness z native    
function x belongs to a g5]al biologic  
problem4 ,z to ! "q z to :e!r cognition 

or :at cognitions are orig9al & simple 9
 all m9d1 we h already exclud$ ! :ole   
field ( cognition f ?is position4  ,does
 ! g5]al objectification1 ! fir/ /age 9 
cognition ( object1 h any special       
function = ! develop$ pres5tation =ms ( 
lat] consci\sness8 ,mr4 ,w>d1 9 8       
sugge/ive article 9 ! ,encyclopdia      
,britannica1 seems to intimate t x has4 
,he says 7p4 #ej71 ,actual pres5tation  
consi/s 9 ?is cont9uum be+ diff]5tiat$ &
 e diff]5tiation con/itutes a new       
pres5tation48 ,mr4 ,w>d 9 ?is connection
 sets =? t pres5tation-cont9uity 9      
consci\sness is det]m9$ by a            
pres5tation-cont9uum :i* is 0totum      
objectivum4 ,pres5tation activity is    
fundam5tally a diff]5tiat+ ( ?is con/ant
 elem5t4 ,we might comp>e ?is cont9uum  
to an ocean f ^: surface rise waves1    
p>ticul> pres5tations1 :i* subside aga9 
into ! p>5t sea1 :i* ev] rema9s z !     
con/ant basis ( all wave movem5ts4  ,n[ 
! "q ( cont9ua is a v broad "o4 ,d !    
e>ly /ages ( consci\sness1 pure feel+1  

pure s5sation1 pure objectivity1 rema9 z
 con/itut+ ! basic bulk ( all high]     
consci\sness1 & is all high]            
consci\sness b diff]5tiation ( ^! z well
 z f ^!1 t is1 is x no m ?an diff]5tiat+
 activity kept up on a va/ s]ies (      
levels & sub-levels8 ,or are we to reg>d
 !m z regressive /ages to :i* develop$  
consci\sness r>ely returns8 ,may we     
consid] t !re is a c]ta9 hi/ology ( m9d1
 t c]ta9 primitive =ms1 l tissues 9 !   
body1 con/itute ! inn] & con/ant        
/ructure ( m9d8  ,! !ory ( cont9ua1 be x
 obs]v$1 9 its fulness requires a       
numb]less s]ies ( levels & sub-levels   
support+ "o ano!r1 = a high =m (        
consci\sness pre-supposes an indef9ite  
s]ies ( antec$5t /ages4 ,:ile any highly
 diff]5tiat$ consci\sness is go+ on x   
mu/ be an actual diff]5tiat+ ( ! prec$+ 
/age1 :i* is !re=e co9cid5t & pre-exi/5t
 to x1 & ?is latt] 9 turn mu/ h its     
support+ cont9uum1 & s on d[n ad        
inf9itum4 ,! !ory makes m9d a :eel )9   
:eel ( bewild]+ intricacy4 ,yet m9d 9   

?is po9t ( view has a c]ta9 analogy ) ! 
physiological /atus ( ! high] organisms1
 = example1 ! human body is colonial1 is
 con/itut$ ( a multitude ( cells1 a     
simple type ( organisms1 by ^:          
cons5tane\s activity ! :ole body is     
animate4  ,"o objection to ?is !ory is t
 x conf\nds function+ ) diff]5tiat+4 ,n 
e act ( consci\sness is by its v nature 
a diff]5tiat+1 a movem5t t[>d           
specialization4 ,consci\sness is on !   
:ole m (t5 regressive ?an progressive1 &
 v (t5 practically nei!r1 z = example1 9
 all in/9ctive1 habitual1 & spontane\s  
activities4  ,b aga91 :ile diff]5tiat+  
act c]ta9ly pre-supposes !              
undiff]5tiat$1 does x require co9cid5ce8
 ,= in/ance1 vision z ord9>y =m1 receiv+
 impressions1 c]ta9ly conta9s no totum  
objectivum activity1 b also z           
diff]5tiat+ act1 z int5se visual ef=t   
rea*+ to high] developm5t1 x g5]ally1 at
 lea/1 seems free f any l[] /age1 & is  
engross$ 9 itself4 ,s9ce we make ! prime
 cause ( all m5tal developm5t &         

diff]5tiation 9 w1 we d n ne$ any       
undiff]5tiat$ g5]al gr\nd rema9+ 9      
consci\sness z basic elem5t1 nor does   
analysis ( consci\sness %[ ?is con/ant  
elem5t4 ,successive phases ( pres5tation
 developm5t are atta9$ ?r\gh ef=t1 b "o 
does n gradually gr[ & bran* out ( ! o!r
 by a purely inw>d impetus ( its own4 ,i
 believe1 inde$1 t ! inn] life ( m9d    
consi/s 9 its orig9al =ms1 & t !y rema9 
9 late m9d n m]ely z useless survivals b
 hav+ a di/9ct functional value2 b ,i d 
n see h[ any or all ( ! g5]al /ages (   
m5tality con/itute cont9ua =            
consci\sness ( high] types4 ,in/ead (   
be+ con/ant basal elem5ts !y occur & are
 blott$ out ) su* rapidity t reflection 
c v r>ely id5tify !m 7vide p4 #fc74 ,!y 
are lo/ & swall[$ up 9 complex          
consci\sness s quickly z to leave no    
trace ^u memory1 & !y d n subsi/ or     
cont9ue ?r\gh\t ! complex =ms4 ,!y are  
!n ! v opposite ( cont9ua1 be+1 9 fact1 
! mo/ evanesc5t ( m5tal ph5om5a4        
,consci\sness 9 all high] =ms1 z ! human

 m9d1 mu/ & does m\nt ! ma9 /eps ( its v
 e>ly gr[? ) m>vell\s rapidity & leaves 
!m entirely beh9d4 ,! m primitive ! /age
 ! m quickly x vani%es1 till (t5 x seems
 to appe> 9 t5d5cy =m only1 or be ?r[n  
into a subconsci\sness4 ,primitive types
 ex]cise a mo/ important b fleet+       
influ5ce 9 advanc$ consci\sness :i*     
rises ?r\gh !m mo/ rapidly & easily1 b 9
 ! less advanc$ ! contr>y is ! case4 ,! 
,au/ralian savages1 z obs]v$ by         
,lumholtz1 came to _! s5ses & rea*$ a   
full awak5+ 9 ! morn+ v sl[ly z comp>$ )
 civiliz$ m54 ,) dull *ildr5 likewise we
 obs]ve h[ sl[ly !y awak54 ,all         
regressive =ms rea* b sl[ly to _! full  
consci\sness & dwell long 9 int]m$iate  
/ages4 ,b 9 all cases :5 high] =ms ent] 
! l[] disappe>s1 :5 v>i$ p]ception ent]s
 9 awak5+1 !n ! prec$+ dim g5]al        
objectivity is :olly oblit]at$4  ,x w be
 rem>k$ t admitt+1 z we d1 ! con/ant    
exi/5ce 9 m5tal life ( feel+ z pleasure 
& pa91 we !reby make ?is a real         
cont9uum4 ,b we may say t consci\sness  

is nev] )\t a pleasure-pa9 con/itu5t &  
yet n ass]t a cont9uum4 ,consci\sness   
cont9ually possesses "s pleasure-pa9    
elem5t1 b ?is is n a feel+ z cont9u\s   
/ate1 z an und]ly+ diff]5tiat+ basis    
pleasures & pa9s z div]se indep5d5t     
/ates are ess5tial inc5tives 9 all      
consci\sness1 b !y d n con/itute a s+le 
cont9uum4  ,( c\rse1 e consci\sness1 z  
long z x cont9ues1 is 9 ?is v g5]al s5se
 a cont9uum1 b no =m ( consci\sness1    
primitive or advanc$1 c1 ) "o exception1
 be call$ a cont9uum1 z a s+le mode     
runn+ ?r\gh & unify+ a long /ret* ( v>i$
 consci\snesses4 ,?is exception is !    
complex elem5t ( ego-tone4 ,e>ly m9d is 
no m ?an a kaleidoscopic jumble1 ) no "o
 organiz+ & unify+ elem5t4 ,ev5 :5      
consci\sness f happ5+ 9 purely          
disconnect$ fla%es atta9s fir/ a c]ta9  
limit$ cont9uity1 ?is is n by means ( "s
 consci\s elem5t p]si/+ ?r\gh a s]ies1 b
 m]ely signifies t z fa/ z "o           
consci\sness dies out1 ano!r takes its  
place1 i4e41 ! cont9uity is purely =mal 

& temporal4 ,x is ?r\gh                 
self-consci\sness alone t any real      
cont9uum is a*iev$ 9 & = consci\sness1 &
 ?is ego-tone is f> f be+ primitive4  ,!
 s5sation & objectify+ z discuss$ 9 ?is 
*apt] 9 connection ) feel+1 bo? pa9 &   
pleasure1 con/itutes complex /ates (    
consci\sness :i* may be t]m$ a feel+ :5 
! pa9 or pleasure is dom9ant1 or a      
cognition :5 ! s5s+ & objectify+ is     
dom9ant4 ,?us by a feel+ ,i und]/& a    
/ate ( consci\sness :i* is ei!r entirely
 or dom9antly pa9 or pleasure1 ! =m] be+
 pure feel+1 ! latt] mix$ feel+4 ,?is   
latt] class con/itutes ! feel+s prop]ly 
s-call$1 z v>i$ pa9s & pleasures1 !     
v>iation elem5t be+ ! cognition 9 "s =m4
 ,feel+ z be+ 9 diff]5t k9ds is made su*
 by ! diff]5tiation ( cognition4 ,?us   
hung] is nei!r a pure s5sation--t is by 
pure s5sation mean+ n absolutely pure1 =
 pleasure or pa9 is inv>iable inc5tive  
concomitant1 b s5sation pure f any      
di/9ct mode ( appreh5sion1 z m]ely g5]al
 & undiff]5tiat$--nor yet is hung] pure 

pa91 b x is ! comb9ation ( a c]ta9      
def9ite s5s+1 beyond ! pure /age1 ) pa94
 ,hung] is a feel+ :5 ! pa9 aspect is   
dom9ant1 is cognition :5 s5sation aspect
 is dom9ant4 ,! confusion 9 ! use ( !   
t]ms s5sation & feel+ comes f !         
difficulty 9 det]m9+ dom9ancy 9 giv5    
cases4 ,c]ta9ly ! exact l9e :]e feel+ ( 
hung] passes into s5sation ( hung] c be 
settl$ only by ! mo/ c>eful             
discrim9ation1 b at any great remove f  
?is l9e ! "* ( ! /ate is v manife/4 ,by 
no ef=t c we sep>ate ! s5s+ f ! pa9 s z 
to h no?+ b s5sation1 ?\gh ! attribut+  
to bodily affection does 9 ! incipi5t   
/ages ( hung] become dom9ant1 b z hung] 
increases1 pa9 becomes dom9ant1 &       
ultimately ! end z ! beg9n+ is pure pa94
 ,we say1 8,i feel hungry10 = all /ages 
:5 any s5s+ is pres5t1 & ?is            
indiscrim9ate popul> use ( ! ^w 8feel10 
has t5d$ to obscure ! real nature ( !   
:ole m5tality4 ,! same l9e ( rem>k      
applies to feel+ ?ir/y1 feel+ hot1 etc4 
,,*apt] ,,vi                            

,,repres5tation ,,& ,,emotion   8,i feel
 cold10 & 8,i feel afraid ( cold10 are  
expressions :i* d5ote two tol]ably      
di/9ct feel+s4 ,! ma9 *>act]i/ic :i*    
di/+ui%es ! second feel+ z an emotion is
 obvi\sly repres5tation4 ,9 ! fir/ case1
 ,i h pa9 ) pres5tation ( ! cold1 9 !   
second1 pa9 ) ! m]e repres5tation ( !   
cold4 ,if ,i feel cold1 ,i h direct &   
imm$iate exp]i5ce2 if ,i fe> ! cold1 ,i 
h an exp]i5ce 9 view ( exp]i5ce1 pa9 at 
pa94 ,:5 "o says1 8,i h a viol5t pa9 9  
my head10 & a fri5d answ]s1 8,i am      
deeply pa9$ to he> x10 we recognise at  
once ! fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5      
s5sation & emotion4 ,we h 9 ?is *apt] to
 discuss "s po9ts z to ! rise & nature (
 emotion 9 its relation to              
repres5tation4  ,! !ory :i* we h be5    
elaborat+ is t pure pleasure & pa9 are !
 orig9al & causative elem5ts 9 ! :ole   
realm ( m9d4 ,pure feel+ is ! mo/ direct
 & necess>y1 & s ! fir/ response 9      
consci\s =m1 to all /imuli1 & x is !    
incitem5t to all cognitive activity 9   

its inception & gr[?4 ,! h>m & good to  
organism1 are at once1 & mo/ quickly    
realiz$ 9 t]ms ( pure feel+1 & ! pa9ful 
necessities 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 lead 
to a cont9u\s developm5t f ?is po9t4    
,dom9ant pleasure & pa91 ) ! diff]5t    
pres5tation =ms1 con/itute diff]5t      
feel+s1 z ( w>m?1 hung]1 cold1 etc41 to 
:i* "s full] objectification may be     
add$4 ,adju/m5t is !reby made manifold1 
b only ) pres5t /imulus4 ,!re is no     
appreciation ( ! exp]i5ceable4 ,all t is
 atta9$ is imm$iate pres5t appreh5sion  
:i* 9 no wise sugge/s or int]prets1 b   
:i* is /rictly self-conta9$4  ,we mu/1  
inde$1 ackn[l$ge t no consci\sness1     
save1 ( c\rse1 ! v fir/1 c exi/ 9 p]fect
 isolation totally unaffect$ by any o!r4
 ,! second consci\s activity 0 n a      
p]fect facsimile ( ! fir/1 & its        
v>iation is due at lea/ 9 ! ma9 to !    
prec$5t m5tality4 ,:at is1 is det]m9$ by
 :at has be51 & ?is univ]sal law is 9   
m9d ! inductive nature ( all exp]i5ce4  
,! solid>ity ( all m5tality & ( all     

mat]iality is a sci5tific po/ulate1 a   
pr9ciple :i* we mu/ assume1 or d5y all  
sci5tific inve/igation4 ,! movem5t ( a  
molecule 9 ! sun1 millions ( ye>s s9ce1 
influ5ces ! condition ( my body to-day1 
& ! flu% ( pa9 9 "s protozoan millions (
 ye>s s9ce1 has _h an inf9itesimal %>e 9
 det]m9+ my pres5t /ate ( m9d4 ,yet ?is 
fact t e psy*osis is :at x is by reason 
( ! :ole l9e ( previ\s psy*oses1 does n 
lead u to suppose t exp]i5ce cognizes   
itself f ! beg9n+1 & consci\sly builds  
itself up4 ,!re is = a long "t no       
consci\sness ( process ( m5tal          
integration4 ,! :ole univ]se ( m9d is ! 
necess>y prius ( ea* individual         
manife/ation1 yet ! p>ticul> ph5om5on 9 
consci\sness does n include a s5se (1 or
 rea*+ out to1 ^! condition+ ag5cies4   
,no s5se ( dep5d5ce is g5]at$4 ,b we    
ask1 ,h[ c "o consci\s /ate unconsci\sly
 effect or det]m9e ano!r8 ,h[ c         
consci\sness be affect$ )\t consci\sness
 ( affection8 ,yet1 difficult z x may   
appe> to set cle>ly be=e u ! nature (   

?is relation ( a consci\sness to all !  
preconsci\sness1 x is /ill obvi\s t !   
intricate nexus ( cause & effect 9 m9d  
does n ne$ to be kn[n ( m9d or realiz$ 9
 ! individual consci\sness1 & is n1 & _c
 be4 ,e consci\sness is ! d]ivative     
resultant ( innum]able                  
pre-consci\snesses1 & x goes to !       
det]m9+ & qualify+ ( innum]able         
po/-consci\snesses1 yet x is nei!r      
consci\sness ( ! future or ! pa/1 ?\gh x
 involves bo?4  ,! e>ly phase ( m9d :]e 
consci\snesses are :olly un-unifi$ f )9 
by any c5tral or cont9u\s consci\sness1 
& ^: solid>ity is :olly 9 an unconsci\s 
integration is s =eign to u :o h m9ds   
:]e exp]i5ce ( exp]i5ce is cont9ually 9 
process1 t x is ) ! utmo/ difficulty we 
c 9 any wise conceive x4 ,x is evid5t t 
a v l[ organism may h consci\snesses1 b 
no m9d1 t is1 no self-unify+ :ole (     
consci\snesses4 ,x does n possess a m9d1
 b dur+ its :ole life x atta9s psy*oses 
:i* are m]ely disjecta rea*$ to help an 
imm$iate necessity ( exi/5ce1 & !n fad+ 

completely away4 ,ea* psy*osis is a*iev$
 m easily ?an ! =m] by reason ( ! =m]1  
?\gh !re is no consci\sness ( connection
 ) x4 ,! increm5t & qualify+ ( a giv5   
exp]i5ce by pa/ exp]i5ce is n rea*$ by  
x4 ,"s diff]5tiation is atta9$ "u       
pressure ( /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & exp]i5ce
 is con/itut$1 b is :olly unkn[+ (      
itself & 9 no wise self-=mative4  ,we h 
n[1 h[ev]1 to consid] ! problem1 h[     
exp]i5ce came to itself1 & h[ & :y      
repres5tation & emotion %\ld arise 9 !  
/ruggle ( exi/5ce4  ,at ! fir/1 z we h  
se51 organisms respond$ 9 consci\s =m   
only 9 pleasure & pa91 & ?is only :5 !  
actual damage or b5efit to ! individual 
0 v consid]able4 ,:5 ! hurt 0 critical1 
!n only 0 pa9 accompli%$ z a function to
 secure self-pres]vative action1 b      
gradually ?r\gh survival ( ! fitte/ !   
great] susceptibility 0 atta9$1 s t m9or
 lesions are felt 9 pa9 t]ms1 & "s g5]al
 s5s+ & objectify+ lead to "s           
diff]5tiation 9 adju/m5t4 ,! ext]nal    
p>ts ( ! body become specially s5sitive1

 & ciliate ext5sions are =m$4 ,injury to
 ^! results 9 pa9 & consequ5t reactions1
 & 9 ?is wise by injury to a small "p   
great h>m to ! organism z a :ole is     
prev5t$4 ,! l[ =ms ( life are ?us enabl$
 to avoid ! hurtful be=e !y meet x 9    
full annihilatory =ce4 ,^! practically  
anticipatory reactions--?\gh !re is no  
real anticipation 9 consci\sness1 no    
real exp]i5ce ( exp]i5ce--,i t]m ! me?od
 ( incipi5cy4 ,pa9 reactions are ?us    
rea*$ ) less & less actual h>m until ! v
 slighte/ injury to a m9ute t5tacle w   
suffice to awak5 pa94  ,?is t5tacul>    
exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 is obvi\sly v limit$1 &
 has incid5tal disadvantages4 ,fur!r1 t 
pa9 %\ld be atta9$ :5 !re is little     
actual h>m1 is good1 b to atta9 pa91 &  
self-cons]vative action be=e any injury 
is done1 b only ab\t to be done is      
bett]4 ,reaction to pot5tial h>m is a   
mo/ important advantage\s /ep4 ,9 !     
e>li] =m ( m5tality1 ! animal mu/       
actually be 9 ! process ( be+ dev\r$ by 
an enemy be=e a pa9 reaction is a*iev$1 

b 9 ! lat] repres5tative =m ( reaction  
!re is complete anticipation1 & ! animal
 c come (f ) an absolutely :ole sk94    
,ideal pa9s1 z fe>1 ang]1 & o!r         
emotions1 are gradually sub/itut$ = pa9s
 :i* are real 9 ! s5se t !y arise 9 a   
positive hurt to ! life ( ! organism4 ,!
 sav+ :i* is effect$ ?r\gh emotion is   
mo/ important1 & ?is economy is reason =
 ! rise ( emotion 9 ! /ruggle ( exi/5ce4
 ,^? animals :o are able1 n m]ely to    
react on slight injuries to !mselves1 b 
also ?r\gh fe>1 etc41 to avoid all      
actual injury1 h a v manife/ advantage4 
,if n[ ! rationale ( ! rise ( emotion is
 app>5t1 let u next proce$ to "s        
analysis ( emotional process 9 g5]al4 ,!
 m5tal me*anism by :i* anticipatory     
function is secur$ is c]ta9ly complex1 &
 a complete analysis pres5ts _m         
difficulties4  ,9 ! incipi5cy /age1 :i* 
we h j discuss$1 ! organism 0 enabl$ to 
avoid ! full =ce ( ! injuri\s by meet+ x
 half-way ) ext5sions f its own body1 b 
we _c suppose t ?is 0 purposely         

accompli%$1 or t ! less] pa9 convey$ 9  
any =m s5se ( ! great] pa94 ,!re 0 no   
fe>1 no ang]1 n any exp]i5ce at exp]i5ce
 9 consci\sness4 ,!re is simply pa9 on  
less & less injury1 b no anticipation ( 
pa94  ,9 e>ly consci\sness !re is1 (    
c\rse1 frequ5t return ( a giv5 object   
:i* becomes ! occasion ( a l>ge numb] ( 
objectify+s :i* are id5tical 9 nature   
yet d n conta9 s5se ( id5tity4 ,!re is  
repeat$ reaction to ! same objective    
/imulus1 yet ) no s5se ( sam5ess1 !re is
 frequ5t cognition ( ! same ?+ yet no   
recognition4 ,) primitive consci\sness1 
no matt] h[ (t5 a ?+ is exp]i5c$1 x is  
equally new2 revival ( ! pa/ is n       
/imulat$1 nor s5se ( id5tity atta9$4    
,m]e return ( a /ate is n s5se ( return1
 & no am\nt ( re-occurr5ce or           
comb9ations !re( w make s5se (          
re-occurr5ce4 ,re-occurr5ce ( a psy*osis
 is no?+ m subjectively ?an occurr5ce   
unless !re arise s5se ( re-occurr5ce or 
revival4 ,! pure feel+ /ates 9 primitive
 consci\sness are p]fectly id5tical 9   

nature1 & !y arise on occasions :i* are 
! same1 yet !re is ( c\rse no s5se (    
id5tity4 ,a "y *ild may see a ?+ a      
hundr$ times )\t recognis+ x2 !re are a 
hundr$ re-occurr5ces ( /ate yet no s5se 
( re-occurr5ce4 ,! hundr$? p]ception    
does n diff] mat]ially f ! fir/1 does n 
include any true repres5tative elem5t4  
,! imm$iate image does n /& = ! pa/1 !  
m9d does n revive previ\s pres5tation on
 ! /r5g? ( x4  ,m9d is reg>d$ by _m z   
consi/+ fundam5tally ( vivid s5se       
pres5tations & _! fa9t reproductions1 ( 
s5se impressions & _! repres5tations4 ,t
 :i* has be5 repeat$ly exp]i5c$ has a   
t5d5cy to re-occur )\t ! p>ticul>       
objective /imulus1 b m]ely indirectly by
 "s connect$ /imulus1 ?r\gh an          
association ( /ates4 ,b ?is revival1    
h[ev] atta9$1 does n con/itute real     
repres5tation1 x does n really diff] f !
 pres5tation simply because x re-occurs 
)\t ! orig9al p>ticul> objective        
/imulus4 ,repres5tation 9 true s5se (   
t]m is repres5tation ) s5se (           

re-pres5tation4 ,a repres5tation is a   
repetition ( a pres5tation ) no         
consci\sness ( repetition or any add$   
nature4 ,repetition is a fact 9         
consci\sness be=e x is a fact =         
consci\sness4 ,all pres5tations &       
re-pres5tations h m]e imm$iate validity 
& value1 !y po9t to no?+1 & mean no?+1  
!re is no go+ beyond :at is imm$iately  
giv51 no presci5ce ( a possible         
exp]i5ce4  ,revival (t5 occurs 9 m9d )\t
 s5se ( revival1 & s is n true          
repres5tation4 ,9 disord]$ /ates ( !    
n]ves we frequ5tly see objects :i* h no 
real exi/5ce1 ! /ates are revival /ates 
z objectively int]pret$1 yet !re be+ no 
s5se ( revival !y /& 9 consci\sness =   
real pres5tations4 ,:5 ,i see a p]son   
sitt+ 9 a *air b aft]w>ds f9d t no "o 0 
!re1 ,i *>act]ize ! /ate v naturally z a
 m]e imag9ation1 a repres5tation2 yet 9 
fact x 0 9 subjective quality a         
pres5tation4 ,we are n to psy*ologically
 classify1 z is too (t5 done1 psy*ical  
/ates accord+ to pres5ce or abs5ce (    

object1 b z to s5se ( pres5ce or abs5ce 
( object4 ,x is only z consci\sness     
takes note ) ref]5ce to object t !re is 
diff]5tiation 9 consci\sness to make    
pres5tation & repres5tation4  ,we mu/   
consid] x probable t ! e>lie/ revivals  
by consci\sness 7 solely ( ! unconsci\s 
sort1 or1 objectively speak+1 7         
halluc9atory4 ,a s5se ord] is =m$1 :i*  
att5ds to a s]ies ( objective realities2
 let n[1 on "s occasion1 "o ( ^! objects
 drop out1 yet !re w be atta9+ ( "s s5se
 ( x z ?\gh x 7 pres5t1 & ! prop]       
reaction w be c>ri$ out4 ,! m9d gets its
 e>ly revivals )\t s5se ( revival4 ,!y h
 pres5tative =ce1 & are s5s+s (         
objective reality ?\gh !re is no        
objective reality !re at ! "t to s5se4  
,^! e>ly simple revivals1 :i* are all   
halluc9atory1 p]=m an important         
function4 ,!y are practically           
anticipatory1 9 t ! reaction is secur$  
be=e ! actual pres5ce ( ! reality4 ,?us 
!y save an actual bodily exp]i5ce1 ?\gh 
! m5tal is q real1 yet fa9t] ?an actual 

object w\ld give4 ,?us ) an enemy an    
animal w revive1 ^u slight indirect     
s5sation1 previ\s exp]i5ces1 & x w h 9  
ideal =m1 i4e41 )\t ! objective reality1
 a v real exp]i5ce ) :at is to x real   
enemy1 ?us escap+ be=e full adv5t (     
enemy4 ,:5 a %ad[ al>ms a l[ organism--&
 ev5 v l[ organisms seem to react to    
%ad[s--!re is no actual h>m done to its 
memb]s z w\ld happ5 ) a concrete body1 &
 h5ce !re is no direct pa94 ,! %ad[ is  
yet tak5 = real body1 & revival pa9s &  
revival s5sations are atta9$ ) ?is1 &   
!re is consequ5t activity4 ,%ad[ does n 
appe> z sign ( enemy1 b 9 itself a      
dang]\s reality1 s t anticipatory       
reaction is ga9$ )\t actual             
repres5tation4 ,9 mo/ cases 9 l[        
organisms :at we take = fe> or o!r      
emotion is probably no m ?an revival ( !
 type ( :i* ?is %ad[ exp]i5ce is an     
example4 ,:at is actually unreal1 be+   
only revival1 is tak5 = ! real1 & is    
act$ on accord+ly1 & 9 mo/ cases ?is    
action is ( s]vice z anticipatory4 ,:5 !

 organism discov]s ! %ad[ to be b %ad[1 
a some?+1 n ! object1 yet connect$ ) x1 
:5 x becomes a sign ( fur!r exp]i5ce1   
?is is repres5tation z ! basis (        
emotions su* z fe> & ang]4  ,! pa9      
int5sity 9 ! simple revivals1           
re-pres5tations1 is d\btless less ?an 9 
exp]i5ce ) objective realities1 s !re is
 a sav+ on ?is score 9 pseudo-direct    
exp]i5ce4 ,:ile reactions are secur$ ^u 
?is me?od )\t injury be+ actually       
inflict$1 /ill !re is loss ( economy 9  
?is1 t ! activity is excessive "u !     
circum/ances4 ,priority ( action to real
 injury is secur$1 b at an excessive    
exp5se ( en]gy1 almo/ equal to t 9      
actual exp]i5ce ) ! real ?+4  ,?is act+ 
to a false reality1 :ile x has a value =
 exp]i5ce1 is1 z said1 uneconomical1 & x
 mu/ sometimes n h ! anticipatory =ce4  
,! *eat & illusion is ultimately at "s  
critical mom5t cogniz$ by consci\sness1 
revival comes to be e/imat$ at its real 
wor?1 & s5se ( reality & unreality is   
=m$4 ,! reviv$ pres5tation does n /& 9 &

 by itself alone1 b x acquires a        
significance1 & x loses ! =ce ( complete
 reality value4 ,t :i* is br\ght into   
consci\sness aga9 is n only revival1 b  
is felt to be su*4  ,to con/itute       
repres5tation1 !n1 !re mu/ be n m]ely   
revival1 b s5se ( revival ) "s s5se (   
unreality ( revival =m4 ,b ?is w\ld     
avail no?+ save x br\ght 9 s5se ( its   
value = exp]i5ce4 ,! revival mu/ n only 
be appreciat$ z su*1 b ! relation to !  
exp]i5ceable mu/ be cogniz$4 ,! call+ up
 ( ! pa/ mu/ be appli$ to exp]i5ce4 ,!  
sight ( a fire n only calls up revivals1
 b !re is ! s5se ( ! exp]i5ceable !re)1 
& an emotion :i* incites me to walk to !
 fire & receive w>m?4 ,m]e return & s5se
 ( return mu/ be supplem5t$ by s5se (   
value = future exp]i5ce4 ,repres5tation 
is exp]i5ce d\bl+ on itself4 ,all       
repres5tation is m ?an repres5tation (  
?+1 revival2 x is repres5tation (       
exp]i5ce z su*1 h5ce an exp]i5ce (      
exp]i5ce4 ,we mu/ always emphasize z !  
ess5ce ( repres5tation n ! revival1 b ! 

s5se ( ! exp]i5ceable or exp]i5c$ !reby 
convey$4  ,! process to repres5tation we
 see exemplifi$ 9 measure 9 awak+ f a   
dream4 ,! dream itself1 speak+ f !      
objective po9t ( view ( obs]v+          
psy*ologi/ :o detects no real ?+s 9     
int]action ) ! body1 is repres5tative 9 
nature2 b1 = ! exp]i5c+ consci\sness1   
!re is no s5se ( revival1 & all is      
pres5tative activity4 ,?+s are kn[n z   
su*1 & n z dreamt or repres5t$4 ,awak+  
is a gradual p\r+ 9 ( s5se ( revival & (
 s5se ( objective unreality ( !         
exp]i5ce2 we become consci\s t !        
activity is no direct consci\sness1 b a 
recall+ or reproduction4 ,! dream image1
 :i* 0 s real to me :ile 9 ! dream1 ,i  
n[ hold z repres5tative only1 z hav+ no 
imm$iate answ]+ =m & sub/ance4 ,:51 z ) 
! sup]/iti\s1 ! dream is felt to h      
significance1 to h a mean+ = life 9     
pleasure-pa9 t]ms1 !n emotion becomes   
possible1 & fe>1 hope & k9dr$ feel+s are
 excit$4  ,we obs]ve t repres5tation is 
!n a new ord] ( consci\sness4           

,repres5tation _c be atta9$ by any      
comb9ation ( exp]i5ces1 revival or      
direct1 b x is a unique & reflex act4 ,x
 is n a developm5t ( pres5tation1 z an  
e*o & re-e*o ( x2 & ! m]e fact ( abs5ce 
( ext]nal cause or object does n        
con/itute a cognition z repres5tation4  
,! objectify+ is n self-conta9$1 b x    
conveys a mean+ = exp]i5ce4             
,repres5tation is an exp]i5ce :i*       
includes "s cognizance ( or s5se (      
exp]i5ce1 & x is ?us ! g]m (            
self-consci\sness & consci\sness (      
consci\sness4 ,exp]i5ce comes to be m   
?an a s]ies ( deta*$ & isolat$          
activities ) no cognitive p[] beyond a  
direct & imm$iate appreh5sion1 b by ris+
 to "s appreciation ( itself x becomes  
=ew>n$ & =e>m$1 able to consci\sly      
appreciate & att5d to its own welf>e4   
,we h also to emphasize ?is1 t :ile     
repres5tation involves a consci\s       
re-objectify+1 x mu/ also include "s    
re-feel+ consci\sly accompli%$ ( pa9 &  
pleasure4 ,revivals ( pa9 & pleasure are

 felt & are appreciat$ z revivals1 z    
hav+ _! basis n 9 pres5t object1 b 9    
previ\s exp]i5ce4 ,x is by und]/&+ feel+
 z exp]i5c$ & exp]i5ceable1 x is 9 view 
( pleasure-pa9 exp]i5ce1 t emotion      
arises4 ,x is n s5se ( imm95ce ( object1
 b ( imm95ce ( pa9 & pleasure1 t awak5s 
responsive emotion & s self-cons]vative 
action4 ,emotion always implies a       
pleasure or a pa9 9 ideal s5se ( !      
exp]i5ceability ( ei!r4 ,repres5tation z
 cognitive revival & s5se !re( is       
subsidi>y to repres5tation z feel+      
revival ) s5se !re(4 ,= in/ance1 !      
repres5tation ( a too? & ( pa9 ( too?a*e
 are correlative repres5tations4 ,m]e   
repres5tation ( cognition has no value 9
 itself1 is a m]e idle panorama1 save z 
x br+s on repres5tation ( pleasure-pa94 
,unless repres5tation ( object implies  
repres5tation ( pa91 !re is no det]r5t  
effect on ! m9d1 & no prop] bodily      
reaction4  ,we may believe t ! ord] &   
basis ( ! repres5tative side ( m9d is   
practically ! same z indirect & simple  

activity1 t ! actual motive =ces &      
orig9at+ impulses are pleasures & pa9s4 
,we %\ld suspect t ! fir/ revival atta9$
 0 a pure feel+ revival1 & t ! fir/     
repres5tation 0 ( pa9 & pleasure1 & n ( 
object1 a consci\sly re-feel+ r ?an a   
consci\sly re-objectify+4 ,! imm$iate   
value ( ! feel+ side necessitates t all 
diff]5tiation be initiat$ !re4          
,repres5tation is only ( exp]i5ce ( ?+s 
or ( pleasure-pa9 exp]i5ce4 ,x is always
 exp]i5ce ( exp]i5ce1 h5ce ! expression1
 repres5tation ( an object1 is1 9       
/rictness1 inaccurate4 ,exp]i5ce ( ?+s1 
z cognitive act1 is always pres5tation4 
,yet e>ly repres5tation mu/ be consid]$ 
z v mu* adult]at$ by pres5tative        
elem5ts4 ,x 0 only sl[ly t repres5tation
 0 diff]5tiat$ z a di/9ct p[] su* z we  
f9d x 9 human consci\sness2 at ! fir/ x 
mu/ h resembl$ ! confus$ /ate t we      
sometimes exp]i5ce betwe5 sleep+ & wak+ 
:5 a giv5 image (t5 %ifts f pres5tation 
value to repres5tation value1 & !n back 
aga94  ,repres5tation at ! fir/ is also 

purely concrete & p>ticul>4 ,b>e        
appreciation ( ! exp]i5ceable does n    
include idea ( exp]i5ce4 ,b             
repres5tation 9 itself is m]ely a call+ 
up & application ( def9ite exp]i5ces z  
su*4 ,exp]i5ce z g5]al t]m is n kn[n1 b 
only ! p>ticul> facts z exp]i5ces4  ,!  
e>lie/ emotions arise1 ( c\rse1 )       
ref]5ce to ! bodily functions :i* h !   
mo/ direct vital significance1 z        
nutritive1 reproductive1 & motor        
activity4 ,v simple organisms seem to   
appreh5d t a c]ta9 object is food be=e  
actually consum+1 to h s5se ( !         
exp]i5ce1 & "s emotive di/urbance4 ,!   
pleasure ( fe$+ & incorporat+ into !    
bodily tissue is s5sational1 b any feel+
 previ\s or subsequ5t to ?is & ) ref]5ce
 to ?is is emotional4 ,a v "y *ild fe$s1
 & does n "k food4 ,gradually x         
associates ! visual s5sation ( :it5ess (
 ! milk ) ! imm$iate ta/e s5sation &    
pleasure feel+4 ,b ! s5se ( :it5ess at  
fir/ arises only ) & aft] ! actual ta/e 
& pleasure exp]i5ces2 x only gradually  

notices :at gives x satisfaction or pa91
 ?us repeat+ ! evolution ( m9d1 :i* is f
 feel+ to s5se1 & n vice v]s4 ,only     
sl[ly does x atta9 p[] ( appreciat+     
:it5ess previ\s to actual exp]i5ce & z  
indicative ( su*1 t is1 a p[] (         
repres5tation4 ,!n emotions1 z          
expectancy1 & desire1 become possible1 &
 w c be /irr$ to active appropriation ( 
food1 a fact ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! 
/ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,once atta9+ ! s5se (
 ! repres5tative value ( its cognitions1
 ! *ild is enabl$ to consci\sly         
accompli% anticipatory actions4  ,an    
elem5t :i* complicates emotion at a late
 /age is repres5tation ( repres5tation 9
 indef9ite regressus4 ,9 advanc$ human  
consci\sness1 :]e m9d is v reflective & 
introspective1 ?is phase is prom95t4 ,! 
nuances ( mod]n emotion are l>gely due  
to ?is mode ( complication4 ,montaigne  
rem>ks t :at he mo/ fe>s is fe>4 ,z fe> 
implies repres5tation1 fe> ( fe> implies
 repres5tation ( repres5tation1 :i* 9   
its turn may be fe>$1 & s on ad         

inf9itum4 ,sp5c] t]ms love ( prop]ty a  
re-repres5tative feel+2 b ?is psy*osis  
does n imply repres5tation (            
repres5tation1 b m]ely repres5tation (  
desirable realities4 ,desire (          
possession is an emotion1 b n emotion at
 emotion4 ,x is n an exp]i5ce 9 view (  
repres5tative exp]i5ce1 b ) ref]5ce to a
 direct exp]i5ce1 t ( own]%ip4 ,s9ce we 
make repres5tation ! basis ( emotion1 x 
w\ld be natural to make classes (       
emotion repres5tative1 re-repres5tative1
 etc42 b ?is is q too subtle a di/9ction
 to be fruitful or practical4  ,z !re   
are /ages ( repres5tation1 s !re are    
v>y+ degrees ( /r5g? 9 ! s5se (         
repres5tativ5ess4 ,a col\r may be       
recall$ to consci\sness sev]al times z  
nei!r m nor less r$1 & precisely ( !    
same quantity1 yet ! s5se ( its         
repres5tation quality may diff] greatly 
at ea* "t4 ,!re are all degrees (       
int5sity 9 ?is s5se1 f dimme/ feel+1 :5 
! repres5tation hov]s on ! conf9es ( !  
pres5tation field1 to ! po9t ( p]fect   

conviction ( repres5tative nature4 ,:5  
consci\sness is n exactly sure :e!r an  
object is directly se5 or only recall$1 
is a pres5tation or only a revival1 s5se
 ( repres5tation is obvi\sly at its l[e/
 degree ( int5sity4  ,we h also to rem>k
 t 9 pres5tation & repres5tation !      
object is n to be divorc$ f activity4 ,x
 is a natural analogy t cognition z     
subjective-objective is a pictur+1 !    
picture & ! object pictur$ seem+ to be  
div]se b co-exi/5t con/itu5ts (         
consci\sness4 ,cognition seems to consi/
 9 bo? ! ?+ z realiz$ & ! realiz+ act4  
,x is an attitude ( m9d :i* is a hold+  
on to a some?+ :i* x has 9 its grasp4 ,b
 !re is no di/9ction 9 consci\sness     
itself ( ! pres5t$ & ! pres5t+1 !       
repres5t$ & ! repres5t+1 ( product &    
process1 ( cont5t & activity2 !re is    
only ! pres5t+1 ! activity1 :i* is      
itself ! object4 ,s5se ( col\r conveys1 
inde$1 by ! common vice ( language t !  
col\r exi/s = consci\sness1 & is p]ceiv$
 by consci\sness4 ,b1 subjectively &    

psy*ologically speak+1 ! object is      
always no m ?an ! objectify+1 ! ?+ no m 
?an ! activity4 ,?us ! analysis into    
cont5t & activity is fundam5tally false2
 x assumes a _w ( objects :i* are m]ely 
at bottom object-s5s+s4  ,emotion is an 
ar\s+ & en]giz+4 ,x is p]turbation1     
di/urbance1 agitation1 excitem5t4 ,x is 
a ?r[+ op5 ! ?rottle & putt+ on a full  
head ( /eam4 ,! :ole organism quiv]s ) !
 sudd5 infl[ ( =ce & life1 is quick5$ to
 its highe/ pressure4 ,9 all high]      
psy*ic life x is a driv+ =ce ( ! utmo/  
importance4 ,h[ev]1 ! tr5d ( evolution  
is 9 ! direction ( economy1 & ) ! highe/
 =ms ( consci\sness emotion accompli%es 
its "w ev5 be=e arriv+ at agitation     
int5sity4 ,feel+ ( ! emotion type1 t is1
 repres5tative1 is always at fir/ a r   
int5se p]turbation4 ,fe>1 = example1 is 
) ! l[] m9ds always fright2 ) high] m9ds
 x (t5 appe>s z dread4 ,i /& on !       
railway track :5 a tra9 is approa*+1 & a
 slight fe> enables me to take !        
self-cons]vative action ( /epp+ f !     

track2 b ) my dog1 9 simil>             
circum/ances1 ,i judge by 8 ha/y jump & 
g5]al expression t 8 fe> is always m    
int5se & m g5]ally di/urb+4 ,emotion be+
 a =ce :i* quickly t5ds to exhau/ion1 x 
is obvi\s t ^? animals w1 cet]is p>ibus1
 h ! advantage :i* react ) ! lea/       
exp5diture4 ,?us ! t5d5cy ( evolution is
 away f int5se emotionalism4  ,9 ?is    
emotion con=ms to a g5]al law4 ,! e>lie/
 occurr5ces ( any giv5 =m ( psy*osis are
 ) /r5u\sness & ) exaltation & excitem5t
 ( ! organism4 ,we speak ( fits ( ang] &
 gu/s ( passion1 b = e>ly consci\sness  
we might also ju/ly speak ( fits ( see+ 
& he>+4 ,common vision ( ext]nal objects
 is = l[] consci\sness z r>ely atta9$1 &
 requires z mu* ( =ce z beatific vision 
( se] & poet 9 ! human m9d4 ,! new      
psy*osis is b mom5t>y1 & implies high   
t5sion & great friction1 b progress is  
t[>d cont9uity & ease ( work+4 ,emotion 
is 9 human life a tol]ably con/ant      
elem5t1 l p]ception ) ^: repres5tative  
side x is correlat$1 & )9 c]ta9 ranges x

 rises because ( ! =ce ( h]$ity ) app>5t
 spontaneity4  ,we rem>k t ! social     
significance ( emotion is embodi$ 9 ! ^w
 treat1 z treat k9dly1 badly1 etc4 ,our 
treatm5t ( ea* o!r always means         
activities inspir$ by "s emotion4  ,we  
mu/ ackn[l$ge t repres5tation is v      
complex & difficult ( analysis4 ,= our  
pres5t purpose1 h[ev]1 repres5tation is 
a revival ) s5se ( revival & unreality1 
& yet indicative ( reality exp]i5ceable 
9 pleasure-pa9 t]ms1 & ?us ! occasion ( 
emotion z /imulus ( self-cons]vative    
action4 ,! "y *ild p]ceives no dang]2   
its pleasures & pa9s are n relat$ to    
?+s1 & h n l$ to ! evolution ( a _w (   
objects4 ,pa9 & pleasure lead x sl[ly to
 correlate its s5ses1 s t ! burnt *ild  
le>ns to dread ! fire2 ! emotion ( fe>  
is ar\s$ ) cognition ( ! exp]i5ceable4  
,objectively1 we mu/ divide psy*oses    
into ^? :i* directly result f actual    
engagem5t ( ! organism ) objects1 or !  
rev]b]ations !refrom2 subjectively1 into
 simple self-conta9$ /ates1 & into      

reflex /ates :i* view exp]i5ce1 & s be+ 
repres5tations involv+ emotion4 ,j h[ f 
re-exp]i5ce s5se ( re-exp]i5ce & ( its  
value = exp]i5ce--s5se (                
pre-exp]i5ce--arises1 is some?+ we h n  
p>ticul>ly inquir$ into1 b x is some?+ t
 appe>s a my/]i\s & difficult problem4  
,t ! p]ception ( object %\ld ev] c>ry ) 
x s5se ( possibility or c]ta9ty ( fur!r 
exp]i5ce1 pa9ful or pleasurable1 is1 :5 
c&idly consid]$1 a rem>kable & s+ul>    
op]ation4 ,! problems ( orig9 (         
consci\sness ( self1 ( consci\sness (   
consci\sness1 & ( s5se ( reality seem   
unsolv$1 b ,i believe t a ?or\gh /udy ( 
repres5tation w\ld ?r[ mu* light on ^!  
po9ts2 b ?is is n ! place to pursue ?is 
inve/igation4 ,:5 we take up            
repres5tation--emotion life 9 detail1 we
 may be able to make sugge/ions on "s   
moot po9ts4                             
,,*apt] ,,vii                      ,,fe>
 ,,z ,,primitive ,,emotion,b   ,x may be
 consid]$ z plausible t if ! fir/ feel+ 
0 pa91 ! fir/ emotion 0 also ( ! pa9 "*4

 ,! fir/ repres5tation ( an object z    
pa9ful induc$ t reaction ( m9d :i* we   
t]m an emotion1 & ! pa9ful emotion we   
call fe>4 ,t ! fir/ emotion to appe> 0  
fe>1 z fright1 seems likely :5 we       
consid] t ! g5]al al]tness & def5siv5ess
 imp]atively requir$ 9 ! /ruggle =      
exi/5ce is !reby mo/ imm$iately & simply
 atta9$4 ,! acquirem5t ( ! p[] to become
 fright5$ is pla9ly a mo/ important     
requisite = self-pres]vation1 & ?us is  
indicat$ z a v e>ly factor 9 consci\s   
life4 ,an animal be+ dev\r$ by ano!r may
 m]ely suff] pa9 )\t any p]ception ( !  
object z pa9-giv+ & to give pa92 b if x 
atta9s ?is p]ception1 !re may be add$ to
 ! /imulus ( simple pa9 t ( fright4 ,!  
direct actual pa9 may be b small1 & s   
induc+ b feeble reaction1 z :5 "s less  
s5sitive portion is be+ injur$2 b if !re
 occurs a vivid repres5tation ( pot5tial
 pa91 fright happ5s & /imulates mo/     
/r5u\s endeav\rs1 & s rids ! animal bo? 
( ! imm$iately & ! prospectively pa9ful4
 ,?us emotion acts z a complem5t to     

simple feel+1 & also secures practically
 anticipatory reaction4 ,animals :i* mu/
 receive actual injury be=e exp]i5c+ pa9
 are cle>ly inf]ior to ^? :i* exp]i5ce  
emotion-pa9 be=e ! injury is actually   
receiv$4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! mo/      
easily fright5$ h1 9 ! mid/ ( _m        
de/ructive ag5ts1 ! be/ *ance ( survival
 & ( p]petuat+ _! k9d4  -----  ,footnote
 ,b3    ,orig9ally appe>$ 9 "p 9        
,philosophical ,review1 i4 pp4 #bda-bef4
  -----  ,x is unnecess>y to dwell at   
l5g? on *ild life & savage life z       
illu/rat+ ! primitive quality & function
 ( fe>4 ,! e>lie/ exp]i5ces ( ! *ild )  
?+s are lessons ( fe>4 ,! burnt *ild    
dreads ! fire1 & ?us is enabl$ to       
pres]ve himself f ?reat5$ injury4 ,fe>  
is a prim>y & mo/ important motive to   
action 9 a v wide range ( ! l[] m5tal   
life4 ,^? :o h obs]v$ animals & man 9 a 
/ate ( nature are always greatly        
impress$ ) ! con/ant & l>ge "p :i* ?is  
emotion plays 9 _! consci\sness4 ,) !   
timid & weak] species1 l ! rabbit &     

squirrel1 x is likely t a majority ( _! 
cognitions prompt to fe> or are prompt$ 
by fe>1 & ) "s p]secut$ races ( savages 
! same may be said4  ,! necessity &     
value ( anticipatory reaction be+       
ackn[l$g$ 9 ! /ruggle ( exi/5ce1 we     
pla9ly see a primitive motive !reto 9   
fe>1 & ! e>lie/ emotional life :i* we c 
cle>ly int]pret likewise seems to be    
fe>4  ,x is suffici5tly easy to see !   
g5]al function ( fe> & its primitive "*1
 b we f9d x v h>d to make a satisfactory
 analysis1 & to %[ ! exact /eps ( its   
evolution4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 9 ! fir/
 place1 t fe>1 l o!r emotions1 is purely
 indirect & second>y exp]i5ce2 x        
pre-supposes previ\s pa9ful exp]i5ce ( !
 fe>$ object4 ,pa9 exp]i5c$ 9 connection
 ) cognition ( object is ! basis ( all  
fe>4 ,animals t h n felt pa9 f man d n  
fe> him4 ,b fe> :ile ?us bas$ on previ\s
 direct exp]i5ce is always h9d]$ by     
simultane\s direct exp]i5ce1 z1 =       
example1 s5sation4 ,?us :5 we1 :ip 9 h&1
 say to a *ild cry+ f fe>1 8,i w give y 

some?+ to cry =10 we imply ! law t      
direct pa9 & s5sation t5d to supplant   
indirect feel+ z emotion4 ,?is common   
expression emphasizes ! ess5tial        
repres5tativ5ess ( emotion1 its imag9>y 
nature1 z also ! supplant+ p[] ( direct 
real exp]i5ce4 ,! sight ( ! :ip inspires
 fe> 9 ! *ild :o has be5 :ipp$1 b ?is   
fe> is 9 ! c\rse ( a puni%m5t :olly     
elim9at$ by ! direct pa9 endur$4 ,!     
direct exp]i5ce is ?us ! basis ( e fe>1 
b only z x is cogniz$1 & n felt4  ,!    
great difficulty 9 analys+ fe> is 9     
cle>ly appreh5d+ ! mode 9 :i* previ\s   
exp]i5ce is utiliz$4 ,if we c\ld /udy 9 
ourselves ! g5esis ( a simple emotion1  
we %\ld d\btless be enabl$ to see ! /eps
 by :i* exp]i5ce reacts ^u itself s z to
 give a reflex =m l ! emotion ( fe>1 b  
?is is h>dly possible4 ,h[ev]1 cognition
 is evolv$ at ! in/ance ( pa91 & all    
objects are view$1 n = !mselves1 b 9 _! 
feel+ significance4 ,cognition is emb$d$
 9 feel+1 & at fir/ is a m]e tone (     
feel+4 ,?+s are n at fir/ kn[n =        

!mselves b solely z s\rces ( pres5t     
pleasure & pa94 ,?+s are p]ceiv$ 9 &    
?r\gh ! feel+ :i* has /imulat$ !        
p]ception4 ,! imm$iate feel+ value ( !  
object is giv5 by ! v orig9 & process ( 
cognition4 ,:5 an animal is pa9$ by     
contact ) a %>p rock1 & ?is pa9         
/imulates cognition ( ! rock1 ?is is    
solely on ! pa9 acc\nt4 ,repeat$        
exp]i5ces enable ! p]cept to arise at   
/imulus ( less & less pa91 & s ! prop]  
reaction is accompli%$ m & m            
economically4  ,we may say t ! ord] (   
evolution is ?is3 fir/1 a pa92 second1 a
 cognition ( pa9-giv]--8x hurts0--?ird1 
emotion ab\t pa9-giv]1 z fe> !re(--8,i  
am afraid ( x40 ,primitive & normal     
cognition always implies emotion z      
impell+ self-pres]vative action4 ,k :i* 
does n spr+ into emotion & action is    
abortive4 ,at fir/ ! kn[n is always     
/>tl+4  ,! orig9al pa9-impell$ cognition
 br+s 9 ! pa9ful emotion1 primitive fe>4
 ,& z k has br\ght 9 fe>1 s fe> reacts  
on k1 & fe>fulness incites to kn[+ ev5  

:5 ! pa9 f object ceases4 ,?us be=e any 
actual exp]i5ce ( an object x may be    
kn[n & felt ab\t4 ,?us t habit (        
objectivity is =m$1 ( al]tness1 ( a     
fe>ful s5s+ & p]ceiv+1 :i* is noticeable
 9 _m animals4 ,a cognitive-emotive1    
emotive-cognitive life is =m$ &         
develop$4 ,x is a trem5d\s /ride onw>d  
to be able ?r\gh fe>ful cognition to    
:olly pre-p]ceive & anticipate !        
injuri\s1 in/ead ( hav+ to suff] x 9 "p 
be=e be+ enabl$ to get away4  ,n[       
primitive fe> & all primitive emotion   
pla9ly utilizes ! pa/ exp]i5ce z        
int]pret+ ! future2 emotion is ab\t a   
kn[n pot5cy4 ,yet x is (t5 /at$ t       
emotion is b a summation ( revivals (   
pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,hav+ (t5 be5 burnt by    
fires t ,i h co9cid5tly be5 look+ at1 x 
sometimes happ5s t ,i see a fire :i* has
 n yet h>m$ me1 b /ill ! m]e sight      
affects me ) :at ,i call ! emotion (    
fe>1 :i*1 9 close/ analysis1 means m]ely
 ! revival ( ! burn+ pa9s associat$ )   
?is see+ 9 ! pa/4 8,i am afraid0 equals 

8,i re-exp]i5ce ! pa9s ( burn+0 by      
sugge/ion4 ,pa9s fa9tly re-occurr+      
con/itute ! pa9ful fe>4 ,!re is 9 ?is   
mass ( re-awak5+s no real cognition (   
exp]i5ce & no feel+ ab\t x z su*1 no    
psy*osis at ! exp]i5ceable4 ,& x is     
c]ta9ly true t :5 a fix$ sequ5ce (      
exp]i5ces t5d to recur toge!r1 !re w    
foll[ ^u ! cognition1 revival waves (   
pa9 be=e any actual increase ( pa9 is   
really inflict$ 9 ! giv5 case4 ,^! waves
 /& =1 & are ! e*oes (1 ! =m] real pa9  
sequ5ces ( cognition4 ,?us ! p]ception (
 a great mass ( ice w (t5 cause a %iv]y 
feel+1 a pa9ful s5sation is reviv$ z    
correlat$ ) =m] cognition exp]i5ces4    
,ev5 ! image or repres5tation1 ! purely 
& consci\sly ideal cognition1 may br+ 9 
pa9ful feel+1 z :5 ,i say1 8,x makes me 
%iv] to ?9k ( x40 ,"h ! pa9ful          
s5sation-br++ idea is cogniz$ z su*1 b !
 repres5tation "h is ! occasion ( a     
direct pa9ful s5sation1 & evid5tly does 
n imply fe> or o!r emotion4  ,:ile n    
aris+ f actual injuries1 revivals /r5g!n

 bo? cognition & volition4 ,!y h recurr$
 be=e fur!r hurtful exp]i5ces ) ! fire  
:i* orig9ally incit$ !m4 ,^! revival    
pa9s ( previ\s sequ5ces to ! cognition1 
:i* are c>ri$ along ) ! pres5t          
cognition1 are real en\gh 9 !mselves1   
yet !y are objectively anticipatory (   
actual injury4 ,! :ole ord] ( previ\s   
exp]i5ce is by ! nature ( m9d & n]v\s   
sy/em re-enact$ be=e ! actual injuries  
are inflict$4 ,x is always a race betwe5
 m9d & nature1 b x is a prime function (
 m9d to anticipate practically !        
movem5ts ( nature4 ,m9d by its revival  
=ms accompli%es ?is1 b if x lags 9 its  
"w ! real injuries are m]cilessly       
inflict$ by sl[ b sure nature4 ,:5 !    
sequ5ce ( revival is quick] ?an !       
objective sequ5ce1 ! reactions          
anticipate objective ord]1 & ?us a      
manife/ economy is a*iev$4 ,b pa9       
revivals ( ?is k9d are n fe>1 nor is !re
 a real pre-p]ception4 ,s9ce ! revival  
=ms are1 to ! obs]v]'s po9t ( view1     
inc5tive to anticipatory reaction1      

psy*ologi/s mu/ (t51 especially ) l[    
organisms1 mi/ake !m = fe>2 ! animal is 
(t51 d\btless1 m]ely suff]+ revival pa9s
 :5 x appe>s to be fe>+ pa94 ,?us we may
 suspect t organisms :i* seem to fe>    
%ad[s or real objects are (t5 m]ely     
suff]+ revival pa9s br\ght up 9         
conjunction ) ! cognition1 & n really   
fe>+ z result ( p]ceiv+ feel+ quality   
inh]5t 9 ! object4 ,manife/ation ( pa9  
mu/ (t5 be mi/ak5 = manife/ations (     
emotion1 & !re is z yet no accurate     
objective det]m9ation = fe> or o!r      
emotions4  ,revival pa9s are n          
repres5tations ( pa9s z 9 "s way com+ f 
object4 ,emotion requires repres5tation1
 & _c occur 9 any pres5tation or        
re-pres5tation *a94 ,true pre-p]ception 
is n m]ely p]ceiv+ ! ?+ be=e its effects
 9 feel+ are exp]i5c$1 b x is a         
repres5t+ ! feel+ quality ( ! object    
be=e1 9 any giv5 case1 ?is quality is   
directly exp]i5c$4 ,?is obvi\sly re/s on
 pa/ exp]i5ce1 b ! connect+ ( object )  
pleasure-pa9 exp]i5ce is at all times1 z

 be=e intimat$1 equally a problem4      
,emotion & repres5tation are built n (  
revivals1 b ^u !m p]ceiv$ z su*4 ,at "s 
critical mom5t1 9 "s r e>ly p]iod 9     
m5tal developm5t1 a consci\sness :i* 0  
pa9 plus s5se ( object1 realiz$1 "u !   
pressure ( /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! feel+   
quality ( ! object1 & !re arose ) ! k ( 
object z pa9-giv] ! pa9ful emotion4 ,& z
 soon z object is n m]ely cogniz$1 b    
cogniz$ z pa9-giv]1 x may be fe>$4 ,!   
mom5t t object 0 kn[n z a pa9 ag5t1 !n  
fe> ( ! object came1 & ?us true         
anticipatory action arose4 ,we are said1
 inde$1 to fe> objects1 to fe> m51      
animals1 etc41 b1 9 tru?1 ! fe> is nev] 
( ! object z su*1 b only 9 view ( its   
pa9 ag5cy4 ,! cogniz+ ! exp]i5c$ &      
exp]i5ceable z su* seems !n a peculi> & 
di/9ct process 9 fe> & 9 all emotion1 a 
g5us ap>t :i* _c be con/itut$ by        
int]action ( simple elem5ts4 ,! gr[? (  
m9d is l>gely 9 multiply+ & enl>g+ !    
signs ( exp]i5ce4  ,! connect+ once     
a*iev$ ( object ) pa91 x becomes        

increas+ly easy to cognize ! feel+ value
 ( objects1 & be=e full & extreme pa9   
exp]i5ce !refrom to pre-react ?r\gh     
emotion4 ,?us emotion saves bo? direct  
pa9 & injury4 ,z x becomes a p]man5t    
t5d5cy1 & an impulse ( consci\sness to  
proce$ f all pure feel+s to cognition ( 
object1 s also to cognition ( object 9  
its feel+ quality1 & ?us by inh]5t      
t5d5cy x ultimately comes ab\t t !re is 
atta*+ ( pa9 to v>i\s objects cogniz$1  
ev5 :5 !re is no imm$iate exp]i5ce ( pa9
 to be connect$ !re)4 ,f9ally ! prec$5t 
incit+ pa9s to cognition become su* m9or
 factors1 & k arises ) su* app>5t       
spontaneity1 t emotion z involv+ pa9    
significance becomes dom9ant r ?an !    
imm$iate pa94 ,an ord] ( consci\sness   
becomes e/abli%$ 9 :i* ! notable ev5t is
 emotional cognition ( exp]i5ce values z
 br++ 9 p]man5t emotion r ?an an ord] ( 
pleasure-pa9 incit+ cognition )         
evanesc5t emotion4 ,b at ! fir/ x is    
evid5t t fe> 0 b a slight ev5t 9 a      
consci\sness :i* 0 ma9ly absorb$ 9      

imm$iate pa9 exp]i5ce & "s s5se (       
object4 ,x is s habitual & in/9ctive = u
 to p]ceive all ?+s z hav+ feel+ value1 
t x is mo/ difficult to appreciate !    
/&po9t ( a consci\sness :i* is j atta9+ 
emotion life4  ,! prelim9>y elem5ts to  
simple primitive fe>1 z express$ by any 
su* phrase z1 8x hurts10 are at lea/    
f\r3 pa91 cognition ( object1 cognition 
( ! pa91 cognition ( ! pa9 ag5cy (      
object4 ,^! op]ations1 z be+ at fir/    
successive1 d n necess>ily imply1 h[ev]1
 s5se ( "t4 ,! consci\sness ( a pa9 is  
c]ta9ly1 at fir/1 consci\sness ( pa9    
really pa/1 yet n consci\sness ( x z    
pa/4 ,! pa9 /&s z imm$iately antec$5t   
act to ! consci\sness :i* is cognition (
 x1 b s5se ( exp]i5ce is n !reby s5se ( 
exp]i5ce 9 "t4 ,! s5se ( "t-relations ( 
exp]i5ces is :olly subsequ5t to ! simple
 s5se ( exp]i5ce4 ,all exp]i5ce is1 (   
c\rse1 9 "t1 b f> f be+ ( "t4  ,an      
organism1 :i* has suff]$ kn[+ly f an    
object1 & s fe>$1 atta9s at l5g? ! p[] (
 fe>+ antec$5t to any real injury4 ,?is 

seems to be br\ght ab\t some:at 9 !     
foll[+ mann]3 ,if ,i 9 any way1 z by a  
p9 prick+1 r\se a sleep+ animal to a    
cognition ( an object :i* has (t5 injur$
 x1 & :i* x has (t5 fe>$1 imm$iately !re
 w\ld re-occur ! orig9al concomitants ( 
! cognition 9 ! previ\s cases2 !re w\ld 
be pa91 cognition ( pa91 ascription to  
object1 & fe>1 all m]ely revivals1 &    
happ5+ mo/ probably be=e any actual     
injury1 etc41 receiv$ 9 ! pres5t case4  
,n[ ^! revivals1 z be=e insi/$1 d n & _c
 9 !mselves alone =m a new fe>4 ,?is is 
only con/itut$ :5 ! revival pa9s are    
kn[n z su*1 :5 !y are n m]ely pres5t$ 9 
consci\sness1 b repres5t$ z belong+ to  
pa/ exp]i5ce ( ?+1 & s to be exp]i5c$4  
,! ?+ is !reby truly int]pret$ = its    
feel+ value4 ,n m]ely pa91 z be+        
exp]i5c$1 is connect$ ) ?+1 b z hav+ be5
 exp]i5c$1 & to be exp]i5c$4 ,?us only  
arises t s5se ( ! exp]i5ceable1 t real  
appreh5sion = ! future1 :i* is s        
valuable an acquisition 9 ! /ruggle =   
exi/5ce4 ,feel+ quality comes ?us to be 

assign$ z real & p]man5t prop]ty ( ?+s1 
& e cognition comes to imply            
repres5tation ( feel+ value1 & s to be a
 basis = emotion4 ,b all s5se (         
exp]i5ceability is f\nd$ on s5se (      
exp]i5ce2 ! s5se ( ?+s z possibilities (
 s5sation & feel+ is bas$ on actual     
relat+s ( feel+s to objects 9 simple    
direct exp]i5ces4  ,fe> is 9 itself     
pre-em95tly a pa9ful /ate1 & we h to    
inquire z to ! orig9 & nature ( ?is pa94
 ,! /atem5t ( ! problem 9 g5]al =m is1  
h[ does t :i* does n yet please or pa91 
b is only cogniz$ z ab\t to d s1 give   
imm$iate pleasure or pa98  ,we h already
 express$ ! op9ion t fe> is bas$ on m   
?an m]e pa9 revivals2 !re mu/ be true   
repres5tation1 ! revival mu/ be         
appreciat$ z repres5tation ( pa/        
exp]i5ce1 & indicative ( future4 ,!     
pa9ful agitation consequ5t on prospect (
 pa9 seems1 inde$1 to include z pa9     
elem5t m ?an revival pa91 b x is only   
seem+4 ,:]e does ! pa9 come f :i* a     
p]son feels at ! m]e prospect ( pa9     

unless f ! pa/8 ,! pa9 is1 ( c\rse1 n ! 
id5tical pa9 fe>$4 ,aga91 "o _c see h[ a
 cognition 9 itself1 entirely empty (   
feel+1 c cause a pa91 except z act+ z a 
l9k 9 a *a9 ( association :]eby conjo9$ 
pa/ pa9s are reviv$4 ,s f> z fe> is pa91
 x is1 we may be told1 revival1 =       
repres5tation ( pa9 is n pa91 & _c cause
 pa94 ,! pa9 :i* arises f cognition (   
pa9 to be exp]i5c$ appe>s 9 a /rict     
analysis to be :olly re-occurr5ce       
/imulat$ !reby1 & n any new & peculi>   
mode ( pa9 at pa94 ,t ?is is ! case is  
app>5t f ! fact t we c only h ! pa9 (   
fe> s f> z we h exp]i5c$ pa94 ,poignant 
pa9s exp]i5c$ are ! basis ( poignant pa9
 9 fe>4 ,! k t y are soon to re-exp]i5ce
 an int5se pa9 leads to an int5se dread1
 9 :i* ! int5se pa9 is reviv$ f =m]     
exp]i5ce4 ,!re are1 to be sure1 9 !     
ph5om5a ( fe> 9 highly develop$         
consci\sness1 complex pa9s :i* _c be    
ascrib$ to revivals1 reflexes ^u        
consci\sness ( ! great t5sion &         
agitation !re(1 pa9 ( loss (            

self-possession & self-p[]1 & o!r modes 
:i* proce$ f consci\sness (             
consci\sness1 b ?is does n be> ^u ! "q  
h[ m]e cognition ( pa91 z to be         
exp]i5c$1 c 9 itself give pa92 h[ !re   
arises f m]e appreh5sion a pa9 :i* is m 
?an & di/9ct f ! revival pa9s4  ,b1     
h[ev] we may be puzzl$ to see h[ m]e    
cognition ( exp]i5ceable pa9 develops a 
peculi> pa9 :i* is ! ess5ce ( fe>1 yet  
we mu/ ackn[l$ge its production to be a 
fact4 ,we may say1 inde$1 t ! b>e ?\ght 
( pa9 ev5 :5 convey$ by ! pr9t$ ^w--!   
ab/ract sign ( an arbitr>y vocal "n--is 
n )\t a t+e ( a peculi> fe>-pa9 :i* does
 n :olly consi/ ( revivals4 ,:5 prep>+  
to g out into ! /orm on a v cold day ,i 
h pa9 9 anticipation ( ! pa9 ,i am to   
receive f ! bitt]ly cold w9d4 ,n[ ,i may
 h prelim9>y %iv]+s1 & !re may be       
recurr5t pa9ful s5sations z ,i look     
int5tly at ! rag+ elem5ts1 pa9s :i*     
return f actual exp]i5ces :i* ,i h be=e 
und]gone & at ! "t kn[+ly connect$ ) w9d
 & sn[4 ,b all ^! revivals1 :ile ! basis

 ( my fe>1 d n give ! di/9ct pa9 quality
 ( ! fe>4 ,! pa9 :i* ,i d exp]i5ce :5 ,i
 actually /ep into ! bit+ bla/ ,i "k at 
once to be entirely di/9ct 9 quality f t
 :i* ,i be=e felt at ! anticipation1 !  
real pa91 ( fe>4 ,aga91 :5 ,i say1 8,i 0
 deeply pa9$ to he> ( x10 & :5 ,i say1  
8,! noise pa9$ me greatly10 ,i indicate 
t diff]5ce betwe5 purely m5tal di/ress &
 s5su\s pa91 betwe5 pa9 at repres5tation
 & pa9 ref]r$ to pres5tation1 :i* is to 
be emphasiz$ 9 all our /udy ( emotion4  
,) a man 9 ! h&s ( ho/ile ,indians !    
tortures ( fe> are q di/9ct 9 quality f 
! tortures actually endur$4 ,! agony (  
fe> is a g5us ap>t f ! agony ( physical 
pa94  ,aga91 if ! pa9 9 fe> 7 d]iv$ f   
revivals1 !n ! nature ( ! pa9 9 diff]5t 
/ates ( fe> w\ld be z diff]5t z !       
s5sations fe>$4 ,b z a matt] ( fact !   
pa9 9 fe> ( cold1 fe> ( heat1 ( fam9e1 (
 puni%m5t1 etc41 is sub/antially ( !    
same quality4 ,i may fe> "o m ?an ano!r1
 b ! real m5tal agitation & pa9 :i*     
con/itute ! fe> are 9 all cases         

ess5tially ! same4 ,if ! pa9 9 fe> 7    
s5sation revivals1 !n fe> ( cold & fe> (
 heat w\ld be q div]se & contr>y 9      
quality ( pa9 value1 b we all "k t !    
dread ( a cold day & ( a hot day are 9  
!mselves ess5tially ! same 9 nature4 ,z 
f> z ! /ates are pure fe> & h a pa9     
quality1 ! consci\s activity 9 bo? is   
entirely simil>4  ,fur!r1 if ! pa9 9 fe>
 7 :olly ( revival nature1 n only %\ld  
we expect fe> ( diff]5t s5sations to be 
correspond+ly di/9ct1 b we %\ld also    
expect ! pa9 9 fe> to nev] exce$ 9 am\nt
 & int5sity ! pa9 fe>$ z indicat$ by    
measure ( pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,b we "k t our  
fe>s are (t5 mu* m pa9ful ?an pa9 fe>$ &
 ?an our exp]i5ce ( pa/ pa94 ,! pang (  
fe>1 ( sudd5 fright1 is (t5 m acute &   
int5se ?an any direct pa9 we h ev]      
exp]i5c$4 ,! t]rible convulsions ( fe>  
:i* we see 9 ! insane give evid5ce ( pa9
 :i* c\ld n h be5 reflection f direct   
exp]i5ce4 ,t excessive & sudd5 fe> :i*  
turns m5's hair gray 9 a few h\rs &     
trans=ms _! :ole physical sy/em is      

pla9ly n any revival f ! individual's   
pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,z reveal$ by its effects 
x is (t51 p]haps1 great] ?an ! :ole     
am\nt ( pa9 !y h ev] suff]$4 ,:]e1 9 !  
direct-exp]i5ce =m1 pa9 is great] 9 !   
fe> ?an ! real pa9 suff]$1 we express ! 
fact by ! common phrase1 8m sc>$ ?an    
hurt40 ,9 all su* cases ! pa9 9 fe> is n
 ! revival ( pa/ exp]i5ces ( ! object   
fe>$4  ,fe> is1 9 ! ma91 ! peculi> pa9  
com+ f consci\sness ( exp]i5ceable pa91 
b 9 g5]al 9 all complex consci\sness x  
is m>k$ by dissolution & weak5+ ( m5tal 
=ce4 ,!re is a %r9k+ ( w1 & a cl\d+ (   
cognition1 a g5]al unsettl+ ( all m5tal 
elem5ts1 a commotion or agitation :i*   
de/roys ! organic cons5sus (            
consci\sness4 ,b any excessive function+
 ( "s elem5t 9 consci\sness1 ( emotion  
life1 z fe>1 or ( any o!r =m1 is        
unbalanc+ & detracts f normal activity (
 ! :ole4 ,fe>1 h[ev]1 9 its normal      
measure & =m arose & 0 develop$ z a     
desirable /imulant2 :]e x becomes       
p>alyz+ 9 its =ce1 x is pa?ological 9   

quality4 ,also :]e fe> is pa?ologically 
int5se x t5ds to disappe> 9 s5sation    
fe>$4 ,cognition becomes s weak5$ t s5se
 ( repres5tativ5ess is lo/1 ! ?+ fe>$ is
 no long] br\ght be=e ! m9d 9 its       
pot5tial quality1 b is imm$iately       
appreh5d$ z pres5t 9 its influ5ce--?\gh 
really objectively abs5t--halluc9ation  
is produc$1 & fe> naturally rev]ts to   
its e>lie/ & direct =m 9 imm$iate       
exp]i5ce4 ,z cognition is /ill fur!r    
weak5$ ! s5se ( object z giv+ pa9 is lo/
 & fe> 9 any =m entirely disappe>s4 ,!  
pa9 is n felt :i* be=e 0 fe>$ to be     
felt4 ,fe> ?us 9 ! g5]al ord] ( its     
disappe>ance repeats ! ord] ( its       
appe>ance & gr[?4  ,fe> always includes 
"s s5se ( object4 ,! appreh5sion (      
some?+ evil to happ5 is ! basis ( all   
fe>1 b ! ?+1 or1 subjectively speak+1 ! 
objectify+1 may be extremely vague4 ,we 
may fe> t "s h>m is to befall u1 b :at &
 h[1 we "k n4 ,we mu/ suppose t 9 e>ly  
/ages ?is b>e objectify+ ( approa*+ pa9 
0 a regul> incipi5t =m1 t an indef9ite  

fe> prec$$ e case ( def9$ fe>4 ,we1 z a 
rule1 atta9 a full objectify+ ) su* ease
 & rapidity t ?is =m does n (t5 appe>4  
,a complete fe> movem5t1 !n ) ref]5ce to
 cognition includes f\r /ages3 fir/1 a v
 g5]al s5se ( object z ab\t to give pa92
 second1 an increas+ def9ition ( object 
up to ! maximum ( cle>ness1 ?us m>k+ !  
highe/ effici5cy ( ! fe> function2 ?ird1
 a decreas+ def9ition ( object till1    
f\r?1 a purely indef9ite objectify+ is  
aga9 rea*$4 ,e fe>1 if x atta9s a normal
 life1 w rise1 culm9ate1 & decl9e 9 ?is 
way4 ,ev5 9 man1 :]e ! full developm5t (
 s+le simple psy*oses r>ely proce$      
undi/urb$1 !re is yet obs]v$ a g5]al    
t5d5cy t[>d ^! /ages4 ,i awak5 9 ! night
 at a sudd5 noise ) slight & vague fe>2 
suspici\s s\nds increase my fe> & ,i    
li/5 & look m int5tly till ,i see cle>ly
 & q fully cr\*+ ne> ! b$ a d>k body :i*
 ,i make out to be an arm$ burgl>2 z he 
approa*es ) 8 po9t$ weapon fe> w mo/    
likely become s int5se t ,i see less &  
less cle>ly1 & a %ot might t]rify me    

into vague b v int5se fe>4 ,if ! object 
is disc]n$ to be n a burgl> b a *air1 ! 
fe> quickly lapses4 ,at a c]ta9 po9t (  
maximum cle>ness ei!r a weak5+ or an    
int5sify+ ( fe> weak5s cognition4 ,too  
mu* or too little pa9 is equally        
injuri\s to ! kn[+ activity4 ,l[        
psy*isms exam9e & cle>ly def9e only t f 
:i* !y h some?+ to fe> or hope4  ,!     
qualitative relation ( ! pa9 ( fe> to ! 
pa9 fe>$ v>ies greatly ) ! evolution (  
m9d4 ,fe>-pa9 c\ld n h orig9at$ z a     
sub/itution>y function = ! real pa9     
except by be+ at ! fir/ some:at less 9  
quality ?an ! pa9 to be endur$1 o!rwise 
!re w\ld be no economy 9 ! function4 ,! 
progress ( ?is function is to secure at 
less & less exp5se ( fe>-pa9 ! suitable 
reaction4 ,! function ( fe> be+ to      
escape a great] direct pa9 by a less    
indirect "o1 ! progress ( ! function is 
9 dim9i%+ ! am\nt ( fe>-pa9 = requir$   
effectiv5ess4 ,! small orig9al ga9 9 !  
ratio is increas$ by small increm5ts    
till 9 ! highe/ m9ds proportion (       

fe>-pa9 to pa9 fe>$ might be repres5t$  
by #a4 ,! pa9 9 ! usual fe> :i* commonly
 induces me to /ep f ! track be=e an    
approa*+ tra91 or :i* enables me aft]   
read+ "s advice on ! subject to take    
precautions aga9/ ! *ol]a1 is evid5tly 9
 inf9itesimal relation to ! pa9 fe>$4   
,:5 fe> is unsuccessful1 z 9 anticipat+ 
a visit to ! d5ti/1 we1 ( c\rse1 suff] a
 d\ble pa91 bo? ! fe>-pa9 & ! pa9 fe>$4 
,(t5 we mu/ obs]ve t ! pa9 ( fe> is     
equal to or great] ?an ! exp]i5ce fe>$1 
& we h to ask h[ ?is disadvantage\s     
excess c\ld h be5 evolv$4 ,(t5 ! pa9 (  
anticipation turns out to be f> great]  
?an ! pa9 anticipat$4 ,h[ev]1 a little  
reflection assures u t ! excess ( fe> 9 
_m cases is only 9 appe>ance4 ,we d n   
fe> too mu* ^u ! judgm5t we h =m$ z to !
 com+ pa91 b we h by error ( judgm5t    
assign$ too mu* value to ! pa94 ,:5 a   
p]son be+ initiat$ into a secret society
 trembles ) fe> at be+ told to jump f a 
precipice1 :5 he really is to jump b a  
few feet d[nw>d1 8 fe> 0 p]fectly j     

accord+ to 8 judgm5t4 ,if 8 belief is   
p]fectly assur$1 ! mortal fe> w make him
 (f] ! mo/ /r5u\s resi/ance & mo/ likely
 secure 8 release f ! ordeal4 ,9 all su*
 cases ! feel+ is "r en\gh1 b ! e/imate 
( future exp]i5ce is inaccurate4 ,:5 an 
animal is t]rifi$ at its own %ad[ ! fe> 
is ju/ly proportion$ to ! e/imate (     
dang]1 :i*1 h[ev]1 happ5s to be         
errone\s4 ,9 ! evolution ( m9d 9 !      
/ruggle = exi/5ce1 m & m accurate       
calculations ( possible injury are      
atta9$1 & fe> becomes m & m rational4   
,educat$ m5 fe> only :at is wor?y ( fe>2
 !y fe> _m ?+s t l[] m9ds d n1 & d n fe>
 _m ?+s !y d4 ,! true excess ( fe> is   
:]e we fe> aga9/ judgm5t1 z :51 kn[+ !  
safety ( travel by rail1 ,i am yet      
con/antly 9 fe> :ile abo>d a railway    
tra94 ,:5 ,i /ill cont9ue to fe>1 ?\gh  
,i "k ! fe> to be gr\ndless1 ?is is a   
true hyp]trophy ( fe>4 ,we con/antly    
obs]ve ^? :o are fe>ful & timid aga9/ _!
 own reason4 ,:5 dang]s kn[n are comp>$ 
) dang]s obscure or unkn[n--& p]ceiv$ to

 be unkn[able--! fe> ( ! unkn[n (t5     
prevails aga9/ ! fe> ( ! kn[n1 & we     
pref] ) ,hamlet to fe> ! ills we h ?an  
fly to o!rs we "k n (4  ,i mu/ 9        
conclusion express my conviction t :ile 
! physiological & objective /udy ( fe> &
 o!r emotions is ( v consid]able value1 
yet x is only introspective analysis :i*
 c reveal ! true nature & g5esis ( fe> &
 all emotion4 ,:at fe> is & :at is !    
process ( its developm5t c only be      
det]m9$ by ! direct /udy ( consci\sness 
z a life factor 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4  
,?is ,i attempt 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 ) !   
ma9 result t fe>1 z inde$ e emotion1    
does n consi/ ( pa9 or                  
cognition-revivals 9 any =m1 b is a     
feel+ reaction f ! repres5tation ( !    
feel+ pot5cy ( ! object4                
,,*apt] ,,viii                      ,,! 
,,diff]5tiation ,,( ,,fe>   ,fe>1       
accord+ to ! analysis we h made1        
includes repres5tation ( object 9 its   
feel+ value1 pr$om9ant tone ( m5tal pa91
 & w recoil4 ,fe> 9 its primitive =m1 z 

we h se51 0 a sudd5 & transitory        
ph5om5on 9 consci\sness1 a simple ?rill 
( feel+ awak+ w to spasmodic viol5t ef=t
 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,all /ates ( fe>
 9 e>ly psy*ical hi/ory 7 practically   
alike 9 quantity1 quality & int5sity4 ,e
 fe> is l e o!r fe> 9 its pa9 tone & w  
ef=t4 ,e object & ev5t consid]$ z pa9ful
 is equally fe>$2 !re is no di/9ction ( 
m or less fe>1 nor any qualitative      
diff]5tiation4 ,v "y *ildr5 manife/     
equal fe> di/urbance & seem+ly id5tical 
9 nature on all fe>ful occasions4       
,prospect ( vacc9ation1 ( a scrat*1 ( ! 
pull+ ( a too?1 ( a :ipp+1 ( an         
amputation1 produce equally p>oxysms (  
fe>1 waves ( pa9ful emotion1 :i* dis*>ge
 !mselves 9 muscul> contortions4 ,! l[e/
 animals likewise appe> 9 all cases     
fright5$ to ! same degree & 9 ! same    
way4 ,x mu/ be said1 h[ev]1 t ?is p]iod 
( simple undiff]5tiat$ fe> is und\bt$ly 
v brief1 & embraces 9 ! individual & !  
race b a comp>atively small numb] (     
ph5om5a2 b a c>eful /udy1 ev5 by ! me?od

 ( approximation w1 ,i believe1 %[ x to 
be a def9ite initial phase4  ,:ile ?is  
primitive undiff]5tiat$ fe>1 :i* acts ) 
! same =ce & quality 9 all in/ances1    
conf]s ^u ! organism :i* possesses x a  
great sup]iority ov] ^? :i* d n possess 
x1 9 ! race = life1 & ?us m>ks a great  
advance 9 psy*ical progress1 yet x is   
manife/ly uneconomical 9 its action 9 t 
!re %\ld be precisely ! same am\nt &    
quality ( reaction 9 all cases4 ,s :5 a 
consid]able numb] ( organisms _h atta9$ 
! p[] to fe>1 competition w\ld          
inevitably lead to "s diff]5tiation1 &  
?is d\btless fir/ 9 ! direction ( great]
 economy4 ,! animal :i* c\ld fe> mu* or 
little1 accord+ to ! degree ( actual    
injury ?reat5$1 w\ld h a great advantage
 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ov] 8 fell[s4 ,! 
am\nt ( pa9 9 prospect is def9itely     
gaug$1 & ! fe> pa9 becomes proportion$  
!reto1 & s ! w ef=t & muscul> ex]tions4 
,fe> 9 its e>lie/ =m sets ! :ole motor  
app>atus go+ at ! highe/ rate1 ! :ole   
organism is at ! highe/ pit* ( activity1

 & life & dea? /ruggle happ5s at e      
appreh5sion ( pa91 no matt] h[ small !  
reality4 ,lat]1 ?r\gh discrim9ation1    
animals become capable ( ei!r a slight  
sc>e or a great fe>1 accord+ to         
circum/ances4 ,! fe> =ce is gradually   
rationaliz$ & made less spasmodic & s m 
adaptive4 ,! fe> pa9 becomes proportion$
 to ! real am\nt ( pa9 & s to injury    
actually imm95t4  ,?is mode ( evolution 
by decrease r ?an increase ( int5sity   
may seem peculi>4 ,fe>1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly  
orig9ates z a simple outbur/ (          
consid]able /r5g? relative to !         
individual organism1 & ! fir/ /ep 9 fe> 
gr[? is a developm5t 9 !                
repres5tation-(-object elem5t 9 fe> :i* 
t5ds to r$uce ! ess5ce ( fe> z          
pa9-emotion4 ,spasmodic primitive fe> 9 
becom+ intellig5t loses int5sity 9 !    
ess5tial feel+ aspect4 ,o!r ?+s be+     
equal1 ! int5sity ( fe> is inv]sely z ! 
def9ition ( its object4 ,! dimly &      
unc]ta9ly kn[n is always !reby m fe>ful 
?an ! well kn[n & famili>4 ,h[ev]1 z    

reg>ds primitive psy*ism1 we mu/ rem>k t
 all ph5om5a are v l>ge 9 relative      
quantity to individual capacity1 b v    
small 9 absolute psy*ological quantity4 
,a fe> :i* convulses a v small m9d w\ld 
make b a v small di/urbance 9 a m9d ( v 
great capacity4 ,an am\nt ( fe> :i* w\ld
 absorb completely "o consci\sness      
capacity1 w\ld require comp>atively     
little =ce 9 a m9d ( great] calibre4 ,! 
l[e/ m9ds are possess$ by _! fe>s1 high]
 m9ds possess !m1 d n 8lose _! heads10  
i4e41 bo? cognition & w co-exi/ z /able 
controll+ elem5ts4 ,primitive           
consci\sness is con/antly at saturation 
po9t1 ph5om5a occur only 9 l9e>         
consecutive ord]1 & e ph5om5on is a     
feel+-will+ :i* absorbs ! l[ consci\s   
capacity4 ,x may !n1 p]haps1 be reg>d$ t
 ! evolution ( fe> is n ?r\gh absolute  
decrease 9 int5sity1 b an increase (    
consci\s capacity1 :]eby great]         
def9ition ( object becomes possible &   
co9cid5t ) fe>-pa9 ( orig9al quantity4  
,! complete det]m9ation ( ?is "q mu/ !n 

await a full] analysis1 b ! relation to 
individual capacity 9 ! evolution ( fe> 
rema9s app>5t4 ,:atev] may be ! absolute
 quantity & int5sity ( ! fe> ph5om5on1  
its relative quantity & int5sity *anges 
v greatly4  ,! numb] ( adaptive degrees 
( fe> :i* are ultimately evolv$ & ( :i* 
any v high m9d is susceptible1 is q     
beyond our pres5t means ( psy*ological  
analysis4 ,we h no phobomet] to regi/]  
all ! gradations1 o!r ?an ! popul> usage
 ( language1 b betwe5 8,i 0 sc>$ j !    
lea/ bit10 & 8,i 0 sc>$ /iff10 or 8sc>$ 
to dea?10 !re is c]ta9ly a va/ numb] (  
int]m$i>ies4 ,t]ror is an int5sive t]m  
d5ot+ /rong fe>1 & a t]rible fright is a
 r$undancy = extreme fe>4 ,by ! use (   
adjectives & v>i\s qualify+ phases we   
r\ghly d5ote a numb] ( fe> degrees1 b   
sci5tific precision is :olly lack+4 ,su*
 expressions z 8,i h v little fe> (     
him10 8,i fe> him a little10 8,i fe> him
 greatly10 8,i fe> him v mu*10 convey a 
mean+ inde$1 b no exact measurem5t is   
indicat$4  ,t]ror is (t5 us$ z a t]m n  

m]ely = fe> 9 g5]al1 b = fe> :i*        
p>alyzes by its =ce4 ,! individual is   
(t5 8root$ to ! spot0 by t]ror1 he loses
 all p[] ( motion & becomes z an in]t   
mass4 ,) animals ev5 ( ! l[] grades ?is 
is d\btless (t5 a pa?ological           
manife/ation4 ,we f9d t pr$atory animals
 are (t5 furni%$ ) app>atus to inspire  
b5umb+ fe> 9 _! victims4 ,v>i\s means1 z
 inflation ( size1 /rid5t noises1 etc41 
are employ$ ) great effect4 ,on ! o!r   
h&1 we f9d t pr$aci\s animals seek to   
r$uce ! /imulus ( fe> 9 _! victims by   
quiet+ & allur+ me?ods4 ,bo? hyp]trophy 
& atrophy ( fe> are disadvantage\s1 & we
 %\ld see !n 9 p>alyz+ t]ror an in/ance 
( ov]-developm5t ( useful function :i*  
produces ! direct opposite ( ! normal   
fe>4 ,fe>1 ! great means ( salvation to 
all weak] organisms1 is also 9 its      
highe/ int5sities tak5 advantage ( by   
enemies4 ,h5ce ! due graduation &       
re/ra9t ( fe> becomes "o ( ! mo/        
important l9es ( m5tal evolution = !    
organism prey$ ^u1 b ! ov] /imulation or

 undue weak5+ ( ! fe> function 9 its    
prey becomes a mo/ important object &   
advantage = ! pr$aci\s animal4 ,?is     
evolution is (t5 by ! individual        
disadvantage\s v>iation :5 ?is is       
advantage to "s o!r organism2 &1 z liv+ 
be+s are soon divid$ into ! two classes1
 ^? :o flee & ^? :o pursue1 ! de/roy+ & 
pres]v+ ( ! *ief psy*ological def5ce    
becomes a lead+ =m ( psy*ic gr[? ( a    
pa?ologic "*4 ,fe> 9 its orig9 0 c]ta9ly
 a /imulant to action & n s$ative4      
,h[ev]1 s f> z fe> effects an unconsci\s
 mimicry ( dea? x (t5 rea*es !reby      
negatively to cons]vative action1 &     
p>alyz+ fe> is ?us expla9$ by ! g5]al   
law ( advantage 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4  
,we c !n trace a d\ble evolution ( fe>1 
on ! "o h& z lead+ to action1 on ! o!r  
to inaction1 b ! =m] w1 ,i ?9k1 be f\nd 
to be ! primitive =m4 ,! prim>y & ma9   
function ( fe> 9 all life is 9 a duly   
modulat$ en]giz+ 9 view ( approa*+      
injury1 & ! depress+ mode is second>y & 
exceptional4  ,aga91 we mu/ rem>k ^u !  

s5se ( p]sonal weakness1 or1 objectively
 /at$1 ! s5se ( ov]:elm+ p[]1 z ent]+   
into fe>4 ,i _c agree ) ,mr4 ,m]ci] t   
?is is a m>k ( all fe>4 ,9 its orig9 &  
e>ly gradations fe>1 z we h notic$ x 9 !
 imm$iately prec$+ p>agraphs1 requires  
no o!r cognition ?an t ( pa9 to come4   
,self-measurem5t ( p[] 9 relation to t (
 pa9 giv+ object is c]ta9ly too complex 
to be primitive1 nor d ! simple/ =ms (  
fe> z we obs]ve !m 9 ourselves & judge (
 !m 9 l[] organisms pre-suppose any su* 
process4 ,primitively e p]ception (     
pa9ful ev5t fills consci\sness ) !      
impetu\s self-cons]v+ fe> revulsion4    
,!re is nei!r "t nor capacity = e/imat+ 
"o's own /r5g? or weakness 9 relation to
 oppos+ p[]4 ,by ! v l[ intellig5ce only
 ! imm$iately imm95t is appreh5d$1 &    
action is always imm$iate1 %ort1 &      
decisive4 ,9 fact1 x is n[ probable t   
orig9ally pa9ful ev5ts are really       
actualiz$ by ! m9d1 & ! fe> is ?us at ! 
ev5t z actual1 r ?an z ideal1 z         
repres5t$ z to be4 ,c]ta9 x is t m9d1 9 

its hurry to get ahead ( natural h>mful 
ag5cies 9 _! action1 mu/ 9 its e>lie/   
pre-appreh5sions h no room or "t =      
dynamic int]pretations4  ,( c\rse ! :ole
 value ( s5se ( "o's own sup]ior p[] is 
9 fe>1 !reby secur+ ! cont+5cy ( !      
pa9ful ev5t1 b s5se ( cont+5cy ^u "o's  
own ef=ts no d\bt fir/ occurs at a      
consid]ably advanc$ /age1 mu* beyond t (
 simple fe>4 ,primitively m9d reg>ds    
ev5ts z be+1 or ab\t to be1 ) no s5se   
ei!r ( _! c]ta9ty or unc]ta9ty4 ,e>ly   
m9d _c appreciate c]ta9ty1 = x kn[s n   
unc]ta9ty1 x has n yet accompli%$ !     
prevision to :i* c]ta9ty & unc]ta9ty may
 atta*2 x _c say1 8,i fe> ?is w happ510 
or 8,i fe> t w n happ510 b only 8,i fe> 
or d n fe> ! ?+ happ5+1 ! ev5t com+40 ,!
 _w ( ! e>lie/ psy*ical life is simply  
factual1 & ! fe>s are simple & :olly    
undiff]5tiat$4 ,fe> c]ta9ly ant$ates !  
p]ception ( cont+5cy & ( "o's own ag5cy 
9 produc+ cont+5cy4 ,ev5 9 ! ord9>y fe>s
 9 human consci\sness s5se ( p]sonal p[]
 9 relation to pa9-giv] is actually     

subsequ5t to ! fe> ph5om5on & reacts ^u 
x1 b is n con/itutive ( x 9 its fir/    
impulse4  ,fe> is fir/ graduat$ by !    
increas+ discrim9ation z to ! am\nt (   
pa9 & injury to be inflict$1 & lat] x is
 graduat$ by ! s5se ( ! pa9ful ev5t z m 
or less cont+5t1 ei!r 9 ! natural c\rse 
( ?+s1 or z det]m9$ by ! individual's   
/r5g? 9 w>d+ (f imp5d+ evil4 ,tak+      
*ances & risks is le>n$1 & becomes (t5 v
 advantage\s4 ,fe> is also greatly      
dim9i%$ & modifi$ by acquir+ a s5se (   
"o's individual p[] 9 ov]com+ or resi/+ 
pa9 giv54 ,! rabbit1 (t5 *as$ by a      
clumsy dog1 evid5tly fe>s him less &    
less4 ,man1 bo? by 8 increas+ k (       
natural cont+5cies & by 8 increas+ p[]  
ov] elem5tal & animal pa9-giv+ =ces1    
fe>s less & less4 ,! inevitable evil1   
sure to come1 & sure to ov]come1 is t   
:i* /rikes int5se/ fe>1 z we (t5 see 9  
crim9als l$ to execution4  ,!           
discrim9ation betwe5 ! animate & !      
inanimate also diff]5tiates fe>4 ,:5 ?is
 di/9ction is fully a*iev$1 ! attitude (

 m9d t[>d ea* 9 fe> is pla9ly di/9ct4 ,!
 ?+1 p]ceiv$ z hav+ psy*ic p[]s1 &      
capable ( purposive evil &              
self-directive ( its movem5ts1 awak5s   
!reby a complex ( feel+s :i* rapidly    
develops beyond our pres5t p[]s (       
analysis to foll[ !m4 ,= ! pres5t sket* 
( ! e>ly natural hi/ory ( fe> x is      
suffici5t m]ely to rem>k ?is            
diff]5tiation z "o ( prime value 9 !    
/ruggle = exi/5ce4  ,h[ev]1 z we h be=e 
sugge/$ 7p4 #ajf71 ! nature ( fe>1      
purely 9 itself consid]$1 does n dep5d  
on ! nature ( ! object fe>$2 ?us fe> (  
cold & fe> ( heat are p]fectly alike z  
psy*ic facts1 ?\gh hav+ reg>d to v      
div]se physical facts4 ,animi/ic m9d1   
inde$1 reacts to all objects diff]5tly f
 naturali/ic m9d1 yet 9 its ess5tial    
quality fe> is id5tical 9 bo?4 ,9 fe> ( 
a /orm1 bo? z a purely physical         
manife/ation & z ! expression ( !       
psy*ical nature ( a deity1 ! fe> act is 
by itself q ! same2 ! fe> pa9 & ! will+ 
are q ! same1 b on ! m ext]nal1 !       

repres5tation side1 !y d greatly diff]1 
! complication be+ great] 9 ! latt]     
in/ance1 & introduc+ a complex ( feel+s4
 ,fe> 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se does n rea* to !  
object to consid] its nature1 to reg>d  
its objective quality1 = ?is is ! base (
 v diff]5t feel+s2 b fe> prop] is       
engross$ 9 object purely = its imm$iate 
pa9 significance2 x is giv5 up to view+ 
p]sonal pa9 infliction4 ,i am incl9$ to 
?9k1 !n1 t we %all f9d t m9d is prim>ily
 nei!r animi/ic nor naturali/ic4 ,! only
 int]pretation ( object :i* is fir/ made
 is z pa9 or pleasure giv51 & a         
p]sonaliz+ & imp]sonaliz+ /age is       
decid$ly lat]4 ,we mu/ rememb] t m9d at 
fir/ goes only s f> z x is positively   
oblig$ to by ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 &     
h5ce1 ?\gh x is q impossible = u to     
fully realize su* a simple /ate1 yet    
orig9ally objects 7 discrim9at$ m]ely z 
pleasure & pa9 s\rces4 ,object at fir/ 0
 ( ! m vague sort1 m]ely an indef9ite   
locus = pleasure-pa92 some?+ pa9ful or  
pleasurable is ! discrim9ation1 b       

attribution ( s5ti5cy or ins5ti5cy is n 
yet rea*$1 = no int]pretation ( ! sort  
is yet imp]atively dem&$4 ,x is s +ra9$ 
9 u to p]ceive be+s z ei!r liv+ or      
non-liv+1 t x is q impossible to        
?or\ghly conceive a /ate s primitive z  
to be unable to rise to ?is attribution 
or di/9ction4 ,h[ev]1 l ! b>e /atem5t ( 
a f\r? dim5sion 9 space1 ! /atem5t t    
pre-animi/ic m9d exi/s or has exi/$1 a  
way ( look+ at objects entirely )\t     
ref]5ce to _! p]sonal or imp]sonal      
quality--?is is intelligible1 &         
hypo!tically requir$ by a complete !ory 
( ! evolution ( m9d4 ,9 a dolce f> ni5te
 ( p]fect s5su\sness1 ev5 ! adult man   
sometimes approximates ?is /age1 & !    
actions ( v "y infants are be/ int]pret$
 z expressions ( a simil> /ate4 ,?+s =  
!m seem entirely un9t]pret$ & unp]ceiv$1
 except z imp>t]s ( crass s5sual pa9s & 
pleasures1 z m]e pleasure-pa9 pot5cies4 
,a v important diff]5tiation ( fe> is   
br\ght ab\t by ! ext5sion ( ! "t s5se4  
,fe> beg9s ) a m9imum ( "t s5se2 only ! 

imm$iately imp5d+1 ! absolutely imm95t  
dang]1 suffices to awak5 fe>4 ,b 9 !    
/ruggle = exi/5ce ! advantage ( be+     
influ5c$ = action by ! m & m remote1 9  
"t1 det]m9es a rapid ext5sion 9 "t to   
fe>$ ev5ts4 ,) man actions are ?us      
influ5c$ by fe>s1 :i* rea* ev5 beyond ! 
pres5t life4 ,! cauti\s & prud5t are ^? 
^: fe>s are f>-sight$1 & :o1 conduct+   
!mselves accord+ly1 ma9ta9 supremacy ov]
 ! %ort-sight$ & improvid5t4 ,c>pe diem 
is1 f ! po9t ( view ( evolution>y       
psy*ology1 ! cry ( ! retrogressive fool4
  ,! "t diff]5tiation ( fe> is recognis$
 9 popul> language 9 ! t]m--dread4 ,i am
 fright5$ 9 ! night by a sudd5 noise2 ,i
 am al>m$ = ! safety ( a *ild awak+ ne> 
a precipice2 b ,i dread next week's     
task4 ,( c\rse dread1 l o!r popul>      
psy*ological t]ms1 is pla/ic1 & (t5     
d5otes fe> 9 g5]al1 & is (t5 us$        
int5sively1 or to d5ote vague fe>1 /ill 
x is ! mo/ correct & di/9ctive t]m = fe>
 ( a m or less remote ev5t4 ,x w\ld be  
mo/ int]e/+ to inve/igate ! relation (  

di/ance 9 "t ( fe>$ ev5t to int5sity ( !
 fe>1 b we h z yet no /&>ds = e/imat+ 9 
ma!matical ratios ei!r "t or int5sity   
psy*ologically consid]$4 ,x is n1 (     
c\rse1 physical det]m9ation ( "t z      
m9utes1 h\rs1 etc41 ) :i* we are        
conc]n$1 b only ) v>iations 9 s5se (    
ne>ness or remot5ess ( ev5t4 ,our s5se (
 "t is mo/ v>iable1 & fluctuates f _m   
causes1 s t h\rs sometimes seem m9utes1 
& m9utes at o!r times seem h\rs4 ,h[ev]1
 !re is1 d\btless1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 "s
 fix$ relation betwe5 our s5se ( !      
ne>ness & remot5ess ( a fe>ful ev5t & ! 
int5sity ( ! fe>1 b we may well d\bt    
:e!r x c ev] be r$uc$ to any law (      
inv]se squ>es l t ( physical int5sities4
 ,a crim9al s5t5c$ to die at !          
expiration ( ?irty days c]ta9ly has a   
m>k$ increase 9 fe> z "t approa*es1 or  
r1 z he has s5se ( ! "t approa*+1 b a   
quantitative analysis is beyond our     
pres5t p[]s4  ,a mo/ important b        
tol]ably late diff]5tiation is !        
altrui/ic =m ( fe>--fe>1 n ( o!rs1 b =  

o!rs4 ,psy*ic life is at fir/ :olly     
self-c5tr$1 !re is no p]ception ( ?+s or
 int]e/ 9 !m o!rwise ?an z be>+ on !    
exp]i5ce ( ! self4 ,o!r selves are :olly
 unrecognis$1 & pa9-giv+ effects to !m  
are !n unp]ceivable4 ,9 v "y infants we 
see a close approximation to primitive  
selfi% life4 ,! exact po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( 
life :5 altruism is develop$ by !       
/ruggle ( exi/5ce is n at pres5t        
det]m9able1 b we may well believe t x   
arose ) ! evolution ( ! sexes 9 sep>ate 
individuals4 ,fe> = mate & (fspr+ is    
obvi\sly an ess5tial advantage 9 !      
progress & p]petuation ( ! k9d4 ,pure   
altruism is n at fir/ atta9$1 & !re is  
only ! fa9te/ gleam ( appreciation (    
pa9-/ates 9 o!rs1 & g5u9e feel+ !re=4 ,!
 sexual appetite is1 l o!r appetites1   
purely selfi% at fir/1 & ! animal fe>s !
 loss ( :at w satisfy 9 an              
individuali/ic way1 q z he fe>s t food  
may be tak5 away or de/roy$4 ,ev5 9     
high] psy*isms mu* t we readily int]pret
 z altrui/ic is (t5 ma9ly p]sonal2 x is 

n a true reg>d & emotion at pa9 & injury
 imm95t to o!rs1 a manife/ation ( feel+ 
at _! exp]i5ce z su*1 b mo/ly a feel+ = 
_! exp]i5ce only s f> z x involves our  
pleasure-pa94 ,:5 sociality &           
int]dep5d5ce ( organisms is atta9$ z a  
great advantage 9 ! /ruggle ( life1 :5  
p]sonal exp]i5ce is p]ceiv$ z dep5d5t ^u
 exp]i5ces ( o!rs1 !n a feel+ value     
atta*es to ! exp]i5ceable = o!rs1 yet   
selfi%ly at fir/4 ,ev5 p>5tal ov]sight &
 c>e mu/ orig9ally h be5 selfi%--!      
satisfaction ( a p]sonal crav+1 r ?an ! 
promotion ( ! well-be+ ( ano!r1 consid]$
 = its own sake4 ,real & pure altruism  
mu/1 inde$1 be acc\nt$1 ev5 9 human     
society1 z a r>e ph5om5on1 p]fect       
self-=getfulness be+ almo/ impossible   
ev5 = ! mo/ develop$ consci\sness1 ow+  
to ! /r5g? & p]si/5ce ( an indef9ite    
h]$ity ( selfi%ness4 ,fe> = o!rs is1 !n1
 9 tru?1 m]ely an indirect fe> =        
ourselves2 & p>ticul>ly s is ?is true 9 
all l[] consci\sness4 ,b we mu/         
ackn[l$ge t elem5ts ( real altruism d   

ent] & d gr[ 9 value & /r5g? 9 !        
evolution ( consci\sness1 & we mu/1 if  
we adh]e /rictly to ! pr9ciple ( p]sonal
 advantage z det]m9+ evolution1 f9d a   
reason "h = a s+ul> & seem+ly           
incompatible manife/ation4 ,reg>d = !   
good ( o!rs is n always indirectly reg>d
 = p]sonal good1 & self-sacrifice is    
c]ta9ly an elem5t 9 psy*ic life1 ev5 9  
l[] consci\sness1 :]e we (t5 seem to see
 a di/9ct /ruggle betwe5 egoi/ic fe> &  
altrui/ic fe>1 z 9 animals protect+ _!  
"y4 ,b we see ! same 9 an animal def5d+ 
food f be+ acquir$ by its enemies4      
,advantage = ! race is c]ta9ly ga9$1 b  
?is :olly unconsci\sly2 & x plays no "p 
9 ! actual psy*ism ( ! individual4 ,9 a 
highly social1 :i* is also 9 ! mo/      
effective & advantage\s mode ( life1 x  
is c]ta9 t ! purely self-seek+ w be at a
 disadvantage 9 g5]al1 :]eas ^? :o give 
!mselves up to help o!rs are by o!rs s  
help$1 t ! f9al /atus ( ! individual is 
high] & bett] ?an if he _h be5 :olly a  
self-seek]4 ,h[ev]1 he :o1 p]ceiv+ ?is  

law1 sets out to be altrui/ic = 8 own   
ends1 inv>iably suff]s defeat 9 ! long  
run1 = entire dis9t]e/$ness c alone     
avail4 ,b ! problem ( altruism1 f an    
evolution>y po9t ( view1 _c "h be fur!r 
rem>k$ on2 a full] discussion w\ld lead 
u too f> afield4 ,h[ev]1 we are conv9c$ 
t altruism spr+s up & gr[s l ! o!r      
elem5ts ( psy*ic life1 z functional 9 ! 
l>ge/ way to ! dem&s ( life 9 ! /ruggle 
= exi/5ce4  ,horror is a di/9ctive t]m =
 altrui/ic fe>4 ,:5 on a tra91 ,i am    
t]rifi$ if ,i p]ceive a collision imm95t
 & inevitable1 b z a m]e spectator walk+
 ne> ! tracks1 ,i am horrifi$ by !      
prospect ( a collision4 ,"o may be 89   
mortal t]ror10 b n 9 mortal horror4     
,our s5se ( ! feel+s ( o!rs t[>ds u1    
:e!r !y be egoi/ic or altrui/ic1        
det]m9es a l>ge class ( reflex emotions 
:i* are (t5 v subtle4 ,if we p]ceive t  
"s "o is fe>+ u or fe>+ = u !re is      
imm$iate reaction on our "p4 ,feel+     
response to feel+ acts & reacts 9 a     
multitude ( complex ways1 z we _c b     

obs]ve :5 9 ! company ( v 8s5sitive0 p4 
,! 8s5sitive0 "o is he ^: emotional life
 is gov]n$ by 8 p]ception ( ! feel+s (  
o!rs t[>d himself1 & he becomes         
wond]fully responsive to ! lea/         
expressions ( emotion t[>d himself4 ,!  
delicate responsiv5ess ( wom51 _!       
intuitions1 are m]ely quick p]ceptiv5ess
 ( emotion expression4 ,! fe>s ( su* are
 l>gely conc]n$ ) ?is dep5d5ce on !     
emotional attitudes ( o!rs t[>d         
!mselves2 !y fe> to incur displeasure1  
!y fe> loss ( love1 etc4 ,?us psy*ical  
ph5om5a become m & m det]m9$ by psy*ical
 ph5om5a z int]pret$ & consid]$ )       
ref]5ce to ! self4 ,panic is contagi\s  
fe>1 & has orig9at$ & be5 develop$ z    
secur+ mutual safety 9 societies (      
animals4 ,h[ev]1 !re is less real fe> on
 occasions ( panic ?an is (t5 suppos$1 =
 mu* ( ! expression :i* we read z fe>   
inspir$ is really m]ely imitative1 &    
does n signify any real basis ( emotion4
 ,moreov]1 we mu/ note t !re is no      
direct contagion1 b ! p]ception ( fe> 9 

o!rs m]ely leads u to dimly body =? "s  
fe>ful ev5ts z imp5d+1 :i* repres5tation
 involves ! full ph5om5on ( fe>4 ,!re is
 also a discrim9ation z to ^? :o %all   
imp>t fe>2 ! fe> ( a *ild on %ipbo>d w n
 />t a panic1 :ile ! fe> ( a capta9     
w\ld4 ,conv9c$ t !re is some?+ wor?     
fe>+1 we fe>1 & make frantic ef=ts to   
escape4  ,we h be=e m5tion$ 7p4 #hi7 !  
peculi> fe> ( fe>4 ,! late/ & culm9at+  
diff]5tiation ( fe> is awe1 & ! highe/1 
mo/ ref9$ developm5t ( awe is 9 ! feel+ 
= ! sublime4 ,! s5se ( magnitude &      
mighty pot5cy ( injuri\s ag5ts or       
ag5cies 9 !mselves consid]$1 & n z      
imm$iately affect+ ! individual or any  
individual1 is ! ess5tial elem5t 9 awe z
 a species ( fe>4 ,?is fe> is !n nei!r  
egoi/ic nor altrui/ic1 b imp]sonal4 ,we 
fe> nei!r = ourselves nor o!rs 9 /&+    
awe/ruck at ! foot ( ,niag>a1 b a s5se (
 ov]:elm+ greatness & might /irs a ?rill
 ( emotion :i* is at bottom a           
sublimation ( fe>4 ,! view :i* to a     
peasant or an animal w\ld give t]ror1 or

 produce no emotional effect :atev]1 ) v
 rational & s5sitive m9ds produces awe4 
,awe does n1 z e>ly emotions & fe>      
g5]ally1 lead directly to w1 x is n a   
/imulant to action1 & ?us has n be5     
evolv$ by ! pr9ciple ( usefulness =     
action :i* gov]ns ! g5]al c\rse (       
physiological & psy*ical evolution4 ,x  
is evid5t t ) awe & ! s5se ( ! sublime  
emotion has a value & end 9 itself4 ,9 !
 high] evolution ( man we see t ! psy*ic
 elem5ts evolve no long] 9 a /rict      
dep5d5cy = _! value 9 secur+ advantage &
 success 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 b       
com=table exi/5ce be+ practically       
assur$1 psy*ic developm5t is pu%$ on 9  
l9es e?ical1 emotional & intellectual1 =
 no practical end1 b = _! own intr9sic  
value4 ,?us ! feel+ = ! sublime is a    
purely indep5d5t developm5t1 :i*1 inde$1
 is bas$ ^u man's capacity to fe>       
egoi/ically & altrui/ically1 b is really
 ex]cis$ solely = its own sake4 ,a      
consci\sness :i* has _h no common fe>   
/age1 c\ld nev] arrive at awe4 ,we /& 9 

awe ( p]sons :o are totally beyond u 9  
_! sup]iority1 :o exi/ 9 a sph]e ( p[] &
 glory1 :i* transc5ds ev5 our und]/&+1 &
 ?us awe has a religi\s z well z /hetic 
side4  ,! *ief diff]5tiations !n ( fe>  
we note z int5sive dread1 z altrui/ic   
horror1 z imp]sonal awe4 ,! *ronological
 ord] ( evolution may be d5ot$ 9 ?is    
ord]--fright1 al>m1 t]ror1 dread1       
horror4                                 
,,*apt] ,,ix                            
,,on ,,despair   ,despair is a phase (  
pa9ful emotion :i* is c]ta9ly relat$ to 
fe>1 yet is v di/ant f x4 ,despair has  
always a fe> basis2 we c only despair   
:]e fe> is impli$1 & :at does n excite  
fe> w give no hold = despair4 ,i mu/    
fir/ fe> a pa9 be=e ,i c despair (      
escap+ x4 ,! prison] condemn$ to dea?   
mu/ fe> dea? be=e he w be 9 despair at !
 prospect ( x4 ,yet :ile despair always 
implies fe>1 fe> may (t5 exi/ & t 9 v   
/rong =m )\t despair4 ,! prison] (t5    
displays great fe>1 b no despair4  ,!re 
is1 9 fact1 a /rong contra/ betwe5 fe> &

 despair4 ,fe> normally /imulates ef=t1 
despair depresses x4 ,fe> is active1    
despair passive4 ,deep dejection &      
lassitude m>k despair1 :ile fe> is      
int5se agitation & activity4 ,fe> 9 its 
orig9al & normal function is /imulant ( 
def5sive action1 fe> z p>alytic be+     
second>y or abnormal1 b 9 normal despair
 !re is absolute in]tness4 ,fe>1 aga91 9
 contra/ ) despair1 is direct &         
transitive4 ,i fe> ! pa9 or injury1 b my
 despair is only 9 relation to x1       
despair (1 9 despair1 etc4 ,fe> is at ! 
evil itself1 x is a direct attitude (   
m9d t[>d x1 ?r\gh an ideal pre-exp]i5c+1
 ! v repres5tation ( any pa9 z          
exp]i5ceable c>ry+ ) x a ?rill ( fe>4 ,b
 despair conc]ns itself1 n ) ! pa9 p] se
 z exp]i5ceable1 b ) ! inevitability ( !
 pa9ful4 ,fe> re/s ^u idea ( pa91       
despair1 ^u idea ( its inevitability4   
8,i despair ( escape10 means a recoil ( 
pa9ful emotion at inevitability ( pa9ful
 exp]i5ce4 ,s5se ( complete & p]man5t   
inability to atta9 an end1 :e!r release 

f pa91 or positively1 a secur+ a        
pleasure1 g5]ates commonly ?is          
di/ressful emotion4 ,despair is n !n    
simple pa9 at pa91 b at ! unav]tibility 
( ! pa94 ,despair is !n ! m9d b5t d[n & 
cru%$ by ! s5se ( ! inevitable &        
irrem$iable nature ( ! pa91 positive or 
negative1 x exp]i5ces or is to exp]i5ce4
 ,despair is1 inde$1 hopelessness1 ?\gh 
all hopelessness is n despair4 ,!re is  
no hope 9 /olidity or 9 /oicism1 psy*ic 
modes q di/9ct f despair1 b :i* take !  
place ) "s natures4  ,aga91 we mu/ note 
t :ile fe> has its degrees1 & may be b  
p>tial1 despair is always complete      
collapse4 ,i may fe> a little b n       
despair a little1 ,i may be fright5$ 8j 
! lea/ bit10 b n despair a little bit4  
,! ho/ess :o is 89 despair0 because !   
ice cream has n come1 speaks truly1     
h[ev]1 = ! affair is = h] s important & 
mom5t\s z to be ! basis ( real despair4 
,t :i* is ! occasion ( despair mu/      
always be or seem ( capital value4  ,an 
adjac5t & (t5 prec$5t /ate to despair is

 desp]ation1 :i* is a feel+ ( ! almo/   
inevitable4 ,9 ! face ( heavy odds !re  
is (t5 awak5$ a pa9ful emotion :i* we   
t]m desp]ation1 & :i* leads to /rong &  
furi\s w action1 to an int5se & g5]al   
/ruggle :i* is (t5 advantage\s4 ,an     
enemy fe>s to drive 8 adv]s>y to        
desp]ation4 ,9 desp]ation we take "o    
*ance 9 a ?\s& or 9 a million2 =        
example1 ! lead] ( a =lorn hope4 ,x w\ld
 be difficult to say :e!r despair or    
desp]ation conta9s m ( pa91 b !y are    
obvi\sly q opposite 9 _! "*4 ,to        
combative temp]am5ts & ) pugnaci\s      
animals ! s5se ( ! seem+ inevitable is  
(t5 /imulative ( desp]ation r ?an       
despair4 ,su* are 8game0 to ! la/4 ,a   
crim9al ( ?is type w run amuck r ?an    
submit to 8 fate 9 despair4 ,! desp]ado 
is defiant to ! end4 ,) "s ^: natures   
are balanc$ betwe5 reflection & action  
!re are 9 ! face ( ! inevitable or almo/
 inevitable rapid fluctuations ( despair
 & desp]ation4  ,dismay is ano!r =m     
closely ak9 to despair4 ,dismay is !    

imm$iate result = feel+ ( a sudd5       
cognition ( great difficulties & pa9s z 
imm95t4 ,z ! transition /age ( rapid    
movem5t 9 feel+ t[>d despair1 z ! sudd5 
fall+ 9 temp]ature f hope1 x is really  
incipi5t despair4 ,dismay is ess5tially 
tempor>y1 & settles quickly into despair
 or rises into r5ew$ hope4 ,?\gh b su* a
 pass+ mode1 x yet has = ! mom5t t s5se 
( self-effici5cy annihilat$ :i* is s    
*>act]i/ic ( despair4 ,con/]nation is v 
int5se dismay4  ,b :at n[ is ! real     
quality & inn] nature ( despair8 :at    
ess5tially is ?is /range droop+ be=e    
inevitable loss1 injury & pa98 & :at is 
its significance = life8 ,despair is    
c]ta9ly a v advanc$ & complex emotion1 &
 we c d no m at pres5t ?an m]ely rem>k  
on "s ( its mo/ /rik+ features4  ,a mo/ 
noticeable & rem>kable quality ( despair
 is its introactive t5d5cy4 ,:5 ! :ole  
/r5g? & vital motive1 ( a full-gr[n     
teleologic psy*ic life--! dilettante is 
n capable ( despair--is sudd5ly &       
completely )drawn1 !re results1 n       

indiff]5ce nor ennui b a deep di/urbance
 :i* is active on ! m9us side ( m5tal   
life4 ,! complete break+ up ( great &   
absorb+ hopes & ( ! free objective      
activity fl[+ f !m br+s w t5sion d[n1 n 
simply to nil1 b gives x a spr+ back    
into ! negative region beyond ! l9e (   
m]e quiesc5ce & indiff]5tism4 ,despair  
is a revulsive process by :i* ! :ole m9d
 is brok5 up1 j z a propell] :eel runn+ 
at high spe$ out ( wat] or an eng9e     
work+ at high pressure :5 disconnect$ f 
its %aft+1 t5d to wr5* & %att] !mselves4
 ,desire is n really ext9ct1 b lat5t2   
?\gh smo!r$ x burns inw>d4 ,?is is t    
peculi> cank]+1 corrod+ quality1 :i* is 
always s m>k$ 9 despair4 ,w1 n          
self-%att]$1 b =cibly p5t by ext]nal    
circum/ances1 gives a sull5 re/lessness 
to ! m5tal life n[ turn$ 9 ^u itself4   
,h5ce ! capacity = despair w be directly
 z ! co-ord9ate capacity = action &     
reflection 9 any individual1 & z su*    
co-ord9ation m>ks ! highe/ level (      
consci\s life1 despair is c]ta9ly a     

ph5om5on ( exceptionally complex &      
advanc$ consci\sness4  ,aga91 we note t 
despair is int5sely & oppressively a pa9
 /ate1 b ! dull despair pa9 is di/9ct f 
rack+ fe> pa94 ,:at n[ is ! nature (    
despair pa91 & :at ! reason = its       
peculi> quality8 ,"h is n z 9 fe> a     
feel+ pa9 at pa91 b at ! idea ( its     
inevitability & completely de/ructive   
p[]4 ,! actual pa9 =ese5 may seem       
be>able & excite little feel+1 b x is ! 
total loss ( p]sonal success1 ! complete
 ?w>t+ ( self-realization1 t moves ! m9d
 to despair1 t causes t sick5+1 dull1   
emotional pa9 :i* we t]m despair4 ,?us  
despair is em95tly a disease (          
self-hood1 an egoi/ic di/emp]1 ! /rong &
 l>ge individuality be+ peculi>ly       
subject to x4 ,h[ev]1 ! g5]al problem ( 
despair pa9 is practically ! same z ( ! 
orig9 & nature ( fe> pa91 :i* has       
already be5 discuss$4 ,:e!r any m]e     
repres5tation induces pa91 & h[ x does  
s1 is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ difficult      
problems ( emotional psy*ology4 ,we h 9 

a previ\s *apt] s\ght to indicate 9 a   
g5]al way t purely subjective or m5tal  
pa9 :i* is n 9 any wise revival (       
s5sation or objective does really exi/4 
,also s9ce pa9 p] se is always simple & 
id5tical1 ! diff]5tiation ( pa9s z      
seem+ly q diff]5t 9 k9d1 z fe> pa91     
despair pa91 etc41 is really due to     
s5sation1 w1 & o!r elem5ts :i* closely  
adh]e to pa9 & give x a c]ta9 local     
col\r+4 ,! :ole emotion is a complex (  
v>i\s factors :i* are closely knit into 
a s+le /ate :i* to common obs]vation    
seems simple1 b :i* is really con/itut$ 
9 its ensemble by ! total specific =ces 
( _m elem5ts4 ,9 psy*ics1 z 9 physics1  
we "k t common s5se analysis ( ph5om5a  
mu/ be at fault1 & t "o :o says 8,i     
c]ta9ly h an entirely diff]5t pa9 :5 ,i 
fe> & :5 ,i despair10 is z mu* 9 ! wrong
 z he :o ma9ta9s ess5tial div]sities 9  
mat]ial sub/ance1 or radical di/9ctions 
( species 9 ! organic _w4 ,s we mu/     
believe t ! peculi> quality ( ! pa9 9   
despair exi/s1 n 9 ! pa9 itself1 b is   

really ! col\r+ result f v>i\s co9cid5t 
s5sations & ideas4 ,! l[]+ ( ! m5tal    
tone f> bel[ ! z]o po9t is greatly      
acc5tuat$ by reflu5t waves ( organic    
s5sation set up f ! physical basis ( !  
psy*ic di/urbance4  ,h[1 we may n[ ask1 
did despair ev] evolve & become a       
well-def9$ psy*ic =m8 9 :at way 9 !     
c\rse ( natural selection c\ld su* an   
app>5tly disadvantage\s v>iation h aris5
 & be5 develop$8 ,! s]viceability ( fe> 
is pla9 to e "o1 b ( :at possible value 
c\ld despair be 9 ! /ruggle ( life8 ,!  
"o :o gives up 9 despair is b v r>ely   
do+ ! be/ ?+4 ,if we _c look to ! g5]al 
pr9ciple ( evolution1 s]viceability1 h[ 
c we acc\nt = ! appe>ance & gr[? ( su* a
 phase z despair1 except z abnormal     
v>iation1 a disease1 pr(itable to !     
enemies ( ! individual1 & s develop$ by 
& = ext]nal organisms4 ,z !re is an     
abnormal pa?ological v>iation ( fe>1 :i*
 we h previ\sly notic$1 & :i* is =c$ 9  
its developm5t by enemies :o pr(it by x1
 s despair is a psy*ic disease1 entirely

 hurtful to ! individual1 &1 s f>1 only 
advantage\s = its enemies4 ,despair is1 
)\t d\bt1 "o ( ^? altrui/ic v>iations   
:i* s]ve1 n ! individual1 b "s antagoni/
 9 ! /ruggle ( exi/5ce4 ,to br+ "o to   
despair is to make him entirely helpless
 & :olly at our m]cy = our own ends4 ,! 
possibility t active-reflective natures 
may prey ^u !mselves is ?us /imulat$    
into an actual ph5om5on ^: gr[? is      
cont9ually fo/]$ by ^? ^: advantage x is
 to r$uce ! individual to a helpless    
condition4 ,despair is h>dly an         
hyp]trophy or atrophy ( any normal      
t5d5cy1 x is r a pa?ological g5us by    
itself4 ,! capacity = despair be+ inh]5t
 9 ! g5]al =mation ( m9d z subject to   
collapse1 x arose solely 9 response to !
 ne$s ( organisms w>r+ ^u ! organism    
afflict$4 ,! :ole field ( physical &    
psy*ical altrui/ic v>iation "u ! g5]al  
law ( natural selection1 decad5t &      
self-injuri\s *>act]i/ics be+ /imulat$ &
 ma9ta9$ 9 a k9d ( artificial selection1
 is an int]e/+ b unexplor$ field1       

att5tion s f> hav+ be5 turn$ to !       
individually advantage\s z det]m9+      
elem5t 9 evolution4  ,despair is a      
disease ( advanc$ & mature psy*ic life4 
,*ildr5 are1 9 g5]al1 incapable (       
despair4 ,x implies a well-develop$ s5se
 ( self & a g5]al exp]i5ce ( ! _w4 ,high
 & /rong emotional natures1 b r         
weak-will$ & n>r[ ( intellig5ce1 are    
pr$ispos$ to x4 ,occasions :i* w\ld lead
 to despair w ) l[] natures be unnotic$ 
or lead m]ely to /olidity2 :ile ) !     
highe/ natures1 !re comes h]oic endeav\r
 & wide se>*+ = means & me?ods4         
,,*apt] ,x                              
,,ang]   ,9 /udy+ any /ate (            
consci\sness we fir/ inquire :at        
con/itutes its dom9ant factor2 if ?is is
 s5se ( object1 we call x a cognition2  
if ef=tful action1 x is a volition2 if !
 m>k$ feature is pleasure-pa91 we t]m x 
a feel+4 ,f9d+ t ! consci\sness is a    
feel+1 we w\ld next inquire :e!r !      
pleasure-pa9 is ma9ly det]m9$ 9 its     
col\r+ by direct pres5tation1 & s is a  

s5sation1 or :e!r ?is dom9ant col\r+    
comes indirectly ?r\gh repres5tation1 & 
is ?us :at we t]m an emotion4 ,=        
example1 ! di/9ction betwe5 8,i feel a  
pa9 9 my %\ld]10 & 8,i feel pa9$ at y\r 
conduct0 illu/rates ! mo/ radical       
division ( feel+4 ,if emotion is f\nd$  
on an appreciation ( ! exp]i5ceable1 :i*
 has develop$ "u natural selection1 we  
mu/ look ^u ! emotional p[] 9 g5]al & ^u
 ! v>i\s emotions 9 p>ticul> z m]ely    
advantage\s psy*oses :i* are z cle>ly   
det]m9$ by g5]al evolution>y laws z !   
m]ely physical organs l he>t1 lungs1    
w+s1 horns1 etc4 ,x is cle>ly desirable 
t ! organism %\ld look be=e1 %\ld       
anticipate exp]i5ce & s direct its way2 
b b>e anticipation has no value 9 itself
 unless x p[]fully /imulates w ?r\gh    
emotion4 ,all consci\s life above ! mo/ 
primitive is em95tly & increas+ly       
anticipatory1 & s becomes m & m infus$ )
 emotional p[]s4 ,among ! e>lie/        
develop$ ( ^! 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce are 
fe> & ang]4 ,! fe> gr\p1 embrac+ l>ge   

numb]s ( alli$ =ms1 simple & complex1   
has be5 discuss$ 9 a g5]al way 9 !      
prec$+ pages1 & we n[ come to "s        
consid]ation ( ! correlative ang] gr\p4 
,! rationale ( ! evolution ( ang] is n  
f> to seek4 ,we h se5 t fe> is ! spr+ ( 
def5sive action1 & x is obvi\s t ang] is
 ! /imulant to (f5sive action4 ,fe> is  
regressive1 ang] aggressive4 ,fe> is    
contractile1 ang] expansive4 ,fe> is !  
emotion ( ! pursu$1 ( ! prey2 ang] !    
emotion ( ! pursu]1 ( ! pr$aci\s4       
,emotion 9 ! s]vice ( life evid5tly has 
two great psy*ic ramifications f ?is    
po9t1 & ! :ole _w ( emotion-be+s1 :i*   
compose ! great] mass ( organisms1 is   
h5ce divid$ 9 two great divisions1 a fe>
 class & an ang] class4 ,likewise 9     
relation to oppos+ natural =ces z to    
neighb\r+ compet+ & de/roy+ organisms1 !
 same di/9ction is to be made accord+ z 
! animal ei!r combats or flees4 ,%yness 
or fi]c5ess1 timidity or irascibility1  
^! are *>act]s :i* divide ! animate _w  
into two gr& antagoni/ic gr\ps4 ,zoology

 has recognis$ ?is psy*ic diff]5tiation 
z a m>k$ & ess5tial feature 9 its       
nom5clature1 ?us lepus timidus4 ,9 fact1
 ! mo/ important "p ( evolution is !    
psy*ical2 9 ?is1 inde$1 lies ! :ole     
significance & value ( ! organism4 ,!   
atta9m5t ( m & m advantage\s psy*ic     
qualities is ! ma9 tr5d ( evolution1 =  
psy*ic p[] z di/9ct f ma9 =ce1 l t ( !  
elem5ts1 is f> & away ( ! mo/ value 9 ! 
/ruggle = exi/5ce1 & ultimately1 z 9    
man1 x a*ieves ! subdu+ all l[] p[]s1   
natural1 vegetable & brute1 to its own  
ends4 ,x is psy*ical quality1 moreov]1  
:i* det]m9es physical1 & n vice v]s4    
,?us x is n ! possession ( claws1 fangs1
 etc41 t makes an animal fi]ce1 b x is  
fi]c5ess :i* develops & ma9ta9s ^!      
weapons ( (f5ce4 ,?us x is1 ?\gh ?us f> 
practically ov]look$ by sci5ti/s1 t     
psy*ic developm5t1 especially on !      
emotional side1 is ( ! utmo/ importance 
z ! prime factor & motive 9 organic     
processes4 ,! c5tral core ( life is     
emotional capacity1 & ?is 9 its         

evolution det]m9es ! :ole ext]nal       
morphological tr5d ( evolution (        
organisms :i* is s closely foll[$ by !  
sci5ce ( to-day4 ,b ! sci5ce ( ! future 
is comp>ative psy*ology1 :i*1 :5 once   
plac$ on a secure basis ( int]pretation1
 w det]m9e ! real & inn] law ( evolution
 z a psy*ic movem5t inc>nat+ itself 9 a 
succession ( animate =ms4 ,b a sure     
me?od ( kn[+ a psy*ic fact z su* :5 x   
occurs1 & :at1 h[1 & :y x is1 is yet to 
be discov]$ & appli$1 & extra-human &   
ev5 extra-ego consci\sness is a field1 s
 f>1 = little else ?an hypo!sis4 ,if ?is
 rem>k be turn$ aga9/ u1 we say t our "w
 is ma9ly a d$uctive int]pretation ( !  
c\rse ( psy*ic evolution f ! g5]al      
/&po9t ( natural selection1 re9=c$ &    
illu/rat$ by introspective inve/igation1
 & m]ely us+ ! mo/ obvi\s facts (       
comp>ative psy*ology 9 a v g5]al &      
provisional way4 ,we d n pr(ess to %[   
:]e1 h[1 & :5 m9d orig9at$1 or :at      
p>ticul> p[]s any c]ta9 organisms       
possess1 b we d endeav\r to %[ h[ !     

pr9ciple ( utility may be made a key to 
! /udy ( a v p]plex+ region ( m5tal     
life--! emotions4 ,we pr(f] !n m]ely a v
 g5]al sket* ( ! hi/ory ( emotion z a   
life factor1 hop+ t x may1 at lea/ 9 its
 g5]al scope1 be ( s]vice to future     
explor]s4 ,9 tak+ up ?is subject ( ang] 
we d !n ?us reit]ate ! position we      
occupy & ! me?od we foll[4  ,ang] l fe> 
c]ta9ly orig9at$ at "s critical po9t 9  
"s individuals life z an advantage\s    
v>iation ( ess5tial value4 ,a vital     
issue at "s e>ly po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( life 
det]m9$ ! g5esis ( ?is new psy*ic mode &
 function z a /imulant ( aggressive w   
action4 ,v likely x 0 9 competition (   
organisms = food t "s fav\r$ individual 
fir/ atta9$ ! p[] ( gett+ mad & viol5tly
 attack+ its fell[s1 & s obta9+         
su/5ance4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 c]ta9 x is 
t a direct attack is (t5 m              
self-cons]vative ?an attempts at escape 
:5 injury ?reat5s2 x is a great]        
advantage to de/roy pa9-giv] ?an to %un 
x4 ,fe> enables organisms to avoid loss1

 b x does n accompli% positive ga91 z   
ang] does ?r\gh ov]com+ h9drance4 ,ang] 
is (t5 also m economical = ! =ces ( !   
organism1 & ?us1 9 g5]al1 pr$aci\s      
animals are long]-liv$ ?an ev5 ^? ( _!  
prey :o may atta9 a full l5g? ( life4   
,ev5 9 ! face ( great odds a direct     
attack is (t5 m s]viceable ?an attempt  
at escape4 ,ang] is c]ta9ly ! primitive 
motive =ce ( all (f5sive action1 ?\gh ( 
c\rse we _c say t ! animal got mad      
because x saw ! s]viceability4 ,psy*ic  
evolution1 at lea/ z f> z new p[]s are  
conc]n$1 nev] comes by teleologic       
=esight1 &1 inde$1 _c by ! nature ( !   
case4 ,! animal did n def9itely set out 
to get angry because x =esaw ! value1   
yet 9 ! e>lie/ ang]s !re mu/ h be5 ef=t1
 a c]ta9 nisus :i* m>k$ ! new =m z a    
real atta9m5t1 a m>k$ a*ievem5t4 ,t !   
provok+ occasion gives rise n[ to ang]  
inevitably & naturally1 t ang] comes ^u 
u & ov]comes u is true en\gh1 b 9 its   
e>lie/ phases ang] mu/ h be51 l o!r j   
evolv+ factors1 support$ only by p[]ful 

w ef=t4 ,! (t5] ! e>ly psy*ism got mad1 
! easi] x got mad4 ,facility came only  
by practice1 & a l>ge v>iety (          
occasions1 besides ! simple critical &  
orig9al "o1 7 gradually utiliz$ by !    
ang] faculty4 ,b 9 its orig9al =m &     
occasion ang] 01 no d\bt1 ak9 to t we   
see :5 an extremely timid animal at !   
la/ extremity w turn 9 ang] & fi]cely   
fight = its life4 ,su* an attempt1      
sometimes successful1 m>ks an orig9 ( a 
new mode ( consci\s emotion :i* may nev]
 return to ! individual aga9 dur+ all   
its future life = lack ( occasion4 ,if  
(t5 return+ & (t5 improv$1 a def9ite new
 habit ( emotion is e/abli%$1 & f be+ a 
fe>ful animal x may at l5g? become      
dom9antly irascible1 & s belong to a    
totally di/9ct psy*ic g5us4  ,by !      
evolution ( ang] !n1 z 9 contradi/9ction
 to fe>1 two gr& divisions ( animate    
exi/5ce 7 set ap>t1 two great psy*ical  
ord]s z fundam5tally di/9ct & important 
= evolution>y psy*ics1 z inv]tebrate &  
v]tebrate = biology4 ,! rise ( !        

back-bon$ animal is n m important =     
physiological morphology ?an ! evolution
 ( ang] = psy*ical morphology1 &1 inde$1
 z we h be=e rem>k$1 ! psy*ical gr[? is 
ev] ! broade/ & deepe/ fact 9 evolution4
 ,by ! acquirem5t & pr$om9ance ( ! ang] 
/imulus c]ta9 animals became diff]5tiat$
 z a di/9ct class f _! fe>ful neighb\rs1
 & !y !n by ?is new impulse gradually   
atta9$ in/rum5ts ( (f5ce1 & also by     
increase ( size became physically di/9ct
 =ms4 ,h5ce=? ! animate _w becomes      
divid$ 9 a m & m m>k$ way into pursu]s &
 pursu$4 ,by mutual int]action fe> is   
increas$ on "o side z ang] increases on 
! o!r1 & ! division into timid & fi]ce1 
pr$aci\s & prey1 becomes m & m e/abli%$ 
& m>k$4  ,we take x !n t x 0 a mo/      
mom5t\s day 9 ! progress ( m9d :5 ang] 0
 fir/ a*iev$1 & "s individual actually  
got mad4 ,if ! exact date & ! p>ticul>  
individual 7 asc]ta9able a memorial day 
set ap>t = all "t w\ld n be too great an
 hon\r4 ,9 ! /ruggle ( exi/5ce1 o!r ?+s 
be+ equal1 ! mo/ irascible is ! mo/     

successful1 f>+ ! be/1 secur+ ! be/     
mate1 & hav+ ! be/ & mo/ num]\s prog5y4 
,susceptibility to ang] becomes a       
necessity to a l>ge class ( organisms1 &
 ^? :o w n get angry & fight = _!       
int]e/s are surely trampl$ on or pu%$   
aside to become />vel+ or outca/4  ,is  
n[ ?is primitive ang] an absolutely new 
p[]1 a de novo evolution1 or is x       
possible to /udy its rise z a gradual   
diff]5tiation f "s o!r factor8 ,mu/ we n
 view psy*ical evolution l all evolution
 z com+ "u ! law ( cont9uity8 ,h[ !n    
expla9 ! sudd5 rise ( app>5tly new &    
di/9ct =ms l ang] or fe>8 ,ang] z a     
response to ! dem&s ( life seems f ! v  
fir/ to be z di/9ctly & peculi>ly ang] z
 at any "t 9 its developm5t4 ,! peculi> 
quality :i* makes ang] ang]1 does n seem
 to appe> z a gradual diff]5tiation f   
o!r elem5ts z sl[ly em]g+ f previ\s     
modes1 b we c only judge t x bur/s      
sudd5ly ^u ! field z a new & unique     
creation1 :i* does n f9d its explanation
 9 pre-exi/5t =ms & _c be trac$ z a     

gradual evolution f !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1   
:ile x does n at fir/ sight seem        
possible to reg>d ang] z be+ f ! fir/   
o!r ?an a radically new p[] & activity  
det]m9$1 inde$1 by ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 
b :olly unexpla9$ 9 its ess5ce & =mation
 z a consci\sness relat$ to &           
diff]5tiat$ f o!r consci\snesses1 yet we
 mu/ ackn[l$ge our pr(\nd ignorance ( ! 
real morphology ( m9d & :at is ! real   
nature ( m5tal diff]5tiation4 ,"h !     
problem is altoge!r m difficult ?an 9   
biology1 :]e ! appe>ance ( new =ms l w+s
 c be readily trac$ z sl[ modifications 
( previ\s memb]s1 ! physical possibility
 & rationale ( :i* is easily se5 to be  
inh]5t 9 ! physical con/itution ( ! body
 & its circumambi5t matt]1 ! air4       
,h[ev]1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our psy*ical k
 x is q impossible to atta9 any simil>ly
 cle> conception z to ! =mation ( new   
psy*ical =ms4 ,we may see :y !y %\ld be 
call$ into be+ by ! necessities (       
animate life1 we c p]ceive _! functional
 importance f ! fir/1 b to trace _!     

morphological developm5t z gradually    
assum+ _! peculi> qualities z           
modifications ( already exi/+           
activities1 & z inh]5tly possible 9 !   
psy*ical con/itution ( ?+s1 ?is is      
cle>ly beyond u at pres5t4 ,we c        
conceive t ! e>lie/ ang] 0 weak & r     
ineffective z comp>$ ) ! fully develop$ 
ang] ( lat] life1 b we _c see t x 0 any 
! less ang]1 any ! less purely & :olly  
sui g5]is ?an ! v late/ & /ronge/ =m4   
,has x ev] 9 its e>li] /ages t hybrid & 
mix$ "* :i* m>ks x z a modification (   
exi/5t factors8 ,x is c]ta9ly n a       
modifi$ fe>1 to :i* x is1 inde$1 a pol> 
opposite4  ,b we may p]haps reg>d ang]1 
& fe> z well1 z modifi$ f previ\s g5]al 
emotion4 ,we may1 inde$1 consid] x      
likely t "s g5]al emotional phase prec$$
 ! special emotions1 j z a g5]al        
indef9ite pa9 & pleasure prec$$ def9ite 
pa9s & pleasures4 ,x may be consid]$ z  
probable t emotion fir/ appe>$ z a      
purely undiff]5tiat$ di/urbance sequ5t  
on s5se ( ! exp]i5ceable pa91 ?is g5]al 

emotion be+ nei!r fe> nor ang]1 b !     
basis f :i* bo? develop4 ,! psy*ic      
agitation we t]m emotional v likely     
began 9 a purely g5]al =m1 yet x is h>d 
to und]/& h[ peculi> =ms develop        
!refrom4 ,we are too f> f su* in*oate   
exp]i5ce to readily come to any         
appreciation ( its me?od or mode4 ,we   
may be di/urb$ z to some?+ imm95t & "k n
 :e!r to fe> or be angry1 b ?is 9 g5]al 
means only a rapid alt]nation ( fe> &   
ang] accord+ z ! m9d runs back & =?     
betwe5 fe> & ang]-provok+ elem5ts4 ,x is
 unlikely t we c trace 9 any su* a      
purely undiff]5tiat$ emotion4  ,at ! be/
 we b ?r[ ! difficulty f>!r back1 =     
emotion p] se is !n ! de novo =m to :i* 
! pr9ciple ( cont9uity does n seem to   
apply4 ,if ang] is a traceable          
modification ( "s m g5]al emotion z     
comb9$ ) def9ite repres5tation &        
volition modes1 yet h[ ! peculi> ang]   
quality is a*iev$ is /ill unexpla9$4 ,on
 ! :ole x seems simple/ & true/ to      
assume ! fir/ impulse ( ang] z a        

p]fectly new & div]se wave ( emotion    
sudd5ly g5]at$ 9 answ] to "s extreme    
urg5cy 9 ! /ruggle ( exi/5ce4  ,!       
analogy ( organic & psy*ic evolution may
 be press$ to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,x is      
pla9ly possible to set 9 ord] an        
evolution>y s]ies ( light--s5s+ organs1 
eyes--f mo/ elem5t>y to mo/ complex1 & x
 is q z possible1 ?\gh yet to be done1  
to set =? 9 simil> g5etic ord] a s]ies (
 psy*ic /ates z (f5ce-s5se1 i4e41 ang]s1
 9 _! increas+ diff]5tiation4 ,b previ\s
 to any eye1 to local visualization1 !re
 is a p]iod ( common s5sation :5 an     
absolutely simple organism is 9 e "p    
equally responsive to light2 9 a crude  
way ! :ole organism reacts to light1 f  
:i* /age by traceable specialization !  
eye z a light-s5s+ organ is gradually   
develop$4 ,"h analogy w\ld seem to fail1
 unless we consid] x to be ! /age :5 any
 psy*osis1 e4g41 ang]1 requires ! :ole  
consci\sness capacity1 m9d be+ m]ely a  
capacity = ! recurr5t b isolat$         
s+le-activities4 ,m9d c]ta9ly b sl[ly   

gr[s into t sum ( organic co9cid5t      
int]dep5d5t yet di/9ct consci\snesses   
:i* we commonly ?9k ( "u ! t]m1 m9d4    
,ang] 9 its v e>lie/ & l[e/ =m is no    
d\bt an absorb+ nave isolat$ wave1 z    
common to m9d z a :ole1 t is1 z mak+ up 
! :ole ( m9d = ! "t be+1 is p]haps 9 its
 measure an analogy to common s5sation4 
,ang] may !n be b a common emotion1     
answ]+ 9 a c]ta9 aspect to light-s5se1  
s\nd-s5se1 etc41 z purely common        
s5sations4 ,b we mu/ rem>k t g5]al      
s5sation is n to be conf\nd$ ) common   
s5sation1 or g5]al emotion ) common     
emotion4 ,common s5sations are1 inde$1  
usually v g5]al 9 =m1 & a s5sation p]   
se1 a purely g5]al s5sation1 is probably
 v r>ely any?+ else1 yet :5 we close !  
eyes & direct !m t[>d ! sun1 ! g5]al    
s5sation ( light we receive--v l !      
orig9al primitive common s5sation--is   
g5]al1 yet by a special organ4 ,! ^w    
common ref]s1 n to ! special nature ( ! 
function itself1 b ! fact t ! function1 
:e!r special or g5]al1 is p]=m$         

indiff]5tly1 or practically s1 by !     
common :ole4 ,a s5sation ( col\r$ light 
is m special ?an a m]e s5sation ( light1
 & ?is ?an m]e g5]al s5sation ( =ce1 b  
all may be accompli%$ ei!r by common    
s5sation or special s5sation4 ,g5]al    
emotion may simil>ly be ei!r common or 9
 organic co-activity4 ,!re 0 c]ta9ly a  
"t :5 consci\sness exi/$ :i* 0 n & c\ld 
n be ang] or fe> or ev5 an emotion p]   
se4 ,pre-emotional & pre-repres5tative  
consci\sness 0 s absolutely primitive1  
g5]al1 & common1 t psy*ology z a        
necess>ily automorphic sci5ce w be v    
long 9 com+ to any und]/&+ ( ?is field1 
b yet we mu/ set x (f z some?+ :i* mu/  
always receive "s consid]ation4 ,ang] is
 n a prop]ty ( all consci\sness by !    
nature ( consci\sness itself1 b is m]ely
 a possible mode dep5d5t on circum/ances
 = its developm5t at a c]ta9 psy*ic     
/age4  ,:at n[ is ! inn] nature & :at ! 
con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! ang] /ate8        
,comp>atively few reflect ^u _! emotions
 save f an e?ical /&po9t1 & v few inde$ 

attempt any analysis ( !m4 ,to det]m9e !
 process & exact psy*ical con/itu5ts (  
gett+ mad & be+ mad1 may seem to _m a q 
useless & fooli% introspective endeav\r4
 ,if a p]son is angry1 he is angry1 & t 
is all !re is ( x1 w be ! g5]al v]dict (
 common s5se4 ,y c dissect fl[]s into _!
 p>ts1 y c analyse rocks & soils1 b any 
emotion su* z ang] is :olly             
unanalyzable4 ,no "o c "k :at x is to be
 mad until he has once be5 mad1 &1      
!reaft]1 he c only reflect ^u x z a     
peculi> excitem5t1 a p[]ful agitation1  
^: occasions & results may be fully     
trac$1 b :i* 9 itself is sui g5]is &    
irresolvable4 ,! =m ( consci\sness we "k
 z be+ angry1 is really a simple wave ( 
emotion :i* /&s by itself z an elem5t>y 
& ultimate =m4  ,suppose we ackn[l$ge ^!
 rem>ks z true1 we may yet ma9ta9 t     
ang]1 l all emotions1 is a highly       
complex /ate ( manifold factors ^: sum  
total1 ^: gr& resultant1 is a seem+ly   
simple & peculi> /atus4 ,:y %\ld "o     
arrangem5t ( atoms produce a peculi>    

p]fume1 ano!r a peculi> /5*8 ,ang] may  
likewise be m]ely an unexpla9able       
ensemble ( e>ly asc]ta9able elem5ts4    
,c]ta9 x is1 9 ! fir/ place1 t s5se (   
object is necess>y to ang]4 ,"o _c be   
mad )\t be+ mad at some?+4 ,! attitude (
 m9d is objective1 & ev5 rage 9 its     
bl9de/ mom5t pres]ves ?is attitude4     
,bl9d ) rage1 means no m ?an t v>i\s    
def9ite qualities ( ! object are lo/ 9 !
 int5se emotional reaction at pa9-giv]4 
,at its height1 ang] pres]ves1 inde$1   
only ! b>e/ appreh5sion ( object2 b ?is 
is int5se & ov]p[]+ 9 connection ) !    
s5se ( x z infr++ & injur+4 ,9 !        
transports ( rage & fury1 ! movem5ts are
 wild & reckless en\gh1 b always        
antagoni/ic1 imply+ outw>d de/ructive   
activity4 ,ang] is ! fixation ( ! m9d ^u
 "s object 9 its quality ( p]sonal      
hurtfulness1 & is revulsion1 n f x1 z   
fe>1 b aga9/ x4 ,) e>ly psy*isms1 all   
p]ceptions ( objects end 9 ei!r ang] or 
fe>1 & a l>ge "p ( e>ly education       
consi/s 9 le>n+ :at objects to be fe>ful

 (1 & :at to be angry at4 ,! al]tness ( 
wild animals is det]m9$ ma9ly by ei!r   
nasc5t fe> or ang]4 ,:5 a dog is sudd5ly
 wak5$ f sleep he g5]ally %[s ei!r fe>  
or ang]4 ,?is is m]ely an illu/ration ( 
h[ ! dimme/ s5se ( object imm$iately    
connects itself ) emotion z primitive & 
fundam5tal t5d5cy4 ,! organism p]ceives 
! object1 & repres5t+ its imm95t        
hurtfulness1 feels fe> & da%es away f x1
 or feels ang] & da%es aga9/ x4 ,^! are 
! two simple/ possible reactions ) s5se 
( ! exp]i5ceable injuri\s4 ,9 fe> !re is
 elim9ation ( oneself f ! injury1 & 9   
ang] ! elim9ation ( ! injury f oneself4 
,) lat] ang] & fe> ^! processes (       
elim9ation !mselves become matt]s (     
repres5tation1 & make a l>ge "p 9       
highly-develop$ =ms4  ,a k :i* v g5]ally
 ent]s into ang] is ! comp>ative e/imate
 ( p[]4 ,a cat scrat*es u1 we are angry2
 a lion ?reat5s u1 we are afraid4 ,!    
progress ( ! l[] psy*ic life is l>gely 9
 le>n+ :at is be/ to fe> & :at %\ld     
excite ang]4 ,t :i* at fir/ ang]s w (t51

 :5 bett] und]/ood1 produce fe>1 & vice 
v]s4 ,wild animals at fir/ (t5 %[ m]ely 
ang] :5 mole/$ by man1 b soon manife/   
fe> z !y le>n to appreciate 8 sup]ior   
p[]4 ,! ,african elephant le>ns to      
di/+ui% betwe5 ! savage ) 8 spe>1 & !   
:ite hunt] ) 8 rifle1 & is m]ely        
irritat$ or angry ) ! "o1 :ile he       
manife/s g5u9e fe> ( ! o!r4 ,! "y (     
animals & ( man cont9ually %[ irrelevant
 fe> & ang]4 ,!y are g5]ally ei!r ov]   
fe>ful or ov] irritable4 ,our own feel+s
 are p[]fully modifi$ by v>y+ e/imates (
 oppos+ =ce & injury4 ,if1 9 pass+ ?r\gh
 a d>k /reet1 ,i am tripp$ by :at ,i    
take to be a *ild's sn>e1 ,i am ang]$1 b
 ^u notic+ t x is a fuse to a dynamite  
bomb1 ,i am ?r[n into int5se fe>4 ,9    
g5]al1 any s5sation1 z ( s\nd or light1 
9 its l[] grades ( int5sity produces    
ang]1 9 high] occasions fe>4 ,z a rule  
:5 reactions induc$ by ei!r fe> or ang] 
are uni=mly unsuccessful1 natural       
selection fav\rs ! developm5t ( ! o!r4  
,:ile ! comp>ative e/imate ( oppos+ =ce 

) "o's own is g5]al +r$i5t 9 ang]1 ang] 
be+ fe>-limit$1 x is n1 z ,m]ci] w\ld   
indicate 7,m9d1 ix41 p4 #cdf71 a con/ant
 elem5t 9 ang]4 ,we (t5 see cases (     
ang]1 & h p]haps1 ourselves1 exp]i5c$   
ang] :i* is totally unrelat$ to a s5se (
 p[]4 ,"s animals seem at times utt]ly  
fe>less & utt]ly unaw>e ( ! trem5d\s    
cru%+ =ce !y angrily oppose4 ,x is1     
moreov]1 altoge!r probable t ang] & fe> 
orig9at$ & receiv$ a c]ta9 measure (    
developm5t be=e any capacity ( measur+  
comp>ative =ce ( antagoni/ arose 9 m9d4 
,h[ev]1 ! discrim9ation betwe5 ov]:elm+ 
& slight =ce is c]ta9ly tol]ably e>ly1 &
 is obvi\sly a v necess>y factor 9      
self-cons]vative action4 ,yet x is v    
unlikely t ?is 0 an elem5t 9 primitive  
fe> or ang]1 :i* mu/ h be5 no m ?an a   
simple emotional reaction to p]ceiv$    
injury )\t any ref]5ce to :e!r pa9-giv] 
is m or less /rong ?an pa9-receiv]4 ,!  
e>lie/ fe>s & ang]s ( infants seem to be
 q devoid ( any guidance f s5se (       
p[]lessness or p[]1 b m]ely direct1     

un?9k+ reactions4  ,a m>k$ & con/ant    
elem5t 9 ang] is ho/ility4 ,?is is !    
aggressive fight+ attitude ( w :i* is   
ex]cis$ t[>d & aga9/ ! p]ceiv$ pa9-giv+ 
object4 ,ang] c nev] subsi/ )\t ?is     
volition elem5t1 & x always appe>s z    
direct simple reaction to ang]-provok+  
object4 ,ang] always exhibits itself z  
ho/ility1 op5ly & freely 9 l[] life1 & 9
 high] life1 :i* is (t5 dis+5u\s1 !     
ho/ility z real psy*ic act rema9s1 ?\gh 
some:at conceal$ 9 physical manife/ation
 z long z angry mood exi/s4 ,! w t5d5cy 
is always t[>d ! viol5t remov+ & de/roy+
 ( ! (f5d+ object4 ,h[ev]1 nave         
primitive ang] does n include 9 its     
ho/ility giv+ pa9 = pa9 receiv$1 mak+ ! 
object suff] 9 turn1 :i* is1 inde$1 f>  
remov$ f ! capacity ( primitive m9d to  
conceive4 ,ang] 9 its e>lie/ =m does1 ( 
c\rse1 inflict pa9 :]e its object is    
pa9-susceptible2 b ?is1 x may confid5tly
 be said1 _c lie 9 ! int5t ( !          
pa9-inflict]4 ,! simple orig9al         
ebullitions ( ang] d n include int5t 9  

any =m4 ,volition is p[]fully & directly
 incit$ by ! emotion )\t ! int]v5tion ( 
any idea4 ,! only repres5tation 9 !     
simple/ ang] is ! repres5tation ( pa9   
exp]i5ce imp5d+ :i* occasions !         
excitem5t1 :i* !n directly & viol5tly   
/>ts w-activity2 b ! repres5tations (   
de/ructiv5ess & pa9-infliction z ends   
become guid+ ideas only 9 ! sl[         
evolution ( ang] t[>d m intellig5t =ms4 
,pa9 is c]ta9ly a prom95t elem5t 9 ang]4
 ,?is pa9 is ! emotional pa91 ! pa9 at  
pa91 ^: nature & orig9 we h comm5t$ on 9
 ! *apt] on fe>4 ,! m]e repres5tation ( 
pa9 to be />ts a viol5t pa9 q di/9ct f !
 fe>-pa91 yet l x1 pre-em95tly c5tral & 
subjective4 ,prec$5t1 h[ev]1 to bo? fe> 
& ang]-pa91 is ! simple pa9 :i*         
imm$iately arises on repres5tation (    
pa91 ! prospect ( pa9 be+ imm$iately &  
peculi>ly pa9ful 9 itself4 ,?is commonly
 cont9ues ?r\gh\t1 & gives a dom9ant pa9
 tone4 ,b !re imm$iately succe$s a ru% (
 ei!r fe> or ang] emotion1 ea* int5sely 
pa9ful 9 opposite ways4 ,! pa9 :i*      

results f ! ang]1 :i* is by ! ang]      
occasion$ 9 me1 is aga9 di/9ct f ! pa9 9
 & ( ! ang]4 ,ang] is itself a /ate (   
pa94 ,9 its e>lie/ =ms1 z r>ely & )     
difficulty atta9$1 !re is /ill ano!r pa9
 connect$ ) ang]1 ! pa9 ( ex]tion &     
/ress4 ,b all ! pa9 factors1 z m or less
 cont9u\s1 make ang]1 z emotion 9 g5]al1
 a complex pa9 /ate4 ,?us1 :5 ang]$ by a
 man %ak+ 8 fi/ 9 my face1 we trace fir/
 a purely subjective pa9 at prospect (  
pa91 !n a ru% ( aggressive emotion :i*  
embodies 9 x a pa9 ( its own1 !n a pa9  
:i* reacts f ! peculi> t5sion ( ! ang]  
/ate4 ,( c\rse1 9 our /age ( evolution1 
ang] has become su* an inwr\ght factor t
 x arises spontane\sly1 x ov]takes &    
ov]comes u1 n we rea*+ x2 & s ! /ress or
 lab\r pa9 is abs5t4 ,x is nev] or v    
r>ely an ef=t = u to get angry1 b x mu/ 
h be5 = our v remote psy*ical ance/ors4 
,:ile x may be said ) tru? t "s p are   
nev] s happy z :5 mad1 yet we mu/       
rememb] ?is does n alt] ! fact t ang] is
 radically a pa9 /ate4 ,!re may be a    

pleasure f ang] excitem5t1 & f          
successful ang]2 !re may be a pleasure 9
 ! m]e ex]cise ( aggressive p[]2 b !    
happ9ess meant is mo/ly ! excitem5t     
pleasure plus ! delight :i* always comes
 f freely foll[+ out "o's nature4       
,especially :5 ! outfl[ ( natural =ce 9 
an irascible man has be5 p5t up &       
re/ra9$ = "s "t1 a fit ( ang] is        
altoge!r a delightful exp]i5ce1 !       
pleasure ( relief 9 a habitual function4
 ,?us an occasional fight is necess>y to
 ! pugnaci\s among/ bo? animals & m52 x 
is an inbr$ function & t5d5cy :i* mu/ "w
 itself out1 or r5d] ! be+ z mis]able z 
a rod5t kept f gnaw+4 ,b all ?is does n 
int]f]e ) ! analysis ( ang] z           
fundam5tally pa9ful4 ,happ9ess is a v   
late evolution1 &1 z ! reaction f freely
 work+ out "o's /ronge/ t5d5cy1 x is    
unfelt by e>ly m9ds1 :i* only gradually 
atta9 inwr\ght t5d5cies & s ! capacity =
 be+ happy or unhappy4 ,to witness a    
fight is likewise to a l>ge class ( m9ds
 a supreme felicity4 ,?is is l>gely !   

pleasure :i* comes at second h& f       
repres5tation ( p>ticipancy4 ,& s1 to h 
a fight describ$1 or to read ab\t x ev51
 is a s\rce ( consid]able repres5tative 
pleasure to _m1 a spuri\s & reflect$    
ang]1 & an ideal fight+ 9 ! fray4       
,h[ev]1 all ?is leads f> away f         
primitive emotion1 :i* is n[ our ma9    
conc]n4  ,we may grant !n t s5se ( !    
object giv+ pa91 s5se ( comp>ative p[]1 
ho/ility1 & pa9s ( v>i\s k9ds1 are usual
 elem5ts 9 ang]2 yet x is evid5t t ang] 
is expla9$ by no "o or all ( !m4 ,x is n
 a m]e aggregation & mixture ( /ates1 x 
is ess5tially a comp\nd :i* has 9 "s    
unexpla9$ way a peculi> quality :i* is n
 9 any ( its con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,:5 ,i  
am angry1 !re occurs a ph5om5on :i*1    
:ile bas$ on & inclusive ( ^! factors1  
is yet peculi> 9 itself4 ,! flu% ( ang]1
 ! wave ( emotion1 ! tempe/ ( passion1  
bases itself on & includes cognition1   
ho/ility1 & pa92 b x is m--x is a deep  
psy*ic di/urbance ( a peculi> &         
undef9able k9d :i* we recognise :5 we h 

x1 b :i* we _c analyse4 ,we express !   
nature ( ang] metaphorically1 inde$1 :5 
we speak ( an angry man be+ 8hot10      
8boil+ ) rage10 etc41 z oppos$ to be+   
*ill$ & froz5 /iff by fe>4 ,! be+ angry 
is obvi\sly a k9d ( be+ pa9$ at pa9 q   
opposite to t ( fe>4 ,x is also true t  
,i may see ?reat5+ injury1 ,i may be    
pa9$1 ,i may combat1 b n be angry4 ,!re 
are o!r & high] motives :i* may br+ ab\t
 ! viol5t w (f5sive activity s (t5      
requir$ 9 ! /ruggle ( life2 b we may    
take x t ang] is ! mo/ primitive1 &     
?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( psy*ism ! mo/    
common (f5sive motive1 & s ( ! utmo/    
importance z a life factor4  ,:i* %all  
we reg>d z ! m primitive1 ang] or fe>8  
,7 animals at fir/ univ]sally timid1 &  
subsequ5tly acquir$ ang] z an           
advantage\s v>iation1 or 0 ang] ! fir/1 
& fe> ! complem5t>y & lat] evolution1 or
 may we suppose t !y develop$ 9 /rict   
correlation8 ,! e>lie/ manife/ations (  
emotion ) "s animals1 & ) "s human      
infants1 seem to be ang]4 ,ev]y?+       

p]ceiv$ to be pa9ful irritates & makes  
!m mad1 & !y are q fe>less 9 ! pres5ce (
 ov]:elm+ dang]4 ,^! b sl[ly le>n to    
fe>2 by h>d exp]i5ce !y le>n !          
hurtfulness & inutility ( combatt+ 9 _m 
cases1 & occasions :i* w\ld once make !m
 mad n[ cause !m to fe>4 ,on ! o!r h&1  
we obs]ve _m ( ! v "y :o seem to be     
univ]sally fe>ful1 & b sl[ly acquire    
8spunk0 & _s4 ,m5tal embryology ?us1 at 
lea/ ) our pres5t v imp]fect k1 is q    
indecisive on ! "q4 ,if fe> & ang] 7    
:olly det]m9$ by relation ( pr$aci\s &  
prey1 !n we might suppose correlat$     
simultane\s orig92 b we "k t ob/acles & 
injuries1 n f competitors1 b f elem5ts1 
=ces1 & objects ( nature1 7 ! fir/      
environm5t & ! fir/ field = /ruggle4    
,organism began z a weak ?+ plant$      
among/ manifold oppos+ =ces1 :]e fe> 0 q
 ! mo/ salut>y emotion & ang] useless4  
,if1 z we mu/ deem probable1 m5tal      
function 9 g5]al & emotion 9 p>ticul>   
rea*es back t[>d primitive organism1 x  
is likely1 on m]ely g5]al gr\nds1 t fe> 

is ! m anci5t & orig9al emotion1 ?\gh   
ang] 0 closely subsequ5t4 ,! g5]al      
conditions ( life at ! fir/ w\ld dem& ! 
developm5t ( fe> m imp]atively ?an ang]4
 ,c]ta9ly1 h[ev]1 bo? emotions are      
suffici5tly primitive1 z is %[n by _!   
be+ s +ra9$ & dom9ant =ces 9 ! :ole     
range ( l[] psy*ic life4  ,all high]    
animals1 moreov]1 are peculi>ly s5sitive
 to & obs]vant ( signs ( ang] & fe>4    
,r>ey1 a mo/ excell5t judge1 made x an  
axiom ( 8 me?od t horses are extremely  
acute 9 detect+ ei!r fe> or ang] 9 ^? :o
 deal ) !m1 & ?is is also noticeably    
true ( animals 9 g5]al4 ,^! are also !  
emotional attitudes :i* are e>lie/      
int]pret$ by *ildr54 ,n[ :at is soone/1 
easie/ & sure/ int]pret$ by psy*isms    
above ! l[e/ may be tak5 to be          
fundam5tally primitive & su* are fe> &  
ang]4 ,to discov] ) read9ess & c]ta9ty !
 emotional /ates ( organisms ab\t !m1   
because ^! /ates are ! motives ( v      
important activities1 is cle>ly an      
advantage e>ly ga9$ 9 ! /ruggle (       

exi/5ce4 ,x means prep>$ness1 & !re is a
 nasc5t ang] to break =? aga9/ ! fe>ful1
 or fe> or c\nt]-ang] prep>$ aga9/ ! fe>
 disc]n$ or suspect$4 ,! int]-relat$    
activity ( ^! two emotions is ! *iefe/ &
 mo/ int]e/+ spectacle we see 9 all l[] 
psy*ic phases4  ,b we mu/ notice n[ a =m
 :i* seems on ! :ole to belong to ! ang]
 gr\p1 & t is hate4 ,hate (t5 prec$es & 
succe$s ang]1 & ! object ( ang] is      
peculi>ly apt to be ! object ( hate4 ,! 
man :om we hate v easily ang]s u1 & he  
:o provokes u is "o :om we are apt to   
hate4 ,yet a p]son may be v provok+1 ev5
 exasp]at+1 & n be hateful1 & vice v]s =
 hate4 ,x is obvi\s !n t :ile ! object (
 ang] & hate is apt to be ! same1 yet x 
is view$ f v diff]5t /&po9ts1 & !       
emotion reactions are someh[ v diff]5t4 
8,i hate him10 & 8,i am angry at        
him10--^! expressions d5ote v di/9ct    
emotions4 ,:ile ang] & hate are bo?     
aggressive emotion reactions aga9/ !    
pa9-giv]1 yet 9 _! nature !y are        
ess5tially div]se4 ,9 g5]al we hate him 

:o delib]ately & con/antly provokes u1  
:o e/abli%es himself z a delib]ate      
enemy4 ,x is h>mful1 oppos$ int5t t     
p>ticul>ly /imulates hate4 ,b ang] is   
mo/ g5]ally a sudd5 fla% ( feel+ lead+  
to viol5t repulsive ef=t aga9/ pa9-giv]1
 b )\t any insight into int5t4 ,!       
imm$iacy ( reaction is accompli%$ ?r\gh 
ang]2 b hate1 hav+ m ( insight &        
=esight1 is m sl[ly g5]at$1 & is n s    
directly & promptly active4 ,i may be   
angry at "o :o casually p9*es me 9      
sport1 b ,i w hate him :o cont9ually    
p9*es me 9 spite4 ,i may be angry at !  
*ild :o 9 its *ildi% play (t5 int]rupts 
my /udies1 b ,i d n hate x2 ?is ,i      
res]ve = ! malici\s boys :o cont9ually  
put tick-tacks on my w9d[s4 ,& s also   
inanimate ?+s (t5 ar\se ang]2 b we hate 
only ! animate1 & !n ma9ly :5 we disc]n 
delib]ate1 purpos$ (f5ce4 ,to be sure we
 (t5 he> "s su* expression z1 8,i hate !
 v sight ( t h\se02 b "h ! t]m hate     
d5otes loa?+1 & is only a little less   
flagrant misuse ?an :5 ,i say 8,i hate  

ham1 b love beef/eak40  ,hate1 !n1 m>ks 
9 a v noticeable way ! gr[? ( psy*ic    
responsiv5ess4 ,a prevision ( psy*ic    
attitude ( o!rs1 especially ! emotional 
& volitional1 is ( ! utmo/ s]vice z     
help+ to & prep>+ = an appropriate      
response4 ,?us we may believe t q e>ly 9
 m5tal evolution !re came an            
appreciation & int]pretation ( ! psy*ic 
modes ( o!rs z affect+ ! int]e/s ( !    
individual4 ,we may judge t ?is is      
probable by ! v app>5t diff]5ce (       
reaction ( ev5 c]ta9 ( ! l[] animals 9 !
 pres5ce ( ?reat5+ dang]s f common      
mat]ial ?+s1 & f animate be+s capable ( 
be+ n m]ely cru%$ or pu%$ away1 b       
intimidat$ & fright5$ away4 ,"y *ildr5  
le>n quickly to di/+ui% betwe5 m]e      
physical ev5ts & psy*ic expressions1 &  
to feel & to act t[>d ! psy*ic 9 !      
peculi> mann] :i* w be/ s]ve !m4 ,?us x 
becomes ( v def9ite value to excite fe> 
9 enemies1 b ev5 a l[ animal le>ns      
spe$ily t x _c t]rify a l>ge /one :i*   
prev5ts access to food4 ,n[ fe> & ang]  

obvi\sly d n specially belong to ! r    
advanc$ class ( emotions :i* are always 
psy*ically responsive1 =1 9 e>lie/      
phases at lea/1 bo? fe> & ang] may be   
tak5 to h no ref]5ce to ! psy*ic quality
 ( ! object1 b only to ! physical       
quality z pa9ful & injuri\s4 ,h[ev]1    
lat] fe> & ang] become cognizant ( !    
psy*ic attitude & responsive !reto2 b x 
may be said t hate f ! fir/ is a psy*ic 
responsive1 x is an answ] to ! psy*ic   
attitude ( o!rs z int]pret$ by !        
individual z turn$ t[>ds itself4 ,hate  
is always aga9/ evil int5t2 ang] & fe>  
may be4 ,hate & ang] are bo? int5sifi$  
by hate & ang] 9 ! object--?\gh ?is may 
(t5 occasion fe>--b fe>1 on ! contr>y1  
is greatly weak5$1 & sometimes turn$    
into hate or ang]1 by p]ceiv+ its object
 z fe>+ x4 ,i naturally hate ^? & am    
ang]$ ) ^? :om ,i p]ceive z hav+ ! same 
passions aga9/ me2 b he :om ,i see fe>+ 
me does n !reby inspire my fe> = him1 b 
t5ds 9 q ! contr>y direction4 ,yet      
mutual fe> 9 equally mat*$ oppon5ts is  

consi/5t ) mutual ang] & hate4 ,fe>1 )  
^? :o are capable ( inflict+ ab\t equal 
losses on ea* o!r1 acts z a *eck ^u ang]
 & hate1 & gives caution & w>9ess to    
passion itself4  ,! object ( hate !n    
diff]s f t ( ang] & fe>1 z be+ inv>iably
 a psy*ic quality 9 ano!r z injuri\s to 
"o's own int]e/s4 ,injuri\sness p] se   
does n excite hate z x may ang] & fe>4  
,animals1 inde$1 (t5 seem to hate t :i* 
has no psy*ic attitude t[>d !m1 & may be
 :olly incapable ( x2 b ?is is error (  
judgm5t1 j z we ourselves (t5 f9d       
ourselves wrong 9 hat+ :]e we suppos$   
!re 0 evil feel+ t[>d u1 b :]e we n[ see
 !re is none4 ,hate disappe>s ! mom5t we
 discov] our mi/ake ( int]pretation4    
,:ile hate (t5 views its object v l>gely
 f ! retrospective side1 z oppos$ to fe>
 & ang]1 :i* are g5]ally prospective1   
yet hate orig9ally mu/ h appli$ to !    
pres5t or lat5t pot5cy ( ! object = h>m1
 = only 9 ?is wise does x rea*          
self-cons]vative value4 ,9 e>ly psy*ic  
life !re is no "t or place = purely     

retrospective emotion l rev5ge &        
res5tm5t4 ,hate is n ess5tially a pay+  
back = ! pa/ (f5ce1 b a w-incit+ emotion
 ( imm$iate1 or imm95tly prospective    
value4 ,9 fact1 ?\gh we say1 8he has    
done me injury & ,i hate him = x10 yet  
we d n hate ! dead injur] or ! "o s     
crippl$ z to be entirely p[]less aga9/  
u4 ,c]ta9ly !re is no value = our       
int]e/s 9 injur+ ! "o :o is pa/ injur+  
u1 & f ! self-cons]vative po9t ( view to
 ex]cise ourselves 9 hate or ang] 9 su* 
a case is to wa/e en]gy4 ,feel+ = :at   
has be5 done aga9/ u1 purely z su*1 is  
pla9ly %e] wa/e ( =ce4 ,! pa/ is        
irretrievable1 & emotion ab\t x is      
valuable = life only s f> z ! pa/       
implies ! future4 ,?us x is t hate1     
aris+ because ( self-cons]vative value1 
& develop+ "u natural selection1 nev]   
becomes :olly retrospective4  ,hate !n  
is at fir/ mu* ! same 9 its elem5ts z   
ang]4 ,x is always objective4 ,hate is  
always ( some?+1 ?\gh extreme passion   
dulls p]ception1 yet at its normal      

t5sion hate1 l o!r emotions1 is inc5tive
 to b5eficial cognition4 ,we are closely
 obs]vant ( ^? we hate4 ,beside s5se (  
object1 !re is ! w-/irr+1 ! ho/ility1   
:i* is prom95t 9 ang]1 ?\gh "h m        
controll$ & n s impetu\s & nave4 ,hate  
?us (t5 allies itself ) fe>1 b ang] is v
 r>ely co9cid5t ) x1 ?\gh !re may be    
rapid alt]nations4 ,!re is also a hate  
pa9 :i* is a p>allel complex to ! ang]  
pa9 already analys$4 ,we might t]m hate 
a di/ill$ ang]1 & yet ?is signifies     
little1 = ! inn]mo/ emotion seems v     
di/9ct4 ,l fe> & ang]1 hate seems a g5us
 by itself1 & 9 its ess5tial feature z  
emotion-reaction1 q beyond sci5tific    
analysis1 :i* c po9t out its conditions1
 b n acc\nt = _! total value or = !     
peculi> quality ( hate di/urbance by :i*
 hate is hate4 ,hate c be appreciat$    
only by realization1 b no matt] h[ long 
we reflect ^u & try to cat* its exact   
nature 9 "s def9ite =mula1 ! ess5ce (   
hate always eludes1 & pres5ts itself z  
only a b>e simple psy*osis :olly        

indef9able & inexplicable 9 its ess5tial
 nature4  ,b if we turn n[ to ! orig9 & 
developm5t ( hate1 %all we arrive at    
any?+ m satisfactory8 ,is hate a modifi$
 ang]1 or is x f ! fir/ a :olly di/9ct  
emotion & n sl[ly diff]5tiat$ f any     
prec$+ psy*osis8 ,hate evid5tly belongs 
) ang] z aggressive emotional reaction1 
b x is v h>d to see h[ x c\ld orig9ate  
by any sl[ gr[?1 & x seems easi] &      
simpl] to reg>d x z be+ a unique        
response to "s v press+ dem& 9 ! /ruggle
 ( exi/5ce4  ,! :ole subject ( m5tal    
diff]5tiation ne$s cl>ify+4 ,are we to  
consid] m9d m]ely z a sum ( _m di/9ct   
modes ea* ( :i* has1 9 ! c\rse (        
evolution1 appe>$ sudd5ly 9 answ] to !  
dem&s ( life at a critical p]iod1 & is  
fa9t1 inde$1 yet f ! fir/ hav+ a di/9ct 
& peculi> quality by :i* x suitably     
/imulates w1 & t ! sole gr[? ( ^! div]se
 =ms has be5 9 int5sity & by v>i\s      
associations ) o!r /ates8 or are we to  
consid] t m9d 0 orig9ally a v g5]al     
vague /ate1 :i*1 by a cont9u\s &        

traceable diff]5tiation1 has sl[ly      
develop$ into _m diff]5t modes8 ,c]ta9ly
 ! latt] seems ! m rational4 ,to        
conceive t !re are no ess5tial & radical
 subdivisions 9 m9d1 t n ev5 kn[+1      
feel+1 & will+1 are fundam5tally        
primitive1 b ea*1 & ea* =m ( ea*1 b     
modifications ( prec$5t modes1 ?is is a 
!ory :i* is entic+ 9 its simplicity & 9 
its analogy to physical evolution f a   
s+le und]ly+ mat]ial elem5t4 ,b :5 we   
come to p>ticul> inve/igations1 z ?is ( 
! orig9 & developm5t ( hate1 we _c well 
discov] any modes int]m$iate betwe5 x & 
say1 ang]1 :i* are ! l9ks 9 a cont9u\s  
evolution1 b = aught we c see or        
conceive1 hate is z mu* hate ! fir/ "t x
 appe>s z at any subsequ5t "t4 ,! l9ks 9
 ! evolution ( m9d f phase to phase are 
all miss+1 & h[ are we to supply !m8 ,( 
necessity z subjective facts !y mu/ fir/
 be realiz$1 be=e !y c be kn[n1 b h[ c  
?is be done by a consci\sness :i* has   
long outgr[n !m8 ,we _c discov] ^!      
fossil & ext9ct =ms objectively1 z !    

paleontologi/ discov]s ext9ct species1 b
 9 "s way we mu/ re-enact & re-exp]i5ce 
!m 9 our own consci\sness be=e we c "k  
any?+ ab\t !m4 ,if e m9d embryologically
 passes ?r\gh ! sev]al /ages ( its g5]al
 evolution 9 ! race1 /ill ! /range      
int]m$iate =ms :i* might !n h exi/$ are 
beyond ! recall ( ! reflective /age1 :5 
we fir/ dem& to "k ! hi/ory ( m9d4 ,& :5
 we appeal to comp>ative psy*ology we   
are equally 9 ! d>k1 = we mu/ judge     
animals by ourselves1 we c int]pret _!  
consci\sness only by our own1 & !y may h
 v rude & peculi> =ms :i* are unkn[n &  
unkn[able by u4 ,?us ! limitations &    
difficulties ( subjective rese>* are    
especially br\ght up to u 9 evolution>y 
/udy :i* ?us seems :olly conf9$ to a    
priori speculation4 ,:ile we c conceive 
x likely t hate 0 sudd5ly br\ght into   
full be+ by ! dem&s ( life1 yet x is    
h>dly a rational view ( emotion to reg>d
 x z a p] saltum s]ies ( di/9ct psy*ical
 species call$ successively into be+ by 
! exig5cies ( exi/5ce1 :i* inde$1 is a  

view almo/ z ultra-sci5tific z t :i*    
reg>ds all m5tal modes z direct end[m5ts
 f ,deity4  ,b ?\gh on g5]al sci5tific  
analogy we are l$ to believe 9 fossil   
m5tal =ms1 9 miss+ psy*ic l9ks n[ ext9ct
 z reg>ds our own consci\sness1 b :i* 7 
! g]ms ( our pres5t di/9ct emotions1    
p]ceptions1 etc41 h[ are we to discov] &
 inve/igate !m8 ,c we "w our own        
consci\sness back ?r\gh ! multitud9\s   
/ages ( its pa/ evolution1 ?r\gh myriads
 ( human & pre-human =ms to ! confus$1  
primal1 undiff]5tiat$ psy*oses8         
,c]ta9ly ! =ms :i* lead up to su* an    
emotion z hate & f :i* x is gradually   
evolv$ mu/ be realiz$1 mu/ be actually  
felt 9 "s measure be=e !y c be und]/ood 
& analyz$4 ,"h !n seems a great b>ri] to
 introspective evolution>y psy*ology1   
p]haps insup]able1 = h[ c m9d retrace   
itself1 involute itself1 9 ! int]e/s (  
sci5ce8 ,m9d is fundam5tally action1    
motive-feel+1 :i*1 9 connection )       
cognitive =ms gradually a*iev$1 becomes 
f m]e pure pleasure-pa9 a v complex     

manifold4 ,we feel _m ( ^! =ms 9 our own
 exp]i5ce1 & we c say ( "s t !y are !   
high]1 ( o!rs t !y are ! l[] & m        
primitive4 ,?us fe>1 ang]1 & hate are   
g5]ally reg>d$ z l[ action-motives z    
comp>$ ) love ( tru? or ju/ice4 ,b :ile 
we di/+ui% 9 our own consci\sness & by  
analogy 9 ! consci\sness ( o!rs a       
consid]able v>iety ( psy*ic =ms1 !y are1
 s f> z we are able to see--& we h giv5 
"s special att5tion to ?is 9 discuss+   
fe> & o!r emotions--inv>iably di/9ct1 & 
ea* has its own peculi> quality1 & we d 
n f9d1 & we %\ld n expect to f9d1 !     
int]m$iate =ms any m ?an ! anatomi/ w\ld
 expect to f9d 9 man a radial />fi%     
/ructure4 ,! hazy1 indef9ite phases :i* 
m>k evolv+ consci\sness into new =ms h  
be5 long done away ) = su* emotions z   
hate1 & x w\ld seem an impossible task  
to ev] br+ !m back4 ,:5 we let          
consci\sness lapse ( its own regressive 
t5d5cy--& undirect$ consci\sness t5ds   
always to rev]t to wild /ates--we fall  
d[n ?r\gh a s]ies1 b x is by /eps1 & no 

gradual desc5t1 t is1 def9$ m5tal =ms   
succe$ ea* o!r1 ) no transitional phases
 :i* are bo? z diff]5tiat+ into ei!r4   
,we h mix$ /ates1 inde$1 b ^! h no      
evolution>y value 9 ?is l9e1 be+ m]ely  
co9cid5t di/9ct psy*oses1 & n an        
int]m$iate diff]5tiat+ mode4 ,! psy*oses
 :i* we call l[] & :i* we naturally fall
 into1 7 really a high] level once = "s 
remote ance/ors1 & x 0 only by          
occasional great ef=ts t fe>1 ang]1     
hate1 etc41 7 rea*$1 by j su* ef=ts z n[
 are requir$ by _m a worldl+ :o w\ld be 
religi\s & w\ld atta9 a feel+ = hol9ess1
 or t ( a ,phili/9e1 ambiti\s ( rea*+   
/hetic feel+1 :o endeav\rs to appreciate
 ! ref9$1 elaborate p[] 9 a poem by     
,rossetti1 or ! simple human gr&eur 9 a 
pa9t+ by ,millet4 ,9 "s =ms we "k :at x 
is to try to feel1 to h dim & vague     
/irr+ ( /hetic emotion1 & to rea* new   
levels 9 emotion g5]ally1 & we "k !     
/ages ( diff]5tiation & ! sev]e nisus ( 
! e>li] realizations4 ,on ! nisus side (
 our psy*ic life !re is abundant        

opportunity = e "o to obs]ve ! process (
 m5tal diff]5tiation1 & h[ sl[ly evolv+ 
a new emotion is1 = in/ance1 be=e x     
rea*es a def9ite =m1 b !re is ! great   
range ( purely natural1 spontane\s life1
 d]iv+ its :ole impetus f ance/ral m9ds1
 :]e1 z 9 hate & ang]1 x is impossible  
to /udy ! sl[ly modify+ =ms precursory  
to ! di/9ct mode4 ,h[ c we f9d or       
produce 9 ourselves a /ate :i* is n yet 
hate1 b m]ely hate 9 becom+1 a          
half-diff]5tiat$1 half-evolv$ hate8 ,if 
we c\ld put ourselves on ! nisus side1 &
 look up to hate z some?+ to be rea*$1  
in/ead ( some?+ we may fall into1 we    
might atta9 "s idea ( its process (     
=mation4 ,b s9ce hate1 ang]1 & s =?1    
inv>iably come ^u u & ov]come u1 h[ c we
 appreciate _! evolution>y /ages8 ,if we
 c\ld trace ^! old int]m$iate disus$ =ms
 :i* m]ely lead up to o!rs1 we %\ld f9d 
!m v /range1 & %\ld ne$ an entirely new 
nom5clature = !m4 ,b to rea* back &     
realize long outgr[n & fossil psy*oses1 
w1 if ev] possible1 require m ex]tion & 

ability ?an ev5 ! int5se /ruggle ( !    
actual psy*ical advances :i* adds1 by ! 
ef=ts ( exceptional                     
individuals--8g5iuses0--new modes (     
cognition & feel+ to ! m9d ( a race4 ,to
 regress beyond a c]ta9 po9t is h>d] ?an
 to progress4  ,h[ !n hate develop$ f   
non-hate1 f ang]1 or f any o!r emotion1 
is obvi\sly a v difficult problem4 ,x   
w\ld seem to u 9 our pres5t /age (      
m5tality t ! fir/ hate ph5om5on 0       
def9itely & inexplicably su*4 ,we _c    
p]ceive or conceive h[ ! orig9 ( hate is
 o!r ?an a sudd5 app>ition ( a new &    
elem5t>y emotion 9 response to an       
extraord9>y call ^u "s extraord9>y      
organism 9 its life c>e]4 ,yet we may   
easily believe t ! direct occasion ( its
 rise & progress 0 z complem5t to ang]4 
,ang] is c]ta9ly 9 g5]al a v advantage\s
 self-cons]vative factor1 b by reason ( 
its viol5ce x requires a va/ am\nt (    
vital en]gy to accompli% its end1 & x   
?us also t5ds to di/urb ! cognitive p[] 
9 its cle> & cool actions4 ,a bur/ (    

passion1 ?\gh x may succe$ 9 de/roy+ !  
injuri\s1 is bo? uneconomical &         
un9tellig5t4 ,x is also a v transi5t    
phase4 ,ang] w be defeat$ & supplant$ 9 
! evolution ( life by "s factor :i* has 
n ^! incid5tal disadvantages4 ,hate is  
su* a sup]ior psy*osis1 & is sur]1      
/eadi]1 & m economical ?an ang]1 &      
defeats x 9 ! long run4  ,hate !n may be
 tak5 to exemplify ! pr9ciple ( anti!tic
 evolution4 ,we are c>eful n to raise ! 
ang] ( "s m5 & ( "s animals1 & ?us ang]1
 or ! capacity = ang]1 s]ves !m z       
advantage & def5ce4 ,we fe> to make !m  
mad4 ,h[ev]1 ! antagoni/s ( _m          
individuals1 kn[+ ! weak5+ effect ( su* 
a /rong emotion z ang]1 & kn[+ also h[  
apt ! angry "o is to 8lose 8 head10     
purposely /imulate ang] to _! own       
advantage1 & ! disadvantage ( ! ang]$4  
,?us1 cunn+ & w>y animals1 impell$ by   
hate1 (t5 tease & torm5t _! /rong] &    
l>g] adv]s>ies & competitors into a     
furi\s rage1 :i* is s ra% & un9tellig5t 
t !y are completely at ! m]cy ( ! weak]4

 ,:]e 9 su* a way z ?is an advantage\s  
v>iation is turn$ into disadvantage\s by
 an oppos+ =m1 z ang] by hate1 we h :at 
may be call$ an anti!tic evolution4 ,new
 psy*ic v>iations are !n cont9ually     
/imulat$ by ! e>li]1 & x is only = a    
%ort "t t any v>iation ma9ta9s itself z 
purely b5eficial1 b an answ]+ "o soon   
takes advantage ( its weak po9ts & turns
 x f self-cons]vative into              
self-de/ructive4 ,"u ! con/ant success (
 oppos+ factors1 !re is gradual loss (  
value & soon disuse1 ) ! inception ( "s 
new =m to combat m effectively !        
oppon5t4 ,?is oppos+ =m mean:ile atta9s 
dom9ancy1 culm9ates1 & is gradually ou/$
 by "s v>iation :i* has be5 atta9$ 9    
ord] to meet ! new weapons on ! o!r     
side4 ,?us1 9 ! battle ( life1 (f5ce &  
def5ce1 attack v]sus retreat &          
c\nt]-attack1 mutually /imulate to a    
s]ies ( new & high] anti!tic psy*ic     
v>iations4  ,! s-call$ problem ( evil   
is1 !n1 tol]ably easy to a ?or\gh-go+   
evolutioni/4 ,all developm5ts1 all      

p]v]sions :i* are self-de/ructive r ?an 
self-cons]vative to ! individual1 h     
receiv$ _! orig9al /imulus f o!r        
antagoni/ic individuals to ^: int]e/ x  
is to promote ^! evils to ! utmo/4 ,:at 
is an evil to me is fir/ s mu* ( a good 
to him ^: int]e/ lies 9 defeat+ &       
de/roy+ me1 & he w take advantage ( all 
my weaknesses to 8 own pr(it4           
,competition & /ruggle involve ! exi/5ce
 ( evils to individuals :o are conqu]$ &
 maltreat$ 9 ! battle ( life4 ,disease &
 dea? itself is necess>y to evolution on
 a f9ite sph]e4 ,z long z ! good &      
desirable is limit$ z comp>$ ) ! numb] (
 ^? :o want1 competition mu/ exi/1 & ?is
 competition mu/ be by bo? cultivat+    
advantage\s v>iations 9 ourselves1 &    
also by cultivat+ ! disadvantage\s      
v>iations lat5t 9 our enemies4 ,?us1    
evil s[n 9 o!rs t our own good may be   
advanc$ is ! g5]al law ( all life4 ,to  
injure z mu* z possible all ^? :o       
oppose1 & to get z _m z possible well   
affect$ t[>ds u1 & to be subs]vi5t to   

our ends1 ?is is ! mean+ ( psy*ical     
evolution 9 all its e>li]1 & mo/ ( its  
lat]1 c\rse4 ,on any s*eme ( evolution  
by /ruggle1 evil to p>ticul> individuals
 is a necess>y fact4 ,we ?r[1 !n1 !     
problem back to h[ & :y life arose &    
develop$ ?r\gh ?is competition mode2 &  
all sci5ce at pres5t c say is t x is !  
8nature ( ?+s10 an expression :i* cov]s 
ignorance & is really metaphysical4  ,9 
all its lat] /ages ang]1 & likewise hate
 z well1 & all ! alli$ emotions1 atta*  
only to :at is di/9ctly kn[n z animate4 
,! futility & self-de/ructiv5ess ( ang] 
aga9/ ! inanimate & ins5ti5t comes to be
 fully recognis$4 ,b e>ly ang] is q     
undiscrim9at+4 ,! hunt]1 :o1 pursu$ by  
an enrag$ be>1 scatt]s 8 clo!s &        
acc\trem5ts beh9d him = ! be> to te> 9  
pieces1 takes advantage ( ! un9tellig5t 
ang] ( ! be> = 8 own ends4 ,s9ce animals
 d n we> clo!s !y h no conception ( :at 
!y are z indep5d5t ins5ti5t ?+s di/9ct f
 ! we>]4 ,to ! be> ! weapons & clo!s    
dropp$ by ! hunt] appe> n z inanimate   

be+s1 b z liv+1 vitally-connect$ p>ts ( 
! creature pursu$4 ,! error arose1 n f  
s5selessness1 b f lack ( range (        
exp]i5ce1 & x is ak9 to ! error ( !     
anci5t ,mexicans :o1 hav+ nev] se5 a    
horse by itself1 reg>d$ a man on        
horseback z a s+le creature4 ,a dog1 !  
fir/ "t he sees 8 ma/] unclo!d1 is      
greatly puzzl$1 & b sl[ly le>ns t clo!s 
are some?+ ! ma/] has & n :at he is4 ,:5
 weapons1 clo!s1 etc41 are at l5g?      
di/+ui%$ z prop]ty1 !re is yet a natural
 & "r impulse to de/roy !m z injur+ !   
own]2 b ! animal :i* /ops to d ?is      
commits an error ( judgm5t1 z x is      
usually ( m importance to despat* !     
hunt] ?an to de/roy 8 implem5ts4 ,x is !
 t5d5cy ( ang] to de/roy all :i* is 9   
any wise connect$ ) its object4 ,?is is 
true1 n only ( ! animal _w1 b also ( !  
l[] human developm5t4 ,a savage 9 a fit 
( fury w slay1 n only an (f5d+ fell[1 b 
also 8 family & relations1 & also de/roy
 all 8 prop]ty4 ,! uselessness1 n to say
 ! inju/ice1 ( su* an indulg5ce ( ang]  

is only recognis$ at a comp>atively late
 /age ( evolution4 ,ang] 9 its lat] =m  
conc]ns itself only ) purposive (f5ce 9 
its object1 & v5ts itself solely on !   
individual (f5d+4 ,a cle> di/9ction is  
drawn betwe5 animate & inanimate4 ,?us1 
my dog1 play+ ) ano!r1 hurt itself by   
runn+ into a tree1 & gave an angry gr[l2
 b notic+ ! real nature ( ! pa+iv] z1 n 
! o!r dog1 b an in(f5sive tree1 8       
attitude imm$iately *ang$1 & he seem$ to
 take ! injury z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,a    
puppy w\ld 9 l case s5selessly cont9ue  
its demon/rations ( ang] to no good &   
p]haps to its own injury4  ,z to !      
function ( ang] & hate1 ?is has already 
be5 intimat$ 9 ! rem>ks we h j made on  
its orig9 & developm5t4 ,= function x is
 :i* gives rise to organ & activity2 9  
"s unkn[n1 my/]i\s way ! press+         
life-/ruggle = useful m5tal activity    
det]m9es ultimately its appe>ance4 ,we  
"k t extremely h>d conditions1 :i* w\ld 
?reat5 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( animate life 
z a :ole1 or ( any l>ge subdivision1    

w\ld give rise to new p]ceptions &      
emotions by :i* a sav+ remnant w\ld     
escape2 & on ?is pr9ciple we mu/ expect 
! mo/ signal psy*ic advance ( ! future  
at t seem+ly remote p]iod :5 mank9d w be
 ?reat5$ ) ext9ction by ! sl[           
refrig]ation ( ! e>?4 ,a long-cont9u$   
uni=mity ( easy conditions ( life1 z 9 !
 tropics1 is di/9ctly unfav\rable to    
psy*ic progress2 b let a glacial p]iod  
invade t zone1 & ! *ang$ conditions w\ld
 awak5 su* a /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 all    
organisms1 man includ$1 t new organic & 
m5tal types w\ld be develop$4 ,!        
necessities ( exi/5ce & ! self-int]e/ ( 
! individual 9 an unceas+ly %>p         
competition develop sl[ly 9 ! few ^?    
m5tal modes :i*1 f _! functional        
importance1 become ! h]itage ( a race & 
g5us2 & ^! 8sports0 !reby secure to     
!mselves a c]ta9 tempor>y dom9ancy4 ,?is
 is ! hi/ory ( life 9 g5]al1 & ( man 9  
p>ticul>4 ,h[ dem& det]m9es supply1 h[  
necessity is ! "m ( inv5tion1 is obvi\s 
en\gh 9 man1 :o1 cle>ly conceiv+ !      

function1 sets ab\t by 8 k ( means to   
accompli% ! ne$$ improvem5t2 b 9 ! l[]  
life1 :i* is incapable ( su*            
teleological =esight1 we c only say t   
?r\gh pa9 ( lack 9 ! alt]$ conditions ( 
exi/5ce !re is /imulat$ a bl9d1 int5se  
/ruggle1 :i*1 mov+ out 9 all l9es1      
some:]e1 at sometime1 by m]e *ance hitt+
 on ! "r v>iation1 /icks to x &         
accompli%es its own salvation1 & leaves 
desc5dants :o t5d 9 ! same direction4   
,new psy*ic qualities1 z well z new     
physical organs1 are 9 "s way gradually 
det]m9$ ?r\gh /ruggle :i* is practically
 bl9d4 ,t m5tal v>iation1 t bodily      
v>iation1 :i* 0 incessantly dem&$ 9 !   
/ruggle ( exi/5ce does someh[ ultimately
 appe>1 is1 inde$1 a fact :i*1 = !      
pres5t at lea/1 we c only /ate 9 ?is    
indef9ite1 unsatisfactory mann]4 ,bl9d1 
pa9-impell$ w1 fi]cely /rik+ out 9 e    
direction1 does at l5g?1 a*ieve ^? new  
psy*ical & physical =ms :i* are mo/ ne$$
 by life4 ,! *ance s]viceable v>iation  
is fix$ & cont9u$ by reason ( its       

s]viceability2 b :5 its utility wanes by
 reason ( new life factors appe>+ or new
 conditions ( exi/5ce1 x is lo/ by      
disuse1 or survives 9 rudim5t>y =ms4  ,!
 function ( hate is1 l ang]1 to injure &
 elim9ate ! injuri\s2 b :at ang]        
accompli%es by a sudd5 volcanic outbur/1
 hate accompli%es 9 a sl[]1 b sur] & m  
subtle way4 ,hate is1 z previ\sly po9t$ 
out1 a manife/ improvem5t ov] ang] z a  
me?od ( (f5sive w>f>e4 ,o!r ?+s be+     
equal1 ! be/ hat] is ! mo/ successful   
individual4 ,dr4 ,johnson _h reason on 8
 side :5 he said t he lov$ a good hat]4 
,a /rong hat]1 :o p]t9aci\sly assails & 
injures 8 enemies1 /r5g!ns 8 own        
position & makes ! l>ge/ place = himself
 9 life4 ,hate1 z a p]man5t1            
economically aggressive motion1 m>ks    
c]ta9ly a great advance1 & is ( ! highe/
 import = life4 ,if n[ hate has its own 
function z direct /imulus to (f5sive    
action t[>d ^? :o w be injuri\s1 t[>d ^?
 :o are capable & likely to pa9 & h>m u1
 h[ %all we expla9 ! hate--& we might   

say ang] z well--:i* arises at m]e      
remembrance ( injury1 & :i* seems to h  
no imm$iate value = life8  ,9 ! fir/    
place we may well d\bt :e!r any purely  
retrospective emotion exi/s1 at lea/ 9  
e>ly psy*ic life4 ,! pa/1 ( c\rse1 has  
no value 9 & by itself2 x is            
irretrievable1 & emotional =ce sp5t ^u x
 z su* wa/$--8no use cry+ = spill$      
milk40 ,x may well be t = simple        
psy*isms ! pa/ nev] exi/s z su*2 at     
lea/1 x is nev] a /opp+ po9t1 b a m]e   
datum = int]pret+ ! inexp]i5ceable4 ,!  
s5se ( exp]i5ce1 especially 9 its       
temporal aspect1 is v difficult (       
analysis2 yet we may say ) "s confid5ce 
t at fir/ x does n imply a s5se ( ei!r !
 pa/ or future z su*4 ,! m9d is         
imm$iately impress$ by ! injuri\sness ( 
! injuri\s1 :i*1 ?\gh com+1 ( c\rse1 9  
t]ms ( ! exp]i5c$1 is n relegat$ !reby  
to a pa/ "t1 nor is x at all dwelt ^u z 
su* = emotion reaction4 ,primitive      
emotion is n backw>d look+2 = ?is is 9  
itself entirely futile1 & primitive life

 dep5ds = its exi/5ce & progress ^u     
utility4 ,! value ( emotion is 9        
/imulat+ prep>$ness = def5ce & (f5ce4 ,!
 repres5tation ( injury inflict$ comes  
up to e>ly m9d z "s injury be+ inflict$1
 or imm95tly s1 or is appli$ at once 9  
int]pretation ( ! exp]i5ceable1 ) no    
?\ght or emotion = x z m]ely pa/ fact4  
,advanc$ psy*ic life may /op at ! fir/  
/ep1 may indulge 9 retrospection = its  
own sake1 & n = its imm$iate value 9    
und]/&+ ! exp]i5ceable1 b primitive     
emotion is ev] an al]tness &            
anticipatory read9ess4  ,if1 n[1 we turn
 to "s classification ( ! ang] gr\p 9   
itself & 9 its g5]al relation to        
emotion1 we obta9 some?+ l ! foll[+3--  
,reaction to      ,regressive--fe>4     
,emotion4     injuri\s4                 
,aggressive--ang]4                      
,reaction to      ,receptive4           
b5eficial4     ,appropriative4          
,simple ang] or wra?4                   
,int5sive--,rage or fury4               
,incipi5t--,displeasure4                

,mild--,irritation4                     
,response to purposive injury--,hate4   
,ang]       ,altrui/ic--,indignation4   
,s5tim5t--,indignation & ,hate4         
,retrospective--,res5tm5t4              
,rev5ge4                                
,sub-hate--,dete/ation4                 
,despite4                       ,scorn4 
,b few rem>ks ne$ to be add$ to         
elucidate ! outl9e4 ,exasp]ation is     
pla9ly a late =m ( ang]4 ,x belongs to !
 p]iod :5 ang] has be5 subject$ to w    
re/ra9t1 & :5 some?+ passes all b\nds ( 
=be>ance--is 8p]fectly madd5+0--we are  
exasp]at$4 ,ang] ( a high & peculi>     
int5sity produc$ by special & repeat$   
provocation is kn[n z exasp]ation4 ,=   
int5sive hate !re seems no special ^w1  
at lea/1 9 ,engli%1 ?\gh we d5ote x by  
adjective z bitt]1 malignant1 virul5t4  
,dete/ sometimes means /rong hatr$4     
,malice is n an emotion2 x is a /ate (  
m9d :i* is impli$ 9 hate1 namely1       
delib]ate int5t to injure4 ,we d n say  
we feel malici\s2 b if we hate1 we are  

malici\s4 ,malice is m]ely an objective 
t]m = a w elem5t 9 hate1 & d5otes "* (  
act4  ,! sight ( injury done to o!rs    
produces indignation4 ,:5 law or        
pr9ciple injur$ & violat$ excites       
indignation or hate1 we h t feel+ = !   
ab/ract--r>ely pure--:i* is t]m$        
s5tim5t4 ,he :o is indignant at inju/ice
 & he :o hates s9 h ris5 to ! highe/    
evolution ( ! ang] gr\p4 ,= an acc\nt ( 
res5tm5t & rev5ge see *apt] on          
,retrospective ,emotion4 ,9 ! e>li]     
/ages bo? ang] & hate are r             
undiscrim9at+ z to rank or /atus (      
oppos+ object1 b 9 lat] evolution !re   
mu/ be a s5se ( equality4 ,:5 we consid]
 ! (f5d+ ones z entirely bel[ u1 z      
unwor?y ( our ang] or hate1 we dete/ or 
despise4 ,our relations ) !m may compel 
u to notice !m & to h "s feel+ t[>d !m1 
b we w\ld n l[] ourselves to fight !m4  
,to dete/ is to feel a /rong revulsion1 
b x also 9 measure has a direct         
objective movem5t4 ,/ill1 al?\gh        
dete/ation1 despis+1 scorn1 contempt1   

are by no means s actively aggressive z 
! o!r memb]s ( ! gr\p1 !y h evid5tly a  
direct affiliation ) hate & ang]4 ,9 all
 ^! !re is direct repulse ( all relation
 ) :at is bel[ u1 a position hold+ (f & 
look+ d[n ^u ! (f5d+ object z too small 
& mean = u to s]i\sly oppose4  ,we _c at
 pres5t elaborate m fully an analysis1 a
 g5etic inve/igation1 nor a             
classification1 ( :at mu/ appe> to e    
att5tive /ud5t ( m9d z a mo/ important &
 extraord9>y gr\p ( psy*ic ph5om5a4 ,9  
all ! l[] psy*ic life ) e p]ception     
comes an emotion reaction1 v g5]ally    
ei!r ( a fe> or ang] "*4 ,ev]y?+ p]ceiv$
 has a def9ite life mean+1 no?+ is      
indiff]5t1 &1 9 fact1 primitive         
p]ception _c exi/ except z prompt+ & be+
 prompt$ by emotion or feel+4 ,= ! l[   
psy*ism !re is no su* va/ collection (  
practically indiff]5t objects1 a _w (   
?+s1 z ma9ta9s a con/ant & l>ge place 9 
advanc$ psy*ism4 ,l[] m5tal life is     
piecemeal1 inconsequ5t & brok51 & :olly 
direct$ by feel+ phases4 ,e object has  

its place only 9 relation to            
self-int]e/1 z fav\r+ or injur+4 ,?is is
 impress$ ^u ^? :o h made any /udy ( l[]
 human types1 & ( wild animals1 :]e y\r 
v pres5ce1 no matt] h[ accid5tal &      
really mean+less1 is con/ru$ z sugge/+  
detrim5t1 & suspicion is ar\s$1 a       
prep>atory /age to "s fe> or ang]       
exhibition1 "o ( ^? be+ (t5 nasc5t1 ?\gh
 sometimes n v active ow+ to ! lack (   
full c]ta9ty z to y\r injuri\sness4 ,= !
 savage1 :o is incapable (              
dis9t]e/$ness1 & :olly giv5 up to       
self-seek+1 ! mission>y & sci5ti/ mu/ h 
"s hidd5 p]sonal motive1 "s int5t to    
take advantage ( !m1 & pr(it by !m4 ,f !
 fir/ !y are reg>d$ ) fe>1 ang]1 or     
hate4 ,! /range & peculi> is hat$ m]ely 
= be+ unlike ! self1 & all non-con=mity 
means p]sonal slight & insult4 ,)       
primitive psy*ism all objects are col\r$
 by a /rong emotion light1 & ?is rema9s 
a t5d5cy till ! late/ /ages ( evolution4
  ,ang] & hate h by no means sp5t _!    
=ce1 ev5 = human evolution 9 "s ( its m 

advanc$ =ms4 ,we all recognise !        
necessity ( 8_s0 to success4 ,! "o :o is
 incapable ( ang] & ( v5t+ x p[]fully is
 a weakl+1 & w be trodd5 "u foot 9 !    
battle ( life4 ,! high s5se ( p]sonal   
hon\r & advantage1 :i* w brook no insult
 ) impunity1 or all[ no injury to g     
unpuni%$ & unres5t$1 is /ill ! s9e qua  
non ( worldly success4 ,%[ ang]1 hate1 &
 defiance to all ^? :o invade y\r       
rights2 /& up & fight ! battle ( life   
aga9/ e oncom]1 & secure & hold !       
position aga9/ all competitors4 ,9 !    
natural c\rse ( ev5ts--! /ruggle =      
self-cons]vation & self-aggr&izem5t--!  
meek d n inh]it ! e>?1 b r ^? :o are    
irascibly aggressive4  ,! mo/ notable   
revolution 9 human hi/ory aga9/ ! g5]al 
c\rse ( evolution :i* we h be5 consid]+ 
has come f ,*ri/ianity4 ,! _w says1 8,if
 any "o smite y on ! *eek1 hit him      
betwe5 ! eyes02 ! ,naz>5e says1 8,(f]   
him ! o!r *eek also02 ! _w says1 8,if   
any "o takes away y\r cloak1 fall ^u him
 & despoil him ( 8 all02 ! ,naz>5e says1

 8,give him y\r coat also02 ! _w says1  
8,hate y\r enemies02 ! ,naz>5e says1    
8,love y\r enemies1 bless !m :i* curse  
y1 & d good to !m t despitefully use y40
 ,! law ( natural evolution by fe>1     
ang]1 hate1 /rife1 is replac$ by a new  
law ( a spiritual evolution ?r\gh       
=be>ance1 humility1 love1 loyalty to    
tru?1 to beauty1 to goodness1 & to      
hol9ess 9 a k+dom n ( ?is 8_w40 ,life   
consi/s1 n 9 mak+ fri5ds & fight+       
enemies1 b 9 a fight ) "o's self to     
realize unselfi% ideals1 to exemplify ! 
highe/ pr9ciples & laws1 & to a*ieve !  
l>ge/ & be/ "w1 )\t reg>d to            
self-cons]vation or self-aggr&izem5t4 ,9
 ?is radically new evolution ! m9d is = 
itself1 & is n1 z 9 ! l[] evolution1    
m]ely a utilit>ian factor1 subs]vi5t to 
! g5]al dem&s ( life4 ,life1 on !       
contr>y1 "h becomes subs]vi5t to !      
developm5t ( m5tality purely = its own  
sake4 ,?us pure sci5ce1 art = art's     
sake1 an indep5d5t morality & religion1 
become possible4 ,! greate/ m9ds ( !    

race are ^? :o h liv$ mo/ completely ?is
 highe/ life2 b ?is new =m sc>cely t\*es
 ! great bulk ( humanity1 & is v        
p>tially develop$ ev5 9 ! s-call$ highe/
 classes4  ,b x is n our pres5t purpose 
to survey ! high] evolution1 or to po9t 
out its rationale4 ,= ! l[] evolution1  
h[ev]1 x is tol]ably evid5t t fe>1 ang] 
& hate1 give ! dom9ant tone to psy*ic   
life4 ,^! /rong1 direct emotions act z  
fundam5tal life factors2 )\t !m !       
individual w\ld be quickly ov]:elm$ 9 ! 
/ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! conditions ( e>ly 
life absolutely require ^! simple1 nave 
emotions to /imulate advantage\s        
reactions4 ,emotional indiff]5tism is   
possible only z an artificial &         
by-product1 a sort ( disease or abnormal
 symptom ev5 9 ! v late/ phases ( human 
evolution4 ,! comp>ative psy*ology ( !  
future w %[ m & m cle>ly & fully !      
nature & function ( bo? ! fe> & ang]    
gr\ps z factors 9 biologic evolution4   
,,*apt] ,,xi                ,,surprise  
,,& ,,disappo9tm5t1 ,,emotion ,,(       

,,novelty   ,to anticipate :at is to    
occur is pla9ly "o ( ! mo/ useful       
a*ievem5ts ( m9d1 = all provid5ce       
implies appreh5sion & emotion !re)4 ,b  
to look be=e & aft] is c]ta9ly n !      
pr]ogative ( man alone1 b anticipatory  
p[] is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! realm ( m9d1 &    
con/itutes ! l>g] portion ( all         
cognition4 ,to "k a ?+ means1 9 g5]al1  
to appreciate its pot5tiality2 & all    
sci5ce is really presci5ce4 ,k is n !   
imm$iate s5sation1 b ! mean+ ( x = life2
 x is ! ideal translation f "o s5se to  
ano!r 9 feel+ t5d5cy4 ,?us1 to sc5t is  
by itself a useless acquirem5t1 b !     
connect+ x ) desir$ food is ( ! utmo/   
s]vice4 ,! psy*ism gradually atta9s !   
p[] to int]pret by v>i\s m$ia ! nature1 
t is1 ! exp]i5ceability1 ( ! environm5t4
  ,to =esee is !n "o ( ! commone/ ev5ts 
9 m9d1 & accord+ to ! pa9fulness or     
pleasurability =ese5 is felt ang] or    
fe>1 hope or desire1 or alli$ emotions4 
,b ! =ese5 does n always come to pass1 &
 h5ce !re results a new ord] (          

intellectual & emotional reaction4 ,t   
:at we _h 9 m9d w\ld happ5 comes n1 or  
is o!r ?an =ese52 ?is has a di/urb+     
effect on cognition & emotion4          
,presci5ce defeat$ becomes n m]ely      
nesci5ce1 b !re is ! positive def9ite   
%ock ( surprise1 & ! emotion (          
disappo9tm5t or "s correlat$ =m4        
,surprise z ! s5se ( contra/ ( real &   
ideal1 involv+ p]sonal s5se ( limitation
 & error1 is1 z we h not$ 7pp4 #ej ff471
 a pa9ful exp]i5ce4 ,b :]e !re is no    
preconceiv$ notion1 no expectation1 !re 
is no surprise1 z ,lumholtz rem>ks ( !  
,au/ralian savages1 t !y are n surpris$ 
at ! railway & o!r wond]s (             
civilization2 !y d n "k en\gh to be     
surpris$4 ,! full appreh5sion & und]/&+ 
( ! gap betwe5 ideal & real is b v sl[ly
 atta9$4 ,at fir/ ! ?w>t+ is naturally &
 easily attribut$ to an enemy1 & !re is 
ang] & p]t9aci\s viol5ce1 b ultimately1 
by sad & repeat$ exp]i5ce1 m9d is l$ to 
notice its own insuffici5cy1 to feel t !
 conflict betwe5 ! actual & ! expect$ is

 due to subjective error r ?an objective
 int]f]5ce4 ,g5u9e surprise1 z di/9ct f 
m]e n]v\s %ock1 is !n1 ,i ?9k1 a lat]   
ph5om5on ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,:at is
 (t5 tak5 = surprise ) animals & *ildr5 
is really eag] att5tion4 ,aga91 c]ta9   
modes ( fright are (t5 tak5 = surprise4 
,b exp]i5ce mu/ h made a consid]able    
advance 9 appreh5sion ( exp]i5ceability 
be=e a real surprise c be manife/$1 :i* 
is always ! correlative ( a sudd5       
contr>9ess ( exp]i5ce to :at 0          
preconceiv$4 ,surprise involves a c]ta9 
measure ( a !ory ( exp]i5ce2 9 %ort1 a m
 or less def9ite body ( k4 ,"o :o has   
fram$ no ideas ( :at exp]i5ce %\ld be c 
nev] be really surpris$ at :atev] may   
happ54 ,h[ev]1 to be able to feel       
surprise is obvi\sly v advantage\s1 to h
 a pa9ful & %>p s5se ( ! incongruity (  
real & ideal (t5 conducts to t          
inve/igation :i* results 9 be+ prep>$   
aga9/ be+ surpris$ 9 ! same way aga94 ,!
 imp]fectness ( adaptation is ?us       
consci\sly & intellig5tly rem$i$4 ,! man

 ( l>ge res\rces1 cauti\s nature1 & ke5 
insight & =esight1 is little liable to  
be surpris$1 = 9 all circum/ances he    
accurately =eca/s a v wide range (      
possibilities4  ,:5 ! good expect$ comes
 9 less measure ?an 0 =ese51 or n at    
all1 or "s real evil in/ead1 !re is n   
m]ely surprise1 b disappo9tm5t z well4  
,:5 :at is confid5tly expect$ does n    
happ51 ! emotional reaction is surprise2
 :5 :at is eag]ly hop$ = does n occur1  
disappo9tm5t is ! result4 ,i am         
disappo9t$ 9 n receiv+ a c]ta9          
remittance ,i _h hop$ =4 ,"h ! ought to 
be1 ! expect$1 is rang$ ov] aga9/ !     
actual n1 z 9 surprise1 z a sudd5 &     
pa9ful *ange 9 cognition1 b solely = !  
p]sonal advantage miss$4 ,disappo9tm5t  
is b\nd up ) ! s5se ( p]sonal loss &    
detrim5t f ! happ5+ contr>y to          
expectation4 ,feel+ ( disappo9tm5t is   
?us emotional reaction f cognizance (   
evil result :]e good is look$ =4 ,! m x 
0 hop$ =1 ! m bitt] ! disappo9tm5t4 ,?is
 disappo9tm5t has its function z an     

emphatic prote/ aga9/ impracticality2 ! 
lessons ( exp]i5ce are ?us br\ght home &
 made memorable4 ,disappo9tm5t turns    
life f false dreams to /]n realities2 x 
prompts to an inve/igation ( causes1 &  
r\ses cognition to a full und]/&+ ( !   
situation4 ,hope !reby becomes m & m    
rational & realizable4  ,9 all          
disappo9tm5t we note t ! feel+ is n ab\t
 ! pa/ z su*1 b is ) ref]5ce to !       
imm$iately actual 9 its unexpect$ be>+  
on life4 ,?us x is n /rictly            
retrospective emotion4 ,?\gh (t5 initial
 to regret & grief1 x %\ld n be conf\nd$
 ) ^!4  ,a curi\sly illogical rem>k1 &  
"o n uncommonly he>d1 is1 8,i hope y w  
succe$1 b d n be disappo9t$ if y don't40
 ,?is is really a psy*ological          
,hib]nicism4 ,hope is ! f\ndation (     
disappo9tm5t1 & "o _c say1 8hope1 b d n 
be disappo9t$10 9 ! same brea? ) def9ite
 mean+4 ,we _c escape ! pa9ful          
implications ( unfulfill$ desire3 we _c 
bo? h our cake & eat x too4 ,"s measure 
( expectation ( success is impli$ 9 all 

futuritive ef=t1 h5ce a l measure (     
disappo9tm5t4 ,! real s5se ( any su*    
admonition c only be = mod]at+ desire1 &
 s temp]+ possible reaction4 ,!         
expression 9 "q am\nts to little else   
?an a phrase ( well-wi%+1 b ) little    
confid5ce 9 ! actual result4  ,f ! feel+
 ( surprise & its cong5]1 disappo9tm5t1 
x is natural to turn to ! feel+ =       
novelty4 ,surprise & novelty bo? relate1
 b 9 diff]5t ways1 to ! "* ( ! exp]i5ce 
9 relation to o!r exp]i5ces4 ,!         
/rang5ess1 h[ev]1 9 :at is surpris+1 &  
:i* makes x surpris+1 is n intr9sic1 b  
:olly relative to a preconception4      
,?und] is famili> to me1 b x may        
surprise me if x occur 9 ,janu>y1 & also
 totally out ( my preconceiv$ ord]2 b a 
fri5d :o has nei!r he>d1 nor he>d (1    
?und]1 w n be surpris$ by ! s\nd 9      
,janu>y1 ?\gh he may be />tl$1 & may    
feel ! novelty ( ! ph5om5on4 ,! novel1  
purely z su*1 _c surprise1 = !re is no  
field = ! expectation :i* is ! f\ndation
 ( surprise4 ,! surpris+ is always      

contr>y to expectation1 b ! novel is    
simply unexpect$1 n 9 ! range ( ?\ght & 
conception 9 any mann]4 ,a novel        
exp]i5ce is "o :i* has previ\sly be5    
unexp]i5c$1 & ! feel+ ( novelty is !    
feel+ ( x z su*1 :ile a surpris+        
exp]i5ce goes q aga9/ all we look =1 &  
is (t5 famili> & common en\gh1 ?\gh     
sometimes x is novel1 z :5 ! absolutely 
new exp]i5ce & n "s famili> exp]i5ce    
comes 9 place ( ! expect$ exp]i5ce4 ,if 
! man to :om ?und] is novel is await+   
m]ely ! patt]+ ( ra91 ! cra% ( ?und] w  
excite bo? feel+s ( surprise & novelty4 
,9 ?is case he is surpris$ be=e he feels
 ! novelty ( ! surpris+ ev5t4  ,a feel+ 
= ! novelty ( an exp]i5ce implies s5se (
 exp]i5ce & exp]i5ceable1 & is ?us      
deb>r$ f primitive consci\sness1 :i* is 
m]ely a s]ies ( disconnect$ fla%es1     
occurr+ a few times at ! critical mom5ts
 9 an organism's life4 ,x is probable t 
9 ! orig9 ( m9d ! fir/ consci\sness 0 ! 
la/1 an entirely unique & isolat$       
ph5om5on 9 ! animal's life1 h5ce        

supremely novel4 ,h[ev]1 at fir/1 &     
und\bt$ly also 9 lat] m9d1 consci\sness 
b sl[ly rises to ! s5se ( novelty (     
consci\sness z su*4 ,aft] a long p]iod (
 unconsci\sness f any cause we d n      
appreciate return+ consci\sness z p] se 
a comp>atively novel ph5om5on4 ,9 e>ly  
m9d e exp]i5ce is practically a new     
exp]i5ce1 & s novel1 b z !re is no      
cognizance ( exp]i5ce 9 any light1 &    
lea/ ( all 9 ?is light :i* is r remote f
 imm$iate practicality1 ! feel+ =       
novelty does n occur4 ,s5se ( novelty   
implies a comp>ison ( exp]i5ce purely = 
its own sake1 c]ta9ly a v late          
acquirem5t4 ,?us 9 primitive m9d1 ?\gh  
all exp]i5ces are uni=mly fre%1 yet !y  
are n appreciat$ z su*4 ,! feel+ =      
novelty mu/ always re/ ^u a consid]able 
body ( exp]i5ce unifi$ by ego-s5se &    
appreh5d$ z su*1 t is1 consci\sness (   
novelty implies bo? consci\sness (      
consci\sness & self-consci\sness4 ,!    
consci\sness ( novelty is ?us f> f be+  
equival5t to novel consci\sness4 ,:5ev]1

 ev5 9 advanc$ m9d1 a novel consci\sness
 occurs1 we %\ld be ov] ha/y if we at   
once conclud$ t feel+ ( novelty 0 also  
exp]i5c$4  ,! fir/ /ep 9 life is to get 
an exp]i5ce1 to /ruggle into a          
consci\sness :i* may be imm$iately      
valuable1 & :i* is at once emotional &  
motor 9 its action2 ! second /ep is to  
comp>e & id5tify ! exp]i5ce ga9$ s z to 
asc]ta9 its mean+ = life ) great]       
c]ta9ty4 ,recognition ?us comes e>ly    
into play1 b :ile ! sph]e ( ! s5se ( !  
novel lies 9 t ( ! unrecognis$1 x does n
 9 any wise occupy ! :ole1 = mu* t is   
unrecognis$ /ill is f> f convey+ feel+ (
 novelty1 because ?is feel+ is1 z we h  
said1 f> f be+ exp]i5c$ on e pres5tation
 ( ! novel4 ,! novel is equival5t r to !
 unrecognisable4 ,a dog may lose 9 a few
 mon?s ! p[] ( recognis+ its ma/]1 yet !
 ma/] aft] su* a lapse ( "t _c be said  
to awak5 s5se ( novel4 ,?\gh n recognis$
 = ma/] he is recognis$ z "o ( _m       
famili> objects1 he is kn[n to be a man1
 & t is z f> z ! id5tification goes4 ,! 

exp]i5ce !n is 9 reality n a fre% "o4   
,"h is a new man b !re is no?+ novel 9 !
 exp]i5ce1 mu* less is !re a feel+ (    
novelty4 ,i d\bt mu* if a dog or any l[]
 animal notices & appreciates           
pleasurably or pa9fully ! novel z su*4  
,! unrecognisable & unclassifiable      
pres5t$ to !m may agitate !m 9 v>i\s    
ways1 z contra/ a horse & a c\rage\s dog
 on fir/ see+ a locomotive1 b !re is no 
evid5ce ( real feel+ ( ! novelty ( !    
exp]i5ce z su*4 ,! enjoym5t ( ! novel = 
its own sake is probably :olly conf9$ to
 late human psy*ism4  ,x mu/1 inde$1 be 
grant$ t *ange f monoton\s or conf9+    
circum/ances is appreciat$ & appreciat$ 
pleasurably by l[] animals1 ?\gh !y may 
n "k en\gh to seek *ange = its own sake4
 ,animals c]ta9ly suff] f ennui1 & enjoy
 v>iety )9 c]ta9 limits1 b *ange is n   
newness1 & absolute *ange or novelty 9  
/rict s5se h>dly appeals to !m1 t is1 !y
 d n appreciate ! novelty ( a situation4
 ,! really novel di/urbs !m1 !y d n     
desire x nor are pleas$ ) x4 ,x is only 

9 fact 9 ! high] ranges ( human m9d t   
exp]i5ce ( any k9d1 novel or v>i\s1     
comes to be s\ght = its own sake4 ,to   
say1 8?is is a novel s5sation10 or 8h[  
novel & delightful10 & all simil>       
expressions1 d5otes a frame ( m9d :i* is
 artificial1 t is1 lies away f & beyond 
! common c\rse ( psy*ism "u natural     
selection4 ,! *angefulness ( exp]i5ce & 
! novelty ( an exp]i5ce are 9 reality   
two di/9ct elem5ts4 ,"o :o has be5 ill 9
 b$ = weeks enjoys ! *ange 9 sitt+ up 9 
8 arm *air1 b !re is no real novelty or 
s5se ( novelty4 ,ev]y?+1 we say1 is     
novel & int]e/+ to ! *ild1 tiresome & a 
bore to ! blas man ( ! _w4 ,! _w is1 9  
tru?1 fre% & new to ! *ild1 b ! s5se ( !
 novel p] se is v sl[ly develop$1 & !   
r>] ! novel becomes1 ! m ke5 our        
appreciation ( x4 ,:]e all is novel1 !re
 c be no s5se ( novelty1 = ?is is purely
 a contra/ type ( psy*osis4 ,! ze/ &    
eag]ness ( ! *ild proce$s f radically   
o!r s5tim5ts ?an ! feel+ = novelty2 x is
 absorb$ 9 ?+s = !mselves & :at !y      

directly give1 & does n /op to reflect &
 feel ab\t ! relations ( exp]i5ces1 & s 
feel ! novel z su*4 ,fur!r we note t    
pleas+ novelties are f> f be+ equally   
pleas+ z su*4 ,x may be z novel to c>ry 
a potato 9 my pocket z a d\ble eagle1 b 
n equally pleas+4 ,! real value (       
novelty = emotion mu/ always be c>efully
 det]m9$ by subtract+ accessory feel+s4 
,) reg>d to ! relation ( novelty to     
pleasure & pa91 ! novel & ! s5se ( !    
novel is always 9 its inception "u      
evolution by natural selection          
unpleasant & pa9ful4 ,a novel exp]i5ce  
is "o :i* c only orig9ate 9 pa9ful      
/ruggle1 & ! new is always p] se        
di/a/eful to e>ly m9d1 :i* is ev]       
cons]vative 9 its in/9cts & t5d5cies4 ,a
 p]fect life1 biologically speak+1 is "o
 :i* is p]fectly adapt$ to its          
environm5t1 & s goes ?r\gh its evolution
 ) me*anically exact adju/m5t to        
circum/ances2 & ! novel w\ld break 9 ^u 
! unconsci\s rhy?m :i* is "h p]fect$4   
,habituation becomes s iron fa/ t !     

novel1 ev5 :5 di/9ctly pleasurable 9    
itself1 is res5t$1 mu* less is ! novel  
s\ght = its own sake4 ,h[ev]1 s f> z a  
novel exp]i5ce may come r by way (      
regressiv5ess ?an progressiv5ess1 x may 
delight u by its novelty :5ev] ! m9d    
becomes capable ( appreciat+ novelty4   
,?us purely h]$it>y t5d5cies1 :i* we d n
 accompli% b :i* are accompli%$ 9 u dur+
 y\?1 z1 = in/ance1 ! sexual evolution1 
may *>m1 n only 9 !mselves1 b = _!      
novelty z well4 ,b ?is exp]i5ce :i* is n
 m]ely novel to ! individual z spr++ up 
spontane\sly by impetus f ! pa/1 b :i*  
is novel = ! race1 & requires ef=t to   
assimilate1 & s is 9 ! di/9ct l9e (     
high] evolution1 z1 ! a*iev+ a high     
spiritual s5tim5tality 9 love2 ?is1 !   
real novel1 is inevitably & naturally   
pa9ful4 ,! fir/ "t ! emotion (          
humility--a comp>atively rec5t          
evolution--0 exp]i5c$ by a human be+ 0 a
 truly novel exp]i5ce1 ?\gh x is q      
unc]ta9 :e!r !re 0 ) x ei!r s5se or     
s5tim5t ( novelty4  ,if ! novel & !     

novel exp]i5ce--& ^! t]ms are           
practically id5tical--are ess5tially    
pa9ful1 :5ce & h[ arises ! peculi>      
pleasure :i* we und5iably may exp]i5ce 9
 connection ) ! novel appreciat$ z su*8 
,mu/ all su* pleasure be plac$ to !     
acc\nt ( regressiv5ess8 ,b pleasure (   
?is k9d is intr9sic 9 ! act itself & n =
 its novelty p] se4 ,!re is a wide      
v>iety ( exp]i5ce intr9sically ei!r     
pleasurable or pa9ful1 :i* may be       
pleasurable to u solely by reason ( its 
novelty4 ,i may enjoy ! novel exp]i5ce (
 ta/+ a pomegranate1 be ! actual        
exp]i5ce agreeable or disagreeable1     
m]ely enjoy+ ! novelty z su*4 ,:at is   
?is novelty1 :y is x notic$1 & :y does x
 give occasion to pleasure or pa9 9     
emotional =m8  ,z we h already po9t$    
out1 ! s5se ( ! novel & emotion ab\t x  
_c be said to arise ) novel exp]i5ces 9 
g5]al4 ,! novel 9 ! objective s5se is ! 
fir/ occurr5ce ( any giv5 def9ite k9d ( 
psy*osis1 z humility or pity1 9 ! hi/ory
 ( m9d1 & ?is novelty is probably n at  

fir/ appreciat$4  ,ba9 says t novelty is
 n an emotion1 b 8m]ely expresses !     
sup]ior =ce ( all /imulants on be+ fir/ 
appli$40 ,b f ! po9t ( view ( psy*ic    
hi/ory ! initial =ce ( /imulants is     
always v inf]ior & slight4 ,= example1  
to ta/e & to qualitatively di/+ui% ta/es
 is an extremely sl[ gr[? 9 ! race1 & by
 no means sudd5ly complet$ ev5 9 !      
(fspr+ ( ! mo/ advanc$ individuals4     
,place a drop ( wormwood extract on an  
infant's tongue & x may h a novel       
s5sation & a disagreeable "o1 z evid5c$ 
by ! reaction1 yet ! real =ce ( !       
s5sation is c]ta9ly q inf]ior to t ( a  
t5 ye> old *ild 9 ! giv5 case4 ,!       
absolutely new impression is always     
slight1 = m9d is1 9 ! natural c\rse (   
evolution1 always sl[ at fully exp]i5c+ 
?+s1 x is by ef=t & by ef=t alone t x   
atta9s ! sev]al ord]s ( s5sation &      
p]ception1 & x is only by ef=t t !y are 
realiz$ ) great] & great] =ce &         
cle>ness4 ,by ! v nature ( psy*ic       
evolution z a progressive process t[>d  

help+ adju/ability ! novel ex]cises at !
 fir/ b a slight reaction4 ,h[ev]1 9 !  
exig5cies ( exi/5ce ! mo/ wide awake1 ^?
 mo/ susceptible to p]ceiv+ novelties & 
new circum/ances & to be+ suitably      
affect$ by !m1 h ! advantage4 ,h5ce !   
appreh5sion1 int]pretation1 &           
application1 ( novelties is ! pa? (     
progress :i* f9ally culm9ates 9 !       
a*ievem5ts ( human inv5tion4 ,an op5ness
 to ! novel is ?us ( prime importance 9 
a practical way1 ?\gh ?is is q di/9ct f 
! pleas+ s5se ( novelty4 ,h[ev]1 ! novel
 is n prim>ily attractive & int]e/+ 9 & 
= itself1 b ?is mu/ be acc\nt$ a late   
evolution 9 an artificial p]iod4 ,!     
novel is at ! fir/ any?+ b *>m+4 ,!     
absolutely novel is nev] pleasant = its 
own sake4  ,x is only 9 a relative way t
 ! objectively novel pleases1 t is1 9 ! 
way ( v>iety & *ange4 ,:]e ov]fl[+ m5tal
 en]gy by reason ( habituation f9ds no  
full & easy div]se activity ! m9d is    
hamp]$ & con/ra9$4 ,?us y\? 9 p>ticul>  
f9ds delight & relief 9 new sights &    

s\nds1 9 fre% exp]i5ces ( all k9ds4     
,quickly we>i$ & exhau/$ 9 "o *annel &  
yet full ( active p[]1 ! m9d spr+s      
rapidly f object to object along ^? l9es
 :i* ance/ral exp]i5ce has r5d]$ ! l9es 
( lea/ resi/ance1 ?us especially 9 !    
plays & sports ( *ildhood4  ,:ile !     
novel 9 ?is way z *ange pleases1 yet !re
 is no pleas+ s5se ( novelty4           
,s5sations1 sights1 s\nds1 ta/es1 etc41 
please by _! novelty1 !re is a pleasure 
9 ! s5sations n m]ely intr9sic b        
relative to previ\s exp]i5ces1 b ! m9d  
is n yet capable ( ! emotion ( novelty  
:i* belongs to reflective consci\sness4 
,! *ild may be pleas$ by ! novel1 b is n
 consci\sly *>m$ by ! novelty4 ,! s5se (
 exp]i5ce z novel1 & z su* pleas+1      
belongs to a high] grade ( consci\sness 
?an ! nave direct consci\sness ( ! *ild4
 ,novelty consci\sly kn[n1 appreciat$1 &
 s\ght = its own sake is a decid$ly late
 evolution4 ,!re is an emotion & emotion
 ( pleasure :i* we may feel 9 view ( !  
novel p] se4 ,n m]ely ! new object      

becomes ! /imulant ( a new & refre%+    
exp]i5ce1 b ?is exp]i5ce be+ kn[n z     
novel by ! reflect+ consci\sness1 &     
contra/$ ) o!r exp]i5ces1 !re comes !re)
 a peculi> ripple ( pleasurable emotion1
 ! emotion ( ! novel4 ,! fir/ emotion ( 
novelty is itself !reby a novel         
consci\sness :i* might be1 to a v       
reflective self-consci\s m9d1 an object 
= ano!r emotion ( novelty4 ,9 t\*+ ^u ! 
emotion ( novelty we h ?us ris5 beyond !
 common c\rse ( natural selection1 to ! 
po9t :]e exp]i5ce values itself = its   
own sake4  ,9 contra/ to ! emotion (    
novelty is ! emotion ( famili>ity4 ,?is 
might be discuss$ 9 a /rictly p>allel   
way to our discussion ( ! emotion (     
novelty4 ,x is f\nd$ ^u lik5ess1 be+ !  
s5tim5t ( lik5ess4 ,an absolute novelty1
 ! p]fectly new1 is ( c\rse imp]ceptible
 z su*1 & by ! law ( cont9uity _c occur 
9 nature4 ,"s correlation ) pa/ exp]i5ce
 is requir$ to make ! ?+ cognizable at  
all1 z is also "s measure ( unlik5ess to
 make x di/+ui%able & s famili>4 ,!     

emotion ( famili>ity is mu* neglect$ by 
psy*ologi/s1 yet x =ms a m important & a
 l>g] elem5t 9 ! pleasures ( advanc$ m9d
 ?an ! emotion ( novelty4 ,_m ( !       
delights ( home & dome/ic life are t+$  
by x4 ,! pleas+ s5se ( famili>ity is1 ( 
c\rse1 mo/ felt 9 contra/ aft] "s long  
exp]i5ce ( novelties1 z :5 ! travell]   
returns home f a prolong$ j\rney4       
,delight 9 ! famili> = its own sake (t5 
l>gely prompts to ! revisit+ old sc5es &
 r5ew+ old habits4 ,! emotions ( novelty
 & famili>ity h a con/ant contra/+ play 
9 _m m54 ,! famili> :i* is pa9ful 9     
itself may yet1 l ! novel pa9ful 9      
itself1 be pleasurable4 ,we (t5 welcome 
! famili> & novel purely = _! own sake  
:atev] be _! actual h$onalgic,c cont5t4 
,footnote ,c3 ,?is adjective1 :i* ,i us$
 be=e see+ ,mr4 ,m>%all's 8alg$onic10 m 
exactly expresses pleasure--pa9 quality4
  ,notic$ famili>ity l novelty may be   
pa9ful4 ,! disgu/+ emotion by :i* we may
 meet ! unwelcome novelty1 has its      
correlate 9 ! we>+ s5se ( monotony f !  

regul> return ( ! famili> ev5 ?\gh x be 
intr9sically pleasurable4  ,9 !         
reflective emotions we h t\*$ ^u b a    
s+le gr\p1 ! novelty-famili>ity1 :i* is 
c]ta9ly a complex b int]e/+ k9d (       
psy*oses4 ,9 all ?is field we h rightly 
to sep>ate m]e s5sitiv5ess to lik5ess & 
unlik5ess--a tol]ably e>ly ph5om5on--f  
s5se ( relat$ness & unrelat$ness (      
exp]i5ces 9 & = !mselves4 ,consci\sness 
( exp]i5ce z su* is ! m>k ( a radically 
new type ( consci\sness1 q set (f f !   
nave unreflect+ consci\sness "u !       
primitive conditions ( natural selection
 & ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! significance 
( ?is1 by :i* exp]i5ce re/s purely ^u   
itself & is = itself1 leads into a wide 
region4 ,x is en\gh t we h in/anc$ "o ( 
^! lat] emotions 9 contra/ to ! directly
 s]viceable emotions :i* h mo/ conc]n$ u
 9 our pres5t discussions1 )\t inquir+  
closely into its function4 ,x is evid5t 
t 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( evolution ! "* ( ! 
situation z affect+ life det]m9es !     
s]viceable emotion1 ?us diff]5t k9ds (  

h>mful situations det]m9e fe>1 ang]1    
hate1 etc4 ,if a situation is really    
int]e/+ = life1 x ultimately w be bo?   
kn[n & felt 9 ! progress ( ! /ruggle =  
exi/5ce j z surely z light1 col\r1 s\nd1
 etc41 are gradually appreciat$4 ,h5ce  
we might pr$ict t ! novel situation & ! 
incongru\s situation w\ld receive "s    
advantage\s cognitive & feel+ response1 
& t ev5 emotions ( novelty1 famili>ity1 
congruity1 & incongruity1 w\ld arise1 z 
well z ! feel+s = ^! ?+s1 if ?is 7      
useful2 t is1 exp]i5ce may ultimately   
consci\sly react ^u itself 9 ^! ways z  
well z directly s5se m]e objects4 ,n[ ! 
pleasure 9 novelty = its own sake1 :ile 
n consci\sly 9 ! region ( natural       
selection1 yet indirectly may be fav\r$ 
by x z propdeutic to progressiv5ess4 ,x 
w\ld1 inde$1 f "o /&po9t seem possible  
to d$uce accord+ to ! law (             
s]viceability ! :ole c\rse ( exp]i5ce   
pa/1 pres5t & future1 & we might z      
assur$ly pr$ict p>ticul> feel+s z we may
 pr$ict ! evolution ( ! w+ or ! ho( or !

 f\r-v5tricl$ he>t 9 ! c\rse ( a        
physical biologic evolution4 ,! psy*ic  
biologic evolution is to a c]ta9 po9t z 
/rictly int]pretable by ! pr9ciple (    
advantage\s natural selection z !       
physical1 = ! two are really co-ord9at$4
 ,9 ! ne> future ( psy*ology e psy*osis 
9 its orig9 & developm5t w be z cle>ly  
traceable z any purely physiological    
organ1 ?\gh ?is c nev] be accompli%$ 9 !
 purely objective mann]1 b w require a  
subjective manipulation :i* is n[ q     
beyond u4                               
,,*apt] ,,xii                           
,,retrospective ,,emotion   ,br[n divid$
 emotions into retrospective &          
prospective1 b su* a classification has 
no basis 9 a g5]al biological view nor  
yet 9 a special analysis ( ! p>ticul>   
ph5om5a4 ,x is evid5t t ! two great     
classes ( emotion f ! po9t ( view (     
/ruggle = exi/5ce w be response to      
injur] & to b5efactor4 ,^! are ! two    
prime qualities 9 ?+s = :i* emotional   
notice is mo/ ne$$ z a s]vice to life1 &

 h5ce ! broad & fundam5tal division (   
emotion mu/ always be into t :i* is     
response to ! h>mful & t :i* is response
 to ! b5eficial4 ,"h only is ! great &  
con/ant di/9ction 9 ! nature ( emotions4
 ,prospect & retrospect are equally     
mean+less 9 !mselves consid]$4 ,f a     
m]ely a priori biologic po9t ( view we  
mu/1 !n1 pron\nce x q unlikely t !      
"t-s5se %\ld fundam5tally diff]5tiate   
emotion1 b we %\ld expect t ! prime     
division w\ld be ) respect to cognis$   
injury or b5efit4  ,t "t-s5se is n a gr&
 pr9ciple ( division we also see pla9ly 
:5 we exam9e p>ticul> emotions4 ,?us1 9 
! case ( ang]1 :ile we c say at once t  
?is is1 9 all its =ms1 repulse to       
injury1 c we claim x is ei!r prospective
 or retrospective emotion8 ,! tru? is1 !
 ?\ght ( injury done1 do+1 or to be     
done1 equally wak5s ang] 9 *ol]ic       
individuals4 ,! man :o h>m$ me ye/]day  
excites my ang]1 & s does ! man :om ,i  
p]ceive to be n[ injur+ me or ab\t to   
injure me4 ,! quality ( ! emotion is    

id5tically ! same :e!r ! object be      
consid]$ z 9 pa/1 pres5t1 or future4    
,ev5 :at seems to be a purely temporal  
emotion1 l hope1 :i* is usually reg>d$ z
 :olly prospective1 may yet h o!r       
temporal aspects4 ,?us1 we sometimes    
say1 8,i hope x 0 n s10 :]e hope is     
obvi\sly retrospective1 or m /rictly    
prospective-retrospective1 hav+ ref]5ce 
to expectation ) desire t ! ev5t w turn 
out n to h happ5$4  ,b x may be said t1 
z emotion re/s ^u repres5tation1 ! prop]
 classification ( ! emotions w dep5d ^u 
! divisions ( repres5tation :i* are     
ess5tially det]m9$ by ! "t-s5se z       
repres5tation ( pa/ or future4          
,repres5tation ) s5se ( repres5tation   
implies a cognition ( ! ?+ z repres5t$  
m]ely1 & s z non-exi/5t to pres5t actual
 s5s+1 z some?+ hav+ be51 or to be1     
s5s$4 ,! emotion arises ?us on cognition
 ( ! exp]i5ceable1 & includes always "s 
dim impression ( pot5cy ( object = h>m  
or b5efit at "s "t4 ,h[ev]1 ?\gh ?is may
 be ! case1 x is pla9 t x makes no      

radical di/9ction 9 emotion4 ,if a man  
?reat5s me ) "s injury1 ?is fires my    
rage1 :i* is greatly increas$ if ,i cat*
 him 9 ! act ( committ+ ! injury        
?reat5$1 or f9d t he has committ$ ! evil
 de$4 ,*ange 9 "t-s5se may ?us br+ *ange
 9 int5sity ( "s emotions1 b x does n   
det]m9e quality ( emotion4 ,! prime     
factor z to k9d ( emotion is always1 n  
any s5se ( "t1 b ! p]sonal value ( !    
ev5t1 :i* may or may n receive a def9ite
 "t det]m9ation4 ,inde$1 a =m (         
repres5tation1 be=e any s5se ( exp]i5ce 
z m]ely subjective ph5om5on is atta9$1  
is a prom95t feature 9 ! direct nave    
exp]i5ce :i* con/itutes by f> ! great]  
bulk 9 ! total exi/5t consci\sness4     
,be=e exp]i5ce is aw>e ( itself & ( !   
exp]i5ceable !re is a c]ta9 purely      
subjective mirror+ ( t :i* is n pres5t  
to s5se1 b has be51 i4e41 !re is a      
re-occurr5ce 9 consci\sness :i* has !   
subjective =ce ( reality2 ?\gh !        
objective actuality is lack+1 su*       
re-occurr5ce by association )\t ! actual

 pres5ce ( ! object /&s1 h[ev]1 =       
reality to ! m9d exp]i5c+--x is a direct
 intuition2 ! object1 ?\gh unreal1 is   
p]fectly real to consci\sness1 & conveys
 no mean+1 & s is n a basis = emotion4  
,yet 9 ! high] repres5tation ) a s5se ( 
exp]i5ce z integral elem5t1 !           
repres5tation is sometimes practically  
timeless1 ?\gh sur*>g$ ) emotion t5d5cy4
 ,! highe/ objects :i* ! m9d repres5ts h
 little "t quality1 & all ! nobl]       
s5tim5ts1 z love ( tru?1 ju/ice1 etc41  
exi/ ) little or no ref]5ce to "t4 ,s   
also 9 ! v e>lie/ repres5tation1 !      
object is se5 9 its feel+ value--emotion
 basis--z soon z x is p]ceiv$ z object2 
b ?is is z an imm$iate subjective       
realiz+ 9 :i* "t-s5se plays v little "p4
 ,! consci\s int]pretation ( pa/ &      
future z a consci\s connect+ ( ! two is 
c]ta9ly n a primitive function4 ,! "t =m
 is1 !n1 on ! :ole1 m]ely incid5tal 9   
emotion1 & is by no means a fundam5tal  
pr9ciple det]m9+ classification4  ,yet1 
?\gh we mu/ reject "t z a c>d9al        

pr9ciple ( division 9 emotion1 /ill we  
mu/ ackn[l$ge t ! t]m retrospective     
emotion d5otes a real gr\p ( m5tal      
ph5om5a1 includ+ rev5ge1 regret1        
remorse1 & k9dr$ =ms1 :i* are m>k$ z    
feel+ = ! pa/ m]ely z pa/4 ,h[ev]1 pure 
retrospection is r>e & late4 ,! pa/ does
 n = primitive m9d /& by itself z some?+
 to be dwelt ^u1 to be ?\ght ab\t1 to be
 mov$ by1 & /irr$ to action4 ,! imm$iate
 pres5t absorbs ! m9d1 & ! pa/ int]e/s &
 excites only s f> z be>+ directly on ! 
pres5t4 ,& s x is t ! *ild lives 9 !    
pres5t1 ! y\? & man 9 ! future1 ! old   
man 9 ! pa/2 & ?is d5otes ! relatively  
late appe>ance ( pure retrospection & ( 
emotion f\nd$ !reon4 ,emotion is fir/   
m]ely spectant1 !n prospective1 !n      
retrospective4 ,h[ev]1 :5 we say an     
emotion is conc]n$ solely ) ! pres5t 9 !
 v "y1 we mean1 ( c\rse1 ! imm$iately   
prospective--t :i* has relation to b "o 
s5se & by association r\ses emotion1 z  
an apple1 se5 or h&l$ by a *ild1 awak5s 
emotion1 desire to ta/e4 ,:]e s5se      

consci\sness is n multi=m1 b s+le &     
uni=m1 z1 d\btless1 9 v l[ organisms1   
!re is no opportunity = any emotion1 =  
!re is no int]pretation p[]4 ,b !       
int5sification ( "s "o s5se connection  
already atta9$ may be a basis = emotion 
:i* we may loosely call emotion         
spectant1 z :5 ! gre$y *ild eag]ly eat+ 
an apple desires a l>g] bite1 sweet]    
portion1 etc4 ,h[ev]1--?\gh x has little
 classification value1--emotion c be    
only prospective or retrospective2 & ?is
 is1 ( c\rse1 impli$ 9 its              
basis--repres5tation4 ,emotion by its v 
nature mu/ be a look+ =w>d1 or a look+  
backw>d1 or bo?4 ,z a feel+ ab\t1 & n a 
direct feel+1 ?is is obvi\sly its       
unv>iable cognitive cont5t4 ,! imm$iate 
& actual realization may be direct feel+
 or s5sation1 b x is nev] 9 itself      
emotion4 ,emotion is always ov] some?+1 
an exp]i5ce ( exp]i5ce1 & _c ?us be     
simple cont5t4 ,x is ?us a consci\sly   
idealiz+ mode z di/+ui%$ f direct       
realization :i* is :olly self-conta9$4  

,"o ( ! mo/ important & int]e/+         
retrospective emotions is rev5ge4 ,!    
c>d9al idea 9 rev5ge is return+ evil =  
evil4 ,n only mu/ !re be a pay+ back =  
pa/ injury1 b !re mu/ be an equival5ce1 
eye = an eye1 & too? = a too?2 & !      
rev5geful emotion is ! met+ out su*     
purely retributive action4 ,exact return
 becomes ! basis ( a g5]al usage 9      
animal & human societies4 ,ju/ice1 law1 
& puni%m5t re/ ^u ! idea ( inflict+     
duplicate or equival5t injury = injury  
receiv$4 ,adm9i/rative ju/ice is !      
specialization ( rev5ge 9 ! h&s ( a few 
memb]s ( a community1 a social          
diff]5tiation by :i* individuals 9 g5]al
 secure _! rev5ges at great economy by  
proxy4 ,fur!r1 ! rev5geful emotion is a 
sm\ld]+ hate :i* v5ts itself only "s "t 
aft] ! imm$iate occasion4 ,?is is n !   
flu% ( ang] :i* prompts to vigor\s      
(f5sive action ^u ! injur] at ! v mom5t 
( h>m p]ceiv$1 & x does n appe> z       
/imulant to imm$iate self-cons]vative   
activities1 b is simply ! _s ( gett+ ev5

 = relatively long pa/ injury4  ,:at1   
n[1 is ! function ( rev5ge z a life     
factor8 ,x surely does n m5d my injury t
 ,i d ano!r h>m solely because he has "s
 "t h>m$ me1 & ! :ole impulse might seem
 a pure wa/e ( en]gy4 ,b "u natural     
selection rev5ge mu/ arise 9            
s]viceability ( "s sort2 & x is obvi\s t
 :ile rev5ge is ( no use 9 m5d+ ! pa/1 x
 yet has a l>ge value ) ref]5ce to      
future possible injury4 ,yet rev5ge is  
und5iably )\t consci\s mean+ = pres5t or
 future2 x is m]ely ! _s & det]m9ation  
to get ev51 & s its det]r5t function is 
unconsci\sly atta9$4 ,a dwell+ 9 ?\ght  
on ! pa/ p] se1 a feel+ ab\t x & act+ on
 x1 :ile x _c help life directly1 has a 
l>ge value 9 its ultimate effect ^u     
enemies4 ,he :o nev] =gets injury1 & =  
:om by-gones are nev] by-gones1 :o nev] 
fails to return injury = injury1 is fe>$
 & is less likely to be injur$4 ,junk]1 
! ,african travell]1 rem>ks ( ! pygmies1
 8,!y are mu* fe>$ = _! rev5geful _s40  
,?us1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! mo/ rev5geful

 are ! mo/ successful 9 ! /ruggle =     
self-cons]vation & self-fur!rance4 ,?\gh
 by itself consid]$ irrational & fooli% 
to inflict return injuries ^u an injur] 
long aft] ! imm$iate occasion1 yet its  
det]r5t effect is v great ) ref]5ce to  
o!r assailants4 ,?us1 pure retrospection
 may h unconsci\sly prospective value1  
or sometimes rev5ge may be really       
retrospective-prospective1 z :5 "o says1
 8,i w fix him s he w n d t aga940 ,"h  
function is consci\sly kn[n1 b 9        
in/9ctive rev5ge !re is no su* =esight1 
&1 9 g5]al1 utility is no consid]ation )
 ! rev5g]1 ^: m9d is b5t r on do+ great 
h>m = its own sake to 8 enemy r ?an     
b5efit+ himself4 ,x is always ! consci\s
 or unconsci\s significance = ! future t
 ju/ifies rev5ge 9 ! natural c\rse (    
ev5ts2 :ile x is no rem$y = my hurt1 if 
"s "o has put out my eye1 to put out 8 9
 return1 yet ?is rev5ge act1 & s ! feel+
 :i* prompts x1 is ( highe/ prospective 
value ) ref]5ce to future possible      
enemies4 ,e "o w "k t ,i _c be h>m$ )   

impunity4 ,despoil or injure ! rev5geful
 9 any way & y inevitably suff] = x     
soon] or lat]1 & s rev5ge acts z a      
protective psy*ical v>iation ( high     
value4 ,on ! :ole ! rev5geful is less   
likely ?an o!rs to be mole/$ & injur$1 &
 ?us has a manife/ advantage 9 ! /ruggle
 = exi/5ce4 ,rev5ge has1 !n1 also       
rightfully its own subjective sanction1 
a pleasure reaction1 = rev5ge is1 inde$1
 8sweet40  ,rev5ge is app>5tly f\nd 9 a 
consid]able range 9 ! animal k+dom1 &   
seems univ]sal 9 ! g5us homo4 ,h[ev]1 we
 _c infallibly conclude f c]ta9 actions 
t rev5geful emotion is pres5t1 &        
especially is ?is s 9 ! case ( animals4 
,?us1 9 ! well-kn[n in/ance ( !         
elephant1 :o1 obs]v+ a man pass+ by :o  
_h greatly annoy$ him ye>s be=e1 sudd5ly
 dr5*$ him ) dirty wat]1 we are n       
necess>ily to suppose t ?is elephant 0  
prompt$ by ! emotion ( rev5ge2 al?\gh   
?is may h be5 ! case1 we are n p]fectly 
sure h[ f> ! elephant did ! act m]ely z 
recomp5se = :at ! man _h done1 or h[ f> 

! sight ( ! injur]1 & s "o likely to    
injure1 r\s$ to simple ang] & def5ce    
aga9/ ! ?reat5+ h>mful4 ,_m acts :i*    
seem l rev5ge are q likely to be common 
def5ce or (f5ce1 are done ) ref]5ce to  
:at ! object is & w be z injuri\s1 bas$ 
^u k ( ! pa/1 & n z m]ely retrospective 
retributive acts4 ,memory = injuries    
receiv$ is /rong 9 _m animals2 t :i* has
 h>m$ is (t5 recognis$ aft] _m ye>s z ! 
h>mful1 & appropriate simple emotion1 n 
rev5ge1 is manife/$4 ,rage1 r ?an       
rev5ge1 is ! usual emotion among l[]    
animals 9 special in/ances :]e rev5ge   
might seem call$ =2 & ?us x is m likely 
t ! elephant %\ld rage & hate r ?an h   
pure rev5ge z 9 ! case consid]$4        
,h[ev]1 some:]e r late 9 sub-human      
psy*ism rev5geful emotion c]ta9ly arose 
z an advantage\s v>iation1 & x grew 9   
/r5g? & prom95ce = _m ages ( psy*ic     
progress4 ,at l5g? x culm9at$1 & began  
its decl9e ) ! m>k$ increase (          
co-op]ative sociality1 ) :i* x mu/      
greatly int]f]e4 ,reprisal &            

c\nt]-reprisal1 v5detta1 feud1 is oppos$
 to t social union :i* is /r5g?2 & s we 
see t tribes & nations 9 :i* ! _s (     
p]sonal rev5ge has be5 a dom9ant trait h
 be5 left beh9d 9 ! m>* ( progress4     
,rev5gefulness1 at lea/ 9 ! =m (        
retributive p]sonal viol5ce = injuries  
done1 is1 9 a highly civiliz$ community1
 entirely sup]s$$ by ! ma*9]y ( law4    
,in/ead ( slay+ a bro!r's murd]] ,i call
 ^u ! law to execute ju/ice &           
retribution1 & ,i br+ c]ta9 designat$   
ones among my fell[s to secure my       
rev5ge4 ,:]e a man takes ! law 9 8 own  
h&s1 & kills or injures ! violator ( 8  
home or ! slay] ( 8 ne>e/ k91 he rec$es 
to ! l[] unsocial plane f :i*           
civilization has aris54 ,?us            
rev5gefulness1 9 c]ta9 =ms at lea/1 has 
become 9 ! highe/ human communities a   
disadvantage\s v>iation1 & is gradually 
be+ elim9at$4 ,?is negative elim9ation (
 rev5ge is also greatly ha/5$ by !      
progress ( c]ta9 e?ical & ,*ri/ian      
conceptions by :i* a new & opposite law 

( conduct is en=c$1 namely1 ! return+   
good = evil4  ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & mo/ 
retrospective ( emotions is sorr[4      
,sorr[1 grief & regret are :olly        
reg>dful ( ! pa/1 are pa9s at ! pa/4 ,!y
 are purely subjective or 8m5tal0 pa9s  
at ! pa/1 & 9 no wise pa9s f ! pa/2 !y  
are n pa9s recurr5t f pa/ pa9s1 b purely
 a pa9ful emotion at ! repres5tation (  
pa/ pa94 ,?us1 a man says1 8,i did x to 
my own h>m & hurt1 & ,i h always be5    
sorry ,i did x40 ,"h ! sorr[-pa9 is     
evid5tly q di/9ct f ! direct pa9 ( !    
injury2 pa9 = ! h>m done is "o ?+1 & pa9
 f ! h>m done is ano!r4 ,i hurt myself1 
& ,i n only h ?is pa91 b1 be+ sorry t ,i
 did x1 ,i h ?is new emotional pa9 add$4
 ,sorr[ z pa9ful emotion = ! pa/ is ?us 
pla9ly unique & peculi>4 ,to feel sorry 
ov] :at has happ5$ is a mode ( feel+    
altoge!r diff]5t f feel+ pr\d ( x1 angry
 at x1 etc41 & we may reasonably reg>d  
sorr[ z a di/9ct g5us ( retrospective   
emotion4 ,:at1 n[1 is ! nature &        
function ( ?is special emotion reaction8

  ,we h to consid] "h only t simple     
primitive sorr[ :i* is a pa9ful emotion 
at reg>d+ p]sonal loss or failure4 ,su* 
simple sorr[ we see 9 ! *ild :o cries   
ov] spill$ milk1 9 ! man :o expresses   
deep regret at ! c>eless mis/ep by :i*  
he broke 8 leg4 ,9 ?is emotional        
reaction at ! injuri\s ! h>mful is nei!r
 escap$ nor repell$1 z ?r\gh fe> & ang]2
 ! feel+ di/urbance is comp>atively     
passive & purely reflective1 & is n a   
spur to "s imm$iate advantage\s def5sive
 or (f5sive activity4 ,9 sorr[ we are   
pa9$ emotionally at ! tr\ble :i* has    
come ^u u ?r\gh our own ag5cy or        
o!rwise1 b we d n /ruggle f x or aga9/  
x1 b !re is purely helpless             
retrospection4 ,h>m & loss :i* might    
provoke 9 "o nature to fe> or ang]1 9   
ano!r lead only to inactive sorr[4  ,!  
cognition =m 9 sorr[ means always s5se (
 p]sonal loss4 ,i may fe> a ?+1 or ,i   
may be angry at a ?+1 b ,i c be sorry   
only = a p]son4 ,i d n feel sorry = a   
brok5 *air1 ?\gh ,i may feel sorry =    

hav+ brok5 x4 ,?is view ( "o's own      
p]sonal ag5cy 9 caus+ h>m to "o's self &
 h>m to o!rs is v prom95t 9 a l>ge range
 ( sorr[4 ,9 view+ any action :i*       
det]m9$ "s evil1 ,i say1 8,i am sorry ,i
 did x40 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a lat] mode ( !
 emotion1 :i* at ! fir/ _c take acc\nt (
 any ag5cy1 b is simply an acute feel+ (
 di/ress at ! injury receiv$4 ,?us ! "o 
:o grieves ov] ! spill$ milk reg>ds1 n 8
 own ag5cy1 b only 8 loss2 he is sorry1 
n t he spill$ ! milk1 b t 8 milk 0      
spill$4 ,yet ! s5se ( p]sonal ag5cy     
c]ta9ly =ms a great "p 9 mu* sorr[1 &   
t5ds to int5sify x4 ,i may grieve ov]   
any h>m t has come ^u me1 b my grief is 
int5sifi$ z ,i rememb] my own ag5cy 9   
br++ x ab\t4 ,i may feel sorry ov] !    
loss ( my goods by fire1 b if ,i lose !m
 by my own c>eless act1 my sorr[ is     
r$\bl$4 ,/rictly speak+1 p]haps1 !      
sorr[s are di/9ct1 ,i feel sorry = hav+ 
done x & ,i am sorry at x done2 yet !y  
may be said to con/itute a s+le psy*ic  
/ate4 ,s5se ( our own ag5cy1 h[ev]1 9   

hav+ produc$ h>m to self is z likely to 
produce ang] at self or ev5 fe> ( self4 
,h5ce our int5se/ & pure/ sorr[s are apt
 to be ^? occasion$ by consid]+ injuries
 occasion$ by elem5tal =ces4 ,t h>m :i* 
we did n help because we c\ld n1 !      
inevitable injury1 ?is excites a ke5    
regret & deep m\rn+4  ,! pa9 9 sorr[ is 
z peculi>1 se>*+1 unanalyzable &        
undescribable z o!r simple emotion pa9s1
 & only conceivable ?r\gh realization4  
,?is s9k+1 helpless pa9 ov] :at has     
happ5$ is cle>ly di/9ct f ! s5sation    
ord] ( pa9s1 & is 9 no wise a reflection
 f !m4 ,! pa9 ,i h at remembrance ( "s  
great loss :i* has befall5 me is c]ta9ly
 v di/9ct f t :i* came f ! loss itself4 
,:at "p n[ does sorr[ play z a psy*ic   
life-function1 & h[ expla9 x on ! g5]al 
pr9ciple ( natural selection8 ,at fir/  
sight1 sorr[ or grief ov] ! pa/ seems   
utt]ly valueless1 seems to be m5tal     
en]gy ?r[n away4 ,! pa/ is              
irretrievable1 ( :at use !n is any      
grief8 ,is n all regret va98 ,to deplore

 its loss does n t5d to re/ore a lo/    
arm1 & x is ( no use cry+ ov] spill$    
milk4 ,inde$1 he :o bewails spill$ milk 
has n only ! actual loss b ! ideal pa9  
ab\t ! loss4 ,he :o grieves suff]s      
d\bly4 ,b :ile x is true t sorr[ = :at  
has happ5$ _c alt] ! occurr5ce1 yet x   
has a p]man5t salut>y effect on ! "o :o 
sorr[s to give m caution = ! future4 ,! 
*ild w c>ry ! pit*] ( milk ! m c>efully 
next "t by ! m he has griev$ ov] ! pa/  
occurr5ce4 ,by increas+ s5sitiv5ess &   
capacity = sorr[ exp]i5ce is /r5g!n$1   
deep5$1 & completely adju/$ to          
environm5t4 ,%all[ & volatile natures1  
:o take all loss & h>m easily1 & ev5    
gaily1 h little /r5g?1 & atta9 no great 
& p]man5t gr[?4 ,b ) mo/1 :5 ! object ( 
/rong desire is sudd5ly lo/1 n only w   
!re be a disappe>ance ( ! positive feel+
 ab\t x1 b an actual m9us or negative   
/ate w be g5]at$1 a reaction mode we t]m
 grief4 ,by ?is grief ! *ief lessons (  
all high] exp]i5ce are made possible4   
,grief is n a pa?ological ph5om5on 9    

m9d1 b 9 its place ?or\ghly normal &    
useful4 ,inde$1 if "u c]ta9 circum/ances
 grief did n appe>1 m9d w\ld be prov$ v 
crude1 obtuse1 or diseas$4 ,he :o nev]  
feels sad ab\t :at has happ5$1 is n ( a 
progressive or highly advanc$ type4 ,if 
"o does n feel sorry = 8 pa/ errors &   
hurtful actions1 he pla9ly has s mu* !  
less motive =ce to high] action = !     
future4 ,if sorr[ _h nev] ent]$ ! _w (  
m9d1 if ! :ole corrective = injuri\s    
actions or want ( action lay :olly 9 !  
imm$iate pa9 result+ or 9 ! direct      
simple emotions l fe> & ang]1 a mo/     
pot5t factor 9 psy*ic progress w\ld be  
lack+4 ,! possibility ( go+ wrong1 i4e41
 lit]ally aside1 & contr>iwise to "o's  
own int]e/s1 is impli$ 9 ! /ruggle =    
exi/5ce4 ,! next be/ ?+ to ! impossible 
/atus ( be+ unable to d wrong1 is to h !
 capacity ( feel+ = ! wrong1 t is1 (    
exp]i5c+ grief4 ,sorr[ is ?us a         
corrective ( ! highe/ importance 9 !    
hi/ory ( exp]i5ce4 ,! slips1 will$ &    
unwill$1 f ! n>r[ pa? ( upw>d evolution 

are ( necessity _m2 b a man is1 on !    
:ole1 be/ do+ ! l>ge/ "p 9 ! evolution  
s*eme 9 :i* he f9ds himself1 :o bo? kn[s
 ! wrong z su*1 & is sorry = x1 :e!r 9 !
 primitive selfi% mode1 or bett] /ill1  
on ! high] e?ical & religi\s gr\nds4 ,! 
greate/ & mo/ effici5t m9ds are ^? :o h 
felt mo/ ke5ly = _! errors1 faults1 &   
s9s4  ,z to ! orig9 ( grief1 we may say 
) confid5ce t x is tol]ably late1 &     
c]ta9ly subsequ5t to ang] & hate & l    
reactions4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances sorr[ 
mu/ be acc\nt$ a m fav\rable reaction   
?an ^!4 ,rage is c]ta9ly impot5t &      
useless on _m occasions ( recall$       
injury1 & rage is besides a v int5se    
emotion & exp5sive ( en]gy4 ,! g5]al law
 9 ! developm5t ( emotion is t[>d mild]1
 m economical1 & m p]man5t =ms1 & !n x  
is t sorr[ mu/ at "s "t h orig9at$ "u ! 
dem&s ( life1 & be5 pres]v$ & develop$  
"u natural selection4 ,sorr[ mo/        
probably orig9at$ z supplant+ rage at ! 
view or remembrance ( injury done4 ,9 "y
 *ildr5 we (t5 see rage m+l$ ) ! fir/   

manife/ation ( grief1 & b sl[ly is !    
rage elim9at$ & pure grief atta9$4      
,sorr[ ex]cises its function :]e rage is
 useless4 ,! *ild cries ov] spill$ milk 
p>tly f rage1 p>tly f grief1 b su*      
mi%aps w t5d m & m to be att5d$ by grief
 only1 z ! bett] & m economical         
reaction4 ,fur!r1 9 a c]ta9 range (     
cases1 sorr[ 9 its manife/ations s]ves  
to appease rev5g]1 & s9c]e regret1      
unmi/akably express$1 (t5 saves !       
wrong-do] an equival5t h>m4 ,?is =m (   
sorr[ function is di/9ctly cultivat$ 9 !
 education ( *ildr5 :]e !y are taught to
 feel sorry = faults if !y w\ld be =giv5
 & escape puni%m5t4  ,grief 9 its orig9 
& its e>li] occurr5ce is n ! spontane\s 
& almo/ irresi/ible impulse ( our adult 
human exp]i5ce1 b1 l all emotion & all  
progressive psy*ism1 is by ef=t ( w4 ,t 
is1 we mu/ suppose t grief has its orig9
 9 "s su* nisus z a *ild exhibits :5 he 
is taught to be sorry = some?+ he has   
done4 ,h5ce x is only gradually & ) !   
lapse ( _m g5]ations aft] its orig9 t   

sorr[ becomes h]$it>y & spontane\s4 ,at 
fir/ sorr[ 0 a di/9ct atta9m5t1 r>ely & 
b occasionally rea*$ by any individual1 
& x is comp>atively late 9 psy*ic hi/ory
 t x becomes a p]man5t & innate p[]4    
,sorr[ also v gradually wid5s its sph]e4
 ,at fir/ purely selfi%1 a retrospective
 reaction at "o's own hurt1 x becomes at
 l5g?1 ?r\gh sociality & its concurr5t  
advantages1 altrui/ic2 sorr[ is felt =  
o!rs & ! spr+s ( sympa?y & pity are     
develop$4 ,t ?is altruism is v late     
developm5t is obvi\s1 9 t x has /ill to 
be taught ev5 among ! mo/ advanc$ ( !   
human race to _! *ildr54 ,! *ild is     
taught to feel sorry = ! cat he has     
hurt1 = ! bl9d man1 = ! cripple4 ,& we  
mu/ conclude t at "o "t 9 psy*ic hi/ory 
egoi/ic sorr[ 0 likewise at ! /age (    
developm5t at :i* we n[ see altrui/ic1 &
 we may suppose t 9 ! f> future !       
altrui/ic may come to ! pres5t /atus ( !
 egoi/ic sorr[4 ,h[ev]1 = bo? !re is an 
indef9ite field = expansion1 = ref9em5t 
( s5sibility1 & = read9ess &            

appropriat5ess ( manife/ation4 ,sorr[   
also w develop m & m on e?ical &        
religi\s gr\nds4 ,remorse arises &      
develops2 & also ! 8godly sorr[ = s940  
,we le>n to feel1 n m]ely sorry ov] !   
pa/ z affect+ our disadvantage1 b to    
feel sorry consci5ti\sly z our de$s or  
^? ( o!rs conflict ) ! law ( "r or ) !  
law ( ,god4 ,^? :o h no                 
,god-consci\sness1 & s no feel+ ab\t _! 
action 9 ! sight ( ,god1 no s5se (      
s9fulness1 h yet (t5 acute moral s5se & 
feel+s4 ,h[ev]1 ! orig9 & function ( !  
moral & religi\s s5se 9 ! light (       
natural selection is a wide subject :i* 
c only be allud$ to "h2 suffice x to say
 t sorr[ is !reby lift$ to a peculi> &  
new plane ( self-conta9$ spirituality4  
,t is1 ! be>+ ( x is (t5 )\t relation to
 physical life-function1 & ev5 adv]se   
!reto1 & ?r\gh\t has its value &        
sanction 9 itself alone4  ,"o ( ! deepe/
 & mo/ significant ( late =ms ( sorr[ is
 t = ! dead1 & its importance is obvi\s 
f ! fact t a ^w is especially co9$ to   

d5ote its expression1 namely1 m\rn+4    
,no?+ c be m useless ?an m\rn+ = ! dead 
z f> z ! individual object is conc]n$2 !
 mo/ poignant sorr[ _c 9 anywise t5d to 
reanimate ! corpse4 ,h[ev]1 x pla9ly    
s]ves z an index to ! value put ^u life1
 & s 9 g5]al has a mo/ p[]ful effect on 
cons]vation & upbuild+ ( life4 ,o!r ?+s 
be+ equal1 s5sitiv5ess to ?is =m ( sorr[
 measures accurately possibly           
self-cons]vative ef=t or ef=t = o!rs'   
cons]vation1 :i* 9 a /ate ( sociality1  
is equival5t 9 value to "o's self4 ,!   
lives = :i* !re is ! mo/ m\rn+ & real   
sorr[ :5 dea? comes are ! mo/ valuable  
to ! community1 & = ! cons]v+ ( :i* !   
utmo/ comb9$ ef=t w\ld be ext5d$4 ,:]e  
life has little value atta*$ to x1 sorr[
 is slight & m\rn+ %ort4 ,z comp>$ ) !  
savage /ate1 loss & injury to life is   
inf9itely m respect$ 9 ! great c5tres ( 
mod]n civilization--! nuclei ( progress4
 ,x is because we feel /rongly = !      
safety ( fri5ds & relatives t we employ 
! be/ devices to insure _! protection f 

injury & dea?4 ,"o :o has sorr[$ mo/    
deeply ov] ! dea? ( a fri5d caus$ by 8  
own c>eless h&l+ ( a gun1 w = ! future  
be mu* m c>eful = himself & o!rs4 ,to be
 sure we sorr[ deeply because we place a
 high e/imate ^u ! life r ?an place high
 e/imate because we sorr[ greatly2 b if 
!re 7 no sorr[ reaction1 !re w\ld be no 
emotion basis = ! future caution & c>e1 
& x affects our g5]al e/imate ( life4   
,?us !re is ev] a cumulative emotional  
developm5t4  ,p]haps ! late/ develop$ =m
 ( sorr[ is ! feel+ ( sadness :i* comes 
ov] "o 9 reflect+ ^u pa9 z a univ]sal   
fact ( exi/5ce4 ,! pessimi/ic mood1 )   
its conv]se1 ! optimi/ic1 z bas$ on     
philosophic g5]alization1 is c]ta9ly    
extremely late4 ,pa9 at pa9 9 g5]al1    
pleasure at pleasure z a purely g5]al   
fact1 are equally remote f primitive    
modes1 & m>k culm9at+ phases4 ,:ile1    
p]haps1 !re is a c]ta9 ju/ification &   
value 9 be+ sadd5$ by ! spectacle (     
univ]sal pa91 yet a gravity r ?an a     
despond5cy is its prop] measure4 ,pa91  

punitive & premonitory1 plays1 z we h   
already not$ m ?an once 9 our           
discussions1 a mo/ b5efic5t & ess5tial  
"p 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & 9 all ! high]
 /ruggle4 ,x is a necess>y & salut>y    
ph5om5on1 involv$ 9 ! v nature (        
evolution by /ruggle2 h5ce he :o impugns
 pa9 & is (f5d$ at x1 really impugns !  
psy*ic nature ( ?+s & desires )         
,s*op5hau] ! annihilation ( w4 ,z a     
matt] ( fact ! extreme pessimi/ic _s is 
m de/ructive to progress ?an ev5 ! mo/  
buoyant optimism1 9 t x nips all e>ne/ &
 =ceful activity 9 ! bud4 ,a fooli%ly   
happy-g-lucky activity is bett] ?an a   
p>alysis ( ef=t ?r\gh conviction ( its  
inh]5t pa9fulness & ultimate inutility4 
,! sci5tific evid5ce1 s f> z we c n[    
read x1 po9ts decisively to ! belief t  
pa9-w activity1 an int5se /ruggle1 is ! 
e>lie/ m9d1 & ! condition ( its bir? has
 be5 ! law ( its developm5t1 & = aught t
 we c see1 ev] w be4 ,into ?is we are   
born1 & x is z fooli% to run c\nt] to x 
z to ! law ( gravitation4 ,a philosophy 

:i* runs c\nt] to reality mu/ ei!r build
 a new reality or subside2 b x is mo/   
c]ta9ly to be d\bt$ :e!r ! philosophic  
_s ev] has or ev] w det]m9e a g5]al     
innovation 9 psy*ic evolution4 ,b we _c 
d m ?an m]ely adv]t to ^! l>ge que/ions 
"h4  ,) ref]5ce to ! developm5t ( sorr[ 
x is an obvi\s rem>k t mu* :i* causes   
grief 9 ! e>li] /ages ( m5tal gr[?      
ceases to h t effect ) matur] exp]i5ce4 
,?us ! man may n notice1 or may laugh   
at1 or may feel irritation at occasions 
:i* 9 8 e>ly life w\ld h wak5$ grief4   
,on ! contr>y1 mu* t seems griev\s to ! 
old is n s reg>d$ by ! "y4 ,9 g5]al1    
grief t5ds to become less frequ5t &     
p>oxysmal1 b m pr(\nd & la/+ ) ! gr[? ( 
m9d4  ,z to ! k9ds ( retrospective      
emotion ! l>ge/ division is1 ( c\rse1   
into ! pa9ful & pleasurable4 ,we h t\*$ 
only on "s ( ! pa9ful1 b ea* pa9ful     
emotion has its analog\s pleasurable    
emotion4 ,we h us$ ! t]ms sorr[ & grief 
z synonyms4 ,if we %\ld make a          
di/9ction1 x w\ld be to put sadness or  

sorr[ 9 anti!sis to happ9ess1 & grief to
 joy2 t is1 sorr[ proce$s f outw>d      
circum/ances1 grief f subjective        
conditions4 ,h[ev]1 popul> usage is n   
firm on ?is po9t4 ,regret is a mild     
sorr[4 ,remorse is ! e?ical side (      
sorr[4 ,resignation is a v late phase ( 
emotion relat$ to sorr[4 ,a p]son says1 
,my *ild 0 cru%$ 9 ! accid5t1 yet ,i d n
 grieve1 b am q resign$4 ,"h c]ta9ly is 
a new mode ( feel+ ab\t pa/ h>m1 & x is 
a mode z f> above sorr[ prop] z sorr[ is
 above ang] 9 ! evolution>y scale4 ,we d
 n lam5t or weep ov] ! pa/1 b !re is    
self-consci\s1 self-con/ra9$ s9k+ ( ! w1
 & a composure :i* is n apa?y1 b a g5tle
 emotion wave4 ,nor is !re a call\sness2
 "o is n h>d5$1 b s(t5$1 & made ! m     
s5sitive4 ,! emotion ( resignation is   
?us cultivat$ & to be cultivat$1 & is   
yet 9 ! volition /age :i* m>ks ! e>ly =m
 ( all emotions4 ,ev5 9 ! highe/ human  
types resignation does n come1 x mu/ be 
br\ght2 ! in/9ctive impulse ^u          
contemplat+ pa/ p]sonal evil is t[>d    

sorr[ or ang] & rev5ge1 :i* mu/ be      
*eck$1 & resignation directly will$ &   
assum$ z ! prop] emotion4 ,resignation1 
!n1 z a gr[+ po9t 9 psy*ic evolution1 a 
di/9ct atta9m5t z frame ( m9d1 is       
g5]ally & rightly acc\nt$ a virtue4 ,at 
pres5t1 !n1 x seems ! culm9ation (      
retrospective emotion ) reg>d to pa/    
p]sonal injuries1 & x ex]cises & w m & m
 ex]cise a mo/ important function 9     
human psy*ic developm5t4                
,,*apt] ,,xiii                          
,,desire   ,! l[e/ organisms come 9     
contact ) ?+s1 h objective relations (  
contact1 b x is q unlikely t ! e>lie/   
psy*ic life feels contacts1 really t\*es
 ?+s4 ,f ! objective comm]ce ) ?+s      
pleasures & pa9s are realiz$1 b object  
is uns5s$ & unkn[n4 ,! simple/ m>9e =ms 
are incessantly fe$+ at haz>d at !      
prompt+ ( a subjective lack-pa94 ,t !   
l[e/ life is born into a nutritive m$ium
 & t at bir? _m lat] organisms are      
incas$ or 9 direct connection )         
nutritive mat]ial1 %[s t at ! v beg9n+  

psy*ic life is n ne$$ z discrim9atory1 b
 z simple subjective pa9 & pleasure mov+
 to undirect$ activities4 ,h[ev]1 su*   
p]fect environm5t be+ r>e & tempor>y1 9 
its bl9d & s5seless activity ! organism 
is (t5 try+ to assimilate !             
unassimilable1 or ! h>mful1 & is (t5    
appropriat+ :5 !re is no sub/ance       
pres5t4 ,x w\ld obvi\sly be ( great     
advantage if x c\ld t\* its food1 h     
s5sation z guide to activity4 ,?us      
realization ( a v limit$ _w ( ?+s arises
 9 t\* a*iev$ dur+ ! fe$+ act4 ,t :i*   
satisfies & gives pleasure is by t\*    
discrim9at$ f t :i* does n give ^!      
results4 ,discrim9ation ( s(t & h>d is  
probably ! e>lie/ t\* impression4 ,! s(t
 ?+ is manipulat$ 9 ! fe$+ act z edible4
 ,b a great /ep is made :5 psy*ical     
effect ( ! edible is n only compreh5d$  
?r\gh t\* 9 direct connection ) !       
assimilatory act1 b antec$5tly !reto4 ,!
 animal e/abli%es a connection betwe5 ! 
feel+ ! s(t ?+ & pleasure exp]i5ce 9 its
 /ruggl+ activities4 ,x t\*es m & m     

readily :at x is assimilat+1 & !nce     
rejects m easily & promptly ! injuri\s4 
,9 appropriative ef=t ) pleasure        
exp]i5ce x feels ! ?+1 cognizes 9 mo/   
g5]al way its physical quality4 ,z      
s5sitiv5ess increases ?r\gh /ruggle &   
natural selection ! assimilatory attempt
 w be m & m quickly met by ! t\*        
s5sation1 until t\* ultimately becomes  
prec$5t & actually directive to food4   
,recognition1 9 a f> m emphatic way ?an 
be=e1 becomes add$ to cognition2 ! ?+ is
 n m]ely kn[n 9 its b>e objectivity1 b  
is recognis$1 id5tifi$1 & has a mean+4  
,t\* mu/ give1 n only ! ?+1 b ! ?+ z    
pot5t = "s quality n n[ be+ appreciat$1 
?\gh =m]ly appreciat$ p>i passu ) !     
t\*+4 ,! int]pretative act comes ?r\gh !
 association gradually e/abli%$ 9 pa/   
exp]i5ces1 s t ! edible is no long]     
=tuit\sly hit ^u1 b t\* prec$es active  
ef=t at appropriation1 & sugge/s by     
itself edibility or non-edibility4 ,?us 
is action greatly economiz$ & made      
c]ta94 ,def9ite feel]s1 ext5d+ f ! body1

 & sometimes q long1 are evolv$1 & !    
fir/ p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( k1 ! age ( t\*1 
is inaugurat$4  ,x is "h :5 t\* involves
 repres5tation & becomes a sign (       
some?+1 e4g41 edible ?+1 t desire & o!r 
simple emotions orig9ate4 ,a possibility
 ( pleasurable exp]i5ce be+ recognis$1 x
 is necess>y1 if useful action w\ld     
foll[1 t emotion spr+s up z inc5tive1 & 
?is emotion we t]m desire4 ,hung]       
drives1 b desire draws1 & z re9=cem5t & 
guide to ! bl9d hung] impulse desire has
 a l>ge function4 ,a m]e indiff]5t      
recognition1 ! pleasurable =ese5 b n    
felt ab\t1 w\ld be entirely             
uns]viceable4 ,if we d n desire !       
pleasurable & b5eficial1 we d n act = x4
 ,& orig9ally1 at lea/1 p]ception ( !   
good always /irr$ desire2 & desire 0    
awak5$ 9 no o!r way2 = 9 ! c\rse (      
natural evolution1 k & emotions h alike 
to be int]pret$ 9 _! orig9 & mean+ )    
ref]5ce to advantage\s action1 ?is alone
 be+ ! ar5a ( natural selection4 ,a     
mean+less k & a self-conta9$ emotion or 

feel+1 are entirely contr>y to ! tr5d ( 
evolution on ! basis we h assum$4       
,moreov]1 ?r\gh ages ( activity ! t5d5cy
 to desire ! good & ! good only becomes 
s +ra9$ t ,i ?9k x h>dly fails1 ev5 9 ! 
highe/ & late/ m9ds4 ,! mo/             
hyp]-consci\s man1 once conv9c$ t some?+
 w give him pleasant exp]i5ce1 s long & 
s f> z ?is feel+ is dom9ant 9 m9d w h   
incipi5t desire4  ,on ?is long disput$  
"q ( ! relation ( desire to ! good or   
pleasurable1 evolution>y psy*ology1 :i* 
views m9d z s]v+ life1 z int]pret+ ?+s )
 ref]5ce to _! s]viceability & s impli$ 
pleasurability1 always bases desire 9   
its orig9 & gr[? on pleasure4 ,b is ?is 
g5]al po9t ( view borne out by ! facts (
 m9d8 ,a typical example ( common desire
 is ?is3 ,at a fair ,i obs]ve a toboggan
 *ute & say to my companion1 8,t mu/ be 
sport1 h[ w\ld y l to try x80 ,! appeal 
to 8sport0 awak5s desire 9 my comrade & 
he says1 8,let's try x40 ,we te/ its    
pleasurability1 &1 enjoy+ x1 desire to g
 aga94 ,x is evid5t t desire arises n on

 ! m]e image ( actualization z su*1 !   
idea ( slid+1 b on conception ( its     
pleasure quality4 ,:5ev] by our own     
exp]i5ce or by ! te/imony ( o!rs we are 
assur$ ( a good ?+ to be exp]i5c$ we    
/raightway desire x4  ,?is1 x may be    
said1 is all v true = a c]ta9 class (   
desires1 b ! pr9ciple does n apply 9 !  
high] desires l ! desire = k4 ,b k      
orig9ates only z s]viceable1 & prim>ily 
only s]viceable kn[l$ges are desir$4 ,we
 desire k only s f> z x is wor? hav+1 & 
x may be t ,i e/eem all k z wor? some?+ 
& s desirable4 ,h[ev]1 "s kn[l$ges are  
wor? no?+ & are nev] desir$4 ,:o wants  
to "k ! exact measurem5ts ( ! pebbles on
 ! road1 or h[ _m hairs are on ! mane ( 
8 neighb\r's pony1 or ! names ( all !   
inhabitants ( ,pek98 ,b if "o ?9ks x    
w\ld be any satisfaction to "k su*      
facts1 he may desire to "k !m4 ,!       
insatiable curiosity ( *ildr5 :i* seeks 
to "k all su* irrelevant facts h>dly    
comes "u ! category ( desire1 b is r    
in/9ctive h]$it>y impulse4 ,x has no    

cle> idea ( a ?+ to be kn[n & a desire  
to "k x1 b is only a spontane\s outbur/ 
( kn[+ activity :i* is inbr$ & comes f  
ance/ral integration4 ,!re is a s5s+ &  
p]ceiv+ activity :i* is v int5se at !   
que/ion+ age1 b :i* h>dly implies !     
desire to "k4 ,! incessant 8,:at's ?is80
 8,:at's t80 is m]ely outcome ( an      
in/9ctive impulsion to int]pret         
environm5t2 x is n significant (        
full-=m$ desire1 !re is no idea ( ?+ to 
be kn[n1 ( an actualization to be       
accompli%$4  ,if a man desires k1 n = 8 
own sake1 b = its own sake1 desire z su*
 really ceases1 x m]ges into love &     
devotion1 :i* are dis9t]e/$ & cle>ly    
di/9ct z m5tal modes f desire4 ,desire  
is n a s5tim5t2 & x does n prop]ly      
include all impulse to actualization4 ,=
 in/ance1 ! feel+ = actualization m]ely 
z su*1 = a*ievem5t ( ideal p] se1 is    
beyond ! biologic /age ( consci\sness   
:]e9 desire has its *ief function4 ,!   
atta9m5t ( end m]ely = ! sake ( ! end   
mu/ be di/+ui%$ f actualiz+ an image = !

 pleasure ( actualization1 :i* ?us has  
desire elem5t4 ,we "k t ! image (       
realization may act z end by compulsion1
 z 9 feel+ ( duty1 :i* is ?us m>k$ (f f 
desire z impulsion4 ,?us desire is b "o 
mode ( teleological emotion4 ,b desire  
is emotion at unrealiz$ good & n at     
unrealization 9 g5]al4  ,sp9oza's       
dictum1 foll[$ by ,volkmann1 t we d n   
desire a ?+ because we deem x good1 b we
 deem x good because we desire x1 is n  
borne out by ! commone/ facts4 ,a p$dl] 
%[s me an apple1 b ,i d n desire x & !n 
deem x good1 b ,i exam9e x1 & if x seems
 good ,i may desire & buy x1 b if bad1  
,i h av]sion1 & return x4 ,my desire ?us
 dep5ds altoge!r ^u :e!r or n ,i deem ! 
apple good1 & n my deem+ x good ^u my   
desire4 ,if ,i see any "o desir+ any?+  
,i at once judge t he fir/ ?\ght x good 
or he w\ld n h desir$ x4 ,all !         
excitation ( desire is by repres5tation 
( ! good4 ,! m]*ant tempts y by exhibit+
 8 goods1 ! *ild ) c&y (f]s x to y cry+1
 8good6 good60 ! morali/ proclaims1 8d  

?is & ?\ %alt live40 ,! cause ( desire1 
:i* = weal or woe plays su* a l>ge "p 9 
almo/ all psy*ism1 is always by imag+ ! 
good4 ,! bait & ! rew>d z excitants (   
desire are mo/ common2 a m]e sugge/ion (
 a repres5tation )\t implication ( its  
goodl9ess 9 realization does n excite   
desire4 ,?us "s "o1 speak+ ( a totally  
unkn[n t[n1 asks1 8,h[ w\ld y l to live 
9 ,p]ry80 & we answ]1 8,is x a pleasant 
t[n80 ,a m]e sugge/ion ( *ange ( abode  
/>ts desire only :5 !re is already      
displeasure ) pres5t resid5ce1 & s      
desire = release z a good2 b image (    
actualization consid]$ solely by itself 
is desireless4 ,& if to excite desire we
 (f] ! good or pleasurable1 to ext+ui%  
desire we (f] ! bad & pa9ful4 ,i desire 
a fair look+ apple1 b cutt+ x & f9d+ x  
wormy & rott51 desire flees4 ,i ext+ui% 
! desire ( a *ild = eat+ "s noxi\s      
sub/ance by assur+ x ( ! bad ta/e &     
nauseat+ effect4 ,bo? positively &      
negatively !n1 common s5se f9ds ! basis1
 n ( ! good 9 desire1 b ( desire 9 !    

good4 ,! facts 9 bo? excit+ & ext+ui%+  
desire po9t to ?is conclusion4  ,sp9oza 
7,e?ics iii41 ,prop ix47 def9es desire z
 8appetite ) consci\sness !re(40 ,b to  
be aw>e ( be+ hungry is b ! fir/ /ep    
t[>d desire4 ,9 ! mid/ ( my daily       
occupations ,i become aw>e ( pa91 !n (  
uneas9ess1 !n ( hung]1 :]eupon ,i may   
desire food1 :i* desire includes z      
di/9ct elem5ts3 7#a7 idea ( eat+ z act  
or movem5t2 7#b7 idea ( ! ?+ eat5 z     
food1 a some?+ satisfy+2 af=d+ relief1 &
 s a good2 7#c7 !reupon ! emotion wave (
 long+1 ! ess5tial po9t 9 desire4 ,?is  
is1 ( c\rse1 foll[$ by volition1 ,i act 
to realize1 ,i g to a re/aurant4 ,:5    
,hffd+ 7,psy*ology1 p4 #cbc7 says t !   
impulse 9 hung] 8has ref]5ce prim>ily to
 ! food1 n to ! feel+ ( pleasure 9 its  
consumption10 he =gets t 8food0 is a    
some?+ satisfy+1 & only ?us is desir$4  
,object is n desir$ z object1 b = its   
value 9 exp]i5ce4  ,we mu/ also t\* ^u a
 c]ta9 class ( exp]i5ces :i* h be5      
adduc$ z %[+ a desire n bas$ ^u ! idea (

 ! pleasure4 ,take ! example ( a man 9  
ennui :o takes to play+ t5nis z a       
relief1 b ) no desire ( be+ victori\s4  
,engag+ 9 ! game he f9ds t 8?is desire  
:i* does n exi/ at fir/ is /imulat$ to  
consid]able int5sity by ! competition   
itself2 & 9 proportion z x is ?us       
/imulat$ bo? ! m]e conte/ becomes m     
pleasurable1 & ! victory1 :i* 0         
orig9ally indiff]5t1 comes to af=d a ke5
 enjoym5t40 7,sidgwick1 ,me?ods (       
,e?ics1 p4 #df47 ,b does ! desire really
 come f "s idea ( pleasure8 ,! play]    
volleys a ball successfully aga9/ 8     
oppon5t1 & !reby receiv+ a ?rill (      
pleasure desire awakes to beat4         
8,w\ldn't ,i l to beat him8 ,i w\ld     
enjoy no?+ bett]40 ,?is desire =esees ! 
pleasure ( triumph4 ,if he gets no      
pleasure f return+ ! ball successfully  
he does n desire success2 b if          
unanticipat$ pleasure comes up 9 beat+ 8
 oppon5t1 z soon z he recognises ?is    
pleasure he desires to cont9ue &        
complete x4 ,?is pleasure 9 succe$+ 9   

competitive activity1 extremely old &   
integrat$ f all ! /ruggle ( exi/5ce1    
spr+s up spontane\sly4 ,!re may also be 
add$ pleasure f activity & pleasure f   
skill :i* w make ! game v int]e/+1 i4e41
 full ( desire & o!r emotions4          
,pr(essor ,sidgwick all[s t pleasure may
 be ! cause ( desire1 b n its object4 ,b
 surely if ,i cognize pleasure com+ f an
 act1 ,i atta* ?is pleasure to x 9      
repres5tation2 if ,i take pleasure f    
return+ a t5nis ball & !n repres5t a    
com+ opportunity to return ! ball ,i    
also repres5t its pleasurability4       
,pleasure or pa9 connect$ ) acts is     
connect$ by association ) repres5tation 
( ! acts1 ! pleasure-pa9 tone p5etrates 
! repres5tation1 & only ?us does        
actualization ( an image become object (
 desire4 ,if x is possible to conceive  
an activity indiff]5t--:i* may be       
d\bt$--we %\ld h no emotion ab\t x4 ,b  
we h already suffici5tly emphasiz$ h[ ! 
p]ceiv$ exp]i5ce quality ( ?+s det]m9es 
desire & all emotion4  ,pr(essor        

,sidgwick's rem>k t ! pleasurabl5ess ( !
 conte/ is 89 proportion0 7,ibid41 p4   
#df7 to ! desire1 i4e41 t ! pleasure    
results f ! desire r ?an desire f !     
pleasure1 also %[s defective analysis4  
,if ,i desire int5sely to beat1 & am on 
! los+ side1 ,i am greatly pa9$1 =      
desire is always 9 itself pa9ful4 ,9 any
 case desire is pleasurable only s f> z 
x is be+ satisfi$1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 means  
only s f> z desire is be+ ext+ui%$4 ,x  
is n ! increas+ desire int5sity1 b !    
decreas+1 t gives pleasure1 i4e41 desire
 is negatively relat$ to pleasure4      
,int5se desire may act z                
excitem5t-pleasure1 b ?is does n be> on 
! nature ( desire4  ,ano!r objection t  
has be5 br\ght up aga9/ pleasure z      
desire basis is t 8pleasures are dim9i%$
 by repetition1 :il/ habits are /r5g!n$ 
by x2 if ! int5sity ( desire !re=e 7    
proportion$ to ! #8pleasure value' ( its
 gratification1 ! desire = r5ew$        
gratification %\ld dim9i% z ?is pleasure
 gr[s less1 b if ! pres5t pa9 ( re/ra9t 

f action det]m9es ! int5sity ( desire1  
?is %\ld increase z ! action becomes    
habitual40 7,james ,w>d 9 ,encyclopdia  
,britannica1 vol4 xx41 p4 #gi47  ,b     
pleasure & s also desire (t5 increases )
 repetition4 ,"o :o ta/es *ampagne = !  
fir/ "t may receive slight pleasure4 ,! 
next "t he d9es out he w1 ) image ( 8   
previ\s exp]i5ce1 h slight desire =     
*ampagne4 ,z exp]i5ce is repeat$ 8      
pleasure & desire may increase to ec/asy
 & passion4 ,b habits n obvi\sly        
pleasure-yield+1 z ! morn+ *ore to !    
c\ntry lad1 w be desir$ aft]            
int]mittance2 ! c\ntry boy homesick 9 ! 
city longs 9 ! morn+ = ! famili> sc5e & 
famili> task :i* 0 a s\rce ( av]sion at 
home4 ,we pa9fully miss ! cu/om>y1 ev5 !
 pa9ful cu/om>y1 = !reby ! cons]vative  
t5d5cy ( nature & organic activity is   
brok5 up4 ,desire arises = relief f ?is 
pa91 & ! habitual is s f> reg>d$ z      
pleasurable4 ,?us desire is 9 proportion
 to ! 8re/ra9t0 only s f> z ! re/ra9t is
 pa9ful1 & ?us relief appe>s            

pleasurable4 ,?us ! desire = ! habitual 
has1 l o!r desire1 its basis 9          
prospective pleasure4  ,t ! analysis (  
desire z reg>ds repres5tation ( pleasure
 is /ill an op5 "q c]ta9ly m>ks !       
psy*ology ( feel+ z v backw>d2 t "h is a
 mo/ common & prom95t psy*osis1 ^:      
simple/ analysis is n yet agre$ ^u1 %[s 
h[ f> we yet are f a /&>d ( subjective  
v]ification4 ,i h express$ my own op9ion
 t bo? ! evolution>y /&po9t & special   
analysis indicate a di/9ct emotion at   
prospective good :i* is be/ d5om9at$ by 
! t]m desire4 ,?is is a purely          
psy*ological result1 & has absolutely no
 ref]5ce to e?ics4 8,pleasure0 has su*  
an inevitable e?ical t+e t a purely     
sci5tific d5otation w\ld be useful4 ,!  
8good0 is a bett]1 b also objectionable 
t]m4 ,t !n ! organism %\ld =esee & image
 ! good & %\ld h a feel+ ab\t x :i* %\ld
 /imulate w to its appropriation &      
realization is a psy*osis ( utmo/ value1
 & "o :i* is 9 all psy*ism above ! l[e/ 
an extremely common ph5om5on4 ,?is does 

n ass]t t desire 9 all its l[] range is 
a seek+ = pleasure1 an extremely late   
conception & endeav\r2 b x means t z    
p]ception is ( ?+s 9 _! exp]i5ce values1
 s repres5tation also1 z giv+ ! basis ( 
desire2 b a consci\s h$onism is /ill af>
 (f4  ,! g5]al function :i* desire      
subs]ves 9 /imulat+ advantage\s action  
is obvi\s4 ,z ang] & fe> are prim>ily   
useful emotions 9 view ( pot5tial pa9 & 
h>m1 s desire 9 view ( pot5tial pleasure
 & b5efit4  ,! function ( desire 9      
/imulat+ advantage\s action is obvi\s4  
,desire answ]s to pot5tial pleasure &   
b5efit j z ang] does to pot5tial pa9 &  
h>m4 ,x is a correlative & supplem5t (  
fe>1 & 9 g5]al ! m "o fe>s a ?+ ! m "o  
desires ! opposite4 ,:5 sail+ ,i desire 
fair wea!r 9 proportion z ,i fe> a      
squall4 ,desire is ! v spr+ ( life &    
progress1 & :5 desire is ext+ui%$ ! w to
 live ceases1 & psy*ic life decl9es &   
dies4 ,fulness ( desire is fulness (    
life1 & ! l>ge/ m5tal life is t 9 :i*   
desire1 con/ant1 multiplex1 & f>-rea*+1 

is /rong & dom9ant4 ,desire seems ?us to
 be a p]man5t factor1 &1 ?\gh !re is a  
pre-desire p]iod1 no po/-desire age     
seems to be indicat$ 9 psy*ic hi/ory s  
f>4  ,some:at z to ! analysis ( desire  
has already be5 intimat$ 9 t\*+ ^u its  
orig9 & function1 b we are n[ to /udy   
its elem5ts m 9 detail4 ,! v "y infant  
c]ta9ly exp]i5ces hung] pa9s 9 almo/ its
 initial consci\sness2 b x is only      
gradually t ! ne$ felt leads up to      
pres5tation & repres5tation ( ! ne$$ ?+1
 & s to desire4 ,hung] ) x1 z ) all     
organisms1 %>p5s ! wits1 & leads to kn[+
 ?+s1 int]pret+ !m1 & act+ def9itely    
t[>d !m4 ,?r\gh t\* x fir/ comes to     
appreciate object1 & object z food1 a   
repres5tative-inductive act4 ,! e>lie/  
mean+ atta*$ to object is edibility1 &  
?is1 inde$1 indiscrim9ately to all      
objects1 z we see t infants m\? ev]y?+4 
,gradually f ?is1 or by d9t ( a good    
deal ( unpleasant exp]i5ce1 objects are 
divid$ into edible & non-edible1 !      
primitive classification ( ?+s4  ,f !   

consid]ation ( any su* simple example z 
! desire = food we det]m9e t ! fir/     
elem5t t[>d & 9 desire is a lack-pa9    
g5]at+ felt want1 & s--& su* common use 
( words is significant--we want1 i4e41  
desire :at we are 9 want (4 ,a feel+ (  
ne$ or lack is fundam5tal4 ,n[ s5se (   
lack is m ?an pa9 f re/riction or       
int]mission1 = x implies a measure (    
9-gr\nd integrat$ exp]i5ce ) objects1 a 
con/ant connect+ ( object ) purely      
subjective exp]i5ce4 ,= in/ance1 hung] &
 feel+ ! ne$ ( food1 ! crav+ = food1 are
 n ! same1 = x is evid5t t to feel lack 
( any?+ ) su* a c5tral pa9 z hung]-pa9  
means t ?is some?+ has (t5 be5 conjo9$ )
 ! pa9 exp]i5ce4 ,hung] is prim>ily an  
organic uneas9ess & gnaw+ pa9 :i* does n
 include any s5se ( object z ( a food or
 ref]5ce !reto4 ,our subjective &       
objective exp]i5ce h be5 s completely   
integrat$1 & feel+ ( lack & t = a v     
def9ite ?+ has become s +ra9$ 9 m9d )   
pa9s1 we feel s spontane\sly &          
imm$iately ne$ ( ?+ 9 connection )      

organic pa9s t x is v difficult = u to  
realize a /ate :]e ?is connection has n 
be5 =m$ or is =m+4 ,b x w\ld seem t !   
fir/ hung] pa9s ( ! infant are ( ?is    
primitive quality1 & t ne$ is n felt 9  
connection !re)4 ,x is only aft] "s     
crude cognitions ( bodies h be5 g5]at$ 9
 connection ) ! fe$+ act & z guides     
!reto t on occasion ( hung] pa9s !re c  
occur ! s5se ( lack ( food object1 a    
pa9ful feel+ ( unrealization1 at fir/ v 
dimly repres5tative1 & s a crav+1 an    
incipi5t emotion4 ,desire re/s !n ^u    
capacity to feel ! lack ( accu/om$      
satisfy+ ?+ 9 connection ) "s =m (      
p]ception or repres5tation ( ! ?+4 ,:5 a
 satisfy+ object is miss+1 x mu/ be     
miss$ psy*ically be=e desire c awake4 ,!
 reaction :5 a cu/om>ily conjo9$        
exp]i5ce does n occur is a peculi> feel+
 9 m9d1 a di/urbance1 uneas9ess1 a      
unique s5se ( loss & lack :i* is !      
imm$iate /imulus ( desire4 ,hung] at    
fir/ leads bl9dly to activities t5d+ to 
satisfy hung]1 b ! satisfy+             

?+--food--!re) becomes gradually kn[n1  
h5ce !reaft] :5 hung] comes !re is      
/ruggle bo? to "k & to act !reby4 ,?is  
/ruggle has impulsation f feel+s ( lack4
  ,lack pa9s !n prompt to cognitive     
activities to f9d ! ?+ lack$ & desir$4  
,! fir/ k is t "s ?+s satisfy1 & an     
appropriative activity is excit$4 ,!    
l[e/ organisms "u impulse ( hung] pa9s  
rea* out aft] ?+s1 feel = !m1 & z soon z
 !y s5se ! edible1 appropriate x4 ,x is 
q evid5t t !y ex]cise cognition only z  
driv5 to x1 & !n x is ef=t ev5 = !      
simple/ kn[+4 ,b :at ! fir/ psy*ic facts
 are is h>d = u to int]pret1 because we 
h progress$ s f> beyond !m4 ,h[ev]1 we  
may well believe t ! g5]al =m (         
primitive consci\sness is ak9 to :at we 
h :5 doz+ or half awake4 ,! realization 
( ?+s is dim indef9ite1 & x is only z   
pa9s ( consid]able sev]ity are felt & z 
! psy*ism ga9s 9 capacity = pa9 t       
p>ticul> kn[l$ges & p>ticul> ne$s &     
desires are accompli%$4 ,aft] hav+      
repeat$ly s5s$ some?+--z a s(t vegetable

 =m--9 connection ) bodily pa9 z hung] &
 ) ! fe$+ activity z allay+ hung]1 a    
r5ewal ( ! pa9 f organic conditions w   
give1 n m]ely purely subjective pa9s1 b 
also1 z ! pre-associat$ cognition ( ?+ &
 ! allay+ ( hung] is n exp]i5c$1 !re    
arises z reaction a vague s5se ( lack   
:i* may lead to equally vague desire4 ,a
 vague uneas9ess & re/lessness :i* kn[s 
object & misses object only 9 ! mo/     
g5]al way is ! l[e/ basis4 ,a /udy ( "s 
case ( wak+ f a doze by reason ( hung]  
w\ld give ! orig9al =mation ( desire z  
involv+ lack s5se4 ,"h a purely         
subjective pa9 gradually int5sifies till
 x wak5s a v g5]al objectify+1 & we feel
 ne$ ( undef9$ some?+1 :i* soon becomes 
specializ$1 :5 fully wak5$1 to ne$ (    
some?+ to eat1 & f9ally z ne$ ( "s      
p>ticul> usual food1 z bread1 meat1 or  
milk1 :i* is !n desir$4  ,pa9 f         
re/riction or int]mission ( "s organic  
activity1 z ! dige/ive & assimilatory1  
may !n lead to s5se ( lack & desire =   
object :i* is unrealiz$4 ,h[ev]1        

crav+-desire z imply+ s5se ( loss1 (    
some?+ pleasurable miss$1 is n organic1 
b is m]e reflex ( organization4 ,x is n 
progressive1 b cons]vative2 x does n    
initiate1 x m]ely keeps ! organism to   
its accu/om$ level4 ,?is is ! limit$    
range ( appetite4 ,crav+ re/s on pa/    
evolution4 ,h[ev]1 we h to expla9 !     
orig9 ( ^? activities :i*1 :5 int]mitt$1
 produce su* di/ressful results4 ,we mu/
 fir/ acquire ! lik+ be=e we miss :at we
 l1 & ta/es uni=mly orig9ate ?r\gh ef=t1
 & all pleasurable activity is built up 
by pa9ful volition z urg$ by direct pa9s
 or by desires4 ,desire !n is m ?an     
crav+4 ,crav+ z bas$ on organic lack is 
satiable1 desire is insatiable4 ,we     
desire :at we h nev] miss$ & modes (    
exp]i5ce we h nev] atta9$4 ,we1 :o h    
nev] _h a gold wat*1 desire "o1 & hav+  
receiv$ "o1 we lose x1 miss x1 & s      
desire is re9=c$4 ,all ! progressive    
activity ( ! human _w orig9ates 9       
desire1 z ambition1 or z desire ( tru?1 
virtue1 etc4 ,"h we d n miss :at we are 

accu/om$ to1 b we are =m+ habits1 :i* w 
be ! basis = crav+s ) desc5dants4 ,=    
in/ance1 "o :o n[ does n miss beauty (  
art1 b is ambiti\sly /riv+ to appreciate
 art1 may come f9ally--or at lea/ 8     
desc5dants--to miss art1 & s to crave x4
 ,b = ! "t he has no art crav+1 only an 
art desire4 ,( c\rse all desire 9 !     
crav+ =m1 or 9 ! high] desire =m1       
involves a miss+ actualization4 ,all    
desire is ext+ui%$ 9 realization4 ,b ?is
 obvi\sly does n de/roy ! di/9ction (   
desire z bas$ on crav+1 a spontane\s    
resultant f integration1 an int]mitt5ce 
( habit1 & desire z itself integrat+    
habit-=m+ emotion4  ,h[ev]1 ) ! l[e/    
psy*isms1 we may p]haps suppose x       
unlikely t repres5tation does ev] become
 def9ite en\gh = desire1 except :5 9    
direct s5s+ ( a ?+1 z1 = example1 9 a   
t\* p]ception4 ,! psy*ism is impell$ to 
t\* activity by its subjective pa9s &   
simple1 undiff]5tiat$ lack pa9s4 ,x does
 n desire a food ?r\gh ! repres5tation (
 x br\ght up by hung]1 = su*            

repres5tation ( ?+s 9 _! pot5tiality is 
probably n orig9ally /imulat$ directly  
by subjective feel+s1 ?\gh ) man1 =     
in/ance1 we "k t hung] & o!r simple     
feel+s w provoke repres5tations ( foods1
 :i* foods w be desir$2 & p>ticul>ly 9  
fam9e ! mo/ lively repres5tations (     
fea/s occur1 & ?us !re is a /r5g!n+ &   
def9+ ( desire4 ,?us 9 fam9e !re comes a
 great] & great] urg5cy to action z its 
necessity becomes great]4 ,! vivid      
repres5tations ( foods become ?r\gh     
desire--?\gh !re may be no s5se         
connection ) food--a mighty =ce =       
self-pres]vative action4  ,yet          
primitively desire probably awoke only  
aft] "s s5s+ 0 accompli%$1 n ! m]e      
subjective pa91 b ! t\* p]ception awoke 
! repres5tation1 = x w\ld seem ! orig9al
 /atus t repres5tation occurs at fir/   
only ) correlat$ pres5tation4 ,?us x is 
t ! simple/ psy*isms are driv5 by _!    
pa9s to a*ieve a t\* or "s s5s+ ( a ?+  
be=e !y int]pret x z food1 & s desire x2
 t is1 ?+s mu/ h a food mean+ atta*$ to 

!m ?r\gh actual s5se appreciation ( !m z
 su*1 be=e !y c be directly in/anc$ 9   
pure repres5tation z foods4 ,hung] leads
 u imm$iately to ?9k ( food1 b ?is      
ability to directly repres5t food is    
bas$ ^u hav+ ?or\ghly le>n$ c]ta9 ?+s z 
food by repeat$ direct exp]i5ces4 ,a    
savage :o has nev] se5 or kn[n ( bonbons
 is pres5t$ ) a box ( !m1 & he may      
receive !m ) indiff]5ce1 b a bonbon is  
plac$ 9 8 m\?1 :]eupon he says1 8x ta/$ 
s good1 ,i want ano!r40 ,su* is ! g5esis
 ( desire :5 pleasure quality is atta*$ 
to ?+1 is le>n$ by exp]i5ce4 ,! visual &
 tactual exp]i5ce is actively conjo9$ ) 
pleasure exp]i5ce1 s t see+ ano!r       
bonbon1 he repres5ts its pleasurability 
& s desires x4  ,fur!r1 ! relative      
pres5tations & feel+s mu/ be m5tally    
correlative1 ! connection mu/ be m ?an  
ph5om5al s]ies ( sev]al =ms2 !re mu/ be 
an active connect+ psy*ic process z     
basis4 ,y are told to op5 y\r m\? & %ut 
y\r eyes1 & a bonbon is dropp$ 92 ! ta/e
 w at once give rise to a revival visual

 pres5tation1 & if a p]son holds up be=e
 y\r eyes a f9e bonbon1 say+1 8look at  
?is10 !re may occur revival ta/e        
exp]i5ces4 ,b ! imm$iate basis ( desire 
is n "h1 = if psy*ic process /opp$ "h1  
!re w\ld be no high] elem5ts2 ^! c only 
be accompli%$ by a def9ite br++ up &    
attribution ( subjective quality to !   
?+4 ,y repres5t its possible            
pleasurabl5ess on ! basis ( pa/         
exp]i5ce1 by ! action ( ! inductive     
in/9ct1 a complex process4 ,"h revival  
is n an active correlat+1 b is          
self-conta9$1 ly+ isolat$ by itself1 &  
unfruitful till its revival "* is       
recognis$1 & x is actively wr\ght into  
exp]i5ce4 ,t is1 integrat+ act is       
presuppos$ 9 all desire4  ,! way 9 :i*  
revival becomes ! basis repres5tation is
 h>d to trace1 b 9 _m cases x seems to  
be connect$ ) c]ta9 physiological       
activities4 ,a revival =m implies       
correlat$ physical functions1 z :5 !    
sight ( a pea* causes ! ta/e            
pre-exp]i5c$ !re) to be reviv$1 & ! m\? 

wat]s1 z if 9 actual deglutition4 ,z !  
react+ & assimilat+ process is c>ri$ on 
)\t any real ?+ to be act$ ^u1 !re comes
 a physiological reaction1 :i* 9 turn   
gives rise to peculi> psy*ic affections1
 & specially ! uneasy feel+ ( lack4 ,!  
unreality & m]e revival "* ( ! revival  
exp]i5ce is ultimately recognis$1 &     
repres5tation becomes possible1 & idea (
 pleasure z bo? exp]i5c$ & exp]i5ceable 
is evolv$4 ,?us an unsub/antial revival1
 :]e ! ?+ is s5s$ 9 "o =m only1 b !reby 
re-awak5+ o!r associat$ exp]i5ces1 z 9 !
 case ( m]ely see+ a pea*1 leads f9ally 
to "k ! ?+ z a pot5cy2 ,i ta/e1 b aft]  
all ,i ta/e no?+2 h5ce ,i am l$ to      
p]ceive ! ?+ z a sign1 z unrealiz$ 9 its
 pleasure significance1 b realizable4   
,h[ we atta9 s5se ( reality & unreality 
we discuss 9 *apt] on ,induction1 b )   
special ref]5ce to desire we add "h an  
illu/ration4 ,:5 engag$ 9 read+ on a hot
 day1 ,i h feel+ ( discom=t1 & !n       
spontane\sly arises image ( a wont$ ba?+
 place1 ,i h ! image ( mov+ 9 ! cle>1   

cool wat]1 b at once recognis+ !        
unreality ( ! image1 ,i long =          
realization4 ,i1 :5 heat$1 h s (t5 se5 !
 wat]1 & plung$ 9 x1 t ! pres5tation (  
mode ( relief has become firmly         
associat$ ) ! discom=t1 s :5 x          
organically returns1 pres5tation        
revives1 & its unreality kn[n1 desire   
rises4 ,"o n accu/om$ to ba!1 b to tak+ 
lemonade :5 heat$1 w h visions (        
lemonade & desire !re=4 ,"o :o is j =m+ 
"s habit ( relief w n h spontane\s      
images1 b mu/ call !m up4 ,desire also w
 be purely g5]al1 8,oh6 to get rid ( ?is
 heat40 ,specific desire1 z f\nd$ ^u a  
def9ite image ( realization1 is prim>ily
 ! result ( active association ( def9ite
 object & mode ) a giv5 pleasure-pa9    
/ate4 ,! realiz+ ! image z unreality1 z 
sugge/+ an actualization to be wi%$ =1  
is le>n$ f rude exp]i5ce ) pres5t       
s5sations & p]ceptions q at v>iance ) ! 
image4 ,?us1 t ! vision ( wat] is       
unreality ,i "k by see+ ! room be=e me1 
t\*+ ! *air1 s5se ( pa9ful heat         

unreliev$1 etc4 ,an image (             
actualization b>ely ( itself does n     
include desire4 ,i may conceive t ,i c  
image myself mov+ 9 wat] )\t any emotion
 !re) connect$1 b z matt] ( fact1 ?is   
nev] occurs2 all our images (           
actualization c>ry "s desire value4 ,ev5
 b>e phantasy1 z imag9+ myself liv+ on !
 moon1 is n )\t a t+e ( desire or       
av]sion1 = ! orig9 & gr[? ( imag+ has   
be5 s b\nd up ) desire1 & is = desire z 
life function t "s desire t5d5cy is     
reta9$ ev5 9 ! pure/ flights (          
imag9ation4 ,x becomes increas+ly evid5t
 t su* a simple & und]/&able expression 
z1 8,i want t pea*10 implies a great    
complexity ( psy*ic process :i* is hidd5
 f u by ! summ>iz+ facility ( language4 
,emotion is evid5tly f> too complex =   
full analysis4 ,its complexity is su* t 
we may well hesitate to attribute x1 z  
is s (t5 & easily done1 to ! l[e/       
psy*isms4 ,s9ce desire includes a       
measure ( self-consci\sness1 & also (   
consci\sness ( pleasure1 x seems        

improbable at fir/ sight t su* elem5ts  
%\ld exi/ 9 c]ta9 l[ consci\snesses :]e 
primitive organisms seem impell$ by     
desire4 ,h[ev]1 ?\gh ?is a priori view  
has weight1 x mu/ n be all[$ to be (    
supreme value4 ,yet :5 we fairly        
int]pret a v simple case1 z :5 a dog    
sc5t+ & see+ meat on a %elf1 is said to 
desire x1 & s to spr+ = x1 we c]ta9ly   
imply a complexity ( m5tal activity1 :i*
 might by _m be ?\ght q beyond ! p[] (  
ev5 a v intellig5t dog4 ,we h at lea/ ! 
foll[+ factors3--  #a4 ,simple sc5t or  
vision ( ! ?+2 b>e pres5tation or       
repres5tation ( object4  #b4 ,ei!r a    
def9ite br++ up1 or a me*anical         
re-occurr5ce ( pa/ pleasurable associat$
 feel+s & s5sations1 or bo?4  #c4 ,s5se 
( unreality4  #d ,feel+ ( lack4  #e4    
,pa9 ( lack4  #f4 ,s5se ( pleasure      
pot5tiality ( ! ?+1 :i* implies--       
7a7 ,idea ( pleasure4        7b7 ,idea (
 p]sonal exp]i5ce !re(1 i4e41 "s egoi/ic
 s5se4        7c7 ,s5se ( exp]i5ce z 9  
"t pa/1 z exp]i5c$4        7d7 ,s5se (  

"t z future z impli$ 9 s5se ( !         
exp]i5ceable4  #g4 ,! long+1 ye>n+1     
peculi> desire quality z feel+ mode4    
#h4 ,desire pa94  ,9 ! fir/ place !n1 ! 
object ( desire1 ! desid]atum1 is n !   
object z su*4 ,we d n desire ?+s m]ely z
 su*1 b only z f> z !y are significant (
 exp]i5ce4 ,pres5tation does n1 at lea/ 
normally & orig9ally1 ev] end 9 itself1 
b x is always connect$1 & connects )    
pleasure-pa9 exp]i5ces4 ,desire beg9s by
 be+ vague z to its object2 "u slight   
pressures ( pa9 we want some?+1 b we "k 
n :at2 we h dim1 undef9$ long+1 b !     
indef9ite object is always a possibility
 ( exp]i5ce1 a c5tre ( pleasure-pa9     
pot5cy4 ,at ! fir/ /irr+ ( hung] pa9s1  
we h a vague uneas9ess & s5se ( lack1 ) 
a mo/ g5]al idea ( object & long+ t[>d  
x1 & suff] ! pa9 f hung]4 ,we may be    
physiologically hungry )\t feel+ hungry1
 & s may h a desire ( ?+ 9 g5]al to     
remove pa9 be=e ! pa9 is felt &         
recognis$ 9 its p>ticul>ity z hung] pa94
 ,:5 hung] comes1 or1 primitively1 is   

a*iev$1 !n we want some?+ to eat2 & z   
?is feel+ int5sifies1 ! crav+ becomes m 
& m def9ite z to object2 bread1 etc41 is
 want$1 & 9 fam9e hung] !re is ! mo/    
p>ticul> repres5tation1 z ( c]ta9 di%es 
=m]ly eat5 ) great reli%4 ,lumholtz1    
w&]+ fami%$ on a ,*ri/mas 9 ! wilds (   
,au/ralia1 ?9ks ( ! pudd+s 9 8 native   
,norway4 ,! evolution>y significance (  
?is increas+ def9ition ( object 9 desire
 is obvi\s 9 t great] def9it5ess &      
accuracy ( self-pres]vative action is   
!reby assur$4  ,z f> z ! nature ( !     
emotion desire goes1 x seems q indiff]5t
 :e!r !re is pres5tation or             
repres5tation ( object4 ,i desire       
equally1 :e!r ,i actually see ! bonbon  
on ! table or :5 ,i m]ely repres5t      
x--see x 9 my m9d's eye4  ,prim>ily !n1 
& always1 ev5 9 ! late/ evolution1 z    
t5d5cy at lea/1 ! desire is = ! pleasure
 9 ! object1 & desire is excit$ by e    
repres5tation ( ! pleasurable4 ,if "o   
says1 8,i c look ^u pleasure )\t        
desire10 we may well "q :e!r !re is     

really p]sonal pleasure repres5t$4      
,danc+1 c>d-play+1 w9e-dr9k+1 may be    
pleasures :i* d n attract me because ,i 
d n c>e = !m2 & by su* a /atem5t we     
indicate ! practical p>allelism (       
pleasure & desire :i* is =c$ ^u common  
introspection4 ,if y c>e = x1 x is a    
pleasure to y2 if y d n c>e = x1 x is n 
a pleasure to y2 su* is ! result (      
common obs]vation1 & a v j conclusion s 
f> z ,i c see4 ,to excite desire1 we    
naturally sugge/ ! pleasurable4 ,"o     
p]son p]suad+ ano!r to g to a p>ty says3
 8,i "k y w\ld h a good "t40 ,:5 "o     
answ]s1 8,i "k t ,i w\ld h a good "t1 b 
,i dread ! tr\ble ( gett+ ready02 "h is 
a conflict ( desires 9 :i* desire (     
pres5t ease & com=t may ov]come desire (
 future pleasure4 ,we may1 inde$1 ass]t 
t "o _c hone/ly say1 8,i "k x w\ld be a 
great pleasure to me1 b ,i h no desire =
 x40 ,:5 su* a phrase is us$1 x c only  
mean t ! pleasure is int]pret$ z belong+
 to ! g5]ic class ( pleasures1 yet n a  
pleasure to ! individual 9 8 pres5t     

conception1 or else its cont+5cy1 impli$
 by 8w\ld10 is s great t desire is      
practically nil4  ,& if ! pleasurable is
 always ! desirable1 ! desirable also   
may be said to be only ! pleasurable4 ,!
 m>tyr 9 8 mo/ eag] desire = a pa9ful   
dea?1 fixes 8 m9d1 n ^u ! pa9 z pa91 b  
^u ! endur+ x successfully1 & !         
triumphant pleasure1 also ! satisfaction
 ( ! rew>d ( m>tyrdom1 & ! pleasure (   
suff]+ = "r & ! approval ( consci5ce2 ^!
 & _m o!r factors influ5ce him4  ,desire
 is at pleasure1 n 9 pleasure1 & ?us    
conta9s pa91 especially z impli$ 9 !    
prep>ative factors1 s5se ( unreality &  
s5se ( lack4 ,a bonbon may be s cunn+ly 
imitat$1 t plac$ 9 ! m\? x feels l a    
bonbon1 yet n ta/+ s1 ! pa9ful s5se (   
unreality & loss occurs4 ,!re is a      
pa9ful wak+ up to ! fact (              
non-realization1 mu* ! same 9 quality z 
t :i* we suppose to h happ5$ 9 ! orig9al
 g5esis ( desire4 ,! pleasant           
halluc9ation is brok5 9 ^u by actuality 
n fulfill+ ! psy*ic co-ord9ation        

pre-e/abli%$ "u m fav\rable             
circum/ances2 & ?is occurs 9 e>ly       
psy*isms on a wid] v>iety ( occasions   
?an 9 lat] developm5t4 ,t ,i am n ta/+ !
 bonbon ,i see on ! table1 ?is fact p]  
se does n pa9 me4 ,i take x z a matt] ( 
c\rse 9 an ord] ( nature already well   
le>n$ & completely acquiesc$ 94 ,b )    
infantile & l[] /ages ( evolution       
g5]ally1 ! lack ( imm$iate correlation  
seems highly pa9ful4 ,see+ has directly 
develop$ 9 imm$iate connection ) a ta/+1
 & ! see+ )\t ta/+ seems by its v nature
 z disquiet+ z ! feel+ 9 ! m\? !        
artificial bonbon )\t be+ able to ta/e  
is = lat] exp]i5ce4 ,x is ?r\gh !       
negations ( cu/om>y co9cid5t impressions
 t anticipation & desire become =c$ by !
 exig5cies ( life4 ,! e>ly psy*ism is   
limit$ 9 its adju/m5ts to a v few simple
 co9cid5ces1 b 9 ! /ruggle ( life 9     
complex nature !re comes disruption ( ^!
 primitive co-ord9ations1 & sequ5ces    
become appreh5d$1 & mean+ is disc]n$ 9  
?+s4 ,?is disruption primitively occurr$

 mo/ easily :5 !re 0 direct opposition  
to ! usual c\rse ( s5sations4 ,j z :5   
m\?+ ! imitation bonbon1 we appreh5d mo/
 quickly & easily non-realization :5 x  
ta/es s\r r ?an sweet4 ,by realities    
cont9ually break+ 9 ^u ! common c\rse ( 
psy*ic association1 ! significance ( ?+s
 is gradually appreh5d$1 & to see a ?+  
is und]/ood n m]ely z co9cid5t ) o!r    
s5sations & p]ceptions1 t\*+1 ta/+1 &   
pleasure-feel+1 b ! ?+ is cogniz$ z     
c5tre ( pleasure pot5cy1 & s c become   
object ( desire4 ,exp]i5ce loses its    
self-conta9$ simplicity1 & is =c$ 9 !   
/ruggle ( exp]i5ce 9 a complex          
environm5t into "s def9ite und]/&+ (    
?+s1 & into a feel+ = !m or at !m1 & n  
m]ely a feel+ f !m4 ,& s a _w (         
desirables & av]sibles is =m$4  ,if no  
pa9 0 felt 9 ! exp]i5ce ( unreality &   
lack1 if !re 0 m]e passivity1 desire    
w\ld n be g5]at$4 ,?is pa9 ( loss spurs 
! m9d to a*ieve desire1 & desire enables
 ! organism to atta9 ! advantage\s4 ,at 
l5g? a conv5tionaliz$ _w ( desirables s 

=m$1 & c]ta9 significances1 become s    
+r\nd into exp]i5ce t !y seem (t5 to be 
in/9ctively & imm$iately recognis$ by ! 
individual1 ant]ior to any p]sonal le>n+
 by exp]i5ce1 z 9 cases ( in/9ctive fe> 
(1 & desire =1 c]ta9 objects4  ,:ile    
desire is atta9$ at ! incitem5t ( pa91 x
 is 9 itself a pa9ful m5tal act4 ,!     
emotional go+ out t[>d ! desid]atum is 9
 itself a pa9ful mode ( consci\sness4 ,!
 feel+ ,i h = ! bonbon :i* ,i see &     
desire is1 s f> z desire1 pa9ful1 yet   
negatively & comp>atively1 x may be     
pleasurable 9 t ?is psy*osis may        
supplant "o m pa9ful /ill4 ,x may be    
said t desire is pa9ful1 & also lack (  
desire1 or ennui4 ,b m]e desirelessness 
is n ennui4 ,ennui is a feel+ ( lack &  
loss1 & s a feel+ ( desire1 b a peculi> 
k9d ( desire4 ,x is desire = activity1  
:5 by a morbid /atus !re is no desire   
mov+ to activity4 ,lack ( desire &      
int]e/ 9 ?+s may be pa9fully reveal$ to 
"s active natures1 b to ! great majority
 ( psy*isms x is a pleasure /ate4 ,z f> 

z we c judge1 ! undesire ( ! c[         
leisurely *ew+ h] cud 9 a w>m corn] ( ! 
b>n y>d is supreme felicity4 ,a /ate (  
desirelessness1 complete yet blissful1  
occasionally visits ev5 ! consci\sness (
 ! n9ete5? c5tury busy-body4 ,b !       
normality ( desire = human adult        
consci\sness 9 g5]al is app>5t to all4  
,"o :o loses all int]e/ or desire loses 
hold on life4 ,?us desire is life1 & ev5
 :5 x is s\ght to ext+ui% x ei!r z      
dictat$ by a philosophical maxim or by  
religi\s & moral scruples1 on acc\nt ( !
 innate selfi%ness ( desire--,madame    
,guyon1 = in/ance--yet desire is sure to
 intrude1 & mu/ z a desire to de/roy    
desire4 ,s :e!r we w\ld fly1 or w\ld    
rea* desire1 we !reby desire4 ,we may   
uproot or cultivate c]ta9 k9ds ( desire 
:i* !reby become objects ( av]sion or   
desire1 b ! ef=t to ext+ui% desire z    
g5]al fact ( psy*ic life involves ei!r a
 psy*ological indef9ite regressus :i* is
 nev] desireless1 or else x means !     
ext9ction ( consci\sness itself 9 any   

grade above ! l[e/4  ,a fur!r elem5t :i*
 appe>s 9 all desire is "s measure (    
self-consci\sness4 ,! repres5tation ( ! 
exp]i5ceable implies "s repres5tation ( 
exp]i5ces4 ,9 con/itut+ ! _w z ! sum    
total ( ! exp]i5ceable1 we imply an     
ego-consci\sness1 & t objectify+ z      
psy*ic act is correlat$ ) subjectify+4  
,desire1 l all o!r emotion1 implies a   
subjective ref]5ce4 ,we see cle>ly t !  
psy*ic act express$ by 8?is is ! food10 
& z su* ! precursor ( & +r$i5t ( desire1
 means an id5tification ) pa/ p]sonal   
exp]i5ce4 ,a simil> act is p]=m$1 no    
d\bt1 by animals v commonly1 ?\gh n     
expressible 9 spee*1 yet 9 measure      
expressible1 z 9 ! cluck+s ( a h5 to    
attract ! brood to "s se$s4 ,9 v>i\s    
ways ! desid]atum is sugge/$ to ! m9d1 &
 9 view ( x1 bo? 9 ! id5tify+ z hav+    
exp]i5ces1 & ! long+ to exp]i5ce1 "s    
consci\sness ( p]sonality is impli$4    
,?is 9 e>ly =ms ( psy*osis is1 no d\bt1 
meagre & indef9ite en\gh1 b n m s ?an   
its correlate s5se ( object4 ,:5 a      

/range object is pres5t$1 z :5 a fami%$ 
travell] f9ds a new h\se1 id5tify+ ef=t 
is in/9ctive2 he at once seeks to und]/&
 x1 & gropes ?r\gh 8 pa/ exp]i5ce to    
det]m9e :at has be5 its life            
significance = him or o!r p]sons1 & s   
:at w be4 ,:at is ?us done 9 ! full     
light ( reflective consci\sness by man1 
is done 9 a summ>y & imp]fect mann]1    
g5]ally by psy*isms1 z prep>ative to    
mak+ ! object a desid]atum or           
anti-desid]atum4 ,! assimilat+ &        
integrat+1 ! kn[+1 nev] exi/s )\t "s    
appreciation ( subject1 because         
integration is n only (                 
some?+--objectify+ act--b also to       
some?+--subjectify+ act4 ,?+s are f !   
fir/ appreh5d$ only 9 _! imm$iate       
egoi/ic significance1 & also v e>ly z   
c5tres ( possible s5sations :i* become a
 matt] ( fe> & hope1 desire & av]sion4  
,desire is c]ta9ly a v ext5sive psy*ic  
g5us includ+ _m v>ieties :i* are not$ by
 common introspection1 & :i* are ev5    
d5ot$ by special words4 ,a wi% is a     

mom5t>y act ( desire1 long+ is int5se   
=m2 ambition & aspiration are desires = 
high] ord] ( objects1 z contra/$ )      
desire = food or dress4 ,! k9ds z       
di/+ui%$ by object are numb]less s9ce   
any object may be desirable1 & ! realm (
 ! desirable is co9cid5t ) ! realm ( !  
kn[able4 ,9 ! c\rse ( evolution we      
become aw>e ( ?+s & ( /ates (           
consci\sness1 s t by feel+ ab\t !m--hav+
 emotions--!re may result ! advantage\s 
action ) ref]5ce to !m4 ,?is ord]1 n    
consci\sly appreh5d$ ( c\rse1 is !      
natural ord] ( psy*ic ev5ts1 & "o :i*1 9
 t5d5cy at lea/1 always appe>s1 ev5 9   
late/ evolutions4 ,! desire to "k :at is
 ! full exp]i5ce value ( ?+s1 curiosity1
 is an e>ly acquirem5t1 s9ce complete   
cognition ( object is obvi\sly ( !      
greate/ advantage1 especially to ! weak]
 animals1 z de]1 :o act :olly on !      
def5sive4 ,! v /rong c af=d to be l>gely
 indiff]5t to _! environm5t4  ,) ref]5ce
 to int5sity1 we c place =ms f a        
positive to a negative pole4 ,?us ) a   

fami%$ man desire = food is fir/ int5se 
crav+1 becom+ ) cont9u$ eat+ mod]ate    
desire1 !n feel+ ( satisfaction1 !n (   
repletion1 !n negative1 z av]sion 9     
passive =m or satiety1 !n becom+ active 
z disgu/1 & int5se z loa?+4 ,cont5t1 or 
desire satisfi$1 is n desire ext+ui%$1 r
 x is an equilibrium :]e9 desire & its  
function are 9 cont9ual equaliz+ action4
 ,:5 desire grant$ means all desire     
ext+ui%$1 ) be+s ( any high t5d5cy to   
activity ennui is ! result4 ,"h1 z      
,s*op5hau] notes1 wi% = a wi% develops4 
,ev5 9 complete pleasurable quiesc5ce1  
!re is desire = its cont9uance1 :i* is  
only say+ t !re c be no complete        
quiesc5ce %ort ( coma1 or else ( a /ate 
:]e reality has nev] brok5 91 & exp]i5ce
 is :olly un=m$ :]e ! be+ _c anticipate 
or note *ange4 ,pure & absolute cont5t  
nev] occurs1 & z a matt] ( fact nev] w1 
! po9t ( transition 9 ! desire gamut1 9 
pass+ f positive to negative1 be+ l a   
ma!matical =m1 unreal & !oretical4 ,:5  
positive desire ends1 negative desire   

spr+s up imm$iately1 j z 9 !            
pleasure-pa9 gamut1 :]e ! indiff]5ce    
po9t ( transition has no exi/5ce 9      
reality4  ,desire 9 any ( its =ms may   
take on an altrui/ic1 dis9t]e/$ phase1  
?\gh mu* t is tak5 = altrui/ic is only  
app>5tly or p>tially s1 be+ really due  
to self-ext5sion4 ,if y take an int]e/ 9
 any?+1 x becomes int]e/+ to y1 x is a  
matt] ( p]sonal conc]n1 & becomes       
id5tifi$ ) ! self4 ,?us 9 our family1   
our t[n1 our nation1 our race1 desire   
plants itself2 x is 9 ?is p]sonal       
ext5sion ( view t mo/ ( ! pity1 sympa?y1
 & b5evol5ce is ex]cis$4 ,a well-wi%+ & 
consequ5t ex]tion = humanity 9 g5]al is 
v late1 & /ill lat] is desire = animals 
z s5ti5t be+s hav+ a wor? ( be+ 9       
!mselves4  ,! rem>ks we h made conc]n+  
desire prop]1 apply equally to av]sion4 
,we mu/ be> con/antly 9 m9d t desire    
prop] & av]sion are really 9 psy*ic     
analysis1 m]ely phases positive &       
negative ( a c]ta9 def9ite mode (       
psy*osis1 h5ce we (t5 use desire 9 ?is  

l>ge & g5]ic s5se1 :i* in/ances w be    
app>5t f ! context4 ,desire1 l o!r      
emotions1 is pol>1 & desire g5]ic has   
its antipodal feel+ 9 "s =m ( active    
desirelessness4  ,z desire is naturally 
& orig9ally connect$ ) all p]ception (  
object1 we f9d x closely alli$ ) o!r    
emotions4 ,:ile we mu/ suppose t e>ly   
desire is ^u idea ( pleasure1 ^u ! idea 
( its realization to be atta9$1 )\t any 
e/imate ( likelihood or unlikelihood (  
realization1 :i* factor is sl[ 9        
evolution1 yet :5 ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 s5se (
 c]ta9ty or unc]ta9ty is atta9$ z to !  
exp]i5ceable1 ?is psy*osis--belief--has 
a m>k$ effect ^u desire1 & is closely   
associat$ ) x4 ,b>e s5se ( !            
exp]i5ceable 0 suffici5t to g5]ate      
desire1 b :5 ! measure ( probability ( !
 exp]i5ceable actually happ5+ is        
measur$1 we h belief1 expectation1 hope1
 & k9dr$ psy*oses1 b\nd up ) desire4 ,! 
expression1 8,i hope x w be a good day  
to-morr[10 indicates a wi% t x w\ld1    
plus "s confid5ce t x w be a good day2  

8,i wi% x w\ld be a good day1 b ,i fe> x
 w n10 %[s "s lack ( confid5ce 9 !      
realization ( ! ev5t4 ,hope !n equals   
wi%1 plus ! intellectual elem5t         
expectation1 a desire = a realization   
plus "s belief 9 x z actually to happ54 
,a l>ge %>e ( le>n+ by exp]i5ce consi/s 
9 ! reaction ( ?is expectation on ! wi%1
 9 le>n+ n to set our he>ts on :at we   
believe to be unrealizable or extremely 
improbable to happ54 ,wi% also acts on  
belief1 z is pla9ly express$ 9 ! common 
phrase1 8! wi% is fa!r to ! ?\ght40 ,if 
belief t5ds to re/rict or magnify       
desire1 desire also t5ds to det]m9e     
belief4 ,hope1 z v commonly us$1 z :5 we
 say1 8,i hope x w turn out s10 is a    
passive emotion1 & does n appeal to !   
individual z self-det]m9+ ! ev5t4 ,z !  
prim>y end ( emotion is to incite !     
organism to det]m9e its own exp]i5ce1   
hope z passive seems a r late evolution1
 z hav+ only an indirect & g5]al value  
by ma9ta9+ g5]al pleasurable tone4 ,! "o
 :o hopes x w be a good day to-morr[ is 

9 a bett] & m advantage\s frame ( m9d   
?an he :o fe>s x w be a bad day1 9 s f> 
z ! ev5ts are equally beyond            
self-det]m9ation1 & x is ( no direct use
 to ei!r hope or fe>4  ,z to ! range (  
desire we mu/ !n disagree ) ,ari/otle & 
lat] psy*ologi/s1 :o suppose t desire is
 limit$ by ! belief 9 ! possibility (   
realization4 ,desire exi/$ be=e ?is     
belief 0 g5]at$2 & :ile1 aft] its       
g5]ation1 x may (t5 affect desire1 yet  
(t5 x does n4 ,i may wi% = ! moon z     
readily z ! *ild to :om ! notion (      
possibility or impossibility (          
realization is beyond exp]i5ce4 ,!      
unrepres5table only _c be wi%$1 & desire
 is b\nd$ only by ! p[] ( conception &  
p]ception4 ,hope is a species ( desire  
:i* has to d ) belief 9 ! possibility ( 
! ev5t or act3 x is a joyful emotion    
connect$ ) belief ( realization ( !     
pleasurable4 ,?is di/9ction betwe5 hope 
& desire 9 g5]al is impli$ 9 ! phrases1 
8,i wi% he w\ld d x10 & 8,i hope he w40 
,! hope includes ! desire1 b ! desire   

may exi/ )\t ! hope1 z we say1 8,i wi%  
he w\ld1 b "k he won't40 ,desire may be 
hopeless1 b hope _c be desireless4      
,desire is vitally connect$ ) ideation &
 volition1 b prop]ly x is ! int]m$iate  
emotional mom5t betwe5 ^!1 & n idea (   
pleasure--z ,james ,mill--nor yet to be 
plac$ "u w--,ba91 ,james4 ,x is nei!r   
phase ( ideation or volition4 ,desire is
 nei!r idea (1 nor /riv+ aft]           
realization2 x is n ! idea ( goal nor ! 
ef=t to rea* goal4 ,i may h idea ( a    
goal )\t desire to rea* x--at lea/1     
analysis discrim9ates ?us z sep>ate     
m5tal /ages--& ,i may desire to rea* x  
)\t try+ to rea* x1--impot5t desire1    
sometimes call$ wi%4 ,! /riv+ is !      
consequ5t1 & ! idea ! antec$5t ( !      
desire :i* is ! emotion wave we         
emphasize by ! ^w1 long+4 ,desire is    
nei!r phase ( volition nor ideation4    
,volition is prop]ly ef=t at            
realization1 & is /imulat$ by ! emotion 
t[>d ! realization ideally appreh5d$4   
,! relation ( desire to w has be5 a     

f]tile subject ( discussion f ,ari/otle 
d[n1 b we h to take up b a s+le aspect1 
namely1 :e!r w & desire may ) ref]5ce to
 ! same object be contr>y or di/9ct4    
,take ! example ( contr>iety m5tion$ by 
,/ew>t4 ,i wi% a c]ta9 man n to d a     
c]ta9 act1 b yet ,i p]suade him to d x  
at ! reque/ ( a fri5d4 ,if ,i say ,i w  
p]suade him1 ?\gh ,i wi% him n to be    
p]suad$1 ?is m]ely implies t ! wi% to   
oblige my fri5d ov]comes ! av]sion to   
p]suad+ ! man4 ,&1 9 g5]al1 app>5t cases
 ( conflict ( w & desire may be resolv$ 
into conflict ( desires4 ,h5ce ! phrase1
 8,i w d x1 ?\gh ,i d n want to d x10 is
 inaccurate or r an incomplete analysis4
 ,we %\ld always add1 8because ,i h "s  
extrane\s & /rong] desire40 ,a box (    
bonbons is hung 9 a room at a height to 
be _h by :omsoev] w jump & rea* x4 ,9   
any p>ty ( p]sons !re may be "s to :om !
 wi% = ease1 ! dis9cl9ation to jump1    
ov]comes ! incl9ation = ! bonbons1 s t  
?is volition does n occur1 o!rs :o jump 
ev5 aga9/ ?is dis9cl9ation1 ! desire = !

 bonbons be+ ! /rong] desire1 & o!rs1 v 
active1 :o jump )\t feel+ any           
dis9cl9ation to ! act4 ,conflict (      
desires is a common & almo/ con/ant /ate
 ) _m m9ds1 & ! evolution ( man has be5 
ma9ly ?r\gh conflict ( desire 9         
sacrific+ an imm$iate to a future good4 
,9 l[] m9ds ) s little self-consci\sness
 & consci\sness ( a consci\sness t !y d 
n grasp conduct z a :ole1 !re is a      
simple alt]nation ( volitions fl[+ f !  
desires ( rival goods1 till "o by its   
intr9sic =ce dom9ates ) "s p]man5ce4 ,^!
 are ! creatures ( impulse1 unreflect+ &
 unself-direct+ by pr9ciple & reason4   
,high] m9ds realize _! situation &      
consci\sly br+ 9 high] desire or motive2
 !y =m rules & pr9ciples ( conduct3 !y  
become e?ical be+s1 hav+ self-control & 
self-direction4  ,desire is bas$ by ,mr4
 ,ba9 on h9drance & opposition to       
activity1 on 8a b> 9 ! way ( activity40 
,?is is true if we und]/& x to ref] to  
s5se ( unreality & ( lack z connect$ )  
an appreh5sion ( ?+ :]e ! ?+ is really  

abs5t f ! usual correlation1 & h5ce     
physiological activities are *eck$4 ,we 
h 9 ! previ\s pages discuss$ ?is1 b ?is 
is n ,mr4 ,ba9's po9t ( view4 ,! ?ree   
elem5ts he emphasizes are3 defici5cy1   
idea ( pleasure1 & ! h9drance4 ,?us1 he 
contra/s ! prison] :o looks out on a    
bright day & longs to take a walk1 ) a  
p]fectly free man :o looks out on a f9e 
day & freely foll[s 8 incl9ation to     
walk4 ,h[ev]1 x appe>s to me t bo? h    
desire1 & t 9 ! same s5se bo? are mov$  
by ! motive1 ?\gh only "o is free to    
atta9 ! action4 ,s if ,i get ?ir/y 9 a  
wat]less des]t or 9 my room ) a jug (   
wat] on ! table1 ! bodily s5sations w   
equally lead to desire4 ,! conflict 9   
desire is betwe5 /ate actual & /ate     
conceiv$1 & n betwe5 w & re/ra9t4 ,mr4  
,ba9 rem>ks1 8,if all motive impulses   
c\ld be at once foll[$ up1 desire w\ld h
 no place40 7,emotions & ,w1 p4 #dbc47  
,b desire is itself an orig9al impulse1 
& is m or less an +r$i5t 9 all emotion  
impulse2 & x is pla9 t emotion impulses 

z imply+ repres5tation are ! only ones  
:i* c be 8foll[$ up40 ,:]e e wi% is     
gratifi$ z soon z =m$1 z ) a pett$ *ild 
( ri* p>5ts1 desire /ill rema9s 9 all   
its *>act]i/ic quality4 ,su* an "o1     
h[ev]1 by hav+ only ! mom5t>y pleasure (
 complet$ realization1 misses ! joys (  
realiz+1 & loses all t happ9ess :i* has 
be5 def9$ z s5se ( progress4 ,if e wi% 7
 gratifi$ z soon z =m$1 if e            
repres5tation ( pleasure 0 imm$iately   
foll[$ by realization1 desire w\ld /ill 
exi/ 9 all its peculi> =ce4 ,! mom5t (  
gratification is always second to !     
mom5t ( desire1 & a ,=tunatus ) 8       
wi%+-cap _c possess 9 absolute co9cid5ce
 ) ! wi%4  ,x may be object$ t          
,tantalus' desire is c]ta9ly a =m :]e   
h9drance is ! ma9 /imulant4 ,:5 "o is   
cont9ually h9d]$ j on ! po9t (          
realization1 desire is int5sifi$1 b ?is 
int5sify+ is v l>gely due to ! increas$ 
def9it5ess ( pres5tation or             
repres5tation1 & to ! increase (        
confid5ce 9 ! ev5t4 ,to tantalize is to 

br+ be=e "o an object ( /rong desire    
into ! cle>e/ prom95ce & seem+ly c]ta9  
atta9m5t1 yet to con/antly )hold x4  ,we
 h spok5 ( desire z an impulse1 & we    
w\ld include all emotion z impulse1 = to
 impel is its function & action4        
,impulse is ! w side ( emotion z int]e/ 
is its intellectual side4 ,if ,i fe> a  
man1 ?is is my int]e/ 9 him & impulse f 
him4 ,true1 we speak ( be+ driv5 by     
8bl9d impulse02 b emotion _c be bl9d1 x 
c only be k9dl$ by object imag$4 ,any?+ 
:i* actuates ! w may v broadly b wrongly
 be call$ impulse1 = impulse /rictly    
connotes an emotion wave undirect$ &    
issu+ at once 9 action4 ,:]e un=ese5    
ends are s]v$1 z :5 a h5 driv5 by       
s5sation ( heat sits on eggs1 we        
commonly b wrongly d5om9ate x impulse4  
,)\t "s repres5tation !re is no emotion 
& no impulse4 ,s :5 /&+ ov] a precipice 
,i say ,i h ! impulse to ?r[ myself d[n1
 ?is means t ! dep? wak5s 9 me image (  
fall+ & an awful desire to realize !    
image1 :i* impels ! act4 ,if ,i am m]ely

 giddy ,i w fall1 b if ,i h !           
emotion-impulse ,i w ?r[ myself d[n2 ,i 
am n impell$ by dizz9ess or any         
s5sation1 b ! t]m d5otes emotion z      
desire or fe>4  ,= ! ord9>y human m9d   
desire seems 9 g5]al a spontane\s &     
in/9ctive act4 ,we d n make an ef=t 9   
desir+1 ?\gh desire l o!r m5tal         
functions und\bt$ly arose 9 /ruggle4    
,orig9ally ?is psy*osis 0 a /ress & /ra9
 activity2 x 0 a r>ely a*iev$ emotion1 j
 z ! emotion ( pleasurable appreciation 
( ,bee?ov5's music or ,mi*ael ,angelo's 
sculpture is = mo/ m9ds a r>e uplift (  
psy*ic =ce4 ,kn[+ z comp\nd (           
pres5tation & repres5tation & z involv+ 
emotion & volition1 is1 ) u1 )9 c]ta9   
limits1 an habitual spontane\s act (    
m9d4 ,i feel ! pa9 f cold1 )\t s5sation 
( cold1 z b>e pa91 z undiff]5tiat$ feel+
 ( discom=t1 ,i !n feel cold1 ,i feel   
cold object1 ,i desire w>m?1 ,i w to    
draw ne> ! /ove2 "h is a progressive    
s]ies ( correlat$ psy*oses :i* are      
con/antly occurr+ 9 a spontane\s way 9  

ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,b ?is psy*ic /ructure 
:i* op]ates s easily is really ! outgr[?
 ( ages ( psy*ic evolution :]e9 !       
sep>ate /eps h be5 a*iev$ & !           
correlation e/abli%$ only by ! sev]e/   
nisus4  ,associations are fir/ a*iev$ 9 
exp]i5ce e/abli%$ by numb]less          
reit]ations be=e !re is spontane\s      
t5d5cy to re-occurr5ce1 ?is is ! law (  
psy*ic evolution to-day1 & is ! only    
clue we h to ! pa/4 ,! evolution ( m9d  
is n & nev] has be5 a me*anical process1
 b its basis is 9 pure feel+ z /imulat+ 
volition4 ,p>adoxical z ! expression    
s\nds1 yet 9 a s5se x is true t !       
organism has le>n$ to "k & to feel      
!reupon4 ,x may ev5 be t 9 ! c\rse (    
psy*ic ages ) c]ta9 species ( animals "s
 emotions may become innate1 & su*      
advantage\s psy*oses z fe> or desire may
 occur )\t any integration ?r\gh        
individual exp]i5ce4 ,! new-born *ick1  
:5 x he>s ! note ( a hawk1 is said to %[
 signs ( fe>1 ?\gh :at actual psy*osis  
occurs1 if any1 seems almo/ beyond our  

p[] to "k4 ,! :ole process may be reflex
 n]v\s action1 a m]e clos$ neural       
circuit be+ affect$4 ,x is no d\bt true 
t all long-cont9u$1 (t5 recurr+ psy*oses
 t5d to s embody !mselves 9 a neural    
comb9ation t ! giv5 activities are c>ri$
 on 9 a sub-consci\s & f9ally 9 an      
unconsci\s way4 ,x is v probable t mu* t
 we take = emotion ) l[] animals is     
reflex or semi-reflex action2 yet x is  
likewise true t !re is1 z a matt] (     
advantage 9 /ruggle = exi/5ce1 an       
inh]it$ in/9ctive t5d5cy to c]ta9       
emotions1 to c]ta9 k9ds ( fe> & desire1 
& !re may be a di/9ct aw>5ess ( ! pot5cy
 9 ?+s1 :i* has nev] be5 individually   
realiz$4 ,9 its e transaction ) ?+s ! "y
 organism may act by reflex action or by
 inh]it$ emotional t5d5cy4 ,h[ f> ei!r  
or bo? ent] into ! fir/ individual      
exp]i5ces is a matt] = ! psy*ology ( !  
future4  ,! g5]al function ( desire 9   
life is obvi\s2 x is ! mo/ pot5t factor 
9 cons]v+ & ext5d+ life4 ,f> back 9 a   
paleozoic psy*ic p]iod life 0 bel[      

desire2 b once orig9at+ "u ! pressure ( 
! /ruggle = exi/5ce x has s9ce develop$ 
into ! mo/ manifold & complex =ms4      
,human life is ! outcome ( desire1 & !  
human be+ is p> excell5ce ! desir+      
psy*ism4 ,z ! mov+ factor ( humanity    
hi/ory is its record1 & pres5t human    
organization1 faculty1 & a*ievem5t is   
its product4 ,desire1 z ! =ce to        
realize1 to conv]t se5 pot5cy into      
actuality1 ! idea into reality1 is n[ 9 
! v highe/ examples ( psy*ic developm5t 
an ev] increas+ p[]1 & no prospect ( a  
psy*ic /age to be rea*$ beyond desire is
 intimat$ 9 ! pres5t c\rse ( normal     
developm5t4 ,! t5d5cy t[>d ext9ction (  
desire1 :5 x does occur1 appe>s always z
 pa?ologic or retrogressive symptom4 ,x 
may be ! dream ( a philosoph] or ( a    
cult1 b ) ,s*op5hau] himself desire 0 a 
mo/ =ceful factor1 & ! devotee (        
desirelessness by v reason ( be+ a      
devotee to an object1 desires x1 namely1
 ! /ate ( desirelessness4 ,we may desire
 to ext+ui% c]ta9 desires1 & succe$ 9   

accompli%+ ?is1 b to desire n to desire1
 z g5]al act1 is a psy*ological         
contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,a v l[ vegetative
 psy*ic /atus )\t any desire is         
possible1 b all teleologic activity     
implies desire1 h5ce ext9ction ( desire 
c nev] be atta9$ z an end4  ,desire     
moves ! _w & is ! core ( psy*ic be+4    
,depriv$ ( def9ite desire1 we long = x1 
& if e wi% 7 imm$iately realiz$1 we %\ld
 desire delay 9 gratification4 ,! am\nt 
& value ( life is measur$ by ! quantity1
 quality1 & effectiv5ess ( desire4      
,orton *>act]izes ! ,indians ( ! ,amazon
 z 8)\t curiosity or emotion10 :i* mu/1 
h[ev]1 be tak5 only z relatively true1 b
 yet m>k+ !m z extremely l[ 9 ! psy*ic  
scale4  ,education !n1 is a process (   
/imulat+ desire1 ( lead+ to ambitions & 
aspirations4 ,z :at is impos$ on        
consci\sness )\t desire is a hurtful    
burd51 ! true p$agogic me?od is always  
to awak5 ! wi% = k & p[] be=e x is      
grant$4 ,desire z int]e/ is assimilat+  
p[]1 & )\t x !re is no m5tal gr[?4 ,!   

art ( education is ! art ( /imulat+     
intellectual1 /hetic1 moral & religi\s  
desires1 & ( provid+ = _! progressive   
gratification ) ! be/ arrang$ & mo/     
sugge/ive mat]ial4                      
,,*apt] ,,xiv                       ,,"s
 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,att5tion   ,! t]m      
att5tion is1 l feel+1 a ^w ( extremely  
d\btful & v>iable import4 ,l feel+1     
att5tion may be us$ z d5om9at+ any /age 
( consci\sness1 or x may be re/rict$ to 
"s m or less specific =m4 ,z affections 
( ! organism all psy*oses are t]m$      
feel+s2 view$ z subjective-objective    
acts1 a cont5t be+ atta9$1 consci\sness 
z su* is t]m$ att5tion4 ,we are said to 
be att5d+ :5 we h any activity ( m9d1 :5
 we h any?+ 9 ! m9d or be=e ! m9d4 ,:5  
consci\sness has some?+ 9 x1            
consci\sness is att5d+1 :5ce att5tion   
means consci\sness act+4 ,b :at is      
consci\sness inactive8 ,no?+4 ,h5ce     
consci\sness att5d+1 us$ = consci\sness 
act+1 is a pleonasm4 ,consci\sness1 by  
virtue ( always be+ consci\s ( some?+1  

does n ne$ ! ^w att5tion to qualify x4  
,! att5tion ( consci\sness is call$1    
attract$1 or engag$1 :5 any m5tal act   
occurs1 :e!r a pa91 pleasure1 p]ception1
 or :atev] =m x may be4 ,:5 ! m9d is    
occupi$ ) any?+1 i4e41 is active1 x is  
!reby att5d+ to ! ?+4 ,if ,i am         
consci\s1 ,i am1 ( c\rse1 consci\s (    
some?+1 h5ce att5d+ to t some?+4 ,b all 
^! expressions are incompatible ) a     
purely psy*ological po9t ( view4 ,9     
psy*ics1 z oppos$ to physics1 ! ?+ exi/s
 only z p]ceiv$ & 9 p]ceiv+1 esse is    
p]cipi2 ! object or cont5t (            
consci\sness exi/s nei!r beyond         
consci\sness nor 9 x2 x is consci\sness 
& consci\sness is x1 x is no?+ m ?an    
objectify+ fact4 ,consci\sness does n1 l
 a pail1 h cont5ts1 b x is m]ely a "n = 
! sum ( activities we t]m consci\s4 ,su*
 a phrase1 !n1 z1 att5d+ to some?+1 may 
be radically mislead+4 ,we d n h bo?    
consci\sness & a field ( consci\sness1 a
 pres5tation field4 ,a tol]ably con/ant 
"p ( human consci\sness is an activity  

:i* is a con/itut+ a _w ( ext]nal &     
int]nal objects4 ,?is objectify+        
activity1 :i* may or may n be object =  
high] activity--app]ception or att5tion 
9 "o s5se--does n1 h[ev]1 p]si/ & subsi/
 z a m or less me*anical cont9uum1 z    
,mr4 ,james ,w>d & t s*ool ma9ta94 ,/ill
 ! ^w att5tion may 9 a vague & g5]al way
 d5ote bo? ! realiz+ =ce & w ef=t !re9 (
 e act ( consci\sness4 ,b yet z ?us a   
g5]al t]m = c]ta9 aspects or g5]al      
qualities1 x is liable to               
miscon/ruction1 & we d n propose to     
employ x ei!r z d5ot+ any act (         
consci\sness z su*1 or any aspect !re(4 
,att5tion may also d5ote dom9ancy 9     
consci\sness4 ,:5 any "o factor is      
pre-em95t1 we say ! m9d is !re)         
att5tive4 ,:5 any elem5t has a m>k$     
asc5d5cy1 s t all o!rs are mu* feebl] & 
subs]vi5t1 !reby is con/itut$ a /ate (  
att5tion2 z :5 sight p]ception          
monopolizes consci\sness 9 an eagle     
wat*+ = prey1 or he>+ comm&s all ! m5tal
 p[]s ( a de] li/5+ to a /range s\nd4   

,h[ev]1 practically all /ates are 9     
reality complexes 9 :i* "s "o factor is 
& mu/ be dom9ant1 & ?is univ]sal        
ph5om5on ( dom9ancy sc>cely des]ves !   
specific "n1 att5tion4 ,consci\sness is 
always m or less conc5trat$ 9 "s s+le   
*annel2 ! factors 9 any /ate (          
consci\sness are nev] p]fectly equal 9  
int5sity1 & s are nev] 9 p]fect balance4
 ,b att5tion is n ?is fact ( dom9ancy1 b
 r t ( consci\sly su/a9$ dom9ancy1 z we 
%all note lat]4  ,if att5tion is n a    
prop] t]m to d5ote simple dom9ancy1 may 
x n d5ote t complete =m1 engrossm5t1 or 
absorption1 :]e "o elem5t pr$om9ates to 
! exclusion ( all o!rs1 & s occupies all
 ( consci\sness--t is1 m exactly1 is all
 ! consci\sness--& also te/s ! capacity 
= consci\sness to ! full8 ,! fix$ idea  
is an in/ance 9 po9t1 & 9 a c]ta9 way   
also preoccupation or abs5t-m9d$ness4   
,/ill1 9 ?is la/ !re are manifold       
elem5ts & (t5 great complexity--e4g41   
tra9 ( ?\ght--h5ce dom9ances ( diff]5t  
=ms1 b yet a p]si/5ce ( a c]ta9 mode )  

consci\sness runn+ at its full capacity1
 & ! result be+ t ! g5]al tr5d is n     
easily alt]$4 ,9 cases ( fix$ idea &    
br[n /udy we say1 88 att5tion is fully  
occupi$10 :i* means no?+ m ?an 8 m9d or 
consci\sness capacity is fully tak54 ,i 
d n see t we ga9 any?+ by us+ att5tion 9
 ! same s5se z ^! two g5]al t]ms1 m9d & 
consci\sness1 :i* are surely suffici5t4 
,fur!r1 :5 "o 8loses himself 9 a        
subject10 ! p[] ( self-activity1 & h5ce 
p[] ( real att5tion1 is lo/4 ,m5tal     
activity :i* has slipp$ beyond ! control
 ( w is n 9 any true & high s5se an     
att5d+1 nor is att5tion good t]m =      
consci\sness at saturation po9t4  ,aga91
 att5tion is (t5 us$ to d5ote           
consci\sness 9 its *ange aspect4 ,:5 a  
new consci\sness comes 9 & supplants a  
=m] /ate1 we say1 9 popul> b mislead+   
phrase1 8x takes or attracts 8          
att5tion10 z if att5tion 7 entity r ?an 
activity4 ,b :5 we say t *ange (        
consci\sness is *ange ( att5tion1 we    
really add no?+2 x is an id5tical       

proposition4 ,att5tion does n qualify   
consci\sness1 b is m]ely synonym = x4   
,/ill aga91 may att5tion designate      
int5sity1 or "s c]ta9 degree ( int5sity8
 ,we may say ( "o1 8he 0 look+          
inatt5tively10 or ( a fix$1 int5se gaze1
 8he 0 look+ v att5tively40 ,a /rong    
vision is ?us oppos$ to weak z an       
att5tion4 ,z all psy*oses h "s degree ( 
int5sity1 !y are !reby acts ( att5tion1 
if we reckon f a z]o po9t1 or a m or    
less l>ge numb] ( consci\snesses if we  
reckon f "s fix$ degree ( int5sity4 ,b  
to call a psy*osis1 because ( its       
int5sity1 or because x has rea*$ a c]ta9
 degree !re(1 an att5tion1 seems an     
unnecess>y proc$ure4 ,no?+ is ga9$ by   
describ+ an int5se psy*osis z an        
att5tion1 & c]ta9ly int5se pa9s &       
pleasures h>dly come "u ! t]m4 ,nor yet 
are int5se cognitions1 m]ely by reason (
 ! int5sity1 prop]ly /ates ( att5tion4  
,fix$ ideas are commonly int5se1 yet !re
 is no true att5tion1 z we h be=e       
intimat$4 ,cognitions :i* come z int5se 

mu/ be m>k$ (f f ^? :i* are int5se by   
reason ( a self-det]m9$                 
self-consci\sness int5sify+4 ,! ess5ce (
 att5tion is int5sify+ act              
self-regulat$4 ,to be sure1 int5se      
pres5tations are giv5 z su* only by an  
h]$ity mom5tum1 f pa/ ance/ral          
int5sify+s2 _! impetus is on ! basis (  
pa/ cognitive ex]tions4 ,pres5tation    
int5sity1 &1 inde$1 all m5tal int5sity1 
is orig9ally & fundam5tally volitional2 
! act _h its =ce solely 9 w p[]2 b 9    
late phases psy*oses :i* orig9ally      
requir$ int5se ex]tion rise spontane\sly
 & h a /r5g? & p]si/5ce ap>t f volition1
 & s ! ^w att5tion does n rightly apply 
to !m4 ,?us also we c solve ! problem t 
,mr4 ,w>d /ates :5 he says1 8,h[ !      
int5sity t pres5tations h ap>t f        
volition is relat$ to t :i* !y h by     
means ( x--h[ ! objective compon5t is   
relat$ to ! subjective--is a h>d        
problem2 /ill !re is no ga9 9 a spuri\s 
simplicity t ignores ! diff]5ce0 7,m9d1 
xii4 p4 #fe74 ,b 8objective compon5t0 & 

8subjective0 d n ent] into ! "q2        
cognition does n arise z a giv51 z =c$ &
 det]m9$ f )\t1 b x is r at bottom a    
mode ( volition4 ,/ill att5tion is n !n 
cognition int5sity 9 g5]al4  ,if        
att5tion is n any =m or quality ( m5tal 
activity 9 g5]al or ( cognition 9       
p>ticul>1 we mu/ f9d its ess5ce 9       
volition--z1 inde$1 has be5 intimat$ 9 !
 imm$iately prec$+ pages4 ,att5tion is  
prop]ly ! w side ( cognition2 x is      
cognitive ef=t4 ,consid]+ att5tively1   
look+ att5tively1 li/5+ att5tively1 mean
 cognitive ef=ts 9 ?9k+1 see+ & he>+4   
,"h is a cognitive exp]i5ce :i* does n  
simply happ51 b is def9itely br\ght ab\t
 & held to4 ,!re is int5sify+ act by :i*
 ! giv5 cognition is held & kept 9      
dom9ancy4 ,! ^w att5tion mu/1 z a       
psy*ological t]m1 be ext5d$ to d5ote1 n 
m]ely modes ( cognitive ef=t prom95t 9  
man1 b all cognitive ex]tion ( :atev]   
grade4 ,x w include all w-t5sion 9 all !
 s5ses--olfactory1 gu/atory1 muscul>1   
etc4--z well z visual & auditory4,d ,a  

dog sc5t+ game may be z truly att5tive z
 a wait] li/5+ to y\r ord]4 ,s f> z !   
smell+ by ! dog is m]ely in/9ctive1 t   
is1 h]$ity survival1 !re is no real     
att5tion2 ! m5tal activities are n ef=ts
 ( w-att5tions--s f> z !y occur         
spontane\sly & inevitably4 ,b :51 z we  
(t5 see1 a dog is some:at baffl$ 9      
sc5t+1 x pla9ly puts =? cognitive ef=t1 
x ex]ts its cognitive p[]s to ! utmo/1  
!re is t /ra9 & /ret* :i* ! ^w att5tion 
lit]ally & naturally sugge/s4 ,z soon1 9
 fact1 z ! lab\r po9t is rea*$ 9 any    
mode ( cognition1 "h is att5tion4 ,all  
toil & "w is att5tion1 z a def9ite      
ex]tion ( w includ+ "s cognitive elem5t4
 ,! lab\r ( life is att5tion1 is m9d+ or
 att5d+ to bus9ess4 ,att5tion is ?us w  
ef=t 9 ma9ta9+ & int5sify+ a mode (     
cognition4  -----  ,footnote ,d3    ,see
 also my rem>ks 9 ,psy*ological ,review1
 ii4 p4 #ec4  -----  ,conc5tration (    
att5tion is !n1 we may n[ rem>k1 a      
r$undancy1 z we make att5tion equal to  
conc5tration4 ,to say 8 att5tion 0      

conc5trat$ ^u a c]ta9 subject1 is       
equival5t to say+ 8 m9d 0 conc5trat$4   
,sometimes1 inde$1 conc5trat$ att5tion  
may mean int5se att5tion or             
conc5tration1 b "s conc5tration be+     
always involv$ 9 att5tion1 x is a       
confus+ & inaccurate phrase4  ,9 a m    
re/rict$ s5se1 att5tion is n m]ely any w
 t5sion 9 cognition1 b only s f> z      
self-consci\sness is involv$ 9 all !    
ex]tion4 ,we mu/ %>ply di/+ui% betwe5   
?is att5tion z will$ activity & z simple
 act ( w4 ,will$ cognitive activity     
d5otes cognition det]m9$ ^u & consci\sly
 accompli%$4 ,! will+ 9 ! kn[+ act may n
 be w to "k4 ,will$ cognitive activity1 
:5 n aga9/ ! w1 :5 includ+ *oice &      
acquiesc5ce1 is 9 ! true s5se volunt>y  
att5tion--att5tion volunt>ily1 freely1  
will+ly p]=m$4 ,! t]m volunt>y is n !   
prop] correlative ( spontane\s1 b r     
volitional1 :ile non-volunt>y mu/ be set
 ov] aga9/ volunt>y4 ,9 self-consci\s   
att5tion ( any k9d !re mu/ be           
consci\sness ( ! t5sion1 & consci\sly   

ex]cis$ ef=t 9 del9eat+ & ma9ta9+       
cognition4 ,9 ?is n>r[ s5se att5tion is 
consci\s fur!rance or h9drance (        
cognition4 ,ef=t is consci\sly put =? 9 
"s p>ticul> cognitive =m2 !re is a      
self-limitation by ! m9d 9 cognitive    
process4 ,9 %ort1 att5tion "h equals    
cognition consci\sly con/ra9$4  ,z to ! 
relation ( att5tion to subject1 we rem>k
 t psy*ology z ! sci5ce ( m5tal ph5om5a1
 r ?an sci5ce ( ! s\l1 is n call$ ^u to 
imply a subject z 9 any wise att5d+4    
,yet we use1 & use inevitably1          
sub/antive =ms & p]sonal pron\ns1 b :ile
 x is impossible = sci5ce to            
desub/antialize language1 yet x mu/ be  
ev] on its gu>d aga9/ ! delusions (     
language4 ,x is a common impulse to     
expla9 activities by ref]r+ !m to ag5ts1
 to describe att5tion & all m5tal acts z
 be+ :at !y are by reason ( ! actor1 !  
self1 or ego2 b sci5ce 9 ?is1 z 9 s _m  
?+s1 inv]ts ! common ord]2 ! ag5t is    
made by & ( activities1 & n ! rev]se4   
,ag5t or subject is no m ?an a cong]ies 

( manifold int]dep5d5t activities4 ,!re 
is1 & c be1 no fix+ ( ! m9d by ! m9d3 ! 
^w1 m9d1 be+ us$ 9 ! same s5se 9 bo?    
cases4 ,:5 ,i say1 8,i fix ! m9d ^u     
some?+10 ?is means = analytical         
psy*ology1 t 9 ! complex (              
consci\snesses :i* are unifi$ by an     
ego-s5se1 !re occurs a w ef=t accompli%+
 a p]ception4 ,?is purely dynamic       
int]pretation is ! me?od ( all sci5ce   
:i* _c accept inexplicable ess5ces &    
ag5ts z expla9+ any?+4 ,att5tion is n to
 be expla9$ by an att5d]1 b x is a mode 
( activity 9 t collection ( activities  
:i* we t]m organic life ) consci\s      
process4 ,s ev5 att5tion1 z             
self-consci\s ex]tion1 is n to be       
int]pret$ z an ag5t :i* is consci\s (   
itself 9 ex]t+2 b we consid] x z        
volitional activity ) consci\sness (    
self z manifold complex ( objects       
vitally connect$ ) w ef=t4              
,self-consci\sness does n necess>ily    
mean a self consci\s ( itself4  ,x is   
obvi\s f our discussion ?us f> t we d n 

accept ! common division ( att5tion into
 spontane\s & volunt>y1 :i* means = u no
 m ?an spontane\s & volunt>y--m prop]ly 
volitional--cognition4 ,s-call$         
spontane\s att5tion is ! displac+ ( "o  
consci\sness elem5t by ano!r )\t any w  
ef=t2 !re is no displac+ or plac+ z w   
activity1 b cognitions appe>1 p]si/ &   
disappe> by an inh]5t =ce4 ,:5 9 deep   
/udy ! noise ( a :i/le may spontane\sly 
8attract my att5tion10 z ! phrase is1 b 
?is d5otes no m ?an =cible *ange ( /ate4
 ,!re is n\ght 9 ! new act b ! s5s+ !   
noise ( :i/le2 !re is no real att5d+    
activity1 no w ef=t at ei!r promotion or
 inhibition4 ,h[ev]1 we mu/ grant t mo/ 
cognition conta9s a volition elem5t4    
,absolute z]o or negative value z to    
volition is b a mom5t>y & comp>atively  
r>e ph5om5on 9 normal consci\sness1 :]e 
self-possession & self-direction 9 "s   
measure is almo/ con/ant4 ,9 ! case (   
noise ( /eam-:i/le sudd5ly break+ 9 ^u a
 /ud5t1 !re is quickly att5tion--ei!r   
positively1 z li/5+ to quality1 or to   

detect direction ( s\nd2 or             
negatively--true 9att5tion--z inhibit+ &
 di/urb+ elem5t4 ,:5 "o is made 8wild10 
or di/ract$1 by noise1 !n 8 m9d is      
occupi$ unwill+ly1 inde$1 yet !re be+ no
 real promotion or inhibition1 we mu/   
t]m ! /ate unatt5tion4 ,ano!r =m is :]e 
we give up 9 despair1 & passively suff] 
! annoy+ noise4 ,9 bo? cases we nei!r   
/imulate nor repress1 & s bo? are       
emotional unatt5tions4 ,on acc\nt ( !   
pa9-pleasure nature ( all exp]i5ce1 !re 
is ev5 "h1 h[ev]1 "s w attitude &       
t5d5cy1 "s fav\r+ or ret>d+ act1 ?\gh x 
be :olly impot5t 9 effect4  ,j :5 a     
cognition rises to att5tion po9t1 j :5  
volition ) ef=t becomes prom95t factor1 
?is is a difficult & delicate problem4  
,h[ev]1 accord+ to ! relative prom95ce  
or obscurity ( volition elem5t1 we mu/  
divide cognitions into att5tions &      
impressions4 ,9 ! v>iety ( human        
cognitive activity !re is a con/ant fl[ 
( cognitions :i* are "o mom5t be+       
/r5g!n$ to att5tions1 & ano!r1 weak5$ to

 impressions4 ,) volatile p]sons        
cognitive life is a kaleidoscopic       
cong]ies ( rapidly exp]i5c$ impressions 
& att5tions4 ,w d>ts 9 & out ) m>vell\s 
velocity1 n[ vivify+ "s1 n[ o!rs1 9 !   
/ream ( cognitive activities det]m9$ by 
pleasure & pa9 int]e/4 ,) all ( u !re is
 a manifold complex cont9uum (          
cognition1 a g5]al non-att5tion kn[+ (  
ext]nal _w & ego1 :i* we cont9ually c>ry
 ) u4 ,into ?is field ( ex]tionless     
cognitive life w-ef=t p5etrates n[ to "o
 po9t1 n[ to ano!r1 seiz+ ^u & enl>g+ ! 
mo/ int]e/+ & significant facts4 ,z ,i  
am sitt+ 9 my *air1 ,i am dimly aw>e1   
)\t w t5sion1 ( a l>ge field ( v>i$     
objects1 any "o ( :i* ,i may emphasize1 
att5d to1 :5 incit$ by suffici5t int]e/4
 ,practically ex]tionless aw>5ess is a  
con/ant sub/ratum = develop$            
consci\sness2 "h1 9 ! _w ( habit1 x is  
always at home1 & moves ) great ease &  
smalle/ friction2 b ! process ( le>n+1 !
 "w ( add+ to m5tal possessions & enl>g+
 ! totum objectivum & totum subjectivum1

 ?is is att5tion = complex consci\sness4
  ,we mu/ note ?is1 t att5tion is any   
g5]al al]tness t[>d cogniz+1 ?\gh no    
actual cognition be atta9$4 ,cognitive  
/ra9+ )\t result is truly a =m (        
att5tion4 ,a man li/5+ = a s\nd is      
equally att5tive ) a man li/5+ to a     
s\nd4 ,x is n necess>y = an att5tion to 
h some?+ to att5d to4 ,att5tion is ef=t 
at cogniz+ z well z 9 cogniz+4 ,! /upid 
boy is (t5 ! mo/ att5tive1 ! mo/ /r5u\s 
9 cognitive ef=t1 yet !re may be little 
appreh5sion4 ,9 fact1 we mu/ recognise t
 9 cognitive1 z 9 muscul> activity1 ef=t
 may be excessive1 & defeat its own end4
 ,:5 sudd5ly awak+ 9 ! night we (t5 /ra9
 s5se to ! utmo/1 b ) no result2 no?+ is
 he>d or se54 ,9 ?is1 z 9 "s o!r cases1 
we mu/ notice t att5tion is n necess>ily
 del9eation4 ,:ile g5]ally a p>ticul>iz+
 ef=t ( cognition1 att5tion may         
sometimes occur z m]e g5]al cognition   
/ress4  ,if att5tion consi/s 9 cognitive
 ef=t1 :e!r successful or n1 :at is !   
nature ( ! ef=t to att5d8 ,a /ud5t says1

 ,i try to att5d1 b ,i _c2 ,i _c hold my
 m9d d[n to any?+4 ,pr(essor ,james     
rem>ks1 8,9 fact1 x is only to ! ef=t to
 att5d1 n to ! m]e att5d+1 t we are     
s]i\sly tempt$ to ascribe spontane\s    
p[]0 7,psy*ology1 p4 #dea74 ,b x is     
obvi\s 9 su* phrases att5tion means     
simply cognition1 & may be sub/itut$ =  
x1 :]eas we h j po9t$ out t att5tion is 
bo? ! ef=t t[>d & 9 cogniz+ act4        
,lit]ally int]pret$1 !n1 ! problem is   
:e!r we c make an ef=t to make an ef=t  
at cogniz+4 ,9 great lassitude or       
exhau/ion we lose control ( ourselves1  
we are unable to ex]cise volition ei!r z
 att5tion or o!rwise4 ,we recognise &   
lam5t ! fact to ourselves1 we feel our  
p[]lessness1 b ,i h>dly ?9k we d ev]    
really make an ef=t at ef=t4 ,at ! v    
fir/ /age ( recov]y f su* /ate ( utt]   
non-volition1 ! w act is always t[>d    
def9ite s5se adju/m5ts1 or 9 hold+ to & 
promot+ c]ta9 ?\ghts & repres5tations1 &
 we ?us h real att5tion4 ,! utt] r\t (  
psy*oses1 :i* once possess$ u1 we n[    

conqu] & control = our ends & int]e/s4  
,att5tion to att5tion is obvi\sly       
di/9ctively diff]5t f ?is phase4 ,we c &
 d att5d to att5tion z psy*ic fact4 ,an 
act ( att5tion _c1 inde$1 att5d to      
itself1 b ! volition act 9 consci\sness 
( consci\sness1 z consci\sness ( "s     
att5tion act1 is v prop]ly an att5tion  
to att5tion4 ,if ,i am look+ att5tively 
at a man1 ,i _c1 by ! v nature (        
att5tion1 be simultane\sly volitionally 
introspective (1 i4e41 att5tive to !    
look+ att5tively4 ,:5 actively s5s+     
light1 ,i _c at ! same mom5t att5d to   
?is att5tion1 because att5tion is always
 conc5trative ( w4 ,to be volitionally  
consci\s ( light is "o mom5t1 & to be   
volitionally consci\s ( ?is light       
consci\sness is ano!r mom5t4 ,! att5tion
 att5d$ to is n 9 process at ! same     
mom5t z ! att5tion4 ,?is does n d5y t we
 h simultane\s spontane\s introspection 
( att5tions4 ,introspection1 l s5sation1
 p]ception1 ideation1 is att5tion only s
 f> z x is ef=tful4  ,9 8 rec5t treatise

 on psy*ology ,pr(essor ,james discusses
 9 an int]e/+ & sugge/ive way ! relation
 ( ideation to att5tion1 ma9ta9+ t      
8ideational prep>ation 444 is conc]n$ 9 
all att5tive acts40 ,att5tion is        
8anticipatory imag9ation0 or            
8prep]ception0 :i* prep>es ! m9d = :at x
 is to exp]i5ce4 ,?us ! s*oolboy1 li/5+ 
= ! clock to /rike twelve1 anticipates 9
 imag9ation & is prep>$ to he> p]fectly 
! v fir/ s\nd ( ! /rik+4  ,x is         
und\bt$ly true t 9 ! =m ( att5tion we   
t]m expectant1 :]e we are await+ "s giv5
 impression1 !re is a repres5t+1 ant$at+
 exp]i5ce1 :i* may be a prep>atory      
prep]ception4 ,b ) a wrong imag+ ( :at  
is to be exp]i5c$ !re is h9drance1 z :5 
9 a d>k1 quiet room we are l$ to expect 
s5sation ( light b actually receive     
s5sation ( s\nd4 ,v (t51 inde$1 our     
anticipations make u unprep>$ =         
exp]i5ce4 ,fur!r1 ! exp]im5ts adduc$ by 
,pr(essor ,james f ,wundt & ,helmholtz  
are 9 ! s+le =m ( expectant att5tion1 & 
we mu/ rem>k t 9 ^! exp]im5ts ! reag5t  

is also exp]im5t]1 & ?is introduces a   
new att5tion1 consci\sness (            
consci\sness1 & t ( a peculi> k9d1 :i*  
complicates an already complex          
consci\sness4 ,9 g5]al we may say t     
exp]im5tally incit$ consci\sness is     
artificial1 at lea/ z f> z x feels      
itself z su*1 & = c]ta9 po9ts l simple  
att5tion ?is t5ds to vitiate results4   
,self-exp]im5tation or exp]im5t on ^?   
consci\s ( x z su* may mislead 9 c]ta9  
cases1 & mu/1 s f> z ?is elem5t (       
consci\sness ( exp]im5t is n all[$ =4 ,9
 physical sci5ce ?+s always act         
naturally1 :e!r ) obs]vation or         
exp]im5t1 b 9 psy*ology obs]vation1 o!r 
?+s be+ equal1 is m tru/wor?y ?an       
exp]im5t4  ,9 all cases ( expectant or  
exp]im5tally expectant att5tion1 !      
att5tion does n1 h[ev]1 lie 9 !         
expectancy or 9 ! imag+ z su*1 b x is   
m]ely ! w ef=t conc]n$ 9 ^! op]ations4  
,yet z we may expect )\t ef=t1 &        
preconceive )\t volition1 att5tion is   
necess>ily involv$ 9 nei!r4 ,a p]ception

 or a prep]ception is an att5tion only z
 accompli%$ by w ) ef=t1 b only an      
unatt5tion :5 purely involunt>y4        
,pr(essor ,james's use ( att5tion z     
prep]ception br+s u back to ! common    
idea ( att5tion1 z any consci\sness :i* 
cognizes some?+4 ,?is is s inbr$ 9 ?\ght
 & language t x is mo/ difficult to     
avoid us+ ! t]m 9 ?is s5se4 ,_m         
psy*ologi/s1 l ,mr4 ,james & ,mr4       
,sully1 frequ5tly m5tion att5tion z a w 
ph5om5on1 b !y d n treat x "u w1 & !y   
con/antly return to ! cognition mean+4  
,hffd+1 h[ev]1 treats att5tion "u       
psy*ology ( w4 ,att5tion z ! ex]cise ( w
 9 build+ up & ma9ta9+ cognitive        
activity1 is naturally treat$ "u        
cognition2 b x is on ! :ole saf] & bett]
 to discuss att5tion "u w s z to keep x 
%>ply di/+ui%$ f ! pres5tation =m :i* x 
vitalizes4 ,i h endeav\r$ to hold ! t]m 
/rictly to ?is s5se1 yet x is n unlikely
 ,i may sometimes unwitt+ly c\nt5ance ! 
common confusion1 b tru/ ! in/ances w be
 few4  ,:5 we h1 !n1 a case ( expectant 

att5tion1 we mu/ di/+ui% ! att5tion 9 ! 
imag+ f ! att5tion 9 ! actual cogniz+4  
,x is1 inde$1 true = u almo/ inv>iably t
 cognitive /ra9 )\t imm$iate realization
 is inc5tive to ideat+4 ,9 li/5+ 9 !    
night 9 va9 = a s\nd we he> 9 imag9ation
 _m s\nds1 & we =m prep>atory ideas (   
:at we are to he>4 ,s5se-adju/m5ts call 
up a tra9 ( s5sations 9 ideal =m4 ,b x  
is obvi\s t l[ intellig5ces :i* h no p[]
 ( expectancy or ideation d yet really  
att5d4 ,! v fir/ cognitions & all e>ly  
cognitions by _! v newness & difficulty 
7 att5tions long be=e ideation 0 evolv$4
 ,) l[ organisms1 z cognitive p[] ext5ds
 only to ! pres5t 9 "t & space1 imm$iacy
 ( reaction is imp]atively dem&$1 & e   
t5sion ( cognitive app>atus is          
imm$iately directive ( motor app>atus1 s
 t suitable motion is at once           
accompli%$4 ,! cognition1 ?\gh dim &    
evanesc5t factor1 is yet p[]fully       
en]giz$1 & s a true att5tion4 ,always ) 
l[e/ s5ti5cies1 & (t5 ) high]1 pa9 is   
sudd5ly realiz$ )\t anticipation1 foll[$

 quickly by att5tion z /rong ef=t to    
cognize ! nature & quality ( ! pa9-giv] 
& s to effectually get rid ( pa9-giv] & 
pa94  ,prelim9>y idea1 !n1 _c occur 9   
e>ly att5tions & 9 late att5tions1 x is 
by no means necess>y4 ,x is said t we   
see only :at we look =1 b x mu/ be      
answ]$ t see+ commonly happ5s )\t any   
look+ =4 ,! k9d]g>t5 *ild1 ,pr(essor    
,james to ! contr>y not)/&+1 is n conf9$
 9 8 see+ to m]ely ^? ?+s :i* he has be5
 told to see & ^: names h be5 giv5 him4 
,a *ild cont9ually asks1 ,:at is t8 & is
 quick to disc]n ! new & /range4 ,he    
accompli%es a wide v>iety ( att5tions   
)\t ideas & gives himself almo/ entirely
 to imm$iate pres5tations4  ,to be sure1
 e "o sees only :at he is prep>$ to see1
 only :at is made possible = him by 8   
m5tal con/itution z det]m9$ by 8 own    
pre-exp]i5ce & ! exp]i5ce ( 8 ance/ors1 
b ?is does n signify ideation4 ,e       
cogniz+ is condition$ by ! pa/1 b ?is   
does n call = a reawak5+ & project+ 9   
ideal =m at e in/ance ( cognitive ef=t  

be=e any real cognition is rea*$4  ,9   
fact _m1 if n ! mo/ ( our att5tions1 are
 m]ely int5sify+s ( "s pres5t cognition1
 ( "s cognitive psy*osis :i* has simply 
come or happ5$4 ,take ! in/ance (       
att5tion to m>g9al & ret9al images2 ?is 
c]ta9ly does n always imply             
pre-p]ception1 ! =m+ ( an idea ( :at we 
are to see1 ?\gh 9 ! cases m5tion$ by   
,pr(essor ,james x may4 ,= example1 ,i 0
 writ+ ! above seat$ ) my pr(ile to !   
w9d[ :5 ,i became sudd5ly aw>e1 ?r\gh ! 
physiological ag5cy ( a m>g9al image1 ( 
a mov+ object to my "r4 ,?is p]ception (
 b>e1 undef9$ object 0 spontane\s1 a    
pure giv52 ,i ex]cis$ no w 9 atta9+ x1 &
 s ! /ate ( cognition 0 n an att5tion4  
,h[ev]1 by att5d+1 by int5sify+ !       
cognition by w ef=t1 ,i p]ceive t !     
indef9ite object is a man walk+ on !    
sidewalk1 :o is ( a c]ta9 height1 clo!d 
9 a c]ta9 way1 etc4 ,i d n trace ! lea/ 
ideation 9 ! :ole process2 ! slight     
att5d+ z act ( w did n imply any ant]ior
 or po/]ior idea or repres5tation4 ,!   

reason = ! w act 0 ! intr9sic int]e/ (  
movem5t1 & ?is intr9sic int]e/ arises 9 
! fact t mov+ objects h _h = all life a 
special pleasure-pa9 significance2 !    
mov+ object is ! mo/ dang]\s1 & s motion
 p]ceiv$ has become +ra9$ 9 m9d z a     
special /imulant ( att5tion4 ,?is habit 
( att5tiv5ess to ?+s 9 motion survives &
 cont9ues = cases :]e x is ( no use &   
ev5 ( h>m2 ?us1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 x   
div]ts me f my "w4 ,x is obvi\s t       
att5tion (t5 occurs 9 ! same way = o!r  
s5ses )\t prelim9>y idea4  ,is !re su* a
 /ate z negative att5tion or active     
inatt5tion8 ,is w activity 9 cognition  
always positive m]ely1 & nev] exi/+ z   
direct repression or weak5+ ( acts8 ,to 
"s psy*ologi/s negative att5tion means  
only t c]ta9 elem5ts 9 a consci\sness   
are ov]%ad[$ by ! dom9ancy ( "s s+le    
factor2 t1 ow+ to ! limit$ capacity (   
m9d1 _m elem5ts c exi/ only 9 enfeebl$  
=m beside _! /rong] neighb\rs4 ,if !    
life blood ( m9d1 w1 is l>gely absorb$  
by "s p>ticul> =m or mode1 all o!r =ms  

mu/ suff] 9 consequ5ce4  ,x is1 ( c\rse1
 obvi\s t ! am\nt ( w =ce :i* is put    
into "s giv5 cognition is pot5tially or 
actually )drawn f o!r factors :i* !n1   
h[ev]1 are m ju/ly t]m$ unatt5tions ?an 
inatt5tions4 ,b is ! )drawal ( en]gy    
atta9$ only by transf]5ce8 ,may x n be  
atta9$ by direct repression &           
suppression8 ,:5 we wi% to weak5 "s     
p>ticul> cognition1 is x to be done only
 by specially en]giz+ "s o!r cognition8 
,x w\ld seem on g5]al pr9ciples r /range
 t we c1 "u /imulus ( int]e/1 increase  
our en]giz+ ( any giv5 cognition b _c   
r$uce x except indirectly by transf]5ce4
 ,?is w\ld mean t ! sum total ( actual w
 =ce rema9s con/ant z f> z subject to   
volunt>y control1 & x is only by        
subdivision into _m *annels t any actual
 div]sion is secur$4 ,w =ce may be      
)drawn & transf]r$1 b n an atom ( x c be
 directly suppress$4 ,b c ,i n directly 
repress a tr\blesome ?\ght or a pa9ful  
sight8 ,if by a great ef=t ( w ,i keep  
my eyes clos$ to "s horrible b fasc9at+ 

sight1 ?is is a true active inatt5tion1 
! exactly opposite ex]tion to hold+ my  
eyes op5 & fix$ ^u my book = read+ :5 v 
sleepy1 :i* process is always t]m$      
att5tion4 ,:5 our en]gy is go+ 9 "s     
comp>atively undesirable way we (t5 d   
simply swit* on to ano!r track1 b (t5   
also we %ut (f /eam & rev]se4 ,in/ead ( 
direct promotion or indirect inhibition 
!re is direct inhibition or (t5 bo? =ms 
( inhibition comb9$4 ,we may1 "u        
pressure ( int]e/1 directly weak5 any   
cognition1 unt5sify1 *eck & r$uce ! w   
ef=t involv$ by imm$iate relaxation4 ,9 
putt+ ourselves to sleep we relax )     
ef=t1 we r$uce & /op all att5tions4 ,9  
awak+ we (t5 g ?r\gh a rev]se process4  
,! attitude ( any cognition is ei!r by &
 ?r\gh w1 or ) comp>ative indiff]5ce &  
no int]v5tion ( w or ) w directly aga9/ 
x1 :i* ?ree /ates we t]m att5tion1      
unatt5tion1 inatt5tion4  ,negative      
att5tion is !n1 ,i ?9k1 a real activity1
 a w =ce :i* directly h9d]s & cru%es out
 ! unwelcome 9 consci\sness1 :ile       

positive att5tion is w =ce vitaliz+ &   
/r5g!n+ ! pleasant4 ,9 conflict (       
int]e/s ^! =ms are complem5t>y1 &       
att5tion is "h a d\ble w-ef=t1 bo? !    
ef=t at )draw+ en]gy f "o po9t1 & ! ef=t
 at apply+ x 9 a new po9t4 ,9 mo/ cases 
att5tion is bo? resi/ance & insi/ance4  
,ev5 9 simple =ms ! natural t5d5cy to   
in]tia con/itutes a con/ant c\nt] int]e/
 to any p>ticul> activity-int]e/4       
,att5tion !n is always resi/ance to ?is 
natural in]tia plus ! direct en]gy 9    
effect+ ! p>ticul> activity4 ,b 9       
advanc$ consci\sness !re is always a    
multitude ( difficulties 9 ! way (      
specializ+ cognition1 a great v>iety (  
di/ractions to be resi/$1 all :i*1 add$ 
to ! def9ite ex]tion requir$ 9 ! special
 "w1 makes ! ord9>y att5tion 9 human    
consci\sness a v complex affair4 ,a     
/ud5t engag$ on a ma!matical problem is 
incessantly driv+ out di/ract+ ?\ghts & 
positively fix+ 8 m9d ^u ! problem4     
,resi/ance is manifold1 accord+ to !    
speciality ( ! task--! m special1 ! m   

di/ractions--& ! direct conc5tration is 
also a real & direct activity4  ,we may 
!n1 ,i ?9k1 see ! importance ( bo?      
positive & negative acts 9 att5tion4 ,z 
c\nt] to ! !ory t positive att5tion is !
 only real =m1 we might plausibly argue 
! opposite1 t x is only ! rev]se side ( 
negative att5tion4 ,if we %ut out all b 
"o elem5t f consci\sness1 d we n !reby  
br+ t "o into bold] relief & s          
indirectly /r5g!n x8 ,may n all         
int5sification ( cognition be ?us b an  
indirect result ( negative att5tion8    
,no1 = ev5 :5 all di/ractions are kept  
away1 !re is ! inh]5t difficulty ( ! act
 plus ! in]tia1 ! g5]al dis9cl9ation to 
ef=t4 ,positive att5tion may r>ely appe>
 z practically pure1 & r>ely also       
negative att5tion4 ,consci\sness may    
sometimes consi/ ( m]ely pure w t5sion z
 keep+ (f all def9$ activities2 & p]sons
 ( great w p[] sometimes a*ieve ?is 9   
putt+ !mselves to sleep4 ,consci\sness  
is a blank field1 t5sely kept1 b        
p]fectly s only = a v brief "t4  ,z to !

 orig9 ( att5tion1 x mu/ arise )        
cognition itself4 ,! pa/ act ( cognition
 01 z we h se5 7p4 #fa71 a p[]ful w act1
 an a*ievem5t ?r\gh /ruggle1 & !re=e an 
att5tion4 ,! hi/ory ( cognition & ( its 
ultimate developm5t into ! highe/ =ms is
 a /ory ( incessant & fi]ce competition 
9 ! /ruggle ( life4 ,man's p[] ( s5se1  
p]ception & ?\ght is an inh]itance f an 
imm5se deal ( w ef=t by untold millions 
( ance/ors4 ,! necessities ( exi/5ce    
compell$ an al]tness1 a g5]al cognitive 
/ra91 :i* effect$ progress & discov]y1 !
 atta9m5t & integration ( new & mo/     
valuable =ms ( exp]i5ce :i* h be5 h&$   
d[n to lat] g5]ations4 ,! e>lie/        
cognitive life is !n almo/ entirely     
att5tive2 cognition does n come1 x mu/  
be atta9$4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 "s l[ =m l
 g5]al s5sation is s integrat$1 &       
requires less & less att5tion1 till x   
comes1 is giv51 ) comp>atively no ef=t1 
& a /ate ( unatt5tion ?us appe>s 9      
consci\sness4 ,! *ild repeats quickly1  
easily1 )\t att5tion1 ! evolution ( !   

pa/1 & ?is spontane\s re-enactm5t       
cont9ues up to ! full po9t ( h]$it>y    
integration4 ,)\t ef=t ! *ild is c>ri$  
on at ! incitem5t ( in/9ctive inh]5t    
int]e/ up to a c]ta9 comp>atively high  
grade ( exp]i5ce4 ,b h]$ity mom5tum     
gradually ceases1 & if !re is to be     
individual progress1 att5tion mu/ come  
94 ,?us1 intellectual education is      
fundam5tally a develop+ ( att5tion4     
,consci\s control ( cognition1 bo?      
positively & negatively1 becomes m & m  
effici5t1 & ! progress ( ! race is      
dep5d5t on exceptional att5tion 9       
exceptional individuals--g5iuses4       
,att5tion becomes m & m limit$ &        
specializ$1 & a m9ute subdivision (     
lab\r results4  ,n[1 primitive att5tion 
is n z ,mr4 ,w>d1 = example1 w\ld make  
x1 a primordial fact ( m9d1 b z a       
cognitive =m ( w or w =m ( cognition--x 
is ess5tially second>y4 ,h[ev]1 ,mr4    
,w>d1 9 8 article 9 ! ,encyclopdia      
,britannica1 makes a peculi>ly advanc$  
=m ( att5tion ! initial fact (          

consci\sness1 namely1 by ! non-volunt>y 
act ( m9d be+ consci\s ( *anges 9       
itself4 ,b m9d is n at fir/ a some?+ :i*
 is inevitably cognizant ( its own      
exp]i5ce1 b x m]ely is a /ate1 does n h 
/ates1 & is n consci\sly aw>e ( !m z    
su*4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 pa91 b no      
consci\sness ( ! pa9 z fact ( exp]i5ce4 
,m9d is n primitively a some?+ act$ on1 
react+1 & cognizant ( ^! self-movem5ts1 
b m]ely ef=tful w activity atta9+       
snat*es ( cognition at ! pressure ( pa9 
& pleasure4 ,x seems1 inde$1 tol]ably   
pla9 t app]ception is n necess>y to     
consci\sness z su*1 & ! g5]al law (     
evolution f simple to complex leads u to
 suppose t consci\sness 0 n at fir/ )   
any app]ceptive process4 ,*anges1 :e!r z
 occurr+ or z be+ br\ght ab\t1 did n    
imply an app]ception tak+ cognizance (  
!m4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 c]ta9 x is t   
app]ception1 z consci\sness ( self-*ange
 or z consci\sness ( consci\sness1 mu/ z
 a =m ( cognition arise 9 w ef=t l any  
o!r =ms1 mu/ be a real att5tion1 n a    

s-call$ non-volunt>y att5tion4 ,we d n  
see any reason :y ?is =m ( cognition    
%\ld be an exception to ! g5]al law t e 
/ep ( consci\sness is an acquirem5t &   
a*ievem5t det]m9$ by ! /ruggle =        
exi/5ce4  ,! relation ( att5tion to     
feel+ has already be5 t\*$ ^u1          
especially z relat$ to int]e/4          
,att5tion1 l o!r volitions1 is ar\s$ by 
feel+1 prim>ily z direct pleasures &    
pa9s1 second>ily by ! ideal =ms ( ^!1 t 
is1 int]e/4 ,l[ organisms are incit$ to 
att5tions z simple s5sation-cognitions  
only by pres5t or imm$iately imp5d+ pa9 
or pleasure4 ,direct pa9 does n int]e/  
or include int]e/ 9 itself4 ,!re mu/ be1
 n m]ely pa91 b cognition ( x z elem5t 9
 exp]i5ce1 be=e !re is int]e/1 :i* is   
always 9 some?+4 ,int]e/ implies        
repres5tation1 ! s5se ( ! value =       
exp]i5ce ( any giv5 ?+4 ,:at pleases or 
pa9s int]e/s only s f> z p]ceiv$ z      
pleasurable-pa9ful2 ! ?+ p]ceiv$ z s\rce
 ( feel+1 or z 9 any wise relat$ to x1  
ar\ses int]e/4 8,i am pleas$ or pa9$10  

does n equal1 8,i am int]e/$02 b only s 
f> z ,i h cognizance ( ! object1 pleas+ 
or pa9+1 am ,i int]e/$ 9 x4 ,! int]e/+  
is :at t\*es my int]e/s1 :at affects my 
exp]i5ce1 :at pot5tially rea*es or t\*es
 me4 ,x is obvi\sly to ! great advantage
 ( ! organism t pleasure-pa9 object     
m]ely p]ceiv$ %\ld move1 excite1 or     
int]e/1 :i* br+s 9 att5tion to ! ?+1 & s
 full] k & prep>$ness = action4 ,int]e/1
 !n1 is practically equival5t to        
emotion4 8,x int]e/s me10 is equal to1  
8,x ar\ses my emotion40 ,! int]e/+      
picture1 book1 man1 animal1 etc41 is t  
:i* awak5s emotion1 & ?us incites       
att5tion4 ,:at affects me or moves me1  
int]e/s me4 ,int]e/ is g5]ally us$ to   
d5ote fav\rable emotion ( r l[ int5sity1
 z :5 ,i say1 8,he int]e/s me02 b z a   
psy*ological t]m x may well be us$ 9 !  
broad s5se to d5ote any emotion s f> z x
 /imulates att5tion4 ,! function (      
int]e/ lies :olly 9 its effect ^u       
att5tion1 x is always a feel+ /imulant  
to ! w act ( cognition4 ,i d n ex]t my  

cognitive p[]s unless ,i h "s int]e/ at 
/ake4  ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 _m degrees (  
int]e/4 ,(t5 int]e/ is s slight z n to  
r\se att5tion1 be+ too weak to ov]come  
natural in]tia to w ef=t or unable to   
deflect w z b5t by "s conflict+ int]e/4 
,a lesson is to be le>n$1 b ! int]e/1   
(t5 extr9sic1 does n rise to att5tion   
po9t till possibly a few m9utes be=e    
recitation4 ,! int]e/1 fe> ( failure1   
may !n be suffici5tly /rong to induce v 
vigor\s att5tion1 & )9 a c]ta9 range !  
/rong] ! int]e/1 ! /rong] ! att5tion4   
,yet at a c]ta9 po9t ( int5sity emotion 
beg9s to d]ange w activity & to h9d] &  
ev5 de/roy att5tion4 ,fe> :i* has become
 fright ext+ui%es att5tion4             
,self-controll+ p[] ( att5tion is lo/ 9 
a flood ( emotion4 ,yet ungov]nably     
int5se emotion is no long] prop]ly t]m$ 
int]e/1 :i* always implies cognitive    
p[]4 ,int]e/ is prop]ly comp>atively    
mild emotion /ate1 :i* includes def9ite 
cognitive elem5t4 ,b int]e/ may be n    
only at or bel[ att5tion po9t1 b x may  

be ( su* an int5sity & k9d z to d away )
 ne$ ( att5tion1 secur+ a spontane\s1 or
 practically spontane\s1 cognition4     
,?us1 my int]e/ 9 a book may at fir/ be 
insuffici5t1 i4e41 practically nil1 to  
con/ra9 att5tion 9 any degree2 x may    
become s /rong t ,i make con/ant        
cognitive ef=t1 & f9ally1 z x becomes   
pr(\nd & absorb+1 ,i cognize )\t any    
att5tion4 ,:5 any?+ becomes suffici5tly 
int]e/+1 int]e/ acts ( itself directly  
^u cognition1 :i* is !n p]=m$ )\t       
att5tion4 ,int]e/ frequ5tly increases to
 ! spontane\s cognition po9t1 c>ries    
cognition 9 x2 b we mu/ rememb]1        
nev]!less1 t all cognition _h its orig9 
9 att5tion4 ,int]e/ acquir$ & become    
habitual dem&s less & less =ce (        
att5tion1 s t our cu/om>y int]e/s f9ally
 awake cognition )\t any att5tion act4  
,if giv5 cognitions always requir$ !    
orig9al w ef=t1--att5tion1--intellect   
c\ld n progress1 delicate & f>-rea*+    
reactions c\ld n be initiat$1 = !y c\ld 
h no basis4 ,! =ce ( inh]5t h]$it>y     

int]e/s makes itself felt ?r\gh\t all   
advanc$ psy*ic life4 ,a survey ( !      
cognitions ( any s+le day w\ld %[ u t by
 f> ! great] numb] are by ?is type &    
degree ( int]e/4 ,! common cognitions & 
adju/m5ts ( e-day life 9 walk+1 sitt+   
d[n1 & 9 matt]s ( r\t9e1 are mo/ly ( ?is
 type4  ,x is tol]ably pla9 t ! relation
 ( feel+ to cognition _c be express$ by 
any s+le =mula1 & x is c]ta9ly f> f true
 t s5sation or o!r cognition is inv]sely
 z ! int5sity ( feel+4 ,if feel+1 ei!r z
 simple pleasure-pa9 or z int]e/1 is !  
inc5tive ( att5tion1 :i* is ! prim>y    
measure ( cognition2 !n int5sity (      
cognition is directly z int5sity ( feel+
 = a c]ta9 range1 & ?is is also true :]e
 att5tion has laps$4 ,! law ( inv]se    
ratio applies only :5 feel+ has ris5    
beyond ! po9t ( highe/ effici5cy1 :5 !re
 is ov] pressure1 & m9d runs wild beyond
 self-control & att5tion4 ,!n we %\ld1 (
 c\rse1 f9d at a c]ta9 po9t1 if we c\ld 
make exact measurem5t1 geometrical      
decrease 9 cognition = ari?metical      

increase 9 feel+1 b ratio w\ld con/antly
 *ange4 ,! c5tre & spr+ ( any high      
psy*ic life is int]e/1 & z int]e/       
increases intellection & volition       
increases p>i passu4 ,9 cases ( decl9e1 
:]e int]e/ or capacity = emotion is lo/1
 psy*ic life z a :ole dissolves &       
disappe>s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! progress (  
m9d is 9 ! /r5g!n+ & ext5sion ( int]e/4 
,int]e/ leads to att5tion 9 ! =ms       
m5tion$1 b x seems also a mode (        
att5tion :51 at ! bidd+ ( int]e/1 we n  
only promote or inhibit "s cognition1 b 
"s p>ticul> feel+4 ,9 a fit ( ang] we   
may be prompt$ by prud5ce or consci5ce  
to =cibly & directly re/ra9 & abate x4  
,i may simil>ly ma9ta9 an amiable frame 
( m9d z oppos$ to crossness4 ,to repel a
 fit ( ang] ( c\rse implies repell+ !   
repres5tations :i* ent] into ! angry    
emotion1 & s x is t ! repress+ or       
/imulat+ all emotions1 by reason ( _!   
repres5tative nature1 necessitates a w  
ef=t ) ref]5ce to ! cognitive elem5t1 & 
?us an att5tion4  ,x is commonly believ$

 t att5tion to a feel+ int5sifies x--t !
 m we att5d to our feel+s ! /rong] !y   
are1 & ! less att5tion we pay to !m !   
weak] !y are4 ,a soldi] w\nd$ on ! field
 ( battle he$s n ! pa9 9 ! excitem5t ( !
 conflict4 ,b ! tru? is 9 ?is case t he 
has no pa9 s long z he feels none1 & t  
he does n att5d to ! pa9 signifies      
simply t pa9 does n become a psy*ic     
fact1 b is :olly physiological1 & s n a 
subject = psy*ological discussion4 ,?is 
is a case ( ! confus+ use ( att5tion =  
consci\sness 9 g5]al :i* we h be=e      
criticis$4 ,v (t51 inde$1 su* an        
expression z1 8,! m he att5ds to 8 pa9 !
 m he has10 means simply1 ! m pa9 he has
 ! m he feels1 an id5tical proposition4 
,b we mu/ also discrim9ate betwe5       
att5tion 9 a feel+ & att5tion to a      
feel+4 ,i "w myself up into a passion by
 /r5u\sly dwell+ on repres5tations      
involv$ 9 ang]--?is is an att5tion 9 a  
feel+2 b att5tion to ang] w\ld be       
self-obs]vational ef=t4 ,! =m] does n   
involve consci\sness ( ! feel+1 ! latt] 

is no?+ m ?an /r5u\s consci\sness ( !   
feel+4 ,m5 are (t5 angry )\t be+        
consci\s ( x or b dimly s1 & att5tion to
 ! feel+ w\ld consi/ 9 int5sify+ by w   
ef=t ?is consci\sness4 ,:5 a p]son says1
 8,i 0 mad & ,i knew x10 he ass]ts !    
di/9ctness ( ! acts & t ! fir/ does n   
always imply ! second4 ,?is cognition   
orig9ally1 l all cognition1 requir$     
volition1 & x is /ill subject to        
volitional control & emphasis1 t is     
att5tion1 ev5 9 advanc$ consci\sness4   
,att5tion to a feel+ is cognitive ef=t 9
 atta9+ or /r5g!n+ consci\sness ( feel+1
 h5ce is b a mode ( app]ceptive or      
introspective ef=t4  ,we mu/ di/+ui%    
%>ply !n betwe5 ! obs]v+ act & ! obs]v$ 
feel+1 betwe5 a cognition ( consci\sness
 ( pa9 & a pa9 consci\sness1 & we mu/   
note t att5tion may be ei!r1 nei!r1 or  
bo?4 ,app]ception has become su* a habit
 ) high] human consci\sness t x is      
commonly ex]cis$ )\t att5tion1 & s has  
seem$ to "s z a necess>y fact ( all     
consci\sness1 an an?ropomorphism1 :i*   

seems to u errone\s4 ,:5 we are consci\s
 we are g5]ally consci\s t we are       
consci\s2 :5 a man has too?a*e !re is n 
only pa91 a*e1 too?a*e1 b consci\sness (
 ?is z fact ( exp]i5ce2 b ?is does n    
e/abli% app]ception z fact ( all        
consci\sness4  ,is x true n[ t ! m we   
are consci\s ( a consci\sness ! less we 
h ( ! latt]8 ,c]ta9ly ! m consci\s we   
are ( x does n imply hav+ ! m ( x1 ?\gh 
we may say ) tru? t )9 a limit$ range ! 
great] & int5s] ! consci\sness1 ! great]
 ! facility = consci\sness (            
consci\sness4 ,a m5tal fact mu/ h a     
c]ta9 def9it5ess & prom95ce be=e x is   
cle>ly & easily cognizable4 ,h[ev]1     
speak+ ( ! effect ( app]ception ^u !    
consci\sness app]ceiv$1 x mu/ be evid5t 
t x is always a m9ify+ & n a magnify+4  
,consci\sness is self-divid$ :5 !re is  
bo? exp]i5ce & consci\sness ( exp]i5ce1 
h5ce a loss ( =ce = ! consci\sness      
cogniz$4 ,a feel+ self-consci\sly felt  
is weak5$ !reby4 ,! feel+s we are mo/   
consci\s ( are ( comp>atively l[        

int5sities4 ,9 v int5se feel+s we lose  
or =get ourselves3 we d n "k :at we are 
do+ or feel+4  ,if n[ we make !         
consci\sness ( consci\sness ef=tful1 x  
is pla9 t we dim9i% ! consci\sness      
cogniz$ 9 /ill great] measure4 ,a       
consci\sness ( consci\sness _c be =w>d$ 
except at exp5se ( g5]al m5tal capacity1
 & s z div]t+ =ce f ! act obs]v$1 :atev]
 ?is be4 ,att5tion to a feel+ mu/ !n on 
g5]al pr9ciples dim9i% ! feel+1 & t 9 a 
m>k$ measure4 ,! psy*ologi/ :o is always
 twigg+ 8 own consci\sness to f9d out   
:at is go+ on !re mu/ (t5 be surpris$ to
 f9d no?+ !re4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ fa/     
feel+ disappe>s :5 we beg9 to exam9e &  
analyse x4 ,! emotion fades ! mom5t we  
turn att5tion to x4 ,we f9d t 9         
psy*ological matt]s z else:]e t we _c h 
our cake & eat x too4 ,we murd] to      
dissect4 ,app]ceptive ef=t is nev]      
int5sification 9 ! consci\sness cogniz$1
 b cognition & pleasure-pa9 feel+ z a   
consci\sness cogniz$ lose 9 =ce1 j z 9 !
 body1 an undue exaltation ( "o function

 is always a depress+ ( o!rs by )drawal 
( =ce4 ,! m consci\s ,i am ( my fe> !   
less ,i fe>4 ,:ile ?is law ( )drawal (  
=ce is obvi\sly ! case :5 consci\sness  
is at its fulle/ capacity1 yet x may be 
said t app]ception 9 o!r phases acts z  
/imulant to wak5 lat5t =ces1 j z 9 !    
body /imulus ( "o function is (t5       
/imulus ( all1 ?\gh we d\bt t           
app]ception is orig9al & p]man5t        
function 9 consci\sness4 ,b /ill 9 su*  
cases x is a new consci\sness :i* is    
/imulat$ & /r5g!n$ & n ! consci\sness   
:i* is be+ cogniz$1 & /ill m !n is !re  
decrease 9 ! latt]4 ,a giv5 feel+ is    
nev] increas$ by att5tive consci\sness (
 x4 ,:5 a feel+ is said to be int5sifi$ 
by att5tion to x1 we may suspect ei!r   
inaccurate analysis or misuse ( t]ms4   
,?is1 ( c\rse1 does n d5y t )9 a c]ta9  
range imman5t att5tion increases        
pleasure1 etc41 = example1 ! m actively 
we ta/e an orange ! m ta/e pleasure we  
get4  ,we note 9 pass+ ! v int]e/+      
psy*ological p>adox t ! m we view       

ourselves ! less we h to view1 !        
pr9ciple ( :i* has be5 set =? above4 ,we
 "k well t ! v reflective &             
self-consci\s h little p]sonal =ce &    
individual quality4 ,moreov] !          
self-consci\s /age 9 y\? is precisely ! 
p]iod :5 !re is ! lea/ real self to be  
consci\s (4 ,a /rong multiplex m9d is   
r>ely v self-obs]vant4  ,f9ally we h to 
rem>k ^u ! way 9 :i* att5tion may be    
divisive ( cognition4 ,boswell makes    
,dr4 ,johnson to say1 8,if we read )\t  
incl9ation1 half ! m9d is employ$ 9 fix+
 ! att5tion2 s t !re is b "o half to be 
employ$ on :at we read40 ,b admitt+ !   
necessity ( intr9sic int]e/1 ?is does n 
d away ) att5tion4 ,att5tion h9d]s r ?an
 helps cognition only :5 x becomes we>+ 
/ra91 z 9 read+ :5 mu* fatigu$4 ,b      
att5tion z fulness ( vigor\s normal w   
activity gives a =ce & value to         
cognition :i* x w\ld n o!rwise h1 & (t5 
makes its v exi/5ce possible4 ,!        
greate/1 mo/ significant cognitions 9 ! 
m5tal life ( any individual are ^? :i*  

are a*iev$ at ! top ( endeav\r4 ,real k 
z advancem5t & acquirem5t is always !   
fruit ( long tra9+ & att5tion4  ,! act (
 att5tion is pa9ful & !re=e is n ex]cis$
 by l[] organisms1 at lea/1 only "u     
absolute necessity4 ,(t5 ! pa9 f        
att5tion is s great t ! individual      
pref]s to suff] ?an to ex]t himself     
cognitively & s help to remove pa9-giv]4
 ,x is only "u ! greate/ pressure t new 
k & new ideas are acquir$1 & ! hi/ory ( 
m9d %[s a s]ies ( t\rs de =ce a*iev$    
only 9 mom5ts ( dire/ ne$4 ,! /r5g!n+ & 
! hold+ ( cognitive p[]s to a giv5 po9t 
by ef=t ( w is peculi>ly di/a/eful &    
pa9ful activity4 ,all m9ds t5d t[>d     
inaction or t[>d ! regions ( ef=tless   
action :]e ov]:elm+ int]e/ c>ries !m    
freely along4 ,att5tion1 :ile ! mo/     
advantage\s ( actions1 is yet mo/       
irksome & pa9ful4 ,x w\ld seem to u at  
fir/ blu% t if pleasure & n pa9 _h      
atta*$ to ! att5tive act f ! beg9n+1 !  
evolution ( m9d w\ld h be5 accompli%$ 9 
! m]e/ fraction ( ! "t actually requir$4

 ,x w\ld h be5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 go+ d[n
 a /eep incl9e r ?an up4 ,:y progress   
%\ld only be realiz$ ?r\gh pa9ful ef=t &
 /ruggle is a problem :i* has vex$ !    
?\ght ( man ?r\gh\t hi/ory b ^u :i*     
psy*ology has little light to ?r[4 ,our 
pres5t conc]n is to simply emphasize !  
fact t cognitive act z att5tion is      
always pa9ful1 & if ! act ( cognition is
 p]=m$ )\t pa9 we may promptly d5y ?is  
to be an att5tion4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 f> 
f ass]t+ t all cogniz+s ) pa9 are       
att5tions4                              
,,*apt] ,,xv                            
,,self-,,feel+   ,popul> & sci5tific    
obs]vation agree t a v int]e/+ &        
important ph5om5on 9 consci\sness is !  
s5se ( self z involv+ su* feel+s z      
pride1 %ame1 self-satisfaction1 &       
self-disgu/4 ,& ! evolution>y psy*ologi/
 is b\nd to consid] self-consci\sness 9 
its rise & developm5t z a life factor4  
,:at is its significance = life8 ,h[ &  
:5 did x arise z answ]+ a dem& 9 !      
/ruggle = exi/5ce8 ,fur!r1 ! psy*ologi/ 

is b\nd to cle>ly def9e & analyse !     
self-s5se z psy*ic fact1 to und]/& j :at
 x is1 z well z :at x seems4 ,! nature (
 ! self-s5se mu/ be c>efully /udi$ by   
introspection1 & its elem5ts & quality  
det]m9$4 ,h[ev]1 ! psy*i/ has no?+1 (   
c\rse1 to d ) ! self :i* is s5s$1 an    
inquiry :i* belongs alone to !          
metaphysician4  ,self-consci\sness has  
be5 ?r\gh\t all our discussion assum$ & 
impli$ z factor 9 emotion life4 ,object 
is n m]ely p]ceiv$1 = ?is 9 itself has  
no life value1 b is at once int]pret$ 9 
exp]i5ce t]ms1 is self-relat$1 & emotion
 arises & /imulates suitable w-response 
9 bodily activities4 ,?us all response  
to environm5t ?r\gh cognition (         
environm5t means ) s5se ( ! environm5t z
 its own4 ,?us1 & ?us only1 is s5se (   
environm5t r5d]$ efficaci\s1 = b>e      
objectivity1 :i* signifies no?+1 has no 
value = life4 ,"u ! conditions ( exi/5ce
 9 ! /ruggle ( life object cognition    
c\ld n orig9ate because x has no        
function4 ,! !ory ( natural selection !n

 requires t object & subject cognition  
be reg>d$ z complem5t>y psy*ic factors1 
co9cid5t 9 _! orig91 & develop+ 9 /rict 
correlation4  ,?is coroll>y f ! !ory (  
natural selection1 imply+ a self-relat+ 
act 9 all cognition "u ! condition (    
/ruggle = exi/5ce1 is se5 to be a likely
 hypo!sis s f> z we c judge f ! action (
 l[ psy*isms4 ,any "o :o closely obs]ves
 animals mu/ recognise t self-int]e/    
det]m9es _! cognitive activities & 9    
turn is r\s$ by x4 ,! al]t li/5+ & look+
 ( a squirrel is obvi\sly impell$ by fe>
 & awak5s fe>4 ,! object p]ceiv$ is     
con/antly int]pret$ = its exp]i5ce      
value1 t is1 !re is con/ant             
self-ref]5ce4 ,?is is ! type ( all      
cognition "u natural selection1 i4e41   
:]e use dom9ates4  ,assum+ !n psy*ism z 
mode ( adaptive reaction1 we see !      
necessity = ! correlation ( ! s5se (    
self ) ! s5se ( ?+s4 ,an exp]i5c] bl9d  
to self1 :o has no aw>5ess ( self1 b    
m]ely bl9dly /rives1 has little         
advantage1 = x possesses no             

self-directivity & no p[] ( intellig5t  
action4 ,its adaptation is purely g5]al2
 to be specific adaptation x mu/        
appreciate diff]5ces 9 environm5t 9 _!  
diff]5tial action ^u itself1 an         
appreciation ( ! objective 9 subjective 
t]ms4 ,x is probable !n t ! fir/ k 0 !  
appreh5sion ( ?+ z pa9] & !n ( ! ?+ z   
pleasur]4 ,a discrim9ation ( ! two is   
atta9$1 probably tactile1 z h>d & s(t4  
,! subjective import ( ! ?+ is at once  
realiz$ f ^! signs4  ,x is obvi\s t !   
orig9 ( self-consci\sness mu/ be plac$ v
 e>ly 9 psy*ic life4 ,) organisms :i* h 
b a few fla%es ( consci\sness dur+ _!   
:ole individual exi/5ce1 ^: :ole        
exp]i5ce is a m]e sum ( sep>ate         
pleasure-pa9 ?rills & bl9d ef=ts1 !re is
 nei!r s5se ( objectivity nor           
subjectivity4 ,^! v l[e/ psy*isms h     
exp]i5ce1 b no s5se ( exp]i5ce2         
pleasures & pa9s possess !m1 b !y d n   
possess ^!4 ,b if m5tality arises &     
progresses solely by virtue ( its       
function 9 sav+ & pr(it+ ! individual   

liv+ organism1 if ! end ( psy*osis is   
?is self-cons]vation ( ! bodily :ole 9  
its vitality1 !re is an imp]ative dem& =
 self-cognizance 9 ord] to self-c>e4 ,"u
 ! law ( /ruggle & survival ( ! fitte/1 
! organism :i* does n look out = itself 
mu/ g to ! wall or be 9 ! l[e/ grade4   
,self-cons]vation is closely l9k$ )     
self-s5se4 ,h5ce ! individual v e>ly    
acquires "s s5se ( itself 9 its         
environm5t1 & s acts & conducts itself4 
,?us "u adv]se =ces x le>ns to "k       
itself1 to realize its own place & p[]1 
& to feel fe>1 ang]1 & s to             
appropriately respond to any environm5t4
 ,?us is secur$ manifold & special      
response to multi=m conditions1 :]eas 9 
! organism :i* has only pure            
subjectivity ( pa9 ! response w\ld be   
uni=m4  ,! condition ( an ego be+ s5s$  
or kn[n is1 ( c\rse1 t !re is an ego to 
be s5s$4 ,all exp]i5ce is an            
individual's exp]i5ce1 is p]sonal1 b ?is
 does n con/itute egoism z an exp]i5ce4 
,! exp]i5c] mu/ h exp]i5ce be=e he c "k 

himself z exp]i5ce c5tre1 t is1 !re mu/ 
be exp]i5ce be=e !re c be exp]i5ce (    
exp]i5ce4 ,b ! am\nt ( consci\sness &   
integration !re( :i* is requir$ =       
self-cognizance is probably v small4 ,! 
dynamic organic :ole ( psy*ic life1 :i* 
we d5om9ate ego1 has almo/ f ! />t      
self-consci\sness1 & gr[s by            
self-integration4 ,by ! conjo9t         
int]action ( subject & object cognition 
) feel+ & w elem5ts egohood or          
p]sonality is gradually develop$ to !   
l>g5ess :i* we see 9 ! human m9d4       
,exp]i5ce :i* does n self-integrate is  
sc>ce wor?y ! "n1 & x is noticeable t we
 usually associate self-consci\sness ) !
 t]m4 8,hav+ an exp]i5ce0 signifies a   
self-relat$ psy*ic fact4 ,giv5 ! fir/   
g]m & exp]i5ce con/antly returns ^u     
itself & self-develops4 ,x anticipates  
itself1 exp]i5ces ! exp]i5ceable1 & s   
s]ves life4 ,a psy*ic individual )\t    
s5se ( 8 own individuality is           
practically undiscov]able & impossible4 
,x is p]haps n too mu* to say t         

psy*ically egohood really beg9s :5      
exp]i5ce cognizes & organizes itself2 ! 
self is made by ! s5se ( self4 ,at fir/ 
only an occasional a*ievem5t ^u a v     
meagre basis ( psy*osis1 ! self-s5se    
rose only ?r\gh int5se pa9 & ef=t1 b has
 n[ become s built into exp]i5ce t1 )   
human m9ds at lea/1 x seems con/ant &   
spontane\s factor4 ,j :at ?is means we h
 to note :5 we come to analyze !        
self-s5se4  ,:ile ! ego-s5se is to be   
reg>d$ z a reflection ( exp]i5ce ^u     
itself1 ?is reflection is f> f be+      
ab/ract1 or g5]al1 or spontane\s4 ,!    
self-s5se is wr\ght out 9 ! direct      
comm]ce ) objects dem&$ by ! exig5cies (
 exi/5ce1 a p>ticul> & concrete         
appreh5sion is produc$4 ,t is1 m9d is no
 purely int]nal developm5t nor yet a    
me*anical impression4 ,developm5t is =c$
 ^u x 9 a _w ( competition & dang]1 b   
yet ?is developm5t is always active     
response4 ,! self-s5se !n by :i* !      
individual becomes aw>e ( its own       
activities & feel+s z its own1          

orig9ates1 l all o!r new modes1 by /ress
 & /ra9 z a mo/ valuable psy*osis 9 !   
/ruggle ( exi/5ce4  ,! primitive        
self-consci\sness is evid5tly nave1 t   
is1 !re is no consci\sness ( !          
self-consci\sness4 ,! l[ psy*ism is     
consci\s ( itself1 kn[s :at is to its   
own advantage1 & is absorb+ly selfi%1 b 
x is :olly unconsci\s ( its self reg>d2 
s also ) v "y *ildr5 we see an egoism   
:i* is p]fectly unconsci\s & nave1 (t5  
humor\sly s to ! obs]vant adult :o      
p]ceives ! utt] simplicity ( its        
selfi%ness4 ,! emb>rass+                
self-consci\sness ( ! boy & girl 9 _!   
te5s1 a consci\s self-consci\sness1 is n
 yet a*iev$4 ,! imm$iate consci\sness ( 
self _c by itself emb>rass1 x mu/ be    
complicat$ ) reflection & ) cognizance (
 o!r ego's2 b lat] =ms we d n ne$ to    
discuss "h4  ,9 ! simple/ =m (          
self-consci\sness :at are ! necess>y    
elem5ts8 & :at is ! ess5tial nature (   
self-consci\sness z psy*ic fact8  ,9 !  
fir/ place1 !n1 :at is ! nature (       

self-consci\sness z cognition8 ,if      
cognition be aw>5ess ( object1 :at is   
self or subject cognition8 ,is subject  
m]ely a k9d ( object8 ,is               
self-consci\sness a peculi> consci\s    
mode1 or is x m]ely ( ! same type z !   
g5]al cognition ( object8 ,( c\rse we   
wi% to consid] su* que/ions "h simply 9 
! light ( psy*ic fact4  ,x is (t5       
consid]$ t self-cognitions are really 9 
no way unique1 t ! subject s5s$ is m]ely
 ! individual's body or 8 m5tal p[]s4 ,&
 x is und\bt$ly true t subject is always
 "s object1 ! subject cognition is      
appreh5sion ( "s object ei!r corporeal  
or m5tal2 yet self-cognition is nev]    
m]ely an object se5 z object4 ,! psy*ic 
act ( self-cognition is a peculi>       
qualify+ ( ! object cognition2 !        
individual :o m]ely kn[s body or m9d has
 n self-s5se1 he mu/ be aw>e ( body &   
m9d z 8 own4 ,! ess5ce ( self-s5se is n 
9 ! object z s p]ceiv$1 b 9 !           
subjectify+ ref]5ce4 ,:ile ! ego !n is  
always con/itut$ z object1 ego s5se z   

psy*ic fact is m ?an m]e object         
cognition4 ,! psy*ic self z object1 z "s
 mode or modes ( consci\sness1 has      
naturally be5 emphasiz$4 ,?us ! self may
 be def9$ z t :i* is subject to w4 ,yet 
! lea/ reflection %[s u t = self-s5se   
?is mu/ imply my w1 & s assume :at x    
w\ld expla94 ,a consci\sness ( w act z  
effective psy*ic fact is n ego s5se4 ,a 
cognition ( ef=t or nisus is n ! s5se ( 
self save s f> z ! ef=t is kn[n or felt 
z m9e4 ,& s 9 any o!r objectivi/        
def9ition ( self z psy*ic object1 ! self
 9 its real nature z psy*ic act vani%es4
 ,?us ! consci\sness ( pleasure-pa9     
capacity1 :ile closely relat$ to        
self-s5se1 does n make x1 = we h to add 
t ! capacity mu/ be kn[n z "o's own4 ,9 
e endeav\r !n to def9e or analyze ! self
 z psy*ic fact we mu/ ei!r elim9ate x or
 presuppose x1 & ?is mu/ be tak5 z v    
significant4 ,x means at lea/ t ?is /at+
 x--be+ m]ely objectify+ act--de/roys ! 
subjectify+ :i* is its ess5ce4 ,!       
radical di/9ction & pol> opposition (   

subjectify+ & objectify+ is !re9        
sugge/$1 & ! difficulty ( all fruitful  
discussion & sci5tific inve/igation1 :i*
 is objectify+1 is made app>5t4  ,!     
objective cognition ( a self c only mean
 cognition ( an object capable (        
exp]i5ce4 ,objects are ?us discrim9at$  
into two classes--exp]i5c]s &           
non-exp]i5c]s1 subject-objects & b>e    
objects2 b ?is is n self-s5se :]eby !   
exp]i5c] directly kn[s 8 own exp]i5ce z 
su*1 b m]ely s5se ( a self z any        
individual object exp]i5c+4 ,?is        
objective def9ition ( a self is simple  
en\gh4 ,x m]ely ass]ts t any object :i* 
at any mom5t ( its p]si/5ce or exi/5ce  
has a consci\sness or exp]i5ce ( any k9d
 is !reby a self4 ,b ?is is obvi\sly n a
 def9ition ( ! self & self-s5se z psy*ic
 act1 nor does x expla9 x4 ,! sci5tific 
/atem5t t individual objects exi/ z     
exp]i5c]s1 & s are p]sonalities1 or     
ego's1 does n cle> up ! self-s5se :]eby 
! individual is aw>e ( 8 own            
individuality z su*4 ,egohood z         

selfi%ness 9 ?is objective s5se1 &      
ego-hood z self-exp]i5ce1 z a feel+ &   
kn[+ myself1 are q di/9ct4 ,to ! "q1    
,:at makes an object--?is p>ticul>      
object1 body ) limbs & v>i\s organs     
capable ( feel+ pa9-pleasure--:at makes 
?is myself8 ! only answ] is relation n1 
be x not$1 to exp]i5ce1 b to my exp]i5ce
 felt z su*4 ,& :at makes an exp]i5ce   
m9e is t ,i consci\sly exp]i5ce x2 n    
m]ely t ,i exp]i5ce--t exp]i5ce occurs  
to me1 or 9 me1 z objective fact--b t ,i
 consci\sly exp]i5ce1 subjectively      
realize ! exp]i5ce z m9e2 n m]ely z     
realiz+ exp]i5ce z exp]i5ce1 b z m9e    
own4 ,?is ceaseless circle into :i* we  
fall 9 try+ to def9e ego is h9t$ at 9   
v>i\s common expressions4 ,a *ild ev5 w 
(t5 rem>k1 8,i did n d x1 my h& did x02 
8y did n t\* me1 y t\*$ my foot10 etc4  
,t is1 ev5 ! mo/ cursory obs]vation     
ass]ts t object 9 itself is n subject1 t
 ! me is n m9e4  ,:ile1 !n1 we mu/ reg>d
 self-cognition z a g5us by itself & z  
unanalyzable simple psy*ic fact1 aris+  

e>ly ^u a v slight basis ( exp]i5ce1 &  
cont9ually develop+ z mo/ important     
psy*osis = life1 we may yet di/+ui% :at 
is involv$ ) x1 :at modes ( consci\sness
 x presupposes1 & f :i* x yet is di/9ct4
  ,we might speak ( ego-s5se z an       
exp]i5ce kn[+ itself4 ,b s9ce cognition 
implies always a kn[+ & ! kn[n1 an      
exp]i5ce _c1 & does n1 "k itself4 ,!    
consci\sness kn[+ is nev] ! consci\sness
 kn[n2 & to speak ( a consci\sness z    
aw>e ( itself is mislead+ & inaccurate4 
,to speak ( ! cognizance ( a pa9 z pa9  
self-cognizant is an errone\s           
expression1 = ! pa9 does n "k itself2 b 
x is kn[n by a cognition :i* is n x4 ,to
 be aw>e ( pa9 z su* is aw>5ess (       
consci\sness1 b is1 int]pret$ /rictly1 9
 no wise self-consci\sness4 ,i may ev5  
speak ( a self-consci\s                 
self-consci\sness4 ,?is does n really   
mean :at x directly implies1 b c only   
mean a self-consci\sness plus a         
consci\sness ( x z "o's own2 t is1 !    
self-consci\sness is n actually consci\s

 ( itself4 ,ev5 if a consci\sness c\ld  
bo? be & "k its be+ z an absolute1      
simple act1 yet ?is w\ld n be self-s5se1
 an individual realiz+ its own          
individuality1 b m]ely a s+le psy*ic act
 exi/+1 & at ! same "t consci\s ( its   
exi/5ce4 ,self-consci\sness is m & o!r  
?an any consci\sness :i* is             
self-consci\s1 if t 7 possible4         
,consci\sness ( consci\sness is n1 !n1  
self-consci\sness4 ,x is1 inde$1        
conceivable t an ego1 9 objective s5se1 
might "k 8 own consci\sness n z 8 own--!
 act ( self-consci\sness--b m]ely z     
consci\sness1 & he w\ld ?us exi/ z an   
individual1 yet )\t subjective          
individuality4 ,yet1 z matt] ( fact1    
consci\sness ( consci\sness always      
c>ries self-consci\sness ) x4 ,if ,i    
become consci\s ( a consci\sness :i* is 
my own1 ,i "k x1 n m]ely z a            
consci\sness1 b z my own consci\sness2  
if ,i am consci\s ( ang]1 ,i am consci\s
 ( be+ angry4  ,hume1 9 8 *apt] on      
,p]sonal ,id5tity1 obs]ves1 8,= my "p1  

:5 ,i ent] mo/ intimately into :at ,i   
call myself1 ,i always /umble on "s     
p>ticul> p]ception or o!r ( heat or     
cold1 light or %ade1 love or hatr$1 pa9 
or pleasure4 ,i nev] c cat* myself at   
any "t )\t a p]ception1 & nev] c obs]ve 
any?+ b ! p]ception40 ,?is is a good    
illu/ration ( a futile & mi/ak5 attempt 
to absorb self-consci\sness 9           
consci\sness ( consci\sness4 ,( c\rse   
,hume 0 n ! hypo!tical ego :i* we h     
in/anc$ z purely objective obs]v] ( 8   
own consci\sness2 :5 he 0 consci\s ( any
 consci\sness1 z a heat or light        
s5sation1 a pleasure or a pa91 he 0     
assur$ly1 l o!r mortals1 consci\s ( x z 
8 own4 ,! s5se ( m9e-ness z psy*ic fact 
he %\ld n h ignor$1 :atev] might be 8   
conclusions z to ! myself ,b            
metaphysical psy*ology is always apt to 
sw]ve f fact4  ,! close connection (    
self-consci\sness ) consci\sness (      
consci\sness leads (t5 to _! confusion4 
,?us "u ! head 8,illusions (            
,self-consci\sness10 ,j4 ,m4 ,baldw91 9 

8 treatise on ! ,s5ses & ,intellect1    
says1 8,( ^! subjective illusions we may
 m5tion emotional illusions1 wrong      
e/imates ( our emotional /ates1 z :5 an 
angry man decl>es t he 0 nev] m cool 9 8
 life40 ,?is in/ance is pla9ly an       
illusion ( introspection1 n (           
self-inspection2 !re is a mi/ake 9 !    
consci\sness ( consci\sness4 ,wundt1 9  
def9+ self-s5se z p]ception ( ! unity ( 
exp]i5ce1 falls into ! same confusion4  
,x po9ts to ! fundam5tal value & place (
 ^! cognition factors1 t :5 we say any  
"o is consci\s we imply !m all4 ,?us ,i 
say ( "s "o r5d]$ unconsci\s by an      
accid5t1 8,he sl[ly recov]$             
consci\sness10 by :i* ,i mean1 became   
aw>e ( himself & 8 surr\nd+s ) aw>5ess (
 8 own m5tal activities4 ,he is         
consci\sly consci\s1 objectively        
consci\s1 & self-consci\s4 ,all ?is     
makes up = u be+ consci\s1 & is =       
cognitive m9d su* a simple organic basal
 movem5t z circulatory-n]v\s-motor      
function is = body4  ,an organism mu/1 (

 c\rse1 h _h "s psy*osis be=e x c become
 consci\s ( x1 & ( x z its own1 & ?is   
primitive psy*osis we reg>d z pure      
pleasure-pa9 s]ies4 ,b 9 ! /ruggle =    
exi/5ce ! organism is driv5 out ( ?is   
subjectivity to cognize its environm5t z
 relat$ to itself1 to appreh5d &        
compreh5d & s to feel ab\t              
itself--emotion--& s l$ to intellig5t w 
activity z real self-activity4 ,at ! v  
fir/ ! organism has pleasures & pa9s1   
)\t kn[+ !m z det]m9$ 9 itself by       
objects1 b ?is primitive pre-cognitive  
/age is %ort1 & mo/ psy*isms are c]ta9ly
 beyond x2 !y s5se & notice ?+s1 bodily 
& beyond ! body1 z ( exp]i5ce value 9   
pleasure & pa9 t]ms4 ,at "s mo/ critical
 mom5t cognition fir/ arose z triple    
movem5t1 object--subject--consci\sness  
k4 ,j :at may h be5 its orig9al =m x is 
mo/ difficult to det]m9e1 b we may      
suppose x to h be5 a v weak activity1   
possibly expressible1 z1 8x hurts10     
object be+ simply pa9 c5tre4 8,x hurts10
 means object self-relat$1 )            

consci\sness ( ! consci\sness1 & ?is is 
our language expression = :at seems to  
be an extremely common psy*osis among _m
 organisms4 ,z simple pa9s 7 probably ! 
fir/ consci\s ph5om5a1 consci\sness (   
pa9 0 probably ! fir/ consci\sness (    
consci\sness1 involv+ also subject &    
object consci\sness4 ,n only to h a pa91
 b to be consci\s ( x z def9itely       
objectively det]m9$ is decid$ly useful  
atta9m5t1 :i* is f9ally +r\nd 9         
exp]i5ce1 s t x occurs spontane\sly 9   
highe/ psy*isms4 ,b x is only ) a few ( 
! highe/ human psy*isms t consci\sness  
object & subject are appreh5d$ z g5]al  
facts4 ,ev5 by philosoph]s & sci5ti/s1  
subject1 subjectivity1 & object are n   
easily appreh5d$ 9 _! di/9ctness z      
purely g5]al modes2 x requires w /ra9 to
 prop]ly "k !m4  ,we h ?r\gh\t s\ght !  
orig9 & place ( modes ( consci\sness 9  
function1 & f ?is po9t ( view we mu/    
view object-k1 subject-k1 &             
consci\sness-k z e>ly co9cid5t &        
correlative4 ,cognition spr+s up z a    

?reefold mode1 = 9 no s+le factor by    
itself has x life value4 ,pa91 we say1  
=c$ ! organism to "w out to object z    
pa9]1 cognition aris+ at once z triple  
activity4 ,h[ev]1 ?is does n imply t !re
 is a con/ant kn[+ )1 an app]ception1 t 
e consci\sness is accompani$ ) a        
consci\sness ( x4 ,pa9s1 pleasures1     
p]ceptions1 etc41 con/antly engross !   
consci\sness field )\t our appreh5d+ !m4
 ,simple1 common folk & *ildr5 are r>ely
 app]ceptive1 b yet !y are em95tly      
self-consci\s1 & consci\sness consci\s 9
 all _! life ( nave selfi%ness4 ,!y are 
con/antly p]ceiv+ ! significance ( ?+s =
 _! own exp]i5ce1 & act+ ^u ?is felt    
mean+4 ,al?\gh n imm$iately aw>e ( :at  
is pass+ 9 _! own consci\sness1 z is    
common to c]ta9 high types ( human      
psy*ism1 yet 9 _! self-int]e/ !y c]ta9ly
 "k !mselves z exp]i5c]s4 ,?us imm$iate 
aw>5ess ( "o's own psy*ic attitude z    
su*--app]ception--is a k9d (            
consci\sness ( consci\sness 9 measure   
divorc$ f consci\sness ( ! object1 & s  

belong+ to su* a high scope ( psy*ism t 
x h>dly falls )9 ! range ( our          
discussion1 :i* is conf9$ to simple     
direct emotion--value ( ?+s z imply+ bo?
 self & consci\sness k4 ,app]ception z a
 con/ant reflection & introspection is  
c]ta9ly n orig9al4 ,9 its orig9al =m    
consci\sness ( consci\sness is m]ely    
impli$ elem5t 9 ! /udy ( ?+s4 ,! /udy ( 
consci\s self self-possession1          
self-poise1 consci\s psy*ic             
self-developm5t1 is all v late4  ,leav+ 
n[ ! g5]al consid]ation & analysis (    
self-consci\sness 9 ! light ( ! g5]al   
doctr9e ( evolution1 let u note h[ x    
occurs 9 consci\sness to-day4 ,let u    
come to "s direct inductive /udy4  ,!   
simple/ me?od & ! mo/ direct ( /udy+ !  
rise & nature ( self-consci\sness is 9  
^? exp]i5ces 9 com+ to self-consci\sness
 f deep sleep or f coma aft] sev]e      
accid5t4 ,i say1 8,i rega9$             
consci\sness10 8,i came to              
consci\sness10 mean+1 n b>e consci\sness
 z 9 m]e s5sations or p]ceptions1 b a   

self-consci\sness involv$ !re94 ,9      
becom+ consci\s ,i came to              
self-consci\sness2 9 becom+ aw>e ( !    
objective1 ,i at once realize my        
subjectivity1 myself z exp]i5c]4 ,9 com+
 out f "u ! influ5ce ( *lor(orm1 !re is1
 ,i h di/9ctly obs]v$ 9 my own case1 a  
/ruggl+ to realize1 :i* is bo? objective
 & subjective cognition4 ,x is true a   
p]son hav+ awak5$ "u v /range           
circum/ances1 z 9 a b$ 9 a hospital aft]
 an accid5t1 may decl>e1 8,i did n "k   
myself10 b ?is does n mean t he _h no   
self-consci\sness1 b m]ely t = ! mom5t  
he did n id5tify ?is self1 himself1 z   
,john ,smi?1 ( ,jonesville1 etc4        
,sometimes x happ5s t self-id5tification
 is n rea*$ at all1 b ! self1 z bodily  
:ole exp]i5c+1 is spe$ily aw>e ( self1 a
 new p]sonality & s5se ( p]sonality     
quickly gr[s up4 ,aga91 a lunatic mi/ak+
 himself = ,h]od or ,cs> is ?us always  
self-consci\s4 ,he has consci\sly       
e/abli%$ himself z ! self play+ a "p 9 !
 _w1 b accord+ to ! op9ion ( 8 sane     

fell[s he is mu* 9 error z to :at t "p  
is4 ,/rictly speak+1 !re is no illusion 
( self-consci\sness1 except "u !        
impossible supposition t a be+ n a real 
self or psy*ic individual %\ld h        
self-s5se2 b ! v act ( self-cognizance  
implies reality ( self-hood4 ,x is pla9 
t ev5 ! insane man :o reg>ds himself z  
tree or /one1 has1 h[ev]1 ! act (       
self-reg>d1 is really self-consci\s4    
,/rictly speak+1 we _c id5tify or       
recognise self1 = s5se ( self is        
necess>y 9 any recognition to make x    
su*1 a self-consci\sness is a fundam5tal
 prius4 ,y recognise a tree1 a h\se1 b y
 d n recognise y\rself except z y\rself 
is m]e object relat$ to y1 to y\r       
exp]i5ce4 ,self-id5tification means only
 objective act1 & is n1 !n1 ! same z    
self-consci\sness1 ?\gh bas$ ^u x4  ,i h
 endeav\r$ to make obs]vations ( myself 
9 mom5ts ( awak+ f sleep or go+ to      
sleep1 to f9d :e!r subjective ref]5ce & 
objective appreh5sion are m+l$          
co-ord9ately 9 consci\sness f ! beg9n+1 

:e!r ! self-s5se rea*es ?r\gh bo? !     
p]ceptive life & ! s5sation life4 ,dr[s+
 9 b$ ,i sometimes h a feel+ ( b>e      
pleasure z ! fir/ /age 9 a pleasant     
awak5+4 ,!re is "h no s5s+1 no localiz+1
 no aw>5ess ( body or ( any?+1 no       
self-consci\sness4 ,?is m]e             
undiff]5tiat$ pleasure1 int]rupt$ by    
8cat-naps10 may (t5 recur4 ,loll+       
half-awake e "o has frequ5tly exp]i5c$  
^! feel+s ( pure pleasure1 uns5s$ &     
unlocaliz$1 & :olly unobjectivis$1 !    
b>e/ & simple/ consci\sness1 ! v fir/   
/age 9 awak+4 ,9 ?is v l[e/ /atus 9 :i* 
,i c ev] cat* my consci\sness ,i h !    
pleasure f ! w>m? & s(tness ( ! b$ )\t  
hav+ to feel w>m or s5s+ ! s(t4 ,x is a 
di/9ct /ep to ev5 feel+ w>m2 moreov]1 9 
extreme dr[s9ess x is an ef=tful /ep1 an
 active s5s+1 an objectify+             
self-activity1 & h5ce a real            
self-consci\sness1 impli$ 9 ! s5s+ act4 
,to feel w>m1 to s5se 9 ?is mode1 is    
prim>ily object cognition :i* implies a 
measure ( subject & consci\sness        

cognition 9 feel+ ! w>m? z s\rce ( !    
pleasure4 ,any "o :o w closely exam9e 8 
m5tal /ate at ! v fir/ /age ( sl[ awak+ 
f deep sleep--a /ate ( primitive        
consci\sness--w notice a vani%+ mom5t ( 
m]e pleasure or pa91 & 9 cases ( great  
dr[s9ess1 :5 a s5sation sup]v5es ^u ?is 
/age1 x does n m]ely come1 z 9 our      
ord9>y consci\sness1 b x is br\ght2 !re 
is objectify+ ef=t4 ,s 9 bask+ 9 ! sun l
 an animal1 ! v fir/ & l[e/ /age (      
consci\sness ,i drop to is pure pleasure
 )\t hav+ ev5 to feel w>m2 & ! feel+ w>m
 is di/9ctly a new & high] /ep 9        
consci\sness :i* is (t5 atta9$ by "s    
slight ef=t4 ,?us x is di/9ctly possible
 = a man at times to be too lazy to feel
 w>m2 & ?is fundam5tal laz9ess mu/ be   
acc\nt$ n uncommon ) l[] psy*isms4      
,simil>ly = cold awak5+ "o4 ,!re is a   
mom5t ( pa9 f cold be=e "o feels cold1 a
 g5]al pa9 & uneas9ess discom=t be=e "o 
realizes :at is ! matt]1 feels cold & ! 
"p cold--foot x may be--& s rea*es "s   
self-consci\sness2 9 language           

expression1 ,i am cold or feel cold4 ,"h
 is a self-consci\s p]sonal exp]i5ce1   
?\gh ! fir/ t\* ( m]e pa9 0 exp]i5c$ by 
! individual unconsci\s ( himself4  ,we 
inf]1 !n1 t self-consci\sness is fir/   
rea*$ & ma9ta9$ 9 ! s5s+ act z def9ite  
cognitive volition4 ,to s5se w>m? & cold
 is simply a little e>li]               
objectification ?an to atta9 s5se ( a   
light or a s\nd4 ,to feel is z active z 
to look or to li/54 ,we "k t !re are    
modes ( =ce an appreciation ( :i* does n
 n[ ent] into kn[n psy*osis1 b :i* might
 be s5s$ ?r\gh long & sev]e ef=t &      
evolve a new s5se-organ4 ,?us1 if !     
conditions ( life _h dem&$ x1 !re w\ld h
 aris5 9 ! /ruggle ( exi/5ce a magnetic 
s5se1 ?\gh n[ a man may place 8 head    
betwe5 ! poles ( ! /ronge/ magnet & be  
unable to rea* any s5sation4 ,a magnetic
 s5se once organiz$ & inbr$ into        
exp]i5ce w\ld act ) ! same app>5t       
spontaneity1 z a 8giv510 z does su* a   
s5sation z t ( heat2 & a p]son feel+    
magnetic w\ld h self-feel+ impli$ ! same

 z 9 feel+ w>m4 ,t feel+ w>m ) u d5otes 
some?+ :i* possesses consci\sness r ?an 
consci\sness by /ruggle possess+ x1 is  
simply ! result ( ! inh]itance ( !      
accumulat$ m5tal =ce by :i* pa/         
g5]ations h rea*$ ?is s5se1 & !reby     
consolidat$ self-consci\sness ) x1 =    
self-consci\sness is built up z reflex  
cognition f ! cognitive ef=t & will+ ( !
 individual4 ,s5sation always beg9s 9 a 
s5s+1 a volition ( ! individual to      
realize ext]nality 9 its exp]i5ce value1
 t is1 mode ( affection ( its own body1 
z 9 feel+ w>m pleasurably or pa9fully4  
,:5 ! objective is n m]ely s5s$ b       
p]ceiv$1 :5 object & objects are        
def9itely cogniz$1 self-consci\sness is 
greatly fur!r$1 z ea* object &          
objectify+ cognizance means self-ref]5ce
 or int]pretation 9 t]ms (              
self-exp]i5ce4  ,t self-consci\sness is 
e>ly & fundam5tal psy*osis1 is app>5t1 n
 only f ! gradual los+ consci\sness on  
go+ to sleep or 9 ga9+ consci\sness 9   
wak+1 b also f ! fact ( its be+ univ]sal

 9 dream life4 ,^? factors :i* rema9    
?r\gh\t all /ages & k9ds ( dream life1  
are ju/ly reg>d$ z organic & basal4 ,!  
high] & lat] elem5ts1 ^? :i* are /ill   
nasc5t & 9 ! volitional /age1 z         
consci5ce & reason1 r>ely or nev] occur 
9 dreams4 ,9 ! slighte/ dreams !re is   
p]sonal quality2 ,i am consci\sly       
exp]i5c+1 ,i am walk+1 rid+1 look+1     
he>+1 etc4 ,an aw>5ess ( self p]vades   
all dream life1 ev5 9 its l[e/ =m4 ,we  
are con/antly 9 a _w ( objects :i* we   
are consci\s ( 9 _! exp]i5ce value z    
affect+ u or to affect u4 ,a p]son      
relat+ a dream always n>rates x z       
p]sonal exp]i5ce & s felt--8,i dream$ ,i
 0 9 a cave & ,i he>d wat] runn+ & ,i   
felt x cold10 etc41 etc4 ,z f> !n z we c
 survey dream life1 x is a significant  
fact t self-consci\sness p]vades x4  ,z 
f> !n z we c discov] 9 dream            
consci\sness1 or 9 ord9>y consci\sness1 
self-consci\sness is p]si/5t & p]vasive 
elem5t4 ,9 ! :ole range ( consci\sness1 
) ! exception ( ! v evanesc5t &         

absolutely primitive pure pleasure-pa9  
s]ies1 self-cognition appe>s4 ,we say1  
inde$1 t a man =gets himself 9 a rage1 b
 mean m]ely t ! rage object z           
self-relat$ q engrosses consci\sness to 
! exclusion ( o!r =ms (                 
self-consci\sness1 z himself relat$ to  
o!r selves4 ,bl9d ) fury to all o!r     
objects ?an ! rage object1 he does n    
notice ?+s z relat$ to himself1 & he w  
ru% into a /one wall4 ,9 ! utmo/        
conc5tration & int5sification ( emotion1
 self-consci\sness does n disappe>1 b is
 itself conc5trat$ & int5sifi$4 ,ev5 9 !
 delirium ( passion1 s long z any       
cognition rema9s self-consci\sness      
rema9s4 ,! int5sification ord] 9        
consci\sness1 t is1 :]e multiple        
consci\sness loses elem5ts ?r\gh        
int5sify+ ( "s o!rs1 be>s evid5ce !n to 
! fundam5tal nature ( self-consci\sness4
 ,a p]son r\s$ f sleep by cold1 :i*     
becomes m & m int5se till he loses all  
consci\sness ?r\gh suff]+1 is ?r\gh\t ! 
long s]ies self-consci\s ) ! exception (

 ! initial & ! f9al pang ( pa94 ,f !    
mom5t :5 cold made him atta9            
consci\sness till ! mom5t :5 he !reby   
lo/ consci\sness--t is1 practically ! "t
 he 0 consci\s--he 0 self-consci\s2 ?is 
is ! v]dict ( common introspection4 ,any
 "o :o looks back ^u 8 exp]i5ces ( ?is  
int5sification nature1 f9ds himself to h
 be5 self-consci\s ?r\gh\t4  ,s f> !n z 
,i h be5 able to exam9e !m1 ! modes (   
com+ to consci\sness 9 dream life & 9   
awak+ process1 & also ! ord] ( disappe>+
 consci\sness by int5sification1 confirm
 ! g5]al result :i* at ! op5+ ( ?is     
*apt] we d$uc$ f a g5]al consid]ation ( 
psy*ism "u ! conditions ( exi/5ce1      
namely1 t self-consci\sness is necess>y 
& important factor 9 all cognitive      
process1 ! self-relat+ act giv+ vital   
value to all consci\sness ( ext]nal &   
int]nal object1 :e!r 9 s5s+ or p]ceiv+4 
,we h already t\*$ on ! g5]al function (
 self-consci\sness1 ! ga9 :i* accrues to
 ! individual organism f kn[+ its own   
exp]i5ces z su* by giv+ self-directivity

 & special response4 ,! individual is   
!reby enabl$ to look aft] its own       
int]e/s1 to consci\sly c>e = itself1 &  
to make ! mo/ ( itself4 ,! core ( psy*ic
 life is int]e/1 & ! core ( int]e/ is   
self-consci\sness4 ,t ! psy*ism has     
int]e/1 t x feels = itself1 is ess5tial 
to ! progress ( life4 ,inde$1 ! g5esis &
 gr[? ( biological =ms & organs lie 9 _!
 atta9m5t & p]fect+ z s]vants to ! self 
9 ! /ruggle ( exi/5ce4 ,we "k ?is to be 
! case = ! s5se-organs4 ,! organism     
evid5tly came to appreciate light by a  
def9ite nisus ) self-consci\sness1 j !  
same 9 k9d z t by :i* organ is advanc$  
to-day :5 /ra9+ ! eyes to p]ceive a     
sev5? ,pleiad4 ,9 %ort1 we d n see      
because we h eyes1 b we h eyes because  
we see4 ,! see+ activity & ef=t z a     
self-activity g5]ates ! eye & p]fects x4
 ,s also x is by locomotive ef=t t motor
 organs orig9ate & develop4 ,! "y *ild  
le>n+ to walk1 self-consci\sly & ) ef=t 
mov+ ^u its legs1 is an intimation ( !  
way 9 :i* ! limbs !mselves arose 9      

active response to environm5t4 ,!       
rabbits import$ into ,au/ralia h1 x is  
report$1 le>n$ to climb trees1 ) a      
consequ5t modification ( foot /ructure4 
,n[ ! real g5esis ( ! morphological     
*ange is obvi\sly psy*ic1 ! climb+ ef=t 
z a valuable function to life "u !      
conditions ( exi/5ce1 viz41 ! sc>city ( 
h]bage4  ,b n only ! motor & s5sory     
organs are to be trac$ 9 orig9 & gr[? to
 psy*ic basis 9 self-consci\sness &     
/ruggle1 b o!r organs n[ q disassociat$ 
f w may orig9ally h be5 develop$ by w4  
,?us ! /oma* may h orig9at$ 9 dige/ive  
ef=t & ! he>t 9 circulatory ef=t4 ,t    
self-att5tion to ! he>t /imulates !     
action ( ! he>t is well-kn[n1 & also t 9
 r>e cases ! he>t's action is directly  
controll$ by w4 ,?is may be survival4   
,function is built up also z indirect   
result ( w1 z :5 motor ef=t 9 runn+     
develops he>t action4 ,psy*ism may ?us  
be int]pret$ z ! basis ( all organic    
developm5t4 ,! body is ! (fspr+ ( w4    
,c]ta9ly z man surveys progressive      

adaptation 9 himself & o!r evolv+       
organisms1 ! psy*ic basis is app>5t 9   
feel+ & 9 ef=t self-consci\s2 & if 9 any
 wise x has app>5tly become me*anical & 
spontane\s1 z 9 he>t-beat1 z 9 dige/ion1
 z 9 w9k+ ! eye1 ?is is to be ascrib$ to
 impulse f ! pa/4 ,self-consci\sness    
quick5s reaction1 = reaction "t is      
%ort5$ :5 !re is anticipation1 &        
anticipation implies self-consci\sness z
 aw>5ess ( exp]i5ceability4             
,self-consci\sness also enorm\sly       
/r5g!ns reaction4 ,?us ! m ?or\ghly "o  
realizes 8 own dang]1 ! m p[]ful ! ef=t 
to escape4 ,?is is true "u normal &     
simple conditions1 ! only =m 9 :i* we   
are consid]+ self-consci\sness4         
,self-consci\sness may become abnormal &
 debilitat+ 9 ! hypo*ondriac1 b ?is is a
 /age beyond our pres5t /udies4         
,prim>ily 9 ! /ruggle ( life self-relat+
 to "o's own exp]i5ce is always         
advantage\s function4 ,! mo/ important  
?+ 9 life is ! realization1 by ! aid (  
self-consci\sness1 ( ! self-exp]i5ce    

value ( ?+s2 to appreciate & und]/&     
environm5t1 & s adapt oneself to x &    
adapt x to oneself1 to cons]ve & ext5d  
self1 ?is is ! sub/ance ( psy*ism1 & its
 :ole hi/ory is !nce p]vad$ by          
self-consci\sness4  ,b we mu/ n[ turn f 
^! g5]al consid]ations to specific      
emotions z relat$ to self-consci\sness4 
,9 ! natural c\rse ( ?+s1 an organism c 
nev] s5se or view ! self ) indiff]5ce4  
,9 all e>ly psy*ic /ages a dispassionate
 view ( self is uncall$ = & does n exi/2
 &1 9 fact1 ev5 if ! mo/ educat$ &      
?\ghtful human adult _h a self-s5se :i* 
is active z evolution>y cause1 x may    
rightly be reg>d$ z ev] active4 ,life   
=ms f ! l[e/ proti/a to ! highe/        
v]tebrate are 9 _! developm5t due to    
active response1 & ?us morphological    
developm5t may be look$ at z a          
functional embodim5t ( psy*ism4 ,in/ead1
 !n1 ( reg>d+ psy*ism m]ely z life      
factor1 we may g f>!r1 & def9e life z   
psy*ism4 ,?is is :at ! doctr9e ( active 
response & developm5t !reby1 ) natural  

selection1 leads to4 ,! ph5om5a ( life1 
s f> z we c int]pret !m1 seem to fav\r !
 view t organism is objectification ( ! 
w1 &1 except at ! v fir/ /age1 w z      
cognitive1 & triply s 9                 
object-subject-consci\sness cognition4  
,su* evid5ce z we h po9ts r to organic  
body z reflex ( m9d ?an m9d z reflex (  
body4 ,t ! initiatory1 progressive1 &   
creative =ce 9 evolution is psy*ic1 we  
judge f su* in/ances z we c obs]ve (    
progressive adaptation 9 ourselves & 9  
l[] animals4 ,:]e new circum/ances      
affect a species1 z ! rabbit transf]r$  
to ,au/ralia1 ! fav\r+ modification ( ! 
foot to climb trees is evid5tly only    
atta9$ by sev]e/ /ruggle =              
self-cons]vation4 ,if a new mode ( =ce 7
 introduc$ to ?is planet1 :i* %\ld      
p[]fully affect life1 x w\ld rea* x at  
fir/ only ?r\gh pleasure-pa91 & ! gr[?  
to a special s5se-organ = ?is new =ce   
w\ld v gradually be atta9$ ?r\gh !      
/ruggle = exi/5ce4  ,! prime value (    
self-consci\sness 9 evolution is 9      

secur+ an intellig5t correlation )      
environm5t4 ,all specific reaction &    
adaptation arose probably ?r\gh an      
emotion volitional self-relat+ ( object4
 ,x is a biologic psy*ic law t all      
emotion is b\nd up ) self-consci\sness1 
& all self-consci\sness ) emotion1 = ?us
 only is !re effici5cy z intellig5t w   
/imulation4 ,b :ile s5se ( self is      
inh]5t 9 all emotion z su*1 may x n 9 "s
 cases h a peculi> place1 s t we may    
ju/ly t]m !m self-feel+s or emotions (  
p]sonality8  ,a *ild fe>s ! dog & is    
pr\d ( its new dress4 ,"h are two       
emotions :i* bo? imply                  
self-consci\sness1 ! object is 9 bo?    
relat$ to ! self1 b !y diff] 9 egoi/ic  
quality 9 t 9 ! fe> !re is s5se ( ! ?+ z
 act+ on ! self1 9 ! pride !re is s5se (
 ! self z act+ on ! ?+4 ,9 ! pride x is 
! object z id5tifi$ ) ! self t is !     
s\rce ( emotion4 ,! pride proce$s f )9  
outw>d1 :ile fe>1 vice v]s4 ,9 fe> x is 
! exp]i5ce value ( ! dog1 t x w hurt1 t 
gives ! emotion quality2 b 9 ! pride !  

ess5ce ( ! emotion lies1 n 9 ! influ5ce 
( ! dress on ! self1 b t ! self is      
connect$ ) ! dress by way ( own]%ip4    
8,see my pretty dress02 8,oh mama6 !    
cross dog02 ! emotions ?us express$     
appe> to belong to diff]5t ord]s2 ! fe> 
be+ ( ! ?+ 9 its effect on ! self1 !    
pride be+ ( ! self 9 ! ?+4 ,pride is a  
glorifi$ self-consci\sness1             
self-consci\sness is its sub/ance &     
imm$iate _s1 :]eas 9 fe>                
self-consci\sness is b an in/rum5t 9    
int]pretation ( exp]i5ce value4 ,we     
obs]ve an int]e/+ example ( emotion (   
p]sonality 9 a "y girl :o fe>s a c[ & is
 yet a%am$ ( h] fe>4 ,"h1 :ile          
self-consci\sness is c]ta9ly involv$ 9 !
 fe>1 yet x is peculi>ly involv$ 9 !    
emotion at h] emotion z su*2 ! %ame is  
at or ( h]self1 ! fe> is = h]self4 ,?is 
peculi> p]sonal feature ( pride is      
signifi$ by ! common usage ( language2 !
 *ild is pr\d ( ! ?+1 does n pride ! ?+1
 b prides himself on ! ?+1 :]eas 9 fe>  
he fe>s ! ?+ = himself4 ,i say1 inde$1 !

 *ild is afraid ( ! dog & pr\d ( 8      
dress1 b ! =ce ( ! preposition is q     
g5]al4  ,x may be said t pride is n     
peculi>ly an emotion ( p]sonality simply
 z be+ direct$ t[>d self2 "o c hate     
himself1 fe> himself1 be angry at       
himself1 etc4 ,b ! drunk>d fe>+ himself 
means m]ely t he fe>s ! results ( 8 own 
t5d5cies1 delirium trem5s1 = in/ance1 a 
p]fectly objective fe>4 ,& x is evid5t t
 "o _c1 hold+ to ! t]m1 self1 9 ! same  
mean+1 fe> at once himself = himself4 ,!
 self :i* is endang]$ is n ! self :i*   
endang]s4 ,9 all su* cases z s-call$    
fe>+ self ! action is f )\t inw>d1 :i*  
is ! rev]se ( ! mode 9                  
p]sonality--emotion :]e oneself is se51 
n z affect$ by ! ?+1 b z himself 9 ! ?+4
  ,! typical & e>lie/ ( ! emotions (    
p]sonality is und\bt$ly pride4 ,l all   
emotions pride includes cognition (     
object2 pride is always pr\d ( some?+ b 
9 ! peculi> way be=e emphasiz$1 9 !     
light :i* our own p]sonality ca/s ^u x4 
,pride g5]ally & c]ta9ly orig9ally      

implies s5se ( some?+ done or possess$  
by self & t 9 a mann] sup]ior to        
competitors4 ,x is a self ass]tion ov]  
rivals1 an impress+ spectators1 a be+   
pr\d ( some?+ to "s "o4 ,if ! _w conta9$
 b "o solit>y consci\s individual1 he   
c\ld nev] atta9 to pride1 ?\gh he might 
be self-satisfi$4 ,s5se ( comp>ative    
self-magnification is ess5tial to pride4
 ,pride z social 9 its nature suff]s    
great dim9i%+ :5 ! individual is long   
kept 9 solitude1 & 9 "s cases m5 may    
ultimately lose all /&>d ( comp>ison & s
 pride entirely vani%es4 ,if a man 7 f 8
 e>lie/ remembrance an inhabitant ( a   
des]t isle pride w\ld h no opportunity  
to develop4 ,8 a*ievem5ts might satisfy 
himself1 b !y c\ld n make him pr\d1 = he
 w\ld "k no?+ ( o!rs & _! works4 ,aga91 
?is ne$ ( sociality is se5 9 ?is1 t we  
are n pr\d ( our planet z su*4 ,we      
di/+ui% x1 inde$1 z our own1 b we h no  
s5se ( pride 9 its f9e/ features z su*4 
,i d n feel pr\d ( ,amazonian =e/ or    
,himalayan m\nta9 m]ely z e>? *>act]s4  

,h[ev]1 if 9 ! future we secure         
int]planet>y communication1 & planets   
rival ea* o!r z cities & c\ntries d n[1 
!re w be a /imulus to pride on an       
a/ronomical scale4 ,if we c\ld say to ! 
inhabitants ( "s neighb\r sph]e t our   
planet made bett] "t r\nd ! sun ?an     
!irs1 ?is w\ld be ! basis ( an int5se   
pride4  ,! ext5t ( pride is ?us equal to
 ! ext5t ( ! self-s5se1 b 9 its wide    
ranges pride is relatively weak4 ,i am  
pr\d ( my c\ntry1 b1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 
m pr\d ( my /ate & /ill m pr\d ( my     
city4 ,i am pr\d ( ! a*ievem5ts ( !     
,anglo-,am]ican race1 & ,i always survey
 a locomotive ) pride1 b x is :5 own]%ip
 & a*ievem5t comes clos] to ! ego1 z 9  
"o's relatives & family1 t pride notably
 int5sifies1 & x rea*es its maximum 9   
view ( "o's own atta9m5ts4 ,t :i* we d  
)\t any assi/ance & :i* seems to u f>   
beyond ! ord9>y gives ! be/ & highe/    
incitem5t to pride4  ,pride1 9 ! lat]   
/ages at lea/1 is m & m discrim9at+1 &  
is connect$ f9ally only ) ^? objects :i*

 are ! actual w products ( ! individual1
 & s id5tifi$ ) ! v]itable self4 ,?us is
 erect$ by society a pride te/1 & m5    
say1 8,he has a "r to be pr\d10 or1 8,he
 ought n to be pr\d40 ,yet /&>ds w      
diff]1 & :at "o w be pr\d ( ano!r w be  
a%am$ (1 & vice v]s4 ,! g5]al /&>d is   
l>gely regulat$ by ! comp>ative am\nt ( 
w =ce & s ( /r5g? requir$ 9 ! p>ticul>  
act2 ?us1 :ile ,i am n pr\d ( cru%+ an  
ant1 ,i might be at fell+ an ox4  ,!    
g5]al expression ( pride is hold+ up    
"o's head & exp&+ oneself g5]ally1 ?\gh 
?is self-enl>gem5t is n1 z 9 ang]1 to   
inspire fe> 9 behold]s1 b r admiration4 
,pr\d s5se ( sup]iority naturally ass]ts
 itself prim>ily 9 physical             
impressiv5ess1 &1 z su*1 pride plays an 
especially l>ge "p 9 sexual selection4  
,! l[] expression ( pride is swagg] &   
/rut1 ! high] 9 a dignity & /atel9ess ( 
demean\r4  ,! function ( pride1 ! use   
:i* orig9ally det]m9$ its developm5t1 & 
:i* is /ill app>5t1 is a                
pleasure-sanction to competitive        

successful ef=t4 ,! pr\d consci\sness ( 
triumph is "o ( ! greate/ pleasures (   
exi/5ce1 & if !re 7 no su* emotion      
foll[+ ! w9n+ ef=t1 life w\ld lose mu* (
 its inc5tive4 ,pride prev5ts p>asitism4
 ,)\t pride to /imulate & rew>d1 /riv+  
m9d w\ld h lo/ "o ( ! mo/ pot5t factors 
( progress4 ,ev5 9 human education x    
becomes ( value to appeal to a j & prop]
 pride4 ,9 ! l[] life x is all          
important4 ,x gives tone to life1 gives 
p[] & confid5ce1 ass]tiv5ess &          
aggressiv5ess1 & conduces 9 a l>ge      
measure to p]man5t & progressive        
self-aggr&isem5t4 ,& n only = effect ^u 
self b ^u o!rs1 pride is an important   
psy*ic factor4 ,?us pride 9 always %[+ a
 bold1 comm&+ front to rivals1 makes a  
direct impression ^u antagoni/s4 ,pride 
always puts ! be/ foot fir/1 hides      
weakness & exagg]ates /r5g?1 s t ! pr\d 
"o always %[s = all & ev5 m ?an he is1 &
 ?us ga9s mu* 9 ! /ruggle ( exi/5ce :]e 
ev5 m]e appe>ance ( p[] is apt to       
disc\rage oppon5ts4 ,! "o :o is /rong & 

pr\d ( x is d\bly /rong4 ,pride is !    
reflex ( ga9 & victory1 z %ame is ( loss
 & defeat4 ,x is ?us ! root ( ambition1 
! desire ( rank & place = sup]iority's  
sake :i* has be51 & n[ is1 especially 9 
advanc$ human psy*ism1 a mo/ p[]ful ag5t
 9 ! evolution ( life & m9d4  ,b :ile x 
is und\bt$ly true t pride is 9 its orig9
 solely an advantage\s psy*osis1 &      
inde$1 c\ld h be5 develop$ 9 no o!r way1
 yet !re is a disadvantage\s side4 ,only
 up to a c]ta9 po9t is x true t ! pr\d] 
"o is1 ! bett] (f he is4 ,:5 pride1     
ov]-/imulat$1 betrays into ov]-confid5ce
 & he$lessness1 !n1 inde$1 8pride goe?  
be=e a fall40 ,b at ! fir/1 h[ev]1 we   
mu/ suppose t ! organism 0 pr\d ( only t
 ( :i* x 0 to its advantage to be pr\d2 
b by p]v]sion & hyp]trophy1 inde$1 9    
pride z 9 ! case ( o!r emotions1 caus$  
l>gely by rivals1 x became a s\rce (    
great disadvantage & positively         
de/ructive ( high self-advancem5t4      
,conceit1 an ov]-we5+ abnormal pride :i*
 is totally irrelevant to ! real /&+ ( !

 individual1 _c b be highly injuri\s4   
,h[ev]1 h>mful pride mu/ be acc\nt$ r   
late4 ,9 e>ly psy*isms atta9m5t ov] &   
beyond o!rs1 :5 p]ceiv$ naturally &     
normally1 gave rise to pride z a :olly  
useful emotion reaction1 & ^? :o _h !   
capacity ( be+ pr\d _h a di/9ct         
advantage ov] ^? :o _h no s5se ( _! own 
consequ5ce or no pride ab\t x4 ,ev5 9   
human society we mu/ rem>k t 9 g5]al ^? 
:o are incapable ( becom+ pr\d on prop] 
occasion1 are less & less liable to rea*
 ! occasion4  ,pride1 z emotion ( s5se (
 sup]iority1 manife/s itself 9 _m =ms1 (
 :i* we ne$ n n[ expect to make a       
detail$ or complete inve/igation1 s9ce !
 object ( our pres5t /udies is m]ely to 
emphasize ! ma9 =ms ( ! e>ly emotions f 
! po9t ( view ( natural selection4      
,simple pride1 :i* is unconsci\s (      
itself1 b acts directly & )\t           
reflection1 z we see 9 a *ild pr\d ( a  
new dress1 is a phase :i* does n (t5    
appe> 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! educat$ human    
adult1 :]e pride becomes highly         

complicat$ ) emotional & intellectual   
movem5ts ( _m k9ds1 & :]e x is ext5d$ to
 a wide div]sity ( objects ) ! ext5sion 
( self-int]e/4 ,?us m5 are pr\d ( rank1 
blood1 money1 muscul> /r5g?1            
possessions1 intellectual atta9m5ts1    
moral "*1 &1 9 fact1 :atev] ! idea ( m9e
 c be appli$ to4 ,h[ev]1 ! diff]5t k9ds 
( pride are n to be di/+ui%$ by ! object
 m]ely1 z pride ( rank1 blood1 etc41 =  
diff]5ce 9 object does n by itself      
con/itute di/9ct quality 9 psy*ic act4  
,pride is ! same1 :e!r x is ( a horse1 a
 bank acc\nt1 or a wife4 ,/ill ! object 
frequ5tly calls up subsidi>y emotions   
:i* may complicate pride1 & ! p]ceiv$   
nature ( ! object c]ta9ly influ5ces our 
feel+ t[>d x4  ,:5 an object is to be   
compet$ =1 b we consid] x b5ea? u to    
ent] ! li/s1 or we ?9k our rivals       
unwor?y ( our att5tion1 we h ! peculi>  
phase ( feel+ t]m$ arrogance4 ,arrogance
 brooks no rivalry & /&s ap>t on a peak 
( self-conta9$ sup]iority4 ,walt]       
,savage ,l&or1 ! pr\de/ ( m51 displays  

?is feel+ 9 p]fection :5 he says 9 "o ( 
8 cameos 9 v]se3                        
8,i /rove ) none1                     ,=
 none 7 wor? my /rife40  ,?is is a      
p]fect expression ( complete arrogance4 
,we may say t he 0 too pr\d to be pr\d4 
,no "o 0 wor?y ( 8 mettle1 & s he held  
himself alo( ) ! feel+ ( immeasurable   
sup]iority4 ,/rictly speak+ !n1         
arrogance is a v>iety ( v int5se pride  
:]e ! s5se ( sup]iority is p]fectly     
exclusive & absolute1 & disda9s         
comp>ison4 ,x is entirely inconsid]ate (
 o!rs' rivalry & above c>+ = ! approval 
or disapproval or admiration ( o!rs4    
,?us ?is phase1 unlike pride 9 g5]al1   
seeks concealm5t r ?an display2 its     
excell5ce is s f> beyond ! common z to  
be unappreciable by contempor>ies1 &    
appreciat$ by self alone4  ,conceit is a
 t]m objectively appli$1 b h>dly        
indicates a k9d ( pride1 a real         
subjective di/9ction4 ,he :o ?9ks m     
highly ( himself ?an he ought to ?9k1   
e/eems himself beyond 8 due1 & s is     

consid]$ by ! community ov] pr\d1 is    
t]m$ conceit$4 ,! pride :i* is entirely 
j1 z view$ f ! objective /&po9t1 is q ! 
same subjectively z ! mo/ prepo/]\s     
conceit4 ,simil>ly also dignity is no   
real feel+4 8,t man is dignifi$02 ?is is
 an objective *>act]ization ( 8 mann] ( 
conduct1 b ?is does n imply t he feels  
dignifi$4 ,pride may give a dignifi$    
demean\r1 b a feel+ dignifi$ c only ref]
 to ! reactive effect ^u consci\sness1 (
 ?is mode ( behavi\r4 8,i feel pr\d10   
may likewise sometimes be us$1 n =      
designat+ ! subjective feel+ or be+     
pr\d1 b z equal to1 8,i felt t ,i 0     
pr\d10 t is1 8,i 0 pr\d & ,i knew x10   
8,i _h ! s5se ( be+ pr\d40 ,s also 9    
g5]al we may rem>k t :ile feel+ may     
d5ote a simple /ate ( be+1 yet su*      
phrases z 8,i felt pr\d10 8felt angry10 
etc41 are ambigu\s1 & may mean ei!r !   
b>e feel+ ( pride1 ang]1 etc41 z        
exp]i5c$1 or ! feel+ ( be+ pr\d1 angry1 
etc41 or bo?1 t is1 consci\sness ( !    
p>ticul> consci\sness may or may n      

complicate self-consci\sness4 ,! ^w1    
feel1 is (t5 us$ 9 ?is m]ely reflexive  
way to d5ote a s5se ( /ate z1 8,i 0 pr\d
 & ,i felt s at ! "t40 ,?us common      
phrase v]ifies ! analysis t             
self-consci\sness & consci\sness (      
consci\sness are b\nd up ) emotion1 !   
full analysis ( ! phrase %[+ t ! feel+  
pr\d 0 an object consci\sness plus a    
subject consci\sness4  ,z previ\sly     
intimat$1 we h to %>ply di/+ui% betwe5  
pride & su* emotions z self-satisfaction
 & self-complac5cy4 ,^! latt] emotions (
 p]sonality deal solely ) ! self 9 its  
own sight1 :ile pride is always n ov]   
self to self1 b ov] self to o!rs4 ,!    
self-satisfi$ (t5 are pr\d1 b ?is is n  
necess>ily impli$4 ,! comp>ative elem5t 
ent]s 9 self-satisfaction1 z 9 all true 
pride1 b ! comp>ison is prim>ily )      
oneself1 n ) o!rs4 ,if we succe$ 9 our  
own eyes1 we may ?9k little ab\t o!rs4  
,a pure self-satisfaction1 l a purely   
altrui/ic pride1 is a r>e & late        
ph5om5on4 ,pride ab\t o!rs1 pride to    

oneself1 are bo? v apt to be t+$ ) !    
orig9al pride ov] o!rs4 ,"o says ( a    
fri5d1 8,i feel pr\d ( him02 b :ile ?is 
has a c]ta9 reality & psy*ic value (    
altrui/ic mode1 yet ! innate &          
fundam5tal selfi%ness ( pride t5ds to   
make a place 9 :at appe>s to be ! mo/   
dis9t]e/$ =m4 ,p]sonal int]e/ &         
aggr&isem5t is s inbr$ a motive f !     
e>lie/ /ages ( evolution t x is nev]    
sup]s$$4  ,a feel+ ( emb>rassm5t is an  
emotion ( p]sonality :i* is closely     
connect$ ) pride4 ,^? :o are mo/        
susceptible to pride are mo/ apt to feel
 emb>rass$4 ,! "o :o has no t5d5cy t[>d 
pride1 :o does n 9 ! lea/ c>e h[ he may 
appe> be=e o!rs or 9 relation to o!rs1 &
 s does n value 8 place among 8 fell[s1 
_c be emb>rass$4 ,he may be di/urb$ by !
 difficulties ( "s task1 b only 9 ! same
 way 9 :i* he w\ld be agitat$ by any    
difficult "w und]tak5 by & = himself    
alone4 ,! emotion ( emb>rassm5t1 l      
pride1 conceives ! self 9 its social    
relations4 ,:5 "o says t he felt greatly

 emb>rass$ 9 be+ call$ on unexpect$ly to
 speak at a d9n]1 we p]ceive t he means 
emotion1 n m]ely 9 view ( ! inh]5t      
difficulty ( ! task1 b 9 view ( :at he  
himself may or may n d "u ! inspection (
 ! critical4 ,9 ?is emotion !re is a    
wond]ful quick5+ ( ! self-s5se1 a       
pa9fully int5se self-consci\sness be+   
sudd5ly g5]at$ z ! peculi> relation (   
self to o!rs is impress$ ^u him4 ,?is   
self-s5se is p[]fully re9=c$ by !       
self-s5se ( ! bodily expression (       
self-consci\sness4 ,! :ole bodily self  
seems conspicu\sly magnifi$1 & we become
 pa9fully aw>e ( h&s1 feet1 & o!r       
memb]s4 ,?is bodily self-s5sitiv5ess1 z 
(t5 contribut+ /rongly to ?is           
emotion-total1 is v m>k$ 9 cases (      
blu%+4 ,a girl1 feel+ emb>rass$1 blu%es1
 & imm$iately becom+ consci\s ( ! blu%+ 
z itself an emb>rass+ circum/ance1      
blu%es aga9 /ill m viol5tly1 & becom+   
consci\s ( ?is1 becomes /ill m confus$1 
& s on1 a con/ant cumulation ( psy*ic   
effect f reaction ( expression4 ,s5se ( 

! expression ( emb>rassm5t is itself    
emb>rass+1 h5ce e emb>rassm5t may become
 9 itself a new s\rce ( emb>rassm5t4    
,h[ev]1 t ?is peculi> self-consci\sness 
_c be =c$ 9 itself or 9 its expression1 
we see 9 ! fact t ! ef=ts ( ! maid5 :o  
exclaims 9 mock mode/y1 8,i "k ,i am    
blu%+10 are entirely futile4 ,?is       
assumption ( emb>rassm5t may become     
emb>rass+1 & s a g5u9e expression be    
/imulat$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is ( q ano!r ord] 
f ! "o desir$4  ,h[ su* an emotion z t (
 emb>rassm5t1 :i* is disadvantage\s f ! 
fir/1 c\ld h orig9at$ "u natural        
selection1 c nev] be solv$ by !         
evolutioni/ :o views all v>iation z     
orig9ally spr++ f p]sonal advantage4 ,"h
 is a psy*osis1 always ! rev]se (       
s]viceable1 an emotion anticipatory (   
disgraceful defeat1 & s is really       
premonitory1 b yet "o :i* ev] unn]ves1 r
 ?an n]ves to successful action4 ,he :o 
nev] feels emb>rass$1 "u any            
circum/ances always has ! be/ *ance4    
,h5ce ?is psy*osis mu/ be /rictly a     

negative evolution1 an unfav\rable      
v>iation det]m9$ by a p]si/5t excit+ by 
antagoni/s z s]viceable to !m4 ,an      
adv]s>y w always put 8 oppon5t 9 an     
emb>rass+ situation1 & endeav\r t he    
%all bo? be emb>rass$ & feel            
emb>rassm5t4 ,?is emotion has ?us be5   
/imulat$ & fo/]$ dur+ ages ( psy*ic     
evolution1 & 9 advanc$ human evolution !
 /imulat+ x is "o ( ! subtle/ me?ods (  
(f5ce4  ,a feel+ ( emb>rassm5t is       
incipi5t %ame1 or p]haps ! way = %ame4  
,b ! feel+ ( emb>rassm5t is g5]ally     
anticipatory z to ! pot5tial1 :ile %ame 
is z to ! actual2 x is a feel+ ( pres5t 
public degradation & loss4 ,bo? equally 
imply a capacity = pride2 "o :o _c be   
pr\d _c be a%am$4 ,b %ame1 unlike !     
feel+ ( emb>rassm5t1 acts z s]viceable  
v>iation to ! individual1 & is "o ( !   
weightie/ negative gu>ds to advantage\s 
actions4 ,x _c promote v high & noble   
action1 b x keeps above a c]ta9 l[ &    
base level4 ,! memb] ( society :o has   
lo/ all pride & all s5se ( %ame has     

ceas$ to feel ! mo/ p[]ful & useful (   
social inc5tives4,e  -----  ,footnote   
,e3    ,z to ! orig9 ( bodily %ame1 we  
may suppose t ?is arose )   ref]5ce to  
excreta z some?+ reject$ f ! body1 &    
!re=e base & unwor?y4 ,) ! ref9$ ev5    
spitt+ &   p]spir+ are %ameful4 ,x may  
be t sexual %ame c be trac$ to   ! same 
root1 b social conv5tion & morality also
 h v l>ge   influ5ce "h4  -----  ,!re is
 a c]ta9 curi\s psy*osis :i* may be     
call$ %ame = want ( a bett] t]m4 ,i     
allude to ! feel+ :i* prompts "o to %un 
oneself4 ,"o may n only be a%am$ to look
 o!rs 9 ! eye1 b ev5 himself4 ,he w n   
look at himself 9 a mirror because he   
feels a great loss ( self-respect4 ,?is 
is n ! opposite ( vanity1 a %ame at     
view+ oneself because ( unseeml9ess (   
feature1 :i* is liable to g5]al         
obs]vation1 b x is r ! rev]se1 ! pol>   
opposite ( pure self-feel+1 (           
self-respect & self-satisfaction4 ,a    
feel+ ( %ame ) reg>d to oneself alone is
 /ill1 ( c\rse1 comp>ative2 ?\gh x does 

n t\* ^u o!rs1 x implies a self-erect$  
/&>d4 ,?is emotion1 l ! o!rs j m5tion$1 
is obvi\sly v late4  ,h[ev]1 p]haps !   
late/ 9 ! s]ies1 & ! psy*ic culm9ation (
 all is humility4 ,humility1 l meekness1
 m>ks a new ord] ( evolution4 ,9 !      
highe/ human developm5t pride is        
elim9at$ & supplant$ by humility4 ,a    
true self-e/imate ( p]sonal a*ievem5t ^u
 a v wide & imp>tial imp]sonal basis1   
ei!r t ( a sci5tific view ( man's place 
9 ! univ]se1 or z influ5c$ by high      
religi\s & moral ideals1 leads to a     
feel+ ( humility4 ,egoism &             
self-ass]tiv5ess give place to altrui/ic
 mode/y & ref9$ res]ve4 ,! humble man   
always gives place r ?an takes place4   
,he does n lift himself above 8 fell[s1 
b takes ! l[e/ seat1 & is s]vant ( all4 
,! humble man does n /rive ) o!rs1 n    
because too pr\d to d s1 z ,l&or1 b     
because he feels call$ to ! highe/ & be/
 "w = its own sake4 ,he says ) ,laotze1 
8,d1 n /rive40 ,un?9k+ ( gett+ ahead or 
fall+ beh9d o!rs1 he aims consi/5tly &  

con/antly at an ideal ( p]fect fruitage1
 s high an ideal t he always feels 8 own
 unwor?9ess 9 8 own sight & 9 t ( o!rs1 
?\gh aw>e ( 8 des]t by ! ord9>y /&>ds ( 
8 community1 c\ntry1 or g5]ation4       
,worldly successes produce no elation 9 
! l[ly ( he>t2 !y view !mselves1 n )    
self-depreciation1 b ) ! ju/ness ( !    
l>ge/ view1 z ,newton1 :o1 :5 complim5t$
 ^u 8 atta9m5ts1 repli$ t he _h b pick$ 
up a few pebbles by ! ocean ( tru?4     
,spiritual & e?ical pr9ciples sway ^!1 &
 n p]sonal ambition4 ,& x mu/ be not$ t 
humility is n simply lack ( pride "u    
circum/ances :i* naturally all[ ( x1 an 
ins5sitiv5ess to pride1 a :olly negative
 /ate1 :i* is no?+ 9 itself1 b x is a   
positive feel+ & emotion 9 view (       
oneself 9 relation to o!rs4 ,?us !      
humble man is he ( high pride capacity1 
& :o consci\sly refra9s f pride :5 usual
 /&>ds w\ld all[ x4 8,t is some?+ to be 
pr\d (10 8,he has a "r to be pr\d10 &   
simil> expressions m>k ! l[] /&>ds ( :i*
 he nev] avails himself4 ,! be/ & noble/

 specim5s ( mank9d r5\nce ! 8_w10 8! lu/
 ( ! eye & pride ( life10 & live by _!  
self-erect$ ideals4 ,& if we ask h[ ! _s
 ( humility & dis9t]e/$ness c arise &   
progress 9 a natural evolution1 we mu/  
answ] t x holds its place & w9s its way 
by reason ( its great] inh]5t value &   
fruitfulness4 ,he :o has himself 9 view 
has lo/ sight ( 8 "w4 ,by ?is psy*ic    
mode alone is ! l>ge/1 mo/ p]fect1 mo/  
p]man5t "w accompli%$1 & ultimately1 (t5
 po/hum\sly1 x is appreciat$ at its real
 wor?4 ,^? orig9at+ & ma/] m9ds 9 human 
hi/ory :o h op5$ new av5ues ( spiritual 
progress1 h usually be5 ( ?is mode/1    
unassum+1 humble type4 ,?us 9 a :olly   
natural mann] ! high] law ( an ideal    
life prevails ov] ! l[] law ( life :i*  
works only by competition 9 ! /ruggle = 
exi/5ce4                                
,,*apt] ,,xvi                           
,,induction ,,& ,,emotion   ,we h impli$
 ?r\gh\t t we h feel+ ab\t a ?+ only s  
f> z we atta* on basis ( pa/ exp]i5ce an
 exp]i5ce value to ! ?+1 z we say1 8!   

burnt *ild dreads ! fire40 ,induction1 z
 ?is int]pretation is t]m$1 is s        
important an elem5t t we w devote a     
little space to consid]+ its rationale1 
developm5t1 & place 9 intellectual      
emotion4  ,:at is ! rationale ( !       
inductive act8 ,:y %\ld it]ation lead to
 expectancy ( reit]ation8 ,i obs]ve t a 
body unsupport$ falls 9 a hundr$        
in/ances1 b is x n arbitr>y = me !n to  
suppose t x w fall ! hundr$ & fir/      
in/ance8 ,9 fact w\ld x n be m rational 
to suppose t ?is p>ticul> comb9ation    
%\ld be exhau/$1 t x 0 "t = nature to   
/op8 ,b ?is v reason re/s on ! uni=mity 
( nature--! v law we are que/ion+--z    
exp]i5c$ 9 ! pa/ & appli$ to ! future2  
only x is a negative law ( omissions1   
lit]ally law ( reit]ation (             
unreit]ations4 ,?us if reason takes !   
law ( uni=mity ( nature to task x c only
 d s by assum+ x4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill 9 8     
treatm5t ( ?is matt] 7,logic1 bk4 iii4  
*ap4 #c1 sec4 #b71 falls into an error4 
,x is1 inde$1 true1 z he says1 t "s     

occurr5ces repeat$ sugge/ cessation & n 
recurr5ce1 z :5 we h sev]al consecutive 
cl\dy days1 we expect a bright "o1 or   
hav+ _h sev]al ra9y seasons we expect a 
dry "o2 b x is pla9ly wrong to reg>d    
?is1 z he does1 z a contradiction ( !   
pr9ciple ( uni=mity ( nature4 ,on !     
contr>y1 ?is is a v good example ( x4   
,exp]i5ce ( int]mitt5t "* ( bad wea!r 9 
! pa/ leads to expectancy ( its         
re-int]mitt5cy = ! future1 & ! (t5] !   
exp]i5ce ! /rong] ! belief z to ! nature
 ( ! /ill unexp]i5c$4 ,a negative       
uni=mity is z mu* a uni=mity z a        
positive4  ,x is pla9 t we c assign no  
reason = our belief 9 ! uni=mity (      
nature4 ,x is simply a fact1 an arbitr>y
 fact if y w1 t ! m (t5 exp]i5ces are   
conjo9$1 ! m /rongly we expect !        
conjuncture4 ,i may imag9e a body       
unsupport$ rema9+ /ation>y 9 ! air z    
readily z to imag9e x fall+2 h[ev]1 ,i  
believe x w fall1 & ,i duck my head =   
fe> ( gett+ hurt4 ,n any speculative    
reason !n1 b a v practical reason1 is at

 ! bottom ( ?is inductive t5d5cy1 t is1 
! cons]vation & progress ( ! organism is
 secur$ by induction z anticipatory     
function4 ,! orig9 ( induction is n !n 9
 its ab/ract rationality1 b 9 its       
imm$iate utility z a life function4     
,exp]i5ce is self-adju/m5t ?r\gh felt   
/imulus4 ,once begun x gr[s by cont9ual 
self-ref]5ce1 & h5ce practically all    
exp]i5ce is inductive4 ,exp]i5ce is ?us 
a cont9uum1 an integrat+ cumulat+ :ole2 
& inductive exp]i5ce1 l all exp]i5ce1   
arises & progresses by reason ( its     
s]viceability4  ,x has be5 impli$ t !   
inductive act arises v e>ly 9 ! hi/ory (
 exp]i5ce4 ,e psy*osis is :at x is by   
reason ( all ! previ\s psy*oses 9 !     
individual & ! race4 ,psy*ism1 :ile x   
has its po9ts ( developm5t 9            
individuals1 mu/ yet be e/imat$ z a     
unit1 z a s+le :ole4 ,b we h to ask :e!r
 ?is modification ( "o psy*osis by ano!r
 is consci\s or unconsci\s4 ,if "s l[   
organism h 9 its lifetime b two         
consci\snesses1 mu/ we reg>d ! second z 

influ5c$ 9 quality by ! fir/1 & if s1   
consci\sly influ5c$1 t is1 a consci\s   
relat+1 an active induction z oppos$ to 
me*anical integration8 ,is m9d always   
self-build+1 or does psy*osis act &     
react on psy*osis automatically8 ,we h  
ma9ta9$ t all ! gr[? ( m9d has be5 9 !  
pa/1 z 9 ! pres5t1 by /ruggle1 by sev]e/
 endeav\r1 & h5ce if exp]i5ce modify    
exp]i5ce x is by consci\s act4 ,exp]i5ce
 ?us con/antly connects ) itself &      
builds ^u itself1 x is self-integrat+1 t
 is1 inductive1 9 all its evolution4    
,m9d1 z prim>ily pleasure-pa9 & /ruggle1
 by endeav\r rea*es back to itself1     
realizes itself1 & rises ^u itself4     
,take a comp>atively simple case4 ,a    
*ild ta/es an orange1 & f9ds x sweet1   
i4e41 x relates ! sweetness to ! object1
 :i* relat+ is a true ?9k+1 an active   
conjo9+ or associat+4 ,^u ! pres5tation 
( ano!r orange to ! *ild at a lat] date1
 he id5tifies x z ! sweet ?+2 he        
associates sweetness z to be exp]i5c$ f 
x on basis ( pa/ associat+1 t is1 he    

makes an induction4 ,9 ?is second       
orange-exp]i5ce1 z f> z !re is active   
conjo9+ ( m5tal products1 a def9ite add+
 to pres5t p]cept ( sweet ta/e z        
exp]i5ceable by consci\s ref]5ce to =m] 
p]cept 7ta/e-exp]i5ce71 we mu/ recognise
 a g5u9e ?\ght-process4 ,! ?9k+ consi/s 
9 ! jo9+ ( s5sation ( ta/e to an object1
 n z a pres5t1 b z a future exp]i5ce1 on
 ! basis ( "s pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,"h is a    
true m$iation or reason+ ( inductive    
type1 & also a true concept-process1 t  
is1 a tak+ toge!r1 a consci\s unit+1    
al?\gh ! product is /ill p>ticul>4 ,!   
ne>e/ approa* to express+ ?is           
psy*ological process 9 language is to   
say1 8,?is r\nd yell[ is ?is sweet1     
because ?is r\nd yell[ 0 ?is sweet      
be=e40 ,! correlat+ process re/s ^u !   
relat+ process accompli%$ at fir/       
exp]i5ce ( orange-ta/+1 :]eby ! ta/e 0  
relat$ to ! ?+ ta/$4 ,?is relat+ may be 
?ru/ ^u ! m9d1 or ! m9d may consci\sly &
 actively assimilate4 ,?\ght 9 ! wide   
s5se ( ! t]m may be made to include all 

m$iate or imm$iate consci\s conjo9+ (   
exp]i5ces1 :e!r ! product be g5]al or   
p>ticul>4  ,m$iacy is c]ta9ly1 h[ev]1   
accompli%$ be=e commonness is not$1 :i* 
9 ord9>y usage is concept-mak+4 ,! gr\p+
 ( ! p>ticul> ta/e ) ! p>ticul> sight & 
t\* on basis ( pa/ exp]i5ce does n give 
a g5]al result4 ,! m$iate t]m ( pa/     
exp]i5ce ( ta/e :i* ! *ild br+s up on   
sight ( orange & applies to ! pres5t    
case does n sugge/ commonness1 b        
con/ancy ( exp]i5ce1 = at fir/ x kn[s   
?+s only z id5tical1 & n z sep>ate1 or z
 l or unlike4 ,! me?od ( ?is e>ly       
intellig5ce is t ( id5tify+1 8,! orange 
0 sweet & is sweet02 & n t ( common     
*>act]iz+1 8,oranges are sweet1 & ?is is
 an orange40 ,! *ild does n discrim9ate 
or und]/& t ! object ( its fir/ exp]i5ce
 is1 by reason ( ?is exp]i5ce1 no long] 
to be exp]i5c$2 x has n atta9$ notion ( 
disappe>ance4 ,x does n cognize ! orange
 z "o ( a gr\p or class1 hav+ z common  
*>act]s r\ndness1 sweetness1 &          
yell[ness1 & f pres5ce ( r\nd-yell[ 9   

any in/ance inf] sweet2 b x kn[s orange 
only z ?is p>ticul> object ( pa/1       
pres5t1 & future exp]i5ce4 ,_m ( ! e>ly 
?\ght-exp]i5ces ( *ildr5 are to be      
int]pret$ r ^u ?is id5tity-me?od ?an ^u 
! usual int]pretation ( true concepts4  
,?us ! *ild :o calls e p]son ( c]ta9    
age1 dress1 etc41 8,papa10 is n ?9k+ ( a
 papa1 or class ( papas1 b ( ! papa4    
,?is is mi/ak5 id5tity3 ! common & l is 
! same1 & ! *ild requires consid]able   
discrim9ation be=e x atta9s to notion ( 
papa 9 g5]al4 ,same & n-same are        
discrim9at$ be=e l & unlike1 & h5ce "y  
*ildr5 use common names z prop]4 ,n[ !  
m5tal product a*iev$ by ! *ild1 :i*1 z  
express$ 9 words1 we t]m ! papa1 may be 
/yl$ a p>ticul> concept1 a ga!r+ toge!r 
( sight-s5sations1 & associat+ s\nd- &  
t\*-s5sations ) ^! s t any g5]ally l    
gr\p ( sight-s5sations enables ! *ild to
 call up on basis ( pa/ exp]i5ce !      
associat$ s\nd & t\*1 to expect ! g5tle 
^w & c>ess4 ,! *ild 9 id5tify+ ! orange1
 8,?is r\nd yell[ ?+ is ! sweet ?+10 is 

br++ toge!r ) a c]ta9 g5]al =ce1 n (    
common *>act]ization1 inde$1 b (        
temporal significance z p]man5t gr\p+4  
,animals & "y *ildr5 ?9k mo/ly on !     
id5tify+ plan2 !y jo9 to & expect = a   
pres5t exp]i5ce :at has be5 conjo9$ ) x 
9 pa/ exp]i5ce1 b ! object is ! same1 n 
a l "o4  ,h[ !n does ! *ild come to k ( 
?+s z l1 to =m a class ( oranges aft]   
reg>d+ all oranges z ! orange8 ,pass    
oranges be=e a "y *ild "o aft] ! o!r s t
 "o only is 9 sight1 & ! *ild w probably
 "k only "o orange z ! same cont9ually  
re-appe>+4 ,! image =m$ w1 h[ev]1 be m  
or less composite1 ! m5tal product w be 
a concept-image1 z be+ a re-in=cem5t &  
exagg]ation ( common *>act]s & a        
suppression ( individual2 b = practical 
purposes x is /ill a p>ticul> concept1 t
 is1 ! *ild applies x to ! "o & n ! _m1 
& does n recognise its repres5tative    
nature4 ,a g5]al image z a gr\p ( common
 qualities may be ?us atta9$ be=e       
consci\sness ( ?is g5]ality is rea*$4   
,if n[ two or ?ree oranges are pres5t$  

to ! *ild at ! same "t1 x w le>n to     
discrim9ate !m z sep>ate co-exi/5ces1   
hav+ *>act]s 9 common1 r\ndness1        
yell[ness1 etc42 ! objects w be         
recognis$ z individuals belong+ to class
 r\nd-yell[ ?+s4 ,"h a g5]al image hav+ 
a g5]al import is a*iev$4 ,! p>ticul>   
*>act]s1 r\nd1 yell[1 sweet1 :i* always 
c5tr$ 9 & made up ! individual orange1  
are recognis$ to h g5]al scope 9 apply+ 
to _m objects4 ,gr\ps ( *>act]s _h be5  
a*iev$ be=e by p>ticul> ?9k+1 b n[ by   
g5]al ?\ght gr\ps ( *>act]s z common are
 =m$4 ,f ! practically co9cid5t         
impressions x ga9s ! notion orange1 s t 
x recognises new individuals z          
individuals1 & n z ! individual or s+le 
object1 z 9 ! e>li] & crud] id5tity     
me?od ( ?9k+4 ,! m9d n[--in/ead ( say+  
8,same impressions1 same object0--says  
8,same impressions1 l objects40 ,in/ead 
( mak+ an object z a gr\p ( qualities1 x
 makes a class ( objects hav+ ! gr\p (  
qualities 9 common4 ,concept-=m+ is ?us 
(t5 b an ext5sion f :at ,i h t]m$ !     

p>ticul> concept2 ! gr\p ( qualities =m$
 z *>act]iz+ ! ?+ is ?r\gh exp]i5ce )   
co-exi/5ces pr$icat$ ( ?+s4 ,notion or  
idea ( ! orange prec$es notion or idea (
 orange2 b bo? are truly notions or     
concepts1 a tak+ toge!r ( impressions1  
"o ( p>ticul>1 ! o!r ( g5]al import4 ,! 
g5]al significance ( ! p>ticul> gr\p is 
fir/ =c$ ^u ! m9d by exp]i5ce1 b soon ! 
m9d g5]alizes z well z notices          
g5]alizations br\ght to x4 ,gradually ! 
m9d obta9s p[] to g5]alize1 n only f    
co-exi/5ces1 b f successions1 & lat]    
/ill to g5]alize by ab/raction1 to      
comp>e & pick out common features amid/ 
! unlike1 to se>* = unity 9 div]sity4   
,! rise ( g5]aliz+ p[] is ?r\gh !       
/ruggle = exi/5ce2 x orig9ates1 l all   
o!r m5tal processes1 9 practical ne$s4  
,law is !reby n simply act$ ^u or m]ely 
recognis$1 z 9 ! associative /age3 x is 
def9itely s\ght = & appli$4 ,art arises1
 & also sci5ce4 ,! ability1 giv5 by     
g5]aliz+ p[]1 ( deal+ ) ?+s 9 ! lump1   
becomes ( signal s]vice1 & specially    

di/+ui%es man4 ,b ! prim>y value ( !    
concept 9 all its /ages is n z a        
summation ( exp]i5ce1 b z a guide = !   
future4 ,?r\gh reit]at$ gr\p+ !         
concept-gr\p is recognis$ z p]man5t     
factor1 s t "o elem5t ( a gr\p be+ giv51
 o!r elem5ts are expect$ ?r\gh a        
consci\s assimilation ) ! pa/ exp]i5ce4 
,! concept answ]+ to ! ^w orange1 =     
example1 is ! m5tal product recognis+ a 
con/ant co-exi/5ce ( c]ta9 qualities (  
%ape1 col\r1 size1 ta/e1 etc41 s t f    
occurr5ce ( "o or m we inf] o!r or o!rs4
 ,concepts are ! inn] gr\p+s1 ! m5tal   
syn!siz+s1 :i* int]pret ! out] gr\p+s t 
we t]m laws ( nature4 ,9 all ?is we see 
! inductive elem5t 9 its consci\s =m1   
exp]i5ce develop+ itself by anticipat+  
future 9 t]ms ( pa/4  ,we h n[ to       
consid] briefly ! psy*ological nature ( 
judgm5t & reason+ ) special ref]5ce to !
 inductive feature4 ,logically judgm5t  
is any connect+1 plus affirm+ ( reality1
 z effect$ ?r\gh ! copula4 ,! copula is 
made1 n only to d5ote relation1 b       

reality ( relation1 to express1 n only !
 act ( connect+1 b also its validity = !
 case 9 h&4 ,psy*ologically1 judg+ may  
be reg>d$ z any ?9k+1 z any relat+ )\t  
ref]5ce to ! ?+s relat$1 :e!r x be a    
jo9+ ( ! concept 8reality0 to "s o!r    
concept z a concept-=m+ process1 or any 
jo9+ ( o!r elem5ts4 ,i h already        
discuss$ ! nature ( relat+ p] se1 b on !
 topic ( judgm5t a ^w is to be said ab\t
 ! proposition-=m4 ,9 all ?9k+ !re are !
 two ?+s jo9$--subject & pr$icate 9     
language-expression--& ! act ( jo9+1 or 
copula 9 language-expression2 ?us all   
?\ght is capable ( ! proposition-=m4    
,inde$1 ! ^w-=m _c express a ?9k+ b only
 a ?\ght z a consolidat$ & s+le product1
 & z a sign ( process4 ,! ^w is a summ>y
 ( process & relations1 b x _c express  
process z concept-=m+ or judg+4 ,! ^w   
orange signifies = ! m9d by symbolic &  
%or?& me?od1 8,?+ is sweet plus ?+ is   
yell[10 etc2 b z f> z process happ5s1 & 
n simultane\s composite repres5tation1 !
 process is capable ( proposition-=m4   

,all relat+s or jo9+s1 ev5 ( p>ticul>s  
to p>ticul>s1 are ( ! proposition-type1 
& ,i mu/ diss5t f ! common view t two   
p]cepts _c /& 9 subject-pr$icate        
relations4 ,z ,i h be=e discuss$1 !     
relat+ ( p>ticul> to p>ticul> is ?9k+1 &
 to say 8,?is sweet belongs to ?is      
yell[0 is awkw>d inde$1 b /ill          
psy*ologically prop]4 ,e proposition1 on
 ! o!r h&1 is susceptible ( analysis z  
expressive ( concept-=m+ relat+4 ,!     
proposition 8,man is mortal0 is         
expression ( a m5tal process ( jo9+2 !  
concept mortal is ei!r atta*$ to or     
deta*$ f ! concept man1 accord+ z we    
consid] ! process z syn!tic or analytic4
 ,if x be a gr\p+ or concept-=m+ 9 full 
s5se1 x means t 9 =m+ ! concept man1 we 
add to ! already ga!r$ qualities !      
quality 8mortal0 on basis ( exp]i5ce4 ,!
 *ild fir/ notices dea?s 9 cases (      
,john1 ,pet]1 etc41 :om x kn[s to belong
 to ! class 8m510 =ms ! concept 8mortal0
 & adds x by g5]alisation to ! :ole     
class & enl>ges concept 8man0 by "o     

quality4 ,?is proposition1 z d5ot+      
inductive concept-=m+1 expresses ! act (
 incorporat+ on basis ( exp]i5ce !      
quality mortal into ! quality-gr\p man4 
,z analytic1 z a deta*+ ( :at has be5   
gr\p$1 ! proposition /ill expresses     
jo9+1 & until ! /atem5t becomes purely  
=mal & practically mean+less ! rejo9+ is
 always a /r5g!n+ ( ! concept1 & =mative
 9 its value4  ,all unit+ or relat+ is1 
h[ev]1 m ?an a b>e connect+2 x is a     
def9ite mode ( relat+1 x has a =m2 & !  
fir/ & fundam5tal =m is t ( "t & space1 
by :i* all relat+ has ! inductive       
quality ( rely+ ^u ! pa/ = !            
int]pretation ( ! future4 ,b ?\ght z    
self-active m5tality is specially       
/imulat$ & controll$ by ! =m ( reality4 
,all relat+s are n1 h[ev]1 influ5c$ by  
s5se ( reality1 & h5ce belief is n      
co9cid5t ) judgm5t 9 ! l>ge s5se4       
,affirmation or d5ial ( actuality or    
reality is a k9d ( jo9+1 b is n jo9+ p] 
se4 ,! infant jo9s ta/e ( sweetness )   
p]cept r\nd-yell[ = ! fir/ "t & = _m    

foll[+ times ) no ref]5ce to reality or 
unreality4 8,?is r\nd-yell[ is ?is      
sweet0 expresses a m]e connect+1 a b>e  
relat+1 b z nei!r real nor unreal4 ,!re 
is no emphasis laid on ! copula by :i* x
 expresses m ?an a m]e jo9+4 ,b let !   
p]fect tranquility ( ! *ild's exp]i5ce  
be brok5 9 ^u by discord ( appe>ance &  
reality1 let ! *ild once h a bitt]      
exp]i5ce ) a r\nd lemon1 !n its future  
conjo9+s ( r\nd-yell[ & sweet w be m or 
less t+$ by s5se ( possibility ( error1 
& emphasis w be laid on ! copula1 8,t is
 sweet40 ,?r\gh o!r su* exp]i5ces ) o!r 
( its ?\ght-gr\ps1 ! *ild g5]alises to !
 univ]sal significance ( reality &      
unreality = all its ?9k+2 h5ce1 all     
conjo9+s ) _! copula-expressions atta9 a
 new =ce & quality f ?is induction4 ,9 !
 light ( fallibility z mak+ up a "p ( ! 
concept 8exp]i5ce10 all ?\ght-exp]i5ce  
modifies itself by ?is self-relation4   
,reality becomes s con/ant & univ]sal = 
all ?\ght-life t mature ?\ght c nev]    
escape x4 ,hegel tri$ to rise sup]ior to

 ! notion ( exi/5ce1 b psy*ologically1  
at lea/1 he fail$4 ,! conception or     
induction ( reality becomes a necess>y  
=m ( ?\ght by be+ unit$ ) all unit+s4   
,judgm5t 9 ! n>r[ s5se may be def9$ z   
all ^? relat+s 9 :i* ! reality ( !      
relation is affirm$ or d5i$4  ,la/ly a  
^w on ! nature ( reason+4 ,reason+ is   
m$iatorial2 ! jo9+ is accompli%$ ?r\gh  
"o or m m$iates4 ,mo/ if n all ?9k+ is  
by m$iat+2 jo9+ proce$s only ^u gr\nd or
 basis1 :e!r recognis$ or n z su*4 8,k+s
 are mortal0 is ! language-expression ( 
a conjo9+ effect$ ei!r ?r\gh ! p>ticul> 
m$iate t]m1 ,john1 or t]ms1 ,john1      
,pet]1 etc41 or ?r\gh ! g5]al m$iate t]m
 m54 ,9 bo? cases ! conjo9+ is effect$  
?r\gh subjo9+ ( ! m$iate t]m to bo? !   
elem5ts to be conjo9$4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! 
process is3 8,john is mortal1 ,john is  
k+1 !re=e k+s are mortal40 ,?is relat+ (
 k+ & mortal is /r5g!n$ by subjo9+ = o!r
 p>ticul> m$iates1 ,pet]1 ,james1 etc4  
,9 ! second case ! process is3 8,m5 are 
mortal1 k+s are m51 !re=e k+s are       

mortal40 ,9 bo? cases ! appeal is to    
con/ancy ( coh]5ce ( a quality to a     
quality-gr\p1 9 ! fir/1 mortality coh]5t
 ) k+ ,john1 h5ce coh]5t ) k+s2 9 !     
second1 k+s h mortality because         
mortality is coh]5t ) ! gr\p man  k+s   
o!rs4 ,9 bo? cases ! g5]alis+ t5d5cy1 t 
is1 ! inductive quality1 is ! ma9 po9t &
 n ! me?od ( m$iation4 ,9 bo? processes 
! concept k+ is fill$ out by !          
additional quality mortality1 & !re is  
real ga9 9 g5]alis+ & concept-=m+1 :e!r 
! m9d accompli%es x by ! m special or m 
g5]al ref]5ce4 ,induction 9 ! l>ge s5se 
is ?us inclusive ( bo? induction &      
d$uction 9 ! re/rict$ s5se z det]m9$ by 
! mode ( m$iation4 ,inductive ?9k+1 z we
 h treat$ x1 is ! jo9+ :i* g5]alises1   
:atev] be ! means us$ to ?is end4       
,induction z g5]alis+ t5d5cy is imb$d$ 9
 exp]i5ce1 & is ! l>ge/ factor 9 all its
 developm5t4 ,all cognition z           
int]pretation is induction4  ,t         
induction1 z giv+ ! exp]i5ce value ( ?+s
 on basis ( previ\s exp]i5ce1 is        

fundam5tal to all emotions ab\t ! ?+s1  
has be5 impli$ ?r\gh\t our discussion4  
,b ! inductive act may itself be        
emotively consid]$ & intellectual       
emotion may arise4 ,h[ & :y induction   
came to be a pleasurable act & c>ri$ on 
= its own sake is1 p]haps1 n expla9able 
by biologic evolution4 ,x is c]ta9 t !  
inductive act1 l o!r functions1 arises z
 pa9ful ef=t & z a m]e means ( s]v+     
life4 ,id5tify+ & recognis+ is          
accompli%$ only "u pressure ( ! /ruggle 
= exi/5ce4 ,animals 9 g5]al1 &1 inde$1  
mo/ human be+s ex]cise _! intellig5ce1  
make inductions1 only z compell$ by !   
dem&s ( life4 ,! ,au/ralian savages :o  
guid$ ,lumholtz 9 8 se>* = new m>supials
 knew ab\t ! animals solely 9 a         
practical way1 & 7 totally unable to    
compreh5d ,lumholtz's motive4 ,s        
geologi/s exam9+ /ones are entirely     
misappreh5d$ by savages & !             
semi-civiliz$1 ?\gh ^! p are suffici5tly
 acqua9t$ ) /ones s f> z !y are a s\rce 
( m9]al weal?1 are useful = build+1 etc4

 ,& f ! po9t ( view ( natural selection 
pure sci5ce1 ! pursuit ( k solely = its 
own sake1 )\t ! lea/ ref]5ce to its     
appreciation1 is unexpla9able4          
,nev]!less1 x is a fact t at a c]ta9    
po9t 9 psy*ism ! intellectual life      
develops = its own sake2 ! inductive act
 is pleasurable1 & ! desire arises to   
cont9ue x z su*1 t is1 "h is true       
intellectual emotion1 an emotion aris+  
ab\t an intellectual act repres5t$ z    
su*4 ,?is feel+ ab\t induction may rise 
to an absorb+ passion1 z ) ,*>les ,d>w94
 ,he lik$ no?+ bett] ?an mak+           
inductions1 until he f9ally came to l   
little else4 ,if ! reason is ask$ =     
induction becom+ pleasurable1 & an end 9
 itself psy*ology at pres5t has no      
answ]4  ,x is pla9 t :5 intellectual    
activity is desir$1 n z a means1 b z an 
end 9 itself1 x excludes mu*            
intellectual emotion :i* is commonly    
associat$ !re)4 ,surprise & wond]1 =    
in/ance1 are intellectual emotions at   
contemplat+ a conjuncture v contr>y to  

expectation1 entirely opposite to "s    
pre-=m$ induction1 b !y d n imply       
devotion to intellectual activity z su*4
 ,! visitor to a biological laboratory  
:o1 on fir/ see+ blood corpuscles1 cries
 8,wond]ful6 ,:o w\ld h ?\ght x6 ,"o's  
blood all full ( su* ?+s6 ,let me look  
aga960 is h>dly actuat$ by ! sci5tific  
motive4 ,all ph5om5a are equally        
wond]ful or wond]less--:i* am\nts to !  
same ?+--to ! sci5ti/2 = him ev]y?+ is  
simply natural1 he =ms no expectations n
 f\nd$ on facts4 ,! 8wond]s ( sci5ce0   
are wond]s only to ! outsid]3 ! sci5ti/ 
takes !m z matt] ( fact4 ,x is no m     
wond]ful to him t ! blood %\ld be full (
 corpuscles ?an t x %\ld fall 9 drops4  
,! tyro does n wond] at a drop ( blood2 
he wond]s to see ! drop fill$ ) myriads 
( animat$ corpuscles2 ! sci5ti/ wond]s  
at nei!r4 ,he :o1 on be+ told ( blood   
corpuscles1 exclaims1 8,i want to "k10  
pla9ly desires k1 b is n impell$ by a   
pure ?ir/ = k4 ,! sci5tific items appe>+
 9 ! newspap]s g5]ally appeal m]ely to  

seek]s = m>vels & lov]s ( intellectual  
s5sation4 ,surprise & wond] are !n      
extrane\s impulses to k1 ! impulse to k 
= its own sake be+ q di/9ct4 ,z bas$ on 
intellectual %ock !y imply a consid]able
 intellectual integration1 & h5ce are by
 no means primitive 9 m5tal life1 yet f>
 f be+ z late z emotion = k p] se4      
,wond] gives bir? to ! ,arabian ,nights 
& to ,jules ,v]ne's romances1 b x always
 h9d]s true sci5ce4  ,aga91 ! pleasure &
 desire ( a*iev+ & a*ievem5t (t5 plays a
 l>ge "p 9 intellectual pursuits1 z 9 a 
wide v>iety ( activity4 ,rea*+ an end   
m]ely = ! sake ( accompli%m5t1 an       
emotion ab\t any end1 z1 = in/ance1 a   
wide g5]alisation to be atta9$1 m]ely z 
end1 intellectual action has 9 common ) 
all o!r teleological action1 b !        
teleologic emotion is n di/9ctly        
intellectual4 ,! desire to a*ieve =     
a*ievem5t's sake1 to rea* ! satisfaction
 ( accompli%m5t1 is extremely multiplex 
9 its application4 ,! man :o does a ?+ j
 to see if he c d x1 :o does feats ( any

 k9d is obvi\sly impell$ by a diff]5t   
emotion f ! "o :o p]=ms ! same activity 
= ! pleasure ( ! activity itself4 ,he :o
 plays a game to succe$1 & he :o plays =
 ! pleasurable activity involv$1 are 9 v
 diff]5t frames ( m9d4 ,& emotion =     
a*ievem5t is g5]ally complicat$ by      
desire to be !reby sup]ior to "o's      
fell[s4 ,! int5se competitive /ruggle is
 pla9 9 all dep>tm5ts ev5 among         
sci5ti/s4 ,! emotion ( competition1 !   
e>ne/ desire to surpass o!rs 9 int]pret+
 nature & life is a trem5d\s =ce among  
all sci5tific work]s1 & n ev5 ,d>w9     
himself1 exceptional ?\gh he 01 c\ld    
keep out e ve/ige ( am\r propre4  ,we   
note also t love ( any intellectual     
activity = its own sake1 z induction1   
mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! love ( tru?4 ,"h    
induction is ex]cis$1 n = itself1 b z a 
means to an end1 tru?2 induc+ is n m]ely
 a pleas+ ex]cise1 b a means to         
accompli%m5t ( a def9ite result4 ,d>w91 
( c\rse1 a tra9$ & habitual inductioni/1
 work$ bo? f ! pleasurability ( !       

activity & f 8 devotion to tru?1 to :i* 
?is induction 0 ! true me?od4 ,?\gh bo? 
^! motives1 love ( an activity & love ( 
"s def9ite end !reby atta9$1 z tru?1    
reputation1 etc41 are closely connect$1 
!y are p]fectly di/9ct modes ( emotion1 
z ! lea/ reflection conv9ces4 ,tru? is  
"s v wide p]man5t & significant         
conjuncture ( exp]i5ce discov]$ & set   
=?1 su* z ! orig9 ( species 9           
progressive modification1 or ! int5sity 
( light 9 inv]se proportion to ! squ>e (
 ! di/ance1 & ?is is ! k9d ( induction  
or conjo9+ dem&$ by ! love ( tru?4      
,,*apt] ,,xvii                          
,,! ,,/hetic ,,psy*osis   ,! problem ( !
 orig9 & nature ( /hetic feel+ is a     
def9ite psy*ological problem to be solv$
 only by introspection c>eful &         
prolong$4 ,we mu/ take simple cases &   
closely scrut9ize !m to discov] !       
di/9ctive quality1 we mu/ seek !        
cognitive1 feel+1 w elem5ts1 we mu/ note
 its k9%ip to o!r psy*oses1 we mu/      
endeav\r to analyse & det]m9e :e!r x be 

simple or complex4 ,analysis1 inde$1 z  
*emical analysis1 e4g41 is a r$uc+ !    
manifold to a comp>atively few elem5ts1 
f :i* by composition an indef9ite numb] 
( sub/ances are =m$4 ,b 9 psy*ological  
/udy we mu/ proce$ )\t any bias f       
physical inve/igation4 ,we _c r$uce m9d 
to ! me*anical developm5t ( a few       
simples z we survey ! developm5t ( matt]
 *emically4 ,if m9d be ess5tially       
self-activity1 w ef=t1 !n conjunction ( 
psy*oses is due to a conjo9+ activity1 &
 is n m]e aggregation4 ,s 9 case ( fe>  
we f\nd a great complexity ( conditions1
 yet fe> 9 itself seems an unanalyzable 
emotion wave4 ,9 tak+ up /hetic psy*osis
 we attempt an unbiass$ introspective   
/udy4  ,! /hetic psy*osis has be5 by _m 
evolutioni/s connect$ ) sexual appetite 
& emotion4 ,! evid5ce = ?is is t among  
animals ! brilliant-hu$1 &1 z we t]m !m1
 beautiful mates are *os5 9 pair+ "t4   
,also graceful movem5ts & melodi\s tones
 are !n employ$4 ,9 mank9d ! /hetic     
feel+1 z e "o may recall 9 8 own case1  

arose1 & became prom95t :5 ne> or 9 !   
te5s4 ,! rude boy & ! hoyd5 girl !n     
dress & adorn !mselves1 & a glam\r (    
beauty is ?r[n ab\t "o :o 0 once an     
entirely indiff]5t object4 ,all !       
surr\nd+s1 artificial & natural1 ( !    
belov$ object are look$ ^u & ?\ght ab\t 
9 a new way ( feel+1 an air (           
attractiv5ess & beauty envelops all4 ,! 
p]iod ( life ( /ronge/ sexuality1 f     
tw5ty to =ty1 is also ! p]iod ( /ronge/ 
/hetic emotion4 ,fur!r1 sexuality is    
not$ly /rong among ^? :o pr(essionally  
cultivate ! /hetic psy*osis1 z arti/s1  
musicians1 & poets3 inde$1 _m ( ! v     
greate/ ( ^! h be5 s c>ri$ away by !    
t5d] passion z to transgress !          
conv5tions & laws on sexual matt]s4 ,9  
cases ( precoci\s sexuality a feel+ = ! 
beautiful makes itself app>5t2 :ile ) ^?
 :o sl[ly mature1 ! /hetic feel+ is     
simil>ly delay$4 ,b does n ! infant :o  
holds out a rose to y & cries 8pretty10 
h a feel+ = beauty8 ,& x is surely      
unaffect$ by sexuality4 ,:at may be 9 ! 

m9d ( a *ild speak+ ?us is h>d to make  
out1 b ! activity is probably l>gely    
mimetic m]ely1 & ! t]m 8pretty0 is      
probably us$ sub/antively r ?an         
qualitatively2 x is ! "n ( ?+ r ?an     
quality4 ,we c]ta9ly _c ass]t ( a *ild t
 because x uses c]ta9 words x atta*es to
 ^? words ! prop] mean+s4 ,?is is evid5t
 f ! fact t a *ild taught to say        
8pretty0 w br+ y any & e object & use ! 
^w1 or if x le>ns to take m]ely a class 
( objects1 z rose1 x does ?is at        
dictation4 ,! *ild is1 h[ev]1 obvi\sly  
attract$ by "s objects r ?an o!rs1 b x  
w\ld be ha/y to say t x p]ceives _!     
beauty1 :5 x is q suffici5t to reg>d !m 
z conspicu\s only1 & /rik+4 ,b we h to  
t\* on s5s+ lat]2 & we only add to !    
evid5ce ( connection ( feel+ = beauty ) 
sexual feel+1 t ) ! old & ) eunu*s !    
/hetic s5se is b slight or t5ds to      
vani%4 ,?us positively & negatively !re 
seems to be evid5ce t feel+ = beauty    
orig9ates 9 connection ) sexual passion1
 ei!r t ! object ( ! passion is always  

reg>d$ z beautiful1 or t a feel+ =      
beauty excites ! passion4 ,a girl adorns
 h]self to attract lov]s1 kn[+ t to     
admire beauty is ! fir/ /ep to love4    
,?is close connection is recognis$ 9    
common consci\sness 9 t 8lovely0 is     
synonym\s ) beautiful1 ?us a 8lovely0   
l&scape or picture is a beautiful "o4   
,t !re is a close association ( sexual )
 /hetic psy*osis is !n obvi\s 9 ! case (
 ! human be+1 b yet x w\ld be q ha/y to 
conclude t a sweet note or a pure col\r 
may n be /hetically appreciat$ by *ildr5
 be=e !y h ! fir/ /irr+ t[>d sexuality1 
b /ill x is v easy--z ,i h be=e not$ 9 !
 case ( ! *ild :o cries 8pretty60--to   
mi/ake ! quality ( _! int]e/4  ,b :5 we 
come to int]pret ! psy*oses ( ! l[]     
animals 9 connection ) sexuality we may 
/ill m easily slip into a d\btful       
automorphism4 ,?us to say ) ,d>w91 8,:5 
we behold a male bird elaborately       
display+ 444 be=e ! female1 444 x is    
impossible to d\bt t %e admires ! beauty
 ( h] male p>tn]0 7,desc5t ( ,man1 p4   

#ib71 or m /rongly /ill ) ,grant ,all51 
8,e cr[ mu/ ?9k its own mate beautiful0 
7,m9d1 v4 #ddh71 we too easily take =   
grant$ t ^! birds w\ld feel l ourselves 
9 correspond+ circum/ances4 ,we c f9d a 
m simple explanation4 ,t cr[s (t5       
maltreat ^? :o are (f col\r1 e4g41 :ite1
 pla9ly does n require u to suppose t !y
 reg>d :ite z ugly1 black z beautiful1  
any m ?an we %\ld judge t /ud5ts 9 "s   
,society :o we> a black badge w\ld be   
/hetically mov$ :5 !y look ) disfav\r ^u
 /ud5ts :o may we> a :ite badge4        
,animals are clanni%1 & z a rule1 suff] 
none b ^? :o h ! cu/om>y m>ks to        
associate ) !m1 & especially to         
propagate4 ,h5ce :5 ! peacock displays  
himself to 8 mate he simply %[s to h] t 
he has mo/ conspicu\sly ! prop] m>ks1 & 
%e sees t he is ! prop] mate4 ,^! are   
signs ( a tempt+ mate1 j z "h is tempt+ 
food1 a v r$ ripe b]ry1 b ! coloration  
no m 9 ! "o case ?an ! o!r awak5s feel+ 
= beauty4 ,! h5 bird probably           
appreciates a r$ fea!r z a r$ b]ry m]ely

 z be+ signs ( ! completely satisfy+4   
,sexual selection1 l nutrim5t selection1
 is a discrim9ation accord+ to c]ta9    
*>act]s z prompt$ by appetite4 ,! exp&$ 
& v>i-col\r$ tail ( a peacock is !n a   
m]e sexual *>act]i/ic :i* does n imply  
feel+ = beauty 9 its appreciation z     
significant ( sex4 ,a small foot1 long  
hair1 & o!r sexual *>act]s 9 woman1 :i* 
are attractive to m51 9 l mann] ar\se   
emotion :i* is f> f /hetic4 ,we may take
 a p]fectly unsexual /hetic pleasure 9  
long rav5 tresses j z we d 9 an ebony   
table1 b ?is is obvi\sly r late         
a*ievem5t4  ,9 fact are n /hetic &      
sexual feel+s mutually exclusive8 ,s f> 
z nude art is 8sugge/ive10 s f> is !    
feel+ ( its beauty lo/1 h5ce sculpture  
is n t9t$4 ,& s 9 ! pres5ce ( ! nude    
model ! arti/ c h m]ely /hetic emotion1 
:]eas 8 visitor is apt to h emotions (  
ano!r sort4 ,we d1 inde$1 say t ! lov]  
dwells ^u 8 mi/ress' 8beauties10 b      
beauties "h mean attractions1 & to !    
devot$ lov] all p>ts are attractive1 ev5

 moles & freckles :i* to ! /hetic eye   
are ugly4  ,f ! evid5ce 9 h& we judge !n
 t x is c]ta9ly n necess>y to call 9 !  
feel+ ( ! beautiful z ! motive 9 ! orig9
 & developm5t ( sexual *>act]s 9 animals
 & plants4 ,j z !re is a cry ( fe> or a 
tone ( ang] !re is a vocal expression ( 
sexual feel+ & emotion :i* has its use &
 is recognis$ z su*1 b ^: /hetic quality
 is no m a matt] ( imm$iate appreh5sion 
?an 9 o!r utilities4 ,at lea/ ! safe/   
int]pretation t we c n[ make = all ! l[]
 grades ( sexuality is t sex *>act]s are
 n prim>ily det]m9$ by ! feel+ = beauty1
 b are simply imm$iate signs ( sex to   
awak5 ! sexual response & secure ! be/  
mate4 ,h[ is x t sexuality is s prom95t 
9 expression among "s species & s little
 among o!rs8--comp>e peacocks & blue    
jays--is a "q on :i* we h no light4 ,we 
are also 9 ignorance h[ ! p>ticul>      
sexual "* 0 evolv$ & n "s o!r1 =        
example1 :y is n ! peacock's tail r$8   
,grant ,all5's sugge/ion t food         
selection has influ5c$ sex selection may

 be true1 b x w\ld require a v wide &   
?or\gh inve/igation4 ,d brilliant-hu$   
birds pref] brilliant-hu$ foods8 ,h[ is 
! coloration ( ! sc>let tanag] relat$ to
 ! coloration ( its food8 ,h[ev]1 if !  
col\r+ ( foods & mates 7 ! same1 x w\ld 
9 "s cases lead to disadvantage\s       
confusion1 & on g5]al pr9ciples we %\ld 
expect su* di/9ct elem5ts z nutrition & 
sex to develop on v diff]5t l9es4 ,! cue
 = col\r may be le>n$ fir/ ) ref]5ce to 
food1 b x may be c>ri$ on z sexually    
significant on v di/9ct l9es4 ,/ill to  
di/+ui% a food or a mate by col\r is    
equally non-/hetic 9 itself4 ,at lea/ we
 ?9k x improbable t /hetic psy*osis     
arises z inc5tive to or reflex (        
sexuality 9 any ( ! l[] psy*ic /ages4   
,a !ory ( ! orig9 ( /hetic psy*osis :i* 
has be5 press$ by "s1 z by ,h]b]t       
,sp5c]1 is t x arises z reflex f        
spontane\s outfl[ ( en]gy1 or m         
p>ticul>ly 9 connection ) play impulse4 
,a horse turn$ loose 9 pa/ure may       
gambol1 runn+1 sniff+1 look+ ar\nd1 all 

:i* d5ot+ a free outfl[ ( en]gy ?r\gh   
l9es ( lea/ resi/ance1 ! cu/om>y *annels
 ( activity4 ,b we _c s]i\sly ?9k t 9   
?is s5s+ & muscul> activity !re is      
impli$ any real /hetic psy*osis1 & inde$
 x seems q emotionless4 ,! emotion ( fe>
 or simil> feel+s ar\s$ ! orig9al       
activities1 b ?is pres5t gallop+1 etc41 
is automatic1 & su* imm$iate pleasure z 
may result f ?is free activity is       
sc>cely ( ! /hetic ord]4 ,! :ole is ( a 
di/9ctly l[] ord] ?an ! orig9al activity
 & mu* bel[ /hetic quality4 ,if we      
recall our own /ate ( m9d 9 y\?ful      
8lett+ (f /eam0 & 9 plays1 we d n f9d   
/hetic pleasure4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a      
pleasure ( relief & also positively a   
pleasure f su* spontane\s outfl[2 b !   
outbur/ ( p5t-up en]gy automatically    
sp5t along l9es ( race action is a m]e  
e*o1 dies out at once1 & z deg5]ate =m  
is n a />t+ po9t = orig9 ( any new      
psy*osis4 ,play z simulation ( feel+ &  
action is also remov$ f /hetic activity1
 z 9 a dog play+ at fe> & runn+1 or at  

ang] & *as+4 ,he gets a m or less       
modifi$ fe> or ang]1 b !re does n seem  
to be any t5d5cy to /hetic psy*osis4    
,m]e imitation is m or less exact &     
skilful1 b emotion !re9 & !reat is      
pla9ly n ! gl[ ( /hetic emotion1 b is   
reflex ( s5se ( p[] & intellig5ce z     
qualities4 ,mimicry z m]e outlet ( en]gy
 z ) monkeys is pla9ly n ae/hetic2 "h is
 m]ely an automatic outfl[ ( =ce into   
sugge/$ activity4 ,:5 a savage z mimetic
 a*ievem5t c>ves ! figure ( man z h&le  
to a knife1 he accompli%es art1 b n f9e 
art4 ,he has no m /hetic feel+ ?an a boy
 or man :ittl+ out a %ip1 x be+ m]ely an
 exact & skilful c\nt]feit ( a real ?+4 
,imitation = ! sake ( imitation or to   
deceive is a teleologic pleasure di/9ct 
f /hetic4 ,successful imitation is (t5  
said1 inde$1 to be 8beautifully done10 b
 ?is means no m ?an well done4 ,ev5 a   
well-bak$ cake is popul>ly spok5 ( z    
beautifully done4  ,we obs]ve t         
sup]flu\s en]gy ru%es out along cu/om>y 
or habitual l9es ( activity1 & s )      

p]fect ease & economy4 ,activity :i* is 
easy & free is 9 itself pleasant1 & ?is 
pleasantness 9 s5s+ & d]iv$ psy*osis is 
/hetic feel+4 ,:]e s5s+ is m]e escape   
valve ( =ce1 ?\gh facility is absolute1 
!re is1 z j po9t$ out1 no /hetic        
quality1 ! :ole t5d+ to ! m]ely         
me*anical4 ,ow+ to ! fact t 9 nature    
curv$ l9es pr$om9ate & s ocul> adju/m5t 
is to !m1 my eye foll[s a curv$ l9e     
easi] ?an a /raight "o1 h5ce :5         
spontane\s en]gy outfl[s 9 s5s+ activity
 ( lea/ resi/ance x w be t[>d curves4 ,b
 spontane\s activity ( ?is k9d is1 z we 
h expla9$1 n /hetic4 ,! law ( economy 9 
a v5t is1 greate/ =ce1 lea/ effect1 !   
contr>y ( ! usual =mula = economy :i*   
is1 lea/ =ce1 greate/ effect4 ,:]e en]gy
 is exp5sive ! latt] rule is to be      
appli$4 ,?us 9 direct$ & ef=tful s5s+   
activity economy means ! ratio (        
effici5cy1 ! ratio ( ! am\nt ( pa9ful   
ef=t to desir$ result4 ,b ?is is m]ely a
 sav+ ( pa9 & n a real pleasure         
psy*osis4 ,:5 ,i1 9 us+ a microscope see

 cle>ly ) less & less ef=t ! objects (  
my /udy1 ,i may take pleasure 9 !       
economical & facile accompli%m5t1 b ?is 
pleasure is "o ( satisfaction 9 p[] &   
skill1 & s n at all /hetic4 ,aga91 a dy]
 has great skill & easy appreciation )  
respect to col\r1 b ! /hetic side (     
col\r is n !reby specially felt by him4 
,m]e habitual & easy col\r s5sitiv5ess  
is n !n !reby /hetic4 ,we mu/1 inde$1   
s5se a col\r be=e we c feel its beauty1 
b ! feel+ ( beauty is n directly involv$
 9 any /age ( ! s5s+ evolution f !      
e>lie/ & mo/ pa9ful ef=t ) b>e          
appreciation to ! spontane\s & ef=tless 
s5s+ at ! mom5t ( great surplus ( s5s+  
en]gy4  ,ano!r way ( acc\nt+ = /hetic   
psy*osis is by association4 ,pleasant   
sights1 = in/ance1 are ^? ) :i* we      
associate pleasure1 & 8pleasant0 means  
to _m1 beautiful4 ,b a travell]1 ?ir/y 9
 a des]t l&1 decl>es t he saw no m      
pleasant sight ?an a mud hole1 b ?is    
pleasure1 z he himself w\ld av]1 0 f> f 
/hetic4 ,:atev] we h associat$ pleasure 

)1 we reg>d ) pleasure1 b only z we h   
associat$ /hetic pleasure ) x d we reg>d
 x ) /hetic pleasure4 ,?us m]e          
association or revival no m gives u !   
d]ivation ( /hetic ?an any o!r emotion4 
,any pleasure or pa9 may be associat$ ) 
any s5sation or p]ception1 & !reby      
re-occur ) ^!1 b ! m]e revival obvi\sly 
does n alt] ! nature ( ! psy*osis or    
give any new psy*osis4 ,x is n :at is   
recall$1 b h[ we feel ab\t x t          
con/itutes /hetic emotion4 ,s also :5 ! 
beautiful is def9$ by ,h4 ,r4 ,m>%all z 
8! p]man5tly pleasurable 9 revival10 we 
get no insight into ! orig91 nature1 &  
developm5t ( ! /hetic psy*osis2 ?is     
purely objective description gives no   
psy*ological analysis4 ,b we may "q !   
accuracy ( ! description4 ,a ?+ ( beauty
 is n a joy = ev] :5 we mean !reby !    
object :i* excites ! /hetic psy*osis1 = 
mu* t has seem$ beautiful to "o p & age 
does n rema9 s = all peoples & times1 & 
ev5 ) ! individual1 ta/e v>ies4 ,we mu/ 
also note t ! p]man5tly pleasurable 9   

revival may n be /hetic1 z ! lov]'s     
remembrance ( a try/+ place4 ,on ! :ole1
 ,i d n f9d t /hetic pleasure is 9 any  
case to be ascrib$ to association1 ?\gh 
x comes "u ! g5]al laws ( association l 
any o!r feel+4 ,a lily excites v>i\s    
modes ( /hetic impression by its =m1    
col\r1 od\r1 poetical "*1 etc41 all :i* 
may re-awak5 toge!r ^u any pres5tation  
or sugge/ion ( ! lily4 ,h[ev]1 = !      
aborig9al lotus-eat] ! lily 0 also a    
pleasant sight--b n /hetic--f !         
associat$ pleasures ( its pleasant ta/e 
& z satisfy+ hung]4  ,we h impli$       
?r\gh\t--& common introspection approves
 ?is--t /hetic pleasure & emotion is a  
di/9ct psy*osis :i* someh[ arises )     
ref]5ce to objects4 ,x is n "s previ\s  
psy*osis z modifi$ by association1      
habit1 economy1 play-impulse1 or        
sexuality2 b x is a sui g5]is mode :i*  
develops on ! basis ( a pa/ evolution4  
,! simple/ & e>lie/ /hetic mode is      
pla9ly ! s5su\s4 ,v commonly :5 look+ on
 ! delicate solid-t9t$ gl[ ( e>ly dawn  

,i h /hetic pleasure1 my eye dwells on x
 ) pleasure & dr9ks 9 ! pleasant light4 
,x is obvi\s "h t ! s5s+ activity is    
c>ri$ on1 n to discrim9ate food or mate 
nor yet z m]e v5t to en]gy2 b ! s5s+ "h 
acts = ! pleasure 9 ! activity itself4  
,h[ & :y m]e cognitive act1 :i*         
orig9ates z guide to life1 acquires a   
direct pleasure value & s is c>ri$ on   
ap>t f ! ends ( life1 & initiates an    
/hetic _w ( its own1 _c on ! face ( x be
 expla9$ by natural selection2 x is     
entirely ap>t f ?is ord] ( ?+s4 ,b we "k
 t s5s+ (t5 c>ries pleasure ) x z       
significant ( life value1 ?us ! ?+ ta/+ 
good 0 orig9ally ! good ?+ to eat1 dige/
 & assimilate2 s also = smell1 etc4 ,b  
"u natural selection ?is pleasure       
sanction & index 0 nev] cultivat$ = its 
own sake4  ,n[ is !re any real diff]5ce 
9 ! pleasure 91 = in/ance1 smell+1 = !  
pure pleasure ( smell+1 z a p]fume (    
fre% apples1 & ! pleasure f smell+ !    
apples z detect+ !m :5 y are hungry8    
8,h[ pleasant ^? apples smell6 ,i d n   

c>e to eat !m1 b ,i j enjoy smell+ !m02 
is ! pleasure ?us indicat$ ! same 9     
quality ) t ( ! man :o says1 8,^? apples
 smell s nice ,i w\ld l to try "o08     
,aga91 if hungry1 we say1 8,! bread     
ta/es s good10 b we notice ?is          
pleasantness rapidly decreases z        
appetite is satisfi$4 ,h[ev]1 if !re be 
fre% grass butt]1 y may cont9ue to eat  
long aft] appetite is satisfi$1 = ! pure
 pleasure ( ! ta/e4 ,obvi\sly1 ! latt]  
pleasure is n a m]e cont9uance ( ! =m]4 
,reli% & ta/e pleasure seem di/9ct4     
,aga91 a r$ apple is a pleasant sight to
 a hungry man & to an arti/ 9 diff]5t   
ways4 ,if our pleasure 9 look+ at a     
picture ( an apple is su* t ! m\? wat]s1
 we "k at once t ! pleasure is un/hetic4
 ,he :o is v fond ( apples1 & to :om !y 
are always a pleasant sight1 is s f>    
b>r$ f /hetic pleasure 9 !m2 :ile he :o 
has no appreciation ( _! edibility is   
!reby prep>$ = /hetically s5s+ !m4 ,s   
also s\r grapes are z pretty z sweet4 ,!
 col\r s5se began z discrim9ative (     

foods1 & h5ce r$ became pleasurably     
kn[n1 b /hetic appreciation is c]ta9ly  
mu* lat] & q div]se4 ,if x be ask$ h[ & 
:5 did r$1 already noticeable1 become   
dwelt ^u /hetically1 all we c haz>d 9   
reply is t at "s leisure mom5t :5 unmov$
 by appetite a surplus ( en]gy set up an
 habitual s5s+ activity1 z notic+ r$s1 &
 at a c]ta9 /age :5 "s direct+ is       
ex]cis$1 !re comes a unique pleasure f !
 m]e s5s+1 & ! r$ is !re=e dwelt ^u4    
/hetic col\r-pleasure 9 ! simple/ case  
arises !n 9 e "o's exp]i5ce4            
,s5se-pleasure is ?us di/9ctly ( two    
k9ds1 fir/1 z aris+ 9 direct connection 
) g5]al organic dem&s & satisfactions--!
 "p z s]v+ ! :ole2 second1 z aris+      
imm$iately f ! s5se-activity--! :ole z  
s]v+ ! "p4 ,a monkey may f9d an apple a 
pleasant sight1 b loses all int]e/ :5 ! 
apple is se5 to be an imitation3 !      
monkey has ! fir/ pleasure1 b n !       
second4 ,! s5su\s /hetic problem is     
m]ely to introspect ! quality ( !       
s5s+-=-itself-pleasure z di/9ct f       

pleasantness com+ f ! s]vice ( life4 ,a 
s5se :i* develops its own pleasurabl5ess
 is on a new l9e1 :i* we t]m ! /hetic4  
/hetic activity is di/9ct f m]e v5t     
activity ( sup]flu\s en]gy by reason (  
be+ c>ri$ on self-direct$ by ! felt     
pleasure ( activity2 x implies a measure
 ( self-direction & self-consci\sness4  
/hetic activity may !n be g5]ally       
describ$ z prim>ily a s5s+ c>ri$ on1 n z
 means1 b = its own sake 9 pleasure     
imm$iately result+4 ,& we f9d t 9 ?is v 
g5]al mean+ all s5ses h _! /hetic       
activity4 ,! temp]ature s5se is c>ri$   
on1 z 9 bask+1 = ! pure pleasure ( w>m?4
 ,a cat beh9d a /ove is a connoisseur 9 
/hetic w>m? s5sations1 & enjoys w>m? =  
its own sake1 s f> z (t5 to injure !    
organism z a :ole4 ,to lie 9 ! sun &    
exp]i5ce ! ?rills ( pleasurable w>m? &  
to keep up ?is s5s+ m]ely = ! s5sation  
pleasure is a frequ5t exp]i5ce ev5 )    
man4 ,aga91 ! muscul> & pressure s5ses  
(t5 h a sph]e ( /hetic activity )       
a?letes & lov]s ( ex]cise4 ,:5 9 prime  

condition1 a man w toss weights ab\t    
solely = ! pleasure involv$ 9 ! s5se (  
pressure & ( muscul> activity4 ,t\* also
 is pla9ly /hetic :5 "o h&les silk = !  
pleasure involv$ 9 its smoo?ness4 ,smell
 is obvi\sly an /hetic activity 9 smell+
 p]fumes = ! pleasure ( ! smell4 ,x is  
probable t ! /hetic activity ( ?is s5se 
is f> wid] 9 "s ( ! l[] animals :]e !   
s5se is mu* m acute1 z ! dog4 ,! dog is 
pla9ly hav+ a v diff]5t psy*osis :5 he  
is smell+ ) pleasure a piece ( meat :i* 
he is ab\t to eat1 & :5 he sniffs c>rion
 & p]fumes himself !re)4 ,he gets ?us a 
c]ta9 pleasant b gross /imulation q ak9 
to ! pleasure "s m5 take 9 musk1 an     
enjoym5t ( :i* is di/9ctly an animal    
trait4 ,aga91 ! epicure :o sips 8 r>e   
w9e is ta/+ = ! pure pleasure ( ! ta/e1 
& ex]cises ?is s5se /hetically4 ,!      
/hetic ( all ^! s5ses may be call$ ! l[]
 /hetic1 9 contradi/9ction to ! high]   
/hetic ( sight & he>+2 b /hetic activity
 is ?r\gh\t its :ole range practically  
id5tical 9 nature & 9 ! quality ( its   

pleasure4 ,:5 ,i lie 9 ! sun & get w>m?1
 n because ,i am cold1 b = ! m]e        
pleasure ( ! w>m? ?rills1 & :5 ,i keep  
look+ at a delicate t9t 9 ! ev5+ sky = !
 m]e pleasure ( ! s5sation1 ,i h1 z f> z
 my introspection assures me1 activities
 ^: me?od & pleasure tone is id5tical4  
,simple s5su\s /hetic is no d\bt !      
beg9n+ ( /hetic activity1 b !re spe$ily 
ent]s mu* complication4 ,x (t5 happ5s t 
s+le elem5ts :i* sep>ately d n excite u 
/hetically w produce a m>k$ effect 9    
conjunction1 z complem5t>y col\rs1 =    
in/ance4 ,inde$1 relation plays s l>ge a
 place 9 our /hetic exp]i5ce t su*      
pr9ciples z v>iety & contra/1 or1 on !  
o!r h&1 unity1 ord]1 proportion1 &      
h>mony1 h be5 made fundam5tal to !      
/hetic feel+4 /hetic effect c]ta9ly "h  
becomes a complex ( two or m re9=c+     
s5sations or p]ceptions4 ,:]e ! s5su\s  
elem5ts ( a p]ception are 9 !mselves    
pleas+ we may expect ! unison 9         
p]ception to be d\bly pleas+4 ,h[ev]1 we
 may also conceive t /hetic pleasure    

arises z a reflex ( p]ceptive activity 9
 & = itself z a co-ord9at+ (            
impressions4  ,fe*n] has made "s        
exp]im5ts on :at comb9ations are pleas+2
 b exp]im5t 9 ?is direction is extremely
 difficult because s few p are will+ to 
speak frankly ( _! /hetic feel+s1 be+ v 
s5sitive ab\t compromis+ !mselves on    
matt]s ( ta/e4 ,!re is also ! great     
difficulty ( isolation1 ( mak+ sure t   
association does n creep 9 & add un=ese5
 elem5ts4 ,if ,fe*n] expect$ to get any 
judgm5ts ( value on su* a matt] z !     
gold5 section rectangle1 he %\ld h      
consult$ only tra9$ arti/s :o are us$ to
 tak+ up ! /hetic activity ) ref]5ce to 
any mat]ial & express+ !mselves )       
fre$om4 ,if ?is rectangle has ! /hetic  
quality ,fe*n]'s exp]im5ts sugge/1 x    
seems /range x 0 n adopt$ by !          
symmetry-lov+ ,greeks 9 _! temples1 l ! 
,p>!non4  ,to ! sph]es ( simple &       
relational s5se beauty we h to add a    
?ird--repres5tative beauty4 ,a col\r1 or
 two or m 9 comb9ation :i* give /hetic  

satisfaction1 w also please 9           
halluc9atory vision & 9 repres5tation   
prop] :]e ! revival is recognis$ 9 its  
unreality & repres5tative nature1 & also
 9 recollection :]e ! memory is will$4  
,! m]e imag+ ^! col\rs )\t any def9ite  
"t relation also gives /hetic pleasure4 
,x is1 inde$1 a pleonasm to say t /hetic
 revivals are /hetic4 ,h[ev]1 imag9ation
 is productive z well z reproductive1   
h5ce ! ideal a*ieves a full] beauty ?an 
! real4 ,:]e ! m9d1 prompt$ by /hetic   
desire1 det]m9es its own object1 ?is    
object c m fully satisfy x ?an reality1 
:i* is always imp]fect4 ,?us art        
surpasses nature1 or m /rictly is a     
high] nature4 ,idealism !n is a mode (  
realism1 & realism is b ! ideal (       
actuality4 ,b ! imag+ activity may1 l ! 
p]ceptive1 be consid]$ z 9 itself a     
s\rce ( /hetic pleasure4 ,imag+ is      
prim>ily us$ 9 ! s]vice ( life1 z :5    
walk+ 9 a =e/ ,i he> a peculi> cry1     
imag9e a wolf1 & flee4 ,:5 imag+ has be5
 l>gely develop$ ?us1 x may (t5 act z a 

m]e v5t to en]gy2 b ?is k9d ( activity  
has "h1 no m ?an else:]e1 real /hetic   
quality4 ,at ! animi/ic /age *ildr5     
imag9e 9 ?is way long be=e !y /hetically
 image4 ,:5 we consci\sly & ) "s        
self-direction enjoy imag+ = its own    
sake1 we atta9 ! /hetic sph]e4 ,! /hetic
 pleasures :i* are sugge/$ by su* a     
phrase z--                  8,fair %ip1 
t f ! ,italian %ore                     
,sails ! placid ocean pla9s0--  are n   
m]ely ! sum ( ! orig9al s5se pleasures1 
b p]ceptive & imag9ative pleasure p] se 
is add$1 ! image is m beautiful ?an !   
real vision1 & ?is p]ception ?an "s s5se
 elem5t1 z ! light s5sation impli$ 9    
8placid40  /hetic pleasure1 ev5 9 s5se1 
& mu* m 9 p]ceiv+ & imag9+1 is a        
delight1 t is1 /hetic quality is an     
emotion quality1 x is n a m]e feel+ f an
 object1 b a feel+ ab\t x4 ,n[ emotion  
may be enact$ = emotion's sake & s an   
/hetic pleasure wave be g5]at$4 ,?is is 
! pleasure we take 9 ! pa!tic--pity1 !  
sublime1 fe> z awe1 ! tragic-horror4 ,^!

 emotions are realiz$ = !mselves z a    
mode ( pleasurable activity4 /hetic     
emotion is also v l>gely emotion at     
emotion1 z a feel+ = ! expressive1 /ill 
"h ! emotion is = its own sake4  /hetic 
activity may !n be describ$ z an        
indep5d5t self-activity ( "s s5se1 or ( 
p]ception1 or imag9ation1 or emotion z  
impell$ by a pleasure1 ?is pleasure be+ 
a di/9ct & new =m we t]m /hetic4 ,x is  
probable ?is pleasure fir/ arose 9      
connection ) ! ex]cise ( ! s5se z a v5t 
= spontane\s en]gy1 & pleasure once     
someh[ be+ tak5 9 a m]e activity p] se1 
x is !nce=? conduct$ !re=4 ,?is is !    
pla9e/ pa? ( conjecture ?us f>4 ,if !   
fir/ /hetic pleasure 7 tak5 9 "s quiet  
mom5t ( v5t+ en]gy 9 s5s+ r$1 !n r$ w   
cont9ue to be s5s$1 impell$ by !        
pleasure involv$ 9 ! act4 ,grant$ su* an
 orig91 ! developm5t ( /hetic psy*osis c
 be trac$ 9 ! way we h not$4  /hetic    
psy*osis is commonly reg>d$ z passive1 &
 x is inde$ true t ! fir/ mom5t ( !     
pleasure comes z result ( an activity   

impell$ by o!r motives4 ,new psy*oses   
are n consci\sly =m$ b are r hit ^u 9   
natural developm5t2 b once a new        
pleasure is felt its conditions w be    
atta9$ & kept to by consci\s ef=t1 & !  
pleasure itself w receive its developm5t
 only ?r\gh ef=tful activity4 ,x is by  
supreme ef=t ! great arti/ atta9s !     
vision ( beauty1 x is by supreme ef=t he
 expresses ?is vision1 x is by supreme  
ef=t ! critic appreciates ?is           
expression4 ,he :o has no appreciation (
 sculpture may by pati5tly & e>ne/ly    
obs]v+ /atu>y rea* at l5g? "s /hetic    
pleasure4 ,?us ! /hetic1 l all m5tal    
modes1 s f> z progressive1 is ef=tful2 &
 x seems c]ta9 t ! /hetic pleasures t   
come to u s easily are race acquirem5ts1
 a h]itage ( culture4 ,f its fir/ g]m   
onw>ds /hetic1 l intellectual1 l moral1 
l all m5tal activity1 is ! a*ievem5t (  
int5se /ruggle4  ,) ! rise ( beauty we h
 a new utility4 ,"h is a new pleasure   
:i* once exp]i5c$ is s\ght & s\ght aga91
 is develop$1 & ) "s natures becomes    

absorb+ passion1 ! life4 ,objects fitt$ 
to give ?is pleasure are desir$1 are    
b\ght & sold4 ,! beautiful is us$ to    
effect all k9ds ( ends4 ,! lov] adorns  
himself to make himself attractive1 !   
adv]tis] di/ributes 8 bills 9 arti/ic   
%ape1 ! real e/ate deal] ornam5ts 8     
h\ses & gr\nds4 ,:atev] w af=d /hetic   
pleasure we are will+ to pay = & pay    
high4 ,9 fact1 9 ! p]son ( a ,patti !   
/hetic ?rill becomes ! mo/ exp5sive ta/e
 :i* humanity c indulge4 ,art !n is a   
utility--a some?+ :i* satisfies         
desire--& z su* x is n free or %>eable4 
,b "o at a "t c obs]ve a picture f ! be/
 po9t ( view4 ,ri* m5 buy ! mo/ sightly 
spots 9 nature1 ! places ( magnific5t   
vi/as & op5 to beautiful sunsets4       
,beautiful ?+s are !n desirables j l    
edible ?+s or w>m ?+s1 & z su* !y are n 
%>eable4 ,! feel+ = beauty1 j because x 
is self-conta9$1 is f> f be+ dis9t]e/$4 
,x is ess5tially selfi%4                
,,*apt] ,,xviii                    ,,!  
,,psy*ology ,,( ,,lit]>y ,,/yle   ,mr4  

,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s fam\s essay1 entitl$1   
8,! ,philosophy ( ,/yle0--by :i* is     
meant ! ,psy*ology ( ,/yle--prop\nds :at
 we may t]m ! economic !ory ( lit]>y    
effect4 ,! secret1 he tells u1 ( !      
pleas+ effect ( diction1 rhy?m1         
figurative language1 s5t5ce /ructure1   
lies 9 ?is1 t ^! are lab\r-sav+ devices 
to economize m5tal ef=t1 t by _! use we 
get ) ! lea/ att5tion ! greate/         
appreh5sion2 & h5ce we receive pleasure 
z reflex ( ! facile & full cognition    
function+4 ,lit]>y pleasure is ?us      
br\ght "u ! law ( pleasure 9 g5]al4     
,take ! quotation f ,%elley cit$ by ,mr4
 ,sp5c]3--            8,me?\ght among ! 
lawns toge!r           ,we w&]$1        
und]nea? ! "y grey dawn1           ,&   
multitudes ( d5se :ite fleecy cl\ds     
,7 w&]+ 9 ?ick flocks along ! m\nta9s1  
,%eph]d$ by ! sl[ unwill+ w9d40  ,y h   
read ?is ) pleasure1 & is n ! s\rce (   
?is pleasure ! ease & cel]ity ) :i* !   
m9d rea*es ! 8desir$ conception08       
,vividly & =cibly ! m9d is l$ by cunn+  

use ( phrase & rhy?m & figure to realize
 ! picture1 & !re is a gl[ ( pleasure 9 
! reaction f ! facility4 ,language is a 
m$ium = ! transf] ( ideas1 & :5 x       
accompli%es ?is (fice mo/ effectively1 z
 9 ! pres5t case1 & acts ^u ! m9d s     
cle>ly & =cibly t nol5s vol5s ! read] at
 once appreh5ds & compreh5ds1 he feels a
 ?rill ( pleasure !re)1 j z !re is      
pleasure connect$ ) ! rapid & easy      
assimilation ( well cook$ food4 ,be=e   
develop+ & criticis+ ?is !ory ,i may    
rem>k 9 pass+ t ,blair1 ! rhetorician1 9
 treat+ ( ! /ructure ( s5t5ces =e%ad[s 9
 a way ! economic !ory :5 he writes t   
8to h ! relation ( e ^w & memb] ( a     
s5t5ce m>k$ 9 ! mo/ prop] & di/9ct      
mann]1 gives1 n cle>ness only1 b grace &
 beauty to a s5t5ce1 mak+ ! m9d pass    
smoo?ly & agreeably along ! p>ts ( x40  
,?is surely implies t /hetical pleasure 
( /yle may be bas$ 9 a psy*ological     
economy & facility4 ,x is inde$ a       
commonplace rem>k1 8,! book is s well   
writt5 t y _c mi/ake or miss its mean+02

 :]e9 ! id5tification ( /yle )          
intelligibility becomes a truism4       
,c]ta9ly ,mr4 ,sp5c] has n 9 ! economic 
!ory prop\nd$ any?+ radically new4  ,we 
note at ! outset t :ile ?is pleasure (  
/yle may result f economy x is n !      
pleasure ( ! consci\s economiz]4 ,!     
read] :o is enjoy+ a v readable book has
 a di/9ct pleasure f him :o views )     
satisfaction 8 f9i%+ a book at a great &
 unexpect$ sav+ ( m5tal en]gy4 ,we h "h 
! direct pleasure f economical ex]cise (
 ! faculties contra/$ ) ! indirect      
introspective-retrospective pleasure at 
economy effect$4 ,_m p]sons take z mu*  
pleasure 9 mak+ m5tal en]gy g z f> z    
possible1 b ?is pleasure 9 economy is   
obvi\sly n ! pleasure ( /yle1 :i* is n  
reflective1 b nave & direct impression4 
,language1 ei!r spok5 or writt51 by its 
m or less effective modes ( accompli%+  
its (fice does !n awak5 a simple &      
direct pleasure1 accord+ to ! g5]al law 
t pleasure accompanies effici5t acts z a
 sanction & /imulus4 ,x is obvi\s t /yle

 = spok5 language1 oratorical /yle1 is  
prec$5t 9 its =mation to /yle = writt5  
language or lit]>y /yle1 & t x has      
greatly affect$ lit]>y /yle ?r\gh\t its 
:ole hi/ory4 ,yet ! di/9ctness ( ! two  
modes is affirm$ by ! common obs]vation 
t a spee*1 impressively pleas+ to li/5  
to1 (t5 does n read well4 ,:ile x may be
 true t 9 its orig9 lit]>y /yle borr[$  
c]ta9 devices f oratorical1 yet 9 its   
late/ evolution ! writt5 page is f> f   
be+ ! speak+ page4 ,! book is n a       
sub/itute speak] address+ u1 & modes (  
expression :i* are mo/ fitt+ =          
conv]sation & oration1 ?\gh sometimes   
us$ by writ]s1 are ali5 to pure lit]>y  
art4 ,h[ev]1 ,i _c pursue ?is int]e/+   
subject1 nor yet c ,i "h treat ( ! orig9
 ( /yle m ?an to m]ely obs]ve t x is    
consid]ably lat] ?an ! orig9 ( language 
itself4 ,nei!r ! orig9al unc\? spee*1   
:e!r int]jectional or onomatopoetic1 nor
 ! e>lie/ rude inscriptions c be said to
 h /yle1 oratorical or lit]>y4 ,/yle is 
! (fspr+ ( specialization2 x fir/ appe>$

 :5 m5 recognis$ "s "o z p>ticul>ly     
gift$ = fitt+ expression1 & *ose him z  
spokesman because ( ?is ability to      
communicate :at 0 desir$ to be said )   
special =ce & cle>ness4 ,?us arises !   
orator :o a*ieves & inv5ts oratorical   
/yle4 ,likewise ! writ] is "o :o is     
select$ = 8 special abilities 9         
expression by ^w ( p51 & ! scribe1 cl]k1
 & public lett] writ] arise & evolve    
lit]>y /yle z a skilful way (           
effectively convey+ ideas & impressions 
by writt5 language4 ,! read] is also    
evolv$1 & 9 ! reciprocal relation ( dem&
 & supply & ! competitive /ruggle to    
secure read]s1 ! writ] seeks ev] m & m  
to please & int]e/ by introduc+ &       
p]fect+ v>i\s inv5tions to make ! read+ 
( 8 "w v easy & enjoyable4 ,?us x comes 
t readabl5ess is ! natural te/ = read+  
matt]4  ,! economic !ory ( /yle 9 f9e   
art pla9ly implies at bottom            
physiological economy1 = all            
psy*ological economy c only be effect$  
on ?is basis4 ,! psy*ology ( /yle mu/   

re/ on a physiology ( /yle4 ,we "k t !  
pleasures ( =m & col\r 9 sculpture &    
pa9t+ are ! reflex ( physiological      
functions z easily & completely p]=m$4  
,! curve ( beauty is su* because ! eye  
foll[s x m easily ?an o!r l9es2 ! pleas+
 col\r is su* because ! physiological   
/imulus is accompli%$ 9 a normal &      
facile way4 ,& z visibility is ! te/ = !
 arts :i* appeal to ! eye1 s audibility 
is = ! f9e art :i* appeals to ! e>4     
,pleasure f music is ! reflex ( aural   
function+ accompli%+ ! mo/ ) lea/ /ra94 
,n[ ! pleasure :i* comes f lit]>y /yle  
mu/ simil>ly be s\ght 9 "s physiological
 mode4 ,:ile pla9 pr9t & good pap] are  
incid5tal pleasures 9 read+1 !y are n   
prim>ily due to ! /yli/1 :o does1 h[ev]1
 appeal to ! eye by ! due proportion+ ( 
long & %ort words1 s5t5ces & p>agraphs4 
,?\gh !re is no consci\s int5t by !     
/yli/1 yet x may be believ$ t ! use (   
c]ta9 lett]s & c]ta9 successions (      
lett]s z m or less easy = ! eye is a    
matt] ( "s importance4 ,"s lett]s & "s  

comb9ations are ocul>ly m pleas+ ?an    
o!rs1 & ?is is cle>ly f\nd$ on economic 
physiological conditions4 ,x is greatly 
to be desir$ t physiologi/s w\ld inv5t  
new alphabetical =ms :i* %\ld be mo/    
adapt$ to ! eye4 ,x is sc>cely to be    
suppos$ t our pres5t ,a ,b ,c's are !   
simple/ & easie/ l9e-comb9ations = !    
eye4 ,:5 ! visual side ( read+ is made z
 easy z possible1 ! g5]al reflex s5se ( 
facility & pleasure !re) is c]ta9ly     
increas$4 ,! artificial languages n[ be+
 exploit$1 z ,volapuk1 ought & w\ld     
effect a great physiological sav+1 z    
w\ld also be accompli%$ by a phonetic   
spell+4  ,b ! direct visible function ( 
/yle is c]ta9ly f> inf]ior to !         
indirect4 ,! p[] ( /yle is v l>gely 9   
/imulat+ pleas+ visual images4 ,! ma9   
elem5t 9 lit]ature we are told is vision
 & imag9ation1 :i* is b a re/imulation &
 recomb9ation ( ocul> exp]i5ces4        
,s5sation is ! s\rce & /rong basis = all
 ^? fa9t revivals :i* are s aptly &     
pleasantly call$ up by ! lit]>y arti/1 &

 h5ce :5 ! poet speaks ( 8! light :i*   
nev] 0 on sea or l&10 ?is is really     
mean+less1 s9ce all our light           
impressions are t]re/rial 9 _! nature4  
,to ! bl9d man ! :ole visual effect1    
direct & indirect1 ( /yle is lo/2 8     
imag+ p[] mu/ be 9 "s o!r s5se4         
,lit]ature is !n1 l sculpture & pa9t+1  
l>gely a visual art1 & its pleasure-giv+
 quality is ! reflex ( visibility4 ,m]e 
=m & col\r may 9 a s5se con/itute a     
picture2 ?\gh 9 g5]al we dem& t x mean  
some?+1 sugge/ some?+4 ,a picture is su*
 z depict+ some?+1 & s be+ m ?an a /udy 
9 =m or col\r4 ,! m]e direct pleasure ( 
ocul> s5sation plays a l>ge "p 9 graphic
 & glyptic art1 yet x is commonly       
conceiv$ t "s measure ( imag9ation1 t   
is1 "s indirect visible function1 is    
necess>y ev5 "h4 ,sculpture & pa9t+     
dep5d l lit]ature on bo? direct &       
indirect vision z physiological &       
psy*ological basis ( /hetic pleasure4   
,b 9 a second>y way lit]>y /yle dep5ds =
 its effect ^u auditory s5sations bo?   

direct & revival4 ,we m5tally1 & (t5    
orally1 pron\nce z we read1 & s         
appreciate sonor\s quality &            
onomatopoetic =ce4 ,allit]ation1 rhyme1 
euphony1 & rhy?m play c]ta9ly a         
consid]able "p 9 ! *>m ( /yle1 &        
lit]ature on ?is side approa*es & passes
 gradually into music4 ,euphony answ]s  
to melody1 & rhyme & rhy?m to h>mony4   
,lit]ature may become = u m]ely a       
succession ( pleas+ s\nds1 z :5 we hum  
ov] "s fav\rite l9es ( poetry1 or :51   
ignorant ( ! ,italian language1 we li/5 
to an op]a4 ,"s ( ,milton's li/s ( names
 9 su* l9es z ^!1--                  8,(
 ,cambalu1 seat ( ,ca?ayan ,c1          
,& ,sam>*& by ,oxus1 ,tem]'s ?rone0--   
*>m m]ely by ! fl[ & fulness ( s\nd4 ,b 
! /yli/ aims1 n m]ely at =mal s5su\s    
beauty 9 tone & cad5ce ( language1 he   
aims to sugge/ pleas+ s\nds1 & to awak5 
! auditory imag9ation1 & to h>monize    
s5se ) s\nd z is done s successfully by 
poets l ,t5nyson & prosai/s l ,sir      
,?omas ,br[ne4 ,all ?is auditory side ( 

lit]>y /yle is lo/ on ! deaf1 z ! visual
 is lo/ on ! bl9d4 ,lit]ature z an art  
is nei!r bl9d l music nor deaf l pa9t+1 
b x is a comp\nd art1 visual-auditory1 &
 ?us1 by virtue ( its range1 is !       
greate/ ( ! arts4 ,x is true t          
indirectly & 9 a v limit$ way pa9t+ c   
sugge/ s\nds1 & music sights1 b         
lit]ature1 bo? directly & indirectly1 c 
freely & fully give bo?4 ,^w-music &    
^w-pa9t+ are bo? me?ods ( lit]>y /yle4  
,9 %ort1 ! explanation ( ! pleasure (   
/yle is pleas+ sight or s\nd directly or
 indirectly giv51 & ! explanation ( !   
pleas+ "* ( ! sight or s\nd is z !      
reflex ( easy economical physiological  
function+ z basis ( easy economical     
psy*ic function4  ,b we h n[ to ask :e!r
 economy ( att5tion is ! sole           
psy*ological secret ( /yle1 & :e!r1     
inde$1 x is always necess>y to /yle4 ,is
 /yle1 l gramm> or or?ography1 m]ely a m
 or less conv5tionaliz$ device to make  
intelligibility c]ta9 & easy8 ,is our   
read+ always ! m pleasurable z x is ! m 

ef=tless8 ,! pleasure ( facility c]ta9ly
 be>s a l>ge "p 9 mu* ( our lit]>y      
enjoym5t1 b !re is ano!r & opposite law 
( pleasure :i*1 ,i ?9k1 (t5 det]m9es    
pleasure 9 /yle4 ,to accompli% mu* ) no 
ex]tion1 to slide d[n a long hill1 gives
 pleasure1 b !re is also a pleasure 9   
ex]tion1 9 climb+ hills z well z slid+  
d[n4 ,! pleasures ( /r5u\s activity (   
att5tion =m a c]ta9 elem5t 9 lit]>y     
effect4 ,! writ] may d too mu* = !      
read]1 may make ev]y?+ s simple & easy t
 ! read] has no?+ to d1 b is c>ri$ along
 )\t volition & curiosity1 los+ all joy 
( atta9m5t & grasp4 ,= my own "p1 ,i (t5
 f9d au?ors too flu5t & facile1         
especially among ! ,fr5*1 & sometimes   
among ! ,engli%1 z1 = in/ance1 9 "s (   
,john ,/u>t ,mill's writ+s4 ,^! d n     
leave en\gh = me to d1 & l$ skilfully   
along s smoo? a road t ,i am n consci\s 
( mov+1 ,i lose ! pleasure ( a*ievem5t1 
( ! s5se ( enl>gem5t ( consci\s p[]s4   
,easy got1 easy goes1 is ! law "h z     
else:]e4 ,! pleasure ( acquirem5t is    

directly z ! am\nt ( att5tion ex]cis$4  
,mr4 ,sp5c] 9 discuss+ ?is matt] rem>ks 
t1 z 8language is ! vehicle ( ?\ght1 we 
may say t 9 all cases ! friction &      
in]tia ( ! vehicle d$uct f its          
effici5cy1 & t 9 composition ! *ief ?+  
to be done is1 to r$uce ! friction &    
in]tia to ! smalle/ am\nts40 ,b x mu/ be
 rememb]$ t motion is n only aga9/      
friction b by friction4 ,! rail may be  
too smoo? z well z too r\gh4 ,e         
locomotive1 = a giv5 piece ( track ) a  
giv5 gradi5t1 has a c]ta9 co-effici5t ( 
friction = its mo/ effective work+1     
above & bel[ :i* !re is alike decrease (
 effici5cy2 & 9 eng9e]+ x is equally a  
problem to keep friction up z to r$uce  
x4 ,s ,i say ( /yle1 t x may be too     
smoo? & facile1 & may r$uce m5tal       
friction to s l[ a po9t t !re is no     
grasp & no real progress4 ,a s5t5ce (   
,hook] or ,milton1 magnific5t /yli/s    
?\gh !y are1 c1 z an affair ( economy ( 
att5tion1 be greatly improv$ by break+ x
 up into a numb] ( simple pla9 s5t5ces  

aft] ! prim] fa%ion1 ,! cat mews1 ,! dog
 b>ks1 etc42 b ?is process c]ta9ly is n 
an improvem5t ( _! /yle4 ,b if economy (
 att5tion 7 ! sole secret ( /yle1       
c]ta9ly ! m economy we introduce !      
great] & bett] %\ld be ! /yle4 ,pr(essor
 ,%]man1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska1 9 a
 rec5t article %[s t heav9ess--t :i*    
requires 8con/ant ef=t 9 read+0--is due 
to ! numb] ( words p] s5t5ce1 :i* has   
be5 r$uc$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( ,engli%
 prose f an av]age ( fifty words a      
s5t5ce 9 ,*auc] & ,sp5s] to five 9 !    
columns ( a mod]n1 l[-grade1 popul>     
/ory-pap]2 b x obvi\sly _c be ma9ta9$ t 
! /yle ( ! /ory-pap] is t5 times bett]  
?an t ( ,sp5s]'s ,/ate ( ,irel&4  ,we   
might !n set up ) plausibility an       
exactly opposite !ory to ! economic1 &  
ma9ta9 t ! secret ( /yle is 9 excit+ u  
to ! greate/ att5tive ef=t1 & t ! be/   
/yle is t :i* r\ses u to ! sev]e/ m5tal 
ex]tion4 ,h[ev]1 ,i believe t ^! two    
opposite me?ods ( /yle are complem5t>y4 
,! great /yli/ is he :o /rikes ! exact  

mean betwe5 ov] facility & ov]          
difficulty1 & t\*es ! exact co-effici5t 
( m5tal friction 9 ! read]1 at :i* 8    
:ole p[] ( m9d comes into highe/ & mo/  
h>moni\s & effective ex]cise4 ,!        
accompli%$ /yli/ mo/ clev]ly ?r[s 9     
que/ions1 sugge/s d\bts1 & def]s answ]s4
 ,to read 8 book is n a toboggan slide1 
b an ob/acle race4 ,:at is plot int]e/ b
 a skilful putt+ ( ob/acles 9 ! read]'s 
way1 def]r+ & ?w>t+ 8 expectations1     
putt+ him on ! qui vive ( att5tion8 ,by 
! developm5t ( plot ! noveli/ & dramati/
 plays hide & seek ) ! read]4 ,no cunn+ 
arti/ reveals at once 8 :ole ?\ght 9 a  
blaze ( light1 b he my/ifies & draws 9  
half-tones1 ?us to /ir y to rea* out &  
grasp 8 mean+4  ,b we are z yet f> f    
exhau/+ ! psy*ological significance (   
pleasure 9 /yle :5 we trace x to a      
reflex f ei!r decrease or increase (    
att5tive ef=t4 ,! pleasure we h s f>    
consid]$ is nave & direct2 x is f lit]>y
 art r ?an 9 or at lit]>y art z su*4 ,! 
*ild & ! mo/ ord9>y read] d]ive f books 

a simple & natural pleasure :i* !y d n  
reflect ^u1 & d n 9 any wise conceive ! 
ways & means by :i* ! effect is produc$4
 ,inde$1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! mo/ lucid &    
p]fect art ^! read]s1 l ,p>tridge at !  
play1 take ev]y?+ z a matt] ( c\rse1 z j
 ! way !y w\ld !mselves express x4 ,!   
dilettante alone ta/es ! pleasure 9 /yle
 z su*2 z an art1 an adaptation ( means 
to ends1 he alone appreciates ! delicate
 adju/m5t ( expression to ?\ght1 ! *oice
 diction1 ! deft managem5t ( ^w &       
phrase4 ,! quality ( ?is te*nical       
pleasure 9 /yle is exemplifi$ 9 its     
highe/ =m 9 ?is note ( a great          
arti/-critic1 ,%elley1 app5d$ to 8 f9e  
translation ( ! op5+ *orus 9 8,fau/03-- 
,su* is a lit]al translation ( ?is      
a/oni%+ *orus2 x is impossible to       
repres5t 9 ano!r language ! melody ( !  
v]sification2 ev5 ! volatile /r5g? &    
delicacy ( ! ideas escape 9 ! crucible (
 translation1 & its read] is surpris$ to
 f9d a caput mortuum4  ,! psy*ological  
nature ( ?is pleasure 9 /yle is obvi\sly

 q di/9ct f ! direct pleasures f read+  
:i* h be5 previ\sly discuss$4 ,"h is    
pleasure 9 lit]>y art1 n = :at x br+s1 b
 = its own sake4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 !  
pleasure ! av]age t\ri/ takes 9 travell+
 swiftly & smoo?ly 9 a de luxe tra91 & t
 tak5 by ! pr(essional eng9e] inspect+ !
 high-spe$ locomotive1 is analog\s 9    
quantity & quality to ! di/9ctive       
pleasures ( critical & uncritical       
appreciation ( f9e art4 ,b we h z yet   
only cle>$ ! gr\nd t[>d asc]ta9+ !      
psy*ological rationale ( lit]>y /yle4   
,we h m>k$ only g5]al causes ( lit]>y   
pleasure1 we h notic$ 9 ?is pleasure    
only ^? elem5ts :i* fl[ f ! psy*ological
 & physiological basis ( all pleasure z 
reflex ( function+4 ,t we admire & take 
pleasure 9 nice adju/m5t ( means to ends
 is also a g5]al law ( pleasure ) all :o
 act teleologically1 & are capable (    
appreciat+ actions ( ?is k9d4 ,b is !re 
n a specific quality 9 ! /hetic pleasure
 f or 9 lit]>y art :i* has n yet be5    
acc\nt$ =8 ,c]ta9ly ! common expression1

 8m =cible ?an elegant10 z appli$ to    
spok5 or writt5 language1 d5otes t = !  
popul> consci\sness /yle is some:at m   
?an & diff]5t f m]e =ce & consequ5t ease
 & l>g5ess ( appreh5sion4 ,we he> a v   
l\d s\nd ) great] ease ?an small] s\nds1
 !re is economy ( att5tion1 yet ?is does
 n be/[ /hetic quality on ! great s\nd4 
,at ! r5d]+s ( ! f9e/ music we are (t5  
call$ on to /ra9 ! e>1 & ! m5tal        
receptiv5ess z a :ole to ! utmo/1 9 ord]
 to he>1 note1 & appreciate ! delicate  
effects4 ,s 9 lit]>y art x is n t :i*   
speaks mo/ l\dly & /rongly to ! m9d t   
!reby becomes ! be/ /yle4 ,9 fact1 ! mo/
 =cible me?od ( expression is (t51 z is 
g5]ally ackn[l$g$1 slang1 :i* is deb>r$ 
f /yle4 ,lit]>y /yle seems1 !n1 m ?an a 
m5tal lab\r-sav+ ma*9e4 ,z a utilit>ian 
device x c]ta9ly does save m5tal        
ex]tion1 & gives rapidity1 accuracy1 &  
facility to psy*ic function4 ,l gramm>1 
a me*anic rhetoric is useful1 & we      
receive a pleasure f its use z f any o!r
 me*anism ( man's indu/ry2 & fur!r1 we  

may take a c]ta9 pride & pleasure 9 its 
consci\sly recognis$ effectiv5ess4      
,h[ev]1 we h n yet rea*$ /yle 9 ! high] 
s5se1 :i* may be cle> & =cible1 b mu/ be
 dignifi$1 graceful1 & beautiful4 ,=    
purposes ( bus9ess1 = conv5tional       
communication1 = sci5ce1 = philosophy1  
language fulfils its end 9 /at+         
accurately1 cle>ly1 & =cibly2 b /yle z  
lit]>y art is m ?an in/rum5t to         
intelligibility1 x has an indep5d5t     
(fice ( its own4 ,language 9 ! l[]      
s]vice z a m$ium ( communication is a   
l5s :i* _c be too transp>5t2 b 9 ! high]
 s]vice to f9e art1 language is r a     
mosaic w9d[ ( /a9$ glass :i* bo? absorbs
 & transmits light1 :i* bo? conceals &  
reveals1 :i* we look at z well z ?r\gh4 
,9 lit]>y art or /yle1 language has a   
value ( beauty = itself alone1 z well z 
a value ( use z a means ( communication4
  ,b ! root ( /yle is 9 emotion2 x is z 
expression ( emotion1 & 9 ! ma9 ( "o k9d
 ( emotion1 t language rises to /yle4   
,all emotions influ5ce language         

expression1 & any "o may1 "u c]ta9      
conditions1 lead t[>ds lit]>y art2 !re  
is an eloqu5ce ( wra? & ( fe>1 ( hate & 
( love1 & ^! emotions may induce arti/ic
 creativ5ess 9 writt5 language2 b ! ma9 
impulse to art is 9 ! feel+ = beauty p] 
se4 ,?is is a c]ta9 mode ( emotional    
delight :i* e "o :o has felt x kn[s at  
once 9 its quality z q di/9ct z a psy*ic
 mode4 ,h[ lit]>y /yle rises & falls )  
/hetic emotion might be exemplifi$ by a 
wide range ( quotations1 b an example or
 two mu/ suffice4 ,?is1 f "o ( ,%elley's
 lett]s1 w1 ,i tru/1 illu/rate ! po9t3--
    8,,my ,,de> ,p----1 ,i wrote to y ! 
day be=e our dep>ture f ,naples4   ,we  
came by sl[ j\rneys1 ) our own horses1  
to ,rome1 re/+ "o   day at ,mola di     
,gaeta1 at ! inn call$ ,villa di        
,cic]one--f be+   built on ! ru9s ( 8   
villa1 ^: imm5se sub/ructions ov]hang   
! sea1 & are scatt]$ among ! orange     
groves4 ,no?+ c be   loveli] ?an ! sc5e 
f ! t]races ( ! inn4 ,on "o side        
precipit\s m\nta9s ^: bases slope into  

an incl9$ plane (   olive & orange      
copses1 ! latt] =m+1 z x 71 an em]ald   
sky ( leaves1 />r$ ) innum]able globes (
 _! rip5+   fruit1 ^: ri* spl5d\r       
contra/$ ) ! deep gre5 foliage2 on   !  
o!r ! sea1 b\nd$ on "o side by ! antique
 t[n ( ,gaeta1   & ! o!r by :at appe>s  
to be an isl&1 ! promontory (   ,circe4 
,f ,gaeta to ,t]rac9a ! :ole sc5]y is ( 
! mo/   sublime "*4 ,at ,t]rac9a        
precipit\s conical crags ( imm5se       
height %oot into ! sky & ov]hang ! sea4 
,at ,albano we arriv$   aga9 9 sight (  
,rome4 ,ar*es aft] ar*es 9 un5d+ l9es   
/ret*+ across ! un9habit$ wild]ness1 !  
blue def9$ l9e (   ! m\nta9s se5 betwe5 
!m1 masses ( nameless ru9 /&+ l   rocks 
out ( ! pla91 & ! pla9 itself1 ) its    
bill[y &   unequal surface1 ann\nc$ !   
neighb\rhood ( ,rome4 ,& :at %all ,i    
say to y ( ,rome8 ,if ,i speak ( !      
inanimate ru9s1 ! rude /ones   pil$ ^u  
/ones :i* are ! sepul*res ( ! fame ( ^? 
:o   once array$ !m ) ! beauty :i* has  
fad$1 w y believe me   ins5sible to !   

vital1 ! almo/ brea?+ creations ( g5ius 
yet   subsi/+ 9 _! p]fection80  ,?is    
lett] op5s ) language z me?od (         
conv5tional commonplace communication4  
,! second & ?ird s5t5ces are b>ely t+$  
by /hetic emotion1 z 9 8imm5se          
sub/ructions0 & 8loveli]02 b x is n till
 ! f\r? s5t5ce t /yle fairly beg9s4 ,!n 
x rapidly falls away 9 ! fif?1 six?1 &  
sev5? s5t5ces1 to arise aga9 ) a new    
wave ( /hetic emotion1 :i* progresses   
?r\gh ! rema9d] ( ! quotation4 ,!       
culm9at+ po9ts ( ! /hetic emotion are   
precisely ! culm9at+ po9ts ( /yle1      
namely1 9 ! phrases1 8an em]ald sky (   
leaves1 />r$ ) innum]able globes ( _!   
rip5+ fruit10 & 9 8sepul*res ( ! fame ( 
^? :o once array$ !m ) ! beauty :i* has 
fad$40 ,:at con/itutes ! peculi>        
attractiv5ess ( ^! expressions is ?is1 t
 !y are ri* 9 /hetic feel+1 &           
communicate x to u4 ,we are by ! p[] (  
/yle %>]s 9 high delights4 ,9 ! fir/    
case we are awak5$ to a visualiz+1 to a 
s5su\s beauty1 ?\gh comp\nd$ ) o!r      

elem5ts1 ?r\gh metaphor2 & 9 ! second   
case ! emotion is a complex ( s5su\s &  
spiritual elem5ts4  ,take also ! v]ses f
 ,%elley already quot$4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 9  
comm5t+ on ^! l9es1 has correctly pit*$ 
^u ! ^w 8%eph]d$0 z ! culm9at+ po9t2 b  
:5 he intimates t ! beauty & pleas+     
effect is due to ! 8di/9ctness ) :i* x  
calls up ! feature ( ! sc5e1 br++ ! m9d 
by a b\nd to ! desir$ conception10 we   
mu/ diss5t4 ,?is purely utilit>ian      
explanation fails to recognise t poetic 
metaphor is confus+--"h two classes (   
objects1 cl\ds & %eep--& mislead+1      
except to ! poetic m9d4 ,a writ] :o 0   
aim+ purely at cle>ness & correctness ( 
imag+1 z a popul> sci5tific writ]1 might
 m5tion ! cl\ds z l pat*es ( :ite wool2 
b he w\ld n br+ 9 ! extrane\s ideas (   
%eep & %eph]d4 ,if ,mr4 ,sp5c] 7 try+ to
 give u a vivid idea ( cl\ds1 he w\ld   
surely n speak 9 ?is purely poetic      
fa%ion4 ,x is a mode ( fancy & emotion  
:i* ! poet is indulg+ :5 he writes ^!   
l9es1 & n an intellectual impulse to    

cl>ify & illu/rate4 ,if ,mr4 ,sp5c]     
receives !m 9 ?is latt] _s1 he misses _!
 psy*ic cont5t & explanation4 ,poetry is
 only intelligible to ! poetic1 & !     
,g]man p$ant :o em5d$ 8,celia1 dr9k to  
me only ) ?9e eyes10 to 8,celia1 w9k to 
me only ) ?9e eyes10 0 c]ta9ly economiz+
 att5tion & r5d]+ conception easy1 b at 
! exp5se ( poetic beauty4 ,! s\rce ( !  
pleasure we take 9 poetic /yle--! highe/
 & pure/ =m ( lit]>y art--is evid5tly n 
= its intelligibility1 at lea/ prim>ily1
 b its /hetic quality1 an expression ( a
 peculi> emotional attitude t[>d        
objects4  ,to illu/rate ?is psy*ological
 di/9ction betwe5 ! s5se ( beauty z     
inh]5t 9 /yle1 & /yle z m]e =ce &       
cle>ness1 ,i in/ance fur!r only ?is     
s5t5ce f ,mr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,h[ell's ,italian 
sket*es1 describ+ a side :eel /eam] 9   
motion3 8,! :eel ( ! /eam] 0 z usual    
*ew+ ! sea1 & f9d+ x unpalatable1 & mak+
 va9 ef=ts at expectoration40 ,?is is ! 
ne plus ultra ( a pseudo lit]>y /yle1 ( 
affect$ & /ra9$ lit]>y art4 ,an ugly    

metaphor1 =cible & cle> en\gh1 is       
rel5tlessly pursu$ to its uglie/        
conclusion4 ,"h is /yle 9 p9 fea!rs1 &  
we are glad to rememb] t x 0 writ 9     
call[ y\?4 ,x br+s 8! m9d by a b\nd to !
 desir$ conception10 b ?is does n       
sanction x z f9e art1 = x is utt]ly )\t 
ta/e & beauty4  ,i believe !n f consid]+
 ! previ\s examples--& !y might be      
indef9itely ext5d$--t ! ma9 function (  
lit]>y art is n intelligibility1 & t    
pleasure 9 /yle 9 its specific quality  
does n arise out ( economy ( att5tion1 b
 x is a direct communication ( pleasant 
/hetic emotion arti/ically convey$4     
,intelligibility is a regulative by-law 
( art1 b x is nei!r /&>d nor goal4      
,lit]>y art is !n a compromise betwe5   
intellectual & emotional motives1 betwe5
 s5se & s5sibility4 ,! natural *oice &  
ord] ( words = easie/ appreh5sion is    
r>ely ! arti/ic ord]1 z e littrateur    
kn[s full well4 ,x is1 = example1       
simple/ & cle>e/ to repeat ! be/ & exact
 ^w1 yet ! lit]>y arti/ avoids1 &       

rightly1 ! repetition ( words 9 ! same  
s5t5ce or p>agraph4 ,?us also1 :ile1 z  
,mr4 ,sp5c] sugge/s1 rhy?m & euphony may
 (t5 help s5se1 yet ,i believe !y z (t5 
di/ract f x4 ,we (t5 t5d to turn ov] 9 a
 v s5seless way words & v]ses :i* please
 ! e>4 ,z language is bo? an organ =    
mean+ & = beauty1 lit]>y art1 l         
ar*itectural1 is always a compromise    
betwe5 utility & beauty1 t is1 nei!r    
lit]ature nor ar*itecture are pure &    
p]fectly indep5d5t arts4 ,h[ev]1 x is   
possible t poetic lic5se may1 z has     
already be5 done to "s ext5t 9 ,engli%1 
ultimately develop a pure poetic        
language1 entirely di/9ct f ! utilit>ian
 product1 & b\nd by none ( its practical
 rules2 !n & !n only w lit]ature become 
a pure art4  ,fur!r1 t lit]>y art does n
 always imply cle>ness & consequ5t      
economy ( att5tion is evid5t :5 we      
reflect t ! nature ( emotion is to      
di/urb ! m9d1 & h5ce also ! language    
expression4 ,incoh]5ce1 dimness1        
d>kness1 z qualities ( /hetic emotion1  

r5d] lit]>y art correspond+ly brok5 &   
obscure4 ,! weird1 fanta/ic1 & my/]i\s  
issues 9 /yle :i* is f> f be+ easily    
intelligible4 ,9 ! dreamy poetry ( !    
,ori5t all is hazy & evanesc5t1 & ! m9d 
/rives 9 va9 = cle> impressions1 yet "h 
is ! peculi> *>m ( /yle4 ,among         
,occid5tals ,william ,blake1 ) 8 *ildi% 
incoh]5ce1 & ,rob]t ,br[n+1 ) 8 h>%     
abruptness1 h a c]ta9 obscurity1 b bo?  
are great /yli/s & great poets4  ,/yle  
!n is at bottom some?+ q di/9ct f ei!r  
ease or difficulty ( appreh5sion4 ,x is 
f\nd$1 n on appreh5sion at all1 b on    
emotional receptiv5ess4 ,h5ce v active &
 intellectual natures seem ev] deb>r$ f 
really ent]+ ! realms ( art1 because !y 
ev] fail to appreciate t ! function (   
art is n practical1 or e?ical1 or       
sci5tific1 or philosophic1 b emotional4 
,! man ( bus9ess1 ( politics1 ( sci5ce1 
( ?\ght1 _c give himself up )\t que/ion+
 to be ?rill$ & suffus$ by !            
unanalyzable *>m ( m]e beauty4 ,su*     
natures seem incapable ( receiv+1 !y mu/

 get & acquire1 & s !y miss all t art to
 :i* ! only op5 sesame is a quiet       
inatt5tion & a wise passiv5ess4 ,! k+dom
 ( art is n tak5 by viol5ce1 & ! viol5t 
d n take x by m]e intellectual =ce4  ,z 
to ! orig9 & nature ( ! feel+ = beauty 9
 /yle z = beauty 9 g5]al1 ! reason may  
be s\ght 9 survivals ( primitive        
pleasures4 ,?us ! expression1 be=e      
quot$1 8/>r$ ) innum]able globes ( _!   
rip5+ fruit10 aside f ! pleasure 9      
sonor\s quality & arti/ic con/ruction1  
pleases ma9ly z awak5+ ! feel+ = natural
 beauty4 ,b :at is ! psy*ological       
explanation = ?is /hetic emotion 9      
pres5ce ( tree1 fruit1 fl[]1 sky1 & all 
l&scape features4 ,x may l>gely be a    
revival ( feel+s felt long s9ce by our  
arboreal & =e/-haunt+ ance/ors1         
8comb9ations ( /ates :i* 7 organiz$ 9 ! 
race1 dur+ b>b>\s times1 :5 its         
pleasurable activities 7 *iefly among ! 
woods & wat]s0 7,sp5c]1 ,psy*ology1     
,sect4 #bad74 ,9 ! woods & by ! /reams  
!re t5ds to revive ! long outgr[n       

physical emotion2 ! old savage feel+s ( 
delight & excitem5t 9 ! *ase come back  
to ! civiliz$ man1 & 9 /eal?y approa* ( 
game & skilful slay+ ! mod]n man        
re-exp]i5ces f> di/ant ance/ral joys4   
,n[ lit]>y art by skilfully sett+ =?    
sc5es ( savage life may r5ew1 ! old     
survival feel+s to a c]ta9 degree (     
illusive life4 ,?is is done to a l>ge   
ext5t by pa/oral poetry1 my?ic /ory1    
leg5d & fairy tale1 :]eby we drop back  
into a v old & simple mode ( enjoyable  
m5tal life4 ,! basis ( primitive        
psy*osis is 9 ! p>ticul> concrete &     
animate1 & lit]>y art1 especially 9 its 
highe/ manife/ation1 poetry1 z becom+   
simple1 s5su\s1 & impassion$1 has a     
f\ndation 9 survival t5d5cies4 ,?r\gh   
lit]ature mank9d r5ews its y\?4         
,simil>ly we may suppose t if 9 ! future
 psy*ic evolution ( ! race ! pres5t mode
 ( ?9k+ 9 g5]al & ab/ract t]ms %\ld be  
succe$$ by "s new & high] phase1 !n !   
artificial /imulat+ ! revival ( ?is     
outgr[n ab/ract phase w\ld con/itute a  

s\rce ( pleasure & might be a*iev$ ?r\gh
 a /yle4 ,z a means t[>d revivals lit]>y
 /yle is a backw>d mov+ _s 9 %>p contra/
 to sci5ce1 :i*1 z g5]aliz+ &           
dep]sonify+1 is ! =w>d mov+ process4    
,h[ev]1 we h %>ply to di/+ui% betwe5 :at
 is giv5 9 a survival /ate & t :i*      
accompanies x4 ,primitive realization is
 always s+le & nave1 b :5 x comes up 9 a
 survival x is g5]ally consci\sly       
contra/$ ) accu/om$ modes by            
consci\sness1 & !re arises a reflective 
pleasure ( contra/ :i* is n conta9$ 9 ! 
survival itself1 b ( :i* ! survival is  
m]ely a condition4 ,fur!r1 our          
realization ( ! outgr[n psy*ic elem5ts  
is v g5]ally dramatic4 ,we take         
self-consci\s pleasure 9 inve/igat+1    
assum+1 & re-enact+ pa/ psy*ic phases4  
,ev5 :5 a survival /ate arises          
spontane\sly & naturally1 x holds       
consci\sness at be/ 9 its orig9al /atus 
= a mom5t only1 = self-consci\sness     
quickly occurs & br+s 9 a v>iety (      
second>y emotions4 ,h[ev] atta9$1 !     

obsolesc5t type ( consci\sness does n /&
 9 its simple orig9al =ce1 b mo/ (t5 !re
 is m or less make-believe1 "s s5se (   
its artificial & unreal nature3 we d n  
become *ildr5 by play+ at be+ *ildr54   
,*ildr5 & savages are 9 ! animi/ic      
psy*ic /age1 b ! poetic int]pretation ( 
nature by adult man is pla9ly f> m ?an  
m]e revival ( ?is /age1 x is dramatic   
self-consci\s realization4 ,orig9al     
animism is (t5 pa9ful2 ! savage fe>s 8  
gods & ! *ild dreads gho/s2 b my?s &    
gho/ /ories are s\rces ( amusem5t to u1 
& ! tw+e ( fe> :i* comes up z survival  
loses its real =ce & is dramatically    
realiz$ & enjoy$4 ,lit]>y art is a      
dramatic induction into ! pa/ r ?an     
inc5tive to m]e revival2 & x makes u to 
pleasurably r5ew alike ! outgr[n pa9s & 
pleasures4 ,we c]ta9ly %\ld g f> a/ray  
if we %\ld consid] /yle z effectual     
ma9ly by its excit+ to revival (        
ance/ral exp]i5ces4 ,:at is recurr5t is 
b a small elem5t comp>$ to :at is       
concurr5t4  ,we mu/ note ! p>ticul> case

 ( l&scape beauty4 ,%elley's description
 ( ! orange tree lad5 ) fruit excites 9 
u ! feel+ ( pleasure 9 ! beauty (       
nature1 a feel+ :i* is decl>$ by "s to  
be m]ely ! rem9isc5t reviv$ feel+s :i*  
our di/ant prog5itors felt 9 ! pres5ce (
 natural =ms & =ces4 ,b :at 0 ! emotion 
our remote prog5itor felt at sight ( a  
well-fruit$ orange tree8 ,did he feel   
mov$ z ,%elley 0 & z we ?r\gh ,%elley   
are8 & is our emotion b a fa9t survival 
( t :i* well$ up 9 him at view+ ! mass (
 gre5 & gold1 or has x any relation     
!reto8 ,! civiliz$ travell] 9 wild      
regions is (t5 *>m$ by ! beauty ( !     
sc5]y :i* ! savage natives d n 9 ! lea/ 
appreciate4 ,b ! revival feel+s :i* come
 ov] him mu/ be id5tical ) ! feel+s ( 8 
un/hetic companions :o are totally      
ins5sible to natural beauty4 ,! rev]sal 
t5d5cy c give to ! travell] only an     
animal pleasure 9 view+ an orange tree z
 satisfy+ to ! ta/e & /oma*2 a f9e1     
bright day c only sugge/ ! pleasure ( a 
sluggi% bask+4 ,goe! rejoic$ t1 ?\gh !  

incid5tal pa9s ( /hetic s5sitivity 7    
great1 yet he c\ld see 9 a tree %$d+ its
 leaves m ?an ! approa* ( w9t]4 ,b>e    
revival !n _c 9 itself con/itute /hetic 
pleasure or expla9 x4 ,a savage race    
transf]r$ to a civiliz$ l& = a few      
g5]ations & !n return$ to _! native     
haunts h acute pleasures ( revival1 b ^!
 are n ( ! /hetic quality4 ,an outcropp+
 survival t5d5cy may s]ve z itself an   
object = emotion & /hetic emotion to !  
m9d exp]i5c+ x1 b !reby ! survival is l 
any o!r object1 physical or psy*ical1   
:i* excites /hetic s5sibility1 & x no m 
expla9s ! emotion = beauty ?an any o!r  
object4  ,x is evid5t ?us f> t !        
psy*ological basis ( /yli/ic effect is v
 complex1 & 9 ?is essay we c]ta9ly lay  
no claim to mak+ an exhau/ive enum]ation
 ( its factors4 ,h[ev]1 we h /ill to    
consid] "o m elem5t1 & p]haps1 at lea/ =
 cultivat$ m9ds1 ! mo/ important psy*ic 
elem5t ( lit]>y art4 ,read n[ ! foll[+  
extract1 & analyze ! impression x       
makes3--              8,! natural ?ir/ t

 ne'er is satisfi$                      
,except+ ) ! wat] = ^: grace            
,! woman ( ,sam>ia bes\ght1             
,put me 9 travail1 & ha/e goad$ me      
,along ! encumb]$ pa? beh9d my ,lead]1  
,& ,i 0 pity+ t righte\s v5geance2      
,& lo6 9 ! same mann] z ,luke write?    
,t ,*ri/ appe>$ to two ^u ! way         
,f ! sepul*ral cave already ris51       
,a %ade appe>$ to u1 & came beh9d u1    
,d[n gaz+ on ! pro/rate multitude1      
,nor 7 we 'w>e ( x1 until x spake1      
,say+1 ',my bro!rs1 may ,god give y     
peace4'0  ,"h1 surely1 is nei!r         
facility1 nor beauty ( expression1 nor  
deft & subtle art to please ! m9d1 yet x
 attracts & int]e/s4 ,! ma9 secret ( !  
effect ( ,dante's /yle is z revelation (
 p]sonality4 ,art ) ,dante is ! *ild (  
life1 ! product ( long & deep-felt      
exp]i5ce2 & because he is an orig9al    
reality he a*ieves 9 8 writ+s t         
di/9ctiv5ess & di/9ction :i* is ! true/ 
& highe/ m>k ( /yle4 ,aga91 x is n !    
lucidity ( ,sam ,well]'s rem>ks t       

pleases u1 b r _! *>act]i/ic flav\r4 ,we
 delight to come 9 contact ) orig9als1 &
 we reli% ! *>act]i/ic = its own sake1  
ev5 :5 ugly or :5 mo/ unlike ourselves 9
 t5d5cy1 & s ! mod]ne/ ( ! mod]ns enjoys
 ,dante1 ! typical m$ivali/4 ,/yle is ! 
man4 ,?is is ! be/ def9ition ( /yle & ! 
be/ explanation ( its peculi> effect4   
,/yle is expression ( subjective        
quality4 ,:ile sci5ti/ & philosoph] aim 
to be objective1 to ju/ly reflect &     
int]pret outw>d reality ! lit]>y arti/  
aims m]ely to give a p]fect exposition (
 himself4 ,/yle is ! lit]>y expression (
 self-realization4 ,h5ce ! greate/      
/yli/s write to please !mselves1 & are  
_! own sev]e/ critics4 ,/yle is timbre1 
& ! be/ /yle is t 9 :i* ?is peculi> tone
 ( ! individual m9d is mo/ p]fectly     
reveal$4 ,a great /yle is1 !n1 !        
expression ( a great man1 & !           
consummation ( /yle occurs :5 ! g5ius   
has gr[n to ! highe/ po9t ( 8           
individuality--& individuality is       
g5ius--) correspond+ p[] ( expression4  

,among ,t5nyson's poems ! mo/           
,t5nysonian has ! greate/ /yle4 ,:5 we  
quote f ,wordswor? su* l9es z1--        
8,! _w is too mu* ) u3 late & soon1     
,gett+ & sp5d+1 we lay wa/e our p[]s0-- 
& say ( !m t !y are em95tly             
,wordswor?ian1 t no "o else c\ld h      
writt5 !m1 we h said ! highe/ ^w = !    
/yle4  ,9 ! v l>ge/ s5se /yle is !      
evolution ( ! *>act]i/ic2 developm5t    
physical & psy*ical is b a movem5t t[>d 
/yle4 ,! progress f homog5eity to       
het]og5eity 9 matt]2 ! morphological    
developm5t ( animate ?+s f indef9ite    
=mless be+s to def9ite1 complex types2  
biological integration &                
specialization--all ?is is progress (   
/yle4 ,?us ! mo/ lion-l lion & ! mo/    
elephant9e elephant respectively a*ieve 
! highe/ /yle ( animal 9 _! k9d4 ,!     
developm5t 9 ! human race is ma9ly      
psy*ic1 & includes psy*ic classes1      
ord]s1 g5]a & species1 n z yet s cle>ly 
tabulat$ z 9 g5]al natural hi/ory4 ,a   
g5ius is ! inauguration ( a new g5us1   

/yle1 or type ( man2 he is a psy*ic     
8sport10 to borr[ a botanical t]m4 ,a   
new mode ( p]sonality is a*iev$ & may   
manife/ itself 9 v>i\s ways ( action1   
?\ght & emotion4 ,if ! expression is    
?r\gh lit]ature a great /yle is g5]at$1 
& ?is /yle gr[s ) ! gr[+                
individuality--! productions ( y\? h    
little /yle--& culm9ates ) its          
culm9ation4  ,to discov] /yle is almo/ z
 r>e a gift z to a*ieve x4 ,! critical  
s5se is ab\t z uncommon z ! creative    
p[]2 h5ce ! greate/ ma/]s ( /yle h _h   
(t5 to wait long = recognition1 :i* w\ld
 h>dly be ! case if ! ma9 value ( /yle 0
 9 economis+ att5tion4 ,accord+ to ?is  
!ory1 we %\ld expect ! /yli/ to be      
welcom$ ) in/ant & univ]sal             
appreciation1 a ph5om5on :i* r>ely or   
nev] occurs4 ,) v _m writ]s1 z )        
,wordswor?1 recognition is v t>dy1 & )  
"s only po/hum\s4 ,_m read]s fail ev5 ) 
! utmo/ att5tion to appreciate ! greate/
 arti/s1 & c make no?+ out ( !m2 a few  
rise at l5g? to "s und]/&+2 b only r>e &

 select spirits f9d !mselves at once en 
rapport4 ,! true connoisseur & critic   
mu/ introduce & int]pret to u !         
*>act]i/ic quality or /yle ( !          
littrateur1 else we may nev] "k & feel  
x4 ,recognition & appreciation ( /yle z 
! *>act]i/ic is1 !n1 = ! va/ majority an
 acquir$ ta/e2 x is sl[ly & pa9fully    
le>n$1 & s ! emotion = /yle z specific  
mode ( expression mu/ be pron\nc$ a v   
late psy*ic developm5t4  ,! ta/e &      
emotion = ! *>act]i/ic z su*1 :5ev] &   
h[ev] acquir$1 is c]ta9ly a peculi> &   
def9ite mode ( emotion4 ,x is f> f be+ !
 feel+ ( disciple%ip1 & is (t5 excit$ by
 t :i* is mo/ remote & opposite to      
ourselves4 ,we say ( a c]ta9 p]son1 8,he
 is a "*10 & he int]e/s & pleases u z   
su*1 ?\gh entirely =eign to u 9 ei!r    
sympa?y or antipa?y4 ,z an entirely     
dis9t]e/$ emotion1 ! /hetic is beyond ! 
range ( common nave consci\sness4 ,!    
enjoym5t ( ! *>act]i/ic p] se is        
specially = ! analytically sup]-consci\s
 cosmopolite & = ! cultur$ critic4 ,!   

pleasure comes p>tly f ! novelty & !    
contra/ reflectively und]/ood1 p>tly f  
admiration = ! =cefulness ( creative    
p]sonality1 its pla/ic p[] 9 =m+ its    
mat]ial ( expression1 & l>gely a        
teleologic pleasure 9 p]ceiv+ fulness & 
purity ( type4 ,! emotion = /yle z      
*>act]i/ic expression is pla9ly "o ( ^? 
:i* is n due to ! utility 9 ! /ruggle = 
exi/5ce1 b has aris5 :5 exp]i5ce comes  
to be cultivat$ = its own sake4  ,:51 z 
9 eras l our own1 p]sonality weak5s1 & !
 inn] pla/ic & creative =ce ( conviction
 & emotion decreases1 ! writ] is driv5  
to te*nical treatm5t4 ,! littrateur1 z  
he has little or no?+ to say1 cont5ts   
himself ) play+ tricks on language1 &   
elaborat+ rhy?ms & cad5ces4 ,/yle       
becomes f9icky2 a race ( pr9k+ poeta/]s 
& priggi% prosai/s arise1 punctili\sly  
=mal1 & sup]latively da9ty1 :o atta9 !  
art ( say+ no?+ v elegantly1            
elaborately1 & brilliantly4 ,an         
ov]-consci\s1 ov]-subtle te*nique       
de/roys ! gr& /yle z transmitt] (       

*>act]i/ic quality4                     
99       99       99       99       99  
,i tru/ ,i h1 9 ?is brief /udy1 made x  
cle> t ! psy*ology ( lit]>y /yle is f> f
 simple1 & t a numb] ( factors are      
involv$1 :i* are slight$ by ,h]b]t      
,sp5c] & o!rs ( t s*ool4 ,i believe t   
any "o at all conv]sant ) lit]ature :o w
 reflect ^u ! pleasures he receives f   
read+1 w p]ceive t ! pleasure (         
smoo?ness & facility1 ( mov+ along      
rapidly & easily1 is b "o1 & t g5]ally a
 m9or factor 9 lit]>y enjoym5t4 ,beside 
?is1 he (t5 has ! pleasure (            
difficulties ov]come1 ( ideas grasp$1 & 
delicate emotional t\*es appreciat$ by  
triumphant att5tive ef=t4 ,aga91 he     
receives pleasure 9 p]ceiv+ lit]>y      
skill1 ! adaptation ( arti/ic means to !
 arti/ic end4 ,b1 z ,i h ma9ta9$1 ! *ief
 mode ( pleasure is ?r\gh /yle z        
transmitt] ( /hetic emotion & z         
expression ( ! *>act]i/ic1 a*iev+ its   
acme :5 bo? ^! functions are            
simultane\sly p]=m$ mo/ fully &         

p]fectly4                               
,,*apt] ,,xix                           
,,e?ical ,,emotion   ,! ne$ ( a clos]   
psy*ological def9ition & int]pretation (
 e?ical emotion mu/ be app>5t to any    
read] ( ! curr5t psy*ology1 :]e we f9d !
 utmo/ confusion & loos5ess ( usage4 ,"o
 ( ! mo/ gl>+ in/ances :i* ,i h come    
across is ?is f ,p]ez 7,fir/ ,?ree ,ye>s
 ( ,*ildhood1 p4 #bhf73 8,z soon z !    
*ild beg9s to obey1 f fe> or f habit1 he
 ent]s on ! possession ( ! moral s5se2 z
 soon z he obeys 9 ord] to be rew>d$ or 
prais$ or to give pleasure1 he has      
advanc$ fur!r 9 ?is possession40 ,a boy 
at table rea*es out = ! la/ piece (     
cake1 b )draws 8 h& out ( love = 8 "m's 
approbation1 & fe> ( h] disapprobation4 
,does ?is imply moral s5se & emotion8   
,we say1 inde$1 t ^! 7 v prop] & moral  
emotions = ! *ild to h2 objectively     
moral1 b we d n describe ! psy*ical /ate
 ( ! *ild correctly by say+ t x has !   
moral s5se & emotion4 ,9 fact1 j s f> z 
he acts out ( love or fe>1 j s f> he is 

n act+ out ( e?ical emotion2 t is1      
simply because he feels he ought4  ,only
 ! slighte/ introspection1 !n1 is ne$$  
to recognise ! di/9ction ( objective &  
subjective morality1 ( a moral emotion &
 ! emotion ( morality4 ,s we mu/ disall[
 ev5 dread ( 8moral discom=t0 z         
psy*ically moral1 ,sp5c] not)/&+        
7,essays ,i41 p4 #cdh74 ,! fe> ( remorse
 may re/ra9 f objectively immoral acts1 
b ! e?ical emotion is n a fe> con/ra9t1 
z e "o kn[s :5 do+ a ?+ simply because  
he feels he ought to4 ,because ,i judge 
my feel+ or act a "r "o1 does n         
con/itute ?is ! feel+ ( rightness z     
psy*ic fact4 ,9 %ort1 we mu/ always     
di/+ui% betwe5 ! socially "r action1 !  
morally "r action1 & ! psy*ologically   
moral action4 ,he :o erects a model     
t5em5t1 ev5 ?\gh he d x to adv]tise     
himself1 is do+ ! "r ?+ by society1 ?\gh
 8 action is nei!r prompt$ by a moral   
emotion nor ! moral emotion4 ,if        
philan?ropy incites him1 bo? ! act &    
feel+ objectively are moral1 b          

psy*ically he is immoral1 & only becomes
 psy*ically moral :5 he acts out ( !    
e?ical emotion z feel+ ( duty4 ,"o :o   
acts out ( sympa?y1 pity1 m]cy1         
affection1 feel+ ( hon\r1 love (        
approbation1 & simil> emotions1 (t5     
conf\nd$ ) ! moral emotion1 is          
objectively moral4 ,we pron\nce ^! to be
 "r emotions1 yet !y are n ! emotion (  
"r1 & s n psy*ically moral2 & x is      
evid5t1 also1 t !y may n be socially "r1
 = (t5 actions f ^! motives result 9    
social wrongs4 ,h[ev]1 9 lat] phases (  
psy*ic evolution1 :5 emotions !mselves  
are reflect$ ^u z psy*ic acts1 ! emotion
 ( ! moral 8ought0 may be felt z /imulus
 to !m1 & s we may at once feel t we    
ought to sympa?ise1 & s sympa?ise1 & s  
act1 & may ?us at ! same "t be          
psy*ically1 morally & socially "r4  ,b  
:ile ! nature & rise ( e?ical emotion is
 (t5 untruly connect$ ) "s "o k9d ( act1
 z ob$i5ce1 or ) "s "o k9d ( motive1 z  
love ( rew>d1 a f> m likely field (     
inve/igation is op5$ by ^? :o connect   

feel+ ( duty ) conflict ( motives4 ,yet 
x is obvi\s at fir/ sight t m]e         
opposition ( any two psy*ic factors is n
 a di/9ct feel+4 ,i h se5 my dog run    
away f me to foll[ "s can9e fri5d1 & !n 
back to foll[1 & s on1 till "o affection
 became dom9ant =ce2 b su* simple       
int]f]5ce ( emotions does n con/itute   
any ?ird & new or high] emotion4        
,conflicts ( ?is sort 9 high] natures h 
sometimes a reflex psy*osis 9 pa9ful    
feel+ ( di/raction & bewild]m5t1 b ?is  
is ! end ( ! natural c\rse ( feel+      
conflicts4  ,!re are1 h[ev]1 high]      
phases ( conflict ( motives :i* may br+ 
u ne>] to e?ical emotion4 ,a burgl>1 !  
ev5+ he is to crack a safe1 is incl9$ to
 indulge 9 sev]al glasses ( w9e1 b 8    
companion rem>ks t he ought n to dr9k if
 he expects to d ! job4 ,"h is some?+ to
 be done1 a duty1 & "u ! compulsive =ce 
( ! feel+ ( ?is duty ! burgl> lays d[n 8
 glass unt\*$4 ,is n ! psy*ic ph5om5on  
really a case ( ! e?ical emotion z      
involv$ 9 ! ?w>t+ ( pres5t incl9ation = 

! "r c>ry+ out ( ! ?+ to be done8 ,a    
feel+ = t :i* is laid ^u u to be done1  
:e!r we lay x ^u ourselves1 or x is laid
 ^u u by o!rs1 has c]ta9ly ! compulsory 
quality :i* we commonly attribute to !  
e?ical emotion4 ,:5 we h set out to d   
some?+1 ?is pre-det]m9ation ex]cises a  
peculi> pressure :5 "s div]se incl9ation
 ent]s1 b x is ! =ce ( firmly-=m$       
purpose & ( t5aci\s w4 ,its             
compulsiv5ess is n e?ical1 b volitional4
 ,a v little reflection conv9ces me t   
some?+ to be done1 & some?+ :i* ought to
 be done1 incite di/9ct emotions4 ,i    
feel diff]5tly :5 ,i g to *ur*1 because 
,i h plann$ to g1 or h be5 told to g1 & 
:5 ,i g simply because ,i feel ,i ought4
 ,!re is also sup]add$1 ! purely        
impulsive =ce ( ! emotion = ! l>g] good2
 & ?is may1 inde$1 play ! :ole "p 9 !   
conte/ ) pres5t incl9ation1 :i* conte/  
!n becomes ( ! simple alt]nat+ ord]4    
,?us ! burgl> has av>ici\s visions (    
gold1 & relaxes 8 cup2 he looks at !    
tempt+ w9e1 & grasps x aga91 & s on4  ,x

 is true1 h[ev]1 t ! feel+ = ! l>g] &   
future good aga9/ a pres5t incl9ation   
may be a feel+ ( oughtness1 a feel+ (   
duty1 a con/ra9+ to d a set some?+4     
,provid5ce & prud5tial action are en=c$ 
n m]ely by1 8,i wi% to get ! l>g] good10
 b1 8,i ought to rea* x40 ,! mo/        
p]man5t1 ! greate/ & complete/ pleasure 
& b5efit n only incites u1 b con/ra9s u4
 ,con/ra9+ emotion1 a feel+ ( oughtness1
 may !n arise bo? f a preview ( b>e     
accompli%m5t ( plan or purpose set by   
ourselves or o!rs1 & also f s5se ( l>g] 
ov] less] advantage4 ,"h is ! region (  
utilit>ian duty1 ( ! ,e?ics (           
calculation ( p]sonal pleasure &        
happ9ess4 ,psy*ically "h is a true feel+
 ( ought1 & "h is ! e?ical emotion1 if  
we make ! t]m d5om9ate all feel+ (      
oughtness4 ,b if ?is is ! region (      
,e?ics1 x may be said to be ! region ( !
 l[] ,e?ics1 & we may inde$ d5y ! t]m   
e?ical to all ?is k9d ( emotion (       
oughtness4 ,! emotion arises ab\t       
p]sonal & p>ticul> ends1 & n ab\t       

pr9ciples4 ,! ambiti\s man feels an     
ought z well z ! consci5ti\s1 b !y are  
div]se 9 nature4 ,alike m]ely 9 ! g5]al 
quality ( compulsive =ce1 !y may diff] 9
 tone & special qualities4 ,! con/ra9+  
emotion :i* comes ) view+ a univ]sal law
 ( "r may be claim$ z di/9ct f !        
con/ra9t ex]cis$ by p]sonal ends4 ,b x  
is n our purpose to discuss ?is matt]   
"h4  ,! psy*ic conflict :i* is specially
 connect$ ) moral emotion is ! conflict 
( ! egoi/ic & altrui/ic impulses4 ,:5 9 
su* a /ruggle sympa?y prevails1 we      
approve z objectively moral & "r1 b !   
exi/5ce ( e?ical emotion 9 det]m9+ !    
dom9ance ( ! altruism is n assur$4 ,pity
 orig9ally ov]came hatr$ )\t !          
compulsion ( duty4 ,altrui/ic impulses  
conte/ ) egoi/ic 9 nave & simple natures
 )\t any appe>ance ( feel+ = duty4 ,!   
orig9 & nature ( morality does n ?us    
seem b\nd up ) ! e>lie/ =ms (           
egoi/ic-altrui/ic conte/s1 ?\gh 9 lat]  
evolution x may come 9 z re9=cem5t ( !  
altrui/ic4 ,we may feel !n1 n m]ely l   

help+ a man 9 di/ress at ! exp5se ( our 
own com=t1 b we feel we ought to help   
him2 ! =ce ( a g5]al pr9ciple ( conduct 
is felt 9 ! =m we t]m ! e?ical emotion1 
yet x is obvi\s t su* a recognition ( a 
g5]al & univ]sal law & su* a feel+ !re= 
is f> lat] ?an ! rise ( altruism itself4
 ,d>w9 alludes to ! baulk+ ( ! social   
in/9ct z hav+ special e?ical            
significance4 ,) ! social in/9ct baulk$1
 z ) any o!r1 !re c]ta9ly results       
di/ress1 b x is by no means made cle> t 
?is necess>ily involves moral quality4  
,:5 a savage 9 a fit ( ang] slays 8 pet 
*ild1 ! mis]y ( baulk$ p>5tal in/9ct may
 soon be felt1 & he may bitt]ly regret !
 de$1 b ?is does n involve moral feel+1 
a feel+ ( rep5tance = ! ess5tial        
wrongfulness ( ! act4 ,he w\ld regret 9 
! same _s ! de/roy+ 8 d9n] by 8 own h&4 
,if we say t he is /rick5 ) remorse1 we 
ass]t consci5ce violat$4 ,remorse _c    
expla9 consci5ce1 b mu/ be expla9$ by x4
 ,/ill1 morality is n b\nd up necess>ily
 ) sociality4 ,sociality c]ta9ly arises 

& progresses to a consid]able evolution 
be=e moral compulsion & ! emotion ( b>e 
rightness arises to sanction & to       
/imulate social activities4 ,& if moral 
emotion is n impli$ positively 9        
altruism z an outgo+ t[>ds o!rs1 nei!r  
is x impli$ 9 ! incom+ ( o!rs ^u !      
individual1 ei!r 9 respect ( approbation
 or disapprobation1 or 9 ! m direct &   
ess5tial way ( rew>ds & p5alties4       
,p5alty is at bottom b a species (      
disadvantage br\ght to be> on !         
individual ?r\gh fe> ( consequ5ces4 ,!  
desire to get ev5--an eye = an eye & a  
too? = a too?--& all exact+ ju/ice z an 
equival5ce1 :e!r z exact$ by !          
individual or by p]sons delegat$1 !     
(fic]s ( ju/ice1 is pla9ly n 9 its orig9
 & basis ! e?ical emotion4 ,a sy/em (   
mutual dues & rights may or may n h !   
sanction ( morality1 b !y arise 9       
advantage2 & ! motives :i* orig9ate     
p5alties & act ) ref]5ce !reto1 are f> f
 be+ ! pure moral emotion1 a direct     
feel+ = rightness z rightness4 ,! m]*ant

 9 g5]al pays 8 import duty1 n z a moral
 duty1 b z some?+ requir$ by legality r 
?an morality4 ,law & public s5tim5t     
ex]cise ?r\gh emotion1 & t ( a          
compulsory type1 c]ta9 effects on       
conduct1 b x is cle> t ! g5]al feel+ (  
oughtness z self-impos$ law ( rightness 
is n presuppos$4                    99  
99       99       99       99  ,if !    
e?ical emotion be n specially b\nd up ) 
ob$i5ce or ) conflict ( motives1 may x n
 be p>ticul>ly connect$ ) sci5ce8 ,at ! 
outset we note t a v natural confusion (
 sci5ce & ,e?ics is fav\r$ by ! fact t  
we c apply ! t]m ,e?ics bo? to ! sci5ce 
& ! matt] treat$1 & s speak ( ! sci5ce  
,e?ics z ! sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 ( e?ical    
p]ception1 emotion & action4 ,b yet we  
"k t ! sci5ce is by no means to be      
id5tifi$ ) its subject matt]1 & also t !
 sci5ce ( a matt] & ! ,e?ics ( x are two
 v div]se psy*ic t5d5cies & po9ts (     
view4 ,sci5ce is always an objectify+   
impulse ^: end is m]ely to "k1 b ,e?ics 
is subjective1 ^: end is m]ely to be4   

,?is is emphasiz$ by ! fact t sci5ce 9  
its ceaseless objectify+ may con/itute a
 sci5ce ( sci5ce1 & sci5ce ( ! sci5ce ( 
sci5ce1 & s on1 b ,e?ics is             
self-conta9$1 & !re c be no ,e?ics (    
,e?ics4 ,:ile we s %>ply di/+ui%        
sci5tific & e?ical activity1 yet s f> z 
! sci5ce is prompt$ by e?ical emotion x 
is e?ical activity4 ,if ,i le>n & "k out
 ( ! feel+ ( duty1 ! act is psy*ically  
moral1 yet is always di/9ct 9 quality f 
! feel+ :i* prompts x4 ,?us !re is an   
,e?ics ( sci5ce1 or r1 to or t[>d       
sci5ce1 ?\gh mo/ sci5tific activity is  
c>ri$ on at ! /imulus ( o!r impulses1 z 
love ( tru?1 ambition1 etc4             
,psy*ologically speak+1 !n1 sci5ce is 9 
no wise ,e?ics nor ,e?ics sci5ce4  ,b x 
w be said1 8,is n e?ical discrim9ation a
 cognitive activity8 ,mu/ n "o "k ! "r1 
"k t he ought1 be=e he c feel e?ically &
 act e?ically80 ,b x w be f\nd t at     
bottom ! rightness ( an action is !     
appreciat$ accord ( ! action ) an end   
:i* is already felt to be "r4 ,i am ask$

 :e!r ,i ?9k x 0 "r = a c]ta9 poor man  
to purlo9 a loaf f a bak] = 8 />v+      
family4 ,9 pass+ e?ical judgm5t ,i      
simply fall back on "s e?ical po/ulate4 
,! "r ( ! family to life1 ,i may say1   
ought to take prec$5ce ( ! "r ( prop]ty4
 ,i !re9 fall back ^u ! simple feel+ (  
"r z e?ical emotion4 ,! kn[+ activity is
 conc]n$ m]ely 9 ! appreh5d+ !          
situation1 & ratioc9ation 9 trac+ back  
to moral pr9ciples1 b ! e?ical          
discrim9ation is nei!r1 b an affair (   
direct emotion4 ,if x be felt to be "r  
to save life 9 any wise t seems         
necess>y1 ,i w approve x z "r4 ,a reason
 c only make an act "r by be+ a "r      
reason4 ,?us x is t moral discrim9ation 
is at bottom no m ?an a peculi> feel+   
ab\t acts1 t[>ds or aga9/ ! do+ !m1 :i*1
 l all emotion1 involves ! kn[+ its     
object1 b is n involv$ or expla9$ 9 its 
psy*ic quality by ! kn[+ act4 ,! sett+  
out :at ought to be done1 ! e/abli%+    
duties & moral rules ( conduct1 !       
developm5t ( a sy/em ( ,e?ics1 is n !n  

fundam5tally cognitive process1 b       
emotive4 ,h5ce x is1 psy*ically speak+1 
a misnom] to d5ote any sy/em ( ,e?ics a 
sci5ce4  ,x is true we may d5ote by     
,e?ics--always capitaliz+ ! t]m--t bran*
 ( psy*ology & sociology :i* inve/igates
 ! nature & laws ( e?ical ph5om5a4 ,?is 
,e?ics m]ely gives an objective acc\nt (
 e?ical emotion & conduct4 ,x is (t5    
def9$ z ! sci5ce ( conduct1 a def9ition 
q too wide1 = conduct is action         
consci\sly self-direct$ to an end1 be ! 
impulse ang]1 fe>1 love1 e?ical emotion1
 or any o!r emotion2 b psy*ological     
,e?ics /udies only conduct z mov$ by    
e?ical emotion4 ,conduct is1 inde$1 !   
sph]e = e?ical feel+1 & any specim5 (   
conduct1 :atev] its psy*ic /imulus1 may 
excite moral approval or disapproval &  
/ir e?ical emotion1 b ?is e?ical survey 
( conduct is n prop]ly a sci5ce1 z has j
 be5 %[n4 ,all conduct is !n objectively
 int]pretable z moral1 ?\gh x be        
inh]5tly & psy*ologically immoral1 t is1
 hav+ no elem5t ( moral feel+4 ,! sph]es

 ( objective & subjective morality are  
f> f be+ co9cid5t4  ,fur!r1 sci5ce is n 
peculi>ly relat$ above common k to      
e?ical emotion4 ,common s5se & ord9>y   
fe> lead me to jump (f ! track be=e an  
approa*+ tra91 :ile physiological k &   
ord9>y fe> may incite me to put on      
rubb]s on a wet day4 ,sci5tific k op5s !
 way = ! common emotions2 x %[s !       
consequ5ces ( acts ) fulness & accuracy1
 & s op5s a wide range = ! ord9>y       
emotions :i* awake at sight ( ! exp]i5c$
 & exp]i5ceable4 ,if ,i feel ,i ought to
 put on rubb]s1 ?is feel+ arises1 n     
directly at ! consequ5ces :i* sci5ce    
reveals1 b at ! rightness ( !           
consequ5ces4 ,i feel ,i ought n to      
injure my heal?1 a feel+ :i* sci5ce does
 n g5]ate1 b x m]ely e/abli%es ! fact t 
su* & su* actions w injure my heal?1 & s
 gives ! opportunity ( apply+ ! moral   
po/ulate1 ,i ought n to injure my heal?4
 ,i judge ! rightness ( an act1 n by its
 consequ5ces1 b by ! rightness ( its    
consequ5ces4  ,aga91 sci5ce reveals mo/ 

cle>ly ! necess>y means to ends2 x says 
t to make nitro-glyc]9e y mu/ use su* & 
su* +r$i5ts4 ,9 view+ ^! means 9 _!     
necessity !re may arise a c]ta9 emotion 
( compulsion to _! use2 b ?is compulsive
 quality is n1 ,i ought to d s & s1 b ,i
 mu/1 if ,i w\ld atta9 ! end4 ,x is     
pla9ly an une?ical use ( t]ms to say1   
,if y wi% to succe$ or be happy y ought 
to d s & s1 or t is ! "r way to succe$  
or be happy4 ,morality is n a recipe    
t[>d any end b itself4 ,s ! feel+ z to !
 8,conditions by fulfilm5t ( :i*        
happ9ess is a*iev$0--emphasiz$ by ,sp5c]
 9 ! pr9ciples ( ,e?ics z ! ma9 elem5t 9
 moral emotion--is n real e?ical        
emotion4 ,i may feel ! con/ra9t &       
necessity to us+ c]ta9 means1 difficult 
& unpleasant 9 !mselves1 9 ord] to rea* 
a desir$ end1 b a mom5t's introspection 
%[s t ?is compulsive emotion is n !reby 
moral1 t ?is feel+ is n a feel+ ( duty b
 ( necessity to employ ! means4 ,if ,i  
feel t ,i ought to become happy1 !n     
alone w ,i feel ,i ought to use ! means 

to happ9ess4 ,s also a man may desire to
 w9 9 a?letic competition1 b ! requisite
 means1 a h>d c\rse ( tra9+1 may det]   
him f ent]+2 t is1 8 love ( ease        
conflicts & ov]comes 8 desire ( a?letic 
success z f> z action is conc]n$4 ,if he
 und]takes ! tra9+ & /ruggles ?r\gh1 he 
feels ! compulsion ( ! means 9 direct   
proportion to 8 love ( ease & pleasure4 
,he refuses a cig> "u ?is emotion at !  
necessity ( ! means1 b ?is is pla9ly n a
 case ( e?ical emotion2 he refuses1 n   
because he ought1 b because he mu/1 & ! 
tra9] :o says to him1 8,y ought n to    
take t cig>10 does n prim>ily appeal to 
moral pr9ciple1 b to ! con/ra9t ( !     
means to desir$ end4 ,?is does n d5y t a
 man may feel tra9+ z a matt] ( duty1 b 
x is /ill obvi\s t he :o refuses a cig> 
z a m]e matt] ( tra9+1 is z psy*ic fact 
actuat$ by an emotion ( di/9ct quality f
 t :i* ! man feels :o refuses to smoke z
 a matt] ( consci5ce2 ! feel+1 8,i mu/  
n10 is div]se f ! feel+ impli$ 91 8,i   
ought n40 ,! a?lete may be consci5ti\sly

 an a?lete1 b 9 g5]al he refuses to     
smoke m]ely because t is ! "r /&1 i4e41 
suitable to ga9+ ! p>ticul> desir$ end1 
:]eas ! consci5ti\s man refuses z       
det]m9$ by a feel+ = "s end ^: rightness
 is assum$1 z ! pres]vation ( heal?1 or 
! be+ in(f5sive to o!rs4 ,! a?lete is   
mov$ by :at is "r or useful to "s end1  
:ile ! psy*ically moral man is actuat$  
by ! emotion = ! end ( rightness2 & :ile
 con/ra9t appe>s z *>act]i/ic ( bo?     
emotions1 /ill 9 bread?1 dep?1 &        
p>ticul> tone1 ! e?ical is pla9ly       
diff]5tiat$ f ! necessit>ian emotion4   
,at bottom also x is pla9 t ! feel+ (   
compulsion to means is a case ( conflict
 ( motives--z ) ! a?lete is love (      
pleasure ( smok+ v]sus desire ( a?letic 
success--& conflict ( motives has be5   
previ\sly discuss$4  ,nei!r sci5tific   
nor common k !n c z me?od ( means give  
by itself ! moral emotion4 ,b x may be  
said t sci5ce does provide ends = action
 & t ! emotion ab\t ! end is an e?ical  
emotion4 ,?us ! end ( tru?1 ( adh]5ce to

 reality1 is naturally emphasiz$ by     
sci5ce2 yet "h is n duty1 b ! ess5tial  
guid+ emotion is ! emotion = a*ievem5t &
 ! a*ievem5t ( ! desir$ accordance )    
nicety & complet5ess4 ,! en?usiasm =    
tru? & tru? 9 action is an emotion :i*  
may be sanction$ by moral feel+1 b x is 
n moral feel+4 ,adaptation to environm5t
 or con=mity to reality z a g5]al end ( 
action may h its impetus 9 moral        
emotion1 ,i may feel t ,i ought to      
accord ) ! nature ( ?+s z sci5tifically 
reveal$1 b ?is motive is by no means    
necess>ily impli$ 9 ! end4 ,& conduct is
 r>ely actuat$ by pure s5tim5t = ?is    
end2 r ! g5]al =m is1 8,d ?is & ?\ %alt 
live02 t is1 ! emotion is desire =      
p]sonal ends to :i* accordance ) nature 
is ! means4  ,aga91 take a sugge/ion (  
end = conduct f "s special sci5ce4 ,=   
in/ance1 ,biology m>ks z ! g5]al result 
( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & ( natural       
selection1 ! p]fection--practical &     
relative--( ! k9d4 ,?us ! result1 t is1 
end unconsci\sly a*iev$1 ( ! life ( de] 

is p[] ( locomotion & ke5ness ( sc5t1   
:ile ) man ! t5d5cy ( evolution is t[>d 
bra9 p[]4 ,man obvi\sly is able to      
consci\sly make an evolution t5d5cy an  
end1 to conduct himself ) ref]5ce to x1 
& ?us man's life may be a consci\s &    
/r5u\s c>ry+ out ( t5d5cy4 ,a con/ra9t  
arises f ?is end z f o!rs1 b x is n     
moral con/ra9t1 till ! end has be5      
adjudg$ "r2 ?us ?is end does n expla9   
rightness4 ,! aspiration t[>d           
self-culture & self-fulfilm5t is n      
psy*ically moral1 nor yet ! det]m9ation 
to a*ieve ?is p]fection4 ,p]fection1 be 
x rem>k$1 is n an end1 b ! measure (    
atta9m5t ( any end2 a p]fect man is "o  
:o is complete 9 c]ta9 respects4        
,morality is n ! c>ry+ out any end1     
p]fectly or imp]fectly1 be x pleas+1    
satisfactory1 true1 good1 etc41 b x     
pursues & is pursu$ by ! "r end1 :i* is 
rightness z univ]sal1 au?oritative1     
compulsive1 self-approv$1 imp]sonal law4
 ,! emotion ( oughtness 9 its purely    
e?ical =m is responsive to ?is alone4   

,purely moral emotion z psy*ic fact1 is 
n any feel+ = any summum bonum or any   
p]fection ( atta9m5t ( any k9d1 b is an 
emotion = ! "r = its own sake4 ,x is    
neglectful ( all consequ5ces1 & cries1  
8,let ju/ice be done1 ?\gh ! heav5s     
fall40 ,we all "k ! di/9ct diff]5ce 9   
quality ( feel+ :5 act+ m]ely to d my   
duty & :5 act+ to a*ieve an end = !     
a*ievem5t's sake or = ! good impli$4    
,e?ical emotion may arise ab\t any      
extr9sic end1 b does n arise out ( x4   
,we conclude !n t z psy*ical fact !re is
 a v>iety ( compulsory emotions1 an     
ought ( law z behe/ ( o!rs1 an ought (  
means1 an ought ( end1 an ought (       
advantage1 an ought ( b>e moral         
rightness1 & t ?is latt] emotion1 z e "o
 kn[s by introspection1 has its own     
peculi> quality & =ce4 ,he :o feels     
con/ra9t f au?ority1 f use ( means1 f   
end purpos$1 is pla9ly feel+ diff]5t f  
him :o feels ! con/ra9+ emotion at moral
 "r4 ,& ! law :i* says1 8,d ?is & ?\    
%alt live10 does n br+ moral pressure1 =

 ! moral law says1 8,d ?is :e!r ?\ live/
 or n02 t is1 moral emotion & activity  
is n consci\sly to itself a life factor4
 ,z a matt] ( psy*ic fact a _w ( moral  
activity exi/s solely = & 9 itself1 & ! 
emotion 9 ?is sph]e ( absolute morality1
 9 :i* _m consci5ti\s p live habitually1
 is e?ical emotion 9 ! n>r[ & /rict s5se
 ( ! t]m4 ,! imm$iate feel+ ( absolute  
rightness--s-call$ intuitive            
morality--h[ev] & :5ev] x has aris51    
seems to pres5t itself z m5tal factor   
radically div]se f all emotions ( means1
 ends1 & law4  ,"h we may criticise a   
s-call$ rule ( moral conduct to :i*     
appeal is (t5 made1 namely1 ! rule t we 
ought to d z we w\ld be done by4 ,we "k1
 inde$1 t ! pr9ciple ( equival5ce is    
/rong 9 society1 & t if we wi% to be    
well treat$ we %\ld treat o!rs well4    
,h[ev]1 to d z we w\ld be done by1 9    
ord] t we may be done by z we w\ld1     
trans=ms moral precept into prud5tial   
maxim4 ,"h is a me?od ( advantage3 9    
ord] to atta9 ! giv5 end we ought to d s

 & s1 b ! purely e?ical emotion is n    
ar\s$4 ,b fur!r1 int]pret ! rule z      
simple univ]sal moral law t we ought to 
d z we w\ld be done by4 ,?is involves   
putt+ ourselves 9 ano!r's place &       
consid]+ h[ we w\ld l to be treat$ "u ! 
circum/ances1 & s treat+ him4 ,?is is   
h$oni/ic altruism1 & its measure is     
crude & unreliable1 = :at might please  
me 9 a giv5 case might n please ano!r4  
,?is automorphic int]pretation is1      
h[ev]1 extremely common1 especially 9   
l[] psy*ism4 ,! *ild & ! savage judge   
inevitably & naturally t !y are giv+ y !
 greate/ pleasure :5 !y %>e _! da9ties )
 y4 ,b sl[ly is individuality ( ta/e    
recognis$1 & /ill m sl[ly recognis$ z   
prop] & "r4 ,/ill a h$oni/ic altruism1  
:e!r by mi/ak5 mode ( putt+ y\rself 9 8 
place1 or by true measure ( realiz+ :at 
he is 9 8 own place & act+ accord+ly1 on
 ei!r me?od is ( v d\btful morality if  
judg$ by any high /&>d4 ,inde$1 h$oni/ic
 altruism1 :atev] its motive1 has wr\ght
 bo? incalculable injury &              

unrighte\sness1 :e!r z a weak           
s5tim5talism z se51 = in/ance1 9        
promiscu\s *>ity1 or 9 m special =ms1 l 
p>5tal indulg5ce4 ,e?ical emotion :i*   
seeks to be direct$ 9 its action by an  
extrane\s measure adult]ates itself4 ,we
 ought n to d to o!rs z we w\ld l !m to 
d by u1 nor yet z !y w\ld l1 nor yet    
m]ely z we feel !y ought to be treat$1 b
 ! real gold5 rule is1 we ought to d by 
o!rs z we feel t !y 9 _! own nature &   
position ought to be done by4 ,?is is no
 m ?an to say t we ought to d by o!rs z 
we ought1 a moral id5tical proposition2 
& ! r$uc+ to ?is %[s t moral emotion    
re/s only on itself4 ,! end ( pure      
e?ical conduct is always & ev] m]ely to 
fulfil righte\sness ev]y:]e or to secure
 its fulfilm5t ev]y:]e1 to help & =w>d  
all do+ "r4 ,! s-call$ gold5 rule may h 
its place1 z und\bt$ly x 0 meant1 z     
propdeutic to a k+dom ( righte\sness1 b 
x has n pure e?ical quality 9 itself4   
,,*apt] ,,xx                       ,,!  
,,expression ,,( ,,feel+   ,! prim>y    

function ( m5tality1 z we h ?r\gh\t     
assum$1 is z /imulant to activities     
advantage\s to ! individual "u !        
conditions ( its exi/5ce2 h5ce all ^!   
activities are 9 a broad s5se           
expressions ( m5tal /ate1 !y are !      
outfl[ ( psy*oses & are indicative ( !m4
 ,9 p>ticul>1 feel+ is specially &      
directly relat$ to motor values1 :i* ?us
 become to ! self-obs]vant or to o!rs   
obs]vant an index or expression ( !     
feel+4 ,?us1 ,i see a de] flee+ f a     
wolf1 & ,i inf] t ?is is an expression (
 fe>4 ,h5ce we may rightly say t 9 a    
l>ge s5se all action is expression1 =   
all su* action rises 9 feel+2 9 o!r     
words1 f "o po9t ( view expression      
equals action4 ,n only may ext]ior      
bodily ph5om5a betray ! feel+ :i* is _! 
incit+ cause1 b to a vivisectioni/1 =   
example1 int]ior ph5om5a1 c]ebral & o!r1
 may be not$ z indicat+ a feel+ orig94  
,exclud+1 ( c\rse1 s-call$ reflex       
action1 :i* is really reflex motion1    
action & expression are b diff]5t po9ts 

( view ( ! same ?+3 :at we t]m an action
 :5 we dwell ^u ! motor side1 we t]m an 
expression :5 we dwell on ! m5tal prius 
& /imulus :i* is reveal$4  ,n[ z !      
evolution ( m9d progresses actions no   
long] s]viceable may survive 9          
connection ) giv5 feel+s1 rema9         
indicative ( !m2 ?us ! /rong beat+ ( !  
he>t 9 fe> & ! sc[l 9 ang]4 ,su*        
survival actions :i* occur 9 connection 
) all k9ds ( feel+s1 & especially ) ^?  
:i* are pre-human 9 _! orig91 are )     
p>ticul> emphasis /yl$ expressions4 ,!  
sc[l 9 ang] is consid]$ z expression r  
?an ! actual bl[ /ruck1 :i* is equally !
 result & indication ( ang]4,f  -----   
,footnote ,f3    ,wundt says t :5 9     
emotion we look 8s\r0 we ?9k we are     
actually ta/+ ! s\r1 & s make ! repuls+ 
action1 8s\r0   look4 7,lectures on     
,psy*ology1 p4 #bhc47 ,i ?9k x m        
probable   t ! 8s\r0 look is ! survival 
expression ( su* an emotion z           
disappo9tm5t4 ,x is likely t ! g5esis ( 
disappo9tm5t 0 9   ta/+ ! s\r = !       

suppos$ly sweet1 e4g41 lemon = orange1  
& ! 8s\r0 look has rema9$ z expression (
 disappo9tm5t long   s9ce its utility   
ceas$4 ,! g5esis & e>ly gr[? ( mo/      
emotions is 9 connection ) c]ta9 s5se   
exp]i5ces & _!   relat$ actions1 & ^!   
actions t5d to rema9 z 8expressions0    
long aft] _! real quality z actions has 
disappe>$4 ,h5ce x is   by survival1 & n
 because he ?9ks himself ta/+ some?+    
s\r1   t a man looks 8s\r$0 by          
disappo9tm5t :5 ,i fail to give him     
money z promis$4 ,s also black is gloomy
 because we are diurnal1 &   our        
ance/ors 7 diurnal4 ,if nocturnal1 black
 w\ld seem joy\s1   :ite gloomy4 7,cf4  
,wundt1 ibid41 p4 #cge47  -----         
,expression is !n prim>ily all action   
connect$ ) all consci\sness1 second>ily1
 x is useless action cont9u$ by =ce (   
habit & transmitt$ to desc5dants4 ,b    
/ill _m expressions are m ?an m]e       
actions or _! survivals4 ,to be sure1   
,d>w9 & _m ,d>w9i/s ma9ta9 t !          
expressions d n arise or exi/ = _! own  

value z su*1 b !y are entirely          
incid5tal4 ,expression is n ! function (
 ! s-call$ expressions1 b !y are        
entirely functional survivals4 ,:ile1   
h[ev]1 we mu/ admit t _m expressions h  
aris5 & be5 pres]v$ 9 ?is mann]1 yet ,i 
?9k x is altoge!r ha/y to d5y ! function
 & value ( expression p] se4 ,expression
 has exi/$ z a function f v e>ly phases 
( life1 & x und]lies all bisexuality &  
sociality :i* h be5 su* important       
elem5ts 9 evolution4 ,organic           
s\nd-produc+ /ructures1 ^: sole utility 
f ! v fir/ is = attract+ att5tion1 e>ly 
appe>1 & fur!r voice seems to h its     
orig9 9 ! dem& = love-call & call to "y4
 ,greg>i\sness is made possible 9 almo/ 
all its =ms by purposive expression4    
,!re comes e>ly1 !n1 a w1 n m]ely 9     
p]=m+ "s def9ite act at prompt+ ( a     
feel+1 b also a use 9 simply express+ x 
to o!rs1 communicat+ ! fact ( hav+ pa9  
or pleasure /ates to o!rs4 ,! cry ( pa9 
9 "y animals is a cry = help1 & z su*   
has be5 fav\r$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,!

 usefulness ( ?is action is solely z    
expression1 & z expression x has aris5 &
 be5 develop$4 ,expression "h is n an   
incid5tal view ( a physiological action1
 b exi/s = its own value to !           
individual4 ,su* expressions h _! use 9 
_! significance1 & z ! true language (  
feel+ are to be int]pret$ by ! pr9ciple 
( s]viceability4 ,an expression :i* is &
 cont9ues1 by reason ( its utility1 z a 
sign-language1 visual1 auditory1 or     
o!rwise1 z ge/ure love-calls1 etc41 may 
be t]m$ pure expression z di/+ui%$ f    
incid5tal expression1 l blu%+1 pallor1  
etc41 :i* exi/1 n = _! significance1    
?\gh !y are significant4 ,incid5tal     
expression includes also ! sph]e (      
degrad$ action4 ,yet :at seems m]e      
degrad$ action may be true expression1 z
 beckon+1 :i* is an abridgem5t ( !      
action ( pull+ "o to oneself & ( movem5t
 t[>ds oneself2 b ?is motion ( ! h&s    
exi/s1 n = ?is end1 nor z survival1 b   
m]ely z significant ( a desire on ! "p (
 ! ge/ur]4 ,9 ! high] ranges ( life we  

well "k ! l>ge place play$ by pure      
expression z di/+ui%$ f incid5tal       
expression4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose 
t pure expression consi/s m]ely 9       
8volunt>y & consci\sly0 employ+ 8means (
 communication0 7,d>w91 ,expression ( ! 
,emotions1 p4 #bef72 ?us1 ! scream ( an 
infant is equally pure expression1 :e!r 
! infant employs x kn[+ly or n z su*1 = 
scream+ ( ! "y has d\btless aris5 & be5 
pres]v$ 9 natural selection because (   
its utility z significant4 ,!re is !n1  
,i ?9k1 a gr\p ( activities :i* are n   
m]ely incid5tally expressive1 b orig9ate
 & exi/ = expression z a useful ?+ 9 !  
battle ( life4  ,b we h n exhau/$ !     
pr9ciples ( expression :5 we ref] to    
pres5t or pa/ s]viceability z an action 
9 g5]al or to s]vice z expression4 ,x is
 pla9 t 9 any activity prompt$ by any   
feel+ !re comes at a c]ta9 high int5sity
 a m or less pa?ologic ov]-function+ ( !
 organs conc]n$1 ) "u-function+ ( o!rs4 
,emotion z action /imulator 9 any high  
degree always enhances "s physiologic   

function to ! depression ( o!rs4 ,!     
blood1 = in/ance1 is =cibly )drawn f    
v>i\s p>ts to c]ta9 specially active    
p>ts1 & ?is )drawal gives rise to an    
appe>ance :i* may be t]m$ a negative    
expression1 z ! pallor 9 fe>4 ,c]ta9 o!r
 ph5om5a connect$ ) fe>1 z *ange ( col\r
 9 ! hair1 cold sweat1 & trembl+ ( !    
muscles1 :i* are m5tion$ by ,d>w9 z     
unexpla9$1 are probably due to ?is      
negative pr9ciple 7,expression ( !      
,emotions 9 ,man & ,animals1 ,new ,york1
 #ahhf1 p4 #cej2 b comp>e pp4 #ha &     
#cjh1 :]e ^! di/urbances are ascrib$ to 
direct action ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,d>w9    
does n1 h[ev]1 di/9ctly /ate or treat ! 
pr9ciple we "h m5tion z a di/9ct law74  
,z ! body is an int]-relat$ sy/em (     
organs1 /imulation to "o organ means an 
effect ^u all1 excitation ( "s1         
depression ( o!rs2 ?us to an acute      
obs]v] ! :ole body is symptomatic ( e   
feel+1 &1 inde$1 ( e consci\sness4 ,9 ! 
natural & normal c\rse emotion1 to d its
 "w mo/ effectively1 implies little or  

no m>k$ negative expression1 b ! n]v\s  
en]gy g5]at$ fl[s freely & directly to !
 organs :i* are to d s]vice1 )\t greatly
 impair+ g5]al function4 ,fe> ?us acts  
at fir/ simply & advantage\sly2 b 9 its 
lat] hi/ory fe> becomes greatly         
complicat$1 & in/ead ( freely issu+ 9   
s]viceable action ) n excessive height5+
 or depress+ ( any function1 its outlet 
seems z x 7 *ok$1 & ! n]v\s en]gy sp5ds 
itself )9 ! body 9 viol5t di/urbances ( 
vital organs4 ,fe> becomes !n decad5t & 
loses its place z evolution>y factor1   
becom+ imp$im5t r ?an aid to progress4  
,negative expression mu/ !n be consid]$ 
z especially notable 9 ! lat]           
exhibitions ( an emotion :5 conc5tration
 becomes morbid & ineffective1 los+ its 
advantage\sness1 & ! emotion is be+     
supplant$ by o!r psy*ic factors4 ,great 
injury & dea? itself may result f !     
abnormal action ( fe> & o!r prim>ily    
useful psy*oses4  ,besides ! p>ticul>   
organs to s]viceable activity ) !       
subsidi>y physiological function+1 & !  

indirect depression1 we mu/ /ill note   
o!r pr9ciples :i* may control           
expression4 ,n]v\s en]gy "u ! incitem5t 
( emotion is (t5 9 excess ( ! dem& = !  
requir$ action1 & x w !n ov]fl[ into    
correlat$ activities along ! l9e ( lea/ 
resi/ance4 ,also :5 ! suitable action is
 *eck$ = any reason1 its motive =ce     
backs up & ov]fl[s 9 new *annels4       
,indef9ite & purposeless movem5ts (     
v>i\s k9ds ?us result :i* may be        
expressive ( ! emotion ( :i* !y are     
incid5tally ! result4 ,any "o :o has    
wat*$ an ,iri% sett] trac+ game mu/ h   
rem>k$ ! wav+s ( ! tail becom+ m rapid  
:5 ! sc5t becomes /rong]4 ,:5 ! dog is  
runn+ v fa/1 ! tail-wagg+s are less     
noticeable ?an :5 mov+ sl[ly1 al?\gh !  
int]e/ may seem+ly be ! same 9 bo?      
cases4 ,x is obvi\s t a fa/ run uses to 
a l>ge ext5t ! sup]flu\s en]gy :i* 0    
dis*>g+ 9 tail movem5ts1 & :5 ! useful  
runn+ is *eck$ ! tail motion recomm5ces 
) great] =ce1 s]v+ z a safety-valve4 ,! 
frisk+ ( "y animals & *ildr5 is also    

l>gely due to diffusion ( s-call$       
sup]flu\s n]ve-=ce1 & is expressive (   
g5]al s5sations ( pleasure4 ,all feel+  
is motor 9 its natural value & t5d5cy1 &
 unless ! result+ en]gy is fully us$ 9  
"s special s]viceable action1 x w       
dis*>ge itself along ! easie/ & mo/     
habitual l9es laid d[n by inh]itance4   
,?us ! peculi> ance/ral exp]i5ce (      
animals is always express$ by _!        
spontane\s diffusive activities4 ,x w be
 rem>k$ t ! pr9ciple ( diffusion is !   
rev]se ( negative expression1 be+ an    
ov]fl[ ( =ce z oppos$ to )drawal4       
,excessive g5]ation ( en]gy is c]ta9ly  
uneconomical1 & we mu/ consid] t at fir/
 emotion t5d$ r to less ?an ! requir$   
am\nt1 ?an m4  ,! ph5om5a ( diffusive   
expression1 9 ! /rict s5se1 are ?us r   
late 9 appe>ance4 ,! v l[e/ =ms ( life h
 no infancy or play p]iod1 & f ! fir/   
are directly active 9 ! /ruggle =       
exi/5ce4 ,yet ! play p]iod 0 c]ta9ly    
evolv$ ?r\gh natural selection z a fully
 educative & prep>atory /age1 :]e9 !    

actions mo/ dem&$ 9 actual life are     
unconsci\sly practis$ & a g5]al basis ( 
res]ve =ce is accumulat$4 ,play activity
 is a liv+ on inh]it$ en]gy & 9 !       
inh]it$ modes3 ! kitt5 p\nc+1 ! horse   
pranc+1 etc4 ,play is !n r a mode (     
activity ?an a mode ( expression2 x is  
expressive only 9 ! way t all action is 
expressive4 ,expression prop] is only 9 
^? modes ( action :i* are c>ri$ on1 :e!r
 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 by virtue (
 _! significance value4 ,if ev]y?+ :i*  
is expressive is call$ an expression1 we
 mu/ include all ! bodily actions &     
ph5om5a :i* c 9 any wise be connect$ )  
consci\sness4 ,i use ! t]m diffusion 9 !
 n>r[ s5se ( spontane\s ov]fl[ ( en]gy 9
 excess ( t absolutely requir$ = !      
advantage\s action4 ,i d n ref] to !    
g5]al diffusion ( emotional effect      
?r\gh\t ! :ole organism1 :i* always     
occurs by ! v nature ( organism4 ,?us ! 
pa9 f a p9-prick c]ta9ly modifies to "s 
ext5t e cell 9 ! body2 !re is a direct  
wave ( influ5ce f ! psy*ic exp]i5ce1 &  

?is is propagat$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole organism
 by reason ( its ess5tial int]dep5d5cy (
 p>ts2 x e*oes & re-e*oes ?r\gh\t !     
:ole4 ,! physiological result is !n 9   
simple/ cases extremely complicat$4     
,h[ev]1 ?is m]e g5]al fact ( diffusion  
is a biological truism1 & does n expla9 
any expression1 b simply ass]ts t e     
feel+1 by virtue ( its physical basis1  
affects ! organism z a :ole4 ,emotion   
issues specially 9 motor activities     
because its orig9 0 z /imulant to       
necess>y action1 b ?is action involv$   
int]nal organs1 especially ! circulatory
 & respiratory1 & indirectly ! :ole body
 9 e "p4 ,! explanation ( an expression 
mu/ always be 9 trac+ back to ! orig9al 
s]viceable actions ) _! dem&s on special
 subsidi>y organs1 & _! depression (    
c]ta9 relat$ organs1 & n 9 ref]5ce to ! 
g5]al law ( diffusion1 :i* is b ano!r   
t]m = ! ess5tial cont9uity ( ! organism4
 ,a useful pr9ciple ( expression mu/ n  
m]ely say t !re is by ! nature (        
organism a g5]al bodily result f e      

emotion1 b x mu/ expla9 ! p>ticul>      
expressions4  ,we make !m s f> f\r      
pr9ciples or =ms ( expression1 :i* we   
in/ance 9 say+ t ! bl[ ( an angry man is
 g5]al activity expression1 %ak+ ! fi/  
at "o1 purposive expression1 sc[l+ z    
remnant ( wat*+ foe int5tly 9 ! op5 air 
is survival expression1 & twit*+ &      
trembl+ ( c]ta9 muscles is diffusive    
expression4 ,e emotion commonly issues 9
 all f\r =ms1 9 direct activity )       
associat$ survival t5d5cies & purposive 
expression1 & a surplus ( en]gy runs ov]
 into c]ta9 natural & easy motions1 or a
 defici5cy ( en]gy 9 c]ta9 organs       
manife/s itself1 ! negative side (      
diffusive expression4,g  -----          
,footnote ,g3    ,s9ce emotion comes 9  
waves1 expression is r$uplicat$4 ,?is   
may   ?r[ "s light on su* an expression 
z laught]4 ,l&or says !   ,a9u d n 9 !  
prop] s5se laugh1 b !y ro> ) delight4 ,x
   may be t laught] is reit]at$ ro> z   
result+ f reit]at$   psy*ic impulses &  
feel+s4 ,z 9 ! gr[? ( an emotion1 waves 

are multipli$1 ! expression becomes m   
r$uplicate1 & ?us   laught] t5ds to     
become m rippl+ & articulate4 ,!        
ca*9nation & explosiv5ess has ?us a     
plausible explanation1 :i*   ,i m]ely   
sugge/4 ,at lea/ ,pr(4 ,dewey's         
explanation 7,psy*ological   ,review1   
,i41 #eei7 t 8bo? cry+ & laugh+ fall "u 
! same   pr9ciple ( action--! t]m9ation 
( a p]iod ( ef=t0--is q   too g5]al4    
,t5sion ceas+1 ef=t /opp$1 we 8brea!    
freely10   take deep inspirations4      
,laught] is f> f be+ ! usual outcome   (
 su* a /atus4  -----  ,d>w9 makes       
anti!sis a pr9ciple ( expression4 ,?us !
 expression ( affection 9 ! dog or cat  
t[>d its ma/] _c1 says ,d>w91 be trac$ 9
 any wise to s]viceability1 & we mu/    
seek its explanation m]ely z            
unconsci\sly & in/9ctively assum$ z     
directly contr>y to ! s]viceable ho/ile 
expressions4 ,a dog's expression ( ang] 
is1 or has be51 directly s]viceable     
action1 b ! expressions ( affectionate  
pleasure seem nev] to h _h su* an orig91

 b to h aris5 m]ely z anti!tic to ! =m]1
 & s e/abli%+ ! utmo/ di/9ctness (      
impression4 ,to convey mo/ cle>ly a     
motion ( its fri5dl9ess ! dog naturally 
assumes ^? attitudes :i* are mo/ div]se 
f its expression ( ho/ility4 ,_!        
s]viceability z expressions is be/      
atta9$ by be+ completely anti!tical1 & !
 m anti!tical ! bett] "u natural        
selection4 ,h[ev]1 if ?is be ! case1    
anti!sis sc>cely des]ves1 x seems to me1
 ! "n ( a pr9ciple ( expression1 b x    
m]ely d5om9ates ! fact t opposite       
emotions 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce t5d to   
exhibit !mselves 9 opposite ways z      
simil> emotions 9 simil> ways2 b we ne$ 
nei!r anti!sis nor simil>ity z a        
pr9ciple4 ,i believe t s]viceability pa/
 or pres5t ei!r z direct action or z    
expression is ! prime impetus ( :at we  
t]m ! expression ( ! emotions1 & ,i     
confess ,i d n see mu* =ce 9 ,d>w9's    
,*apt] on ,anti!sis4 ,if1 h[ev]1        
opposition has a mean+ = life1 z ,d>w9  
seems to imply1 !n does n ! expression  

come "u ! law ( s]viceability8 ,if !re  
is any opposition 9 expression1 ,i %\ld 
expla9 ?is 9 g5]al by utility r ?an by  
anti!sis p] se4 ,?us take ! ge/ures     
in/anc$ by ,d>w9 7ibid41 p4 #fe71 ( pu%+
 away ) ! h& :5 tell+ "o to g away1 & ( 
pull+ t[>d :5 tell+ "o to come2 ^!      
ge/ures are1 inde$1 anti!tic1 b _!      
explanation does n lie 9 ! fact ( !     
anti!sis1 b 9 ! fact ( ! pa/ s]viceable 
habit1 by :i* individuals dislik$ or    
lik$ 7 repell$ or attract$4 ,9 ! pres5t 
in/ance ! p]son motion$ to may be f>    
beyond ! rea* ( ! arms1 b /ill ! ge/ure 
may be m ?an m]e useless survival1 = x  
acts z emphasis ( ! vocal expression1 & 
has its influ5ce !re4  ,d>w9 = "s reason
 con/antly ignores ! s]viceability (    
expression z su*--n s mu* z a fact1 b z 
a pr9ciple--& h5ce its relation to      
natural selection1 :]eby he involves    
himself 9 ne$less difficulties4 ,if an  
expression is ( use1 :y %\ld x n arise  
?r\gh natural selection z well z a limb1
 a w+1 or an eye8 ,l o!r functions1     

expression may be incid5tal or may adapt
 v>iations atta9$ orig9ally = o!r ends1 
b 9 ! case ( ! voice1 at lea/1 we h an  
orig9al organ ( expression z in/rum5t ( 
int]communication4  ,nor c ,i ?9k       
,d>w9's treatm5t ( ! expressions (      
affection by ! dog z due to anti!sis a v
 happy or satisfactory solution4 ,9 !   
fir/ place1 ! expression ( fri5dl9ess by
 ! dog is n ! complete anti!sis ( t (   
ho/ility4 ,! dog b>ks bo? out ( fri5dly 
joy & f ang]1 z ,d>w9 himself /ates4 ,"s
 dogs also1 z ,i h (t5 obs]v$ 9 my dog1 
%[ pleasurable affection by wr9kl+ up ! 
lips & %[+ ! tee?1 an act :i* is (t5    
mi/ak5 = a ho/ile demon/ration4 ,dogs   
also1 z is ! habit ) my own1 w (t5      
express affection 9 ! same way z ! cat  
7ibid41 fig4 #aj71 by rubb+ aga9/ "o4   
,?is is b an in/ance ( a g5]al law (    
expression ( affectionate emotion1 i4e41
 clos5ess ( contact ) ! belov$ object   
:i* is lik$ z promot+ pleasure4 ,?is    
in/9ctive expression ( love or lik+     
c]ta9ly _h its orig9 9 s]viceability1 ! 

appropriate ef=t t[>d ! pleasure-giv+ ?+
 or animal1 b specially 9 ! relation (  
p>5t & (fspr+1 & 9 t ( alliance 9 dang]4
 ,aga91 ! tail ( a ho/ile dog is1 z     
figur$ by ,d>w91 /raight & erect1 b !   
opposite ( ?is is ! tail tuck$ betwe5 ! 
legs :5 flee+ f pursu]s 9 fe>1 r ?an !  
position :5 %[+ fri5dl9ess to its ma/]4 
,my own op9ion ( ! rise ( ! fri5dly     
expression ( dog1 cat1 & o!r animals    
t[>d man is t !y are 9 ! ma91 at lea/1  
transf]r$ f ! s]viceable fri5dly        
expressions us$ among !mselves 9 a wild 
or dome/icat$ /ate4 ,i h repeat$ly se5  
small dogs1 :o atta* !mselves to "s l>ge
 dog z _! ma/]1 fawn1 po/ure1 & lick ?is
 ma/] precisely z ?is ma/] does 8 human 
ma/]4 ,dogs & cats also %[ _! affection 
& c>e = _! (fspr+ 9 _m expressive acts  
:i* are transf]r$ to _! human own]s4 ,^!
 expressions 7 prim>ily ei!r directly   
s]viceable actions1 z ! lick+1 or       
s]viceable = expression z su*1 z v>i\s  
s\nds made to give assurance ( pres5ce (
 food1 or ( safety4 ,9 g5]al1 x seems to

 me t :5 anti!sis has occurr$1 x has    
aris5 out ( s]viceability & n vice v]s4 
,) ref]5ce to ! wagg+ ( ! tail 9 ! dog1 
?is is f> f be+ an expression (         
affection alone4 ,i h already m5tion$ ! 
case ( ! sett] :]e ! movem5t ( ! tail is
 l>gely due to diffusion ( sup]flu\s    
en]gy1 analog\s to n]v\s habits l pac+ !
 floor or bit+ ! nails 9 human be+s4 ,) 
"s dogs at lea/1 z ,i h notic$ 9 my own 
,/4 ,b]n>d1 ! tail is swit*$ sl[ly back 
& =? :5 approa*+ ano!r dog ) ho/ile     
int5t4 ,we h n z yet a suffici5t numb] (
 facts at h& ) ref]5ce to ! hi/ory ( !  
dog to pron\nce ! tail wagg+ z orig9at+ 
by virtue ( its use z expression4 ,& :at
 is ! rationale ( ! orig9 ( ! tail 9 !  
dog & cat1 & = :at reason has x be5     
p]petuat$8 ,is x a preh5sile            
survival--:i* has be5 tak5 advantage ( 9
 ! bre$+ ( ! pug--or is x a sexual      
*>act]i/ic1 or did x orig9ate to p]=m "s
 directly advantage\s action1 z ! tail (
 ! c[ & horse1 or did x come into be+ z 
an organ ( expression8 ,is ! tail-wagg+ 

recognis$ by animals !mselves z an      
expression z x is by man8 ,^! are       
que/ions on :i* we mu/ h m data ?an we  
n[ possess 9 ord] to make any suffici5t 
answ]s4  ,aga91 ! rise ( ! b>k+ by dogs 
"u dome/ication is ano!r problem on :i* 
little c be said ) c]ta9ty = lack (     
data4 ,d>w9's rem>k t x may arise by    
imitation ( ! loquacity ( man seems to  
me ludicr\sly inadequate1 & !re seems no
 elem5t ( imitation 9 ! noise produc$4  
,dome/icat$ animals 9 g5]al t5d to use !
 vocal organs = l\d] s\nds ?an :5 9 !   
wild /ate1 = ) wild animals ! value ( a 
l\d noise z expression 9 any way is     
l>gely c\nt]balanc$ by its betray+      
pres5ce to enemies4 ,:5 natural enemies 
( ! dog are driv5 out by man !re w be a 
t5d5cy t[>d a l>g] use ( ! vocal organs1
 bo? ) ref]5ce to companion dogs & also 
to man4 ,! p>ticul> s\nd1 ! b>k1 is     
det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! :ole vocal      
app>atus4 ,! b>k 01 no d\bt1 orig9ally  
to fright5 aggressors1 z ,i h (t5 se5 a 
l>ge dog fright5 a small dog f a piece (

 meat by a sudd5 res\nd+ b>k4 ,gradually
 atta9$ z a mode ( t]rify+ 8 competitive
 associates & c]ta9 game :i* x foll[s "u
 dome/ication1 & s pres]v$ & develop$ by
 natural selection1 ! t5d5cy is also    
p[]fully /r5g!n$ by artificial          
selection1 ! be/ b>k]1 o!r ?+s be+      
equal1 be+ *os5 = bre$+ by man4 ,:5 !   
b>k has become a common & habitual      
practice1 x becomes a v5t = sup]flu\s   
en]gy develop$ by joy & o!r emotions4 ,l
 sn>l+ or gr9n+1 x is also a play =m1 & 
?us becomes d5otative ( joy by          
association4 ,to impress "o's fri5dl9ess
 or ho/ility ^u o!rs1 to appease or     
t]rify1 are ! two ma9 ends ( expression 
) bo? man & animals1 & ?is function is  
excit$ 9 v>i\s ways by diff]5t species1 
z det]m9$ by environm5t4 ,! dang] signal
 & ! safety signal1 ! bew>e or welcome1 
is amplifi$ & v>i$ accord+ to p>ticul>  
requirem5ts :i* mu/ be fully inve/igat$ 
be=e we c give any complete rationale ( 
any expression4 ,conciliatory & m5ac+   
expressions & ge/ures h be5 evolv$ &    

matur$ 9 /rict correlation "u ! same    
g5]al law ( natural selection1 & nei!r  
"o nor ! o!r is due to anti!sis4 ,x is  
entirely unlikely t ( su* expressions1  
"o1 ! ho/ility side1 0 fir/ develop$ by 
natural selection1 ! o!r ow+ its rise to
 a di/9ct pr9ciple1 anti!sis4  ,h[ev]1  
,i am n ready to d5y anti!sis all =ce z 
pr9ciple ( expression1 b x seems to me x
 %\ld be rang$ ) law ( simil>ity or     
analogy z subsidi>y1 & l>gely influ5tial
 only 9 ! high] types ( expression1     
especially ! teleologic human1 z 9      
ge/ure4 ,?us1 if ?umbs up means pity1   
?umbs d[n w\ld naturally be us$ to d5ote
 pitilessness4 ,to nod ! head means     
ass5t or yes1 to %ake ! head means      
diss5t or no1 ?\gh ! exact anti!sis w\ld
 be to ?r[ ! head backw>d--ass5t signal 
) "s tribes4 ,h[ev]1 :ile x may be      
ass]t$ t1 z a g5]al law1 t l emotions   
express !mselves 9 l ways1 unlike 9     
unlike1 ?is c h>dly be us$ to ?r[ mu*   
light on expression4 ,giv5 a p>ticul>   
emotion & its expression1 we c by no    

means d$uce imm$iately ! expression ( ! 
opposition emotion4 ,p>ticul> conditions
 & special organic limitations w always 
make ?is impracticable1 & x is ! (fice (
 ! sci5ti/ to /udy expression 9 ! c\rse 
( evolution z ( s]vice "u a multitude ( 
conflict+ int]e/s & di/ract+            
difficulties4  ,we view expression !n z 
ma9ly due to ! pr9ciple ( advantage\s   
v>iation 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4         
,expression is ! action requir$ 9 !     
battle = life1 or accompanim5ts to assi/
 ?is action1 or ! call = aid to br+ x   
ab\t4 ,natural selection is ! fir/ &    
fundam5tal law ( expression1 negative   
expression & sup]flu\s en]gy bo? be+    
second>y & (t5 pa?ologic 9 t5d5cy4  ,!  
/ruggle = exi/5ce is itself on ! v face 
( x an expression ( m9d1 namely1        
activity significant ( c]ta9 w & feel+  
exp]i5ce4 ,:atev] %[s m9d is expression1
 & ?us 9 a l>ge s5se e movem5t 9 !      
physical univ]se--& :at is ! univ]se b  
motion--& e organic activity may be     
con/ru$ z expression4 ,:e!r all =ce1    

motion1 action1 is or mu/ be expression 
is1 h[ev]1 a philosophic inve/igation   
:i* we ne$ n n[ discuss1 ?\gh we may    
suspect t ! height & dep? ( m9d & s !   
range ( expression is enorm\sly beyond !
 sci5ce ( to-day4 ,h[ev]1 re/rict+      
ourselves to ! doma9 ( animal life1 x is
 obvi\sly v difficult to det]m9e j :at  
activities ( a giv5 organism betray m9d1
 & /ill m j :at =m ( m5tality is        
manife/+ itself4 ,man1 be+ ! measure (  
all ?+s1 int]prets himself 9 all1 & ev5 
:5 he becomes aw>e ( ! dang]s (         
an?ropomorphism he _c :olly dis5gage    
himself f ! t5d5cy4 ,! subjective       
analogical int]pretation is a necess>y  
evil4 ,/ill man is ! ke5e/ sight$ ( all 
be+s = expression1 & actions 9 a v wide 
range :i* _h n 9 fact ! real function ( 
expression become expressive to him4 ,! 
prim>y value ( fe> = ! de] is to make x 
run f dang]1 & ! runn+ becomes          
expressive ( ! fe> to obs]v]s1 ?\gh !   
runn+ is n = ! expression4 ,?us vital   
activities ( _m k9ds are expressive1    

?\gh _! prim>y value is n 9 !           
expression4 ,activities ^: sole or ma9  
value is to give expression are         
comp>atively late1 ! value ( expression 
9 ?is n>r[ s5se be+ 9 ! m5tal impression
 !reby made ^u o!r organisms4 ,?us      
actions :i* s]ve purely to fright5 o!rs1
 9 mak+ "o's self =midable by l\d       
noises1 z ro> ( lion1 b>k ( dog1 by     
erect+ ! hair1 display+ claws1 tee?1 &  
o!r su* actions are pure expressions4   
,!re is a con/ant gr[? 9 ! value (      
expressiv5ess z we asc5d ! scale ( life1
 expression play+ a l>g] & l>g] "p till 
) man c]ta9 individuals become          
specializ$ z expressioni/s1 arti/s1     
poets1 & orators4 ,fur!r1 f9e art is    
expression :i* has its value1 n 9 any   
ext]ior utility1 b 9 itself alone1 !    
subjective emotion seek+ 9 a mann]      
p]fectly free f ! common utilities (    
life to f9d itself a complete & p]fect  
embodim5t4 ,art "h does n s]ve life1 b  
life1 art4 ,! exp]i5ce has 9 itself its 
own v9dication = be+1 9 t x expresses4  

,expression is no long] b>e action nor  
yet a function to s]ve life1 b x becomes
 a life 9 itself4 ,9 ?is ideal life (   
pure expression we recognise ! necessity
 t ! expressioni/ be emancipat$ f !     
/ruggle = exi/5ce1 be fre$ f ! sordid   
c>es ( life1 & giv5 up :olly to express+
 8 individuality ) *>act]i/ic =ce2 h5ce 
! ,/ate (t5 p5sions writ]s & arti/s4 ,b 
ap>t f ?is ideal life1 9 ! evolution (  
intricate sociality & indu/ry & complex 
culture1 expression becomes a m & m     
pot5t factor4 ,man 9 society mu/ n only 
be1 he mu/ reveal himself1 he mu/ %[ :at
 he is 9 ord] to a*ieve ! mo/4 ,_m fail1
 n = lack ( faculty1 b = lack (         
expressive ability4 ,expression1 !n1 9  
g5]al1 is a function :i*1 />t+ f ! mo/  
m9ute beg9n+s 9 ! l[] animals1 culm9ates
 9 man4 ,9 l>ge "p man is man by reason 
( 8 sup]ior p[] ( expression1 especially
 by spee*1 oral & writt54 ,evolution 9  
man is on ! m5tal side 9 p>ticul>1 b a  
l>ge "p ( ?is m5tality has be5 giv5 to !
 improvem5t ( expression 9 mak+ x m     

facile1 full & rapid4 ,! complete       
natural hi/ory ( expression is yet to be
 writt51 & all t ,i attempt is to       
indicate ! po9t ( view = su* an         
inve/igation4  ,!re are two po9ts fur!r 
) ref]5ce to expression :i* m]it a few  
rem>ks4 ,! fir/ is z to ! reaction (    
expression on emotion4 ,we h treat$ to  
"s ext5t ! relation ( emotion to its    
expression1 b we h also to consid] !    
relation ( an expression to its emotion 
& to emotion 9 g5]al4 ,we h all along   
assum$ t ! emotion z a factor 9 !       
evolution ( life is an int]nal /imulus  
to a s]viceable activity1 :i* may be    
view$ z its expression1 or may ev5 h its
 value z su*4 ,t emotion1 z /imulus (   
action1 det]m9es expression is1 ,i ?9k1 
a prim>y law4 ,h[ev]1 ,pr(4 ,james      
ma9ta9s 7,m9d1 xxxiv41 #ahh7 ! rev]se--t
 expression det]m9es ! emotion4,h ,we d 
n /rike because we are angry1 b we are  
angry because we /rike4 ,h5ce1 9        
reality1 ! emotion is really !          
expression1 t is1 ! emotion is !        

consci\sness result ( ! s-call$         
expression--x expresses ! 8expression0 9
 t]ms ( consci\sness4 ,we commonly speak
 ( express+ our emotions1 b we %\ld r   
speak ( emotions z expressions 9        
consci\sness ( c]ta9 bodily activities4 
,b if we make emotion b a psy*ological  
incid5t & (f-%oot ( c]ta9 activities1 ,i
 take x we run directly c\nt] to ! g5]al
 function ( m9d 9 evolution z int]nal   
/imulant to useful activity4 ,emotion   
is1 ,i judge1 fundam5tally a motive =ce 
& has its function1 & s its rise &      
developm5t z su*4 ,x is m ?an a         
by-product1 b ev5 if x 71 h[ %\ld we    
acc\nt = x8 ,aft] ! s]viceable activity 
has actually be5 br\ght ab\t1 aft] a man
 has really /ruck d[n 8 adv]s>y1 :at is 
! utility ( emotion8 ,we take x t !     
value ( emotion lies 9 />t+ & support+ !
 activity1 & x is advantage\s economy t 
x cease imm$iately on ! accompli%m5t (  
its end4 ,:ile we mu/ always suppose t  
emotion has its physical support 9      
c5tral neutral *anges1 yet ! expression 

is truly su*2 t is1 x is f a diff]5t    
impulse z det]m9$ by ! emotional bra9   
excitem5t4 ,9 ! light m]ely ( a !ory (  
natural selection1 m9d 9 g5]al1 &       
emotion 9 p>ticul>1 is m ?an incid5tal  
concomitant ( physical *anges1 m ?an e*o
 ( corporeality3 x has a vital & c5tral 
function 9 ! evolution ( life4 ,pr(4    
,james po9ts to ! fact t ex]cis+ !      
expressions or imag9+ ! feel+ calls up !
 feel+1 z a pro( ( 8 !ory4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 
is m]ely a matt] ( association1 & c     
prove nei!r a real prec$5t nor          
resultant4 ,we may call up ideation z   
well z emotion by produc+ associat$     
activities4 ,9 ! int]dep5d5ce ( !       
consci\s life1 emotion1 p]ception &     
will+ call up ea* o!r )\t ref]5ce to    
causative ord]4 ,any "o elem5t (        
consci\sness may be reg>d$ ei!r z       
resultant or /imulant1 accord+ z we look
 at prec$+ or foll[+ /ate (             
consci\sness4 ,9 ! ord] ( evolution1 pa9
 & pleasure arise f c]ta9 actions 9 ord]
 to inhibit or /imulate repetition (    

actions4 ,feel+ is !n1 bo? resultant &  
/imulant4 ,! emotions may arise f !     
expressions by association1 b ! orig9al 
dep5d5ce is t ( expression on emotion4  
,! fur!r te/1 t we _c imag9e an emotion 
)\t br++ 9 bodily pres5tation1 is simply
 a necessity ( ! imag+ faculty z su*1 an
 image by its v nature be+ concrete4    
-----  ,footnote ,h3    ,pr(essor ,james
 has ( late l>gely modifi$ 8 view 7see  
,psy*ological ,review1 ,sept41 #ahid74  
-----  ,:ile1 !n1 ,i believe t emotion  
is ! spr+ ( expression1 ,i am f> f d5y+ 
t ! expression may n react ^u ! emotion4
 ,:5ev] ! w 9 any wise controls         
expression we m>k modifications 9 !     
feel+4 ,9 ! lat] evolution ( life !     
direct+ ( expression is ( great         
importance1 & expression is gradually   
subject$ to ! w4 ,h5ce1 especially )    
man1 x becomes possible to feel 9 c]ta9 
ways & yet to repress ! signs ( feel+1  
to h /rong emotions1 & yet n betray !m  
to ^? :o might take advantage ( !m4 ,:5 
a /rong emotion is =cibly & completely  

*eck$ 9 its expression !re is commonly  
rankl+4 ,at lea/ x is n true1 z ,d>w9   
/ates 7,ibid41 p4 #cfj71 t 8repression1 
z f> z ?is is possible1 ( all outw>d    
signs s(t5s our emotions40 ,v (t51 z we 
all "k by p]sonal exp]i5ce & by         
obs]vation1 ! *eck+ ! free expression ( 
emotion t5ds to int5sify1 r ?an s(t51 ! 
emotion4 ,! s*ool-girl1 :o1 on he>+ sad 
news1 ru%es away to h a good cry1 weeps 
away h] grief1 & exp]i5ces a deep s5se (
 relief2 :ile ! man :o /]nly represses !
 expression ( grief (t5 suff]s acutely &
 long4 ,grief1 ( c\rse1 sometimes lies  
too deep = te>s1 & we (t5 long to be    
able to express ! p5t-up emotion :i*    
*okes u4 ,?is /ate is ! opposite ( !    
free1 natural expression ( feel+ su* z  
we see 9 *ildr54 ,*ildr5 express        
!mselves )\t self-control1 = ?is is     
beyond !m2 b "h is ! p[] to w           
expression1 b ! ef=t is always futile4  
,by promot+ or repress+ expression we d 
c]ta9ly influ5ce emotion2 b ?is volition
 is always = reason1 & implies1 !n1 a   

conflict ( feel+s4 ,?us1 a feel+ =      
propriety leads ! man to control 8 te>s1
 & ?is feel+ 9 itself mu/ t5d to dim9i% 
! /r5g? ( ! concomitant grief4 ,h[ev]1  
?\gh !re is a measure ( int]f]5ce1 we   
w\ld be wrong 9 suppos+ t complex m5tal 
life is always comp>atively weak 9 its  
compon5t elem5ts4 ,! di/raction ( int]e/
 due to new feel+s *eck+ expression is n
 always equal to ! reliev+ p[] ( free or
 promot$ expression4 ,! direct *eck+ ( !
 expressional act c]ta9ly keeps back !  
curr5t ( en]gy f its natural *annel1 & !
 feel+ has increas$ 9 duration1 if n 9  
quantity4 ,! evanesc5t "* ( emotion ) "y
 *ildr5 & ) demon/rative p is well kn[n4
  ,b besides ! *anges :i* may come to ! 
feel+ ?r\gh direct w-effect$ *anges 9 ! 
expression1 we mu/ also note t ! m]e    
consci\sness ( expression has (t5 a     
def9ite influ5ce4 ,?us1 :5 greatly      
fright5$1 ,i may become consci\s ( !    
he>t leap+ into ! ?roat1 ! trembl+1     
etc42 & ?is consci\sness ( ! expression 
acts 9 g5]al z a div]sion 9 ! feel+ :i* 

is express$4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 x seems 
to add to ! feel+1 z :5 a girl blu%es = 
h] blu%es4 ,!re is an int5sification (  
self-consci\sness :i* b height5s & r5ews
 ! expression ) r5ew$ s5se ( expression1
 & !n ano!r flood ( emb>rass+           
self-consci\sness1 & s on 9 a long      
s]ies4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! s5se ( expression  
does n 9 /rictness add to ! int5sity ( !
 orig9al feel+1 b x develops a new feel+
 ( ! same k9d2 at ea* /ep !re is new    
occasion & a r5ew$ feel+1 b a total     
quantity is con/itut$1 s t we are "r    
en\gh 9 say+ t ! consci\sness ( h] own  
blu%+ b add$ to h] emb>rassm5t4 ,yet x  
may be /at$ z a g5]al law t a           
consci\sness ( our expressive acts z su*
 t5ds to decrease ! orig9al feel+ f :i* 
! expression arises1 inasmu* z ! field (
 consci\sness is !reby divid$4  ,:5 ! w 
atta9s control ov] expression we may n  
m]ely repress ! impulse to expression :5
 we feel /rongly1 b hav+ no feel+ ( a   
giv5 k9d we may volunt>ily adopt its    
expression1 & ?is adoption ( !          

expression v (t5 leads by association to
 ! real feel+4 ,aga91 :5 exp]i5c+ a     
feel+ we may simulate ! expression (    
ano!r or ev5 opposite feel+4 ,x is (t5  
advantage\s 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce to ?r[
 o!rs (f _! gu>d by deceiv+ !m z to !   
real emotional /ate2 h5ce1 craft & guile
 h f a tol]ably e>ly /age 9 evolution   
play$ a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( life4 ,animals &
 m5 alike soon appreciate ! di/9ction   
betwe5 appe>ance & reality1 t a k9d &   
pleasant expression is (t5 b ! lure (   
malice & ho/ility1 t injury is (t5 meant
 :]e !re is ! %[ ( b5efit4 ,plants1 z   
well z animals1 (t5 are q o!r ?an !y    
appe>1 bo? = (f5ce & def5ce2 & !re is ! 
wide field ( mimetic protection :i* _c1 
h[ev]1 at pres5t be br\ght "u our       
subject4  ,simulation ( expression      
probably arose z an economical make%ift2
 a m]e %[ :i* co/s ! organism little (t5
 atta9s ends :i* w\ld o!rwise require a 
va/ deal ( m5tal =ce4 ,?us we see *ildr5
 sc>$ into desir$ behavi\r by assum$    
ang]1 grief1 etc42 & ev5 animals1 z ,i h

 notic$ ) dogs1 likewise frequ5tly      
affect expressions :i* h no support 9   
real emotion4 ,! unsophi/icat$1 h[ev]1  
le>n ) great rapidity to di/+ui% betwe5 
assum$ & real emotion4 ,any "o :o has   
made a pret5ce ( cry+ be=e little *ildr5
 mu/ h rem>k$ ?is4 ,simulation (        
expression 9 ord] to easily rea* desir$ 
ends is ?us r limit$1 b /ill has a real 
value & a consid]able place "u natural  
selection4  ,h[ev]1 expression may      
sometimes be simulat$ 9 ord] to atta9 ! 
associat$ emotion4 ,if we act mad1 we   
(t5 get mad1 & ?us1 z we see 9 ! plays (
 animals & *ildr51 m]ely assum$         
expression may lead to ! real emotion4  
,?is way ( atta9+ emotion by purposely  
enact+ its kn[n expression1 we may call 
impression z ! rev]se ( ! expression    
ord]4 ,m5 may "w !mselves up into a     
fury1 z well z vigor\sly express an ang]
 directly occasion$4 ,actors & public   
speak]s (t5 take advantage ( ?is        
reaction ( expression on emotion1 &     
!reby n m]ely affect an emotion1 b h a  

c]ta9 real emotion1 :i* _c ev] be nave4 
,?us ,macready z ,%ylock us$ to prep>e  
himself & get up 8! prop] /ate ( :ite   
heat0 by viol5tly %ak+ a ladd]4 ,poe 9  
"o ( 8 tales makes a detective say1 :5  
wi%+ to "k ! ?\ghts ( a wick$ man1 8,i  
fa%ion ! expression ( my face z         
accurately z possible 9 accordance ) !  
expression ( 81 & !n wait to see :at    
?\ghts or s5tim5ts arise 9 my m9d or    
he>t1 z if to mat* or correspond ) !    
expression40 ,?is me?od ( act+ l ano!r1 
t we may h & s "k 8 ?\ghts & feel+s1 is 
a v difficult way ( m9d-read+4  ,b      
expression is (t5 simulat$ on "o or bo? 
sides ) full und]/&+ ( x z su*4 ,?is    
ent]s into play1 & is ! ess5ce ( !      
dramatic art4 ,t ! ^w play d5otes bo? ! 
sportive imitative actions ( animals &  
m51 & also a dramatic repres5tation is n
 =tuit\s or arbitr>y4 ,x is noticeable t
 among ! l[] animals ! e>lie/ & commone/
 play is play+ at be+ angry or fright5$1
 :i* corroborates ! view ( ^! emotions z
 probably ! e>lie/ & mo/ fundam5tal 9   

life4 ,! correlat$ nature ( fe> & ang]  
is %[n by ! way !y are play$ at2 ?us y  
(t5 see "o dog ) a %[ ( ang] *as+ ano!r 
:o simulates fe>1 & !n ! p>ts are       
ex*ang$4  ,! great relation ( pursu] &  
pursu$ is con/antly mimick$ among       
animals ) int]*ang+ ( p>ts4 ,s also     
among *ildr5 ! commone/ plays are ^? (  
flee+ & *as+1 z tag1 h>e & h\nd1 hide & 
seek1 etc41 ! fundam5tal elem5ts ( life 
be+ re-enact$ "u ! sup]flu\s en]gy :i*  
t5ds to fl[ mo/ easily into ! olde/ &   
mo/ habitual *annels4 ,?us play has a   
high hi/oric psy*ic importance4 ,to     
attack & to run away are ! mo/ necess>y 
& ess5tial ( life activities1 & play has
 a c]ta9 p$agogic & prep>ative value1 & 
has !reby be5 sanction$ by natural      
selection1 = we see t 9 ! evolution (   
life ! t5d5cy has con/antly be5 to l5g!n
 ! play p]iod4 ,among ! l[e/ animals !  
individual at bir? is imm$iately ?r[n   
into ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & mu/ battle = 
itself2 !re is no play "t = x1 b at once
 x ent]s ^u direct life /ruggle2 b 9    

high] life !re is a p]iod ( spontane\s  
free dramatic activity4  ,b n only is   
ang] & fe> %amm$ z a prom95t & primitive
 play1 b x is mo/ common to /imulate to 
real ang] or fe>1 & !n 9 glee to %[ !   
inadequacy ( ! occasion to ! victim4 ,e 
"o has obs]v$ h[ frequ5tly "y animals   
play by teas+ & sc>+ ea* o!r4 ,! tricks 
( boys & practical jokes ( m5 bo? po9t  
to ! deep inbr$ p[] ( ang] & fe> 9 life1
 & are at ! same "t symptomatic ( _!    
decl9e 9 p[] z dom9ant life factors4    
,all *ildr5 delight 9 sc>+ "o ano!r on  
pret5ce1 9 see+ ! real expression &     
feel+ !mselves ! mov+ p[]s 9 br++ x     
ab\t4 ,?is satisfaction1 :i* is         
aborig9al1 :i* is ! reflex ( ! orig9al  
pleasure sanction :5 p[] to sc>e o!rs = 
"o's own b5efit 0 be+ evolv$ 9 life1    
makes a l>ge "p ( ! enjoym5t ( su*      
action4 ,a l>ge "p ( play-pleasure mu/1 
inde$1 be set d[n to reflex ( ! e>lie/  
h>d-e>n$ pleasure exp]i5ce2 b a l>ge "p 
is also due to ! ?rill ( excitem5t & !  
delight 9 activity p] se4 ,lat] =ms (   

plays are l>gely due to pure imitative  
prop5sity1 ?\gh (t5 help$ by rev]sal    
t5d5cies4  ,we note also t ?is p]ceiv$  
gr\ndlessness ( ! action becomes a l>ge 
elem5t 9 lat] =ms ( play1 z wit & hum\r1
 b ! pleasure is pla9ly bas$ on ! p[] & 
! sup]iority ( intellig5ce impli$4 ,x   
amuses ! tyrant to ?r[ 8 companions into
 mortal fe> by ! slighte/ sugge/ion1 !  
small] ! occasion ! m amus+ ! fright4 ,&
 9 g5]al ! slight] ! real cause 9       
relation to ! effect produc$1 ! m acute 
! pleasure1 by reason ( ! supremacy     
!reby emphasiz$4 ,x is always m amus+ to
 sc>e a *ild by a slight movem5t ( a f+]
 ?an by a vigor\s act ( ! :ole body4 ,x 
seems to me t x is by ?is association t 
disproportion1 incongruity1 irrelevance1
 h[ev] induc$1 become 9 !mselves amus+1 
ludicr\s1 laughable4 ,s ! incongru\s1 9 
:i* ,i h no "p :atev]1 becomes a comic  
spectacle & ! basis ( all com$y1 yet    
also ( ! tragic & trag$y4 ,9 ! tragic ! 
discordance betwe5 :at is & :at ought to
 be1 in/ead ( pleas+1 pa9s4 ,:at is     

comic to a co>se m9d may seem tragic to 
! ref9$4 ,a bird1 di/ress$ by ! dea? (  
its mate1 (f]+ x food1 might amuse a    
savage or a boy1 b mu/ be a pa!tic sight
 to a civiliz$ & cultur$ man1 ?\gh bo?  
might be amus$ to see a *ild pres5t+    
food to its doll4  ,n only may !        
incongru\s :i* is comp>atively unrelat$ 
to me be amus+ z well z t :i* ,i myself 
br+ ab\t1 b ev5 :5 ,i am ! victim ,i may
 be highly delight$ by ! intr9sic       
disproportion ( my exp]i5ce to ! excit+ 
cause4 ,) "s p]sons1 p]haps r few 9     
numb]1 ! next be/ ?+ to play+ a joke is 
hav+ "o play$ on !m4 ,?is amusem5t at   
oneself occurs ev5 among savages4 ,:5   
,/anley 0 on ! ,congo1 he 0 at "o "t    
greatly annoy$ by ! numb] ( native      
visitors4 ,9 va9 he tri$ to repel !m1 b 
"o morn+ :5 a cr[d _h assembl$ at ! riv]
 side1 at "s little di/ance1 wait+ an   
opportunity to bo>d 8 vessel1 "s ( 8 m5 
put on lion sk9s :i* 7 at h&1 & act$ !  
"p s well t ! int5d+ visitors fl$ 9     
abject t]ror4 ,hav+ retir$ to a safe    

di/ance !y look$ back to see ! m5 walk+ 
! deck ) ! lion sk9s 9 _! h&s & laugh+  
mo/ he>tily4 ,see+ !n ! gr\ndlessness ( 
_! al>m ! :ole cr[d bur/ into ro>s (    
laught] & %\t$ 9 m]rim5t = a long "t4   
,exhibitions ( fright1 we may rem>k1    
seem to be especially amus+ to savages1 
z :5 an assembly ( ,africans ( ! l[e/   
type w5t into ec/asies ( upro>i\s       
delight on see+ a /]eopticon picture ( a
 fright5$ negro ha/ily climb+ a tree to 
get out ( ! way ( ! gap+ jaws ( a       
crocodile4  ,play is !n v l>gely ei!r a 
mutual %amm+ ( expression1 or a /imulat+
 real expression 9 "o by pret5d$        
expression 9 ! o!r4 ,! pleasure 9       
deceiv+ o!rs by simulat+ expression     
po9ts to ance/ral exp]i5ce1 = deceit has
 be5 "o ( ! greate/ factors 9 life      
evolution4 ,t an individual seems to be 
an entirely diff]5t be+ f :at he really 
is1 has (t5 be5 mo/ advantage\s 9 !     
/ruggle = exi/5ce1 & h5ce a l>ge v>iety 
( simulat$ expression has be5 employ$4  
,*ildr5 !n1 z repeat+ 9 play =m ! race  

hi/ory1 take great delight 9 masqu]ad+ &
 s deceiv+ _! acqua9tances z to _!      
id5tity1 mak+ false pleas = *>ity1 etc4 
,! drama has its roots 9 ?is =m ( play4 
,to make o!rs take u = q diff]5t ?an we 
are gives u a high pleasure ( p[]1 &    
e>ly man 0 (t5 mov$1 9 ! brea?+ spells (
 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 to play at false  
p]sonalities simply = ! pleasure 9      
itself ( be+ a successful actor4 ,!re is
 also ! c\nt] pleasure ( ! spectators 9 
pi]c+ ! simulat$ expression4 ,x is only 
9 late/ phases ( dramatic art t         
simulation comes to be appreciat$ = its 
own sake1 t !re is on bo? sides full &  
complete feel+ ( ! illusory nature ( !  
:ole transaction1 & an enjoym5t ( ! art 
p] se4 ,simulat+ expression is ! actor's
 art2 b :5 ! simulation is =gott5 by    
ei!r actor or audi5ce1 nature appe>s &  
art disappe>s4  ,:ile x is ! prov9ce ( !
 actor's art to simulate expression1 x  
is 9 g5]al ! (fice ( f9e art to imitate 
& r5d] ! expressive by image1 picture1  
musical notes1 etc4 ,! arti/ is !       

express] & simulator p> excell5ce1 &    
complete & p]fect expressiv5ess is 8    
con/ant aim1 ?\gh n = utility or        
amusem5t1 b = ! sake ( awak5+ ! /hetic  
emotion4 ,i _c !n agree ) ,bosanquet1   
:o1 z ,i und]/&1 makes /hetic feel+ !   
emotion ( expression1 expression =      
expression's sake4 ,= expression by its 
v nature is su* only z expressive1 t is1
 z go+ beyond itself1 z be+ a means1 & n
 an end 9 itself1 h5ce expression =     
expression's sake is mean+less phrase4  
,expression1 s f> z x attempts to /&    
m]ely = itself1 is an empty mann]ism & a
 b>r5 te*nique4 ,expression is only su* 
z x is back$ by ! emotion express$1 z   
significant ( "s psy*osis2 & arti/ic    
expression or art is ! expression ( !   
arti/ic or /hetic emotion1 a peculi>    
feel+ ab\t ?+s1 z apple blossoms1 a     
sunset1 a *ild play+4 ,?is emotion is   
(t5 awak5$ by cognizance ( an           
expression1 z an expression ( joy or    
horror by a *ild1 & may ?us be an       
emotion ( or at expression1 z also 9 !  

case :]e x is r\s$ by ! skill 9         
purposive expression ( any k9d1 /hetic  
or o!r1 b expression is obvi\sly n !    
only way ( excit+ ! emotion1 its object 
may be a m]e pat* ( col\r1 a pure       
musical note1 etc4 /hetic emotion t5ds  
to manife/ or express itself j l all    
emotions1 & 9 atta9+ p]fect expression x
 /r5g!ns itself4 ,likewise language1 z  
an in/rum5t ( ?\ght1 a logical          
expression1 has /r5g!n$ ?\ght1 b a      
purely =mal logic is z b>r5 & void z a  
purely =mal /hetic4 ,language z         
expressive ( ?\ght & z expressive (     
/hetic emotion is equally dep5d5t ^u :at
 x expresses1 & /hetics is ?us n peculi>
 9 its relation to expression4  ,!      
int]pretation ( expression 9 nature &   
art is (t5 a h>d matt] & has giv5 rise  
to mu* v>iance4 ,= in/ance1 take ! mu*  
discuss$ ,laokon gr\p2 ,w9ckelmann says 
! fa!r %$s pity f 8 eyes l mi/ ^u 8     
sons2 ,less+ f9ds grief & noble         
endurance express$2 ,goe! ?9ks ! fa!r   
%[s pity = 8 y\nge/ son1 appreh5sion = !

 old] son1 & t]ror = himself2 ,lbke f9ds
 only m]e pa9 manife/$4 ,com+ to a s+le 
feature1 ! m\?1 we f9d ! mo/ div]se     
int]pretation4 ,w9ckelmann says t "h is 
an h]oic s\l :o disda9s to %riek1 &     
gives =? only 8an anxi\s & suppress$    
sigh40 ,less+ ma9ta9s also t "h is a    
%riek s(t5$ into a sigh1 b n 8because a 
%riek w\ld h betray$ an ignoble s\l1 b  
because x w\ld h produc$ a hide\s       
contortion ( ! c\nt5ance40 ,lat] critics
 h g5]ally foll[$ ,less+4 ,x is obvi\s1 
,i ?9k1 t ! expression ( ! m\? is n     
%riek+1 b is moan+1 groan+1 or sigh+4   
,on ?is q a numb] ( compet5t witnesses1 
physicians & psy*ologi/s :om ,i         
consult$1 are practically agre$4 ,h[ev]1
 x has occurr$ to me t ! sigh+ or moan+ 
( ,laokon may n be a s(t5$ =m at all1 b 
! actual expression design$ by ! arti/s4
 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t ! arti/ "h     
desir$ to %[ mortal agony1 & x is assum$
 t %riek+ is ! expression ( mortal      
agony4 ,?is assumption seems to me      
correct :5 extreme pa9 is sudd5ly       

inflict$2 b :51 z 9 ! case ( ,laokon1 ! 
mortal w\nd is receiv$ only aft] ! mo/  
exhau/+ /ruggle1 ! natural expression is
 moan+4 ,! reali/ic sculptor w\ld surely
 n give any s(t5$ =m1 b1 %r9k+ f no?+1  
has express$ ,laokon 9 ?is dea? grasp 9 
! v act ( giv+ up ! gho/4 ,?\gh !       
muscles ( ! limbs & trunk are /ill t5se1
 yet ! clos+ eyes1 ! head fall+ back1 & 
! arm ?r[n t[>d ! base ( ! bra9 indicate
 t ! /ruggle is ov]1 & ! dea? mom5t has 
come1 express$ vocally only by a moan4  
,we d n ne$ to f9d "h !n any conflict   
betwe5 realism & ! arti/ic s5se1 b !    
simple/ & mo/ obvi\s int]pretation is   
:at ! expression gives1 sigh+ & moan+1  
:i* is ! true "o "u ! circum/ances1 & is
 s meant by ! arti/4                    
,,*apt] ,,xxi                           
,,conclusion   ,9 ! pres5t ha/e to      
con/ruct psy*ology z a natural sci5ce   
cognate to *emi/ry1 physics1 & biology1 
we note mu* t is premature & confus+1   
ow+ to insuffici5t reflection ^u !      
quality ( ! ph5om5a4 ,a consci\sness is 

a natural ph5om5on1 b we _c discov] &   
inve/igate x z we d ph5om5a ( light &   
electricity4 ,ang] is a ph5om5on occurr+
 millions ( times e day1 b x is a fact  
:i* mu/ be disc]n$ & /udi$ by an        
altoge!r diff]5t me?od f facts (        
cry/allization1 erosion1 or plant gr[?4 
,psy*ology is n a sci5ce ( inspection1 b
 ( introspection4 ,if ,i "k ,i am angry1
 ,i "k x by a direct self-aw>5ess2 if ,i
 see a man /rike ano!r1 & reg>d ?is z   
expressive ( a psy*osis1 & t ( a c]ta9  
k9d1 ang]1 ?is suppos$ k is analogical  
realization4 ,"o :o nev] 0 or c\ld be   
angry c\ld no m inve/igate ang] ?an a   
bl9d man light1 &1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! 
m irascible a man is1 ! bett] obs]v] (  
ang] he w\ld be4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1      
consci\s ( all our m5tal processes1 & we
 may be (t5 bl9d$ to ! real nature ( su*
 we ?9k we h2 & z to ! psy*oses ( o!r   
be+s1 especially ( ! m unlike & remote1 
we ne$ to be extremely cauti\s 9 =m+    
conclusions4 ,x is likely t ! m5tal     
con/itution ( organisms diff] z widely z

 ! physical1 t ! m5tality ( a fi% is z  
div]se f our own z its physical /ructure
 is unlike our own4 ,! fi% may h peculi>
 psy*oses ( :i* we may nev] ga9 ! lea/  
inkl+1 because we _c exam9e its         
consci\sness objectively z we d its f9s1
 its air bladd]1 & its gills4 ,!        
psy*ologi/ mu/ !n be myriad-m9d$2 8     
fitness is ! ductility & range ( 8      
psy*ic capacity4 ,! ri*ness &           
receptivity ( 8 own m5tal life mu/ be   
inf9ite if he is to come to full k ( !  
:ole c\rse ( psy*ism4 ,?us psy*ology is 
m>k$ (f f all o!r sci5ce z di/9ct 9     
subject & me?od4 ,its be+ s individual &
 subjective is ! greate/ h9drance to its
 progress1 = sci5ce is v]ifiable k1 b h[
 %all we h a me?od ( consci\sness       
v]ification8 ,a man tells me he has a   
sc> on 8 left knee1 & ?is ,i c v]ify by 
p]sonal exam9ation if ,i l1 b if he says
 he is angry1 ,i h no su* means (       
v]ification1 ,i c only guess by         
expression4 ,a biologi/ ann\nces !      
discov]y ( a p9eal eye 9 a c]ta9 embryo1

 & /raightway ! fact may be v]ifi$ by a 
ho/ ( obs]v]s2 b if a psy*ologi/        
ann\nces t he has discov]$ a new mode ( 
consci\sness1 ! v]ification is by no    
means s easy4 ,may n ! consci\sness be  
entirely peculi> to him8 ,! psy*ologi/  
:o attempts to v]ify _c disclaim ! fact 
simply because he _c f9d ?is act ( m9d 9
 himself4 ,b an introspective cons5sus1 
?\gh extremely difficult z comp>$ ) !   
objective cons5sus requir$ by objective 
sci5ce1 is n impossible1 b x requires   
exceptional gifts & tra9+ 9             
introspection4 ,be=e psy*ology c rea*   
any /&+ a me?od ( subjective v]ification
 mu/ be =mulat$ & adh]$ to z rigidly z  
correspond+ v]ification is requir$ by   
objective sci5ce4 ,! backw>dness (      
psy*ology is 9 ?is mo/ significant1 t   
:ile a half-doz5 recognis$ biologi/s may
 ann\nce a c]ta9 fact1 & x is imm$iately
 accept$ z sci5tific k1 no su* action c 
occur 9 psy*ology4 ,! unc]ta9ty (       
subjective v]ification is ! tr\ble1 & ! 
mo/ important /ep t c be made to-day is 

a cle>ly def9$ basis = an exact         
v]ification4 ,t "o p>ty %\ld claim !re  
is a feel+ ( relation1 & ano!r t !re is 
no su* feel+1 m>ks a crud5ess 9 ! mo/   
g5]al matt]s1 & po9ts to psy*ology be+  
ab\t :]e physiology 0 :5 ! circulation (
 ! blood 0 9 debate4  ,b1 say !         
exp]im5tal psy*ologi/s1 subjective      
v]ification is impossible2 psy*ology1 if
 x is to become a sci5ce1 mu/1 l ! o!r  
sci5ces1 resort to ! laboratory1 & by   
def9ite & exact exp]im5ts produce !     
facts to ord]1 /udy !m by ! mo/ approv$ 
in/rum5ts1 & obta9 ) c]ta9ty a k ( _!   
laws4 ,n[ x is suffici5tly easy to      
exp]im5t on light1 s\nd1 & on plant gr[?
 9 a laboratory1 b h[ c we make         
consci\sness to ord] ) ! same c]ta9ty8  
h[ c we "k :5 we h got a consci\sness1  
:at k9d x is1 etc41 except by subjective
 v]ification8 ,y c]ta9ly _c see !       
consci\sness or t\* x2 b y mu/ :olly    
rely on ! subjective report ( !         
individual exp]im5t$ on z v]ifi$ by y\r 
own consci\sness4 ,we h no impassive    

ag5t entirely "u our control1 except 9  
hypnosis1 & we _c secure conditions ) ! 
same exactness 9 te/+ ! int5sity ( "s =m
 ( consci\sness1 z ang]1 z 9 te/+ !     
t5sile /r5g? ( iron4  ,9 ! physical     
laboratory we produce c]ta9 conditions &
 we get inv>iably c]ta9 obs]vable &     
measurable results1 b 9 a psy*ological  
laboratory h[ %all ,i get ) c]ta9ty a   
def9ite consci\sness 9 a l>ge numb] (   
cases & =mulate its law8 ,h[ %all ,i "k 
at a giv5 mom5t t ! m5tal act ( ! ag5t  
is :at my exp]im5t requires8 ,moreov]1  
does n exp]im5tal psy*ology by beg9n+ ) 
human consci\sness ent] ra%ly ^u a v    
complex field8 ,if x w\ld get results1  
let x />t ) ! simpl] m5tal life1 j z    
biology has f\nd$ itself 9 a /udy (     
simple/ elem5ts4 ,b h[ %all psy*ology   
get at ! consci\sness ( a clam ) ! same 
exactness z biology inve/igates !       
circulation ( blood 9 ! clam8 ,x is     
pla91 9 %ort1 t if we are to h a        
fruitful exp]im5tal psy*ology1 "s v     
important que/ions ( me?od mu/ fir/ be  

settl$4 ,a me?od ( gett+ psy*oses to    
ord]1 to obta9 ! exact reaction requir$1
 & kn[+ & realiz+ :at x is :5 got1 ?is  
is a desid]atum n yet atta9$4 ,fur!r1 we
 mu/ rem>k t exp]im5tation is itself a  
psy*ic act1 & s5se ( exp]im5tation is a 
di/urb+ factor 9 results2 t is1 a       
consci\sness :i* is consci\s ( be+      
exp]im5t$ on is !reby complicat$ ov] m]e
 obs]vation me?od4 ,?is is m>k$ly ! case
 9 self-exp]im5tation4 ,consci\sness is 
n1 l an electric curr5t or a s\nd wave1 
an objective fact1 readily reproducible 
9 ! laboratory4 ,& aga9 e?ics may       
int]f]e ) psy*ical exp]im5t4 ,h[ f> h we
 a "r to incite psy*osis = exp]im5t's   
sake8 ,h[ f> may psy*ical vivisection be
 c>ri$ 9 ! "n ( sci5ce8 ,a sci5ti/ :o   
%\ld = 8 own /udy make an animal or     
p]son angry1 w\ld be reprobat$ z w\ld ! 
arti/ :o %\ld incite ang] 9 8 model 9   
ord] to cat* arti/ic effect4 ,h[ev]1 t  
!re is a va/ scope = exp]im5tal         
psy*ology _c be d5i$1 & we may expect an
 indef9ite multiplication ( artificial  

psy*oses & comb9ations comp>able to !   
artificial syn!ses & new comp\nds ( !   
*emical laboratory4 ,m9d may develop &  
act m]ely on ! sci5tific motive1 &      
accompli% by t\r de =ce a complex field 
( artificial consci\sness q di/9ct 9    
orig9 & nature f natural consci\sness4  
,b = ! pres5t1 at lea/1 we reg>d n      
exp]im5t b obs]vation z ! ma9 me?od4 ,n 
laboratory1 b field "w1 is mo/ ne$$4 ,! 
psy*ical sci5ti/ mu/ g psy*ologiz+1 z ! 
botani/ goes botaniz+4 ,b !re is no     
simple objective me?od z 9 botany4 ,9   
ord] to h insight & int]pretative p[]1  
!re mu/ be con/ant self-obs]vation4 ,he 
c "k ! real nature1 conditions1 & laws (
 o!r m9ds only s f> z he realizes !m 9  
himself4 ,if he has nev] fe>$1 he w nev]
 "k fe>1 & if he has nev] analyz$ 8 own 
fe>1 he w n "k its factors z occurr+ 9  
o!rs4 ,all ext]nal consci\sness is b a  
projection f ! obs]v]'s own             
consci\sness4  ,b x may be said t m9d is
 b a k9d ( neural function1 & t         
physiological psy*ology w give u ! true 

key to consci\sness4 ,b if "o has nev]  
kn[n any psy*osis1 z fe>1 directly 9    
himself & indirectly 9 o!rs1 h[ w he f9d
 x 9 any n]ve activities8 ,n]v\s        
activities are significant ( psy*osis   
only s f> z psy*osis is already kn[n4 ,9
 fact1 ! sci5ces ( neurosis & psy*osis  
are radically di/9ct4 ,i /ick a p9 9 my 
f+]1 ! facts ( pa91 volition1 ang]1     
etc41 are ( "o ord] kn[able only by     
introspection1 ! n]ve excitation1 curr5t
 & reaction are ( ano!r ord]1 con/itute 
a complete circle1 & are kn[n only by   
inspection4 ,neurology 9 its own field c
 af=d to ignore psy*osis1 = x does n f9d
 x3 x f9ds only neural *anges1 &        
psy*ology likewise c af=d to ignore     
physiology4 ,^! sci5ces /&              
self-suffici5t1 & may develop           
indef9itely ea* 9 its own way )\t meet+4
 ,divide & conqu]4 ,! pres5t m+l+ ( !   
two is greatly to be deplor$4 ,?us 9    
curr5t books we (t5 f9d su* s5t5ces z   
?is3 8,! preval5t view hi!rto has       
probably be5 t ! same n]v\s app>atus :i*

 on mod]ate excitem5t produces s5sations
 ( pressure or temp]ature1 produces     
feel+s ( pa9 :5 irritat$ ) increas$     
int5sity40 7,ladd1 ,outl9es             
,physiological ,psy*ology1 p4 #chg47    
,?is confus+ ( objective & subjective   
t]ms1 s5sation & irritation1 is b too   
frequ5t 9 rec5t treatises4 ,!re is no   
way yet f\nd ( discov]+ psy*ic facts 9  
neural1 or neural 9 psy*ic1 :atev] may  
be _! connection & int]dep5d5ce4 ,if we 
mu/ h a cross-int]pretation1 !          
psy*ologi/ has ! vantage-gr\nd on !     
basis ( evolution by /ruggle4 ,nisus has
 develop$ all s5se & motor organs & all 
n]v\s organs4 ,x is ! ef=t at see+ t has
 produc$ ! optic n]ve & ! physiological 
function ( sight4 ,! vision & visual    
organ ( ! eagle came by incessant look+ 
= prey dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,h5ce m9d is n
 reflex or concomitant ( n]ve1 b n]ve is
 outgr[? ( m9d 9 ! /ruggle ( exi/5ce1 & 
a psy*ological physiology is bett] ?an a
 physiological psy*ology4  ,!           
psy*ological field is !n fir/1 self2    

second1 o!r selves or individuals4 ,9   
?is latt] phase ( human psy*ology we h !
 psy*ology ( adults1 !n adolesc5t1      
s5ile1 infantile1 sexual1 & racial      
psy*ology4 ,9 sub-human or comp>ative   
psy*ology we include animals1 wild &    
tame1 also all discussion on plant      
psy*ism1 m9d /uff 7e4g4 ,clif=d's71 etc4
 ,9 sup]human psy*ology we include all  
doctr9e ( cosmic intellig5ce1 teleology 
7vide ,m9d1 x4 #dbj74  ,we h limit$     
ourselves to evolution>y psy*ology & t (
 ! feel+s1 & our data are mo/ly f adult 
human consci\sness4 ,evolution>y        
psy*ology bases itself on ! idea t m5tal
 developm5t orig9ates & is cont9u$ ?r\gh
 /ruggle or w ef=t4 ,su* evid5ce z we c 
ga!r po9ts to feel+1 impell$ ex]tion z !
 ess5ce ( psy*ic evolution1 & x proves  
fruitful :5 assum$ z a guid+ pr9ciple4  
,& ! pr9ciple ( /ruggle is f9al4 ,we _c 
admit ) ,ba9 a pr9ciple ( spontaneity4  
,! activities ( a new-born lamb are     
seem+ly spontane\s only because !y are !
 results ( en]gies /or$ 9 ages ( psy*ic 

ef=t4 ,?is doctr9e ( /ruggle does away )
 all impressionism & all passivity      
!ories4 ,m9d is n a receptivity1 an     
association ( impressions1 a reflex or  
concomitant ( physiological activities1 
b x is dynamic det]m9+ vital fact1 an   
active response to ! conditions (       
self-exi/5ce4 ,?is impetus ( /ruggle &  
/riv+ seems to fe$ all life & make life1
 & has its place1 p]haps ! highe/ 9 !   
dynamic :ole we t]m ! univ]se4 ,:ile !  
significance ( /ruggle is a "q =        
philosophy1 yet1 z matt] ( fact1 x is ! 
only me?od ( realization we "k2 & !     
(fice ( humanity is ! provid+ a wid] &  
high] scope = /ruggle1 ! mak+ new &     
indep5d5t life regions4 ,sci5ce & art1  
e?ics & religion1 :i* are at bottom only
 phases ( emotionalism1 are ) utmo/ toil
 develop$ = !mselves1 & new emotions n[ 
aris+ & yet to arise w be *]i%$ = _! own
 sakes4 ,m9d beg9s & cont9ues long z !  
s]vant ( ! body1 x ends by mak+ ! body  
its s]vant1 ! in/rum5t ( ! spiritual    
life1 ! temple ( ! ,holy ,gho/2 b all   

its evolution is ?r\gh supreme ef=t4 ,9 
! spiritual evolution he :o love? 8 life
 %all lose x1 he ^: /ruggle is 9 !      
primitive /age1 namely1 = mat]ial       
exi/5ce1 loses !reby ! real life1 ! life
 ( ! _s4  ,x is possible1 inde$1 t we   
may ov]-e/imate ?is sali5t fact (       
/ruggle1 & c]ta9ly1 9 ! pres5t /ate (   
psy*ology1 mode/y is mo/ comm5dable4 ,we
 w\ld be f> f assum+ t ! horizon ( our  
m9d is ! limit ( ! univ]se4 ,h[ev]1     
assum+ m9d z a biological function      
cont9ually evolv+ 9 ! s]vice (          
self-cons]vation & self-fur!rance1 our  
endeav\r has be5 to po9t out ! g5]al    
tr5d ( ! evolution ( feel+1 & to analyze
 "s ( its m important features4 ,!      
little exploration we h made sugge/s !  
greatness ( ! unexplor$ field ( m9d1 !  
va/ numb] ( psy*oses unkn[n1 & p]haps   
unkn[able4 ,! difficulties ( !          
subjective me?od make x seem almo/      
impossible to trace a complete hi/ory ( 
m9d4 ,= m9d to return ov] & realize its 
:ole gr[? 9 all its ramifications seems 

q z h>d z to develop new =ms1 or a :ole 
region ( artificial psy*osis4 ,9 ! fill+
 up ( miss+ l9ks1 psy*ology pres5ts     
va/ly great] difficulties ?an biology   
because ( its subjectivity ( me?od & !  
evanesc5t nature ( ! facts4 ,fur!r1 ! m 
,i analyze consci\sness1 ! m ,i am      
conv9c$ ( ! great & (t5 unexpect$       
complexity ( app>5tly simple =ms1 & ,i  
am satisfi$ !n ! simplicity &           
complet5ess ( ! sy/em-mak+ psy*ologi/s1 
physiological or ideali/ic1 is factiti\s
 & delusive4 ,an inductive sci5ce ( m9d 
is yet 9 its infancy4 ,my conclusion t  
m9d 0 at fir/1 & is always z            
progressive1 feel+-impell$ w1 & t s5s+  
arose z second>y1 z useful cognitive    
ef=t1 is simply ! be/ read+ ,i c make f 
pres5t data :5 assum+ ! curr5t doctr9e (
 evolution4  ,a v important po9t1 :i*   
ne$s to be work$ out m fully ?an we h   
be5 able to d1 is z to ! nature (       
revival z involv+ emotion4 ,s5se (      
re-exp]i5ce & ( ! exp]i5ceable is "o ( !
 mo/ important acquisitions ( m9d4 ,!   

self-consolidation & organization (     
exp]i5ce c]ta9ly does n come 9 ! fir/   
place by any me*anical association1 b we
 mu/ assume t all m5tal progress is !   
result ( ! mo/ int5se1 ?\gh (t5 bl9d &  
=tuit\s /riv+4 ,b j h[ ! return ( an    
exp]i5ce is cogniz$ z return & z        
exp]i5ce1 & s becom+ basis = emotion1   
?is is a mo/ difficult inquiry on :i* we
 h made b a few rem>ks 9 ! *apt] on !   
nature ( emotion4 ,j :5 & h[ s5se (     
exp]i5ce is g5]at$1 & :at is a full     
analysis ( its nature1 mu/ be po/pon$ to
 "s future /udy1 b ,i am conv9c$ t a v  
fruitful field = inve/igation lies 9 ?is
 direction4 ,exp]i5ce c]ta9ly does at a 
v e>ly /age become comp\nd1 become      
self-appreciative 9 "s =m1 z s5se ( !   
pot5tiality ( ?+s1 b ! elucidation (    
progress 9 ?is l9e is confront$ by _m   
difficulties4 ,! hi/ory ( ideation or   
repres5tation z a p[] = self-cons]vation
 has yet to be trac$ ) def9it5ess &     
complet5ess4  ,ano!r po9t1 :i* ne$s a f>
 full] discussion ?an we c n[ give1 is z

 to ! nature ( organic int]action 9     
consci\sness1 z to ! real quality (     
psy*ic cause & effect4 ,we h all along  
assum$ feel+ z /imulant ( w1 bo? ! w to 
"k & ! w to act1 b j h[ does feel+      
develop w z /ruggl+ ef=t8 ,:at is !     
exact mode ( connection8 ,we conceive   
readily ( physical impact z det]m9+     
effects 9 ! mat]ial _w1 & we conceive a 
transf]5ce & transmutation ( en]gy1 b 9 
! psy*ic realm we h no entities z       
p]man5t exi/5ces susceptible ( ent]+    
into relation ) o!r entities4 ,h[ !n    
does a pa9 incite a w activity8 ,a      
peculi> =m ( consci\sness we t]m w      
activity does directly foll[ ^u feel+   
pa91 &1 )9 limits1 ! great] ! pa91 !    
great] ! will+1 b we h no !ory to       
express ! mode ( connection ( ^!        
consci\snesses4 ,all t we c say is t "o 
does foll[ ^u ! o!r z someh[ caus$ by x4
 ,yet x is c]ta9 t ! limitation (       
consci\s capacity mu/ 9 e individual    
det]m9e a def9ite range ( int]action1 &1
 beyond "s p>ticul> po9t1 ! m ,i feel1 !

 less ,i w1 & vice v]s4 ,b ! ph5om5on ( 
int]f]5ce is likewise z obscure z t (   
excitation4 ,! developm5t ( di/9ct      
organic =ms ( consci\sness is sl[ly     
c>ri$ =w>d1 & !y ex]cise a def9ite      
dynamic relation to ea* o!r1 ?\gh ! mode
 is z yet :olly obscure4 ,?us ! l>ge/   
subdivisions ( consci\sness1 kn[+1      
feel+1 & will+1 become det]m9$ z di/9ct 
organically relat$ modes1 l ! n]v\s1    
nutritive-circulatory & motor sy/ems =m+
 "o organic :ole body4 ,^! psy*ic modes 
atta9 gradually an intricate & def9ite  
developm5t1 ^: con/ant int]dep5d5t      
connection ) an individual body we t]m a
 8m9d40 ,& we mu/ rem>k t ?is vital     
relation ( "o consci\sness & "o =m (    
consci\sness to ano!r is 9 no wise      
effect$ ?r\gh app]ception1 ?r\gh a ?ird 
di/9ct consci\sness1 a cognitive "o1 :i*
 unites !m 9 idea4 ,a feel+ excit$ a w  
act long be=e !re 0 consci\sness ( ei!r1
 or ( _! relation4 ,9 g5]al we mu/ say t
 consci\sness does n consci\sly =ge =   
itself its own relations1 b t 9 by f> ! 

l>g] "p ( psy*ic developm5t new modes ( 
consci\sness & _! int]-relations come 9 
a totally un=ese5 way1 by a bl9d /riv+ 9
 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,x may be d\bt$1  
inde$1 if ev5 ! mo/ advanc$ human m9d c 
really inv5t a new consci\sness or a new
 relation 9 consci\sness1 b by int5se   
ef=t x atta9s !m4 ,"o ( ! obscure/ po9ts
 9 biology is z to ! nature & cause (   
morphological v>iation1 & ! subject (   
m5tal v>iation is = psy*ological sci5ce 
f> m obscure4 ,we presuppose t m5tal    
v>iations someh[ arise 9 response to    
sudd5 & great em]g5cies1 & 9 connection 
) ! sev]e/ ef=t4 ,m5tal progress is1 9  
all ! e>li] life at lea/1 only a*iev$ "u
 pressure ( int5se pa9 actually exp]i5c$
 or ideally s1--emotion--& 9 "s way an  
appropriate & sav+ psy*osis z response (
 organism to environm5t orig9ates4 ,?is 
new =m may be indi/9ct1 & proce$ z a    
gradual diff]5tiation f previ\s types1  
/ill ! me?od ( action ( ! motive =ce    
seems my/]i\s4 ,we c see1 inde$1 !      
advantage :i* accrues1 = example1 to !  

animal :i* is fir/ able to detect dang] 
or nutrim5t by sc5t1 b j ! me?od ( !    
rise & progress ( sc5t+ z a consci\s    
process seems difficult to trace4 ,we _c
 say t p[] ( smell arose because organs 
( smell 7 develop$2 ?is puts ! c>t be=e 
! horse4 ,x is ! /ruggle to s5se t is ! 
prime motive =ce 9 develop+ ! s5se      
organs & n vice v]s4 ,we d n smell      
because we h noses1 b we h noses because
 we smell4 ,t ! s5se ( smell is a       
diff]5tiat$ g5]al s5sation is likely    
en\gh1 b we are unable to foll[ ! /eps4 
,we "k t ! high] developm5t ( our pres5t
 s5ses is atta9$ only ?r\gh great       
ex]tion1 :i* det]m9es a physical basis &
 organic progress--z 9 microscopy1      
telescopy1 & s-call$ m9d-read+--& if    
humanity is to develop 9 ! future an    
electric s5se or a telepa?ic s5se1 x mu/
 be rea*$ by ! int5se /ruggle ( a v few4
 ,we mu/ believe t e mode ( m9d is at   
bottom b "s modification ( pre-exi/+    
=ms1 & x may be t z all modes ( !       
mat]ial are int]pretable 9 motion1 s !  

manifold m5tal may be equally resolvable
 into "s "o type4 ,yet s f> z we c n[   
see1 feel+1 w1 & cognition seem         
radically & primitively di/9ct4 ,! miss+
 l9ks 9 m5tal evolution are mo/         
difficult to det]m9e1 =1 z we h (t5     
rem>k$1 :ile we c ) comp>ative ease bo? 
det]m9e fossil organic =ms a priori &   
discov] z realities1 ! int]m$iate m5tal 
=ms c only be kn[n ?r\gh a subjective   
realization4  ,x does n help u to       
ascribe ! advantage\s v>iation to *ance1
 a ^w1 inde$1 :i* does n belong to !    
diction>y ( sci5ce1 = x is b a cov] to  
ignorance4 ,*ance means t ! det]m9ate   
l9e ( causes is hidd5 f ! obs]v]1 :o    
only kn[s t "o ( sev]al results w take  
place4 ,*ance is ?us :olly relative2 !  
gambl+ ( savages is (t5 calculable to ! 
,european1 & s e affair ( *ance1 z dice 
?r[+1 might be calculable to a sup]ior  
intellig5ce :o c\ld compute or wat* e   
turn ( ! dice4 ,*ance1 !n1 does n reside
 9 ! outw>d ?+1 is n a prop]ty (        
ph5om5a1 b is :olly a subjective        

limitation ( ! inve/igat+ m9d1 h5ce to  
ascribe v>iation1 physical or psy*ical1 
to *ance is simply to objectivise our   
own imp]fect cognition4 ,!              
pre-supposition ( all sci5ce is t e ev5t
 or *ange has its def9ite det]m9+       
antec$5ts1 & t ^! are cognizable2 h5ce !
 doctr9e ( *ance has no place 9 any     
complete & real sci5ce ( ph5om5a4 ,t    
organism is1 inde$1 =tunate1 :i* fir/   
a*ieves "s notable & valuable psy*ic    
mode1 b ?is good =tune does n 9 any wise
 come by *ance1 or by ! passive enjoym5t
 ( concurr5t fav\rable circum/ances1 b x
 is a well-e>n$ sup]iority atta9$ only  
by ! sev]e/ & mo/ pati5t responsive     
/ruggle1 & !re 9 e case a det]m9ate     
s]ies ( /eps 9 m5tal process :i* may    
ultimately be traceable4  ,m5tal =ms    
also arise ?r\gh p]v]sion1 competitors  
p]v]t+ orig9ally advantage\s v>iations1 
z has be5 already po9t$ out =           
p>alys+-fe>1 s5se-de/roy+ ang]1 etc4    
,atavi/ic t5d5cy gives pseudo-v>iations4
 ,c]ta9 m5tal =ms may be negative 9     

orig91 t is1 m]ely reaction>y f previ\s 
/ates4 ,giv5 a high degree ( any joy\s  
emotion1 say hope1 & sudd5ly remove its 
conditions1 & ! sw+ is back beyond ! z]o
 po9t ( emotion to actual negative      
emotion1 z despair4 ,/ill ! :ole gamut f
 positive to negative1 z f highe/ hope  
to deepe/ despair1 is b a s+le g5]ic    
emotion =m ( pol> correlate elem5ts1 :i*
 h equally develop$ ?r\gh /ruggle4  ,!  
subject ( psy*ic int5sity 9 g5]al1 &    
feel+ int5sity 9 p>ticul>1 is likewise  
obscure & difficult4 ,physical int5sity 
is comp>atively easy to inve/igate 9 its
 nature & laws4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! case (  
light we cle>ly conceive its nature 9   
t]ms ( molecul> motion1 we measure x    
exactly by photomet]s1 & we "k x to     
proce$ by ! law ( inv]se squ>es4 ,we h  
no simil> c]ta9ty & cle>ness ) reg>d to 
m5tal int5sity4 ,we speak ( suff]+ v    
slight or v int5se pa9s1 b !re is no    
sci5tific !ory or valuation ( psy*ic    
int5sity4 ,m]e physical int5sity does n 
expla9 psy*ic1 & we "k t v>iations 9    

rapidity ( e!r waves1 = example1 give1 n
 quantitative1 b qualitative psy*ic     
v>iations4 #fdj billion vibrations are  
felt subjectively z ! comp>atively      
feeble col\r blue1 :ile #dej billion    
gives ! /rik+ & int5se col\r1 r$4 ,x is 
only )9 a c]ta9 range & ) c]ta9 =ms (   
=ces t ,web]'s law ( geometric &        
ari?metic increase applies4  ,/rictly   
speak+1 we _c apply quantitative        
conceptions to consci\sness1 inasmu* z  
m9d has no spatiality :i* is ! basis (  
idea ( quantity & size4 ,h5ce ! use (   
quantitative t]ms1 l great1 l>ge1 small1
 little1 etc41 is an indirect ref]5ce to
 int5sity4 ,i 0 9 v great pa9 equals ,i 
0 9 v int5se pa94 ,no consci\sness is   
lit]ally ei!r l>g] or small] ?an ano!r1 
because consci\snesses _c1 by reason (  
_! non-spatial nature1 ent] into        
quantitative relations4 ,s-call$ massive
 pa9s are really manifold4 7,see on ?is 
& k9dr$ po9ts my rem>ks 9 ,nature1 vol4 
#dj1 p4 #fdb47  ,a popul> te/ ( m5tal   
int5sity1 & "o :i* has a relative value1

 is by ! p[] ne$$ to displace a giv5    
psy*osis4 ,?us1 if a man 9 a br[n /udy  
walks into a pond ( cold wat] )\t notic+
 x1 we rightly conclude t he is ?9k+ v  
int5sely4 ,?is1 ( c\rse e/abli%es a     
scale relative to ! individual1 beg9n+ )
 a psy*osis :i* resi/s all displac+     
ag5cies1 & end+ ) ^? ( su* v slight     
int5sity t !y give way to any & all     
div]sions4 ,a consci\sness :i* supplants
 ano!r mu/ p] se be m int5se ?an ! o!r4 
,all t :i* r\ses & div]ts pati5ts suff]+
 f monomania & fix$ ideas is practically
 equal 9 int5sity4 ,:ile we may ?us     
pron\nce "o /ate z be+ equal 9 int5sity 
to ano!r or z be+ m or less int5se ?an  
x1 we yet h no gr\nd = any num]ical     
e/imate4 ,:5 a p]son says1 8,i feel     
twice z bad z ,i did ye/]day1 or ,i feel
 a hundr$ times z happy n[ z ,i 0 a ye> 
ago10 x is pla9ly a g5]al & indef9ite   
expression4 ,emotions h n yet be5 br\ght
 )9 ! range ( ma!matical comp>isons4  ,!
 int5sity ( feel+s1 z also ( s5sations1 
su/a9s und\bt$ly c]ta9 ma!matical       

relations to int5sity ( objective       
/imulus1 b ow+ to _! complex nature1    
emotions1 at lea/1 mu/ always be v      
difficult ( int]pretation by any su* law
 z ,web]'s1 ?\gh simple pa9 may be      
br\ght m easily "u "s law4 ,a pa91 o!r  
?+s be+ equal1 increases 9 "s ratio to  
increm5t ( physical /imulus4 ,b we mu/  
believe t ! reason = ! div]sity betwe5  
proportion ( actual increm5ts ( /imulus 
& actual increm5ts ( s5sation & feel+ is
 l>gely physiological4 ,x c]ta9ly is n a
 true psy*o-physical law1 a law (       
relation ( m9d & matt]1 z is (t5 claim$2
 = we _c obta9 an absolutely objective  
/&>d to te/ subjectivity4 ,h5ce any su* 
law is m]ely a law ( relation ( diff]5t 
k9ds ( s5sations1 ( diff]5t me?ods (    
int]pret+ ! objective4 ,int5sity (      
/imulus itself is always det]m9able only
 ?r\gh "s s5sation1 :i* is itself       
subject to ,web]'s law4 ,!re is no      
objective /&>d = s5se /imuli2 ! measure 
( increas+ /imulus to increas+ s5sation 
mu/ be by "s s5se :i* has its own law ) 

ref]5ce to physical increm5t z int]pret$
 by ano!r s5se equally "u law1 & s on4  
,take pressure1 = in/ance2 we note by   
s5se ( sight ! arm ( a balance react+   
regul>ly & con/antly to def9ite small   
additions to load1 :ile ^u our own arm  
we d n notice ! same additions 9 any su*
 s]ies ( feel+ ( pressure increm5ts4 ,! 
arm & balance z disp>ate weigh]s mu/1 ( 
c\rse1 be 9 c]ta9 ratios relat$1 & = a  
c]ta9 range we mu/ h a geometrical      
s]ies1 b o!r ratios at o!r po9ts4  ,t ! 
degree ( s5sitivity is proportion$ to ! 
int5sity ( s5sation already pres5t1 t ! 
knock at ! door mu/ be ! l\d] ! m noise 
is go+ on )91 is a defect 9 organic     
measurem5t1 b x is n entirely abs5t 9   
me*anical2 scales :i* weigh by ! ton d n
 respond easily or at all to m9ute      
weights4 ,b1 ab/ractly speak+1 me*anic  
me?ods are 9 g5]al f> sup]ior to        
organic2 a f9e balance weighs bett] ?an 
any arm1 & a good cam]a pictures bett]  
?an ! be/ eye2 t is1 _! ratio (         
discrim9at+ s5sibility is f> great] ?an 

natural organs1 & x may be z geometric  
s]ies to ari?metic s]ies4 ,practically1 
h[ev]1 organic weigh+ & see+ are well   
adju/$ to ! dem&s ( life4 ,an           
appreciation ( gravity1 s f> z x is (   
use to ! organism1 is secur$1 & if a f9]
 s5sibility 7 dem&$ x w\ld be atta9$4 ,t
 is1 ,i am incl9$ to believe t !        
,web]-,fe*n] law ( def9ite ma!matical   
proportions is purely empirical1 & does 
n m>k a real limit or a fundam5tal      
psy*o-physical law4 ,if a man's life &  
liv+ dep5d$ on x1 he c\ld become a good 
weigh+ ma*9e1 & 9 "t a race ( organic   
weigh]s might be rais$ up :i* %\ld vie 9
 accuracy & range ) ! be/ scales n[     
con/ruct$4 ,! quoti5t ( s5sitiv5ess is  
really indef9itely v>iable4 ,x is       
probable1 inde$1 t deep sea organisms h 
a discrim9ative s5sibility = bo? gravity
 & light f> m delicate ?an ! acute/     
human s5se4  ,! :ole subject (          
measurem5t ( m5tal int5sities mu/       
evid5tly be approa*$ ) ! greate/ c>e1 & 
! div]sities ( rese>*es 9 results & 9 _!

 int]pretation1 is evid5ce t we h n     
completely isolat$ ! facts we are 9 se>*
 (4 ,consci\s exp]im5tation mu/ be all[$
 z t5d+ to di/urb s5se4 ,:5 att5tion is 
/ra9$ to m>k+ s5se increm5ts x may v    
easily be delud$1 & wrongly suppose z to
 feel+ or n feel+4 ,consci\sness is by  
no means infallible z to its own acts1 &
 especially :5 artificial4 ,feel+s may1 
& (t5 d1 orig9ate subjectively by       
sugge/ion1 & h5ce may h no direct       
ref]5ce to ! ext]nal cause :i* is "u    
exp]im5tal manipulation4  ,& n only h we
 ?us to gu>d aga9/ a /rong t5d5cy to    
introspective & app]ceptive error z to  
:at we actually exp]i5ce1 or h[ we      
exp]i5ce1 b we h also to con/antly be> 9
 m9d t e exp]i5ce1 e s5s+1 z ( pressure1
 light1 etc41 is n an isolat$ ph5om5on1 
b z re/+ ^u & involv+ ! pa/1 x c nev] be
 a simple direct measure ( ! objective  
pres5t1 z a giv5 weight or light4 ,e    
consci\s exp]i5ce1 l all o!r vital      
organic ph5om5a1 has ?us an             
individuality & diff]s f e o!r z e leaf 

diff]s f e o!r1 & s ! laws ( exp]i5ce   
are capable only ( g5]al expression4    
,s9ce all consci\sness is self-integrat+
 & br+s up ! pa/ into itself1 x is      
always m ?an any occasional reflection (
 a pres5t ph5om5on2 9 ! f9e/ analysis e 
consci\sness mu/ h an equation ( its    
own4  ,h[ev]1 !re is a quoti5t (        
relation ( physical /imulus1 me*anically
 measur$1 ) increase & decrease ( bo?   
s5se & ( pleasure-pa94 ,! pack-c>ri]    
feels 9 a c]ta9 proportion to 8 pres5t  
load pressure ( weight-increm5ts1 &     
pressure pa9s also augm5t1 ?\gh probably
 n 9 /rict correspond+ ratio4 ,x is a   
popul> say+ t ! la/ /raw breaks !       
camel's back1 & x is c]ta9 t pa9s       
rapidly culm9ate4 ,x is probable t      
increm5ts :i* may n be s5s$ may yet be  
felt z pa94 ,9 fact1 x is b v gradually 
t s5se ( pressure is evolv$ z           
practically free ( pa92 z a m]e         
cognitive process x is always second>y  
to pleasure-pa9 /ates :i* are felt      
directly f weights or b slightly        

objectifi$4 ,pleasure-pa9 :i* proce$s f 
weights gradually is driv5 to s5s+ !m--!
 evolution ( ! pressure s5se--& to not+ 
v>iations1 s5se increm5ts1 & if1 l m>9e 
organisms1 we rang$ ?r\gh pressure      
zones1 ! significance ( discrim9ative   
s5sibility might be v great4  ,h[ev]1 x 
is obvi\s t 9 its rise & 9 its :ole     
evolution1 pleasure-pa9 is b\nd up ) !  
pressure s5se1 b n ) ! arm ( ! balance z
 a record4 ,h5ce x is possible t ,web]'s
 law1 s f> z applicable1 is 9 "s measure
 a result ( feel+ int]f]5ce4 ,!         
simplicity ( direct reaction is be+     
de/roy$ by ! h$onalgic law di/urb+ !    
direct ratio2 we may ?us feel an        
increas+ pa9 f increas+ weights1 & h    
decreas+ pressure s5se4 ,beyond a c]ta9 
po9t ! law ( increm5ts1 ) ref]5ce to    
ext]nal /&>d = s5s+ & = pleasure & pa9  
are 9 inv]se ratio4 ,on a v hot day we  
notice m & m /rongly ea* additional     
degree ( heat by ! temp]ature s5se1 b   
beyond a c]ta9 degree1 peculi> to !     
individual at ! "t1 s5se ( heat w       

rapidly dim9i% z heat increases1 & )    
increase ( pa94  ,z to ! numb] ( feel+s1
 ( qualitatively di/9ct /ates1 we mu/ on
 a g5]al doctr9e ( evolution pron\nce   
?is to be innum]able & indef9ite4 ,!    
pres5t =ms ( feel+ 9 human consci\sness 
( c\rse repres5t b a small fraction ( ! 
total numb] :i* h aris5 9 ! c\rse (     
psy*ic evolution4 ,e di/9ct =m implies a
 long evolution ( int]m$iate types :i*  
are n[ = ! mo/ "p beyond our realization
 & s beyond cognition4 ,! process ( nam+
 af=ds "s slight clue to ! importance & 
multi=mity ( feel+1 ?\gh ?is d5otes only
 a few ( ! mo/ obvi\s po9ts :i* h       
impress$ !mselves on ! popul> m9d4      
,c]ta9ly ! mo/ /rik+ fact to ord9>y     
introspection1 human & sub-human1 is    
feel+1 & ! manifold v>iety ( simple     
pleasure-pa9s & ( emotions has always1 &
 w always1 attract mo/ /rongly ! g5]al  
att5tion4 ,x w\ld be a mo/ int]e/+ &    
pr(itable /udy to foll[ ! c\rse (       
language 9 its d5otation ( feel+4 ,v>i$ 
expression = v>i$ feel+s is gradually   

a*iev$ 9 vocal =ms1 :i* expressions     
become a language s5se to d5ote ! feel+ 
express$4 ,?us ! ho>se bell[ ( rage w   
bo? express & d5ote rage4 ,! vocal      
expression =m z imitat$ is ! e>lie/     
language =m1 & only v gradually does    
language assume ! me*anical & arbitr>y  
=ms ( its highe/ developm5t4 ,x is by   
imitat+ be+ mad vocally & o!rwise1 &    
po9t+ to ! ang]$ "o1 t ! savage conveys 
! idea ( ang]4 ,gradually all b ! vocal 
expression is dropp$1 & ?is             
conv5tionaliz$1 becomes ! orig9 ( ! ^w  
to d5ote ! emotion 9 "q4 ,feel+ &       
emotion names are d\btless 9 _! orig9   
debas$ vocal expression =ms1 ?\gh 9 !   
lat] evolution ( language ?is is g5]ally
 n detectable1 & v>i\s o!r m indirect   
associations control language4 ,only    
/ates ( consci\sness :i* h atta9$ a     
consid]able =ce & prom95ce receive      
notice 9 ! vocabul>y ( common spee*4 ,= 
_m v>iances ( feel+ !re is no ^w        
d5otation1 b x may be giv5 by           
intonation4 ,! numb] ( names ( feel+ is 

?us 9 any language1 or 9 all languages1 
b a v r\gh index to ! actual numb] (    
k9ds ( feel+1 & we may expect t a ?or\gh
 sci5tific analysis w develop z ext5d$  
sci5tific nom5clature ( feel+1 z *emi/ry
 has ( k9ds ( matt]4 ,at ! pres5t crude 
/age ( psy*ology we mu/ affirm t ! numb]
 ( cognizable1 b unnam$ feel+s1 f>      
exce$s ! numb] ( ! nam$1 & t ! numb] ( !
 undiscrim9at$ or ! undiscov]$ feel+s f>
 exce$s ! numb] ( bo? =ms4  ,on ! :ole1 
x has be5 ! object ( our pres5t /udies  
to po9t out ) "s def9it5ess ! ext5t &   
mode ( ! e>ly diff]5tiation ( feel+4    
,ow+ to ! peculi> difficulties :i* beset
 ?is =m ( /udy & to :i* we h (t5 adv]t$1
 our conclusions may seem r meagre &    
unc]ta91 b x is suffici5t if !y         
emphasize a region ( introspective /udy1
 :i*1 ?\gh ( ! utmo/ practical          
importance1 is yet ! mo/ neglect$ ( all 
9 psy*ic sci5ce2 & we hope to h set =? !
 mo/ probable g5]al ord] ( m5tal        
evolution ) "s di/9ctness z bas$ on !   
/ruggle ( exi/5ce4 ,m9d1 beg9n+ 9 pure  

pa91 & culm9at+ on ! feel+ side 9 !     
high] emotions1 conta9s an int]m$iate1  
cont9u\s1 indef9ite numb] ( =ms1 det]m9$
 by ! dem&s ( life & pres]v$ by natural 
selection1 _m ( :i* are s entirely      
outgr[n t !y may be = ev] beyond human  
conception1 & _m occurr+ only           
occasionally 9 human consci\sness z     
survivals1 & a l>ge1 yet comp>atively   
small numb] con/itut+ ! pres5t evolution
 phase ( feel+ 9 human consci\sness4 ,we
 h dwelt specially on ! l[] developm5ts1
 ! rise ( objectification & its nature1 
! rise & value ( emotion1 ) "s          
*>act]ization ( ! simpl] & e>li]        
emotions4 ,emotion is sup]ior to &      
supplants s5sation1 ?\gh bas$ !reon4 ,! 
poison ,i fe>1 ,i ab/a9 f )\t ta/+2 b ) 
l[] psy*isms !re mu/ be a direct s5s+ ( 
! ?+ be=e its exp]i5ce quality is       
appreh5d$4  ,mu/ we n suppose t feel+ & 
emotion is de/9$ to be an evanesc5t =m 9
 ! evolution ( m9d8 ,is n ! emotional   
type gradually disappe>+1 & w n ! m5 ( !
 future be pure indiff]5ti/s8 ,or are we

 r to judge t emotion w always cont9ue  
to /r5g!n & deep58 ,9 an intellectual & 
introspective age l our own ! nave m5tal
 life1 :i* is primitive & m]ely natural1
 vani%es1 & we f9d t m5 ev]y:]e1 l      
,k5yon1 9 ,h[ell's novel1 ,! ,undiscov]$
 ,c\ntry are con/antly de/roy+ _! feel+s
 by pull+ !m up by ! roots to see :at !y
 are & :y !y are4 ,su* are only         
occasionally surpris$ into a g5u9e      
emotion1 b !y greet x ) joy1 & =?) pull 
x to pieces 9 a morbid self-analysis4   
,an indiff]5tism1 born ( intellectual   
curiosity1 ( scepticism or ( pessimism1 
is1 9 fact1 a pa?ological /ate1 a c]ta9 
mono-emotionalism1 = humanity _c escape 
emotionalism if x w\ld4 ,?is blas way ( 
look+ at ?+s & feel+ ab\t !m1 is a      
decad5t symptom 9 an artificial age4 ,! 
/ruggle ( life 9 a natural /ate always  
dem&s a v>i$1 prompt1 & frank           
emotionalism4 ,if m9d lose its love (   
?+s & m51 x may yet be mov$ to highe/   
atta9m5t by s5tim5ts l ! love ( sci5ce &
 tru?4 ,an int5se intellectual life mu/ 

be driv5 to its /ruggl+s & a*ievem5ts by
 "s /rong motive p[]1 "s p[]ful emotion1
 ?\gh ?is may be purely imp]sonal1 l !  
conviction ( duty1 or ! love ( tru?4    
,feel+ z ! fundam5tal elem5t 9 m9d1 z ! 
v core ( m5tality1 z ! =ce :i* actuates 
bo? w & cognition1 c nev] be de/roy$1 & 
= ! future progress ( m9d1 z = ! pa/1 we
 are assur$ t feel+ & emotion w n cease 
to become ev] /rong]1 deep]1 & nobl]4   
,,errata4                 ,9 ! foll[+   
index1 = pages                #ajj-ccb1 
subtract f\r2 pages #ccb-cij1           
subtract five4                          
,,index   ,,note4--,! lett] m affix$ to 
a page numb] signifies ! middle ?ird ( !
 page2 ! lett] b signifies ! bottom ?ird
 ( ! page2 no lett] be+ affix$1 ! top   
?ird ( ! page is ref]r$ to4   /hetic    
psy*osis1 #bii1 #cbi1 #cgcm4   ,,all51  
,,grant1 #db1 #cja;b1 #cjcm4            
,altruism1 #aai;b1 #cdj;b1 #cdhm4       
,ang]1 #aca1 #cfi;b4   ,app]ception1    
#bdfm1 #bea4   ,arrogance1 #bgi4        
,att5tion1 #bbi4   ,awe1 #abc4   ,,ba91 

#di1 #age1 #bbc;b1 #cha;b4   ,,baldw91  
,j4 ,m41 #bfc4   ,belief1 #bbjm4        
,,blair1 #cae4   ,,bosanquet1 #cgcm4    
,cause & effect 9 consci\sness1 #chd4   
,*ance1 #chfm4   ,*ange & consci\sness1 
#bc4   ,*>act]i/ic1 emotion =1 #ccd;b4  
,*ri/ianity1 #afd;b1 #ahg4   ,comic1 !1 
#cga4   ,,comte1 #bh4   ,conceit1 #bgh1 
#bgi;b4   ,consci\sness1 function (1    
#afg4   ,cont9ua1 #gc4   ,crav+1 #bjg;b4
   ,curiosity1 #bah;b4   ,,d>w91 #cja;b1
 #cda1 #ceb;b1 #cecm1 #ceg1 #cffm4      
,desire1 #aif4   ,despair1 #abe4        
,desp]ation1 #abf;b4   ,,dewey1 ,j41    
#ceg1 note4   ,diff]5tiation (          
consci\sness1 #aeam4   ,dignity1 #bhj4  
,disappo9tm5t1 #afi4   ,dismay1 #abg4   
,drama1 #cgbm   ,dread1 #aai4   ,dream  
life & self consci\sness1 #bfi4         
,education & desire1 #bbh4   ,ego1      
#bcd;b4   ,emb>rassm5t1 #bham4          
,emotion1 #gh4    rationale (1 #ha4     
analysis (1 #hb4    retrospective1 #ahj1
 #chcm4    classification (1 #ahj4      
future (1 #cidm4   ,ennui1 #baf;b4      

,e?ical emotion1 #ccg4   ,evil1 problem 
(1 #aeg4   ,evolution1 anti!tic m5tal1  
#bga1 #che4   ,exasp]ation1 #afbm4      
,excitem5t1 #di4   ,expression1 #cjc1   
#cej4   ,famili>ity1 emotion (1 #agg4   
,fe>1 #ia1 #ced1 #cfi;b4    ( fe>1 #hi4 
,,fe*n]1 #caj;b4   ,feel+1 psy*ology (  
imp]fect1 #b4    & subjective me?od1 #g4
    & pleasure-pa91 #dh4    def9ition (1
 #eh1 #gf;b4    numb] ( feel+s1 #cibm4  
,f9e ,art1 #cfcm1 #cgc4   ,hate1 #adgm4 
,h$onalgic1 #agg1 note4   ,h$onism1     
#da;b1 #bjd;b4   ,h,,ffd+1 #bi1 #bjam4  
,hope1 #bbjm1 #afi;b4   ,horror1 #aba;b4
   ,,h[ells1 ,w4 ,d41 quot$1 #cbg4      
,,hume1 #bfb;b4   ,humility1 #bhc;b4    
,imag9ation1 #caa4   ,imitation1 #ec1   
#cfhm4   ,impulse1 #bbd;b4              
,indignation1 #afb;b4   ,induction1     
#baj1 #baa1 #bhf4   ,inhibition1 #bdb;b4
   ,integration ( consci\sness1 #gi4    
,intellectual emotion1 #bie;b4          
,int5sity1 #chm1 #di1 #bca;b1 #chg;b4   
,int]e/1 #bbd;b1 #bdg1 #bgj;b4          
,,james1 ,w41 #bcg;b1 #bci1 #cfd;b4     

,,johnson1 ,w4 ,e41 #ed4   ,k1 orig9 (1 
#fa1 #iem1 #bfc;b1 #bfg4   ,,l&or1 ,w4  
,s41 quot$1 #bgim4   ,laokon gr\p1 #cgd4
   ,lotze1 #db4   ,malice1 #afb;b4      
,,m>%all1 ,h4 ,r41 #bh1 #dj;b1 #cjfm4   
,,mason1 ,f4 ,a41 #ef4   ,,m]ci]1 #adb4 
,me?od ( psy*ology1 #d1 #acc1 #aeb1     
#cfb;b1 #cgf4   ,,mill1 ,j4 ,s41 #bhf;b4
   ,moral s5se1 #ccg4   ,novelty1 feel+ 
(1 #agj4   ,optimism1 #aic;b4   ,pa91 k 
(1 #h4    primitive m9d1 #ac4    &      
t5sion1 #ce4    & s5sation1 #cg4        
,panic1 #abbm4   ,p]ception1 orig9 (1   
#gj4   ,,p]ez1 #ccg4   ,pessimism1      
#aic;b4   ,play1 #cjc;b1 #ceem1 #cfim4  
,pleasure1 evolution (1 #ad4    function
 (1 #dd;b4    z bad t]m1 #bjd4          
,pleasure-,pa9 & s5sation1 #fb1 #aif4   
z quality1 #ch4    physiological !ory1  
#da;b4   ,,prey]1 #ag;b4   ,pride1      
#bgc;b4   ,psy*ology1 imp]fectness (1   
#a1 #acc1 #aeb1 #bjc;b4    & evolution1 
#ei1 #cha;b4    exp]im5tal1 #cgh4       
physiological1 #chj4   ,quantity 9      
consci\sness1 #chh4   ,recognition1     

#aga;b4   ,regret1 #aie4   ,remorse1    
#aie4   ,repres5tation1 #bgh4           
,resignation1 #aie4   ,retrospective    
emotion1 #ahj4   ,rev5ge1 #ahc;b4       
,self-feel+1 #bee4    consci\sness1     
#bee4      & dream life1 #bfi4          
satisfaction1 #bhj;b4   ,s5ile          
psy*ology1 #bh4   ,sexual emotion1      
#bii;b4   ,%ame1 #bhb;b4   ,%elley      
quot$1 #cbj1 #cbd4   ,,sidgwick1 ,h41   
#bja;b4   ,sorr[1 #ahg4   ,,sp5c]1      
,,h]b]t1 #cjc;b1 #cad1 #cbjm1 #cbf1     
#cbim1 #ccg;b1 #cde4   ,,sp9oza1 #bjj1  
#bja4   ,spontaneity1 #cha;b4   ,,/ew>t1
 ,d41 #bbb;b4   ,/yle1 #cad4            
,sub-consci\sness1 #cb;b4   ,surprise1  
#bif;b1 #ej1 #afg;b4   ,teleologic      
emotion1 #big;b4   ,t5tacul> exp]i5ce1  
#ha4   ,,tit*5]1 ,e4 ,b41 #aj4          
,v>iation1 m5tal1 #che4   ,,volkmann1   
#bjj4   ,,w>d1 ,,james1 #g1 #bb;b1 #gc1 
#bjc1 #bcb;b1 #bdf4   ,web]'s law1 #chi4
   ,wond]1 #bif;b4   ,wundt1 #cea1 note4
                                        
--------------      ,butl]  ,tann]1 ,!  

,selwood ,pr9t+ ,works1 ,frome1 &       
,london4                                
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,transcrib]'s ,note  ,hyph5ation is     
mo/ly consi/5t4 ,! ^w #8repres5tation'  
is frequ5tly giv5 z #8re-pres5tation'1 z
 a te*nical t]m4 ,:]e ! hyph5 occurs at 
a l9e break1 x is reta9$ or remov$ bas$ 
on o!r in/ances ( ! ^w 9 ! text4        
,errors deem$ mo/ likely to be ! pr9t]'s
 h be5 correct$1 & are not$ "h4 ,!      
ref]5ces are to ! page & l9e 9 !        
orig9al4    #c4bi     t feel+ is a      
8/range0 my/]i\s _w ,remov$4    #d4ai   
?r\gh ! self-obs]vation ( ! human       
,re/or$4            m9d    #i4e      t x
 mu/ be 9 consci\sness                  
,ins]t$4    #dj4cd    viz41 ( ! neural  
basis                    ,add$4         
#bbe4ai   :e!r a pa91 pleasure1         
p]ception         ,ins]t$4    #cdi4be   
7,expression ( ! ,emotions 9 ,man &     
,remov$4            ,animals1 ,new      
,york1 #ahhf1 p4 #cej72    #cfi4h    ,! 

int]pretation ( expression              
,ins]t$4