,,advertisements4 ,mander ,brothers1 ,wolverhampton1 ,,are ,,experts ,,in ,,dipping ,,and ,,spraying ,,paints4 ,industrial ,paints and ,varnishes ,,brushing ,,dipping ,,spraying ,,flowing ,,tumbling ,,drying ,we specialise in all ,paints1 ,enamels1 ,japans1 ,lacquers1 ,varnishes and other materials for the protection and decoration of ,industrial ,products of all kinds4 ,our clients comprise of the principal ,manufacturers in all ,trades1 and the service we are rendering to them is ready1 willing and capable of caring for your requirements4 ,experimental and ,research ,laboratories are maintained to assist the solution of any problem1 whilst there is a wealth of practical experience to draw upon when you consult ,,pinchin1 ,,johnson ,co41 ,ltd4 ,paint1 ,varnish1 ,color ,enamel ,manufacturers ,minerva ,house1 ,bevis ,marks1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,telegrams ,,pinchin1 ,,ald1 ,,london4 ,,telephone ,,avenue #iaj 7#c lines7 ,,established #ahcd ,,painting ,,by ,,immersion ,,and ,,by ,,compressed ,,air4 ,illustration3 ,,automatic ,,finishing ,,of ,,pianos4 ,,lowering ,,the ,,loaded ,,carrier ,,into ,,the ,,varnish ,,tank4 ,frontispiece4 ,painting by ,immersion and by ,compressed ,air4 ,a ,,practical ,,handbook ,,by ,,arthur ,,seymour ,,jennings1 ,f4,i4,b4,d41 ,editor of ,the ,decorator and the ,the ,decorator ,series of ,practical ,handbooks1 ,author of ,commercial ,paints and ,painting1 ,paint and ,colour ,mixing1 ,the ,painters' ,pocket ,book1 ,house ,painting and ,decorating1 etc41 etc4 ,member of the ,paint and ,varnish ,society1 ,the ,international ,society for ,testing ,materials1 etc4 ,examiner in ,painters' and ,decorators' ,work to the ,city and ,guilds of ,london ,institute4 ,with #aej ,illustrations4 ,london3 ,,offices ,,of ,,the ,,managing ,,engineer1 #ic #id1 ,,chancery ,,lane1 ,w4,c4 ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 ,,ltd41 #eg1 ,,haymarket1 ,,london1 ,s4,w4 ,new ,york3 ,,spon ,,chamberlain4 #abc1 ,,liberty ,,street #aiae ,,preface4 ,in many industries the application of paint for preservative or ornamental purposes is imperative and the item of expenditure is an important one4 ,there is abundant evidence to prove that the application of paint1 either by means of dipping1 spraying or other mechanical means1 effects an enormous saving of time over the old method of using brushes1 while the coats of paint are more durable and thorough4 ,this saving of time not only lowers the cost of production to a very considerable extent1 but it permits of a large increase in the output4 ,the process of flowing-on enamels and varnishes described in the following pages effects an even greater saving of time in those cases where it is applicable4 ,the extent of this saving can be judged by the fact that a complete coat of enamel can be given to the body of a four-seated touring car in the almost incredibly short time of two minutes6 ,these processes are used to a very large extent in many industries1 particularly those connected with metal work and engineering4 ,in the ,united ,states of ,america and in many parts of the ,continent they have reached a high degree of perfection4 ,in ,great ,britain the adoption of the methods is rapidly increasing4 ,it is hoped that this book will be found of service to manufacturers who desire to ascertain whether the processes can be economically employed in their particular industry or to those who contemplate putting in a plant for the purpose4 ,it should also be helpful to those who have not been very successful with a trial plant or who desire to bring an existing plant fully up-to-date in its equipment4 ,and it should be said at once that the few cases of failure which have come to the notice of the author have been found on investigation to be due either to the use of paint unsuitable for the purpose or the adoption of a plant which is unfitted for the object aimed at4 ,three examples may be given4 ,in one small castings were dipped in black paint1 but it was found that tears1 or runs of paint which did not dry properly1 often occurred4 ,here1 clearly1 the paint was at fault4 ,it was too thick for the purpose and did not dry hard quickly enough4 ,the remedy was obvious4 ,in another case iron casements were dipped horizontally in a shallow paint tank and the time involved in lowering them to obtain a complete immersion was considerable4 ,in this case the shape and size of the tank were not suitable4 ,it should have been deep and narrow1 so that the casements could be dipped vertically4 ,the idea that the paint would settle out if a deep tank were used was shown to be erroneous4 ,in a third case spraying had been tried for coating metal casements1 when it was found that the saving effected in time was more than counter-balanced by the waste of paint4 ,of course1 spraying was not suitable for a job of this kind1 the surface to be covered being so very narrow4 ,such work is done most successfully by dipping4 ,the degree of perfection to which the process of dipping has been carried in ,america is indicated by the fact that it is largely employed for piano cases and many other articles requiring a perfect varnish finish4 ,this process is fully described in these pages and has been successfully carried on for some years4 ,this fact demonstrates very clearly the possibilities of painting and varnishing by immersion4 ,all the principal appliances used for spraying paint1 lacquer1 enamel1 varnish and similar liquids have been described at length1 but no attempt has been made to prove that any one appliance is superior to another4 ,the details of each apparatus are given1 and for the convenience of the reader1 the manufacturer's name and address4 ,it is suggested that those who contemplate the adoption of paint dipping1 or spraying1 should get into touch with all these firms1 and carefully investigate their respective merits before coming to a decision4 ,the services of an expert will usually be found desirable1 for1 although in engineering works much of the necessary apparatus and accessories may be made on the premises1 the exact details1 such as the kind of paint and the exact design suitable for the particular purpose1 are largely matters to be decided upon in the light of experience4 ,,arthur ,s4 ,,jennings4 #cfe1 ,birkbeck ,bank ,chambers1 ,high ,holborn1 ,w4,c4 ,august1 #aiae4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,page ,,introduction4 ,increase in the ,use of ,painting by ,dipping and ,spraying--,the ,remarkable ,saving of ,time ,effected--,the ,durability ,equal to ,brush ,painting--,scope of the ,subject--,whitewashing ,machines--,cost of ,spraying ,plant--,dipping ,plant may be very ,simple--,list of the ,principal ,products to which ,paint ,spraying is ,applied #a ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,painting ,,by ,,immersion4 ,an old ,idea largely ,developed in ,recent ,years--,simple ,forms of ,paint ,dipping--,painting ,varnish ,cans--,larger ,plants--,the ,tank--,the ,agitators--,mc,lennan ,patent--,paint ,proof ,gear ,box--,three ,tank ,plant for ,different ,colours--,the ,rails and ,hanging ,apparatus--,hanging ,articles after they are ,painted--,hoists--,simple ,crabs and ,lifting ,gear--,pneumatic ,hoist--,electrical ,hoist--,trolley ,hoist--,the ,number of ,coats of ,paint--,advantages of the ,dipping ,process--,protecting ,parts not to be ,painted--,preparing ,woodwork before ,painting--,filler for ,iron--,stopping ,holes in ,woodwork--,rubbing ,down #g ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,requirements ,,of ,,different ,,trades4 ,bedsteads--,collapsible ,gates--,dipping ,sewing ,machine ,parts--,iron ,rods--,iron ,window ,frames or ,casements--,metal ,furniture--,motor ,parts 7,metal7--,automatic ,finishing of ,pianos--,the ,standard ,hydraulic ,immersion ,system--,wheels--,some ,typical ,plants--,carriage ,department1 ,woolwich ,arsenal--,james ,gibbons--,harrison1 ,mc,gregor ,co4--,phillips ,son--,the ,ford ,motor ,company--,marshall1 ,sons ,co41 ,ltd4--,hayward ,bros4 ,eckstein1 ,ltd4--,the ,crittall ,manufacturing ,co4--,excluding ,dust--,heating and ,ventilation of ,drying ,room--,a ,model ,drying ,room #cc ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,paint ,,for ,,dipping4 ,the ,requirements of a ,good ,dipping ,paint--,specific ,gravity of ,pigments--,white ,dipping ,paint--,gloss ,paint--,w4 ,g4 ,scott on ,dipping ,paints--,proportion of ,paste and ,thinners--,asbestine --,china ,clay--,whiting--,zinc ,oxide--,inert ,materials--,primers for ,metal--,primers for ,hard and ,soft ,woods--,second ,coat ,dipping ,paints--,white ,paste ,primer--,white ,dip for ,metals--,white ,dip for ,hard ,wood--,white ,dip for ,soft ,wood--,white ,spirit--,quantity of ,paint ,required for ,dipping and ,spraying--,spreading ,capacity of ,paints #gj ,,chapter ,v4 ,,painting ,,by ,,compressed ,,air4 ,the ,evolution of the ,apparatus ,employed--,early ,attempts--,the ,concentric ,form of ,spray--,its ,advantages--,the ,flow of ,paint--,practice ,necessary--,cost of ,plant--,pressure and ,volume of ,air ,required #gh ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,types ,,of ,,spraying ,,apparatus4 ,the ,aerograph--,electric ,motor ,outfit--,painting a ,gasometer--,small ,aerograph--,the ,aeron--,uniformity of ,coats--,cup ,aeron--,air ,transformer--,the ,airostyle--,construction--,ultra type--,pistol ,m--,the ,eureka ,spraying ,machine--,the ,crane ,eureka--,the ,crane ,record--,the ,invincible--,type ,e--,artists' ,type--,the ,midland ,sprayer--,the ,paasche ,sprayer--,larger ,size--,oil and ,water ,separator--,automatic ,electric ,controller #ha ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,supply ,,of ,,compressed ,,air--,,paint ,,supply--,,exhaust4 ,type of ,compressor--,air ,main--,air ,valves--,purifying ,air--,small ,compressors--,water ,cooling--,air ,pump and ,tank ,combined--,general ,arrangement of ,accessories--,the ,supply of ,paint--,the ,exhaust ,installation--,central ,draught ,fan--,location of ,work ,cabinets--,the ,fumexer ,spraying ,cabinet--,accessories --,turn-tables1 ,auto--,electric ,air ,heater #aac ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,stencils ,,and ,,masks--,,the ,,requirements ,,of ,,different ,,trades ,,in ,,spraying4 ,protecting parts not to be ,sprayed--,masks for ,gas ,meters--,the ,hart ,patent ,mask--,making ,stencils--,stencil ,paper--,four-ounce ,stencil ,metal--,zinc ,stencils--,requirements of ,special ,trades--,piece ,work--,bookbinding--,carriages--,cycle ,parts--,electrical ,work--,fancy ,baskets--,gas ,meters--,gas ,stoves and ,ranges--,picture ,frames1 ,picture ,mouldings1 etc4--,celluloid ,varnish--,spraying ,ships' ,hulls--,slate ,enamelling--,spraying ,colour ,specimens--,tramcars #ada ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,some ,,typical ,,plants4 ,plant for ,twelve ,operators--,the ,birmingham ,small ,arms ,co4--,airostyle ,plant for ,sixteen ,operators--,the ,davis ,gas ,stove ,co41 ,ltd4--,fletcher1 ,russell ,co41 ,ltd4--,special ,machines --,gittings1 ,hills and ,boothby1 ,ltd4--,the ,kingsbury ,manufacturing ,co41 ,ltd4--,j4 ,lucas1 ,ltd4--,the ,gas ,light and ,coke ,co41 ,ltd4--,the ,gas ,meter ,co41 ,ltd #aeh ,,chapter ,x4 ,,paints1 ,,lacquers1 ,,varnishes1 ,,etc41 ,,used ,,in ,,spraying4 ,temperature of ,spraying ,room--,fine ,paint must be used--,firms who ,specialize on ,dipping and ,spraying ,paints1 etc4--,stoving ,enamels--,enamels--,hints on ,stoving or ,baking--,black ,japan ,finishes--,steel ,furniture ,enamels--,imitation ,wood ,effects--,white ,work--,bedsteads1 etc4--,transparent ,colour ,varnishes--,safe ,baking ,heats of ,pigment ,colours--,dipping and ,spraying ,compared #agg ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,spraying ,,versus ,,brushing4 ,comparison with ,brush ,painting--,bronzing with ,celluloid ,medium--,objections ,sometimes ,urged ,against ,spraying---,mottled ,appearance of ,paint and how ,avoided--,spraying ,fillers and ,primers--,spraying and ,dipping ,compared--,the ,great ,saving ,effected #aic ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,the ,,artistic ,,application ,,of ,,paint ,,spraying4 ,artistic ,work--,lining on ,motors and ,carriages--,relief ,work --,scumbling and ,colour ,glazing--,glazing--,designs for ,lamp ,shades--,reds--,blues--,yellows--,green s--,browns--,greys--,scumbling and ,graining--,brush ,graining--,marble ,grounds--,graining ,grounds #bja ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,flowing-,,on ,,system4 ,the ,latest ,method of ,finishing ,automobiles--,remarkable ,speed of the ,method--,the ,apparatus--,trough ,tank used in the ,process--,the ,kind of ,paint or ,japan ,used--,the ,floco ,process --,painting ,motor ,bodies--,description of ,modern ,enamelling ,ovens for ,motor ,bodies--,notes on the ,construction of ,stoves--,the ,perkins' ,stove--,typical ,goodyear ,stove--,dipping ,trough #baf ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,lime ,,and ,,whitewash ,,sprayers4 ,periodical ,whitewashing in ,workshops ,compulsory--,the ,wells ,sprayer--,limewhiting by ,machine with #h-;foot ,bamboo ,pole--,the ,brown ,sprayer--,the ,merryweather ,sprayer--,the ,tumbling ,barrel ,process #bdc ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,a ,,portable ,,paint ,,sprayer ,,for ,,railway ,,and ,,other ,,work4 ,the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,system--fainting ,freight ,cars--,description of ,apparatus--,plan and ,elevation--,detail ,drawings #bej ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,metal ,,spraying4 ,description of the ,process--,the ,immense ,field for it--,the ,metal ,spraying ,pistol--,detail ,drawings of ,pistol--,sectional ,drawing--,diagrammatic ,representation of ,melting and ,spraying ,jets in ,action--,spraying ,alloys--,cost of the ,process #bee ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations4 ,,page ,,frontispiece ,automatic ,finishing of ,pianos ,fig4 #a4 ,section through ,paint ,tank #h #b4 ,stirrers and ,blinds for ,paint ,dipping ,tank #aj #c4 ,longitudinal ,vertical ,section #aj #d4 ,tank for ,painting ,steel ,sheets #ab #e4 ,paint-,proof ,bearings and ,gear ,box #ac #f4 ,shafting and ,driving ,gear ,designed for ,implements #ad #g4 ,triple-tank plant #ae #h4 ,joist and ,wheels supporting ,hanger #af #i4 ,hook for ,hanging #ag #aj to #ad4 ,hoists and ,crabs #ah #ae4 ,typical ,hoist for ,painting by ,immersion #ai #af4 ,morris ,standard ,electric ,trolley ,hoist #bc #ag4 ,electric ,hoist ,suitable for ,heavy ,goods #bg #ah4 ,sprayed ,show ,card #cj #ai4 ,dipping and ,stoving ,bedsteads #ca #bj4 ,immersing ,mangle ,frames #ce #ba4 ,iron ,hanger #ch #bb4 ,carrier filled with ,six ,complete ,pianos #ci #bc4 ,introductory ,carrier for ,piano ,frame #dc #bd4 ,lowering ,piano ,cases into the ,varnish ,tank #dg #be4 ,piano ,cases nearly ,immersed #di #bf4 ,piano ,cases wholly ,immersed #ea #bg4 ,piano ,cases about to be ,dipped #ec #bh4 ,coach ,body ready to be ,dipped #ee #bi4 ,paint ,dipping ,room at ,woolwich #ee #cj4 ,store ,room1 ,woolwich #fa #ca4 ,dipping ,casements at the ,crittall ,manufacturing ,co4 #fa #cb4 ,hook for ,suspending ,boxes #fd #cc4 ,dipping ,casements at ,braintree #fe #cd4 ,design for ,show ,card done by ,spraying #fi #ce4 ,the ,aerograph ,spraying ,instrument #ha #cf4 ,another form of ,aerograph #hb #cg4 ,aerograph ,electric ,motor ,outfit #hc #ch4 ,painting a ,gasometer #hc #ci4 ,aerograph for ,delicate ,work #he #dj4 ,the ,aeron ,sprayer #hi #da4 7angle barrel7 #hi #db4 with agitator #hi #dc4 with double nozzle head #hi #dd4 ,the ,g ,aeron ,sprayer1 with double nozzle head #hi #de4 ,the ,g ,aeron ,sprayer1 with attachments #ia #df4 ,the ,g ,aeron ,sprayer1 with parts disassembled #ia #dg4 ,the ,g ,aeron ,sprayer #ia #dh4 ,the ,m ,aeron ,sprayer #ie #di4 ,the ,m ,aeron ,sprayer1 with ,types ,l ,m #ie #ej4 ,block and ,tackle #ie #ea4 ,standard ,tackle #ie #eb4 ,air ,transformer ,set #ie #ec4 ,air ,transformer #ie #ed4 ,section showing ,construction of ,airostyle #ih #ee4 ,airostyle ,type ,record with union for continuous supply #ii #ef4 ,airostyle ,type ,ultra #aja #eg4 ,pistol ,m #ajb #eh4 ,the ,crane ,eureka #ajc #ei4 ,record #ajd #fj4 ,the ,invincible ,sprayer #aje #fa4 with adjustable cup #aje #fe4 ,the ,midland ,sprayer #ajh #ff4 ,the ,paasche ,sprayer #aji #fg4 ,larger ,paasche ,sprayer #aaj #fh4 ,general form of ,paasche ,sprayer #aaa #fi4 ,paasche ,oil and ,water ,separator #aaa #gj4 ,paasche ,automatic ,electric ,controller #aaa #ga4 ,airostyle ,air ,compressor #aae #gb4 ,de,vilbiss ,air ,compressors #aae #gc4 #aae #gd4 #aae #ge4 ,aerograph ,air ,pumps and ,tank ,combined #aah #gf4 ,aerograph ,type of ,air ,pumps for ,larger ,installations #aai #gg4 ,airostyle ,plant ,general ,arrangement #aba #gh4 ,paasche ,motor ,dryer ,fan #abd #gi4 ,airostyle ,central ,draught ,steel ,plate ,fan #abe #hj4 ,de,vilbiss ,auto ,cool ,electric ,exhaust ,fan closed and opened for cleaning #abe #ha4 ,sketch of ,spraying ,cabinets #abg #hb4 ,aerograph ,spraying ,cabinets #abh #hc4 ,de,vilbiss ,fumexer or ,spraying ,cabinet #aca #hd4 #aca #he4 #aca #hf4 #aca #hg4 ,aerograph ,turntable #acd #hh4 ,two forms of ,fumexer #ace #hi4 ,the ,fumexer in use #ace #ij4 ,a ,paasche ,turntable #ace #ia4 ,auto ,electric ,air ,heater #aci #ib4 ,masks for ,gas ,meter #adb #ic4 ,the ,hart ,patent ,mask #adc #id4 ,bin for ,spraying ,light ,articles #adh #ie4 ,aerostyle ,plant for sixteen operators #aee #if4 ,airostyle ,plant showing ,ventilator #aee #ig4 ,side ,elevation of ,plant for #ab operators #aeh #ih4 ,end ,elevation of ,plant for #ab operators #aei #ii4 ,plan of ,figs4 #hd and #he #afj #ajj4 ,airostyle ,plant installed for ,the ,davis ,gas ,stove ,co41 ,ltd4 #afa #aja4 ,compressor1 etc41 for ,airostyle ,plant #afe #ajb4 ,airostyle ,plant installed for ,gas ,fire and ,radiator ,work #afe #ajc4 ,view from one end of ,messrs4 ,lucas1 ,ltd41 ,airostyle ,plants #afi #ajd #aje4 ,airostyle ,plant at ,messrs ,j4 ,lucas1 ,ltd4 #agc #ajf4 ,view of ,racks and ,fan #age #ajg4 ,two ,bays of one ,unit #aha #ajh4 ,airostyle ,plant installed for ,the ,gas ,light and ,coke ,co41 ,ltd4 #aha #aji4 ,airostyle ,plant installed for ,the ,gas ,light and ,coke ,co41 ,ltd4 #ahe #aaj4 ,operator at ,work #aic #aaa4 ,airostyle ,plant showing ,ventilator #aii #aab4 ,elevation of ,spraying ,plant #aii #aac4 ,elevation of ,spraying ,plant #bjj #aad4 ,plans of ,figs4 #aab and #aac #bjj #aae4 ,designs for ,lamp ,shades #bjc #aaf4 ,show ,card done by ,spraying #bji #aag4 ,another ,example #bji #aah4 ,shaded ,effects #bac #aai4 ,fruit ,dish decorated by ,spraying #bag #abj4 ,table ,cover #bai #aba4 ,trough ,tank #bbb #abb4 ,floco ,system of ,painting ,motor ,bodies #bbd #abc #abd4 ,show ,card done by ,spraying #bbe #bbi #abe4 ,design for ,show ,card #bcc #abf4 ,the ,perkins' ,stove #bcf #abg4 ,typical ,goodyear ,stove #bcg #abh4 ,dipping ,trough #bch #abi4 ,show or ,menu ,card #bci #acj4 ,example of ,metal ,decoration #bda #aca #acb4 ,whitewash ,sprayer #bdd #acc #acd4 ,limewashing with ,bamboo ,pole #bde #ace4 ,the ,brown ,extension ,sprayer #bdf #acf4 ,the ,merryweather ,limewhite ,sprayer #bdg #acg4 ,a ,tumbling ,barrel #bdh #ach4 ,another ,form #bdh #aci4 ,paint ,sprayer for ,freight ,cars #beb #adj4 ,elevation of above #bec #ada4 ,details of above #bed #adb4 ,the ,metal ,spraying ,pistol #bef #adc4 ,the ,metal ,sprayer #beg #add4 ,sectional ,drawing of ,metal ,sprayer #beh #ade4 ,diagrammatric ,representation of ,melting and ,spraying ,jets in ,action #bei #adf4 ,sprayed ,decorative ,work #bfa #adg4 ,shaded ,work by the ,aerograph #bfc #adh4 ,show ,card1 ,sprayed #bfe #adi4 ,sprayed ,frieze #bfg ,,chapter ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,until recent years1 it appears to have been generally supposed that paint used for either the protection or ornamentation of various surfaces must necessarily be applied by means of painters' brushes made of hog's bristles4 ,but it has been clearly demonstrated during the past few years that the application of the paint may be made by means of either total immersion of the article to be painted in a tank or by spraying the paint on to the surface with the aid of compressed air4 ,the rapid increase in the use of both processes is principally due to the immense saving of time which is effected1 and this may be approximately estimated at from five to nine-tenths4 ,in other words1 one man can do the work of from five to ten men1 or even more4 ,to put it another way1 if a piece of work costs #bjs4 for labour in painting by the old process1 it may be safely assumed that it can be done by dipping or spraying at a cost of from two to four shillings4 ,the question will at once suggest itself3 ,is paint applied by dipping and spraying as durable as that applied by the brush8 ,as the paint in the greater part of work of this character is used solely for protective purposes1 the question is clearly one of considerable importance4 ,the answer to the question is that when properly prepared paint is used1 both methods give an equal1 or even better result from the point of view of durability than that which would be obtained if a painter's brush was employed1 while1 in the case of painting by immersion or by spraying1 the paint finds its way into places which a brush could not reach1 such as open joints of a waggon1 the intricate parts of certain agricultural machinery1 the inside of small metal boxes1 etc4 ,both methods are successfully employed in practically every branch of the engineering1 metal and many other trades4 ,heavy steel sheets may be dipped provided that adequate plant is employed for lowering and raising them into the tank1 or they may be sprayed without much difficulty4 ,children's toys 7to take the other extreme71 costing less than a penny each1 may also be economically painted by dipping4 ,speaking generally1 anything large or small which can be handled or moved by lifting machinery or on a turn table1 can be painted by either one process or the other4 ,for example1 a hundred or so of very small iron castings1 or wrought iron ware1 may be placed in a wire basket and dipped together in a few seconds1 or the body of a motor car1 or parts of a bicycle1 can be painted by spraying in a fraction of the time it would take to do the work by means of brushes4 ,thus far the processes are not much used in house painting1 excepting for the first or priming coat1 before the work is fixed in position1 but certain types of the simpler form of spraying machines are employed with great advantage in applying lime white or whitewash to rough walls of factories1 etc4 ,in this case1 a far better job is produced in one-tenth of the time4 ,the whitewash1 when sprayed on1 enters and covers the open joints and inequalities of surface in a complete manner1 which would be impossible were a brush used4 ,on the next page is a list of some of the principal purposes for which these methods are at present used1 and these are being constantly added to4 ,it is not too much to say that in any industry in which paints are used1 one or other of the methods1 or both in conjunction1 may be employed with very great advantage in a saving of time4 ,an erroneous idea prevails in some quarters that to install a paint dipping or a paint spraying plant will involve a considerable expenditure4 ,as a matter of fact1 if the work is of a simple character1 and the articles to be dealt with small1 an expenditure of something like #be will be sufficient for the purpose4 ,for example1 a small tank1 with a draining board attached1 would cost less than the sum mentioned1 even when the overhanging plant was included4 ,as such work is usually done in engineering shops1 the lifting apparatus and the rails1 can easily be made on the premises4 ,in some cases the lifting plant even might be dispensed with1 and the articles1 such as paint cans1 could be dipped by hand4 ,a spraying plant need not be expensive1 and #be to #dj will cover the expense of spraying apparatus1 compressor for air spray1 exhaust and everything else4 ,this1 however1 refers to a small plant4 ,more extensive installations would1 of course1 cost very much more1 but whatever they may cost1 it may be accepted as a fact that1 within reasonable limits1 the outlay will be fully returned in two or three years' working at most4 ,in the following pages an attempt has been made to cover the whole subject of painting by mechanical means4 ,many plants are described and illustrated1 and some lengthy explanation is given of the requirements of different trades or goods4 ,in many cases these have really nothing to do with the painting proper1 but success depends upon the system adopted for handling and conveying4 ,take1 for example1 celluloid buttons1 which are usually sprayed4 ,they are placed in wire trays made specially for the purpose1 the bottom side uppermost4 ,these are first sprayed all over with a spirit paint1 and when sufficiently dry to handle1 say1 in a quarter of an hour1 they are all turned over and the top sides are sprayed4 ,the wire trays and a handy cabinet to contain them are the important details in this case4 ,,list ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,products ,,to ,,which ,,paint ,,spraying ,,and ,,paint ,,dipping ,,are ,,applied4 ,acetylene ,machines4 ,adding ,machines4 ,addressing ,machines4 ,advertising ,novelties4 ,advertising ,signs4 ,aeroplane ,work4 ,agate ,hollow ,ware4 ,agricultural ,implements4 ,air ,compressors4 ,aluminium ,goods4 ,antiques1 ,bric-a-brac4 ,architectural ,brass ,works4 ,architectural ,iron ,works4 ,art ,glasses and ,mirrors4 ,artificial ,flowers4 ,artificial ,jewellery4 ,artificial ,marble4 ,artificial ,limbs4 ,artistic ,statuaries4 ,automatic ,vending ,machines4 ,automobile ,lamps4 ,automobile ,licences and ,number ,plates4 ,automobile ,parts4 ,automobile ,parts and ,motor ,bodies4 ,automobile ,supplies ,automobile ,tyres4 ,automobile ,tops and ,canopies4 ,axes4 ,baby ,carriages4 ,badges4 ,banners and ,flags4 ,bar ,fixtures4 ,barber ,equipment4 ,barrels4 ,barrows4 ,basket and ,rattan ,ware4 ,bath ,room ,sundries4 ,baths4 ,bed ,springs4 ,bedsteads 7,iron74 ,bedsteads 7,sheet ,metal74 ,beer ,pumps4 ,bells4 ,bicycles4 ,billiard ,tables4 ,bird ,cages4 ,blocks and ,falls4 ,blowers4 ,boats4 ,bobbins and ,spools4 ,boiler ,work4 ,book ,cases4 ,boxes1 ,cigar4 ,bowling ,alleys4 ,boxes1 ,mail4 ,brass ,bedsteads4 ,brass ,goods4 ,broom ,heads and ,handles4 ,brushes4 ,buckles and ,snaps4 ,builders' ,hardware4 ,burial ,caskets4 ,buttons 7metal74 ,cabinet ,hardware4 ,cabinets4 ,cameras4 ,candies and ,confectionery4 ,canners1 ,vegetables and ,fruit4 ,canoes4 ,cans4 ,cars4 ,carpets4 ,carpet ,sweepers4 ,carriages4 ,carriage ,hardware4 ,casements 7metal74 ,cartridges4 ,cash ,registers4 ,cash ,carriers4 ,celluloid ,sheets4 ,chairs 7metal74 ,children's ,carriages4 ,china and ,crockery4 ,church and ,lodge ,goods4 ,church and ,school ,furniture4 ,churns4 ,clocks4 ,colour ,specimens4 ,constructional ,ironwork4 ,corset ,steels4 ,coffins and ,caskets4 ,couches4 ,cream ,separators4 ,curtain ,poles4 ,cutlery4 ,cycles4 ,cycle parts4 ,desks 7metal74 ,display ,fixtures4 ,dolls4 ,doors4 ,drills4 ,dynamos4 ,edge ,tools4 ,electric ,fixtures4 ,electrical ,apparatus4 ,electrical ,supplies4 ,electro ,platers4 ,enamelled ,metal ,goods4 ,enamelled ,ware4 ,engines4 ,etching 7metal74 ,factory ,fittings4 ,fancy ,baskets4 ,fans4 ,fenders4 ,filing ,cabinets4 ,firearms4 ,fire ,extinguishers4 ,fishing ,rods4 ,fixtures1 ,display4 ,foundries4 ,fountains1 ,soda4 ,furniture 7metal74 ,garden ,implements4 ,gas ,apparatus4 ,gas ,cookers4 ,gas ,engines4 ,gas ,fires4 ,gas ,fixtures4 ,gas ,meters4 ,gas and ,gasolene ,stoves ,golf ,clubs4 ,grates and ,mantels4 ,gramophones4 ,grille ,work4 ,hats1 ,straw4 ,hair ,pins4 ,hames4 ,handles4 ,harness ,trim4 ,harrows4 ,hardware4 ,hollow ,ware4 ,hooks and ,eyes4 ,horns4 ,incandescent ,lamps4 ,japanned ,goods4 ,jewellery4 ,kegs and ,pails4 ,kitchen ,cabinets4 ,kitchen ,utensils4 ,knitting ,machines4 ,lacing ,studs4 ,lamps and ,lanterns4 ,lasts4 ,lawn ,mowers4 ,lead ,pencils4 ,leather ,work4 ,letter ,files4 ,locks4 ,lockers 7metal74 ,looms4 ,locomotives4 ,machinery4 ,malleable ,castings4 ,mathematical ,instruments4 ,meat ,safes4 ,metal ,spinners4 ,model ,makers4 ,motors4 ,motor ,cycles4 ,musical ,instruments4 ,novelties4 ,office ,furniture4 ,optical ,instruments4 ,ornamental ,ironwork4 ,pattern ,makers4 ,pen ,holders4 ,phonographs4 ,physical ,supplies4 ,piano ,plates4 ,pianos and ,organs4 ,picture ,frames4 ,pins4 ,plated ,ware4 ,ploughs4 ,plumbers' ,supplies4 ,porcelain ,goods4 ,projectiles4 ,pulleys 7metal74 ,pumps4 ,radiators 7auto74 ,railway ,carriages4 ,rakes4 ,refrigerators4 ,regalia4 ,rubber ,goods4 ,rules and ,levels4 ,saddlery ,hardware4 ,safes4 ,safe ,deposit ,vaults4 ,sashes 7metal74 ,scales4 ,screens 7metal74 ,sewing ,machines4 ,shoe ,buttons4 ,show ,cases4 ,side ,cars4 ,signs1 ,enamelled4 ,silverware4 ,sleds and ,sleighs4 ,soda ,fountains4 ,sporting ,goods4 ,steel ,stampings4 ,stoves 7gas74 ,slate1 ,enamelled4 ,statuary4 ,steam ,gauges4 ,steel ,castings4 ,street ,railway ,companies4 ,surgical ,supplies4 ,switchboards4 ,tables4 ,tanks4 ,telephones4 ,telephone ,supplies4 ,textile ,machinery4 ,tinwares4 ,thermometers4 ,tools4 ,toys4 ,trunk ,hardware4 ,typewriters4 ,vacuum ,cleaners4 ,vending ,machines4 ,veneers4 ,ventilators4 ,wagons4 ,wall ,papers4 ,washing ,machines4 ,watering ,cans4 ,weighing ,machines4 ,wheels4 ,willow ,ware4 ,wire ,cloth4 ,wire ,mattresses4 ,wire ,work4 ,wringers4 ,in addition to the above1 paint is applied by spraying for many artistic purposes1 such as for show cards1 photographic work1 lithography1 church decoration1 etc4 ,these are referred to in another chapter4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,painting ,,by ,,immersion4 ,the process of painting various articles by dipping them bodily into specially prepared paint contained in a tank or other receptacle is a very old idea4 ,it has1 however1 developed considerably in late years1 and is now largely employed in many industries1 particularly in the finishing of agricultural implements of various kinds1 iron work and a hundred and one other articles4 ,it is sometimes used in conjunction with paint spraying2 that is to say1 the first coat or coats may be put on by immersing the article to be painted in the paint1 or varnish1 and the final coat of enamel or varnish may be put on by means of a spray4 ,in some cases1 the final coat is applied by means of brushes in the ordinary manner4 ,perhaps the simplest form of paint dipping is that applied to various articles1 such as bolts1 rings and small parts1 which are placed in a wire basket and plunged into the paint4 ,the basket is then hung up for a quarter of an hour or so to drain1 and afterwards in another place1 until such time as the paint becomes hard4 ,another familiar example of painting by dipping is that of ordinary tapered cans1 such as those which are used to contain varnish1 etc4 ,in this case1 a piece of wood is introduced into the neck1 the can is immersed in the paint up to almost the top of the neck1 and is then placed upside down to drain and to dry4 ,a paint which dries with a gloss is usually employed for this purpose1 and it may be remarked that a good deal of this work is now done by spraying2 in fact1 a great deal of difference of opinion exists as to the respective merits of the two processes for this particular purpose4 ,illustration3 ,fig #a4--;,,cross ,,section ,,through ,,paint ,,tank4 ,going a step farther1 we come to the consideration of articles such as iron sashes and casements1 parts of staircases1 etc41 which may be dipped into a tank containing1 say1 five to ten gallons or so4 ,such tanks are usually made to slant at the bottom in order to facilitate cleaning when necessary4 ,adjacent to them is provided a platform1 usually lined with sheet iron upon which the paint can drip after the articles are removed from the tank1 and a system of overhead rails for moving the articles from one part of the works to another4 ,no agitating apparatus for the paint is required1 but after the tank has been used for some time1 say1 for example1 at the week-end1 it is necessary to stir it up by means of a pole before the work commences4 ,as a matter of fact1 the articles being plunged in the tank1 and their withdrawal1 in itself stirs the paint sufficiently for the purpose4 ,in dealing with the larger-sized articles which are to be painted1 such as reaping machines1 the construction of the tank which may hold several tons of paint is naturally of a more elaborate character4 ,such a plant will consist1 first1 of the tank itself2 next1 the system of overhead railing2 third1 the apparatus upon which the articles to be painted are hung2 and fourth1 the hoists for lowering and raising such articles into and from the tank4 ,it will be convenient to consider these parts which go to form a complete installation under their several heads1 taking a more elaborate plant by way of example1 it being understood that the plant may be simpler in form when the size of the articles to be painted is small1 or under other circumstances1 such as will be presently suggested4 ,,the ,,tank4 ,illustration3 ,,stirrers ,,and ,,blinds ,,for ,,paint ,,dipping ,,tank4 ,fig #b4--,,plan4 ,fig4 #c4--,,longitudinal ,,vertical ,,section4 ,there are two forms of special tanks in general use1 one having at the bottom paddles for agitating purposes1 and the other worms provided with the same object4 ,fig4 #a4 shows a cross section of a tank made on the ,mc,lennan patented system4 ,in this two series of paddles revolving in opposite directions are provided1 and above them is an appliance which may be likened to a horizontal venetian blind1 consisting of iron laths1 which are nearly horizontal when closed1 forming a platform upon which the paint can settle1 and vertical when open4 ,this blind is left open when the tank is in use1 and is closed when it is at rest4 ,the illustration gives the dimensions of the parts1 although these1 of course1 will be varied according to circumstances4 ,above the blind is sometimes a grating1 which1 together with the blind1 form a protection to the agitating gear from articles dropped into the tank by mistake1 the two together preventing the heavy1 pigment in the paint from clogging the paddles when the agitating gear has been stopped for some time4 ,figs4 #b and #c show respectively longitudinal plan and section1 from which the construction will be clear4 ,messrs4 ,wilkinson1 ,heywood ,clark1 ,ltd41 of ,poplar1 who own the ,mc,lennan patents1 in a little book1 entitled ,painting by ,immersion1 state that there were certain disadvantages in the design of this tank1 inasmuch as should it become necessary to remove or repair the paddles1 it would be necessary to empty the tank and bodily remove the parts4 ,they have1 therefore1 a new design1 which is shown in ,fig4 #d1 in which this remedy is overcome4 ,the agitating gear1 in this case1 is on a sub-frame1 separate and independent from the tank itself4 ,the drive is in the tank1 and is taken by means of a claw clutch through a right angled bevel to the agitating shaft4 ,this design has proved very satisfactory for small tanks4 ,for very large tanks a gear is recommended in which the agitating gear is enlarged and the shafting is supported or stiffened to prevent whipping4 ,this entails a design of some special bearing1 which should be paint proof and oil proof1 for the reason that the bearing is immersed in the paint itself4 ,in ,fig4 #e is shown drawings of this bearing1 on which the firm named hold patents4 ,the perfected plants now consist of a tank with an independent and removable chassis frame1 on which are mounted the ,venetian blind arrangements1 already mentioned1 together with the agitating gear1 which consists of either one1 two1 or more parallel shafts1 mounted on parallel gear1 as shown in ,fig4 #f4 ,these shafts are held on the sub-frame with the patent bearings already referred to1 and the drive is transmitted through the bevel gear encased in a special gear box1 which is equally oil and paint proof and self-lubricating4 ,it will readily be seen that with this plant it is an easy matter to withdraw the driving gear and lift the sub-frame bodily out1 without in any way disturbing the paint in the tank4 ,the tank1 therefore1 can be buried nearly flush in the ground1 embedded in concrete1 and need never be disturbed4 ,in case of emergency1 and when painting is continuous throughout the year1 it is recommended that the consumer should keep a complete spare chassis for use when occasion requires4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,,design ,,for ,,tank ,,for ,,painting ,,steel ,,sheets4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,,details ,,of ,,paint-,,proof ,,bearings ,,and ,,gear ,,box4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,,details ,,of ,,sub-,,frame1 ,,shafting ,,and ,,driving ,,gear ,,for ,,tank ,,designed ,,for ,,implement ,,manufacturers4 ,whatever the construction of the tank itself may be1 and whether or not it is provided with agitating apparatus1 it is generally found most convenient to build it with the top nearly level with the floor4 ,it is advisable to provide iron doors or covers to close the tank in when out of use so as to prevent excessive evaporation and also for use in case of fire4 ,these doors or covers should therefore be actuated by levers or other suitable appliance which may be put in motion at a point some distance from the tank itself1 for while the paint is not very liable to catch light1 an accident may cause it to do so1 particularly when electricity is used in the works1 and the closing of properly constructed doors will quickly subdue fire as far as the tank itself is concerned by shutting off access of the air4 ,the usual plan followed is to provide wide strips of thick felt attached to the doors in proper position so that when the doors are closed the contact will be thorough and the tank itself be practically sealed4 ,when agitators form part of the apparatus it is not necessary to buy the paint ready mixed for use1 as it may be introduced into the tank in thin paste form2 the necessary thinners such as white spirit can be added and the agitating apparatus slowly revolving will quickly mix the parts together and render the paint suitable for use4 ,it will be understood that the form of tank above described may be very considerably modified according to circumstances4 ,in very simple paint dipping1 such as is required for small articles1 casements1 etc41 the agitating apparatus may be wholly dispensed with1 while in other cases1 the shutter-like arrangement above mentioned may be omitted and the agitator may consist of a worm with a screen above to protect the parts from pieces which may accidentally fall in4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,,general ,,lay-,,out ,,of ,a ,,three-,,tank ,,plant ,,designed ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,an ,,agricultural ,,implement ,,maker1 ,,using ,,three ,,colours ,,in ,,this ,,instance1 ,,red1 ,,green ,,and ,,blue4 ,,the ,,rails ,,and ,,hanging ,,apparatus4 ,illustration3 ,,cross ,,section4 ,,side ,,elevation4 ,fig4 #h4--;,,joist ,,and ,,wheels ,,supporting ,,hanger4 ,these two details may be conveniently considered together1 and it should be stated at once here again a great deal of difference of opinion exists as to what system is the best4 ,it should1 however1 be clearly understood that upon the system of railing a great deal of the success depends4 ,the object1 of course1 to be attained is that of handling a large number of parts with as little labour as possible4 ,with this object1 a complete system of overhead rails1 commencing with the finishing shops1 leading to the paint tank1 and thence to storage or delivery departments1 should be carefully thought out1 always remembering that the growth of a business may necessitate the erection of additional buildings from time to time and provision made accordingly4 ,one of the simplest and best forms of rails is an ,h section joist with two wheels on either side as shown in ,fig4 #h4 ,in other cases an ,l rolled joist is used1 the railing part being on the vertical flange while the horizontal flange is connected with rods fixed to the upper part of the building4 ,one method which is used quite successfully is to employ hooks as shown in ,fig4 #i4 ,these run over rails which are lubricated with vaseline1 and in this case the rails are usually slightly inclined4 ,in very large works1 however1 where a considerable length of rail is employed this inclination might be inconvenient1 as the rails would go too near the ground4 ,in all cases horizontal rails are found in practice to be the most convenient1 but an installation requires careful consideration from all points of view and no general rules can be laid down4 ,,hanging ,,after ,,dipping ,,or ,,spraying4 ,a practical point of more importance than might be supposed1 at first sight1 is to avoid hanging articles very close together after they have been painted or enamelled1 either by dipping or spraying4 ,the reason is that if they are hung quite close together the turpentine or volatile thinner used in the paint may affect part of the adjacent surface1 and cause a diminished gloss4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,,hook ,,for ,,hanging4 ,this point was brought to light in the case of one manufacturer who was painting varnish cans by dipping4 ,they were hung up to dry quite close together--in fact1 almost touching4 ,when dry1 it was noticed that1 instead of being nice and glossy all over1 one side was somewhat dull4 ,the explanation appeared to be that the turpentine fumes affected the paint in drying1 and this was proved to be true1 as when the cans were placed farther apart the trouble ceased4 ,,hoists4 ,the hoists used will depend upon the size and weight of the objects that are to be dipped4 ,in some cases they may be dispensed with altogether and the dipping can be done by hand4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,a ,,typical ,,hoist ,,for ,,use ,,in ,,painting ,,by ,,immersion4 ,in cases where the space is confined1 it is sometimes desirable to use hoists in the form of wall crabs1 and a few of these made by the ,london ,hoist ,machinery ,co41 ,ltd41 #ajc1 ,worship ,street1 ,e4,c41 are illustrated in ,figs4 #aj to #ad4 ,the hoist shown in ,fig4 #aj will lift #aj cwt4 with slow speed on the left-hand side1 and #c cwt4 on the right-hand side with a quick speed of #ac feet per minute4 ,this form can be made lower by brake if desired4 ,the little crab shown in ,fig4 #aa deals with weights of #a cwt4 at a speed of #fj feet per minute1 while that shown in ,fig4 #ab is also a quick gear1 lifting #c cwt4 at #ac feet per minute4 ,the other illustrations are self-explanatory4 ,fig4 #ae shows a typical hoist which may be regarded as an ideal installation for the work1 and the idea can be adapted to either large or small works as required4 ,the installation consists of an overhead track with a movable portion over the dipping tank4 ,the goods to be dipped are hung on the trolleys and run one by one on to the movable portion of the track over the tank4 ,there is a stop on this portion to prevent the trolley running right over the tank1 and the movable portion with the article to be dipped is lowered into the tank1 and afterwards raised by means of a hoist4 ,the hoist in this case was driven by pneumatic power4 ,it could1 however1 in very small installations be a hand hoist worked by the rotary movement of a handle1 or in other large installations a quick moving electric hoist4 ,after the article is dipped and the movable portion raised by the hoist to its correct position in the track of the runway1 the trolley is run off the movable portion on to the track beyond the tank1 and left there to dry4 ,these overhead runways can be made to suit loads from #b cwts4 up to #aj tons1 so that the system covers all classes of work1 since it is seldom that it would be necessary to dip articles weighing more than #aj tons4 ,fig4 #af shows a ,morris standard electric trolley hoist suitable for lifting up to1 say1 #e or #f tons4 ,both of the foregoing hoists are made by ,messrs4 ,herbert ,morris1 ,ltd41 of ,loughborough1 to whom the author is indebted for these illustrations4 ,in ,fig4 #ag is shown another type of trolley hoist suitable for lifting heavy weights4 ,,the ,,number ,,of ,,coats ,,of ,,paint ,,to ,,be ,,given4 ,an important consideration both in paint immersion and paint spraying is the number of coats of paint which should be given in order to produce the required appearance and ensure durability4 ,this must necessarily depend upon the use to which the article to be painted is to be put1 and it will also depend upon the appearance4 ,in paint spraying it is clear that any thickness of paint required could be obtained by continuing the operation of spraying1 but it has been found in practice that it is not desirable to continue the application of the paint beyond the point when every part of the surface is completely covered4 ,it is a well-known fact that three thin coats of paint applied separately will prove more durable than two thick coats1 even if the quantity of paint used in the two cases is identical4 ,the same is true to a great extent when the paint is sprayed on4 ,when it is applied by dipping another important element enters into consideration1 and that is1 thin coats are a practical necessity1 because if an attempt was made to make the coat thick it would inevitably result in unsightly runs1 fat edges1 etc41 which would wholly spoil the work4 ,where the object is only that of a temporary protection1 as in the case of iron castings1 a single coat will usually suffice1 because the castings when fixed in position will be painted with the building in the ordinary way4 ,sometimes a priming or first coat of paint is given by dipping1 and the following coats are applied by brushes or by spraying4 ,there appears to be some idea that when paint is applied by brushes it is forced into the pores of the wood and therefore holds better2 as a matter of fact1 in a well-designed paint the thinners will penetrate the wood and no particular force is necessary2 but if it should be1 it will be certainly supplied by the spraying process4 ,,advantages ,,of ,,the ,,dipping ,,process4 ,the advantages of applying paint1 japan1 enamel1 or varnish by the process of immersion are obvious4 ,the saving of time is the chief advantage1 and this will be in most cases very considerable4 ,for instance1 a complete wagon can be painted by dipping in a very few minutes1 while large and intricate agricultural machines may be painted in the same way in a fifth part of the time it would take to spray them1 and probably a twentieth part of the time it would take to do the work by hand4 ,there is another advantage which should be mentioned when paint dipping is compared with spraying4 ,in the latter1 an outfit consisting of sprayer1 air compressor1 exhaust1 cabinet1 etc41 are all necessary4 ,in dipping1 however1 the apparatus may in many cases be of the simplest character4 ,for example1 in painting bedsteads all that is necessary is a narrow but deep tank containing the paint1 into which the bedstead may be plunged by hand and then hung up to drip over a metal-lined floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,a ,,morris ,,standard ,,electric ,,trolley ,,hoist4 ,in ,birmingham1 hundreds of iron bedsteads are dipped in this way every day4 ,the head or foot of the bedstead is taken in the two hands of the operator1 dipped into a tank of black japan1 and immediately hung up on a travelling chair1 which slowly carries it across the room to the oven1 the superfluous paint dripping off during the process4 ,in another chapter will be found the advantages which the process of spraying has over dipping4 ,a decision as to which is the best system to adopt for any particular purpose can only be determined after due consideration has been given to all the circumstances bearing upon the work to be done4 ,it may be pointed out in this connection that the process of painting called flowing on1 which is fully described on another page1 is in effect only a modification of dipping4 ,as a motor body1 for instance1 cannot be plunged into a paint tank because the inside is not to be painted1 the paint is literally poured over the surface1 and the effect is exactly the same4 ,,protecting ,,parts ,,not ,,to ,,be ,,painted4 ,it frequently happens in paint dipping that certain parts of a machine or other article that is desired to be coated with paint is to be left unpainted1 and the problem is how to effect this most economically4 ,the method usually employed is to cover the parts1 such as name plates1 bright portions of a machine1 etc4 with vaseline4 ,when the article is dipped the paint covers this as well as the other parts1 and after the paint is dry the vaseline and the paint on it can be easily wiped off and the surface beneath it will be found to be quite clean4 ,,preparing ,,woodwork ,,before ,,painting4 ,previous to the priming coat of paint being applied to any article made of pine or other wood containing knots it is necessary to protect such knots by applying one or two coats of a liquid known in the trade as knotting4 ,if this were not done the rosin which exudes more or less from the knots would penetrate the paint1 discolour it and give a very unsightly appearance4 ,the best knotting consists of shellac dissolved in alcohol1 usually in the form of methylated spirits2 in other words1 it is shellac spirit varnish4 ,many inferior grades1 however1 are sold in which the shellac is adulterated with rosin or other substances1 while the alcohol is sometimes replaced wholly or in part with naphtha4 ,these inferior qualities of knotting should never be used1 as they are very likely indeed to cause trouble and spoil the whole job4 ,although the parts of machines such as agricultural implements are usually made of selected and well-seasoned timber1 it sometimes happens that portions of the work are found to be more or less sappy4 ,this should also be coated with knotting1 as otherwise they will absorb the paint to too great an extent and the priming coat will not be uniform4 ,in passing1 it may be observed that a coat of shellac varnish--a term1 as already explained1 which is synonymous with knotting--is very useful as an undercoat whenever there is an excess of rosin as in pitch pine4 ,it is also used to stop suction on plaster ornaments which are finished in imitation bronze1 and which may successfully be used over tar or tar spots which it is desired to paint4 ,it is very important that knotting be applied in quite thin coats1 and it is for this reason that usually two coats are given4 ,if it is too thick it fails to dry properly4 ,thick knotting may be used if it be well brushed out1 but this is almost impossible in applying it to the knots of ordinary woodwork which are merely dabbed with the end of the brush2 moreover1 such work is usually done by piece work1 hence two coats are much safer to use4 ,,filler ,,for ,,iron4 ,it is sometimes necessary before dipping or spraying cast iron work to fill up sand flaws and inequalities4 ,this may be effectually done by using a filler prepared as follows3 ,mix together equal parts of genuine red lead and gilders' whiting and add two parts of boiled linseed oil and one part of goldsize4 ,it will be found most effective to mix the two liquids last mentioned before adding them to the dry lead and whiting4 ,thoroughly mix all together1 or1 preferably1 grind through a mill until the putty-like consistency is obtained4 ,this stopping will dry very hard4 ,it is important to remember that this filler must be mixed in small quantities as required as it rapidly becomes hard1 so that if a considerable quantity were made at one time any unused would become spoiled4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4--;,,electric ,,hoist ,,suitable ,,for ,,heavy ,,goods4 ,another recipe of an entirely different character for a cement or putty for the same purpose is made by mixing one parts of flowers of sulphur1 two parts of sal-ammoniac and #hj parts of iron filings and making them into a paste with water4 ,by increasing the proportion of sal-ammoniac the setting is also increased4 ,,stopping ,,holes ,,in ,,woodwork4 ,however carefully a piece of woodwork may be prepared1 there are usually more or less depressions or holes such as those which occur over countersunk nails1 and in other places which require to be filled up4 ,the usual stopping for this purpose employed by house painters is a mixture of equal parts of dry whiting and dry white lead1 made in the form of putty1 with raw linseed oil to which1 say1 #aj per cent4 of boiled oil has been added4 ,a cheaper and quite as effective a stopping1 however1 can be made by using a material known as ,alabastine1 which possesses the advantage of being easily cut down4 ,this material may be also used when mixed to a thinner consistency for priming1 but it is not suitable for being applied by dipping1 although it may be sprayed4 ,the very best stopping is one such as is used by carriage painters1 and is strongly recommended for high-class work4 ,it is supplied both in powder and paste form by all first-class varnish manufacturers1 and although the cost is a little higher than that of stopping putty made of whiting and linseed oil1 as described1 it is well worth the difference4 ,an excellent filling composition for coach and motor body builders1 railway and tramway carriage manufacturers1 etc41 is that made by the well-known varnish house of ,messrs4 ,wm4 ,harland ,son1 ,merton1 ,s4,w4 ,it is especially suitable1 obtaining a perfectly level and unyielding groundwork where a fine finish is to be given1 either in paint1 varnish or enamel4 ,it is made in two colours1 grey for dark work and cream for light colours or white1 and costs sixpence a pound1 or less when bought in quantities4 ,it effects a great saving of time and labour1 being already finely ground into a stiff paste1 which only needs the addition of specially prepared thinners to bring it to a proper consistency for use with the brush4 ,it is most successful and expeditious as well as the most economical process for giving a smooth surface to rough castings--a condition which is1 of course1 indispensable when these have to be painted and varnished4 ,for ordinary surfaces of woodwork of a slightly rough or uneven character1 two or three coats of the filling composition will suffice to produce1 when carefully rubbed down1 a perfectly smooth surface of a hard metallic nature1 combined with great tenacity and durability4 ,philorite is another speciality which may be mentioned in this connection4 ,it is manufactured by ,messrs4 ,wilkinson1 ,heywood and ,clark1 ,ltd41 and is a filler made in white and seven colours4 ,this is a great advantage when the finish is to be coloured1 as it may save a coat of paint4 ,it can be rubbed smooth without difficulty1 and will serve as a perfect ground for enamels and japans1 as well as for paint4 ,for use it is thinned out with ,american turpentine to the required consistency1 say1 that of a ready mixed paint4 ,it is brushed on with a stiff bristle brush1 and two coats may be safely applied on one day4 ,the last coat can be rubbed down smooth with pumice and water or sandpaper4 ,it may also be used as a knifing paste for defective surfaces4 ,,rubbing ,,down4 ,in many cases the coats of paint1 japan or enamel have to be rubbed down between coats in order to produce a perfectly level surface4 ,this is usually done by means of finely powdered pumice stone and water1 and it is important to remember that the operation must be done with care so that the rubbing is quite uniform4 ,if a slight gloss is given to the paint the portions which are rubbed down can readily be discerned1 as they will have a gloss1 and in this way uniformity can be ensured4 ,it is of the utmost importance that all of the powder be washed away before the next coat is applied2 if any is left it will mar the job4 ,it may be noted that the work of rubbing down may be done more expeditiously by means of the finest grade of steel wool4 ,on the ,continent this is now used exclusively1 and it is rapidly gaining favour in ,great ,britain4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,,sprayed ,,show ,,card4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,,dipping ,,and ,,stoving ,,bedsteads4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,requirements ,,of ,,different ,,trades4 ,the following are a few of the special requirements of different trades as to paint dipping4 ,the details might be lengthened almost indefinitely4 ,,bedsteads4 ,the methods adopted for the class of work will1 of course1 depend upon the quality of the finish required4 ,cheap bedsteads may be done by dipping in one coat of black japan and stoving at #cej ,f4 ,in better class work several coats may be applied either by dipping or spraying1 and each may be rubbed down after stoving4 ,if a good enamel is used this is unnecessary4 ,when the work is white several coats--say1 at least three--are necessary1 for white japans cannot be made which will cover sufficiently in one coat4 ,white lead should not be used in this class of work for the reason that a good deal of handling of parts is necessary1 while the rubbing down is sometimes done with glass paper and cause dust1 both of which may give rise to lead poisoning4 ,all of the best white japans or enamels are made on a base of zinc oxide or lithopone 7zinc sulphide71 or a mixture of them4 ,,collapsible ,,gates4 ,this work is usually done by dipping in paint which dries flat1 i4e41 without gloss4 ,the colour is1 as a rule1 black4 ,in fitting and adjusting the work in order that the parts will collapse readily it is necessary to apply a lubricating oil where the rods meet4 ,this lubricating oil is difficult to remove after the adjustment has been completed1 and therefore the last coat of paint is usually put on by hand4 ,it is suggested1 however1 that raw linseed oil might be used instead of lubricating oil1 and that this could be wiped off as soon as possible after the adjustment4 ,in such a case the paint could be applied by dipping1 as if even a little of the raw linseed oil were not removed it would not interfere with the drying of the paint to any material extent4 ,,dipping ,,sewing ,,machine ,,parts4 ,the process employed by a very large firm of ,american manufacturers is as follows3-- ,when the castings come from the machine shop they are boiled for #bj minutes in ammonia water to kill the grease 7#a of strong ammonia to #bj of water71 and are then rinsed in hot water4 ,any holes or inequalities in the castings are then stopped with a filler made from dry white lead1 mixed into a stiff paste with some varnish1 brown japan dryers and dry lampblack made quite stiff4 ,when the stopping is hard the castings are dipped into a black metallic coating thinned with #fb benzine to a specific gravity #hej4 ,they are then dipped with two coats of finishing japan 7sp4 gr4 #hcj7 flatted with powdered pumice after each coat and leathered off4 ,the parts which are not plated or flatted are given #e hours stoving at #cbe ,f41 and are then rubbed with pumice and carpet pad until flat4 ,cut out gold transfers are then fixed with transfer varnish and the work is stoved at #ahe ,f4 ,the parts are then sponged and dusted1 and are given a good coat of polishing varnish 7sp4 gr4 #iej7 ,finally the work is rubbed down fine with glass paper and pumice powder and then polished with machine oil and rottenstone powder for the iron1 or rottenstone and benzine for the tables4 ,the latter1 as well as the covers for these1 are not usually dipped but brush finished4 ,,iron ,,rods4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,,immersing ,,mangle ,,frames4 ,in most cases1 iron and steel rods are best painted by immersion1 as the small surface presented would cause too much waste if spraying were attempted4 ,as in most cases of dipping1 success depends largely upon the means adopted for handling and dipping a number of rods at one time4 ,frequently1 stoving is required to harden the japan1 because a rod is often subjected to considerable wear4 ,perhaps the best plan to adopt1 where the number of rods to be treated warrants the outlay1 is to provide mechanism by which the rods are dipped and are at once automatically carried into a stove1 and by means of slowly travelling chains1 carried out at the other end4 ,an excellent contrivance for the purpose is in use at the ,ford ,motor ,works1 at ,manchester4 ,this consists of a vertical oven1 heated by gas1 and having slowly-moving endless chains running from bottom to top and down again to a point where the rods are discharged on to inclined runners4 ,these rods are passed through a bath of japan1 are then taken up by the chain1 and1 during their progress1 are baked4 ,a gear is provided by which the time between the entry of a rod to its discharge may be varied from twenty to ninety minutes1 or any period between1 according to the purpose for which the rod is to be used and the degree of hardness of the japan required4 ,,iron ,,window ,,frames ,,or ,,casements4 ,a long narrow tank1 say1 from #a foot #f inches to #b feet wide and #ae feet long1 is suitable for this class of work1 which is usually done in one coat only1 and this is quite sufficient to protect the iron until the casement is fixed in position1 when it will1 of course1 receive additional coats by means of a brush in the ordinary way4 ,it is important that the iron be dipped just as soon as it leaves the finishing shop1 and it is necessary that the surface be thoroughly cleaned before the paint is applied1 and particularly after all scale is removed4 ,sometimes the application of the sand blast is necessary for this work1 but1 as a rule1 a vigorous application of suitable wire brushes will suffice4 ,another very important provision is a system of overhanging rails on which the sashes or other articles can be run direct from the finishing shop to the paint tank1 and thence to any part of the building1 from which they may be taken as required for shipment4 ,the paint used for casements is usually grey1 being as a rule made of zinc oxide and lampblack4 ,these pigments1 when mixed with a suitable vehicle1 are very durable1 while1 the colour being neutral1 it is suitable as an undercoat for green1 as well as nearly any other colour which it may be desired to use as a finish4 ,the weight of the paint should be #ac lbs4 to the gallon1 and it should dry with a semi-gloss4 ,the elevating apparatus need only be of a simple character1 and several casements can be suspended and dipped at one time4 ,for this purpose a hanger is used1 having perforations through which one end of the hooks pass4 ,one form is shown in ,fig4 #ba4 ,by the side of the tank should be a large metal lined floor1 say1 #bj feet by #ae feet1 or even larger1 inclined toward the tank4 ,the frames having been plunged into the paint1 are at once withdrawn and hung in rows to dry over this floor4 ,the superfluous paint drips on to it and runs back through a screen or sieve into the tank4 ,the latter should be provided with a cover1 to be closed in when the work is not being proceeded with4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,,iron ,,hanger ,,for ,,suspending ,,several ,,articles ,,to ,,be ,,dipped ,,together4 ,in this class of work it is unnecessary to employ a stirring apparatus provided that the paint is of the right consistency1 and an occasional stirring up with a pole after the work has been suspended1 say1 for example1 from ,saturday to ,monday1 will usually be all that is required4 ,as a matter of fact1 the lowering and raising of the casements into the paint effectually stirs it up4 ,,metal ,,furniture4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,,the ,,automatic ,,finishing ,,of ,,pianos4 ,,carrier ,,filled ,,with ,,six ,,complete ,,pianos4 ,under this head it is intended to include such articles as deed boxes1 lockers1 files and other metal goods which are required to be painted both inside and out4 ,an enamel stoving or baking paint is usually employed for the purpose1 while the tank must be of sufficient size to accommodate the various articles that are to go into it4 ,taking a deed box by way of example1 a large iron hook1 such as is shown in ,fig4 #cb is placed inside the box so that it is suspended at an angle2 the box or boxes are then lowered into the tank and immediately withdrawn after all the superfluous paint runs away1 care being taken that the box hangs at a proper angle to permit of this being done4 ,great care must be taken in this room to exclude all dust1 which would considerably mar the work4 ,for this purpose wire netting of the finest mesh should be placed over the windows so as to screen off any dust which might otherwise enter4 ,a system of overhead rails are made1 consisting of an ,l-iron on the top side of which run two rollers to which are attached hanging gears1 and is sufficient for the purpose4 ,at least ten minutes should be allowed for these articles to drip over the inclined floor adjacent to the tank1 and for safety's sake it is as well to employ a workman with a brush in his hand to go over each piece and remove any tears or runs which may possibly occur4 ,metal work of the description named is then placed in a stove and baked for three hours at a temperature of #djj ,f4 ,the paint is frequently green1 which is found to be a good serviceable colour and which is attractive in appearance4 ,after the baking the paint is quite hard1 and will withstand more or less rough usage4 ,if any ornamental work is required1 this is done afterwards1 as explained under the head of ,stencilling4 ,the paint employed weighs #ac lbs4 to the gallon1 and a fine mesh paint strainer must be provided1 through which the superfluous paint passes as it drips from the articles on their way to the tank4 ,in this case1 as in others1 no special stirring apparatus is required1 as the comparatively heavy vehicle and the relatively light specific gravity of the pigment employed gives little or no opportunity for any settling out4 ,,motor ,,parts 7,,metal74 ,the various parts which go to make up a complete motor car are differently treated according to their shape and size4 ,in most cases1 stoving is resorted to1 because the enamel or japan is thereby much increased in durability by the hardening which takes place in consequence of the high temperature4 ,the steel rims of wheels are dipped by hand into a black japan made especially for the purpose4 ,they are hung on hooks and allowed to drain for some minutes1 and are then transferred to the stove1 where they are subjected to a heat of #cbj ,f4 ,such parts as ribs1 front and rear wings1 running boards1 shields1 etc41 are dealt with in the same way4 ,previous to dipping1 these parts undergo the process known as pickling1 by which scale1 grease1 etc41 is removed so that a perfectly clean surface is presented to receive the japan4 ,troughs to catch the drips must be provided1 and it is essential that these be kept quite clean1 so that the superfluous japan may run through gauze and be pumped back again into the tank to be used again4 ,,automatic ,,finishing ,,of ,,pianos4 ,,the ,,standard ,,hydraulic ,,immersion ,,system4 ,any doubt as to the perfection of finish which may be produced by a carefully thought out system of immersion or dipping must be removed by the fact that such a system has been in successful use for some years for the finish of pianos4 ,it need hardly be pointed out that such a finish must necessarily be so well done as to approach perfection4 ,one firm has made a special study of this subject1 viz41 the ,standard ,varnish ,co41 of ,london and ,new ,york1 and their efforts have been most successful4 ,by this method an absolutely even distribution of varnish is always secured2 no part of the piano case is neglected and an enormous reduction in the cost of varnishing is effected4 ,the factory output can be readily increased as desired1 as the varnish working force of the factory can do as much or as little work as trade conditions may demand4 ,the mechanical details have been so perfected that every kind of instrument can be handled satisfactorily4 ,the excellence of the finishing done in accordance with this system is attributable to a large extent to its mechanical construction4 ,the apparatus used in connection with the ,standard method of piano finishing consists1 in the first place1 of a steel tank for the varnish with an adjustable cover which can be locked when the apparatus is not in operation1 a hydraulic lift for raising the work slowly out of the varnish1 a small horse-power pump which is operated either by steam pressure or compressed air1 and in extreme emergencies where the pressure is not adequate for heavy work1 a small motor for operating the pump4 ,there is also installed an apparatus similar to the automatic sprinkler system4 ,a fusible link or another mechanical device makes it possible to draw off the varnish into a tank outside the main buildings at will1 and for protection in case a fire should take place in any other part of the building4 ,the principal investment for the piano manufacturer is the carriers or racks for holding the separate pieces4 ,the cases are held firmly in the carriers by means of springs which are adjusted for the introductory carrier1 or secured by screws in the permanent carrier which is designed for keeping the cases in the carrier until they are ready for rubbing4 ,this latter method saves the labour of handling4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4--;,,automatic ,,finishing ,,of ,,pianos4 ,,introductory ,,carrier ,,ready ,,for ,,parts ,,to ,,be ,,varnished4 ,carriers filled with work to be varnished are raised from the floor1 swung directly over the tank1 and lowered into the varnish by means of an hydraulic lift4 ,the speed with which the work is raised from the varnish is controlled by a lever conveniently located for the operator4 ,once the speed has been determined and the lever set the apparatus requires merely the supervision of an operator1 who may devote considerable time to helping his assistants reload another carrier while the one in the tank is emerging4 ,generally only a limited number of carriers are required4 ,when the work is to be removed between coats a large percentage can be handled without tack in a short time after it is taken from the varnish4 ,in the introductory carrier1 parts like piano tops1 which are finished on all sides1 require a little additional care because of the difficulty of handling4 ,this contingency is provided for by the use of special head pieces4 ,in emergencies1 for rushing out an extra quantity of work1 carriers holding falls1 frames and small parts may be immersed in one-half the interval usually required4 ,for example1 these carriers can be withdrawn in from fifteen to twenty minutes1 whereas for carriers including sides from twenty-five to thirty minutes are required4 ,the carriers are equipped with head pieces adjustable to meet all peculiar local factory requirements4 ,in fact1 these carriers can be constructed by the manufacturer to meet all his demands4 ,the number of carriers necessary depends entirely upon the volume of work to be handled4 ,but it is desirable1 when possible1 to have a sufficient number of carriers to hold all the work until the varnish is sufficiently dry for rubbing4 ,in this way a tremendous amount of labour and time is saved4 ,permanent carriers1 in which the work has been secured by ordinary screws1 have been constructed by some manufacturers at an unusually low cost by their own machinists in their own factories4 ,the work in the carriers can be easily dusted by means of air-bellows or a compressed air-blower4 ,work finished in this manner is so clean that the usual sanding is not necessary and a considerable amount of labour thereby saved4 ,that the ,standard hydraulic immersion system of automatic finishing of pianos has distinct advantages over the ordinary hand process is obvious even to the casual observer4 ,among the numerous advantages which have been effected the following seem to be worthy of special consideration3 ,it constitutes practically the factory's entire varnishing force4 ,its use insures an even coat1 free from imperfections4 ,coating both sides of the work preserves the cases considerably from shrinking and warping4 ,a great deal of labour is saved by varnishing both sides at once4 ,it requires very little more varnish than the old1 slow1 hand method as there is no waste from brushes and pots and absolutely no dripping outside the tank4 ,the elasticity of the ,standard system of piano varnishing eliminates the necessity of additions and reductions to the working force4 ,the cleanness and evenness of the finish virtually makes every coat a flowing coat4 ,the amount of time and effort saved in the rubbing and polishing is tremendous1 and the finish obtained is much finer1 due to the absence of uneven coating and the blemishes of pinholing and dust4 ,carriers containing six complete pianos each1 at an average interval of one half-hour1 will enable the factory to turn out #ajh pianos with one coating during a nine-hour working day4 ,carriers containing eight complete pianos would handle #add pianos a day4 ,a lift sufficiently strong to accomplish any demand placed upon it can be installed to immerse as many carriers at once as will be necessary4 ,a smaller carrier containing four pianos can be installed for the manufacturer with a small output of pianos1 which by the very nature of its construction is handled more readily than the larger carrier4 ,in coating both sides of the work a decided protection against shrinking and warping has been provided4 ,in fact many manufacturers are taking this precaution by brushing both sides of the work4 ,by the ,standard method the work is automatically coated on both sides at the same time4 ,very little more varnish 7not more than #e7 is required by the ,standard system than by the hand method4 ,the inventors' own experiments1 as well as the daily use of the system by manufacturers1 shows that more varnish is wasted about the varnishing room than is required by the immersion system to coat the unfinished side of the work4 ,with this method1 all of the small amount of varnish that drips off falls back into the tank4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,,lowering ,,piano ,,cases ,,into ,,the ,,varnish ,,tank4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4--,,piano ,,cases ,,nearly ,,immersed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,,piano ,,cases ,,wholly ,,immersed4 ,one of the most difficult tasks of the finishing room foreman is to be certain that the proper reduction is made for the first and other undercoats4 ,this is entirely eliminated with the use of the ,standard system of piano finishing4 ,this process alone makes it possible to apply a minimum quantity of varnish sufficient to withstand the strain of rubbing and polishing4 ,this lessens the possibility of shrinking and cracking which excessive varnish coats applied by brush involves4 ,the slower the speed of the lift1 the less varnish is applied to the work1 consequently there is a gradual regulation of the amount of varnish for the separate coats4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4--,,piano ,,cases ,,about ,,to ,,be ,,dipped4 ,the foregoing description1 together with the accompanying illustrations1 will enable the reader to understand the general method adopted4 ,it should be added that it is applicable to many other articles besides piano cases4 ,the system described was invented and is controlled by the ,standard ,varnish ,company of ,london and ,new ,york4 ,,wheels4 ,an extremely ingenious but effective machine for coating hickory wheels with paint or japan is in use at the works of the ,ford ,motor ,company1 ,trafford ,park1 ,manchester4 ,it consists of a stationary cylindrical vessel of exactly the right size to receive a wheel1 which1 being placed in position1 is at once lowered into a tank containing the japan4 ,here it is made to revolve very rapidly1 by which means the japan is thoroughly distributed over every part4 ,hickory1 being a hard and comparatively non-absorbent wood1 the japan might give too thick a coating if dipped and left to dry in the ordinary way4 ,to prevent this1 the wheel1 while still revolving very rapidly1 is mechanically lifted out of the japan1 and is held just above it1 where it continues to spin4 ,this has the effect of throwing off the superfluous japan by centrifugal force4 ,the cylindrical sides of the apparatus catch the japan1 and it runs down into the tank below4 ,the wheels are then taken out by a man1 who wears gloves1 are stacked on edge in rows to dry1 and1 after an hour or so1 they receive a second coat4 ,after twenty-four hours1 or less1 they are ready for use4 ,the advantage of rapidly revolving the wheels is that anything in the nature of a drip is entirely eliminated4 ,this machine can deal with #cjj wheels an hour1 so rapid is the process4 ,at the present time the ,ford ,works are using #b1jjj wheels a week4 ,,some ,,typical ,,plants4 ,in gathering information of up-to-date character to include in this book the author has visited various parts of the country1 and through the courtesy of the firms mentioned below has examined the plants used successfully for the treatment of many different goods4 ,the following is a brief description of some of the plants inspected1 although it by no means exhausts the list3-- ,,carriage ,,department1 ,,woolwich ,,arsenal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,,dipping ,a ,,coach ,,body ,,at ,,woolwich ,,arsenal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,,general ,,view ,,of ,,paint ,,dipping ,,room ,,at ,,woolwich ,,arsenal4 ,the plant for painting wagons1 etc41 has been in use for about #ab years and has been eminently successful1 it being found by experience that a paint applied by dipping proves equally durable to that formerly applied by means of brushes4 ,indeed1 the durability is increased for the reason1 which has been pointed out elsewhere1 that the paint finds it way into open joints and crevices which could not be reached by a brush4 ,in some cases a wagon is dipped bodily1 while in others it is dismantled and the different parts are dipped separately2 again1 the smaller portions are placed in an open wire basket which is plunged into the paint4 ,the building in which this painting is done is of considerable extent and a large paint tank is located at each end4 ,a wagon on being completed1 or in the case of an old wagon1 after having been prepared1 is brought to the first tank and is raised from the ground and lowered into the paint1 where it remains for about half a minute4 ,it is then immediately raised1 allowed to drain over a tank for a few minutes1 and then over an inclined floor for a further period4 ,at the end of about half an hour a workman inspects the wagon or other article and removes any tears or runs which may have occurred4 ,the paint being specially prepared this is not usually an arduous undertaking4 ,the illustrations show very clearly a coach body in process of dipping4 ,overhead rails run throughout the length of the building and upon these are suspended the painted wagons1 which are gradually moved along with a very little exertion1 such rails being slightly inclined to facilitate this4 ,by the time the series of wagons reach the further end of the building they are ready to receive a second coat of paint1 by being dipped in the second tank4 ,this being done they are then moved back1 being at once suspended on the rails until quite dry1 when they are hoisted to the upper part of the building1 where they are left suspended until they are required for use4 ,the paint is1 of course1 a special one which is supplied in paste form having the necessary binding ingredients4 ,the colour used is khaki1 which is very durable1 being composed of earth colours4 ,the thinning is done on the premises and white spirit is employed for the purpose1 not turpentine1 which would be far too expensive4 ,formerly benzine was employed1 but this necessitated the use of a fan to take away the fumes which came from the spirit4 ,such a fan is not now found to be necessary4 ,the tanks are fitted with iron covers bearing upon thick felt and are operated by means of levers placed at a distance1 so that should a fire occur they can be closed at a moment's notice4 ,the hoist is worked from the ground by electricity4 ,formerly the operator of the hoist was located in a cab near the roof1 but it was felt that this would be a dangerous position in case of fire1 and he now1 as stated1 does the work from the ground4 ,the work done at ,woolwich gives an excellent example of the actual saving which may be effected by using the paint dipping process4 ,before the painting plant was put in no fewer than #bjj painters were constantly employed2 now about #dj are fully able to turn out the same or even a larger number of wagons in a given time4 ,,james ,,gibbons4 ,most of the metal sheets as well as finished metal work of various kinds made at these extensive works at ,wolverhampton are finished by dipping into special enamels or japans made by ,messrs4 ,mander ,bros4 ,the dipping is done by hand and the pieces are placed at the side of the tank to drain4 ,in some cases it is found necessary to go over the work slightly with a brush to remove tears1 but such work takes only a few minutes and is used mostly as a precautionary measure4 ,one coat is usually found sufficient1 and at the proper time the iron sheet or metal article is stoved at #bej ,f4 to #cjj ,f4 for two hours4 ,many other articles are also dipped successfully4 ,,harrison1 ,,mcgregor ,,co4 ,in the extensive factories of this firm at ,leigh1 ,lancashire1 dipping by immersion has been successfully carried on for some years past4 ,various agricultural implements are dipped bodily in a tank of paint which is fitted with a worm agitator1 and is of simple construction4 ,the iron parts are dipped separately1 being supported on suitable hangers1 while the very small parts are placed in wire baskets for immersion4 ,,phillips ,,and ,,son4 ,the paint dipping plant at these works1 which are situated at ,sherbourne ,street1 ,birmingham1 has been in successful operation for some years past and is applied principally to bedsteads4 ,the tank holding black japan measures about #e feet by #ah inches and is some #i feet deep4 ,the bedstead head and foot are separately dipped by hand into the tank which contains black japan1 and are immediately hung on a hook attached to a slowly travelling chain4 ,this chain runs around a rectangular space1 and beneath is a metal lined dripping floor4 ,the stove is located diagonally from the tank1 so that by the time the bedstead parts reach it the dripping has ceased and they are ready to be baked4 ,the stoving is done at #cbj ,f41 and is continued all night4 ,one coat is found to be ample4 ,a very ingenious arrangement is in use for the application of coloured enamels4 ,three shallow tanks are mounted on rollers running in angle irons one above the other in such a manner that any one tank may be pulled out when required for use free from the others4 ,as a rule three coats are given for white work and two for green1 blue and most other colours4 ,no white lead is used1 but only non-poisonous colours4 ,the stoving is done mostly overnight at a temperature of #bej ,f4 ,a little rubbing down between coats is done with very fine glass or emery paper4 ,the japans are made by ,messrs4 ,thornley ,knight4 ,in these works safes are painted1 but the work is all done by hand4 ,,the ,,ford ,,motor ,,company4 ,the extensive works of this company1 at ,trafford ,park1 ,manchester1 contain as complete a plant for painting1 japanning1 enamelling and varnishing1 as it has been the pleasure of the author to inspect4 ,with characteristic thoroughness every detail which will ensure a first class finish with a minimum of time and labour has been thought out and applied4 ,the result is that not only is every part dealt with most expeditiously but one coat of paint is applied to the whole outer surface of a motor body in the almost incredibly short time of two minutes4 ,further details will be found in this book under the heads of ,flowing-on1 ,motor ,parts1 and ,iron ,rods4 ,,marshall1 ,,sons ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,this well-known firm of agricultural implement manufacturers have a large dipping plant at their ,gainsborough works1 which they employ for painting various agricultural machines made principally of red wood4 ,some idea of the extent to which this process is applied may be obtained when it is said that on an average nearly #e1jjj pieces pass through the dipping plant every month4 ,the process is particularly well adapted for threshing machines and for appliances of the kind which consist of thousands of holes bored in the wood4 ,if the painting were done by hand it would take many hours to paint such a machine1 while by dipping it is done even more effectually in a few minutes4 ,the priming coat only is dipped after knots1 etc41 have been treated with shellac4 ,the tank measures #ba;ft4 long by #g;ft4 deep and #b;ft4 #c;in4 in width4 ,an agitating apparatus is used and the lifting is done by pneumatic appliances4 ,,hayward ,,brothers ,,and ,,eckstein1 ,,limited4 ,the paint dipping plant in use at the works of this firm1 at ,union ,street1 ,borough1 ,s4,e41 is of a comparatively simple type1 and consists of a shallow tank in which various cast iron and steel goods are dipped in horizontal position4 ,as a rule1 one coat of paint is given1 but in certain cases two are required4 ,the bottom of the tank is slanted1 and the contents are stirred up from time to time1 but no agitating apparatus is used4 ,the principal goods painted by dipping are the frames of ,hayward's lights1 which are of cast iron and are dipped on one side only1 the other side1 after the glass is fitted1 being done by hand4 ,metal casements are also dipped in considerable numbers1 as well as treads and rises of circular staircases1 straight staircases1 balconies1 etc4 ,these1 being made of ornamental open ironwork1 contain a large number of small shaped holes1 and the dipping process is found to be by far the most effective4 ,another speciality of this firm are ,hayward's patent steel collapsible gates4 ,the first coat of paint is applied by dipping2 this paint1 being black1 dries flat1 i4e41 without gloss4 ,,the ,,crittall ,,manufacturing ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,these works are at ,braintree1 ,essex1 where a large amount of structural steelwork is produced1 the chief manufactures being metal windows of all kinds1 from the well-known steel casement and sash to metal windows for use in industrial dwellings and specially designed windows for various climates1 steel fireproof doors1 skylights1 steel office and works partitions1 shop fronts2 frictionless ball race runners for sliding doors1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4--,,wagon ,,store ,,room1 ,,woolwich ,,arsenal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4--;,,dipping ,,casements ,,at ,,the ,,crittall ,,manufacturing ,,co4',s ,,factory1 ,,braintree4 ,perhaps the most noticeable feature of these works as far as our subject is concerned1 is the very complete system of overhead rails1 by means of which the various metal goods produced in the different finishing shops are conveyed to one or other of the paint tanks and then1 having been left to dry1 are taken to store rooms ready for instant shipment4 ,these rails facilitate handling of the various goods1 and reduce the actual expenditure under this particular item to a minimum4 ,the rails are ,l-shaped1 the hanger used for each article or series of articles being of a simple character1 consisting of two wheels bearing on the top of the upright flange1 while rods secured by bolts pass through the horizontal flange and hold it in position4 ,we will first describe the tank used for dipping metal windows4 ,this is #ae;ft4 long by #ab;ft4 deep and only #a;ft4 #f;in4 wide4 ,attached to the tank is a large dripping floor measuring some #ae;ft4 by #ba;ft4 covered with sheet iron and inclined toward the tank1 so that the paint which drips on to it finds its way back into the tank through a grating provided for the purpose to take off any dried particles4 ,the paint used in this work is made by ,messrs4 ,docker ,brothers1 and weighs #ac lbs4 to the gallon2 one coat is found sufficient for the purpose4 ,the sashes or casements being brought in from the finishing room on the overhead rail1 they are lowered into the tank by means of a special lowering apparatus designed on the premises4 ,some idea of this may be had from ,fig4 #ca4 ,in order to keep the load steady during the time it is being dipped1 a slight depression or dip in the rail is made immediately over the tank4 ,the sashes are only left in the paint for a few seconds1 and are then raised1 allowed to drip over the tank for perhaps a minute or two1 and then allowed to drip over the adjacent floor for perhaps a quarter of an hour or less4 ,they are then taken farther along and the paint dries in about three hours4 ,sometimes two1 four1 six1 or even eight casements may be dipped at the same time4 ,attached to the elevating and lowering apparatus are hooks which pass through one corner of the casements4 ,this causes the parts to hang at an angle which facilitates running off of the paint4 ,we come now to the department in which the baking or stoving enamel is used as applied to metal furniture in general1 as mentioned4 ,in this case the articles are dipped in a manner very similar to that already described1 excepting that a large hook1 similar in shape to that shown in ,fig4 #cb1 is used to support the article to be dipped2 the wide opening goes inside the box or file and holds it at an angle so that when it is lowered into the paint all parts are covered inside and out4 ,a few minutes are allowed for dripping1 and after two or three hours the articles are ready to be stoved4 ,in this case1 ,messrs4 ,docker ,brothers' standard colour1 a very pleasing dark green1 is used4 ,the stoving takes three hours at a temperature of #bdj ,f41 or higher in some cases4 ,the tank mentioned is1 of course1 considerably wider than that used for casements4 ,the dripping floor is in this case inclined toward the centre1 which in turn is inclined toward the grating just outside the tank itself4 ,if necessary1 special thinners are added to bring up the gloss1 but1 as a rule1 this is unnecessary4 ,it is desirable after the article is dipped to go over it once with a small brush to remove any drips or runs which may possibly appear4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4--;,,hook ,,used ,,for ,,suspending ,,metal ,,boxes ,,while ,,dipping4 ,another very important point to be attended to is to exclude all dust1 and for this purpose the ,crittall ,manufacturing ,co4 have erected in this department screens of wire of the finest mesh over windows1 so that no air can pass into the room without the dust being screened off4 ,,excluding ,,dust4 ,a matter of very great importance1 yet one which is frequently overlooked in painting iron and other goods which are to have a glossy finish1 either air dried or stoved1 is to exclude dust from the apartment in which the work is done4 ,in many engineering shops the nature of the business gives rise to a considerable amount of dust1 and if this is allowed to enter the paint shop it will be fatal to the appearance of the painted work1 as many specks will inevitably settle on the work and mar its appearance4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc--;,,dipping ,,casements ,,at ,,braintree4 ,,note ,,the ,,narrow ,,tank ,,used ,,for ,,this ,,class ,,of ,,work4 ,a paint shop is best provided with a concrete floor1 and this should be frequently cleaned4 ,the workmen should wear clean overalls1 frequently renewed1 and even so small a matter as keeping the hair1 beard1 etc41 clean and free from dandruff should be attended to4 ,the doors are best if double1 and thick felt may be used with advantage in the joints so as to practically seal the opening when the doors are closed4 ,air which is admitted1 either through ventilators or windows1 should be strained before entering the building1 and for this purpose silk gauze of the finest mesh is usually employed4 ,in some cases1 cotton wool in addition is placed in such a position that the air must pass through it before entering the room4 ,if these precautions are taken it will be found that the quality of the work is greatly enhanced4 ,it may be observed in this connection that it is important also to provide means of adequate ventilation of the apartment4 ,moisture charged air has a bad effect upon paint work4 ,extreme heat is unnecessary1 but it is very important that the temperature be maintained at a uniform rate1 say #fj ,f4 ,if the room in which the painting is done is very hot1 the paint will be affected and be likely to become too thin for its purpose2 while1 on the other hand1 if the room or articles to be painted are very cold1 the paint or enamel will have a tendency to congeal4 ,both of these defects can be remedied1 as already stated1 by a good system of ventilation and maintaining the heat1 night and day1 at a uniform temperature4 ,a ,,model ,,drying ,,room4 ,the immense importance of providing a uniform temperature and ensuring an adequate system of ventilation in the room in which goods are placed for air drying can hardly be exaggerated4 ,unless such a system is in use the actual drying may be greatly retarded and the work stand a chance of being spoiled4 ,in connection with some of the plant inspected by the author it must be admitted that the provision made in this respect falls far short of what is needed4 ,in one case the work of rubbing down was proceeding in the same shop1 although in a different part1 in which various goods which had been dipped were hanging up to dry4 ,it need hardly be said that under such conditions it was impossible to keep the work free from specks4 ,in other cases the drying rooms were inadequate because of the inefficiency of doors and windows4 ,these1 it may be remarked1 should always be double so as to maintain the heat uniformly4 ,every varnish user knows that a draught of cold air which is allowed to reach a coat of varnish while drying is fatal alike to its appearance and durability4 ,the result is almost certain to be a case of blooming1 which to the uninitiated may be described as a film not unlike the bloom of a freshly coloured plum which comes on the surface of varnish exposed under such conditions4 ,those unacquainted with varnish vagaries are apt to regard this trouble as being the result of inferior materials used in its manufacture4 ,as a matter of fact it indicates nothing of the kind because1 speaking generally1 the higher grades of varnishes are the most susceptible4 ,without doubt the best and by far the most economical plan to adopt is to have a drying room specially built for the purpose of receiving the articles to be dried4 ,if constructed on scientific principles this will not only give a uniform temperature entirely free from draughts and dust but will considerably expedite the work1 thereby allowing of a quicker delivery of goods and effecting a great saving of valuable floor space4 ,the author inspected such a drying room at the works of ,messrs4 ,pinchin1 ,johnson1 and ,co41 ,ltd41 at ,silvertown1 and a description of it will doubtless prove of interest4 ,it is built of #e-ply wood and is about #af feet square1 sufficiently large to hold two full-sized motor bodies or several dozen perambulators1 hand wagons1 etc4 ,the actual size may1 of course1 be varied according to the size of and number of articles to be dried4 ,air is admitted through two ducts situated close to the floor through fine wire gauze1 which is provided with a lifting cover by which the amount of air admitted may be regulated4 ,immediately over the two air ducts mentioned is a coil of steam pipes which heats the air to1 say1 #aaj ,f4 ,this1 of course1 causes it to rise toward the ceiling1 but the angle between the ceiling and wall is rounded off by a cove1 so that the current of heated air is directed along the ceiling toward the centre of the room where there is another cove and beneath it a coil of cold air pipes which lowers the temperature somewhat4 ,thus is created a constant motion of the air which may be regarded as the essence of the system4 ,but there is another very important provision in the shape of an automatic control4 ,this cuts off the steam when any desired heat is attained so that when the drying room is filled up at night before the works close it can safely be left until the morning when the drop in temperature will not be more than #b degrees4 ,the steam may be admitted at1 say1 #aj lbs4 pressure1 but as soon as the room is heated from #b to #b lbs4 will be found to be sufficient4 ,the actual time for heating the room to #abj ,f4 is from #ae to #bj minutes4 ,the speed with which work is turned out by this well-considered adjunct may be gauged from the fact that a panel may receive one coat of enamel and two coats of flatting varnish in one day1 or four coats of japan in the same period4 ,in addition to the advantages mentioned is the most important one that the drying room renders the manufacturer who is fortunate enough to possess one quite independent of the weather4 ,in the words of the inventors and patentees1 one enabled by its use to create one's own climate4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4--;,,design ,,for ,,show ,,card ,,done ,,by ,,spraying4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,paints ,,for ,,dipping4 ,it need hardly be said that the paint employed for this purpose must be of a special character4 ,there are several firms of manufacturers who make a speciality of this class of paints and supply them either ready for use or in paste form1 requiring only the addition of white spirit or other suitable thinner to bring them to the right consistency4 ,the following may be considered as the necessary qualities of a paint suitable for this purpose3-- #a4 ,it must dry hard in not less than six hours4 #b4 ,the pigment must be of such a specific gravity that when mixed with a suitable vehicle or thinner to form a paint the pigment will not quickly deposit at the bottom of the tank or settle out4 #c4 ,the consistency of the paint must be so arranged that only a minimum quantity will run off1 while it must not be so thick as to give rise to tears or runs4 ,white lead which has a specific gravity of about #f4gej is for the reason mentioned usually considered too heavy1 and in the case of a white or grey paint1 zinc oxide which has a specific gravity of #e4dgj is used in preference4 ,the following colours may also be successfully employed1 because of their low specific gravity1 viz41 ,oxford ochre 7s4 g4 #b4hbb71 ,venetian red 7s4 g4 #c4efj71 ,indian red 7#d4gcb71 golden ochre 7#c4ajg71 ,italian raw sienna 7#c4jha71 burnt sienna 7#c4dgg71 ,turkey umber 7#c4dif71 ,prussian blue 7#a4ief71 bone black 7#b4cai74 ,it will be observed that the earth colours1 such as ochre1 sienna1 umber1 etc41 are all light pigments1 and as they are also recognised as being the most durable1 they are eminently well suited for use in many positions1 although the colour is not always very agreeable4 ,precipitated barytes 7s4 g4 #d4add7 can be used up to1 say1 a proportion of #aj per cent4--not more2 red lead 7s4 g4 #h4fha7 cannot be used for this purpose1 as it is far too heavy1 and the same applies to ,english vermilion 7s4 g4 #g4gbf74 ,if1 however1 a bright colour is required1 it may be obtained by dipping in ,venetian red or ,indian red and giving a second coat of crimson lake 7s4 g4 #a4hih71 but a coat of varnish should be sprayed upon this for protective purposes4 ,in considering this subject1 it is well to remember that much will depend upon the thickness of the vehicle used1 as1 clearly1 a fairly heavy pigment will settle out in a thin vehicle much quicker than it would in a comparatively thick one4 ,the successful paint1 therefore1 is one in which both considerations are taken into account4 ,very rarely indeed does it pay manufacturers to attempt to grind or prepare paints themselves1 and much greater satisfaction will be obtained by getting supplies from a reputable firm who have made a special study of the subject4 ,sometimes a white paint is required for dipping1 and in that case #cj lbs4 of sublimed white lead1 #aj lbs4 of zinc oxide and #f lbs4 of gilders' whiting1 with #d lbs4 of asbestine pulp1 mixed with #i lbs4 of raw linseed oil1 will be found to give good results4 ,a paint which dries with a gloss is often desired for the finish of many articles1 and can be readily obtained by first priming1 then giving a finishing coat of paint on it which has been mixed with sufficient varnish to produce the desired gloss4 ,in some cases three coats may be given1 namely1 the first or priming coat1 the second1 which should be flat1 or semi-flat1 and the third a coat of varnish paint1 which will dry with a gloss4 ,it should be pointed out1 however1 that the finish obtained by these means is not a little inferior to that which may be produced by using over the priming one or more coats of flat paint of the desired colour and finishing with a coat of suitable varnish1 which may be applied either by dipping or spraying1 according to circumstances4 ,a point here worthy of mention is one which every house painter is or should be well acquainted with1 and that is that the coats of paint that are superimposed should be alternatively flat1 i4e41 without gloss1 and glossy1 in order that each may adhere closely to the other4 ,if the article to be painted is wood or any other material which is of an absorbent character1 a comparatively large amount of turpentine and oil must be mixed with it in order to allow for suction4 ,this will dry with a semi-flat finish1 and a glossy coat or one having more oil in its composition1 may be applied over it4 ,if a further coat is required it should be flat or nearly so1 and in that case a finishing coat of varnish will probably be required4 ,the paints for these purposes may be purchased ready made or ready for thinning down1 from firms who have made a special study of the requirements4 ,the question sometimes arises as to whether paint dipping or spraying can be used advantageously when in the finish two or more colours are to be used4 ,as a rule the difficulties can be overcome by dipping first or even the second coat1 spraying on the third or finishing coat1 using specially prepared masks or shields over those parts which are not to be painted with the particular colour in use4 ,the following useful information is taken from ,white ,paints and ,painting ,materials1 by ,w4 ,g4 ,scott1 who was for sixteen years connected as paint expert with the ,milwaukee ,harvester ,company and the ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,threshing ,machinery ,co4 ,mr4 ,scott therefore speaks from a wide experience4 ,he says3-- ,a certain amount of oil must be present in dipping paints to act as a binder1 and it is advisable to add a small quantity of varnish to hold the paint together4 ,the desired features in a good dipping paint are3 freedom of flow and proper drip2 sufficient binder to prevent chalkiness and produce a firm coat2 covering capacity and an even distribution of the paint4 ,non-absorbent surfaces like metal and hard wood require less oil than the absorbent soft woods4 ,in the former case there is little or no penetration of the liquid portion of the paint1 but with pine1 bass wood1 white wood1 poplar1 etc41 nearly all of the liquid is absorbed or taken up by the wood1 consequently with benzine only as a thinner there will not be sufficient binder present to hold the pigment when the thinner evaporates4 ,whereas #e lbs4 of paste pigment or colour ground in oil and thinned with a gallon of benzine would produce a suitable primer on iron or other non-absorbent material1 it would not answer for soft wood4 ,dipping paints1 as a rule1 contain from #d to #aj lbs4 of paste per gallon of thinner1 the primer containing less paste than the second coat paints4 ,the composition of the paste colour has much to do with the dipping paint2 for instance1 #e lbs4 of paste white lead to the gallon of thinner will cover and work better than a mixture consisting of half white lead and the other half made up of transparent pigments like china clay1 barytes1 etc41 nevertheless a small amount of inert material is generally understood to be an improvement in the way of durability4 ,asbestine1 whiting1 silica and china clay are the inert materials most often used in paste goods for dipping purposes4 ,asbestine probably helps to hold the pigments in suspension better than any of the others and answers nicely for dipping paints1 but1 as previously mentioned1 does not allow the paint to level out when used with a brush4 ,china clay1 on account of its low specific gravity1 is much favoured as a suspension agent1 but materially lessens the opacity of the paint4 ,a small amount of whiting is a good addition to a dipping paint1 as it carries down much of the dirt and heavy particles usually produced during the process of dipping4 ,silica gives the paint tooth1 and by some authorities is considered an actual necessity in primers which are intended to be sand-papered4 ,white lead and zinc oxide are the two ideal white pigments considered from a dipping standpoint1 and it will be found that the majority of dipping paste paints on the market contain a notable quantity of zinc oxide1 either straight or in the form of zinc lead4 ,zinc oxide is generally the predominating pigment in the white and tinted paste paints1 and is usually associated with white lead 7basic carbonate71 zinc lead1 and sublimed white lead1 mixed with more or less inert material according to the ideas of the manufacturer or in order to cheapen the product4 ,the admixture of inert material with the coloured pigments requires some knowledge of the composition of the coloured pigment2 for instance1 lampblack might be safely mixed with asbestine1 whiting1 silica1 barytes1 etc41 without detriment1 but yellow ochre containing1 naturally1 considerable clay and silica would hardly permit of any great addition of china clay or silica4 ,the strong iron oxides1 chrome greens and similar tinting colours will stand a large quantity of inert material when the paint is to be used as a body colour1 but for varnish colours it is customary to use the chemically pure colours and less paste per gallon of thinner4 ,paste paint for varnish colours is frequently ground in oil1 in japan1 or in a mixture of the two1 but far better results are obtained by grinding the dry pigment in varnish thinned to a grinding consistency with a little turpentine4 ,a varnish with a viscosity of #bj 7water #a7 which gives a stiff mix with1 say1 #e lbs4 of pigment will1 when thinned to a viscosity of that of raw oil1 i4e41 a viscosity of #d1 take about #bj lbs4 of pigment4 ,no set rule can be given for the kind and amount of thinners to be used in dipping paints for various purposes1 but the following proportions#a will furnish a key to the general mixtures used3-- ,footnote #a3 ,the figures given relate to an ,american gallon1 which contains #bca cubic inches1 while an ,english imperial gallon contains #bgg cubic inches4 ,for practical purposes the latter may be considered one-fifth greater than the former4 ,,primers ,,for ,,metal4 #d to #e lbs4 of paste thinned with #g_/h to #ca_/cb gallon of benzine or turpentine and #a_/h to #a_/cb gallon of mixing varnish4 ,,primers ,,for ,,hard ,,wood4 #d to #e lbs4 of paste thinned with #ae_/af gallon benzine or turpentine1 #c_/fd gallon raw oil1 #a_/fd gallon mixing varnish4 ,,primers ,,for ,,soft ,,wood4 #d to #g lbs4 paste thinned with to gallon benzine or turpentine1 #ae_/cb to #ae_/fd gallon raw oil1 #a_/cb to #a_/fd gallon varnish4 ,in some cases1 with very soft1 porous woods1 it may be necessary to add more raw oil and some japan or liquid drier1 but too much drier must not be added1 as it will shorten the flow4 ,,second ,,coat ,,dipping ,,paints4 #e to #aj lbs4 of paste thinned entirely with benzine or turpentine1 or with #g_/h gallon of solvent and variable proportions of oil and varnish according to the surface desired4 ,varnish is advocated in all of these mixtures1 as it helps to hold the solids and liquids together and prevent separation2 it also induces toughness4 ,it is essential that a varnish be used which will mix perfectly with oil and benzine at a temperature of #fj ,f4 ,varnish colours are best thinned with turpentine1 but owing to the high price of turpentine the large factories insist on using benzine or some of the turpentine substitutes now on the market4 ,the fact that some of the turpentine substitutes work better and give a better flow with the paint and varnish1 is due to the fact that most of them contain a heavy distillate of petroleum similar to kerosene4 ,kerosene oil has the double property of thinning and imparting flow to either paint or varnish1 but retards the drying1 hence too much must not be used4 ,damar varnish1 which will not stand thinning with benzine without separation of the gum or becoming cloudy1 will permit of dilution with kerosene to quite an extent4 ,so far as durability is concerned1 kerosene imparts more durability and is more waterproof than any of the other thinners4 ,combined with rosin and manganese oxide1 it may be made to dry like raw linseed oil1 but1 of course1 does not possess the same properties4 ,in dipping paints1 as in all other kinds of paints1 good judgment must be used in the mixing1 and it is absolutely essential that paints for soft wood1 or other absorbent material1 contain enough oil1 or binder1 to hold the pigment4 ,,white ,,paste ,,primer4 ,,extra ,,fine4 #cjj lbs4 white lead 7carbonate74 #aej zinc oxide4 #ej floated silica4 ,grind in #aj gal4 raw linseed oil4 ,product #ege lbs4 ,this paste is thinned with turpentine or benzine for dipping purposes in the following manner3-- ,,white ,,dip ,,for ,,metal4 #ajj lbs4 of white paste4 #ad gal4 turpentine or benzine4 pale mixing varnish4 white liquid drier4 ,,white ,,dip ,,for ,,hard ,,wood4 #ajj lbs4 white paste4 #ac gal4 turpentine or benzine4 #b raw linseed oil4 pale mixing varnish4 white liquid drier4 ,,white ,,dip ,,for ,,soft ,,wood4 #ajj lbs4 white paste4 #ab gal4 turpentine or benzine4 #f raw linseed oil4 white liquid drier4 ,the pale mixing varnish and the white liquid drier must not liver with lead or zinc1 otherwise1 the paint in the tank will thicken continually4 ,the above formula produces one of the best paints known1 and it is certainly not a cheap paint4 ,,white ,,spirit4 ,as already mentioned1 many firms who use the paint dipping process buy their paint in paste form with the requisite amount of driers added1 and thin it themselves with white spirit1 which is a petroleum product specially prepared for the purpose4 ,turpentine is1 of course1 too expensive1 and the spirit costs1 under normal conditions1 little more than one-third of the price1 although exact figures cannot be given owing to the fluctuation in the price of these materials4 ,some manufacturers use a white spirit1 to which has been added from #be to #cj per cent4 of genuine ,american turpentine4 ,this1 of course1 renders the mixture somewhat expensive1 and possesses no advantage excepting that it gives the characteristic smell of turpentine2 but this1 it appears1 is not important in a factory1 and the pure white spirit is quite suitable in itself4 ,according to ,mr4 ,s4 ,roy ,illingworth1 ,a4,r4,c4,sc41 ,a4,i4,c41 ,b4,sc41 ,lond41 expert to the ,gas ,lighting and ,improvement ,co41 ,ltd41 turpentine substitutes were first placed on the market about #cj years ago1 and consisted at that time of a mixture of turpentine and kerosene oil4 ,investigations led to the production of white spirit1 drying as quickly as turpentine1 or even quicker if desired4 ,several grades of this material are made1 varying in flash-point from #hj up to #aej4 ,the flash-point of genuine turpentine1 it may be mentioned in passing1 is #ij to #ia1 and the #ij flash-point spirit is the one usually employed for painting purposes1 although the #hj flash-point would answer equally well for dipping4 ,the best grade is practically free from smell and is suitable for admixture in all paints1 excepting those having a bitumastic or asphaltic base1 or paints in which very common driers containing cheap rosin are used4 ,a rough-and-ready test as to the quality of white spirit is to dip a piece of blotting-paper into it and hang it up to dry4 ,in the course of an hour-and-a-half it should have wholly disappeared1 leaving no smell or stain behind it4 ,if there should be a stain the sample should be viewed with suspicion4 ,another test of the same kind is to drop a little spirit on a piece of white writing paper and to leave it for three-quarters of an hour1 when it should have disappeared without leaving a stain4 ,in addition to these tests it might be advisable to mix a little spirit with paint and to try it experimentally4 ,in the evaporation of turpentine it is usually admitted that a small proportion1 say1 from #be to #ej1 is left behind owing to oxidation4 ,in the case of best white spirit1 however1 very little residue will be left behind1 certainly not sufficient quantity to interfere in any way with the drying4 ,the use of the spirit has proved so successful that practically nothing else is now employed in paint dipping4 ,it is1 however1 important1 of course1 that the best quality white spirit be used1 but as this is so much less in cost than turpentine1 there is no temptation to use an inferior quality4 ,,the ,,quantity ,,of ,,paint ,,required ,,for ,,dipping ,,and ,,spraying4 ,speaking generally1 rather less paint will be required when it is applied by dipping1 or spraying1 than is necessary when it is applied with a brush4 ,but there are many exceptions1 particularly in spraying1 where it may be necessary to give a coat considerably thicker than usual4 ,the following table will be found useful as a guide1 but it should be remembered that the actual space covered will vary considerably with different grades of paint1 so that the table should only be taken as approximately correct4 ,in cases of doubt1 careful calculations should be made after a given quantity of paint1 varnish1 or lacquer has been applied to a surface of known area4 ,this will serve as a useful guide in ordering in the future4 ,it need hardly be said that the quantity of paint necessary will vary largely with the surface to which the paint is applied4 ,for example1 an absorbent surface1 such as unprimed wood1 will require much more paint than metal work1 which absorbs little or none4 ,,spreading ,,capacity ,,of ,,paints4 ,per ,gallon ,per ,gallon on ,wood4 on ,metal4 ,priming ,coats #fj to #gj #ij to #ajj ,mixed ,paint #bnd coat #he to #ij #ajj to #abj ,varnish 7on paint7 #ie to #aaj #abj to #acj ,lacquer 7on paint7 #ajj to #aae #acj to #aej ,enamel 7on paint7 #ge to #hj #he to #ie ,,chapter ,v4 ,,painting ,,by ,,compressed ,,air4 ,,the ,,evolution ,,of ,,the ,,apparatus ,,employed4 ,by way of introduction to the subject of the application of paints1 enamels1 lacquers1 varnishes1 stains1 etc41 by means of compressed air1 a few notes on the development of the method may be given1 if only with the object of correcting the impression1 which sometimes exists1 that such apparatus as is now employed is more or less of an experimental character4 ,the early attempts to apply paint1 etc41 to articles other than by the old method of brushing were mainly carried out with a type of machine still largely used for whitewashing1 and the principle adopted was to partly fill a convenient tank with the paint or whitewash and to pump a pressure of #ce to #dj lbs4 into the tank by means of a suitable hand pump4 ,the paint was forced through a flexible tube attached to a connection near the bottom of the tank1 and at the other end of the tube was a simple form of nozzle with a trigger control for the paint4 ,it may be said at once that this method was doomed to failure owing to the underlying principle being at fault4 ,while eminently suitable for applying whitewash or distemper1 it was hopeless for paint of a more viscous character1 owing to the fact that the latter was not atomised as it issued from the nozzle4 ,the type of machines referred to1 viz41 those which are used for spraying lime white1 distemper1 whitewash1 etc41 are fully described and illustrated in another chapter4 ,after failing to achieve satisfactory results with such simple apparatus when applying viscous paints1 etc41 further experiments were carried out with a somewhat different type1 commonly known as the kettle type of sprayer4 ,the principle employed was to employ compressed air1 supplied1 in this case1 not from a hand pump but some form of power compressor1 and at a pressure varying from #bj to #ej lbs4 per square inch4 ,the air was delivered through a nozzle controlled by a convenient plunger or trigger type of valve1 and impinged at an angle across a similar nozzle communicating with the paint receptacle of the sprayer4 ,the action of the air impinging on or across the paint nozzle created a vacuum in the paint tube1 and thereby sucked up the paint from the receptacle and gave a fan-shaped spray4 ,up to a point these experiments proved satisfactory1 but still did not overcome the difficulty of successfully dealing with intricate shapes1 small articles1 and particularly in applying heavy paints with fair percentages of varnish embodied therein4 ,,the ,,concentric ,,form ,,of ,,spray4 ,attention was therefore directed to the concentric jet form of sprayer1 and this is now almost universally employed where painting1 enamelling1 etc41 is carried out on a large scale4 ,the advantages of the latter type are many1 and in addition to being designed1 in most cases1 to produce the greatest effect with the least possible consumption of air1 they are also capable of applying the paint in very finely divided particles to the smallest work1 such as buttons1 imitation jewellery1 small electrical camera parts1 or of applying silky coats to such large work as motor bodies1 constructional iron work1 large tinplate work1 agricultural machinery1 domestic gas apparatus1 etc4 at a speed approximating to four to ten times the speed of handwork1 and giving a far superior finish1 in many cases with less coats4 ,many people who contemplate the subject of painting with a spray think only of a smother of paint being discharged from a nozzle4 ,they are not aware that the colour can be better controlled in a suitably constructed spray than is possible with a hog's hair brush4 ,the flow of paint is stopped or started instantly1 and the amount of paint delivered is at all times under perfect control1 so that a quantity corresponding to that delivered by a -inch brush or pencil can be increased to the quantity distributed by a #d-;inch brush in a single stroke4 ,in other words1 you have a tool which is the equivalent of half a dozen brushes ranging from inch to #d inch in width4 ,a little practice is1 of course1 necessary to master the instrument1 but nothing like the practice which is required for successful painting with hog's hair4 ,the principal care is to put on the paint until the beads of paint coalesce4 ,too much would make the paint run1 too little would not leave the surface covered4 ,when properly done the surface is superior to other painting1 as the hairs of the brush are not dragged through it to disturb the evenness of the surface4 ,the air pressure required for painting varies with the consistency of the paint1 its viscosity as well as its thickness4 ,some liquids have a quality of stringiness or hanging together which require a higher pressure to break up4 ,thin lacquers and varnishes may be sprayed with #ah or #bj lbs4 to the square inch1 and from that to about #ej lbs4 will cover most classes of paint4 ,the lowest pressure at which a paint breaks up is the best pressure to use1 as high pressures have a tendency to make more dust and put fine particles of paint in the air1 where they are not wanted4 ,the volume of air has also to be considered4 ,this varies with the size of the aperture through which it exhausts and to some extent with the pressure--for a small nozzle such as is used for lacquers and thin liquids1 say1 one cubic foot of free air per minute1 and up to #c cubic feet for oil paints4 ,when it is stated that a pistol sprayer consumes say two cubic ft4 of free air per minute1 it means when working almost continuously1 but as the periods of actual work do not represent more than two-thirds of the actual number of working hours1 there is a margin left4 ,nevertheless1 it would be unsafe to state a lower figure1 for in some cases where convenient feeding of the work to the operator is arranged1 the consumption of air is continuous4 ,it should also be remembered that the air is used for other purposes1 i4e41 a small amount is used to provide a pressure feed of colour to the instrument in many cases1 and where a heater is employed1 a small amount of air is bypassed through the pistol to keep this warm when spraying is momentarily stopped4 ,although the practice of heating the air slightly increases the ultimate efficiency of a given compressor1 yet it is unwise to count too much upon this fact4 ,in submitting the following figures as to air consumption1 the ,airostyle pistol has been taken as a type3-- ,for work with a tip and needle of #a m_/m4 dia41 #a cub4 ft4 per minute2 #a m_/m4 dia41 #a cub4 ft42 #b m_/m4 dia41 #b cub4 ft42 #b m_/m4 dia41 #c cub4 ft42 #b-c m_/m4 dia41 #c-d cub4 ft42 #d m_/m4 dia41 #e cub4 ft4 ,these consumptions naturally vary slightly with the adjustment of the nozzle of the pistol1 but they are from actual tests and so may be taken as authoritative4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,types ,,of ,,spraying ,,apparatus4 ,we now come to a consideration of the different appliances by means of which the actual spraying is effected1 and in order to avoid any suspicion of partiality the review of instruments1 etc41 in use will be dealt with alphabetically4 ,,the ,,aerograph4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce--,,the ,,aerograph ,,spraying ,,instrument4 ,first1 therefore1 comes the ,aerograph ,co4's ,spray ,painter4 ,this instrument is of the concentric jet type1 and was one of the first of the kind made in ,europe4 ,it is capable of excellent work4 ,in ,fig4 #ce is shown one form of the handpiece4 ,a flexible tube for compressed air connects with the nipple ,a4 ,the finger lever ,f controls both the air valve and a colour valve in the nozzle ,n1 so that little or much colour may be allowed to pass out into the current of escaping air4 ,the colour may be supplied under pressure1 through a flexible tube from a large paint pot1 and pass through the tube ,p to the nozzle ,n1 or in smaller quantities from a cup ,c1 which is attachable at ,b1 and when so attached cuts off the supply through the tube ,p4 ,this cup is useful when small quantities of colour are wanted with frequent changes4 ,a ball joint permits work to be done in either an upward or downward direction4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4--;,,form ,,of ,,aerograph ,,suitable ,,for ,,spraying ,,vertically ,,or ,,at ,,an ,,angle4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4--,,the ,,aerograph ,,electric ,,motor ,,outfit4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,,painting ,a ,,gasometer4 ,in ,fig4 #cf is illustrated a pistol pattern of the ,aerograph1 which has a large side cup which can be sprayed at any angle1 being adjusted to facilitate spraying in an upward1 downward or horizontal position4 ,thus work can be done by it on table1 wall or ceiling4 ,the cup referred to contains the paint or other liquid to be sprayed1 and a series of cups may be provided for a quick change of colour1 if desired1 as will be readily understood4 ,in cases where electric power is available1 the electric motor outfit shown in ,fig4 #cg will be found very serviceable4 ,it may be described as a spray painter outfit complete1 and it includes a #a h4p4 motor mounted on a trolley ready for use1 which can be employed for many different classes of work4 ,in ,fig4 #ch it is shown being used for spraying paint on a gas holder4 ,it would appear that this outfit might be employed for ship bottom painting1 provided that the necessary scaffolding or its equivalent were available4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4--,,small ,,aerograph ,,for ,,delicate ,,work1 ,,lining1 ,,lettering1 ,,etc4 ,going to the other extreme1 a form of ,aerograph1 suitable for very delicate work1 is shown in ,fig4 #ci4 ,this may be used for photograph retouching1 pottery1 and small decorative work generally--in fact1 it is suitable for any work requiring delicacy of work4 ,in another chapter the subject of artistic work done by means of compressed air is considered at some length1 and a number of specimens of work executed by this process are given4 ,,the ,,aeron4 ,the system of spraying is manufactured by the ,de ,vilbiss ,manufacturing ,co41 ,toledo1 ,ohio1 ,u4,s4,a41 and #ga1 ,newman ,street1 ,london1 ,w4 ,the method consists1 briefly1 in spraying stain1 shellac1 varnish1 or enamel1 as the case may be1 on the work by the means of compressed air1 under a pressure varying from #cj to #hj pounds per square inch4 ,the necessary outfit comprises the ,aeron sprayer itself--which is made in two styles and several sizes--the air compressor and receiver1 an air transformer set1 for regulating the pressure and purifying the air supply1 a steel ,fumexer1 in which the work is done1 and an exhaust fan to disperse the vapours or fumes resulting from the atomising of the finishing material4 ,besides these necessary appliances1 turn-tables are used where advisable to facilitate the handling of the work while the aeroning is being done4 ,the two styles of ,aerons are shown in the illustrations1 each connected with an air transformer set to which the air supply pipe is attached4 ,in one style of ,aeron the finishing material is carried in a pint or quart capacity cup forming a part of the ,aeron itself4 ,the other machine takes its supply from a five-gallon container suspended above the nozzle4 ,the work is placed in the ,fumexer on the turn-table1 which can be tilted at any convenient angle and revolved by hand1 and is coated on the top1 sides1 and front1 with the drawers in place4 ,drawers may also be finished inside by this process4 ,a full coat can be applied to a vertical surface as well as to one in a horizontal position4 ,there are two reasons why4 ,it is impossible to put on a perfectly uniform coat with a brush1 especially on a vertical surface1 and runs and sags are caused by the heavier portions of the coat dropping down over the lighter coated spots4 ,with the ,aeron a uniform coat of varnish is applied1 and it is a fact that as the coat is the same over the entire surface it will not run1 even if it is as heavy as a brush coat1 which would show sags4 ,the second reason is that an ,aeron coat sets somewhat quicker than a brush coat1 owing to a slight evaporation of the solvent caused by the action of the compressed air4 ,again1 since the coat is uniform it sets uniformly4 ,for the same reason the final drying is hastened to some degree4 ,in brushing flat horizontal surfaces where a heavy coat is applied it is almost impossible to avoid fatty edges1 and in brushing carved or ornamental relief work the low spots are sure to collect more varnish than the high places4 ,corners and edges in panel work are also causes of difficulty in this respect4 ,in using the ,aeron the surface varnished is covered uniformly and evenly1 whether flat1 panelled or carved1 with one sweep of the machine at an even speed4 ,consequently1 heavy spots1 runs and fatty edges are entirely avoided4 ,in applying finishes with the ,aeron a slight reduction of the material with turpentine or other solvents is logical2 with some materials1 necessary4 ,reducing is logical on account of the slight evaporation of solvent previously mentioned4 ,in other words1 in order to have the ,aeron application of the same consistency after reaching the surface as it is when brushed1 a reduction of from #e to #aj per cent4 would be required4 ,this is not always desirable by any means1 especially in the case of the heavy gloss coat spoken of4 ,whenever a free-flowing coach varnish is used1 reducing is not necessary4 ,conditions in different plants govern this matter to a great extent4 ,rubbing varnishes are usually reduced slightly1 as a full-bodied1 heavy coat is not required1 also because a rubbing varnish does not flow as readily as a coach varnish4 ,on account of this evenness of the coat1 an ,aeron coat of rubbing varnish is somewhat more easily and quickly rubbed either by hand or by machine4 ,undercoat varnishes are reduced to some extent for ,aeron work for similar reasons4 ,they are also more easily sanded than when brushed4 ,pigments1 primers or first coaters are ,aeroned to better advantage if the pigment content is less than for brushing4 ,it is also sometimes desirable and expedient to use a more finely ground pigment4 ,flat finishes are applied to great advantage1 and1 because of greater uniformity of surface1 more closely resemble a rubbed finish than when brushed4 ,this spray offers perhaps greater advantages in the application of shellacs than with other materials4 ,it is a matter of common knowledge that shellac is very difficult to brush1 while1 on the other hand1 it sprays easily4 ,instead of cutting the gum #d or #e pounds to the gallon of alcohol1 as for brushing1 the material is used in the proportion of #b to #c pounds of gum to the gallon4 ,the sprayed coat of shellac is perfectly smooth and uniform1 and requires practically no sanding compared with the work necessary to sand a brushed coat4 ,the ,aeron is simple and easy to operate1 and a week's work is sufficient to make an efficient and expert operator of the average man4 ,the work is clean1 and1 what is more1 is healthful and sanitary1 as all vapours and fumes are removed from the finishing room by the exhaust fan used with each outfit4 ,cleaning the ,aeron is accomplished by spraying a solvent through the nozzle instead of the finishing material1 and the whole machine may be placed in a can of thinner overnight if desired4 ,it is necessary to clean the ,aeron but once a day if it is used more or less continuously4 ,the whole operation of cleaning may be performed in a minute or two4 ,there is usually some loss in finishing material when the ,aeron is used1 though this is hardly noticeable except on small work1 when it may amount to #ae or #bj per cent4 ,in many cases there is no waste1 in others an actual saving--where coats are eliminated by the use of the machine4 ,on an average1 however1 there is some slight loss--largely of the solvent used in reducing the material4 ,in any event1 however1 the waste is offset many times by the saving effected in time and labour1 without taking into consideration the saving in floor space1 the greater ease in handling the work1 the better quality of the work done1 the advantage to the workmen1 and1 finally1 the general all-round convenience of the ,aeron system4 ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,illustrations4 ,we will now give a description of the illustrations of the different parts of the ,aeron4 ,fig4 #dj shows the attached cup straight barrel ,aeron1 which can be fitted with either metal or glass cups4 ,metal cup is the standard equipment4 ,attached cup ,aerons can be furnished with four sizes of nozzles3 ,f--4#jdg dia41 ,e--4#jgj dia41 ,d--4#jha dia41 and ,c--4#jid dia4 ,these nozzles are selected according to the nature of the work that is to be done4 ,fig4 #da shows an attached cup angle barrel ,aeron1 a type of advantage in spraying work lying in a horizontal position4 ,in some classes of work1 where the liquid to be sprayed is apt to settle1 an agitator is required1 such as is shown in ,fig4 #db4 ,in ,fig4 #dc is shown an attached cup ,aeron with type ,v double nozzle spray head4 ,this type is especially adapted for the finishing of large surfaces1 such as automobile bodies1 case furniture1 etc4 ,the ,v spray head shown separately in the above illustration is interchangeable with the single nozzle spray head1 and can be attached to any standard ,aeron4 ,type ,g ,aeron is illustrated in ,fig4 #dd4 ,the nozzle is #jbg inch in diameter ,this ,aeron can also be furnished with other sizes of nozzles to special order4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,in ,fig4 #de are shown various attachments used with this form of sprayer4 ,at the top left-hand corner is a cup holder and screws1 and on the right1 metal or glass cups4 ,beneath are cleaning pail and length of pressure tubing with connections4 ,fig4 #df shows the construction of the ,aeron1 the parts being disassembled for ease of cleaning4 ,we now come to the type of ,aerons which take their supply of material from a five-gallon tank placed above the level of the nozzle1 the fluid flowing down by gravity4 ,this arrangement offers all the advantages of the pressure feed tank type with none of its disadvantages4 ,it is shown in ,figs4 #dg and #dh4 ,the next type is termed the ,m ,aeron with ,v-,a spray head and is illustrated in ,fig4 #dg4 ,there is the same advantage in the use of this ,aeron as with the former type in that the supply of material is taken from a container placed overhead1 the fluid flowing down by gravity4 ,the slightest pull upon the trigger releases the material instantly--the varying of the pressure adjusts the flow automatically4 ,as with the type ,l there is but one adjustment4 ,this type ,aeron is built for large work4 ,it produces a wide spray1 similar to the ,v spray head1 which covers large surfaces with remarkable rapidity4 ,the nozzle can be turned so that a full1 fan-like spray is projected horizontally1 vertically1 or in any intermediate position4 ,a container with agitator and hose for types ,l and ,m ,aerons is shown in ,fig4 #ej4 ,it is drawn from one sheet of steel and is heavily tinned to prevent rust4 ,the standard and block and tackle 7,fig4 #di7 are furnished for holding the container above the level of the ,aeron4 ,the block and tackle1 which is of the safety1 self-locking type1 is recommended where it is possible to obtain a ceiling fastening4 ,the standard 7,fig4 #ea7 can be used if the block and tackle is impracticable4 ,the air transformer set 7,fig4 #eb7 is for the purpose of regulating and purifying the compressed air1 and is a necessity with each ,aeron installed4 ,the air duster 7,d7 is a valuable addition to the equipment for removing loose dust or dirt from the work before finishing4 ,the auto-filter 7,s7 is for removing dust1 grit1 and oil from the compressed air4 ,the auto-regulator and gauge 7,r7 makes possible the regulating of the air pressure between #e and #hj pounds1 simply by turning a thumb-screw4 ,the auto-condenser 7,c7 is for separating moisture from the compressed air4 ,full details of the air compressor and other special appliances used in connection with the ,aeron will be found elsewhere4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,,the ,,airostyle4 ,next comes the ,airostyle and ,lithos1 ,ltd41 with their ,airostyle type ,record1 also a concentric jet-type1 an illustration of which is given in ,fig4 #ee and a section of which we give also in ,fig4 #ed4 ,this type is largely used for small1 medium or large work1 and is considered to be extremely sensitive and very fast in operation4 ,it has a gunmetal casting for the main body1 and all wearing parts are of steel1 tempered or case hardened4 ,it is supplied either with or without pressure fed accessories1 although the makers are strong advocates of pressure feeds for most work1 and with which they have met considerable success4 ,in addition to the ,record ,pistol this firm makes other types1 and in order must be mentioned the type ,ultra for use where frequent changes of colour may be necessary1 and where no continuous colour feed is required4 ,this type is specially adapted for stencilling in oil colours1 and is illustrated in ,fig4 #ef4 ,another type about to be introduced is shown in ,fig4 #ec1 for small and medium work1 simplicity of construction and ease of adjustment being specially claimed for this type4 ,this type is called the ,airostyle ,pistol ,m4 ,yet other type of ,airostyle may be mentioned for smaller work1 namely1 the ,stencil and ,universal ,lustre and ,photo1 which is illustrated in ,fig4 #ec4 ,these types are mainly employed for decorative work1 and give a very wide selection1 but save that they are employed in process work and for textile goods1 they do not enter into the scope of this book4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ec4--;,,airostyle ,,type ,,photo4 ,as the pistol type is used for all general painting and japanning1 the adjustment of this may be advantageously explained in greater detail1 and referring to ,fig4 #ed the instructions are as follows3-- ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ed4--,,section ,,showing ,,construction ,,of ,,the ,,airostyle4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ee4--;,,airostyle ,,type ,,record ,,with ,,union ,,for ,,continuous ,,supply4 ,a4--,,small ,,pressure ,,bowl4 ,b4--,,small ,,simple ,,bowl4 ,if a wide spray is required the nozzle #h is unscrewed to a small extent and then locked by means of a small ring #h;a1 but if a narrow spray is wished for1 the nozzle #h is screwed on farther and locked in position4 ,on all-round work one position serves1 that is1 a position in which the recessed point of the nozzle coincides with the end of the tip #i1 which just allows the needle #e to project through it4 ,if it should happen that a leakage of colour occurs through #i when spraying is suspended1 this may be obviated by giving an increased tension to spring #ae which may be obtained by screwing in the spring box #af slightly4 ,it may happen that some foreign matter becomes lodged in #i1 in which case the pistol from the colour tube must be first disconnected1 the nose #d removed and the parts brushed or swilled with turps or spirit4 ,this having been effected1 the nose #d will be replaced1 care being taken that the washer #c beds down on its seating in the body of the pistol4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ef4--;,,airostyle ,,type ,,ultra4 ,it is well to provide for any possible contingencies which may arise1 and it may1 therefore1 be remarked that if any leakage of air occurs through the air valve #ai1 it will probably be caused by some grit to be found on the face of air valve washer #bj1 and to remove this the handle can be taken off by unscrewing the milled nut #be and the valve body #bc in order to get to the air valve4 ,the replacement of the parts is simple4 ,the adjustment of the pistol for working is made as follows3--,first release the screw #ad on cross head #ac1 and while the instrument is connected up with the air supply1 slightly withdraw the trigger #ab1 allowing a small amount of air to pass through the nozzle4 ,while maintaining the trigger in this position1 move the cross head along the needle until it just bears against the cam #aj1 and in this position clamp the same by screwing home the clamping screw #ad4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eg4--,,the ,,airostyle ,,pistol ,m4 ,another important point is to see that the lubrication of the compressor is carefully watched2 the sight feed lubricator on top holds sufficient lubricant for #aj working days and is capable of adjustment by means of a needle valve4 ,it can1 therefore1 be easily set4 ,the main bearings are ring oiling and only need occasional attention4 ,the fan bearings are ball bearings and only need attention once in six months4 ,,the ,,eureka ,,spraying ,,machine4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eh4--,,the ,,crane ,,eureka4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ei4--,,the ,,crane ,,record4 ,an inspection of ,figs4 #eh and #ei will show that this machine is of entirely different construction to those already described4 ,the advantages claimed are the simplicity in construction1 the absence of complicated parts which might get out of order1 and the fact that the machines cannot clog in use4 ,the operation is as follows3 ,the feed pipe from air tank should be connected up with a high-pressure hose to the sprayer and a fluid nozzle is then adjusted so that the tip of the nozzle is in alignment with the centre of the air nozzle4 ,this adjustment varies according to the thickness of material4 ,when using thin liquids the fluid nozzle should be slightly below the centre of the air nozzle4 ,when ready for spraying the valve is pressed1 and this releases the air1 which blows through the air nozzle1 across the top of fluid nozzle and draws up the material from the inside1 spraying the fluid on to the work4 ,the shape of the spray is that of a fan4 ,the air pressure required varies from #bj to #ej lbs4 according to the viscosity of the material being dealt with4 ,as a rule the best results are obtained when the machine is held from #d to #f in4 away from the work4 ,the ,fredk4 ,crane ,chemical ,co41 ,armoury ,close1 ,bordesley ,green1 ,birmingham1 are the agents for these machines1 and it is also manufactured in the ,united ,states4 ,the remarks given under the head of ,exhaust1 ,air ,compressor1 etc41 will apply to this machine also4 ,it may be observed that the cup holding the metal can be very quickly changed1 so that a variety of colours may be sprayed one after the other with very little trouble4 ,the price of the machine 7which may be provided with an agitator if required7 is low4 ,,the ,,invincible4 ,these sprayers are designed on an excellent universal movement principle and are particularly well constructed throughout4 ,they further claim distinction on the score that every section is an independent unit of standardized pattern1 and as spare parts are always available1 replacements and renewals can be made instantly with the minimum of trouble and cost4 ,they are made in several types to suit varying classes of work1 ranging from the fine lining and shading of small objects required by artists1 etc41 to commercial painting on the scale practised by motor car manufacturers and other large users2 and important points in their favour are the special facilities provided for quick cleaning after use1 their completely enclosed mechanism1 which prevents the penetration of any dirt1 colour or liquid to working parts1 and the adjustment of the needle so that no pressure or damage can occur at any time to the colour tip1 even if trigger is allowed to snap forward4 ,automatic control is also provided for work requiring a given volume of colour1 it being only necessary to turn a regulator to ensure a constant flow of any desired density4 ,the ,invincible ,pistol ,sprayer type ,e is illustrated in section 7,fig4 #fj74 ,the body is gun metal with working parts of finest steel1 highly polished where necessary to ensure smooth working and minimum of wear4 ,the instruments have a handsomely nickelled finish4 ,,working4--,when connector 7#d7 is attached to colour cup or extension cock for paint pot and connector 7#ah7 affixed to air-line1 the air brush is ready to commence work4 ,,dusting4--,no separate or special dusting attachment is necessary with the ,invincible apparatus1 as a slight pull on trigger 7#bj7 carries back steel sleeve 7#g71 depressing steel ball 7#ae7 and bringing the air valve 7#ai7 into open position4 ,this allows a stream of air to pass forward through air channel 7#ba7 to nozzle 7#a7 and the projection of this upon surface to be treated removes all dust4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fj4--;,,invincible ,,sprayer ,,type ,e ,,in ,,section4 ,,spraying4--,a continuation of the trigger pull carries back the spring buffer 7#h7 and opens the control barrel 7#aa7 of the needle valve 7#c7 allowing colour to flow through colour tip 7#b71 at the end of which it meets the vacuum created by the air stream1 and is then 7atomized7 broken up into thousands of minute particles which coalesce upon meeting their object1 and form a perfectly level1 smooth and even surface4 ,,control4--,the trigger control is very sensitive1 giving a spraying range from a fine line to the fullest flush of the instrument's capacity4 ,for automatic control it is only necessary to adjust regulator 7,no4 #ad74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,,cleaning4--,by unscrewing union nut 7#e7 the complete fore-part may be removed for cleaning without interfering with any other part of the mechanism1 therefore the operation of cleaning is always quick and thorough1 even when sticky1 heavy liquids have been used4 ,the movement for the above sprayer applies to all ,invincible sprayers4 ,type ,a for artists1 miniature tinting1 black and white process work1 etc4 ,type ,b for ,christmas and show card work1 etc4 ,type ,c for ceramic work1 posters and so on4 ,a cheaper series is also made which1 whilst lacking some of the refinements of the standard models1 are reliable1 and soundly made instruments4 ,the patentees and manufacturers of ,invincible ,air ,brushes are the ,air ,brush ,manufacturing ,co41 ,ltd41 ,pneumatic ,works1 #ac1 ,arlington ,street1 ,rosebery ,avenue1 ,london1 ,e4,c41 who also provide all accessories for complete spraying installation1 such as air-compressors1 air-receivers1 air valves1 reducing valves1 condensers and clarifiers1 pressure paint pots and paint pot stands1 exhaust benches1 fans1 turn-tables1 automatic cut-outs1 motors1 etc41 of which complete details will be sent upon request4 ,,the ,,midland ,,sprayer4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fe4--,,the ,,midland ,,sprayer4 ,from what has already been said1 it will be obvious that the most important part of a spraying plant is the correct construction of the actual sprayer or spraying pistol4 ,the ,midland ,fan ,co41 ,ltd41 of #df1 ,aston ,road1 ,birmingham1 have placed on the market a sprayer which is shown in ,fig4 #fe1 and this1 we learn1 has given a great deal of satisfaction4 ,its principal claim to superiority is the simplicity of construction1 for one reason because the sprayer may be used by those who have but little knowledge of mechanics4 ,the construction permits of easy cleaning1 which is of vital importance1 and for this purpose the needle can be removed by a turn of the fingers and replaced with equal ease4 ,the illustration shows the larger pistol1 and it may be mentioned that smaller sizes are made for finer work4 ,,the ,,paasche ,,air ,,brush4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ff4--,,the ,,paasche ,,sprayer4 ,this spraying machine is manufactured by the ,paasche ,air ,brush ,co41 #i1 ,south ,clinton ,street1 ,chicago1 in various sizes1 for spraying by compression air liquids of all kinds4 ,the above illustration shows what is known as the ,three in ,one quick action model ,s brush1 and is recommended for use with heavy material4 ,instead of the paint pot being at the top an underslung jar with aluminium cover as shown on the lower part of ,fig4 #fg may be used4 ,this figure shows the same air brush or sprayer with one gallon container2 in either case the spraying of the colour or material is quickly done4 ,the flow of the liquid is entirely independent of the air circulation4 ,an agitator is provided to keep the material well stirred1 and should be used with all liquids which have a tendency to settle1 such as bronzes1 enamels1 paints1 etc4 ,the coupling or taper stem of the flexible metal tube or bottles are easily detachable1 and one material after the other can be used without stopping4 ,if the underslung jar or the gravity pot be used no agitator is necessary4 ,this instrument is made in much larger sizes4 ,the general form of apparatus is shown in ,fig4 #fh1 the special finishing hood with exhaust fan being in this case employed1 while a paint container is suspended on an adjustable stand4 ,in this case a chair is shown being painted4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fg4--,,larger ,,size ,,paasche4 ,a somewhat novel apparatus for separating oil and water is that shown in ,fig4 #fi4 ,this is constructed to obviate the trouble which is sometimes caused by the oil and water in the air main mixing4 ,it is connected at the end of the air main as close to the air regulator or air outlet to the brush as convenient4 ,oil gets into the air main through the piston of the compressor1 and will in time saturate the walls of the air pipes4 ,the condensation of water which is due to changes of temperature makes the iron pipes sweat1 and a considerable amount of water is accumulated in this manner4 ,the simple appliance shown in the illustration will remove this4 ,fig4 #gj shows the ,paasche ,automatic electric controller which is used for automatic starting and stopping motor driven compressor outfits where from #a_/hth to #a horse-power motors are used4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fh4--;,,general ,,form ,,of ,,paasche ,,sprayer4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fi4--,,paasche ,,oil ,,and ,,water ,,separator4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gj4--,,paasche ,,automatic ,,electric ,,controller4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,supply ,,of ,,compressed ,,air--,,paint ,,supply--,,exhaust4 ,the forms of spraying apparatus having been selected1 consideration must next be given to the following details1 viz43--7#a7 ,the supply and degree of pressure of the compressed air4 7#b7 ,the form and location of the paint supply4 7#c7 ,the arrangement of an exhaust installation to carry away the fumes and waste paint4 ,these will be dealt with in their order4 ,it is clear that attention has to be paid to a convenient arrangement of reducing valves controlling the pressure of air to the sprayer1 and also providing1 what is in many cases indispensable1 a pressure feed of colour to the sprayer1 either from a large pot mounted over the hood1 or a special type of bowl screwed on to the sprayer4 ,some makers still advocate a simple type with small bowl screwed on to the sprayer1 and no means of controlling the pressure save by adjusting the safety valve on the main tank1 thus necessitating that each operator shall work at the same pressure1 arguing that reducing valves1 pressure feeds1 etc41 etc41 are unnecessary refinements1 but it may be safely claimed that such opinions are made without due consideration of the advantages of the more complete system1 and that the consensus of opinion is in favour of such refinements1 giving1 as they undoubtedly do1 a further increase in speed1 and1 in many cases1 making practicable what would otherwise be impossible1 as well as ensuring that whatever work is to be done1 the most suitable pressure is instantly available4 ,in the equipment of an efficient compressed air plant for painting1 the type of compressor employed1 and the arrangement of the air main1 should first be decided upon4 ,the compressors must be designed to give an absolutely pure supply of air free from oil or grit1 and the air-main must be so arranged as to avoid any trouble due to condensation4 ,this is overcome1 first1 by using1 at least for high-class work1 a horizontal air compressor1 water cooled1 with a sensitive sight-feed needle valve lubricator to the cylinder1 capable of delicate adjustment1 so as to avoid excess of lubrication4 ,needless to say1 the machining of the cylinder1 piston1 etc41 of the compressor must be of the highest class to ensure satisfactory running under such conditions4 ,then a suitable air filter must be fitted to the intake of the compressor4 ,this filter should be of large diameter1 and have a gauze screen and wad of cotton wool4 ,the air valves should be so arranged that they may be removed without breaking the water joint1 and be so arranged that they may be taken out and replaced in a few seconds4 ,the main tank must be provided with safety valve drain cock and pressure gauge1 and the air main1 of not less than in4 diameter barrel1 preferably steam barrel1 must be arranged to travel in a downward direction from the main tank towards an end station tank1 which is a duplicate in miniature of the main tank or receiver4 ,all branches must be taken upwards off the main4 ,such an arrangement1 if care is taken that the end station tank has its relief valve set to blow off before the main tank safety valve acts1 ensures that all moisture is collected in the end station tank4 ,the ,airostyle and ,lithos1 ,ltd41 claim to be the originators of such a system1 and it is here explained in print for the first time4 ,all experiments with a view to scrubbing or purifying the compressed air of moisture1 oils1 etc41 on the air main side of the main tank1 other than the above simple expedient1 have proved more or less failures1 either from want of appreciation of the increased capillary attraction set up in the tanks and air main1 or from the difficulty of satisfactorily and frequently cleaning out such scrubber as may be inserted1 and the incidental difficulty created in the prevention of dust being carried out of the scrubber throughout the system4 ,it need hardly be said that ample air must be provided in order to have sufficient pressure always available for the full number of operators employed1 and this point is one which cannot be too strongly emphasized1 for in too many cases firms have installed small compressors and have been misled as to their maximum capacity1 mainly through over anxiety on the part of the salesman to secure his order for apparatus1 he apparently having been afraid to ask a high figure for a really efficient compressor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ga4--;,,airostyle ,,air ,,compressor4 ,,capacity #dj ,,cubic ,,feet ,,per ,,minute4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gd4--;,,devilbiss ,,air ,,compressor4 ,another point of importance is that unloading devices1 cutting in and out automatically should be avoided at all cost where compressed air is to be used for painting4 ,the reasons are that it is much better to use the surplus air for the purpose of getting rid of the condensation in the way already indicated1 and that in addition most unloading devices are in the nature of compromises1 and while saving only a small amount of power materially increase the wear and tear by throwing the load in the reverse direction on the gudgeon pin1 large and small end of connecting rod and main bearings1 and by causing a hammering action to be set up4 ,this applies in particular to air compressors with automatic valves where the device works by means of a valve closing the air intake entirely1 and so setting up a vacuum in the cylinder4 ,a much better plan is to arrange the compressor to run at a speed sufficient to give a slight reserve of air above what is needed and to have it running constantly during the whole working period4 ,this may seem at first sight an arbitrary attitude to take up1 but it is the result of considerable experience1 and need not be considered as extravagant when it is borne in mind that air compressors of more than #dj to #ej cubic feet per minute capacity are seldom employed for such work1 and so the maximum power absorbed is light4 ,the compressor illustrated in ,fig4 #ga is designed and made by the ,airostyle and ,lithos1 ,ltd41 and has a number of well thought out refinements1 both as to accessibility and form of valve bodies and valves1 and also with regard to the filtration of the air and the lubrication of the cylinder4 ,ring oiler bearings are employed for the crankshaft1 and the compressor throughout is as carefully built as a gas engine4 ,the makers claim that an absolutely pure supply of air is delivered by this compressor at all speeds up to #cej r4p4m4 ,water cooling is employed and very ample cooling surface is provided1 not only for the cylinder but also the cylinder cover is cooled1 and has the valves located in pockets in same4 ,an air compressor is shown in ,fig4 #gb1 and another one1 which is water cooled1 in ,fig4 #gc4 ,these are made by the ,de,vilbiss ,co4 ,in ,fig4 #gd are illustrated various forms of air compressors2 a pressure gauge1 safety valve and drain cock are furnished with each receiver4 ,these tanks have welded seams and are tested to #bjj lbs4 pressure4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ge4--;,,aerograph ,,air ,,pump ,,and ,,tank ,,combined4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gf4--,,the ,,aerograph ,,type ,,of ,,air ,,pump ,,for ,,larger ,,installations4 ,one of the ,aerograph types of power pump and tank is shown below4 ,it is strongly built1 easy working1 and is fitted with metal extending rings and metal valves1 which will supply enough air for three spraying painters4 ,in the illustration is shown the pump fitted with an automatic regulator1 but this may be dispensed with if desired4 ,the regulator1 therefore1 will be found of great value1 not only in saving power1 but also in the wear and tear of the pump4 ,the tank is fitted with an air gauge and a speed valve1 and the dimensions of the air receiver are #ah inches diameter by #cj inches high1 and the pump has a bore of #c in4 while the stroke is #g in4 ,the power required is #a h4p4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gg4--,,the ,,airostyle ,,plant--,,general ,,arrangement ,,of ,,accessories4 ,,the ,,supply ,,of ,,paint4 ,for lacquering or coating small articles a spray may be used which is constructed with a cup to contain the paint1 but for any heavy painting where large surfaces are to be covered quickly a cup on the handpiece is not of much utility1 and it is necessary to provide a means to keep the supply of paint to the handpiece continuous4 ,this is done in two ways3 ,by an overhead paint pot1 allowing gravity to carry the paint to the handpiece1 or by an enclosed paint pot with a regulating valve and pressure applied to the surface of the paint by compressed air4 ,in some situations all that is required is an overhead paint pot1 the weight of the liquid feeding it to the handpiece4 ,an enclosed paint pot has the very great advantage that 7with a proper valve7 the feed of the paint can be regulated to a nice degree4 ,the paint pot shown in ,fig4 #gg has a damped cover which is capable of being quickly removed1 and a low-pressure feed to the paint is obtained from a reducing valve4 ,this can be set so that the paint can be forced to the handpiece to secure a uniform flow whether the paint be thick or thin4 ,,the ,,exhaust ,,installation4 ,we next reach the question of arranging a satisfactory form of exhaust installation1 which has been found to be absolutely essential in order to insure the health of the operator4 ,this exhaust question obviously opened up special problems in the direction of convenient forms of hoods or work benches1 so arranged as to carry away the fumes created by the paint distributor without unduly inconveniencing the operator by reason of the draught set up4 ,by some firms use is made of the exhaust to collect the residue or surplus paint drawn off by employing a ventilator1 which sets up a medium pressure1 and interposing between the outlets of the hood and the air shaft some form of perforated screen or screens which are readily removable1 or in some cases revolvable and self-cleaning4 ,where slow drying japans are employed1 such saving is of considerable advantage1 although it must not thereby be assumed that an extravagant wastage of paint occurs1 for it must be borne in mind that with a spraying plant there is no loss through evaporation from open pots and gradual drying up of the paint on the sides of the pots1 or absorption of same in the brushes employed4 ,actually1 therefore1 although it would appear that considerable wastage occurs1 yet in practice it is found to be economical1 and even where intricate forms1 such as cycle frames1 wheels1 carriers1 etc41 or bedstead work are to be dealt with no undue loss is experienced1 and such small loss as may be noted is compensated for ten times over in the saving of time effected4 ,when selecting a ventilator for the plant1 the fact must not be overlooked that the fine particles of paint1 etc41 drawn off by the ventilator gradually coat the blades of the fan1 sufficiently to materially increase the friction1 and to absolutely prevent the exhausting of the air should multiple bladed fans be adopted4 ,experience has shown1 therefore1 that for such work as compressed air painting multiple bladed fans are to be avoided1 even though these are scientifically designed and admirable for many classes of exhaust work4 ,not more than #h to #aj blades should be employed1 and there must be no belt-drive taken through the air shaft1 this being a source of continual annoyance in addition to creating a loss of efficiency4 ,where simple impellor fans are used1 long spindles should be employed permitting an outside drive1 but a better type of fan is the central draught type1 preferably ball bearing1 as these run for years with no attention save occasionally filling up with grease and periodical cleaning4 ,it may be argued that many of the foregoing remarks are not properly within the scope of this book1 yet on further consideration it must be conceded that they all have a bearing upon the ultimate efficiency of the installation1 and are the outcome of years of experience4 ,when arranging a compressed air painting plant considerable thought must be given to the most convenient position1 and where stoves for artificially drying on the paint1 japan1 etc41 are employed1 care must be taken that a sufficient number of these stoves are provided to give the plant full scope1 for a very material saving per annum is effected1 additional to that accruing through the labour-saving effect of the apparatus1 by the fact that the stoves are filled more quickly4 ,where bulky work is to be handled1 the plant must be so arranged as to give ample room for getting the work to and from the hoods4 ,the volume of exhaust air will depend on the character of the paint and the size of the cabinet4 ,for large articles a large cabinet is required1 and a proportionately larger fan will be needed4 ,from #ejj to #a1jjj cubic feet of air per minute should be supplied for each worker4 ,a hurricane of air is not required2 all that is needed is to keep the air moving away from the worker1 and the ordinary type of wall fan may be sufficient for a simple installation1 but cannot be used for large plants4 ,,airostyle ,,central ,,draught ,,steel ,,plate ,,fan4 ,this fan is designed and made by the ,airostyle and ,lithos1 ,ltd41 and is invariably specified in all their medium and large installations for compressed air painting4 ,it is very carefully designed and built specially for the work1 and is fitted with ball-bearings4 ,as will be seen from the illustration1 ,fig4 #gi1 it is worth serious attention on the part of intending users4 ,it is made in many sizes1 from #b1jjj to #bc1jjj cubic feet capacity1 and is very largely used1 not only for ,airostyle plants1 but also for general ventilation work4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gh4--,,the ,,paasche ,,motor ,,driven ,,fan4 ,in the above figure is shown a motor-driven propeller fan manufactured by the ,paasche ,air ,brush ,co4 ,it is made in various sizes1 varying in air delivery from #a1bjj to #aj1jjj cubic feet per minute4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gi4--,,the ,,airostyle ,,centre ,,draught ,,steel ,,plate ,,fan4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hj4--,,the ,,devilbiss ,,auto ,,cool ,,electric ,,exhaust ,,fan1 ,,closed1 ,,and ,,open ,,for ,,cleaning4 ,,location ,,of ,,the ,,work ,,cabinets4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ha4--,,sketch ,,of ,,spraying ,,cabinets1 ,,showing ,,side ,,lighting4 ,as to the position of the spraying benches1 it is a little curious to note that in not a few cases these cabinets are placed facing the window1 the idea being to obtain as much light as possible for the process4 ,a moment's consideration1 however1 will show that this is not the correct position1 because the workman faces the light1 which is thrown on the back of the article he is spraying1 in exactly the wrong position for his purpose4 ,the cabinets should be lighted from the back of the workman and be1 as far as possible1 directed from the roof or the top of the room1 so that it comes directly on the article to be sprayed4 ,clearly it is necessary to provide as good a light as possible in order that no part of the work shall be missed4 ,artificial light will1 as a rule1 be provided for working on dark days and after the sun sets1 and here again the same provision must be made4 ,plenty of light arranged in such a manner that it is directed on the front of the object to be painted is essential in every case4 ,after due provision has been made for a suitable exhaust1 which question should be left in the hands of the specialist in compressed air painting if satisfaction is to be guaranteed1 other questions need attention1 such as provision of means for handling the work1 special turn-tables1 which should be ball-bearing1 if possible1 to ensure light running and enable even heavy articles to be turned about when spraying1 and when examining the work4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hb4--;,,aerograph ,,spraying ,,cabinets4 ,,the ,,fumexer4 ,in connection with the ,aeron1 the makers supply a special form of cabinet or booth1 made of steel1 which is called by them the ,fumexer1 and is illustrated in ,figs #hc to #hi4 ,these are made in various sizes1 from #c feet to #af feet wide1 and #d feet to #ah feet deep4 ,they are each fitted with turn-table and specially constructed fans for drawing out the air1 and with it the superfluous paint1 enamel1 etc4 ,fig4 #hd shows a side view of an #h-;ft4 ,fumexer indicating the style of construction and funnel-shaped back clear to the floor4 ,the steel ,fumexer with the ,autocool electric exhaust fan installed is claimed to insure a maximum exhaust efficiency1 and to completely remove all fumes arising from the work in the finishing room--at a minimum of power consumption4 ,the ,fumexer is a fire-proof steel booth specially designed and built for the height of service4 ,it is constructed of heavy sheet steel on an angle iron frame1 with wire glass windows in sides and top4 ,provision is made for electric lights--reflector and sockets being built in4 ,the back of the ,fumexer is funnel-shaped clear to the floor1 which arrangement1 together with the large fan opening1 gives maximum exhausting results1 especially on large work4 ,the short exhaust pipe running from the back opening is easy to clean and permits of the placing of the ,fumexer near outside wall4 ,to take care of all classes and styles of work1 the ,fumexer is regularly made in a variety of sizes as above mentioned with the proper number of fans installed4 ,other sizes to meet any special requirements are made to order4 ,a turn-table1 which is adjustable1 tilting and revolving--either floor or suspended type--is supplied with the ,fumexer4 ,this device facilitates the handling of a large percentage of work4 ,the floor type turn-table is not fastened to the floor nor ,fumexer and can be removed when not required4 ,the ,autocool electric exhaust fan installed in all ,fumexers is an exclusive ,aeron system product1 and is particularly adapted to the work required of it4 ,in ,fig4 #he is illustrated the side and front views of a #d-;foot single exhaust fan installation ,fumexer with suspended type turn-table4 ,the fan motor1 completely enclosed and protected from fumes1 is automatically cooled by a stream of pure air which is continuously drawn through the motor4 ,this means a fan of increased efficiency4 ,the motor is only one-twelfth ,h4,p4 and will do the required work at one-tenth or less the power consumption of other styles of exhausting methods4 ,autocool fans are made in one size only1 the number of fan units being increased for ,fumexers above five feet in width4 ,in this way the right number can easily be adapted to any kind of work4 ,the makers claim that by this arrangement a better distribution of exhaust is obtained1 and the vapour is moved quickly at low pressure through the large fan openings--this accounting for the small amount of power used4 ,the next illustration shows the ,autocool electric exhaust fan both closed for use and with motor and blades swung inward for cleaning4 ,in ,fig4 #hf is shown a special ,fumexer with three exhaust fan installation and automobile body4 ,this equipment1 together with type ,d ,aeron with ,v spray head or type ,m ,aeron with ,v-,a spray head and the air transformer set1 is used for priming and surfacing automobile bodies4 ,two very interesting illustrations are ,fig4 #hh1 the one on the left being a ,fumexer with automatic elevating and revolving turn-table1 while that on the right is a ,fumexer with wheel-jack4 ,the turn-table is revolved by a #a_/h ,h4,p4 electric motor1 furnished in either direct or alternating current4 ,the speed of rotation is adjustable through a wide range by means of a friction wheel and disc4 ,the table is started and stopped by either hand lever or foot pedal entirely independent of motor4 ,a ten-inch elevation of the table is accomplished by compressed air acting on a piston which supports the revolving parts4 ,a hand lever controls this feature1 and the speed of elevation and lowering is adjustable for different classes of work4 ,this turn-table is especially designed for handling box-like work1 finished inside and outside in the same or different materials4 ,the elevation feature makes possible the painting of an article one colour inside and another outside in one operation without interference4 ,it is also well adapted for use on other classes of small work4 ,the ,fumexer in operation is shown in ,fig4 #hi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,,the ,,devilbiss ,,fumexer ,,or ,,spraying ,,cabinet4 ,,accessories4 ,it is difficult to classify accessories as readily as the sprayers themselves2 we must content ourselves with a description of some of these as supplied by the firms mentioned in the previous chapter4 ,one of the most complete plant supplied is that installed by the ,airostyle ,lithos1 ,ltd4 ,they have1 in addition to the sprayers1 a system of carrying a specially designed colour pot on a bracket over the hood clearly seen in ,fig4 #gg4 ,such a colour pot has a clamped cover1 making an airtight joint1 and so arranged as to be readily taken off for cleaning or re-charging1 and with a spun copper container1 offering no obstruction to the flow of the paint and reducing loss to a minimum4 ,connections are provided on the top for the pressure feed1 for filling up by means of a funnel1 and for permitting the use of the compressed air as a means of driving out the paint from the flexible tube before leaving the instrument after work is finished each night4 ,another accessory is a smaller pressure bowl made to screw directly on the pistol sprayer and designed to make possible the use of many coloured enamels1 while still retaining the advantage of the pressure feed4 ,pressure is conveyed into the bowl through a flexible tube from a special type of reducing valve1 shown in ,fig4 #gg4 ,this illustration shows the connections as universally employed on ,airostyle plants4 ,the reducing valves are so designed as to give in case of the top valve a pressure up to #ae lbs4 for the pressure feed1 and in the lower one any pressure instantly from atmospheric pressure up to the maximum4 ,it is the practice to take the air pressure from the air main through the reducing valve into the low pressure tank1 as shown1 as this further ensures that absolutely pure air shall be delivered to the sprayer and a steady supply of air at any pressure is always available4 ,the low pressure tank is1 as shown1 a very simple type1 albeit soundly made1 and a drain tap is provided at the base of same4 ,last1 but not least1 comes the type of flexible tubing employed1 and this is the outcome of much experimenting1 in that the same is unaffected by the action of turpentine1 white spirit1 or even naphtha4 ,before leaving this question the reader is referred to the numerous illustrations 7see pages #aee to #ahe71 as these give a far better idea of the completeness of the ,airostyle plants than is possible in this chapter4 ,,turn-,,tables4 ,to facilitate handling of goods to be sprayed1 a turn-table is usually found of considerable service4 ,these turn-tables vary according to the class of work that is being dealt with4 ,in ,fig4 #hg is shown one made by the ,aerograph ,co41 ,ltd41 which is #bj inches in diameter by #ab inches high4 ,it is made entirely of cast iron1 excepting the cone seated bearing1 which is of hardened steel1 which rotates freely and is nicely finished4 ,the weight is #ih lbs4 ,sometimes turn-tables are provided with projecting points to prevent the article being sprayed from moving1 while in other cases the top of the table is provided with ridges for the same purpose4 ,in all small turn-tables a conical bearing of hardened steel1 properly lubricated1 is sufficient for the purpose1 but in the larger work it is desirable to employ ball-bearings4 ,whichever method is used1 it is essential that the table turns very freely so that it can be moved almost with a touch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hg4--;,,aerograph ,,turn-,,table4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hh4--,,two ,,forms ,,of ,,fumexer ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hi4--,,the ,,fumexer ,,in ,,use4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ij4--;,a ,,paasche ,,turn-,,table4 ,fig4 #ij shows the ,paasche turn-table1 which can be raised or lowered into suitable positions as well as tilted at any angle4 ,it revolves freely with a gentle touch4 ,larger sizes are supplied4 ,the necessity of providing for carrying off the fumes which arise in paint spraying has already been dealt with4 ,,the ,,auto-,,electric ,,air ,,heater4 ,this invention is the property of the ,de,vilbiss ,manufacturing ,company1 and is intended to overcome the tendency of the air to cool as it leaves the nozzle in spraying1 while it tends to keep it heated till it reaches the work4 ,it also raises the temperature of the varnish or enamel1 producing a smooth1 even finish4 ,in addition to heating the air1 the auto-heater warms the nozzle1 thereby raising the temperature of the varnish4 ,because of the heated air and warmed material there is a complete elimination of the pitted1 pebbled or mottled effect so noticeable when short oil1 quick setting or heavy bodied varnishes or enamels are sprayed on flat surfaces4 ,the auto-heater enables ,aeron users to improve the quality of many classes of work--in many instances it opens up an entirely new field of usefulness4 ,the auto-heater and the air transformer set together insure clean1 dry and warm air at the proper pressure1 which is an important factor in the production of the best ,aeron results4 ,the auto-heater applies the heat at the last possible point before the air enters the ,aeron2 as a consequence there is absolutely no loss or waste of heat1 as would be the case if the air were heated at some other point and then passed through the hose to the machine4 ,it is very easy to understand that if air heated before entering the hose retained sufficient heat to be of service when reaching the nozzle1 it would be so hot that it would destroy the hose4 ,in the only practical way1 the auto-heater maintains the heat in the air at the proper degree till the spray reaches the work4 ,the auto-heater is light1 yet rugged in construction4 ,it has no exposed contacts4 ,the conductor wires run through the air hose4 ,it can be attached to any style of ,aeron without difficulty4 ,there is an automatic cut-off furnished with every auto-heater4 ,placing the ,aeron in the cup holder1 or hanging it on the hook1 automatically cuts off the current--picking up the ,aeron automatically turns on the current4 ,this automatic control effects a great saving in current4 ,as a protection against overheating the auto-heater is equipped with a fusible safety disc1 which melts1 allowing the air to escape1 if current is left turned on by accident when the ,aeron is not in use4 ,this safety device operates within four minutes4 ,several extra discs are furnished with every outfit4 ,the auto-heater can be connected to any electric light socket1 and consumes only #bej watts current when in operation4 ,the construction of the auto-heater will be understood on reference to ,fig4 #ia4 ,another interesting heater is supplied by the ,airostyle ,lithos1 ,ltd41 a number of which are in use in this country ,its general form can be seen on reference to ,fig4 #ajb1 page4 #afe1 which shows a gas-heated type4 ,the same heater is also supplied either electrically or steam heated4 ,in all types it has the same general features1 namely1 a water-jacketed colour pot1 a special coil for heating the air supply1 which is afterwards passed through the water jacket for the dual purpose of raising the temperature of the jacket and damping down the air temperature at the same time4 ,to a convenient standpipe the hot air is carried and distributed to the pistol1 and also to a special jacket round the colour tube4 ,the ,airostyle pistol is provided with an adjustment which admits of the hot air by-passing the whole time so1 maintaining the pistol at the same temperature as the colour pot and ensuring a steady flow of the japan4 ,the heaters are mounted on a stand at the side of the hood and are complete with pressure gauges1 regulating valves1 special burner for gas1 or an electrically heated pot giving three heats1 or for steam giving a wide range of temperatures controlled by the steam pressure through a reducing valve4 ,it must be explained that the same result is obtained no matter which form of heater is employed1 and that in no case can the japan be burnt4 ,the heaters are used for thick black tar varnish1 or cycle japans1 also for certain gum or glue mixtures and special varnishes4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ia4--,,the ,,auto ,,electric ,,air ,,heater4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,stencils ,,and ,,masks--,,the ,,requirements ,,of ,,different ,,trades ,,in ,,spraying4 ,just as in applying paint by immersion some parts which are not required to be painted can be protected1 as already explained1 so in spraying4 ,certain parts are to be left unpainted1 such as the plated fronts and glass lenses of cycle lamps4 ,this is effected by the adoption of some system of masking4 ,such masks are1 however1 very simple and are sprung on with a simple wire spring or clip1 and so held in place while spraying4 ,a mask has been designed and patented purposely for use when spraying4 ,this is described on page #adc4 ,this mask has embodied in it a plunger on the end of which is mounted a rubber sucker1 and as the plunger is controlled by a spring1 all that is necessary to do is to depress the plunger down on to the lamp1 box1 or whatever article is to be painted2 and as the sucker of the plunger comes into contact with the article first1 it grips the surface and the spring behind the plunger forces the mask1 which may be any shape1 but is preferably of box form1 down upon the article4 ,this mask is very practical1 but its use is limited1 to some extent1 to forms of lamps which do not need any stencil or mask4 ,such a step1 needless to say1 has only been taken because the system of compressed air japanning is the one ideal method--and one has only to refer to manufacturers who have used it for confirmation of this4 ,in addition to simple masks1 there are many more complicated forms1 such as those in use in gas meter manufactories1 where there are no fewer than half a dozen points to be masked1 and in hardly any case do more than two points remain the same over numbers of meters to be dealt with4 ,however1 this has been overcome by arranging the masks on a spring foundation1 and making them capable of sliding adjustment in two or more directions1 and the time taken to fix these masks is in no case more than #cj seconds4 ,seeing that the time taken to brush a meter 7even a small one7 is not more than seven minutes and the time taken to spray one1 with a superior result1 is not more than one minute1 there is a very considerable saving even after allowing time for fixing the mask4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ib4--,,masks ,,for ,,gas ,,meters4 ,other stencils are employed for lettering on plates1 despatch boxes1 and for ornamental work on cash boxes1 etc41 and need no further description here other than stating that these must be of something stronger than tinfoil1 and not too strong to prevent them being pressed firmly down on to the article to be dealt with4 ,in other cases1 stencils are spun or pressed out to exactly fit the article1 as in the case of brass lacquered goods1 rubber balls1 enamelled ironware1 etc41 and in some cases1 where a number of stencils are employed1 for one pattern1 these are arranged round a common centre1 and hinged so that1 once the article is in position1 stencil after stencil may be readily and accurately brought into position over the work4 ,for decorative work1 very elaborate stencils are employed1 with many plates for each design2 but such stencils hardly come within the scope of the present work1 although they are employed for wallpaper work1 and in the textile industries for high-class effects4 ,,the ,,hart ,,patent ,,mask4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ic--,,the ,,hart ,,patent ,,mask4 ,a very ingeniously constructed1 although simple1 mask which is suitable for many purposes1 but particularly for motor and carriage lamps1 has been patented by ,mr4 ,walter ,william ,hart1 of the firm of ,matthew ,j4 ,hart ,sons1 ,great ,barr ,street1 ,birmingham1 and others4 ,by this invention means are provided for applying the mask to a plain surface so that it may be immovably held without causing injury to the surface4 ,the mask1 too1 has the advantage that it can be placed in position with extreme rapidity4 ,by this invention the mask is fastened in position by a suction pad1 preferably made of indiarubber1 which1 when pressed on to the surface to be covered1 adheres thereto by the pressure of the atmosphere4 ,in ,fig4 #ic is shown an inner face view and a sectional elevation of the device4 ,the mask 7a7 is adapted to have an axial movement in relation to the suction pad 7b7 so that when such pad has been fixed in position the mask may be pressed close upon the surface it is required to protect4 ,this suction pad 7b7 is of a conical formation1 and is secured to the end of the plunger 7c7 which passes rearwardly through a hole 7d7 in the back of the mask1 and through a tubular extension 7e7 passing rearwardly from the back of the mask4 ,the rear end of the plunger has a hole therein1 which hole is screw threaded1 and to such end a cap 7f7 is secured4 ,a stud 7f7 on the interior of the flat end of the cap screwing into the said tapped hole1 and the cylindrical portion 7f#b7 of the cap slidingly fitting over the tubular extension 7e7 on the mask4 ,a spiral spring 7g7 surrounds the plunger1 one end bearing on a shoulder 7h7 at the rear of the mask and the other end bearing against the cap 7f74 ,to fasten the mask1 the same is placed in position over the part to be covered and the cap 7f7 is pressed down1 thus pressing the suction pad 7b7 upon the surface of the article1 to which it adheres4 ,a mask constructed according to this invention is capable of a great variety of applications1 one of which is in connection with lamps4 ,that shown in the illustration is intended for this purpose4 ,it will be clear that the shape1 however1 can be varied according to the article to be painted by spraying2 for example1 it may be used with advantage for decorative purposes4 ,,making ,,stencils4 ,when it is decided to spray through stencils1 it is usual to employ thin copper plates for the purpose1 although in wallpaper decoration very heavy copper stencils are used1 because1 these being held horizontally1 the weight increases the stiffness of them1 while it prevents them shifting while in use4 ,in ordinary work1 however1 where a stencil must be used vertically1 the lighter stencil will be most useful4 ,if paper is used1 the best material is ,japanese vellum1 which is manufactured from a special fibre and possesses the advantage of being easy to cut and makes remarkably durable stencils4 ,it is imported from ,japan by ,jas4 ,spicer ,sons1 ,ltd41 #ae1 ,upper ,thames ,street1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,manilla paper may be had from the same firm1 and answers also very well4 ,for some styles of work1 lead foil gives good results4 ,messrs4 ,locke1 ,lancaster1 and ,w4 ,w4 and ,r4 ,johnstone ,co41 ,ltd41 #id1 ,gracechurch ,street1 ,e4,c41 supply a material which they call ,four-ounce stencil metal1 which weighs #d ounces to the square foot1 is made in sheets #f;ft4 by #b;ft4 #f;in41 and in smaller sizes1 and costs #bs4 per lb4 ,it can be easily cut with a stencil knife1 and is most suitable for work on horizontal surfaces4 ,another paper which may be used is ordinary ,whatman's paper4 ,the usual method of cutting is to use a very sharp knife1 such as a shoemaker uses1 and to cut on a sheet of glass4 ,if any variety of paper is employed1 it will be necessary to apply two coats of shellac varnish1 ordinarily called ,patent ,knotting4 ,this protects the surface of the paper from being worn away by the action of the brush4 ,some stencil cutters prefer boiled oil for the purpose4 ,zinc stencils are sometimes employed4 ,these may be made as follows3 ,the thinnest sheets of zinc are employed for the purpose1 and upon this is painted the letters or design to form the stencil4 ,the whole of the zinc which is not to be cut out1 or rather1 by this process1 eaten out by acid1 must be protected by means of a varnish made as follows3 ,take one pint of best asphaltum varnish1 two ounces of beeswax and half-an-ounce of rosin and four ounces of ,venice turpentine4 ,melt the beeswax and rosin in the ,venice turpentine1 and while warm add the asphaltum varnish1 mixing thoroughly together4 ,paint this on the back of the zinc plate and on all parts that are to be protected4 ,form a dam or little wall made of #f parts of beeswax and one part of tallow melted together and allow to cool4 ,this is intended to confine the acid to the parts required to be eaten out4 ,nitric acid is used for the purpose mixed with three parts of water4 ,this is poured on the space inside the dam and allowed to remain on for from #bd to #dh hours1 when it will be found to have eaten away the zinc on the parts unprotected4 ,further information concerning stencils will be found in the book entitled ,stencils and ,stencilling1 by ,a4 ,l4 ,duthie1 published by the ,trade ,papers ,publishing ,co41 ,ltd41 #cfe1 ,birkbeck ,bank ,chambers1 ,high ,holborn1 ,london1 ,w4,c41 price #cs4 #c;d4 ,,requirements ,,of ,,special ,,trades4 ,the following hints are given of the requirements of a few special trades3-- ,piece ,work4 ,in very many cases where articles are painted by means of compressed air it will be found quite practicable to have the work done by piece work4 ,the exact time taken to spray any particular article can1 after a very little practice1 be determined quite accurately4 ,in fixing the price to be paid for the work an allowance must1 of course1 be made for the time taken in bringing the piece to the spraying cabinet and placing it ready to be taken away by the boys or labourers4 ,it is in this detail that speed may be increased so materially4 ,the actual time of spraying to a great extent regulates itself1 but if care is not taken considerable waste of time will be occasioned in getting articles ready and taking them away1 and a satisfactory arrangement of piece work to both employer and employee will remove this waste of time and will prove more beneficial than day work4 ,,bookbinding4 ,the principal use of spraying in this work is to put on the speckled edges of books after they are sewed and before binding4 ,this is usually done by splashing colour from a stiff-haired brush over a comb1 but the method is a crude one at best4 ,in using a spray for the purpose one of the simpler forms will do all that is required4 ,the pressure must be lowered and paint removed some distance from the books until the requisite size of the spots or dots of colour is obtained4 ,with a little practice this can be regulated to a nicety4 ,,carriages4 ,the remarks which will be found elsewhere1 under the head of ,tramcars1 apply to some extent to carriages also1 and although the superfine finish required for a high-class carriage could hardly be produced excepting by the old-fashioned means1 yet the processes of flowing-on and spraying could1 without doubt1 often be employed for the cheap and moderately cheap style of vehicles of various kinds which are now produced on so extensive a scale4 ,,cycle ,,parts4 ,many parts of cycles are now painted by means of spraying1 although some firms prefer dipping4 ,whichever process is used it is necessary1 as a rule1 to give at least two or sometimes three or even more coats1 and to get a fine finish to rub down between these coats with powdered pumice and water1 and1 for the last coat underneath the finish1 rottenstone and oil4 ,the parts must always be stoved1 as air drying enamels are not1 as a rule1 sufficiently hard to permit of their resisting the hard wear to which cycles are subjected4 ,it need hardly be said that the method of handling various parts will to a great extent determine the economy effected4 ,the wearing parts of cycles are sometimes finished in the following manner1 which is the method used by the ,birmingham ,small ,arms ,co4 ,although somewhat expensive it is certainly worthy of all praise1 because it gives so durable a finish4 ,the iron or steel parts are first thoroughly washed in ,american turpentine and are then stoved1 the result being a perfectly clean surface4 ,a coat of ,calcutta linseed oil is then given by means of brushes and the parts are then stoved at #bej ,f41 after which they receive a coat of what is called ,black ,rubber ,solution1 an elastic enamel which dries with a semi-gloss4 ,then two separate coats of khaki colour japan are given and each are stoved at #bhj to #cjj ,f4 ,a little rubbing down between the coats is sometimes necessary1 and this is done with glass paper4 ,the parts thus finished are very suitable for work which is to be subjected to very hard wear4 ,at this writing the cycles are all intended for ,government1 hence the care taken in the finish4 ,,electrical ,,work4 ,painting by compressed air is done in the case of many parts of electrical apparatus1 the process being similar to that previously described4 ,thus the metal work of fuse boxes may be finished in this way with black japan1 and one coat stoved at #bej ,f4 or thereabouts will usually be found to suffice4 ,among the large number of electric works where the process is employed may be mentioned those of ,w4 ,t4 ,henley's ,telegraph ,works1 ,ltd41 at ,gravesend4 ,the ,airostyle is used in this case1 and the work is done approximately from twice to three times as rapidly as it was formerly done with the brush4 ,,fancy ,,baskets4 ,fancy baskets which are made of cane1 willow1 special straw and other materials can be sprayed with admirable effect in many cases where brushing would be impossible4 ,indeed1 the application of a spray in this work may be considered to have created almost a new industry in a wide range of fancy goods1 which may be sprayed with gold paint1 or a great variety of coloured enamels may also be employed4 ,in this case celluloid varnishes are also employed with the addition of coal tar dyes for the production of colours such as mauve1 blue1 moss green1 rose pink1 amber1 orange1 fire red1 navy blue1 etc4 ,the work of spraying in this case is usually done over a bin such as is shown below1 a simple wire device being used at the top to support the basket while it is being sprayed1 although even this is often dispensed with as the article may be held by the handle1 and being very light this is not found to be irksome4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #id4--;,,bin ,,for ,,spraying ,,light ,,articles4 ,,gas ,,meters4 ,at the present time less than half a dozen gas meter manufacturers or repairers have a paint spraying plant in use1 and these are described elsewhere4 ,the saving1 however1 by spraying the paint is in this class of work very considerable1 amounting to about #a to #e2 that is to say1 five times as much work can be turned out with a spraying machine as by hand4 ,it is generally recognised that the quality of the painting is much improved1 it being harder and better in appearance and generally more satisfactory4 ,turn-tables of a simple character are employed1 and #bd hours are allowed for the drying of the work4 ,for protecting the indicators1 the name of owner or manufacturer and brass plates of similar character1 various types of shields or masks are employed1 consisting of a plate of requisite shape soldered on to a piece of stiff wire1 with turned ends1 which embrace the meter and hold it in position4 ,there appears to be no reason why the larger size gas meters should not be painted by spraying1 provided that a suitable plant1 which would be of a simple character1 were provided4 ,there is but little doubt that in a little time every manufacturer of gas meters will find it necessary to employ a spraying plant4 ,,gas ,,stoves ,,and ,,ranges4 ,in this class of work spraying is used almost exclusively2 as only one side of the iron is to be painted the dipping process is obviously unsuitable4 ,the work is done at a pressure of about #de lbs41 but sometimes a little less is sufficient4 ,the usual exhaust is provided and turn-tables are employed having bearing wheels on the outer edge of a circular plate4 ,those used for the larger ranges are usually level with the floor4 ,in addition to black1 all kinds of colours may be used4 ,this work is mostly done piece work4 ,the smaller parts1 such as rings1 cookers1 etc41 are also sprayed4 ,the stoving is done at #cej ,f41 but when two coats are given the first is subjected to #dej ,f4 ,the interior of the ovens are coated for a finish of oxide of tin1 which when stoved at a high temperature assures a great increase of body or opacity4 ,sometimes the finish is left solid1 but in most cases the coat is stippled4 ,the usual overhead runways consisting of hanger on four wheels on ,v-shaped girder are employed4 ,,picture ,,frames1 ,,picture ,,moulding1 ,,etc4 ,one of the industries in which paint spraying is strikingly successful is that of preparing picture frames with a gold finish4 ,if properly done the result is even better than if gold leaf is used1 as the spray covers completely the most elaborate and intricate ornament4 ,picture frames or mouldings of various shapes and sizes are obtained ready for receiving the various coats necessary to give a gold finish4 ,formerly the whole of the operations were done by means of brushes1 but this method has been wholly superseded by spraying1 which approximately does the work five times as quickly and gives a far better result4 ,three separate processes are employed2 the first is the application of a coat of enamel1 the second a coat of bronze or gold paint1 and the third the application of a transparent lacquer4 ,the last protects the bronze from discoloration1 and the manufacturers guarantee that such mouldings will last at least #e years without tarnishing4 ,the whole of the work is air dried1 but to facilitate the operation the workroom is kept at a temperature of about #ge;,f and the drying ovens up to1 say1 #hj or even #he;,f4 ,the first coat of enamel is sprayed on1 and in about two hours is felted down with a pad similar to that used by french polishers4 ,this is dipped in a solvent which removes all inequalities4 ,the actual spraying is done on a long open trough shaped bin some #c ft4 #f in4 from the floor having exhausts at the bottom and thin laths placed across it at intervals of about #ah inches4 ,the long stretches of moulding are placed on these laths lengthwise1 the laths holding them in position4 ,the spraying is done directly on them and they are turned from side to side1 and when the spraying is completed each length is lifted bodily by two boys1 one at each end1 on to racks in the drying room which is close by and which has a large number of open iron shelves running from end to end4 ,these shelves are quite close together1 so that a large number of lengths of moulding may be dealt with at one time4 ,heat at about #he;,f is admitted at the bottom1 and the drying apartment is open from end to end in front so that the mouldings may be readily introduced4 ,this heat also serves to warm the room4 ,the enamel being dry the length is removed and gone over with a pad as described and the gold paint is then sprayed on over the whole of the work1 giving a beautifully fine and compact gold finish4 ,the application of the transparent lacquer completes the operation4 ,the materials used in this work are special spirit varnishes made on a base of celluloid4 ,the exact composition varies with different manufacturers1 but the following recipes are based on ,the ,manufacture of ,spirit ,varnishes1 by ,livache and ,mc,intosh 7,scott1 ,greenwood and ,son71 and will be useful for reference4 ,the great advantage of using celluloid is that a coloured transparent varnish is obtained4 ,,recipe ,,for ,,celluloid ,,varnish4 #a4 ,celluloid #a lb4 ,amyl ,acetate #b lbs4 ,acetone #b lbs4 ,ether 7,syph4 ,meth47 #b lbs4 #b4 ,same as before with the addition of #a_/eth part of camphor4 #c4 ,celluloid #a lb4 ,amyl ,acetate #e lbs4 ,acetone #e lbs4 ,picture frames are also finished in black having a semi-gloss finish1 which gives an excellent effect and is most durable4 ,it is very important in this class of work that ample ventilation be given to the apartment in which the work is done in such a way as to avoid draught4 ,heated air1 of course1 takes up moisture much more readily than cold air1 and unless means are provided for adequate ventilation the air will become moisture charged1 and the work will thereby be adversely affected4 ,this is a point which is frequently overlooked4 ,,spraying ,,ships' ,,hulls4 ,it is the opinion of the author that the painting of ships' hulls may be done by means of spraying with a great saving of time4 ,although there are no available statistics1 it is probable that many thousands of acres of surface on ships' bottoms are re-painted every year4 ,a careful enquiry has shown that some experiments have been made in this direction1 but that they have always been of a somewhat perfunctory character4 ,the very large surface gives an opportunity for the use of the spray which is almost unequalled in its possibilities4 ,there are1 however1 certain difficulties in connection with this work1 which have doubtless had much to do with the fact that it has not1 thus far1 been adopted to any considerable extent4 ,the first of these is that the composition applied is not ordinary paint1 but one which is mixed with arsenic1 mercury and other poisonous compounds1 which are added in order to destroy animal and vegetable life and prevent the adhesion of barnacles and other marine growth4 ,so necessary is this that compositions are made suitable for different waters through which the vessel must pass1 and it is well known that those vessels which sail by regular routes need much less frequent painting than a tramp steamer which may sail in any direction and through any sea4 ,the reason is1 that in the first case the composition is specially made to withstand the growth of life in well-defined waters1 while in the case of tramp steamers it must be more or less of a general nature4 ,the point1 however1 which has now to be dealt with1 is that the addition of arsenic1 etc41 added to the paint1 causes it sometimes to settle out1 but it is suggested that this could be easily overcome by an agitating apparatus in the paint pot4 ,as explained elsewhere1 such an apparatus is frequently used in ordinary painting1 when the composition of the paint demands it4 ,the second and more serious objection to spraying ships' hulls is that the work must be done in the open1 and that the wind will carry away a portion of the paint and prevent it reaching the surface required4 ,it is suggested1 however1 this might perhaps be overcome by adopting a form of enclosed cabinet1 which would screen the operator from the wind4 ,this could be rendered portable by being mounted on a platform with wheels1 and a system of elevators1 and be adopted with a little ingenuity to reach the higher parts of the vessel4 ,in any case1 the subject is one which is well worth the attention of those interested in spraying1 owing to the immense field it opens up4 ,in this connection attention may be directed to the illustrations which appear on pages #beb to #bed of the apparatus used for spraying by the ,pennsylvania ,railroad for painting their freight cars4 ,this apparatus may be adapted1 with suitable modifications1 for ship painting also4 ,,slate ,,enamelling4 ,the usual procedure followed in connection with enamelling on slate for mantel-pieces1 stall-board1 signs and other work of the kind1 is to get the slate slabs quite smooth and level by means of a slate planing machine4 ,a coat of black varnish or enamel is then sprayed on1 and is stoved at #afj to #agj ,f4 ,careful rubbing down with powdered pumice and water is next done1 when the work receives a second coat of enamel4 ,it is again stoved and then rubbed down by hand to a finish with rottenstone and oil4 ,sometimes1 the slate receives three coats1 the finish being left with a high gloss1 but more frequently the semi-gloss obtained by rubbing with rottenstone is preferred4 ,it is unsafe to stove slate at higher than #bfj ,f41 as it is likely to break when cooling4 ,formerly1 a great deal of this class of work was done in imitation of various marbles1 mostly worked on a black ground1 but marbling is now done but rarely4 ,the method is to employ a shallow tank of water upon which are placed colours in imitation of the veins of the marble to be imitated4 ,this colour is of a special kind1 made to float1 and is manipulated on the surface4 ,the slab of slate1 which has received one coat1 is then dipped gently in the water1 when the colour adheres to it4 ,a coat of stoving varnish completes the operation4 ,many slate enamellers still employ the old method of applying the enamel by means of brushes1 but it is only a question of time before compressed air will be used almost exclusively1 for the reason so frequently urged in this work1 viz41 that the spray eliminates brush marks and1 therefore1 greatly reduces the work of rubbing down4 ,,spraying ,,colour ,,specimens4 ,specimens of various colours in distemper1 oil1 varnish and enamel are sent out in very large quantities by the various manufacturers of those goods1 and the preparation of these specimens may be very considerably facilitated by using a suitable spraying machine4 ,when distemper is used fairly large sheets of paper are usually employed1 and these are cut up by means of a guillotine machine when dry4 ,ordinary oil paint and varnish paints may in like manner be sprayed1 but when an enamel finish is desired it is usual to apply the paint on the back of a sheet of thin white celluloid1 which gives the appearance which would be obtained by the application of varnish4 ,in spraying celluloid sheets it will be found that after a little practice the paint may be laid on much more uniformly than is possible by means of a brush4 ,this can easily be demonstrated by holding up the painted sheet to the light1 when it will be found that the paint applied by a brush shows more inequalities or streaks than that when sprayed4 ,stencilling may be done very well on either paper or celluloid sheets2 in the case of these specimens1 for example1 supposing it was desired that each specimen of colour when cut up should bear a number1 it would not be difficult to cut a stencil in zinc or leadfoil1 repeating the number as many times as there are specimens to be cut out of each sheet4 ,the tinfoil would then be fixed in position and the spraying done over it1 which would mark each piece with a number4 ,then the coat of colour can be sprayed all over the surface4 ,the plan above would be followed in the case of celluloid1 but when ordinary paper is used the process would1 of course1 have to be reversed and the number put on last4 ,in some cases where a very great brilliancy of colour is required1 this is done by the process of glazing1 which is described elsewhere in this book2 for example1 a comparatively dull red could be very much brightened by spraying a coat of madder or crimson lake4 ,here1 again1 if celluloid is used the glazing colour will go on first and the ground colour afterwards1 but in ordinary circumstances the ground work would1 of course1 be first applied4 ,probably the most complete plant for preparing colour specimens is in use by ,mander ,brothers1 the well-known paint1 varnish and colour manufacturers1 of ,wolverhampton4 ,the spraying of colours is mostly done on celluloid sheets1 and four cabinets of the ,airostyle type are in more or less constant use4 ,these cabinets have glass sides and top hung on hinges so that they may be opened when desired4 ,the pressure of air is usually from #cj to #ce lbs41 with an additional #e lbs4 on the paint pot4 ,one coat is sufficient1 because1 of course1 it can be made as thick as may be necessary according to the particular specimens being prepared4 ,the saving of time is estimated at1 at least1 #cc per cent4 ,in dealing with celluloid sheets it is obviously of importance to adopt some safe means of storing them while drying4 ,formerly ,messrs4 ,mander ,brothers had a long series of double clips by which the sheets were suspended while drying1 but this method has been abandoned owing to the danger involved of fire4 ,now suitable tin-lined cabinets are provided having from top to bottom a series of cleats which support open wire trays4 ,each sheet of celluloid as it is painted is placed on a wire tray which is slipped in the cabinet1 where it dries in #ab hours4 ,,tramcars4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ie4--;,,general ,,view ,,of ,,airostyle ,,plant ,,for #af ,,operators ,,on ,,small ,,work4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #if--,,view ,,of ,,airostyle ,,plant ,,for #af ,,operators1 ,,showing ,,ventilator4 ,as far as the author can gather information1 the processes described in this book are not used in ,great ,britain to any extent in the finish of tramcars1 but are gradually making headway in ,america1 particularly for the final coats4 ,there appears to be no reason1 however1 why flowing-on1 as described in ,chapter ,,xiii41 should not be used to a much greater extent than is at present the case4 ,the earlier coats1 being very stiff1 might be applied by means of brushes1 and these coats could be followed by spraying1 and finally the finishing coats could be flowed on4 ,formerly1 this work was done almost in the same way as that by which the fine finish of a carriage body is produced1 viz41 the building up of a perfectly smooth surface by a large number of coats1 rubbing each one down carefully and finishing with two or more coats of varnish1 these being also rubbed down excepting the last4 ,in modern practice these methods are greatly simplified1 and at least several coats1 which were formerly thought to be necessary1 are dispensed with4 ,the finish is often obtained by applying a coat of a suitable enamel1 rubbing this down1 and then giving a final finish of a good flowing varnish4 ,it is suggested that spraying1 or flowing-on1 could be used for some of this work with very great advantage in the saving of time4 ,in dealing with many paints which are to be stoved1 a well-thought-out system should be in use of conveying the articles from the finishing rooms to the painting apparatus and thence to the ovens4 ,if more than one coat is given it will be necessary to arrange also for conveyance after the parts are baked back to the painting plant for the next coat4 ,as a rule1 a system of overhead runways1 such as is described for use in paint dipping1 will be found the most economical method to adopt4 ,it will be observed that in the list of trades and articles which may be successfully painted by mechanical means1 given on pages #c to #f1 there are many which are omitted from the detailed descriptions4 ,the reason for this is that the main principles are in all cases practically the same and the details must necessarily vary1 not only with the goods being dealt with1 but according to the extent of the operations and the accommodation of the factory available4 ,thornley ,knight1 ,ltd41 of ,birmingham1 specialise in this business1 and have sold1 during the last few years1 many thousands of gallons of their air-drying coloured japans1 for use on car bodies4 ,many of the largest motor car manufacturers have adopted the process4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,some ,,typical ,,plants4 ,an interesting ,airostyle plant is shown in ,figs4 #ie1 #if and #aja1 and is arranged for #af operators to deal mainly with bronze lacquers1 hence the somewhat simple arrangement with no provision for adjustment of pressures at each hood4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ig4--,,side ,,elevation ,,of ,,plant ,,for #ab ,,operators4 ,it will be noted that the ventilator employed is of important size2 the compressor delivering air to the plant is stationed in the basement4 ,the views of the plant are excellent1 and serve to remove the erroneous impression that such a plant cannot be conveniently and economically arranged1 both as regards floor space occupied and the provision of adequate gangways on all sides4 ,another interesting ,airostyle plant is shown in ,figs4 #hd1 #he and #hf1 and was installed for japanning gas fires1 radiators1 gas cookers1 etc4 ,an item worthy of note in this plant is the patented hot air apparatus installed for warming the japan and for also heating the sprayer and flexible tube conveying the japan to the sprayer2 it is clearly seen in the centre of the two hoods4 ,the large hood is mainly used for radiators1 which are wheeled on to the large ball-bearing turn-table1 shown white for the purpose of a clearer view1 but when not so used a table is wheeled into position and two operators are accommodated for smaller work4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ih4--,,part ,,end ,,elevation ,,of ,,plant ,,for #ab ,,operators4 ,the power unit1 consisting of electric drive and suitable overhead countershaft1 together with the compressor and ball-bearing fan1 is shown in ,fig4 #ajj1 and is directly outside the japanning shop4 ,this plant was installed for the ,davis ,gas ,stove ,company1 ,luton1 and has been in operation for several years4 ,the compressor shown in ,fig #ih also delivers air to the gas cooker department for two or three operators1 and to the porcelain enamelling department for six or seven operators1 but as the same practice is adopted as is shown in the photos here reproduced1 no useful purpose will be served in describing them in detail4 ,undoubtedly one of the most important plants in the country1 and one producing the highest finish1 is installed at ,messrs4 ,joseph ,lucas1 ,ltd41 ,birmingham1 and the photographs reproduced here are by their kind permission4 ,the author was granted the privilege of inspecting the plant fully1 and proposes to enlarge upon its arrangement and capacities for saving of labour1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ii4--,,plan ,,of ,,figs4 #if ,,and #ig4 ,the whole of the work was carried out by ,messrs4 ,the ,airostyle and ,lithos1 ,ltd41 and it must be admitted that the plants are so arranged as to admit of rapid handling of the work1 and the subsequent stoving of the articles is just as conveniently provided for4 ,two distinct plants are in use at the moment with a separate steel plate central draught fan and a water-cooled air compressor 7the type of fan and air compressor employed is shown elsewhere in the book1 see ,figs4 #ga and #gi74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajj4--;,,airostyle ,,plant ,,power ,,unit1 ,,compressor1 ,,motor ,,fan ,,etc41 ,,installed ,,for ,,the ,,davis ,,gas ,,stove ,,co41 ,,ltd41 ,,luton4 ,on referring to the drawings ,figs4 #ig1 #ih and #ii1 showing respectively an elevation1 end view and plan of one of the plants1 it will be seen that the plant is divided up into two bays1 each accommodating six operators1 so that1 in all1 twenty-four operators are provided for in the two plants and were actually seen at work4 ,it will at once be noticed that ample space between the bays is provided1 and this is most essential in order to give sufficient room for the racks which are wheeled into place behind each operator4 ,these racks are readily seen in the photographs1 ,figs4 #ajc and #ajf1 and can also be distinguished in ,fig4 #ajd4 ,the japanning shop in which the plants are installed is of large dimensions1 #bej feet long by #dh feet wide1 and is extremely light and airy1 but1 owing to the fact that the roof-lights are now painted over 7by ,government regulations71 the shop at present appears to disadvantage1 and the photographs consequently suffer4 ,the photographs1 nevertheless1 show very clearly what an immense amount of work can be daily handled1 but1 notwithstanding this1 the writer was assured that there were still numbers of brush hands in the shop4 ,this was primarily due to the fact that full arrangements for spraying are not yet completed 7#ab more operators are being provided for71 and1 secondly1 to the fact that certain work needing a large amount of masking can be almost as readily brushed1 and this class of work finds employment for brush hands4 ,messrs4 ,lucas1 ,ltd41 admit that there is a wastage of japan1 but maintain that a heavier and much more even coat is applied with a superior finish to brush work1 and that there is an enormous gain in time of about #d to #a over brushing4 ,they state1 also1 that an indirect gain is obtained in the economical working of the stoves1 for these are filled far more quickly1 and1 consequently1 the daily output per stove is correspondingly increased4 ,a striking proof of the saving is their statement that if they had not the system of spraying at work1 it would have meant #bjj hands in the japanning department1 whereas they now employed only #ij1 and a considerable number of these were engaged upon brush work1 so that if only the whole of the work could have been handled with the spray1 then the number of hands necessary would have been even less than #ij4 ,the photographs1 ,figs4 #aje to #ajg1 need no description1 and are self-explanatory to a large extent4 ,the type of instrument used1 and the accessories1 are described in detail elsewhere1 as they are the standard practice adopted with all ,airostyle plants4 ,the writer also had the privilege of inspecting another interesting ,airostyle plant1 installed at ,messrs4 ,g4 ,cabdy and ,sons1 ,birmingham1 where #g or #h operators are employed upon high-class celluloid enamel finishes upon buttons1 medallions1 cameos1 electrical fittings1 and last1 but not least1 numerous parts for munition work1 such as cartridge clips for #ah or #bd-pounders1 etc4 ,the small articles are laid on a grid measuring about #aa inches by #i inches1 and while holding the grid the operator sprays over the whole of the article on the grid1 and in the case of rounded faces of buttons1 sprays these obliquely from all sides in turn1 as well as over the tops of the buttons4 ,it may be mentioned that the greater part of the spraying paints and enamels are supplied by ,messrs4 ,thornley ,knight1 ,ltd41 of ,birmingham4 ,,the ,,birmingham ,,small ,,arms ,,co4 ,the cycle department of this well-known firm deals with an enormous1 amount of parts1 and a new paint spraying department on an extensive scale is in course of construction at ,redditch1 and the method in use at the ,birmingham works will be to a great extent followed4 ,in both cases the ,midland sprayer is used under a pressure of from #cj to #ej lbs4 ,the method is very thorough1 and although comparitively expensive is well calculated to produce a finish which is 7a7 capable of withstanding hard wear and possible knocks and 7b7 absolutely rust-proof4 ,the finish is elastic and very durable4 ,it is produced by the following method4 ,the steel or iron parts are first thoroughly washed in pure ,american turpentine in order to remove every trace of grease and dirt4 ,in passing1 it may be said that a suitable white spirit would probably answer as well and would effect a considerable saving1 although it is possible that the pure turpentine leaves a certain residue behind it which is of advantage in forming a key to the subsequent coats4 ,the parts are then stoved1 when a coat of pure ,baltic linseed oil is applied by means of brushes1 and they are again stoved at #bej ,f4 ,then a coat of black japan1 known in the works as rubber solution1 is sprayed on1 and a third stoving is given in this case at #bhj ,f4 ,this is followed by two coats of khaki-coloured enamel sprayed on1 which dries with a semi-gloss finish4 ,the parts are stoved between each coat and after the final coat1 so that they receive five stovings altogether4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aja4--;,,compressor1 ,,etc41 ,,for ,,airostyle ,,plant ,,for #af ,,operators4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajb4--;,,airostyle ,,plant ,,installed ,,for ,,gas ,,fire ,,and ,,radiator ,,work ,,for ,,messrs4 ,,the ,,davis ,,gas ,,stove ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,the ovens are of special construction and are described in detail elsewhere4 ,the japans employed are supplied by ,messrs4 ,arthur ,holden and ,co41 ,ltd41 of ,birmingham4 ,samples of the work thus finished were submitted to the author1 who carefully tested them4 ,he found that the finish was all that could be desired4 ,a piece of plate metal1 for instance1 was bent double without the finish being affected1 thus showing very clearly the great elasticity of the coating--a most important and necessary quality in a finish for this class of work4 ,,messrs4 ,,fletcher1 ,,russell ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,this well-known firm use spraying at their ,warrington ,works on an extensive scale4 ,all parts of gas cookers1 gas stoves1 and ranges large and small1 are sprayed by different sizes of the ,airostyle sprayer4 ,stoving takes place in most cases1 and the work of spraying effects a great saving1 one man being able to do the work of at least three under the old brush system4 ,some very beautiful effects are obtained in stoves intended for use in drawing1 dining and reception rooms1 by spraying various coloured semi-transparent lacquers over silver-bright iron or steel4 ,rich reds1 browns1 greens and blues in various shades are produced1 and the bright surface beneath the lacquer gives a very pleasing and artistic effect4 ,stoving produces the necessary hardness of the lacquer1 which may be regarded as being very durable4 ,,special ,,machines4 ,the ,berkel and ,parnall's ,slicing ,machine ,co41 ,ltd41 whose extensive works are at #f1 ,bow ,common ,lane1 ,london1 ,e41 have had a plant for paint spraying in use for the last four years1 and find it to be quite successful and a great saving of time over the old method of applying the paint by means of brushes1 in addition to a superior finish being obtained4 ,the sprayer in this case is the ,invincible1 and the paint is sprayed on under pressure varying according to the nature of the work4 ,the iron parts which go to make up the slicing machine are first primed and stoved and any imperfections stopped in the usual manner4 ,they are then painted by means of compressed air and again stoved1 after which they receive a further coat1 which is also stoved4 ,various ornamentation in gold is then put on1 mostly by the transfer process1 although certain parts require lining by hand4 ,the final coat of varnish is given by means of brushes1 it being found that this is the most economical way for this particular class of work4 ,in this particular it will be observed that the method differs from that used in many other works where all the operations are done by spraying1 including a final coat of varnish4 ,the colour used for the paint is a bright red4 ,there are two spraying cabinets with the usual exhaust1 and turn-tables are employed for turning the parts round to receive the coat of paint4 ,it may surprise some readers to learn the very large extent to which these slicing machines are used throughout the world for various purposes4 ,,gittings1 ,,hills ,,and ,,boothby1 ,,limited4 ,the plant for spraying in use in these works is principally intended for experimental purposes in connection with the preparation of paints1 varnishes and lacquers of various descriptions which the firm manufacture4 ,an up-to-date type of pistol is used1 with a pressure not exceeding #cj lbs4 to the inch4 ,the work is done in a small closet with glass sides open at one side1 and a small turn-table is employed upon which to place the article that is being sprayed4 ,some admirable results are obtained with the aid of gold lacquers4 ,it is found that in certain varnishes the application of heat is an advantage1 but as a rule the spraying is done cold4 ,among the articles which have been painted are motor cars and various smaller appliances4 ,,the ,,kingsbury ,,manufacturing ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,a typical plant for finishing picture frames1 furniture1 fancy articles such as wood1 cane and other ornamental baskets1 is that of the ,kingsbury ,manufacturing ,co41 ,ltd41 #a1 ,markfield ,rd41 ,broad ,lane1 ,tottenham1 ,n4 ,this firm are the inventors of what is known as the ,inolite system of gilding1 which is described as an ideal process4 ,certainly the work produced is as near perfection as one would desire1 the gilding being excellent in appearance1 while it is guaranteed for five years to be free from discoloration or tarnishing4 ,the process consists in applying by means of spraying1 first1 a coat of special enamel1 which when dry is rubbed down with a solvent applied by a pad4 ,upon this is sprayed a coat of gold paint1 and a final coat of colourless celluloid varnish is given which protects the gold from tarnishing4 ,the process adopted is described in greater detail under the head of ,picture ,frame ,finishing in this book4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajc4--,,view ,,from ,,one ,,end ,,of ,,messrs4 ,,lucas1 ,,ltd41 ,,airostyle ,,plants1 ,,showing ,,fan ,,and ,,compressor ,,drives4 ,the coloured celluloid enamels which are applied to fancy baskets1 etc41 have a very attractive metallic appearance1 which is far superior to the ordinary crude bronzy effect4 ,another speciality of the firm is the finish of frames in special black1 which gives a perfectly smooth finish which might be called egg-shell gloss4 ,it is quite artistic in appearance1 eminently suitable for the particular purpose1 and gives a durable frame at a comparatively small cost4 ,the firm estimate the saving of time by using the spraying as compared with that of employing a brush is as #e is to #a4 ,they point out that a little extra material is required1 but this is not begrudged as it possesses advantages in an increased durability of the protective coating4 ,,the ,,gas ,,light ,,and ,,coke ,,co4 ,several of the works of this company1 which deal with gas meters1 are fitted with paint spraying installations4 ,the branch at ,laburnum ,street1 ,kingsland ,road1 in charge of ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,fagan1 may be taken as a type4 ,two ,aerographs and three ,airostyles are in use4 ,the old meters that come to the works are examined1 and if the paint is in fairly good condition the surface is rubbed down with pumice stone and water1 but if it is much decayed the meters are placed in a hot bath containing a solution of lime and caustic soda1 and allowed to remain in it a short time1 when the paint becomes so soft as to be easily removable4 ,the surface of new tinplate is cleaned down with spirit1 when it is quite ready to receive the coat of paint4 ,at these works many different makes of meters come in to be dealt with1 hence various masks are necessary to protect those parts which it is not desired to spray4 ,the pressure used here is rather more than usual1 being #dj lbs4 to the sq4 inch4 ,the time taken to paint a meter is very small1 as can be understood when it is said that two men working on five-light meters can turn out #cj an hour4 ,before the spraying apparatus was put in1 about a year ago1 a man could paint with a brush about three meters in an hour1 so that1 with the present system1 there is an immense saving4 ,it is calculated that the whole of the original outlay of putting in the plant will be returned at the end of about a year4 ,the masks or shields having been placed in position1 a cap is placed over each union and the paint is sprayed on4 ,the meters are turned out at the rate of #ijj to #a1ejj a week of #dh hours4 ,the spraying apparatus is provided with the usual exhaust consisting of two #i-;inch holes to each cabinet1 with grating over4 ,about #aj per cent1 more paint is allowed than that used when it is applied by hand1 but the greater part of this goes on the surface1 and the coat of paint as a protector is distinctly improved4 ,the exhaust is carried up to the roof1 but the actual loss of paint is very small4 ,fig4 #ajh shows a general view1 and a large central draught steel plate fan is employed to exhaust the hoods1 and to drive this and the compressor a gas engine is employed4 ,the compressor is of the type illustrated in ,fig4 #ga1 page #aae1 and can just be discerned behind the gas engine4 ,fig4 #aji shows a gas meter in position1 with the necessary masks fixed1 and ,fig4 #aaj shows the operator about to spray-paint same4 ,this plant has been in daily operation for more than two years4 ,,the ,,gas ,,meter ,,co41 ,,limited4 ,the installation of a spraying plant at the works of this firm1 which are at #bch1 ,kingsland ,road1 have been in operation for rather less than a year1 but has proved quite satisfactory4 ,various types of gas meters are sprayed with one coat of ,torbay paint1 which is an iron oxide paint of high quality1 and the one coat possesses amply sufficient quality to give a good covering4 ,prior to painting the surface of the tinned plate which is used for gas meters1 it is cleaned down with a piece of waste dipped in spirit4 ,masks are used to fit over name plates1 etc41 and the spraying is done in the usual cabinet1 with an exhaust4 ,a three or four-light meter takes about two minutes to do1 and the larger sizes1 of course1 longer in proportion4 ,all sizes up to and including #ejj-light meters are sprayed1 but those larger1 up to #a1jjj lights1 are a little too big to handle4 ,the greater part of the meters are done in deep red oxide iron colour1 but three other colours are used in addition1 as may be required4 ,the meter to be sprayed is placed on a turn-table which bears on a sharp steel point and has on its upper portion spikes or ridges1 to hold the meter in position4 ,the ,aerograph spray is employed in this case4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajd4--;,,general ,,view ,,of ,,airostyle ,,plants ,,at ,,messrs4 ,,lucas' ,,ltd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aje4--;,j4 ,,lucas1 ,,ltd41 ,,airostyle ,,plants1 ,,showing ,,the ,,ample ,,space ,,between ,,hoods4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajf4--;,j4 ,,lucas1 ,,ltd41 ,,airostyle ,,plants1 ,,showing ,,the ,,method ,,of ,,employing ,,racks ,,to ,,greater ,,advantage1 ,,and ,,also ,,giving ,a ,,clearer ,,idea ,,of ,,the ,,large ,,fan ,,employed4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,paints1 ,,lacquers1 ,,varnishes1 ,,etc4 ,,used ,,in ,,spraying4 ,under the head of ,paints used for ,dipping some information has been given in respect to the paints suitable for that purpose4 ,some1 but not all1 paints are suitable for both dipping and spraying1 the exceptions being the heavier or more viscous compounds1 which are not suitable for painting by immersion because they are too thick4 ,tar1 enamel1 and the heavier varnishes may be given as examples1 although they may be successfully applied by the spraying process4 ,sometimes in dealing with the heavier compounds the application of heat is an advantage4 ,this may be applied to either the paint or the compressed air or to both in order to increase the fluidity of the compound4 ,it is important when heat is thus applied that the temperature of the room in which the spraying is done should be raised correspondingly1 so that the heavier paints1 enamel1 etc41 do not congeal by being directed against a cold surface4 ,under most circumstances it is unnecessary to apply heat1 provided that the spraying room is kept at a temperature of not less than #fj ,f4 both in summer and winter4 ,as already intimated1 the preparation of paints1 lacquers and varnishes for both dipping and spraying necessitates a close study of the special requirements4 ,in the case of paint the particles of pigment must be very finely divided as coarse material would tend to choke up the spraying apparatus1 or if even they did not actually have that result they would require a greater pressure of air and thus add to the cost of working4 ,zinc oxide1 the various grades of black and most bright reds1 are examples of finely ground pigments which are well suited for spraying4 ,in buying materials for this purpose it is well to purchase of those firms who have made a special study of the subject4 ,the following is a list of a few such firms1 all well known to the writer1 and although it by no means exhausts the list yet anyone desiring to buy materials may very safely leave themselves in their hands4 ,messrs4 ,docker1 ,bros41 ,ltd41 ,birmingham2 ,gittings1 ,hills and ,boothby1 ,ltd41 ,tower ,varnish ,works1 ,long ,acre1 ,birmingham2 ,goodlass1 ,wall and ,co41 ,ltd41 ,seal ,street1 ,liverpool2 ,a4 ,holden and ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,bradford ,street1 ,birmingham2 ,indestructible ,paint ,co41 ,ltd41 ,king's ,house1 ,king ,street1 ,london1 ,e4,c42 ,lewis ,berger and ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,homerton1 ,london1 ,n42 ,llewellyn ,rylands1 ,ltd41 ,balsall ,heath ,works1 ,birmingham2 ,mander ,bros41 ,wolverhampton2 ,postans and ,morley ,brothers1 ,ltd1 #ai1 ,lionel ,street1 ,birmingham2 ,the ,frederick ,crane ,chemical ,co41 ,birmingham2 ,thornley and ,knight1 ,birmingham2 ,wilkinson1 ,heywood and ,clark1 ,ltd41 ,caledonian ,works1 ,poplar4 ,e42 ,pinchin1 ,johnson and ,co41 ,ltd41 ,bevis ,marks1 ,london4 ,the following are ,american firms3-- ,the ,moller and ,schumann ,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill42 ,john ,lucas and ,co41 ,inc1 ,gibbsboro'1 ,n4,j42 ,the ,chicago ,white ,lead and ,oil ,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill42 ,john ,w4 ,masury and ,son1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y42 ,the ,glidden ,varnish ,company1 ,cleveland1 ,o42 ,the ,sherwin-,williams ,co41 ,cleveland1 ,o42 ,,stoving ,,enamels4 ,we now reach these important enamels1 and extract the following from the foreword of the little book above mentioned4 ,messrs4 ,wilkinson1 ,heywood and ,clark claim to be the first successful makers of stoving blacks1 which was in the days before the introduction of bicycles4 ,though originally introduced for cycle work1 stoving enamel produces a most successful finish for all kinds of materials4 ,in the ,united ,states of ,america such enamels are used in great quantities for finishing standardised motor bodies4 ,these black enamels have gained a very high name for themselves1 as properly baked they are extraordinarily hard1 brilliant and tough1 and when applied over such material as tin sheets are flexible enough to withstand being bent double without showing signs of cracking4 ,an important feature are the coloured enamels made by the same firm1 which run through a whole series of yellows1 reds1 browns1 greens and blues1 and are hard1 durable and tough1 and can be stoved without changing colour4 ,we extract the following notes on the ,application of ,stoving ,enamels1 and fully endorse the recommendations offered3-- #a4 ,all work should be perfectly free from dirt1 grease or oil1 before application of enamel4 #b4 ,every trace of moisture should be removed before enamelling4 ,this can be effected by stoving the work1 previous to enamelling1 at a light heat4 ,moisture on work will cause enamel to blister and burn4 #c4 ,always when using brushing or dipping enamels1 allow the enamel to set slightly 7i4e41 after the surplus paint has dried off7 before putting in the baking oven4 ,this will prevent uneven stoving and eliminate fat edges1 as far as possible4 #d4 ,oven heat should be increased gradually4 ,never place enamelled work into a hot oven at once1 but raise the heat by degrees1 until the full temperature is obtained4 #e4 ,most of our enamels are sent out slightly thick2 should an easier working material be desired1 in the case of colours or blacks1 add kerosene gradually until the required consistency is obtained4 ,coloured enamel should always be stirred before use1 to prevent the pigment settling and the light medium rising4 ,if this is not done1 the appearance of the work will lack body and appear dull and lifeless4 ,this applies especially to dipping enamels4 ,to render white stoving enamel thinner1 add pure turpentine only1 stirring well1 until a uniform consistency is obtained4 #f4 ,it is quite possible to over-bake enamels and spoil the colours1 and likewise under-baked enamels will not be tough enough to withstand hard wear4 ,particular attention should be paid to the directions on the package labels1 as the various pigments require different temperatures4 #g4 ,stoving enamels1 if left in an opened can1 tend to thicken considerably4 ,for this reason1 keep the can closed when not actually using the enamel4 ,for thinning purposes we recommend kerosene4 ,sp4 gr4 #haj at #fj ,f4 #h4 ,ovens should be properly ventilated to allow the proper oxidation necessary in baking4 ,,enamels4 ,it has already been pointed out in these pages that the success of painting by dipping1 spraying1 flowing on1 in fact1 all other mechanical means1 depends upon the exact properties of the materials used4 ,the same is true with enamels1 which are made from a large variety of formul so as to dry slowly or quickly in the air1 or when subjected to heat in a stove4 ,the author feels he cannot do better than take as a guide to the properties of enamels in general the extremely useful handbook published by ,wilkinson1 ,heywood and ,clark1 under the head of ,enamels for every ,purpose4 ,this book gives practically all the information concerning enamels likely to be required by the average user4 ,the products are divided up under different heads1 for example1 one page is headed ,heat ,resisting and ,slow ,drying ,enamels4 ,these dry fit to handle in #af hours1 and dry bone hard in #bd hours4 ,they are made to withstand heat up to #bab ,f41 and for this reason are suitable for enamelling iron baths1 radiators1 etc41 particularly so as to effectively resist hot water without softening or peeling4 ,they are made in a number of beautiful colours4 ,a somewhat similar series of enamels is made which dry quicker1 viz41 in #h hours fit to handle and quite hard in #ab hours4 ,they are useful for touching up radiators1 stoves1 steam pipes1 etc41 and are made in white and a dozen or more colours4 ,the next series which demands our attention are ,dipping ,air ,drying ,enamels4 ,they dry in #h hours and are quite hard in #ab hours4 ,they are claimed to produce a finish equal to that obtained by a quick air drying brushing enamel with the labour of brushing eliminated4 ,for a finish done by immersing the article to be painted these are capital enamels1 but they require to be used with a stirrer of some sort in the tank4 ,,hints ,,on ,,stoving ,,or ,,baking4 ,the degree of heat to which an article is subjected after being painted or japanned will obviously depend upon the kind of coating used4 ,it is safe to assert as a general rule that the heat applied must not be higher than the particular paint or enamel is made to withstand1 for1 if this be exceeded1 it will inevitably result in a loss of elasticity1 of the protecting film and1 hence1 its durability4 ,the following hints are taken from a very useful little pamphlet issued by the ,moller ,schumann ,co41 of ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,the degrees of temperature given refer to their products1 and would doubtless have to be modified in some cases1 according to the nature of the paint being dealt with4 ,they will1 however1 form a very useful guide4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajg4--;,j4 ,,lucas1 ,,ltd41 ,,airostyle ,,plants1 ,,showing ,,the ,,two ,,bays ,,of ,,one ,,complete ,,unit4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajh4--;,,airostyle ,,plant ,,installed ,,for ,,messrs4 ,,the ,,gas ,,light ,,and ,,coke ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,,general ,,view4 ,,black ,,japan ,,finishes4 ,one or more coats rubbing finish japan1 reduced as thin as possible and still cover well4 ,bake each coat at #bej to #cej for #c to #d hours4 ,sandpaper each coat lightly4 ,one or more coats finishing black japan reduced to brushing consistency 7not too thin74 ,bake each coat at #cjj to #cej for #c to #d hours4 ,sandpaper each coat lightly4 ,rub the last coat with pumice4 ,apply transfer and striping to last coat of japan4 ,bake these at #aej for #a to #b hours4 ,one or more coats finishing copal brushed as it comes from the can4 ,this protects the transfer and striping and increases the depth of the finish4 ,bake each coat at #age for #b to #c hours4 ,rub each coat and polish the last coat4 ,if finishing copal is omitted1 leave the last coat of japan in gloss1 or rub and polish as preferred4 ,,steel ,,furniture ,,enamels4 ,one or more coats of first coat enamel1 reduced as thin as possible and still cover well4 ,when brushed on1 use steel preservative for back and underside of metal1 one coat only1 baked at same time as first coat of first coat enamel4 ,bake each coat at #bej for #c hours4 ,sandpaper each coat lightly4 ,one or more coats of finishing enamel4 ,bake each coat at #bej for #c hours4 ,sandpaper all but the last coat4 ,rub the last coat with pumice4 ,enamels when rubbed have a different colour than the surface colour2 this must be taken into account in finishing4 ,transfer and striping1 if any1 should be put over last coat of finishing enamel4 ,bake at #aej for #a to #b hours4 ,one or more coats of finishing copal4 ,bake each coat at #age for #b to #c hours4 ,rub each coat1 and polish the last coat4 ,if finishing copal is omitted1 leave the last coat of enamel in gloss1 or rub and polish as preferred4 ,the same enamel will bake to different shades at different heats and varied lengths of time1 so care must be observed to get uniform results4 ,,imitation ,,wood ,,effects4 ,one or more coats of ground colour2 back of metal one coat steel preservative1 both reduced as thin as possible1 and still cover well4 ,if the steel preservative is used by dipping1 only one coat of ground colour is generally used4 ,bake each coat at #bej for #c hours4 ,sandpaper each coat of ground colour4 ,one coat of graining colour1 reduced with turpentine brushed on1 and grained by hand1 or with tools as in general graining4 ,this may be done by machine or as transfer work4 ,bake the graining colour at #bjj for #b to #c hours4 ,sandpaper lightly4 ,put on transfer and striping1 if any1 over last coat of finishing enamel4 ,bake at #aej for #a to #b hours4 ,one or more coats of finishing copal4 ,bake each coat at #age for #b to #c hours4 ,rub each coat4 ,rub and polish the last coat4 ,in this work1 at least one coat of finishing copal is necessary to protect the graining colour4 ,,white ,,work--,,bedsteads1 ,,etc4 ,white work cannot be finished with one coat1 because no white pigment has sufficient covering power4 ,two or more coats of first coat white enamel4 ,bake each coat at #abj to #aej for #c to #d hours4 ,sandpaper each coat lightly4 ,two or more coats of finishing white enamel4 ,bake each coat at #abj to #aej for #c to #d hours4 ,sandpaper each coat lightly except the last coat4 ,for gloss finish1 leave last coat as it is2 for eggshell finish1 rub the last coat4 ,finishing copal is rarely used over whites because of colour4 ,,transparent ,,colour ,,varnishes4 ,these varnishes are used over smooth1 clean1 bright metal4 ,as the metal shows through the varnish1 no primer or filler can be used4 ,one coat only is applied1 usually by brushing or by a coating machine2 however1 it may be dipped or sprayed4 ,bake at #bbe for #c hours4 ,the more these varnishes are reduced1 the lighter the colour becomes4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aji4--;,,airostyle ,,plant ,,installed ,,for ,,the ,,gas ,,light ,,and ,,coke ,,co41 ,,ltd41 ,,showing ,,hood ,,in ,,greater ,,detail ,,and ,a ,,meter ,,with ,,masks ,,affixed4 ,,safe ,,baking ,,heats ,,of ,,pigment ,,colours4 ,all colours are more or less affected by heat4 ,they lose their brilliancy1 become very much darker and sometimes turn black when baked at too high a heat4 ,prolonged heat 7not too high7 kills the elasticity of the enamel4 ,it does not affect the colour4 ,to assure brilliancy of the colour1 the following highest heats can be used with safety4 ,white #afj #d hours4 ,pale ,blue #age #b-c ,pale ,gray ,pale ,green ,pale ,yellow ,gray #bjj-bbe #d-c hours ,bright ,red ,green ,yellow ,dark ,blue ,olive ,green #bdj-bge #d-c hours ,maroon ,brown ,black - any heat up to #fjj ,,comments ,,on ,,the ,,above4 ,a well-known ,english firm1 commenting on the above says3-- ,generally speaking1 the information given therein is quite correct1 though it should be remembered that instruction as to stoving temperatures which might be quite correct with one maker's materials1 might be quite wrong with another's4 ,we notice they recommend that all black japan finishes should be stoved at from #bej to #cej degrees4 ,this is the general practice in ,england1 but it also happens that some firms cannot use these high temperatures or some goods will not stand it1 and black japans have to be supplied which can be stoved at temperatures of about #ahj or #bjj degrees ,fahr4 ,such qualities cost rather more to produce4 ,we also notice it is recommended that finishing varnish should be stoved at #age degrees ,fahr4 ,personally1 we cannot make any clear finishing varnishes which will stand this temperature without discoloration1 and even if used over black japan1 they would discolour the lining or the striping thereon4 ,the temperatures recommended for coloured enamels are also higher than we find satisfactory1 and the statement made that the same enamel will bake to different shades at different heats1 and that therefore a uniform temperature is necessary to obtain uniform results1 seems to confirm our view4 ,in practice we think that uniform results can only be obtained by using a lower temperature4 ,if a workman has to watch the thermometer in a stove to make sure that his enamels will always discolour to the same degree1 you can rely upon it that in practice accidents would soon happen4 ,,dipping ,,and ,,spraying ,,paints ,,compared4 ,from the above it can readily be seen that it is necessary to exercise considerable care in the selection of paints for both of these processes4 ,the following opinions on this important subject are given by the firms named4 ,messrs4 ,john ,lucas and ,co41 ,inc41 ,gibbsboro'1 ,n4,j41 ,u4,s4,a41 say3-- ,it is our experience that a paint which is suitable for dipping purposes can also be manipulated for spraying4 ,a paint to be suitable for spraying depends largely on two factors1 namely3--,gravity1 or weight per gallon1 and consistency1 or fluidity4 ,a paint made from pigments which are heavy gravity will not produce good results for spraying1 just as it will not prove satisfactory for dipping1 because of the tendency for the pigment to settle out4 ,in the case of spraying such paints produce an uneven finish4 ,a paint such as is ordinarily used for dipping contains sufficient light gravity pigments to make possible reduction with the proper vehicles 7depending on the desired finish7 so that by spraying a satisfactory coating can be produced so far as finish is concerned4 ,we are not certain whether a coating produced by spraying will wear as long as a coating which is applied either by dipping or by brushing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,chicago ,white ,lead and ,oil ,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill41 say3--,there is no very intricate or specific formula for this class of material4 ,the following rule we think will prove a safe one to follow3-- ,always select a pigment which will stay in suspension1 and also hold with it the extenders such as very fine silica4 ,the addition of a very fine silica to all dipping or spraying paints will add materially to the flowing off and levelling of the finish4 ,the pigments should be ground very fine in varnish1 the grade of varnish depending upon the quality of the material to be produced1 and reduced to working consistency with varnish and turpentine1 or naphtha4 ,linseed oil should be avoided in the preparation of dipping paints1 as the tendency of linseed oil to wrinkle is very objectionable4 ,chemically pure colours1 such as green1 yellow1 para toners1 etc41 are best adapted as colour bases4 ,the above constitute the principles upon which we have produced extremely satisfactory paints for the purpose named4 ,these1 coupled with expert workmen1 will produce excellent results4 ,the average formula for paints can only be considered as a general guide2 the successful blending1 tinting1 etc41 must be perfected by careful and sometimes extended experiments4 ,the difference between a dipping paint and spray paint is in the consistency4 ,a spray paint must naturally be made thinner1 and consequently only the most dense of colours should be used and a smaller amount of inert pigment as an extender1 or leveller4 ,a few experiments with a spraying apparatus 7of which some inexpensive hand sprayers can be obtained7 will quickly guide the paint man as to proper consistencies to produce best results4 99 99 99 99 99 ,messrs4 ,john ,w4 ,masury and ,son1 of ,new ,york3--,it is practically impossible to give full particulars regarding varnishes and enamels for spraying and dipping1 for the reason there are so many different kinds and they vary so much owing to the different character of work that a description of them is out of the question4 ,in a general way it may be said that dipping coatings must be quick setting1 so as to avoid runs and sags2 it must flow out to a smooth1 even surface4 ,the drying quality must depend upon the kind of work being done1 character of surface1 subsequent exposure1 and whether the coating is to be baked or air dried4 ,dipping varnish and enamels are made for many classes of work1 such as all kinds of small iron castings and sheet metal work1 as well as wood work1 vehicle wheels1 parts of automobiles1 and in some cases wagon bodies and automobile bodies1 these last only in one or two shops4 ,these goods include cheap black baking japans1 coloured enamels of various kinds and clear varnishes4 ,in regard to spraying enamels1 the 'spray brush' is gradually coming into use4 ,these goods must be made to suit the character of the work2 the body or viscosity of the material1 the pressure used in the spray and character of the surface to be coated1 must all be taken into consideration and properly graduated to insure suitable finish4 ,in both dipping and spraying work one1 two and three coats are frequently used1 sometimes the under coats are only dipped or sprayed1 while the finishing coat is applied with brush4 ,the equipment for dipping will vary also with the article to be dipped2 it includes dipping tanks of suitable size and shape1 racks for hanging articles dipped1 with troughs or trays to collect surplus material4 ,in dipping it is necessary to wipe off with brush the surplus which gathers on lower edge of the article4 ,equipment for spraying requires besides the spraying machine a pressure tank with suitable cocks to regulate pressure1 which will vary from thirty to fifty pounds1 a suitable hood provided with fan to draw off any fine spray away from the workman1 proper racks for taking care of the finished work4 ,work done with spray does not require any wiping up4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaj4--;,,airostyle ,,plant ,,installed ,,for ,,the ,,gas ,,light ,,and ,,coke ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,,operator ,,at ,,work ,,on ,,gas ,,meters4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,spraying ,,versus ,,brushing4 ,it will be convenient now to consider the length of time involved in spraying1 as compared with that involved when painters' brushes are used4 ,in dealing with this question1 it should be pointed out that while some little gain is apparent in the actual time occupied in handling the article1 which is mostly done on turn-tables when spraying1 yet no note is taken here of the difference in handling1 but only the time occupied in covering the article with paint1 japan1 etc4 ,we will take1 by way of example1 a modern gas fire4 ,very few of these are now brushed4 ,it is the consensus of opinion that a gas fire takes #aj minutes to brush4 ,to spray one1 with a superior finish1 takes #cj to #de seconds1 and even where some difficulty is experienced in handling1 or where it is the practice to have the firebricks in place beforehand1 so necessitating the use of a mask1 in no case is a greater time than #a to #b minutes taken4 ,a cycle lamp1 small size1 takes fully #b minutes to brush properly4 ,to spray the same lamp takes #aj seconds4 ,a gas meter1 #e or #aj light size1 takes #g minutes to brush4 ,to spray one takes #a minutes1 allowing for the time occupied in fixing and removing the somewhat elaborate mask employed for covering the indicator glass1 badges1 name-plate1 etc4 ,a motor headlight takes nearly #bj minutes to brush properly1 whereas to spray one takes but #a minutes at the outside4 ,to brush a cycle frame takes #aj minutes or so 7brushing is still done for coloured work74 ,to spray either in japan or colours takes #a to #a minutes1 and when it is considered that a heavier coat can be applied than is the case when brushing or dipping1 it will be admitted that such a result compares favourably even with dipping4 ,a #b-seater motor body takes from #be to #de minutes to brush properly4 ,to spray the same body takes only #f to #h minutes1 and when it is noted that a fraction of the rubbing down is necessary in the case of the sprayed result1 as against the brushed body1 it will be granted that an enormous gain is to be effected4 ,where two or more colours are employed1 it is difficult to make comparisons as readily1 but1 generally speaking1 it is the practice to employ two instruments per operator where the colours are applied one immediately after the other1 as is the case with many electrical parts1 and in this case a gain of #d or #f to #a is shown over brushed work4 ,in some cases it has been found an advantage to spray one coat and to brush the other1 especially where some difficulty is experienced in masking1 and1 in such cases1 the only way to arrive at the most satisfactory method is by actual test4 ,in other cases1 such as bronzing1 with a celluloid medium1 it is absolutely impracticable to apply these bronzes1 save with the spray1 unless the old method of varnishing and afterwards dusting on the bronze is adopted2 but1 of course1 against spraying1 such an obsolete method as the latter has absolutely no chance when speed is considered4 ,iron piano frame manufacturers have almost universally adopted the system of spraying bronze on the frames4 ,where the old-fashioned method is still in use1 it is usually because the quantity of frames to be dealt with is hardly large enough to justify the outlay required in the purchase of a plant4 ,another advantage should be mentioned4 ,the special celluloid japans now largely used for application by means of compressed air obviate the necessity of a considerable amount of rubbing down and papering1 etc41 which cannot be dispensed with when the liquid is applied by means of a brush4 ,for the purpose of comparison1 it may be said that these japans may be sprayed upon such articles as buttons1 medallions1 electrical and bedstead fittings1 and also on wood brush-handles and furniture1 large and small1 with a gain of #e to #a over brushing4 ,,objections ,,sometimes ,,urged ,,against ,,spraying4 ,having explained the advantages of the spraying system1 we may now consider the objections which are occasionally raised against it4 ,one of the arguments most frequently used is that the effect thereby obtained must be less durable than is the case of the brushed effect4 ,why such a theory should be advanced is a little obscure1 for1 theoretically1 it is possible to apply1 with a properly fitted plant1 a far more even coat than is the case when brushing1 and seeing that such paint is applied with the idea of protecting the article against rust1 or corrosion1 or of improving the appearance1 the argument is for rather than against spraying4 ,however1 to come to the practical side1 the evidence is all in favour of spraying1 for it has been proved by many exhaustive tests by independent persons1 that1 with the same material treated in the same manner1 i4e41 either air dried or stoved after spraying or brushing1 there is no difference in the durability of the japan or paint1 and that the sprayed result has this advantage1 that some little gain in time is effected in the period occupied in drying or stoving of the paint4 ,another objection is sometimes raised to the application of paint by means of the spray to rough and uneven surfaces4 ,the argument here is that it is impossible to make the paint adhere to the surface1 save with a good stiff brush4 ,such arguments ignore the pressure at which the paint is applied1 which is usually between #cj and #de lbs4 per square inch1 and are mainly based on unfortunate experiences with early types of whitewashing machines1 which have already been pointed out to be entirely unsuited to painting problems4 ,again here1 it may be positively stated that in no case has it been found that a less durable finish is obtained with the spray4 ,as a fact1 an advantage is to be recorded in that on rough surfaces the gain in time is enormous1 for such surfaces may be spray-painted as rapidly as the smoothest surface obtainable1 whereas the labour of brushing such rough surfaces is very considerable4 ,still another objection which may be mentioned is the slightly mottled appearance which the sprayed surface sometimes shows when finished--if such can be objected to seriously4 ,this objection may be met by the statement that such a mottled effect is only apparent when the paint has not been specially prepared for spraying1 and is mainly due to the fact that mediums used dry rather too rapidly and do not allow the paint 7which is1 of course1 applied in minute spots7 to flow out4 ,the remedy is naturally to re-model the paint should the mottled appearance be objected to1 but most certainly such an effect1 if not pronounced1 is not any worse than brush marks1 which are always noticeable unless rubbing down has been done4 ,in passing1 it may be stated that most of the large paint and varnish manufacturers have experimental plants for producing spraying materials1 and they are naturally well able to answer any queries which may be likely to arise and which may not be adequately dealt with here4 ,many firms who consider the question of adopting a spraying plant seem to have the idea that while the principle is admirable for many trades1 yet it cannot be successfully employed in their particular case1 and one frequently finds the manufacturer of small goods wondering why his neighbour opposite1 who makes1 we will say1 motor bodies1 does not install a plant1 although1 of course1 in his own case the question is impossible4 ,most probably1 at the same time the said neighbour has precisely similar thoughts1 save that he considers the only proper use for a plant is in small work4 ,occasionally one hears the opinion advanced that primers or fillers cannot be applied with a sprayer1 or1 if so applied1 it is at a risk that they will either crack or peel off afterwards4 ,this objection may just as readily be advanced in the case of brushing4 ,if trouble of this kind occurs1 it is not due to the method of spraying1 or brushing1 so much as to the way in which the paint has been used4 ,this statement sounds paradoxical1 yet it will be understood by practical men4 ,for instance1 it is obvious that motor bodies1 par exemple1 must be dealt with by the expert coach-painter as far as the methods1 number of coats1 etc41 to be employed are concerned1 even though the work may be carried out by unskilled labour1 and naturally whether brushed or sprayed1 motor bodies cannot be well done by novices4 ,to summarise1 it may be confidently stated that whatever difficulties there may be in the application of paints1 enamels1 varnishes1 lacquers1 etc41 by means of brushes in the ordinary way1 these are certainly never accentuated but are in most cases considerably lessened by the use of an adequate spraying plant4 ,,spraying ,,and ,,dipping ,,compared4 ,in considering those articles which may be dealt with either by dipping or spraying1 the manufacturer has first to take into account the number of coats necessary4 ,if1 for instance1 to produce the correct finish on a cycle frame1 when dipping1 needs three coats1 and assuming that the same effect may be obtained in two when spraying 7and this is frequently the case71 then spraying must be considered to rank favourably with dipping1 and if allowance be made for the time taken to drain1 and the room occupied with an elaborate dipping plant1 then again spraying scores1 for a cycle frame can be sprayed in #a to #a minutes1 or1 say1 #dj to #ej frames per hour1 which is very little1 if any1 less than can be comfortably dealt with by dipping1 and1 of course1 no time is lost in draining4 ,if1 on the other hand1 gas is so cheap as to be of little consequence whether two or three stovings are necessary1 and if some of the work can be done with two coats1 then the saving effected when spraying would not be sufficient to warrant the outlay necessary for a modern compressed air plant1 unless a fair proportion of coloured work1 not easily dipped1 was required to be dealt with4 ,in this latter case1 a spraying plant ought to receive very serious consideration4 ,to take another case4 ,some gas fires may be dipped1 but1 owing to their weight and to the fact that they are seldom entirely free from grit or dust1 they are not a satisfactory type for dipping1 and we venture to state that all the leading gas engineers have dropped the question of dipping such work in favour of spraying1 although in some cases1 for gas cookers1 the accessories1 such as burners1 bars1 racks etc41 are dipped4 ,such accessories are as readily sprayed1 but as only one coat is applied1 naturally no saving is shown over dipping4 ,other goods sprayed or dipped are steel implements1 hoes1 spades1 shovels1 axes1 picks1 etc41 and in some cases it is an advantage to dip where the same colour1 black1 red1 etc41 is needed1 say1 half-way up the spade or hoe1 but otherwise spraying should be adopted2 and1 of course1 in many cases where two colours are employed it is out of the question to dip1 the only alternative being to spray or brush--spray for preference on account of the enormous saving of time over brushing4 ,where very small articles are dealt with in bulk and can be so handled that trays may be used1 then these are undoubtedly better dipped2 but if various colours are needed it is better to still use the trays1 but to spray them1 as the speed is approximately the same as when dipping4 ,a tray full of camera parts is sprayed almost instantaneously and with a far better finish than if dipped4 ,to sum up the various arguments advanced on this subject1 we may come to the following conclusion4 ,as already intimated1 the saving effected by painting by immersion or by spraying as compared with brushing is very large indeed1 provided that a properly equipped plant is employed1 and the paint or enamel is exactly fitted for the purpose4 ,the question must often arise as to whether dipping or spraying is the best and cheapest to employ4 ,the answer is that everything will depend upon the nature of the article that is to be painted4 ,speaking generally1 painting by immersion possesses many advantages1 because the actual work of applying the paint is done in a few minutes and every part of the article is covered with paint at one time4 ,in reaping machinery1 iron treads of staircases and many other parts of the kind in which there are a large number of small parts or depressions1 paint dipping cannot be improved upon2 on the other hand1 spraying possesses distinct advantages in dealing with many classes of goods which are of such a shape or character that if the paint were applied by dipping some accumulation in parts would inevitably occur4 ,a decision on the subject can only be arrived at after a very careful study in comparison of the two methods4 ,it will frequently be found that1 on the whole1 the most economical plan to pursue is to dip the first and subsequent coats1 excepting the last1 and to spray this on1 particularly when it consists of varnish or a viscous liquid4 ,it is in this particular that one can draw a wide distinction between the two methods4 ,in dipping1 the paint must not be very thick1 and1 as previously stated1 in designing a paint for the purpose the greatest effort is made to produce one which gives a happy medium between excessive thickness and the reverse1 too thin a coat4 ,just as soon as the peculiarities of the article to be painted necessitate the use of all thick paint or enamel it must be considered that dipping is not suitable1 but that spraying is4 ,the latter may be employed successfully with any liquid up to the thickness of tar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaa4--;,,airostyle ,,plant ,,showing ,,ventilator ,,and ,,portion ,,of ,,hoods ,,for #d ,,or #f ,,hoods ,,providing ,,for ,,subsequent ,,enlargement4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aab4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,spraying ,,plant4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aac4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,spraying ,,plant4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aad4--,,plan ,,of ,,figs4 #aaa ,,and #aab4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,the ,,artistic ,,application ,,of ,,paint ,,spraying4 ,some of the smaller and more delicate types of spraying apparatus are largely employed for such purposes as the following3--,black and white and water-colour drawing1 photograph finishing1 preparing pictures for process blocks1 ,christmas cards1 window tickets1 embossed cards and small stencil and shaded work on fabrics1 wood1 glass1 metal1 leather1 etc41 lithographic work1 picture painting in oils1 decoration of pottery and stencil and shaded work of all kinds4 ,they are also employed for producing very charming effects in wallpaper4 ,the writer has seen most creditable examples of work done in this way on menu cards1 lamp shades1 and even stencilled ornaments on men's ties4 ,a few examples of this class of work are given in the accompanying illustrations4 ,it may be pointed out that when decorative work is required on metal work or engineering appliances1 it can in most cases be done by spraying without much difficulty1 aided in some cases by stencils specially cut for the purpose4 ,thus the outline of a trade mark1 a monogram or a coat-of-arms1 or heraldic device can be easily sprayed and be then finished by hand4 ,again1 the lining on a motor or carriage can1 if care is taken1 be done by the same means1 although it must be said that the result is never quite equal to that produced by the hand of a skillful worker4 ,in relief work1 such as ornamental iron1 pressed paper1 etc41 some pretty effects may be produced by spraying a different colour to that of the ground in such a manner that only one side of the relief receives the second colour4 ,this is effected by directing the spray from the side4 ,most readers will be familiar with these effects produced on menu cards1 concert programmes1 etc4 ,the possibilities in connection with relief metal work are many4 ,another series of effects in which brilliancy of colouring is required may be referred to in passing4 ,sometimes a bright red or a bright green is desired for the finish of a particular piece of work4 ,in such cases a use of the process known as colour glazing is recommended4 ,for example1 an agricultural implement or any other article which it is desired should have a bright crimson finish can be first painted with ,venetian or ,indian red1 by either spraying or dipping1 and then have a coat of crimson lake1 which will give an excellent effect4 ,as the crimson lake is somewhat fugitive a protecting coat of varnish will be required4 ,all glazing colours may be applied by dipping1 because1 being semi-transparent1 they are all very fine1 and the coats may be thin1 but the varnish should be applied by spraying or by hand4 ,it may of course1 be of a variety suitable for baking or stoving if required4 ,this process is an alternative to using coloured enamels1 and in some cases gives better results4 ,much depends upon the colour and the constituents of the enamels4 ,many of the lakes are very sensitive to a high heat1 which changes the colour to a dirty brown4 ,in such cases a final coat of stoving varnish1 if carefully handled1 will be safer than some grades of enamel4 ,,scumbling ,,and ,,colour ,,glazing4 ,for convenience of reference we include a short list of glazing colours taken from ,andrew ,miller's ,scumbling and ,colour ,glazing1 published by the ,trade ,papers ,publishing ,co41 ,ltd41 #cfe1 ,birkbeck ,bank ,chambers1 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,,glazing4 ,the principal colours used for glazing are cadmium1 crimson lake1 ,prussian blue1 lemon and orange1 chrome1 yellow1 ,brunswick green1 carmine1 madder lake1 ,chinese blue1 cobalt1 indigo1 gamboge1 terra verte and emerald green4 ,these colours may be used ground in either linseed oil1 turpentine or water4 ,some of them are rather expensive1 but the coat being very thin a little colour goes a long way4 ,following is a list of ground colours with the glazing which may be used in conjunction with them4 ,they by no means exhaust the range of effects1 but are given as suggestions3-- ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aae4--;,,designs ,,for ,,lamp ,,shades 7,,opened ,,out7 ,,done ,,by ,,spraying4 ,,reds4 ,,apricot4--,ground made up with zinc white1 middle chrome1 and vermilionette1 glazed with crimson lake4 ,,begonia4--,white zinc1 vermilionette and ,prussian blue1 glazed with brown madder lake4 ,,carnation4--,white zinc and vermilion1 glazed with crimson madder lake4 ,,claret4--,zinc oxide1 ,venetian red and vermilion glazed with brown madder lake2 or zinc oxide and ultramarine blue1 glazed with carmine4 ,,coral4--,white zinc1 vermilion and lemon chrome1 glazed with crimson lake4 ,,flesh ,,colour4--,white zinc1 yellow ochre and ,venetian red1 glazed with burnt sienna4 ,,geranium4--,bright ,derby red and orange chrome1 glazed with crimson lake4 ,,lilac4--,white lead1 vermilion and ultramarine blue1 glazed with brown madder lake4 ,,magenta4--,zinc oxide and ultramarine blue1 glazed with crimson lake4 ,,peach4--,zinc oxide1 vermilion and lemon chrome1 glazed with cadmium 7deep72 or white lead and ,venetian red glazed with carmine4 ,,plum4--,zinc white1 ,indian red1 and ultramarine blue1 glazed with carmine2 or white lead and ,indian red1 glazed with ultramarine blue4 ,,pomegranate4--,zinc white1 ,venetian red and lemon chrome1 glazed with burnt sienna4 ,,russet4--,venetian red1 orange chrome1 lemon chrome1 glazed with emerald green 7thin74 ,,rose4--,zinc oxide and vermilion1 glazed with crimson lake2 or white lead and lemon chrome1 glazed with carmine4 ,,terra-,,cotta4--,white zinc and ,venetian red1 glazed with burnt sienna4 ,,blues4 ,,azure ,,blue4--,zinc oxide and ultramarine blue1 glazed with cobalt4 ,,bronze ,,blue4--,zinc white and ,prussian blue1 glazed with black japan4 ,,china ,,blue4--,zinc white1 cobalt and raw sienna1 glazed with indigo4 ,,gobelin ,,blue4--,white1 blue black1 ,prussian blue1 glazed with emerald green4 ,,marine ,,or ,,sea ,,blue4--,ultramarine1 ivory black1 glazed with cobalt2 or white1 raw sienna and cobalt1 glazed with indigo4 ,,metallic ,,blue4--,zinc white and cobalt1 glazed with emerald green2 or zinc oxide1 ,prussian blue1 black1 glazed with indigo4 ,,mauve4--,zinc oxide and cobalt glazed with carmine2 or zinc oxide and celestial blue glazed with carmine4 ,,peacock ,,blue4--,zinc oxide and ultramarine1 glazed with emerald green2 or zinc oxide and ,prussian blue1 glazed with cobalt4 ,,turquoise4--,zinc white and cobalt1 glazed with emerald green4 ,,wedgwood4--,zinc white1 ,prussian blue1 glazed with terra-verte4 ,,yellows4 ,,amber4--,zinc white1 golden ochre1 glazed with cadmium 7deep72 or white lead and lemon chrome1 glazed with cadmium4 ,,antique ,,brass4--,zinc white lead1 orange chrome1 glazed with ,vandyke brown or black japan4 ,,brass4--,yellow ochre1 white lead1 orange chrome glazed with ,vandyke brown4 ,,canary4--,zinc white and ,naples yellow1 glazed with emerald green 7thin74 ,,chamois4--,zinc white and middle chrome1 glazed with terra-verte4 ,,citron4--,zinc white and middle chrome1 glazed with brown madder lake 7thin72 or white lead1 ,venetian red1 lemon chrome1 glazed with ,prussian blue4 ,,daffodil4--,zinc white1 lemon chrome1 glazed with burnt sienna4 ,,gold4--,zinc oxide1 golden ochre1 vermilionette1 glazed with raw sienna4 ,,old ,,gold4--,middle chrome1 vermilion1 burnt sienna glazed with cobalt 7thin72 or zinc oxide1 ,oxford ochre1 glazed with burnt sienna4 ,,primrose4--,zinc oxide1 lemon chrome1 ,naples yellow1 glazed with emerald green4 ,,topaz4--,zinc oxide1 raw sienna1 lemon chrome1 glazed with cadmium 7deep74 ,,greens4 ,,apple ,,green4--,zinc oxide1 ,prussian blue1 glazed with cadmium 7middle72 or lemon chrome1 zinc oxide1 celestial blue1 glazed with lemon chrome4 ,,duck-,,egg ,,green4--,zinc oxide1 lemon chrome1 glazed with ,prussian blue4 ,,eau-,,de-,,nil4--,zinc oxide1 lemon chrome1 ,prussian blue1 glazed with emerald green4 ,,grass ,,green4--,zinc oxide1 ,oxford ochre1 glazed with cobalt4 ,,ivy ,,green4--,zinc oxide1 lemon chrome1 burnt sienna1 glazed with ,prussian blue4 ,,myrtle ,,green4--,zinc oxide and ultramarine1 glazed with emerald green4 ,,olive4--,zinc oxide1 lemon chrome1 burnt sienna1 glazed with emerald green4 ,,browns4 ,,chestnut4--,yellow ochre and middle chrome1 glazed with burnt sienna2 or burnt sienna and orange chrome1 glazed with ,vandyke brown4 ,,chocolate4--,burnt sienna1 vermilion1 ultramarine glazed with crimson lake2 or burnt sienna and ,indian red1 glazed with ,vandyke brown4 ,,cherry4--,raw sienna and burnt sienna1 glazed with raw umber4 ,,nut ,,brown4--,venetian red1 lemon chrome1 zinc oxide1 glazed with burnt sienna4 ,,grays4 ,,cool ,,gray4--,zinc oxide and ivory black1 glazed with ,prussian blue4 ,,dove4--,white1 ivory black1 ,prussian blue1 glazed with terra-verte4 ,,fawn4--,white1 raw sienna1 glazed with raw umber4 ,,heliotrope4--,zinc oxide1 vermilionette1 glazed with ultramarine4 ,,lavender4--,zinc oxide1 ultramarine and carmine1 glazed with cobalt4 ,,mouse ,,gray4--,zinc oxide1 ,prussian blue1 glazed with burnt umber4 ,,pearl ,,gray4--,white1 ,prussian blue1 and vermilion1 glazed with terra verte2 or zinc oxide1 vermilion1 glazed with emerald green4 ,,silver ,,grey4--,zinc oxide1 ivory black1 glazed with indigo4 ,,opal4--,zinc oxide1 celestial blue1 glazed with burnt sienna4 ,,warm ,,gray4--,zinc oxide1 ,venetian red and ivory black1 glazed with ,vandyke brown4 ,,wedgwood ,,gray4--,zinc oxide1 ,prussian blue1 glazed with terra verte4 ,,note4--,the terms ,zinc white1 ,white zinc used above1 all mean pure zinc oxide4 ,,scumbling ,,and ,,graining4 ,it is sometimes desired to obtain a different effect from plain paint or enamel1 and to either imitate graining1 such as old oak or to give mottled effects4 ,both processes are produced by scumbling1 which means that the ground and finishing colours are different in hue or in intensity1 and that portions of the latter are removed to show part of the ground4 ,thus1 in imitating oak1 the ground might be painted with a mixture of zinc oxide and yellow ochre1 and the graining colour be made of burnt umber and raw sienna4 ,both coats could be applied either by dipping or spraying1 but while the latter is wet1 portions should be removed by combs and by the thumb held over a piece of rag1 both marks being intended to represent the grain of the wood4 ,in other cases1 the colours may be applied as before1 and the last coat1 while wet1 be wiped away at the edges1 or in the case of relief metal work1 at the highest parts4 ,again1 some excellent effects are obtained by using different colours for the two coats1 as suggested1 and stippling the second1 while wet4 ,space will not permit of a more lengthy reference to this part of the subject1 but full information can be obtained from ,mr4 ,miller's book already mentioned4 ,something should be said1 however1 about ,,brush ,,graining1 because it is so very well suited for work of this character1 and by its use some very pleasant effects may be produced4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaf4--,,show ,,card ,,done ,,by ,,spraying4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aag4--;,,another ,,example4 ,in this case1 a material such as ,matsine1 or ,scumblette is applied by spraying over a different coloured ground1 and1 while wet1 this is flogged1 or a dry brush is drawn over the surface1 removing hair-like parts which expose the ground colour beneath4 ,thus a very dark green or even black may be used over a white or nearly white ground1 or a very dark red over an orange chrome ground4 ,various metallic effects may also be produced on wood or other materials by using silver1 aluminium1 gold or copper leaf1 and partly spraying over it a lacquer of suitable colour4 ,the actual graining can be done in the ordinary way by an expert artisan1 but as a rule this would be too costly when perhaps thousands of iron or other goods are to be turned out in a short time4 ,in such a case transfer graining paper is sometimes employed1 but this also is somewhat costly4 ,bellamy's graining rollers are found to be very economical4 ,this tool consists of a cylinder on the outside of which is engraved the grain of various woods1 such as oak1 mahogany1 maple1 satin wood1 birch1 walnut and ash4 ,all that is necessary in working it1 is to pass the roller over the surface immediately after the graining colour has been applied1 when it will be found to remove some of the paint and give the appearance of graining4 ,this appearance is considerably enhanced if the parts are softened after the roller is used by going over the work with a badger softener4 ,,marble ,,grounds4 ,for the convenience of those who are called upon to imitate marble for any class of work1 the following information is given as to the colours to be employed for the ground colours4 ,,white4--,a dead white ground should be used mixed to dry hard and smooth4 ,,sienna4--,white blended with a mixture of white and raw sienna in irregular patches4 ,,pink ,,marble4--,the ground may be the same as that used for sienna1 but a little ,venetian red should be added to give it a pinkish cast4 ,,alabaster4--,light cream ground made by adding a little middle chrome and vermilion to white4 ,,rouge ,,grotte4--,this is a very beautiful marble which contains a large number of different colours4 ,the ground may be either white or ,venetian red1 mixed with a little chrome yellow4 ,,granite4--,there are several varieties of granite1 the principal being termed grey and red respectively4 ,to mix the former ground1 add a little black and ,prussian blue with just a touch of ,indian red to white4 ,the grounds for red granites can be produced by mixing ,venetian red and white4 ,,rouge ,,royal4--,a mixture of ,indian red1 ,venetian red and vegetable black1 with a little white1 will make the correct colour for the ground of this beautiful marble4 ,it is very necessary that the ground be quite solid1 and to produce this1 two1 or even three1 coats may be necessary4 ,,egyptian ,,green4--,the ground should be a dead black4 ,,verd ,,antique4--,the same as above4 ,,devonshire ,,marble4--,venetian red and ochre with a little white to produce a light terra-cotta ground4 ,,black ,,and ,,gold4--,a dead black ground should be used4 ,,dove4--,in this case a white ground without gloss may be employed1 but a grey is better1 such as that produced by tinting white with ,prussian blue1 a little black and a very little ,indian red4 ,,grey4--,the same as dove4 ,,st4 ,,anne',s--,a dead black ground should be used4 ,,graining ,,grounds4 ,,pollard ,,oak4--,the ground colour is prepared with a mixture of ,oxford ochre1 ,venetian red and white lead in proportions1 to form a rich buff2 or white lead1 chrome yellow and vermilion may be used4 ,,knotted ,,or ,,root ,,of ,,oak4--,this ground is exactly the same as the above4 ,,birch4--,the ground is prepared with white lead1 a little ,oxford ochre and a little ,venetian red1 of which latter1 however1 only sufficient must be used to make a very light buff colour4 ,,mahogany4--,the ground colour is prepared with the best ,venetian red1 yellow ochre and a little white lead 7or orange chrome may be substituted for the yellow ochre74 ,if it is desired to increase the brilliancy of the colour1 substitute vermilion for ,indian red4 ,if a light ground is required use the same colours as above1 adding more white4 ,the addition of a little vermilion will increase the richness of the colour4 ,,rosewood4--,the ground colour is mixed in the same manner as above described for mahogany1 but a little burnt ,turkey umber and ,victoria lake is added4 ,,satinwood4--,a little ,oxford ochre added to white lead gives the proper ground for this wood4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aah4--,,showing ,,the ,,beautiful ,,shaded ,,effects ,,which ,,may ,,be ,,produced ,,by ,,spraying 7,,strong74 ,,walnut4--,the ground is prepared with white lead1 ,venetian red and ,oxford ochre1 with a small quantity of burnt ,turkey umber1 but not so much as to destroy the appearance of the other colours and make them poor4 ,neither red nor yellow should be in excess1 but all should be toned down with the umber4 ,although this colour may look dull when mixed1 it is only a relative dullness1 and it will shine out brightly enough when grained and glazed4 ,,bird',s ,,eye ,,maple4--,this ground may be prepared with either white lead and a little ,oxford ochre1 ,venetian red or vermilion1 but care must be taken not to use too much4 ,,satinwood4--,the ground should be a yellowish white1 obtained by adding yellow ochre to white lead4 ,,note4--,those who desire to obtain copies of marbles and woods printed in colour1 from which to copy1 should obtain either or all of the following books3--,the ,art of ,graining and ,marbling1 by ,james ,petrie4 ,price #bes4 ,the ,trade ,papers ,publishing ,co41 ,ltd41 #cfe1 ,birkbeck ,bank ,chambers1 ,high ,holborn1 ,london1 ,w4,c42 ,the ,art of ,graining1 by ,w4 ,sutherland4 ,price #bes4 ,a4 ,m4 ,sutherland1 #bf1 ,oxford ,road1 ,chorlton-on-,medlock1 ,manchester2 ,graining1 by ,a4 ,r4 ,van der ,burg1 #bfs41 ,crosby ,lockwood and ,co41 ,stationers' ,hall ,court1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,in ,fig4 #aai is given an illustration of a fruit dish1 the ornamentation of which has been done by spraying4 ,in ,fig4 #abj is shown a portion of a table cover done by the ,airostyle on a fine art fabric4 ,there is1 of course1 no limit to the number of artistic designs which may be produced by applying the paint by compressed air2 indeed1 the air brush or spraying machine for this class of work produces results which cannot be obtained in any other way4 ,several of the engravings illustrate forms of advertising cards all done by spraying1 while ,fig4 #aah illustrates very well indeed the different effects in form which may be produced by the spray properly used1 such as the raised panels1 the sphere in the middle and the convex and concave portions of cylinder4 ,these examples are reproduced1 with full acknowledgments1 from the ,book of ,designs by ,chas4 ,j4 ,strong1 of the ,detroit ,school of ,lettering1 ,detroit1 ,mich41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,the price of this book is #a 7#e4jj71 and it contains an immense number of useful designs suitable for the use of sign painters1 show card writers and commercial artists4 ,it may be had in ,london from the office of the ,decorator1 #cfe1 ,birkbeck ,bank ,chambers1 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,flowing-,,on ,,system4 ,the very latest method of finishing automobiles which have steel bodies is that at present in use by the ,ford ,motor ,co41 ,ltd41 at ,trafford ,park1 ,manchester1 and elsewhere4 ,the method is a remarkable one not only because of the great saving of time it effects1 but by reason of the fact that the life of the painted or enamelled surface is prolonged by the improved method4 ,stated briefly1 the process consists in coating the body with blue-black enamel by means of gravity only2 that is to say1 the enamel is placed in an elevated tank and discharged on to the work through a flexible pipe and slotted nozzle opened by a lever which is actuated by the thumb of the operator4 ,thus no spraying is required1 while dipping is out of the question1 as only the outside of the body is required to be painted4 ,each coat takes two minutes to apply to the whole surface of a four-seated ,ford motor body6 ,an achievement which justifies our use of the word remarkable4 ,but it will be convenient to explain how the present method came into use4 ,until a few months ago the several undercoats were sprayed on the work in the ordinary manner1 but the finishing coat of varnish was flowed on by the gravity apparatus now referred to4 ,then it was thought that the undercoats might be applied by the same method1 and some careful experiments having been made1 it was found that by dispensing with the spraying and flowing on the coats a much more satisfactory result was obtained4 ,as the new method caused more paint to adhere to the work than would be put on by the spray under ordinary conditions1 one coat1 it was found1 could be dispensed with altogether4 ,there was also less rubbing down required because of the very smooth coat obtained by flowing on1 and1 above all1 the time of applying the coat was reduced to the extraordinarily short time of two minutes4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aai4--;,a ,,china ,,fruit ,,dish ,,decorated ,,with ,,the ,,airostyle4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abj4--,,table ,,cover ,,decorated ,,with ,,the ,,airostyle4 ,the apparatus employed for this work is of the simplest character4 ,the car body is placed upon a platform mounted upon wheels4 ,this is made of exactly the right size to fit between a ,v-shaped metal trough which surrounds three sides of the body and is intended to receive the superfluous paint1 a considerable quantity of which drips into it from the body as the enamel is applied4 ,this trough1 a sketch of which is shown in ,fig4 #aba1 is slightly inclined so that the paint which drips off all runs to one point1 where it passes through a gauze covered orifice1 descends to a small tank beneath1 whence it is pumped up to the elevated tank above and is then ready to be used again4 ,this elevated tank is cylindrical and holds1 perhaps1 #be or #cj gallons4 ,it is stationed overhead some #ab or #ae feet high4 ,from this tank descends a flexible metal pipe or hose ending in a slotted nozzle1 opened by a lever1 which is operated by the thumb of the workman and is closed by a spring4 ,this completes this simple though very effective apparatus4 ,the body of the car is made of stamped steel which has already received a protective coat of paint of a dull red colour1 the body being placed upon the platform or bogie and being placed in position with the ,v-shaped trough surrounding it on three sides4 ,the first or undercoat is given by rapidly passing the slotted end of the lever valve over the surface1 upon which the paint literally pours out4 ,the top part receives attention first and the paint runs down over the surface1 which it covers completely1 excepting perhaps here and there1 where the discharge of paint is directed1 and the whole of the outer surface of the car is1 as already stated1 completely covered in two minutes4 ,this coat dries semi-flat4 ,in order that the discharge pipe may be kept nearly vertical and be moved around the car as the different sides are dealt with it is provided1 at its upper end close to the point where it joins the tank1 with a brass swivel union and a horizontal arm which swings around4 ,a stop-cock is also provided4 ,the undercoat having been applied the body is allowed to rest for a few minutes until the dripping ceases4 ,it is then wheeled on the bogie across the room to an oven1 in which it remains for one hour at a temperature of #afj ,f4 ,this heat is found to be sufficient to bake the paint but is not high enough to injure the woodwork which1 of course1 forms part of the body4 ,at the expiration of the hour a little stopping of inequalities of the surface is usually found necessary1 but in any case the surface is lightly rubbed down with fine glass paper4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aba4--,,sketch ,,of ,,trough ,,tank ,,used ,,in ,,flowing ,,on ,,paint4 ,the body is now brought underneath a second tank with the ,v-shaped surrounding trough exactly as before described1 and here it receives another coat of enamel or paint1 which in this case has a little more body and gloss4 ,after stoving as before and at the same temperature the surface is carefully but rapidly rubbed down with powdered pumice stone and water applied by means of felt pads4 ,there are a series of four troughs and tanks in all1 corresponding in number with the coats to be applied4 ,from the third one the body receives a third coat1 is then baked or stoved1 rubbed down with powdered pumice and water1 thoroughly cleaned off1 and from the fourth tank receives the final coat of varnish which completes the operation4 ,this coat of varnish is not stoved but is air-dried4 ,the finish is a blue-black picked out with very dark blue1 and it is free from any signs of runs or drips2 in fact1 no one could tell how the application was made4 ,as already remarked1 the coats of paint are somewhat fuller than would be the case if they were applied by spraying1 and the durability is thereby increased4 ,the output from this department is #gj cars a day1 a number which would be practically impossible if the work were not so splendidly systemised4 ,it should be observed that the varnish is applied in a separate room from that used for the application of colour4 ,this is done in order to exclude dust1 and also to maintain the temperature at #ij ,f4 ,in considering the essential points of this method of finishing motor bodies1 it is clear that the system might be successfully applied in very many other industries to a great variety of goods4 ,the apparatus is so simple in character that no engineer would have the least difficulty in designing a plant suitable for any particular requirement4 ,it must be admitted that the crux of the whole situation is the kind of paint or enamel used4 ,it must be sufficiently viscid to hold on to the surface to which it is applied1 sufficiently liquid to run off freely without leaving runs1 tears or fat edges4 ,and1 above all1 it must flow out uniformly4 ,all these conditions1 however1 apply also to a dipping plant1 and only require careful consideration on the part of the paint manufacturer who has made a special study of the subject4 ,the varnish applied by this method must also be of a special character so that it may flow out nicely without yielding too thick a coat1 which would be likely to lead to blemishes4 ,ordinary paint1 enamel or varnish1 then1 will not answer for this class of work1 but special products must be employed1 and when these are obtained1 the rest is comparatively easy4 ,,the ,,floco ,,process4 ,this process is in some respects similar to that above mentioned1 the difference being that it is intended principally for the application of varnish by flowing over a painted surface done by spray4 ,the essential difference in the apparatus is that the varnish1 instead of being discharged by gravity1 is pumped up from a tank4 ,it is largely used in ,america1 and is manufactured by the ,de,vilbiss ,manufacturing ,company1 ,toledo1 ,ohio1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,it is particularly suitable for automobile bodies and large surfaces generally4 ,the process flows such materials as varnishes1 enamels and japans1 when it is impracticable to spray them4 ,it has superseded the inadequate1 inefficient flowing systems used in the past1 and is also replacing brush and dip methods as practised in many instances4 ,the equipment of the process comprises a #ae-;gallon tank1 drawn from one sheet of steel and heavily tinned2 #a-f ,h4,p4 motor1 housed in1 driving a rotary pump2 regulator2 nozzle2 electric fittings2 flexible fluid hose1 and galvanized iron drain trough on rack4 ,all parts1 excepting nozzle1 hose and trough1 are mounted on a castered truck for moving about4 ,the truck is equipped with a rack around which to wind the hose when not in use1 and a holder for the nozzle4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abb4--,,the ,,floco ,,system ,,of ,,painting ,,motor ,,bodies4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abc4--,,show ,,card ,,done ,,by ,,spraying 7,,strong74 ,the finishing material1 such as varnish1 to be used is pumped from the bottom of the tank by the electric motor-driven pump1 in a continuous stream1 through the flexible hose1 to the nozzle4 ,the flow of material is adjusted by the regulator1 by means of which a varying amount is not put into use and returned to the tank4 ,in this way the flow from the nozzle is instantly adaptable to any class of work and viscosity of fluid without changing the speed of the motor4 ,when the nozzle is closed the material pumped is all forced back into the tank through the overflow4 ,this1 serves to agitate the material2 in fact1 is the only agitation necessary with material containing pigment1 such as colour varnish4 ,the body to be flowed is--as shown in ,fig4 #abb--placed over the drain trough4 ,the operator first applies the material all along the top1 then flows it copiously over the upper half of the surface4 ,sufficient material is thus1 applied to insure a perfect flow to the bottom4 ,the job is allowed to drain into the trough which carries the material back to the tank--here it is strained and1 without the slightest waste1 used again4 ,only enough material is put into the tank to take care of the work at hand1 or to handle the day's production4 ,the maximum amount of material exposed is #ae gallons--the tank's capacity4 ,the nozzle will operate satisfactorily on a gallon of material4 ,the tank1 motor1 pump and regulator are--as previously stated--mounted on a truck fitted with casters1 permitting of these parts being moved about with the greatest of ease4 ,another appreciable advantage of this style of arrangement is that an extra truck can be kept on hand and put into immediate use in case of accident4 ,the cleaning of the parts is simple4 ,the nozzle of the machine is detached and all of the material pumped out of the tank1 after which a small quantity of naphtha--or some other similar solvent--is put into the tank and pumped through the machine4 ,as the motor is only #a-f ,h4,p41 the consumption of power is low4 ,the motor is made for all kinds of current1 and can be attached to any light socket4 ,it may be observed that the pressure tank used in this equipment permits of the use of heavier or more viscid enamels and paints than would be possible where gravity was depended upon4 ,in view1 however1 of the success which has been met with in the case of the ,ford ,motor ,company1 there appears to be no reason why the ,floco process should not be used for some of the undercoats1 as well as for the finishing4 ,the following article by ,m4 ,c4 ,hillick appeared in ,the ,painters' ,magazine1 of ,new ,york1 and will doubtless be read with interest3-- ,the ,willys-,overland automobile factory has recently been installed with sixteen large enamelling furnaces or ovens having a volume of #dh1jjj cubic feet and a capacity of #adj tons of enamelled product every ten hours4 ,these ovens have been electrified and they require approximately #e1ejj horse-power4 ,for some months past the ,overland ,company has been testing one of these electrically-heated ovens1 and the results have1 in every way1 measured up to expectations4 ,formerly the company1 in common with practically all other companies using enamelling or baking ovens1 employed gas as the treating medium4 ,the ovens now electrified are almost entirely automatic in operation4 ,when the oven is loaded the closing of its doors automatically throws a switch which turns on the current4 ,a pyrometer which can be adjusted to operate at any desired temperature rings a bell when the proper degree of heat is reached1 thus notifying the attendant1 and also automatically turning off the current4 ,the electrically heated oven does away with all flue gases and with their attendant dirt and spots4 ,it also reduces the required volume of ventilation to the minimum1 thereby eliminating air currents and the dust which1 in greater or less degree1 usually accompany them4 ,the electrification of the ovens does away with explosions1 banishes danger from fire1 and gives an assured safety first to the workmen4 ,the heat is said to be non-oxidizing and1 therefore1 cannot scald the operator4 ,the working quarters are rendered comfortable and a higher grade of work is made possible4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abd4--,,show ,,card ,,done ,,by ,,spraying 7,,strong74 ,while for the custom shop painter it is a long way to such equipment1 the fact that these facilities are gradually being acquired leads to the assumption that1 in the course of a few years at most1 some portion of the work coming to the shop for painting repairs will be handled through the baking oven4 ,in connection with this subject of enamelling and oven baking1 the various costs of paint and varnish1 it is to be noted that the excessive temperature employed in baking is being criticised as detrimental to the finish4 ,recent tests are said to have been made which show that baking paint and varnish at the maximum temperature shortens the life of the finish4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,lawrie1 of the ,chemical ,works of ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 has stated that1 as a rule1 the lower the temperature and the longer the time the paint and varnish is baked1 the finer the appearance1 service and durability of the finish and the greater its capacity for resisting moisture4 ,the finish will have more elasticity and deeper lustre4 ,mr4 ,lawrie is of the opinion that twelve hours at #ahj degrees are better than five hours at #bhj degrees4 ,in some motor car shops1 within the past two years1 by the use of baking ovens cars were painted and finished1 all coats being baked1 and made ready for service in three days4 ,however1 we are not commending or recommending this practice4 ,for the custom shop painter1 especially1 it is entirely unsuited4 ,nor would we recommend the baking process for surfaces other than metal4 ,the same disadvantages marshalled in opposition to baking paint and varnish upon wood surfaces fifteen years ago1 or longer1 still remain in evidence4 ,for aluminium1 sheet steel or other metal panels or metal surfaces in general1 the baking process offers an opportunity for finishing work under conditions more uniform than any which may be expected to prevail outside the oven4 ,an other advantage is noted in favour of oven baking4 ,it permits the use of more elastic materials without the aid of artificial oxidizing agents4 ,as compared to the present air-drying system1 the oven baking method1 operated upon a conservative basis1 permits the car to be thoroughly painted and finished in six or eight days4 ,the use of more elastic materials--paints1 colours and varnishes--has been mentioned as a part of the oven baking method4 ,upon steel surfaces this is perhaps more necessary than upon aluminium1 and possibly iron4 ,steel has a linear expansion double that of wood4 ,as a matter of fact1 experts in these matters employed by the ,pennsylvania ,railroad assert that the contraction and expansion of steel surfaces is much more pronounced than the same action in wood4 ,materials of greater elasticity as compared to those used in natural air-drying practice are urged4 ,primers and surfacers1 and the general class of foundation coats1 will require an average of three hours' baking at #bjj degrees ,f4 ,while some colours require higher degrees of heat than others1 #agj degrees ,f4 baked for1 say1 six hours will dry the average colour1 excluding white4 ,the latter pigment1 baked at a temperature varying from #he to #aaj degrees ,f41 will dry properly in the course of a few hours1 and retain its natural purity of colour1 whereas at a higher degree of heat the white takes on an objectionable yellowish cast4 ,black1 at the opposite end of the colour pole1 can be safely baked for six hours1 at something like #bjj degrees ,f4 ,finishing varnishes1 taking them as they run1 will bake at from #aaj to #aej degrees ,f4 for five or six hours4 ,in all baking practice the personal equation figures largely4 ,reason1 good judgment1 the capacity for taking pains--all these are items of importance4 ,oven baking methods are being successfully employed in some of the large city repainting establishments4 ,a firm near ,new ,york1 for example1 using what is known as the radio process1 paints and finishes a car in three days4 ,the cleaning of the cars is accomplished by the use of a steam jet1 a treatment which is said to cut away the grease like magic4 ,all surface defects following the cleaning of the car are touched up and faced over with the necessary filling and surfacing materials4 ,then these patched-up parts are rubbed down with water and rubbing brick1 and the general surface of the car is lightly rubbed with pulverized pumice stone and water4 ,all colour1 and varnish colour1 coats are applied with a paint atomizer4 ,this atomizer is a pistol-shaped device operated with a trigger1 the material being sprayed from the muzzle of the barrel4 ,the varnish colour is baked for three hours at a temperature of from #aaj to #abj degrees4 ,from #ij to #ajj degrees of humidity are provided for the oven1 and by means of an exhaust fan a fresh supply of air is furnished every three minutes4 ,in the oven where the varnish colour coats are baked a thermostat is installed1 which regulates the temperature4 ,all the air entering the oven is washed and purified by running it through a water tank before it enters the oven4 ,this water-washed air is forced into the oven by a fan blower1 and contact with a radiator superheats it4 ,in practice1 the high humidity here referred to1 and the water-washed air1 are mediums which serve to keep the outer surface of the drying coat moist while the inner surface is drying1 in this manner furnishing in due time a paint film dried uniformly from top to bottom4 ,the finishing varnish is dried in an oven having a maintained temperature of from #ij to #ajj degrees1 the humidity being regulated at from #fj to #gj percent4 ,this humidity is likewise found to assist a varnish film to dry uniformly throughout4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abe4--;,,design ,,for ,,show ,,card 7,,strong74 ,the treatment of the car chassis in the establishment here referred to is quite similar to that given the body of the car4 ,a steam treated potash bath is provided into which fenders and other removed parts are immersed1 removing all grease and foreign substances1 and even the paint1 from such parts4 ,these parts1 after cleaning1 are then dropped into tanks containing the required paints1 varnish colour1 etc41 after which they are taken out and drained and then consigned to an oven maintained at a uniform degree of heat4 ,other establishments having ovens installed are employing methods designed to secure equally quick results without sacrificing any measure of durability or appearance4 ,in the absence of ovens1 not a few car and carriage painters are practising the so-called hot-air method as far as possible4 ,successful results are reported in many instances1 the work being turned out quicker1 with an increase in lustre advised in some cases4 ,this method is very simple and requires no previous experience or special training4 ,anyone capable of providing the necessary degree of heat--#he to #ie degrees ,f4--and maintaining it for eight or ten consecutive hours1 can have the benefit1 in full measure1 of the hot-air system4 ,coats of paint1 colour1 varnish colour and varnish dry rapidly in a temperature at the above degree1 where the ventilation is good and a fair volume of pure1 fresh air can be constantly brought into the drying room4 ,,notes ,,on ,,the ,,construction ,,of ,,stoves4 ,the construction of stoves for use in connection with enamelling and baking japans generally does not properly form part of this treatise1 but a few remarks on the subject may be of service4 ,it is to be regretted that in only too many cases the stoves employed are very inadequate4 ,in some cases they are heated by gas1 and the jets cause a certain amount of discoloration4 ,this is objectionable even when the work is black1 but if it is coloured it may lead to serious disadvantages4 ,in ,fig4 #abf is shown a sketch of what is known as the ,perkins ,system of ,heating4 ,it is largely adopted in many trades for enamelling cycle frames and parts1 lamps and motor horns1 etc4 ,it is this system which is used by ,messrs4 ,lucas1 ,limited1 of ,birmingham1 a description of whose plant is given elsewhere4 ,in the ,perkins system water is heated under pressure1 and the comparatively high temperatures required for drying and other similar purposes are obtained in a simple but efficient manner4 ,the apparatus consists of circulations of hydraulic tubing1 certain proportions of which are formed into a coil and placed in a furnace situated in any convenient position outside and below the drying chamber4 ,the apparatus is hermetically sealed and self-contained1 the heating water circulating from the furnace through the heating pipes or coils and back again to the furnace without any loss through evaporation4 ,no pumps or moving parts of any description are required1 so that unskilled attention only is needed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abf4--,,the ,,perkins ,,stove4 ,the illustration shows a simple application of the apparatus1 which is the type often employed for cycle and motor parts1 bedstead frames1 electric apparatus parts1 etc4 ,the arrangement of the pipes1 of course1 depends upon the class of work which has to be dealt with4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abg4--;,a ,,typical ,,goodyear ,,stove4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abh4--;,,dipping ,,trough4 ,in ,fig4 #abg is shown a type of stove manufactured by ,goodyear and ,sons1 ,churchfield ,works1 ,dudley4 ,the construction is a great improvement on the old-fashioned type of enamelling stoves1 which through faulty design were responsible for great loss through radiation and combustion4 ,the work done in such stoves is necessarily inferior4 ,the firm named are among those from whom may be purchased up-to-date stoves heated by gas 7ordinary lighting or producer71 steam1 superheated water1 and oil1 either single1 double1 or treble cased suitable for purposes which a few years back were hardly dreamt of1 and which may be said to range from hairpins to bedsteads1 and include munitions of war1 such as stoves for shell drying and varnishing4 ,a very important part of the process of stoving is the rack and trolley system of transport in and out of the stove1 which in effect means that no article is too heavy for such process4 ,in the production of stoves for enamelling certain firms have made a special study of the requirements1 including those above mentioned4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abi4--,,show ,,or ,,menu ,,card 7,,strong74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acj4--;,,example ,,of ,,metal ,,decoration--,,lid ,,of ,,coal ,,box ,,done ,,with ,,airostyle4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,lime ,,and ,,whitewash ,,sprayers4 ,as explained in previous chapters1 this type of machine is of an entirely different and much simpler construction than those used for spraying oil paint1 varnish1 etc4 ,yet such apparatus is used to a very considerable extent in factories of all kinds as well as for spraying insecticides on fruit trees and other purposes of the agriculturist4 ,by the ,factory and ,workshop ,act of #aija it is provided that all walls and ceilings must be limewashed at least every fourteen months1 and painted and varnished work must be washed with hot water and soap at the same periods4 ,special exceptions to this rule may be made by ,special ,order4 ,such an order was made in #aiaa1 which was to the effect that when at least two coats of washable water paint or sanitary distemper is used instead of limewhite the period for renewing with one coat of such paint shall be three years4 ,the paint1 however1 must be washed at least once in every three months4 ,it is provided in this ,order that ,if it appears to an inspector that any part of a factory to which the exception applies is not in a cleanly state1 he may1 by a written notice1 require the occupier to limewash1 wash or paint the same2 and in the event of the occupier failing to comply with such requisition within two months from the date of the notice1 the special exception shall cease to apply to such part of the factory4 ,in this ,order a washable water paint means a washable paint which1 when finished for use contains3--7i7 at least half its weight of solid pigment containing not less than twenty-five parts by weight of zinc sulphide as zinc white 7lithopone7 in each hundred parts by weight of solid pigment and 7ii7 at least ten parts by weight of oil and varnish to each hundred parts by weight of solid pigment4 ,it should be stated that the type of machine now under consideration may be used for the application of such paint or distemper provided that it is rendered sufficiently thin by the addition of water4 ,if very thick compressed air will be required as in the case of ordinary oil paint4 ,an excellent machine for applying limewash1 whitewash or distemper is made by ,messrs ,a4 ,c4 ,wells and ,co41 ,engineers1 ,london and ,manchester4 ,it is used to a very large extent by engineers and in factories1 breweries1 car sheds1 cattle docks1 etc4 ,builders1 decorators1 corporations1 etc4 also find it of great service for special work4 ,the manufacturers state that over #e1jjj of these machines have been sold1 and that they are fast taking the place of the old method of limewashing with the brush4 ,the speed with which lime1 whiting or cold water paint can be applied is from #aj to #bj square yards per minute4 ,a very distinct advantage of the machine over brushes is that when an irregular surface1 such as a brick wall1 the joints of which are not by any means perfect1 is being dealt with1 the lime or distemper is forced in by the spray into the interstices which could not be reached by the brush4 ,these machines consist essentially of a pump with spraying nozzle which is made in various forms1 the simplest of which is that shown in ,fig4 #aca4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aca4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,this machine is designed to stand rough usage4 ,the pump is simple and easily removable for repairs1 and the spraying nozzle1 which is naturally an important feature1 can be regulated to any degree of fineness4 ,a patent filter is provided which prevents clogging4 ,it will be observed by the illustration that wheels are provided which enable the machine to be easily removed from one place to another4 ,a #ae ft4 armoured delivery hose and #e ft4 spraying pole for reaching the upper portion of a surface to be sprayed is provided4 ,the capacity is #h gallons4 ,the machine shown in ,fig4 #acb is somewhat smaller and cheaper4 ,it contains #f gallons4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,fig4 #acc shows a machine with a double spraying nozzle and valve arrangement4 ,this has several advantages over the single pattern2 the speed is almost double1 and one jet can be put out of action if desired when working in cramped places4 ,it is a powerful machine with #ab gallon tank and strong lever pump4 ,it is supplied with large wheels and is easily moved about1 and is eminently suitable for anyone having a large quantity of work to do quickly4 ,in dealing with very high buildings either the single or double nozzle is attached to a bamboo pole1 as shown in ,fig4 #acd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ace4--,,the ,,brown ,,sprayer ,,with ,,extension ,,rod4 ,in ,fig4 #ace is shown an excellent machine suitable for spraying whitewash1 distempers and disinfectants4 ,it is manufactured by the ,e4 ,c4 ,brown ,co41 of ,rochester1 ,n4,y4 ,the pump is of a simple but effective character2 the valves are located so that they can be opened instantly and are fitted with springs so that the operator can pump while the machine is pointed in a downward direction4 ,the strainer has five inches of screen surface and the screen can be instantly removed and cleaned4 ,the pump barrel projects beyond the hand and serves as an extension rod4 ,the nozzle is guaranteed not to clog1 and is fitted with ,messrs4 ,brown's patented screen arrangement4 ,it throws four different kinds of spray1 one a solid stream1 the second a broad carrying spray1 the third a long driving spray for ceilings and tops of walls1 and the fourth a fine spray which may occasionally become of service for spraying work near at hand4 ,there are several other makes of machines suitable for whitewash spraying1 among them one manufactured by ,merryweather and ,co41 ,greenwich ,road1 ,s4,e41 ,the ,bean ,spray ,pump ,co41 ,los ,angeles1 ,california1 ,u4,s4,a41 and the ,four ,oaks ,spraying ,machine ,co41 ,sutton ,coldfield1 ,birmingham4 ,the last named is particularly well adapted for spraying insecticides upon fruit and other trees4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acf4--,,the ,,merryweather ,,limewhite ,,sprayer4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acg4--;,a ,,tumbling ,,barrel4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ach4--;,,another ,,form4 ,,the ,,tumbling ,,barrel ,,process4 ,this process of japanning small castings is very successful in those cases where the parts are small and intricate in construction1 and1 therefore1 cannot either be dipped or sprayed1 excepting with some difficulty4 ,the great advantage of tumbling is that such work is done better and faster than by dipping4 ,a machine1 of which two examples are shown in ,figs4 #acg and #ach1 is used in this process4 ,inside this machine are placed a number of shot or steel balls of different sizes4 ,the articles to be treated are then introduced in the japan and the machine is started at varying degrees of speed4 ,the shot carries the japan over the various parts and into the interstices4 ,as different objects and materials require different speeds1 some work will be started slowly and the speed increased to get the desired finish4 ,the objects are then dumped out on to wire screens or baskets1 and shaken1 when the steel balls and shot fall through the mesh1 leaving the articles that have been japanned behind4 ,the baskets are then hung in baking ovens1 while the balls are washed in gasoline ready for use4 ,the machines mentioned above are manufactured by the ,baird ,machine ,co41 ,bridgeport1 ,connecticut1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,the ,english agents are ,r4 ,cruickshank1 ,ltd41 ,camden ,street1 ,birmingham4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,a ,,portable ,,paint ,,sprayer ,,for ,,railway ,,and ,,other ,,work4 ,mr4 ,m4 ,e4 ,mc,donnell1 ,engineer of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,company1 ,altoona1 ,pa41 ,u4,s4,a41 very kindly furnishes the author with the drawings which will be found on the following pages4 ,he says3--,the ,company does very little painting by dipping4 ,the spray process is1 however1 used very extensively1 a large percentage of our freight cars having been painted by this method for years4 ,the method is very satisfactory and also economical4 ,the saving in the cost of labour in the spraying method is approximately #fj per cent4 ,in some cases the saving is greater than this4 ,in one of our largest shops the cost of application per unit for a given number of square feet is thirty-eight and nine-tenth cents with the spray as compared with one dollar with brush4 ,it might be said that more paint is applied per coating when the brush method is used4 ,a given surface which would require #aj gallons of paint for one coat by the brush method would require approximately #g gallons by the spray method4 ,when painting a freight car a more uniform coating is obtained when the brush is used1 due to the fact that the paint can be brushed out behind ladders and other things which would obstruct spraying1 while in the application of the paint with a sprayer it is necessary to apply a thicker coating at certain points in order to reach other points which are obstructed1 and which must1 therefore1 be approached from a side angle4 ,the spray however1 reaches certain crevices which cannot be reached with the brush1 which is in some cases advantageous with the painting of freight equipment cars4 ,our ,company would not consider returning to the brush method of painting4 ,the machines which we use for spraying the paint are made in the ,company shops4 ,the following is a description of the apparatus referred to3-- ,it consists of a stout steel cylindrical receptacle #aa;in4 internal dia4 by #bd;in4 in depth1 and having a capacity of about #ab gallons4 ,it is supported on a special wheelbarrow of wood with trundling wheel of cast iron4 ,the bottom of the receptacle is so low down that it rests on the ground when in use1 by lowering the handles of the barrow4 ,the paint is placed in this cylinder and is forced out by air pressure1 introduced through the lid of the receptacle1 at from #hj to #ij lbs4 pressure per square inch4 ,this air is provided from the shop compressor range or by a separate compressor4 ,the paint pipe penetrates the cover and is extended nearly to the bottom of the receptacle4 ,the air pressure on the surface of the paint forces it through this pipe to the atomizer4 ,a branch from the air supply is also taken to the atomizer and a third air branch taken to the bottom of the receptacle and carried through a #a;in4 iron pipe stopped at the end with a screw plug1 but perforated with a number of #a_/h;in4 holes4 ,this latter is for agitating the paint and prevents settlement4 ,the atomizer is shown clearly in the drawing4 ,it consists of an air jet impinging on a vena contracta nozzle and surrounded by the paint forced through from the receptacle4 ,the air blast carries the paint through the orifice immediately opposite to the nozzle and there reduces it to a fine spray4 ,a hose is attached to the exit of the atomizer and the atomized paint is carried by the blast to the spray pipe1 which is slightly fan-shaped and flat4 ,the cover is fastened by four hook-clamps1 and is1 therefore1 readily removable4 ,an air pressure gauge reading to #abj lbs4 is also provided1 and the valves are so arranged that the regulation of both the paint and the air supply are easily adjustable4 ,it will be noticed that1 in the atomizer1 a vena contracta is arranged so that it may be adjusted in its position in relation to the air orifice4 ,the use of this is to provide for paint of various consistencies4 ,very great care has been taken in designing the details2 as1 for example1 the provision of a scraper to clear off accumulations from the periphery of the trundling wheel4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aci4--,,plan ,,of ,,paint ,,spraying ,,apparatus ,,used ,,by ,,the ,,pennsylvania ,,railroad1 ,,principally ,,for ,,freight ,,cars4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adj4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,apparatus ,,shown ,,in ,,fig4 #aci4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ada4--;,,details ,,of ,,apparatus ,,shown ,,in ,,figs4 #aci ,,and #adj4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,metal ,,spraying4 ,although the spraying of metal does not really come within the scope of this book1 the process is so closely allied to paint spraying that it is considered advisable to devote a chapter to the subject1 particularly as the perfected process is of very recent date1 and bids fair to be used successfully in many industries4 ,it should be stated at once that a metallic coating may be applied to practically any surface1 and that almost any metal or alloy may be employed4 ,stated briefly1 the process consists in melting metal in the form of a rod or wire1 by means of oxygen and coal gas1 or other gas1 depending upon the metal used4 ,the molten metal is sprayed at a high pressure1 and a surface may be quickly covered with the metal of any desired thickness4 ,a remarkable fact concerning the process is that the metal is cooled to an extent that renders it possible to hold the hand in the jet so as to receive a coat of metal without inconvenience1 and samples of wood and fabrics may be coated with metal without injury4 ,a moment of consideration will render it clear that there is an immense field for this process2 for example1 as aluminium can be sprayed1 a lining of that metal might be given to brewers' and cooking utensils1 etc41 while tanks1 barrels1 reservoirs1 intended to contain acids and oils1 can also be treated4 ,in the production of blocks for printing1 in decorative work and mural decoration1 there is an immense field1 while ships' bottoms1 instead of being painted with composition1 can be copper-plated or sprayed with any other suitable metal1 in order to prevent incrustation4 ,no doubt some very beautiful effects can be produced by means of the process4 ,it will be convenient now to describe the machine used for the application of the metals4 ,it consists of a pistol rather bulkier1 but not unlike in form1 the usual spraying apparatus1 see ,fig4 #adb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adb4--,,the ,,metal ,,spraying ,,machine ,,or ,,pistol4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adc4--,,the ,,metal ,,sprayer4 ,in ,fig4 #adc is shown very clearly the construction of the sprayer1 which it will be understood comprises a combined melting and spraying jet and a feed mechanism4 ,the metal1 in the form of rod or wire1 is fed to the melting flame4 ,this1 as already stated1 is formed by coal gas burned in the air1 or oxygen1 water gas1 acetylene1 hydrogen1 etc41 may be employed instead of the coal gas4 ,the gases are supplied at such a pressure as to prevent blowing out and to ensure a highly deoxidizing flame4 ,the spraying jet can be of carbon dioxide1 nitrogen1 air1 steam1 etc41 and it must be fed at such a pressure as to produce a sufficiently high velocity for successful coating4 ,the usual gauges and reducing valves will1 of course1 be employed4 ,the feeding of the wire is accomplished by a small pneumatic motor1 driven by the spraying medium1 either in series or parallel with the main jet4 ,the dimensions of the wire nozzle1 and feed mechanism vary with the different metals4 ,to obtain a good adhesion between the metals being sprayed and the surface to which it is to be applied1 the latter must be thoroughly clean and of an open nature1 to give a key for the deposit4 ,sandblasting is sometimes employed to effect this4 ,fig4 #ade shows an enlargement of the nozzle with the different parts marked4 ,the cost of the process is not prohibitive2 the cost of the metal only on one square foot of a thickness of #jjja inch is quite small with the cheaper metals4 ,the process is put on the market by the ,british ,metal ,spray ,co41 ,ltd41 ,queen ,anne's ,chambers1 ,tothill ,street1 ,westminster1 ,london1 ,s4,w4 ,in a paper read by ,mr4 ,r4 ,k4 ,morcom before the ,institute of ,metals1 the following interesting information was given3-- ,illustration3 ,fig4 #add4--,,sectional ,,drawing ,,of ,,the ,,metal ,,spraying ,,machine ,,or ,,pistol4 ,with a given design of jet there is only a certain volume left by the air-jet which can be filled with flame1 and this flame has a limiting temperature which cannot be exceeded4 ,the wire1 passing through this cone of flame receives heat1 partly by radiation1 but chiefly by conduction1 and becomes melted2 but there is a definite limit to the amount of heat which can be picked up by the wire passing through the flame1 and a definite limit to the rate at which it can be melted4 ,this cannot be increased by forcing more gas into the flame1 as the extra gas is merely blown away by the air-jet4 ,it is possible to increase the rate of melting by shaping the nozzles so as to leave room for a larger cone of flame1 and experiments are in progress on this point4 ,there is1 therefore1 a most definite economical quantity of gas which should be used in the pistol1 this quantity being about #ae cubic foot of hydrogen per minute1 and #je cubic foot of oxygen2 or about #jh cubic foot of coal-gas to #jfe cubic foot of oxygen for the present standard designs4 ,in refractory metals these quantities may be increased slightly1 as a slightly higher temperature can be obtained if the burning gases are under a pressure greater than atmospheric1 and this occurs if the gas quantities are increased1 the inner surface of the air-jet acting to some extent as an enclosing wall to the flame4 ,on the other hand1 for the more easily fusible and oxidizable metals1 such as tin1 lead1 and zinc1 it is advisable to keep the gas quantities rather below the figure given1 so as to avoid any possibility of overheating and burning any portion of the wire4 ,the outer jet performs a threefold purpose3 it keeps the nozzles and wire cool1 it cools the object1 and it produces the requisite velocity4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ade4--;,,diagrammatic ,,representation ,,of ,,melting ,,and ,,spraying ,,jets ,,in ,,action4 ,the velocity of the air leaving the jet will be independent of the volume discharged1 and depends only upon the pressure at the jet1 so long as there is no disturbance due to the entraining of air from the surrounding atmosphere4 ,this1 of course1 will actually occur in practice1 and the layer of air must have a certain thickness in order to prevent its being broken up1 and its velocity destroyed by mixing with the surrounding atmosphere4 ,as at present constructed the standard pistol uses about #jee to #jf cubic foot per minute for every #a lb4 per square inch air pressure1 so that with an air supply at #hj lb4 per square inch1 which is a very suitable figure for ordinary spraying1 the air consumption will be from #de to #ej cubic feet per minute4 ,the bulk of this will be from #hcj to #ibj grammes1 and the mass of metal sprayed by this air will be from about #h grammes in the case of iron to about #bjj grammes in the case of lead4 ,the action of deposition is probably a complex one4 ,the minute particles of solid metal are driven with such force against the object that1 in some cases1 they fuse1 but owing to their small relative size1 are promptly chilled by the object to which they adhere4 ,if any of the particles are molten or gaseous they will adhere4 ,in addition1 the suddenly chilled particles are possibly1 or even probably1 in the state of unstable equilibrium found in ,prince ,rupert's ,drops1 and act like so many minute bombs1 bursting on impact into almost molecular dimensions1 and penetrating the smallest cracks and fissures of the object4 ,the process requires some care in manipulation1 as1 by varying the conditions1 it is possible to spray porous or non-porous coatings1 and1 with some metals1 anything from a pure metal to a pure oxide4 ,with care1 however1 non-porous1 oxide-free1 adherent coatings can be produced1 of almost any metal on almost any solid4 ,in addition to metals1 it is possible to spray fusible non-metals1 or1 by stranded wires1 alloys of metals or mixture of metals with non-metals4 ,the process is so new that its uses are still partly to be developed4 ,but it is easy to see that it may have far-reaching value for protective coatings against weather or fire1 for ornament1 for electrical resistance and conductors1 for the production of special alloys1 for joint making1 and for many other purposes4 ,quite in a different category comes that of very fine casting4 ,the surface of a pattern1 polished or slightly greasy1 is most minutely copied1 and it is possible to produce process blocks very rapidly4 ,it may be useful to line moulds before pouring in a metal4 ,the application of the process to the production of very fine or coarse metallic powders is being investigated4 ,the bulk of the work has hitherto been carried on in laboratories1 but the apparatus is gradually becoming used in the more progressive factories1 where extended facilities1 and the knowledge of specialised requirements1 will ensure a rapid improvement in technique and results4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adf4--;,,an ,,example ,,of ,,sprayed ,,decorative ,,work4 7,,aerograph47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adg4--,,shaded ,,work ,,by ,,the ,,aerograph4 ,the research on the lower melting point metals has been greater than on the others1 and undoubtedly the economy with them both can be greatly improved4 ,preheating of gases and air1 supplementary flames acting in front of the main jet1 and electrical methods of heating1 are all still the subject of experiment4 ,the following metals are among those which have been successfully sprayed by this process3--,aluminium1 brass1 bronze1 copper1 cupro-nickel1 iron1 gold1 nickel1 silver1 tin1 zinc1 lead4 ,it will be obvious that this method is a most useful one to employ when it is desired to prevent iron from rusting on machine parts which cannot possibly be treated by chemical or other anti-rust processes1 and be rendered immune from rusting by treatment where they stand4 ,to give some idea of the cost1 it may be said that if the thickness of #j4jja of one inch of zinc is deposited1 the cost of metal for coating #aj square feet would only be a fraction over #d;d42 while for lead the cost would be about #b;d4 ,the amount of gas used is not a large item1 being at the rate per minute of #j4ej cubic foot of oxygen and #j4ee cubic foot of coal gas when spraying zinc1 and #j4aja cubic foot less in each case where lead is being used in the pistol4 ,these figures are given on the authority of the ,daily ,telegraph4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adh4--,,show ,,card4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adi4--;,a ,,sprayed ,,frieze 7,,aerograph74 ,,index ,,page ,accessories #aba-acc ,advantages of ,dipping #bb ,advantages of ,dipping ,piano ,cases #df ,aerograph #ha ,aerograph ,air ,pump and ,tank ,combined #aah ,aerograph ,electric ,motor ,outfit #hc ,aerograph ,spraying ,cabinet #abg ,aerograph ,turntable #acd ,aeron #he-hg ,agitating ,apparatus #i-ae ,agricultural ,implements1 ,dipping #eh ,air ,drying ,enamels #ahj ,air-drying coloured ,japans #aeg ,air ,heater #acg ,air ,pump and ,tank ,combined #aah ,air ,pump for ,large ,installation #aai ,air ,transformer ,set #ic ,airostyle #ig ,airostyle ,air ,compressor #aae ,airostyle ,central ,draught ,fan #abe ,airostyle ,plant #aba ,airostyle ,plants for #af ,operators on ,small ,work #aee ,airostyle ,plant ,showing ,ventilator #aii ,alabastine #bi ,apparatus for ,dipping ,piano ,cases #db ,application of ,stoving ,enamels #agi ,artistic ,application of ,paint ,spraying #bja ,artists' ,type of ,invincible ,sprayer #ajg ,asbestine #gc ,auto ,electric ,air ,heater #acg1 #aci ,auto ,filter #ic ,automatic ,control of ,drying ,room #fh ,automatic ,electric ,controller #aaa ,automatic ,finishing of ,pianos #db ,automobiles1 ,latest ,method of ,finishing #baf ,baird ,machine ,co4 #bdi ,baking ,enamel #fc ,baking ,heats1 ,safe for ,pigment ,colours #ahg ,baking or ,stoving1 ,hints on #ahj ,barytes1 ,precipitated #gj ,baskets1 ,fancy #adg ,bean ,spray ,pump ,co4 #bdg ,bearings1 ,paint ,proof #ac ,bedsteads #cc ,bedsteads1 ,dipping #eh ,bedsteads1 ,white ,work #ahd ,berkel and ,parnall's ,slicing ,machine ,co41 ,ltd4 #afg ,bin for ,spraying ,light ,articles #adh ,birmingham ,small ,arms ,co4 #adg-afd ,black ,japan ,finishes #ahc ,blinds for ,paint ,dipping ,tank #aj ,block and ,tackle #ic ,blooming of ,varnish #fh ,blues #bje ,bone ,black #gj ,bookbinding #adf ,brown1 ,e4 ,c4 ,co4 #bdf ,brown ,sprayer with ,extension ,rod1 ,the #bdf ,browns #bjg ,bronzing #aid ,brush ,graining #bjh ,brushing versus ,spraying #aic ,burnt ,sienna #gj ,cabinets #abg ,cadby1 ,g4 ,sons #afd ,cans1 ,painting by ,dipping #g ,carriage ,department1 ,woolwich ,arsenal #ed ,carriages #adf ,carriers for ,dipping ,piano ,cases #db ,casements #g1 #cg ,casements ,dipping #fj1 #fa1 #fe ,casements1 ,steel #fj ,celluloid ,buttons #c ,celluloid ,varnish1 ,recipe for #aej ,central ,draught ,fan #abe ,chicago ,white ,lead and ,oil ,co4 #ahh ,china ,clay #gc ,china ,fruit ,dish ,decorated with the ,airostyle #bag ,cleaning ,metal ,parts #da ,coach ,body ,painting #ee ,coal ,box1 ,metal ,decoration done by ,airostyle #bda ,coats of ,paint1 number #ba ,collapsible ,gates #cc ,colour ,glazing #bjb ,colour on ,bedsteads #cc ,colour ,specimens1 ,spraying #aec ,colour ,varnishes1 ,transparent #ahd ,coloured ,enamels #ei ,compressed ,air1 ,painting by #gh ,compressed ,air1 ,supply of #aac ,compressor for ,airostyle ,plant #afe ,concentric ,form of ,spray #gi ,construction of ,airostyle #ih ,cost of ,paint ,dipping ,plant #b ,cover for ,tank #aa ,crabs #ah ,crane ,eureka #ajc ,crane ,record #ajd ,crittall ,manufacturing ,co4 #fj ,cycle ,frames #aig ,cycle ,parts #adf ,davis ,gas ,stove ,co41 ,ltd4 #afa1 #afe ,decorative ,work1 an ,example of ,sprayed #bfa ,deed ,boxes #ch ,demar ,varnish #ge ,designs for ,lamp ,shades ,done by ,spraying #bjc ,de ,vilbiss ,air ,compressor #aae ,de ,vilbiss ,auto ,cool ,fan #abe ,de ,vilbiss ,fumexer or ,spraying ,cabinet #aca ,de ,vilbiss ,manufacturing ,co4 #he ,diogrammatic ,representation of ,melting and ,spraying ,jets in ,action #bei ,different ,trades in ,spraying1 ,requirements of #cc1 #ada ,dipping and ,spraying ,compared #aig ,dipping and ,spraying ,paints ,compared #ahh ,dipping ,casements #fa1 #fe ,dipping ,paints #g1 #gj1 #gb ,dipping ,process1 ,advantages of #bb ,dipping1 ,quantity of ,paint ,required for #gg ,dipping ,sewing ,machine ,parts #cd ,dipping ,tanks #eg ,dipping ,troughs #bch ,dripping ,platform #i ,driving ,gear for ,tank #ad ,drying ,room1 ,model #fg ,durability of ,dipping ,paints #a ,dust1 ,excluding #fd ,electric ,controller #aaa ,electric ,hoist for ,heavy ,goods #bg ,electric ,motor ,outfit #hc ,electrical ,work #adg ,elevation of ,spraying ,plant #aii ,enamel1 ,stoving #fc ,enamelling1 ,slate #aeb ,enamels #agi ,enamels1 ,air ,drying #ahj ,enamels for ,steel ,furniture #ahc ,enamels1 ,heat ,resisting and ,slow ,drying #ahj ,enamels1 ,stoving #agh ,eureka ,spraying ,machine #ajc ,evaporation of ,turpentine #gg ,evolution of ,spraying ,apparatus #gh ,exhaust #aac ,exhaust ,installation #abb ,fan1 ,central ,draught #ajd1 #abd ,fancy ,baskets #adg ,files #ch ,filler for ,iron #bf ,filler1 ,harland's #bi ,finishing of ,pianos #db1 #dc ,finishing ,room #ec ,flash ,point of ,turpentine #gf ,fletcher1 ,russell ,co41 ,ltd4 #afg ,floco ,process #bbc ,flowing-on ,system #be1 #baf ,ford ,motor ,co41 ,ltd4 #ed1 #ei1 #baf ,four ,oaks ,spraying ,machine ,co4 #bdg ,freight ,car1 ,painting #bej ,frieze1 a ,sprayed #bfg ,furniture1 ,metal #ch ,fumexer #hf1 #abi1 #ace ,gas ,fires #aig ,gas ,meter ,co41 ,ltd4 #agb ,gas ,meters1 ,masks for #adb ,gas ,meters1 ,spraying #adh1 #aga ,gas ,light and ,coke ,co4 #aga1 #aha1 #ahe1 #aia ,gas ,stoves and ,ranges #adi ,gasometer1 ,painting #hc ,gates1 ,collapsible #cc ,gear ,box1 ,paint ,proof #ac ,gibbons1 ,james #eh ,gittings1 ,hills and ,boothby1 ,ltd4 #afh ,glazing ,colours #bjb1 #bje ,gloss ,paint #ga ,goodyear ,stove1 a ,typical #bcg ,golden ,ochre #gj ,graining and ,scumbling #bjh ,graining ,grounds #bab ,grays #bjg ,greens #bjg ,hanger1 ,iron #cd1 #ch ,hanging ,apparatus #af ,hard ,wood1 ,primers for #gd ,hard ,wood1 ,white ,dip for #ge ,harland1 ,wm4 ,sons #bi ,harrison1 ,mc,gregor ,co4 #eh ,hart ,patent ,mask #adc ,hayward ,bros4 ,eckstein1 ,ltd4 #fj ,heat of ,drying ,room #fi ,heat ,resisting and ,slow ,drying ,enamels #ahj ,heavy ,goods1 ,hoist for #bg ,henley's ,telegraph ,works1 ,ltd4 #adg ,hickory ,wheels #ed ,hints on ,stoving or ,baking #ahj ,hoist for ,heavy ,goods #bg ,hoists #ah ,holden1 ,arthur ,co1 ,ltd4 #afg ,holes in ,woodwork1 ,stopping #bi ,hook for ,suspending #ag1 #fd ,hot ,air ,method #bce ,illingworth on ,white ,spirit #gf ,imitating ,marbles #baj ,imitation ,wood ,effects #ahc ,immersing ,mangle ,frames #ce ,immersion1 ,painting by #g1 #aa ,implement ,manufacturers #ad ,indian ,red #gj ,introduction #a ,invincible ,sprayer #aje ,iron1 ,filler for #bf ,iron ,hanger #ch ,iron ,rods #cd ,iron ,sashes #g ,iron ,window ,frames #cg ,italian ,raw ,sienna #gj ,joist and ,wheels ,supplying ,hanger #af ,kerosene ,oil #ge ,kettle ,type of ,spray #gh ,khaki ,paint #eg ,kingsbury ,manufacturing ,co1 ,ltd4 #afh ,lacquers for ,spraying #hj ,lacquers1 ,paints1 etc1 for ,spraying #agg ,lamp ,shades1 ,designs done by ,spraying #bjc ,lime and ,whitewash ,sprayers #bda ,limewashing by ,machine with #h;ft4 ,bamboo ,pole #bde ,limewhite ,sprayer1 ,merryweathers #bdg ,location of ,work ,cabinets #abg ,lockers #ch ,lowering ,piano ,cases into the ,varnish ,tank #dg ,lucas1 ,john ,co4 #ahh ,lucas1 ,joseph1 ,ltd4 #afj1 #afi1 #agc1 #age1 #aha ,machine for ,metal ,spraying #bef ,making ,stencils #add ,mander ,brothers #aed ,mangle ,frames ,immersing #ce ,marble ,grounds #baj ,marshall ,sons ,co1 ,ltd4 #ei ,mask ,hart ,patent #adc ,masks and ,stencils #ada ,masks for ,gas ,meters #adb ,masury1 ,john ,w4 ,son #ahi ,mc,lennan ,system #i ,melting and ,spraying ,jets in ,action #bei ,merryweather ,limewhite ,sprayer #bdg ,metal ,decoration #bda ,metal ,furniture #ch ,metal ,goods #ch ,metal ,motor ,parts #da ,metal1 ,primers for #gd ,metal ,sheets1 ,dipping #eh ,metal ,sprayer1 ,details of #beg ,metal ,spraying #bee ,metal ,spraying ,machine #bef ,metal1 ,white ,dipping for #ge ,midland ,sprayer #ajh ,model ,drying ,room #fg ,moller and ,schumann ,co4 #ahj ,morris1 ,herbert1 ,limited #ba ,morris ,standard ,electric ,trolley ,hoist #bc ,motor ,bodies1 ,the ,floco ,system of ,painting #bbd ,motor ,car ,shops #bca ,motor ,outfit for ,spraying #hc ,motor ,parts1 ,metal #da ,motor ,wheels #ed ,objections sometimes urged against ,spraying #aid ,ochre #gj ,office ,partitions #fj ,oil and ,water ,separator #aaa ,oil in ,dipping ,paints #gb ,oxford ,ochre #gj ,oven ,baking ,methods #bcb ,overhead ,rails #eg ,paasche ,air ,brush #aji ,paasche ,automatic ,electric ,controller #aaa ,paasche ,motor ,driven ,fan #abd ,paasche ,turn-,table #ace ,paint ,dipping #g ,paint ,dipping ,plant1 ,cost of #b ,paint ,dipping1 ,simple ,form of #g ,paint ,dipping ,tank #aj ,paint for ,casements #cg ,paint for ,metal ,work #da ,paint for ,wagons #eg ,paint1 ,number of ,coats #ba ,paint ,proof ,bearings #ac ,paint ,sprayer1 ,portable #bej ,paint ,spraying ,apparatus ,used by the ,pennsylvania ,railroad #beb ,paint ,spraying1 ,artistic ,application of #bja ,paint1 ,supply of #aac1 #abb ,paint ,tank #h ,painting a ,freight ,car #bej ,painting by ,compressed ,air #gh ,painting by ,immersion #g1 #aa ,painting ,gasometer #hc ,painting ,motor ,bodies the ,floco ,system of #bbd ,painting ,motor ,wheels #ed ,paints ,durability of #a ,paint for ,dipping #gj ,paints1 ,spreading ,capacity of #gg ,part ,end ,elevation of ,plant for #ab ,operators #aei ,pennsylvania ,railroad ,company #bej ,perkins ,system of ,heating #bce ,phillips ,son #eh ,philorite #cj ,piano ,cases1 ,lowering into the ,varnish ,tank #dg ,pianos1 ,finishing of #ci ,pickling ,metal ,parts #da ,picture ,frames #adi ,picture ,mouldings #adi ,piece ,work #ade ,pigment ,colours1 ,safe ,baking ,heats for #ahg ,pinchin ,johnson's ,drying ,room #fh ,plants1 ,some ,typical #ed1 #aeh ,platform1 ,dipping #i ,portable ,paint ,sprayer for ,railing and other ,work #bej ,precipitated ,barytes #gj ,preparing ,wood ,before ,painting #be ,pressure in ,spraying #hj ,primers and ,surfacers #bce ,primers for ,metal #ga ,primers for ,soft ,wood #gd ,protecting ,parts not to be ,painted #bd ,prussian ,blue #gj ,purifying ,air #aad ,quantity of ,paint ,required for ,dipping #gg ,raido process #bcb ,rails and ,hanging ,apparatus #af ,rails for ,overhead #eg ,railway ,work1 ,portable ,paint ,sprayer for #bej ,raw ,sienna #gj ,recipe for ,celluloid ,varnish #aej ,record ,pistol #ig1 #ii ,reds #bje ,reducing ,varnish #hg ,requirements of ,special ,trades #cc1 #ada1 #ade ,rims and ,wheels #da ,rods1 ,iron #cd ,rubbing ,down #cj ,safe ,baking ,heats of ,pigment ,colours #ahg ,scrubbing ,air #aad ,scumbling and ,colour ,glazing #bjb ,scumbling and ,graining #bjh ,second ,coat ,dipping ,paints #gd ,sectional ,drawing of ,metal ,spraying ,machine #beh ,sewing ,machine ,parts1 ,dipping #cd ,shaded ,effects produced by ,spraying #bac ,shaded ,work by the ,aerograph #bfc ,shafting for ,tank #ad ,sheets ,metal ,dipping #ch1 #eh ,shellac ,spraying #hg ,ships' ,hulls ,spraying #aea ,spraying ,plant1 ,elevation of #aii ,spraying1 ,quantity of ,paint ,required #gg ,spraying ,requirement of ,different ,trades #aba ,spraying ,ships' ,hulls #aea ,spraying versus ,brushing #aic ,staircases #g ,standard ,hydraulic ,immersion ,system #db ,standard ,varnish ,co #db ,steel ,casements #fj ,steel ,furniture ,enamels #ahc ,steel ,implements #aig ,steel ,office ,partitions #fj ,steel ,plate ,fan #abe ,steel ,sheets #a1 #ab ,steel ,wheels #da ,steel ,wool for ,rubbing ,down #cj ,stencils and ,masks #ada ,stencils1 ,making #add ,stirrers and ,blinds for ,paint ,dipping ,tank #aj ,stopping ,holes in ,woodwork #bi ,stove1 a ,typical ,goodyear #bcg ,stoving ,blacks #agi ,show ,card ,done by ,spraying #fi1 #bji1 #bbe1 #bci ,shop ,fronts #fj ,side ,elevation of ,plant for #ab ,operators #aeh ,skylights #fj ,slate ,enamelling #aeb ,sliding ,doors #fj ,soft ,wood1 ,white ,dip for #ge ,soft ,woods1 ,primers for #gd ,spray1 ,concentric ,form of #gi ,sprayed ,decorative ,work1 ,an ,example #bfa ,spraying and ,dipping ,compared #aig ,spraying and ,dipping ,paints ,compared #ahh ,spraying ,apparatus for ,painting ,freight ,cars #beb ,spraying ,apparatus1 ,types of #ha ,spraying ,cabinets #abg ,spreading ,capacity of ,paints #gg ,spraying ,colour ,specimens #aec ,spraying ,metal #bee ,spraying1 ,objections ,sometimes ,urged ,against #aid ,spraying ,plant1 ,cost of #b ,stoving ,enamel #fc1 #agh ,stoving or ,baking1 ,hints on #ahj ,stoving ,temperatures #ahg ,stoves1 ,notes on the ,construction of #bce ,sub ,frame for ,tank #ad ,supply of ,compressed ,air #aac ,supply of ,paint #abb ,suspending ,hook #fd ,table ,cover ,decorated with the ,airostyle #bai ,tank and ,air ,pump ,combined #aah ,tanks for ,dipping #eg ,tank for ,dipping ,metal ,windows #fc ,tank for ,painting ,steel ,sheets #ab ,tank ,paint #h ,tank1 ,special ,form of #i ,tank ,used in ,flowing on ,paint #bbb ,tapered ,cans #g ,temperatures for ,stoving #ahg ,test for ,white ,spirit #gf ,three ,tank ,plant #ae ,thornley and ,knight1 ,ltd4 #aeg ,time ,saving #a ,toys #a ,trade1 ,requirements of ,different #cc ,tramcars #aed ,transparent ,colour ,varnishes #ahd ,trolley ,hoist #ai ,troughs #da ,tumbling ,barrel ,process #bdh1 #bdi ,turkey ,umber #gj ,turn-,tables #abi1 #acj1 #acd ,turpentine1 ,flash ,point of #gf ,type ,g ,aeron #fh ,types of ,spraying ,apparatus #ha ,typical ,hoist #ai ,typical ,plants1 ,some #ed1 #aeh ,ultra ,airostyle #aja ,umber #gj ,varnish1 ,quantity ,required for ,piano ,cases #df ,varnishes for ,spraying #hj1 #agg ,varnishes1 ,transparent ,colour #ahd ,venetian ,red #gj ,ventilation of ,paint ,shop #fg ,ventilator for ,plant #abc ,volume of ,air in ,spraying #hj ,wagons1 ,painting #ed ,wagons1 ,store ,room #fa ,wells1 ,a4 ,c4 ,co4 #bdd ,wheels1 ,rims of #da ,white ,dipping for ,meta #ge ,white ,paint for ,dipping #ga ,white ,paste ,primer #ge ,white ,paints and ,painting ,materials #gb ,white ,spirit #gf ,white ,work ,bedsteads1 etc4 #cc1 #ahd ,whitewash ,sprayers #bda ,whitewashing ,machines #gh ,whiting #gc ,wilkinson1 ,heywood and ,clark #aa ,willys-,overland ,automobile ,factory #bbh ,winch #ah ,window ,frames1 ,iron #cg ,wood ,effects1 ,imitation #ahc ,woodwork ,preparing before ,painting #be ,woodwork1 ,stopping ,holes in #bi ,woolwich ,arsenal1 ,carriage ,department #ed ,woolwich ,arsenal ,store ,room #fa ,work ,cabinets #abg ,yellows #bjf ,zinc ,oxide #gc ,zinc ,stencils #ade ,,advertisements4 ,,standard ,,varnish ,,works4 ,illustration ,consulting ,specialists respecting1 and ,manufacturers of every class of ,varnish for all ,industrial purposes ,,insulating ,,varnishes1 ,,carriage1 ,,automobile1 ,,marine ,,decorators' ,,varnishes1 etc4 ,patentees of the new ,,standard ,,hydraulic ,,immersion ,,system described on pages #db-ec of this publication4 ,correspondence invited from responsible houses3 ,,new ,,york ,,elm ,,park1 ,,staten ,,island4 ,,chicago #b1fjj ,,federal ,,street4 ,,toronto ,,international ,,varnish ,co41 ,ltd4 ,,brussels #bf1 ,,rue ,,gaucheret4 ,,paris #cd1 ,,rue ,,de ,,chabrol4 ,,melbourne #dgi1 ,,collins ,,street4 ,,london #bg1 ,,bevis ,,marks1 ,e4,c4 ,,the ,,airostyle ,,the ,,one ,,complete ,,efficient ,,system ,,of ,,compressed ,,air ,,painting1 ,,japanning1 ,,varnishing1 ,etc4 ,manufactured throughout by ,the ,,airostyle ,,lithos1 ,ltd41 #ce1 ,st4 ,bride ,street1 ,ludgate ,circus1 ,,tele ,,phone3 #abjbe ,,central4 ,,grams3 ,,stainless1 ,,london4 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,the ,,airostyle ,,compressed ,,air ,,painting ,,plants ,,are ,,in ,,daily ,,use at the ,leading ,works for ,motor ,cars1 ,side ,cars1 etc4 ,gas ,meters ,gas ,fires1 ,radiators1 etc4 ,kitchen ,ranges1 ,grates1 etc4 ,cycles and ,motor ,cycles ,cycle and ,motor ,accessories ,carriage ,lamps ,leather ,manufactures ,buttons ,toys ,baby ,carriages ,sewing ,machines ,china and ,glass ,electrical ,apparatus ,scientific ,instruments ,constructional ,work ,horticultural ,buildings1 etc4 ,tinplate ,work ,munitions ,general ,japanned ,goods ,porcelain ,enamelled ,goods ,advertising ,signs ,textile ,productions ,rubber ,goods ,typewriters ,tiles etc41 etc41 etc41 etc4 ,manufactured throughout by ,the ,,airostyle ,,lithos1 ,ltd41 #ce1 ,st4 ,bride ,street1 ,ludgate ,circus1 ,,tele ,,phone3 #abjbe ,,central4 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,grams3 ,,stainless1 ,,london4 ,,pecora ,,first ,,coaters1 ,,finishing ,,coats ,,thinners ,,for ,,use ,,by ,,the ,,immersion 7,,dipping7 ,,process ,,or ,,application ,,by ,,compressed ,,air 7,,spray7 ,,are ,,the ,,result ,,of #ast4--,theoretical ,combinations of pigments and vehicles4 #bnd4--,careful practical test of these combinations and changes to meet given requirements4 #crd4--,close study of the finished article to determine durability4 #dth4--,twenty-five years experience in the production of special finishes1 which must meet unusually severe conditions4 ,our ,experimental ,laboratory is equipped with a complete dipping1 spraying and baking plant1 and is at the service of any interested person4 ,we would be glad to finish samples of your product along any desired lines1 or to follow out our own ideas as to the most desirable method4 ,,pecora ,,paint ,,company4 #dth ,erie ,ave4 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,est4 #ahfb by ,smith ,bowen4 ,incorporated #aiaa4 ,,are ,,you ,,using ,,aerograph ,,sprays ,illustration ,,for ,plain ,painting1 ,decorating1 ,japanning1 ,enamelling1 ,varnishing and ,lacquering4 ,also for ,distempers of all kinds4 ,five times ,faster than any other ,method4 ,stationary and ,portable ,painting ,outfits ,,perfect ,,control4 ,,superior ,,results4 ,,the ,,aerograph ,,co41 ,,ltd4 #dc1 ,,holborn ,,viaduct1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,british ,,and ,,foreign ,,government ,,contractors4 ,illustration ,,crane',s ,,sprayers ,illustration ,for ,,enamels1 ,,paints1 ,,lacquers1 ,,varnishes1 ,,etc41 ,,are --,,the ,,greatest ,,economisers ,,of ,,time-- ,,material ,,labour ,,extant--,the ,handiest and most ,efficient yet ,devised and further ,illustration ,they ,,ensure the ,best ,results4 ,write for details3 ,,fredk4 ,,crane ,,chemical ,co41 ,bordesley ,green1 ,b',,ham4 ,illustration ,w4 ,,goodyear ,sons1 ,illustration ,manufacturers1 ,,dudley4 ,illustration ,,specialists ,,in3 ,enamelling ,stoves for ,illustration ,all ,purposes ,illustration ,,write ,,for ,,catalogue4 ,illustration3 ,,established #agfj ,if you will come to ,homerton to see a practical demonstration of the finishing of your own products by the economical ,spraying process1 our facilities are at your service without charge or obligation4 ,those facilities are3 a fully equipped spraying plant--probably the first spraying expert in the ,kingdom--and a range of spray paints covering the entire process from ,filler to ,varnish coat1 perfected by experience4 ,we specialise too in paints for ,dipping and shall be glad to demonstrate to you the economy of either or both4 ,berger's ,spray ,paints ,dipping ,paints4 ,lewis ,berger ,sons1 ,ltd4 ,makers of ,paints1 ,colours ,varnishes1 ,,homerton1 ,,london1 ,n4,e4 ,branches--,paris1 ,copenhagen1 ,sydney1 ,wellington1 ,bombay1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration ,,pneumatic ,,spraying ,,of ,,paints1 ,,enamels1 ,,lacquers1 ,,varnishes1 ,,rubber ,,solution1 c4 ,if you use any of the above in quantities you cannot afford to be without a ,,pneumatic ,,spraying ,,plant4 ,illustration ,,better ,,finish1 ,,smaller ,,bills for material1 much cheaper production4 ,the ,midland ,pneumatic ,spraying ,plant is the product of practical ,engineers and is ,,all ,,british4 ,,let ,,us ,,demonstrate ,,its ,,possibilities ,,and ,,advise ,,you4 ,wire--,blast1 ,birmingham2 ',phone--,central #edfc2 or write-- ,the ,,midland ,,fan ,co41 ,ltd41 #df1 ,aston ,road1 ,,birmingham4 ,illustration3 ,,gittings1 ,,hills ,,boothby1 ,l,d4 ,,birmingham4 ,,specialists ,,for ,,spraying1 ,,dipping ,,stoving ,,varnishes ,,paints4 ,g4 ,h4 ,b41 ,ltd41 will be pleased to show their ,spraying ,installation to any firm desirous of seeing and testing same--customers' own material sprayed4 ,,dipping ,,tanks loaned to customers to enable adequate tests to be made4 ,,do ,,you ,,want ,,to ,,save ,,money 8 ,then take up the most economical methods of painting1 viz41 ,,dipping ,,and ,,spraying4 ,gittings1 ,hills ,boothby1 ,ltd41 ,varnish and ,paint ,manufacturers1 ,,long ,,acre1 ,,birmingham4 ,and at #hb1 ,,turnmill ,,street1 ,,london4 ,e4 ,c4 ,one ,man with the ,aeron is worth #b to #aj without ,there is not only this #ej to #ij saving in time and labour1 because of the speed that is possible with the ,,aeron ,,system of spraying1 but there is also produced a better quality of finish than is obtainable with any other method4 ,the surface is absolutely uniform1 smooth and even of thickness4 ,it is free from all sags1 runs1 thin spots or fatty edges4 ,illustration ,the ,,aeron ,,system is simple and easy to operate4 ,ordinarily inaccessible places1 and carved and irregular surfaces1 are quickly and uniformly finished4 ,the ,,aeron ,,system installed in your finishing room will produce the utmost in results at the lowest possible cost4 ,address3 ,the ,de,vilbiss ,manufacturing ,co4 #ga ,newman ,st41 ,oxford ,st41 ,london1 ,w41 ,eng43 ,toledo1 ,ohio1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,finish ,your ,products1 ,large or ,small1 ,wood or ,metal1 with the ,illustration3 ,guaranteed ,aeron ,system ,paints ,with ,air ,the ,,aeron ,,system of applying varnishes1 enamels1 shellacs1 lacquers1 japans1 bronzes1 and practically every kind of finishing material1 on wood and metal products with compressed air1 is the result of extensive painting and mechanical experience1 and a comprehensive study of finishing problems4 ,the ,,aeron ,,system is complete in every detail4 ,every angle and problem of the application of finishing materials is successfully met with a thoroughness and positiveness--with a certainty of greater quality1 speed1 economy and efficiency--by this ,,system4 ,there is a wide variety of best type ,aerons and ,accessory ,equipment1 meeting all requirements and enabling the operator to obtain striking results4 ,let us send you full and interesting particulars1 --and a booklet of equipment facts4-- ,address3 ,the ,de,vilbiss ,manufacturing ,co4 #ga ,newman ,st41 ,oxford ,st41 ,london1 ,w41 ,eng43 ,toledo1 ,ohio1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,telegrams--,varnish1 ,birmingham4 ,,arthur ,,holden ,,sons1 ,ld4 7,established nearly a ,century7 ,bradford ,street1 ,,birmingham4 ,specialists in ,spraying ,finishes for every ,trade4 ,spraying ,paints1 ,enamels1 ,japans1 ,varnishes1 ,varnish ,paints1 etc41 ,,for ,,stoving ,,or ,,self-,,drying ,,in ,,all ,,colours ,,and ,,qualities4 ,,trades ,,already ,,supplied3-- ,photographic1 ,optical1 ,electrical ,surgical ,apparatus ,manufacturers4 ,bicycles1 ,motor ,bodies1 ,motor and ,cycle accessories4 ,steel ,toys1 ,wood ,toys1 ,lamps1 ,iron ,fittings4 ,mail ,carts1 ,radiators1 ,trunks1 ,weighing ,machines1 ,scales1 etc41 etc4 ,the ,de,vilbiss ,aeron ,illustration ,the most ,efficient and ,flexible 33 ,spraying ,machine4 33 ,sold by ,,llewellyn ,,ryland1 ,,ltd41 ,,birmingham4 ,manufacturers of ,,lacquers1 ,,paints1 ,,japans ,,and ,,varnishes1 ,suitable for ,spraying4 ,wells' ,lightning ,lime ,colour ,washer4 ,a ,great ,,saving of ,,time1 ,,labour ,,and ,,money4 ,,no ,,outside ,,power ,,required4 ,,over #e1jjj ,,sold4 ,,saves its ,cost in a ,few ,days ,,lime1 ,,whiting1 or ,,cold ,,water ,,paints applied at a speed of from #aj to #bj square yards per minute1 in a manner superior to brushwork4 ,one coat with the machine on rough surfaces is equal to two applied with brushes4 ,,enlarged ,,patterns4 ,,reduced ,,prices4 ,no4 #f;a--,small ,size1 fed from pail1 #e gallons #e #e #j #d--h gallons #h #e #j #d;a ,on ,wheels1 same capacity #i #j #j #e;a--,on ,wheels1 #ab gallons #aa #e #j ,a4 ,c4 ,,wells ,,co41 ,,midland ,,road1 ,,st4 ,,pancras1 ,,london4 ,works--,carnarvon ,street1 ,,manchester4 ,illustration3 ,nos4 #d;a and #e;a ,patterns4 ,,the ,,perkins ,,closed ,,system ,,of ,,heating ,,by ,,hot ,,water ,,for ,,enamelling1 ,,japanning1 ,,drying1 etc4 ,schemes ,estimates ,submitted ,free of ,charge4 ,,perkins1 ,,engineers1 ,,ltd41 ,,kingsway ,,house1 ,,kingsway1 ,w4,c4 ,telephone ,no4 ,telegraphic ,address-- #dhb ,gerrard4 ,arktos ,westcent1 ,london4 ,,paint ,,colour ,,mixing4 ,by ,,arthur ,,seymour ,,jennings4 #eth ,,edition1 ,,revised ,,enlarged4 ,a ,practical ,handbook for ,painters1 ,decorators1 ,artists1 and all who have to mix colours4 ,containing #cjj samples of actual oil and water paints and water colours of various colours1 including the principal graining grounds and upwards of #fjj different colour mixtures1 with instructions on colour and paint mixing generally1 testing colours1 c41 c4 ,with fourteen coloured plates4 ,contents4--,paints and ,colour ,mixing1 ,colours or ,stainers1 ,how to learn to mix and match colours1 ,reds and how to mix them1 ,blues and how to mix them1 ,yellows and how to mix them1 ,greens and how to mix them1 ,browns and how to mix them1 ,greys and ,greys1 ,white and ,blacks1 ,black ,japan in colour mixing1 ,glazing1 ,graining grounds and ,graining colours1 ,mixing paints and colours on the manufacturing scale1 ,water paints1 ,distempers1 ,artists' water colours and how to mix them1 testing colours1 notes on harmony1 ,the proportions of materials1 ,notes1 c4 ,,post ,,free #e_/d4 ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 ,ltd41 #eg1 ,haymarket1 ,s4,w4 ,,the ,,painters' ,,pocket ,,book4 ,by ,,arthur ,,seymour ,,jennings4 ,many thousands of copies of this exceedingly useful book have been sold4 #cs4 #c;d4 ,post ,free4 ,,synopsis ,,of ,,contents4 ,simple methods for ,painters' materials4 ,behaviour of different pigments4 ,how to measure ,painters' work4 ,painters' ,prices for all kinds of ,paint work1 ,sign ,writing1 ,varnishing1 ,gilding1 ,enamelling1 ,marbling1 ,graining1 ,paperhanging1 etc41 etc4 ,many ,miniature ,stencils which can be submitted to clients for their selection and afterwards be increased in size4 ,ribbons for ,church ,decoration4 ,defects in ,painting and how to remedy them4 ,colours and how to mix them4 ,hints on ,practical ,geometry and setting out of work4 ,symbols and ,emblems in ,church ,decoration1 on ,flags1 in ,heraldry1 etc4 ,poisoning and remedies4 ,concise ,dictionary of terms used in ,painting1 ,building1 ,architecture1 ,art1 ,applied ,chemistry1 etc41 etc41 with many illustrations4 ,hints on ,paperhanging4 ,tables for ,wallpapers1 ,english1 ,french1 and ,american4 ,table for ceiling papers4 ,table of superficial yards4 ,table of materials required according to the surface to be painted4 ,roman ,numerals4 ,table for calculating the price of ,linseed ,oil and ,turpentine4 ,wages ,table4 ,the ,orders1 ,greek and ,roman4 ,table of ,prices4 ,table of discounts and percentages4 ,colours and ,pigments1 permanent and otherwise4 ,linseed ,oil--percentage required for grinding dry ,pigments4 ,how oils are sold4 ,how far paints will spread4 ,mensuration4 ,english and ,american gallons4 ,specific gravity4 ,table of ,thermometrical degrees4 ,superficial contents of squares of glass4 ,ready reckoner4 ,notes of ,insurance4 ,table of ,pigments1 etc41 etc4 ,,the ,,trade ,,papers ,,publishing ,,co41 ,,ltd41 #cfe1 ,birkbeck ,bank ,chambers1 ,,high ,,holborn1 ,w4,c4 ,,practical ,,books ,,for ,,painters4 ,post ,free4 ,,paint ,,and ,,colour ,,mixing4 ,a ,practical ,handbook for ,painters1 ,decorators1 ,artists1 and all who have to mix colours4 ,containing #cjj samples of actual oil and water colours4 ,by ,arthur ,seymour ,jennings #e_/d ,,house ,,painting ,,and ,,decoration4 ,a popular guide1 by ,arthur ,seymour ,jennings #b_/c ,,practical ,,church ,,decoration4 ,a guide to the ,design and ,execution of ,decoration of ,churches1 ,chapels and ,ecclesiastical ,structures4 ,by ,arthur ,louis ,duthie #c_/c ,,scumbling ,,and ,,colour ,,glazing1 illustrated with #dh examples of glazed work4 ,by ,andrew ,millar #c_/c ,,zinc ,,oxide ,,and ,,its ,,uses4 ,by ,j4 ,cruickshank ,smith #b_/c ,,practical ,,gilding1 ,,bronzing1 ,,lacquering ,,and ,,glass ,,embossing4 ,illustrated by actual examples of ,gilded and ,lacquered ,relief and other ,decorations4 ,by ,f4 ,scott-,mitchell #c_/c ,,the ,,painters' ,,and ,,builders' ,,pocket ,,book4 ,by ,arthur ,seymour ,jennings4 ,consists of #beb pages1 containing a large amount of information of the greatest use to ,painters and ,builders #c_/c ,,decorators' ,,symbols1 ,,emblems ,,and ,,devices4 ,by ,g4 ,c4 ,rothery #c_/c ,,graining ,,and ,,marbling1 ,,the ,,practical ,,arts ,,of4 ,by ,james ,petrie4 ,each plate measures #ag-a_/b #aa-a_/b and gives the different stages of the work4 ,published in #ad parts at #b_/f each1 or bound volume #be_/- ,office of ,,the ,,decorator1 #cfe1 ,birkbeck ,bank ,chambers1 ,high ,holborn1 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,,practical ,,books ,,for ,,painters4 ,post ,free4 ,,stencils ,,and ,,stencilling4 ,for all purposes1 ,artistic and ,decorative4 #aed pages of designs4 ,by ,arthur ,louis ,duthie #c_/c ,,paint ,,and ,,painting ,,defects1 their ,detection1 ,cause and ,cure4 ,by ,j4 ,cruickshank ,smith #c_/c ,,painters' ,,business ,,book4 ,a manual of up-to-date methods of obtaining business1 submitting ,estimates1 ,book-keeping1 ,buying and ,testing materials1 etc41 with many tables4 ,by ,c4 ,e4 ,oliver #c_/c ,,clark',s ,,book ,,of ,,alphabets1 two parts4 ,for ,signwriters1 ,designers1 ,decorators1 and ,draughtsmen1 each #a_/b ,,hewett',s ,,distinctive ,,lettering ,,and ,,designs #a_/b ,,kaemmerer',s ,,letter ,,book4 ,containing several hundred alphabets in #adj plates1 together with descriptive text #ah_/f ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,show ,,card ,,writing4 ,by ,c4 ,j4 ,strong4 ,contains many beautiful ,designs #aj_/- ,,strong',s ,,book ,,of ,,designs4 ,invaluable to the ,signpainter1 ,show ,card ,writer1 etc4 ,containing1 in addition to ,posters1 ,show ,cards1 ,ribbons1 etc41 #cc pages of ornamental work in ,colour #bj_/- ,,atkinson',s ,,sign ,,painting1 replete with original ,designs1 ,colour ,combinations1 etc4 #ab_/g ,,graining1 ,,ancient ,,and ,,modern4 ,by ,wm4 ,e4 ,wall #ab_/d ,office of ,,the ,,decorator1 #cfe1 ,birkbeck ,bank ,chambers1 ,high ,holborn1 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,,the ,,official ,,organ ,,of ,the ,london ,association of ,foremen ,engineers4 ,the ,leeds ,association of ,engineers4 ,the ,stoke-on-,trent ,engineers' ,association4 ,sixpence a ,copy4 ,,the ,managing ,engineer4 ,five ,shillings a ,year4 ,,published ,,by ,,thomas ,,tofts1 #ic #id1 ,chancery ,lane1 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,transcribers ,notes3 ,punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were silently corrected4 ,archaic and variable spelling has been preserved4 ,variations in hyphenation and compound words have been preserved4 ,fig #abe4 ,design for ,show ,card is wrongly shown to be on page #bbc in the list of illustrations4 ,this has been corrected to page #bcc4 ,in the index ',sheets ,metal ,dipping #dj1 #eh'1 has been altered to #ch1 #eh4 ,page #dj was a blank page and page #ch is near and in context but maybe an inaccurate alteration4 ,both middle and modern decimal points are used4 ,italics are shown thus3 sloping4 ,bold type is shown thus3 shout4 ,small capitals have been capitalised4 ,the caret character 77 has been used to denote superscript4