,,publications ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p5nsylvania ,,s]ies ,,9 ,philology ,lit]ature & ,ar*ology ,,vol4 ,,iii ,,no4 #b ,a ,,prim] ,,( ,,mayan ,,hi]oglyphics ,,by ,,daniel ,g4 ,,br9ton1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,sc4,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,am]ican ,,ar*,,ology ,,& ,,l+ui/ics ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p5nsylvania1 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,association ,,= ,,! ,,advancem5t ,,( ,,sci5ce1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 8,hi]oglyphics old1 ,:i* sages & ke5-ey$ a/rolog]s1 ,!n liv+ on ! e>?1 ) lab\r+ ?\ght1 ,won f ! gaze ( _m c5turies40 --,,keats ,,g9n ,,company ,ag5ts = ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 & ,engl& #g-ac ,tremont ,place1 ,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,max ,,niemey] ,ag5t = ! ,cont95t ( ,europe ,halle1 a ,s41 ,g]many ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ,i h endeavor$ ) ! greate/ brevity to supply ! le>n] ) ! elem5ts necess>y = a /udy ( ! native hi]oglyphic writ+ ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! mat]ial is already s ample t 9 _m directions ,i h be5 oblig$ to ref] to x1 r ?an to summ>ize x4 ,?is w expla9 v>i\s omissions :i* may be not$ by advanc$ s*ol>s2 b !y w n1 ,i believe1 dim9i% ! usefulness ( ! "w z an elem5t>y treatise4 ,9 conclusion ,i w\ld express my ?anks to ! (fic]s ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 ,wa%+ton1 & ( ! ,peabody ,museum ( ,ar*ology1 ,cambridge1 = v>i\s facilities !y h oblig+ly furni%$ me4 ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,introductory4 ,,page #a4 ,,g5]al ,,"* ,,( ,,mayan ,,hi]oglyphics1 #i #b4 ,,! ,,mayan ,,manuscripts ,,or 8,,codices10 #aa #c4 ,,!ories ,,( ,,int]pretation4 8,,alphabets0 ,,& 8,,keys10 #ac ,,ii4 ,! ,ma!matical ,elem5ts4 #a4 ,,! ,,codices ,,z ,,"t-,,c\nts1 #ah #b4 ,,! ,,mayan ,,num]al ,,sy/em1 #ai #c4 ,,num]ical ,,& ,,alli$ ,,signs1 #ai #d4 ,,! ,,rhetorical ,,& ,,symbolic ,,use ,,( ,,numb]s1 #bd #e4 ,,! ,,mayan ,,me?ods ,,( ,,c\nt+ ,,"t1 #be #f4 ,,! ,,calculations ,,9 ,,! ,,codices1 #bi #g4 ,,rules ,,= ,,trac+ ,,! ,,tonalamatl1 ,,or ,,ritual ,,cal5d>1 #ca #h4 ,,! ,,codices ,,z ,,a/ronomical ,,treatises1 #cb #i4 ,,a/ronomical ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,mayas1 #cd ,,iii4 ,! ,pictorial ,elem5ts4 #a4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,mayas1 #cg ,itzamna--,cuculcan--,k9 i*--,o!r ,gods--,! ,c>d9al ,po9ts--,! ,good ,gods--,! ,gods ( ,evil--,! ,conflict ( ! ,gods4 #b4 ,,! ,,cosmogony ,,( ,,! ,,mayas1 #df #c4 ,,! ,,cosmical ,,conceptions ,,( ,,! ,,mayas1 #dg #d4 ,,pictorial ,,repres5tations ,,( ,,div9ities1 #ej ,repres5tations ( ,itzamna--,( ,cuculcan--,( ,k9 i*--,( ,xaman ,ek1 ! ,pole ,/>--,( ! ,planet ,v5us--,( ,ghanan1 ,god ( ,gr[?--,( ! ,s]p5t ,goddess--( ,xmucane--,( ,ah pu*1 ,god ( ,dea?--,( ! ,god ( ,w>--,( ,ek-,ahau & o!r ,black ,gods4 #e4 ,,! ,,maya ,,prie/hood1 #fh #f4 ,,fanciful ,,analogies1 #fi #g4 ,,total ,,numb] ,,( ,,repres5tations1 #gj #h4 ,,figures ,,( ,,quadrup$s1 #ga #i4 ,,figures ,,( ,,birds1 #gb #aj4 ,,figures ,,( ,,reptiles1 #gd #aa4 ,,occupations ,,& ,,c]emonies1 #gf ,,iv4 ,! ,graphic ,elem5ts4 #a4 ,,! ,,direction ,,9 ,,:i* ,,! ,,glyphs ,,are ,,to ,,be ,,read1 #gh #b4 ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,glyphs1 #ha #c4 ,,! ,,prop] ,,me?od ,,( ,,/udy+ ,,glyphs1 #ha #d4 ,,an ,,analysis ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,graphic ,,elem5ts1 #hb ,! ,h&--,! ,eye & ,simil> ,figures--,! 8,spectacles0--,! ,e>--,cresc5tic ,signs--,sun & ,moon ,signs--,suppos$ ,v>iations ( ! ,sun ,sign--,! ,knife ,signs--,! 8,fi% & ,oy/]0 ,sign--,! ,sacr$ ,food ,(f]+s--,! ,b5 ik & ,o!r ,signs--,! ,drum ,signs--,! ,yax & ,o!r ,fea!r ,signs--,! ,cross-hat*$ ,signs--,"s ,l9e> ,signs & ,dots--,l9e> ,prefixes--,! 8,cl\d-balls0 & ! 8,cork-screw ,curl0--,signs = ,union--,! 8,tree ( ,life0--,! 8,ma*ete0 & ,simil> ,signs--,suppos$ ,bird ,signs--,! 8,crotalean ,curve0--,objects ,held 9 ! ,h&--,! ,asp]sorium1 ! ,atlatl & ! ,mimosa--,! 8,con/ellation ,b&0--,! ,signs = ! ,c>d9al ,po9ts--,! ,directive ,signs--,! 8,cuceb40 #e4 ,,! ,,hi]oglyphs ,,( ,,! ,,days1 #aji #f4 ,,! ,,hi]oglyphs ,,( ,,! ,,mon?s1 #aaf #g4 ,,! ,,hi]oglyphs ,,( ,,! ,,deities1 #aba ,v4 ,specim5s ( ,texts4 #a4 ,,! ,,god ,,( ,,"t ,,br+s ,,9 ,,! ,,dead ,,ye>4 ,,dresd5 ,,codex1 #abg #b4 ,,sacrifice ,,at ,,! ,,close ,,( ,a ,,ye>4 ,,dresd5 ,,codex1 #abh #c4 ,,end ,,( ,,"o ,,& ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,ano!r ,,"t ,,p]iod4 ,,cortesian ,,codex1 #abi #d4 ,,! ,,god ,,( ,,gr[? ,,& ,,! ,,god ,,( ,,dea?4 ,,cortesian ,,codex1 #aca #e4 ,,auguries ,,f ,,! ,,nor? ,,/>4 ,,cortesian ,,codex1 #aca #f4 ,,itzamna1 ,,! ,,s]p5t ,,goddess1 ,,& ,,k9 ,,i*4 ,,dresd5 ,,codex1 #acb #g4 ,,! ,,gods ,,( ,,dea?1 ,,( ,,! ,,sun1 ,,& ,,( ,,w>4 ,,dresd5 ,,codex1 #acb #h4 ,,cuculcan ,,makes ,,new ,,fire4 ,,codex ,,troano1 #acc #i4 ,,! ,,gods ,,( ,,dea?1 ,,( ,,gr[?1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,nor? ,,/>4 ,,dresd5 ,,codex1 #acc #aj4 ,,! ,,god ,,( ,,gr[?1 ,,( ,,! ,,sun1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,ea/4 ,,dresd5 ,,codex1 #acd #aa4 ,,an ,,inscription ,,f ,,kabah1 #ace #ab4 ,,l9e> ,,inscription ,,f ,,yucatan1 #acf #ac4 ,,! 8,,initial ,,s]ies0 ,,f ,,! ,,tablet ,,( ,,! ,,cross1 ,,pal5que1 #acg #ad4 ,,inscription ,,on ,,! 8,,tapir ,,tablet10 ,,*iapas1 #ach #ae4 ,,inscription ,,on ,a ,,tablet ,,f ,,ton91 ,,*iapas1 #aci #af4 ,,inscription ,,on ,,an ,,amulet ,,f ,,ococ+o1 ,,*iapas1 #aci #ag4 ,,inscription ,,on ,a ,,vase ,,f ,a ,,qui*e ,,tomb1 ,,guatemala1 #adj ,a ,,prim] ,,( ,,mayan ,,hi]oglyphics4 ,i4 ,introductory4 ,! explorations among ! ru9$ cities ( ,c5tral ,am]ica und]tak5 ( late ye>s by v>i\s individuals & in/itutions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe1 & ! important collections ( ca/s1 trac+s & photographs f ^? sites n[ on view 9 _m ( ! great museums ( ! _w1 are sure to /imulate inquiry into ! mean+ ( ! hi]oglyphs :i* con/itute s /rik+ a feature on ^! monum5ts4 ,)9 ! la/ decade decid$ advances h be5 made t[>d an int]pretation ( ?is curi\s writ+2 b ! results ( su* /udies are widely scatt]$ & n readily accessible to ,am]ican /ud5ts4 ,= ^! reasons ,i propose1 9 ! pres5t essay1 to sum up briefly :at seem to me to be ! mo/ solid ga9s 9 ?is direction2 & to add f my own /udies additional sugge/ions t[>d ! deciph]m5t ( ^! unique records ( aborig9al ,am]ican civilization4 #a4 ,g5]al ,"* ( ,mayan ,hi]oglyphs4 ,"o & ! same hi]oglyphic sy/em is f\nd on rema9s f ,yucatan1 ,tabasco1 ,*iapas1 ,guatemala1 & ,we/]n ,honduras2 9 o!r words1 9 all ,c5tral ,am]ican regions occupi$ at ! ,conque/ by tribes ( ! ,mayan l+ui/ic /ock4#a ,x has n be5 %[n to prevail among ! ,hua/ecan bran* ( t /ock1 :i* occupi$ ! valley ( ! riv] ,panuco1 nor? ( ,v]a ,cruz2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x has n be5 discov]$ among ! rema9s ( any tribe n ( ,mayan aff9ities4 ,! ,mexican manuscripts (f]1 inde$1 a valuable ancill>y /udy4 ,!y pres5t analogies & reveal ! e>ly =m ( _m conv5tionaliz$ figures2 b to take !m z int]pret]s ( ,mayan graphography1 z _m h done1 is a fatal error ( me?od4 ,9 g5]al "* & appe>ance ! ,mayan is m>k$ly diff]5t f ! ,mexican writ+1 pres5t+ a mu* m develop$ /yle & me?od4 ,al?\gh ! graphic elem5ts pres]v$ 9 ! manuscripts & on ! monum5ts v>y consid]ably among !mselves1 ^! div]g5cies are n s great b t a primitive id5tity ( elem5ts is demon/rable 9 !m all4 ,! *>act]s engrav$ on /one or wood1 or pa9t$ on pap] or pott]y1 diff] only z we might expect f ! v>iation 9 ! mat]ial or ! p]iod1 & 9 ! skill or fancy ( ! arti/4 ,! simple elem5ts ( ! writ+ are n exce$+ly num]\s4 ,!re seems an endless v>iety 9 ! glyphs or *>act]s2 b ?is is because !y are composite 9 =mation1 made up ( a numb] ( radicals1 v>i\sly arrang$2 z ) ! tw5ty-six lett]s ( our alphabet we =m ?\s&s ( words ( div]se significations4 ,if we positively knew ! mean+ or mean+s 7=1 l words1 !y (t5 h sev]al diff]5t mean+s7 ( a hundr$ or s ( ^! simple elem5ts1 none ( ! inscriptions c\ld conceal any long] f u ! g5]al t5or ( its cont5ts4#b ,x w readily be und]/ood t ! composite *>act]s may be indef9itely num]\s4 ,mr4 ,hold5 f\nd t 9 all ! monum5ts portray$ 9 ,/eph5's ,travels 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica !re are ab\t fifte5 hundr$2#c & ,mr4 ,maudslay has in=m$ me t accord+ to 8 e/imate !re are 9 ! ,dresd5 ,codex ab\t sev5 hundr$4 ,ea* sep>ate gr\p ( *>act]s is call$ a 8glyph10 or1 by ! ,fr5* writ]s1 a 8katun10 ! latt] a ,maya ^w appli$ to objects arrang$ 9 r[s1 z soldi]s1 lett]s1 ye>s1 cycles1 etc4 ,z ! glyphs (t5 h r\nd$ outl9es1 l ! cross-section ( a pebble1 ! ,mayan script has be5 sometimes call$ 8calculi=m writ+0 7,lat91 calculus1 a pebble74 #b4 ,! ,mayan ,manuscripts or 8,codices40 ,! hi]oglyphic writ+ is pres]v$ to u on two classes ( rema9s--pa9t$ on %eets ( native pap]1 ab\t t5 in*es wide & ( any desir$ l5g?1 :i* 7 inscrib$ on bo? sides & fold$ 9 ! mann] ( a scre52 & engrav$ or pa9t$ on /one1 wood1 pott]y1 or pla/]4#d ,( ! =m] only f\r examples rema91 none ( !m p]fect4 ,!y h all be5 publi%$ ) great c>e1 "s ( !m 9 sev]al editions4 ,!y are usually spok5 ( z 8codices0 "u ! foll[+ names3 ! ,codex ,troanus & ! ,codex ,cortesianus1 probably p>ts ( ! same book1 ! orig9al ( :i* is at ,madrid2 ! ,codex ,p]esianus1 :i* is 9 ,p>is2 & ! ,codex ,dresd5sis1 9 ,dresd54 ,! two =m] & ! two latt] resemble ea* o!r m closely ?an !y d ei!r memb] ( ! o!r pair4 ,!re are reasons to believe t ! two fir/ m5tion$ 7 writt5 9 c5tral ,yucatan1 & ! la/ two 9 or ne> ,tabasco4#e ,?is di/rict & t ( ,*iapas1 adjac5t to x on ! s\?1 0 occupi$ at ! "t ( ! ,conque/ by ! ,tz5tal-,zotzil bran* ( ! ,mayan /ock1 :o spoke a dialect v close to ! pure ,maya ( ,yucatan2 !y 7 ! desc5dants ( ! build]s ( ! impos+ cities ( ,pal5que1 ,ococ+o1 ,ton9 & o!rs1 & we "k t _! culture1 my?ology1 & ritual 7 almo/ id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,mayas4 ,i %all treat ( !m1 !re=e1 z practically "o p4 ,al?\gh ,"l ,k+sbor\gh _h includ$ ! ,dresd5 ,codex 9 8 huge "w on 8,mexican ,antiquities10 & ! ,codex ,troanus _h be5 publi%$ ) close fidelity by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t 9 #ahfi1 x _c be said t ! s]i\s /udy ( ! ,mayan hi]oglyphs dates e>li] ?an ! fai?ful edition ( ! ,dresd5 ,codex1 issu$ 9 #ahhj "u ! sup]vision ( ,dr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,fr/emann1 libr>ian-9-*ief ( ! ,royal ,libr>y ( ,saxony4 ,! mo/ important /udies ( ! codices h be5 publi%$ 9 ,g]many4 ,besides ! excell5t writ+s ( ,dr4 ,fr/emann himself1 ^? by ,dr4 ,p4 ,s*ellhas & ,dr4 ,e4 ,sel]1 ( ,b]l91 are ( great utility & w be frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 ^! pages4 ,9 ,france1 ,pr(essor ,leon de ,rosny1 ! compet5t editor ( ! ,codex ,p]esianus1 ! ,c\nt de ,*>5cey1 & ,m4 ,a4 ,p\sse1 ^: e>ly dea? 0 a sev]e loss to ?is bran* ( rese>*1 des]ve especial m5tion4 ,9 ,engl& no "o has paid mu* att5tion to x b ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,p4 ,maudslay1 ^: inve/igations h yield$ valuable results1 =]unn]s ( o!rs ( ! fir/ importance4 ,! e>li] speculations ( ,bolla]t are :olly fanciful4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 ! ma!matical portions ( ! essays ( ,pr(essor ,cyrus ,?omas are wor?y ( ! highe/ praise2 & useful sugge/ions c be f\nd 9 ,*>les ,rau's article on ! inscriptions ( ,pal5que1 & 9 ,edw>d ,s4 ,hold5's pap] on ,c5tral ,am]ican picture-writ+4#f #c4 ,!ories ( ,int]pretation4 ,! !ories :i* h be5 advanc$ z to ! me?od ( int]pret+ ! ,mayan hi]oglyphs may be divid$ into ^? :i* reg>d !m z ideographic1 z phonetic1 or z mix$4 ,! ,g]man writ]s1 ,fr/emann1 ,s*ellhas1 & ,sel]1 h ma9ta9$ t !y are ma9ly or :olly ideographic2 ! ,fr5* s*ool1 head$ by ! ,abb ,brasseur1 de ,rosny1 & de ,*>5cey1 h reg>d$ !m z l>gely phonetic1 9 :i* !y h be5 foll[$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,pr(essor ,cyrus ,?omas1 ,dr4 ,cresson1 ,dr4 ,le ,plongeon1 & o!rs4 ,! int]m$iate position1 :i* ,i h def5d$1 is t :ile *iefly ideographic1 !y are occasionally phonetic1 9 ! same mann] z are confess$ly ! ,aztec picture-writ+s4 ,9 ^! we con/antly meet ) del9eations ( objects :i* are n to be und]/ood z convey+ ! idea ( ! object itself1 b m]ely z repres5t+ ! s\nd ( its "n1 ei!r 9 :ole or 9 "p2 j z 9 our famili> 8rebus writ+10 or 9 ! 8*ant+ arms0 ( ,european h]aldry4 ,i h appli$ to ?is ! t]m 8ikonomatic writ+10 & h expla9$ x s fully1 z x is f\nd 9 ! ,mexican manuscripts1 9 my 8,essays ( an ,am]icani/10 t ,i ne$ n ent] ^u x fur!r 9 ?is connection1 b w\ld ref] ! read] to :at ,i h !re writt54#g ,! attempt to frame a real alphabet1 by means ( :i* ! hi]oglyphs c\ld be read phonetically1 has be5 made by v>i\s writ]s4 ,! fir/ is t pres]v$ 9 ! "w ( ,bi%op ,l&a4 ,x has fail$ to be ( mu* use to mod]n inve/igators1 b x has peculi> value z evid5ce ( two facts2 fir/1 t a native scribe 0 able to give a writt5 "* = an unfamili> s\nd1 "o )\t mean+1 l t ( ! lett]s ( ! ,spani% alphabet2 &1 secondly1 t ! *>act]s he employ$ = ?is purpose 7 ^? us$ 9 ! native manuscripts4 ,?is is pro( t "s sort ( phonetic writ+ 0 n unkn[n4#h ,?is alphabet 0 ext5d$ by ! ,abb ,brasseur1 & especially by de ,rosny1 :o1 9 #ahhc1 def9$ tw5ty-n9e lett]s1 ) num]\s v>iants f ! ,codices & inscriptions4#i ,two ye>s lat]1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,le ,plongeon publi%$ an 8,anci5t ,maya ,hi]atic ,alphabet accord+ to ,mural ,inscriptions10 conta9+ tw5ty-?ree lett]s1 ) v>iants4 ,?is he appli$ to ! translat+ ( c]ta9 inscriptions1 b add$ no?+ to corroborate ! correctness ( ! int]pretations4 ,ea* sign1 he believ$1 /ood = a def9ite lett]4#aj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,l&a's ,alphabet2 aft] a photograph f ! orig9al manuscript4 ,ano!r /ud5t :o devot$ sev]al ye>s to an attempt to r$uce ! hi]oglyphs to an alphabetic =m 0 ! late ,dr4 ,hilborne ,t4 ,cresson4 ,8 !ory 0 t ! glyphs /ood = ! names ( pictures worn d[n to a s+le phonetic elem5t1 alphabetic or syllabic4 ,?is elem5t he conceiv$ 0 consonantal1 to be read ) any v[el1 ei!r prefix$ or suffix$2 & ! consonant 0 p]mutable ) any ( its class1 z a l+ual1 palatal1 etc4 ,on ?is basis he submitt$1 %ortly be=e 8 dea? 9 #ahid1 to ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce sev]al translations f ! ,codex ,troano4 ,previ\s to ?is1 9 #ahib1 he _h ann\nc$ 8 me?od 9 ! j\rnal 8,sci5ce10 & claim$ t he _h work$ x out t5 ye>s be=e4#aa ,an alphabet ( tw5ty-sev5 *>act]s1 ) v>iants1 :i* ! au?or consid]$ 9 e way complete1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahhh1 by ,f4 ,a4 de la ,ro*ef\cauld4#ab ,by means ( x he (f]$ a volume ( int]l9e> translations f ! inscriptions & codices6 ,!y are 9 ! highe/ degree fanciful1 & c h little int]e/ o!r ?an z a w>n+ aga9/ ! intellectual ab]rations to :i* /ud5ts ( ^! anci5t my/]ies seem peculi>ly prone4 ,9 #ahib ,pr(essor ,cyrus ,?omas1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 ann\nc$ ) consid]able emphasis t he _h discov]$ ! 8key0 to ! ,mayan hi]oglyphs2 & 9 ,july1 #ahic1 publi%$ a detail$ description & applications ( x4#ac ,9 !ory1 x is ! same z ,dr4 ,cresson's1 t is1 t ! elem5ts ( ! glyphs 7 employ$ z true phonetic elem5ts1 or lett]s4 ,9 ! article ref]r$ to he gives ! *>act]s = ! foll[+ lett]s ( ! ,maya alphabet3 b1 c1 c'1 dz1 *1 h1 i1 k1 l1 m1 n1 o1 p1 pp1 t1 ?1 tz1 x1 v1 z2 also = a l>ge numb] ( syllabic s\nds :i* he claim$ to h recogniz$4 ,) su* an app>atus1 if x _h any value1 "o w\ld expect to rea* prompt & important results2 b1 aside f ! d\btful "* ( _m ( 8 analyses1 ! fact t ?is 8key0 has :olly fail$ to add any tangible1 valuable addition to our k ( ! inscriptions is en\gh to %[ its uselessness2 & ! same may be said ( all ! attempts m5tion$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a slight inspection ( ! ,maya manuscripts & ( almo/ any ( ! inscriptions w satisfy ! obs]v] t !y are made up ( ?ree classes ( objects or elem5ts3-- #a4 ,ari?metical signs1 num]als1 & num]ical computations1 #b4 ,pictures or figures ( m51 animals1 or fanta/ic be+s1 ( c]emonies or transactions1 & ( objects ( art or utility2 &1 #c4 ,simple or composite *>act]s1 pla9ly int5d$ = graphic elem5ts accord+ to "s sy/em = ! pres]vation ( k4 ,i %all ref] to ^! z1 7#a7 ! ,ma!matical ,elem5ts1 7#b7 ! ,pictorial ,elem5ts1 & 7#c7 ! ,graphic ,elem5ts ( ! ,mayan hi]oglyphic writ+4 ----- ,footnote #a3 ,9 accordance ) usage 9 ?is /udy1 ,i employ ! adjective 8,mayan0 :5 speak+ ( ! :ole /ock1 & conf9e 8,maya10 9 an adjectival s5se1 to t bran* ( ! /ock resid5t 9 ,yucatan4 ,footnote #b3 ,?is is also ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,sel]3 8,es i/ e9e v]hltnissmssig g]+e ,zahl von ,bild]n und ,grundelem5t51 die 9 dies5 ,s*riftzei*5 wi$]kehr540 ,v]h&4 ,b]l9] ,an?rop4 ,gesell41 #ahhg1 ,s4 #bca4 ,footnote #c3 8,/udies 9 ,c5tral ,am]ican ,picture ,writ+10 9 ,fir/ ,an4 ,rep4 ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #d3 ,among ^? :o h especially m]it$ ! ?anks ( ar*ologi/s 9 collect+ mat]ial = ! /udy ( ! monum5ts are ,m4 ,dsir ,*>nay1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,maudslay1 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam2 & ,i %all hope to add ,dr4 ,le ,plongeon1 :5 he makes public 8 mat]ial4 ,footnote #e3 ,! ,p]esianus has be5 suppos$ by "s to h be5 writt5 9 ,guatemala2 by o!rs1 bo? x & ! ,dresd5sis h be5 consid]$ ( ,tz5tal orig94 ,see ,p\sse1 9 ,ar*4 de la ,soc4 ,am]41 #ahhe1 p4 #abf1 & ,paul ,p]r91 8,les ,annotations ,europennes du ,codex ,p]esianus10 9 ! same1 ,june1 #ahhg1 p4 #hg sqq4 ,fr/emann 7,entziff4 ,,iii47 gives sev]al cog5t reasons = believ+ t ! ,dresd5sis 0 writt5 9 or ne> ,pal5que4 ,footnote #f3 ,! f\r ,codices c be obta9$ by plac+ an ord] ) "o ( ! lead+ import]s ( =eign books 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,! f\r co/ ab\t "o hundr$ doll>s4 ,! /udy ( ! ,g]man writ]s is indisp5sable4 ,! contributions ( ,dr4 ,s*ellhas & ,dr4 ,sel] w be f\nd 9 ! numb]s ( ! ,b]l9 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 #ahhf & lat]4 ,dr4 ,fr/emann has likewise publi%$ 9 ! ,zeits*rift1 #ahia1 & also 9 ! ,c5tralblatt fr ,biblio!kwes51 9 :i* remote qu>t] "s ( 8 mo/ ?\ghtful contributions h appe>$2 & 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,am]icani/s4 ,f\r ( 8 articles be> ! g5]al title1 8,zur ,entziff]ung d] ,mayah&s*rift510 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,,iv4 ,i ref] to !m by ^! numb]s4 ,! articles ( ,pr(essor ,?omas1 ,pr(essor ,rau1 & ,mr4 ,hold5 are conta9$ 9 ! annual reports ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 ,wa%+ton1 :]e !y c be readily consult$ by ,am]ican /ud5ts4 ,footnote #g3 ,! essays to :i* ,i p>ticul>ly ref] are3 8,! ,phonetic ,elem5ts 9 ! ,graphic ,sy/ems ( ! ,mayas & ,mexicans20 8,! ,ikonomatic ,me?od ( ,phonetic ,writ+20 8,! ,writ+ & ,records ( ! ,anci5t ,mayas20 & 8,! ,books ( ,*ilan ,balam40 ,all ^! are repr9t$ 9 my ,essays ( an ,am]icani/1 publi%$ by ,port] ,coates1 ,philadelphia1 #ahij4 ,z to h[ f> ?is or any phonetic sy/em is consi/5t ) ! kn[n diff]5ces ( dialects 9 ! ,mayan /ock1 is a "q :i* space does n p]mit me to ent] ^u4 ,i c only say t ! signification seems to me to h be5 fix$ 9 ! ,maya-,tz5tal di/rict1 & !nce c>ri$ to ! ,*ortis1 ,qui*es1 etc4 ,footnote #h3 ,! fir/ copy ( ,l&a's alphabet publi%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 by myself 9 ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,magaz9e1 #ahgj4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat]1 #ahij1 9 my ,essays ( an ,am]icani/1 p4 #bdb1 ,i reproduc$ a photographic fac-simile ( x f ! orig9al ,,ms4 ,?\gh n )\t consid]able value 9 c]ta9 directions1 ,i d n ?9k x wor? :ile to dwell ^u x "h4 ,bi%op ,l&a's important "w1 ,relacion de las ,cosas de ,yucatan1 writt5 ab\t #aegj1 mu/ be c>efully read by e /ud5t on ?is bran*4 ,x has be5 twice publi%$1 fir/ by ! ,abb ,brasseur1 at ,p>is1 #ahfd1 & m fully at ,madrid1 "u ! compet5t editor%ip ( ,juan de ,dios de la ,rada y ,delgado1 9 #ahhd4 ,on ! relative m]its ( ! two editions1 see my 8,critical ,rem>ks on ! ,editions ( ,diego de ,l&a's ,writ+s10 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 #ahhg4 ,footnote #i3 ,! ,abb ,brasseur's :imsical speculations are 9 8 introduction to ! ,codex ,troano1 publi%$ by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t 9 #ahfi4 ,! *ief "w ( de ,rosny on ! subject is 8 ,essai sur le ,d*iffrem5t de l',ecriture ,hiratique de l',amrique ,c5trale1 folio1 ,p>is1 #ahgf4 ,he fully recognizes1 h[ev]1 t !re are also ideographic & pictorial *>act]s z well z phonetic4 ,footnote #aj3 ,dr4 ,le ,plongeon's 8,alphabet0 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,supplem5t to ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,new ,york1 = ,janu>y1 #ahhe4 ,footnote #aa3 ,at ! "t ( 8 unexpect$ dea?1 ,dr4 ,cresson _h left ) me a full exposition ( 8 !ory4 ,8 en?usiasm 0 unb\nd$1 & ! sacrifices he _h made 9 ! pursuit ( ar*ological sci5ce m]it = 8 memory a k9dly recognition among /ud5ts ( ?is subject4 ,footnote #ab3 ,pal5qu et la ,civilisation ,maya 7,p>is1 #ahhh74 ,! 8,alphabet phontique des anci5s ,mayas0 is on pp4 #aj sqq4 ,! au?or 0 at "o "t atta*$ to ! ,fr5* legation 9 ,guatemala4 ,footnote #ac3 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,ii4 ,! ,ma!matical ,elem5ts4 #a4 ,! ,codices z ,"t-,c\nts4 ,9 ano!r "w ,i h expla9$ ! num]al sy/em 9 vogue among ! anci5t ,mayas1 z well z ! etymology ( ! t]ms !y employ$4#ad ,x w be suffici5t1 !re=e1 to say "h t _! sy/em 0 vigesimal1 proce$+ by multiples ( tw5ty up to v l>ge sums4 ,9 ! same "w ,i h quot$ f orig9al s\rces ! in=mation t ! fives up to fifte5 7 repres5t$ by s+le /raight l9es & ! int]m$iate numb]s by dots4 ,?is has also be5 discov]$ indep5d5tly by sev]al /ud5ts ( ! manuscripts4 ,! frequ5cy & prom95ce ( ^! elem5t>y num]als 9 ne>ly e relic ( ,mayan writ+1 :e!r on pap]1 /one1 or pott]y1 con/itute a /rik+ feature ( su* rema9s1 & =cibly sugge/ t by f> ! majority ( !m h "o & ! same purpose1 t is1 c\nt+2 & :5 we f9d ) almo/ equal frequ5cy ! signs = days & mon?s associat$ ) ^! num]als1 we become c]ta9 t 9 ^! records we h be=e u "t-c\nts--"s sort ( ephem]ides or almanacs4 ,?is is true ( all ! ,codices1 & ( n9e out ( t5 ( ! inscriptions4 ,"h1 !re=e1 is a fir/ & mo/ important /ep ga9$ t[>d ! solution ( ! puzzle be=e u4 ,b did ?is incessant "t-c\nt+ ref] to ! pa/ or to ! future8 ,0 x hi/ory or 0 x prophecy8 ,or1 pass+ beyond ?is _w1 0 x a/ronomy8 ,0 x my?ology or ritual1 ! epo*s & ! eons ( ! gods8 ,p]haps ! disposition1 sequ5ce1 & values ( ! numb]s !mselves1 once compreh5d$1 w answ] ^! vital que/ions4 #b4 ,! ,mayan ,num]al ,sy/em4 ,un=tunately1 ! old writ]s1 ei!r ,spani% or native1 tell u little ab\t ,maya ma!matics4 ,!y say ! computation ran ?us3-- #bj units "o kal1 #bj4 #bj kal "o bak1 #djj4 #bj bak "o pic1 #hjjj4 #bj pic "o calab1 #afj1jjj4 #bj calab "o k9*il or tzotzceh1 #c1bjj1jjj4 #bj k9*il "o alau1 #fd1jjj1jjj4 ,! ,tz5tal sy/em 0 ! same1 ?\gh ! t]ms diff]$ some:at3 #bj units "o tab 7cord or net-ful72 #bj tabs "o bac2 #bj bacs "o bac-baquetic 7bundle ( bacs72 #bj bac-baquetics "o mam 7gr&fa!r72 #bj mams "o me*un 7gr&mo!r72 #bj me*uns "o mucul mam 7great-gr&fa!r71 #fd1jjj1jjj4ae ,no d\bt 9 ! num]ical notation !re 7 special signs = ea* ( ^! high] unities2 b nei!r ,bi%op ,l&a nor ! native writ]s :o compos$ ! s+ul> 8,books ( ,*ilan ,balam0 h h&$ !m d[n4 ,mod]n sagacity1 h[ev]1 has repair$ anci5t neglig5ce1 & we c1 almo/ to a c]ta9ty1 re/ore ! num]ical notation ( ! aborig9al ari?meticians4 ,! s*ol> :o has work$ mo/ successfully 9 ?is field is ,dr4 ,fr/emann1 ! editor ( ! ,codex ( ,dresd51 & ,i %all introduce a cond5s$ /atem5t ( 8 results1 ref]r+ ! /ud5t to 8 own writ+s = _! demon/ration4 #c4 ,num]ical & ,alli$ ,signs4 ,! fir/ important discov]y ( ,dr4 ,fr/emann 9 ?is direction 0 t ( ! sign = ! naught or ciph]1 #j4 ,x is giv5 9 ,fig4 #b4af ,x has a numb] ( v>iants1 "s ornam5tal 9 design4 ,next1 he discov]$ ! sy/em ( notation ( high numb]s4 ,?is is n l ours1 b resembles t 9 use 9 ! ari?metic ( anci5t ,babylonia & "s p>ts ( ,*9a4 ,! num]als are arrang$ 9 columns1 to be read f bel[ upw>d1 ! value ( ea* unit ( a giv5 numb] be+ t p[] ( #bj :i* corresponds to ! l9e on :i* x /&s c\nt$ f ! bottom4 ,?is w be readily und]/ood f ! foll[+ example3-- ,maya ,simple values4 ,composite num]als4 values4 ,illu/ration #h 7#a #bjd1 #afj1jjj2 h5ce1 #h #afj1jjj7 #a1bhj1jjj ,illu/ration #aa 7#a #bjc1 #h1jjj2 h5ce1 #aa #h1jjj7 #hh1jjj ,illu/ration #h 7#a #bjb1 #djj2 h5ce1 #h #djj7 #c1bjj ,illu/ration #g 7#a #bj1 #bj2 h5ce1 #g #bj7 #adj ,illu/ration #j 7#a #a1 #a2 h5ce1 #j #a7 #j ------------------ ,total #a1cgg1cdj ,,fig4 #b4--,maya ,notation4 ,?is w\ld be accord+ to ! regul> sy/em ( ! ,maya num]ation z giv5 above2 b 9 apply+ x to ! calculations ( ! native a/ronom] :o wrote ! ,dresd5 ,manuscript1 ,dr4 ,fr/emann discov]$ a notable peculi>ity :i* may ext5d ov] all t class ( lit]ature4 ,9 ! ?ird l9e f ! bottom1 :]e 9 accordance ) ! above rule ! unit is valu$ at #bj #bj #djj1 its actual value is #bj #ah #cfj4 ,x imm$iately sugge/$ itself to him t 9 "t-c\nts ?is irregul> value 0 assign$ 9 ord] t ! s]ies might be br\ght into relation to ! old sol> ye> ( #cfj days1 compos$ ( #ah mon?s ( #bj days ea*1 9 ! native cal5d>4 ,?is correction be+ made1 ! above table w\ld read3-- #h 7#a #gbjj #bj #add1jjj7 #a1aeb1jjj #aa 7#a #cfj #bj #g1bjj7 #gi1bjj #h 7#a #bj #ah #cfj7 #b1hhj #g 7#a #bj7 #adj #j 7#a #a7 #j ------------------ #a1bcd1bbj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,maya ,num]als4 ,an exam9ation ( ! mural inscriptions %[$ t on !m also ! same plan = ! expression ( high numb]s _h be5 employ$1 & ,dr4 ,fr/emann 0 enabl$ to int]pret ) accuracy ! computations on ! monum5ts f ,copan1 ,quirigua1 & ,pal5que2 develop+ incid5tally ! rem>kable fact t ! inscriptions ( ,copan conta9 z a rule high] numb]s & are !re=e presumably ( lat] date ?an ^? ( ,pal5que4 ,! highe/ is t on 8,/ela ,n10 z catalogu$ by ,mr4 ,maudslay1 :i* asc5ds to #a1dad1hjj days1 or #cicj ye>s ( #cfj days4#ag ,! next /ep 0 ! id5tification ( ! graphic signs = ! high] unities1 #bj1 #cfj1 & #gbjj1--;correspond+ to ! native kal1 bak1 & pic4 ,t g5]ally us$ = #bj 0 id5tifi$ by sev]al /ud5ts4 ,x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 ,no4 #c2 ano!r also employ$ "u c]ta9 circum/ances = #bj is %[n ,fig4 #c1 ,no4 #b4 ,?is 0 id5tifi$ indep5d5tly1 fir/ by ,p\sse1 lat] by ,sel]4#ah ,no4 #d is p]haps a v>iant ( x4 ,! signs = ! bak1 #cfj1 & ! pic1 #gbjj1 are n s c]ta9ly e/abli%$1 b ,dr4 ,fr/emann has giv5 cog5t reasons = recogniz+ !m respectively 9 ! two %[n ,fig4 #d1 ,nos4 #f & #g4 ,high] signs ?an ^! 9 ! direct num]ical scale h n yet be5 asc]ta9$2 b su* plausible reasons h be5 advanc$ by ,dr4 ,fr/emann = assign+ cal5d> values to c]ta9 o!r signs t !y %\ld be add$ 9 ?is description ( ! num]als4 ,! fir/ is t %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 ,no4 #h4 ,x repres5ts ! katunic cycle ( #eb ye>s ( #cfe days ea*1 #ah1ihj days4 ,! second is ,no4 #i4 ,?is is tak5 to be ! sign ( ! ahau katun1 #bd ye>s ( #cfe days1 #hgfj days4 ,! ?ird is ,no4 #aj4 ,?is corresponds to "o-?ird ( an ahau katun1 #bibj days4 ,! f\r?1 %[n ,no4 #aa1 is an old cycle ( #bj ye>s ( #cfj days1 #gbjj4 ,no4 #ab means an old katunic cycle ( #eb ye>s ( #cfj days1 #ah1gbj days1 & ,no4 #ac an old ye> ( #cfj days4#ai ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,cal5d> ,signs4 ,!re are also a s]ies ( o!r signs evid5tly connect$ ) ! num]als1 ! precise value ( :i* is yet undet]m9$4 ,"o ( ^! is a small "r or oblique cross1 or sometimes two arcs abutt+ aga9/ ea* o!r1 connect$ or n4 ,x is usually by ! side ( a s+le dot or unit1 or betwe5 two su*4 ,9 c]ta9 places1 x seems to be a multipli] ) ! value #bj2 9 o!rs1 x w\ld indicate a *ange or alt]nation 9 ! s]ies pres5t$ ( days or ye>s4 7,see ,fig4 #e1 ,nos4 #a-d47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,num]al ,signs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,! 8,cosmic ,sign0 & its ,comb9ations4 ,( some:at simil> value are ! cal5d> signs ,illu/ration1 ,fig4 #d1 ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #d1 l an ,s plac$ l5g?wise4 ,?is is also und]/ood to be a sign ( alt]nation or *ange ( s]ies ( ye>s or cycles4 ,( an opposite s5se is ! sign ,no4 #e1 ! spiral1 & also ! sign ,no4 #a1 bo? ( :i* are held to repres5t union4 ,?is li/ exhau/s ! ma!matical signs s f> z !y h be5 asc]ta9$ ) probability4 ,^? = high numb]s br\ght =w>d by ,brasseur1#bj h no evid5ce 9 _! favor4 ,mr4 ,maudslay has (f]$ reasons = believ+ t ! "* 9 ,fig4 #f1 a1 /&s = ! num]al #bj 9 a c]ta9 class ( mural inscriptions4#ba ,he fur!r po9ts out t ! "* b is n unfrequ5tly unit$ ) a1 & t x 7b7 almo/ alone ( ! mural glyphs is f\nd ) a d\ble set ( num]als atta*$ to x z 9 c4 ,"o or bo? ^! sets ( num]als are at times replac$ by ! sign a1 giv+ ! composites d1 e1 & f4 ,x is ?us evid5t t a has "s num]ical or cal5d> mean+4 ,z a "* itself1 x is ! 8cosmic sign10 convey+ ! idea ( ! _w or univ]se z a :ole1 z is se5 by ! examples to :i* ,mr4 ,maudslay ref]s1 f v>i\s ,codices4 ,! cross-hat*+ ^u x means1 z ,i %all %[ lat]1 8/rong1 mighty10 & is m]ely a sup]lative4 ,x may v well mean #bj1 z t is ! numb] convey+ complet5ess or p]fection 9 ?is my?ology4#bb ,t x appe>s on :at ,mr4 ,maudslay calls ! 8,initial ,s]ies0 ( glyphs 7:i* ,i consid] t]m9als71 is expla9$ by ! nature ( ! computations !y pres]ve4 ,ano!r comb9ation1 belong+ mo/ likely to a simil> class1 is ! foll[+ ,illu/ration :]e ! 8cosmic sign0 is unit$ z a sup]fix to ! pax & ! fl9t4 ,x has usually be5 expla9$ z a 8phallic emblem10 & by ,?omas z 8tortillas40#bc #d4 ,! ,rhetorical & ,symbolic ,use ( ,numb]s4 ,9 ! old ,maya language we f9d t c]ta9 numb]s 7 us$ 9 a rhetorical s5se1 & ?is expla9s _! appe>ance 9 "s non-ma!matical portions ( ! ,codices & inscriptions4 ,! two mo/ commonly employ$ 7 #i & #ac4 ,^! convey$ ! ideas ( indef9ite greatness1 ( sup]lative excell5ce1 ( inf9ity1 etc4 ,a v lucky man 0 a 8n9e-s\l$ man20 t :i* _h exi/$ =ev] 0 8?irte5 g5]ations old10 etc4 ,! 8demon ) ?irte5 p[]s0 0 /ill prom95t 9 ,tz5tal my?ology 9 ! "t ( ,nuez de la ,vega4 ,o!r num]als occasionally employ$ 9 a symbolic s5se 7 #c1 #d1 & #g4bd ,all ^! occur 9 ! ,codices z prefixes 9 relations :]e !y are n to be con/ru$ 9 _! ari?metical values1 b 9 ^? assign$ !m by ! usages ( ! language or ! cu/oms ( religi\s symbolism4 ,?us1 8tw5ty10 ow+ to ! vigesimal me?od ( num]ation1 convey$ ! associat$ ideas ( complet5ess & p]fection2 & z ! mon? ( #bj days 0 divid$ into f\r equal p>ts ( #e days ea*1 by :i* m>kets1 etc41 7 assign$1 ^! numb]s also /ood indep5d5tly = o!r concepts ?an ^? ( computation4 #e4 ,! ,mayan ,me?ods ( ,c\nt+ ,"t4 ,hav+ asc]ta9$ ! *>act]s = ! num]als1 & hav+ le>n$ t ^! records are ma9ly "t-c\nts1 ! next "q :i* arises is3 ,h[ did ! ,mayas c\nt "t8 ,ab\t ?is we h consid]able in=mation f ! works ( ! ,spani% writ]s1 ,l&a1 ,aguil>1 ,cogolludo1 ,pio ,p]ez1 etc41 :i* has be5 supplem5t$ by ! rese>*es ( mod]n au?ors4 ,! ,maya sy/em 0 a complicat$ "o1 bas$ on sev]al orig9ally di/9ct me?ods1 :i* x 0 ! duty & ! aim ( ! a/ronom]-prie/s to br+ into unison1--& ! ef=t to accompli% ?is w *iefly expla9 _! elaborate computations4 ,und\bt$ly _! e>lie/ "t-c\nt 0 t common to primitive tribes ev]y:]e--a measurem5t ( ! sol> ye> by lunations or 8moons40 ,! exact lun> mon? is #bi days1 #ab h\rs1 #dd m9utes1 #c seconds2 b primitive peoples usually e/imate x at #bh days1 & all[ #ac mon?s to ! sol> ye>1 z d yet _m ,nor? ,asiatic peoples1 & z probably did ! e>ly ,aryans2#be or1 !y e/imate ! 8moon0 at #cj days1 & all[ #ab moons to ! ye>4 ,!re are good gr\nds = believ+ t ! ,mayan tribes 7 at "o "t divid$ 9 cu/om ab\t ?is1 "s us+ "o1 "s ! o!r me?od4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,conque/ !y _h und\bt$ly rea*$ a k ( ! l5g? ( ! ye> z #cfe days2 & !re is consid]able probability t "s ( !m at lea/ made ! correction arrang$ = 9 our bissextile or leap ye>4#bf ,?is is all famili> en\gh & w\ld create no difficulty 9 deciph]+ ^! aborig9al almanacs2 b a di/urb+ elem5t ent]s4 ,! real "t-c\nt by :i* !y adju/$ ! important ev5ts ( _! lives1 & :i* is mo/ prom95t 9 _! records1 _h no?+ to d ) ! motions ( ! sun1 or ! moon1 or any o!r natural ph5om5on4 ,x 0 bas$ on purely my?ical relations suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 man & nature4 ,z ! numb] #bj 7f+]s & toes7 completes ! man1 & z all ! directions1 t is1 pot5cies1 ( ! visible & invisible worlds 7 held to be #ac1 ^! two numb]s1 #ac & #bj1 =m$ ! basis ( an a/rological & ritual cal5d>1 by :i* auspici\s & inauspici\s days 7 assign$1 future ev5ts =etold1 ! major fea/s & fe/ivals ( religi\s wor%ip dictat$1 & ! l4 ,?is s+ul> "t-c\nt ( #bj #ac #bfj days 0 adopt$ ) slight v>iations by e semi-civiliz$ nation ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ev5 ! names ( ! #bj days are practically ( ! same mean+ 9 all ^! languages4#bg ,x con/itut$ ! tonalamatl ( ! ,nahuas1 ! 8,book ( ,days10 us$ 9 div9ation4 ,?is sacr$ p]iod 0 subdivid$ into f\r equal p>ts ( #fe days ea*1 ea* ( :i* 0 assign$ to ! rule ( a special planet or />1 & to a p>ticul> c>d9al po9t ) att5dant div9ities2 & ea* 0 m>k$ ) a color ( its own1 :ite1 black1 r$1 or blue4 ,ea* 8mon?0 ( #bj days 0 subdivid$ into f\r p]iods ( five days ea*1 aga9 ea* hav+ its own div9ity1 assignm5t1 etc4 ,b ! importance to u ( ! tonalamatl is t its computations und]lay ! measurem5t ( long p]iods ( "t1 ! less & great] cycles4 ,^! 7 e/imat$ by ! me?ods ( ! sacr$ ye>1 9 gr\ps ( #ac1 #bj1 #bd1 #eb1 #ajd1 #bfj ye>s1 etc4 ,^! irregul> numb]s _h to be br\ght into unison ) ! lun> & sol> ye>s1 ) ! vigesimal sy/em ( c\nt+ by #bj & its multiples1 & ) ! obs]v$ motions ( ! planets1 :o 7 div9ities controll+ ! ritual divisions ( "t4 ,to devise a ma!matical me?od ( equalities & diff]5ces by :i* ^! conflict+ numb]s c\ld be plac$ 9 h>moni\s relations1 subsum$ "u common measures1 & ! c]emonies & =eca/s :i* !y controll$ assign$ by uni=m laws--?is is ! ari?metical problem :i* fills ! pages ( ! ,mayan ,codices1 & 9 p>ts or at l5g? is spread ov] ! surface ( ! inscrib$ monum5ts & pa9t$ vases4 ,we ne$ n se>* = ! facts ( hi/ory1 ! names ( mighty k+s1 or ! dates ( conque/s4 ,we %all n f9d !m4 ,*ronometry we %all f9d1 b n *ronicles2 a/ronomy ) a/rological aims2 rituals1 b no records4 ,pre-,columbian hi/ory w n be recon/ruct$ f !m4 ,?is w be a disappo9tm5t to _m2 b x is ! conclusion t[>d :i* t5d all ! s\nde/ inve/igations ( rec5t ye>s4 ,let u recapitulate ! numb]s :i* ! ,maya ma!matician _h to deal ) & adju/ "u "s s*eme ( uni=mity3-- #a4 ,! 8week0 ( #ac days1 #ac4 #b4 ,! 8mon?0 ( #bj days1 #bj4 #c4 ,its division into f\r p>ts 7call$ tzuc71 ea*1 #e4 #d4 ,! complete tonalamatl1 #ac #bj days1 #bfj4 #e4 ,its divisions into f\r p>ts1 ea*1 #fe4 #f4 ,! sol> ye>1 c\nt$ z #ah mon?s ( #bj days ea*1 #cfj4 #g4 ,! sol> ye>1 c\nt$ z #ab mon?s ( #cj days ea*1 #cfj4 #h4 ,! sol> ye>1 c\nt$ z #ac lun> mon?s ( #bh days ea*1 #cfd4 #i4 ,! sol> ye>1 c\nt$ z #bh weeks ( #ac days ea*1 #cfd4 #aj4 ,! true sol> ye>1 days1 #cfe4 #aa4 ,! bissextile ye> 7871 #cff4 #ab4 ,! app>5t revolution ( ,v5us 7,noh-ek1 ! ,great ,/>71 days1 #ehd4 #ac4 ,! app>5t revolution ( ,m]cury 7871 days1 #aae4 #ad4 ,! app>5t revolution ( ,m>s 7871 days1 #ghj4 #ae4 ,! k9 katun1 or day-cycle ( ye>s1 #ac4 #af4 ,! old] cycle ( ye>s1 #bj4 #ag4 ,! new] cycle ( ye>s1 #bd4 #ah4 ,! katun cycle ( ye>s1 #eb4 #ai4 ,! d\ble cycle ( ye>s1 #ajd4 #bj4 ,! great cycle ( ye>s1 #bfj4 #f4 ,! ,calculations 9 ! ,codices4 ,! ,codices conta9 num]\s calculations int5d$ to br+ ^! v>i\s quantities into def9ite relations z aliquot p>ts ( "s ari?metical :ole1 :i* might be tak5 z a g5]al unit4 ,! scribes appe> to h begun by e/abli%+ a p]iod ( #ad1jdj days4 ,?is equals #ci ye>s ( #cfj days ea*1 & also #ed ye>s ( #bfj days ea*1 toge!r1 ( c\rse1 ) ! divisors ( ^! numb]s1 #ac1 #ah1 #bj1 #fe1 etc4 ,!n foll[$ ! det]m9ation ( ! p]iod ( #ah1ihj days1 #gc tonalamatl1 #eb sol> ye>s1 s prom95t 9 ! cal5d> & ritual ( ! ,nahuas4 ,?is numb]1 h[ev]1 c\ld n be adju/$ to ! cycle ( ! ahau katun1 :i* 0 #bd ye>s ( #cfe days ea*2#bh nor to ! c]emonially prom95t revolution ( 8! ,great ,/>10 ,v5us1 :i* co9cides ) ! ,e>?'s revolutions 9 #bibj days1 or eight sol> ye>s4 ,to br+ ^! into accord ) ! tonalamatl requir$ a p]iod ( #ajd sol> ye>s1 or #cg1ifj days2 & to adju/ "u "o numb] ! katuns1 ! ahau katuns1 ! revolutions ( ,v5us1 ! sol> ye>1 & ! tonalamatl1 ?ree times t numb] ( days are requir$1 t is1 #aac1hhj1 #cab ye>s4 ,?is p]iod _h /ill to be br\ght into relation to ! old ye> ( #cfj days1 & ?is requires ! e/imation ( a t]m cov]+ #a1cff1efj days1 or #cgdd ye>s2 & ?is ext5d$ era we f9d express$ 9 ! ,dresd5 ,codex1 page #bd1 9 ! foll[+ simple notation1 ! int]pretation ( :i* into our sy/em ( calculation1 accord+ to ! me?od above expla9$1 ,i add to ! "r4 ,?is long p]iod all[$ all _! important "t-measures to be dealt ) z aliquot p>ts ( "o :ole1 & w\ld seem to be suffici5t = ! purposes !y _h 9 view4 ,! cr$it ( e/abli%+ x f _! anci5t writ+s is exclusively due to ,dr4 ,fr/emann1 ^: demon/rations ( x appe> to be conclusive4#bi ,illu/ration #i 7unit #add1jjj7 #a1bif1jjj ,illu/ration #i 7unit #g1bjj7 #fd1hjj ,illu/ration #af 7unit #cfj7 #e1gfj ,illu/ration #j 7unit #bj7 #j ,illu/ration #j 7unit #a7 #j ------------------ ,total1 #a1cff1efj ,?is acute obs]v] has1 h[ev]1 discov]$ "s reasons to suppose t ! native prie/s occasionally contemplat$ a mu* m ext5d$ era2 "s ( _! calculations seem to require an era :i* embrac$ #ab1bii1jdj days1 t is1 #cc1fif ye>s6#cj ,no d\bt ea* ( ^! p]iods ( "t _h its appropriate "n 9 ! te*nical language ( ! ,maya a/ronom]s1 & also its correspond+ sign or "* 9 _! writ+4 ,none ( !m has be5 record$ by ! ,spani% writ]s2 b f ! analogy ( ! ,nahuatl script & language1 & f c]ta9 indications 9 ! ,maya writ+s1 we may surmise t "s ( ^! te*nical t]ms 7 f "o ( ! radicals mean+ 8to tie1 or fa/5 toge!r10 & t ! correspond+ signs w\ld ei!r directly1 t is1 pictorially2 or ikonomatically1 t is1 by simil>ity ( s\nd1 express ?is idea4 ,proce$+ on ! fir/ ( ^! suppositions1 ,dr4 ,fr/emann has sugge/$ t ! "*1 ,fig4 #d1 ,no4 #h1 signifies ! p]iod ( #eb ye>s1 ! ,nahuatl xiuhmolpilli1 8! ty+ toge!r ( ! ye>s10 repres5t$ 9 ! ,aztec pictographs by a bundle ( faggots ti$ ) cords4 ,! ,maya figure is expla9$ z ! day-sign imix1 repres5t+ ! fir/ day ( ! cal5d>1 &1 by a k9d ( synecdo*e1 ! :ole cal5d>1 ) a sup]fix4 #g4 ,rules = ,trac+ ! ,tonalamatl1 or ,ritual ,cal5d>4 ,t ! computations ( ! tonalamatl und]lie mo/ ( ! num]als 9 ! ,codices is %[n by ! rules = read+ !m1 =mulat$ by ,p\sse ) ref]5ce to ! r$ & black num]ical signs4 ,^! rules are z foll[s3--#ca #a4 ,if to a r$ numb] be add$ ! black numb] imm$iately foll[+ x1 ! total less #ac 7or its multiples1 :5 ! total is above #ac7 equals ! next foll[+ r$ numb]4 #b4 ,:5 ! r$ & black numb]s are writt5 alt]nately on ! same l9e1 !y are to be read f left to "r2 :5 writt5 "o above ! o!r1 !y are to be read f bel[ upw>d2 :5 9 two v]tical columns1 !y are to be read pass+ f "o column to ! o!r1 beg9n+ ) ! fir/ black numb] on ! left1 pass+ to ! fir/ black numb] on ! "r1 return+ to ! second black numb] on ! left1 & s on4 ,sequ5ces ( ?is k9d are gov]n$ by ! foll[+ rules3-- #a4 ,9 any ( ! above sy/ems ! beg9n+ is always m>k$ by "o or m columns ( days surm\nt$ by a numb]4 #b4 ,?is numb] is always ! same z t :i* ends ! s]ies1 & bo? are writt5 9 r$4 #c4 ,! sum ( ! numb]s writt5 9 black1 multipli$ by ! numb] ( days ) diff]5t names repres5t$ by ! hi]oglyphs atta*$1 always equals #bfj1 t is1 ! numb] ( days 9 ! tonalamatl4 ,! above rules enable ! /ud5t to recognize ! relations ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,codices4 ,!y prove1 = in/ance1 t ! pages are n to be read f top to bottom1 b t ! sep>ate p>ts or *apt]s are to be read 9 _m in/ances f left to "r 9 ! section ( ! page 9 :i* !y beg91 )\t respect to ! folds ( ! ,,mss42 & t evid5tly 9 read+ ^! 8books0 !y 7 unfold$ & spread out4 ,a good example ( ?is is 9 ,cod4 ,dresd51 pages #d-aj1 on :i* "o *apt] cov]s all ! upp] ?irds ( ! sev5 pages4 #h4 ,! ,codices z ,a/ronomical ,treatises4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ,dr4 ,fr/emann's rem>kable /udies1 z well z a numb] ( o!r consid]ations drawn f ! ,codices !mselves1 h p]suad$ me t ! g5]al purpose ( ! ,codices & ! great] inscriptions1 z ^? ( ,pal5que1 h be5 misund]/ood & und]rat$ by mo/ writ]s4 ,9 "o ( 8 late/ pap]s#cb ,pr(essor ,cyrus ,?omas says ( ! ,codices3 8,^! records are to a l>ge ext5t only religi\s cal5d>s20 & ,dr4 ,sel] has express$ 8 di/ru/ 9 ,dr4 ,fr/emann's op9ions z to _! a/ronomic cont5ts4 ,my own conviction is t !y w prove to be mu* m a/ronomical ?an ev5 ! latt] believes2 t !y are prim>ily & ess5tially records ( ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies2 & t bo? figures & *>act]s are to be int]pret$ z ref]r+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! sun & moon1 ! planets1 & ^? con/ellations :i* are mo/ prom95t 9 ! nightly sky 9 ! latitude ( ,yucatan4 ,?is conclusion is entirely 9 accordance ) ! results ( ! mo/ rec5t rese>* 9 neighbor+ fields ( ,am]ican culture4 ,! pr(\nd /udies ( ! ,mexican ,cal5d> und]tak5 by ,mrs4 ,zelia ,nuttall h v9dicat$ = x a truly surpris+ accuracy :i* c\ld h come only f prolong$ & accurately regi/]$ obs]vations ( ! relative app>5t motions ( ! cele/ial bodies4#cc ,we may be sure t ! ,mayas 7 n beh9d ! ,nahuas 9 ?is2 & 9 ! grotesque figures & /range gr\p+s :i* illu/rate ! pages ( _! books we %\ld look = pictorial repres5tations ( a/ronomic ev5ts4 ,( c\rse1 z ev]y:]e else1 ) ?is s]i\s a/ronomic lore 7 associat$ notions ( a/rology1 dates = fix+ rites & c]emonies1 my?ical n>ratives1 cosmogonical traditions & liturgies1 incantations & prescriptions = religi\s functions4 ,b ?r\gh ?is maze ( sup]/ition ,i believe we c ?read our way if we hold on to ! clue :i* a/ronomy c furni% u4 ,9 ! pres5t "w1 h[ev]1 ,i d n pret5d to m ?an prep>e ! soil = su* a labor4 ,a pro( ( ! correctness ( ?is op9ion & also an admirable example ( ! success ) :i* ,dr4 ,fr/emann has prosecut$ 8 analysis ( ! a/ronomical mean+ ( ! ,codices is (f]$ by 8 explanation ( ! #bd? page ( ! ,dresd5 ,codex1 laid be=e ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,am]icani/s1 9 #ahid4 ,he %[$ t x 0 int5d$ to br+ ! "t cov]$ 9 five revolutions ( ,v5us into relation to ! sol> ye>s & ! c]emonial ye>s1 or tonalamatl1 ( #bfj days2 also to set =? ! relations betwe5 ! revolutions ( ! ,moon & ( ,m]cury2 fur!r1 to divide ! ye> ( ,v5us into f\r unequal p>ts1 assign$ respectively to ! f\r c>d9al po9ts & to f\r div9ities2 &1 f9ally1 to designate to :i* div9ities ea* ( ! five ,v5us-ye>s "u consid]ation %\ld be d$icat$4 ,?is illu/rates at once ! great advance 8 me?od has made 9 ! int]pretation ( ! ,codices1 & ! intimate relations we f9d 9 !m betwe5 a/ronomy & my?ology4 ,su* a !ory ( ! ,mayan books :i* we h at h& is _w-wide di/ant f t ( ,?omas & ,sel]4 ,take1 = example1 ! s]ies ( figures1 ,cod4 ,cort41 pp4 #ad;a1 #ae;a1 #af;a4#cd ,fr/emann & myself w\ld consid] !m to repres5t ! position ( c]ta9 cele/ial bodies be=e ! summ] sol/ice 7indicat$ by ! turtle on p4 #g72 :ile ,?omas says ( !m1 8,x may safely be assum$ t ^! figures ref] to ! ,maya process ( mak+ bread660#ce #i4 ,a/ronomical ,k ( ! ,anci5t ,mayas4 ,our in=mation f ,european s\rces z to ! a/ronomical k possess$ by ! ,mayas is slight4 ,t !y look$ ) especial rev]5ce to ! planet ,v5us is evid5t f ! v>i\s names !y appli$ to x4 ,^! 73 ,noh ,ek1 8! ,great ,/>0 or 8! ,"r-h& ,/>20 ,*ac ,ek1 8! ,/rong ,/>0 7or 8! ,r$ ,/>072 ,zaztal ,ek1 8! ,brilliant ,/>20 ,ah-,zahcab1 8! ,controll] or ,companion ( ! ,dawn20#cf & ,xux ,ek1 8! ,bee or ,wasp ,/>10 = reasons :i* w be consid]$ lat]4 ,9 ! ,tz5tal dialect x 0 call$ ,canan ,*ul*an1 8! ,gu>dian ( ! ,sky10 & ,mucul ,canan1 8! ,great ,gu>dian40 ,! ,nor? ,/> 0 well kn[n z ,xaman ,ek 7xaman1 nor?1 ek1 />71 & also z ,*imal ,ek1 8! ,%ield ,/>10 or 8,/> on ! ,%ield40#cg ,x 0 spok5 ( z 8! ,guide ( ! ,m]*ants0 7,dicc4 de ,motul71 & !re=e 0 probably "o ( _! special div9ities4 ,! hi/orian ,l&a /ates t ! ,mayas measur$ ! passage ( "t at night by obs]vations ( ! ,pleiades & ,orion4#ch ,! "n ( ! =m] 9 _! language is ,tzab1 a ^w :i* also means ! rattles ( ! rattlesnake4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,fr/emann1#ci _! position 9 ! heav5s decid$ ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> 7or1 p]haps1 cycle1 z ) ! ,nahuas71 & !y 7 repres5t$ 9 ! hi]oglyphs by ! moan sign 7to be expla9$ on a lat] page74 ,c]ta9 />s ( ! con/ellation ,gem9i 7 def9$1 & nam$ ,ac1 or ,ac ,ek1 8! ,tortoise ,/>s10 f an imag9$ simil>ity ( outl9e to t ( ! tortoise4#dj ,?is may expla9 ! n infrequ5t occurr5ce ( ! picture ( t animal 9 ! ,codices1 & its repres5tations 9 /one at ,copan & else:]e4 ,! t]ms = a comet 9 ,maya 7 ,budz ,ek1 8,smok+ ,/>10 & ,ikomne1 8,brea?+ or ,bl[+10 z x 0 suppos$ to bl[ =? its fi]y tra92 9 ,tz5tal x 0 ,tza ,ec1 8,/> ,du/40 ,%oot+ />s 7 ,*amal ,dzutan1 8,magicians' ,pipes10 z !y 7 reg>d$ z ! fire-tubes ( c]ta9 p[]ful en*ant]s4 ,! />s 9 ,orion 7 kn[n z ,meh5 ,ek1 8! ,sons10 d\btless ref]r+ to "s a/ronomical my?4 ,! ,milky ,way 0 spok5 ( "u two diff]5t names1 bo? ( obscure application1 ,tamacaz & ,ah ,po\4 ,ano!r mean+ ( ! =m] ^w is 8madness1 insanity20 & ! latt] t]m 0 also appli$ to a y\? :o _h j atta9$ ! age ( pub]ty4#da ,p]haps ! connection ( ! ^w lies 9 ! c]emonies ( initiation practic$ by _m tribes :5 a y\? rea*$ ?is age1 & :i*1 by fa/+ & ! adm9i/ration ( toxic h]bs1 (t5 l$ to tempor>y mania2 & ! deity ( ! ,milky ,way may h presid$ ov] ^! rites4 ,! moon 9 opposition 0 ref]r$ to z u nupptanba1 f nupp1 oppos$1 opposite4 ,:5 9 conjunction1 ! expression 0 hunbalan u1 8! rope ( ! moon10 or1 8! moon rop$40 ,:5 x 0 9 eclipse1 x 0 *ibil u1 8! moon bitt510 ! popul> /ory be+ t x 0 bitt5 by a k9d ( ant call$ xulab4 ,an eclipse ( ! sun 0 also *ibil k91 8! sun bitt520 b m frequ5tly ! phrase 0 tupul u ui* k91 or1 tupan u ui* k91 8! eye ( ! day is cov]$ ov]10 or1 8%ut up40 ,x is useful to record su* expressions1 z !y sometimes sugge/$ ! graphic repres5tations ( ! occurr5ces4#db ----- ,footnote #ad3 ,see my ,libr>y ( ,aborig9al ,am]ican ,lit]ature1 ,no4 #a3 ,! ,maya ,*ronicles1 ,introduction1 pp4 #cg-ej 7,philadelphia1 #ahhb74 ,footnote #ae3 ,v9c5te ,p9$a1 ,gramatica de la ,l5gua ,tzel-tal1 pp4 #aed1 sqq4 7,*iapas1 #ahhg74 ,p9$a makes ! multipli] #djj in/ead ( #bj1 9 :i* he is c]ta9ly 9 error4 ,footnote #af3 ,! object portray$ is evid5tly a %ell1 probably select$ z a rebus2 b ! "n ( ! species ,i h n f\nd4 ,! ord9>y t]ms are puy & xic94 ,footnote #ag3 ,fr/emann1 ,entziff]ung1 ,no4 ,,iv1 & ,maudslay1 ,biologia ,c5trali-,am]icana1 ,ar*ology4 ,"p ,,iv4 ,footnote #ah3 ,accord+ to ,p\sse 7,ar*ives de la ,soc4 ,am]4 de ,france1 #ahhg1 p4 #afe71 x is us$ to designate ! p>ticul> day :i* falls on ! #bj? ( ! mon?1 t is1 ! la/ day ( ! mon?1 & has !re=e ! s5se ( 8la/10 8f9al10 r ?an ( #bj4 ,x is writt5 z an affix to ! mon? sign4 ,?omas /ates t x is us$ ) mon? symbols 8only :]e ! mon? 7( #bj days7 is complete or foll[s "o complet$40 ,am]4 ,an?ropologi/1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #bdf4 ,!re is "s d\bt :e!r ,no4 #d is n an elem5t ( union4 ,comp>e ,sel]1 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 #ahhg1 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #ai3 ,dr4 ,fr/emann's article1 8,zur ,maya-,*ronologie10 assign+ ! reasons = ^! id5tifications1 appe>$ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 #ahia4 ,footnote #bj3 ,etude sur le ,manuscrit ,troano1 p4 #bbj4 ,footnote #ba3 ,a4 ,p4 ,maudslay3 ,biologia ,c5trali-,am]icana2 ,ar*ology1 ,"p ,,ii4 ,text1 pp4 #dj-db 7,london1 #ahij74 ,! "* b closely resembles ! day-sign *u54 ,?is c\ld readily be *os5 to express ikonomatically *un1 8! beg9n+1 ! fir/10 & my /udies conv9ce me t x repeat$ly mu/ be s und]/ood4 ,to ?is ,i %all recur on a lat] page4 ,footnote #bb3 ,s9ce ! above 0 writt51 ,mr4 ,/ew>t ,cul91 ,director ( ! museum ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 has call$ my att5tion to ! fact t ! cross-hat*+ on ! 8cosmic sign0 w\ld1 9 ,ori5tal1 especially ,*9ese symbolism1 convey ! idea ( ! fundam5tal dual pr9ciples ( exi/5ce1--male & female1 upp] & l[]1 etc4 ,! same int]pretation may q possibly apply 9 ! ,mayan symbolism4 ,footnote #bc3 ,see my ,native ,cal5d> ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 pp4 #di-ei 7,philadelphia1 #ahic74 ,footnote #bd3 ,! diction>ies give3 8bolon pixan1 bi5 adv5turado20 bolon dzacab1 & oxlahun dzacab1 8cosa et]na40 ,! num]al 8"o10 z 9 ,engli%1 _h a sup]lative s5se1 z hun miatz1 8! "o s*ol>10 i4 e41 ! mo/ di/+ui%$4 ,:y a symbolic or sup]lative s5se 0 atta*$ to su* numb]s is a "q too ext5sive to discuss "h4 ,i h t\*$ ^u x 9 my ,native ,cal5d> ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 pp4 #h1 #ac1 & 9 an article on 8,! ,orig9 ( ,sacr$ ,numb]s0 9 ,! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,april1 #ahid4 ,9 ano!r connection we f9d maay1 odor f some?+ burn+2 8bolonmayel1 qualqui] olor suavissimo y transc5d5te0--,dicc4 ,motul4 ,dr4 ,sel] has sugge/$ t ! numb] #ac may ref] to ! ?irte5 heav5s2 b (f]s no evid5ce t ! ,mayas ent]ta9$ ! ,nahuatl my? to :i* ?is ref]s4 ,footnote #be3 ,s*rad]3 ,prehi/oric ,antiquities ( ! ,aryan ,peoples1 pp4 #cjg-i4 ,footnote #bf3 ,to ent] into ?is debat$ "q at l5g? w\ld n be possible 9 ?is connection2 b ,i w\ld m]ely note3 7#a7 ,! positive ass]tion ( ,l&a t ! ,maya ye> 8inv>iably0 began ,july #af 7,cosas de ,yucatan1 p4 #bcf71 c\ld n be true ev5 = five ye>s1 unless ! bissextile correction 0 made1 :i* he ass]ts 0 done2 7#b7 ! example ( a ,maya ye> giv5 by ,aguil> 7,in=me contra ,idolum ,cultores del ,obispado de ,yucatan1 ,madrid1 #afci71 is actually "o conta9+ six int]cal>y days1 8seis dias que fu]on sus canicul>es20 & 7#c7 ,fa!r ,m>t9 de ,leon1 9 8 8,cal5d>io ,mexicano10 po9t$ly /ates t ! f\r? ye> 0 a bissextile ye> 7,cam9o del ,cielo1 fol4 #ajj1 ,mexico1 #afaa74 ,i d n ma9ta9 t ?is k 0 g5]al1 b t x _h be5 acquir$ by ! a/ronom]-prie/s ( c]ta9 localities4 ,! inve/igations ( ,mrs4 ,zelia ,nuttall t5d to demon/rate ?is op9ion4 ,footnote #bg3 ,on ^! po9ts ,i w\ld ref] ! read] to my "w1 ,! ,native ,cal5d> ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico2 ,a ,/udy 9 ,l+ui/ics & ,symbolism 7,philadelphia1 #ahic74 ,footnote #bh3 ,pr(essor ,cyrus ,?omas1 9 8 c>efully writt5 article1 8,! ,maya ,ye>10 9 ! ,bullet9s ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology 7,wa%+ton1 #ahid71 has collect$ evid5ce t ! same cal5d> sy/em1 bas$1 he believes1 on ! ye> ( #cfe days1 0 us$ 9 ,pal5que1 ,m5*e 7,lorill>d ,city71 & ,tikal1 z well z 9 ! ,cod4 ,dresd5sis4 ,t ! ,mayas _h1 at ! "t ( ! ,conque/1 long kn[n ! ye> ( #cfe days1 0 demon/rat$ f ! ,codices by ,dr4 ,fr/emann4 7,see 8 ,erlut]ung5 zur ,maya-,h&s*rift1 ,dresd51 #ahhf1 p4 #ba1 & 8 8,die ,zeitp]iod5 d] ,mayas10 9 ,globus1 ,janu>y1 #ahib74 ,footnote #bi3 ,see especially 8 articles1 ,die ,zeitp]iod5 d] ,mayas1 #ahib1 & 8 ,zur ,entziff]ung d] ,maya-,h&s*rift51 ,,iv1 #ahid4 ,footnote #cj3 ,! gr\nds = ?is op9ion are /at$ 9 8 ,zur ,entziff]ung1 etc41 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,footnote #ca3 ,a4 ,p\sse1 9 ,ar*ives de la ,socit ,amrica9e de ,france1 #ahhf1 #ahhg4 ,footnote #cb3 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/ = ,july1 #ahic4 ,footnote #cc3 ,see h] 8,note on ! ,anci5t ,mexican ,cal5d> ,sy/em10 communicat$ to ! ,t5? ,int]national ,congress ( ,am]icani/s1 ,/ockholm1 #ahid4 ,footnote #cd3 ,z ! pages ( ! ,codices are g5]ally divid$ into comp>tm5ts by transv]se l9es1 ! cu/om ( /ud5ts is to designate ^! f above d[nw>d by small lett]s add$ to ! numb] ( ! page4 ,footnote #ce3 ,9 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,july1 #ahic1 p4 #bfb4 ,footnote #cf3 8,el luc]o de la maana1 que p>ece hac] amanec]40 ,dicc4 de ,motul4 ,footnote #cg3 ,l *imal ik1 8nor? w9d40 ,*imal is ! ,nahuatl *imalli1 %ield1 s ^! t]ms mu/ be ( late orig9 9 ,maya4 ,footnote #ch3 8,regianse de no*e1 p>a conoc] la hora1 por el luc]o1 i las cabrillas i los a/ilejos2 de dia1 por el m$io dia40 ,l&a1 ,cosas de ,yucatan1 cap4 #cd4 ,footnote #ci3 ,entziff]ung d] ,mayah&s*rift51 ,no4 ,,iv4 ,footnote #dj3 8,las tres e/rellas juntas que e/an en el signo de ,gem9is1 las quales1 con otras1 hac5 =ma de tortuga40 ,dicc4 de ,motul4 ,footnote #da3 ,^! def9itions are giv5 9 ! ,dicc4 ,motul4 ,footnote #db3 ,9 ,cod4 ,p]es41 pp4 #ah1 #ai1 ! sun is %[n bitt5 by birds1 snakes1 etc4 ,we probably h 9 ?is a ref]5ce to an eclipse4 ,on a lat] page ,i %all %[ ! hi]oglyph ( ! d\ble loop ( ! rope1 :i* probably signifies ! moon 9 conjunction4 ,,iii4 ,! ,pictorial ,elem5ts4 ,to und]/& ! pictorial portions ( ! inscriptions "s acqua9tance ) ! native my?ology is indisp5sable4 #a4 ,! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,mayas4 ,! religion ( ! ,mayas 0 a poly!ism1 b ! pr9cipal deities 7 few 9 numb]1 z is expressly /at$ by ,fa!r ,francisco ,h]n&ez1 ! e>lie/ mission>y to ,yucatan 7#aeag72dc & ^!1 accord+ to ! explicit ass]tion ( ,fa!r ,lizana1 7 ! same z ^? wor%ipp$ by ! ,tz5tals ( ,tabasco & ,*iapas4#dd ,bo? ^! /atem5ts are confirm$ by a comp>ison ( ! exi/+ rema9s1 & !y greatly facilitate a compreh5sion ( ! ,codices & epigraphy4 ,! _s ( ?is religion 0 duali/ic1 ! gods ( life & light1 ( ! sun & day1 ( bir? & food1 ( ! f]tiliz+ %[]s & ! cultivat$ fields1 be+ plac$ 9 contra/ to ^? ( mis=tune & pa91 ( fam9e & pe/il5ce1 ( blight & night1 d>kness & dea?4 ,back ( !m all1 inde$ ! s\rce ( !m all1 0 ,hunab ,ku1 8! ,"o ,div9e20 b ( him no /atue & no picture 0 made1 = he 0 incorporeal & invisible4#de ,itzamna4--,*ief ( ! b5efic5t gods 0 ,itzamna4 ,he 0 ! p]sonification ( ! ,ea/1 ! ris+ sun1 ) all its manifold my?ical associations4 ,8 "n means 8! dew or moi/ure ( ! morn+10 & he 0 ! _s ( ! e>ly mi/s & %[]s4 ,he 0 said to h come 9 8 magic skiff f ! ,ea/1 across ! wat]s1 & !re=e he presid$ ov] t qu>t] ( ! _w & ! days & ye>s assign$ to x4 ,= simil> reasons he receiv$ ! "n ,lak9 *an1 8! ,s]p5t ( ! ,ea/10 "u :i* he seems to h be5 popul>ly kn[n4 ,z light is synonym\s ) bo? life & k1 he 0 said to h be5 ! creator ( m51 animals1 & plants1 & 0 ! f\nd] ( ! culture ( ! ,mayas4 ,he 0 ! fir/ prie/ ( _! religion1 & inv5t$ writ+ & books2 he gave ! names to ! v>i\s localities 9 ,yucatan1 & divid$ ! l& among ! p2 z a physician he 0 fam\s1 kn[+ n only ! magic h]bs1 b possess+ ! p[] ( heal+ by t\*1 :5ce 8 "n ,kabil1 8! skilful h&10 "u :i* he 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,*i*5 ,itza4 ,= 8 wisdom he 0 spok5 ( z ,yax coc ah-mut1 8! royal or noble ma/] ( k40 ,cuculcan4--,9 "s s5se a contra/1 9 o!rs a completion ( ! my?ical concepts embodi$ 9 ,itzamna1 0 ,cuculcan or ,cocol *an1 8! fea!r$ or w+$ s]p5t40#df ,he also 0 a h]o-god1 a deity ( culture & ( k9dl9ess4 ,he 0 traditionally ! f\nd] ( ! great cities ( ,*i*5 ,itza1 & ,mayapan2 0 active 9 fram+ laws & introduc+ ! cal5d>1 at ! head ( :i* "s ,maya tribes plac$ 8 "n2 0 skill$ 9 lee*craft1 & 0 spok5 ( z ! god ( *ills & fev]s4 ,z ,itzamna 0 id5tifi$ ) ! ,ea/1 s 0 ,cuculcan ) ! ,we/4 ,!nce he 0 said to h come1 & ?i!r return$4#dg ,9 ! ,tz5tal cal5d>s he 0 connect$ ) ! sev5? day 7moxic1 ,maya1 manik72 h5ce he is my/ically associat$ ) t numb]4 ,he corresponds to ! ,gukumatz ( ! ,qui*e my?ology1 a "n :i* has ! same signification4 ,9 ! my? he is describ$ z clo!d 9 a long robe & we>+ s&als1 &1 :at is notewor?y1 hav+ a be>d4 ,9 ! cal5d>s ( ! ,tz5tals he 0 pa9t$ 89 ! lik5ess ( a man & a snake10 & ! 8ma/]s0 expla9$ ?is z 8! snake ) fea!rs1 :i* moves 9 ! wat]s10 t is1 ! heav5ly wat]s1 ! cl\ds & ! ra9s2 = :i* reason ,bi%op ,nuez de la ,vega1 to :om we owe ?is in=mation1 id5tifi$ him ) ! ,mexican ,mixcoatl1 8! cl\d s]p5t20#dh :]eas ,bi%op ,l&a 0 ( op9ion t he 0 ! ,mexican ,quetzalcoatl4 ,k9 i*4--,z ,itzamna 0 ?us connect$ ) ! ris+1 morn+ sun1 & ,cuculcan ) ! aft]noon & sett+ sun1 s ! sun 9 ! m]idian 0 di/+ui%$ f bo? ( !m4 ,z a div9ity1 x bore ! "n ,k9 i*1 8! eye or face ( ! day40 ,! sacrifices to x 7 made at ! height ( noontide1 :5 x 0 believ$ t ! deity desc5d$ 9 ! %ape ( ! r$ macaw 7! ,ara macao71 kn[n z ,kak mo1 8! bird ( fire10 f ! color ( its plumage1 & consum$ ! (f]+4 ,su* c]emonies 7 p]=m$ especially 9 times ( great sickness1 g5]al mortality1 ! de/ruction ( ! crops ?r\gh locu/s1 & o!r public calamities4 ,x seems probable f ! acc\nts t ,k9 i* 0 a mu* less prom95t div9ity 9 ! popul> m9d ?an ei!r ( ! o!r two sol> deities1 & 8 attributes 7 occasionally assign$ to ,itzamna1 z we f9d ! comb9ation ,k9 i* ahau ,itzamna among ! names ( div9ities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,! ,b5efic5t ,gods draw f _! ,/ores4 7,photograph$ f ! ,cortesian ,codex47 ,o!r ,gods4--,to ,itzamna 0 assign$ z consort ,ix ,*el1 8! ra9b[10 also kn[n z ,ix ,kan ,leom1 8! spid]-web0 7:i* cat*es ! dew ( ! morn+74 ,%e 0 goddess ( m$ic9e & ( *ildbir?1 & h] *ildr5 7 ! ,bacabs1 or ,*acs 7giants71#di f\r mighty bre?r51 :o 7 ! gods ( ! f\r c>d9al po9ts1 ( ! w9ds :i* bl[ f !m1 ( ! ra9s ^! br+1 ( ! ?und] & ! lightn+1 & consequ5tly ( agriculture1 ! h>ve/s1 & ! food supply4 ,_! position 9 ! ritual 0 ( ! fir/ importance4 ,to ea* 7 assign$ a p>ticul> color & a c]ta9 ye> & day 9 ! cal5d>4 ,to ,hobnil1 8! holl[ "o0 or 8! belly10 7 giv5 ! s\?1 ! color yell[1 & ! day & ye>s kan1 ! fir/ ( ! cal5d> s]ies1 & s on4 ,! r$ ,bacab 0 to ! ea/1 ! :ite to ! nor?1 & ! black1 ^: "n 0 ,hozan ,ek1 8! ,disemb[ell$10 to ! we/4#ej ,! ,c>d9al ,po9ts4--,mu* att5tion has be5 direct$ to ^! div9ities z repres5t+ ! wor%ip ( ! c>d9al po9ts & to ! colors1 days1 cycles1 & elem5ts my?ically associat$ ) !m4 ,uni=m results h n be5 obta9$1 z ! au?orities diff]1 z probably did also ! cu/oms ( v>i\s localities4#ea ,pio ,p]ez assigns kan to ! ea/1 muluc to ! nor?1 ix to ! we/1 & cauac to ! s\?4 ,! arrangem5t bas$ on ,l&a's /atem5ts w\ld be z foll[s3-- ,c>d9al ,bacab4 ,days4 ,colors4 ,elem5ts4 po9t4 ,s\?1 ,hobnil 7! ,belly71 ,kan1 ,yell[1 ,air4 ,ea/1 ,canzicnal 7,s]p5t ,be+71 ,muluc1 ,r$1 ,fire4 ,nor?1 ,zacz9i 7,:ite ,be+71 ,ix1 ,:ite1 ,wat]4 ,we/1 ,hozan ek 7! ,disemb[ell$ ,cauac1 ,black1 ,e>?4 ,black "o71 ,on ! o!r h&1 x %\ld be not$ t ! names ( ! w9ds 9 ,maya di/9ctly assign ! color :ite to ! ea/1 ?us3-- ,ea/ w9d1 zac ik1 8:ite w9d40 ,nor!a/ w9d1 zac xaman ik1 8:ite nor? w9d40 ,s\!a/ w9d1 zac nohol ik1 8:ite s\? w9d40 ,! solution ( ^! difficulties mu/ be left = future inve/igation4 ,! ,good ,gods4--,div9ities ( a b5efic5t "* 7 ,yum ,*ac1 8,"l ( ,wat]s or ,ra9s20 ,yum ,kaax1 8,"l ( ! ,h>ve/ ,fields20 ,cum ,ahau1 8,"l ( ! ,vase10 t is1 ( ! ra9s1 :o is describ$ 9 ! ,dic4 ,motul z 8,lucif]1 ,*ief ( ! ,devils0 & is probably a "n ( ,itzamna2 ,zuhuy ,kak1 8,virg9 ,fire10 patroness ( infants2 ,zuhuy ,dzip1 8,! ,virg9 ( ,dress$ ,animals10 a hunt+ goddess2 ,ix ,tabai1 8,goddess ( ! ,ropes or ,sn>es10 also a hunt+ goddess z well z ! patroness ( ^? :o hang$ !mselves2 ,ah ,kak ,ne*1 8,he ,:o ,looks aft] ! ,cook+ ,fire10 ,ah ,ppua1 8! ,ma/] ( ,dew10 & ,ah ,dziz1 8,! ,ma/] ( ,cold10 div9ities ( ! fi%]m54 ,to ?is li/ %\ld be add$ ,acan1 8! ,god ( ! ,intoxicat+ ,mead10 ! national bev]age1 t be+ its "n2 ,ek ,*ua1 8! ,black ,companion10 god ( ! cacao plant]s & ! m]*ants1 z ^! us$ ! cacao beans z a m$ium ( ex*ange2 ,ix ,tub ,tun1 8%e :o spits out ,preci\s ,/ones10 goddess ( ! work]s 9 jade & ame?y/s2 ,cit ,bolon ,tun1 8! ,n9e 7i4 e41 numb]less7 ,preci\s ,/ones10 a god ( m$ic9e2 ,xoc ,bitum1 ! ,god ( ,s++1 & ,ah ,k9 ,xoc or ,ppiz ,lim ,tec1 ! ,god ( ,poetry 7xoc1 to s+ or recite72 ,ix ,*ebel ,yax1 ! fir/ inv5tress ( pa9t+ & ( color$ designs on wov5 /uffs 7*ebel1 to pa9t1 & a pa9t-bru%74 ,a m9or deity 0 ,tel ,cuzaan1 8! swall[-legg$10 a div9ity ( ! isl& ( ,cozumel 78,swall[ ,isl&074 ,on a l(ty pyramid1 :]e is n[ ! city ( ,valladolid1 ,yucatan1 0 wor%ipp$ ,ah zakik ual1 8,"l ( ! ,ea/ ,w9d40 ,8 idol 0 ( pott]y 9 ! %ape ( a vase1 m\ld$ 9 front into an ugly face4 ,9 x !y burn$ copal & o!r gums4 ,8 fe/ival 0 celebrat$ e f\r? ye> ) %am battles4#eb ,probably ?is 0 a repres5tation ( ,itzamna z "l ( ! c>d9al po9t4 ,! 8,isl& ( ,wom510 ,isla de ,mug]es1 on ! ea/ coa/1 0 s nam$ because ! fir/ explor]s f\nd !re ! /atues ( f\r female div9ities1 to :om alt>s & temples 7 d$icat$4#ec ,!y 7 ,ix-*el1 ,ix-*ebel-yax1 ,ix-hun-y1 & ,ix-hun-yeta4 ,! fir/ two h already be5 m5tion$4 ,! la/ two seem to h be5 goddesses connect$ ) ! moonrise & sunrise1 z ! diction>ies give z ! mean+ ( y1 8to %[ "o's self1 to appe>20 z 9 ! phrases ye?az y ahalcab1 8at ! appe>ance ( ! dawn20 ye?az u hokol u1 8at moonrise20 yet hokol k91 8at sunrise40 ,prom95t among my?ical be+s 7 ! dw>fs1 kn[n z ppuz1 8b5t ov]20 ac u9ic1 8turtle m520 tzapa u9ic1 8%ort5$ m520 & pputum1 8small ( body40 ,!y are sometimes repres5t$ 9 ! c>v+s1 an int]e/+ example be+ 9 ! ,peabody ,museum4 ,a leg5d conc]n+ su* br[nies 0 t be=e ! la/ de/ruction ( ! _w ! :ole human race deg5]at$ into l dim9utive be+s1 :i* prompt$ ! gods to de/roy x4#ed ,"o class ( ^! little creatures1 call$ acat1 7 said to become trans=m$ into fl[]s4 ,z ,i h %[n else:]e1#ee _m simil> sup]/itions survive 9 ! folk-lore ( ,yucatan & ,tabasco to-day4 ,b x is n safe to look at su* survivals z "p ( g5u9e anci5t my?ology4 ,= in/ance1 ! goddess ,ix-nuc1 or ,xnuc1 said by ,brasseur to h be5 goddess ( ! m\nta9s1 by ,sel]1 goddess ( ! e>?1 & by ,s*ellhas1 goddess ( wat]1 is 9 fact n a memb] ( ! ,maya ,pan!on4 ,! "n means simply 8old woman10 & 0 fir/ m5tion$ by an anonym\s mod]n writ] 9 ! ,regi/ro ,yucateco4 ,! ,gods ( ,evil4--,9 contra/ to ! b5efic5t deities 7 ^? :o presid$ ov] w>1 disease1 dea?1 & ! und]world4 ,di/9ctively w> gods 7 ,uac ,lom ,*aam1 8,he ^: tee? are six lances10 wor%ipp$ anci5tly at ,ti-ho1 ! pres5t ,mrida2 ,ahulane1 8,! ,ar*]10 pa9t$ hold+ an arr[1 ^: %r9e 0 on ! isl& ( ,cozumel2 ,pakoc 7f paakal1 to fright57 & ,hex ,*un ,*an1 8,! dang]\s "o10 div9ities ( ! ,itzaes2 ,kak u pacat1 8,fire 7is7 8 face10 :o is said to h c>ri$ 9 battle a %ield ( fire2 ,ah ,*uy ,kak1 8,he :o works 9 fire10 t is1 = de/ruction2 ,ah ,cun ,c1 8,! s]p5t *>m]10 also wor%ipp$ at ,ti-,ho2 ,hun ,pic ,tok1 8,he ( #hjjj lances10 :o _h a temple at ,*i*5 ,itza4 ,*ief ( all ^! evil be+s 0 ! ,god ( ,dea?4 ,8 "n is pres]v$ 9 ! fir/ acc\nt we h ( ,yucatecan my?ology1 t by ,fa!r ,h]n&ez1 &1 accord+ to ,fa!r ,l>a1 x 0 ! same among ! ,tz5tals1 ,maya1 ,ah-pu*1 ,tz5tal1 ,pucugh4 ,^! words mean 8! ,undo]10 or 8,spoil]10 app>5tly a euphemism to avoid pron\nc+ a "n ( evil om54#ef ,9 mod]n ,maya he is pla9 ,yum cimil1 8"l ( dea?40 ,he 0 pa9t$ z a skeleton ) b>e skull1 & 0 !n call$ ,*amay ,bac1 or ,zac ,*amay ,bac1 8:ite tee? & bones40#eg ,! _s 7pixan7 aft] dea? 0 suppos$ to g to ! ,und]world1 :i* 0 call$ ,mitna1 or ,metna :]e presid$ ! god ,xibilba or ,xabalba1 sometimes call$ ,hun ,ahau1 8! ,"o "l10 = to 8 realm mu/ all come at la/4#eh ,ano!r "n = ?is ,hades 0 tancucula 7p]haps tan kukul1 8be=e ! gods10 i4 e41 :]e "o is judg$71 :i* is giv5 by ! ,dicc4 ,motul z an 8anci5t ^w0 7vocablo antiguo74 ,! happy s\ls !n pass$ to a realm ( joy1 :]e !y sp5t _! "t "u ! great gre5 tree ,yax*e1 :ile ^? :o 7 condemn$ sank d[n to a place ( cold & hung]4 ,! ,conflict ( ! ,gods4--,betwe5 ^! two classes ( deities--^? :o make = good & ^? :o make = evil 9 ! life ( man--!re is1 bo? 9 ! my?s & 9 ! picture writ+s1 an et]nal conflict4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,! gods ( ,life & ( ,gr[? plant ! tree4 ,dea? breaks x 9 twa94 7,photograph$ f ! ,cortesian ,codex47 ,9 ! ,codex ,troano1 z ,dr4 ,sel] rem>ks1 8,! god ( dea? appe>s z ! inevitable foil ( ! god ( light & heav54 ,9 :atev] action ! latt] is depict$1 ! god ( dea? is imitat+ x1 b 9 su* a mann] t ) him all turns to n\ght & empt9ess4 ,:]e ! light-god holds ! /r+1 9 ! h&s ( ! dea?-god x is torn asund]2 :]e ! =m] (f]s inc5se1 ! latt] c>ries ! sign ( #8fire' :]e) to consume x2 :]e ! =m] pres5ts ! sign kan1 food1 ! latt] lifts an empty vase be>+ ! signs ( dr\ght & dea?40 #b4 ,! ,cosmogony ( ! ,mayas4 ,we "k practically no?+ ( ! cosmogony ( ! ,mayas2 b x is in/ructive 9 connection ) _! cal5d> sy/em to f9d t1 l ! ,nahuas1 !y believ$ 9 ,epo*s ( ! ,univ]se1 at ! close ( ea* ( :i* !re 0 a g5]al de/ruction ( bo? gods & m54 ,! e>ly writ]1 ,aguil>1 says t he le>n$ f ! native books !mselves t !y record$ ?ree su* p]iodical cataclysms4 ,! fir/ 0 call$ ,mayacimil1 8g5]al dea?20 ! second1 ,oc na ku*il1 8! rav5s ent] ! h\ses10 t is1 ! inhabitants 7 all dead2 & ! ?ird1 ,hun yecil1 a univ]sal deluge1 a t]m :i* ! ,dicc4 ,motul seems to expla9 by m5tion+ a tradition t ! wat] 0 s high 8t its surface 0 )9 ! di/ance ( "o /alk ( maguey f ! sky60 ,ano!r t]m = ?is cata/rophe 0 bulcabal1 haycabal or haycabil 7de/ruccion1 asolami5to y diluvio g5]al con que fu de/ruido y asolado el mundo4 ,dicc4 ,motul74 ,?is w\ld make ! pres5t ! f\r? age ( ! _w 7n ! fif?1 z ! ,nahuas believ$72 & ?is corresponds to ! prophecies conta9$ 9 ! 8,books ( ,*ilan ,balam10 :i* ,i h quot$ 9 ano!r "w4 ,! sc5e ( ! creation ( man1 ! 8t]re/rial ,p>adise10 0 kn[n z hun anhil1 & ! "n ( ! fir/ man 0 ,anum1 bo? app>5tly f ! v]b anhel1 to /& erect4 ,_m ( ! high calculations ( ! prie/s mu/ h be5 = ! purpose ( discov]+ ! l5g? ( ! pres5t epo* & h[ soon ! _w w\ld end4 ,!y seem to h ?\ght ?is w\ld take place :5 all _! v>i\s "t-measures w\ld m]ge toge!r into a common unity1 :i* ea* c\ld divide )\t rema9d]4#ei #c4 ,cosmical ,conceptions ( ! ,mayas4 ,! cosmical conceptions ( ! anci5t ,mayas h n hi!rto be5 und]/ood2 b by a /udy ( exi/+ docum5ts ,i believe !y c be correctly expla9$ 9 outl9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,! ,univ]se4 7,f ! ,*ilan ,balam ( ,mani47 ,"o ( ^! is ! c5tral design 9 ! ,*ilan ,balam1 or ,sacr$ ,book1 ( ,mani 7,fig4 #i74 ,x 0 copi$ by ,fa!r ,cogolludo 9 #afdj1 & ins]t$ 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,yucatan1 ) a totally false int]pretation :i* ! natives design$ly gave him4 ,! lett]+ 9 ! above figure is by ! late ,dr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,b]5dt1 & 0 obta9$ by him f o!r books ( ,*ilan ,balam1 & native s\rces4 ,9 ,cogolludo's "w1 ?is design is surr\nd$ by ?irte5 heads :i* signify ! ?irte5 ahau katuns1 or great] cycles ( ye>s1 z ,i h expla9$ else:]e4#fj ,! numb] ?irte5 9 ,am]ican my?ology symbolizes ! ?irte5 possible directions ( space4#fa ,! bord]1 !re=e1 expresses ! totality ( ,space & ,"t2 & ! design itself symbolizes ,life )9 ,space & ,"t4 ,?is is %[n z foll[s3 ,at ! bottom ( ! field lies a cubical block1 :i* repres5ts ! e>?1 always conceiv$ ( ?is %ape 9 ,mayan my?ology4#fb ,x be>s1 h[ev]1 n ! lett]+1 lum1 ! ,e>?1 z we might expect1 b1 significantly1 tem1 ! ,alt>4 ,! ,e>? is ! great alt> ( ! ,gods1 & ! (f]+ ^u x is ,life4 ,above ! e>?-cube1 support$ on f\r legs :i* re/ ^u ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! mundane plane1 is ! cele/ial vase1 cum1 :i* conta9s ! heav5ly wat]s1 ! ra9s & %[]s1 on :i* dep5ds ! life ( vegetation1 & !re=e t ( ! animal _w z well4 ,above x hang ! heavy ra9 cl\ds1 muyal1 ready to fill x2 )9 x gr[s ! yax *e1 ! ,tree ( ,life1 spread+ its bran*es f> upw>d1 on _! extremities ! fl[]s or fruit ( life1 ! s\l or immortal pr9ciple ( man1 call$ ol or yol4#fc ,turn+ n[ to ! c5tral design ( :at has be5 call$ ! 8,tableau ( ! ,bacabs10 9 ! ,codex ,cortesianus1 ,fig4 #aj1 we c readily see 9 ! light ( ! above explanation t its lesson is ! same4 ,! design is surr\nd$ by ! signs ( ! tw5ty days1 beyond :i* ! field 7n %[n 9 ?is cut7 is apportion$ to ! f\r c>d9al po9ts & ! deities & "t-cycles connect$ ) !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,our ,fir/ ,p>5ts4 7,f ! ,cortesian ,codex47 ,aga9 x is ,life )9 ,space & ,"t :i* ! arti/ pres5ts4 ,! e>? is n repres5t$2 b we readily recognize 9 conv5tionaliz$ =m ! great ,tree ( ,life1 across x ! cele/ial ,vase1 & above x ! cl\d-masses4 ,on ! "r sits ,cuculcan1 on ! left ,xmucane1 ! div9e pair call$ 9 ! ,popol ,vuh 8! ,creator & ! ,=m]1 ,gr&fa!r & ,gr&mo!r ( ! race1 :o give ,life1 :o give ,reproduction40#fd ,9 8 "r h& ,cuculcan holds ?ree glyphs1 ea* conta9+ ! sign ( ,life1 ik4 ,xmucane has be=e h] "o ) ! sign ( union 7sexual72 above x1 "o conta9+ ! life-sign 7product ( union72 & ^! are surm\nt$ by ! head ( a fi%1 symboliz+ ! fructify+ & mo!rly wat]s4 ,! total ext5sion ( ! field 9 ^! designs resembles ! glyph a 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,x is f\nd 9 bo? ,mayan & ,mexican ,,mss41#fe & expresses ! conception ^! peoples _h ( ! ,univ]se4 ,h5ce ,i give x ! "n ( ! 8cosmic sign40 #d4 ,pictorial ,repres5tations ( ,div9ities4 ,turn+ to ! ,codices & ! monum5ts ) ! above my?ological lore 9 "o's memory1 x seems to me !re is no difficulty 9 id5tify+ mo/ ( ! pictures pres5t$ by !m4 ,t ?is has n be5 accompli%$ h]et(ore1 ,i attribute to ! neglect ( ! my?s by previ\s writ]s1 & a p]si/5t desire to discov] 9 ! my?ology ( ! ,mayas1 n ! div9ities :i* !y !mselves wor%ipp$1 b ^? ( "s o!r nation1 z ! ,nahuas1 ,qui*es1 ,zapotecs1 or ,pueblo dwell]s4#ff ,i %all pay small att5tion to su* analogies1 z ! ,mayas _h a religion ( _! own1 & x is t :i* ,i wi% to def9e4 ,we may turn fir/ to !-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,monogram ( ,itzamna4 ,repres5tations ( ,itzamna4--,i h no hesitation 9 id5tify+ ,itzamna ) ! 8god ,b10 z catalogu$ by ,dr4 ,s*ellhas 9 8 excell5t /udy ( ! div9ities ( ! ,codices1#fg & :i* he believes to be ,cuculcan1 :ile ! ,abb ,brasseur1 foll[$ by ,dr4 ,sel]1 argue1 t x is a 8,tlaloc0 or ,*ac1 i4 e41 a ra9 god4#fh ,he is extremely prom95t 9 ! ,codices1 be+ pa9t$ 9 ! ,dresd5 ,codex alone n less ?an #acj times1 & 9 ! o!rs ab\t #gj times4 ,no o!r deity has half s _m repres5tations1 & we may well believe1 !re=e1 t he 0 ! ,jove ( _! ,pan!on4 ,?is at once sugge/s ,itzamna2 b a phrase ( ! hi/orian ,cogolludo leaves no d\bt ab\t x4 ,! 8god ,b0 is associat$ ) ! signs ( ! ea/1 & 8 especial & inv>iable *>act]i/ic are two long1 s]p5t-l tee?1 :i* project f 8 m\?1 "o 9 front1 ! o!r to ! side & backw>d4#fi ,^! traits enable u to id5tify 8,b0 ) ,lak9 ,*an1 8! s]p5t ( ! ea/10 :o 0 portray$ 8) /rangely de=m$ tee?10 & ?is 0 unque/ionably b ano!r "n = ,itzamna1 ! god ( ! ea/4#gj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,itzamna3 f ! ,codex ,troano4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,itzamna3 f ! ,inscription ( ,kabah4 ,an abundance ( evid5ce may be adduc$ to confirm ?is op9ion4 ,?is deity is repres5t$ 9 close relations ) ! s]p5t1 hold+ x 9 8 h&1 sitt+ ^u x1 ev5 swall[$ by x1 or em]g+ f its ?roat4 ,z a 8m$ic9e man0 he c>ries ! 8m$ic9e bag10 & ! w& or baton1 call$ 9 ,maya caluac1 8! p]=at$ /ick10#ga surm\nt$ ) a h&1 h9t+ at 8 "n above giv51 ,kabil1 ! ,skilful ,h&4 ,he is (t5 9 a boat1 to recall 8 adv5t ov] ! ea/]n sea1 & he is frequ5tly associat$ ) ! %[]s1 z 0 ,itzamna1 :o said ( himself1 itz en muyal1 itz en caan1 8,i am :at trickles f ! cl\ds1 f ! sky40 ,z ! ris+ sun :i* dispels ! d>kness1 or else z ! physician :o heals disease1 he is portray$ sitt+ on ! head ( ! owl1 ! bird ( night & sickness2 & z ! giv] ( life he is associat$ ) ! emblem ( ! snail1 typical ( bir?4 ,he himself is nev] connect$ ) ! symbols ( dea? or mis=tune1 b always ) ^? ( life & light4 ,! lance & tomahawk :i* he (t5 c>ries are to drive away ! spirits ( evil4 ,besides ! above peculi>ities1 he is portray$ z an eld]ly man1 8 nose is long & curv$ d[nw>d1 8 eye is always ! 8ornam5t$ eye10 :i* 9 ! ,maya ,codices indicates a div9ity4 ,he is associat$ ) all f\r qu>t]s ( ! globe1 = ! ,ea/ def9es ! c>d9al po9ts2 & :at is especially int]e/+1 x is he :o is connect$ ) ! ,maya 8,tree ( ,life10 ! celebrat$ symbol ( ! cross1 f\nd on s _m anci5t monum5ts ( ?is p & :i* has excit$ s mu* comm5t4 ,?is ,i %all consid] lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,itzamna3 f ! ,dresd5 ,codex4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,mask ( ,itzamna 7874 ,we "k f ! my?ology t ,itzamna1 l mo/ deities1 0 multi=m1 appe>+ 9 v>i\s inc>nations4 ,9 ! c]emonies ?is 0 repres5t$ by masks2 ) ?is 9 m9d ,i class z m]ely "o ( ! =ms or epiphanies ( ,itzamna t figure 9 ! ,codices describ$ by ,dr4 ,s*ellhas z a sep>ate deity1 8! god ) ! ornam5tal nose10 :om he catalogues z 8god ,k40 ,i am l$ to ?is conclusion by a c>eful /udy ( all ! pictographs 9 :i* ?is deity appe>s2 !y all seem to %[ t x is ,itzamna we>+ a mask to indicate "s "o manife/ation ( 8 p[] 7see especially ,cod4 ,dresd541 pp4 #g1 #ab1 #be1 #bf1 & #cd1 #fe1 & #fg1 :]e ,itzamna is c>ry+ ! mask on 8 head74 ,t !re is a p>ticul> monogram = ?is "* m]ely indicates t x 0 a sep>ate my?ological manife/ation1 n a diff]5t deity4 ,a rem>kable & con/ant feature 9 ! repres5tations ( ,itzamna is 8 nose4 ,?omas calls x 8elephant9e10 b1 z ,waldeck & ,sel] h %[n1 x is und\bt$ly int5d$ to imitate ! sn\t ( ! tapir4#gb ,:5 we rememb] t ?is animal 0 sacr$ to ,votan1 :o play$ ! same "p 9 ,*iapas t ,itzamna did 9 ,yucatan1 divid+ & nam+ ! l&1 etc42 & t ! int]e/+ slate tablets f ,*iapas1 9 ! ,national ,museum ( ,mexico1 portray ! sacr$ tapir 9 intimate connection ) ! symbol ( ! h&1#gc t associat$ ) ,itzamna1--we are l$ to id5tify ! two my?ical p]sonages z "o & ! same4 ,accord+ to ,bi%op ,l&a ! tapir 0 n f\nd 9 ,yucatan except on ! we/]n %ore ne> ! bay ( ,campe*e1#gd :i* %[s t ! my? ( ! tapir god 0 import$ f ,tz5tal t]ritory4 ,x may be ask$ :y ! tapir1 a dull animal1 lov+ swamps & d>k recesses ( ! =e/s1 %\ld h be5 *os5 to repres5t a div9ity ( light4 ,i reply1 t x arose f ! 8ikonomatic0 me?od ( writ+4 ,! ^w = tapir 9 ,maya is tzim91 9 ,tz5tal tzem51 & f ! simil>ity ( ?is s\nd to i-tzam-na ! animal came to be select$ z 8 symbol4 ,no su* sacr$ness atta*$ to ! brute among ! ,qui*es1 = 9 _! tongue ! allusive s\nd did n exi/1 ! tapir be+ call$ tixl4 ,?is rebus also confirms ! id5tity ( ,itzamna ) ! tapir-nos$ deity ( ! ,codices4#ge ,! annual fe/ival to ,itzamna 0 call$ ,pocam1 8! cleans+40 ,on t occasion ! prie/s1 array$ 9 all _! insignia1 assembl$ 9 ! h\se ( _! pr9ce4 ,fir/1 !y invok$ ,itzamna z ! f\nd] ( _! ord] & burn$ to him inc5se ) fire newly made f ! friction ( /icks4 ,next !y spread out ^u a table cov]$ ) gre5 leaves ! sacr$ books1 & asp]g$ _! pages ) wat] drawn f a spr+ ( :i* no woman _h ev] ta/$4 ,?is 0 ! c]emonial 8cleans+40 ,!n ! *ief prie/ arose & decl>$ ! progno/ics = ! com+ ye> z writt5 9 ! holy records4#gf ,we may well believe t ! ,dresd5 ,codex1 pages #bi-dc1 :i* are entirely tak5 up ) ! de$s & c]emonies ( ,itzamna1 0 "o ( ! books spread out on ?is solemn occasion4 ,repres5tations ( ,cuculcan4--,z ,i believe ! reasons above giv5 are suffici5t to e/abli% ! id5tity ( ! 8god ,b10 ( ,dr4 ,s*ellhas' catalogue1 ) ,itzamna1 s ,i ?9k 8 8god ,d0 is ,cuculcan4#gg ,he himself believes x to be a 8night god10 or a 8moon god10 :ile ,dr4 ,sel] consid]s x to portray ,itzamna4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,monogram ( ,cuculcan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,cuculcan1 ) owl head-dress4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ?is div9ity are3 ,a face ( an old man1 ) sunk5 m\? & too?less jaws1 except "o too? 9 ! l[] jaw1 :i*1 9 ! ,tro4 & ,cortes4 ,codices1 is exagg]at$ z a di/9ctive sign2 he has ! 8ornam5t$ eye0 peculi> to deities2 & to 8 =ehead is atta*$1 or ov] x hangs1 an affix1 :i* g5]ally be>s ! sign akbal1 :i* means 8d>kness10 because he is ! sett+ or night sun2 = :i* reason 8 head-dress is (t5 ! horns ( ! e>$ owl4 ,he is cle>ly a b5efic5t deity1 & is nev] associat$ ) symbols ( mis=tune or dea?4 ,inde$1 he is at times evid5tly a god ( bir?1 be+ accompani$ ) ! symbol ( ! snail1 above expla9$1 & is sometimes associat$ ) wom5 app>5tly z an ob/etrician4 ,he is connect$ ) s]p5t emblems1 & holds 9 8 h& a sacr$ rattle =m$ ( ! rattles ( ! rattlesnake4 ,all ^! traits co9cide ) ! my?s ( ,cuculcan2 b :5 we p]ceive t he1 & he alone ( all ! deities1 is occasionally depict$ ) a be>d "u 8 *91 j z ,cuculcan wore 9 ! leg5d1 ! id5tification becomes complete4#gh ,! mo/ /rik+ ( 8 repres5tations1 & t :i* is mo/ di/9ctive ( 8 id5tity ) ! 8gre5-fea!r$ s]p5t10 is ! picture :i* ext5ds ov] pp4 #d & #e1 middle1 ( ! ,dresd5 ,codex4 ,"h he is se5 ) face em]g+ f ! m\? ( ! great1 gre5-fea!r$ snake-dragon1 indicative ( 8 own p]sonality1 8 hi]oglyph imm$iately above 8 head4#gi ,repres5tations ( ,k9 i*4--,z has already be5 obs]v$1 ! sun at noon1 conceiv$ z a div9ity1 did n occupy a prom95t place 9 ,maya my?ology2 & ?is is also ! case 9 ! pictorial designs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,monogram ( ,k9 i*4 ,!re is no d\bt z to 8 repres5tation4 ,x is accompani$ by ! well-kn[n ideogram ( ! sun scatt]$ ov] 8 body & repres5t$ above him4 ,x w be se5 on a lat] page4 ,he is ri*ly array$ ) l>ge e>-r+s & a *>act]i/ic1 prom95t nose decoration4 ,he has ! 8ornam5t$ eye0 & a full head dress4 7,god 8,g0 ( ,s*ellhas47 ,proce$+ n[ to consid] o!r div9ities ( ! b5efic5t class1 ,i beg9 )-- ,repres5tations ( ,xaman ,ek1 ! ,pole ,/>4--,?is is ! 8god ,c1 ( ! ornam5t$ face10 ( ,dr4 ,s*ellhas' li/1 :o sugge/s its id5tity ) ! pole />4 ,! v *>act]i/ic face recurs extremely frequ5tly1 especially 9 ,codices ,troano1 ,cortesianus1 & ,p]esianus4 ,we h evid5tly to d ) an important div9ity1 &1 z ,dr4 ,s*ellhas says1 8"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & difficult figures 9 ! manuscripts40 ,t x is ! p]sonification ( a /> he argues1 7#a7 f ! r+ ( rays ) :i* x is surr\nd$1 ,cod4 ,cort41 p4 #aj2 7#b7 f its appe>ance 9 ! 8con/ellation b&20 7#c7 f its surm\nt+ 9 c]ta9 pictures ! 8tree ( life20 & t x is ! ,nor? ,/> is %[n by its pres5ce 9 ! hi]oglyph ( t qu>t] & its association ) ! sign = nor?4 ,!re is ano!r1 &1 to me1 decisive argum5t1 :i* at once confirms ,dr4 ,s*ellhas' op9ion1 & expla9s :y ! nor? /> is repres5t$ by ?is peculi>1 decorat$ face4 ,! t]m = 8nor?0 9 ,maya is xaman1 :5ce xaman ek1 nor? />4 ,! only o!r ^w 9 ! language :i* at all resembles ?is is xama*1 ! flat1 decorat$ plate or di% 7,nahuatl1 comalli7 on :i* tortillas1 etc41 are s]v$4 ,9 ! rebus-writ+ ! decorations on ! rim ( ?is di% 7 conv5tionally transf]r$ to ! face ( ! deity1 s z to di/+ui% x by recall+ ! famili> ut5sil4 ,= a simil> reason x is also call$ 8! %ield />10 *imal ek 7l *imal ik1 nor? w9d72 b z ?is is a =eign ^w 7f ! ,nahuatl1 *imalli1 %ield71 x 0 d\btless lat] & local4 ,i %all ref] to ?is peculi> edg+ or bord] z ! 8pott]y decoration10 & we %all f9d x else:]e4 ,t ! figure is associat$ at times ) all f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w1 & also ) ! supreme numb] #ac 7see above1 p4 #bd71 are n at all aga9/ ! id5tification1 z ,dr4 ,s*ellhas seems to ?9k1 b 9 favor ( x2 = at night1 all f\r directions are recogniz$ by ! position ( ! pole2 & its immovable relation to ! o!r cele/ial bodies seems to indicate t x belongs above ! highe/4 ,! ,nor? ,/> is especially spok5 ( z 8! guide ( m]*ants40 ,its repres5tation is associat$ ) symbols ( peace & pl5ty 7remov+ ! cont5ts ( a tall vase1 ,c4 ,cortes41 p4 #dj2 seat$ "u a canopy1 ibid41 p4 #bi74 ,9 front ( 8 =ehead is atta*$ a small vase1 ! cont5ts ( :i* are trickl+ into 8 m\? 7874 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,! ,nor? ,/> ,god4 ,he is especially prom95t 9 ! e>li] pages ( ! ,cod4 ,p]es41 :]e 8 pres5ce seems to h be5 practically ov]look$ by previ\s writ]s2 & x is true t ! draw+s are ne>ly eras$4 ,close inspection w %[1 h[ev]1 t he is portray$ on bo? sides ( ! long column ( figures :i* runs up ! middle ( page #c4 ,on ! left1 he is seat$ on ! 8,tree ( ,life10 z 9 ,cod4 ,troanus1 p4 #ag1 a 7:i* is gr[+ f ! vase ( ! ra9s1 precisely z 9 ,cod4 ,tro41 #ad1 b1 :]e ! />-god is sail+ 9 ! vase itself74 ,on ! "r ( ! column he is %[n 9 ! d>kness ( night 7on a black backgr\nd71 hold+ 9 8 h& ! kan symbol ( =tune & food4 ,a simil> contra/ is on page #g1 :]e on ! "r ( ! column he is se5 above ! fi%1 & on ! left1 9 ! d>k1 aga9 ) ! kan symbol4 ,on ! int]m$iate page he is seat$ opposite ! figure ( ,k9 i* ,ahau1 :i* is head d[nw>d1 signify+ t :5 ! sun is abs5t ! pole /> rules ! sky4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,! ,bee god4 7,codex ,troano47 ,repres5tations ( ! ,planet ,v5us4--,9 view ( ! prom95t "p :i* ! ,v5us-ye> plays 9 ! calculations ( ! ,codices1 x has surpris$ /ud5ts t no pictorial figures ( ?is bright /> appe> on _! pages4 ,on ?is po9t ,i h "s sugge/ions to make4 ,9 "o "p ( ! ,codex ,troano 7pp4 #a99-aj997 !re are a great _m--ne>ly fifty--pictures ( an insect resembl+ a bee 9 desc5d+ flight4 ,^! pages h be5 expla9$ by ,?omas z relat+ to apiculture & ! fe/ivals ( ! bee-keep]s1 & by ,sel]1 :o rejects t r5d]+1 z ref]r+ g5]ally to ! desc5t ( deities to receive (f]+s4 ,direction d[nw>d is indicat$ n only by ! position ( ! insect1 b by ! accompany+ hi]oglyph1 :i* reads caban1 ! fir/ syllable ( :i*1 cab1 means 8d[nw>d40 ,my sugge/ion is t 9 ?is bee-l insect we h an ikonomatic allusion to ! ,ev5+ ,/>1 :i*1 z ,i h already /at$1 0 sometimes call$ xux ek1 8! bee or wasp />40#hj ,n only is ! picture phonetically appropriate1 & ! 8sign0 consi/5t1 b t a deity is ref]r$ to is %[n by ?ree an?ropomorphic pictures ( ! bee 7two on p4 #d99 & "o on p4 #e9974 ,fur!rmore1 ! 8sign0 or monogram ( ! bee deity 7,fig4 #bj7 appe>s on ! s-call$ 8title pages0 ( ! ,cod4 ,tro4 & ,cod4 ,cortes41 adjac5t to t ( ! nor? />1 indicat+ t ano!r /ell> deity is repres5t$4 ,! object t[>d :i* ! insect desc5ds is g5]ally ei!r a fire1 or t %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4ha ,?is 0 suppos$ by ,brasseur to be a honeycomb1 & by ,sel]1 a food (f]+4 ,x is almo/ precisely ! conv5tional repres5tation ( ! cl\ds1 z may be not$ 9 ! int]e/+ sc5e on ,cod4 ,tro41 p4 #e991 :]e ?is object is plac$ ^u ! e>?1 bel[ :i* is ! cl\d symbol4 ,(t5 x is yell[i%1 a po9t :i* has be5 urg$ 9 pro( t x is honey4 ,does x n mean ! gold5-hu$ cl\ds ( sunset1 & ! fire1 ! flame ( ! sett+ sun1 into :i* ! ,ev5+ ,/> desc5ds8 ,! sign caban1 8d[nw>d10 naturally ref]s to ! ,e>?4#hb ,?i!r s9ks ! /> ( ev5+ to jo9 ! dep>t$ orb ( day2 h5ce ?is /> my?ically becomes ! ,e>?-goddess1 ! associate ( ! sett+ sun4 ,cuculcan is v frequ5tly depict$ 9 relation to an old crone1 hav+1 l himself1 b "o too?1 &1 l himself1 ev] engag$ 9 k9dly (fices1 good to m54 ,%e1 ,i take x1 is ! ,ev5+ ,/> 9 h] epiphany z ,"m ,e>?1 s\rce ( life1 ance/ress ( ! race4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,monograms ( ! ,bee ,god4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,(f]+s to ! ,bee ,god4 ,a /rik+ v]bal analogy supports ?is4 ,9 ! ,popol ,vuh1 ! sacr$ book ( ! ,qui*es1 ! 8fea!r$ s]p5t10 ,gukumatz1 is positively said to be ! bisexual pr9ciple ( life repres5t$ by ! male ,xpiyacoc & ! female ,xmucane1 ance/or & ance/ress ( all t is4#hc ,"h1 x-mucane is mo/ likely ! ,qui*e fem99e =m ( muc 7ul7 canan1 :i* is a ,tz5tal "n = ! planet ,v5us1 z ,i h already m5tion$4#hd ,my conclusion is1 !re=e1 t ! old woman s frequ5tly associat$ ) ,cuculcan is ! ,ev5+ ,/>1 9 h] =m z ! ,e>?-,goddess4 ,i %all recur to h] on a lat] page4 ,i ?9k all ^! repres5tations ( ! bee %\ld be int]pret$ z indicat+ ! movem5ts ( ,v5us1 & ! my?ical conceptions ) :i* !y 7 connect$ 9 ! native m9d4 ,repres5tation ( ,ghanan1 ,god ( ,gr[? & ,f]tility4--,bi%op ,nuez de la ,vega tells u t 9 ! cal5d> he discov]$ among ! natives ( 8 diocese1 ! f\r? 8sign0 or day correspond$ to ! ,mexican ,c5teotl1 god ( f]tility & ! maize h>ve/s4 ,?is f\r? day 9 ! ,tz5tal cal5d> bore ! "n ,ghanan1 & on turn+ to ! ,tz5tal ,diction>y prep>$ by ,fa!r ,l>a1 we f9d t ghan is ! g5]al t]m = ! e> ( maize2 aghan1 :5 ! gra9s are /ill s(t4 ,8 repres5tations 9 ! ,codices are mod]ately frequ5t & q peculi>4 ,!y all pres5t 9 a m>k$ degree ! flatt5+ ( ! =ehead & prolongation ( ! occiput upw>d :i* is s /rik+ 9 _m ( ! sculptures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,f ! ,head-dress ( ! ,god ( ,gr[?4 ,dr4 ,s*ellhas1 inde$ 7:o catalogues him z 8,god ,e071 is s impress$ by ?is t he argues t all su* =ms 7 imag9>y1 obta9$ by ! arti/s ?r\gh copy+ ! conv5tional draw+s ( an e> ( maize arrang$ z a head-dress4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is go+ too f>1 z !re is evid5ce1 d]iv$ f anci5t skulls1 t c]ta9 classes ( ,maya prie/s us$ to h ! head artificially flatt5$ 9 ?is mann]4#he ,p]haps !y 7 ^? de/9$ = ! s]vice ( ?is or simil> deities4 ,! (ficiants on ! ,pal5que 8,tablet ( ! ,cross10 pres5t+ (f]+s to ! 8tree ( life10 are bo? de=m$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! maize god is associat$ ) symbols ( food1 ( vegetable gr[?1 & ( prosp]ity4 ,he c>ries a vase or is draw+ =? ! cont5ts ( "o1 ,cod4 ,cort41 p4 #dj2 he is se5 ) ! loom1 ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #de1 & he g5]ally has ab\t him ! kan symbol1 t ( means & com=t4 ,repres5tations ( ! ,s]p5t ,goddess4--,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ pictures 9 ! ,codices is ! ,s]p5t ,goddess1 ^: famili> is ! rattlesnake1 :i* %e we>s z a head-dress or z a girdle4 ,%e is depict$ z an old woman1 h] co/ume ample & (t5 spl5did1 decorat$ ) embroid]y & bells1 ) necklace & e>-r+s ( jade4 ,9 expression %e is sev]e1 h] lips protrude 9 ang]1 & h] h&s & feet sometimes end 9 claws4 ,! s9i/] cross-bones sometimes decorate h] skirts4 ,h] bus9ess is ) wat] & ! ra9s4 ,%e is p\r+ f a vase 7,cod4 ,dres41 pp4 #dc1 #fg1 #gd72 or wat] is fl[+ f h] armpits1 h&s1 & mamm2 or %e is eject+ x =cibly f h] m\? 7,cod4 ,tro41 pp4 #be1 #bg1 #cd9974 ,%e is1 h[ev]1 n always repres5t$ z 9 old age1 or else !re 0 ano!r s]p5t goddess 9 ! my?ology2 = 9 a numb] ( places a simil> s]p5t9e head-dress is borne by a "y woman :o holds a vase conta9+ ! rattles ( ! rattlesnake 7,cod4 ,dres41 pp4 #ae1 #ah72 or 7ibid41 p4 #bj71 a figure :i* %[s sev5 black dots4 ,may ?is be a sign ( ! con/ellation ( ! ,pleiades1 :i* 9 ! ,maya language bore ! same "n z ! rattles ( ! rattlesnake1 tzab8 ,z to ! signification ( ! s]p5t goddess1 ,i ?9k !re c be no "q ( x1 f a /udy ( h] appe>ance1 signs1 & associations4 ,%e 0 ! p]sonification ( ! ?und]/orm4 ,! vase %e empties is ! desc5d+ torr5t ( ra91 ! rattles %e c>ries are ! ?und]claps1 h] sev]e mi5 is ! t]ror inspir$ by ! d9 ( ! elem5ts4 ,9 ,maya1 ! ^w = 8?und]10 pec*ac1 is d]iv$ f ! n\n pec1 :i* means 8a s\nd l t ( a bell or rattle0 7,dicc4 ,motul74 ,repres5tations ( ,xmucane4--,a ?ird goddess :o c be cle>ly di/+ui%$ is "o ) features ( an old woman1 h] face wr9kl$1 h] m\? sunk51 & b "o too? left 9 h] l[] jaw4 ,%e usually we>s h] hair 9 a peculi> /yle1 two wisps or ends ( x twi/$ above h] head4 ,%e does n appe> 9 ! ,p]esianus1 & p]haps n 9 ! ,dresd5 manuscript1 b holds a prom95t place 9 ! ,troanus & ,cortesianus4 ,h] occupations are peaceable2 %e is weav+ on a loom 7,c4 ,tro41 p4 #aa71 c>ry+ a plate ( cakes1 etc4 7,cod4 ,cortes41 pp4 #aj1 #aa74 ,9 appe>ance %e is ! female c\nt]p>t ( ,cuculcan1 & is pla9ly int5d$ to repres5t 8 companion or wife4 ,9 ! 8,tableau des ,bacabs0 ( ! ,codex ,cortes41 ^! two alone are repres5t$ sitt+ "u ! c5tral 8tree ( life10 :]e !y are plac$ back to back 7see above1 p4 #di72 :ile 9 ! section ( ! tableau %[+ ! ,we/1 !y are plac$ face to face1 %e seat$ "u a canopy hung ) black & r$ dott$ l9es4 ,9 h]1 !re=e1 we h a p]son ( great importance1 ! consort ( ,cuculcan1 intimately associat$ ) ! qu>t] ( ! ,we/ to :i* he belongs4 ,dr4 ,sel] has argu$ t %e 0 ! goddess ,ix *el1 & ! p]sonification ( ! ,e>?4 ,) ! la/ supposition ,i agree1 b n ) ! "n4 ,ix *el 0 di/9ctly by "n & my? ! goddess ( ! ra9b[4 ,mu* m probably we h 9 ?is anci5t crone1 z ,i h already said1 ! p]sonification ( ! ,ev5+ ,/>1 & ! ,e>?1 ,xmucane1 ! companion ( ! sun :5 worn out by 8 day's "w1 ^: home is ) him 9 ! ,we/1 & :om %e soon jo9s4 ,repres5tation ( ,ah-,pu*1 ,god ( ,dea?4--,next to ,itzamna1 god ( ,life1 ! god ( ,dea?1 ,ah-,pu*1 is repres5t$ mo/ frequ5tly on bo? ,codices & monum5ts4 ,9 ! =m] 8 picture is giv5 ab\t eighty times1 usually z a skeleton ) trem5d\s jaws1 always ) fle%less skull & backbone1--a true 8,god ,b>ebones10 z ! ,dicc4 de ,motul describes him4 ,8 symbols are unmi/akeable1--! head ( a corpse & cross-bones1 ! ill-om5$ owl & ! rav5\s dog1--wond]fully 8,european0 inde$4 ,he has num]\s co/umes & head dresses1 "s q fanciful1 & occasionally bells are atta*$ to 8 ankles & clo?+4 ,"s ( 8 del9eations seem to reveal a s5se ( gha/ly humor1 z we see 9 ! m$ieval 8dance ( dea?40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,! ,god ( ,dea?4 7,f ! ,codices47 ,he is associat$ ) ! nor?1 because 9 t direction lay ! my?ical home ( dep>t$ s\ls2 b he is also pres5t 9 ! o!r qu>t]s ( ! compass1 = dea? kn[s no di/9ction ( places or p]sons4 ,besides ! cross-bones1 usually %[n z 9 ,fig4 #be1 ,no4 #a1 he (t5 be>s ! curi\s design ,no4 #b1hf :i* ,i take to be a maggot1 & 8 head-dress is sometimes z ,no4 #c1 decorat$ ) tee?1 or fl9ts1 ) rays4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,symbols ( ! ,god ( ,dea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,! ,god ( ,w>4 ,repres5tation ( ! ,god ( ,w>4--,frequ5tly associat$ ) ! figure ( dea? is t ( a deity ) a black l9e across 8 face4 ,?is is numb]$ by ,dr4 ,s*ellhas ! 8god ,f10 & call$ by him a 8god ( dea?40 ,mu* has be5 made ( ! l9e across 8 face z id5tify+ him ) ! ,mexican god ,xipe1 8! flay]20 b ?is is n a con/ant m>k ( ,xipe1 z ,fa!r ,duran nei!r m5tions x nor portrays x4 ,9 fact1 x is no?+ m ?an ! l9e ( black pa9t a?w>t ! face :i* meant 8w>0 v g5]ally among ! ,am]ican ,indians4 ,an inspection ( ! pictures cle>ly indicates t ?is is a w> god4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,cod4 ,tr41 #bg991 #bh991 #bi99 c1 he is %[n repeat$ly at full l5g?1 arm$ ) a flam+ tor* 9 "o h& & a fl9t knife 9 ! o!r1 fir+ ! canopies ( pr9ces1 8 body /rip$ ) w>-pa9t l 8 face1 foll[+ ! god ( dea?1 :o goes be=e him beat+ on a drum & s++ a song ( w> 7z %[n by ! l9es issu+ f 8 m\?74 ,9 ,cod4 ,dresd541 p4 #f e1 he we>s a w> helmet ) nose-piece1 & 8 body is black-/rip$ also4 ,:i* ( ! gods ( w> ,i h nam$ ?is lead+ "o may h be51 ,i leave undet]m9$4 ,repres5tations ( ,ek ,ahau & ,o!r ,black ,gods4--,9 ! ,codices !re are ab\t fifty figures pa9t$ black1 evid5tly int5d$ to repres5t deities suppos$ to be ?us color$4 ,=ty ( !m are 9 ! ,codex ,troano1 :i* is 9 p>ts devot$ to a prom95t "* ( ?is hue4 ,he is depict$ ) a trucul5t expression1 a r$di%-br[n b& ar\nd 8 m\?1 & ) a l>ge1 hang+ "u-lip4 ,he is g5]ally arm$ & (t5 fight+4 ,8 figure is sometimes drawn unusually l>ge1 ( a f]oci\s appe>ance1 & c>ry+ a huge spe>1 a %ield1 a tomahawk1 a light$ tor*1 or o!r fe>ful sign ( w>4 7,see ,cod4 ,tro41 pp4 #bd1 #be47 ,previ\s writ]s h n be5 able to assign a "n to ?is deity4 ,pr(4 ,?omas sugge/$ t x 0 ,ek ,*uah1 said by ,l&a to be ! god ( ! cacao plant]s2 b to ?is1 ,s*ellhas objects t 8 w>like traits exclude su* a supposition4#hg ,s ! latt] ref]s to him m]ely z 8! god ,m40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,ek ,ahau1 ! ,black ,capta94 ,ab\t 8 "n1 h[ev]1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,! pa9t+s correspond precisely ) :at ,nuez de la ,vega tells u ( ! ,tz5tal div9ity ,ical ,ahau1 ,maya1 ,ek ,ahau1 names :i* he translates1 8! black *ief10 or1 8! k+ ( ! blacks40 ,he 0 report$ to h be5 8a fam\s w>rior & mo/ cruel40 ,he 0 depict$ 89 ! figure ( a f]oci\s blackamoor ) ! memb]s ( a man40#hh ,! 8blacks0 ( :om he 0 k+ 7 sev5 9 numb]1 & 7 pa9t$ 9 mo/ ( ! native cal5d>s :i* ! bi%op f\nd among ! ,tz5tals4 ,!y 7 ! signs ( sev5 days1 beg9n+1 he adds1 ) ,friday1 :i* may h be5 an errone\s explanation ( ! 8ma/]s40 ,among ! rema9d] ( ! sev5 7 d\btless ! god ,ek ,*uah1 ( ! cacao plant]s1 & ! god 8,l0 ( ,dr4 ,s*ellhas' li/4 ,! latt] is f\nd 9 ! ,cod4 ,dresd541 pp4 #g1 #ad1 #ba1 #bd1 #df2 b n at all 9 ! ,troanus4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t1 z ,dr4 ,s*ellhas obs]ves1 sev]al m9or black gods are depict$1 :i* is expla9$ by ! /atem5t ( ! ,bi%op ( ,*iapas1 t !re 7 sev5 ( !m4#hi #e4 ,! ,maya ,prie/hood4 ,n all ! designs ( ! inscriptions & ,codices are to be consid]$ deities1 h[ev]4 ,d\btless ! prie/s1 _! repres5tatives1 also appe>4 ,^! 7 num]\s & ( bo? sexes1 call$ respectively1 ah-k9 & ix-k91 ma/]s ( days & mi/resses ( days1 t is1 hav+ p[] to pr$ict auspici\s & inauspici\s days4 ,! *ief prie/ 0 v>i\sly call$ ah-k9 mai & ahau c mai1 ! ^w mai1 du/1 fragrance1 vapor1 ref]r+ to ! sacr$ rite ( bl[+ sub/ances ?r\gh a tube 9 incantation1 z we f9d (t5 repres5t$ 9 ! ,codices4#ij ,ahau c1 :i* at times means 8rattlesnake10 %\ld p]haps "h be translat$1 8ma/] ( words10 z ano!r t]m = ! high prie/ 0 ah-*un c1 :i* is r5d]$ 8"o :o has ! "r ( ! fir/ spee* 9 bus9ess2 also1 high prie/40 7,dicc4 ,motul47 ,!y 7 divid$ into a numb] ( classes ex]cis+ special functions2 z ! ah-mac ik1 :o conjur$ ! w9ds2 ! ah-uai *ac1 :o c\ld br+ ra9s2 ! ah-pul1 8fet*]s10 :o c\ld cause sickness1 induce sleep1 etc42 ! ah-uai xibalba1 :o made a specialty ( int]view+ dep>t$ spirits2 ! ah-cunal ?an1 :o conjur$ by magical words2 & o!rs4#ia ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,a ,maya ,prie/ess1 be>+ ! ,moan ,bird4 7,f ! ,dresd5 ,codex47 ,9 _! rites !y 7 accu/om$ to appe> 9 masks1 koh1 & dress$ 9 sk9s ( wild animals1 z tig]s1 etc4#ib ,_! c]emonies 7 (t5 pa9ful1 z ! old writ]s report1 & z ! words to express !m1 kup1 to cut1 ppeta1 to cry out ) pa91 te/ify4 ,?is is also abundantly %[n by ! pictures ( sc>ify+ ! body & transfixion ( ! tongue & e>s1 on ! monum5ts4 ,!y are said to h worn _! hair uncomb$ & long1 (t5 matt$ ) ! blood ( ! sacrifices4 ,! expression = ?is 0 hunhun buclah u tzotzel hol1 7el que trae l>gos revueltos y m>aados los cabellos como los tra5 los idolatras4 ,dicc4 ,motul74 #f4 ,fanciful ,analogies4 ,x 7 easy 9 ^! names1 my?s1 & pictures1 to pick out abundant analogies to ! my?ologies ( ,p]u & ,mexico1 ( ! ,pueblos & ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,x has be5 done ov] & ov] aga91 usually ) a total ov]sight ( ! only po9t 9 :i* su* analogies h mu* value--! simil>ity disclos$ ! _w ov] by indep5d5t evolutions ( ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,! ef=t by su* resemblances to prove id5tity ( hi/orical orig9 is to be deprecat$ :5ev] ! natural gr[? ( my?s & rites w expla9 ! facts consid]$4 ,= t reason ,i %all say no?+ ab\t 8,tlaloc deities10 8s]p5t gods10 etc41 ) :i* s _m pages ( o!r writ]s h be5 fruitlessly tak5 up4 ,t ! adjac5t nations ( equal culture influ5c$ ! p ( ,yucatan to "s ext5t1 0 no d\bt a fact4 ,x c\ld n h be5 o!rwise4 ,b t ! ,mayan my?ology & civilization 7 di/9ctly indep5d5t1 & 7 only sup]ficially t\*$ by _! neighbors1 ,i am deeply conv9c$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 j h[ f> ! influ5ce ( ?is pot5t & p]sonal culture ( ! ,mayas ext5d$1 x is difficult to delimit4 ,i h f\nd no trace ( its peculi> =ms 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 nor any:]e 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 beyond ! b\nd>ies )9 :i* t extraord9>y cal5d> 0 accept$1 ^u :i* s mu* ( x 0 bas$2 b ?is1 z ,i h %[n else:]e1 includ$ n less ?an sev5 entirely diff]5t l+ui/ic /ocks4#ic #g4 ,total ,numb] ( ,repres5tations4 ,! actual progress t[>d an analysis ( ! pictorial elem5ts ( ! ,codices :i* ! above id5tifications indicate1 may be/ be %[n by a few /ati/ics4 ,i f9d t ! total numb] ( figures ( m5 & wom51 or ( an?ropomorphic deities1 :i* are pres]v$ 9 ! manuscripts1 is j ab\t #iej1 ( :i* #hbe are males & #abe are females4 ,!y are di/ribut$ z foll[s3-- ,codex ,p]esianus1 #dj males no females ,codex ,cortesianus1 #aeg males #f females ,codex ,troanus1 #cde males #dg females ,codex ,dresd5sis1 #bhc males #gb females ------ ------ #hbe #abe ,conf9+ our att5tion to ! male deities1 ! attributes ( :i* h be5 above describ$1 we f9d _! pictures are di/ribut$ z foll[s3--#id ,,p]esianus4 ,,cortesianus4 ,,troanus4 ,,dresd5sis4 ,itzamna1 #d #cj #cb #acj ,cuculcan1 #bb #ed #bj ,k9 ,i*1 #d #b #h #bb ,xaman ,ek1 #g #bj #bj #e ,! ,god ( ,maize1 #af #fj #f ,ah ,pu*1 #b #ba #be #bi ,! ,god ( ,w>1 #i #c #bf #ac ,! ,black ,gods1 #b #b #ci #d ,total1 #bh #aaf #bfd #bbi ,?is gives a total ( #fch figures :i* h be5 recogniz$2 9 o!r words1 m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! :ole numb]4 ,( ! rema9d] a consid]able portion are unimportant m5 & p]sons1 victims ( sacrifice1 captives1 att5dants1 etc42 o!rs are prie/s or (ficiants 9 c]emonies2 all[+ = :i*1 x is c]ta9 t no prom95t figure 9 ,mayan my?ology "u ! human =m rema9s to be discov]$ 9 ! ,codices4 ,?is is a satisfactory result1 & %[s t1 z f> z _! pictographs g1 ! cont5ts ( ^! once my/]i\s volumes are sc>cely an unsolv$ enigma4 #h4 ,figures ( ,quadrup$s4 ,! pictorial portions ( ! ,codices conta9 del9eations ( v>i\s animals1 "s ( :i* are evid5tly introduc$ ) symbolical mean+s1 & o!rs probably s4 ,! dog1 ,maya1 pek1 is "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s4 ,x is ! native bre$1 ) smoo? coat & erect e>s4 ,9 _m in/ances x is associat$ ) ! sign = night1 akbal1 & ) ! god ( dea? 7,cod4 ,tro41 pp4 #b1 #c1 #cb1 #cc72 also ) ! /orm & ! lightn+4 ,= t reason ,dr4 ,s*ellhas & ,dr4 ,sel] reg>d him z a symbol ( lightn+4#ie ,b ,i am p]suad$ t :ile n disconnect$ ) ?is1 ! dog repres5ts prim>ily "s /> or con/ellation4 ,at times he is dott$ ) spots to repres5t />s1 ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #ba2 ! akbal sign ref]s to ! night4 ,8 body is (t5 9 human =m1 c>ry+ a tor* 9 ea* h&1 ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #ci4 7,comp>e ,cod4 ,tro41 p4 #bc9947 ,9 ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #dj1 he falls f ! sky2 & 9 ibid41 p4 #dg1 he is sla9 by ! %aft ( ,itzamna4 7,comp>e id4 #b1 :]e ,itzamna is sitt+ ^u him47 ,he plays on ! m$ic9e drum1 ,cod4 ,tro41 p4 #bj1 & is associat$ ) ! ra9s1 id4 pp4 #bf1 #bg4 ,he repres5ts ! end & beg9n+ ( "t-p]iods1 ,cod4 ,cort41 p4 #cb4 ,! spott$ leop>d1 ! jagu>1 ,maya1 balam1 ^: "n is atta*$ to ! ,*acs1 & :i* appe>s 9 ! cal5d> & 9 _m ( ! my?s ( ! ,mayan /ock1 is repres5t$ 9 a numb] ( passages ( ! ,codices1 z ,cod4 ,dres41 pp4 #h1 #bf2 ,cod4 ,tro41 pp4 #ag1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb4 ,9 "o "p1 ,cod4 ,tro41 #ad1 he ent]s dress$ z a w>rior ) a human body4 ,! monkey1 maax1 is n (t5 depict$1 b is f\nd ) a/ronomic relations1 ,cod4 ,tro41 #be992 8 sign is di/+ui%able by ! m>k$ly progna?ic jaws4 ,de] are num]\s1 especially 9 ! ,cod4 ,troanus1 :]e ! pages #i-ab are occupi$ ) a s]ies ( pictures ( ! animal 9 sn>es4 ,on page #ad a l>ge "o is %[n1 sitt+ on 8 rump1 8 organ erect & prom95t4 ,i h little d\bt ^! repres5t a con/ellation4 ,9 ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #b1 a composite figure ) de]'s ho(s appe>s ?ree times1 sail+ ?r\gh ! sky on ! s]p5t's head4 7,comp>e ,cod4 ,cort41 p4 #ad47 ,! small ed5tate1 ! n9e-b&$ armadillo1 ,tatusia novemc9cta1 9 ,maya1 iba*1 is %[n twice 9 ! ,cod4 ,tro41 bo? times caught "u a trap1 once1 p4 #i1 "u ! w9d sign1 aga91 p4 #bb991 "u ! cauac sign4 ,:at x repres5ts is unkn[n4 #i4 ,figures ( ,birds4 ,birds _h important symbolical functions1 & a numb] are figur$ 9 ! ,codices4 ,9 _! id5tification ,i h _h ! advantage ( ! advice ( ,mr4 ,witm] ,/one1 :o has pursu$ 8 orni?ological /udies 9 ,yucatan itself4 ,! foll[+ are recognizable3-- #a4 ,! r$ macaw1 ,ara macao1 ,maya1 moo or ahlo2 ! type is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,?is 0 ! symbol ( ,k9 i*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,bird ,symbols f ! ,codices4 #b4 ,! horn$ or e>$ owl1 a l>ge raptorial bird ( ! g5us ,bubo1 ,maya1 coz4#if ,he is usually %[n 9 full face to display 8 e>s or horns1 e4 g41 ,cod4 ,tro41 #ah994 ,he appe>s z an associate ( ! gods ( dea? & w>1 & symbolizes cl\ds1 d>kness1 & inauspici\s ev5ts4 ,8 horns frequ5tly appe> on ! head-dress ( ,cuculcan to indicate ! dep>t+ sun & night1 l ! akbal sign4 7,see ,cod4 ,tro41 pp4 #ai1 #bi991 #ce9947 ,he is (t5 associat$ ) ! numb] #ac1 & may repres5t 9 ! cal5d> ! #ac-;day p]iod4 #c4 ,two species ( vulture1 ! k+ vulture1 ,vultus papa1 & ! turkey vulture1 ,ca?>tes aura1 bo? abundant 9 ,yucatan1 ,maya1 ku* & ah*om4 ,! =m] is ! bird seat$ on ! 8tree ( life10 te>+ out ! eyes ( ! victim1 ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #c2 ,cod4 ,tro41 pp4 #ae1 #ag1 or ! entrails1 ,cod4 ,tro41 p4 #ae1 #ag4 ,! nak$ head & neck ( ! vulture on a human body is se5 ,cod4 ,dres41 pp4 #h1 #ac1 #ai1 #ch2 ,cod4 ,cort41 p4 #aj1 etc4 ,8 head is 8 monogram1 frequ5t 9 ,cod4 ,p]es41 pp4 #d1 #g1 #i1 etc4 7,see ,fig4 #bi1 ,no4 #b47 ,its body is sometimes black1 at o!rs m or less :ite4 #d4 ,! quetzal bird1 ,trogon spl5d5s1 is di/9ctly %[n 9 ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #af1 above ! middle figure4 #e4 ,! cre/$ falcon1 ,spiztus tyrannus1 ! moan bird1 9 ,maya muan or muyan4 ,?is has well-develop$ tufts ( erectile fea!rs on ! head & resembles 9 ! draw+s ! horn$ owl4 ,x is believ$ by ,fr/emann to be ! symbol ( ! ,pleiades2 by ,sel]1 to be associat$ ) ! cl\ds & ra9s4 ,bo? are probably correct4#ig 7,see ,fig4 #bh47 #f4 ,! pelican or cormorant is drawn ) a human body & ! 8fi% & oy/]s0 sign 9 ,cod4 ,cort41 pp4 #bj1 #ba4 #g4 ,blackbirds1 ( :i* two species live 9 ,yucatan1 are portray$ 9 ,cod4 ,tro41 p4 #ca4 #h4 ,! wild turkey is easily recogniz$ by 8 head & 8wattle0 among ! food (f]+s4 #aj4 ,figures ( ,reptiles4 ,among reptilians1 ! turtle or tortoise 7,maya1 ac7 is "o ( ! mo/ prom95t4 ,by ,dr4 ,s*ellhas x has also be5 call$ a ,blitz?i]1 or animal symbolical ( ! lightn+1 bas+ 8 op9ion especially on ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #dj1 :]e a human figure ) a tortoise head is se5 hold+ a tor* 9 ea* h&4 ,x is di/9ctly repres5t$ z a cele/ial body 9 ,cod4 ,cort41 pp4 #ac1 #ag1 #cg1 & #ch2 & :5 we are in=m$ t ! ,mayas call$ a portion ( ! con/ellation ,gem9i by ! "n 8! tortoise10 x is q cle> t we are deal+ ) an a/ronomical1 n a meteorological1 emblem4 ,dr4 ,fr/emann has advanc$ ! !ory t at lea/ "o & an important function ( ! tortoise 0 z a symbol ( ! summ] sol/ice1 9 accordance ) :i* he expla9s ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #dj2 & t on ! e>?-plane x indicat$ ! nor!a/ & nor?we/ directions4 ,8 argum5ts = ?is op9ion1 if n conclusive1 c]ta9ly atta* to x a high probability4 ,betwe5 ! tortoise & ! snail 7,maya1 hub or ut7 !re is 9 ! ,codices "s my?ical relation4 ,9 ! ,aztec symbolism ! snail is (t5 an emblem ( dea?2 b also ( bir?4 ,x is likely t ! same holds true ( ! ,maya designs4 ,! animal is associat$ di/9ctly ) ! b5efic5t deities1 notably ) ,itzamna & ,cuculcan1 ,cod4 ,dres41 #e & #cg4 ,b x is also visible 9 close relation ) ! god ( dea?1 ,cod4 ,dres41 pp4 #i1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #bc4 ,reg>d+ x z a c\nt]p>t ( ! tortoise1 ,dr4 ,fr/emann has giv5 v>i\s reasons = hold+ t x symbolizes ! w9t] sol/ice & ! directions s\?we/ & s\!a/1 & ?9ks x probable t x is f\nd 9 ! hi]oglyph ( ! mon? mol1 :i* occurs ab\t t season ( ! ye>4#ih ,! frog1 ,maya1 mu*1 uo1 is a well-kn[n symbol ( wat] & ! ra9s4 ,x is %[n fall+ f ! sky 9 ,cod4 ,cort41 p4 #ag2 & on p4 #ab1 ,itzamna1 9 8 "* z a ra9 god1 appe>s ) ! body ( "o4 ,! scorpion 7,maya1 z9aan7 is depict$ sev]al times1 especially 9 ,cod4 ,cort41 p4 #g1 & ,tro41 pp4 #i1 #ac1 :]e x is ( l>ge size4 ,its symbolic s5se is n cle>4 ,! ,mayas appli$ ! t]m z9aan ek1 8scorpion />s10 to a c]ta9 con/ellation1 b x is possible !y d]iv$ x f ! ,spani>ds4 ,ano!r possibility is t ! animal repres5ts ! e>?-plane4 ,! ^w z9aan is d]iv$ f ! radical z91 :i* means to /ret* out1 to ext5d2 & ! entire e>?1 z "o ext5d$ plane1 0 call$ z9il4 ,! rattlesnake appe>s to be ! only s]p5t :i* is repres5t$ z a symbol4 ,x 0 di/9ctively call$1 bo? 9 ,tz5tal & ,maya1 8! ,snake ,k+0 7,maya1 ahau c1 ,tz5tal1 aghau *an74 ,its rattles 7 t]m$ tzab1 & h5ce its "n ahau tzab c1 also 9 use4 ,accord+ to ! ,dicc4 ,motul1 ! natives believ$ !re 7 f\r v>ieties1 correspond+ to ! f\r sacr$ colors1 :ite1 black1 r$1 & yell[4 ,x is %[n 9 ! ,codices1 reali/ically1 bit+ a man's foot1 ,tro41 p4 #g2 a/ronomically1 9 ! sky among ! />s1 ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #dc2 ,cort41 pp4 #ab1 #ac2 z ! head-dress ( ! s]p5t goddess1 already describ$2 z ! companion ( ,itzamna & ,cuculcan1 frequ5tly2 z ! body ( ,itzamna1 ,cod4 ,cort41 #aj1 9 ,cod4 ,dres4 & ,cod4 ,tro4 ,x c>ries ! 8con/ellation b&10 & may g5]ally be reg>d$ z "o ( ! symbols ( ,"t4 #aa4 ,occupations & ,c]emonies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,a ,religi\s ,function4 7,f ! ,dresd5 ,codex47 ,among ! illu/rations are a numb] :i* ?r[ light on ! habits & cu/oms ( ! anci5t ,mayas4 ,we see p]sons engag$ 9 sp9n+ & weav+1 ,cod4 ,tro41 pp4 #aa991 #af991 etc41 ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #de2 o!rs mak+ idols1 ,cod4 ,tro41 p4 #ab991 ,dres41 p4 #f1 etc4 ,v>i\s religi\s c]emonies are pictur$1 z pi]c+ ! tongue1 ,cod4 ,tro41 pp4 #af991 #ag992 baptiz+ *ildr51 :i* 0 p]=m$ at ! age ( f\r ye>s1#ii ,cod4 ,tro41 #bj992 & ! important functions at ! end ( ! ye>s1 depict$ bo? 9 ,cod4 ,tro41 pp4 #bj-bd1 & ,cod4 ,dres41 pp4 #be-bh4ajj ,a curi\s sc5e is t ,fig4 #bi1 f ! ,dresd5 ,,ms41 p4 #ce4 ,9 ! c5t]1 re/+ ^u an alt> ( ?ree degrees surm\nt$ by ! sign caban1 e>?1 is ! head ( ! god ( f]tility1 8 s\l escap+ f 8 no/ril4 ,bel[1 on ea* side ( ! alt>1 are two figures1 "o play+ on a flute1 ! second on ! m$ic9e drum4 ,above are also two1 "o %ak+ ! sacr$ rattle1 ! second squatt$ be=e a flam+ alt>1 9 "o h& ! holy /aff1 caluac1 :ile ! o!r lifts above 8 head ! 8fi% & oy/]0 sign1 symbol ( ! products ( ! sea4 ,on ! "r h& are o!r (f]+s1 ! turkey & ! dog2 & bel[ !m a ladd]1 eb-*e1 probably signify+ ! day eb1 on :i* ?is c]emony took or %\ld take place4 ,its successful result is %[n 9 ! picture :i* foll[s x 9 ! ,codex4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^? :o w\ld foll[ ,fr/emann's 7& my own7 views 9 und]/&+ ! ,codices1 mu/ accu/om !mselves to look ^u ! animals1 plants1 objects1 & transactions !y depict z l>gely symbolic1 repres5t+ ! movem5ts ( ! cele/ial bodies1 ! *anges ( ! seasons1 ! meteorological v>iations1 ! revolutions ( ! sun1 moon1 & planets1 & ! l2 j z 9 ! anci5t zodiacs ( ! ,old ,_w we f9d simil> unc\? animals & impossible collocations ( images pres5t$4 ,! great snakes :i* /ret* across ! pages ( ! ,codices mean ,"t2 ! tor*es 9 ! h&s ( figures1 (t5 "o d[nw>d & "o upw>d1 indicate ! ris+ & ! sett+ ( con/ellations2 ! tortoise & ! snail m>k ! sol/ices2 ! mummi$ bodies1 ! disappe>ance f ! sky at c]ta9 seasons ( c]ta9 />s1 etc4 ,a high]1 a m pregnant1 &1 ,i believe1 ! only correct mean+ is ?us aw>d$ to ^! /range memorials4 ----- ,footnote #dc3 ,! acc\nt ( ,h]n&ez is giv5 by ,las ,casas1 ,hi/oria de las ,indias1 cap4 ,,cxxiii4 ,! monk says t ! pr9cipal lords alone knew ! hi/ories ( ! gods4 ,footnote #dd3 ,lizana's "w1 ( :i* only "o complete copy is kn[n to exi/ 79 ,madrid71 has be5 p>tly republi%$ by ,brasseur 9 ! ,app5dix to ,l&a1 ,cosas de ,yucatan4 ,he says ! vot>ies came f ,*iapas & ,tabasco1 p4 #cei4 ,footnote #de3 ,! ,dicc4 ,motul def9es ,hunab ,ku ?us3 8! "o true & liv+ ,god2 ! greate/ ( all ! gods ( ,yucatan 0 s nam$1 & he _h no idol1 because !y said t he c\ld n be repres5t$1 see+ t he 0 incorporeal40 ,?is diction>y1 to :i* ,i %all (t5 ref]1 is "o ( ! ,maya language1 compos$ at ! ,conv5t ( ,motul1 ab\t #aegj4 ,a copy is 9 my possession4 ,footnote #df3 ,9 my "w1 ,am]ican ,h]o-,my?s 7,philadelphia1 #ahhb71 ,*ap4 ,,iv1 8,! ,h]o-gods ( ! ,mayas10 ,i h treat$ at consid]able l5g? ! duplicate traditions relat+ to ,itzamna & ,cuculcan4 ,footnote #dg3 8,todos con=man en que e/e 7,cuculcan7 entr por la p>te del poni5te40 ,h]r]a1 ,hi/oria de las ,indias1 ,dec4 ,,iv1 cap4 #b4 ,look+ t[>d ! ,nor?1 ,itzamna 0 ! "r-h& god1 ,cuculcan ! left-h&2 h5ce1 ! arrival ( ! =m] 0 call$ nohnial1 8"r-h& com+10 ( ! latt]1 dzicnial1 8left-h& com+40 7,cogolludo1 ,hi/4 de ,yucatan1 ,lib4 ,,iv1 cap4 ,,iv47 ,footnote #dh3 8,en los ,rep]torios mas g5]ales ti55 p9tado el #g signo en figura de hombre y de ,culebra1 que llaman ,cu*ul *an1 y han explicado los ,mae/ros que es culebra de plumas que &a en el agua40 ,nuez de la ,vega1 ,con/ituciones ,diocesanas1 ,p>te ,,ii1 p4 #acb4 ,footnote #di3 ,! ^w *ac means 8/rong2 ! color r$2 heat2 wat]40 ,! ,dicc4 ,motul says3 8,significa agua en algunas man]as de decir2 tambi5 dios de las aguas1 relampago y tru5o2 *acal ik1 tempe/ad de agua1 huracan40 ,footnote #ej3 ,mr4 ,j4 ,walt] ,fewkes is c]ta9ly correct 9 8 argum5t t ! 8c]emonial circuit10 ( ! ,mayas1--! direction ( movem5t 9 _! c]emonies--0 s9i/ral1 t is1 f "r to left1 9 mo/ in/ances4 ,?is %\ld be rememb]$ 9 /udy+ ! pictorial portion ( ! ,codices4 ,see ,mr4 ,fewkes' article1 8,a ,c5tral-,am]ican ,c]emony10 9 ! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,july1 #ahic4 ,footnote #ea3 ,an article by ,dr4 ,c4 ,s*ultz-,sellack1 entitl$ 8,die ,am]ikanis*5 ,gtt] d] vi] ,weltri*tung510 9 ! ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 ,bd4 ,,xi1 may be pr(itably read 9 ?is connection1 ?\gh "s ( its /atem5ts are antiquat$4 ,footnote #eb3 ,relacion de la ,villa de ,valladolid 7#aegi71 caps4 ,i & ,x4 ,?is ,relacion 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,compte ,r5du ( ! ,congress ( ,am]icani/s1 ! ,madrid ,meet+4 ,footnote #ec3 ,l&a1 ,rel4 de las ,cosas de ,yucatan1 p4 #gb 7,madrid ,ed474 ,! ru9s ( ?is anci5t fane are /ill pla9ly visible f ! sea4 ,j4 ,l4 ,/eph5s1 ,travels 9 ,yucatan1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ceh4 ,footnote #ed3 ,c>rillo1 ,hi/oria ,antigua de ,yucatan1 p4 #bjg4 ,footnote #ee3 ,see ! article 8,! ,folk-lore ( ,yucatan10 9 my ,essays ( an ,am]icani/ 7,philadelphia1 #ahij74 ,footnote #ef3 ,9 ,maya1 ppu* tun means to /one to dea?1 mat> p$radas1 ,dic4 ,motul4 ,footnote #eg3 ,beltran1 ,arte de la l5gua ,maya1 p4 #bag4 ,ano!r "n he gives is ,ox kokol tzek1 8?rice beat5 bones40 ,footnote #eh3 ,dr4 ,sel] 7,v]h&4 ,b]l94 ,an?rop4 ,gesell41 #ahhf1 ,s4 #daf7 consid]s ,hun ,ahau to be a cal5d> "n2 b x is significant1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ?is r\ndab\t explanation4 ,xibilbay1 8! place ( disappe>ance10 is ! ,qui*e "n = ! und]world1 correspond+ to ! ,mictlan ( ! ,nahuas4 ,bo? ! t]ms 9 ! text may !re=e be borr[$4 ,see my ,essays ( an ,am]icani/1 pp4 #abg1 #adc4 ,footnote #ei3 ,!re are "s reasons to believe t at ! "t ( ! composition ( ! ,cod4 ,dres4 ! prie/s calculat$ t ! _w _h !n be5 9 exi/5ce #cgdd ye>s4 ,see ,fr/emann1 9 ,compte ,r5du du ,congrs des ,amricani/es1 ,,vii ,session1 p4 #gdf4 ,else:]e1 h[ev]1 ano!r sugge/ion z to ! mean+ ( t numb] is (f]$4 ,footnote #fj3 ,see my ,essays ( an ,am]icani/1 p4 #bfi2 & also an article by me1 8,notes on ! ,codex ,troano & ,maya ,*ronology10 9 ! ,am]ican ,naturali/1 ,septemb]1 #ahha4 ,footnote #fa3 ,see ! int]e/+ obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,cu%+ 9 my ,native ,cal5d> ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico1 p4 #h4 ,footnote #fb3 ,?us 9 ! ,popol ,vuh1 pp4 #d1 #f1 x is call$ 8! quadrat$ e>?1 f\r-po9t$1 f\r-sid$1 f\r-bord]$40 ,footnote #fc3 8,,ol2 el corazon =mal y no el mat]ial40 ,dic4 ,motul4 ,footnote #fd3 8,e alom1 e qaholom40 ,popol ,vuh1 p4 #f4 ,xim5es adds3 8y mas en los nacimi5tos de los nios son los que asi/540 ,orig5 de los ,indios1 p4 #aeh4 ,footnote #fe3 ,see num]\s examples 9 ,pr(4 ,cyrus ,?omas's sugge/ive monograph1 8,notes on c]ta9 ,maya & ,mexican ,manuscripts10 9 ! ?ird annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology 7,wa%+ton1 #ahhd74 ,mr4 ,francis ,p>ry1 9 an article entitl$ 8,! ,sacr$ ,symbols & ,numb]s ( ,aborig9al ,am]ica10 9 ,bull4 ( ! ,am]4 ,geog4 ,soc41 #ahid1 classes x z a 8sun symbol20 b 9 ?is1 z 9 mo/ ( 8 id5tifications1 ,i f9d myself unable to agree ) him4 ,footnote #ff3 ,! d\bts express$ by ,dr4 ,s*ellhas z to ! wor? ( my?ology 9 ^! /udies 7,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 #ahib1 p4 #ajb71 are ju/ifi$ by ! confusion ( ,mayan ) ,mexican my?s 9 ,dr4 ,sel]'s writ+s2 b ,i hope to %[ n by ! facts !mselves4 ,footnote #fg3 ,s*ellhas1 8,die ,gtt]ge/alt5 d] ,mayah&s*rift510 9 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 #ahib4 ,?is is a classical article :i* ,i %all h frequ5t occasion to quote4 ,footnote #fh3 ,brasseur1 ,le ,,ms4 ,troano1 p4 #bad4 ,footnote #fi3 ,)\t paus+ to discuss :e!r ?is is 8too?0 or 8tongue10 x is1 at any rate1 a s]p5t9e trait1 z may readily be se5 by comp>ison ) _m s]p5ts pictur$ 9 ! ,codices4 ,i may add t ,pr(essor ,cyrus ,?omas writes me t he also consid]s ! 8long-nos$ god0 to be ,itzamna4 ,footnote #gj3 ,! phrase ( ,cogolludo is3 8con di5tes muy dis=mes40 ,! "n ,lak9 ,*an1 is 9 ! ,tz5tal dialect4 ,! ,maya w\ld be ,lik9 c2 ?\gh lak91 ea/1 appe>s 9 ! 8,books ( ,*ilan ,balam40 ,footnote #ga3 ,caluac is f calacal1 8cosa muy aguj]ada0 7,dicc4 ,motul74 ,! mayordomo 0 call$ ah caluac1 ! baton be+ 8 /aff ( (fice4 ,l&a omits ! prefix by mi/ake1 ,rel4 de ,yucatan1 p4 #dj4 ,x is well %[n on a lat] page4 ,footnote #gb3 ,waldeck1 ,voyage ,pittoresque dans l',yucatan1 pp4 #cg1 #gd1 etc4 7,p>is1 #ahch47 ,?is writ] recogniz$ ! tapir sn\t on v>i\s masks & /atues at ,pal5que1 & adds t he f\nd ! animal /ill v5]at$ by ! natives4 ,dr4 ,sel] does n m5tion ,waldeck's rem>ks1 b ext5ds ! id5tification to ! figures 9 ! codices4 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 #ahhh4 ,footnote #gc3 ,on ! symbolism ( ! tapir see ! erudite rem>ks ( ,don ,alfr$o ,*av]o 9 ! ,antigu$ades ,mexicanas publicadas por la ,junta ,colomb9a de ,mexico1--,texto1 p4 xxxv 7,mexico1 #ahib74 ,footnote #gd3 ,relacion de las ,cosas de ,yucatan1 p4 #aji 7,madrid ,edition74 ,footnote #ge3 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,july1 #ahid1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,walt] ,fewkes devotes an article to :at he calls 8! long-nos$ god0 9 ! ,cortesian ,codex 7,itzamna74 ,he does n m5tion ! simil>ity ( ! nose to ! sn\t ( ! tapir1 & 8 conclusion is t x is a 8snake ra9 god10 8probably ,cuculcan10 8p>allel ) ,tlaloc40 ,he ?9ks ! heads portray$ 9 ! ,codices are 8masks or c]emonial helmets40 ,x is ne$less to po9t out ! div]g5ce betwe5 8 op9ions & m9e on ^! po9ts4 ,footnote #gf3 ,l&a3 ,relacion de las ,cosas de ,yucatan1 p4 #hg4 ,footnote #gg3 ,! "n has v>i\s or?ographies2 t :i* ,i "h adopt appe>s to h mo/ 9 its favor4 ,x is a comp\nd ( cucul1 cov]$ 7i4 e41 ) fea!rs71 & c1 snake2 7cucul also means 8revolv+074 ,footnote #gh3 ,examples are frequ5t2 a good "o is ,cod4 ,tro41 p4 #bd99;a4 ,n to be conf\nd$ ) ! moan hairs ar\nd ! m\?1 nor ) ! *9 be>d ( ! black monkey4 ,footnote #gi3 ,space does n p]mit me to ent] into ! symbolism & my?s connect$ ) 8! fea!r$ s]p5t0 ( ,c5tral ,am]ican my?ology4 ,mr4 ,fewkes has argu$ t x also ext5d$ to ! ,pueblo tribes1 & traces may be f\nd /ill fur!r nor?4 ,see ,fewkes1 9 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,july1 #ahic4 ,footnote #hj3 ,fa!r ,l>a1 9 8 ,vocabul>io ,tz5tal1 ,,ms41 gives ! "n ( "o v>iety ( bee z xanab xux2 9 ,maya1 xux is usually translat$ 8wasp10 8abispa brava40 ,z a radical1 x seems to mean 8to g or s9k sl[ly into some?+40 ,footnote #ha3 ,! two bees1 "o wak+1 "o sleep+1 ,cod4 ,tro4 #cc991 are plac$ betwe5 signs repres5t+ ! w9ds4 ,footnote #hb3 ,! ^w cab has v>i\s mean+s3 a bee2 a bee-hive2 honey2 ! r$ or :ite clay ) :i* pott]s pa9t$ _! j>s2 /r5g? or p[]2 t[n1 place1 or _w2 %ort or l[2 d[n1 d[nw>d1 or bel[ 7all giv5 9 ! ,dicc4 de ,motul74 ,footnote #hc3 8,?us x is t are nam$1 sung1 & celebrat$ ^? :o are ! gr&mo!r & gr&fa!r1 ^: "n is ,xpiyacoc1 ,xmucane1 pres]v]1 protector1 tw(old gr&mo!r1 tw(old gr&fa!r4 99 99 99 ,!y alone1 ! ,mak]1 ! ,=m]1 ! ,rul]1 ! ,s]p5t clo!d 9 fea!rs1 ,!y :o beget1 ,!y :o imp>t life1 ,!y re/ ^u ! wat]s l a gr[+ light4 ,!y are clo!d 9 color gre5 & blue4 ,!re=e _! "n is ,gucumatz1 #8,fea!r$ ,s]p5t4'0 ,popol ,vuh1 pp4 #d1 #f4 ,footnote #hd3 ,! root muc1 9 all ! ,mayan dialects1 also means 8to cov] ov]1 to hide1 to bury40 ,! ^w mucul 78t :i* is disappe>+07 is appli$ to ! moon :5 9 ! wane 7luna m5guante74 ,footnote #he3 ,see ,cresc5cio ,c>rillo1 9 ,anales del ,museo ,nacional de ,mexico1 ,tomo ,,iii1 & ,dr4 ,boas1 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ,society = #ahij1 pp4 #cej-ceg2 ! ,dic4 ,motul gives ! ,maya ^w = "o ) head ?us flatt5$1 8pe*hec hol1 el de cabeza *ata40 ,l&a1 ,cosas de ,yucatan1 cap4 ,,xxx1 speaks ( ! cu/om4 ,footnote #hf3 ,=m] /ud5ts h be5 unable to expla9 ?is design4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ,mexican pictography1 z ,cod4 ,vi541 pp4 #bj1 #bb4 ,footnote #hg3 ,9 ,cod4 ,tro41 p4 #bi991 et seq41 ! black god has a girdle1 to :i* are atta*$ ! leg & claw ( a scorpion4 ,! "n ( ! l>ge black scorpion 9 ,maya is ek *uh1 lit]ally 8! black scor*]40 ,dr4 ,sel] appositely sugge/s t ?is may be a rebus = ! "n ( ! god4 ,footnote #hh3 8,en figura de f]oz negro1 como una imag5 de esculptura1 con los miembros de hombre4 99 99 99 ,fu gran gu]reador y crudelissimo4 99 99 99 ,qui]e decir negro pr9cipal1 ,seor de los negros40 ,nuez de la ,vega3 ,con/ituciones ,diocesanas1 p4 #i2 ,c>ta ,pa/oral1 ,,ix4 7,rome1 #agjb47 ,footnote #hi3 8,en mu*os pueblos de las prov9cias de e/e obispado ti55 p9tados en sus ,rep]torios ,cal5d>ios siete negritos p>a hac] div9acions y progno/icos correspondi5tes los siete dias de la semana1 com5z&ola por el vi]nes cont>40 ,nuez de la ,vega3 ,con/ituciones ,diocesanas1 p4 #i4 ,footnote #ij3 ,i add ! foll[+ def9itions3 8,,mai1 polvillo que sale del tabaco1 etc41 cu&o le tratan con las manos4 ,,maay1 espuma del palo que se quema4 ,,bolon ,,mayel1 qualqui] olor suavissimo y transc5d5te40 ,bolon1 n9e1 9 ! la/ ^w is us$ 9 ,maya z an expression ( admiration4 7,see p4 #be47 ,! t]m is f ,l&a1 ,cosas de ,yucatan1 c4 #g4 ,footnote #ia3 ,among fem99e =ms ,i f9d ix-b\at1 prophetess2 ix-cunal ?an1 conjuress4 ,footnote #ib3 ,! ,dicc4 ,motul gives3 ,ah-koh keuel1 = ! wiz>d we>+ a mask & clo!d 9 ! sk9 ( ! jagu>4 ,footnote #ic3 ,see ,! ,native ,cal5d> ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico1 p4 #e4 ,footnote #id3 ,my c\nt does n agree entirely ) t ( o!r obs]v]s 7,fewkes1 ,s*ellhas74 ,i h limit$ my id5tifications to su* figures z seem$ to me beyond reasonable d\bt4 ,footnote #ie3 ,!re may be "h an ikonomatic allusion1 or play on words4 ,! ^w pek1 dog1 is close to pec1 to s\nd1 to make a noise1 :i* 0 us$ = ! ?und]1 z 9 ! curr5t phrase pecni caan1 8! sky rang0 7son el cielo1 ,dicc4 ,motul74 ,footnote #if3 ,9 ,spani%1 buj>ro4 ,! ,dicc4 ,motul says ( x1 sub voce1 coz1 8ave de rap9a2 coge gall9as y grita como mu*a*os40 ,footnote #ig3 ,"s writ]s h ?\ght t ! moan bird 0 a my?ical animal2 b ,dr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,b]5dt f\nd ! "n /ill appli$ to ! falcon4 ,9 ! =m muyan1 x is ak9 9 s\nd to muyal1 cl\d1 moan1 cl\dy2 :i* may acc\nt = its adoption z a symbol ( ! ra9s1 etc4 ,footnote #ih3 ,fr/emann1 ,entziff]ung1 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,footnote #ii3 ,relacion de la ,villa de ,valladolid 7#aegi71 cap4 #ad4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,^! are describ$ at l5g? by ,l&a1 & _! repres5tations 9 ! ,codices h be5 expla9$ by ,?omas 9 8 ,manuscript ,troano4 ,,iv4 ,! ,graphic ,elem5ts4 ,hav+ made ?is satisfactory progress 9 expla9+ ! num]al & ! pictorial portions ( ! ,codices1 we are well prep>$ to approa* ! m difficult "p ( our task1 ! int]pretations ( ! hi]oglyphs !mselves4 ,=tunately1 an ev5 sup]ficial inspection ( ! manuscripts %[s u t we are n )\t mat]ial aids to ?is end4 ,x is cle> t _m ( ! hi]oglyphs are ^? ( ! tw5ty days & ! eighte5 mon?s ( ! ,maya ye>1 :i* are pres]v$ to u 9 ! "w ( ,bi%op ,l&a2 o!rs1 aga91 by _! arrangem5t1 mu/ be connect$ ) ! c>d9al po9ts2 & o!rs sugge/1 by _! appe>ance & disposition1 t !y portray ! cele/ial bodies1 ! sun1 moon1 & />s2 o!rs are 9 ! columns ( num]als1 & mu/ h num]ical values2 & o!rs are s relat$ to ! pictures t !y are pla9ly a repetition ( !m 9 a p>tial & conv5tional mann]1 z ! writt5 *>act]s = div9ities1 :i* are usually m]ely ! head ( ! div9ity m or less cursively express$4 #a4 ,! ,direction 9 :i* ! ,glyphs are to be read4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! deciph]m5t ( any inscription is to asc]ta9 ! direction 9 :i* x is to be read4 ,9 my e>lie/ essay on ?is subject1#aja ,i /at$ t :atev] ! prevail+ rule 9 ?is respect might h be51 ! native arti/s _h no hesitation 9 disreg>d+ x1 :5 arti/ic or o!r reasons pres5t$ !mselves4 ,?is is ! conclusion :i* has s9ce be5 arriv$ at by cons]vative lat] /ud5ts4 ,i %all h num]\s illu/rations ( x to (f] 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,mo/ ( ! div]sity 9 ?is respect 0 n caprici\s1 h[ev]1 b 9 accordance ) rules1 "s ( :i* h be5 asc]ta9$4 ,?ree po9ts 9 ?is connection w imm$iately attract ! att5tion ( ! /ud5t4 ,! movem5t ( ! pr9cipal figures 9 ! records1 bo? manuscript & mural1 is g5]ally f "r to left2 ! ma9 portion ( ! composite *>act]s are drawn on ! "r1 & ! m9or portions or affixes are add$ on ! left2#ajb & 9 plac+ num]als on a l9e1 ! upright /rokes :i* mean ! fives are plac$ to ! "r1 & ! dots :i* mean units less ?an five are plac$ to ! left4 ,^! facts look z if ! l9es 7 writt5 f "r to left4 ,! g5]al op9ion1 h[ev]1 is t express$ by ,p\sse & by ,?omas1 t ! *>act]s :5 arrang$ 9 l9es are to be read f left to "r1 & :5 9 columns f top to bottom4#ajc ,t ?is rule does n hold good 9 a numb] ( in/ances1 z ,i %all %[1 ne$ n surprise u1 z precisely ! same unc]ta9ty 9 ! arrangem5t is f\nd 9 ! ,mexican picture-writ+1 z ,*av]o has po9t$ out1#ajd & exi/s to-day 9 ! manuscripts ( ! ,tu>egs ( ! ,sah>a4#aje ,dr4 ,fr/emann has %[n conclusively t ! num]ical elem5ts 9 ! long computations to :i* ,i h ref]r$ 7above p4 #cj7 are to be read f bel[ upw>d & f "r to left4#ajf ,great aid 9 settl+ ?is "q 9 any giv5 in/ance c be obta9$ by a close exam9ation ( ! rubrication ( ! manuscript4 ,! native scribe1 be=e he fill$ 9 ! glyphs or lett]s1 divid$ 8 %eet into small comp>tm5ts by fa9t r$ l9es1 b\nd+ z x 7 ! diff]5t s5t5ces or p>agraphs he int5d$ to set d[n4 ,ea* su* s5t5ce consi/s usually ( f\r or six *>act]s1 arrang$ ei!r 9 a column or 9 a squ>e1 ! :ole ( :i* may be call$ a 8c>t\*e40 ,! foll[+ diagram illu/rates ! mann] 9 :i* ! sep>ate glyphs are to be read 9 ord9>y cases3-- a a b a b a b c d c d b c c d picture picture d ,)\t ! aid ( ! rubrics1 f an indep5d5t /udy ( ! *>act]s !mselves1 ,m4 ,p\sse demon/rat$ t ?is is a necess>y arrangem5t ( ! majority ( ! writt5 passages4#ajg ,! signs = ! days are usually plac$ 9 columns on ! left ( ! gr\ps ( hi]oglyphic *>act]s1 ! num]al belong+ to ea* be+ inscrib$ above x2 :ile imm$iately bel[ ! gr\ps are num]als 9 black & r$1 g5]ally indicat+ c]ta9 days4 ,?is disposition ( ! elem5ts ( ! writ+ %[s t x 0 int5d$ = a 8"t-c\nt10 z ,i h be=e /at$4 ,= ! some:at volum9\s analysis ( ! ,codices 9 ?is direction1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! works ( ,fr/emann & ,?omas1 :o h paid fruitful att5tion to ?is dep>tm5t4 #b4 ,composition ( ! ,glyphs4 ,i h already /at$1 p4 #aj1 t ! ma9 elem5ts ( ! ,mayan hi]oglyphic writ+ are n num]\s4 ,! app>5t complexity ( _m ( ! glyphs arises f ! comb9ation ( a numb] ( frequ5tly recurr+ elem5ts :i* are plac$ 9 diff]5t positions & relations1 & ea* ( :i* has _m v>iant =ms1 dep5d5t on ! degree ( skill or c>e ( ! scribe or sculptor1 & ! mat]ial :i* he us$ = ! record4 ,usually ea* glyph or katun consi/s ( "o ma9 elem5t ) a numb] ( o!rs drawn 9 or ar\nd x1 :i* are g5]ally kn[n z 8affixes40 ,an elem5t )9 ano!r is call$ an 8infix20 plac$ 9 front ( x1 a 8prefix20 beh9d x1 a 8suffix0 or 8po/fix20 above x1 a 8sup]fix20 & bel[ x1 a 8subfix40 ,! same elem5t w (t5 be f\nd fir/ 9 "o & !n 9 ano!r ( ^! positions2 & a c]ta9 class ( elem5ts are employ$ z affixes only4 ,i %all ref] to ! s+le elem5ts z 8simple *>act]s10 & to ! complex glyphs z 8composite *>act]s40 #c4 ,! ,prop] ,me?od ( ,/udy+ ! ,glyphs4 ,! prop] me?od to adopt 9 /udy+ composite *>act]s is fir/ c>efully to sep>ate !m into ! simple *>act]s ( :i* !y are compos$1 not+ ! relative positions ( ^!4 ,! next /ep is vitally important & (t5 mo/ difficult4 ,x is to det]m9e :at visible objects ^! simple *>act]s 7 int5d$ to repres5t4 ,!y are (t5 s conv5tionaliz$ or s neglig5tly sket*$ t ! mo/ c>eful /ud5ts h rea*$ absurdly diff]5t op9ions z to :at !y 7 design$ to portray4#ajh ,?is id5tification accompli%$1 ! /ud5t %\ld proce$ to asc]ta9 ! "n ( ! object 9 ! ,maya language2 because1 ?\gh x may be employ$ z pure ideogram 9 "o connection1 9 ano!r x may be us$ = its phonetic value accord+ to ! 8ikonomatic10 or rebus me?od1 z ,i h above expla9$1 & in/ances ( :i* ,i give 9 ^! pages4 ,i d n believe t a fur!r phonetic analysis--t to ! isolation ( di/9ct alphabetic elem5ts--z has be5 pursu$ by a numb] ( writ]s already ref]r$ to1 is ju/ifi$ by ! nature ( ! ,maya script1 or w yield useful results4 #d4 ,an ,analysis ( ,v>i\s ,graphic ,elem5ts4 ,i %all n[ proce$1 9 ! mann] above describ$1 to exam9e a numb] ( simple & composite *>act]s1 n by any means exhau/+ ! /ock1 b r m]ely (f]+ sugge/ions & examples = future /ud5ts4 ,9 _! application x mu/ always be rememb]$ t any ,maya "* may be employ$ 9 ei!r ( ?ree values3 #a1 ,z an ideogram2 #b1 z a rebus2 #c1 z an a/ronomical or num]ical sign4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,! ,h&4 ,! h& contributes to "s ( ! mo/ num]\s hi]oglyphs 9 ! ,mayan writ+2 & ! significant poses assign$ x 9 ! pictures & /atues prove h[ expressive x 0 to ?is p4 ,! =ms pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #cj by no means exhau/ its del9eations4 ,!y are drawn f ge/ure-spee* & ea* is significant4 ,no4 #a1 f ! ,cod4 ,cort41 is ! usual sign 8to give20 ,no4 #b1 f ! ,cod4 ,tro41 %[s x 9 ha/y writ+2 ,no4 #c is ! h& clos+ 78la ma9 qui se f]me10 ,brasseur74 ,x is ! sign = ! day manik1 & is expla9$ by ,dr4 ,sel]1 8to eat20 b ,i take x to be ! rebus = ma*1 8to grasp0 78asir1 tom> con las manos10 ,dic4 ,motul74 ,no4 #d1 ! h& clos$1 ?umb d[nw>d 7pollice v]so71 has probably an inauspici\s significance 7v common1 e4 g41 ,cod4 ,p]41 pp4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #g72 ,no4 #e is ! 8support+ h&0 7v frequ5t1 usually 9 composition72 ,no4 #f is int5d$ to %[ ! h&1 palm upw>d1 =m+ a cup 7,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #dj1 ,cod4 ,tro41 p4 #ba71--;x w\ld signify 8(f]+20 ,no4 #f1 f ! /el ( ,copan1 mu/ mean union or fri5d%ip4 ,! two h&s held z ,no4 #g occur repeat$ly 9 ,cod4 ,dres41 pp4 #f1 #g1 9 ! ,tro4 & ,cort4 (t5 ?us1 ,illu/ration1 to :i* ,?omas1 by means ( 8 8key10 assigns ! wond]ful mean+1 8a meat pie06 ,nos4 #h & #i are expla9$ by ,sel] z ! support+ h&2 ,no4 #aj %[s ! h& & arm po9t+2 ,no4 #ab1 ,cod4 ,tro41 #cj1 #ca1 is ! index f+] ext5d$2 ,no4 #aa1 ,cort41 p4 #bh1 %[s ! clos$ h& z a suffix to ! sign ik4#aji ,phonetically ! h& is kab1 :i* also means 8arm1 f+]1 juice1 sap1 te>s20 & z a rebus x c\ld /& = kaba1 "n4 ,by "s writ]s all ! signs1 ,fig4 #cb are suppos$ to repres5t ! eye4 ,nos4 #a & #b may also /& = a too?1 & = ! small bells worn z ornam5ts4 ,no4 #c has be5 call$ ! 8weep+ eye10 & by ,brasseur 8une ha*e20 b ,i take x to be ! space )9 ! clos+ h& 7,figs4 #ca1 ,no4 #c74 ,no4 #d %[s ! eyela%es ( ! clos$ eye1 & signifies sleep or dea?4 ,no4 #e is ! 8ornam5t$0 or 8s]p5t0 eye1 &1 accord+ to ,?omas1 is ! *>act]i/ic ( a deity4 ,nos4 #f & #h are suppos$ by ,sel] to be ! eye torn out4 ,!y are extremely common affixes4 ,s*ellhas expla9s ,no4 #f z 8! head & creep+ foot ( a snail40 ,i am p]suad$ t x is a bird's w+1 or ! *ief fea!r ( a w+1 & means 8sup]ior10 8supremacy10 or some?+ ( t k9d4#aaj ,= t reason x always appe>s 9 ! sign ( ,k9 i* ahau4 ,no4 #h ,i reg>d also z copi$ f a fea!r ornam5t4#aaa ,no4 #g1 call$ by ,sel] ! 8ble$+ eye10 ,i take to be a sign = />s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,! ,eye & ,simil> ,figures4 ,9 ,maya1 i*1 ! eye1 also means 8face0 & 8tw9s40 ,! design1 ,fig4 #cc1 ,no4 #a1 abundant 9 ! ,codices & on ! /one & c]amic rema9s1 %[s eyes1 b is believ$ by ,fr/emann to repres5t ! planet ,v5us1 & to be a v>iant ( ,fig4 #cg1 ,no4 #d4 ,sel] ?9ks x an ornam5tal k9 7see ,fig4 #cf74 ,x is c>v$ on ! great tortoise ( ,copan1 & ,nos4 #b1 #c1 & #d are f ! pott]y ( t city1 on :i* x is ! mo/ common glyph ,i h not$4 ,9 ,no4 #e1 f ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #eg1 x is po/fix$ to a human figure rev]s$4 ,brasseur expla9s x z 8! spectacles ( ,tezcatlipoca10 & = a "n1 we may call x 8! spectacles glyph40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,! 8,spectacles40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,! ,e>4 ,! human e> has be5 repres5t$ by ,no4 #b1 ,fig4 #cd1 z has be5 prov$ by de ,rosny & ,?omas4 ,no4 #a 7,cod4 ,cort41 p4 #af7 is ei!r an e> or an e> ornam5t4 ,x is n ! ord9>y e>-r+1 :i* is cle>ly %[n 9 ,figs4 #ab1 #ag1 etc4 ,?is latt] is (t5 us$ z an affix1 & has be5 confus$ ) ! s]p5t rattle1 & ) ,no4 #c1 :i* is ! l[] jaw bone1 *am or cama*4 7,see ,cod4 ,cort41 pp4 #ce1 #cf1 etc47 ,! e> is xic91 :i* also means 8%ell40 ,e>-r+s are tup1 a ^w :i* z a v]b signifies 8to /op up1 to cov] ov]1 to ext+ui%40#aab ,! gr\p ( signs1 ,fig4 #ce1 beg9n+ ) a p]son seat$1 are1 9 ! op9ion ( ,sel]1 all d]ivatives f 8man40 ,nos4 #b1 #c1 & #d he calls 8eyes10 & ,nos4 #e-aa outl9es ( ! m\?1 jaws1 & face1 ) a g5]al value1 8p]son40 ,o!r sugge/ions are1 t ! cresc5tic outl9es1 ,nos4 #f1 #g1 #aa1 ref] to a cresc5t moon1 or an e> 7,s*ellhas71 or to a s]p5t's m\? 7,all572 :ile ,no4 #aj may be an eye & eyela%es 7,all571 a comb 7,val5t9i71 a claw1 a fea!r1 "p ( a plant1 etc4 ,x may be call$ ! 8comb sign40#aac ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,cresc5tic ,signs4 ,my belief is t "s ( ^! affixes %[ ! necklace on :i* beads & preci\s /ones 7 /rung4 ,?is 0 call$ u1 :i* is also ! ^w = moon1 & 9 s\nd is ak9 to uil1 food4#aad ,by ! latt] fact ,i w\ld expla9 ! frequ5t appe>ance ( ?is sign ,illu/ration on ! neck ( vases & on haun*es ( v5ison 7,cod4 ,tro4 #bb1 etc474 ,! picture ( a necklace %[n 9 ! ,li5zo de ,tlascala1 p4 #g1 w demon/rate h[ close is ! resemblance4 ,t 9 ,l&a's alphabet 7see above1 p4 #ae7 ?is sign is giv5 = u1 confirms my supposition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,sun & ,moon ,signs4 ,! hi]oglyphs ( ! sun1 ,fig4 #cf1 ,nos4 #a & #b1 _c be mi/ak54 ,9 ! latt]1 ! f\r tee? indicate ! bit+ heat4 ,?is design (t5 occurs on w> %ields4 ,no4 #a is t usually employ$ 9 composition4 ,! ^w = sun is k91 :i* has ! fur!r mean+s1 8day1 light1 fe/ival1 "t1 news1 to rule20 f x are d]iv$ k9al1 8heat1 hot20 k9am1 8/r5g?1 brav]y1 p[]1 poison1 fe>1 v5]ation20 ah-k91 8a prie/10 etc4 ,! k9 sign usually indicates a b5efic5t div9ity4 ,! ?ird sign 9 ,fig4 #cf is t = moon 7,s*ellhas74 ,dr4 ,sel]1 h[ev]1 claims t x is ! symbol ( 8night10 & t :]e x means #bj 7see above1 p4 #ba71 x is n d]iv$ f u1 moon1 b f u9ic1 man4 ,he expla9s ! figure z a human head ) a 8ble$+ eye10 & b>e tee?4 ,9 all ^! po9ts ,i ?9k he is 9 error4 ,maya gramm> does n au?orize ! d]ivation ( u9al f u9ic 79 :i* ,sel] foll[s ,brasseur72 b x may come f u1 mon?1 u9 or u51 8relat+ to a mon?40 ,8 /atem5t t ! #bj-;day p]iod 0 n spok5 ( z an u9al1 is disprov$ by ,l&a1 :o calls x u9al hun ekeh1 8a d>k mon?10 to di/+ui% x f "o light$ by ! moon4 ,a close exam9ation ( mo/ ( ! draw+s w %[ t ! l9e on :i* ! suppos$ b>e tee? are %[n is n t ( ! m\?1 b t ( ! necklace above m5tion$1 :i* has ! value u4 ,cf4 ,fig4 #c1 ,no4 #c4 ,no4 #a1 ,fig4 #cg1 ,i introduce f ,mexican pictography2 x is ! sacr$ gre5 jade jewel1 ! xihuitl1 mean+ 8preci\s1 div9e40 ,by x ,i expla9 ! v common ,no4 #b1 a modification ei!r ( x or ( ! k9 sign1 con/antly associat$ ) deities 7on ! h&1 ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #ba2 on ! leg1 id41 #ab2 on ! back1 id41 #ci2 & always on ! head-dress ( ! ,god ( ,gr[?74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--,suppos$ ,d]ivatives ( ! ,sun ,sign4 ,no4 #c may be a modification ( ! k94 ,x is giv5 9 ,l&a's alphabet1 :]e x /&s = be1 footpr9ts4 ,x may also be ! /ones ( ! he>?1 & signify 8h\se40 ,z a 8directive sign10 x /&s = ! po9t s\?1 & ! color yell[2 & x appe>s z an occasional v>iant ( ! day-signs lamat1 muluc1 & *u54 ,no4 #d is ?\ght by ,sel] to be m]ely an ornam5tal =m ( ! k9 sign2 b by ,fr/emann is tak5 = ! monogram ( ! planet ,v5us1 at lea/ 9 ! ,cod4 ,dres41 :]e x is v frequ5t on pp4 #df-ej4 ,x is repeat$ ) slight v>iations on ! ,copan pott]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,! ,knife ,signs4 ,! fl9t knife 0 an important implem5t4 ,l&a speaks ( ! num]\s l>ge ones kept by ! prie/s = slaught]+ _! victims4#aae ,!y 7 call$ ta1 & licil dzicil2 9 ,tz5tal1 *9ax1 f *i1 to bite4 ,fig4 #ch1 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #d1 %[ ! usual =ms 9 :i* !y are drawn1 ! small squ>es at ! end be+ ! bit+ edges4 ,no4 #c1 surm\nt$ by ! 8tr9al0 sign1 ref]s probably to lightn+4 ,no4 #f is a r>e sign = a dog1 %[+ 8 bit+ tee? 7,cod4 ,tro41 p4 #be74 ,! fl9t knife typifies sacrifice1 dea?1 w>1 ! ,ea/1 & fire4 ,z a rebus1 x c\ld /& = ta1 excrem5t2 tah1 a dramatic repres5tation1 etc4 ,no4 #e is a v common affix4 ,x has be5 reg>d$ z a v>iant ( ! knife 7,sel]1 etc74 ,b x is too con/antly di/+ui%$ f x to h ?is mean+4 ,i consid] x ! sacr$ bean1 ) :i* div9ation 0 practic$ & lots ca/4 ,?is 0 call$ bul1 a ^w :i*1 z an affix1 means 8all10 ! :ole ( any?+1 z bulk91 8! :ole day40 ,?is may sugge/ its signification4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--,! 8,fi% & ,oy/]0 ,sign4 ,! curi\s objects 9 ,fig4 #ci 7 long a puzzle to me1 & h n be5 expla9$ by previ\s writ]s4 ,i believe !m to be repres5tations ( ! food products ( ! sea1 %[+ a fi% & two %ellfi%4 ,my reasons = ?is are t 9 ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #cd1 !y are se5 along ) o!r food-(f]+s 7see ,fig4 #cj72 9 "s places ! fi% tail is unmi/akeable 7,cod4 ,dres41 pp4 #f1 #g1 #cf72 9 ,cod4 ,cort41 pp4 #bj1 #ba1 !y are associat$ ) a fi%+ bird1--a pelican or cormorant2 9 ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #ej1 ! two %ells are replac$ by "o con* %ell2 & 9 ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #fg1 a fi% & two %ells are pa9t$ sep>ately1 to repres5t food f ! sea4 ,! two %ells are (t5 se5 9 o!r relations1 z spr9kl$ ) blood 7,cod4 ,tro41 p4 #ah9971 & z an affix 7see ,fig4 #ca1 ,no4 #aj74 ,i %all ref] to ?is z ! 8fi% & oy/]0 sign4 ,%ells _h a peculi> sacr$ness 9 ,maya symbolism4 ,! robes ( "s ( ! prie/s 7 bord]$ ) !m4#aaf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,! ,sacr$ ,food-,(f]+s4 ,"s o!r sacr$ food-(f]+s are %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,! fir/ is ! haun* ( v5ison ti$ up 7id5tifi$ z su* by ,brasseur72 ! second is ! fi%1 "h %[n ) a subfix2 ! ?ird is ! wild turkey1 repres5t$ by 8 head 9 a di%4 ,ano!r is ! iguana 7see p4 #abb1 ,no4 #ad72 & a fif? is ! object %[n on p4 #abb1 ,no4 #ab4 ,x has be5 expla9$ z a gra9 ( corn spr\t+ f ! gr\nd1 or a mole em]g+ f its hole 7,s*ellhas74 ,! true explanation is t ( ,brasseur1 t x portrays ! =equ>t] & head ( a food-animal1 ti$ up4 ,he does n specify :at animal1 b 9 "s ( ! draw+s ,i di/9ctly recognize ! dog1 ) 8 %>p tee?1 ! species rais$ by ! ,mayas to be eat5 on fe/ival occasions1 z /at$ by ,l&a4#aag ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,! b5-ik & o!r ,signs4 ,nos4 #a & #b1 ,fig4 #da1 are v>iants ( an elem5t (t5 occurr+ ) a b5-ik sup]fix4 ,dr4 ,sel]1 :o is apt to see gory human heads ev]y:]e1 ?9ks x is "o c>ri$ 9 a sl+ & means 8conqu]$ 9 w>40 ,dr4 ,fr/emann1 ) great] probability1 consid]s t x symbolizes an a/ronomical ev5t connect$ ) ! motions ( ! sun4 7,see ! significant designs1 ,cod4 ,tro41 #bh99 b47 ,! b5-ik sign ref]r$ to is r5d]$ by ,sel] to mean conque/ & de/ruction2 by ,fr/emann1 a/ronomically1 z ! lun> mon? ( #bi days2 9 a g5]al s5se1 ,i w\ld say1 8/r5g? & deific p[]40 ,x is a v con/ant association ( ! two day-signs s nam$1 b5 giv+ ! idea ( motion1 & ik ( life & p[]4 ,9 ,no4 #c is a long worm-l figure "u ! b5-ik sign4 ,brasseur po9t$ out t x is a v>iant ( ! day-sign m51 & expla9$ x z a cat]pill> 7*5ille74 ,sel] speaks ( x z an eagle1 & z a symbol ( 8"m e>?20 ,s*ellhas1 z p]haps ! s]p5t goddess4 ,x sometimes is drawn to h a fi%-l appe>ance 7,cod4 ,p]41 p4 #g71 & may symbolize ! wat]s2 ! m s z x has occasionally z a sup]fix ! 8cl\d-balls40 ,no4 #d is expla9$ by ,brasseur z ! girdle1 xoc1 ar\nd ! body2 & ,i pref] ?is to lat] sugge/ions4 ,a simil> design 0 ! tress ( hair1 kax pol or kaaxi1 worn by wom5 7see ,cod4 ,tro41 p4 #bg2 ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #de74 ,its signification w\ld seem to be 8to tie toge!r1 to jo910 or1 z a rebus1 8ra91 to ra910 = kaxala 7llov]1 y la lluvia74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,! ,drum ,signs4 ,no m prom95t hi]oglyph ?an ,no4 #a1 ,fig4 #db1 c be f\nd 9 ! ,mayan inscriptions1 & none :i* has prov$ su* a /umbl+ block to int]pret]s4 ,val5t9i has call$ x ! picture ( a c5s] or brazi]2 de ,rosny ?\ght x a v>iant ( ! ahau sign2 ,dr4 ,sel] expla9$ x z a preci\s /one2 & ,?omas z 8a /one heap60 ,x is ! upp] figure 9 ! 8,initial ,s]ies0 ( glyphs at ,pal5que1 ,copan1 ,quirigua1 etc4 7see above1 p4 #bd71 & recurs ) b slight v>iations 9 all ! ,codices4 ,i fir/ ann\nc$ :at x repres5ts & its signification at ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,augu/1 #ahid4aah ,x is ! picture ( a drum1 ! l>ge v>iety1 made ( ! holl[ trunk ( a tree re/+ ^u %ort feet1 ! trunk be+ saw$ across p>tly ?r\gh s z to give two vibrat+ surfaces1 :i* 7 (t5 decorat$ ) cross-hat*+4 ,su* drums are describ$ by ! e>ly ,spani% writ]s1 & "o is %[n 9 ! ,atlas to ,duran's ,hi/ory4#aai ,_! s\nd c\ld be he>d = two leagues1 & !y 7 important adjuvants 9 ! s]vices 9 ! temples4 ,9 ! hi]oglyphics ! significance ( ?is design is prim>ily phonetic4 ,! "n ( ?is p>ticul> k9d ( drum 0 pax *e1 f pax1 musical in/rum5t1 & *e1 wood52 a l>ge "o 0 bolon pax *e1 ! ^w bolon1 n9e1 be+ a sup]lative prefix 9 ,maya4 ,employ$ accord+ to ! ikonomatic me?od1 ?is express$ ! ^w paxan1 a v common t]m 9 ,maya1 mean+ 8x is f9i%$10 & appli$ to any?+ complet$1 end$1 or de/roy$1 9 a good or bad s5se4#abj ,?is is :y 9 ! num]al signs x m>ks ! end ( a s]ies 7see above1 p4 #bb71 & 9 ! s-call$ 8,initial ,s]ies0 7:i* ,i believe to be t]m9al71 x surm\nts & ?us closes 7read+ f bel[ upw>d7 ! r[s ( computation signs4 ,= ! same reason x is ! support ( ! figure repres5t+ ! dy+ ye> 9 ! c]emonies at its t]m9ation 7,cod4 ,tro41 pp4 #bj-bd71 & is (t5 associat$ ) ! deities ( old age1 de/ruction1 & dea?4 ,sev]al o!r v>ieties ( drums 7 9 use among ! ,mayas4 ,t %[n ,fig4 #db ,no4 #b1 is notewor?y4 ,x is ! dzacatan 7,b]5dt71 or m$ic9e-drum 7f dzacah1 to cure1 to practice m$ic9e74 ,x 0 us$ 9 ! sacr$ c]emonies 7see ,fig4 #cj71 & ,itzamna is portray$ play+ ^u "o 7,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #cd74 ,its repres5tations 9 ! ,codices are peculi>1 & h be5 entirely misund]/ood by previ\s writ]s4 ,i %[ !m 9 ,fig4 #dc1 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,9 a m highly conv5tionaliz$ =m we f9d !m 9 ! ,cod4 ,troano1 ?us3 ,illu/ration :i* has be5 expla9$ by ,p\sse1 ,?omas1 & o!rs1 z mak+ fire or z gr9d+ pa9t4 ,x is obvi\sly ! dzacatan1 :at ,i h call$ ! 8pott]y decoration0 7see p4 #eh7 ar\nd ! figures1 %[+ t ! body ( ! drum 0 ( e>!nw>e4 ,fig4 #db1 ,no4 #c %[s ! ord9>y h& drum1 ! huehuetl ( ! ,mexicans4 ,its "n 9 ,maya is tunkul1 prop]ly tankul1 :i* means ei!r 8be=e ! gods10 or 8n[ "o wor%ips0 7ahora se adora1 ,baeza47 ,x 0 ei!r ( wood & 0 /ruck ) a /ick2 or ( pott]y ) a sk9 /ret*$ ov] its m\?1 :5 ! s\nd 0 produc$ by ! f+]s4 ,"s 7 l>ge & /ood upright1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc4aba ,repres5tations ( ^! are common 9 ! ,codices1 & h g5]ally be5 mi/ak5 = vases4 7,see ,cod4 ,cort41 p4 #bg47 ,ev5 ,nos4 #d & #e1 ,fig4 #dd1 are probably "s su* musical in/rum5ts4 7,see ,cod4 ,cort41 pp4 #ab1 #cj1 #ca47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--;,a ,/&+ ,drum4 7,f ! ,cortesian ,codex47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--;,graphic ,del9eations ( ,drums4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,! yax & o!r ,fea!r ,signs4 ,few glyphs are m frequ5t ?an ,no4 #a1 ,fig4 #de1 ei!r alone or 9 su* comb9ations z ,nos4 #b & #c4 ,! guesses z to :at x repres5ts h be5 s+ul>ly div]g5t4 ,brasseur said1 a k9d ( g\rd2 ,sel]1 a tree2 ,s*ellhas1 ! zapote2 ,rosny & ,fr/emann1 ! phallus1 etc4 ,none ( ^! sugge/ions seems to me t5able4 ,i believe x repres5ts a common fea!r decoration made ( %ort gre5 or blue fea!rs1 atta*$ to a /yle or /aff4 ,x is frequ5t on ,mexican & ,maya figures1 & 9 ,no4 #d1 ,fig4 #de1 ,i copy "o f a ,maya w> dress4 ,! l[] portion repres5ts ! ornam5t to :i* ,i allude4 ,x 0 call$ yax kukul1 & ?is gives ! phonetic rebus value ( ! sign1 :i* is yax1 gre51 & 7metaphorically7 new1 "y1 fre%1 /rong1 virile1 etc4 ,illu/ration ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to conf\nd ?is ) ! "* se5 9 ! sign ( ! dog 7see p4 #gj71 :i* really repres5ts ! ribs & brea/-bone1 al?\gh call$ a 8phallus0 by ,rosny1 an 8article ( food0 by ,?omas1 a 8brea/plate0 by ,all51 & a 8v]tebral column0 by ,sel]4#abb ,! ?ree fea!rs :i* surm\nt$ ! yax kukul1 z %[n 9 ,no4 #d1 ,fig4 #de1 also develop$ 9 ! hi]oglyphs to an important sign4 ,x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #df1 ,no4 #a1 & is ! upp]mo/ sign 9 ! 8,initial glyph0 ( ,pal5que 7see p4 #acg7 & 0 a m>k ( em95t di/9ction4 7,see ,fig4 #dg1 ,no4 #b47 ,^! ?ree fea!rs indicat$ 9 ,maya symbolism ! highe/ place & p[]4 ,!y appe> on ! head ( ! important /atue une>!d by ,dr4 ,le ,plongeon at ,*i*5 ,itza1 :i* he calls 8,*ac ,mool10 9 ! =m giv5 ,fig4 #df1 ,no4 #b4 ,?ree 0 a sacr$ numb] ) ! ,mayas1 & ) ?is 9 m9d ,i %all ref] to x z ! 8tr9al0 sign4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,! 8,tr9al0 ,fea!r ,emblem4 ,9 ,mexican writ+ ! ?ree fea!rs appe> 9 ! ikonomatic sign = tecpan1 royal1 9 ! ,li5zo de ,tlascala1 pp4 #ef1 #eg1 #gh4 ,z fea!r 9 ,maya is kukum1 :i* is alli$ 9 s\nd to ku1 god1 kul1 div9e1 etc41 we see :at an appropriate rebus ! 8tr9al0 makes4 ,r\nd$ figures1 id5tifi$ by ,sel] z 8fea!r balls10 are sometimes portray$ above ! m51 or 8,"m ,e>?0 sign1 & 9 o!r relations4 ,see ,cod4 ,p]es41 p4 #g1 = a good example4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,! 8,cross-hat*$0 ,signs4 ,a numb] ( draw+s 9 ! ,codices repres5t textile mat]ials--mats1 cotton clo?1 wick]-"w1 etc4 ,t ,fig4 #dg1 ,no4 #a is frequ5t1 bo? z an affix & z "p ( co/ume4 ,?omas calls x a trellis or lattice "w2 ,sel]1 an imitation ( a snake sk92 ,fr/emann1 ( ! %ell ( a tortoise4 ,9 "s places x is cle>ly a "p ( a helmet made ( int]lac$ & twi/$ cords atta*$ to a frame4 7,see ,cod4 ,tro41 pp4 #b1 #c1 #f1 #ai1 #bb991 #bc9947abc ,9 ,nos4 #b & #c x appe>s z a writt5 "* ) sup]fixes4 ,x =ms "p ( ! sign ( ! day *ic*an1 & is atta*$ to ! sign ( ! sun & ( ! _w4 ,?is cross-hat*+ ,i reg>d z %[+ wov5 /uff1 or t twi/$1 knott$1 & plait$2 & ,i consid] its value :5 us$ phonetically to be 8/rong1 mighty10 because ! ^w = 8/rong0 9 ,maya is *i*1 & t = twi/+ & int]lac+ cords is *i*-ku*1--aga9 a simple rebus4#abd ,! designs1 on p4 #abi1 are suppos$ by ,sel] & ,?omas to repres5t a h\se1 ! ro( ( :i* is indicat$ by ! cross-hat*$ or plait$ objects1 ,illu/ration & ,illu/ration4 ,i reg>d !m z mean+ a canopy1 ! practical & symbolic uses ( :i* article are (t5 ref]r$ to by ! e>ly visitors to ^! tribes4#abe ,9 ,fig4 #dh1 ,no4 #a1 ,i give a frequ5t po/fix4 ,9 ! pictures x portrays ! w+ ( a bird1 ! foot ( an animal1 ! claw ( a reptile or insect1 or ! tail ( a dog 7,cod4 ,tro41 p4 #bg74 ,no4 #b is ! conv5tional sign = smoke1 z may be se5 9 ,cod4 ,tro41 pp4 #e991 #f991 etc4 ,no4 #c is call$ by ,sel] an ideogram = 8man0 or 8p]son40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,"s ,l9e> ,signs & ,dots4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--,! ,use ( ,dots4 ,no4 #d ,i introduce f ! ,mexican pictography to illu/rate ! use ( black dots4 ,!y h _m significations :i* ,i h n trac$ 9 ,mayan ,codices1 su* z se$1 salt1 a%es1 />s1 s&1 e>?1 & f ! latt]1 place1 region1 _w4#abf ,9 ! sign = ! day1 ix1 ,i believe we see ! dots ) ! signification xiix1 8gra9-husks40 ,a l9e or l9es ( dots mean 8spee*0 or vocal s\nd1 z atta*$ to ! drum1 ,fig4 #dd1 ,no4 #c2 com+ f ! m\? ( a dog1 ,cod4 ,tro41 p4 #bj1 s++1 etc4 ,"s h mi/ak5 ?is = ! sign ( dea?4 ,dots 9 ,maya are ua or ual1 ak9 9 s\nd to u1 mon?1 uil1 food1 & may be allusive = ^! ideas4 ,! kan & imix signs are (t5 associat$ "u two sup]fixes enclos+ dots1 z 9 ,fig4 #di1 ,no4 #a4 ,^! h be5 int]pret$ by ,sel] to indicate copal gum1 or ! burn+ ( inc5se4 ,! sign is associat$ ) v>i\s deities1 especially ^? ( a b5efic5t "*4 ,! same objects1 h[ev]1 occur else:]e z sup]fixes ov] v>i\s glyphs1 z ,fig4 #di1 ,no4 #b1 :]e x is n easy to assign !m any su* mean+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,l9e> ,prefixes4 ,modifications ( ,fig4 #ej1 ,no4 #a are q frequ5t4 ,?is sign has _h v>i\s explanations1 z typify+ fire1 lightn+1 or w9d 7,sel]1 ,s*ellhas72 b ,i believe x repres5ts div9e or magical p[] ex]t$ by bl[+4 ,z ,i h expla9$ 9 my ,nagualism1 8! act ( bl[+ 0 ! ess5tial feature 9 ! practice ( ! #8m$ic9e m54' ,x symboliz$ ! ex]cise & transf] ( spiritual p[]40#abg ,:]e ! deity is portray$ ) ?is addition1 he is 9 ! act ( ex]t+ 8 div9e influ5ce4 ,= examples1 see ! 8bee god10 9 ,cod4 ,tro41 pp4 #e99 & #aj991 :]e ! head is z 9 ,no4 #b2 & ! scorpion1 9 ,cod4 ,tro41 p4 #b1 precisely l "o 9 ! ,cod4 ,porfirio ,diaz1 lam4 ,i4 ,at times x also conveys ! idea ( spee*1 or vocal s\nd1 or t f a drum1 etc41 e4 g41 ,fig4 #dd1 ,no4 #c4 ,no4 #c repres5ts ! usual mode ( portray+ ! ant5n ( scorpions1 insects1 etc41 ( int]e/ because ! ^w = ^! 9 ,maya1 matzab1 also means ! rays ( ! sun & ( light1 & ! figure might s be int]pret$4 ,dr4 ,fr/emann believes t ! circle ( dots1 z 9 ! l[] portion ( ,no4 #b1 means 8movem5t or precession20 z 9 ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #fh4 ,! ,illu/ration sign is s surr\nd$1 indicat+ ! junction ( two "t-p]iods2 or1 z o!rs w\ld say1 ! crook$ lightn+ d>t+ f ! sky4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,! 8,cl\d-,balls0 & ! 8,cork-screw ,curl40 ,9 ,fig4 #ea1 ,nos4 #a & #b1 copi$ f ! great tortoise ( ,copan1 %[ ! ra9-cl\ds z conceiv$ by ! native arti/4 ,9 ! ,codices !y are se5 9 ! day-sign cauac2 & else:]e4 ,an almo/ id5tical conception appe>s 9 ! pictography ( ! nor!rn tribes4#abh ,sel] speaks ( !m z ,wolk5ball51 8cl\d-balls10 an appropriate "n = ! elem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--,symbols = ! ,e>?4 ,no4 #c has be5 expla9$ by ,?omas & ,sel] z ! portrayal ( trickl+ fluid2 or1 aga91 by ! latt]1 z a 8nose ornam5t40 ,dr4 ,s*ellhas fir/ saw its real int5tion4 ,x is a picture ( a twi/$ lock ( hair1 or 8cork-screw curl10 worn by ! ,maya wom54 ,x appe>s 9 ! monograms ( v>i\s goddesses4 ,ideographically x has two mean+s1 "o1 woman or female2 ! o!r1 d[n or d[nw>d2 ei!r f its "n 7:i* we d n "k71 or because x hangs d[nw>d4 ,9 ! latt] s5se1 x is 9 ! hi]oglyph ( ! ,e>?1 z t :i* is d[n or bel[ u1 ,fig4 #eb2 al?\gh1 z ! ,e>? is ! fem99e pr9ciple 9 nature1--,"m ,e>?1--,i w\ld sugge/ t ?is is ! intimation convey$ by ! sign4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--,signs = ,union4 ,no4 #a1 ,fig4 #ec1 occurs ) great frequ5cy4 ,all5 expla9s x z 8! radical ( ! m\?10 o!rs z 8fall+ wat]10 etc41 b ,i accept )\t hesitation ,brasseur's id5tification ( x z ! side view ( ! jo9t ( a re$ or maize /alk1 ) ! mean+ 8union40 ,9 ! writ+ x is probably among o!r ?+s ! conjunctive conjunction1 yetal1 8&10 :i* expla9s its frequ5cy4 ,x is common 9 ! =m ,no4 #b1 9 ! ,vi5na ,codex1 signify+ ! union ( day s]ies 7pp4 #eh1 #fa1 #fd1 etc472 x may imply sexual union1 z 9 ! 8,tableau des ,bacabs0 7see above1 p4 #ej47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,! ,knott$ ,head ,dress4 ,o!r signs = union are ,no4 #c1 :i* is a knott$ head-dress common on males1 & ,no4 #d1 f ! ,cod4 ,troano1 p4 #e1 :i* p]haps indicates ! union ( two mon? p]iods1 or ! new & old moons1 9 relation4 ,! middle design betwe5 ! two cresc5ts is frequ5t z an affix 7e4 g41 ,cod4 ,tro41 p4 #g1 etc474 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,! 8,tree ( ,life40 ,i h already h9t$ at ! significance ( ! 8tree ( life0 9 ,mayan my?ology4 ,x is %[n 9 ! ,codices "u two =ms1 ,fig4 #ee1 ,nos4 #a & #b4 ,9 ! =m] x seems to be gr[+ f a bottle-%ap$ vase4 ,! leaves 7omitt$ 9 ?is in/ance7 are well %[n 9 ,cod4 ,tro41 p4 #ag994 ,!y are cordate & p5d5t4 ,no4 #b is tak5 f ! ,cod4 ,p]es41 p4 #c2 x beautifully %[s ! sacr$ tree1 "h di/9ctly an?ropomorphic1#abi 9 ! vase ( ! heav5ly wat]s1 lift+ its f\rfold bran*es4 ,9 ! orig9al1 ! god ( ! nor? /> is re/+ ^u !m4 ,usually ! tree is associat$ ) ,itzamna4 ,bo? =ms are frequ5t 9 ! ,mexican manuscripts1 & ! my?s relat+ to !m h be5 subjects ( /udy by v>i\s writ]s4#acj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--,! 8,ma*ete0 & ,simil> ,signs4 ,=ms l ,nos4 #a & #b1 ,fig4 #ef1 & p]haps ,no4 #c1 are usually tak5 to repres5t a *opp] or ma*ete4 ,! repres5tation ( ?is weapon or implem5t is se5 9 ,cod4 ,tro41 p4 #ag1 :]e a man is kill+ a snake ) "o4 ,9 ! conv5tional & neglig5t mann] 9 :i* ^! *>act]s are (t5 writt51 x is n easy to di/+ui% !m f o!rs ( diff]5t orig9 & mean+4 ,nos4 #b & #c may be fea!r signs4 ,sel] expla9s ! ma*ete z ! symbol ( /rik+ or w\nd+ 78,ausdruck des ,s*lag5s074 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--,suppos$ ,bird ,signs4 ,*>act]s l ! above recur 9 all ! =ms ( writ+4 ,no4 #a has be5 call$ by ,sel] ! repres5tation ( 8man10 b ?is is d\btful4 ,x may be a v>iant ( ,no4 #b1 :i* is a 8clos+ h&0 f ,fig4 #ca1 ,no4 #c4 ,nos4 #c & #d1 f ,copan & ,guatemalan pott]y1 foll[ closely ! ,codices4 ,) a 8comb affix10 ,fr/emann calls ,no4 #d 8a well-kn[n =m ( moan10 mean+ ! ,pleiades 7,entziff4 ,,iv72 :ile ,dr4 ,sel] expla9s x z an owl symbol4 ,! design enclos$ is held to depict ! bill ( a bird4 ,! 8,crotalean curve10 ! outl9e ( ! jaws ( ! rattlesnake1 ,crotalus horridus1 has be5 dwelt ^u ) emphasis by ,all5 & ,maudslay z "o ( ! mo/ notable emblems 9 ,maya art4#aca ,fig4 #eh1 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 %[ "s ( its =ms 9 ! ,codices1 & ,no4 #e1 f ,/eph5s1 illu/rates its radical4 ,z a graphic elem5t1 x is less prom95t ?an 9 ar*itecture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--,! 8,crotalean ,curve40 ,fig4 #ei1 ,nos4 #a-d1 are outl9es ( objects (t5 se5 9 ! ,codices4 ,no4 #a1 :i* looks l a c>riage-wr5*1 is 9 fact a s]p5t w&1 z c readily be se5 by comp>+ ,cod4 ,tro41 pp4 #f1 #g1 #ca991 ) ,cod4 ,dres41 pp4 #dj1 #db1 #dc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--,objects ,held 9 ! ,h&4 ,no4 #b is ! 8m$ic9e rattle40 ,sometimes x 0 a g\rd1 at o!rs ( e>!nw>e1 z we see by ! 8pott]y decoration0 9 ,cod4 ,tro41 #cd1 #ce1 etc4 ,sometimes x looks l a fan or a mirror4#acb ,no4 #c is ! hat*et1 & ,no4 #d ! *isel4 ,! peculi> %ape & mode ( use ( ! latt] are se5 ,cod4 ,tro41 #cd1 etc4 ,bo? ( ^! implem5ts 7 made ( metal obta9$ f ,tabasco1 & ,l&a especially says t ! latt] 0 t ) :i* !y c>v$ _! idols1 exactly z we see 9 ! ,,mss4#acc ,! ^w = ! tomahawk 9 ,maya 0 bat2 & f ! same root come batul1 8to fight20 batab1 8a *ief20 batan1 8fir/ or 9 front (20 bat1 8hail20 = any ( :i* ideas ! weapon might be a symbol or a rebus4 ,x is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! texts4 ,"o ( its uses1 ,i am p]suad$1 0 to indicate a ?und]bolt or /roke ( lightn+4 ,! "n = ?is 9 ,maya 0 8! bl[ ( ! cl\d10#acd & 9 ! gr\p ( ! moan sign & ! tomahawk we h ?is well express$4 ,! fir/ design 9 ,fig4 #fj %[s ! asp]sorium1 lilbal1 ) :i* ! high prie/ spr9kl$ ! holy wat] 7:i* 0 ! dew collect$ 9 ! e>ly morn+7 dur+ ! c]emonies4 ,to x 7 atta*$ ! rattles ( ! rattlesnake & tails ( poison\s s]p5ts4#ace ,x is (t5 portray$ 9 ! ,codices & inscriptions4 ,! second design is ! ?r[+-/ick1 9 ,nahuatl1 atlatl4 ,! admirable monograph ( ,mrs4 ,zelia ,nuttall expla9s its important symbolic uses4#acf ,examples :]e x is well portray$ are3 ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #fj1 #fe2 ,cod4 ,tro41 pp4 #ba99 & #bb994 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--,! ,asp]sorium1 ! ,atlatl1 & ! ,mimosa4 ,! ?ird design 9 ,fig4 #fj is :at ,sel] calls a broom 7,spani%1 escobilla1 ,nahuatl1 mall9alli17 & ,s*ellhas1 a fea!r4 ,b t x is1 z ,brasseur said1 a mimosa1 seems cle> f ,cod4 ,tro41 p4 #bi1 :]e x is %[n gr[+4 ,9 id41 p4 #cb99;c1 :]e x is above ! turtle1 x has an a/ronomic significance4 ,o!r objects sometimes depict$ are fans1 ual or picit2 mirrors1 n52 %ields1 *imal2 & plant+ /icks1 xul4 ,! designs %[n 9 ,fig4 #fa recur 9 all ! ,codices1 & ,i agree ) ,dr4 ,fr/emann t !y mu/ ref] to ! cele/ial bodies & _! relative motions 7contr>y to ! view ( ,dr4 ,sel]74 ,t !y h n all be5 id5tifi$ is p]haps because none ( ! /ud5ts ( ! subject has be5 a/ronom] en\gh to und]/& ! lessons !y convey4 ,a few we are c]ta9 ab\t4 ,no4 #a is ! sun1 ,no4 #b ! moon2 ,no4 #ac mu/ be 8! rope ( ! moon0 7see above p4 #cf7 indicat+ its conjunction2#acg ,no4 #ab1 f ! ,cod4 ,p]es41 might reasonably indicate its opposition2 ,no4 #ad is ! pole />1 occurr+ 9 ,cod4 ,tro41 pp4 #bj1 #bb1 #bc4 ,dr4 ,fr/emann has (f]$ c]ta9 reasons1 rea*+ a mod]ate probability1 t ,nos4 #c & #d symbolize ! planet ,m]cury2 ,nos4 #e & #f ! planet ,v5us2 ,no4 #g1 ,jupit]2 ,no4 #h1 ,m>s2 & ,no4 #aa1 ,saturn2 ,no4 #ae ,i h se5 only on ! ca/s f ,sa/anquiqui1 ,pet51 at ! ,_w's ,columbian ,exposition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--,! 8,con/ellation ,b&40 ,^! designs are arrang$ 9 r[s ( ?ree or m1 =m+ ribbons or b&s1 & !re=e ,i %all ref] to ! s]ies z 8! con/ellation b&40 ,"s memb]s ( x usually are plac$ above ! repres5tation ( ! sun & moon 7day & night71 frequ5t 9 ! ,codices & repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #fb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--,! 8,heav5ly ,%ield40 ,?is has be5 call$ 8! heav5ly %ield10 a designation ,i %all reta94 ,its signification 0 fir/ expla9$ by ,s*ellhas4 ,! orbs are susp5d$ f ! 8con/ellation b&0 by curi\s be>+s1 :i* seem to be developm5ts f a =m v common 9 ! ,mexican ,,mss41 & :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fc1 ,no4 #a1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i h copi$ f a pot%]d br\ght f ,copan4 ,figs4 ,nos4 #b & #c1 f ! same s\rce1 also seem ( a/ronomical int5t1 ?\gh ,no4 #c may be a v>iant ( ! ik 7comp4 ,cod4 ,dres41 pp4 #ef1 #eg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--;,designs f ,copan ,pot%]ds4 ,aft] consid]able discussion ! signs = ! c>d9al po9ts h be5 def9itely det]m9$ to be z 9 ,fig4 #fd1 read+ f left to "r1 ,ea/1 ,nor?1 ,we/1 ,s\?4 ,! ,ea/ sign is compos$ ( ! k9 7sun7 sign ) ! ahau z a sup]fix & ! 8claw0 po/fix2 ! ,nor? has ! nor? /> god's monogram ) ! lun> prefix2 ! ,we/ ! k9 sign ) ! ma* z a sup]fix 7see p4 #hc7 & ! 8claw0 po/fix2 ! ,s\? has ! yax ) ! mac sup]fix & sometimes an augm5t4 ,space w n p]mit a fur!r analysis ( ^! important composites1 b ea* is highly significant4 ,^! signs nev] occur isolat$1 b always toge!r2 :]e "o is f\nd1 ! o!rs may confid5tly be look$ =4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--,! ,signs = ! ,c>d9al ,po9ts4 ,ano!r s]ies ( signs are intimately associat$ ) ^!4 ,!y are %[n ,fig4 #fe1 & read f left to "r1 ,s\?1 ,ea/1 ,nor?1 ,we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--,! 8,directive ,signs40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--,! 8,cuceb40 ,! precise purpose ( ^! has rema9$ obscure4 ,dr4 ,sel] has sugge/$ t !y indicate ! colors :i* 7 assign$ to ! f\r directions4 ,?is is true z f> z x goes1 b does n expla9 _m ( _! uses4 ,my own /udies h l$ me to believe !y are prim>ily 8directive signs10 int5d$ to guide ! le>n] 9 ! use ( ! cal5d> :eel4 ,?is 0 some:at intricate1 made by ! sup]position ( two surfaces1 ! l[] m>k$ ) ! c>d9al po9ts1 etc41 ! upp]1 ,i take x1 ) ^! directive signs4 ,t any qu>t] 9 ! native a/rology c\ld be transf]r$ into any o!r1 expla9s :y !y are all f\nd ) all ! signs ( ! c>d9al po9ts4#ach ,my view is borne out by ! ,books ( ,*ilan ,balam4 ,9 ?is "w ! rotation ( ! "t-p]iods is call$ cuceb1 8! squirrel10 & _! beg9n+ is m>k$ ) ! ,fig4 #ff4 ,?is is id5tical ) sev]al v>iants ( ! ,nor? 8directive sign0 above2 & ! reason x 0 call$ cuceb 0 t ! v]b cucul means 8to move r\nd & r\nd0 z !y did _! cal5d> :eels4 ,^! f\r directive signs occur repeat$ly z affixes4 ,!y may be read1 7#a7 ideographically3 ei!r z directions1 s\?1 ea/1 nor?1 we/2 or = colors1 yell[1 r$1 :ite1 black2 or1 7#b7 ikonomatically3 = ! homonyms ( ! names ( ^! colors1 t is1 = ! o!r mean+s ( ! color names4 ,^! are num]\s4 ,?us1 kan1 yell[1 also means 8jewels1 money1 food1 abundance1 a rope1 a hamac20 *ac1 r$1 may also signify 8/rong1 wat]1 ra91 ! ra9 god1 a tempe/20 zac1 :ite1 is also an int5sive p>ticle1 8mu*1 v10 & is close to zacal1 to weave1 a web1 & zacan1 bread2 :ile ek1 black1 may also be translat$ 8d>k1 d>kness1 a />1 dyewood1 ! fat ( meat40 ,! sign = ! ,ea/1 ! fl9t knife1 may z su* h ! values assign$ above to t object 7see p4 #hi74 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n make ! me?od s complicat$ z "o may ?9k1 = 9 all rebus-writ+ we f9d ! ord9>y signs employ$ are limit$ to a few recogniz$ mean+s4 #e4 ,! ,hi]oglyphs ( ! ,days4 ,9 my "w on 8,! ,native ,cal5d> ( ,c5tral ,am]ica0 ,i po9t$ out t ! hi]oglyphs ( ! names ( ! days are to be look$ ^u z rebuses1 & !re=e d n tell u ! real mean+ ( ! "n giv5 ! day4 ,!y are m]ely ! pictures ( "s famili> visible object or objects1 ! "n ( :i* has m or less simil>ity to ! "n ( ! day1 & w\ld s]ve by an ocul> repres5tation to recall x to m9d4 ,to repeat :at ,i !re said on ?is ess5tial po9t3 8,x is q mislead+ to seek ! real mean+ or d]ivation ( a day-"n or o!r ^w f ! figure :i* repres5ts x 9 ! hi]oglyphic writ+4 ,! latt] usually /&s = a ^w ( an entirely diff]5t mean+1 ! only connection be+ a m or less simil>ity ( s\nd40#aci ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 !re=e1 t "s ( ^! hi]oglyphics ( ! day-names recur z indep5d5t *>act]s ) o!r ?an cal5d> significations4 ,illu/ration #a4 ,kan4 ,! object repres5t$ is a poli%$ /one1 %ell p5dant1 or bead1 9 ,maya1 kan4 ,x 0 _! circulat+ m$ium1 & x /&s = money1 & all :i* t magic ^w conveys1--food1 prosp]ity1 abundance4#adj ,! dot or eye 9 ! upp] portion is ! p]=ation by :i* x 0 /rung on a cord4 ,o!rs expla9 x z an eye 7,sel]72 a too? 7,brasseur72 a gra9 ( maize 7,s*ellhas74 ,illu/ration #b4 ,*ic*an4 ,! allusive design to sugge/ ! "n is suppli$ by ! twi/$ ?reads *i* ku*4 ,see above1 p4 #if4 ,brasseur sees 9 x a petticoat1 ,sel] a s]p5t's sk91 etc4 ,illu/ration #c4 ,cimi4 ,repres5t$ ei!r by an eye clos$ z 9 dea?1 cimil2 or by ! maggot 7see above p4 #fe74 ,illu/ration #d4 ,manik4 ,correctly expla9$ by ,brasseur z a h& 9 ! act ( grasp+1 8une ma9 qui se f]me40 ,its phonetic value is n kab1 h&1 b ma*1 8to grasp0 7see above p4 #hc74 ,illu/ration #e4 ,lamat4 ,! figures be> a close resemblance to "s ( ! sun signs4 ,see ,fig4 #cg4 ,!y seem to %[ ! orb p>tly bel[ a l9e--! horizon--:i* w\ld give z a rebus lamal k91 ! sunsett+2 en\gh to recall ! day "n4 ,illu/ration #f4 ,muluc4 ,! day sign muluc & ! mon? sign mol h a resemblance1 z d ! words4 ,! root mol or mul means a com+ toge!r1 or pil+ up4 ,! hurricane is call$ molay ik1 8! w9ds unit$20 ! ^w = religion is umolay1 lit]ally1 8a congregation or meet+40 ,bo? signs seem to portray "o ?+ inside ( ano!r ( ! same k9d1 ) a probable ref]5ce to ! s5se ( ! root4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--;,a ,c>t\*e4 #g4 ,oc4 ,among its v>i\s mean+s ?is ^w signifies 8a trail0 & 8footpr9ts40 ,su* seems ! design 9 ! fir/ v>iant4 ,brasseur1 &1 foll[+ him1 ,sel]1 ?9k t ! o!rs portray ! e>s ( a dog1 z 9 "s ,mayan dialects ! dog is call$ oc4 ,! full glyph is ?us3 ,illu/ration ,x is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 su* a c>t\*e z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fg1 :]e a is ! /r5g!n$ pax2 7,see p4 #ib71 b1 ! dog sign2 c1 ! haun* ( v5ison2 & d1 ! monogram ( ,xmucane ) a vigesimal or p]sonal prefix4 ,illu/ration #h4 ,*u54 ,! figure is t ( a m\?1 *i1 ) fangs2 b z t 0 n v ne> 9 s\nd1 a calaba%1 *u1 is sometimes portray$ at ! bottom ( ! circle1 )94 ,! m\? ( no p>ticul> animal is int5d$1 z is evid5t f alli$ designs2 ?\gh ,brasseur & ,sel] claim t x is ( a monkey1 ,s*ellhas1 ( a snake1 etc4 ,! day "n is close 9 s\nd to *un1 ! fir/1 ! beg9n+1 & appe>s occasionally z a num]al 7see above1 p4 #bc74 ,piles ( *u5 are %[n z (f]+s1 e4 g41 ,cod4 ,dres41 pp4 #bf1 #db2 ,cod4 ,cort41 p4 #c4 ,d !y mean 8fir/ fruits80#ada ,illu/ration #i4 ,eb4 ,! face ( an old man ) a peculi> po9t$ e> m>k4 ,! ^w eb means 8ladd]20 ebtun1 a /one /airway2 ebzah1 to %>p5 or po9t a fl9t2 ?is la/ may expla9 ! %>p5$ e> & dots4 ,illu/ration #aj4 ,b51 or ,be54 ,expla9$ by ,brasseur z %[+ a pa?1 be2 by ,sel]1 z a mat & a /raw ro(4 ,to me1 x looks l a be *e1 a wood5 bridge1 ! two supports ( :i* are %[n & :i* 0 sometimes cov]$ ) a /raw mat4 ,?is rebus gives ! fir/ syllable ( ! "n4 ,9 ,tz5tal tradition ,be5 0 ! anci5t h]o :o erect$ ! inscrib$ /el 7pi$ras p>adas7 at ,quixt1 ne> ,comitan1#adb :i* ! natives /ill decorate at c]ta9 times ) g>l&s ( fl[]s1 etc4#adc #aa4 ,ix4 ,! usual figure conta9s a numb] ( black dots4 ,^! sugge/ ! ^w xiix1 scatt]$ gra9 husks4 ,sel] ?9ks x %[s 8! r\nd hairy e> & spott$ sk9 ( ! jagu>40 ,brasseur propos$ t x conv5tionally portrays ! fem99e p>ts1 z ix is ! fem99e prefix 9 ,maya4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration #ab4 ,m54 ,! head ( an ag$ p]son1 suppos$ by ,brasseur & ,sel] to be ,"m ,e>?4 ,sometimes x is ext5d$ worm-l1 z 9 ,fig4 #dc1 ,no4 #c4 ,illu/ration #ac4 ,cib4 ,brasseur & ,sel] believe ! enclos$ spiral repres5ts ! f]m5t$ liquor1 ci1 trickl+ d[n4 ,! 8pott]y decoration0 7see p4 #eh7 c]ta9ly indicates a j> or vase4 ,illu/ration #ad4 ,caban4 ,! design is t ( ! 8cork-screw curl0 ( a woman1 & /&s = cab 7see p4 #ii74 ,illu/ration #ae4 ,ezanab4 ,! picture is ( ! sacrificial knife ( fl9t1 :i* closely corresponds ) ! "n4 ,illu/ration #af4 ,cauac4 ,! design %[s a side face1 ) p5d5t cl\ds = ! eye1 ! 8w9dcross0 = ! e>1 &1 p]haps1 z ,sel] ?9ks1 ! hairy m\? ( ! moan bird4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,rosny expla9s x z 8! plan ( a build+10 & ,?omas z 8! sign = wood40 ,illu/ration #ag4 ,ahau4 ,usually consid]$ to be ! conv5tional draw+ ( a full face4 ,illu/ration #ah4 ,imix4 ,g5]ally reg>d$ z repres5t+ a mamm>y gl&1 ?\gh x is n q l ^? %[n 9 ! ,codices4 ,x is typical ( prosp]ity & is (t5 atta*$ to ! kan sign4 ,9 ! cal5d> x indicat$ ! beg9n+ ( a "t-p]iod4#add ,illu/ration #ai4 ,ik4 ,! ^w means air1 w9d1 brea?1 _s1 s\l1 & life4 ,! design is a katun enclos+ ! sign ( ! f\r directions or f\r w9ds1 ! 8w9d-cross40 ,brasseur calls x a fl[]1 because x is sometimes %[n ) :at looks l leaves em]g+ f x 7,cod ,tro41 pp4 #e991 #f991 etc474 ,?is indicates1 h[ev]1 ! _s ( life com+ =? 7or1 z ,sel] ?9ks1 is a sign ( sacrifice2 ! same sup]fix occurs on ! kan1 ,cod4 ,cort41 p4 #cg1 etc474 ,illu/ration #bj4 ,akbal4 ,! ^w resembles akab1 night1 & is probably d]iv$ f x4 ,! design may be t ( a m\? ) tee? 7,brasseur1 ,sel]71 or ! rays ( ! sun aft] s9k+ bel[ ! horizon4 ,z a g5]al glyph x is frequ5t ) ! signification ( night & d>kness1 n necess>ily 9 a bad s5se4 #f4 ,! ,hi]oglyphs = ! ,mon?s4 ,^! are m intricate ?an ^? ( ! days1 & %[ wid] v>iation4 ,9 ! designs giv5 bel[1 ! fir/ on ! l9e is f ,l&a's "w1 ! second & ?ird are f ! ,dresd5 ,codex4 ,illu/ration #a4 ,pop4 ,! ^w means 8a mat40 ,! pr9cipal elem5t 9 ! glyph is ! s\? or yell[ sign1 ref]r+ p]haps to ! color ( a mat1 ) ! al> subfix4 ,! prefix to ! fir/ v>iant %[s ! 8w9dcross40 ,illu/ration #b4 ,uo4 ,! usual mean+ ( ?is t]m is a prickly pe>2 also1 a species ( frog2 uooh1 a writt5 "* or lett]4 ,! prefix indicat+ spee* 7see p4 #ih7 seems to indicate ! latt]4 ,! *ief elem5t is ! mol sign ) ! night sun z a subfix4 ,illu/ration #c4 ,zip4 ,! design %[s ! sun bel[ ! fl9t knife1 t is1 ! sla9 or dep>t$ sun1 a play on ! phrase1 zipik k91 ! sun set 7pon]se el sol1 ,dicc4 ,motul74 ,! idea is /r5g!n$ by ! mac z a prefix1 signify+ 8to ext+ui%40 ,illu/ration #d4 ,zodz4 ,! ^w means 8bat10 & ! design %[s ! head ( "o ) ! k9 z a sup]fix4 ,illu/ration #e4 ,zec1 or ,tzec4 ,! design is expla9$ by ,brasseur z a dea?'s head1 ,maya1 tzekel2 by o!rs1 z an op5 m\? ) tee? 7comp>e *u51 p4 #aab74 ,! project+ curv$ l9es above ! head are suppos$ by ,s*ellhas to repres5t a peculi> mode ( we>+ ! hair4 ,b z tzec means 8scorpion10 !y may depict conv5tionally ! claws ( t animal4#ade ,illu/ration #f4 ,xul4 ,! ?ree signs are q unlike4 ,! fir/ pres5ts ! conical bill ( a bird ( ! f9* or sp>r[ family2 ! second1 ! horn$ owl or ! falcon 7872 ! ?ird1 a conv5tionaliz$ bird's head4 ,! second may be ikonomatic = xulub1 horns4 ,! ^w xul means to end or to f9i%2 &1 ! end1 limit1 or extremity4 ,illu/ration #g4 ,yaxk94 ,?is means 8new sun0 or 8/rong sun40 ,! glyph expresses ?is by ! yax sign1 8new0 or 8/rong20 ! k9 7sun7 sign & ! dott$ po/fix1 ual1 mon?4 ,accord+ to ! ,dicc4 ,motul1 ! phrase dze yax k9 0 appli$ by ! ,mayas to ! hotte/ "p ( ! summ]4 ,illu/ration #h4 ,mol4 ,see rem>ks on ! day sign muluc1 p4 #aaa4 ,dr4 ,fr/emann sugge/s t ! above designs repres5t ei!r 7#a7 a snail 9 its %ell1 or 7#b7 an egg ) its yolk1 or 7#c7 ! sun aft] sett+4 ,sel] holds t x %[s ! he>t1 ,maya1 ol1 )9 ! body1 mak+ a rebus = mol4 ,illu/ration #i4 ,*'en4 ,?is means a spr+ or well ( wat]4 ,! second sign %[s a wat] j> be>+ ! sign ( fluid1 ) ref]5ce to ! s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! fir/ is m complex4 ,! ma9 elem5t is a face ) a moan m\?1 ref]r+ to wat]2 = an eye ! infix u1 = mon?2 & two prefixes1 ! sign ( union 7see p4 #ajj71 & above x :at may be a v>iant ( b5 7see4 #aac74 ,illu/ration #aj4 ,yax4 ,! fea!r sign yax 7see p4 #id7 is ! sup]fix to ! cauac sign1 :i* c>ries ! po/fix ual1 mon?4 ,illu/ration #aa4 ,zac4 ,?is ^w means 8:ite10 & ?is is "h express$ by ! cauac sign c>ry+ z a sup]fix ! nor? directive sign 7see p4 #aji71 z :ite 0 ! color sacr$ to ! ,nor?4 ,illu/ration #ab4 ,ceh4 ,! mean+ ( ceh is 8de]10 & ! design %[s ! fl9t knife us$ 9 slaught]+ t animal1 plac$ z a sup]fix to ! cauac sign4 ,illu/ration #ac4 ,mac4 ,! fir/ glyph repres5ts ! cov] ( a j>1 ! "n ( :i* 9 ,maya is mac1 ?us mak+ a p]fect rebus4#adf ,! second1 n pla91 is a v>iant ( ! kan or imix1 ) ! 8comb0 subfix4 ,9 ?is mon? 0 celebrat$ ! important rite ( tupp kak1 8! ext+ui%+ ( ! fire10 ! aim ( :i* 0 to secure ra9 = ! gr[+ crops4 ,! figure may ref] to ?is4 ,illu/ration #ad4 ,kan k94 ,?is expression means 8! yell[ sun40 ,! fir/ glyph is a p]fect rebus1 %[+ ! sun sign1 k91 & ! s\? directive sign 7see ,fig4 #fe71 :i* means 8yell[40 ,! second glyph is ! sign = a brea/-bone1 a %ield1 or dog 7see p4 #abe74 ,illu/ration #ae4 ,muan4 ,! head ( ! muan bird1 ! cre/$ falcon1 ) 8 e>s or horns1 see p4 #gd4 ,illu/ration #af4 ,pax4 ,! only or ma9 elem5t is ! drum1 pax *e1 above expla9$ 7see p4 #ia74 ,illu/ration #ag4 ,kayab4 ,! ma9 elem5t 0 recogniz$ by ,s*ellhas z ! head ( a turtle4 ,9 ,l&a's alphabet ?is has ! value a or ak4 ,x is appli$ z a rebus to recall ! fir/ syllable ( ! "n4 ,illu/ration #ah4 ,cum ku4 ,! glyph 9 "o case comb9es kan & cum1 ) prefixes ( cauac & cib4 ,dr4 ,fr/emann fancifully expla9s x z portray+ 8f "o po9t two fla%es ( lightn+ or sun's rays /rik+ ! maize field40 ,r1 we h "h ! rebus cum kan1 recall+ ! "n1 & ! cauac sign1 :i* is repeat$ 9 a numb] ( ! mon? signs4 #g4 ,! ,hi]oglyphs ( ! ,deities4 ,i h already m5tion$ t 9 ! texts ! gods are sev]ally repres5t$ by _! signs or monograms4 ,! cr$it ( def9+ ^! 9 a cle> & satisfactory mann] is due almo/ entirely to ,dr4 ,s*ellhas1 & ,i %all "h pres5t ! results ( 8 c>eful /udies1 reta9+ 8 alphabetic nom5clature1 :i* has 9 "s degree be5 accept$ by ,dr4 ,fr/emann & o!rs4 ,a4 ,! god ( ,dea?4 ,illu/ration ,8 signs are cle>ly e/abli%$ & v>y b little1 ,nos4 #a-d4 ,two ( !m are usually writt54 ,! prefix to #a & #c has be5 already ref]r$ to 7see p4 #hd74 ,! bean 7or fl9t7 appe>s z a prefix 9 ,no4 #b1 z a subfix 9 ,no4 #c4 ,frequ5tly associat$ ) 8 monogram is ,no4 #e1 :i* ,sel] expla9s z ! sign ( ! owl4 ,no4 #f1 f ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #ej1 ) a skull = a head-dress1 may be a prie/ ( ?is div9ity2 ,no4 #g1 f ,dres41 p4 #bb1 may also be a prie/ or a companion4 ,b4 ,itzamna1 or 8! god ) ! snake-l tongue40 ,illu/ration ,8 hi]oglyphs are1 beyond mi/ake1 ,nos4 #h & #i4 ,! directive sign1 ,no4 #aj1 is occasionally associat$ ) 8 monogram4 ,9 ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #cc1 "o ( 8 attributes is %[n 9 ,no4 #aa1 ! h& clos+ on ! rattles ( ! crotalus4 ,! food symbols1 ,nos4 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 are (t5 connect$ ) him4 ,"s reg>d !m z ! f\r elem5ts1 etc4 ,c4 ,! ,nor? ,/>1 or 8! god ) ! ornam5tal face40 ,illu/ration ,x is easy to recognize 8 monogram1 ,nos4 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #ba4 ,i h already expla9$ ! 8pott]y decoration0 7above1 p4 #eh74 ,z prefixes1 we f9d ! bean1 ,no4 #bj2 ! cresc5t1 z 9 #ba2 ! numb] #ac1 indicat+ complet5ess or p]fection2 & ! vase1 z 9 #af & #ag4 ,d4 ,cuculcan1 8! moon god1 or night god40 ,illu/ration ,! complete hi]oglyph is ,no4 #bb1 g5]ally foll[$ by ,no4 #bc4 ,he is 8! old man god10 ) "o too?1 z 9 ,no4 #bd2 sometimes connect$ ) ! moon symbol z 9 ,no4 #be2 & (t5 holds 9 8 h& ! asp]sorium1 %[n 9 ,nos4 #bf & #bg4 ,see p4 #aje4 ,e4 ,ghanan1 8a male maize god40 ,illu/ration ,8 usual monogram is ,no4 #bh4 ,no4 #bi is a picture ( ! maize plant f ,cod4 ,tro41 p4 #bi1 f :i* ,dr4 ,s*ellhas argues t ! head-dresses ( ?is div9ity1 z %[n 9 ,nos4 #cj-cd1 are conv5tional designs = gr[+ maize4 ,my own collations p]suade me t ! maize %\ld "h be und]/ood z a g5]al symbol = vegetable gr[?1 f]tility1 & ! h>ve/s4 ,f4 ,! god ( ,w>1 or1 8a companion ( ! god ( dea?40 ,illu/ration ,8 hi]oglyphs1 %[n 9 ,nos4 #ce-da1 (t5 conta9 ! numb] #aa4 ,! black l9e is *>act]i/ic4 ,8 signs appe> 9 connection ) all f\r c>d9al po9ts4 ,g4 ,k9 i*1 8! sun god40 ,illu/ration ,8 monogram is uni=m ,no4 #db4 ,x is ! sun ) ! b5 ik sup]fix & al> po/fix4 7,see p4 #ij74 ,8 nose ornam5t1 ,no4 #dc1 & ! 8fl[]10 ,no4 #dd1 are usually di/9ctive ( 8 portraits4#adg ,i4 8,! s]p5t goddess40 ,h] signs are n di/9ct4 ,dr4 ,s*ellhas believes !m to be ,nos4 #di-ea2 b ,i _c accept t !y are int5d$ = ! same individual4 ,h4 8,! s]p5t god40 ,illu/ration ,! hi]oglyph & ! p]sonage1 ,no4 #de1 are d\btful4 ,he is suppos$ to be %[n 9 ,cod4 ,dres41 pp4 #aa1 #ab1 #bj1 etc4 ,nos4 #df & #dg1 f ,cod4 ,tro41 p4 #ag1 are also assign$ him4 ,! rattle1 ,no4 #dh1 appe>s z a hi]oglyph 9 ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #fa1 & else:]e4 ,i d\bt ?is deity4 ,k4 8,! god ) ! ornam5t$ nose40 ,! hi]oglyph is ,no4 #eb1 (t5 accompani$ by ! 8dog0 sign1 ,no4 #ec4 ,i h already express$ ! belief t ?is is m]ely "o ( ! manife/ations ( ,itzamna4 7,see p4 #ed47 ,l4 ,ical ,ahau1 8a black god40 ,illu/ration ,dr4 ,s*ellhas di/+ui%es betwe5 a div9ity ^: sign is ,no4 #ed1 & 8,m10 8a second black god10 ^: hi]oglyph is ,no4 #ee1 #ef1 & ^: face is %[n ,no4 #eg4 ,he appe>s 9 ,cod4 ,dres41 pp4 #ac1 #af1 #dc1 & is common 9 ! ,cod4 ,tro4 ,! sign ,no4 #eh is occasionally associat$1 z 9 ,cod4 ,tro41 p4 #e1 & ,cod4 ,cort41 p4 #bh4 ,n4 8,a god ) ! features ( an old man40 ,illu/ration ,8 sign is ,no4 #ei1 :i* may be translat$ 8#e ,zac10 & may ref] to 8 fe/ival on t date 7,sel]74 ,8 face & peculi> head-dress1 ) ! pax sign1 are %[n ,no4 #fj4 ,^! d n /rike me z repres5t+ div9ity1 b simply 8old age40 ,o4 8,a goddess ) features ( an old woman0 7,xmucane874 ,h] hi]oglyphs are %[n ,nos4 #fa1 #fb2 ! latt] is m frequ5t4 ,p4 8,a figure ) features ( an old man40 ,x is se5 ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #ba1 ) ! sign ,no4 #fc4 ,x is d\btful if a deity is int5d$4 ,q4 8,an isolat$ deity40 ,%[n ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #bj1 ) ! signs ,nos4 #fd & #fe2 probably a m]e p]sonage4 ,illu/ration ,r4 ,! moan bird4 ,he is (t5 associat$ ) ! god ( dea?1 & be>s ! hi]oglyphs ,nos4 #ff-fi1 sometimes ) ! #ac4 ,s4 ,no4 #gj is ! usual hi]oglyph ( ! dog1 & ,t1 ,no4 #ga1 is t ( ! vulture4 ,u4 ,no4 #gb is ! sign ( ! jagu>1 z se5 9 ,cod4 ,tro41 p4 #ag1 & 9 ,cod4 ,dres41 pp4 #h1 #bf4 ,illu/ration ,v4 ,! turtle or tortoise4 ,its monogram is se5 ,nos4 #gc1 #gd1 #ge4 ,x is ! a ( ,l&a's alphabet4 ,!re is no d\bt b t ! turtle's head & n t ( ! p>rot is int5d$1 ?\gh "s h ?\ght o!rwise4 ----- ,footnote #aja3 8,! ,anci5t ,phonetic ,alphabet ( ,yucatan10 9 ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,magaz9e1 = #ahgj4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,a notable exception to ?is1 comm5t$ on by de ,rosny1 is se5 on pages #ah & #ai ( ! ,codex ,p]esianus4 ,:y ! rule %\ld be rev]s$ 9 ^? sections is /ill a problem4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,/udy ( ! ,,ms4 ,troano1 ,preface1 p4 viii4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,alfr$o ,*av]o1 ,antigu$ades ,mexicanas1 p4 xi 7,mexico1 #ahib74 ,! ,codex ,porfirio ,diaz mu/ be read f "r to left4 ,footnote #aje3 ,d4 ,g4 ,br9ton1 8,! ,alphabets ( ! ,b]b]s0 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,ori5tal ,club ( ,philadelphia1 p4 #fd 7,philadelphia1 #ahid74 ,footnote #ajf3 ,= in/ances1 ! num]als 9 connection ) ! snakes 9 ,cod4 ,dres41 pp4 #fa-fd1 & #fi-gc1 are to be read f "r to left1 & f bel[ upw>d1 beg9n+ at ! la/ page ( ! s]ies1 & proce$+ t[>d ! left on ! ext5d$ %eet4 ,fr/emann1 ,entziff]ung1 ,no4 ,,ii1 #ahia4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,9 ! ,ar*ives de la ,socit ,amrica9e de ,france1 = #ahhg1 pp4 #bg1 #bh1 #aac1 etc4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,9 ?is connection ,i w\ld call ! especial att5tion ( /ud5ts to ! article by ,dr4 ,s*ellhas1 8,v]glei*5de ,/udi5 auf dem ,felde d] ,maya-,alt]?m]10 9 ! ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 #ahij4 ,he !re illu/rates _! me?ods ( tattoo+1 we>+ ! hair1 p]sonal ornam5ts1 co/umes1 ut5sils1 etc41 z %[n 9 ! ,codices & o!r rema9s4 ,footnote #aji3 ,on ! int]pretation ( ^! & alli$ signs ! /ud5t %\ld consult ,g>rick ,mall]y1 ,sign ,language among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 9 ,rep4 ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 ,vol4 #a1 & ,w4 ,p4 ,cl>k1 ,! ,indian ,sign ,language 7,philadelphia1 #ahhe74 ,x is n possible = me "h to give m ?an ! mo/ meag] details on ?is important topic4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,bird's w+ 9 ,maya is xik4 ,close 9 s\nd is xikal1 que5 7seora pr9cipal1 ,dicc4 ,motul74 ,! fir/ w+ fea!r 0 also call$ 8a knife0 7la prim]a pluma de la ala del halcon se llama 8cu*illo mae/re10 8u cicil ulum40 ,dicc4 de ,san ,francisco74 ,footnote #aaa3 ,9 ! museum ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania !re is a beautiful vase f ,guatemala1 ) a vitrifi$ surface2 on x a face & head1 ) a necklace entirely ( ?is sign1 repeat$ 9 a patt]n4 ,footnote #aab3 8,tup2 ci]tas arracadas de palo antiguas2 y llamanse ahora las arracadas z>cillos40 ,dicc4 ,motul4 ,footnote #aac3 ,9 ,maya a comb is xel4 ,?is z a v]b means 8to cut 9 two20 & z a num]al prefix x divides 9 half unities less ?an #bj2 z xel u yox k9be1 8two-&-a-half-day j\rneys40 ,ikonomatically1 ! comb sign may h ^! significations4 ,l&a gives x z ! sign = ca1 p]haps1 z ,val5t9i sugge/s1 = cac1 to pull out hair4 ,footnote #aad3 ,uil also means any?+ favorable or advantage\s--8cosa prove*osa10 ,dic4 ,motul4 ,! ^w u nev] means 8vase10 z ,pr(4 ,?omas has repeat$ly /at$1 foll[+ ! unreliable ,brasseur4 ,footnote #aae3 8,los navajones p>a los sacrificios1 de los quales t5ian bu5 recaudo los sac]dotes10 p4 #ajg1 ,ed4 ,madrid4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,relacion de la ,villa de ,valladolid 7#aegi71 ,*ap4 ,,xiv4 ,i am aw>e t "s v>iants ( ?is glyph h a /rik+ resemblance to a p5is flaccidus cum te/iculis2 b aft] close comp>ison ,i h reject$ ?is r5d]+4 ,?omas sees 9 ! two %ells 8tortillas40 ,footnote #aag3 ,cosas de ,yucatan1 p4 #aab 7,ed4 ,madrid74 ,:at looks l ! kan sign bel[ x is ! /rap :i* fa/5s x4 ,footnote #aah3 ,mr4 ,m>%all ,h4 ,saville1 9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,am]ican ,folk-lore1 ,septemb]1 #ahid1 & /at$ to h be5 read be=e ! ,am]ican ,association ! prec$+ mon?1 entitl$ 8,a ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ! ,grav5 ,glyphs ( ,copan & ,quirigua10 obs]ves ( ! design ( ! pax*e t x 8is probably a drum40 ,no expression to ?is effect 0 9 ! pap] z read be=e ! ,association1 & 9 ! foll[+ numb] ( ! ,j\rnal ,mr4 ,saville conc$es t ,i 0 ! fir/ to (f] ?is id5tification4 ,footnote #aai3 ,duran3 ,hi/4 de las ,indias1 ,trat4 ,i1 ,lam4 #bi2 ,trat4 ,,ii1 ,lam4 #f4 ,footnote #abj3 ,i quote ! explanation f ! ,dicc4 de ,motul1--8,paxaan3 cosa que e/a quebrada1 como vasija1 cabeza1 b>co1 etc42 cosa que e/a desp>ecida2 paaxan 9 cab1 huido se me han mis abejas2 paaxan 9 cu*tel1 paaxan 9 cahal1 despoblado se me ha el pueblo1 ido se me ha mi g5te4 ,y asi se pu$e decir de mu*a*os1 de hormigas1 humo1 niebla1 nublados1 dolor de cabeza1 de la voluntad1 etc41 anadi5dose al paaxan el nombre de la cosa40 ,9 a simil> s5se ! phrases paaxal yit caan1 8! edge ( ! sky is brok510 paaxal u *un caan1 8! beg9n+ ( ! sky is brok510 are translat$1 8reir el alba1 v5ir el dia1 amanec] asi40 ,footnote #aba3 ,9 ! ,tz5tal dialect ! drum entirely ( wood 0 call$ cul9te2 t ) a sk9 /ret*$ across x1 cayob4 ,l>a1 ,vocabul>io ,tz5tal1 ,,ms4 ,footnote #abb3 ,a simil> design is f\nd on ,mexican %ields1 e4 g41 ,li5zo de ,tlascala1 plate #ab1 ,cod4 ,porf4 ,diaz41 lam4 s4 & on ! curi\s sculptures at ,monte ,alvan1 ,oaxaca1 figur$ 9 ,capta9 ,dupaix's ,second ,exp$ition1 plate #ba1 9 ,k+sbor\gh's ,mexican ,antiquities4 ,footnote #abc3 ,probably ! 8morriones de mad]a10 to :i* e>ly writ]s allude z "p ( ! armor ( a ,maya w>rior4 ,footnote #abd3 8,torc] hilo con huso2 *i* ku*4 ,hilo torcido2 *i*9 bil ku*40 ,dicc4 de ,motul4 ,mean+s ( *i*1 are3 8/rong1 swift1 h>d1 viol5t10 also 8gr&mo!r40 ,footnote #abe3 ,fa!r ,xim5es speaks ( ! 8asi5to del rey20 8t5ia un docel de pluma2 sobre el gu>da polvo1 t5ia cielos de div]sos colores1 tres1 dos1 etc40 ,orig5 de los ,indios de ,guatemala1 p4 #aif4 ,! symbol is !re=e "o ( p[] & au?ority1 r ?an ( a m]e inanimate object4 ,footnote #abf3 ,see ,antonio ,peafiel1 ,nombres ,geograficos de ,mexico2 ,e/udio ,j]oglifico1 passim 7,mexico1 #ahhe74 ,i w\ld especially recomm5d ?is easily obta9able "w to ! /ud5t :o w\ld famili>ize himself ) ! me?od ( 8ikonomatic0 writ+ z x 0 us$ by ! anci5t ,mexicans4 ,ano!r s]ies ( admirable examples are 9 ! 8,li5zo de ,tlascala10 publi%$ by ! ,junta ,colomb9a 7,mexico1 #ahib71 "u ! editor%ip ( ! di/+ui%$ antiqu>y1 ,don ,alfr$o ,*av]o4 ,footnote #abg3 ,nagualism2 a ,/udy 9 ,native ,am]ican ,folk-lore & ,hi/ory1 p4 #bj1 note4 ,sometimes wat] 0 us$1 :5 ! ^w 9 ,maya is puhaa1 8to bl[ wat]10 & is translat$ 9 ! diction>ies1 8roci> con la boca40 ,footnote #abh3 ,mall]y3 ,picture ,writ+ ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #gjj4 ,! d\ble curves t we see on ! snake1 ,cod4 ,cort41 p4 #ae1 etc41 ,i con/rue z ! sign ( ! sky4 ,! expression 9 ,maya 0 u nak caan1 8la bov$a del cielo20 lit]ally1 ! 8belly0 ( ! sky4 ,footnote #abi3 ,! trans=mation ( ! human into ! arboreal =m & its opposite are frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 ! my?s & pictography ( ! r$ race4 ,"s int]e/+ obs]vations ^u ?is po9t1 by ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,d4 ,peet1 may be f\nd 9 ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian1 = ,septemb]1 #ahid4 ,footnote #acj3 ,see ! ,codex ,borgia1 plates #h1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai2 ,cod4 ,vaticanus1 plate #fe2 ,cod4 ,colomb41 ,lam4 #e1 #ag2 ,cod4 ,vi5na1 pp4 #ah1 #cg1 etc42 & consult ,p\sse 9 ,ar*4 de la ,soc4 ,am]41 #ahhg1 p4 #ajb2 ,s*ellhas1 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 #ahhf1 p4 #ec4 ,footnote #aca3 ,dr4 ,h>rison ,all53 ,an ,analysis ( ! ,life ,=m 9 ,art1 p4 #cg 7,philadelphia1 #ahge72 ,a4 ,p4 ,maudslay3 ,biol4 ,c5t4 ,am]4 ,ar*ology1 ,"p ,,ii1 plate #bc1 etc4 ,footnote #acb3 ,mr4 ,e4 ,p4 ,dieseldorff1 9 a description ( a v beautiful decorat$ vase f ! vale ( ,*am1 ,guatemala1 says t fans 7 n 9 use among ! natives1 & t ! object 9 ! pa9t+s usually id5tifi$ z su* is a 8soplador10 or fire-bl[]1 made ( wov5 palm leaves1 & /ill f\nd 9 e h\se4 ,v]h&4 d] ,b]l9] ,an?rop4 ,gesell41 #ahid1 p4 #cgd4 ,footnote #acc3 8,t5ian ci]to az(> bl&o y con alguna poca mezcla de oro1 de que hazian las ha*uelas de fundicion y unos cascabelejos con que vaylavan y una ci]ta man]a de escoplillos con que hazian los idolos40 ,relacion de ,yucatan1 p4 #ajg4 7,madrid edition47 ,footnote #acd3 ,u hadz muyal1 lit]ally1 8its bl[1 ! cl\d40 ,ano!r figure :i* seems to indicate ! same is ! broad1 po9t$ object se5 9 ! h&s ( deities4 ,cod4 ,cort41 p4 #bh2 ,cod4 ,tro41 pp4 #bi1 #cj1 #ch1 #ci4 ,x is ! same z ! ,nahuatl tlauitequiliztli1 portray$ 9 ! h&s ( ,tlaloc1 9 plate #gj1 ( ,boban's ,catalogue ,raisonn ( ! ,g\pil collection4 ,footnote #ace3 ,! "n is f lil1 to spr9kle1 haa1 wat]1 & bal1 ! in/rum5tal t]m9ation4 ,! ,relacion de la ,villa de ,valladolid1 #aegi1 cap4 xiv1 says3 8el ahk9 llevaba un hisopo1 atado en el mu*as colas de vibora y culebras ponzoosas40 ,footnote #acf3 ,! ,atlatl or ,spe> ,?r[] ( ! ,anci5t ,mexicans4 ,by ,zelia ,nuttall 7,cambridge1 ,mass41 #ahia74 ,footnote #acg3 ,see ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #ej4 ,precisely ! same design recurs 9 ! 7,mexican7 ,codex ,borgia1 publi%$ 9 ,k+sbor\gh's ,mexican ,antiquities4 ,no4 #aa is also a ,mexican cal5d> sign 7,gama74 ,footnote #ach3 ,i hesitat$ "s "t to assign ! fl9t knife to ! ,ea/1 b believe ! evid5ce is 9 its favor4 ,z ,*av]o has po9t$ out 7,antigu$ades ,mexicanas1 p4 xxxv71 9 ,mexican symbolism1 ! tecpatl belongs decid$ly to ! ,we/4 ,footnote #aci3 ,! ,native ,cal5d> ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 p4 #d 7,philadelphia1 #ahic74 ,footnote #adj3 8,kan3 cuzcas pi$ras que s]vian los indios de mon$a y de adorno al cuello40 ,dicc4 de ,motul4 ,i owe ?is id5tification to my late fri5d1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,b]5dt1 a pr(\nd ,maya s*ol>4 ,its correctness w be confirm$ by exam9+ ,cod4 ,cort41 p4 #ab4 ,cod4 ,dres41 p4 #dh1 etc4 ,?is circulat+ m$ium ( ! ,mayas is m5tion$ 9 ! ,relacion de ,valladolid1 #aegi1 cap4 #cc4 ,9 pur*as+ a wife ! expression 0 ah coy kan1 8he :o mu/ pay kans10 z ^! 7 ! consid]ation4 7,dicc4 ,motul47 ,o!r mean+s ( kan are3 yell[1 & h5ce ripe fruit1 ! yolk ( an egg1 cook$ maize1 etc42 any?+ preci\s or valuable2 a measure ( l5g?2 a set task2 a net1 & to fi% or hunt ) "o4 ,footnote #ada3 ,v>iants ( ! *u5 are extremely frequ5t 9 ! mural inscriptions1 & its correct int]pretation1 !re=e1 highly important4 ,z /at$ 9 ! text1 ,i believe !y g5]ally /& = *un1 :i* means 8! f\ndation1 ! beg9n+1 ! fir/1 ! cause40 ,we f9d su* expressions z tu *un *e1 8at ! foot ( ! tree20 tu *un uitz1 8at ! base ( ! hill10 etc4 ,9 ,tz5tal1 *u is ! teat or mamma1 *unel1 to suck ! teat4 ,9 _m inscriptions ! position ( ! *un is anti!tic to ! pax1 ! "o indicat+ ! beg9n+1 ! o!r ! end ( a s]ies4 ,footnote #adb3 ,nuez de la ,vega1 ,con/ituciones ,diocesanas1 p4 #aj4 ,! /ory 0 t ,be5 inscrib$ 8 own "n ^u !m4 ,i h n asc]ta9$ t ?is locality has be5 exam9$ by mod]n travel]s4 ,x might (f] valuable mat]ial4 ,footnote #adc3 ,e4 ,p9$a1 ,descripcion ,geografica de ,*iapas1 pp4 #g1 #h4 ,footnote #add3 ,see ,fr/emann1 ,entziff]ung1 ,,iv1 ,s4 #ae4 ,footnote #ade3 ,sel] obs]ves1 on d\btful premises1--8,tzec s*e9t d] ,z]malm] zu b$eut540 ,footnote #adf3 8,mac1 tapa de vasija40 ,! op9ion ( ,all5 t ! sign repres5ts ! ext5d$ arms1 ! 8great span10 is inappropriate4 ,! measure call$ mac 0 mu* great] 7doce brazas1 ,pio ,p]ez74 ,ano!r mean+ ( mac is ! sea turtle & its %ell 7galapago y con*a del74 ,footnote #adg3 ,dr4 ,sel]1 9 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 #ahia1 p4 #aaa1 gives ano!r monogram = ,k9 i*--! cauac1 ) ! 8bl[+0 prefix 7see p4 #ih7 & ! 8ma*ete0 subfix4 ,v4 ,specim5s ( ,texts4 ,9 ! selection ( ! foll[+ texts ,i h be5 guid$ pr9cipally by ! desire to illu/rate ,mayan palography z pres5t$ on diff]5t surfaces1 pap]1 /one1 e>!nw>e1 etc41 & z x is f\nd 9 ! v>i\s regions occupi$ by tribes ( ,mayan culture & aff9ity4 ,"s ( ! examples h n be5 previ\sly publi%$1 & = ?is reason h a special value4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--,! ,god ( ,"t br+s 9 ! ,dead ,ye>4 7,f ! ,dresd5 ,codex47 ,fig4 #fh ,i w\ld expla9 z ! god ( "t br++ 9 ! dead ye>4 ,x is "p ( ! c]emonies depict$ z belong+ to ! close ( ! ye>4 ,t ! wolf-head$ figure repres5ts "t1 ! ,dev\r]1 ,i inf] f its relations 9 ! e>ly pages ( ! ,f]jev>y ,codex1 :]e x is %[n eat+ a /r+ ( days1 etc4 79 ,k+sbor\gh's ,mexican ,antiquities74 ,^! c]emonies are repres5t$ 9 ! ,cod4 ,troano1 pp4 #bj-bc1 & ! ,cod4 ,dres41 pp4 #be-bh4 ,! recognition ( _! significance is pr9cipally due to ,pr(4 ,cyrus ,?omas4 ,! god arrives 9 ! vase ( ! heav5ly wat]s4 ,9 8 left h& he holds ! rattle1 9 8 "r ! magic w&1 or magician's /aff1 caluac1 & ! m$ic9e bag 7,maya *imil1 ,nahuatl1 xiquipilli72 ar\nd 8 wai/ is ! broad c>ry+-b&1 9 ! loop ( :i* he has ! dy+ ye>1 kan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--;,a ,sacrifice at ! ,close ( ! ,ye>4 7,f ! ,dresd5 ,codex47 ,9 ,fig4 #fi is ano!r sc5e f ! same c]emonies4 ,! p]son on ! "r is ! celebrant1 hold+ a behead$ f[l 9 8 "r h&1 :ile 8 left /rews gra94 ,be=e him is a haun* ( v5ison & a turkey4 ,above ! latt] is ! moon symbol ) ! numb] #ae4 ,to ! left ( ^! /&s ! /atue ( ,mam1 ! ,gr&fa!r1 a log fold$ 9 a robe & surm\nt$ by ! leaves ( ! ,tree ( ,life4#adh ,9 front are se5 ! s]p5t's head1 ! sign ( ,"t2 bel[ ?is are footpr9ts1 to indicate t "t is gone2 & b5ea? ! =m ( ! god is ! sign pax1 ) ! mean+1 8x is end$40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--,symbolic ,repres5tation ( ! ,close ( "o ,"t-,p]iod & ! ,beg9n+ ( ano!r4 7,f ! ,cortesian ,codex47 ,9 int]e/+ contra/ to ^! two is ,fig4 #gj1 %[+ ! beg9n+ ( a "t-p]iod4 ,on ! left1 two dogs1 back to back b5ea? ! same canopy1 indicate ! clos+ ( "o p]iod & ! beg9n+ ( ano!r4 ,on ! "r1 ! s]p5t ( "t1 re/+ on ! e>?1 br+s to ! heav5s ! new sun4 ,! y\?ful god betwe5 ! s]p5t's jaws c>ries ! _w-sign = an eye1 & holds 9 8 h& ! symbol yax k91 8new sun40 ,above are appropriate hi]oglyphs1 ! t5or ( :i* ! dilig5t /ud5t ( my previ\s pages w h little difficulty 9 cat*+4 ,9 ,fig4 #ga ! ,god ( ,gr[? & ,f]tility holds an elaborate caluac surm\nt$ by a bird1 its ap]tures fill$ ) %ells4 ,beh9d him is seat$ ! ,god ( ,dea?1 8 caluac tipp$ ) a =midable spe>-head4 ,! ,god ( ,gr[? has n 8 own monogram1 b t ( ! old ,cuculcan4 ,:5 we recall t ! %ell is ! sign = 8n\ght10 ! indication seems t ! ,god ( ,dea? ) 8 spe> w br+ to n\ght ! ef=ts ( ! ,god ( ,f]tility4 ,we see 9 ,fig4 #gb ! ,nor? ,/> 9 a s]ies ( relations to o!r cele/ial bodies or div9ities4 ,beg9n+ at ! left1 he is seat$ on 8 own sign :i* is surr\nd$ by rays2 next1 he is ^u ! sign ( ! f\r w9ds & f\r qu>t]s ( ! e>?2 9 ! ?ird he is susp5d$ 9 a sl+ f ! 8con/ellation b&0 betwe5 ! sun & a planet2 & f\r?1 he is above ! cl\ds1 :i* re/ ^u a canopy protect+ a pile ( kans1 money or food emblems4 ,! ?ree figures 9 ,fig4 #gc pres5t ! b5efic5t deities1 ea* be>+ 9 ! h& ! food symbol1 kan4 ,! gr\p copi$ 9 ,fig4 #gd1 %[ ! ,god ( ,dea? foll[$ by ,k9 i*1 :o seems remon/rat+ ) him1 :o 9 turn is foll[$ by ! ,god ( ,w> ) a wra?ful visage4 ,! positions ( ! h&s are especially notewor?y4 ,! sign mol leads ea* ( ! c>t\*es4 ,9 ,fig4 #ge ,cuculcan is mak+ fire f ! friction ( two pieces ( wood4 ,on 8 head is ! moan symbol1 on 8 ?igh ! k94 ,ea* ( ! ?ree c>t\*es beg9s ) ! drum sign4 ,8 own monogram is ! ?ird memb] ( ! second c>t\*e4 ,9 ,fig4 #gf ! text is ! same 9 ea* ( ! ?ree c>t\*es except ! monograms ( ! ?ree div9ities repres5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--,! ,god ( ,gr[? & ! ,god ( ,dea?4 7,f ! ,cortesian ,codex47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--;,auguries f ! ,nor? ,/>4 7,cortesian ,codex47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--;,itzamna1 ! ,s]p5t ,goddess1 & ,k9 i*4 7,dresd5 ,codex47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--,! ,god ( ,dea?1 ,k9 i*1 & ! ,god ( ,w>4 7,dresd5 ,codex47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--;,cuculcan ,makes ,new ,fire4 7,codex ,troano47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--,! ,gods ( ,dea?1 ( ,gr[?1 & ! ,nor? ,/>4 7,dresd5 ,codex74 ,9 ,fig4 #gg ea* c>t\*e beg9s ) mol1 & is imm$iately foll[$ by ! monogram ( ! god4 ,! l[] glyphs diff] mat]ially4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--,! ,god ( ,gr[?1 ,k9 i*1 & ,itzamna4 7,dresd5 ,codex47 ,all ! above specim5s ( texts h be5 photograph$ f ! ,codices1 )\t re/oration4 ,!y %[1 !re=e1 n only ! g5]al "* ( ^? docum5ts1 b also _! /ate ( pres]vation4 ,9 _m in/ances ! pages h be5 defac$1 & portions ( ! inscriptions ^u !m injur$4 ,sometimes x is possible to re/ore ! oblit]ations by a comp>ison ( p>allel passages1 & ?is has be5 done successfully by v>i\s s*ol>s4 ,! extracts h be5 select$ also ) ! object ( %[+ ! repres5tations ( ! mo/ prom95t deities1 ,itzamna1 ,k9 i*1 ,cuculcan1 ! ,god ( ,dea?1 etc41 9 ! mann] 9 :i* we f9d !m 9 ! ,codices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--,! ,inscription ( ,kabah4 ,9 ?is int]e/+ inscription f ,c5tral ,yucatan1 we recognize famili> signs1 z ! m$ic9e-drum & ! cl\d-signs at ! bottom1 & cauac1 *ik91 yax1 etc41 )9 ! squ>e area4 ,x is suffici5t to prove t at ,kabah ! same writ+ 0 9 use4#adi ,!re is "s reason to suppose1 h[ev]1 t 9 ?is "p ( ! ,mayan t]ritory !re _h be5 a developm5t ( ?is writ+ until x _h become conv5tionaliz$ into a s]ies ( l9es & small circles enclos$ 9 ! usual squ>e or oval ( ! katun4 ,i h se5 sev]al examples ( ?is rem>kable script1 & give "o1 ,fig4 #gi1 "p ( an inscription on a vase f ,labna1 ,yucatan1 n[ 9 ! ,peabody ,museum4#aej ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--,l9e> ,inscription f ,yucatan4 ,! tablets at ,pal5que are too ext5sive a /udy = me to ent] ^u 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,! engrav+1 ,fig4 #hj1 is m]ely to %[ ! "* ( ! writ+ & to pres5t ! 8initial glyphs10 ^u :i*1 9 ,copan & else:]e1 ,mr4 ,maudslay lays s mu* /ress 7see above1 p4 #bc74 ,incid5tally1 !y seem to me to prove t ! prop] read+ ( ! tablet is to beg9 at ! top ( ! two "r-h& columns1 read !m toge!r d[nw>d 7z ,?omas sugge/$71 !n ! next two to ! left 9 a simil> mann]2 b ! la/ two on ! left1 ^? head$ by ! great pax1 %\ld be read f bel[ upw>d4 ,?is diff]s f any s*eme yet propos$1 b alone corresponds ) ! natural sequ5ces ( ! gr\ps ( glyphs4 ,! t]m9al 7upp] left7 glyph %[s ! pax surm\nt$ by ! xihuitl & ?is by ! 8tr9al0 signs4 ,! /ud5t ( ! prec$+ pages w n be at a loss to expla9 _! purport4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--,! 8,initial ,s]ies0 ( ! ,tablet ( ! ,cross1 ,pal5que4 ,i h already ref]r$ 7above1 p4 #ed7 to ! s+ul> 8bas-reliefs ( ,*iapas40 ,!y are cov]$ ) elaborate designs c>v$ 9 l[ relief on ! argillace\s slate ( :i* !y consi/4 ,ne>ly all h hi]oglyphics ( a decorative ,mayan "*4 ,= ! sake ( comp>ison ,i add ,fig4 #ha1 a trac+ ( ! f\r glyphs :i* are plac$ 9 front ( ! tapir on ! 8tapir tablet40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--;,inscription on ! 8,tapir ,tablet10 ,*iapas4 ,! int]e/+ gr\p1 ,fig4 #hb1 is ! mo/ complete example ( ! anci5t writ+ ,i "k (1 f ! region ( ! ,zotzils4 ,! orig9al1 =m]ly 9 ! possession ( ,don ,secund9o ,orantes1 9 ! city ( ,*iapas1 measures #bf by #ag in*es4 ,! front is badly injur$1 b ! back well pres]v$4 ,we f9d 9 ?is c>t\*e ( tw5ty glyphs en\gh famili> =ms to conv9ce u ( ! id5tity ( ! graphic me?od4 ,pax1 *u51 ! iguana1 etc41 are soon recogniz$4 ,! copy 0 made by ! late ,dr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,b]5dt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--;,inscription on a ,tablet f ,ton91 ,*iapas4 ,ton9 is ab\t #hj miles s\? ( ,pal5que & ne> ,ococ+o1 :5ce ,mr4 ,squi] obta9$ ! amulet be>+ ! neat inscription %[n 9 ,fig4 #hc4 ,! orig9al is n[ 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--;,inscription on an ,amulet f ,ococ+o1 ,*iapas4 ,! beautiful inscription1 ,fig4 #hd1 hi!rto unpubli%$1 is on a burial vase f ! ,qui*e di/rict ( ,guatemala1 ne> ,huehuet5ango4 ,x is n only ! longe/ & mo/ p]fect example kn[n ( ,qui*e palography1 b x is also ! mo/ ext5sive inscription ,i h se5 on pott]y f any "p ( ! ,mayan t]ritory4 ,! orig9al1 a vase ( high arti/ic m]it1 is 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,aga9 we see famili> signs1 ! imix1 ! pax1 ! num]als1 ! bean subfix1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--;,inscription on a ,vase f a ,qui*e ,tomb1 ,guatemala4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! limits :i* ,i h prescrib$ = ?is "w d n p]mit me to add fur!r comp>isons 9 ,mayan palography4 ,=tunately1 ! /ud5t c f9d ready access to abundant examples4 ,! inscriptions ( ,copan & ,quirigu1 ( ,*i*5 ,itza1 & ,pal5que1 are or w be repres5t$ ) admirable fidelity 9 ,mr4 ,maudslay's "w already ref]r$ to2 o!rs f ,tikal h be5 made accessible by ! labors ( ,b]5dt1 ,*>nay & de ,rosny2 & we are ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ t be=e _m ye>s ! intellig5t explorations ( compet5t ar*ologi/s w add hundr$s ( texts f ! relics 9 /one1 clay1 & wood :i* /ill exi/ to atte/ ! "* ( anci5t ,mayan lit]ature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! mo/ urg5t duty re/+ ^u ! pres5t g5]ation ( /ud5ts int]e/$ 9 ?is subject is to collect & accurately reproduce z _m ( ^! texts z possible1 be=e !y are de/roy$ or lo/4 ,ext5d$ comp>isons w ultimately reveal _! mean+1 z w readily be se5 f ! advances 9 t direction *ronicl$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ----- ,footnote #adh3 ,see ,cogolludo3 ,hi/oria de ,yucatan1 ,tom4 ,i1 p4 #cag4 ,footnote #adi3 ,?is inscription1 pa9t$ on /ucco1 0 copi$ by ,h4 ,f4 ,beck] & pr9t$ 9 ! ,ar*ives de la ,socit ,amrica9e de ,france4 ,see de ,rosny1 ,l',int]pretation des anci5s ,textes ,mayas1 p4 #ab41 note 7,p>is1 #ahge74 ,footnote #aej3 ,ano!r example is 9 ! ,?ompson collection1 & a ?ird1 some:at simil>1 also f a vase f ,yucatan 7n[ 9 ,b]l971 has be5 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,s*ellhas1 ,int]nat4 ,ar*iv4 fr ,e?nographie1 #ahij 7p4 #c ( 8 sep>atum74 ,i4 ,,index-,,vocabul>y ,,( ,,maya ,,words4 7,t4 signifies ! ,tz5tal dialect47 ac1 a tortoise1 or turtle1 #ce1 #gd acan1 mead1 #db ac ek1 a con/ellation1 #ce aghan1 ,t41 "y e> ( maize1 #fb ahau1 rul]1 "l1 #da2 a day "n1 #aae ahau c1 rattlesnake1 #fh1 #ge ahau c mai1 *ief prie/1 #fh ahau katun1 #bb ahau tzab c1 ! rattlesnake1 #ge ah-caluac1 ! /aff be>]1 ! mayordomo1 #eb ah-*'om1 a vulture1 #gc ah-*un c1 high prie/1 #fh ah-coy-c1 v4 p4 #aaj1 note ah-cunal ?an1 ^w-conjur]1 #fh ah-k91 prie/1 #fh ah-k9-mai1 *ief prie/1 #fh ah koh-keuel1 a mask$ prie/1 #fi ahlo1 ! macaw1 #gc ah-mac ik1 w9d conjur]1 #fh ah-po\1 ! milky way1 #ce ah-pul1 a conjur]1 #fh ah-uai-*ac1 ra9 conjur]1 #fh ah-uai xibalba1 conjur] ( dep>t$ s\ls1 #fh ah-zahcab1 ,v5us1 #cd akbal1 night1 d>kness1 #ef2 a day "n1 #aaf alau 7#fd1jjj1jjj71 #ai anhel1 to /& erect1 #df bacab1 #dj bac-baquetic1 a num]al1 #ai balam1 ! jagu>1 #gb bak1 f\r hundr$1 #ai bat1 an axe2 hail1 #ajd batab1 a *ief1 #ajd batul1 to fight1 #ajd be1 footpr9ts1 #hh be *e1 a bridge1 #aac b51 or be51 a day "n1 #ia1 #aac b5-ik1 a graphic sign1 #ij1 #abc bolon1 n9e1 #be bolon pax*e1 a l>ge drum1 #ib budz ek1 a comet1 #ce bul1 a bean2 all1 ! :ole1 #hi bulcabal1 a de/ruction1 #df caan1 ! sky1 #eb cab1 d[n1 d[nw>d1 etc41 #fj1 #ii1 #aad caban1 a day "n1 #aad cac1 to pull out1 #hf calab 7#afj1jjj71 #ai calacal1 p]=at$1 #eb caluac1 ! 8/aff ( (fice10 #eb1 #abh1 #acj cama*1 a jaw bone1 #he canan1 a s5t9el1 gu>dian1 #cd canan *ul*an1 ,v5us1 #cd canzicnal1 s]p5t be+1 #da cauac1 a day "n1 #aae cayob1 ,t41 a drum1 #ic ceh1 a de]2 a mon? "n1 #aai *aam1 ! 7mol>7 tee?1 #dc *ac1 r$1 /rong2 wat]1 etc41 #cd1 #dj1 #aji *ac ek1 ,v5us1 #cd *acal ik1 /rong w9d1 #dj *am1 a jaw bone1 #he *amal dzutan1 %oot+ />s1 #ce *e1 tree1 wood1 #de *ebel1 to pa9t2 a pa9t bru%1 #db *el1 ! ra9b[1 #dj *'en1 a mon? "n2 a well1 #aah *i1 to bite1 #hi2 a m\?1 #aab *ibil k91 a sol> eclipse1 #cf *ibil u1 a lun> eclipse1 #cf *ic*an1 a day "n1 #aaa *i*1 /rong1 p[]ful1 swift1 h>d1 #if *i* ku*1 to twi/ ?read1 #if *imal1 %ield1 #cd *imal ek1 ! nor? />1 #cd *imal ik1 ! nor? w9d1 #cd *imil1 a m$ic9e bag1 #abh *9ax1 ,t41 a knife1 #hi *u1 a calaba%1 #aab *u51 a day "n1 #bc1 #aab *ul*an1 ! sky or heav5s1 #cd *un1 ! fir/1 ! beg9n+1 #bc1 #aac ci1 to trickle1 #aad cib1 a day "n1 #aad cicil1 a knife1 #hd cimi1 a day "n1 #aaa coz1 an owl1 #gc cuceb1 a squirrel1 #aji cucul1 cov]$2 revolv+1 #ef1 #aji cul9te1 ,t41 a drum ( wood1 #ic cum1 a vase1 #da1 #dh cum ku1 a mon? "n1 #aba cun1 to conjure1 #dd cuzaan1 or cuzam1 a swall[1 #db dzacab1 a g5]ation1 #be dzacah1 to heal by magic rites1 #ic dzacatan1 a m$ic9e drum1 #ic dzicnial1 #ci dzip1 to sk9 animals1 #db dziz1 coolness1 cold1 #db eb1 a day "n1 #aac eb-*e1 a ladd]1 #gg ebtun1 a /one /airway1 #aac ebzah1 to %>p51 #aac ek1 />2 black1 #cd2 dyewood1 fat1 #aji ek *uh1 scorpion1 #fg ezanab1 a day "n1 #aad ghan1 ,t41 maize1 #fb haycabal1 a de/ruction1 #df hobnil1 holl[2 ! belly1 #dj hozan1 disemb[ell$1 #da hub1 a snail1 #ge hun1 "o1 #be hunab1 only1 sole1 #cg hunbalan u1 ! moon 9 conjunction1 #cf iba*1 an armadillo1 #gb ical1 or ic1 ,t41 black1 #fg i*1 an eye2 a face2 tw9s1 #hd ik1 w9d1 brea?1 life1 s\l1 etc41 #ej1 #aae ik1 a day "n1 #ia1 #aae ikomne1 a comet1 #ce imix1 a day "n1 #aae itz1 fluid1 #eb ix1 fem99e prefix1 #dj ix-b\at1 a prophetess1 #fh ix *el1 ! ra9b[1 #dj ix-cunal ?an1 a conjuress1 #fh ix kan leom1 a spid]-web1 #dj ix k91 prie/ess1 #fh ix nuc1 old woman1 #dc kaax1 a knot2 a h>ve/-field1 #da kab1 a h&1 arm1 f+]1 juice1 sap1 te>s1 #hc kaba1 a "n1 #hc kabil1 8 h&1 #ch kak1 fire1 #db1 #abj kak mo1 a bird1 #ci kal1 tw5ty1 #ai kan1 money1 food1 etc41 #aji kan k91 a mon? "n1 #abj katun1 #aa1 #bb1 #bh kax or kaax1 a knot1 #ia kax pol1 ! tress ( ! hair1 #ia kaxala1 to ra92 ! ra91 #ia kayab1 a mon? "n1 #abj k9 katun1 #bh k91 k9al1 see p4 #hg k9am1 k9*il 7#c1bjj1jjj71 #ai k9 i* 7d]iv471 #ci koh1 a mask1 #fi ku1 a god2 div9e1 #cg ku*1 a vulture1 #df1 #gc kul1 div9e1 #ie kukum1 a fea!r1 #ie kup1 to sacrifice1 to cut1 #fi lak9 *an 7d]iv471 #ch lamat1 a day "n1 #aaa licil dzicil1 a knife1 #hi lilbal1 a spr9kl]1 #ajd lom1 a lance1 #dc lum1 ! e>?1 #dh maax1 a monkey1 #gb mac1 to ext+ui%2 a cov]2 a turtle2 a mon? "n1 #aai ma*1 to grasp1 #hc mai or maay1 du/1 smoke1 fume1 #be1 #fh mam1 a num]al1 #ai2 gr&fa!r1 #abh manik1 a day "n1 #ci1 #aaa matzab1 ant5n1 rays1 #ih me*un1 a num]al1 #ai meh5 ek1 a con/ellation1 #ce m51 a day "n1 #aad miatz1 a s*ol>1 #be moan1 see muan mol1 a mon? "n1 #aah molay ik1 a hurricane1 #aab moo1 ! macaw1 #gc moxic1 ,t41 a day "n1 #ci muan1 a falcon1 cl\dy1 #gd2 also1 a mon? "n1 #abj muc1 to cov]1 to bury1 #fa mu*1 a frog1 #ge mucul canan1 ,v5us1 #cd mucul mam1 a num]al1 #ai mucul u1 ! wan+ moon1 #fa muluc1 a day "n1 #aaa muyal1 cl\ds1 #dh1 #eb1 #gd muyan1 see muan nak caan1 ! sky1 #ii na1 a h\se1 #cg n51 a mirror1 #aje noh1 great1 /rong2 "r h&1 #cd noh ek1 great />1 #cd nohnial1 #ci nuc1 old1 #dc ne*1 provisions1 #db oc1 to ent]2 a day "n1 #aab ol1 ! s\l or _s1 #dh oxlahun1 ?irte51 #be paakal1 to fright51 #dd pacat1 face1 #dd pax1 a musical in/rum5t1 #ib2 a mon? "n1 #abj paxan1 complet$1 f9i%$1 #ib1 #abe1 #abi pax *e1 a wood5 drum1 #ib pec1 to rattle1 to ?und]1 #fc1 #ga pec *ac1 ?und]1 #fc pe*hec hol1 flat-head$1 #fb pek1 a dog1 #ga pic1 eight ?\s&1 #ai picit1 a fan1 #aje pixan1 ! s\l1 #be pocam1 a cleans+1 #ee pop1 a mat2 a mon? "n1 #aaf ppeta1 to p]=m religi\s rites2 to cry ) pa91 #fi ppua1 dew1 #db pputum1 small1 #dc ppuz1 b5t ov]1 #dc pu*1 to spoil1 to undo1 to de/roy1 #dd puhaa1 to bl[ =? wat] f ! m\?1 #ih puy1 a %ell1 #ai ta1 a knife2 excrem5t1 #hi tah1 a dramatic repres5tation1 #hi tab1 cord1 tw5ty #ai1 #db tamacaz1 ! milky way1 #ce tan kukul1 be=e ! gods1 #dd tankul1 a drum1 #ic tem1 an alt> ( /one1 #dh tixl 7,cak471 ! tapir1 #ee tub1 to spit1 #db tun1 a /one1 a jewel1 #db tunkul1 see tankul tup1 to /op up1 to ext+ui%2 also1 e>-r+s1 #he1 #abj tupul u ui* k91 a sol> eclipse1 #cf tzab1 rattles ( ! rattlesnake2 ! ,pleiades1 #ce1 #fc tza ec1 a comet1 #ce tzapa1 %ort1 #dc tzec1 a scorpion2 a mon? "n1 #aag tzekel1 a dea?'s head1 #aag tzim91 ! tapir1 #ee tzotzceh 7#c1bjj1jjj71 #ai tzuc1 a five-day p]iod1 #bh ,u1 ! moon42 a necklace2 82 #cf1 #hf1 #hg ua or ual1 a dot1 #ig2 a fan1 #aje uac1 six1 #dc ual1 mon?1 #aah u nupptanba1 ! moon 9 opposition1 #cf uil1 food2 advantage\s1 #hf u9al1 mon?2 tw5ty1 #hg u9ic1 a man1 #dc1 #hg uo1 a frog1 #ge2 a mon? "n1 #aaf uooh1 a book2 a lett]1 #aaf ut1 a snail1 #ge xama*1 a platt]1 #eh xaman1 nor?1 #cd xaman ek1 ! nor? />1 #cd xanab xux1 a bee1 #fj xel1 a comb1 etc41 #hf xic91 an e>2 a %ell1 #he xik1 w+ ( a bird1 #hd xikal1 a que51 #hd xiix1 bran1 husks ( gra91 #ig xoc1 to s+1 to *ant1 #db xoc1 ! bree* cl\t1 #ia xul1 a plant+ /ick1 #aje2 to end2 a mon? "n1 #aag xulab1 an ant1 #cf xulub1 horns1 #aah xux1 a wasp1 #fj xux ek1 ,v5us1 #fj yax1 gre52 blue2 fre%2 /rong2 virile2 e>ly1 #ie2 a mon? "n1 #aai yax *e1 gre5 tree1 #de1 #dh yax k91 a mon? "n1 #aah1 #abi yax kukul1 a fea!r ornam5t1 #ie y1 to appe>1 to %[ oneself1 #dc yetal1 &1 #ajj yum1 fa!r1 rul]1 #da zac1 :ite1 ea/1 v4 pp4 #aji1 #aaj2 a mon? "n1 #aai zacal1 to weave1 #aji zacan1 bread1 #aji zac ik1 ea/ w9d1 #da zac nohol ik1 s\!a/ w9d1 #da zac xaman ik1 nor!a/ w9d1 #da zac z9i1 :ite be+1 #da zaztal ek1 ,v5us1 #cd zec1 a mon? "n1 #aag z91 to /ret* out1 #ge z9aan1 a scorpion1 #ge z9aan ek1 a con/ellation1 #ge z9il1 ! e>?1 #ge zip1 a mon? "n1 #aag zipik k91 ! sunset1 #aag zodz1 a bat2 a mon? "n1 #aag zuhuy1 a virg91 #db ,,ii4 ,,index ,,( ,,au?ors4 ,aguil>1 #bf1 #de ,all51 ,h41 #hf1 #ie1 #ajc1 #aai1 etc4 ,baeza1 ,p41 #ic ,beck]1 ,h4 ,f41 #acg ,beltran de ,santa ,rosa1 #dd ,b]5dt1 ,c4 ,h41 #dh1 #gd1 #ic1 #aaj1 #ach ,boas1 ,f41 #fb ,boban1 ,e41 #ajd ,brasseur1 ,abb1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #bc1 #ea1 #hc1 #hf1 #ij1 #aab1 etc4 ,c>rillo1 ,c41 #fb ,*>5cey1 ,h4 de1 #ab ,*>nay1 ,d41 #aa1 #adc ,*av]o1 ,a41 #ed1 #gi1 #ig1 #aji ,*ilan ,balam1 ,books (1 #df1 #dg1 #aji ,cl>ke1 ,w4 ,p41 #hc ,cresson1 ,h4 ,t41 #ac1 #ae ,cogolludo1 ,p41 #ci1 #dg1 #ea ,cul91 ,s41 #bd ,cu%+1 ,f4 ,h41 #dh ,dieseldorff1 ,e4 ,p41 #ajd ,dupaix1 ,c41 #ie ,duran1 ,d41 #ff1 #ib ,fewkes1 ,j4 ,w41 #da1 #ee1 #eg1 #gj ,fr/emann1 ,e4 ,w41 #ab1 #ac1 #ah1 #bi1 #cc1 #gd1 etc4 ,h]n&ez1 ,p4 ,r41 #cg ,h]r]a1 ,a41 #ci ,hold51 ,e4 ,s41 #aa1 #ac ,k+sbor\gh1 ,"l1 #ab1 #ie ,l&a1 ,d4 de1 #ad1 #bf1 #ce1 #ci1 #dc1 #ed1 #fh1 #ajd1 #aaf ,l>a1 ,d41 #fj1 #ic ,las ,casas1 ,b41 #cg ,leon1 ,m41 #bf ,lizana1 ,p41 #cg ,mall]y1 ,g41 #hc1 #ii ,maudslay1 ,a4 ,p41 #aa1 #ab1 #ba1 #bc1 #ajb1 #acf ,motul1 ,dicc41 #cg ,nuez1 de la ,vega1 #be1 #ci1 #fb1 #fg1 #fh1 #aac ,nuttall1 ,z41 #bf1 #cb1 #aje ,orantes1 ,s41 #ach ,p>ry1 ,f41 #ej ,peet1 ,s4 ,d41 #aja ,peafiel1 ,a41 #ig ,p]r91 ,p41 #ab ,p9$a1 ,e41 #aac ,p9$a1 ,v41 #ai ,pio ,p]ez1 #da1 #aai ,plongeon1 ,dr4 ,le1 #aa1 #ae1 #ie ,popol ,vuh1 #dh1 #ej1 #fa ,p\sse1 ,a41 #ab1 #ba1 #ca1 #gi1 #hj1 #aja ,putnam1 ,f4 ,w41 #aa ,rada y ,delgado1 ,j4 ,d41 #ad ,rau1 ,c41 #ac ,ro*ef\cauld1 ,f4 ,a41 #af ,rosny1 ,l4 de1 #ab1 #ad1 #he1 #aae1 #acg ,saville1 ,m4 ,h41 #ib ,s*ellhas1 ,p41 #ab1 #dc1 #ej1 #ea1 #fb1 #ga1 #ha1 #aba1 #acf1 etc4 ,s*rad]1 ,dr41 #bf ,s*ultz-,sellack1 ,dr41 #da ,sel]1 ,e41 #aj1 #be1 #cb1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #ga1 #hc1 #hf1 #abd1 etc4 ,squi]1 ,e4 ,g41 #ada ,/eph5s1 ,j4 ,l41 #aa ,/one1 ,w41 #gb ,?omas1 ,c41 #ac1 #af1 #bd1 #bi1 #cb1 #cd1 #ej1 #ea1 #gf1 #hf1 #abh1 etc4 ,?ompson1 ,e4 ,c41 #acf ,val5t9i1 ,f41 #hf ,waldeck1 ,f41 #ed ,xim5es1 ,f41 #ej1 #if ,,iii4 ,,g5]al ,,index4 ,acan1 #db ,acat1 #dc ,ah *uy kak1 #dd cun c1 #dd dziz1 #db kak ne*1 #db k9 xoc1 #db ppua1 #db pu*1 #dd1 #fd ,ahulane1 #dd ,ah zakik ual1 #db ,alphabets1 ( ,l&a1 #ad2 ( o!r writ]s1 #ae-ag ,anum1 ! fir/ man1 #df ,armadillo1 !1 #gb ,asp]sorium1 !1 #aje1 #abc ,atlatl1 !1 #aje ,bacabs1 !1 #dj ,baptism1 native1 #gf ,baton ( (fice1 #eb1 #abh1 #acj ,bean symbol1 #hi1 #aba1 #abb sign1 #hi ,be>ds1 on images1 #ci1 #eg ,bee god1 !1 #ei-fa1 #ih ,bells1 z ornam5ts1 #fd1 #hc ,b51 or ,be51 my?s (1 #aac ,b5-ik sign1 #ia1 #abc ,birds1 figures (1 #gb ,bissextile ye>s1 #bf ,black gods1 #ff1 #abd ,cal5d> signs1 #bb sy/ems1 #bf-bi ,canopies1 #if ,canzicnal1 #da ,c>d9al po9ts1 !1 #dj1 #da1 #ajh ,c5teotl1 #fb ,c]emonial circuit1 !1 #da ,*ac mool1 #ie ,*acs1 !1 #dj ,*amay bac1 #dd ,*iapas1 #cg1 #ach ,*i*5 ,itza1 #ch ,*ilan ,balam1 ,books (1 #ad1 #ai ,cit bolon tun1 #db ,cl\d balls1 #ih ,codices1 !1 #aa2 z "t-c\nts1 #ah ,colors1 symbolism (1 #dj1 #da signs =1 #aji ,comb sign1 #hf ,comets1 #ce ,conjur]s1 #fh ,con/ellation b&1 !1 #ajf ,copan1 inscriptions1 #ba1 #ajg1 #acf ,cork-screw curl1 #ih ,cosmic sign1 !1 #bd1 #ej ,cosmogony ( ,mayas1 #df ,cross hat*+1 #bd1 #if ,cross1 ,tablet (1 #fb1 #acg ,crotalean curve1 #ajb ,cuculcan1 #ch1 #di1 #ee-eg1 #fa ,cum ahau1 #da ,days1 hi]oglyphs (1 #aji ,dea?1 god (1 #dd1 #fd1 #aba signs =1 #hd1 #ig ,de]s1 #gb1 #aai ,directive signs1 #hh1 #ajh ,dogs1 figures (1 #ga1 #abi signs =1 #hi1 #ie1 #aab1 #abe z food animals1 #ij ,dots1 _! mean+s1 #ig ,drum signs1 #ia4 ,see pax ,dw>fs1 #dc ,e> r+s1 #he ,e>?-goddess1 !1 #fa1 #fd1 #ia1 #ie1 #ajj ,eclipses1 #cf ,ek ahau1 #ff1 #fg *ua1 #db1 #ff1 #fg ,epo*s ( ! ,univ]se1 #df ,ev5+ ,/>1 !1 #fa1 #fd ,evil1 gods (1 #dc ,eye1 signs =1 #hc-he ,falcon1 ! cre/$1 #gd ,fans1 #ajd1 #aje ,fea!r balls1 #ie signs1 #hd1 #id ,female div9ities1 #dj-dd ,fi%1 #ij 8,fi% & oy/]0 sign1 #hi ,fla!ads1 #fb ,fl9t-knife1 !1 #hh1 #aji ,folk-lore ( ,yucatan1 #dc ,food (f]+s1 !1 #ij sign =1 #hf ,frog1 !1 #ge ,gem9i1 #ce ,ghanan1 #fb1 #abc ,gukumatz1 #ch1 #fa ,h&1 !1 z deity1 #ch ! clos+1 #ajb signs =1 #hb ,hex *un *an1 #dd ,hobnil1 #dj ,holy wat]1 #ajd ,h\se1 signs =1 #hh ,hozan ek1 #da ,hua/ecan1 #aj ,hunab ku1 #cg ,hun ahau1 #dd pic tok1 #dd ,ical ahau1 #fg1 #abd ,iguana1 !1 #ij1 #abb ,ikonomatic writ+1 #ac1 #hb1 #ig 8,initial s]ies0 ( glyphs1 #bd1 #ib1 #ic1 #acf ,itzamna1 #cg1 #ea-ee1 #aja1 #abb1 #abd ,ix *ebel yax1 #db *el1 #dj1 #fd hun y1 #dc hun yeta1 #dc kan leom1 #dj nuc1 #dc tabai1 #db tub tun1 #db ,jade1 jewels (1 #hh ,jagu>1 !1 #gb1 #abf ,jupit]1 planet1 #ajf ,kabah1 inscription (1 #eb1 #ace ,kabil1 #ch1 #ea ,kak u pacat1 #dd 8,keys0 to ! hi]oglyphs1 #af1 #ag ,k9 i*1 #ci1 #eg1 #abc1 #abd ahau ,itzamna1 #dj ,k9 sign1 !1 #hh ,knife signs1 #hh1 #aji ,knives1 sacrificial1 #hi ,knots1 #ajj ,labna1 #acf ,lak9 *an1 #ch1 #ea ,life1 symbol (1 #di1 #aae tree (1 #di1 #ec1 #ei1 #fb1 #aja1 #abh ,lightn+1 symbols1 #ga1 #gd1 #hi1 #ajd ,lorill>d ,city1 #bi ,lun> ye>s1 #bf ,macaw1 !1 #gc ,ma*ete1 !1 #ajb ,maize god1 !1 #fb1 #abc ,mam1 ! god1 #abh ,man1 ! fir/1 #df signs =1 #hf1 #ig ,m>s1 planet1 #ajf ,masks1 use (1 #ed1 #ee ,mayan1 mean+ (1 #aj ,m$ic9e drum1 #ic rattle1 #ajd bag1 #abh ,m5*e1 #bi ,m]cury1 planet1 #ajf ,metals1 use (1 #ajd ,mexican writ+1 #aj1 #gi ,mimosa1 !1 #aje ,mirrors1 #ajd1 #aje ,mitna1 #dd ,mixcoatl1 #ci ,milky ,way1 !1 #ce ,moan bird1 ! #gd1 #abe ,money1 ! native1 #aaj ,monkey1 !1 #gb ,monograms ( gods1 #aba ,mon?s1 signs =1 #hh ,moon1 words =1 #cf signs =1 #hg ,"m ,e>?1 sign =1 #ia1 #ie1 #ajj ,mug]es1 ,isla de1 #db ,nagualism1 #ih ,necklace1 sign =1 #hf ,nor? ,/>1 !1 #cd1 #eg-ei ,numb]s1 sacr$ & symbolic1 #bd1 #be ,ococ+o1 #aci ,orion1 #ce ,owl1 !1 #gc ,pakoc1 #dd ,palography1 ,mayan1 #abg ,pal5que inscriptions1 #ac1 #af1 #ba1 #ed1 #fb1 #ie1 #acf1 #acg ,pelican1 !1 #gd ,phallic emblems1 #bd1 #ij1 #ie ,picture writ+1 #ih ,pleiades1 !1 #ce1 #fc ,pole />1 !1 #eg-ei ,pott]y decoration1 #eh1 #abb ,ppiz lim tec1 #db ,prie/hood1 !1 #fh ,pucugh1 #dd ,quetzal bird1 #gc ,quetzalcoatl1 #ci ,qui*es1 #dd1 #adj ,quirigua1 #ba ,ra9b[ goddess1 #dj ,ra9 signs1 #ia-id symbols1 #gb1 #gd1 #ge ,rattlesnake1 !1 #ge ,rays1 signs =1 #ih ,rebus writ+1 #ac ,rhetorical use ( numb]s1 #bd ,rubrication ( codices1 #gi ,sacr$ numb]s1 #be ,sa/anquiqui1 ru9s (1 #ajf ,saturn1 planet1 #ajf ,scorpion symbol1 #fg1 #ge1 #aag ,s]p5t eye1 !1 #hd goddess1 !1 #fc1 #abd gods1 #ch1 #abd1 #abh ! fea!r$1 #ch1 #ef1 #eg w&1 #ajc ,%ells1 symbolism (1 #ai1 #ij ,%ield1 ! heav5ly1 #ajg />1 !1 #eh ,%ields1 designs on1 #ie ,%oot+ />s1 #ce ,smoke1 sign =1 #ig ,sol/ice1 symbol (1 #gd ,s\ls1 fate (1 #dd 8,spectacles0 sign1 #he ,spee*1 sign =1 #ig1 #ih ,spid]-web goddess1 #dj ,sun god1 !1 #ci1 #eg1 #abc signs1 #hg ,tableau des ,bacabs1 #dh1 #fd ,tancucula1 #dd ,tapir1 !1 #ed1 #ach ,tel cuzaan1 #db ,t]re/rial ,p>adise1 #df ,textile signs1 #if ,?irte51 z symbolic1 #be ,?und]1 p]sonifi$1 #fc ,tikal1 #bi ,"t1 symbols (1 #gf1 #abg1 #abh ,tlaloc1 #ea1 #ee ,tomahawk1 !1 #ajd ,tonalamatl1 !1 #bg1 #bi1 #ca ,tongue1 pi]c+1 #gf ,ton91 #aci ,tree ( life1 #dh1 #ec1 #ei1 #fb1 #aja1 #abh 8,tr9al0 emblem1 #ie1 #acf ,turkey1 !1 #gd1 #ij ,turtle1 !1 #gd1 #aai1 #abf ,tz5tal dialect1 #ai1 #ce1 #aac ,tz5tals1 #cg1 #ch1 #aac ,uac lom *aam1 #dc ,und]world1 !1 #dd ,union1 signs =1 #ajj ,v5us1 ! planet1 #cc1 #cd1 #ajf sign =1 #hh1 #ajf ,vigesimal sy/em1 #ah ,vultures1 #gc1 #abe ,w>1 gods (1 #dd1 #fe1 #abc ,wat] deities1 #dj1 #da ,w9d cross1 !1 #aae1 #aaf ,_w-sign1 !1 #abi ,writ+1 direction (1 #gi ,xabalba1 #dd ,xaman ek1 ! ,nor? ,/>1 #eg ,xibilba1 #dd ,xipe1 #ff ,xiuhmolpilli1 !1 #ca ,xnuc1 see ,ix nuc ,xmucane1 #di1 #ej1 #fa1 #fc1 #aab1 #abe ,xoc bitum1 #db ,xpiyacoc1 #fa ,xux ,ek1 ,v5us1 #fj ,yax coc ah-mut1 #ch ,yell[1 sign =1 #hh ,yucatan1 #i1 #cg1 #db1 etc4 ,yum *ac1 #da cimil1 #dd kaax1 #da ,zac *amay ,bac1 #dd ,zac z9i1 #da ,zotzils1 #ab1 #ach ,zuhuy dzip1 #db ,zuhuy kak1 #db ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,*ang$ 8pla9ly visibly0 to 8pla9ly visible0 on p4 #dc4 #b4 ,*ang$ 8pres5t$ ,fig4 #cj0 to 8pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #cj0 on p4 #hc4 #c4 ,*ang$ 8,fig4 ,no4 #b0 to 8,fig4 #db ,no4 #b0 on p4 #ic4 #d4 ,*ang$ 8?s div9ity2 ,no4 #g1 fromi0 to 8?is div9ity2 ,no4 #g1 f0 on p4 #abb4 #e4 8,dicc4 ,motul0 is frequ5tly ref]r$ to z 8,dic4 ,motul04 ,did n *ange4 #f4 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors4 #g4 ,reta9$ ana*roni/ic & non-/&>d spell+s z pr9t$4 #h4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4