,,folk ,,lore ,,notes4 ,vol4 ,,ii--,,konkan4 ,,compiled ,,from ,,materials ,,collected ,,by ,the late ,a4 ,m4 ,t4 ,,jackson1 ,indian ,civil ,service4 ,r4 ,e4 ,,enthoven1 ,c4,i4,e41 ,i4,c4,s4 ,,british ,,india ,,press1 ,,mazgaon ,,bombay4 #aiae ,,reprinted ,,from ,,the ,,indian ,,antiquary ,,by ,b4 ,,miller1 ,,superintendent1 ,,british ,,india ,,press1 ,,bombay ,,table ,,of ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,nature ,powers4 ,,page4 ,worship of minor local deities4 ,sun-worship4 ,the ,swastika4 ,circumambulation round images and other sacred objects4 ,moon-worship4 ,days of special importance4 ,eclipses4 ,worship of planets and stars4 ,the milky way4 ,the rainbow4 ,worship of the earth4 ,thunder and lightning4 ,earthquakes4 ,worship of sacred rivers1 springs and pools4 ,water spirits and goblins4 ,ceremonies at digging of wells4 ,well water as a cure for disease4 ,sacred ,lakes4 ,palaces under the water4 ,sacred mountains4 ,deities who control the weather4 ,methods of causing or averting rain and of checking storms4 ,vratas or religious vows practised only by women4 ,rites in which women are excluded4 ,rites in which the worshipper must be nude4 ,superstitions in connection with aerolites and meteors #a ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,the ,heroic ,godlings4 ,village deities4 ,local deities4 ,installation of deities in new settlements4 ,ghostly godlings4 ,deities responsible for crops and cattle #ba ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,disease ,deities4 ,causes of epidemic diseases and the remedies adopted to stop them4 ,cattle diseases4 ,remedies practised by the village people in connection with them4 ,the methods for the exorcism of disease4 ,methods of expelling evil spirits from the body4 ,the village sorcerer4 ,offerings of rags1 coins1 etc41 at sacred trees and wells4 ,the transferring of disease from one person to another4 ,scapegoats #bi ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,the worship of ,ancestors and ,saints4 ,shrddhas and other ceremonies performed for the propitiation and emancipation of the deceased4 ,worship of the founders of religious sects1 of saints1 etc4 ,ghosts4 ,rebirth of ancestors in the same family4 ,miracle-working tombs4 ,muhammadan saints whose worship has been adopted by ,hindus4 ,rural methods for the cure of barrenness #dj ,,chapter ,v4 ,the ,worship of the malevolent dead4 ,popular notions about dreams4 ,auspicious and inauspicious dreams4 ,temporary abandonment of the body by the soul4 ,character and functions of the bhut or disembodied soul4 ,the state of the soul after death4 ,the rebirth of the soul4 ,the souls of persons dying a sudden or violent death4 ,the ways by which ghosts enter and leave the body4 ,methods of driving away evil spirits from the body4 ,reliefs regarding sneezing and yawning4 ,rkshasa or the malevolent demon4 ,other malignant spirits4 ,evil spirits which go about headless4 ,the haunts of evil spirits4 ,ghosts of women dying an unnatural death4 ,spirits of persons killed by tigers and other wild beasts4 ,ghosts of women dying in childbed or menses4 ,precautions taken by parents at the birth of children4 ,beliefs in connection with bats and owls4 ,spirits which haunt ruins1 guard buried treasure and occupy valleys #di ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,the evil eye and the scaring of ghosts4 ,effects of the evil eye4 ,objects liable to be influenced by the evil eye4 ,precautions taken to evade the influence of the evil eye ,opprobrious names4 ,change of sex4 ,protection against evil spirits4 ,amulets4 ,charmed circles4 ,omens4 ,numbers4 ,lucky and unlucky days4 ,rites performed to help the soul to the other world4 ,cremation and burial4 ,the customs of shaving the hair4 ,offerings of food to the dead4 ,manifestation of evil spirits in form4 ,the practice of breaking earthen vessels at death4 ,kites connected with mourning4 ,benevolent spirits4 ,spirits which haunt trees4 ,the guardian spirits of crops and cattle4 ,spirits invoked to frighten children #fj ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,tree and ,serpent worship4 ,trees connected with deities and saints4 ,legends and superstitions connected with them4 ,marriage of brides and bridegrooms to trees4 ,snake worship4 ,shrines of snake deities4 ,deified snakes4 ,snakes guarding treasure4 ,the village treatment of snake-bite4 ,the jewel in the head of the snake4 ,guardian snakes #ga ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,totemism and ,fetishism4 ,devaks4 ,names derived from animals and plants4 ,sacred animals4 ,deities associated with animal worship4 ,worship of stocks and stones4 ,survivals of human sacrifice4 ,disease-curing stones4 ,respect shown to corn sieves1 corn pounders1 the broom and the plough4 ,fire worship #gh ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,animal worship4 ,sacred animals and the legends and superstitions connected with them #hc ,,chapter ,x4 ,witchcraft4 ,chetaks and ,chetakins4 #he ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,general4 ,rural ceremonies connected with agricultural operations4 ,rites performed for the protection of cattle4 ,rites performed for scaring noxious animals and insects4 ,rites performed for ensuring sunshine and favourable weather4 ,rites performed for the protection of crops4 ,rites in which secrecy and silence are observed4 ,the observances at the ,holi festival4 ,rites performed when boys and girls attain puberty4 ,vows4 ,the black art #hg ,,appendix ,glossary of vernacular terms1 occurring in ,volumes ,i and ,,ii i to xxxvii ,,folklore ,,of ,,the ,,konkan4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,nature ,,powers4 ,the worship of minor local deities is connected with such low castes as ,guravas1 ,bhopis1 ,martha ,kunbis1 ,dhangars1 ,wghes1 ,murlis1 ,mahrs and ,mngs in the ,district of ,kolhpur4 ,it is believed by the ,brhmans that once an image is consecrated and worshipped1 it should be worshipped uninterruptedly every day1 and he who neglects to worship such an image daily incurs the sin of ,brahma-hatya or ,brhman-murder4 ,for this reason ,brhmans generally do not worship minor local deities4 ,in former times ,brhmans who worshipped these deities were excommunicated by their caste-men4 ,such ,pujris were compelled to wear a folded dhotur or waist cloth1 and were forbidden to put on the gandh or sandal paste mark in straight or cross lines4 ,they were allowed to put on the tila or circular mark of sandal paste4 ,another reason why ,brhmans are not the ,pujris or worshippers of such deities is that ,brhmans cannot accept or partake of the ,naivedya offering of cooked food1 fowls1 etc41 made to them4 ,lower class people can partake of such offerings1 and are therefore generally the worshippers or ministrants of minor local deities4 ,at ,palshet in the ,ratngiri ,district1 there are two grmdevis1 viz41 ,jholi and ,mhrji1 and the pujris of these deities are respectively a ,gurav and a ,mahr4 #a ,the pujris of goddesses are generally men of the lower castes4 ,the guardian goddesses of the villages of ,pule1 ,varavade1 ,nandivade1 and ,rila have ,kunbis as their pujris2 while the pujris of the goddesses ,mahlakshmi1 ,bhagvati1 ,mahkli1 and ,jogi are generally chosen from the ,gurav caste4 #b ,in the ,konkan the ,ruls 7,shudras7 are the pujris of the deities ,vithoba1 ,ravalnth and ,bhavni2 the ,ghdis are the pujris of the deities ,steri and ,khavaneshwar2 while the deities ,mahdev and ,mruti are worshipped by pujris belonging to the ,gurav caste4 #c ,the goddesses ,makhajan and ,jakhmta at ,sangameshwar in the ,ratngiri ,district are worshipped by pujris who belong to the ,gurav and ,bhoi castes respectively4 ,the god ,ganpati at ,makhnele has for his pujri a ,wni4 ,the pujris of the temple of ,shiva at ,lnje in the ,ratngiri ,district are ,wnis4 #d ,it is said that the pujri of ,pundrik at ,pandharpur is a ,kirta 7fisherman7 by caste4 #e ,the pujri of the goddess ,narmta at ,sidgad in the ,thna ,district is a ,koli2 whilst the pujris of ,knoba1 ,khandoba1 and ,vetl are of the lower castes4 #f ,the goddesses ,mahlakshmi of ,kolvan and ,vajreshvari have their pujris chosen from the lower castes4 #g ,the pujris of ,jari-,mari1 ,mhasoba1 ,bahiroba1 ,cheda and other deities which are said to prevent contagious diseases1 are always men of the lower castes4 #h ,the pujris of the guardian goddesses of the villages ,petsai1 ,dasgaum and ,nizmpur are a ,mahr1 a ,kumbhr or potter1 and a ,martha1 respectively4 #i ,the pujri of the guardian goddesses of ,chaul in the ,kolba ,district belongs to the lower castes4 #aj ,the goddess ,mngi has always a ,mahr as her pujri4 #aa ,everyday the god ,shiva is required to be worshipped first by a pujri of the ,gurav caste4 ,the pujri of ,bahiri1 a corruption of the word ,bhairav1 one of the manifestations of ,shiva1 is a man belonging to the lower castes4 ,similarly the pujris of ,bhagavati1 ,bhavni1 ,ambika1 ,klika1 ,jkhi1 ,jholi1 ,janni1 ,kolhi1 ,vadyji1 ,shitaldevi1 ,chandika1 etc41 are persons belonging to lower castes4 #ab ,it is considered by the ,hindus very meritorious and holy to worship the ,sun2 and by ,brhmans the ,sun is considered to be their chief deity4 ,the ,gyatri ,mantra of the ,brhmans is a prayer to the ,sun-god or the ,savita ,dev1 and the ,brhmans offer arghya or oblations of water to the ,sun thrice a day4 ,those who want health1 wealth and prosperity propitiate the ,sun-god by prayers and ceremonies4 ,the ,ratha ,saptami is considered to be the principal day for special worship and festivities in honour of the ,sun-god4 ,on this day1 on a low wooden stool1 is drawn1 in red sandal paste1 a figure of the ,sun in human shape seated in a chariot drawn by seven horses1 or by a horse with seven faces4 ,this figure is then placed in the sun-shine1 and it is then worshipped by offering it arghya or spoonfuls of water1 red powder1 red flowers mixed with red sandal paste1 camphor1 incense and fruits4 ,some people kneel down while offering the arghyas to the ,sun4 ,these arghyas are either three or twelve in number4 ,some persons make a vow not to eat anything unless they have worshipped the ,sun and performed the twelve ,namaskaras by falling prostrate and bowing with folded hands twelve times1 and at each time repeating one of the twelve names of the ,sun4 #ac ,in the ,ratngiri ,district some people worship the ,sun on the ,sundays of the month of ,shrvan4 ,a ceremony held on the ,rathasaptami day1 i4e41 the #gth day of the bright half of ,mgh1 is deemed a special festival in honour of the ,sun-god4 ,on that day people draw1 on a small wooden stool1 an image of the ,sun1 seated in a chariot drawn by seven horses1 and worship it with great reverence4 ,milk is then boiled on a fire made of cow-dung cakes in front of the household ,tulsi plant4 ,if the milk overflows to the east1 it is believed that there will be abundance of crops1 but if it flows to the west it is taken as a sign of the near approach of famine4 #ad ,the ,sun-god is also worshipped on the following occasions1 e4g41 ,trikal1 ,gajacchya1 ,ardhodaya1 ,mahodaya1 ,vyatipt1 ,makar-,sankrnt1 ,kark-,sankrnt and the ,solar eclipse4 #ae ,though there are few temples dedicated to the ,sun1 the village of ,parule has the honour of having one called the temple of ,adi-,nryan4 ,non-,brhmanical classes are not seen worshipping the ,sun in this district1 despite the fact that the ,sun is said to be the embodiment of the three principal deities of the ,hindus4 #af ,the people of the ,thna ,district believe that the ,swastika is the central point of the helmet of the ,sun1 and a vow called the ,swastika ,vrata is held in its honor4 ,a woman who observes this vow1 draws a figure of the ,swastika and worships it daily during the ,chturms 7four months of the rainy season71 at the expiration of which she gives a ,brhman a golden or silver plate with the sign of the ,swastika upon it4 #ag ,another vow named ,dhanurms1 common to all districts in the ,konkan1 requires a person to complete his daily rites before sun-rise1 and to offer a preparation of food called ,khichadi to the ,sun-god4 ,the observer of this vow then partakes of the food1 regarding it as a gift from that god4 ,this is either done for one day or repeated for a month till the ,dhanu-,sankrnt4 #ah ,on the ,somavati-,amvsya day 7the #aeth day of the dark half of a month falling on ,monday71 and the ,kapilshasthi day1 the ,sun is held in especial reverence4 #ai ,a curious story is narrated regarding the offering of ,arghya to the ,sun4 ,it is said that the ,sun rejoices at the birth of a ,brhman1 and gives #a1jjj1jjj cows in charity1 believing that the ,arghya which the ,brhman will offer later on will devour his foes1 one drop of the ,arghya killing #a1jjj of them #bj4 ,the repetition of the ,gyatri-mantra #ajh times a day is supposed to release a ,brhman from the debt of #a1jjj1jjj cows owed in this way to the ,sun4 #ba ,the ,yoga-,sutras of ,ptanjali however prohibit a man from looking at the setting ,sun1 though the sin thus incurred is made amends for by the offering of ,arghya to that god4 #bb ,it is interesting to note that women do not grind corn on the ,ratha-,saptami day4 #bc ,women bow down to the ,sun on the #aath1 #abth1 #cjth or #djth day after their delivery2 but ,kunbi women generally worship that god on the #gth day4 #bd ,on this occasion some women show a churning handle #be to the ,sun-god and offer him some grains of rice4 #bf ,the ,swastika is considered so holy in the ,konkan that it is always drawn on the ,antarpat2 and at the time of the ,punyha ,wachan ceremony which precedes a ,hindu wedding1 a ,swastika drawn in rice is worshipped4 #bg ,the principal deities of the ,hindus1 whenever they are invoked on special occasions1 are seated on the ,swastika4 #bh ,the people of the ,ratngiri ,district worship the ,swastika1 regarding it as the symbol as well as the seat of the ,sun-god4 #bi ,by some the ,swastika is regarded as the foundation-stone of the universe #cj and is held to be the symbol of the god ,shiva1 and not of the ,sun4 #ca ,the conception of ,kunbi is said to have taken place by the influence of the rays of the ,sun4 #cb ,the ,swastika is considered as an emblem of peace and prosperity1 and for this reason ,brhman women draw a figure of the ,swastika in front of their houses4 #cc ,the custom of moving round such sacred objects as the ,banyan1 the ,pipal1 the ,tulsi or sweet basil plant1 the ,umbar1 the ,avala 7,phylanthus emblica71 etc41 is prevalent in the district of ,kolhpur4 ,there are no cases recorded in which women after child-birth are exposed to the ,sun4 ,but on the #abth day after her delivery1 the mother puts on new bangles and new clothes2 cocoanuts1 betelnuts and leaves1 grains of rice1 plantains and grains of wheat are placed in her lap4 ,she then comes out and bows to the ,sun4 ,wealthy persons on this occasion perform a homa sacrifice in their houses by kindling the holy fire and feeding ,brhmans4 ,no one in this district believes that conception is caused1 or is likely to be caused1 by exposure to the rays of the ,sun4 ,the ,hindu women of the ,konkan walk round ,pipal1 ,tulsi1 and ,umbar trees every ,saturday and on the ,somavati-amvsya day1 i4e41 the #aeth day of the dark half of a month when it falls on ,monday4 #cd ,sometimes1 however1 women make a vow to walk round a temple or a sacred tree one-hundred thousand times2 and for the fulfilment of this vow they walk round the temple or tree for about seven or eight hours every day4 ,if they find it difficult to make up the number of rounds themselves1 they ask their near relations to assist them in their undertaking4 #ce ,the ,moon is worshipped by the ,hindus on the #bnd of the bright half of every month4 ,on this day it is considered very lucky to see the moon1 and many people1 particularly the lower classes1 pull out threads from the clothes they wear1 and offer them to the moon1 saying ,o6 ,god1 accept these old clothes of ours and be pleased to give us new ones in their stead4 ,some people worship the moon on the ,sankasti ,chaturthi1 #dth day of the dark half of every month2 and such people will not eat anything until they have seen and worshipped the moon on that day4 ,the moon is not worshipped on the ,ganesh ,chaturthi day that is1 the #dth of the bright half of the month of ,bhdrapad1 as it is considered very unlucky to see the moon on that night4 ,it is firmly believed that any one who sees the moon on the ,ganesh ,chaturthi day even by accident will be falsely accused of theft or some other crime4 ,in order to avoid this1 people who have accidently seen the moon1 throw stones at the houses of their neighbours1 and if the neighbours abuse them in return1 the mischief makers consider themselves freed by the abuse from the sin of having looked at the moon on a forbidden night4 ,the spots on the surface of the moon are believed by some to be the rath or chariot of the god4 ,others think that they are lunar mountains2 but many believe that the spots are the visible signs of the stain on the character of the moon-god due to his having outraged the modesty of the wife of his guru1 the god ,brahaspati or ,jupiter4 ,in the ,purns it is stated that on one occasion1 a dispute arose between the moon and ,brahaspati or ,jupiter about the wife of ,brahaspati1 each of them claiming to be the cause of her conception4 ,subsequently a son was born who was named ,budha 7,mercury74 ,brahaspati's wife1 on being asked who was the father of the child1 named the moon4 ,thereupon ,brahaspati cursed the moon for his adultery4 ,the spots on the surface of the moon are said to be the effect of this curse4 ,the moon-god is believed to distribute nectar through his rays1 and therefore this deity is said to have the power of removing diseases and restoring human beings to health4 ,the moon is the king of herbs1 and all trees1 plants1 etc41 thrive owing to the influence of the moon4 ,sometimes people place at night1 figs1 plantains1 sugarcane and other eatables in the moon-light and eat them early in the morning2 and it is said that those who do so improve in health4 ,the practice of drinking the moon's rays does not prevail in the ,kolhpur district4 ,but people occasionally dine in the moon light4 #cf ,on a full moon day people perform the special worship of their chosen deity4 ,on the full moon of the month of ,krtika temples are illuminated1 and on the full moon day of ,mgha1 raw corn such as wheat1 bjri1 etc41 is cooked and offered to the household and other deities4 #cg ,on this day are also performed the special rites and ceremonies that are required in connection with the ,kula-devats or family gods or goddesses4 ,on the full moon day of ,flguna the ,holi fire is kindled and worshipped4 ,in certain families the full moon of ,chaitra is considered auspicious for making offerings to family deities4 ,on the full moon day of ,shrvan is observed the feast of ,cocoanut day1 and on this day ,brhmans put on new sacred threads4 ,the full moon is considered by the ,sanysis or ascetics an auspicious day for shaving their heads4 ,on the new moon day the ,pitras or ,manes are worshipped4 ,lighted lamps are worshipped on the new moon day1 of ,ashdha4 ,in the ,kolhpur ,state this is called ,tadali new moon day1 and in the ,konkan it is called ,divali new moon day4 ,on the new moon day of ,ashvin1 ,lakshmi the goddess of wealth is worshipped4 ,all special ceremonies for the propitiation of the ,bhutas or evil spirits are usually performed on the new moon day4 ,the ,dwitiya or #bnd day of every month is considered sacred to the moon1 and on this day the moon is worshipped2 while the ,chaturthi is considered sacred to the god ,ganapati1 and on the ,chaturthi of ,bhdrapada a special festival is held in honour of the god ,ganpati4 #ch ,on the #aeth day of the bright half of the month of ,ashvin people put milk in the rays of the moon for some time1 and then1 after offering it to the moon1 they drink it4 ,drinking milk in this way is called drinking the rays of the moon4 #ci ,on the ,sankrnt ,chaturthi day and on that ,chaturthi which immediately follows the ,dasara holiday1 people draw an image of the moon and worship it4 #dj ,in the ,ratngiri ,district several conflicting theories are held regarding the spots on the surface of the moon4 ,some believe that the spot observed on the moon is a tamarind tree in which that god has stationed himself2 others hold that the spot is the reflection of a deer which is yoked to the chariot of the moon #da2 while many more believe that it has been occasioned by the hoof of the horse of ,king ,nala4 ,some say that the spot on the surface of the moon represents a ,pipal tree and a cow fastened to the roots of the tree2 others on the authority of ,hindu mythology suppose that ,god created ,madan 7cupid7 from the essence taken from the body of the moon and hence the moon-god has spots on his body4 #db ,in the ,mahbhrat it is stated that on the surface of the moon is reflected the island of ,sudarshan on this earth1 together with some trees and a great hare1 the bright part being nothing but water4 #dc ,the spot on the surface of the moon is considered by some a deer which the god has taken on his lap4 #dd ,some believe that ,yashoda1 the mother of ,krishna1 after waving an earthen dish round the face of ,krishna1 threw it at the sky4 ,it struck the moon and thereby the spots on the surface of the moon were caused4 ,nectar is supposed to have been derived from the rays of the moon2 and in some sacred books it is stated that the ,chakora bird 7,bartavelle ,partridge7 drinks the rays of the moon4 #de ,the people of the ,thna ,district hold similar notions regarding the spots on the surface of the moon4 ,it has been said by some that the portion in question represents mud1 while others say that the moon has been disfigured owing to a curse from a sage4 #df ,some people say that the spots are due to the moon being cursed by his preceptor ,brahaspati with whose wife the moon-god had connection4 ,being unable to bear the pain of the spots1 the moon1 it is said1 propitiated his preceptor1 who directed him to bathe in the ,bhima river to alleviate the agony4 ,accordingly the pain was assuaged1 and the part of the river where the ,moon-god bathed thus came to be called ,chandra bhga4 #dg ,some persons suggest that the spots are a ,pipal tree with two deer feeding upon it from two sides4 #dh ,others hold that the spots on the surface of the moon are due to its having been kicked by a deer which1 when pursued by a hunter1 was refused shelter4 #di ,the people of the ,thna ,district believe that the rays of the moon influence conception4 #ej ,in the ,kolba ,district1 to sit in an open place on a moon-light night1 is regarded as drinking the rays of the moon4 #ea ,the elongated part of the orb of the moon pointing towards the north or the south is supposed to forebode scarcity or abundance1 respectively4 #eb ,it is a common belief that the moon should not be seen on the ,ganesh ,chaturthi day1 i4e41 the #dth day of the bright half of ,bhdrapad4 ,looking at the moon continuously for a short time on every moon-light night is said to keep one's sight in good order4 #ec ,if the ,amvsya falls on ,monday1 ,brhman women of the ,thna ,district walk round a ,tulsi plant or a ,pipal tree and make a vow to a ,brhman4 #ed ,in the ,kolba ,district a special ceremony is held in honour of minor goddesses on the #hth day of a month4 ,the following things are avoided one on each of the fifteen tithis respectively3-- ,kohala 7pumpkin71 dorli 7,solanum indicum71 salt1 sesamum1 sour things1 oil1 vale 7,emblic myrobalan71 cocoanuts1 bhopala 7gourd71 padval 7snake-gourd71 pvte 7,dolichos ,lablah71 masur 7,lens esculenta71 brinjal1 honey1 gambling4 #ee ,the people observe a fast on the #acth 7,pradosha7 and the #adth day 7,shivartra7 of the dark half of every month4 #ef ,on the #aeth day of the bright half of ,chaitra1 a fair is held in honour of the guardian deity of a village1 and hens1 goats1 etc41 are offered as a sacrifice4 #eg ,the following are days of special importance4 ,gudhi-pdva1 i4e41 the first day of the bright half of ,chaitra3--,this being the first day of the year1 gudhis and toranas are hoisted in front of every house and are worshipped4 #eh ,bhu-bij3--,on the #bnd day of the bright half of ,krtik every sister waves round the face of her brother a lamp1 and makes him a present4 #ei ,the ceremony on the ,bhu-bij day has come into vogue on account of ,subhadra having given a very pleasant bath to her brother ,krishna on that day4 ,the ,court of ,yama is also said to be closed on that day1 since he goes to his sister2 and consequently persons who die on that day1 however sinful they may be1 are not supposed to go to ,yamaloka1 i4e41 hell4 #fj ,akshya ,tritiya3--,on the third day of the bright half of ,vaishkh cold water and winnowing fans are distributed as tokens for appeasing the ,manes of ancestors4 ,on this day is also celebrated the birth of the god ,parashurm4 #fa ,ganesh ,chaturthi3--,on the #dth day of the bright half of ,bhdrapad1 an earthen image of ,ganpati is worshipped and a great ceremony is held in his honour4 #fb ,the fourth day of the bright half of every month is called ,vinyaka-,chaturthi2 while that of the dark half is called ,sankasti-,chaturthi4 ,on the ,vinyaka-,chaturthi day1 people fast the whole day and dine the next day2 while on the ,sankasti ,chaturthi day1 they fast during the day time and dine after moon-rise4 #fc ,that ,sankasti ,chaturthi which falls on ,tuesday is considered the best4 #fd ,ngpanchami3--,on the #eth day of the bright half of ,shrvan1 pictures of serpents and snake holes are worshipped4 #fe ,champ-,shashti3--,on the #fth day of the bright half of ,mrgashirsha1 some ceremony relating to the family-deity is performed4 #ff ,ratha-,saptami3--,on the #gth day of the bright half of ,mgh1 the sun is worshipped and milk is boiled until it overflows4 #fg ,gokul-,ashtami3--,on the #hth day of the dark half of ,shrvan the birth of the god ,krishna is celebrated4 #fh ,rma-,navami3--,on the #ith day of the bright half of ,chaitra the birth of the god ,rma is celebrated4 #fi ,vijaydashami3--,on the #ajth day of the bright half of ,ashvin people cross the boundary of their village and distribute sone 7leaves of the ,shami and ,apta trees74 ,it is a popular belief that a work commenced on this day is sure to end well4 ,weapons are also worshipped on this day4 #gj ,ekdashi3--,on the #aath day of ,ashdh and ,krtik a special fast is observed4 ,people also fast on the #aath day of each month4 ,a man who dies on this auspicious day is supposed to go to heaven4 #ga ,sometimes the ,ekdashi falls on two consecutive days2 in which case the ,smrtas observe the first1 while the ,bhgvats observe the second4 #gb ,wman-dwdashi3--,on the #abth day of the bright half of ,bhdrapad ,wman is worshipped and one or twelve boys are adored1 being held to represent ,wman4 ,the marriage of the ,tulsi plant is sometimes celebrated on this day4 #gc ,dhana-,trayodashi3--,on the #acth day of the dark half of ,ashvin1 ,lakshmi1 the goddess of wealth is worshipped4 #gd ,narak-,chaturdashi3--,on the #adth day of the dark half of ,ashvin1 the demon ,naraksur was killed4 ,in consequence1 on this day people take their bath before sun-rise1 break ,karinta 7a fruit71 regarding it as a demon1 and apply its seeds to their heads4 #ge ,nrali ,paurnima3--,on the #aeth day of the bright half of ,shrvan1 people worship the sea and throw into it a cocoanut4 #gf ,wata-,paurnima3--,on the #aeth day of the bright half of ,jyeshtha1 women whose husbands are alive fast the whole day1 and worship the ,wata-tree4 #gg ,on the #aeth day of the bright half of ,ashvin1 people keep themselves awake the whole night and amuse themselves in a variety of ways4 ,on the #aeth day of the bright half of ,krtika houses are illuminated4 ,this day is called ,tripuri-,paurnima4 ,on this night people illuminate with earthen lamps all temples in the village1 but particularly the temple of ,shiva4 ,this is done in commemoration of the triumph of the god ,shiva over the demon ,tripursura4 ,the full-moon day of the month of ,mgha is called ,chudi ,paurnima4 ,on this night people light chudies torches and with them slightly burn certain flowers1 trees and plants4 ,the full-moon day of the month of ,flguna is called the ,holi or ,holi-,paurnima and is the biggest holiday of the lower class ,hindus4 ,on this night the ,hindus kindle the ,holi-fire and worship it4 #gh ,on the #aeth day of the bright half of ,ashvin people eat grain of the new harvest4 ,on the full-moon day of ,shrvan they perform the ,shrvani ceremony and give a lamp in charity4 ,on the full-moon day of the month of ,chaitra1 ,vaishakha and ,mrgashirsha1 the births of ,mruti1 ,narasimha and ,datttraya respectively are celebrated4 #gi ,the ,kunbis of the ,ratngiri ,district believe that on the #aeth or full-moon day of ,pausha1 the ,hindu gods go out hunting and that they return from their hunting expedition on the full-moon day of the month of ,mgha4 ,during this period the ,kunbis abstain from worshipping their gods4 #hj ,amvsya3--,on the #aeth day of the dark half of every month1 oblations are given to the ,manes of the dead4 #ha ,the commencement of a good deed1 journey to a distant place1 and the ploughing of land are postponed on the no-moon day of a month4 #hb ,sanysis are enjoined to get their beard shaved on the ,paurnima and ,amvsya days only4 #hc ,people do not set out on a journey on the following tithis1 regarding them as rikta 7unfruitful or inauspicious73-- ,chaturthi1 ,navami and ,chaturdashi4 #hd ,the ,chndryana ,vrata3--,widows fast on the no-moon day of a month4 ,they are required to regulate their diet in such an increasing proportion that on the next full moon day they should have a full meal4 ,the reverse process follows for a fortnight after1 so that they observe an absolute fast on the following no-moon day4 #he ,people have various ideas about the cause of the eclipses of the sun and the moon4 ,some say that the sun and the moon are superior deities1 and that the demons ,rhu and ,ketu who belong to the caste of ,mngs attempt to touch them and to devour them4 ,others believe that the planets ,rhu and ,ketu stand in the path of the ,sun and the ,moon and thereby darkness is caused on the earth4 ,it is believed that about #e hours before the commencement of the obscuration1 in the case of the ,sun and about #d hours in the case of the ,moon1 the ,vedha or malign influence of the monsters begins and during the period till the whole eclipse is over a strict fast is observed4 ,at the commencement of the eclipse1 as well as at its close1 people bathe4 ,some sit on a low wooden stool with a rosary in their hands repeating the names of the gods1 or the gyatri or some of the mantras4 ,but those who want to acquire the art of magic or witch-craft or the power of removing the evil effects of snake-poison1 or scorpion sting1 go to a lonely place on the riverside1 and there standing in water repeat the mantras taught to them by their guru or teacher4 ,people give alms to ,mahrs and ,mngs on this occasion1 and therefore persons of this class go about the streets saying loudly ,give us alms and the eclipse will be over4 ,de dn sut girn4 ,a strict fast is observed on an eclipse day1 but children and pregnant women who cannot bear the privation are given something to eat under a sike4 ,the eclipse time is so inauspicious that children and animals born at that time are considered unlucky4 #hf ,sometimes an eclipse cannot be observed owing to the intervention of clouds4 ,on that occasion the people of the ,konkan resort to the following expedient in order to ascertain whether the luminary is eclipsed or not4 ,they take a potful of water and hold in it a musal4 ,if it stands in the pot unsupported it is regarded as indicative of the existence of an eclipse4 ,mngs1 ,mahrs1 etc41 are supposed to be the descendants of ,rhu and ,ketu2 and for this reason gifts are made to them in charity on an eclipse day4 #hg ,the people of the ,thna ,district believe that corn grows abundantly in a year that witnesses many eclipses4 #hh ,the popular cause of an eclipse in the ,kolba ,district1 is the ,girha1 a minor deity which is said to wander through the sky and swallow the ,sun and the ,moon when they cross his path4 #hi ,besides the mythological story regarding the cause of an eclipse1 the people of the ,ratngiri ,district also believe that the ,girha throws his shadow on the sun and the moon1 when he comes to demand his dues from them4 #ij ,the ,konkan villagers1 on an eclipse day1 strike barren trees with a pestle1 #ia in order that they may bear fruits and flowers4 ,a barren woman is also beaten with the same motive4 ,similarly many other superstitious beliefs are connected with an eclipse4 ,pregnant women are not allowed to see the eclipse of the sun or the moon1 nor are they to engage in cutting1 sewing1 etc4 as this is believed to be injurious to the child in the womb4 #ib ,the eclipse time is supposed to be the most suitable to learn mantras or incantations4 #ic ,the mantris also mutter incantations during an eclipse in a naked condition4 #id ,the people who believe that the eclipses are caused by the influence of the planets ,rhu and ,ketu offer prayers to ,rhu on the lunar eclipse day and to ,ketu on the solar eclipse day4 #ie ,the planets and stars are worshipped by the ,hindus4 ,it is believed that a person who is to die within six months cannot see the polar star4 ,from the movements of the planets past and future events of one's career are foretold by ,brhman and other astrologers4 ,and as it is believed that man's good and bad luck are dependant upon the influence of the planets1 offerings of various kinds are made and sacrifices performed for securing the favour of the ,navagrahas or the nine planets4 ,in order to avert the effect of the evil influence of certain planets people sometimes wear rings of those precious stones which are supposed to be the favourites of the planets4 ,the rain-bow is called ,indra dhanushya or the ,indra's bow1 and it is believed that if the rain-bow appears in the east1 it indicates the coming of more rain1 and if it appears in the west it is a sure sign of the close of the monsoon4 ,the milky way is believed to be the heavenly ,ganges4 ,well known tradition relates how ,wman 7the #eth incarnation of ,vishnu7 went to ,bali the king of the lower regions and asked him to give him land measuring three feet only4 ,the king consented1 whereupon the god ,wman enlarged his body to such an extent that by his one footstep he occupied the whole earth and by the second he occupied heaven4 ,upon this the god ,brahma worshipped the foot of the god ,vishnu which was in heaven1 and from that foot sprang the heavenly ,ganges which flows in heaven and is called ,dudha ,ganga or the milky ,ganges4 ,the worship of stars and planets is in vogue among ,konkan ,hindu families of the higher castes4 ,the polar star in particular is seen and worshipped by the bride and the bridegroom after the ceremony at the marriage altar is over4 #if ,a very interesting story is connected with the polar star4 ,by the great power of his penance the sage ,vishvmitra despatched king ,trishanku to ,heaven1 but the gods hurled him down4 ,thereupon ,vishvmitra became enraged and began to create a new heaven4 ,hindu mythological books say that he thus created the sages ,vashista1 ,angiras1 ,pulah1 ,pulastya1 ,rutu1 ,atri1 and ,marichi1 and stationed ,trishanku in the sky4 ,the ,nava-grahas or the nine planets are worshipped before the commencement of all important ceremonies4 #ig ,a cluster of seven stars called the ,sapta-rishis are worshipped by men at the time of the ,shrvani ceremony1 while women worship them on the #eth day of the bright half of ,bhdrapada4 #ih ,these ,sapta-rishis are said to have been created by the ,god ,brahma from his own body2 and teaching them the four ,vedas1 he handed them over to them and asked them to regulate the affairs of the world4 #ii ,some people of the ,ratngiri ,district believe that the rain-bow is the bow used by ,rma1 the hero of the ,rmyana4 ,its appearance on the east is regarded by them as symptomatic of the approach of rain1 while its appearance on the west is equivalent to the departure of rain4 #ajj ,the short duration of the rain-bow is held to indicate an excessive fall of rain while its long duration forbodes a scarcity of rain4 #aja ,the appearance of the rain-bow on a river is supposed to indicate the approach of rain1 while its appearance on a mountain means the departure of rain4 #ajb ,of the two bows of which the rain-bow seems to be composed1 the larger is believed to belong to ,rma1 and the smaller to ,lakshman4 #ajc ,since the ,god ,indra is supposed to send rain1 the ,indradhanushya 7the rain-bow7 is regarded as a sign of the advent of rain4 #ajd ,by some ,hindus it is believed that the milky way is a heavenly river which is a favourite bathing place of the gods4 #aje ,others suppose it to be a branch of the celestial ,ganges which is said to have been brought down upon this earth by king ,bhagiratha4 #ajf ,some persons1 however1 believe that since the great sage ,agastya is said to reside at ,rmeshwar in the southern direction1 the ,ganges 7the milky way7 runs through the sky to the south in order to bathe him4 ,sometimes the milky way is believed to be a white cloud4 #ajg ,on the authority of the ,mahkla ,nirvn ,tantra1 some people of the ,thna ,district believe that a person who cannot get a view of the polar star will die within six months2 while others substitute the ,arundhati star for the polar star and determine the duration of life of a diseased person by the same process4 #ajh ,the people of the ,thna ,district believe that the rain-bow is caused by the accumulation of moisture in the air4 #aji ,the rain-bow is said to consecrate the region over which it appears4 #aaj ,the appearance of the rain-bow in the morning is supposed to forbode the approach of rain4 #aaa ,some people of the ,kolba ,district believe that the holy persons such as ,kshyapa1 ,arundhati and other sages1 who lived on this earth in ancient times are seen shining in the sky by the sacred lustre of their powers4 #aab ,hindu women worship the planets ,budha and ,guru 7,mercury and ,jupiter7 in the month of ,shravan4 #aac ,the ,sapta-rishis are somewhere called ,khatale and ,bjale 7cot74 #aad ,the rain-bow is held by some to be the symbol of ,rma and ,lakshman1 who visit the world in that form with the view of watching its proceedings4 ,others1 however1 believe that it represents ,god ,indra who assumes that form to see how his orders are executed by his subordinates4 #aae ,the rain-bow is said to foretell good if it appears either at the beginning or end of the rainy season1 while its appearance at any other time is supposed to forbode evil4 #aaf ,hindus regard the earth as one of their important deities and worship it on various occasions4 ,it is enjoined upon ,brhmans to worship it daily at the time of their ,sandhya rite1 as well as while performing the ,shrvani ceremony4 #aag ,the people of the ,ratngiri ,district pray to the earth as soon as they leave their bed in the morning4 #aah ,the earth is required to be worshipped at the time of laying the foundation-stone of a house1 as well as at the time of bringing into use a newly built house4 #aai ,since it is held unholy to sleep on the bare ground1 those whose parents die1 sleep on a woollen cloth on the ground till their parents' anniversary is over4 #abj ,wanprastas1 ,sanysis1 and ,brhmans are required to sleep on the ground4 #aba ,some pious men sleep on the bare ground during the ,chturms 7the four months of the rainy season71 at the expiry of which they present a bed to a ,brhman4 #abb ,it is enjoined upon a prince to sleep on the bare ground on the eve of the coronation day4 #abc ,widows and women are required to sleep on the ground during their monthly courses4 ,women whose husbands are away are also to do the same4 #abd ,in the ,ratngiri ,district ,katkaris1 on the day on which they wish to be possessed by a particular deity or spirit1 are required to sleep on the earth4 #abe ,when people are on the point of death1 they are made to lie on blades of darbha grass placed on the earth4 #abf ,the performer of a sacrifice as well as one who has observed a vow are to sleep on the ground4 #abg ,the following articles should not be allowed to touch the earth1 viz4 pearls1 the ,shligram stone1 an image of the god ,vishnu1 the linga of ,shiva1 a conch shell1 the sacred thread of a ,brhman1 flowers intended for worship1 basil leaves1 and ,govardhan4 #abh ,the following lines are repeated in the morning before setting foot to the ground #abi3-- ,o ,goddess6 who is clothed 7surrounded7 by the sea1 whose breasts are mountains1 and who is the wife of ,vishnu1 ,i bow down to thee2 please forgive the touch of my feet4 ,o ,goddess ,earth6 who art born by the power of ,vishnu1 whose surface is of the colour of a conch shell and who art the store house of innumerable jewels1 ,i bow down to thee4 ,some women of the ,thna ,district worship the earth daily during the ,chturms 7four months of the rainy season71 at the end of which they give a ,brhman a piece of land or the money equivalent of it4 #acj ,persons who perform a particular rite1 e4g41 the ,solsomavr-vrata 7a vow observed on sixteen successive ,mondays7 are required to sleep on the bare ground4 #aca ,at the sowing and harvest time1 farmers appease the earth by offering it cocoanuts1 fowls1 rice mixed with curd1 etc4 #acb ,the blood of a king and the balls of rice given to the manes of the dead are not allowed to touch the ground4 ,people convey to a distant place the water of the ,ganges1 without placing it on the ground4 #acc ,the earth is required to be worshipped before taking a portion of it for sacrificial purposes4 #acd ,a vessel containing water over which incantations have been repeated is not allowed to touch the ground4 #ace ,on the #aeth day of the bright half of ,ashvin every farmer prepares some sweetmeats in his house1 and takes them to his farm4 ,there he gathers five stones1 worships them1 and offers the sweetmeats to the earth4 ,afterwards he takes a portion of the food and scatters it over the farm4 ,his family then gather there and take a hearty meal4 ,in the evening the person who carried the food to the farm1 picks up some grains of barley and puts them into a basket4 ,on return home the grains are thrown over the house4 #acf ,various conflicting notions are entertained regarding thunder and lightning4 ,the people of the ,ratngiri ,district believe that the clouds are animals that roar4 ,when these animals emit water it bursts forth on account of the circular motion of the winds called ,chanda and ,munda4 ,this bursting is supposed to produce thunder and lightning4 #acg ,somewhere thunder and lightning are said to be the signals given by the god ,indra1 to birds1 beasts1 etc41 of the setting in of the rainy season4 #ach ,some people believe that the god ,indra sends rain through his elephants who1 being excited1 make a noise like thunder4 #aci ,others regard the thunder as the roaring of the elephant of the gods1 while sucking sea-water4 ,the thunder is also believed to be the roaring of the god ,varuna1 the king of the clouds4 #adj ,the boys of the ,ratngiri ,district believe that thunder is a sign of the wedding ceremonies performed in the heavenly houses of the gods4 #ada ,some ,mahomedans believe that an angel called ,mekail has control over the rain4 ,to cause a fall of rain ,mekail strikes the clouds with a whip of lightning4 ,the clouds then utter a cry1 and this is the cause of thunder4 #adb ,some people of the ,thna ,district believe that there are big stones in the sky which strike against each other owing to the force of the wind1 and produce thunder4 ,the dashing of these stones against each other also generates lightning4 #adc ,in the ,kolba ,district it is believed that thunder is the military band of the king of clouds and lightning is his banner4 #add ,lightning is said to be produced by the fighting of celestial elephants2 while thunder is heard when they pour out water4 #ade ,some people think that thunder is the noise of the feet of the elephants 7clouds7 that give rain2 lightning is also said to be generated from their foot fall4 #adf ,the clouds are supposed to be the messengers of gods1 lightning being the manifestation of ,divine power4 ,the gods are said to confine these messengers from the nakshatra of ,ardra to the nakshatra of ,hasti1 in which latter nakshatra they again begin to roar4 #adg ,thunder is supposed to take place when the god ,indra draws his bow2 while lightning is said to be produced when the same god strikes his adamant against a mountain4 #adh ,in the ,ratngiri ,district it is believed that earthquake occurs whenever the thousand headed ,shesha shakes its head4 #adi ,it is said that at one time a demon named ,gaysur became very troublesome1 and all the gods held him down by standing on his body4 ,thereupon the demon requested all the gods to remain on his body for ever4 ,occasionally this ,gaysur shakes his body and this causes the earthquake4 #aej ,some people believe that the earth trembles of its own accord when sins accumulate upon it4 #aea ,others hold that the earthquake takes place in the hollow parts of the earth4 #aeb ,some people1 however1 believe that since the earth floats upon water1 it naturally quakes at times4 #aec ,the ,hindus being element worshippers naturally hold in reverence certain rivers1 ponds1 etc4 ,in the ,ratngiri ,district the spring at ,rjpur1 called the ,rjpurchi ,ganga is considered very sacred4 ,it flows from the roots of a ,banyan tree4 ,there are fifteen ,kundas or ponds1 and the principal ,kunda always remains filled with water4 ,on occasions a big jtra fair is held and people from distant places come to bathe and worship at the spring4 #aed ,some people believe that many of the lakes1 springs1 etc41 situated in the ,kolhpur ,state are sacred4 #aee ,a spring or rivulet that flows to the east is considered specially sacred4 ,it is called a ,surya-,vansi spring1 and it is considered meritorious to bathe in it4 #aef ,in the village of ,kunkauli in the ,ratngiri ,district if a person is bitten by a snake or other poisonous reptile1 no medicine is administered to him1 but holy water brought from the temple of the village goddess is given to him to drink1 and it is said that the patient is thus cured4 #aeg ,the water fall at ,maral near ,devarkuha1 where the river ,bn takes its rise1 is held sacred4 #aeh ,at ,shivam in the ,ratngiri ,district the people use the tirtha of a deity as medicine for diseases due to poison4 ,they say that it is the sole remedy they apply in such cases4 #aei ,there are ponds at ,manora in the ,goa ,state1 and ,vetore in the ,svantwdi ,state1 the water of which is used as medicine for the cure of persons suffering from the poison of snakes1 mice1 spiders1 and scorpions4 #afj ,when a well is dug1 the people call a ,brhman priest to consecrate it4 ,the ,brhman takes cow's urine1 milk1 curds1 ghi1 sandal paste1 flowers1 basil leaves1 and rice1 and mixes them with water1 and after repeating sacred mantras over the water1 throws the mixture into the well4 ,after this ceremony1 the people are at liberty to drink water from the well4 #afa ,before a well is dug1 an expert is consulted to ascertain the place where a spring flows4 ,a well is then dug1 after offering a sacrifice to the spirits and deities that happen to dwell at that spot4 ,a dinner is given to ,brhmans after the well is built4 #afb ,a golden cow is often thrown into a newly built well as an offering to the water deities4 #afc ,there is a well at ,mandangad1 the water of which serves as medicine to cure the poison of snakes and other reptiles4 #afd ,it is believed that there is a class of wicked water nymphs called ,asar who generally dwell in wells1 ponds1 or rivers1 far from the habitation of men4 ,whenever these nymphs come across a lonely man or woman entering a well1 pond1 etc41 they carry that person under water4 ,the village of ,mithbv in the ,ratngiri ,district is a well-known resort of these ,asars1 and many instances are given by the villagers of persons being drowned and carried off in the river by these wicked nymphs4 ,a tank in the village of ,hindalem in the same district has a similar reputation4 #afe ,the people of the ,konkan believe that water nymphs are sometimes seen in the form of women near wells1 rivers1 and ponds4 #aff ,some say that the water nymphs and water spirits confer objects desired by worshippers if they are propitiated by prayers4 #afg ,there are seven kundas1 ponds1 at ,nirmal in the ,thna ,district1 forming a large lake4 ,this lake is said to have been formed from the blood of the demon ,vimalsur4 ,at ,shhpur there is a holy spring of hot water under a ,pipal tree4 ,it is called ,ganga4 #afh ,there are kundas1 pools1 of hot water in the ,vaitarna river in the ,thna ,district1 in which people bathe on the #acth day of the dark half of ,chaitra4 #afi ,there are also springs of hot water on the bank of the ,surya river at ,vajreshvari and at ,koknere1 in the ,thna ,district4 #agj ,a handful of corn1 if thrown into the hot water kundas at ,tungar1 is said to be boiled at once4 #aga ,it is held holy to bathe in the kundas of hot water that are situated in the rivers ,tnsa and ,bnganga in the ,thna ,district4 #agb ,the water of a well which is drawn without touching the earth or without being placed upon the ground is given as medicine for indigestion4 ,similarly the water of seven tanks1 or at least of one pond1 in which lotuses grow is said to check the virulence of measles1 small-pox1 etc4 #agc ,a bath in a certain tank in the ,mahim taluka is said to cure persons suffering from the itch1 and water purified by repeating incantations over it is also said to be a good remedy for the same disease4 #agd ,the water of a tank or a well is supposed to be wholesome to a person of indifferent health1 if given to him to drink without placing it upon the ground4 #age ,some people believe that the water of the ,ganges is so holy and powerful that if bows are thrown into it they are instantly reduced to powder4 #agf ,the repair of lakes1 caravanserais1 temples1 etc41 is held more meritorious than their actual erection4 #agg ,it is enjoined upon a man to perform a certain rite if he wishes to relinquish his right of ownership over a well or tank1 and after this rite is performed1 it can be utilized for public purposes4 ,but no ceremony is required to be performed if a well is dug for the benefit of the public4 #agh ,the people of the ,thna ,district believe that water nymphs reside in every reservoir of water4 #agi ,some people1 however1 believe that the water nymphs dwell in those lakes in which lotuses grow4 ,these nymphs are said to do harm to children and young women1 especially when they set out for a walk accompanied by their brother ,gavala4 ,they are unusually dangerous4 #ahj ,the people worship the images of the following seven water nymphs or apsaras1 viz41 ,machhi1 ,kurmi1 ,karkati1 ,darduri1 ,jatupi1 ,somapa and ,makari4 #aha ,the following places are said to be inhabited by water spirits3--the channel of ,kalamba1 the tanks of ,sopara and ,utaratal and the lake called ,tambra-tirtha at ,bassein #ahb4 ,water nymphs are supposed to drown a person who tries to save another fallen into water4 #ahc ,a species of small men named ,uda1 otherwise called water-spirits1 are said to dwell in water and subsist on fishes4 #ahd ,the spirits called ,khais and ,mhashya are supposed to reside in water4 #ahe ,the river ,svitri in the ,kolba ,district takes its rise near ,mahbaleshwar and is considered very sacred4 ,the following traditionary account is given of its origin4 ,the god ,brahma had two wives1 ,svitri and ,gyatri4 ,a dispute having arisen between them1 they both jumped over a precipice4 ,svitri assumed the form of a river and fell into the sea near ,bnkot4 ,gyatri1 on the other hand1 concealed herself in the river ,svitri and manifested herself as a spring near ,harihareshwar in the ,janjira ,state4 #ahf ,a man is said to be released from re-birth if he takes a bath in the kund 7pond7 named ,katkale-tirtha near ,nsik4 #ahg ,bows are said to be reduced to powder if thrown into a certain kund at ,uddhar-,rmeshwar in the ,sudhagad taluka4 #ahh ,kupotsarga is defined to be the digging of a well for the benefit of the public and abandoning one's right of ownership over it4 #ahi ,a pond near ,khopoli in the ,kolba ,district is held very sacred4 ,the following story is related in connection with it4 ,the villagers say that the water nymphs in the pond used to provide pots for marriage festivities if a written application were made to them a day previous to the wedding4 ,the pots were1 however1 required to be returned within a limited time4 ,but one man having failed to comply with this condition1 they have ceased to lend pots4 ,another interesting story is associated with the same pond4 ,it is as follows4 ,a man had fallen into the pond and was taken to the abode of the nymphs4 ,he was1 however1 returned by them after a few days on the understanding that he would be recalled if he spoke of what he had seen there4 ,one day he communicated to the people the good things that he enjoyed there1 and to the surprise of all he was found dead immediately after4 #aij ,water nymphs are said to reside in a pond at ,varsai in the ,kolba ,district4 ,consequently persons that are held unclean1 e4g41 women in their monthly course1 etc41 are not allowed to touch it4 ,the nymphs of the same lake were once said to lend pots on festive occasions4 #aia ,it is said that the water nymphs used to provide ornaments for marriage and other ceremonies1 if returned within a prescribed period4 ,but some people having failed to return them1 they ceased to lend them4 #aib ,a spirit called ,girha is supposed to reside in water4 ,it is said to make mischief with man in a variety of ways by enticing him into deep water4 #aic ,the ,jakrin is said to be a deity residing in water4 #aid ,persons drowned in water are believed to become water-spirits1 and to trouble innocent passers-by4 #aie ,a mountain near the village ,pule1 in the district of ,ratngiri is held sacred on account of the residence of the god ,ganpati at that place4 ,for this reason people walk round the mountain and worship it4 ,tradition says that ,ganpati was at first at ,gule in the ,ratngiri ,district1 but on account of the sanctity of the place being violated by some wicked persons the god transferred his residence to ,pule4 ,at ,gule there is still a very beautiful temple of ,ganpati1 though it is now in a dilapidated condition4 #aif ,the cave of the sage ,much-kund near ,machal on the ,sahydri mountain is considered sacred4 ,in the ,konkan it is not held sinful to ascend a mountain or a hill1 though to sit upon its summit is considered sinful4 #aig ,the hill of ,mirya near ,ratngiri is considered sacred4 ,this hill is believed to be a particle 7miri7 of the mythological mountain ,dronagiri4 #aih ,a hill near ,dhrvi in the ,thna ,district is consecrated by the temple of a goddess upon the top4 ,this goddess is said to preserve ships at sea1 and people are occasionally possessed by her4 ,it is said that a ,roman ,catholic priest met instantaneous death on having insulted her4 #aii ,the hill of ,mahlakshmi in the ,dahnu tluka is held sacred4 ,the villagers consider it dangerous to ascend this hill4 #bjj ,on the hill of the same name is a temple of the goddess ,jivadhani1 who is said to preserve children from small-pox4 ,the following story is told in connection with the goddess4 ,a person in need of money used to place before her image as large a heap of flowers as he wanted gold1 stating that he would return the gold when he had done with it4 ,he used then to go home and return on an appointed day for the gold1 which was sure to be found where he had placed the heap of flowers4 ,once a man failed to return the gold1 and thenceforth the goddess withheld her bounty4 ,there is no door to the temple of this goddess4 ,it is only through a hole in a big stone that one can have a view of her image4 ,sweet scent is said to be continually emitted from this hole4 ,the goddess is said to have fastened the door of her temple for the following reason4 ,one day the goddess was walking at the foot of the hill at night4 ,a cowherd who happened to be there was bewitched by her matchless beauty and fell a prey to evil desire4 ,he pursued her to the top of the hill1 when the goddess1 divining his motive1 fastened the door of her temple with a prodigious stone4 ,on the same hill is a cattle shed in which fresh cow-dung is said to be always found4 ,this place being inaccessible to cows and other quadrupeds1 the people believe that the goddess keeps a cow of her own4 #bja ,the hill of ,tungar is consecrated by the temple of a certain goddess upon it4 ,there is also a very famous hill near ,arnla1 called the hill of ,buddha4 ,this hill was once the seat of a king belonging to the weaver caste4 ,recently a pond was discovered upon it1 in which was found a stone-box containing a begging-pot and a diamond4 ,a great fair is held annually on the hill of ,motmvali near ,bandra in the ,thna district4 ,the devotees of the deity are ,hindus1 ,parsis1 and ,christians4 ,it is said this goddess was once worshipped by ,hindus only4 ,a ,brhman is the pujri of the ,pir on the hill of ,bba ,malang near ,kalyn4 ,it is said that the ,pir has declared that no ,moslem pujri should worship him4 ,the ,hindus and ,moslems worship him alike4 #bjb ,brhmans do not cross the top of a mountain without stopping for a short time before ascending the summit4 #bjc ,at a short distance from ,chaul in the ,kolba ,district is a hill dedicated to the god ,dattatraya1 in whose honour a great fair is held annually4 ,the following story is told in connection with this hill4 ,in ancient times a ,brhman used to practise austerities on this hill near a ,tulsi plant 7the place on which the present temple stands74 ,he used to spend the whole day there1 but returned home at nightfall4 ,on his way home fearful scenes were often presented to him1 and in his dreams he was asked not to go there any more4 ,but the ,brhman was obdurate4 ,he persisted in his resolution to practise austerities for a number of years1 and at last succeeded in obtaining a personal interview with the god ,dattatraya1 who commanded him to bow down to his feet 7pduka74 ,from that time pious men live on this hill and offer their prayers to the god ,dattatraya4 ,nearly four hundred steps have been constructed for the ascent of this hill1 and additional steps are being built every year4 ,here also are some springs of pure water4 ,it is worth while to note that the pujri of this god is a ,shudra by caste4 #bjd ,on the north-east side of the hill dedicated to the god ,dattatraya stands the temple of the goddess ,hinglj4 ,to the north of this temple are four caves1 while to the west is a deep den resembling a well1 through which a lane appears to have been dug4 ,this is said to be the road excavated by the ,pndavas to enable them to go to ,ksi4 #bje ,at a distance of two miles from ,akla in the ,kolba ,district is a hill called ,mallikrjun4 ,this is said to be a small stone fallen from the mythological mountain ,dronagiri4 ,this hill is said to contain many medical herbs4 #bjf ,the hill at ,kankeshwar near ,alibg is held sacred1 and tradition says that in ancient times it had golden dust upon it4 #bjg ,a cave at ,ambivali near ,karjat in the ,kolba ,district consists of seven rooms1 one of which is spacious enough to accommodate five hundred persons4 ,in the same taluka there is another cave at ,kondhavane4 #bjh ,the gods ,indra and ,varuna are supposed to send rain2 but it is believed that the god ,shiva in chief has the power of causing the fall of rain1 and for this reason whenever there is a scarcity of rain people pour water over the linga of ,shiva until the whole linga is submerged4 #bji ,in order that there should be a fall of rain1 some people besmear the linga of the god ,shiva with cooked rice and curds4 #baj ,in the ,ratngiri ,district1 whenever there is a scarcity of rain1 people go to the place known as ,parashurm ,kshetra1 and there pray to the god ,parashurm to send rain4 #baa ,sacrifices are also offered to ,indra1 the god of rain1 in order that there should be plenty of rain4 ,some believe that there are certain mantris or enchanters who by the power of their mantras are able to prevent the fall of rain4 #bab ,in the ,ratngiri ,district the following ceremony is performed by the lower castes such as ,kunbis1 etc41 to avert drought4 ,all the male villagers assemble together at an appointed place1 and there they select one of them as their ,gowala-deva4 ,all of them then go about in the village from house to house4 ,the owner of every house sprinkles water over the assembly1 and curds and butter-milk over the body of the ,gowala-deva4 ,they are also given some shidha consisting of rice1 pulse1 vegetables1 etc4 ,after visiting most of the houses in the village1 the assembly headed by the ,gowala-deva go to the bank of a river4 ,here they cook the food1 offer it first to the ,gowala-deva and then partake of the remainder as a prasd from the ,gowala-deva4 #bac ,some people make an image of the sage ,shringarishi for the purpose of causing the fall of rain4 #bad ,others make an image of ,dhondal-deva in order that there should be plenty of rain4 #bae ,sometimes people repeat mantras addressed to ,parjanya 7rain7 so that rain should fall4 #baf ,the goddess ,navachandika is worshipped in order that there should be rain4 ,the ,kunbis perform a peculiar rite for checking the fall of rain4 ,they ask a person born in the months of ,jyeshtha1 ,ashdh1 ,shrvan or ,bhdrapad to fetch some rain-water in an alu leaf1 and this is fastened to the eaves of thatched houses by means of a string4 ,note that1 if this rite is to be performed in the month of ,jyeshtha1 a person born in that month only is required and no other2 and so forth4 #bag ,in order to check an excessive fall of rain the villagers sometimes ask a boy to take off his clothes and then to catch rainwater in the leaves of the alu plant4 ,the leaves containing the water are then tied to the eaves of the house4 #bah ,the people say that during the rule of the ,peshws there was a class of mantris who had the power of causing a failure of rain4 #bai ,to check the fall of rain1 some people ask naked boys to throw burning coals into the rain water4 #bbj ,irale 7a protection against rain1 made of the leaves of trees7 is kept in the rain upside down1 the goddess ,holika is worshipped1 the boughs of the ,avali tree are conveyed to a place where four roads meet and stones are heaped over it1 and eaves of thatched houses are beaten by boys who do not wear clothes1 all these being done by the villagers with a view to preventing an excessive fall of rain4 #bba ,the people of the ,thna ,district believe that distinct deities preside over distinct seasons1 e4g41 ,mars presides over the spring 7,vasant71 ,venus over summer 7,grishma71 the moon over autumn 7,varsha71 ,mercury over sharat1 ,saturn over winter 7,hemant and ,shishir74 #bbb ,when the people are in need of rain they say to the god of rain ,let us have plenty of rain to-morrow and we will give thee1 ,oh6 ,god of rain6 rice mixed with curd4 ,the same offer is made to the god of rain even when they do not want it4 ,in order that there should be no scarcity of rain1 some people perform the rites of ,laghu-rudra and ,mah-rudra4 #bbc ,the following measure if adopted is said to cause rain4 ,the villagers go from house to house with boughs of the ,limb tree on their heads1 and water is then poured upon them by the inmates4 #bbd ,the fall of rain is supposed to cease if a person born in the month of ,flgun extinguishes burning coals in rainwater when his garments have been removed4 #bbe ,some stones are supposed to have influence over rain fall4 ,there is a big stone at ,varasai in the ,kolba ,district on which are drawn certain images4 ,the people believe that it rains hard if this stone is held straight1 and then swung to and fro4 #bbf ,some people perform the following rite known as the ,dhondilgajya4 ,they ask a person of the ,kaikdi or ,vadar caste to remain naked and break the string round his waist4 ,a small image of black earth is made and placed upon his head4 ,the boy then conveys the image from house to house in the village4 ,a woman in each house sprinkles water over the image while the boy dances saying ,dhondil gajya1 ,pus gajya4 ,it is believed that it rains in the direction in which the water sprinkled falls4 ,a person who accompanies the boy gathers corn at every house4 ,a dinner is then prepared1 and the people of the caste to which the boy belongs1 partake of it heartily4 ,it is also said that making water in a standing posture causes the fall of rain4 #bbg ,the god ,rmeshwar at ,chaul in the ,kolba ,district is said to have control over rain4 ,in the temple of this god there is a parjanya-kund 7pond7 which is opened after performing a sacred rite1 if there be a scarcity of rain4 ,there are also other kundas in the temple1 viz41 ,vyu-kund and ,agni-kund1 but no occasion has yet arisen to open them4 #bbh ,some people believe that the god ,agni regulates the seasons #bbi4 ,eaves of thatched houses are cleansed with a brush made from the leaves of cocoanut trees in order that a fall of rain should be prevented4 #bcj ,the ceremonies of ,haritlika1 ,rishi-,panchami1 ,vata-,svitri1 ,van-,shasthi1 ,mangal-,gouri1 ,shital-,saptami are to be performed by women alone4 #bca ,similarly1 the ceremonies of ,mahlakshmi1 ,vasubras1 ,shiva-mutha1 and a rite on the ,makar ,sankrant day are performed by women exclusively4 #bcb ,the rite of ,rishi-,panchami is performed on the #eth day of the bright-half of ,bhdrapad to make amends for sins committed without knowledge4 ,on this day women go to a river1 a well1 or some other sacred place1 cleanse their teeth with the leaves of the ,aghda plant1 and take baths with something on the head4 ,they then take some stones from that place and worship them as ,rishis4 ,on the conclusion of the worship1 they partake of fruits4 ,on the ,vrata-,svitri day women worship a banyan tree or its boughs4 ,the ceremony falls on the #aeth day of the bright half of ,jyeshtha4 #bcc ,on the ,haritlika day1 i4e41 the #crd day of the bright half of ,bhdrapad1 women make images of earth of ,prvati and her two friends and worship them and fast the whole day4 ,the observance of this rite contributes to their good fortune4 ,even girls of tender years observe this fast4 ,the worship of ,mangal-,gauri is a ceremony performed by married girls for five successive years on every ,tuesday of the month of ,shrvan4 ,similarly1 the goddess ,mahlakshmi is worshipped on the #hth day of the bright half of ,ashvin4 ,on the ,makar ,sankrnt day women worship a sugad #bcd and present it to a ,brhman4 #bce ,the ,shiva-mutha consists of a handful of corn offered to the god ,shiva by married girls on every ,monday in the month of ,shrvan4 #bcf ,the worship of ,shadananda and the ,holika ,devi and the ceremonies of ,shrvani1 ,shrddha and ,antyesti are performed by men alone4 #bcg ,in some families of non-,brhmans on a particular day1 especially on the full-moon day of ,ashvin1 the host and the hostess put off their clothes and perform certain family rites4 #bch ,the women of the ,thna ,district fast the whole day on the #abth day of the dark half of ,ashvin4 ,at night they worship a cow1 give in charity a calf1 and then take their meal4 ,it is to be noted that this ceremony called the ,vasu-dwdasi is performed by women who have children4 ,on the ,haritlika day some women live on the leaves of a ,rui tree4 #bci ,on the ,somavati-,amvsya day women worship a ,pipal tree and offer it a hundred and eight things of one kind4 #bdj ,women desirous of having a son perform a certain rite at midnight1 without clothing4 #bda ,if one wishes to have a son1 one has to go through a ceremony called the ,hanumn in a naked state4 #bdb ,the god ,klbhairav is worshipped by a naked person on the ,narka-,chathurdasi day 7#adth day of the dark half of ,ashvin74 ,those learning the dark lore1 e4g41 muth mrane1 are also required to remain naked while studying it4 ,they learn this lore on an eclipse day on the bank of a river4 #bdc ,the rite called ,somaya is performed by the host when his clothes are off his body4 ,on a certain ,monday in the month of ,shrvan a lamp of wheat flour is prepared and burned by adding ghi4 ,this lamp is regarded as a deity1 and is worshipped solemnly4 ,during the performance of this ceremony as well as the preparation of the requisite food1 the host and the hostess are required to remain naked4 #bdd ,the ,swayambhu 7unartificial7 linga of the god ,shiva is supposed to have influence over the fall of rain4 #bde ,the people of the ,thna ,district believe that the following ceremony causes a fall of rain4 ,stones are taken out of a pool and worshipped4 ,they are then carried to every house in the village1 and water is poured upon them by the inmates4 #bdf ,there is a temple of the god of clouds at ,viranth in the ,thna ,district4 #bdg ,the appearance of a comet is regarded by the ,hindus as symptomatic of a coming evil1 e4g41 a big war1 a great famine1 or a terrible contagious disease spreading itself throughout the length and breadth of a country4 #bdh ,some persons think that comets and shooting stars bode evil to the king4 #bdi ,whenever a great person or a very holy man is about to be born1 it is believed that he alights on the earth in the shape of a shooting star4 ,sometimes a big star falls on the earth1 and thereby a noise like that of thunder is produced4 ,when this happens1 people believe that a great ,rja or a holy saint whose merit has been exhausted is going to be born on earth4 #bej ,the following verse from the ,mrichhakatika ,ntak supports the view in accordance with which orthodox people in the ,konkan avoid looking at shooting stars3-- ,,indradhanushya ,,ani ,,goprasuti ,,nakshatranci ,,adhogati ,,satpurushanci ,,pranavipatti ,,pahum ,,naye ,,sacara i4e41 ,the following four things1 viz41 the rainbow1 the fall of shooting stars1 the delivery of a cow1 and the death-struggle of saints or holy men should not be looked at4 #bea ,it is generally believed by ,hindus that a child will immediately be born in the house towards which shooting stars are directed4 #beb ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,the ,,heroic ,,godlings4 ,in the ,konkan the deities of the ,hindus are divided into the following five classes1 viz43-- 7#a7 ,the ,grmadevats or ,village deities1 7#b7 ,the ,sthnadevats or ,local deities1 7#c7 ,the ,kuladevats or ,family deities1 7#d7 ,the ,ishtadevats or ,chosen deities1 and 7#e7 ,the ,wstudevats or ,grihadevats1 that is1 the class of deity which presides over the house and is established at the time of the housewarming or ,wstu ceremony4 ,the principal ,grma-devats are ,hanumn or ,mruti1 ,klika1 ,amba1 ,wghoba1 ,chedoba1 ,mhasoba1 ,bahiroba or ,bhairav1 ,ganesh1 ,vira1 ,mhlsa or ,maha ,lakshmi1 ,chmunda1 ,vetl1 ,khandoba ,malhri ,jogi1 ,bhawni1 and ,wgeshwari and ,shiva4 ,in most villages the chief village god is ,mruti or ,hanumn1 whose temple is situated at the entrance of the village4 ,mruti is considered to be an avatr or incarnation of ,shiva1 and is held in great reverence by all classes4 ,a festival or jatra is held in honour of ,hanumn on the bright half of the month of ,chaitra4 ,on this occasion the temple is decorated with ever-greens1 and flowers1 the stone image of the god is newly painted or covered with red lead and oil1 and garlands of the ,rui 7,gigantic snake wort7 flowers are placed round the neck of the image1 cocoanuts1 plantains1 betelnuts and leaves are offered to the god1 camphor is lighted and waved round the image1 incense is burnt1 cooked food and sweets are offered1 and money presents are made4 ,every worshipper brings with him some oil1 red-lead or ,cendur1 a cocoanut1 a vid-supri1 i4e41 two betel leaves1 one betelnut and a copper coin1 and a garland of ,rui flowers4 ,these are given to the temple ministrant1 who offers a part of the oil and red lead to the deity1 places the garland round the deity's neck1 and1 breaking the cocoanut into pieces1 gives a piece or two to the devotee as the prasd or favoured gift of the deity4 ,saturday is the sacred day of the monkey god ,mruti4 ,every ,saturday fresh oil and red lead are offered to the god by the devotees4 ,the ,pujris in most of the temples of ,mruti are ,guravs1 ,ghdis1 ,marths or ,gosvis4 ,every ,saturday in the month of ,shrvan 7,august71 called the ,sampat ,shaniwr or the wealth-giving ,saturday a special puja or worship is performed in the temples of ,mruti in ,bombay as well as in the ,konkan4 ,on this day people fast the whole day and dine in the evening1 after offering the god ,hanumn or ,mruti a preparation of rice and pulse called khichadi and cakes made of udid flour called vade4 #bec ,there is no village in the ,konkan which has not the honour of having a temple of the god ,mruti4 ,mruti is supposed to guard the village against evils of all kinds4 ,care is therefore taken to build the temple of ,mruti at the outskirts of the village4 #bed ,there is a tradition that at the time of leaving the ,dandaka forest 7the present ,mahrshtra71 ,rma asked ,mruti to reside therein4 ,it is for this reason1 the people say1 that every village in the ,konkan and on the ,ghts has a temple of ,mruti4 #bee ,the god ,mruti is worshipped in the village of ,wsind on ,tuesdays and ,saturdays4 #bef ,in former days it was customary to establish an image of the god ,mruti in a newly built castle or fort4 #beg ,hanumn1 the son of ,anjani and the wind or ,mrut1 is known for his loyalty to his master and for his bravery4 ,in days gone by he utilized his strength for the protection of ,saints1 ,rishis1 ,brhmans and cows1 and for this merit he was elevated to the rank of a ,hindu god4 ,every ,hindu village or locality is supposed to possess at least one temple of the god ,mruti1 and in ,mahrshtra ,mruti is the guardian of every village4 ,he is a ,brahmachri1 or bachelor and is one of the seven heroes who are believed to be chiranjvis or immortals4 #beh ,mruti is supposed to be the originator of the ,mantra-,shstra1 by the study and repetition of which one obtains strength and superhuman power4 ,women desirous of getting children go to the temple of ,mruti1 and there burn before his image lamps made of wheat flour and filled with ghi4 ,the image of ,hanumn is represented in temples in two ways1 that is 7#a7 ,vra ,hanumn or ,warrior ,hanumn1 7#b7 ,dsa-,hanumn or servant ,hanumn4 ,the former is found in a temple consecrated to the worship of the god ,hanumn alone1 whereas the latter is found in a temple dedicated to the worship of the god ,rma4 #bei ,since ,mruti is the god of strength1 gymnasts tie an image of ,mruti to their wrists1 and they also consecrate an image of ,mruti in their gymnasiums4 ,the number eleven is said to be dear and sacred to him because he is believed to be an incarnation of the eleven ,rudras4 ,the birth day of the god ,mruti which falls on the #aeth of the bright half of ,chaitra1 called the ,hanumn ,jayanti day1 is celebrated in the ,kolhpur ,district with great reverence4 ,those who wish to have a son draw the figure of ,mruti on a wall in red-lead1 and worship it daily with sandal paste1 flowers and garlands of ,rui4 ,others burn lamps made of wheat flour before the image of the god4 ,persons who are under the evil influence of the planets1 and especially of the planet ,saturn1 worship the god ,hanumn on ,saturdays in order to propitiate the planets4 ,on this day they make wreaths of the leaves and flowers of the ,rui plant and adorn his neck with them4 ,they also offer him udid 7,phaseolus radiatus7 and salt4 ,the story told of ,mruti is that ,anjani his mother pleased the god ,shiva with her penance1 and when the god asked her to claim a boon1 she requested that ,shiva himself should be born as her son4 ,shiva therefore took birth in her womb and manifested himself as ,hanumn or ,mruti #bfj4 ,the ,local deities are generally found in special localities or sacred places called ,kshetras or ,punya sthnas4 ,thus the god ,rma at ,nsik1 ,vithoba at ,pandharpur1 ,krishna at ,dwrka1 ,mahlakshmi at ,kolwan1 ,wjreshwari at ,nirmal 7,thna71 ,mharloba in the ,ratngiri1 ,shitala devi at ,kelwa ,mhim1 and ,khandoba or ,khanderi at ,jejuri4 ,khanderi is said to be an incarnation of the god ,shiva4 ,khanderi killed the demon ,mani-,malla who was devastating the earth1 and he is therefore called ,mallri or ,malhri4 ,kunbis and lower class ,hindus in the ,konkan as well as in the ,deccan occasionally make a vow to the god ,khandoba that if their desire is fulfilled they will offer their first born male or female child to the service of the god4 ,the male child thus dedicated to ,khandoba is called ,wghya and the female is called ,murali4 ,the ,wghya and ,murali do not engage in any business1 but maintain themselves by begging in the streets in the name of the god ,khanderi4 ,though they are not actually married1 the ,wghyas and ,muralis live as husband and wife1 and their progeny are also called ,wghyas and ,muralis4 ,they repeat the sacred cry jai khanderycha ,elkot1 and give to people bel-bhandr of ,khanderi consisting of the sacred ,bel leaves and turmeric powder4 ,the god ,khanderi is the family deity of some ,deshasth ,brhmans1 who perform a family rite called ,tali bharane on every purnima or full moon day4 ,the rite is as follows3-- ,a tali or plate is filled with cocoanuts1 fruits1 betel nuts1 saffron1 turmeric or bel-bhandr1 etc4 ,then a pot is filled with water1 and on its mouth a cocoanut is placed4 ,this cocoanut1 with the pot1 is then worshipped with flowers1 sandal paste1 etc41 a lighted lamp filled with ghi is put in the same place1 and the tali is waved thrice round the pot1 which is supposed to contain the god ,khandoba4 ,five persons then lift up the cocoanut with the tali and place it three times on the pot1 repeating each time the words ,elkot or ,khande rycha ,elkot4 ,the cocoanut is then broken into pieces1 mixed with sugar or jgri1 and is distributed among friends and relations as prasd4 ,on this occasion1 as well as on the occasions of all ,kuladharmas1 that is1 the days fixed for performing the special worship of the family goddess or family god of each family1 the ceremony called the ,gondhal dance is performed4 ,on the same occasion another ceremony called ,bodan is performed by the ,deshasths and by the ,chitpvans4 ,it is as follows3-- ,an image of the family deity is placed in a pot or plate called tmhan1 and it is then bathed in the panchmrit1 that is1 the five holy things1 viz41 milk1 curds1 ghi1 honey and sugar4 ,sandalpaste is offered to it as well as flowers1 lighted lamps and some sweets and incense4 ,five women whose husbands are alive then prepare five lamps of wheat flour called ,kuranandi and wave them thrice round the face of the goddess or god1 as the case may be4 ,all the limps are then placed in the plate or tmhan in which the deity is kept1 and the panchmrita and other materials of worship and food and sweet cakes are mixed together4 ,occasionally one of the five women becomes possessed with the spirit of the kula-devi or family deity1 and confers blessings on the members of the family for their devotion4 ,it is believed that those families which fail to perform periodically the ,bodan1 ,tali and ,gondhal ceremonies in honour of their tutelary deity are sure to suffer1 from some misfortune or calamity during the year4 #bfa ,the local deities chiefly worshipped at ,chaul1 ,kolba ,district1 are ,hinglj1 ,jakhmta1 ,bhagawati1 ,champwati1 ,mahikwati1 and ,golamba-devi4 ,at the sowing and reaping times1 people of the lower castes offer fowls and goats to these deities1 and ,brhmans offer cocoanuts4 #bfb ,the local deity of the village ,wvashi near ,pen in the ,kolba ,district is said to possess the power of averting evil1 and is accordingly held in great respect by the people of many villages in the ,district4 ,every third year a great fair is held1 and a buffalo is sacrificed to the goddess on the full moon day of the month of ,chaitra4 ,the ,pujri of this goddess is a ,gurav4 #bfc ,another celebrated ,sthna-deva in the ,kolba ,district is ,bahiri-,somajai of ,khopoli4 ,it is believed that a person suffering from snake-bite is cured without any medicine if he simply resides for one night in the temple of this goddess4 ,sacrifices of goats1 fowls and cocoanuts are made to this goddess at the time of sowing and reaping4 ,the ,pujris of this deity are known as ,shingade ,guravs4 #bfd ,the worship of the local deity ,bpdev is much in favour among the villages of ,apta and the surrounding places4 ,at the times of sowing and reaping1 offerings of fowls1 goats and cocoanuts are made to ,bpdev through the ,pujri4 #bfe ,the worship of the local deities ,kolambi1 ,bhawni1 and ,giroba is prevalent in the ,chauk villages4 #bff ,to the ,grma-devi of the village of ,tale every third year a buffalo is sacrificed1 and at an interval of two years goats are offered4 #bfg ,the deities ,shiva and ,klki are worshipped with great reverence at ,bakavali in the ,ratngiri ,district4 #bfh ,in many villages of the ,ratngiri ,district the goddess ,pandhar is considered to be the ,gaon-devi or the chief goddess of the village4 ,the ,pujri is generally a ,gurav or ,martha ,kunbi4 ,on every full moon day cocoanuts are offered1 and on the occasions of sowing and reaping1 goats and fowls are sacrificed to this deity4 #bfi ,at ,devgad there is a temple of the goddess ,gajbi on the sea shore4 ,the ,pujri of this goddess is a man of the ,ghdi caste4 ,on the first day of the bright half of the month of ,mrgashirsh 7,december7 special offerings of goats1 fowls and cocoanuts are made by the villagers4 #bgj ,the deities ,ravalnth1 ,muli1 ,vetl1 ,rmeshwar and ,hanumn are usually worshipped in most villages in ,ratngiri4 ,the villagers in the ,ratngiri ,district have great faith in their local deities1 and before undertaking any important business they obtain the consent or take the omen of the deity4 ,this ceremony is known as kaul ghlne and it is performed as follows3--,two betel nuts or flowers are taken and one of them is placed on the right side of the deity and the other on the left side4 ,the worshipper then bows before the deity and requests her to let the nut on the right side fall first if the deity is pleased to consent1 if not1 to let the nut on the left side fall first4 ,naturally one of the two nuts falls first1 and they interpret this as either consent or dissent as the case may be4 ,the villagers have so much faith in this kaul that they make use of this method of divination to ascertain whether sick or diseased persons will recover or die4 ,special sacrifices are offered to these local deities whenever an epidemic like cholera occurs4 #bga ,in the ,ratngiri ,district1 at many places1 there are ,swayambhu or natural lingas of the god ,shiva1 and over these places temples are built4 ,the ,pujris of these temples are generally ,jangams or ,lingayat ,guravs4 ,no animal sacrifices are made at these shrines4 #bgb ,at a short distance from the village of ,makhamle there is a temple of the god ,shiva called ,amnyeshwar4 ,the following legend is narrated in connection with this temple3--,the place where the present temple stands once abounded with ,amani trees and formed a pasture for cattle4 ,the cow of a certain man of the village daily used to go to graze at this place4 ,the cow used to give milk twice1 but one day she gave milk only once1 and thereafter she continued to give milk only once a day4 ,the owner therefore asked the ,gavali or cowherd to ascertain the cause of this sudden change4 ,one day the cowherd noticed that the cow allowed her milk to drop upon a stone4 ,at this the cowherd was so enraged that he struck the stone with his scythe so hard that it was cloven in two and blood gushed forth4 ,he hurriedly repaired to the village and related this wonderful phenomenon to the people4 ,the villagers came to the spot1 and decided to build a temple to the god ,shiva over the stone4 ,one part of the stone is in this temple and the other part was taken to the village of ,kalamburi1 where another temple was built over it4 #bgc ,in the ,sangameshwar village the ,brhmans also worship the images of the local goddesses ,chanduki1 ,jholi and ,sunki4 ,in the ,konkan the deities ,nryan1 ,rawalnth1 ,manli1 ,datta1 ,vetl and ,shiva are worshipped everywhere4 #bgd ,the following legend is told about the deity ,vetl1 the leader of the ghosts3--,in the ,svantwdi ,state there is a temple of ,vetl in the village of ,ajgaon4 #bge ,as part of his worship it is considered necessary to offer to this deity a pair of shoes every month4 ,the people believe that after a few days the shoes become worn out4 ,the inference drawn from this by the people is that at night the god ,vetl goes out walking in the new shoes4 #bgf ,in the village of ,khed in the ,ratngiri ,district1 a buffalo is offered to the goddess ,redji on the full moon day of ,chaitra every third year4 #bgg ,at ,nringre offerings of cocoanuts1 etc4 are made to the deities ,bhvaki1 ,chala1 etc4 on the #ast of the month of ,mrgashirsha4 #bgh ,the ,schoolmaster of ,ibrmpur states that one of the following deities is the grmadevata of every village in the ,ratngiri ,district viz43 ,chandki1 ,varadhan1 ,khem1 ,bahiri1 ,kedr1 ,vggaya1 ,antaral1 ,manaya1 ,salbaya and ,vghmbari4 ,a procession in their honour takes place in the months of ,chaitra and ,flgun4 ,the ,pujris are generally either ,guravs or ,martha ,kunbis4 ,a ceremony called ,palejatra is performed in the sowing season1 while the ,dhal-jatra is performed at the harvest time4 ,at these fairs fowls1 cocoanuts1 goats1 fruits1 etc4 are offered to these deities4 #bgi ,at ,mlwan on the no-moon day of ,shrvan 7,august7 local deities and ghosts are propitiated by offering to them goats1 fowls1 etc4 #bhj ,at ,plset in the ,ratngiri ,district1 the god ,parashurm is the most important deity especially for ,chitpvans4 ,he exterminated the ,kshatriyas twenty-one times1 and having no space for himself and his ,brhmans1 he asked the sea to provide him with new land4 ,on meeting with a refusal1 ,parashurm became enraged and was about to push the sea back with his arrow1 when1 at the instigation of the sea1 a black-bee 7bhunga7 cut the string of his bow1 and the arrow only went a short distance4 ,the people say that the space thus recovered from the sea came to be called ,konkan4 #bha ,at ,anjarle there are two local goddesses ,sawanekarin and ,bahiri4 ,offerings of goats and fowls are made to them in the months of ,mrgashirsha 7,december7 and ,flgun 7,march74 ,sometimes liquor and eggs are also offered4 ,offerings can be made on any day except ,monday and ,ekdashi1 ,tuesdays and ,sundays being considered most suitable4 #bhb ,at ,ubhdnda in the ,ratngiri ,district1 ,ravalnth and ,bhutanth are held in great reverence4 ,they are believed to be incarnations of the god ,shiva4 ,the ,pujris are generally ,guravs1 ,ghdis1 ,ruls and ,sutrs4 #bhc ,the following goddesses which are popular in the ,ratngiri ,district are believed to be incarnations of the goddess ,durga1 viz4 ,navala-devi1 ,vghur-devi1 ,jakha-devi and ,klki4 #bhd ,at ,maral in the ,ratngiri ,district there is a swayambhu or natural linga of the god ,shiva4 ,it is called ,maheshwar1 and in its honour a fair is held on the ,sankrnt day4 #bhe ,the chief local deity of the ,dahnu taluka1 ,thna ,district1 is ,mahlakshmi4 ,she has seven sisters and one brother1 two of the sisters being the ,pangala-devi at ,trpur and the ,delavadi-devi at ,ghivali4 ,goats and fowls are offered to the ,pangala-devi on the ,dasara day4 ,her ,pujri is a ,gurav4 ,it is said that the goddess ,delwadi used to receive her garments from the sea1 but now this is no longer the case though it is still believed that the incense which is burnt before her comes floating from ,dwrka4 #bhf ,in the village of ,edwan there is a goddess called ,ashpuri1 who used to supply her devotees with whatever they wanted4 ,the devotee was required to besmear with cow-dung a plot of ground in the temple1 and to pray for the things wanted by him4 ,the next day1 when he came to the temple1 he found the desired things on the spot besmeared with cow-dung4 #bhg ,at ,mngaon the ,pujri of the local goddess is either the ,ptil or the ,madhavi of the village4 #bhh ,in the village of ,dahigaon cocoanuts are offered annually to the village ,mruti1 and fowls and goats to the other local deities1 in order that the village may be protected against danger and disease4 #bhi ,it is believed that any ,brhman who acts as the ,pujri of the god ,shiva will find his family exterminated1 and for this reason ,brhmans do not act as ,pujris in the temples of ,shiva4 ,in a few temples of goddesses like ,jakhi etc4 the ,pujri is of the ,mahr caste4 #bij ,a great fair is held in honour of the goddess ,vajr-bi or ,vajreshwari near ,nirmal in the month of ,krtika 7,november74 ,the ,pujri of the goddess is a ,gosvi of the ,giri sect4 ,the worship of ,bhimasena is not prevalent in the ,konkan1 but the hero ,bhima1 like ,mruti1 is held in reverence by the gymnasts4 ,bhima is not worshipped1 but a work called the ,bhima-stavarj is read at the bed of a dying man in order that he may obtain salvation4 ,at ,ashirgad there is a gumpha or cave of ,ashwatthma1 a hero of the ,mahbhrata1 and it is said that a noise is heard coming from the cave on the full moon day4 #bia ,wherever a village is founded1 it is customary to establish a village deity as the guardian of the village4 ,the deities chosen are ,mruti1 ,kli1 ,chandki1 ,varadani1 etc4 ,in the ,konkan1 goddesses are preferred1 and on the ,ghats generally ,mruti is preferred4 ,certain ceremonies are performed for consecrating the place to the deity1 and sometimes the deity is called after the village as ,marleshwar #bib etc4 ,by many lower class people the goddess ,pondhar is often selected as the guardian of a new village4 ,at ,shahpur1 if the newly founded village is to be inhabited by high class ,hindus1 the deities ,mruti and ,durga are selected as grma-devatas1 but if it is to be inhabited by lower class people1 then such deities as ,mhasoba1 ,chedoba1 ,jkhi1 etc4 are chosen4 #bic ,in the ,bassein and ,slsette tlukas the following deities viz4 ,mruti1 ,ched1 ,chandki1 and ,shiva1 are chosen as village deities4 ,cheda is represented by a long piece of wood or stone besmeared with red-powder1 and is placed on the outskirts of the village4 ,no ,brhman is necessary for establishing a ,cheda4 ,the ,pujri is generally a ,kunbi or ,mli1 and he establishes the deity by offering it a goat or fowls and cocoanuts4 #bid ,sometimes the guardian deity of a new settlement is decided upon by a ,kaul4 ,two or three names of deities are selected1 betelnuts or flowers are placed on the sides of the guardian deity of the neighbouring village and that deity in whose name the betelnut falls first is chosen as the deity of the new village4 #bie ,at ,chaul1 the deity called ,bpdev is very popular among the lower classes4 ,it is represented by a big stone fixed on mortar and besmeared with red-powder4 ,when it is established for the first time in a village1 a ,brhman is required to make the first pja or worship1 but after this it is worshipped by a ,pujri of a lower caste4 #bif ,the ,mahars in the ,kolba ,district select the ghost-deity called ,jhaloba as the guardian deity of a new settlement4 #big ,in many cases the deity of their former village or of the neighbouring village #bih is named by a ,bhagat or exorcist1 who becomes possessed4 #bii ,in the ,konkan every village farm is supposed to be under the guardianship of the minor godlings1 the majority of which are called ,bhuta-,devats or ghostly godlings4 ,in some cases the field guardians are also the ,brhmanic godlings like ,mruti and ,shiva4 #cjj ,to the ,brhmanic guardians of the field1 cocoanuts and flowers are offered at the sowing and reaping seasons1 and to the rest1 fowls1 cocoanuts1 and sometimes goats1 are offered4 ,the higher classes feed one or two ,brhmans in order to propitiate the deities of the fields2 and for the propitiation of the minor deities of the field the lower classes perform a rite called ,dalap4 ,this rite is performed by a man of the ,gurav1 ,ghdi1 or ,rul1 caste by sacrificing to the field deity a goat or fowls and cocoanuts4 ,the pujri repeats prayers for a good harvest1 and then distributes portions of the offerings among the people assembled there for witnessing the rite4 #cja ,in the ,ratngiri ,district on the no-moon day of ,jeshta people assemble in the temple of the village deity and perform a rite called ,grhne in order that they should have a good crop1 that their village may be free from diseases1 and that their cattle may be protected4 ,a similar rite is performed on the first day of the bright half of the month of ,mrgashirsha 7,december71 and on this occasion sometimes a goat or sheep is sacrificed at the boundary of the village4 #cjb ,in order that there should be a good harvest1 the villagers of ,kankaoli worship on certain days from the month of ,krtika 7,november7 to the month of ,shimga 7,march7 the minor deities of the field by offering them fowls1 cocoanuts1 etc4 #cjc ,at ,achare 7,ratngiri7 some people worship the god of the clouds on the day on which the ,mrigashirsha constellation begins1 and they believe that thereby plenty of rain is ensured for the season4 #cjd ,for good harvests and for the protection of their cattle1 the villagers of ,achare pray to the ,grma-devata in the month of ,jeshta 7,june71 and then go in procession from the temple of the village deity to the boundary of the village1 where they sacrifice a cock and offer some cooked rice with a burning wick upon it1 to the deity that presides over the fields and harvests4 #cje ,in the village of ,palset of the ,ratngiri ,district the goddess ,khema is worshipped by the villagers to obtain good crops1 and for the protection of their cattle4 ,the ,pja or special worship takes place on the full-moon day of ,mrgashirsha and on this occasion the sacred ,gondhal dance is also performed4 #cjf ,in certain villages of the ,ratngiri ,district1 for obtaining good harvest1 people worship the godling ,mahpurush at the beginning of the sowing and reaping operations1 and offer the deity fowls1 cocoanuts and cooked rice4 #cjg ,in the village of ,mlwan1 at the sowing and reaping seasons1 the villagers usually make offerings of fowls and cocoanuts and goats to the guardians of the fields1 but ,brhmans and such ,kunbi farmers as do not eat flesh make offerings of cooked rice mixed with curds4 #cjh ,at ,ubhdnda village1 in order to secure a good harvest and for the protection of the cattle1 the villagers worship the spirit godlings called ,sambandhas and perform the rite called ,devachr4 #cji ,at ,kochare1 annual prayers are offered to the godling called ,gavatdev for the protection of the village cattle4 #caj ,in the ,devgad taluka people believe that some deity resides in every farm or in every collection of fields1 and that good or bad harvests are caused as the deity is pleased or displeased4 #caa ,in order that there should be plenty of rain and that the cattle should be protected1 the villagers of ,mlgund assemble in the temple of the village deity and offer prayers on the full moon day of ,flgun 7,march7 and on the #ast day of the bright half of ,mrgashirsh4 #cab ,in the ,kolba ,district1 for the protection of cattle and for good crops1 prayers are offered to the god ,bahiri and the ghosts ,khavis and ,sambandh4 #cac ,at ,chauk in the ,kolba ,district the villagers perform a special pja or worship of the god ,krishna in order that the village cattle may be protected4 #cad ,at ,sasawane a fair called ple jatra is held in the month of ,bhdrapad 7,september7 in order that the villagers may have a good harvest1 and that their cattle may be protected against tigers and disease4 #cae ,at ,akol1 on the day which follows the ,ganesh-,chaturthi1 people throw parched rice over their fields and houses so that the rats may not run over them4 #caf ,at ,mld in the ,thna ,district1 for the protection of cattle1 the god ,wghoba is worshipped at night on the #abth of ,ashvin which is called the ,wgh-bras4 #cag ,in some villages of the ,thna ,district the deity ,wghoba or ,wghya is worshipped on the #abth day of the dark half of ,krtik4 ,on that day the cowherds collect a quantity of milk and prepare a kind of food known as ,khir by mixing jgri and cooked rice4 ,they then proceed to the stone image of the deity in the jungle1 and besmear it with new red-lead or shendur4 ,they pour a portion of the sweet milk over the stone1 and offer prayers for the protection of their cattle4 ,they then partake of the remaining milk4 #cah ,at ,agshi and other neighbouring villages1 before the fields are ploughed1 the villagers assemble and collect a certain sum of money1 with which they buy goats1 fowls1 red-powder1 cocoanuts and parched grain4 ,a goat and some cocks are then sacrificed to the spirits residing in the cemeteries and at the boundary of the village4 ,cocoanuts besmeared with gull red powder are also offered to these ghost godlings4 ,a goat decorated with garlands and red powder is then made to walk round the village three times at night1 accompanied by the villagers1 who throw lhya parched rice while passing4 ,this rite is called ,siwa ,bndhane or binding the boundary1 and is supposed to protect the village crops and cattle4 ,no farmer dares to sow his seed unless this rite has been performed4 ,after this rite has been performed1 every farmer appeases his family deity1 i4e4 ,khandoba1 ,bahiroba1 ,kankoba1 etc41 by performing a ceremony at home called ,deopan or ,devaski1 which relates to the worship of ancestors4 ,most of the farmers regard one of their dead ancestors as their chief deity1 and represent him in their house by a cocoanut4 ,they do not enter on any new business without first offering prayers to this cocoanut1 and they also believe that they can bring evil upon their enemies by simply cursing them before the deified cocoanut4 ,the only materials generally required for the worship of this cocoanut are red powder1 incense and flowers4 ,on rare occasions1 goats and fowls are sacrificed4 ,it is believed that the ancestor in the cocoanut likes to be worshipped by the wife or husband 7as the case may be7 of the person represented by the cocoanut4 ,some farmers1 in addition to the cocoanut1 worship a stick or cap of their ancestor along with the cocoanut1 and offer prayers for the protection of their cattle1 for good rain and harvest1 and also for the destruction of their enemies4 #cai ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,disease ,,deities4 ,at ,vengurla1 in the ,ratngiri ,district1 when epidemic diseases prevail1 the people of the village assemble and prepare a basket in which are placed cooked rice1 cocoanuts1 lemons1 wine1 red flowers and ,udid 7,phaseolus radiatus7 grain4 ,the basket is then carried out of the village along with a cock or a goat1 and deposited outside the village boundary4 ,to carry this basket1 a person belonging to the ,mahr caste is generally selected4 ,the people of the next village similarly carry the basket beyond their village limits2 and it is finally thrown into the sea4 ,it is believed that if the basket of offerings to the disease-deities is carried from one village to another1 it is sure to bring the disease with it4 ,great care is therefore taken to throw the offerings into the sea4 ,in cases of small pox a feast is given to women whose husbands are alive4 ,in some cases boiled rice is mixed with the blood of a cock1 and on the rice is placed a burning black cotton wick in a cocoanut shell with a little oil in it4 ,the whole is then carried beyond the village boundary and thrown away4 #cbj ,in the village of ,mithbv in the ,ratngiri ,district1 epidemic diseases like cholera1 small pox1 plague1 etc41 are supposed to come from disease deities1 and in order to avoid the danger of such diseases the people of the village go to the temple of the village deity and pray for protection4 ,the special form of worship on such occasions is the ,kaul1 i4e41 asking a favour from the deity4 ,when an epidemic of plague broke out for the first time at ,sangameshwar1 the people of the village at once proceeded to worship the village deity2 but a few cases of plague occurred1 even after worshipping the village goddess ,jkhmta4 ,when the people went to the temple and asked the reason why the plague continued1 it was announced by the deity through the temple ministrant that she was helpless in the case of plague1 and desired the people to worship the god ,shiva1 thereby signifying that the village deity has limited powers1 and that the power of averting great evils lies with ,shiva the god of destruction4 #cba ,in the ,devgad ,taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district in epidemic diseases like cholera1 etc41 the usual ceremony1 i4e41 the ,paradi 7disease-scaring basket7 is performed4 ,a basket containing boiled rice1 red powder1 red flowers1 lemons1 betel nuts1 betel leaves1 etc41 is prepared1 and on that rice is kept a burning cotton wick dipped in oil4 ,the basket is then carried beyond the village boundary along with a goat having a red flower garland round its neck4 ,the goat is set free at the outskirts of the village4 ,in cases of small pox1 married women whose husbands are alive are worshipped with turmeric powder1 cocoanuts1 flowers1 etc41 and incense is kept burning in the house4 ,the deity of small pox is also specially worshipped for a number of days4 ,it is represented by a brass or copper lota with a cocoanut placed over it4 ,this process is called mnd bharane i4e4 arranging the materials of worship4 ,the girls in the house sing songs in praise of the small pox deity4 ,it is believed that in this way the severity of the disease is reduced4 #cbb ,in the ,sangameshwar taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district1 when epidemic diseases prevail1 the people of the village assemble in the temple of the village deity1 offer a cocoanut to the goddess1 and ask for a ,kaul 7omen74 ,after receiving the ,kaul they pray for mercy4 ,it is believed that if the ,kaul is in favour of the people the diseases will disappear4 #cbc ,at ,achare in the ,mlwan taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district it is believed that epidemic diseases such as cholera1 small pox1 etc41 are caused by the anger of the deities ,jari and ,mari2 and in order to satisfy those deities animal sacrifices are offered at the time of their worship4 ,there are no other deities who cause such diseases4 #cbd ,at ,vijayadurg in the ,ratngiri ,district1 in cases of small pox1 the child suffering from the disease is made to sleep on a silk garment ,sovalen4 ,flowers are thrown upon the patient's body1 and are given to him to smell4 ,incense is burnt in the house4 ,on the seventh day from the beginning of the disease1 the child is first bathed in milk and then in water4 ,black scented powder called ,abir is thrown on the body4 ,after two or three days an image representing the deity is made of flour1 which is worshipped1 and a feast is given to ,brhmans and unwidowed women4 #cbe ,at ,basani in the ,ratngiri ,district the disease of small pox is averted by a ,brhman worshipping the goddess ,shitala4 ,brhmans are also worshipped1 and a feast is given to them4 ,in cases of cholera and the other epidemic diseases the village deity is worshipped and sacrifices are made to her4 #cbf ,at ,kochare in the ,vengurla taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district1 a woman whose husband is alive is made to represent the goddess ,jari ,mari1 and is worshipped with flowers1 red powder ,kunku and black ointment ,kjal4 ,she is given a feast of sweet things2 and rice and cocoanuts are put into her lap by another woman whose husband is alive4 ,she is then carried in procession through the village with beating of drums and the singing of songs4 ,this is similar to the ,paradi procession1 which is also common in that ,district4 #cbg ,at ,navare in the ,ratngiri ,district1 in cases of small pox1 the diseased child and the person into whose body the small pox deities called ,bys enter1 are worshipped with ,abir black scented powder1 flower garlands1 c4 #cbh ,at ,pendur in the ,mlwan taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district the wrath of the female deities or ,mtriks is supposed to be the cause of epidemic diseases1 and these ,mtriks are accordingly worshipped for their pacification4 #cbi ,at ,chaul in the ,kolba ,district the god ,shankar is worshipped by ,brhmans when epidemic diseases prevail in a village4 ,the worship consists in repeating ,vedic hymns4 ,the nine planets are also propitiated by sacrifices of boiled rice1 etc4 ,there is a famous temple of the goddess ,shitala at ,chaul where the deity is worshipped by ,brhmans1 who recite ,vedic hymns1 whenever small pox prevails in the village4 ,the mantras of the goddess and the ,shitala ,ashtaka are also repeated in the ,paurnic style4 ,the women walk round the temple every day as long as the signs of the disease are visible on their children4 ,the goddess is worshipped with turmeric and red powders1 and clothes and fruits are given to her4 ,the ,kaul ceremony is also practised in this ,district4 ,it is worth noticing that even ,musalmns ask for a ,kaul from this goddess4 ,the days fixed for ,kaul are3--,sunday1 ,tuesday1 ,thursday and ,friday4 ,the morning hours are considered specially auspicious for the ,kaul4 ,there is another temple at ,chaul1 of the goddess ,shri ,golba ,devi4 ,this goddess is also worshipped when other epidemic diseases prevail in the village4 ,saptha i4e4 continuous worship for seven days is also performed in honour of the deity4 ,the gardeners 7,mlis7 of the village worship this deity every ,tuesday morning with cocoanuts gathered from every house in the village4 ,this temple is being repaired at present4 #ccj ,when epidemic diseases prevail in the village of ,poladpur of the ,kolba ,district the god ,shiva is worshipped by continuously pouring water over the deity's head or linga4 ,sacrifices of fruits and animals are also offered to the village deity4 ,where there is a temple of the deity ,mri or ,mahmri1 the deity is worshipped through a ,brhman1 and sacrifices of cocks and goats are offered to her4 ,the deity named ,shitala is worshipped in cases of small pox4 #cca ,at ,vvashi in the ,pen taluka of the ,kolba ,district1 in cases of epidemic diseases1 the people of the village invoke the god ,shiva1 and holy fires called homa are kindled in honour of that god4 ,sacrifices of boiled rice are also offered to the deity4 ,for averting small pox the deity ,shitala is invoked by the mantras called ,shitala ,ashtaka4 ,for averting fevers the gods ,shankar and ,vishnu are also worshipped4 #ccb ,at ,medhe in the ,rohe taluka of the ,kolba ,district the god ,shiva is worshipped in order to avert an epidemic1 and ,hanumn is worshipped to avert fevers4 #ccc ,at ,mld in the ,salsette taluka of the ,thna ,district1 when an epidemic prevails in a village1 the goddess ,navachandi is worshipped and the ,homa is kindled in her honour4 ,on the last day of worship a goat is set free as a sacrifice to the deity4 ,the ,bali1 i4e41 the offering of boiled rice1 and the goat are taken beyond the boundary of the village1 and handed over to the people of the neighbouring village1 who follow the same procedure1 and at last both the sacrifices are thrown into the sea4 ,the goat generally dies1 as it does not get water and food till it reaches the sea4 #ccd ,in the village of ,anjur in the ,thna ,district1 in cases of long standing fevers the ,brhmans observe the ceremony called ,udak ,shanti or propitiation by water4 ,it is as follows3--,an earthen pot filled with water is placed on the ground4 ,on the top of the pot is placed a round plate in which the image of the god ,brahmadev the son of ,vishnu is consecrated4 ,four ,brhmans sit on the four sides of the pot and repeat their ,vedic hymns4 ,these four ,brhmans are supposed to be the four mouths of the god ,brahmadev4 ,it is believed by the people that by performing this ceremony the fever is made to disappear4 #cce ,at ,ri in the ,thna ,district some people believe that malarial fevers are averted by placing secretly a small stone on the head of the god ,hanumn4 #ccf ,in the ,kolhpur ,district the nine planets are worshipped in the house to ward off diseases such as cholera1 small pox1 fevers1 etc4 ,the goddess ,laxmi is worshipped in order to avert small pox1 the worship being generally performed in a garden or a grove of mango trees1 when parched rice1 cocoanuts and lemons are offered to her4 ,the people assembled at the spot partake of the food4 ,to avert fever1 the people perform a certain ceremony ordained in the ,shstras4 ,if the sick person is supposed to be under the evil influence of the planet ,saturn1 the planet is invoked by repeating the mantras1 and worshipped with the usual offerings4 ,garments such as a ,sri and a ,choli are offered to the goddesses ,mri and ,klubi4 ,when an epidemic disease such as cholera prevails in a village1 the people of the village install the deity ,margai at a place where four roads meet1 and worship her for seven or eight days with much ceremony4 ,every one brings offerings of cocoanuts1 lemons1 ambil or conjee1 cooked rice and curds1 etc4 with the beating of drums to offer to the deity4 ,after worshipping the goddess in this manner for eight successive days they sacrifice a ,bali of a he-buffalo before her4 ,the deity is then put upon a bullock cart and carried through the village with the beating of drums and much ceremony1 to be thrown away beyond the village boundary along with the offerings4 #ccg ,epidemic diseases are not attributed to witchcraft at ,devgad in the ,ratngiri ,district4 ,it is believed that they are caused by the accumulated sins of the people4 #cch ,in the ,dpoli taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district epidemic diseases are attributed to witchcraft by low caste people4 ,the power of averting such diseases lies in the hands of the village deities4 ,they are therefore propitiated by the sacrifices of cocks1 goats1 and cocoanuts4 #cci ,at ,poldpur in the ,kolba ,district1 epidemic diseases are sometimes attributed to witchcraft by low caste people4 ,persons well versed in the mantras of evil spirits are called ,bhagats or exorcists4 ,some of them keep evil spirits at their command4 ,the poor people believe that what these exorcists foretell is sure to occur4 ,it is believed that the spirit dwells on the tongue of these exorcists4 ,when these spirits are hungry1 they are let loose in the village by the sorcerers for the destruction of the people1 thus causing an epidemic4 ,when a spirit is to be destroyed1 the people of the village assemble in a mob and attack the sorcerer1 a small quantity of blood is taken from his tongue and water from the earthen pot of a ,chmbhr is poured upon it4 ,it is believed that by so doing the spirit is permanently destroyed and the sorcerer either forgets all his mantras or they become ineffective4 ,the spirit is called tond bhut1 and it sometimes troubles even animals4 #cdj ,at ,chauk in the ,karjat taluka of the ,kolba ,district1 the people believe that the devotees of the ,mri deity bring on epidemic diseases by the use of their mantras1 and in order to satisfy them1 offerings are made to the deity ,mri which are taken by the devotees or ,bhagats4 #cda ,at ,vde in the ,thna ,district epidemic diseases are attributed to witchcraft4 ,there are some women who are supposed to bring on1 or at least foster1 the growth of such diseases by their evil mantras4 ,such women are threatened or punished by the people1 and sometimes they are even driven out of the village4 #cdb ,in the village of ,anjur of the ,thna ,district1 if a man vomits blood accidently and falls ill1 or dies1 it is believed to be due to the act of ,muth ,mrane1 that is1 the throwing of a handful of rice over which incantations have been repeated4 ,if there be any sorcerer in the village who has learnt the same incantations1 he alone is able to return the ,muth to the sorcerer who first used it4 #cdc ,at ,shirgaum in the ,umbergaon taluka of the ,thna ,district1 when epidemic diseases prevail in the village1 the people of the village take a turn round the village in a body and kill a buffalo4 ,a ,bali or offering of boiled rice1 cocoanuts1 cocks and goats is also offered to the deities that cause epidemic diseases4 #cdd ,when cattle disease breaks out in a village the people of the ,devagad taluka in the ,ratngiri ,district generally prevent the healthy cattle from mixing with the diseased1 and the people of the neighbouring villages take precautions against using the milk1 etc4 of the diseased cattle4 ,at such times the cattle of the village in which the disease breaks out are prohibited from entering the neighbouring villages4 #cde ,at ,ubhdnda in the ,ratngiri ,district1 the deity named ,maha ,gira is worshipped in connection with cattle diseases4 ,at some places a feast is given to ,brhmans1 and in certain villages of this ,district a man is painted like a tiger1 carried out of the village and bathed in a river4 ,it is believed that this is one of the remedies for averting cattle diseases4 #cdf ,at ,fonda in the ,ratngiri ,district1 when cattle disease breaks out1 a goat or a cock is sacrificed at the temple of the village deity4 #cdg ,in some villages of the ,mlwan taluka the deity ,brhman is worshipped4 #cdh ,at ,basani in the ,ratngiri ,district the gods of the ,mahrs as also the village deity are worshipped in connection with the cattle diseases4 #cdi ,at ,vvashi in the ,kolba ,district when cattle disease prevails in a village1 a pig is killed and buried on the border of the village4 ,a sweet oil lamp in the shell of a crab or a lobster is kept burning in the cowshed4 ,river or sweet water fishes are boiled in water1 and the water is given to the animals to drink4 ,the owner also cleans the cowshed and burns sulphur1 camphor1 dammer and other disinfectants4 #cej ,at ,varsai in the ,pen taluka of the ,kolba ,district a ,kaul is taken from the village deity to prevent cattle diseases1 that is1 the village deity is consulted through the temple ministrant1 who acts as the spokesman of the oracle4 #cea ,at ,medhe in the ,rohe taluka of the ,kolba ,district the village deity ,bahiroba is worshipped in connection with cattle diseases4 ,the diseased animals are minutely examined1 and the affected part of their body is branded with a red hot iron4 #ceb ,in the village of ,umela of the ,thna ,district the village deity is worshipped and sacrifices are offered to her4 ,milk from the affected villages is prohibited1 and vegetables are not fried in oil during the prevalence of the disease in the village4 #cec ,at ,kolhpur1 the people make vows to the god1 and ashes from the temples are brought and applied to the forehead of the cattle4 ,cotton strings are tied to the feet or the neck of the cattle in the name of the god4 ,they also make vows to the deities ,tamji and ,wghji1 and offer to them eyes made of silver1 a new cloth1 a fowl or a goat1 when their animals are cured of the disease4 #ced ,in the ,devgad taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district1 in cases of malarial fevers pieces of certain kinds of herbs are fastened together with black cotton strings1 and tied round the arm or neck of the person suffering from the disease4 ,sacred ashes are put in a copper amulet and the amulet is tied in the manner above described4 #cee ,at ,fonda in the ,ratngiri ,district1 in addition to herbs and copper amulets1 peacock feathers in black cotton strings are tied to the arms of the persons suffering from malarial fevers1 etc4 #cef ,at ,vengurla in the ,ratngiri ,district1 in fevers like malaria1 black strings of cotton are tied round the arm or neck1 and certain secret mantras are repeated at the time4 ,it is believed that the power of the mantras is lost if they are disclosed to the public4 #ceg ,at ,murud in the ,dpoli taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district the mantras of the god ,narsinh1 the fourth incarnation of ,vishnu1 are repeated for the exorcism of diseases4 #ceh ,in the ,dpoli taluka people who want to get rid of their diseases tie a copper amulet to their arms4 ,the mantras that are repeated on such occasions are kept secret4 ,there are at present some persons in the ,anjarle village who give such amulets and charms4 #cei ,in the ,chiplun taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district the following articles are used for averting diseases3--,copper amulets1 black cotton strings1 and holy water over which certain mantras have been repeated by the exorcist4 #cfj ,at ,poladpur in the ,kolba ,district1 black cotton strings are tied round the arm in cases of malarial fevers4 ,some mantras are repeated in cases of pain in the right or left side of the body4 ,besides the mantras some signs and figures are drawn on birch leaves1 and tied round the arm or the neck of the patient4 ,women who wish to have children wear such black cotton strings and copper amulets4 #cfa ,at ,vvashi in the ,kolba ,district mantras are in vogue for the exorcism of diseases such as liver and spleen affections4 ,for exorcising eye diseases black cotton thread is tied to the ear4 #cfb ,at ,chauk in the ,karjat taluka of the ,kolba ,district1 ashes are applied to the body of the sick person after repeating certain mantras over them4 #cfc ,at ,mld in the ,thna ,district1 for exorcising diseases caused by evil spirits1 certain letters of the ,nrisinha mantra are written on a birch leaf1 and the leaf is tied round the arm of the sick man with a copper amulet4 ,in order to drive out the evil spirit permanently1 the god ,nrisinha is worshipped1 and sacred fire is kindled to propitiate the deity4 ,for the worship of ,nrisinha the ministrant required must be a regular devotee of ,nrisinha1 and he must also be a ,panchkshari1 i4e41 one who knows the mantras of evil spirits4 #cfd ,in the village of ,shirgaon in the ,mhim taluka of the ,thna ,district1 in addition to copper amulets and black threads of cotton1 mantras of ,musalmn saints or pirs are in vogue for exorcising disease4 #cfe ,at ,kolhpur1 the higher classes perform the religious ceremony called ,anushthn to propitiate ,shiva1 the god of destruction1 in order to avert disease1 and also make vows to the same deity4 ,the lower classes offer cocoanuts1 fowls or a goat4 ,they sometimes go to the exorcist for ashes in the name of the god1 and apply them to the forehead of the diseased person4 ,copper amulets and cotton strings given by the exorcist are also tied round the neck of the sick person4 #cff ,at ,adivare in the ,ratngiri ,district the following practices are adopted for driving out evil spirits that cause disease4 ,incense is burnt before the exorcist1 drums are beaten1 and then the exorcist takes a burning wick in his hand and frightens the diseased person by striking the ground with a cane or a broom of peacock feathers4 ,he also cries out loudly4 ,he then draws out the evil spirit from the body of the diseased person1 and puts it in a bottle1 which is either carried out of the village and buried under ground near a big tree or is thrown into the sea4 #cfg ,in the ,sangameshwar taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district1 the process of exorcising is sometimes accompanied by dancing and loud cries4 ,the person who suffers from evil spirits is taken to ,narsoba's ,wdi in the ,kolhpur ,state where patients are believed to find a cure4 #cfh ,in the ,devgad taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district the exorcist1 when possessed1 does not dance as at other places1 but freely uses abusive epithets to drive out the evil spirits2 and on such occasions the threats are repeated loudly by the exorcist4 #cfi ,in the ,dpoli taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district1 dancing is used in exorcism4 ,while dancing1 the exorcist makes a show of different kinds of fits4 ,they are similar to those made by a person suffering from hysteria4 ,he also stands and sways his body to and fro for some time1 then assumes a serene and quiet attitude1 and begins to cry out loudly4 #cgj ,there are some sorcerers at ,dsgaon in the ,kolba ,district1 who dance and cry out loudly in order to drive out the evil spirits from the body of the diseased4 #cga ,at ,mld in the ,thna ,district dancing is used in exorcism4 ,the following is a description of one of these dances4 ,songs of the deity which is to be summoned on the occasion are sung along with the music of the ,tl 7a kind of cymbal7 and the beating of drums called ,ghumat4 ,the ,ghumat is an earthen jar1 the lower and upper ends of which are covered over with leather4 ,the man in whose body the deity is to make its appearance takes his bath and sits by the side of a small prayer carpet called ,asan4 ,a small quantity of rice 7about a ser7 is put in front of the carpet1 and a copper pot filled with water is placed on the rice4 ,the musicians begin to strike their instrument with a loud clash1 and the exorcist's body begins to shake4 ,the shaking of the body is a sure indication of his being spirit-possessed4 ,he then sits upon the carpet and begins to throw grains of rice into the copper pot containing water1 gives out the name of the particular spirit with which he is possessed1 and the cause for which it has attacked the patient4 ,he then explains the measures and rites by which the spirit can be driven out4 ,the people abide by his directions1 and the patient is thus cured4 #cgb ,at ,padghe in the ,thna ,district1 when an evil spirit is to be driven out from the body of the patient1 the latter is asked to hold in his mouth a betelnut or a lemon4 ,after some time1 the betelnut or the lemon is put into a bottle1 the bottle is then tightly corked and buried underground4 ,a copper pot is filled with water1 and the diseased person is asked to hold the pot upside down4 ,if the water runs out it is believed that the spirit has disappeared4 #cgc ,in the village of ,edwan of the ,thna ,district1 dancing is practised in cases of spirit possession1 but it is resorted to among the lower castes only4 ,while dancing1 the sorcerer cries out loudly1 and throws grains of ,udid 7,phaseolus radiatus7 on the body of the diseased person #cgd after repeating certain mantras4 ,this rite is styled ,bhrani or the process of charming4 ,at ,kolhpur1 dancing is not used in exorcism1 but the people suffering from evil spirits sometimes dance and cry out loudly4 ,some of them loose their hair while dancing1 and even strike their heads4 ,some quarrel like combatants1 and some of them try to make speeches like orators4 ,there is a temple of the god ,shri ,dutta at ,narsinhwdi in the ,kolhpur ,state1 to which people suffering from evil spirits are brought for a cure4 ,these people cry out loudly when the palanquin of the ,swmi ,mahrj is carried through the village1 and spirits usually quit the bodies of their victims at this time1 for it is said that they cannot bear the proximity of the ,swmi ,mahrj4 ,patients are also cured by residing in the village for a certain period4 ,on this account the village of ,narsobchiwdi is considered very holy4 ,a big festival is celebrated in this village annually on the twelfth day of the dark half of ,ashvin 7,october74 ,feasts are given to the ,brhmans1 the expenses being borne by the ,kolhpur ,state4 #cge ,in the ,sangameshwar taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district1 the ,bhagat or exorcist is respected by the lower caste people4 ,his duties are to ask a kaul from the deity on behalf of the people and to alleviate their sufferings4 ,his appointment is hereditary1 the clever member of the family generally following the profession of his father4 #cgf ,in the ,devgad taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district1 low class people are afraid of sorcerers because they might injure them if they are offended4 ,they therefore are careful not to cause them displeasure4 ,there1 the profession of a sorcerer or exorcist is not hereditary4 ,any one who learns the wicked mantras after attending regularly the burial and burning grounds for some days becomes an expert1 and may follow the profession4 #cgg ,in the ,mlwan taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district the chief function of the village sorcerer is to worship the village deity4 ,all kinds of gifts and presents intended for the deity are made through him4 ,his profession is hereditary and he is much respected by the ignorant people #cgh4 ,at ,fonda in the ,ratngiri ,district the exorcist is not appointed1 but one who can satisfactorily interpret or explain to the village deity the sufferings of the people is generally selected4 #cgi ,in the ,vengurla taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district1 the chief function of the village sorcerer is to find remedies for the cure of persons suffering from evil spirits4 ,his position among the people of the low classes is considered high4 ,he follows the hereditary profession of a sorcerer1 and generally the eldest son succeeds his father4 #chj ,at ,chidhran in the ,panwel taluka of the ,kolba ,district1 ,bhutes1 a caste of beggars1 are the devotees of a goddess4 ,some of them are called ,bhagats4 ,devrishis are very rare4 ,the difference between a ,devrishi and a ,bhagat is as follows3--,a ,devrishi removes the evil spirits by simply repeating the mantras while the ,bhagat removes them by bringing the evil spirit into his own body and by dancing1 etc4 #cha ,at ,chaul in the ,kolba ,district1 ,bhutes go begging in the morning every day for the first nine days of the month of ,ashvin 7,october74 ,on the tenth day the ,bhutya is given a pice from every house4 ,these ,bhutes are devotees of the goddess ,shakti4 ,at ,sasawane in the ,kolba ,district the village sorcerer comes to beg every day and is given rice1 etc41 but during the first nine days of the bright half of ,ashvin 7,october7 he is given copper coins4 #chb ,at ,anjur in the ,thna ,district the devotee of a particular god is called ,bhagat1 and one who knows how to summon or eject evil spirits is called ,bhutya4 ,a ,devrishi is a person who knows the mantras for warding off the great evil spirits such as ,brahma ,rkshasa1 ,brahma ,samband1 etc4 ,these three classes are respected only for performing their respective duties1 and not otherwise4 #chc ,at ,kolhpur1 the sorcerer is never appointed4 ,his functions are to ask a kaul from the deity1 to pray for the welfare of the people1 and explain to them what he sees in his dreams4 ,he holds no position in higher society1 but the poor people who believe in him are afraid of him4 ,sorcerers are generally very cunning2 they frighten poor people1 and obtain from them presents and gifts for their maintenance4 #chd ,in the ,vengurla taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district red flags are hoisted on ,banyan1 ,pipal1 and ,umbar trees1 and on certain occasions offerings of coins and cocoanuts are made4 ,it is believed that when the three kinds of trees happen to grow together1 i4e41 close to each other1 near a well or on the bank of a river1 the god ,datta resides there1 but such cases are very rare4 ,these trees are supposed to be the haunts of the ,munja spirit1 and therefore copper coins waved round the persons suffering from evil spirits are thrown underneath them4 ,there are no sacred wells in this taluka4 #che ,in the ,dpoli taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district1 the ,banyan and ,pipal trees are worshipped4 ,the former is worshipped by women on the full moon day of the month of ,jestha 7,june7 and on the no moon day when it falls on ,monday4 ,on these occasions a cotton thread is tied round the tree1 and offerings of glass beads1 cocoanuts1 fruits1 etc41 are made4 ,these trees are also worshipped with offerings of copper coins1 etc4 #chf ,in the ,dpoli taluka1 there is a certain place between the two villages of ,anjarla and ,harnai where persons passing by that side throw one or two stones1 causing thereby a heap of stones there4 ,it is believed that by doing this the person who throws such stones gets rid of his itch4 ,this place is called ,girjoba4 ,hands and feet made of wood are also offered by persons who make vows to do so when their hands or legs are affected by any disease4 #chg ,at ,ibrmpur in the ,ratngiri ,district offerings of cotton thread1 copper coins1 and fruit are made to ,banyan and ,pipal trees on the full moon day of the month of ,jestha 7,june7 and on every ,saturday in the month of ,shrwan 7,august74 #chh ,at ,vavanje in the ,panwel taluka of the ,kolba ,district1 offerings of coins1 etc41 to sacred trees are made at the time of ,parwani 7a festival74 ,for instance1 when the no moon day falls on ,monday1 the women worship the ,pipal tree1 and on the full moon day of ,jestha 7,june7 they worship the ,banyan tree4 ,the custom prevails of the worship of a well by women after their delivery4 ,a woman1 after completing the period of her confinement or ceremonial impurity1 is taken to a well1 from which she has to bring home water1 and is required to worship the well with the following materials1 viz43--cotton thread1 copper coins1 cocoanuts and such other fruit as can be had on the occasion4 #chi ,at ,varsai in the ,pen taluka of the ,kolba ,district1 offerings of cotton cloth1 copper coins1 cocoanuts1 betelnuts and plantains are made to the ,banyan1 ,pipal1 and ,umbar trees1 and also to holy wells4 ,the ,pipal1 ,tulsi1 and ,umbar trees are worshipped daily by women in this district1 while the ,banyan is worshipped on the full moon day of ,jestha 7,june74 ,the materials of worship are3--rice1 fruits1 water1 sandalpaste1 flowers1 mangoes and jack fruits4 #cij ,at ,mld in the ,thna ,district1 the ,banyan tree is worshipped by women of the ,dwijas1 i4e41 of the twice born castes1 on the full moon day of the month of ,jestha4 ,copper or silver coins and fruit are offered to the tree4 ,these offerings are taken by the ,brhman priest1 who explains to them the modes of worship4 ,the ,brhman priest is also given some money as a gift4 ,this ,vrata1 i4e41 vow1 is observed by women by fasting for three successive days1 from the #acth to the #aeth day of the bright half of ,jestha 7,june74 ,the ,pipal tree is worshipped daily by some men and women of the ,brhman caste4 ,women walk round this tree for a hundred and eight times or more daily4 ,some persons hold a thread ceremony for the ,pipal tree in order to obtain a son1 and worship the tree for a certain period4 ,it is worshipped with fruit and copper coins4 ,wooden cradles are also offered to the tree4 ,wells are worshipped on auspicious days such as ,parwani by women of the upper castes4 #cia ,at ,padghe in the ,thna ,district the ,banyan tree is worshipped on the full moon day of ,jestha1 and the ,pipal is worshipped every ,saturday in the month of ,shrwan 7,august74 ,the ,pipal tree is not worshipped before the performance of its thread ceremony1 and its thread ceremony is not performed till the tree bears at least one thousand leaves4 #cib ,at ,kolhpur1 the ,banyan and ,pipal trees are considered very holy1 and offerings of rags1 coins1 etc41 are made to them4 ,it is a custom among the ,hindu women to worship the ,banyan tree on the full moon day of ,jestha4 ,offerings of cloth and fruit are made to this tree1 and copper or silver coins are given as dakshana4 ,some women make a small model in gold1 silver1 or copper of the ,banyan tree or of its leaf1 and present it to the ,brhman priest along with a present of money4 ,all these rites are required to be strictly performed as enjoined in the ,shstras4 #cic ,at ,ngothane in the ,kolba ,district1 it is believed that men who are well versed in the mantras of witchcraft and sorcery sometimes transfer diseases from one person to another4 #cid ,vaccination is believed to be a method of transferring disease to other persons4 #cie ,at ,mld in the ,thna ,district a method of transferring disease from one person to another is in practice among the ,shudras4 ,it is as follows3--,a woman without a child cuts secretly a little piece from the garment of a woman who has children4 ,she then burns the piece1 puts the ashes into water1 and the mixture is then drunk by the barren woman4 ,it is believed that1 by so doing1 the evil spirit of the disease that is troubling the barren woman is transferred to the other who has children4 ,the barrenness of the first woman then disappears1 and she begets children4 ,it is said that if the second woman comes to know of the mischief before using that garment1 she discontinues the use of the same1 and no harm is done to her4 #cif ,in the ,umbergaon taluka of the ,thna ,district the methods of transferring disease are called ,muth ,mrane1 i4e41 a bewitched lime is sent to the person to whom the disease is to be transferred4 ,various mantras are also secretly repeated with the object of transferring the disease to an enemy4 #cig ,at ,kolhpur1 there are no methods of transferring disease to other persons1 but it is said that the following ceremony is practised in the case of persons suffering from swollen glands4 ,rice1 ,udid grain etc4 are tied in a yellow cloth1 and three knots are made in it4 ,this is then kept for one night under the pillow of the diseased person4 ,it is taken out the next morning and thrown away at a place where three roads meet4 ,it is then supposed that the person who steps on the bundle first is attacked with the disease1 and the one for whom the rite is performed is cured4 #cih ,at ,devgad taluka in the ,ratngiri ,district it is believed that evil spirits are fond of things like a cock1 cocoanuts1 boiled rice1 etc41 and when a person considers himself attacked by evil spirits1 these things are waved round his body and thrown away at some distance from his residence4 ,this is generally done in the evening1 but if necessary it can be done at any time4 ,the person who goes to throw these things away is prohibited from looking behind4 ,the things required for a bali1 i4e41 oblation1 on such occasions are boiled rice1 red powder1 and an oil lamp made of black cotton wick4 #cii ,in the ,vengurla taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district1 when a person is suffering from any disease for a long time1 and when ordinary medicines prove to be ineffective1 a goat or a cock is waved round the body of the patient1 and are then put beyond the village boundary or taken away by the sorcerer4 ,while performing this rite1 the man must repeat certain mantras4 #djj ,at ,fonda in the ,ratngiri ,district1 the use of scapegoats is resorted to in cases of persons supposed to have been attacked by evil spirits4 ,curds and boiled rice are waved round the body of the diseased person and thrown away at a distance from the house4 ,in some cases it is said that the cock which is waved round the body of the sick person dies instantaneously4 #dja ,in the ,mlwan taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district the scapegoat 7often a cock7 is waved three times round the sick person and thrown into the street4 ,the man who goes to throw it away is prohibited from looking behind4 ,burnt cowdung ashes are thrown out of the door after the man has left the house1 and the door is closed at once4 #djb ,in the ,dpoli taluka1 cocoanuts1 curds1 boiled rice1 turmeric powder1 red powder1 cocks etc4 are waved round the body of the sick person and taken beyond the village boundary or to a big tree supposed to be haunted by evil spirits1 and in some cases these things are thrown away where four roads meet4 #djc ,in the ,rjpur taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district scapegoats are used by the low caste people1 while ,brhmans use cocoanuts1 boiled rice and copper coins4 #djd ,at ,klshe in the ,ratngiri ,district eggs1 cocks1 goats1 etc4 are used as scapegoats4 ,these things are waved round the body of the patient1 and taken beyond the village limits or far from the residence of the sick person4 ,for this rite a man from the ,ghdi1 ,gurav1 ,rval1 or ,mahr caste is invited at night1 and he is paid in cash for his services4 #dje ,at ,ibrmpur in the ,ratngiri ,district1 the cocks and goats used for driving out evil spirits from the body of the patient are not thrown away1 but are eaten by the exorcist4 #djf ,at ,navre in the ,ratngiri ,district1 hens are used to extract the poison of snake bites from the body of the sufferer4 ,in cases of evil spirits alone1 cocoanuts1 cocks and goats are used as scapegoats4 #djg ,at ,dsgaon in the ,kolba ,district1 a ,paradi 7basket7 containing black glass beads1 bangles1 turmeric and red powders1 sweetmeat of five sorts1 flowers1 cocoanut1 a burning scented stick1 and rice1 is waved three times round the body of the patient1 and thrown away outside the village4 #djh ,at ,kolhpur1 the use of fowls1 goats1 limes1 cocoanuts1 copper coins1 dry chillies and salt is in vogue1 not only in cases of sick persons1 but also when a person performs a feat such as bending an iron bar1 or doubling with his hands a silver coin1 or winning a victory in wrestling4 ,the articles are then waved round him and thrown away in order that he may not suffer from an evil eye4 ,among the rich the same rite is performed on ordinary occasions such as leaving a house1 starting on a journey etc4 ,in cases of illness it is specially performed in the evening1 and the articles are thrown away at the outskirts of the village1 or by the side of a well4 #dji ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,worship ,,of ,,ancestors ,,and ,,saints4 ,in the ,konkan1 especially among the lower classes1 a strong belief prevails regarding the mortality of the spirits of the dead and of their re-appearance or re-birth in their children4 ,and for this reason1 as well as for protection against evil1 the dead ancestors are worshipped4 ,the custom regarding the worship of ancestors prevailing at ,klshe in the ,ratngiri ,district is as follows3--,the worship of ancestors is called ,shrddha 7anniversary74 ,it is performed on the no moon day of every month1 on the date of the death of the person every year1 and also on the same date of the dark half of the month of ,bhdrapada 7,september74 ,among the ,brhmans1 ,brhman priests are invited1 worshipped1 and are given a feast1 after worshipping balls of boiled rice as representing the dead ancestors4 ,the special materials used for worship are sesamum and barley grain4 ,the same custom prevails among non-,brhmans with the exception that the balls are made of rice flour and not of boiled rice4 ,to partake of the food on such occasions1 the lower classes invite married persons of their own caste4 ,the anniversary day of ,sdhus and ,mahants1 i4e41 saints1 is called ,punya tithi1 i4e41 the day of merit4 ,it is commonly believed that spirits are mortal4 ,the life of the deceased remains in the spirit condition until the sins which he may have committed are washed away by the good deeds of his descendants4 ,there is no belief that one spirit dies and another takes its place1 but it is believed that the ancestors are sometimes reborn in the same family4 #daj ,at ,ubhdnda in the ,vengurla taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district ancestors are worshipped every year on the same date of the month 7according to the ,hindu calendar year7 on which the person died1 by performing a ,shrddha rite4 ,they are also worshipped on the same date in the second half of ,bhdrapada 7,september7 every year4 ,this is by a rite called ,mahlaya ,shrddha4 ,on both these occasions ,brhmans are invited1 and the worshipping ceremony is performed by repeating the mantras4 ,after the ceremony1 all the invited guests men and women partake of food4 ,sdhus are worshipped after washing their feet with sandal paste1 flowers1 cocoanuts and gifts of money4 ,it is believed that evil spirits undergo a transformation after a lapse of twelve years4 ,the practice of giving the names of ancestors to children is common1 and it is due to the belief that the spirits of the dead are reborn in children in the same family4 #daa ,at ,pendur in the ,ratngiri ,district the ancestors are worshipped on the last day of every ,hindu calendar month4 ,this monthly worship is called ,darsha ,shrddha4 ,the annual anniversary of the manes is celebrated by the ceremony called the ,smvatsarik ,shrddha4 ,if any ancestor has died after becoming a recluse or ,sanysi1 his body is buried1 and a tomb called a samdhi is erected over it2 and his descendants1 instead of performing the annual ,shrddha1 worship the tomb of the recluse every day4 ,it is believed that the spirits take a different form after the lapse of seven generations4 ,the belief that the spirits of the dead are reborn in the same family prevails among the people of this district4 ,the following measures are adopted for the purpose of identification4 ,when a person dies in a family1 a basil or bel leaf is placed on a certain part of the body1 or some familiar sign is made in sandal paste2 and when a child is born in the family1 its body is carefully examined to ascertain whether there are any signs on the body of the child such as were made on the dead body of the ancestor4 ,if the same sign appears to the satisfaction of the members of the family1 it is believed that the dead person has been reborn in the same family4 #dab ,at ,navare in the ,ratngiri ,district ,brhmans are invited1 worshipped and given a feast in honour of ancestors4 ,sdhus and ,mahants1 or saints1 are worshipped by giving them the same honour accorded to the family deities4 #dac ,at ,basani in the ,ratngiri ,district the anniversary day of saints is observed by the performance of a ,bhajan1 which consists in singing the good deeds of saints and in offering prayers4 ,it is believed that spirits are mortal1 but they do not die like ordinary human beings4 ,they cease to exist as spirits as soon as the period of their release is over4 ,the spirits obtain absolution by visiting certain holy places4 #dad ,at ,dabhol in the ,ratngiri ,district the people believe that the souls of ancestors are reborn in children in the same family if some of their desires remain unfulfilled at the time of their demise4 #dae ,at ,shiravde in the ,ratngiri ,district ancestors are worshipped every year by performing the rites called tarpan1 which consist in offering oblations of holy water1 sesamum1 barley grains and repeating prayers4 ,the tarpan is observed on the very date of the month in which the person died4 ,the procedure of worshipping the ,hindu saints is similar to that of the other deities4 ,owing to the belief that the spirits of the dead are reborn in children in the same family the name of the grandfather is given to the grandson4 #daf ,at ,nringre in the ,ratngiri taluka ancestors are worshipped by inviting ,brhman priests1 and worshipping them with sandal paste and flowers4 ,these ,brhmans are supposed to represent the father1 grandfather and great grandfather of the worshipper4 #dag ,at ,bndivade in the ,ratngiri ,district the leaves of the herb called pudina1 7a good medicine for worms7 sesamum1 and darbha grass are required for the worship of ancestors4 ,the man who worships the ancestors has to turn his sacred thread from the right hand to the left4 #dah ,at ,anjarle in the ,ratngiri ,district ,mahants and ,sdhus are worshipped in their life-time like family deities1 and their tombs are worshipped after their death4 #dai ,at ,fonda in the ,ratngiri ,district ancestors are worshipped by making balls of boiled rice on their anniversary day4 ,the balls are supposed to take the place of the dead parents1 and they are worshipped with sandal paste and flowers1 and by burning incense and lighting a lamp of clarified butter4 ,betelnuts and leaves1 cocoanuts and ,dakshina 7presents of money7 are given to them4 ,people also bow before them4 ,mahants and ,sdhus are worshipped by washing their feet1 sandal paste is applied to their body1 and they are garlanded with flowers4 ,cocoanuts1 a piece of cloth and a gift in coins are given to them according to the means of the giver4 ,it is said that spirits can remain as spirits for about a thousand years4 #dbj ,at ,vijayadurg in the ,ratngiri ,district the method of worshipping ancestors is as follows3--,in some cases elderly parents as well as a grandfather and great grandfather are also worshipped1 their feet are washed with water1 and the water is accepted as tirth or holy water4 ,while worshipping the ,mahants and ,sdhus1 or saints1 water is poured on their right hand1 and they are worshipped with sandal paste and flowers1 and given a dakshana or gifts of money according to one's means and will4 ,the pdukas1 or foot prints1 of saints are worshipped after their death4 #dba ,at ,mithbv in the ,ratngiri ,district holy persons such as ,sanysis are worshipped after their death by performing their anniversary ceremony every year4 ,it is believed that spirits are mortal4 ,evil spirits such as munjas1 etc41 undergo a kind of transformation1 and it is believed that this occurs at places like ,narsoba's ,wdi4 #dbb ,at ,devgad in the ,ratngiri ,district ancestors are worshipped on their anniversary days1 the manes being represented by pieces of ,darbha grass and balls of boiled rice4 #dbc ,at ,poladpur in the ,kolba ,district a person whose father is alive but who has lost his mother's father1 has to perform the ,shrddha of that grandfather on the #ast day of the bright half of ,ashvin 7,october74 ,this ,shrddha is called ,duhitra4 ,a person who has lost his wife has to perform the ,shrddha for that wife on the #ith day of the dark half of the month of ,bhdrapada4 ,this day is called ,ahev ,navami4 ,these different sorts of ,shrddhas are observed only by the high class ,hindus4 ,the lower classes worship their ancestors on the last day of the month of ,bhdrapada by preparing a ball of boiled rice or flour1 and putting it out for the crows to eat4 ,it is believed that spirits are mortal4 ,the ceremony called ,narayan ,nagabali is performed when it is believed that the spirit of an ancestor is giving trouble to the family4 ,when this rite is performed1 the spirit is saved and the ailment ceases4 ,it is believed that the spirits of the dead are sometimes reborn in children in the same family1 and in such cases the names of the ancestors are given to their children by the people4 #dbd ,at ,khopoli in the ,karjat taluka of the ,kolba ,district the form of worship of ancestors is similar to that of the ordinary ,hindu deities4 ,in the case of the worship of the deities the person performing the worship has to sit with his face towards the east1 while at the worship of the ancestors he has to sit with his face towards the south4 #dbe ,at ,chaul in the ,kolba ,district1 the tombs of ,sanysis1 i4e41 ascetics and ,sdhus are worshipped on their anniversary days1 and a great fair is held in their honour4 ,the other ancestors are worshipped by the shrddha rites4 ,the anniversary of the founders of the different sects is observed by their followers by a bhajan1 i4e41 singing songs in their own style and exhibiting the different insignia and flag of the sect as advised by their founders4 #dbf ,the people of ,chidhran in the ,kolba ,district believe that the period for which the soul has to remain in the spirit state depends upon the sins of the person1 or the wishes which remained unfulfilled during his life time4 ,it is not that all the spirits of the dead are reborn in children4 ,the rebirth depends upon the good or bad deeds of the deceased4 ,however1 if the nature of any child suggests the nature of any dead person in the family1 it is assumed that the spirit of the deceased has returned to the family4 #dbg ,at ,ngothane in the ,pen taluka of the ,kolba ,district some of the communities worship small images called tnks on the anniversary of their ancestors' death2 among the ,shudras food is given to the crows on the last day of ,bhdrapad4 ,the custom of giving a grandfather's name to the grandson prevails largely1 and is due to the belief that the spirits of the dead are sometimes reborn in the same family4 #dbh ,it is also said that in some of the ,hindu communities1 if a child cries continuously1 ashes are applied to its forehead in the name of one of the ancestors in the family2 and if the child sleeps quietly or stops crying1 the name of that ancestor is given to it4 #dbi ,at ,shirgaon in the ,thna ,district1 the worship of ancestors is performed on the day of the father's death1 every year4 ,on any auspicious occasion the rite called ,nandi shrddha is performed at the beginning of the ceremony4 ,it is believed that evil spirits or ghosts have to remain in the ghostly state for about one thousand years1 or at least until one of the descendants in the family goes to a holy place like ,kshi 7,benares7 and there performs the shrddha rites of his ancestors4 #dcj ,at ,mld in the ,thna ,district1 the worship of ancestors is performed on the day of the father's death every month till the completion of one year by inviting ,brhmans and giving them a feast4 ,this is done among ,brhmans only4 ,the other communities worship their ancestors by performing the rite called ,chata ,shrddha and by giving ,shidha1 i4e41 rice1 pulse1 vegetables and ghi to ,brhman priests4 ,a feast is then given to their castemen4 #dca ,at ,kolhpur1 ancestors1 ,mahants and ,sdhus are worshipped by the rites known as the ,puranic ritual1 that is1 no ,vedic mantras are repeated while performing these rites4 ,it is a common belief in this province that the soul of the person who has committed a murder1 or has incurred debt and enmity1 is obliged to repay the debt by being born again as a servant or in some other subordinate capacity of the debtor4 #dcb ,the tombs of the ,hindu and ,mahomedan saints are considered holy1 but they are not supposed to possess miracular powers4 #dcc ,the following is a list of saints who have been deified and worshipped by the people of the ,ratngiri ,district4 7#a7 ,mukundrj1 7#b7 ,dnyndev1 7#c7 ,tukrm1 7#d7 ,eknth1 7#e7 ,nmdev1 7#f7 ,rmds1 7#g7 ,akkalkotche ,swmi1 7#h7 ,ranganth1 7#i7 ,dev ,mmlatdr1 7#aj7 ,kabir1 7#aa7 ,kaml1 7#ab7 ,nipat ,niranjan1 7#ac7 ,tulshids1 7#ad7 ,pundalik1 7#ae7 ,vashistha1 7#af7 ,datttraya1 7#ag7 ,sohiroba1 7#ah7 ,gorakshanath1 7#ai7 ,purnanth4 ,at ,shiroda in the ,ratngiri ,district a practice prevails of making vows to the tombs of women who burnt themselves as ,satvis4 ,vows are also made to the ,musalman ,pirs1 and offerings are often made in fulfilment of such vows4 #dcd ,at the fort of ,vishlgad there is a tomb of a ,pir 7saint74 ,it is usual to make a vow to worship this ,pir with fetters on one's legs1 and it is believed that1 at the time of worship1 the chains break off4 #dce ,there is at ,dahibv in the ,ratngiri ,district a tomb of a ,hindu saint named ,shri ,anand ,murti1 to which the people of that locality make vows when severe calamities befall them1 and it is believed that the saint listens to their prayers4 #dcf ,when a ,brhman assumes the garb of a recluse or ,sanysi1 he is considered by the people as sacred as a ,hindu god1 and is worshipped with great reverence1 provided he abides by the rules contained in the shstras4 #dcg ,there is a tomb of a ,pir at ,bwa ,mlangad in the ,panwel taluka of the ,kolba ,district1 where the people make vows to the ,pir1 and it is believed that the ,pir fulfils their wishes4 ,hindu saints such as ,rmds1 ,dnyneshwar1 ,nmdev are held in great honour in this ,district4 #dch ,there is a temple of ,ngoba at ,avas in the ,kolba ,district where persons suffering from snake-bite1 if carried to the temple while still alive1 are said to be cured4 #dci ,at ,kawad in the ,bhiwandi taluka of the ,thna ,district there is a tomb of a ,brahmachri named ,sakhrm ,bva who has been deified by the people of that ,district4 ,a great fair is held at the tomb every year4 #ddj ,the following instance is given of a miracle at the tomb of ,sakhrm ,bva of ,kawad4 ,a man suffering from fits showed an inclination to go to ,kawad to read ,guru ,charitra for seven successive days4 ,he was taken to that place accordingly4 ,after his arrival1 he continued to suffer from these fits in the morning and evening at the time of the worship at the tomb4 ,once during the fits he said that he would be free from the disease if ,rs4 #bjj were spent in giving a feast to the ,brhmans at ,pli4 ,the relatives of the sufferer agreed to arrange accordingly1 and instantly the man put his head on the ,samdhi 7tomb7 and threw himself on his back4 ,he came to his senses after ten minutes1 and from that time he was completely cured4 ,a feast was then given to the ,brhmans at ,pli1 and ,rs4 #bjj were spent over it as promised4 ,another instance of miracular power is cited1 and that is of the priest of the goddess ,mahaluxmi of ,kolwan4 ,this priest goes up and hoists the flag of the goddess on a steep hill which no other person can climb1 and it is believed that he can do this only when the spirit of the goddess enters his body4 #dda ,at ,umbergaon in the ,thna ,district there is a miracle-working tomb of a saint called the ,dtr ,pir4 ,sakhrmbva of ,angaon ,kawad1 a ,hindu saint1 is held in high honour in this village4 #ddb ,at this place it is also believed that some of the ,pirs walk round the village at night1 and their tombs are said to be seen in motion4 ,the ,dtr ,pir is worshipped even by the ,hindus of that locality4 #ddc ,at ,shirosi in the ,murbd ,taluka of the ,thna ,district1 ,sakhrmbva of ,kawad1 ,dev ,mmlatdr1 ,chandirmbuva of ,khed1 ,narayanbuva of ,nanuri1 the ,swmi of ,akkalkot1 the ,swmi of ,kumbhar ,peth at ,kolhpur1 and the ,dandekerbuva of ,rjpur are the principal saints held in honour by the people4 #ddd ,at ,mnikpur in the ,thna ,district it is said that a bright light or flames emanate from certain tombs of ,musalman saints4 #dde ,at ,umela in the ,thna ,district it is said that flames and smoke are given out from the tombs of certain ,mahomedan saints situated in the locality4 ,these flames appear and disappear very suddenly4 #ddf ,in the ,kolhpur ,district people believe that the ,samdhi of ,swmi ,anandmrti1 who was a disciple of ,raghunath ,swmi of ,bhramanl1 shakes on the ,shiwartri day1 that is the #acth of the dark half of ,mgha1 and on the ,rmanawami day i4e4 the #ith of the bright half of ,chaitra1 at the time of the worship called ,bhajan4 ,among the tombs held most sacred by the ,hindus of the ,konkan may be mentioned the following viz43 ,bhujang ,swmi of ,lokapur1 ,rmds ,swmi1 the ,samdhi of ,shri ,shankarchrya at ,shirgaon1 ,chintaman ,swmi of ,murgud1 and the ,samdhi of ,mangalmrti ,morya at ,chinchwad near ,poona4 ,all these ,swmis were ,brahmachris or bachelors1 and they spent their lives in the service of ,god and preached virtue and morality to the masses4 ,these ,samdhis are of two kinds3 7#a7 of saints after death1 and 7#b7 of saints on the point of death4 ,the third kind is called ,jal ,samdhi1 i4e41 immersion in water1 but no tomb of the latter kind is to be found in this ,province4 ,it is said that1 if a lime is placed above the ,samdhi of ,bhujanga ,swmi1 it begins to shake at the time of the ,arti ceremony4 ,the present disciple of ,bhujanga ,swmi sits in 7,samdhi7 meditation continuously for four to eight days4 ,there prevails a belief at ,kolhpur that the swmi whose body is buried in the tomb at ,chinchwad is still alive4 ,some years ago when the present disciple of the ,chinchwad ,swmi was anxious to take ,samdh1 he had a dream in which the swmi in the tomb told him that he was still living in that ,samdhi1 and that therefore there was no need for his disciple to take ,samdh4 ,he was thus obliged to forego the project4 ,the ,peshwas of ,poona1 who were staunch devotees of the ,chinchwad swmi1 and by whose favour they were raised to a position of social equality among the ,deccan ,brhmans1 granted an ,inam of some villages for the maintenance of this ,samdhi1 and the ,british ,government have allowed the descendants of the swmi to retain the ,inam4 ,the following are the principal ,musalman saints who have been deified in the ,kolhapur ,district3-- 7#a7 ,bba ,jaml1 7#b7 ,ghod ,pir1 7#c7 ,bara ,imm1 7#d7 ,avachit ,pir1 7#e7 ,buran ,sheb and 7#e7 ,mira ,sheb of ,miraj4 ,all these ,pirs have been supplied with annual grants of money by the ,kolhpur ,state4 #ddg ,at ,ubhdnda in the ,vengurla taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district some ,hindus have adopted the worship of ,mahomedan saints4 ,mahomedan ,pirs are worshipped in the month of ,moharram4 ,on these occasions ,hindus beg in the town in the disguise of ,fakirs1 and the alms thus obtained are offered to the ,pir4 ,they make offerings of water to the ,pirs1 while the tbuts are being carried to the sea for immersion4 ,but this practice is being slowly discontinued4 #ddh ,at ,bndivade in the ,ratngiri ,district ,hindus offer cocoanuts and khichadi to the ,pirs at the time of the ,moharram1 and at some places a lamp is kept burning every ,monday in honour of a ,pir4 #ddi ,at ,klbdevi in the ,ratngiri taluka there is a tomb of a ,musalmn saint who is worshipped by the ,hindus4 ,similarly there is a ,pir at ,gaonkhdi in the ,rjpur taluka who is held in reverence even by high caste ,hindus4 #dej ,at ,ade in the ,dpoli taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district there is a tomb of a ,musalman saint which is worshipped by the ,hindus including the ,brhmans4 ,the building and also the mosque in that village have been repaired from contributions obtained from high class ,hindus4 #dea ,many ,hindus of ,devagad in the ,ratngiri ,district worship ,musalman saints4 ,occasionally they offer cocoanuts to tbuts1 and throw red powder over them4 ,they also make vows to the ,pirs4 #deb ,there are two ,pirs at ,vijayadurg who are worshipped by the ,hindus4 ,the same practice prevails at ,rjpur and ,khreptan4 #dec ,at ,chauk in the ,karjat taluka of the ,kolba ,district some ,hindus worship ,pirs4 ,the members of the ,ketkar family of ,chauk are the ,pujris or ministrants of the ,musalmn saint known as ,bva ,mlangad4 ,this shows that even ,brhmans worship ,musalmn saints4 #ded ,the tomb of ,bva ,mlangad situated in the ,kolba ,district is worshipped first by a ,brhman and then by ,musalmns4 ,the ,brhman worshipper performs this task more for the pecuniary benefit which he derives from the worship than from faith in the divinity of the ,pir4 #dee ,at ,poladpur in the ,mahd taluka of the ,kolba ,district there are no instances of ,musalmn saints being worshipped by ,hindus1 but persons wishing to have children make vows to ,pirs1 and children born by the favour of such ,pirs are required to assume the robe of a ,fakir during the ,moharram festivities4 #def ,the practice of worshipping such saints exists at ,khopoli in the ,kolba ,district4 ,persons in trouble1 or desirous of getting children1 make vows to the saint ,imm ,hussein1 and when their desires are fulfilled they dress themselves as ,fakirs and beg at certain places during the ,moharram festivities4 #deg ,a certain ,lakshman ,gangdhar ,joshi of ,rewdanda in the ,kolba ,district is the ,mujwar 7priest or ministrant7 of a ,musalman saint ,chnsewalli and he holds an ,inm in connection with his office of ,mujwar of the saint's ,darga4 #deh ,at ,akshi in the ,kolba ,district there is a tomb of a ,pir which is worshipped by lower class ,hindus such as ,kolis1 ,mlis and ,bhandris4 #dei ,the ,hindus of ,bhuwan in the ,murbd taluka of the ,kolba ,district worship the ,pir of the locality4 ,it is said that the cultivators of the village once lost their cattle1 and that a ,fakir attributed the loss to the rage of the ,pir4 ,since that time they are careful to worship the saint1 and the result is that there has been no disease among their cattle4 ,they offer ,malinda1 i4e41 bread and jgri1 to the ,pir every ,thursday4 #dfj ,the ,hindu inhabitants of ,mld in the ,thna ,district sprinkle water over the roads by which the tbuts are to pass1 and allow their children to pass beneath the tbuts4 ,some throw sweetmeat on the tbuts1 and distribute the same to the poor4 #dfa ,at ,shirgaon in the ,mhim taluka of the ,thna ,district some ,hindus make vows to the local ,pir and take part in the tbut procession4 ,they pour water over the feet of the tbut bearers1 and throw abir 7black scented powder7 and flowers on the tbuts4 ,they also distribute to the fakirs ,malinda1 or ,khichadi4 #dfb ,the ,mujwar 7priest7 of the saint ,walli ,amir ,shaha of ,shahpur in the ,thna ,district is a ,martha by caste4 #dfc ,in the ,kolhpur ,district ,pirs are held in great reverence by ,hindus4 ,they make vows to the ,pirs in order to get a son1 and when their object is fulfilled they offer a preparation of ,til 7sesamum7 and sugar called ,rewadi1 and other sweets called ,chonge1 ,malinda and ,pedhe at the time of ,moharram4 ,they also give ,fakiri to their sons in the tbut season4 ,some of them even bring a tbut and ,nl sheb to their houses1 and spend much money on them for illuminations1 etc4 ,they dance from one ,nlpir to the other saying that the ,nlpir has entered their bodies4 ,while going through the streets they cry out very loudly the words ',yalli ,dhulla'4 ,the holiday of the ,moharram is observed for ten days4 ,on the tenth day the tbuts and the ,nlpirs are taken to the river for the purpose of immersion4 ,while returning home from the river with the bundle of the ,patka of ,nlpir on their heads they cry out loudly the following words3 ,alabidyo la bidsha ya ,husan bani alidoshke sultn albida4 ,on the third day after the immersion of tbuts into the river1 the ,pirs devotees kill a goat in the name of their patron ,pir and make a preparation of the goat's flesh called ,konduri4 #dfd ,the following rites are in vogue for the cure of barrenness in the village of ,dbhol in the ,ratngiri ,district4--7#a7 ,walking round the ,pipal tree daily2 7#b7 ,observing a fast for sixteen successive ,mondays2 7#c7 ,performing the worship of ,shiva after observing the aforesaid fast4 #dfe ,at ,klshe in the ,mlwan taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district a barren woman is required to walk round a ,pipal tree every day in the morning1 and if the barrenness be attributed to the disfavour of any deity or the attack of an evil spirit1 the same deity or the evil spirit is invoked and worshipped by the woman herself1 or through a medium who knows the appropriate mode of worship4 #dff ,to steal an earthen image of the ,god ,ganpati1 to make a cross or a ,swstika on the bodies of children with marking nut1 and the worship of the god ,mruti or some other powerful deity at midnight in the no moon by a barren woman1 after divesting herself of her clothes1 are rural methods for the cure of barrenness observed at ,anjarle and other places in the ,dpoli taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district4 #dfg ,at ,bndivade in the ,ratngiri ,district copper amulets and black cotton strings are used to cure barrenness4 ,some people make vows to a particular deity1 and some perform the rite of ,ngabali4 #dfh ,to walk round ,pipal and ,umbar trees1 to circumambulate the temple of a particular deity1 and to make vows to that deity1 to recite or have recited the holy scripture ,harivansha1 are methods in practice for cure of barrenness at ,achre in the ,mlwan taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district4 #dfi ,at ,vijayadurg in the ,ratngiri ,district1 it is believed that beating a woman at the time of an eclipse is one of the surest methods of curing barrenness4 ,some people give charity1 observe fasts1 worship certain deities and make vows to them to obtain children4 #dgj ,at ,ubhdnda in the ,ratngiri ,district1 stealing the idol of ,krishna when it is being worshipped on the #hth day of the dark half of ,shrwan 7,august71 the birth day of the god ,krishna1 and putting a cocoanut or a betelnut in its place is believed to be the best method of curing barrenness4 #dga ,at ,chauk in the ,kolba ,district1 the same plan of stealing the idol of the god ,krishna is observed as a cure for barrenness4 ,but here the idol is returned with great pomp1 and replaced in its original place after the birth of a child4 ,the godlings ,hanumn and ,bawan ,vir are also worshipped for the cure of barrenness4 #dgb ,at ,poladpur in the ,kolba ,district the favourite method of curing barrenness is to obtain copper amulets and black or red cotton strings from a ,fakir4 #dgc ,the following are the methods in vogue for the cure of barrenness at ,khopoli in the ,kolba ,district4 7#a7 ,to inquire from a sorcerer the cause of barrenness1 and then to perform the rites mentioned by him4 7#b7 ,to use copper amulets and cotton strings taken from a ,mntrik1 i4e41 one well versed in the mantras4 7#c7 ,to walk round the ,tulsi 7basil7 plant or the ,pipal or ,banyan tree daily in the morning after worshipping it4 7#d7 ,to feed another woman's child1 or to give milk to a child4 #dgd ,at ,nta in the ,kolba ,district1 a woman wishing to have a child is required to strike with a knife the ,jack1 the ,tamarind1 and the ,chmpa trees during an eclipse4 ,it is believed that by so doing the woman will bear a child1 and the trees will also bear flowers and fruits4 #dge ,at ,medhe in the ,roha taluka of the ,kolba ,district1 the following methods are in vogue for the cure of barrenness3-- 7#a7 ,to worship the god ,shiva and to observe fasts on ,mondays4 7#b7 ,to worship the god ,ganpati and to observe fasts on ,sankasthi chaturthi1 i4e41 the fourth day of the dark half of every month4 7#c7 ,to walk round the temple of ,mruti and ,pipal and ,umbar trees every day1 in the morning4 #dgf ,at ,padaghe in the ,bhiwandi taluka of the ,thna ,district1 images of ,rma and ,krishna are put into the lap of a barren woman on their respective birthdays i4e41 the #ith day of the bright half of ,chaitra1 and the #hth day of the dark half of ,shrwan4 ,cocoanuts are also placed in her lap with these images4 #dgg ,at ,mnikpur in the ,thna ,district the goddess ,shitala is worshipped by women to cure barrenness4 ,they observe fasts1 and go to the temple of the goddess bare-footed with their hair loose and throwing milk on their path4 ,they offer to the goddess wooden cradles and children's toys in fulfilment of their vows4 #dgh ,at ,shirgaon in the ,mhim taluka of the ,thna ,district1 it is said that the repetition of the mantra ,santn ,gopl jy is resorted to as a cure for barrenness4 #dgi ,at ,wde in the ,thna ,district1 women make vows even to minor deities such as ,chedoba to get rid of barrenness4 ,they also use copper amulets and cotton strings procured from a sorcerer well versed in the use of mantras4 #dhj ,at ,dahigaon in the ,thna ,district the worship of the god ,shri ,satya ,nryan is held to cure barrenness4 ,some women also distribute to the poor jgri equal to the weight of a child4 #dha ,at ,dehari in the ,murbd taluka of the ,thna ,district1 the village deity ,dehari ,mta is invoked and worshipped by women for the cure of barrenness4 #dhb ,in the ,kolhpur ,district1 the help of the family deities and of the household deities is invoked4 ,women take turns round the ,banyan1 ,pipal and ,umbar1 trees4 ,some make vows to the gods1 and perform certain propitiatory rites as well as the ,nryan ,ngabali4 ,it is believed that the children do not live long if a member of the family has killed a snake1 or if the funeral rites of a person in the family have remained unperformed4 ,the following ceremony is known as ,nryan ,ngabali4 ,a snake is made from the flour of ,rla 7panie seed71 and another made of gold is put into it4 ,it is then burnt like a dead body4 ,all the ordinary funeral rites are performed4 ,after performing the eleventh day rites1 homa1 i4e41 sacred fire1 is kindled at night time1 and after keeping vigil for the whole night1 milk and a dakshana are given to ,brhmans4 ,a feast is given to eleven ,brhmans on that day4 ,on the twelfth day sixteen ,brhmans are fed1 and on the thirteenth1 five ,brhmans are given a feast1 after performing the ,shrddha rites4 ,on the fourteenth day1 again1 a feast is given to about #ajj to #ejj ,brhmans according to the means of the host4 ,it is believed that1 after the performance of these rites1 the soul of the deceased reaches heaven1 and there is an end to the troubles and misfortunes of the family4 #dhc ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,worship ,,of ,,the ,,malevolent ,,dead4 ,at ,ubhdnda in the ,ratngiri ,district the following dreams are believed to be lucky and propitious4 ,to swim through the river or sea1 to rise to the sky1 to see the ,sun1 the ,moon and the other planets1 to eat meat1 to bathe in blood1 and to eat rice and curds4 ,it is also believed that the sight of white objects in dreams foretells success in any work or undertaking that may be in view4 ,a deity1 a ,brhman1 a king1 a married woman decked with ornaments1 a bullock1 a mountain1 trees full of fruits1 climbing the ,umber tree1 a looking glass1 meat and flowers1 if seen in dreams1 are good omens4 ,climbing the ,palas tree1 ,warul1 i4e41 an ant heap1 the bitter lime tree1 to marry1 to use red clothes or red flower garlands1 to eat cooked meat1 to see the sun and the moon without lustre1 and to see shooting stars during dreams1 are said to be bad omens4 #dhd ,at ,mithbv in the ,devgad taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district dreams are believed to be caused by indigestion and restlessness4 ,to embrace a dead body in a dream1 to see troubled waters1 to dine heartily1 are said to be bad omens4 ,feasting friends and receiving gifts from them are said to be good omens4 #dhe ,at ,fonda in the ,ratngiri ,district dreams are said to indicate things that have happened1 or are about to happen in the near future4 ,all white substances other than cotton1 salt1 and bones1 are considered auspicious1 and all black substances excepting a lotus1 a horse1 an elephant1 and a deity are considered inauspicious4 #dhf ,at ,ibrmpur in the ,chiplun taluka1 horrible dreams are good omens1 while pleasing dreams indicate approaching calamities4 #dhg ,at ,pendur in the ,ratngiri ,district it is believed that dreams foretell future events4 ,it is believed that the dream will prove correct and effective if the person dreaming has asked three questions and received three answers in his dream4 ,those dreams which are caused through cold are called ,jalap4 ,they are generally false dreams1 and no good omens are derived therefrom4 #dhh ,at ,basani in the ,ratngiri ,district it is believed that the ancestors who take interest in the welfare of their descendants appear in dreams and foretell future events1 so that the dreaming person may take the needful precautions for the prevention of future calamities4 #dhi ,at ,klshe in the ,mlwan taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district it is believed that dreams in the last part of the night1 i4e41 just before daybreak1 and in which great men are seen1 generally prove effective4 ,if anybody sees himself married in a dream it is supposed that he will hear of the death of some relative4 #dij ,at ,chauk in the ,kolba ,district it is believed that1 when calamities are threatened1 the guardian deity of the family as well as the dead ancestors appear in dreams and give warnings of the coming calamities4 #dia ,the people of ,poladpur in the ,kolba ,district believe in dreams2 and when some of their deities appear in dreams and give them advice or directions1 they are careful to follow them4 ,sometimes even evil spirits appear in dreams1 and advise the people to do certain things to avert calamities4 ,people who have faith in such spirits act according to their wishes1 and if they fail to do so1 trouble is sure to follow4 #dib ,the people of ,khopoli in the ,kolba ,district believe that if a person sees in a dream1 the dead body of a near relative1 it indicates that the person whose corpse was seen in the dream will live long4 #dic ,at ,birwadi in the ,kolba ,district it is believed that if a person sees a snake in a dream1 a son will be born to him2 if he sees a hell1 he is sure to get wealth4 ,if he sees gold1 it is a sure sign of losing wealth4 ,again1 if a person sees himself taking his meals in a dream1 it indicates that his death is nigh at hand4 #did ,at ,mld in the ,thna ,district1 omens are derived from dreams4 ,in case of bad dreams the god ,vishnu is remembered1 and the gods ,shankar and ,mruti are also worshipped4 #die ,at ,belpur1 wood1 cowdung cakes and turbid water1 if seen in dreams1 foretell calamities4 ,white clothes1 beautiful flowers1 and food containing sweetmeat are considered auspicious4 #dif ,at ,murbd in the ,thna ,district it is believed that all black things1 and white things such as ashes1 are inauspicious when seen in dreams1 but a black cow1 white flowers1 and pearls are auspicious4 ,considering the four parts of the night1 the dreams that occur in the first part prove effective within one year1 that of the second part within six months1 that of the third within three months1 and of the fourth within one month1 and those caused at daybreak are realized immediately4 #dig ,at ,kolhpur1 dreams are believed to be caused through some mental derangement or bodily disorder4 ,it is customary to derive omens from dreams1 but their nature greatly depends upon the different times at which these dreams occur4 ,the dreams caused in the latter part of the night1 i4e4 just before daybreak1 are believed to come true4 #dih ,at ,ubhdnda in the ,vengurla taluka it is believed that the soul of a person leaves the body temporarily during his sleep2 hence it is said that no changes or marks of colour1 etc4 should be made on the body of a person during sleep1 because it is believed that1 while returning1 the soul identifies the body1 and if it is satisfied with the marks of the body it enters it2 otherwise it might not return4 #dii ,at ,adivare it is believed that only ,hindu saints and ascetics1 after deep and devout meditation1 are capable of removing the soul from the body4 ,it is believed that their souls go to heaven during that period and return at pleasure4 ,at present there are no such sdhus in the district4 #ejj ,many ,hindus in the ,ratngiri ,district believe that the soul goes to drink water at night1 and therefore keep a pot filled with water at their sleeping place4 #eja ,the people of ,chaul in the ,kolba ,district do not consider it possible ordinarily for the soul to leave the body1 but they state that the ,swmi of ,alandi1 who died in or about the year #ahhf1 used to remove his soul from the body by means of ,yoga4 #ejb ,at ,kolhpur1 it is believed that the soul leaves the body temporarily at night when a person is asleep4 #ejc ,at ,bankavali in the ,dpoli taluka1 it is believed that ghosts or evil spirits have the form of a human being1 but their feet are turned backwards4 ,they can assume any form they choose4 ,their character is ordinarily to trouble the people1 but when satisfied they are said to prove friendly4 ,the following story is narrated of a person who went to reside in one of the villages of the ,konkan4 ,his wife was first attacked by a ghost called ,girha4 ,the ,girha troubled him much by playing mischief in his house1 viz43 by taking away eatables or by mixing dirt in his food4 ,at night he used to divest the couple of their clothes1 and on one occasion an ornament was removed by the spirit from the person of the wife4 ,tired of these annoyances1 the man left the village and went to reside at a distance1 when1 to the astonishment of the public1 it happened that the ornament which was lost at the old village was restored to the man's wife while she was asleep in the new village1 and nobody knew who brought it there4 ,all this was believed to be the work of the ,girha4 #ejd ,at ,ubhdnda in the ,vengurla taluka people believe that a ,bhut is fierce in aspect and very troublesome1 but when its wishes are complied with1 it becomes harmless4 ,the ,bhuts reside in jungles1 burial or cremation grounds1 old trees1 sacred groves and deserted houses4 ,they assume all sorts of shapes and forms4 ,sometimes they appear very tall1 and they can instantly assume the shape of a dog1 a cat1 a tiger1 or any other animal4 ,some ghosts are even seen fishing on the banks of rivers4 #eje ,at ,mithbv in the ,devgad taluka it is believed that the souls of those who die with their wishes unfulfilled take the form of a ,bhut4 ,they enter the bodies of people4 ,any woman who is attacked by the ,bhut of a ,pir becomes able to speak in the ,hindi language although it may not be her mother tongue4 ,when a child or a person is suffering from the attacks of a spirit1 incense is burnt1 and it at once begins to tell the whereabouts of the spirit and the reason why the person has been attacked4 ,he is then asked to state what he wants1 and when the things which the spirit wants are offered1 it goes away4 #ejf ,spirits are generally invisible4 ,the spirits that belong to the class of malignant ,bhuts are of a ferocious appearance2 but those that belong to the class of friendly ,bhuts possess bodies like human beings4 #ejg ,at ,nringre in the ,devgad taluka1 it is believed that spirits are cruel by nature and have no shadow1 that they are capable of taking any form they like1 and can perform miracles4 #ejh ,at ,pendur it is believed that ,bhuts eat chillies1 and that they do not speak with human beings4 ,spirits are said to remove and conceal their victims for a certain period of time4 #eji ,at ,vijayadurg1 a ,bhut is considered to be of mean character4 ,people perform certain rites to bring it under subjection4 ,their actions are always contrary to nature4 ,when a person begins to cry1 dance1 to eat forbidden things etc4 he is said to be attacked by a ,bhut4 ,when there is enmity between two persons1 the one who dies first becomes a sambandh and troubles his living enemy4 #eaj ,at ,basani1 there is a belief that there are two kinds of spirits4 ,some aim at the welfare of the people1 and others are always troublesome4 ,as they have no regular form they cannot easily be recognised4 ,they can change their forms at any time4 #eaa ,the character of a ,bhut is to trouble people and to take revenge on an old enemy4 ,a person attacked by a spirit speaks incoherently and acts like a mad man4 ,in such cases the leaves of the herb satp are used4 ,the leaves are pounded and put under the patient's nose4 ,in a few minutes1 the person who is possessed by the spirit begins to speak4 #eab ,the people of ,chauk in the ,kolba ,district believe that the main function of a ,bhut is to frighten people1 to beat them1 and to make them perform unpleasant tasks and thereby to obtain food from them4 #eac ,at ,poldpur it is believed that if a person is able to bring a ,bhut under his control he can make it do every kind of work for himself4 #ead ,the people of ,akshi believe that kindling fire without any reason and throwing stones at certain houses are the main functions of ,bhuts4 #eae ,at ,vvashi in the ,pen taluka1 it is believed that ,bhuts1 while walking1 never touch the earth but always move through the air1 and that they have no shadow4 #eaf ,the old men of ,shirgaum in the ,mhim taluka advise young children not to respond to the call of anybody at night unless the person calling is an acquaintance4 ,for such calls are sometimes those of an evil spirit4 #eag ,in the ,kolhpur ,district1 it is believed that the character of a ,bhut is like that of a human being4 ,when a person is attacked by a spirit1 a great change is observed in his language and actions4 ,he begins to speak in the language of the ,bhut by which he is attacked4 ,if the ghost is of the female sex1 the person speaks the language of females4 ,it is believed that the souls of those who have been murdered or tortured assume the form of a spirit known as ,sambandh1 and trouble the murderer or the torturer1 by entering his body4 ,it is said that in some cases the spirit does not leave the body of such a person till he dies1 thus exacting revenge for his past misdeeds4 #eah ,in ,khopoli in ,ratngiri it is said that the cow which is given to a ,brhman while performing the funeral rites of a dead person helps him to reach heaven4 ,he gets there by catching hold of her tail4 ,there are three paths to the other world4 ,they are ,bhaktimrga1 ,karmamrga1 and ,yogamrga4 ,the ,karmamrga is believed to be superior to all4 #eai ,at ,mld1 a belief prevails that the path to the other world is through the ,himlayas4 ,while going through the mountains of the ,himlayas1 souls find happiness or sorrow according to their actions in life-time4 ,the people also believe that the soul returns every month on the date of the man's death to accept ,kgvs1 i4e41 cooked food given to the manes1 and reaches heaven at the end of one year4 #ebj ,at ,dahigaon in the ,murbd taluka1 it is customary among the ,hindus to smear with cow dung the place from which a dead body has been removed to the burning ground4 ,the place is then covered with rice flour1 and is hidden under a basket1 an oil-lamp being kept1 burning near by4 ,the persons who accompany the corpse return home to look at the lamp1 and it is believed that the soul of the deceased will pass to any creature or species of which footprints are seen on the rice flour4 #eba ,at ,kolhpur it is believed that the soul of a person after death attains that state to which he aspires at the last moment before his death4 ,virtuous persons who die without any desire reach heaven and remain there in the form of the stars1 where they are believed to enjoy the happiness of heaven4 ,some of them are sent to this world when they wish to return4 ,sinners are said to reach hell in consequence of their misdeeds1 but some remain in this world in the form of ,bhuts4 #ebb ,the people of ,achare in the ,mlwan taluka believe that the souls of persons who die by accident return to the same caste1 and have to remain there till the expiry of an appointed period4 #ebc ,the people of ,chauk believe that persons dying a sudden or violent death leave wishes unfulfilled1 and are therefore compelled to remain in this world in the form of ,bhuts4 #ebd ,at ,ri in the ,slsette taluka it is believed that the souls of those dying a sudden or violent death attain salvation according to their deeds in lifetime1 but it is a current belief that those committing suicide take the form of a ghost1 and those who die on battlefields attain eternal salvation4 #ebe ,at ,kolhpur1 it is believed that the souls of those who die violent deaths do not attain salvation1 but are turned into ghosts4 #ebf ,the people of ,ubhdnda in the ,vengurla taluka believe that ,bhuts do not possess visible human forms4 ,they can assume any shapes they like1 but there is a common belief that the hands and feet of ,bhuts are always turned backwards4 #ebg ,the most favourable times for spirits to enter human bodies are midday1 midnight and twilight4 #ebh ,women in delivery as well as those in their menses are most liable to be attacked by spirits4 #ebi ,it is generally believed that persons adorned with ornaments are attacked by spirits1 especially in cases of women and children4 ,again1 a common belief prevails in the ,konkan that persons1 and particularly ladies1 decked with flowers and ornaments are more liable to be attacked by spirits than others4 #ecj ,the people of ,fonda are of opinion that spirits generally enter and leave human bodies through the organ of hearing1 while the people of ,nringre hold that the hair is the best way for spirits to enter4 #eca ,the residents of ,ibrmpur state that the mouth and the nose are the favourite channels for spirits entering human bodies4 #ecb ,at ,mithbv it is believed that spirits attack people in the throat1 and generally only those persons who are uncleanly in their habits are liable to be attacked4 ,there are no special ways for entering human bodies4 #ecc ,at ,chaul a belief prevails that spirits enter the body when a person is suffering from any disease or when he is frightened4 #ecd ,in the ,konkan1 people attempt to find good or bad omens in sneezing4 ,it depends upon the time and the position or standing of the person who sneezes4 ,if a sick person sneezes it is presumed that he will recover from his illness within a very short period1 but if the sneezing is caused by the use of tobacco or snuff1 no good or bad omens are drawn4 #ece ,sneezing at the time of conversation or when contemplating any particular task or business is held to be inauspicious4 ,hence if anybody sneezes at the beginning of a task1 or at the time of starting out on any such task1 the time is unfavourable4 ,yawning is said to be caused by a relative or friend remembering the person who yawns4 #ecf ,in ancient times happiness and calamities were foretold by a voice from the sky1 and in modern days they are expressed by sneezing4 ,people have much faith in sneezing1 and often inquire whether it is a good or bad omen to sneeze at the beginning of any work or undertaking4 #ecg ,if a man sneezes with his face towards the west1 it is considered auspicious4 ,if a man sneezes while contemplating any task or business1 the sneezing is considered inauspicious4 ,sneezing at the time of taking food i4e4 while at meals1 while sleeping1 and while sitting on a praying carpet is considered auspicious4 ,sneezing with one's face turned towards the north1 the south1 and the east is also unlucky4 #ech ,in the case of ,bhagats and exorcists yawning is considered to indicate that the disease will disappear4 #eci ,in the ,konkan it is believed that sneezing and yawning indicate the call of death1 and therefore it is customary among the ,hindus to snap the thumb and the middle finger at the time of yawning1 and to repeat the words ,shatanjiva i4e4 ,live for hundred years1 at the time of sneezing4 #edj ,sneezing on a threshold is believed to forebode evil4 #eda ,at ,kolhpur1 people believe that sneezing and yawning forebode evil1 and the practice is to repeat the following words at the time of sneezing and yawning1 viz1 ,shatanjiva i4e4 ,live a hundred years1 and also to repeat the name of ,rm1 while snapping the thumb and finger 7chutaki74 ,in the case of a person suffering from a serious illness1 sneezing is supposed to indicate a cure4 ,if a woman sneezes while a man speaks1 it is lucky1 and if a man sneezes it is unlucky4 ,the reverse is the case in respect of females4 #edb ,in the ,konkan1 ,rkshasas1 or malevolent spirits1 are believed to be very cruel4 ,these evil spirits are held in great fear1 and people try to avoid giving them offence4 ,it is supposed that to cause displeasure to these demons may bring about death4 ,with a view to propitiate them1 offerings of cocks and goats are made to them every year regularly on fixed days4 #edc ,if a woman gives birth to a child which is extraordinary or horrible in size and appearance1 it is believed to be a demon reborn4 ,such a child is supposed to bring bad luck to the family4 #edd ,the ,konkan people believe that in former days ,rkshasas1 or malevolent demons1 used to be tall1 ugly1 black1 with long and loose hair1 big teeth1 and with their foreheads painted with red lead1 or shendur4 ,they could assume any form they liked1 were powerful1 and could fly in the air4 ,they were fond of human flesh4 #ede ,the people of ,khopoli believe that ,khavis is the ghost of an ,african ,sidhi4 ,this spirit is very malevolent1 and exorcists find it very difficult to bring it under control4 ,a strong belief prevails in the ,konkan districts that those attacked by the spirits of non-,hindus are beyond cure4 #edf ,according to the belief of the people in the ,kolhpur ,district1 ,brahma ,rkshasa is one of the most powerful spirits4 ,it takes up its abode in the sacred ,pipal tree1 and when it attacks a person1 little hope is entertained of his delivery from its grasp4 #edg ,the following are the principal malignant spirits of the ,konkan4 7#a7 ,vetl1 7#b7 ,brahmagraha1 7#c7 ,sambandhas1 7#d7 ,devachr1 7#e7 ,munja1 7#f7 ,khavis1 7#g7 ,girha1 7#h7 ,chetak1 7#i7 ,zoting1 7#aj7 ,vir1 7#aa7 ,cheda1 7#ab7 ,mhasoba1 7#ac7 ,jkhin or ,alwant1 7#ad7 ,lvsant1 and 7#ae7 ,hadal4 7#a7 ,vetl is believed to be the ,king of ,spirits4 #edh ,vetl is considered to be a deity and not an evil spirit4 ,it enters into the body of an exorcist and helps him to drive away other evil spirits4 #edi 7#b7 ,brahmagraha is the ghost of a ,brhman well versed in the ,vedas1 but who is over proud of his education4 #eej 7#c7 ,sambandha is the spirit of a person who dies without an heir1 and whose funeral rites have not been performed by any member of his family4 ,it troubles the members of the family1 but when invoked through a ,bhagat it becomes harmless1 and even favourable to the family4 #eea ,it is the spirit of a covetous person or a sanysi who dies with his desires unfulfilled4 #eeb ,it does not allow anybody to enjoy his wealth1 and takes revenge on an enemy till death ensues4 ,it haunts trees1 wells and unoccupied houses4 #eec 7#d7 ,devachr is the spirit of a ,shudra who dies after his marriage4 #eed ,these 7,devachr7 spirits are said to reside on the four sides of a village4 ,the spirits which reside in burial or cremation grounds1 on river banks1 and in old trees are said to be subordinate to these4 ,cocoanuts1 plantains1 sugar1 cocks and goats must be given annually to gain their favour4 #eee 7#e7 ,munja is the spirit of a ,brhman boy who dies immediately after his thread ceremony1 but before the final ceremony called ,sod-munj is complete4 ,it does not greatly affect its victim but simply frightens4 ,when it attacks1 it is difficult to drive out4 ,it is cast out only when the patient makes a pilgrimage to a holy shrine4 #eef ,it resides in a ,pipal tree or in a well4 7#f7 ,khavis is the spirit of a ,musalmn or a non-,hindu4 #eeg ,it is also the spirit of a ,mahr or a ,mng4 #eeh 7#g7 ,girha is the ghost of a person who dies by drowning1 or of a murdered person4 #eei ,girha is not very powerful1 and obeys the orders of the exorcists4 ,it only frightens and troubles people4 #efj ,it lives by the water side1 and deceives persons at night by calling them by their names and leading them into false paths4 ,it often troubles people while crossing rivers or creeks at night1 and leads them to places where the water is very deep4 ,it is said that the spirit ,girha becomes the regular slave of a person who takes possession of the hair of its head1 and gives him anything that he requires4 ,it requests the person to return its hair1 but this should not be given under any circumstances4 ,for1 if the ,girha gets back its hair all sorts of misfortunes will befall the man4 #efa 7#h7 ,chetak is the ghost of a person of the ,kunbi or ,shudra caste4 #efb ,this spirit is also known as ,dv4 7#i7 ,zoting is the ghost of a man belonging to the ,khrvi or ,koli caste4 #efc ,it is also said to be the ghost of a ,musalmn4 #efd 7#aj7 ,vir is the ghost of an unmarried person belonging to the ,kshatriya community4 #efe ,it is also said to be the ghost of a ,rajput or a ,purbhaya 7,pardeshi47 7#aa7 ,cheda is the ghost of an unmarried ,mahr4 ,it resides on mountains1 in jungles1 and the outskirts of the village4 #eff ,cheda attacks domestic animals4 ,it haunts fields and farms1 and resides at public places where the ,holi fires are annually kindled4 ,to avoid being troubled by it1 people offer annual sacrifices of fowls and goats4 #efg 7#ab7 ,mhasoba is the lord of the ghosts1 and is equal in might to ,vetl4 #efh 7#ac7 ,jkhin or ,alwant4 ,jkhin is the ghost of a woman who has a husband alive4 ,alwant is believed to be the spirit of a woman dying at childbirth or during her menses4 ,it resides at burial or cremation grounds4 ,persons attacked by this spirit are taken to ,narsoba's ,wdi or ,gngpur1 which are celebrated as shrines for the removal of malignant spirits4 #efi 7#ad7 ,lvsat is the ghost of a widow4 ,it generally resides in burial and burning grounds1 and attacks domestic animals and their calves4 ,it is also said to tear clothes and eat corpses4 #egj 7#ae7 ,hadal or ,hedali is the ghost of a woman who dies within ten days of childbirth or during her menses4 ,it is supposed to be an evil spirit1 but it can be kept in check by the use of a cane4 ,it attacks all sorts of persons1 but leaves them as soon as it is beaten4 #ega ,this spirit is also known as ,dkan in the ,kolhpur district4 #egb ,satavi is the ghost of a woman4 ,it troubles women in childbirth1 and kills their children on the #eth or #fth day after their birth4 #egc ,shkini is the ghost of an unmarried girl4 ,talkhmba is the ghost of an unmarried ,shudra or a person from the low castes4 #egd ,the people of ,vijayadurg believe that one who hates and troubles the ,brhmans and speaks ill of their religious duties becomes a ,brahma ,sambandha after death4 #ege ,at ,poldpur in the ,kolba ,district the ghost ,bpa is represented by a stone painted with red lead and oil and placed at the boundary of a field4 ,it is the guardian of the field1 and protects the owners' interests4 ,offerings are made to it annually4 ,if the annual offerings are neglected1 it troubles the owner of the field4 ,it also troubles others when disturbed4 #egf ,the spirits known as ,klkiche ,bhut and ,bahirobche ,bhut are not troublesome4 ,when they favour any person1 he enjoys health and happiness for a period of twelve years4 ,but after that period he is ruined4 #egg ,in addition to the varieties of malignant spirits already described1 the following spirits are known at ,shirgaon in the ,mhim taluka of the ,thna ,district4 ,they are--,hirwa1 ,wghoba1 ,asars1 ,gngud1 ,saitn and ,chaitannadya4 ,the spirit known as ,hirwa requires the offerings of a bow and an arrow1 bhng1 bjri bread1 and a chatni of garlic4 ,the ,wghoba haunts jungles and troubles domestic animals4 ,cocoanuts and lamps of ghi are offered to it4 ,asars are the deities that dwell in water4 ,they infest the wells and ponds1 and attack women and children at noon time and in the evening4 ,red lead1 cocoanuts1 flowers1 parched rice 7lhya7 and ndpudi are given to them4 #egh ,at ,ibrmpur in the ,ratngiri ,district it is said that the evil spirit ,zoting goes about headless4 #egi ,the people of ,medhe in the ,rohe taluka believe that the spirit known as ,girha1 which resides in water1 goes about headless4 #ehj ,at ,shirgaon in the ,mhim taluka it is believed that the spirit ,hirwa goes about headless4 ,it troubles human beings and animals4 ,the sea and the jungle are its places of abode4 ,to avoid being troubled by it1 bhng1 cocoanuts1 fowls are given to it4 #eha ,the people of ,dahigaon in the ,murbd taluka believe that the ,bhut known as ,peesa goes about headless4 #ehb ,some evil spirits haunt trees such as the ,pipal1 ,bbhul and ,adulsa4 ,some have their haunts on a public road where three streets meet1 or in a dirty place1 some haunt old houses1 and the rest prefer to reside in burial and burning grounds4 #ehc ,many spirits dwell in burial or cremation grounds4 ,among them are ,vetl1 ,jkhin1 ,khavis1 ,khprya1 ,zoting1 ,dv1 ,girha1 ,alavat and ,lvsat4 #ehd ,the spirits ,munja and ,sambandh are said to reside near houses and old trees that produce sweet smelling flowers4 ,the spirits ,devchr and ,chlegat are said to reside at the four corners or the boundary of a village4 #ehe ,it is believed that all kinds of spirits assemble at night at the funeral ground when a body is burnt or buried4 #ehf ,the evil spirits known as ,khavis1 ,zoting and ,kafri are said to dwell on mountains and in jungles2 while the others named ,sambandha1 ,jkhin1 ,hadal and ,lvsat are said to reside on trees4 #ehg ,munja resides in the ,pipal tree4 ,sambandha dwells in the ,banyan1 ,pipal and ,umbar trees4 ,it is supposed to be a guardian of buried treasure4 #ehh ,at ,murbd in the ,thna ,district1 it is believed that an evil spirit known as ,hadal infests the tamarind trees4 #ehi ,in the ,kolhpur ,district it is believed that the ghosts of persons dying on battlefields infest mountains and jungles1 and the evil spirit known as ,sambandh infests trees4 #eij ,generally in the ,konkan1 and specially in the ,ratngiri ,district1 young mothers and their children are supposed to be liable to the attacks of the spirits ,satvi1 ,avagat1 ,alavant1 ,jkhin1 ,devchr and ,chlegat4 #eia ,at ,khopoli in the ,kolba ,district it is believed that a young mother and her child are generally attacked by the spirit of the dead wife of her husband1 or by a ,hadal or ,lvsat4 ,the spirit that attacks a woman during her childbirth is difficult to drive out4 ,the spirits are always afraid of cleanliness1 and therefore1 where there is cleanliness1 there is very little fear of their attacks4 #eib ,the people of ,shirgaon believe that the fiend known as ,hedli attacks a young mother and her child4 ,the ,bhutya1 or the sorcerer1 makes use of his cane and of the dirty incense known as ,nurkya ,uda1 and compels her to speak and to ask for what she wants4 ,sometimes she speaks and asks for the things required4 ,boiled rice and curds1 and oil with red lead are given to her4 ,when she leaves the body1 the person becomes insensible for a short time4 #eic ,the fiend known as ,hadal1 and other evil spirits of the female sex1 generally attack a young mother and her child4 ,they are generally attacked by these fiends on a public cross road where three roads meet1 or under a ,bbhul tree1 and also at wells4 #eid ,at ,ubhdnda in the ,vengurla taluka it is believed that those who are killed by tigers or other wild beasts are born as kings in the next generation4 #eie ,on the other hand the people of ,bankavli are of opinion that those who suffer death at the hands of tigers and other wild beasts are turned into spirits4 ,the spirit of a person killed by a tiger is called ,vghvir4 #eif ,at ,achare it is believed that persons killed by lions and tigers attain salvation1 while those killed by inferior beasts go to hell4 #eig ,the people of ,ibrmpur believe that unmarried persons killed by tigers or other wild beasts take the form of a ghost4 ,males become ,girhas and females become ,jkhins and ,lvsats4 #eih ,at ,pendur it is believed that persons killed by tigers and other wild beasts become ,brahma ,rkshasa4 ,the same form is assumed by those who die by accident4 ,a murdered man becomes a ,devachr4 #eii ,in the ,district of ,kolhpur a belief prevails that the spirits of those killed by tigers or other wild beasts assume the form of ghosts4 ,it is also believed that persons who die before they are married do not attain salvation1 and therefore it is considered inauspicious among the ,hindus to remain unmarried4 ,this is the real reason why the majority of the ,hindus marry their children at an early age4 #fjj ,the ghost of a woman dying in childbirth or during her menses assumes the form of ,alwant4 ,for the purpose of preventing the dead woman turning into a ghost the following device is adopted4 ,the corpse1 instead of being burnt as usual1 is buried underground1 and four iron nails are fixed at the four corners of the spot on which the body is buried1 and plants bearing red flowers are planted thereon4 #fja ,at ,bankavli it is believed that the ghost of a woman dying in childbirth or during her menses assumes the form of ,jkhin1 while the people of the ,kolhpur ,district believe that it assumes the form of ,hadal4 #fjb ,the special precautions that a father has to take at the birth of a child are3-- ,to arrange for a suitable place or a room provided with the materials required for the occasion1 and to ensure the correct moment for the birth of the child4 ,no person other than a midwife is allowed to enter the room for the first ten days4 ,a pot is kept filled with water and a twig of the nim tree in the entrance of the house1 and all persons entering the house have to wash their feet with this water4 ,a knife or some other sharp weapon is kept under the bed of the woman in order that the mother and her child may not be attacked by a spirit4 #fjc ,the chief reason for ensuring the correct moment for the birth is that1 if the birth takes place at an unlucky hour1 special rites are necessary for averting the evil effects4 ,these rites consist in the recitation of certain holy mantras and in giving presents of money1 sessamum1 jgri1 clarified butter1 etc41 to the ,brhmans and alms to the poor4 #fjd ,at ,medhe in the ,rohe taluka1 it is customary for the father to throw a stone in a well1 a pond1 or a river at the birth of his son1 and then to look at the face of the child4 #fje ,an owl is considered to be a bird of such evil repute that1 in all parts of the ,konkan1 it is considered necessary to perform expiatory rites when an owl perches on the roof4 ,if these rites are not performed1 it is firmly believed that some evil will befall the members of the family4 ,various omens are drawn from the cries of the bird ,pingla1 and these cries are known as ,kilbil1 ,chilbil and ,khit ,khit4 #fjf ,if an owl sits on the roof of a house1 it is a sure sign of coming death to a member of the family4 #fjg ,at ,devgad in the ,ratngiri ,district the sound of a bat or an owl is considered inauspicious1 and indicates the death of a sick person in the house4 #fjh ,at ,chauk an owl is said to have some connection with spirits4 ,its sound at night indicates the approaching death of a sick person in the house4 ,one variety of the owl called the pingla is supposed to foretell future events by its movements and cries1 while the bat is considered an inauspicious bird1 and its appearance forebodes coming evil4 #fji ,at ,umbergaon people do not throw stones at an owl4 ,for it is considered that the owl might sit and rub the stone1 and that the person throwing it will become weak and wasted as the stone wears away4 #faj ,the people of ,kolhpur do not believe that there is any connection between the bat or owl and the spirits of the dead1 but they believe that1 if an owl cries out in the evening or at night1 it indicates the death of a sick person in the family4 ,this applies also to the sound of a single pingla1 but the sound of a pair of pinglas is considered auspicious4 #faa ,it is generally believed that old unoccupied houses are haunted by evil spirits4 ,persons who wish to inhabit such houses first perform the ,vstu shnti ceremony1 and give a feast to ,brhmans4 ,in former times1 in the districts that were ruled by the ,portuguese1 religious persecution prevailed4 ,to escape from these persecutions1 people were compelled to leave their houses unprotected4 ,before leaving their houses1 they used to bury their treasure in the ground1 and on that spot a human being or an animal was sacrificed in order that the spirit of the dead should hover about the place1 and prevent strangers from coming4 #fab ,the evil spirits which haunt ruins and guard buried treasures and old forts are known as ,mahpurush1 ,khavis1 ,brahma ,rkshasa and ,sambandh4 #fac ,if there be any buried treasure in an old unoccupied house1 the owner of the treasure remains there in the form of a ghost4 ,if the treasure be near the temple of a deity1 it is supposed to be under the guardianship of that deity4 #fad ,at ,vijayadurg it is believed that a person who builds a house in the days of his prosperity and does not survive to enjoy it1 becomes a ,sambandh4 ,he remains in that house in the form of a ghost1 and troubles every one who comes to stay there1 excepting the members of his family4 ,a man who buries his treasure underground becomes a ghost after death1 comes back to watch his treasure1 and troubles those who try to remove it4 #fae ,unoccupied houses are generally haunted by evil spirits4 ,at certain forts in the ,konkan where battles were fought1 the souls of those slain in the battles are said to have assumed the forms of spirits1 and to keep a watch over the forts4 #faf ,in the ,kolhpur ,district there is a village ,nigve beyond the river ,panch ,ganga at a distance of three miles from ,kolhpur1 where the soul of a person named ,appji ,kulkarni has assumed the form of a ,sambandh and guards the buried treasures in his house4 ,when anybody tries to dig up the buried money1 the ghost enters the body of his daughter-in-law and begins to dance and cry out loudly1 and does not allow any one to touch his treasure4 ,it is also said that he strikes the ground with his stick at night4 ,another similar instance is cited in the case of the village of ,latvade in the ,shirol ,peta1 where ,bpujipant ,kulkarni continues to guard his house after death4 ,he does not allow anybody to live in the house1 and if any one is bold enough to sleep there at night1 the spirit of ,bpuji appears and throws him out of the house4 ,the house is therefore uninhabited at present4 ,his wife has adopted a son1 but he has to live in another village1 ,vadange4 #fag ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,the ,,evil ,,eye ,,and ,,the ,,scaring ,,of ,,ghosts4 ,hindus generally believe in the effects of the evil eye4 ,if an accident befall any thing of value1 or it undergoes any sudden change1 it is said to be due to the effects of an evil eye4 ,in order to escape from the influence of an evil eye1 people begin the use of incantations and charms on a ,sunday1 ,wednesday1 or ,thursday and finish them on the third or the fifth day4 ,small children1 domestic animals1 and beautiful objects are generally liable to be affected by an evil eye4 ,the following are some of the methods of evading the effects of an evil eye4 #ast4--,dry chillies are waved round the body of the affected person and thrown into the fire1 and if they do not thereupon make a loud noise1 it is said that the effects of an evil eye are averted4 #bnd4--,mustard seed and salt are waved round the face of a child and then thrown into the fire4 #crd4--,alum is waved round the child and then thrown into fire4 ,the piece of alum thus thrown is sometimes believed to be changed into the form of a man or a woman4 ,from this1 conjectures are made as to the sex of the person by whose evil eye the patient is affected4 ,the form or the figure is then broken by a toe of the left foot of the patient1 and dry chillies1 garlic1 hair1 rubbish from the house and salt are mixed in the alum powder4 ,the mixture is waved round the patient three times and then thrown into fire4 ,meanwhile the sorcerer repeats the names of all persons1 things and evil spirits suspected by him4 ,after this performance has been repeated three times1 the fire is deposited in a public place where three roads meet4 #dth4--,if the evil eye is believed to be that of a ghost1 the sorcerer mutters some words to himself1 waves ashes round the affected child1 and blows them in the air4 #eth4--,the evil eye of a tiger is removed from an affected animal in the following manner4 ,an oil lamp is burnt in the eye of a dead tiger and the lamp is waved round the animal by a ,mahr4 ,the ,mahr is given a loaf prepared from eight kinds of grain4 #fth4--,copper amulets and black cotton strings charmed by a sorcerer are also tied round the neck or arms of the patient4 #fah ,when a child is to be removed from one village to another1 rice is scattered at the boundary of the village1 at the bridges1 rivers1 creeks1 etc1 that are crossed during the journey4 ,cocoanuts are waved round the child and thrown away at the boundary of the village and at places supposed to be haunted by ghosts4 ,before entering a house in a new village1 a small quantity of boiled rice1 bread1 or grains of rice are waved round the child and thrown away4 ,it is believed that1 when black ointment is applied to the eyes1 cheeks1 or forehead of a child1 there is no fear of its being affected by an evil eye4 ,this also depends on the position of the stars at the birth of a child4 ,if anybody sees a beautiful thing and praises it1 there is a chance of its being affected by an evil eye4 ,it is believed that children1 animals1 trees1 and even wood and stones1 are apt to be affected by an evil eye4 ,in order to avoid injury from an evil eye1 cocoanut shells or a shoe are tied on a conspicuous part of a tree or a creeping plant1 black beads known as ,vajrabuttu are tied round the necks of children1 and cowries and black beads are tied round the necks of animals4 ,even grown up persons are affected by an evil eye4 ,when a man is very ill or frequently becomes unconscious1 cocoanuts1 fowls and boiled rice are waved round him and thrown away4 #fai ,when the effects of an evil eye cannot be removed by ordinary methods1 the evil influence is said to have entered through the bones1 ',hdi drusta padali4' ,in order to remove it people bring the bone of an animal in the evening1 and after besmearing it with oil and turmeric powder1 wash it in hot water4 ,it is dressed in a yellow cloth1 and black and red ointments are applied to it4 ,it is then waved round the affected person1 and thrown away in some public place where three roads meet4 #fbj ,for evading the effects of an evil eye1 salt1 mustard seed1 hair1 garlic1 dry leaves of onions1 dry chillies1 and seven small stones from the road are put on the fire4 ,the fire is then waved round the body of the affected person and thrown away4 ,charmed black cotton strings are turned over the burning incense and tied round the arm or the neck4 ,charmed ashes from the temples of certain deities are also applied to the forehead of the affected person4 #fba ,at ,ibrmpur in the ,ratngiri ,district1 it is believed that a person whose eyes have come under the influence of evil stars possesses the power of the evil eye4 ,ashes are taken on a mango leaf1 and charmed with the mantras or incantations for an evil eye1 and then they are applied to the forehead of the affected person4 #fbb ,the people of ,poladpur in the ,kolba ,district believe the effects of an evil eye to be as follows4 ,a healthy child becomes sickly and cries1 a man may suffer from indigestion or loss of appetite1 a cow or a she-buffalo yielding plenty of milk suddenly ceases to give milk or gives blood in place of it1 a good image is disfigured or broken1 and even stones are shattered to pieces by the effects of an evil eye4 ,the following devices are used to ward off such evil effects4 ,a black mark is made on the forehead of children4 ,black beads called ,drustamani1 and ,vajrabuttu are tied round their necks4 ,marking nuts and cowries tied with a black thread are fastened round the necks of animals4 ,a little black spot is marked on an image4 ,a worn out shoe or a sandal is tied to the fruit-yielding trees4 ,salt and mustard seed are waved thrice round the face of a child repeating ,ishta mishta kony ppinichi drushta and thrown into the fire4 ,some people roll a cotton thread round a curry stone1 wave it three times round the patient1 and then put it into the fire2 if the thread burns1 the evil eye is held to have been removed4 ,if the evil eye be on the food1 three morsels of food are first raised to the mouth1 and then thrown into the fire4 ,sacred ashes are applied to trees and creeping plants to remove the effects of an evil eye4 #fbc ,the people of ,khopoli in the ,kolba ,district believe that the evil eye can be diverted from living creatures only1 and not from inanimate things such as a stone or an earthen image4 ,sacred ashes are applied to the forehead of the suffering child by repeating the ,rm raksha stotra1 i4e41 the protecting praises of ,rma1 the seventh incarnation of ,vishnu4 ,among ,brhmans1 rice grains are waved thrice round the face of a child and put into water4 ,the water is then thrown away4 ,even flowers are waved round the faces of small children in the evening and thrown away4 #fbd ,at ,chauk in the ,karjat taluka of the ,kolba ,district1 some people wave the left shoe thrice round the body of the affected person for the purpose of evading the effects of an evil eye4 ,a red hot iron bar is also cooled in water mixed with turmeric powder4 #fbe ,at ,shirgon in the ,mhim taluka of the ,thna ,district water is drawn in a brass or a copper pot in the evening1 and turmeric powder1 rice1 and any other edible articles on which the evil eye has fallen are put into it4 ,twentyone date leaves1 each of them with a knot1 are then waved round the body of the affected person and thrown into the water pot1 burning coals being dropped into the mixture4 ,the pot is then waved thrice round the body of the affected person1 and kept in a corner of the bedroom for one night1 with a basket1 a broom1 and a sandal or an old shoe placed on the top4 ,it is then thrown away in the morning in some public place where three roads meet4 ,if the water becomes red1 it is supposed that the evil eye has been removed4 #fbf ,the effects of an evil eye are sometimes visible on the face of a child in the form of small red pustules4 ,the appearance of such pustules is called ,chk padane4 #fbg ,if a person is affected by an evil eye at the time of taking his meals1 he loses his appetite4 ,he also becomes weaker day by day4 ,one of the modes of removing these evils is to wave fresh date leaves three times round the face of the affected person1 and to throw them into water4 ,some people take water in a copper plate and extinguish in it burning sticks of the tamarind tree1 after waving them round the body of the affected person4 #fbh ,at ,khrbv in the ,bassein taluka of the ,thna ,district1 five pieces of broken tiles are made red hot and put into water in which a little quantity of all the cooked food in the house has been mixed4 ,turmeric powder is also put into it4 ,a pen knife or some other iron instrument is then turned five times in the water4 ,a winnowing basket and a broom are waved thrice round the face of the affected person1 and placed over the water pot4 #fbi ,at ,dahnu in the ,thna ,district1 two big stones1 of which one has been waved round the face of a person affected by an evil eye1 are struck one against the other4 ,if the stone breaks1 it is believed that the evil effect has been removed4 ,cowdung is mixed with water in a brass or a copper plate1 and dust from a public road1 hair1 and burning black cotton cloth are put into another small vessel4 ,this vessel is then waved round the person1 and placed upside down over the mixture of cowdung4 ,if it sticks to the brass plate1 this is supposed to be due to the evil eye4 #fcj ,the people of ,kolhpur believe in the effects of an evil eye4 ,a child suffering from an evil eye turns pale and thin1 and suffers from headache4 ,to avoid these effects1 elderly women make a mark with lamp black on the face or brow of the child4 ,boiled rice and curds1 and bread and oil are also passed round the face of a child1 and thrown into a public road4 #fca ,generally1 in the ,konkan districts1 opprobrious names are given to children when they are sickly1 always crying1 and weak1 or when they are short lived4 ,these names are ,marya1 ,rodya1 ,kerya1 etc4 ,it is believed that children improve in health when called by such opprobrious names4 #fcb ,opprobrious names such as ,dhondu1 ,kondu1 ,keru1 are given to children in families in which the first children are shortlived4 ,but their real names are different4 ,the names of the wellknown arithmetician ,keru ,nna ,chhatre and his son ,kondopant ,chhatre are examples of opprobrious names4 #fcc ,among high class ,hindus1 the first son is not generally called by his real name1 but by one of the opprobrious names given above4 #fcd ,children are sometimes weighed with shoes or sandals1 and also with cowdung4 ,in some cases1 their nostrils are bored1 especially the right one4 #fce ,hindus generally call their children by the names of their deities and ancestors1 and they attribute the premature death of their children to their own misbehaviour towards such ancestors1 or to their having abused them2 they fear that such abuse or misbehaviour has offended the ancestors4 ,to avoid their displeasure and the consequent death of their children1 the people give opprobrious names to their next born such as ,dagadya1 ,dhondya1 ,gundya1 ,dandya1 ,kerya1 ,ukirdya1 ,kondya1 ,lobhya1 etc4 ,the custom of tattooing one side of the body of females also prevails in the ,kolhpur ,district1 especially in cases where the children in a family are shortlived4 #fcf ,in the ,purnas there are instances of males being transformed into females1 and females into males4 ,for example1 the female ,amba was transformed into a male called ,shikhandi and the male ,nrad was transformed into a female4 ,arjuna1 the third brother of the ,pndavas is said to have changed his sex1 and turned into ,bruhannada4 #fcg ,in the ,shivlilamruta1 a book pertaining to the god ,shiva1 in the chapter of ,simantini1 it has been described how a man was turned into a woman4 #fch ,at ,kolhpur1 there are no instances known of a change of sex4 ,the goddess ,yallamma has a high reputation in this district for making a change in the habits and deportments of men and women1 especially among low caste people4 ,it is believed that the curse of this goddess has the power of destroying the virility of males1 whereupon they behave like females4 ,many instances of this type can be seen at the fair of the goddess ,yallamma1 which is held in ,mrgashirsha 7,december72 men dressed in women's clothes and vice versa are often seen at this fair4 #fci ,in ,western ,india1 iron nails are generally used when any spirit is to be buried in the ground4 ,other metals1 such as gold1 silver1 and copper1 are sometimes offered to the ghosts4 ,the blood of fowls and goats is also offered to them4 ,when incense is burnt before a sorcerer1 the spirit enters into his body4 ,water is charmed and sprinkled over the body of a person attacked by an evil spirit4 ,rice and udid grains are required for exorcising spirits4 ,red powder ,pinjar1 turmeric powder1 black ointment kjal1 lemons1 ,narakya ,wuda a kind of incense1 betel-leaves1 betelnuts1 cocoanuts1 mango leaves1 ,nirgudi leaves1 and pieces of cloth are also used for the same purpose4 #fdj ,cane sticks are used by people as a protection against evil spirits4 ,a stick cut from the tree known as ,pndhri is also used as protection4 ,charmed black cotton strings are tied to the wrist1 arm or neck4 ,if a man is very much afraid of a ghost1 he repeats the name of the monkey god ,mruti or any other deity that may be favourable to his family4 #fda ,the blood of fowls and goats is used as a protection against ghosts and ,devachrs1 and also against witchcraft4 ,charmed water is waved round the person affected by an evil spirit1 and thrown away4 ,rings1 amulets1 and anklets made of metals of five kinds are put on the hands and legs of children to ward off the effects of evil spirits4 #fdb ,it is customary among certain people to apply spittle to the sandalpaste mark on the forehead of a man1 and to the red ,kunku mark on the forehead of an unwidowed woman4 ,it is considered to be a protection against evil spirits4 #fdc ,the beak of an eagle1 a stick cut from a tree known as ,pndhri1 a cane having three joints1 and the root of a shrub called ,shrvad1 which has white leaves1 are used as protection against evil spirits4 #fdd ,at ,pendur in the ,mlwan taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district it is believed that an iron stick held in the hand is a protection against evil spirits4 #fde ,at ,chauk in the ,karjat taluka of the ,kolba ,district1 pictures of certain deities are tattooed on the body for the purpose of protection against evil spirits4 ,it is also believed that evil spirits run away when salt and garlic are thrown into fire as they cannot bear the smoke of burning garlic4 #fdf ,at ,medhe in the ,rohe taluka1 when the dead body of a woman dying within ten days of her delivery is taken out of the house for burial1 an iron horseshoe is driven into the threshold of the house1 and grains of ,nchani are scattered in the street while the corpse is being carried to the burial ground4 #fdg ,at ,bhuwan in the ,murbd taluka some people tie a square piece of leather to the necks of their children as protection against evil spirits4 #fdh ,at ,ri1 a custom prevails of putting coral necklaces on children as a protective against evil spirits4 #fdi ,iron nails and horseshoes are driven into the threshold or on to the door of a house on the full moon day or the last day of the ,hindu calendar month at evening time1 to prevent the entrance of evil spirits4 ,dirty localities being considered to be haunts of evil spirits1 people living in such localities burn incense in their houses every day4 ,while exorcising evil spirits the sorcerers throw charmed ,udid grains and ,rle panic seeds on the body of the diseased1 or place these things below his bed4 ,rings made of metals of five kinds1--iron1 copper1 brass1 silver and gold--are charmed on an eclipse day1 and worn by people4 ,red lead and cowries are tied to the necks or feet of animals as protection against evil spirits4 ,the spirits that haunt buried treasures are pacified by the blood of fowls and goats when digging up such treasures4 #fej ,certain mantras are written on a paper1 and the paper is tied to a black cotton string1 or the paper is put into a copper amulet1 and then tied to a black cotton string4 ,the black cotton string with the amulet is then tied round the arm or the neck of a person attacked by evil spirits1 or suffering from malarial fevers4 ,these mantras are never disclosed to anybody4 #fea ,nddora is a black cotton thread having seven or nine knots with a charmed paper in one of these knots4 ,the thread is first held over burning incense1 and then tied round the neck or the arm of the diseased4 ,sunday is generally chosen for attaching these threads4 #feb ,at ,poladpur in the ,kolba ,district1 there lived a sorcerer who used to give such amulets and charmed threads4 ,he placed about ten or twelve copper rings or amulets in a copper plate kept in the sun4 ,while thus exposed to the sun1 these amulets were continuously watched by the sorcerer for some two hours1 repeating certain mantras4 #fec ,at ,mld in the ,thna ,district1 copper amulets and charmed black cotton threads in the name of ,kl ,bhairav1 an incarnation of the god ,shiva1 are used as protective against evil spirits4 ,they are tied to the arms or the neck of the diseased on an eclipse day1 on the last day of the ,hindu calendar month1 or on a ,tuesday1 ,wednesday and ,saturday4 #fed ,at ,kolhpur1 the use of amulets is generally resorted to by people suffering from the attacks of evil spirits or from malarial fevers4 ,the sorcerer who exorcises the evil spirits writes certain mantras on a paper1 or draws certain symbols and repeats the mantras over them4 ,the paper is then wrapped in an amulet made of copper or silver1 and fastened to a cotton thread4 ,this amulet is tied round the arm or the neck of the diseased4 ,before tying it to the arm or the neck1 it is once held over burning incense4 #fee ,a sacred circle is frequently used as a protection from spirits4 ,the sorcerer draws a circle on the ground1 with his stick1 and the following articles are put inside it4 ,cocoanuts1 lemons1 red lead1 and a ,kohala gourd4 ,fowls are also sacrificed to this circle4 ,the filling in of this circle is called mnda bharane by the exorcists4 #fef ,rice or ,udid grain1 and ashes charmed by mantras1 are scattered round a certain area of land1 or are given to a person supposed to be affected by evil spirits4 ,the spirits cannot enter a place charmed in this manner4 ,they are also scattered round the place supposed to be haunted by evil spirits in the belief that neither evil spirits nor snakes can transgress the boundary thus marked by a sorcerer4 #feg ,formerly sages and saints used to make such sacred circles round their residence1 repeating certain mantras1 for their protection from evil spirits4 ,it is believed that the spirits cannot enter or leave these enchanted circles4 ,they used to bury bottles containing such spirits at the boundaries of these circles4 ,there are many such places in the ,kolhpur ,district1 such as ,burnsheb of ,brahmapuri1 the ,sdhubuwa of ,panhla1 and ,bbu ,jml at ,kolhpur4 #feh ,it is a general belief among all classes of ,hindus in the ,bombay ,presidency that ,saturday is an unlucky day1 and in some places ,friday and ,tuesday are also considered inauspicious4 ,sunday is considered as an ordinary day4 ,monday1 ,wednesday and ,thursday are believed to be auspicious or lucky days4 ,it is said that a thing suggested or thought of on ,friday cannot be carried out successfully4 #fei ,sowing seed and watering trees is strictly forbidden on ,sunday4 ,it is believed that trees do not bear well if watered on ,sundays4 #ffj ,tuesday and ,friday are considered unlucky days for beginning a new task4 ,wednesday and ,saturday are said to be inauspicious for visiting another village4 #ffa ,the numbers #b1 #f1 #aa and zero are believed to be lucky1 #d1 #e1 #aj and #h are unlucky1 and #a1 #c1 #g and #i are considered as middling or moderate4 ,the figure zero is by some considered inauspicious4 #ffb ,the numbers #e1 #g1 #i are said by some to be auspicious1 and #a1 #c1 #aa and #ac inauspicious4 #ffc ,odd numbers are auspicious1 and even numbers are said to be inauspicious4 #ffd ,the following are generally held to be auspicious omens3-- ,while going on any business1 to come across an unwidowed woman1 a cow1 ,brhmans1 a five-petaled flower1 or a pot filled with water2 #ffe the throbbing of the right eyelid and of the right arm of a man1 and of the left eyelid of a woman2 a ,brhman coming in front with a cup and a spoon in his hand after taking his bath2 #fff the appearance of a peacock1 the ,bhradwj or the blue jay1 and the mongoose1 especially when they pass on the left side of the person going on business4 #ffg ,the following are considered to be auspicious when seen within a hundred paces of a person starting on business3-- ,brhmans1 unwidowed women1 boiled food1 meat1 fishes1 milk1 any kind of corn1 the bird ,chsha or the blue jay1 passing by the left side1 the appearance of the moon in front1 a person coming across one's path with vessels filled with water1 and a married couple1 a cow with its calf1 images of god1 cocoanuts and other fruits1 the mother1 white clothes1 the sound of a musical instrument1 a horse1 an elephant1 curds1 flowers1 a lighted lamp1 a jackal1 a spiritual preceptor1 a public woman1 a ,mahr1 a washerman coming with a bundle of washed clothes1 and a marriage procession4 #ffh ,the following objects and persons are generally believed to be inauspicious3-- ,oil1 buttermilk1 a couple of snakes1 a monkey1 pig1 and an ass1 firewood1 ashes and cotton1 a person with a disfigured nose1 a man dressing his hair in the shape of a crown1 red garlands1 wet clothes1 a woman wearing red cloth1 an empty earthen vessel1 a ,brhman widow1 a ,brahmachri and an unmarried ,brhman1 #ffi a widow1 a bare-headed ,brhman1 a cat going across the path1 a dog flapping his ears1 meeting a barber with his bag1 a beggar1 sneezing1 or the asking of a question at the time of departure1 waiting1 meeting a person with an empty vessel1 #fgj howling of dogs and jackals1 a pair of crows playing on the ground1 and a lighted lamp extinguished by its fall on the ground4 #fga ,while plans or proposals are being made1 it is considered inauspicious if any one sneezes or the sound of a lizard is heard4 #fgb ,meeting a person of the depressed classes whose touch is pollution1 or a ,brhman who accepts funeral gifts1 is considered inauspicious4 #fgc ,meeting a woman who is in her menses1 a mourner1 a buffalo1 a snake and a diwad are considered inauspicious4 #fgd ,an iron vessel or an iron bar1 cow dung cakes1 salt1 grass1 a broom1 a vulture1 and a washerman bringing with him dirty clothes are also considered to be inauspicious omens4 #fge ,among the ,hindus in ,western ,india1 for the purpose of helping the spirit to go to heaven safely1 and for securing its goodwill towards the survivors1 after death ceremonies called the ,shrddhas are generally performed4 ,some perform these ceremonies once a year in the month of ,bhdrapada1 and others perform them twice or thrice1 i4e41 on the anniversary day of the deceased as well as in the dark half of ,bhdrapada1 which is generally known as the manes' fortnight 7pitru paksha74 #fgf ,the funeral solemnities performed from the #ast to the #adth day from the death of the deceased are as described below3-- ,on the first day1 at the time of burning the dead body1 a plot of ground is purified by repeating certain mantras1 and the corpse is then placed on it4 ,before setting the funeral pile on fire1 balls of boiled rice or wheat flour are put on the face1 the forehead1 arms and the chest of the corpse4 ,such balls are placed on the body of the deceased only when death has taken place on an unlucky day1 or when there is an unlucky conjunction of stars4 ,the son1 or some other near relative1 of the deceased generally performs these rites with the help of a ,brhman priest4 ,on the third day he goes to the burning place1 collects the ashes of the deceased1 and throws them into the sea4 ,on this occasion he is accompanied by the relatives of the deceased4 ,rich persons who are able to go to ,benares keep the bones of their deceased parents and throw them into the ,ganges at ,prayga near ,benares after performing certain ,shrddhas there4 ,the giving of oblations continues daily till the tenth day4 ,the oblations of the tenth day are called ,das ,pinda4 ,the rites of the eleventh day are called ,ekotistha4 ,on the eleventh day the person performing the rites has to change his sacred thread1 after sipping a little cow's urine4 ,cooked food is prepared at the place where the rites of the eleventh day are performed1 and ,brhmans are fed there1 or at least thirty-two mouthfuls of cooked food are offered to the sacred fire4 ,a big ball of boiled rice is put before the sacred fire or near the ,brhmans taking their meals4 ,this ball is then thrown into the sea4 ,a male calf is branded1 worshipped and let loose4 ,this calf is called ,vasu1 and is considered sacred by the villagers4 ,on the #aath day1 special ceremonies for propitiating the eight ,vasus and the eleven ,rudras are performed1 and gifts of a plot of ground1 a cow1 cooking vessels1 various kinds of corn1 golden images1 silver and copper coins1 clothes1 shoes1 umbrellas1 bedding1 etc4 are given to the ,brhmans collected there4 ,on the #acth day after death a feast is given to #ac or more ,brhmans and the other relatives4 ,navakdn1 i4e41 the gift of a ship and ,gopradn1 i4e41 of a cow and a calf1 are also given to the ,brhmans on the understanding that they will help the soul of the dead while crossing the river ,vaitarna4 #fgg ,water mixed with til or sesamum seed1 sandalpaste1 and oblations of boiled rice are given daily to the manes to secure their goodwill towards the survivors4 #fgh ,at ,bankavli in the ,dpoli taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district1 in order to prevent the soul from assuming the form of a ghost1 there is a custom of tying a piece of ,gulvel1 a species of moonseed1 or the seed of a vegetable known as ,mthbhji1 round the neck of the corpse before burning it4 ,it is also believed that1 by doing this1 the soul is prevented from troubling the survivors4 #fgi ,at ,poladpur in the ,kolba ,district1 some villagers drive an iron nail into the head of the corpse before it is taken to the funeral ground4 ,they believe that1 in consequence1 the soul of the deceased will not turn into an evil spirit4 ,some people scatter grain on the road while the corpse is being carried to the cremation ground4 #fhj ,among the ,hindus in the ,konkan1 as well as in the ,deccan1 dead bodies are generally burnt1 but under the following circumstances they are buried4 ,persons dying of small pox1 women dying in childbirth or during their menses1 children dying within six months from their birth1 and ,sanysis are buried4 ,the bodies of persons suffering from leprosy are necessarily buried4 #fha ,among ,lingyats the bodies are always buried4 ,certain mantras are repeated while burying or burning the dead body4 ,while burying1 cocoanuts and certain kinds of grain are thrown into the grave1 and after covering the dead body with salt1 the grave is filled up with earth and stones4 #fhb ,while burning1 the dead body is placed on the funeral pile with its head to the north and feet towards the south4 ,tulsi wood1 sandal-wood1 and ,bel wood are kept on the pile before placing the dead body over it4 ,cocoanuts and camphor cakes are placed on the body1 and it is set on fire4 ,among the ,lingyats and ,gosvis the dead are buried4 ,before burying1 the ,lingyats have to take a written order from their priest1 the ,ayya or ,jangam4 ,the paper is then tied to the neck of the deceased1 and the body is placed in a bag made of new cloth1 the head being allowed to remain out of the bag4 ,bhasma or ashes1 salt and camphor are also put into the bag along with the corpse1 which is then buried4 ,the ,jangam repeats mantras when the body is in the grave4 ,no such written order is necessary for the burial of ,gosvis4 ,a cocoanut is broken on the head of the corpse at the time of burying it4 ,among high class ,hindus the corpse is carried to the funeral ground in a bier made of bamboos4 ,among the ,lingyats a gaily dressed frame called ,makhar is prepared on the bier1 and the body is dressed with clothes and head dress and seated in the ,makhar4 ,some of them carry the dead body in a bag made of blanket4 ,there is a custom of keeping foot-prints on the spot where a ,sanysi is buried1 and they are daily worshipped by the people4 #fhc ,among the ,kthawatis of ,thna and ,kolba ,districts the dead body is first buried1 and after a few days the skeleton is taken out of the grave and then burnt as usual4 #fhd ,among the high class ,hindus the moustaches are shaved at the death of parents1 paternal uncle and elder brother4 ,among the ,shudras it is not necessary to shave4 #fhe ,persons who have lost their parents have to perform certain funeral rites or ,shrddhas when they visit holy places such as ,benres1 ,prayg1 ,ayodhya and ,nsik1 and they have to shave their moustaches at all these places before performing the funeral rites4 #fhf ,moustaches are also shaved as a penance for certain sins4 ,the ,agnihotri1 i4e41 one who preserves perpetual fire in his house for worship1 has to get himself shaved every fortnight4 #fhg ,among high class ,hindus boiled rice is daily offered to the dead after a portion has been thrown into the fire1 the remainder being given to the crows4 ,the portion thrown in the fire is called ,vaishvadev1 and that which is given to the crows is called ,kgws4 ,among other ,hindus it is given on the last day of ,bhdrapada and on the date of the father's death1 annually4 #fhh ,oblations of boiled rice are given to the dead every day1 on the last day of the ,hindu calendar month1 on the date of a person's death every month1 on the same date of the dark half of ,bhdrapada every year4 ,these oblations are put out of the house before taking the meals4 ,it is believed that the ancestors come down in the form of crows to partake of these offerings4 #fhi ,oblations of cooked food are also offered to a cow1 and considered thus to be received by the dead4 ,they are especially given to the crows annually in the dark half of ,bhdrapada on the date of the deceased's death4 #fij ,after the corpse has been carried to the funeral ground1 an oil lamp containing one cotton wick is kept on the spot where the deceased expired4 ,the flame of the lamp is directed towards the south as it is believed that the soul goes to heaven by the south4 ,a ball of boiled rice and a little quantity of water or milk is kept daily for the first ten days near the lamp while repeating the name of the deceased and of the gotra to which it belonged4 ,the lamp is taken out of the house on the #aath day4 #fia ,hindus believe that impurity attaches to all the things in the house in consequence of the death of a person in that house4 ,all those things which can be purified by washing are washed and taken back1 while things like earthen pots1 cooked food1 etc4 are thrown away1 special care being taken to break these pots1 so that they may not be used again4 ,even the walls of the house are white washed4 #fib ,the earthen pots that are required for the funeral rites of the dead are all broken4 ,one which is required for boiling water to bathe the corpse is broken when the body is carried to the funeral ground4 ,of the rest1 one is broken at the funeral pile after the son has passed thrice round the pile with an earthen vessel filled with water4 ,it is believed that birds and animals drinking water out of these vessels would be infected by disease1 and this is the reason why these pots are broken4 ,the mourners who use earthen vessels during the mourning break them at the end of the mourning period4 #fic ,among the ,agris of ,chaul in the ,kolba ,district1 all earthen vessels in the house are broken on the eleventh day after a death in the family1 the chief reason assigned for this act being that the wishes and desires of the deceased might lurk in the earthen vessels and cause trouble to the inmates of the house4 #fid ,all the members of the family of the dead have to observe mourning for ten days4 ,they are purified on the eleventh day after taking a bath and sipping ,panchgavya1 or the five products of the cow4 ,the son of the dead person1 or one who performs the funeral rites of the dead is purified on the twelfth day after completing the rites of ,sapindi4 ,a man in mourning does not touch those who are not in mourning4 ,if anybody touches him1 both of them have to take a bath4 ,the son of the deceased or1 in the absence of a son1 any male member belonging to the family is entitled to perform the funeral rites of the dead4 ,these rites are performed during the first twelve days1 beginning from the first day or from the #crd1 #eth1 #gth or the #ith4 ,one who performs these rites has to sleep on the ground during these twelve days4 ,a person hearing of the death of a member of his family within the first ten days from the date of the death1 becomes free from that mourning on the eleventh day4 ,if he happens to hear it within one month of the death1 he has to observe it for three days and after one month he has to observe it for one day only4 #fie ,the son1 or one who performs the funeral rites of the deceased has to sleep on the ground1 and has to take his meals only once a day till the end of the #acth day4 ,he takes his bath in cold water4 ,sweet things are not prepared in the house during the days of mourning4 ,during the period of mourning1 every morning1 a ,brhman comes to the mourner's house and recites some passages from the ,garud ,purna1 which relates to the state of the soul after death4 ,on the eleventh day the house is besmeared with cowdung1 and cow's urine is sprinkled in the house4 ,all the clothes are washed4 ,mourning is not observed in the case of a death of a ,sanysi1 and the ,lingyats do not observe any kind of mourning4 #fif ,the brother of the deceased1 his son1 grandson and all the members belonging to the family1 have to observe the mourning for ten days4 ,the married daughter of the deceased has to observe it for three days4 ,from the fifth or sixth generation in the same family1 it is observed for three or one day only4 #fig ,in case of the death of a wife's parents1 the husband has to observe mourning for three days4 ,during the mourning days people do not worship the gods or go to the temples4 ,milk is also prohibited during the mourning period4 ,the mourners are not to touch anybody except the members of their family4 #fih ,on the thirteenth day the sons and other members of the family are taken out to visit the temple of any deity by the people assembled for the purpose4 ,it is believed that after going to the temple on the #acth day1 the sons and the other members of the family are at liberty to go out of the house4 #fii ,at ,kolhpur it is believed that the deities ,etali and ,klki of the ,konkan districts keep with them evil spirits as their servants4 ,these servant spirits obey the orders of these deities4 ,some people in this district go to the temples of these deities and request them to lend them the services of these spirit servants4 ,it is considered very lucky to secure the help of these spirits4 ,the temple ministrant then requests the deity to give a ,kaul or omen4 ,for this purpose1 the temple ministrant calls on the deity to enter his body1 and when he is possessed by the spirit of the deity1 he allows the applicant to take with him one of the deity's servants for a fixed period4 ,the ,gurav1 or the ministrant1 then explains to the person the period for which the spirit servant is given1 and the amount of the annual tribute required to be given to the deity for the use of her servant4 ,he also gives him a cocoanut and sacred ashes4 ,the applicant then returns home1 believing that the spirit servant will follow him1 and from that time he prospers4 ,this spirit servant is called ,chetuk1 and it can be seen only by the person in whose charge it is given by the ,gurav4 #gjj ,at ,achare in the ,ratngiri ,district1 the spirit of a ,brhman well versed in the ,vedas is called ,mahpurusha and it is said to be benevolent4 ,it haunts ,pipal and ,umbar trees4 #gja ,at ,murbd in the ,thna ,district1 the spirit known as ,vetl1 the king of evil spirits1 is considered to be benevolent4 #gjb ,the spirit known as ,mahpurush haunts the ,pipal and ,umbar trees4 ,avagat the ghost of a widow haunts the ,avali 7,phyllanthus emblica7 tree4 ,alavant1 the ghost of a woman dying at childbirth or during her menses1 lives in the ,ngchmpa1 ,surang and the ,kjra trees4 ,devachr1 ,sambandh1 ,munja1 ,zoting1 ,khavis and ,khpra reside in trees and plants4 #gjc ,the people of ,kolhpur believe that the spirits known as ,brahmasambandh1 ,brahma ,rkshasa1 and ,khavis reside in trees4 #gjd ,the spirits known as ,devchr and ,chlegat are considered to be the special protectors of crops and cattle4 #gje ,the people of ,ubhdnda in the ,ratngiri ,district believe that the village deities and the ,devachrs are the special protectors of crops and cattle4 ,offerings of fowls and cocoanuts are made to them annually4 #gjf ,at ,kochare in the ,ratngiri ,district1 the spirit known as ,viswti is believed to be the special protector of crops and cattle4 #gjg ,the people of the ,kolba ,district consider that the spirits known as ,mhashya1 ,khavis1 and ,bndav are the protectors of crops and cattle4 #gjh ,at ,dahnu in the ,thna ,district1 the spirit ,cheda is believed to be the guardian of crops and cattle4 #gji ,the people of ,kolhpur believe that the deities of the fields protect the crops and cattle4 ,those who are in possession of the ,chetuk1 or the servant spirit1 are sure to find their crops and cattle protected by this servant spirit4 #gaj ,evil spirits are not usually invoked to frighten children1 but occasionally the names of goblins such as ,bgulbwa1 ,bowji1 ,gosvi etc4 are mentioned to scare them4 #gaa ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,tree ,,and ,,serpent ,,worship4 ,groves of mango trees are considered to be sacred as they have a pleasing appearance1 and afford grateful shelter against the heat of the day4 ,it is a general belief among ,hindus that trees from which such pleasure and protection are derived must naturally be the abode of the gods4 ,there are many such groves in ,satra4 ,during the spring season people go to these groves and worship the trees4 ,the ,hindus have a general prejudice against cutting living trees which yield fruits1 and it is considered specially inauspicious to cut the following trees3-- ,umbar1 ,vad or ,banian tree1 ,pipal1 ,saundad or ,shami1 ,palus1 ,bel1 ,rui1 ,avali and the ,tulsi plant1 for it is believed that these trees are the abode of deities1 e4g4 the god ,datttraya resides under the ,umbar tree1 the goddess ,prvati on the ,banian tree1 and the god ,vishnu resides near the ,tulsi plant4 ,the god ,brahma1 the creator of the world1 is found in the ,pipal tree4 ,the plantain tree is also considered to be sacred4 ,while gathering a bunch of plantains1 the tree is first cut before the bunch4 ,it is considered inauspicious to gather the bunch without so doing4 #gab ,there are certain groves at ,ubhdnda in the ,vengurla taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district which are supposed to be haunted by ,devachrs1 and are therefore not cut by the people4 #gac ,the people of ,ibrmpur in the ,chiplun taluka consider it inauspicious to cut the ,vad and ,pipal trees of which the thread ceremonies have been performed4 ,after the thread ceremony of these trees is over1 a stone platform is raised around them4 #gad ,at ,fonda in the ,devgad taluka1 it is considered inauspicious to cut the trees and the groves that surround the temple of a village deity1 for they are believed to belong to that deity4 #gae ,at ,padghe in the ,thna ,district1 the trees which are supposed to have been haunted by evil spirits such as ,sambandh1 ,munja1 ,devachr1 etc4 are not generally cut by the people through fear of these spirits4 ,when any tree is cut down1 the custom is to keep a stone at the root of the tree in order that the place may no longer be affected or haunted by the spirit in the tree4 #gaf ,there are certain families who do not burn ,pipal1 ,khair1 or ,shiwani wood4 ,they believe that the burning of these trees causes harm to their families4 ,it is said that the burning of the ,apta tree causes the breeding of the insect known as ,gochadi1 i4e41 the cattle or dog louse4 #gag ,there is an ,awdumbar tree of the god ,datttraya at ,bhillawadi1 and a big ,banian tree near the math of the ,lingyat swmi named ,kadappa near ,kolhpur1 which are worshipped by the people of the neighbouring villages4 ,the ,saundad tree1 better known as ,shami1 is worshipped once a year on the ,dasara1 the #ajth day of the bright half of ,ashvin 7,october74 ,it is said that ,rma1 the seventh incarnation of ,vishnu1 kept his arms on the ,shami tree during his fourteen years' exile1 and took them back again when he marched upon ,lanka or ,ceylon to kill ,rwan1 the demon king of ,ceylon4 ,while going to ,lanka he bowed to the ,shami tree1 and as he was successful in his undertaking1 the ,marths used to start for a campaign on the ,dasara day after worshipping the ,shami tree1 and distributing its leaves among their friends calling it ,suwarn or gold4 ,this is said to be the origin of the festival of ,dasara4 ,a species of the tamarind tree called ,gorakh ,chinch is said to be connected with the ,hindu saint ,gorakhnth4 ,for this reason this tree is worshipped by the people4 ,a great fair is held every year at ,battis ,shirle in the ,satra ,district1 which is situated at a distance of about ten miles from ,kolhpur4 #gah ,the ,pipal1 the ,umbar1 the ,vad or ,banian tree1 and the ,tulsi plant are worshipped by ,hindus in general4 ,the ,apta tree is worshipped by ,hindus on the ,dasara day1 and its leaves are distributed under the name of sone1 or gold1 among their friends and relatives4 #gai ,at ,medhe in the ,roha taluka of the ,kolba ,district1 there is a tree ,vehala 7,beleric myrobalan7 which is believed to be connected with the local deity ,mhasoba4 ,it is considered to be a sacred tree1 and nobody dares to cut it or to touch it with the feet4 #gbj ,at ,shirgon in the ,mhim taluka of the ,thna ,district there is a ,rnjani tree on the bank of a tank called ,khamble1 which is said to be connected with the deity ,brahma2 and therefore no branch of that tree is cut by the people4 ,it is considered harmful to cut the tree4 #gba ,at ,gngpur in the ,kolhpur ,district1 there is a ,vad tree connected with the saint ,kabir4 ,it is called ,kabirvad4 ,there is also an ,awdumbar tree connected with the god ,datttraya1 and known as ,datttraya ,awdumbar4 #gbb ,the ,umbar1 ,pipal1 ,vad1 and the ,tulsi plant are considered to be sacred1 and are respected by ,hindus4 ,the following are some of the legends about their sacredness4 ,umbar--,when the god ,vishnu in his fourth incarnation1 called ,narsinh1 i4e41 half man and half lion1 tore into pieces the body of the demon named ,hiranyakashipu with his claws1 he felt a burning sensation of the poison from the body of that demon1 which was assuaged by thrusting his hands into the trunk of the ,umbar or ,awdumbar tree4 #gbc ,in order that they may get the auspicious sight of a deity early in the morning1 ,hindus generally plant the ,umbar and ,tulsi trees in front of their houses1 and worship them daily4 ,the juice of the root of the ,umbar has a cooling effect1 and hence it is freely used in cases of measles or itch4 ,its sap is also used as medicine for swellings4 ,it is very pleasant to sit under the shade of this tree1 and as it is believed that the god ,datttraya resides beneath this tree1 it is held very sacred by the ,hindus4 #gbd ,pipal--,the ,pipal tree is considered very sacred because it is believed that the god ,brahma resides in the roots1 the god ,vishnu in the trunk1 and the god ,shiva on the top of this tree4 ,persons who make a particular vow or have any objects to be fulfilled worship the ,pipal tree1 and walk round it several times every day4 #gbe ,the evil spirits ,sambandh1 ,devachr1 ,munja1 and ,vetl haunt the ,pipal tree4 ,these spirits are considered to be the servants of the god ,shiva4 ,it is also believed that persons who worship and walk round this tree daily are not affected by those spirits4 ,the ,pipal tree is specially worshipped at dawn on ,saturday as it is considered that the gods ,brahma1 ,vishnu1 and ,mahesh or ,shiva happen to be there at that time4 #gbf ,vad or the ,banian tree--,a prince named ,satyawn died of snakebite under the ,vad tree4 ,his wife named ,svitri1 who was very chaste and dutiful1 requested ,yama1 the god of death1 and succeeded in securing from him the life of her husband ,satyawn4 ,as the prince ,satyawn returned from the jaws of death under the ,vad tree1 this tree was specially worshipped by her1 and it is therefore believed that ,svitri has ever since then been responsible for the practice of worshipping the ,vad tree by women for the purpose of securing a long life to their husbands4 #gbg ,it is also believed that the god ,vishnu takes shelter under the ,vad at the time of the general destruction of the world4 ,the worship of this tree is similar to that of the other deities1 and women take turns around it at the close of the worship or puja4 #gbh ,the ,tulsi plant is worshipped daily by the ,hindus in general1 and women in particular1 by keeping the plant near their houses4 ,the god ,vishnu is worshipped particularly by the leaf of this plant4#b ,the ,tulsi plant is considered by the people to represent the goddess ,luxmi1 the wife of ,vishnu4 ,hindu women will not take their meals before worshipping the ,tulsi plant daily in the morning4 ,it is also said that the god ,vishnu1 in his eighth incarnation called ,krishna1 had loved ,vrunda1 the wife of a demon4 ,after her death she was burnt1 but on her burning ground there grew the ,tulsi plant4 ,as ,krishna loved ,vrunda very dearly1 he began to love this plant also1 and hence the image of ,bl ,krishna1 or the god ,vishnu1 is married to this plant every year on the #abth day of the bright half of ,krtik 7,november74 #gbi ,as it is also believed that the god ,vishnu resides in the ,tulsi plant1 the worship of this plant is equivalent to the worship of the god ,vishnu4 #gcj ,besides the above mentioned trees1 the ,palus 7,butea frondosa71 the ,bel1 a tree sacred to god ,shiva1 and the ,shami 7,prosopis spicigera71 a tree sacred to god ,ganpati the son of ,shiva1 are considered to be holy by the ,hindus4 #gca ,a common custom among ,hindus is for a person who has lost his two wives and wishes to marry a third1 to be first married to a ,rui plant1 and then to the actual bride4 ,his marriage with the ,rui plant is considered as a third marriage4 ,after the marriage1 the ,rui plant is cut down and buried1 and thus the marriage with the third bride is considered to be a fourth marriage4 ,the marriage with the ,rui plant has been adopted in the belief that the third wife is sure to die unless the spirit of the deceased is made to enter the ,rui plant4 #gcb ,when a girl is born under the influence of inauspicious planets which may be harmful to her husband1 she is first married to a tree or an earthen pot1 and then to the bridegroom4 ,the marriage with the earthen pot is called ,kumbhavivha1 or the pot-wedding4 ,it is believed that1 by observing this practice1 the danger to her husband is avoided4 ,the danger passes to the tree to which she is first married4 #gcc ,among the lower classes in the ,thna ,district #gcd a poor man unable to marry owing to his poverty is first married to a ,rui plant and then to a widow4 ,this marriage with a widow is called pt lvane4 ,this remarriage of a widow among the lower classes is generally performed at night1 and under an old mango tree4 ,it is never performed in the house4 ,a widow who has remarried cannot take part in any auspicious ceremony such as a marriage1 etc4#h ,at ,vankavli in the ,ratngiri ,district there is a custom among the low class ,hindus of a woman who has lost her second husband and wishes to marry for the third time1 first marrying a cock1 i4e41 she takes the cock in her arms at the time of her marriage with the third husband4 #gce ,persons who have no children make a vow to ,khandoba at ,jejuri that the firstborn1 male or female1 shall be offered to him4 ,the females1 offered in fulfilment of such vows are called ,muralis4 ,they are married to the god ,khandoba1 and have to earn their livelihood by begging in villages4 ,a male child thus offered to the god is called a ,vghya4 #gcf ,there is a custom of offering children to the deities ,yallamma and ,khandoba in fulfilment of vows made in order to get a child4 ,the child is taken to the temple of these deities1 accompanied with music4 ,the temple ministrant asks the child to stand on a wooden board on a heap of rice in front of the deity1 and puts into its hands a paradi--a flat basket of bamboo1 tying to its neck the darshana of the deity4 ,a female child is married to the dagger--,katyr--of the deity4 ,when once this ceremony has been performed1 parents abandon their rights to such children4 ,when these children come of age1 the males can marry but the females cannot4 ,the latter earns her livelihood begging jogava in the name of the goddess ,amba with a paradi in her hand4 ,a male child offered to the goddess ,yallamma is called jogata1 and a female1 jogatin4 ,children dedicated to the goddess ,myka are called ,jogi and ,jogin4 ,children offered to ,firangi and ,ambbi are called ,bhutya 7male7 and ,bhutin 7female74 #gcg ,in the ,konkan districts there is a class of women known as ,bhvinis who are said to be married to ,khanjir1 i4e41 a dagger belonging to the god4 ,they are also called deva yoshita1 i4e41 prostitutes offered to the god4 ,they have no caste of their own4 ,they retain the name of the caste to which they originally belonged1 such as ,marthe ,bhvini1 ,bhandri ,bhvini1 ,sutr ,bhvini1 etc4 ,the following account is given of the origin of the sect of ,bhvinis4 ,a woman wishing to abandon her husband goes to the temple of a village deity at night1 and in presence of the people assembled in that temple she takes oil from the lamp burning in the temple1 and pours it upon her head4 ,this process is called ,deval righane1 i4e41 to enter into the service of the temple4 ,after she has poured sweet oil from the lamp upon her head1 she has no further connection with her husband4 ,she becomes the maid servant of the temple1 and is free to behave as she likes4 ,daughters of such ,bhvinis who do not wish to marry1 undergo the process of shesa bharane1 and follow the occupation of their mothers4 ,the sons of the ,bhvinis have an equal right to the property of their mother1 but any daughter who marries a lawful husband loses her share in the property of her mother4 ,a ,devali follows the occupation of blowing the horn or cornet1 and is entitled to hold the torches in the marriage ceremonies of the people in the village4 ,many of them learn the art of playing upon the tabour--mrudunga--and are useful to ,kathekaris1 i4e41 those who recite legends of the gods with music and singing4 ,some of them become farmers while others are unoccupied4 ,bhvinis follow the occupation of a maid-servant in the temple1 but their real occupation is that of public women4 ,they are not scorned by the public4 ,on the contrary1 they are required to be present at the time of a marriage to tie the marriage-string--,mangalsutra--of a bride1 for they are supposed to enjoy perpetual unwidowhood--',janma suwsini4' ,some of the houses of ,bhvinis become the favourite resorts of gamblers and vagabonds4 ,in the absence of a daughter1 a ,bhvini purchases a girl from a harlot1 and adopts her as her daughter to carry on her profession4 #gch ,snakes are believed to be the step-brothers of the gods4 ,they reside under the earth and are very powerful4 ,the snake is considered to be very beautiful among creeping animals1 and is one of the ornaments of the god ,shiva4 ,an image of a snake made of brass is kept in the temple of the god ,shiva1 and worshipped daily along with the god4 ,there is a custom among the ,hindus of worshipping ,nga1 i4e41 the cobra1 once a year on the ,nga panchami day1 i4e41 the fifth day of the bright half of ,shrwan 7,august74 ,images of snakes are drawn with sandalpaste on a wooden board or on the walls of houses1 and worshipped by ,hindu women on this day4 ,durva grass1 sacred to ,ganpati1 parched rice lhya1 legumes kadadan1 and milk are offered to this image4 ,some people go to the snake's abode ,vrul--an ant-hill--on this day to worship the snake itself1 if they happen to catch sight of it4 #gci ,it is said that at ,battisa ,shirle in the ,belgum ,district the real ,nga comes out of its abode below the earth on this day1 and is worshipped by the people4 ,milk and lhya1 parched rice1 are put outside the house at night on this day with the intention that they may be consumed by a snake4 ,hindus do not dig or plough the earth on ,nga panchami day4 ,even vegetables are not cut and fried on this day by some people4 #gdj ,earthen images of snakes are worshipped by some people in the ,konkan districts on the ,nga panchami day4 ,the ,nga is considered to be a ,brhman by caste1 and it is believed that the family of the person who kills a snake becomes extinct4 ,the cobra being considered a ,brhman1 its dead body is adorned with the jnawe1 and then burnt as that of a human being4 ,a copper coin is also thrown into its funeral pile4 #gda ,at certain villages in the ,deccan a big earthen image of a snake is consecrated in a public place on the ,nga panchami day1 and worshipped by ,hindus in general4 ,women sing their songs in circles before this image while men perform tamshs by its side4 ,in fact1 the day is enjoyed by the people as a holiday4 ,the snake is removed next day1 and an idol in the form of a man made of mud is seated in its place4 ,this idol is called ,shirlshet1 who is said once to have been a king and to have ruled over this earth for one and one-fourths of a ghataka1 i4e41 for half an hour only4 ,this day1 is observed as a day of rejoicing by the people4 #gdb ,the names of the snake deities are ,takshaka1 ,vsuki and ,shesha4 ,their shrines are at ,kolhpur1 ,ngothane1 ,prayaga1 ,ngadevchi ,wdi and ,subramhanya4 ,a great fair is held every year at ,battisa ,shirle on the ,nga panchami day4#d ,there is a shrine of a snake deity at ,svantwdi4 ,the management of the shrine is in the hands of the ,state officials4 ,it is believed that a real snake resides therein4 #gdc ,there is a shrine of a snake deity at ,aws in the ,alibg taluka of the ,kolba ,district1 where a great fair is held every year on the #adth day of the bright half of ,krtik 7,november74 ,it is said that persons suffering from snakebites recover when taken in time to this temple4 #gdd ,it is said that a covetous person who acquires great wealth during his life-time and dies without enjoying it1 or without issue1 becomes a snake after death1 and guards his buried treasures4 ,at ,kolhpur there was a ,swkr--money-lender--named ,kodulkar who is said to have become a snake1 and to guard his treasures4 ,in the village of ,kailava in the ,panhla petha of the ,kolhpur ,district there is a snake in the house of a ,kulkarni1 who scares away those who try to enter the storehouse of the ,kulkarni4 #gde ,it is a general belief among the ,hindus that snakes guard treasures4 ,it is said that there are certain places guarded by snakes in ,goa territory4 ,persons who were compelled to abandon ,portuguese territory owing to religious persecutions at the hands of the ,portuguese buried their treasures beneath the ground4 ,those who died during exile are said to have become bhuts or ghosts1 and it is believed that they guard their buried treasures in the form of snakes4 #gdf ,the ,hindus generally believe that the snakes who guard buried treasures do not allow any one to go near them4 ,the snake frightens those who try to approach1 but when he wishes to hand over the treasure to anybody he goes to that person at night1 and tells him in a dream that the treasure buried at such and such a place belongs to him1 and requests him to take it over4 ,after the person has taken possession of the treasure as requested1 the snake disappears from the spot4 #gdg ,it is said that a snake which guards treasure is generally very old1 white in complexion1 and has long hair on its body4 #gdh ,hindus worship the image of a snake made of ,darbha grass or of silk thread on the ,anant ,chaturdashi day1 i4e41 the #adth day of the bright half of ,ashvin 7,october71 and observe that day as a holiday4 ,legends of the exploits of the god are related with music and singing on this day4 #gdi ,a snake festival is observed in the ,ngeshwar temple at ,aws in the ,kolba ,district on the night of the #adth day of the bright half of ,krtika 7,november74 ,nearly four hundred devotees of the god ,shankar assemble in the temple1 holding in their hands vetra-sarpa long cane sticks with snake images at their ends4 ,they advance dancing and repeating certain words1 and take turns round the temple till midnight4 ,after getting the permission of the chief devotee1 they scatter throughout the neighbouring villages with small axes in their hands1 and cut down1 and bring from the gardens1 cocoanuts1 plantains1 and other edible things that are seen on their way4 ,they return to the temple after two hours1 the last man being the chief devotee called ,kuwarkndya4 ,the fruits are then distributed among the people assembled at the temple4 ,nobody interferes with them on this day in taking away cocoanuts and other fruits from the village gardens4 ,on the next day they go dancing in the same manner to the ,kanakeshwar hill with the snake sticks in their hands4 #gej ,in the ,deccan no special snake festivals like those described above are celebrated4 ,but in the temples devoted to snake deities1 on the full moon day of ,krtik1 which is sacred to the snake deity1 the deity is worshipped with special pomp1 and the crests of the temples are illuminated on that night4 #gea ,the village cures for snakebite are3-- #a4 ,the use of charmed water and the repetition of mantras by a sorcerer4 #b4 ,the use of certain roots and herbs as medicines4 #c4 ,the removal of the sufferer to the neighbouring temple4 #d4 ,branding the wound with fire4 #e4 ,the drinking of soapnut juice1 or of water in which copper coins have been boiled by the patient1 who is thus made to vomit the snake poison4 #geb ,in the ,deccan a person suffering from snakebite is taken to a village temple1 and the ministrant is requested to give him holy water4 ,the deity is also invoked4 ,thus keeping the person for one night in the temple1 he is carried to his house the following day if cured4 ,the vows made to the deity for the recovery of the person are then fulfilled4 ,there is one turabat1 a tomb of ,avalia a ,mahomedan saint1 at ,panhla where persons suffering from snakebite are made to sit near the tomb1 and it is said that they are cured4 ,in some villages there are enchanted trees of ,kadulimb where persons placed under the shade of such trees are cured of snakebites4 ,some people tie a stone round the neck of the sufferer as soon as he is better1 repeating the words ,adi ,gudi ,imm the name of a ,mahomedan saint4 ,after recovery from snakebite the person is taken to the mosque of the ,adi ,gudi ,imm ,sheb1 where the stone is untied before the tomb1 and jgri equal to the weight of the stone is offered4 ,a feast is also given to the ,mujwar or ministrant of the mosque4 ,there is at present a famous enchanter--,mntrika--at ,satra who cures persons suffering from snakebite4 ,it is said that he throws charmed water on the body of the sufferer1 and in a few minutes the snake begins to speak through the victim4 ,the sorcerer enquires what the snake wants4 ,the snake gives reasons for biting the person4 ,when any thing thus asked for by the snake is offered1 the victim comes to his senses1 and is cured4 ,there are many witnesses to the above fact4 #gec ,at ,mithbv in the ,ratngiri ,district chickens numbering from twenty to twenty-five are applied to the wound caused by the snakebite4 ,a chicken has the power of drawing out the poison from the body through the wound1 but this causes the death of the chicken4 ,the remedy above described is sure to be successful if it is tried within three hours of the person being bitten4 ,there are several other medicines which act on the snakebite1 but they must be given very promptly4 ,there are some men in this village who give charmed water for snake or any other bites4 ,many persons suffering from snakebite have been cured by the use of mantras and charmed water4 #ged ,water from the tanks of ,vetvare in the ,svantwdi ,state and ,mnjare in ,goa territory is generally used as medicine for snakebite4 ,it is believed that by the power of mantras a snake can be prevented from entering or leaving a particular area4 ,this process is called 'sarpa bndhane'4 ,there are some sorcerers who can draw snakes out of their holes by the use of their mantras1 and carry them away without touching them with their hands4 #gee ,at ,adivare1 in the ,rjpur taluka1 roots of certain herbs are mixed in water and applied to the wound caused by the snakebite1 and given to the sufferer to drink4 #gef ,at ,nringre in the ,ratngiri ,district1 persons suffering from snakebite are given the juice of ,kadulimb leaves1 and are kept in the temple of ,hanumn4 ,the feet of the deity are washed with holy water1 and the water is given to the victim to drink4 #geg ,a snake is believed to have a white jewel or mani in its head1 and it loses its life when this jewel is removed4 ,this jewel has the power of drawing out the poison of snakebite4 ,when it is applied to the wound1 it becomes green1 but when kept in milk for sometime1 it loses its greenness and reverts to its usual white colour4 ,it gives out to the milk all the poison that has been absorbed from the wound1 and the milk becomes green4 ,this jewel can be used several times as an absorbent of the poison of snakebite4 ,the green milk must be buried under ground1 so that it may not be used again by any one else4 #geh ,it is believed that an old snake having long hair on its body has a jewel in its head4 ,this jewel is compared with the colours of a rainbow4 ,the snake can take this jewel from its head at night1 and search for food in its lustre4 ,such snakes never come near the habitation of human beings1 but always reside in the depth of the jungle4 ,this species of snake is called ,deva ,sarpa1 i4e41 a snake belonging to a deity4 ,it is related that a snake was born of a woman in the ,kinkar's house at ,tardl in the ,sngli ,state1 and another one in the ,gabale's house at ,kolhpur4 #gei ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,totemism ,,and ,,fetishism4 ,the worship of totems1 or ,devaks1 prevails among ,hindus in ,western ,india4 ,the term ,devak is applied to the deity or deities worshipped at the beginning of a thread or a marriage ceremony4 ,the ceremony is as follows3 ,a small quantity of rice is put into a winnowing fan1 and with it six small sticks of the ,umbar tree1 each covered with mango leaves and cotton thread4 ,these are worshipped as deities4 ,near the winnowing fan is kept an earthen or copper vessel filled with rice1 turmeric1 red powder1 betelnuts1 sweet balls made of wheat flour1 ghi and sugar2 and on the top of the vessel is a small sprig of mango and a cocoanut covered with cotton thread4 ,this vessel is also worshipped as a deity1 and offerings of sweet eatables are made to it4 ,after the worship of this vessel1 the regular ceremony of ,punyhavachana is performed4 ,twenty-seven ,mtriks1 or village and local deities1 represented by betelnuts are consecrated in a new winnowing fan or a bamboo basket4 ,seven ,mtriks are made of mango leaves1 six of which contain durva grass1 and the seventh darbha grass4 ,each of them is bound with a raw cotton thread separately4 ,they are worshipped along with a ,kalasha or a copper lota as mentioned above4 ,this copper lota is filled with rice1 betelnuts1 turmeric1 etc41 a sprig of mango leaves is placed on the lota1 and a cocoanut is put over it4 ,the lota is also bound with a cotton thread4 ,sandalpaste1 rice1 flowers1 and durva grass are required for its worship4 ,an oil lamp called ,arati is waved round the devak1 the parents1 and the boy or the girl whose thread or marriage ceremony is to be performed4 ,a ,suwsini is called and requested to wave this ,arati1 and the silver coin which is put into the ,arati by the parents is taken by her4 ,the father takes the winnowing fan and the mother takes the ,kalasha1 and they are carried from the mandap to the devak consecrated in the house4 ,a lighted lamp is kept continually burning near this devak till the completion of the ceremony4 ,after completion of the thread or marriage ceremony the devak is again worshipped1 and the ceremony comes to an end4 ,the deity in the devak is requested to depart on the second or the fourth day from the date of its consecration4 ,no mourning is observed during the period the devak remains installed in the house4 ,among ,marths and many of the lower classes in the ,ratngiri ,district the branch of a ,vad1 ,kadamba1 mango1 or an ,apta tree is worshipped as their devak or kul4 #gfj ,some ,marths have a sword or a dagger as their devak1 which is worshipped by them before commencing the ritual of the marriage ceremony4 #gfa ,the family known as ,rne at ,nringre in the ,davagad taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district1 and the families known as ,gadakari and ,jdhava at ,mlwan1 consider the ,vad or ,banian tree as their devak1 and do not make use of its leaves4 ,in the same manner1 some people consider the ,kadamba tree sacred to their family4 #gfb ,there are some people among the ,hindus in ,western ,india whose surnames are derived from the names of animals and plants1 such as ,boke1 ,lndage1 ,wgh1 ,dukre1 ,kwale1 ,garud1 ,more1 ,mhase1 ,rede1 ,keer1 ,popat1 ,ghode1 ,shelr1 ,gyatonde1 ,wghmre1 ,shlunke1 ,bhende1 ,padwal1 ,wlke1 ,apte1 ,ambekar1 ,pimpalkhare1 ,kelkar and ,klke4 ,the ,hindus believe that a cow1 a horse1 and an elephant are sacred animals4 ,the cow is treated with special respect by the ,hindus in general1 and the bull by the ,lingyats and oilmen4 ,the milk1 the urine1 and the dung of a cow are used as medicines1 and they are also given as offerings to the god in sacrifices4 ,the ,shelr family considers the sheep as their devak1 and they do not eat the flesh of a sheep4 ,the ,shlunke family respects the ,shlunki or sparrow4 ,people belonging to the ,more family do not eat the flesh of a peacock as they consider it to be their devak4 #gfc ,the ,bhandris whose surname is ,padwal do not eat the vegetable of a snake-gourd or ,padwal4 #gfd ,hindus do not eat the flesh of the animal respected by them1 and those who offer any fruit to their guru as a token of respect do not eat that fruit in future4 ,some ,hindus do not eat onions1 garlic and the fruit of a palm tree4 ,the fruit of a tree believed to be the devak of a family is not eaten by the members of that family4 ,the families of ,rva and ,rne do not take their food on the leaf of a ,vad or ,banian tree as they consider it to be their devak4 #gfe ,there are some ,hindu families in the ,kolba ,district who believe that their kul or totem consists of the tortoise and the goat1 and they do not eat the flesh of such animals4 ,a certain community of the ,vaishyas or traders known as ,swr believe that a jack tree or ,phanas is their kul1 and they do not use the leaves of that tree4 #gff ,it is believed among the ,hindus that the deity ,satwi protects children for the first three months from their birth4 ,the deity is worshipped on the fifth day from the birth of a child1 and if there occurs any omission or error in the worship of that deity1 the child begins to cry1 or does not keep good health4 ,on such occasions the parents of the child make certain vows to the deity1 and if the child recovers1 the parents go to a jungle1 and collect seven small stones4 ,they then besmear the stones with red lead and oil1 and worship them along with a she-goat in the manner in which the vow was promised to be fulfilled4 #gfg ,the horse is connected with the worship of the god ,khandoba because this animal is sacred to that deity1 being his favourite vehicle4 ,for this reason all the devotees or ,bhaktas of ,khandoba take care to worship the horse in order that its master1 the god ,khandoba1 may be pleased with them4 ,it is well known that the cow is considered as most sacred of all the animals by the ,hindus1 and the reason assigned for this special veneration is that all the deities dwell in the cow4 ,the ,nandi1 or a bullock made of stone1 consecrated in front of the temple of ,shiva1 the ,vgh or a tiger at the temple of a goddess and cows and dogs in the temple of ,datttraya are worshipped by the ,hindus4 ,the mouse1 being the vehicle of ,ganpati the god of wisdom1 is worshipped by the people along with that god4 ,in the ,konkan cattle are worshipped by the ,hindus on the first day of ,krtika1 and they are made to pass over fire4 ,the mountains having caves and temples of deities are generally worshipped by the ,hindus4 ,the ,abucha ,pahd1 the ,girnr1 the ,panchmadhi1 the ,brahmagiri1 the ,sahydri1 the ,tungr1 the ,jivadancha dongar1 the ,munja dongar at ,junnar1 the ,tugbicha dongar1 the ,ganesh ,lene1 and the ,shivabai are the principal holy mountains in the ,bombay ,presidency4 ,mount ,abu1 known as the ,abucha ,pahd1 is believed to be very sacred1 and many ,hindus go on a pilgrimage to that mountain4 ,hills are worshipped at ,ganpati ,pule and ,chaul4 ,at ,pule there is a temple of the god ,ganpati1 the son of ,shiva1 and at ,chaul in the ,kolba ,district there is a temple of the god ,datttraya4 ,the place which produces sound when water is poured over it is considered to be holy1 and is worshipped by the people4 ,in the ,deccan1 hills are worshipped by the people on the ,narak chaturdashi day in ,dipawli1 #adth day of the dark half of ,ashvin 7,october74 ,the legend of this worship is that the god ,shri ,krishna lifted the ,govardhan mountain on this day1 and protected the people of this world4 ,a hill made of cowdung is worshipped at every house on the ,narak chaturdashi day4 #gfh ,stones of certain kinds are first considered as one of the deities1 or as one of the chief heroes in the family1 and then worshipped by the people4 ,many such stones are found worshipped in the vicinity of any temple4 ,a stone coming out of the earth with a phallus or lingam of ,shiva is worshipped by the ,hindus4 ,if such a lingam lies in a deep jungle1 it is worshipped by them at least once a year1 and daily1 if practicable1 in the month of ,adhikams1 an intercalary month which comes every third year4 #gfi ,the red stones found in the ,narmada river represent the god ,ganpati1 and are worshipped by the people4 ,a big stone at ,phutaka ,tembha near ,murud in the ,ratngiri ,district is worshipped by the people1 who believe it to be the monkey god ,hanumn or ,mruti4 ,all the stone images of gods that are called ,swayambhu or self-existent are nothing but rough stones of peculiar shapes4 ,there are such swayambhu--natural-images--at ,kelshi and ,kolthare in the ,ratngiri ,district4 #ggj ,there is a big stone at ,palshet in the ,ratngiri ,district which is worshipped as ,klikdevi4 #gga ,stones are sometimes worshipped by the people in the belief that they are haunted by evil spirits4 ,we have for example a stone called ,mora ,dhonda lying by the seashore at ,mlwan in the ,ratngiri ,district4 ,it is supposed to be haunted by ,devachr4 #ggb ,the stones which are once consecrated and worshipped as deities have to be continually worshipped1 even when perforated4 ,the small1 round1 white stone slab known as ,vishnu pada1 which is naturally perforated1 is considered to be holy1 and is worshipped daily by the ,hindus along with the other images of gods4 ,the holes in this slab do not extend right through4 #ggc ,it is considered inauspicious to worship the fractured images of gods1 but the perforated black stone called ,shligrm1 taken from the ,gandaki river1 is considered very holy1 and worshipped by the people4 ,for it is believed to be perforated from its very beginning4 ,every ,shligrm has a hole in it1 even when it is in the river4 #ggd ,broken stones are not worshipped by the people4 ,but the household gods of the ,brhmans and other higher classes which are called the ,panchyatan--a collection of five gods--generally consist of five stones with holes in them4 #gge ,no instances of human sacrifices occur in ,india in these days1 but there are many practices and customs which appear to be the survivals of human sacrifices4 ,these survivals are visible in the offerings of fowls1 goats1 buffaloes1 and fruits like cocoanuts1 brinjals1 the ,kohle or pumpkin gourd and others4 ,human sacrifices are not practised in these days1 but among the ,karhda ,brhmans there is a practice of giving poison to animals in order to satisfy their family deity4 ,it is said that they used to kill a ,brhman by giving him poisoned food4 ,it is believed that the people belonging to the caste of ,karhda ,brhmans used to offer human sacrifices to their deity1 and therefore nobody relies on a ,karhda ,brhman in these days4 ,there is a proverb in ,marthi which means that a man can trust even a ,kasi or a butcher but not a ,karhda4 ,as they cannot offer human sacrifices in these days1 it is said that during the ,navartra holidays1 i4e41 the first nine days of the bright half of ,ashvin 7,october71 they offer poisoned food to crows1 dogs and other animals4 #ggf ,at ,klshe in the ,mlwan taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district1 the servants of gods1 i4e41 the ministrants or the ,bhopis of the temple prick their breast with a knife on the ,dasara day1 and cry out loudly the words ',koya' ',koya'4 ,no blood comes from the breast as the wound is slight4 ,this appears to be a survival of human sacrifice4 #ggg ,in the ,bombay ,presidency1 and more especially in the ,konkan districts1 fetish stones are generally worshipped for the purpose of averting evil and curing diseases4 ,in every village stones are found sacred to spirit deities like ,bahiroba1 ,chedoba1 ,khandoba1 ,mhasoba1 ,zoting1 ,vetl1 ,jakhi1 ,koki1 ,kalki and others4 ,the low class people such as ,mahrs1 ,mngs1 etc41 apply red lead and oil to stones1 and call them by one of the above names1 and ignorant people are very much afraid of such deities4 ,they believe that such deities have control over all the evil spirits or ghosts4 ,it is said that the spirit ,vetl starts to take a round in a village on the night of the no-moon day of every month1 accompanied by all the ghosts4 ,when any epidemic prevails in a village1 people offer to these fetish stones offerings of eatables1 cocoanuts1 fowls and goats4 ,there is a stone deity named ,bhvai at ,kokisare in the ,bvada ,state1 to whom vows are made by the people to cure diseases4 ,as the deity is in the burning ground1 it is naturally believed that this is the abode of spirits4 #ggh ,at ,achare1 in the ,mlwan taluka of the ,ratngiri ,district1 the round stones known as ,kshetrapl are supposed to possess the power of curing diseases1 and are also believed to be the abode of spirits4 #ggi ,at ,adivare1 in the ,ratngiri ,district1 there is a stone named ,mahr ,purukha which is worshipped by the people when cattle disease prevails1 especially the disease of a large tick or the cattle or dog louse4 #ghj ,at ,ubhdnda1 in the ,ratngiri ,district1 there are some stones which are believed to be haunted by ,vetl1 ,bhutnth1 ,rawalnth and such other servants of the god ,shiva1 and it is supposed that they have the power of curing epidemic diseases4 ,people make vows to these stones when any disease prevails in the locality4 #gha ,the ,hindus generally consider as sacred all objects that are the means of their livelihood1 and1 for this reason1 the oilmen worship their oil-mill1 the ,brhmans hold in veneration the sacred thread--,yadnopavit1--and religious books1 the goldsmiths consider their firepots as sacred1 and do not touch them with their feet4 ,in case any one accidently happens to touch them with his foot1 he apologises and bows to them4 ,it is believed by the ,hindus that the broom1 the winnowing fan1 the pyali--a measure of four shers--the ,samai or sweet-oil lamp1 a metal vessel1 fire and ,sahn or the levigating slab should not be touched with foot4 ,the metals gold1 silver1 and copper1 the ,king's coins1 jewels and pearls1 corns1 the ,shligrm stone1 the ,ganpati stone from the ,narmada river1 conch-shell1 sacred ashes1 elephant tusks1 the horns of a wild ox 7,gava71 tiger skin1 deer skin1 milk1 curds1 ghi1 cow's urine1 ,bel1 basil leaves or ,tulsi1 cocoanuts1 betelnuts1 and flowers are considered as sacred by the ,hindus1 and no one will dare to touch them with his foot4 ,hindus worship annually on the ,dasara day the arms and all the instruments or implements by which they earn their livelihood4 ,the corn sieve1 the winnowing basket1 the broom1 the rice-pounder1 the plough1 the ,awuta or wood bill1 and other such implements are worshipped on this day4 ,the agriculturists respect their winnowing fans and corn sieves1 and do not touch them with their feet4 ,in the ,kolhpur ,district all the instruments and implements are worshipped by the people one day previous to the ,dasara holiday4 ,this worship is called ,khndepujan4 ,they also worship all agricultural instruments1 and tie to them leaves of ,pipal and mango trees4 #ghb ,a new winnowing fan is considered to be holy by the ,hindus4 ,it is filled with rice1 fruits1 cocoanuts and betelnuts1 and a ,khana--a piece of bodicecloth--is spread over it4 ,it is then worshipped and given to a ,brhman lady in fulfilment of certain vows1 or on the occasion of the worship of a ,brhman ,dampatya or married pair4 ,the broom is considered to be holy by the ,hindus4 ,red powder--,kunku--is applied to a new broom before it is taken into use4 ,it should not be touched with the feet4 ,at ,rewadanda1 in the ,kolba ,district1 some people worship a wood-bill or ,koyata on the #fth day from the birth of a child4 ,the rice-pounder1 or ,musal1 is worshipped by them as a devak at the time of thread and marriage ceremonies4 #ghc ,fire is considered to be holy among the high class ,hindus4 ,it is considered as an angel that conveys the sacrificial offerings from this earth to the gods in heaven4 ,it is considered as one of the ,hindu deities1 and worshipped daily by high class ,hindus4 ,a ,brhman has to worship the fire every day in connection with the ceremony ,vaishwadeva--oblations of boiled rice and ghi given to the fire4 ,it is also worshipped by the ,hindus on special religious occasions4 ,fire is worshipped at the time of ,yadnas or ,sacrifices4 ,sacrifices are of five kinds4 ,they are3-- ,devayadna1 ,bhutayadna or ,brahmayadna1 ,rishiyadna or ,atithiyadna1 ,pitruyadna and ,manushyayadna4 ,the offerings of rice1 ghi1 firewood1 ,til or sesamum1 ,java or barley1 etc4 are made in these yadnas4 ,it is also worshipped at the time of ,shrvani or ,upkarma--the ceremony of renewing the sacred thread annually in the month of ,shrvan4 #ghd ,among the lower classes fire is worshipped on the ,mahlaya or ,shrddha day4 ,they throw oblations of food into the fire on that day4 ,the fire produced by rubbing sticks of the ,pipal or ,shevari tree is considered sacred1 and it is essentially necessary that the sacred fire required for the ,agnihotra rites should be produced in the manner described above4 ,agnihotra is a perpetual sacred fire preserved in ,agnikunda1--a hole in the ground for receiving and preserving consecrated fire4 ,a ,brhman1 who has to accept the ,agnihotra1 has to preserve in his house the sacred fire day and night after his thread ceremony1 and to worship it three times a day after taking his bath4 ,when an ,agnihotri dies1 his body is burnt by the people who prepare fire by rubbing sticks of ,pipal wood together4 #ghe ,there are some ,brhmans who keep the fire continuously burning in their houses only for ,chturms or four months of the year4 ,the fire which is preserved and worshipped for four months is called ,smrta ,agni4 #ghf ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,animal ,,worship4 ,the following animals1 birds and insects are respected by the ,hindus3--,the cow1 bullock1 she-buffalo1 horse1 elephant1 tiger1 deer1 mouse1 goat1 ants and alligators2 and among the birds the following are held sacred3--,peacock1 swan1 eagle and kokil or cuckoo4 ,of all the animals the cow is considered to be the most sacred by ,hindus4 ,it is generally worshipped daily in the morning for the whole year1 or at least for the ,chturms or four months beginning from the #aath day of the bright half of ,ashdha to the #aath day of the bright half of the month of ,krtika2 and a special worship is offered to it in the evening on the #abth day of the dark half of ,ashvin 7,october74 ,the cow is believed to be the abode of all the deities and rishis4 ,it is compared with the earth in its sacredness1 and it is considered that when it is pleased it is capable of giving everything required for the maintenance of mankind1 and for this reason it is styled the ,kma ,dhenu or the giver of desired objects4 ,it is said that a person who walks round the cow at the time of its delivery obtains the punya or merit of going round the whole earth4 ,the cow is even worshipped by the god ,vishnu4 ,the cow is considered next to a mother1 as little children and the people in general are fed by the milk of a cow4 ,some women among high class ,hindus take a vow not to take their meals before worshipping the cow1 and when the cow is not available for worship1 they draw in turmeric1 white or red powder the cow's foot-prints and worship the same4 ,at the completion of the vow it is worshipped1 and then given as a gift to a ,brhman4 ,it is considered very meritorious to give a ,gopradn--a gift of a cow along with its calf--to a ,brhman4 ,the sight of a cow in the morning is believed by all ,hindus to be auspicious4 ,the bullock is respected by the people as it is the favourite vehicle of the god ,shiva1 and is very useful for agricultural purposes4 ,the ,nandi or bull is worshipped by ,hindus4 ,the bullock is specially worshipped on the #abth day of the bright half of ,krtika4 ,when performing the funeral rites of the dead1 a bull is worshipped and set free4 ,the bull thus set free is considered sacred by the people1 and is never used again for agricultural or any other domestic purposes4 ,in order to avoid calamities arising from the influence of inauspicious planets1 ,hindus worship the she-buffalo1 and offer it as a gift to a ,brhman4 ,the she-buffalo is compared with the ,kl ,purusha or the god of ,death1 the reason being that ,yama is believed to ride a buffalo4 ,the ,brhman who accepts this gift has to shave his moustaches and to undergo a certain penance4 ,the cowherds sometimes worship the she-buffalo4 ,as it is the vehicle of ,yama1 the buffalo is specially worshipped by people when an epidemic occurs in a village4 ,in certain villages in the ,konkan districts the buffalo is worshipped and sacrificed on the same day4 ,the horse is the vehicle of the deity ,khandoba of ,jejuri4 ,it is worshipped on the ,vijaya ,dashami or the ,dasara holiday as in former days1 on the occasion of the horse sacrifice or ,ashwamedha4 ,the elephant is the vehicle of the god ,indra and is specially worshipped on the ,dasara day4 ,it is also believed that there are eight sacred elephants posted at the eight directions4 ,these are called ,ashtadik-,plas1 i4e41 the protectors of the eight different directions1 and they are worshipped along with other deities on auspicious ceremonial occasions1 like weddings1 thread-girding1 etc4 ,the deer and the tiger are considered to be holy by ,hindus1 and their skins are used by ,brhmans and ascetics while performing their austerities4 ,the deer skin is used on the occasion of thread girding4 ,a small piece of the deer skin is tied to the neck of the boy along with the new sacred thread4 ,the mouse1 being the vehicle of the god ,ganpati1 is worshipped along with that deity on the ,ganesh ,chaturthi day1 the fourth day of the bright half of ,bhdrapada4 ,the goat is believed to be holy for sacrificial purposes4 ,it is worshipped at the time of its sacrifice1 which is performed to gain the favour of certain deities4 ,the ass is generally considered as unholy by the ,hindus1 and its mere touch is held to cause pollution4 ,but certain lower class ,hindus like the ,lonris consider it sacred1 and worship it on the ,gokul ,ashtami day 7#hth day of the dark half of ,shrwan74 ,the dog is believed to be an incarnation of the deity ,khandoba1 and it is respected as the favourite animal of the god ,datttraya4 ,but it is not touched by high class ,hindus4 ,it is considered a great sin to kill a cat4 ,all domestic animals are worshipped by the ,hindus on the morning of the first day of ,mrgashirsha 7,december74 ,on this day the horns of these animals are washed with warm water1 painted with red colours1 and a lighted lamp is passed round their faces4 ,they are feasted on this day as it is considered to be the gala day 7,divli holiday7 of the animals4 ,hindus consider it meritorious to feed ants and fish1 and to throw grain to the birds4 ,ants are fed by the people scattering sugar and flour on the ant-hills4 ,it is believed that1 by feeding the ants with sugar or flour1 a person obtains the ,punya or merit of sahasrabhojan1 i4e41 of giving a feast to a thousand ,brhmans4 ,alligators are worshipped as water deities by the ,hindus4 ,the peacock is the favourite vehicle of ,saraswati1 the ,goddess of ,learning1 and it is therefore respected by the people4 ,the swan is the vehicle of ,brahma1 the god of creation4 ,the eagle is the vehicle of the god ,vishnu1 and is a favourite devotee of that deity4 ,it is therefore held sacred by ,hindus4 ,the cuckoo or ,kokil is believed to be an incarnation of the goddess ,prwati4 ,this bird is specially worshipped by high caste ,hindu women for the period of one month on the occasion of a special festival called the festival of the cuckoos1 or ,kokila vrata1 which is held in the month of ,ashdha at intervals of twenty years4 ,the crow is generally held inauspicious by ,hindus1 but as the manes or pitras are said to assume the form of crows1 these birds are respected in order that they may be able to partake of the food offered to the dead ancestors in the dark half of ,bhdrapada called ,pitrupaksha4 ,it is necessary that the oblations given in performance of the funeral rites on the tenth day after the death of a person should be eaten by the crow4 ,but if the crow refuses to touch these oblations1 it is believed that the soul of the dead has not obtained salvation2 and hence it is conjectured that certain wishes of the dead have remained unfulfilled4 ,the son or the relatives of the dead then take water in the cavity of their right hand1 and solemnly promise to fulfil the wishes of the dead4 ,when this is done1 the crow begins to eat the food4 ,the harsh sound of a crow is taken as a sure sign of an impending mishap4 ,the dog1 cat1 pig1 ass1 buffalo1 rat1 bhlu1 an old female jackal1 lizard1 and the birds cock1 crow1 kite1 vulture1 owl1 bat1 and pingla are considered as unholy and inauspicious by ,hindus4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,witchcraft4 ,chetak is an art secretly learnt by women4 ,it is a form of the black art4 ,a woman well versed in the mantras of chetak can do any mischief she chooses4 ,she can kill a child or turn any person into a dog or other animal by the power of her incantations4 ,the ,chetakin can remove all the hair from the head of a woman1 or scatter filth1 etc4 in a person's house1 make marks of crosses with marking nuts on all the clothes1 or play many other such tricks without betraying a trace of the author of the mischief4 ,the chetakins are able to mesmerize a man and order him to do anything they want4 ,a ,chetakin or witch cannot herself appear in the form of an animal4 ,they follow revolting forms of ceremonies4 ,all witches who have learnt the black art meet at night once a month on the ,amvsya day or no moon day of every month1 at a burning ground outside the village4 ,on such occasions they go quite naked1 and apply turmeric and red powders to the body and forehead4 ,while coming to the cremation ground they bring on their heads burning coals in an earthen pot called ,kondi4 ,at this meeting they repeat their mantras1 and take care that none are forgotten4 ,after completing the repetition of the mantras1 they go round the village and return to their respective houses4 ,they have no special haunts or seasons4 ,in the ,kolhpur ,district the woman who is in possession of a chetak is called chetakin4 ,the chetak is said to abide by her orders4 ,it is believed to bring corn and other things from houses or harvesting grounds4 ,it is seen only by its mistress the chetakin4 ,the belief that the chetakins can turn a person into the form of an animal does not prevail in this district4 ,they do not wander from one place to another4 ,the chetakin has to go once a year to the temple of the deity from whom the chetak has been brought1 and to pay the annual tribute for the use of that chetak or servant spirit4 #ghg ,there are no witches in the ,ratngiri ,district4 ,it is said that there are some at ,kolwan in the ,thna ,district4 ,they are generally found among ,thkars4 ,some of them come to the ,ratngiri ,district1 but though no one can tell anything about their powers1 ignorant people are very much afraid of them4 #ghh ,it is believed that they can turn persons into animals by means of their incantations4 ,the person once charmed by their mantras is said to blindly abide by their orders4 ,it is also believed that they can ruin anybody by their magic4 ,there are no witches at ,ri in the ,thna ,district4 ,the woman who can influence evil spirits to do harm to others is called a ,bhutli4 ,it is said that the ,bhutlis assemble at the funeral ground in a naked state on the full-moon day and on the ,amvsya1 or the last day of every month1 to refresh their knowledge of the black art4 #ghi ,a witch has dirty habits and observances4 ,the chief sign for detecting a witch or chetakin is a foam or froth that appears on the lips of her mouth when she is asleep4 ,the only means to guard against her witchcraft is to remain on friendly terms with her1 and not to hurt her feelings on any occasion4 ,people generally keep a watch over the actions of a woman who is suspected to be a witch1 and if she is found practising her black art1 and is caught red-handed1 people then pour into her mouth water brought from the shoe-maker's earthen pot or kundi4 ,it is believed that1 when she is compelled to drink such water1 her black art becomes ineffective4 #gij ,in the ,thna ,district it is believed that the skin round the eyes of a witch is always black1 her eyes have an intoxicated appearance1 her nails are generally parched and have a darkish colour1 and the lower portions of her feet seem to be scraped4 ,when any sorcerer gives out the name of such a ,bhutli1 she is threatened by the people that1 should she continue to give trouble in the village1 her own black art or another spirit would be set against her2 and she then ceases to give trouble4 #gia ,there are some sorcerers in the ,thna ,district who can move a small brass cup or vti by the power of their magic4 ,they can detect a witch by the movement of this vessel4 ,when the brass vessel or vti reaches the house of a witch1 it at once settles upon the witch's head4 ,she is then threatened by the people that she will be driven out of the village if found practising her black art4 #gib ,in the ,kolhpur ,district1 when the people come to know of the existence of a witch in their village1 they take special precautions at the time of harvest4 ,they arrange to harvest a different kind of grain to the one selected for harvesting by the witch4 ,after some time they go to the field of the witch1 and discover whether there is a mixture of grain in her field4 ,if they are convinced of the fact1 they take further precautions4 ,in order to avoid being troubled by the chetak1 they keep an old1 worn out shoe or sandal and a charmed copper amulet under the eaves at the main door of their houses1 or make crosses with marking nut on both sides of a door4 ,at some places chunam spots or circles are marked on the front of a house1 the object being to guard against the evil effects of the chetak's tricks4 #gic ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,general4 ,offerings of cocoanuts1 fowls or goats are annually made to the spirits that guard the fields4 ,they are generally made at the time of beginning a plantation or the harvesting of a crop4 ,when making these offerings1 the farmers pray to the god to give prosperous crops every year4 ,they prepare their cooked food in the field on the first harvesting day and offer it as naivedya 7god's meal7 along with the above mentioned offerings4 #gid ,at ,bndivade in the ,ratngiri ,district1 while commencing the sowing of crops the farmers worship a certain number of bullocks made of rice flour and then throw them into the pond or river adjoining the fields4 ,on other occasions1 offerings of cocoanuts and fowls are sacrificed to the deities that protect the fields4 ,some people give a feast to the ,brhmans at the end of the harvesting season4 #gie ,ceremonies in connection with ploughing1 etc41 are not observed for all the lands4 ,but fields which are supposed to be haunted by evil spirits are worshipped at the time of ploughing1 and the evil spirits are propitiated1 cocoanuts1 sugar1 fowls or goats are offered to the local deities or devachrs4 ,there is a custom of worshipping in the fields the heaps of new corn at the time of harvest1 and this custom generally prevails in almost all the ,konkan districts4 #gif ,at ,fonda in the ,ratngiri ,district the ,shiwar generally composed of boiled rice mixed with curds is kept at the corner of a field at the time of reaping the crops4 ,the ,shiwar is sometimes composed of the offerings of fowls and goats4 #gig ,this ritual is also known by the name ,chorawa4 #gih ,at ,dsgv in the ,kolba ,district1 there is a custom of carrying one onion in the corn taken to the fields for sowing and placing five handfuls of corn on a piece of cloth before beginning to sow the corn4 ,at the time of ,lwani or plantation of crops a fair called ,palejatra is held by the people1 and every farmer breaks a cocoanut in the field at the time of plantation or lvani of crops4 ,at the time of harvesting it is customary with many of the cultivators in the ,konkan to place a cocoanut in the field and to thrash it by the first bundle of crop several times before the regular operation of thrashing is begun4 ,at the close of the harvest the peasants offer cocoanuts1 fowls or a goat to the guardian deity of the field4 #gii ,at ,vda in the ,thna ,district the ploughs are worshipped by the farmers on ,saturday and then carried to the fields for ploughing4 ,at the time of harvesting1 the wooden post to which the bullocks are tied is worshipped by them and at the close of the harvest the heap of new corn is worshipped and cocoanuts are broken over it4 #hjj ,in the ,kolhpur ,district the farmers worship the plough before beginning to plough the land4 ,at the time of sowing the corn they worship the ,kuri an implement for sowing corn4 ,at the time of ,ropani or transplanting the crops they split a cocoanut1 and worship the stone consecrated by the side of the field after besmearing it with red powders1 and make a vow of sacrificing a goat for the prosperity of their crops4 ,at the time of harvesting they also worship the heap of new corn and after giving to the deity offerings of cocoanuts1 fowls or goats they carry the corn to their houses4 #hja ,in the ,konkan districts the village deity is invoked to protect the cattle4 ,people offer fowls and cocoanuts in the annual fair of a village deity1 and request her to protect their cattle and crops4 ,they have to offer a goat or buffalo to the deity every third year1 and to hold annual fairs in her honour4 ,the procession of bali is one of the measures adopted for averting cattle diseases4 #hjb ,when there was scarcity of rain the ,hindus formerly invoked ,indra1 the god of rain1 by means of ,yadnyas or sacrifices1 but such sacrifices are now rarely performed as they are very costly4 ,the general method of ensuring rainfall in these days is to drown the ,lingam of the god ,shiva in water and to offer prayers to that deity4 #hjc ,the following rural rites are intended to ensure sunshine and to check excessive rain4 ,a man born in the month of ,flgun 7,march7 is requested to collect rain water in the leaf of the ,alu plant1 and the leaf is then tied to a stick and kept on the roof of a house4 ,burning coals are also thrown into rainwater after passing them between the legs of a person born in the month of ,flgun4 #hjd ,in order to protect the crops from wild pig the people of ,umbergon in the ,thna ,district post in their fields twigs of ,ayan tree on the ,ganesh ,chaturthi 7fourth day of the bright half of ,bhdrapada or ,september7 day every year4 #hje ,in the ,kolhpur ,district the deities ,tamji1 ,tungi1 and ,wghi are invoked by the villagers for the protection of cattle4 ,when the cattle disease has disappeared the people offer cocoanuts and other offerings to these deities4 ,the potters and the ,chudbude ,joshis observe the following ceremony for causing rainfall4 ,a lingam or phallus of ,shiva made of mud is consecrated on a wooden board or pt1 and a naked boy is asked to hold it over his head4 ,the boy carries it from house to house and the inmates of the houses pour water over the phallus4 ,the ,brhmans and the high class ,hindus pour water on the lingam at the temple of the god ,shiva continuously for several days4 ,this is called ,rudrbhisheka4 ,it is a religious rite in which eleven ,brhmans are seated in a temple to repeat the prayers of the god ,shiva4 ,in order to scare noxious animals or insects from the fields1 the owners of the fields throw charmed rice round the boundaries of their fields4 ,the figure of a tiger made of dry leaves of sugarcane is posted at a conspicuous place in the fields for protecting the crops of sugarcane4 #hjf ,great secrecy is required to be observed on the occasion of the special puja of ,shiva which is performed on the first day of the bright half of the month of ,bhdrapada 7,september74 ,this rite is called ,maunya vrata or silent worship1 and should be performed only by the male members of the family4 ,on this day all the members of the family have to remain silent while taking their meals4 ,women do not speak while cooking1 as the food which is to be offered to the god must be cooked in silence4 #hjg ,newly married girls have to perform the worship of ,mangala ,gauri successively for the first five years on every ,tuesday in the month of ,shrwan 7,august71 and it is enjoined that they should not speak while taking their meals on that day4 ,some people do not speak while taking their meals on every ,monday of ,shrwan1 and others make a vow of observing silence and secrecy at their meals every day4 ,all ,brhmans have to remain silent when going to the closet and making water4 #hjh ,certain persons observe silence at their meals during the period of four months 7,chturms7 commencing from the #aath day of the bright half of ,ashdha 7,july7 to the #aath day of the bright half of ,krtik 7,november74 ,certain classes of ,hindus observe the penance of secrecy in the additional month that occurs at the lapse of every third year4 #hji ,silence is essential at the time of performing certain austerities such as ,sandhya1 worshipping the gods1 and the repetition of the ,brahma ,gyatri mantra and other such mantras4 ,secrecy is specially observed when a disciple is initiated by his ,guru or spiritual guide with the sacred mantras or incantations4 #haj ,secrecy and silence are essential when learning the mantras on snakebite1 on evil eye and the evil spirit of ,vetl4 ,all followers of the ,shkta sect must worship the goddess 7,durga7 very secretly4 ,silence is also observed by people in welcoming to their homes and worshipping the goddess ,prvati or ,gauri in the bright half of ,bhdrapada every year4 #haa ,at ,vde in the ,thna ,district1 one day previous to the planting of rice crops the farmer has to go to his field even before day break with five balls of boiled rice1 cocoanuts and other things4 ,there he worships the guardian deity of the field and buries the balls of rice underground4 ,he has to do it secretly and has to remain silent during the whole period4 ,he is also forbidden to look behind while going to the field for the purpose4 #hab ,secrecy and silence are observed when performing the rites of ,chetuks and evil spirits or ghosts4 ,widow remarriages among the lower classes are performed secretly4 ,the pair wishing to be remarried is accompanied by a ,brhman priest and the marriage is performed apart from the house4 ,the priest applies red lead 7,kunku7 to the forehead of the bride and throws grains of rice over their heads and a stone mortar or pta is touched to the backbone of the bride4 ,the priest then turns his face and walks away silently4 #hac ,the ,holi is a religious festival4 ,it is annually celebrated in memory of the death of ,kmdev the ,god of ,love who was destroyed by the god ,shankar on the full moon day of ,flgun 7,march74 ,the object of this festival appears to have been a desire to abstain from lust by burning in the ,holi fire all vicious thoughts and desires4 ,as a rule1 females do not take any part in this festival4 ,in the ,konkan districts the annual festival of ,holi begins from the fifth day of the bright half of ,flgun 7,march74 ,boys from all the localities of a village assemble at a place appointed for the ,holi4 ,the place appointed for kindling the ,holi is not generally changed4 ,the boys then go from house to house asking for firewood1 and bring it to the ,holi spot4 ,they arrange the firewood and other combustible articles around the branch of a mango1 betelnut or a ,swar tree in the pit dug out for the purpose and then set it on fire4 ,after kindling the sacred fire they take five turns round the ,holi accompanied with the beating of drums and raise loud cries of obscene words4 ,after this they play the ,indian games of ,atyptya and ,khokho and occasionally rob the neighbouring people of their firewood and other combustible articles4 ,at the close of these games they daub their foreheads with sacred ashes gathered from the ,holi fire4 ,they consider these ashes especially auspicious and carry them home for the use of the other members of their families4 ,this process is continued every night till the close of the fullmoon day4 ,elderly persons take part in this festival only during the last few days4 ,on the fullmoon day all the males of the village1 including old men1 start after sunset for the ,holi spot1 collecting on their way pieces of firewood from all the houses in the locality and arrange them in the manner described above4 ,after having arranged the ,holi1 the officiating priest recites sacred verses and the puja is performed by the mnkari of the village4 ,this mnkari or ptil is either the headman or some other leading person of the village and to him belongs the right of kindling the ,holi fire first4 ,some persons kindle a small ,holi in front of their houses and worship it individually1 but they can take part in the public ,holi4 ,in the towns the ,holis of different localities are kindled separately while in small villages there is only one for every village4 ,at ,vijaydurg in the ,ratngiri ,district a hen is tied to the top of a tree or a bamboo placed in the pit dug out for kindling the ,holi fire4 ,the fowl tied to the top of the bamboo is called ,shit4 ,a small quantity of dry grass is first burnt at the bottom of this tree when the ,mahrs beat their drums4 ,the ,shit 7fowl7 is then removed from the tree after it is half burnt and taken by the ,mahrs4 ,the ,holi fire is then worshipped and kindled by the ,gurav4 ,worshipping and kindling the ,holi and taking the ,shit 7fowl7 are considered as high honours4 ,occasionally quarrels and differences arise over this privilege and they are decided by the village ,panch4 #had ,after the kindling of the ,holi the people assembled there offer to the ,holi a ,naivedya 7god's meal7 of poli--a sweet cake made of ,jagri1 wheat flour and gram pulse4 ,cocoanuts from all the houses in the village are thrown into this sacred fire4 ,some of these cocoanuts are afterwards taken out of the sacred fire1 cut into pieces1 mixed with sugar and are distributed among the people assembled as prasd or favoured gift4 ,lower classes of ,hindus offer a live goat to the ,holi1 take it out when it is half burnt and feast thereon4 ,on the night of the fullmoon day and the first day of the dark half of ,flgun1 the people assembled at the ,holi fire wander about the village1 enter gardens and steal plantains1 cocoanuts and other garden produce4 ,robbery of such things committed during these days is considered to be pardonable4 ,some people take advantage of this opportunity for taking revenge on their enemies in this respect4 ,the fire kindled at the ,holi on the fullmoon day is kept constantly burning till the ,rangpanchami day i4e41 fifth day of the dark half of ,flgun4 ,next morning i4e41 on the first day of the dark half of ,flgun1 the people boil water over that fire and use it for the purpose of bathing4 ,it is believed that water boiled on the sacred fire has the power of dispelling all the diseases from the body4 ,people go on dancing in the village and sing songs for the next five days4 ,they generally sing ,lvanis1 a kind of ballad1 during this festival4 ,among these dancers a boy is dressed like a girl and is called ,rdha4 ,this ,rdha has to dance at every house while the others repeat ,lvanis4 ,the second day of the dark half of ,flgun is called ,dhulvad or dust day when people start in procession through the village1 and compel the males of every house to join the party4 ,they thus go to the ,holi fire and raise loud cries of obscene words throwing mud and ashes upon each other4 ,they afterwards go to the river or a pond to take their bath at noon time and then return to their houses4 ,the third day of the dark half is also spent like the previous one with a slight difference which is that cow dung is used instead of mud4 ,this day is called ,shenwad day4 ,on the fourth day the ,dhunda ,rkshahasin 7a demon goddess7 is worshipped by the people1 and the day is spent in making merry and singing obscene songs called ,lvanis4 ,the fifth day of the dark half is known as ,rangpanchami day and is observed by the people in throwing coloured water upon each other4 ,water in which ,kusumba and other colours are mixed is carried in large quantity on bullock carts through the streets of a city and sprinkled on the people passing through these streets4 ,on this day the sacred fire of the ,holi is extinguished by throwing coloured water over it4 ,this water is also thrown upon the persons assembled at the ,holi4 ,the money collected as post during this period is utilised in feasting and drinking4 ,at ,ibrmpur in the ,ratngiri ,district the image of cupid is seated in a palanquin and carried with music from the temple to the ,holi ground4 ,the palanquin is then placed on a certain spot4 ,the place for thus depositing the image of the god is called ,shn4 #hae ,at ,nringre there is a big stone called ,holdev which is worshipped by the people before kindling the ,holi fire4 #haf ,after the kindling of the sacred fire the palanquin is lifted from the ,shn1 and turned round the ,holi fire with great rejoicings4 ,the palanquin is then carried through the village and is first taken to the house of a ,mnkari1 and then from house to house during the next five days4 ,the inmates of the houses worship the deity in the palanquin and offer cocoanuts and other fruits and make certain vows4 ,the palanquin is taken back to the temple on the fifth day of the dark half of ,flgun when on its way gull or red powder is thrown over the image and on the people who accompany it4 #hag ,among high class ,hindus the thread girding ceremony of a boy is performed when he attains puberty4 ,the girls are generally married at an early age1 and when a girl attains puberty1 sugar is distributed among the friends and relatives of her husband4 ,she is then seated in a ,makhar--a gaily dressed frame4 ,dishes of sweets which are brought by the girl's parents and the relatives of her husband are given to her for the first three days4 ,she takes her bath on the fourth day accompanied by the playing of music and the beating of drums4 ,sweetmeats in dishes are brought by the relatives till the day of ,rutushanti 7the first bridal night74 ,the ,garbhdn or ,rutushnti ceremony is one of the sixteen ceremonies that are required to be performed during the life of every ,hindu4 ,this ceremony is performed within the first sixteen days from the girl's attaining her puberty1 the #dth1 #gth1 #ith1 #aath and the #acth being considered inauspicious for this purpose4 ,while performing this ceremony the following three rites are required to be observed4 ,they are ,ganpatipujan or the worship of the god ,ganpati1 ,punhyhavachan or the special ceremony for invoking divine blessings and ,navagrahashnti the ceremony for propitiating the nine planets4 ,the ritual of this ceremony is as follows3-- ,the husband and the wife are seated side by side on wooden boards to perform the above three rites4 ,the ,kadali pujan or plantain tree worship is performed by the pair4 ,the sacred fire or ,homa is required to be kindled4 ,the juice of the ,durwa grass is then poured into the right nostril of the bride by her husband4 ,this is intended to expel all diseases from the body of the girl and to secure safe conception4 ,they are then seated in a ,makhar1 and presents of clothes1 ornaments etc41 are made by the parents of the girl and other relatives4 ,after this the husband fills the lap of the girl with rice1 a cocoanut1 five betelnuts1 five dry dates1 five almonds1 five plantains and five pieces of turmeric4 ,the girl is then carried to a temple accompanied by the playing of music4 ,a grand feast is given to the friends and relatives at the close of this ceremony4 ,the ,hindus generally make various kinds of vows in order to procure offspring or with some other such object1 and fulfil them when they succeed in getting their desire4 ,the following are the different kinds of vows made4 ,they offer cocoanuts1 sugar1 plantains and other fruits1 costly new dresses and ornaments to the deities1 and give feasts to ,brhmans4 ,special ceremonies called ,laghurudra and ,mahrudra in honour of ,shiva the god of destruction are also performed4 ,sweetmeats such as pedhas etc4 are offered to the gods in fulfilment of vows4 ,some people make vows to observe fasts1 to feed ,brhmans1 and to distribute coins and clothes to the poor2 while others hang torana-wreaths of flowers and mango leaves--on the entrance of the temple1 and hoist flags over it4 ,rich people erect new temples to different ,hindu deities4 ,some observe fasts to propitiate the goddess ,chandika and worship her during ,navartra the first nine days of the bright half of ,ashvin 7,october7 and others offer fowls and goats to their favourite deities4 ,women make it a vow to walk round the ,audumbar or ,pipal tree1 and to distribute cocoanuts1 sugar1 jagri1 copper or silver equal to the weight of their children4 ,vows are made by people with the object of securing health1 wealth and children and other desired objects such as education etc4 ,they are as follows3-- ,performing the worship of ,shri ,satya ,nryan1 offering clothes and ornaments to the temple deities1 hanging bells1 constructing a foot path or steps leading to the temple of the special deity4 #hah ,vows are also made to obtain freedom from disease or such other calamities4 ,when any person in the family becomes ill or when a sudden calamity befalls a family an elderly member of the family goes to the temple of a deity and makes certain vows according to his means1 fulfilling them as soon as the calamity or disease has disappeared4 #hai ,vows are usually to perform acts of benevolence4 ,these consist in distributing cocoanut mixed in sugar1 giving feasts to ,brhman priests1 observing fasts on ,saturday1 ,tuesday and ,sunday1 offering clothes and ornaments to deities1 building new temples and guest houses 7dharmshls71 digging out new wells and in distributing clothes and food to the poor4 #hbj ,at ,khopoli in the ,kolba ,district1 people who have no children or whose children die shortly after birth make a vow to the ,satwi deity whose temple is at a short distance from ,khopoli4 ,the vow is generally to bring the child to the darshana 7sight7 of the deity and to feed five or more 7married7 ,brhman pairs4 ,such vows are fulfilled after the birth of a child4 ,some worship the god ,satya ,nryan on a grand scale and others propitiate the god ,shiva by the ceremony of ,abhisheka 7water sprinkling74 #hba ,some offer nails made of gold or silver to the goddess ,shitala after the recovery of a child suffering from small pox4 ,eyes and other parts of the body made of gold and silver are also occasionally offered in fulfilment of vows4 ,people abstain from eating certain things till the vows are fulfilled4 #hbb ,vows are made in times of difficulties and sorrow4 ,the person afflicted with sorrow or misfortune prays to his favourite deity and promises to offer particular things or to perform special ceremonies1 and fulfils his vows when his desired objects are attained4 ,the ceremonies commonly observed for these purposes are the special pujs of ,satya ,nryan and ,satya ,vinyak4 ,native ,christians make their vows to their saints and ,mot-,mvali 7,mother ,mary7 in the taluka of ,salsette4 #hbc ,there is a shrine of the god ,shankar at ,kanakeshwar a village on the sea side two miles from ,mithbv in the ,ratngiri ,district4 ,many years ago it so happened that a rich ,mahomedan merchant was carrying his merchandise in a ship4 ,the ship foundered in a storm at a distance of about two or three miles from ,kanakeshwar4 ,when the vessel1 seemed to be on the point of sinking the merchant despairing of his life and goods1 made a vow to erect a nice temple for the ,hindu shrine of ,kanakeshwar if he1 his vessel and its cargo were saved4 ,by the grace of ,god the vessel weathered the storm and he arrived safely in his country with the merchandise4 ,in fulfilment of this vow he erected a good temple over the shrine of ,shri ,shankar at ,kanakeshwar1 which cost him about rupees six thousand4 ,this temple is in good condition to the present day4 ,many such vows are made to special deities4 ,when the people get their desired objects they attribute the success to the favour of the deity invoked1 but when their expectations are not fulfilled they blame their fate and not the deity4 #hbd ,in the ,konkan districts there are some persons who practise black art of several kinds such as ,chetak1 ,jran1 ,mran and ,uchtan4 ,chetak is a kind of evil spirit brought from the temple of the goddess ,itali of the ,konkan districts4 ,it is brought for a fixed or limited period1 and an annual tribute is required to be paid to the goddess for the services4 ,another kind of black art widely practised in the ,konkan districts is known by the name of ,muth mrane4 ,in this art the sorcerer prepares an image of wheat flour1 and worships it with flowers1 incense1 etc4 ,a lemon pierced with a number of pins is then placed before the image4 ,the sorcerer begins to pour spoonfuls of water mixed with ,jagri on the face of the image1 and repeats certain mantras4 ,meanwhile1 the lemon gradually disappears and goes to the person whose death it is intended to secure4 ,the person aimed at receives a heavy blow in the chest and at once falls to the ground vomitting blood4 ,sometimes he is known to expire instantaneously4 ,the charmed lemon1 after completing its task returns to the sorcerer1 who anxiously awaits its return1 for it is believed that if the lemon fails to return some calamity or misfortune is sure to occur to him4 ,for this reason the beginner desiring to be initiated into the mystery of this black art has to make the first trial of his mantras on a tree or a fowl4 ,females are also initiated into the mysteries of ,jdu or black art4 ,such women are required to go to the burning ground at midnight in a naked state1 holding in their hands hearths containing burning coals4 ,while on their way they untie their hair1 and then begin the recital of their mantras4 ,there they dig out the bones of buried corpses1 bring them home1 and preserve them for practising black art4 ,there is a sect of ,hindus known as ,shktas who practise the black art4 ,the ,shktas worship their goddess at night1 make offerings of wine and flesh1 and then feast thereon4 ,,appendix4 ,,glossary ,,of ,,vernacular ,,terms ,,occurring ,,in ,,volumes ,i ,,and ,,ii4 #hbe ,a4 ,,abil3 ,a kind of incense4 ,,abir3 ,white scented powder4 ,,ad,,chh3 ,red cotton yarn4 ,,ad,d3 ,lentils4 ,,adagho ,,badagho3 ,a ceremony performed to drive away insects4 ,,adh,,sur3 ,name of a demon4 ,,adhikam,s3 ,intercalary month4 ,,adi-,n,r,,yan3 ,a name of ,vishnu4 ,,ado3 ,useless4 ,,adulsa3 ,name of a medicinal plant4 ,,ag,r3 ,excreta4 ,,agastya3 ,name of a sage2 name of a constellation4 ,,agathi3 ,a tree1 ,sesbania ,grandiflora4 ,,agathio3 ,see ,agathi4 ,,agh,,da3 ,name of a plant4 ,,aghori3 ,a sect of ,hindus4 ,,agi,,ri3 ,fire temple of the ,prsis4 ,,agni3 ,fire2 the deity presiding over fire4 ,,agnichar3 ,an order of evil spirits living in fire4 ,,agnihotra3 ,a perpetual sacred fire preserved in a hole in the ground for receiving and preserving consecrated fire4 ,,agnihotri3 ,one who keeps an ,agnihotra4 ,,agnikunda3 ,a hole in the ground1 or an enclosed space1 on the surface1 or a metal square-mouthed vessel1 for receiving and preserving consecrated fire4 ,,agni-,,sansk,r3 ,the rite of setting fire to a corpse4 ,,agri3 ,name of a caste or an individual of it4 ,,ahalya3 ,the wife of the sage ,gautam4 ,,aheva ,,navami3 ,the ninth day of the dark half of ,bhdrapad4 ,,ahi3 ,name of a demon4 ,,ahir3 ,a caste of shepherds4 ,,ahuti3 ,a handful of rice1 ghi1 sesamum1 etc41 cast into fire1 water1 upon the ground etc41 as an offering to the deities4 ,,air,,vat3 ,name of the elephant of ,indra2 the elephant presiding over the east4 ,,aja3 ,a goat4 ,,ajamo3 ,lingusticum ajwaen4 ,,ak,,sh3 ,the sky4 ,,ak,,sh-,,ganga3 ,the milky way4 ,,akhand ,,saubh,,gya3 ,perpetual unwidowhood4 ,,akik3 ,a kind of stone4 ,,akh ,,trij3 ,the third day of the bright half of ,vaishkh4 ,,akshaya ,,tritiya3 ,see ,akh ,trij4 ,,alaw,,na3 ,a sort of shawl4 ,,alwant3 ,a spirit of a woman dying in childbirth or during menses4 ,,alu3 ,an esculent vegetable4 ,,alunda3 ,name of a vow4 ,,amani3 ,a kind of tree4 ,,amar3 ,immortal4 ,,amatho3 ,useless4 ,,amatho ,m,,mo3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,am,v,,sya3 ,the last day of a month4 ,,amba3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,ambil3 ,conjee4 ,,ambo3 ,mango4 ,,amn,,yeshwar3 ,a name of the god ,mahdev4 ,,anagh3 ,name of a vow4 ,,anagodha3 ,see ,anagh4 ,,anant ,,chaturdashi3 ,the fourteenth day of the dark half of ,bhdrapad sacred to ,vishnu4 ,,andh,,rio3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,angiras3 ,name of a sage4 ,,anjali3 ,palmful4 ,,anjan3 ,soot used as collyrium4 ,,anjani3 ,mother of ,mruti4 ,,njani3 ,a sore or mole on the eye-lid4 ,,ankada3 ,name of a poisonous plant4 ,,annadeva3 ,the god presiding over food4 ,,annakuta3 ,the eighth or tenth day of the bright half of ,ashvin or the second day of the bright half of ,krtik when sweets are offered to gods4 ,,annapurna3 ,the goddess presiding over food4 ,,antaral3 ,name of a deity4 ,,antarapat3 ,the piece of cloth which is held between the bride and bridegroom at the time of a ,hindu wedding4 ,,antyeshti3 ,funeral rites4 ,,anur,,dha3 ,name of a constellation4 ,,anushth,n3 ,performance of certain ceremonies and works in propitiation of a god4 ,,apasm,r3 ,epilepsy4 ,,apsara3 ,certain female divinities who reside in the sky and are the wives of the ,gandharvas4 ,they are sometimes represented as the common women of the gods4 ,,apta3 ,name of a tree4 ,,arani3 ,elaeodendron glaucum4 ,,arati3 ,the ceremony of waving 7around an idol1 a guru1 etc417 a platter containing a burning lamp4 ,,ardhodaya3 ,half-risen state of a heavenly body4 ,,ardra3 ,name of a constellation4 ,,arghya3 ,a respectful offering to a god or a venerable person consisting of various ingredients or of water only4 ,,arjuna3 ,the third of the five ,pndava brothers4 ,,arundhati3 ,wife of ,vasishtha2 name of a star4 ,,asara3 ,a water nymph4 ,,asan3 ,a prayer carpet4 ,,ash,,dh3 ,the fourth month of the ,deccani ,hindu and the ninth month of the ,gujart ,hindu calendar year4 ,,ash,,puri3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,ashlesha3 ,name of a constellation4 ,,asho3 ,a corrupted form of ,ashvin4 ,,ashapati3 ,name of a mythological king4 ,,ashtabh,,ro3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,ashtadala3 ,eight-cornered4 ,,ashta-,,dik-,p,,la3 ,protectors of the eight different directions4 ,,ashtaka3 ,a hymn consisting of eight verses4 ,,ashtamah,d,n3 ,a gift consisting of eight kinds of articles4 ,,asht,,vasu3 ,a class of divine beings eight in number4 ,,ashvin3 ,the seventh month of the ,deccani ,hindu and the twelfth month of the ,gujart ,hindu calendar year4 ,,ashvini3 ,name of a constellation4 ,,ashvini ,,kum,r3 ,the twin sons of the sun by his wife ,sanjnya in the form of a mare4 ,they are famous as heavenly physicians4 ,,ashwamedha3 ,horse sacrifice4 ,,ashwatth,,ma3 ,the only son of ,drona1 the military preceptor of the ,kauravas and ,pndavas4 ,,asm,,ni3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,aso3 ,a corrupted form of ,ashvin4 ,,asopalava3 ,name of a tree4 ,,asur ,,gati3 ,the path of the demons4 ,,atit3 ,a class of religious beggars4 ,,atlas3 ,a kind of cloth4 ,,atri3 ,name of a sage4 ,,aty,p,,tya3 ,name of an out-door game played in the ,deccan4 ,,avad-,m,,ta3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,avagat3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,avagati3 ,fallen condition4 ,,avalia3 ,a ,muhammadan saint4 ,,avala3 ,name of a tree4 ,,avat,r3 ,an incarnation of ,vishnu4 ,,avi3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,avli3 ,name of a tree4 ,,awdumbar3 ,a tree1 ,ficus glomerata4 ,,awuta3 ,wood bill4 ,,ayan3 ,name of a tree4 ,b4 ,b,,baro3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,b,,bhul3 ,acacia arabica4 ,b,,brio3 ,see ,bbaro4 ,b,,bro3 ,see ,bbaro4 ,,babruv,,han3 ,name of a demon2 a son of ,arjuna4 ,b,,bul3 ,acacia arabica4 ,b,,dha3 ,impending evil4 ,b,,ghada3 ,name of an evil spirit4 ,b,,gulb,,wa3 ,name of a goblin4 ,,bahiri3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,bahiri-,,somjai3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,bahiroba3 ,name of a minor deity4 ,,bahirob,,che ,,bhut3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,b,,ja3 ,dish4 ,b,,jale3 ,a wooden cot4 ,b,,jat3 ,a wooden stool4 ,,baj,,nia3 ,a cast of tumblers or an individual of it4 ,,baka3 ,name of a demon2 name of a sage4 ,b,,kla3 ,a small round flat cake of dry boiled beans4 ,b,,kl,n3 ,see ,bkla4 ,,bakor3 ,noise4 ,b,l ,,terash3 ,the #acth day of the dark half of ,bhdrapad4 ,,balad3 ,an ox4 ,,baladi3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,baldev3 ,name of the brother of ,krishna1 the eighth incarnation of ,vishnu4 ,,balev3 ,the full moon day of ,shrvana4 ,,baleva3 ,see ,balev4 ,,balevi,n3 ,a kind of worship4 ,,bali3 ,name of a mighty demon1 the lord of the nether world or ptl2 an oblation2 a victim offered to any deity2 name of a procession4 ,,balid,n3 ,offering of a victim4 ,,balla3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,b,n,,sur3 ,name of a demon4 ,,bandh,i-,,javan3 ,name of a cattle disease4 ,,bania3 ,a trader4 ,b,,pa3 ,name of a guardian spirit of fields4 ,b,,pdev3 ,see ,bpa4 ,,baraneshwar ,,mah,,dev3 ,a name of ,mahdev4 ,b,,ras3 ,the twelfth day of the bright or dark half of a month4 ,b,,rvatia3 ,an outlaw4 ,,bat,,sa3 ,a kind of sweetmeat4 ,,batrisa3 ,a man possessed of thirty-two accomplishments4 ,,batuk3 ,name of a minor deity4 ,b,u3 ,a word used to frighten children2 a goblin4 ,b,,va3 ,a term of respectful compellation or mention for an ascetic or religious teacher4 ,b,,val3 ,see ,bbul4 ,b,,vo3 ,see ,bva4 ,,baya3 ,name of a deity presiding over small-pox4 ,b,,wan ,,vir3 ,name of a minor deity4 ,,bechra ,m,,ta3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,beda3 ,name of a tree4 ,,bel3 ,aegle ,marmelos4 ,,bel-,,bhand,r3 ,leaves of the ,aegle ,marmelos and the turmeric powder that are kept on an idol4 ,,ber3 ,jujube tree4 ,,bero3 ,deaf4 ,,bethi3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,bh,,bho3 ,worthless4 ,,bh,,darwa3 ,see ,bhdrapad4 ,,bh,,drapad3 ,the sixth month of the ,deccani ,hindu and the eleventh month of the ,gujart ,hindu calendar year4 ,,bhagat3 ,an exorcist4 ,,bhagirath3 ,name of an ancient king of the solar dynasty who is said to have brought down the ,ganges from heaven to the earth4 ,,bh,,gvat3 ,name of one of the eighteen purnas4 ,,bhagvati3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,bhagw,n3 ,an epithet of ,vishnu2 of ,shiva4 ,,bhagwati3 ,see ,bhagvati4 ,,bhairav3 ,a name of an inferior manifestation of ,shiva4 ,,bhajan3 ,repeating the name of a god as an act of worship2 hymns or pieces or verses sung to a god4 ,,bhaktim,,rga3 ,path of devotion4 ,,bh,,lu3 ,an old female jackal4 ,,bhand,,ri3 ,a caste of ,hindus4 ,,bh,,ng3 ,hemp water4 ,,bhangi3 ,a scavenger2 name of the caste of scavengers4 ,,bhangra3 ,a kind of tree4 ,,bharanai3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,bharani3 ,name of a constellation4 ,,bh,,rani3 ,the process of charming4 ,,bharata3 ,name of a brother of ,rma the seventh incarnation of ,vishnu4 ,,bharv,d3 ,a caste of shepherds4 ,,bh,,sika3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,bhasma3 ,holy ashes4 ,,bhasm,,sur3 ,name of a demon4 ,,bh,,ubij3 ,the second day of the bright half of ,krtik4 ,,bhav,i3 ,name of a stone deity4 ,,bh,,vak,i3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,bhav,,ni3 ,a name of the goddess ,prvati4 ,,bh,,vin3 ,a caste of female temple servants who are prostitutes by profession4 ,,bhaw,,ni3 ,see ,bhavni4 ,,bhensa3 ,a he-buffalo4 ,,bhens,,sur3 ,a demon in the form of a he-buffalo4 ,,bhikh,,ri3 ,a beggar4 ,,bhikho3 ,a beggar4 ,,bhil3 ,a partly ,hindu1 partly animistic tribe4 ,,bhima3 ,the second of the five ,pndava brothers4 ,,bhima-,,agi,,ras3 ,the eleventh day of the bright half of ,jyeshtha4 ,,bhimasena3 ,see ,bhima4 ,,bhimn,,th ,,mah,,dev3 ,a name of ,shiva4 ,,bhimn,,th ,,shankar3 ,a name of ,shiva4 ,,bhishma3 ,son of ,shntanu and the river ,ganges and grand-uncle of the ,pndavas and ,kauravas4 ,,bhogava3 ,village boundary4 ,,bhoi3 ,a caste of fishermen and palanquin-bearers4 ,,bhojapatra3 ,a palm-leaf4 ,,bhol,n,,th3 ,a name of ,shiva4 ,,bhong ,,ringdi3 ,name of a poisonous plant4 ,,bhopala3 ,gourd4 ,,bhopi3 ,the person that officiates in the temples of village deities4 ,,bhuchar3 ,an order of ghosts hovering over the earth4 ,,bhunga3 ,a black bee4 ,,bhushundak,k3 ,name of a sage4 ,,bhut3 ,an evil spirit4 ,,bhuta3 ,see ,bhut4 ,,bhuta-,,devata3 ,a ghostly godling4 ,,bhut,,li3 ,a woman who can influence evil spirits to do harm to others4 ,,bhute3 ,plural of ,bhutya3 ,see ,bhutya4 ,,bhutin3 ,a female member of an order of devotees of the goddess ,bhavni4 ,,bhutn,,th3 ,name of an evil spirit4 ,,bhutya3 ,a male member of an order of devotees of the goddess ,bhavni4 ,,bhuva3 ,a male exorcist4 ,,bhuvi3 ,a female exorcist4 ,,bibhishana3 ,brother of ,rvana1 the demon king of ,lanka or ,ceylon4 ,,bij3 ,the second day of the bright or dark half of a month4 ,,bijavrikshany,,ya3 ,the maxim of seed and shoot4 ,the maxim takes its origin from the mutual relation of causation that exists between seed and shoot1 and is applied to cases in which two objects stand to each other in the relation of both cause and effect4 ,,bil,,do3 ,a cat4 ,,bili3 ,see ,bel4 ,,bindu3 ,a drop4 ,,bocho3 ,a coward4 ,,bodan3 ,a ceremony in which curds1 milk1 boiled rice1 fried cakes1 etc41 are mixed up together and presented in oblation to the goddess ,mahlakshmi by a company of at least five married women and one virgin4 ,,bodo3 ,bald-headed4 ,,bol ,,choth3 ,the fourth day of the dark half of ,shrvan4 ,,bor,,di3 ,the ,jujube tree4 ,,boterun3 ,a complete cessation of rain for seventy-two days4 ,,bow,,ji3 ,see ,bva4 ,,bow3 ,see ,bu4 ,,brahma ,,graha3 ,ghost of a ,brhman4 ,,brahma3 ,the first god of the ,hindu ,trinity4 ,,brahmabhoj3 ,a feast to ,brhmans4 ,,brahmacharya3 ,celibacy4 ,,brahmach,,ri3 ,one who has taken a vow to lead a celibate life4 ,,brahmahatya3 ,the murder of a ,brhman4 ,,br,,hman3 ,the sacerdotal caste of ,hindus or an individual of it4 ,,br,,hmana-,,varuna3 ,the appointment of duly authorised ,brhmans to perform religious ceremonies4 ,,brahmarandhra3 ,the aperture supposed to be at the crown of the head1 through which the soul takes its flight on death4 ,,brahma ,r,,kshasa3 ,see ,brahma ,sambandh4 ,,brahma ,,sambandh3 ,the ghost of a ,brhman that in his life time possessed high attainments1 and a haughty spirit4 ,,brihaspati3 ,name of the preceptor of the gods4 ,,bruhannada3 ,the name assumed by ,arjuna when residing at the palace of ,virta4 ,,budha3 ,mercury4 ,,buddhi3 ,name of a wife of ,ganpati4 ,c4 ,,cendur3 ,red lead4 ,,ch,,da3 ,rent4 ,,chaitannadya3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,chaitra3 ,the first month of the ,deccani ,hindu and the sixth month of the ,gujart ,hindu calendar year4 ,,chakli3 ,a sparrow4 ,,ch,k ,,padane3 ,appearance of red pustules on the face supposed to be caused by the influence of an evil eye4 ,,chakora3 ,a bird1 ,bartavelle ,partridge4 ,,ch,,la3 ,name of a deity4 ,,ch,,leghat3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,cham,r3 ,a caste of tanners4 ,,champa3 ,michelia champaca4 ,,champ-,,shashti3 ,the sixth day of the bright half of ,mrgashirsha4 ,,champ,,vati3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,chana3 ,gram4 ,,chanda3 ,name of a kind of wind4 ,,chand ,,chani3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,chandan3 ,sandal wood4 ,,chandika3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,chandi ,,kavach3 ,a hymn in honour of the goddess ,chandi or ,durga4 ,,chandip,,th3 ,recitation of a hymn in honour of the goddess ,chandi or ,durga4 ,,chandk,i3 ,name of a ,goddess4 ,,chandra3 ,the moon4 ,,chandramandal3 ,the disk of the moon2 the lunar sphere4 ,,ch,,ndr,,yan ,,vrat3 ,name of a vow4 ,,charak3 ,excreta4 ,,ch,,ran3 ,a caste of genealogists and bards4 ,,charan,,mrit3 ,water in which the feet of a spiritual guide have been washed4 ,,charmaria3 ,name of a snake deity4 ,,charonthi3 ,a kind of flour4 ,,chasha3 ,the ,blue jay4 ,,chat3 ,an image of darbha grass at ,shrddha when the required ,brhman is not present4 ,,chata ,,shr,,ddha3 ,a shrddha in which a chat represents a ,brhman4 ,,ch,,turm,s3 ,the period of four months commencing from the tenth day of the bright half of ,ashdh and ending with the tenth day of the bright half of ,krtik4 ,,chaturthi3 ,the fourth day of the bright or dark half of a month4 ,,chaur,r3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,cheda3 ,ghost of a person of the ,kunbi or ,shudra caste or an unmarried ,mahr4 ,,chedoba3 ,name of a spirit deity4 ,,chela3 ,a disciple4 ,,chelan3 ,an oblation to a ,mta or goddess4 ,,chetak3 ,a kind of black art4 ,,chetakin3 ,a witch4 ,,chetuk3 ,a spirit servant4 ,,chhamachhari3 ,death anniversary4 ,,chhipa3 ,a caste of calico-printers4 ,,chhogala3 ,celebrated4 ,great4 ,,chhogalo3 ,with a tail4 ,,chilbil3 ,notes of the ,pingala bird4 ,,chilum3 ,a clay pipe4 ,,chindharo3 ,ragged4 ,,chiranjiva3 ,immortal4 ,,chithi3 ,a piece of paper on which mystic signs are drawn2 an amulet4 ,,chitharia3 ,ragged4 ,,chiti3 ,see ,chithi4 ,,chitp,,van3 ,a caste of ,brhmans also known as ,konkanasth4 ,,chitra3 ,name of a constellation4 ,,chok3 ,a square4 ,,chola3 ,dolichos ,sinensio4 ,,choli3 ,a bodice4 ,,chonge3 ,a kind of sweet4 ,,chor,,si ,k,,ntini3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,chor,,si ,,viru3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,chorawa3 ,a ceremony performed at the time of reaping4 ,,choth3 ,the fourth day of the bright or dark half of a month4 ,,chudbude ,,joshi3 ,a caste of fortune-tellers4 ,,chudel3 ,an order of female ghosts4 ,,chudela3 ,see ,chudel4 ,,chudi3 ,a torch4 ,,chudi ,,paurnima3 ,the full-moon day of the month of ,mgh4 ,,chunadi3 ,a kind of cloth worn by females4 ,,chuntho3 ,ragged4 ,,chunv,,lia ,,koli3 ,a tribe of ,kolis4 ,,churama3 ,sweet balls of wheat flour fried and soaked in ghi4 ,,chutaki3 ,snapping the thumb and finger4 ,,cohampalo3 ,meddlesome4 ,d4 ,d,,damo3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,d,,damokhodi,r3 ,name of a field deity4 ,d,,dh3 ,a molar tooth4 ,d,,dh ,b,,ndhavi3 ,to deprive of the power of eating by a charm or spell4 ,d,,do3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,d,,kan3 ,a witch2 an order of ghosts4 ,d,,kini3 ,see ,dkan4 ,d,,kla3 ,a spirit instrument in the form of a small kettle-drum4 ,,daksha3 ,a celebrated ,prajpati born from the thumb of ,brahma4 ,,daksha ,,praj,,pati3 ,see ,daksha4 ,,dakshana3 ,a gift of money made to ,brhmans4 ,d,l3 ,name of a sect of ,hindus4 ,,dalap3 ,a ceremony performed for the propitiation of the minor deities of the fields4 ,d,,lia3 ,baked split gram4 ,d,,mana3 ,an amulet tied to the horns of a pet animal4 ,,dampatya3 ,a married pair4 ,d,,na3 ,corn seed4 ,d,,nda3 ,the bat at the game of trap-stick4 ,d,,nkla3 ,see ,dkla4 ,d,,nkla ,,besw,n3 ,the installation of a dnkla4 ,d,,nkl,n3 ,see ,dkla4 ,,darbha3 ,a sacred grass2 ,cynodon ,dactylon4 ,,darduri3 ,name of a water nymph4 ,,darga3 ,a ,muhammadan place of worship4 ,,darji3 ,a caste of tailors4 ,,dasha3 ,influence4 ,,darsha ,,shr,,ddha3 ,a shrddha to the manes on every new moon day4 ,,dasara3 ,the tenth day of the bright half of ,krtik4 ,,dasharatha3 ,son of ,aja and father of ,rma4 ,,das ,,pinda3 ,the oblations collectively to the manes of a deceased ancestor which are offered daily from the first day of his decease until the tenth1 or which are offered together on the tenth3 also the rite4 ,d,,tan3 ,wooden sticks for brushing the teeth4 ,,datta3 ,name of a god4 ,,datt,,traya3 ,see ,datta4 ,d,v3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,dedako3 ,a frog4 ,,dehari ,m,,ta3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,delavadi ,,devi3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,dendo3 ,the croaking of a frog4 ,,deopan3 ,ceremonies and observances in propitiation of a god4 ,,deshastha3 ,a caste of ,brhmans found in the ,deccan4 ,,deva3 ,a god4 ,,devach,r3 ,spirit of a ,shudra who dies after his marriage4 ,,devahuti3 ,name of the mother of the sage ,kapil4 ,,devak3 ,a term for the deity or deities worshipped at marriages1 thread investitures etc42 a totem4 ,,devaki3 ,mother of ,krishna4 ,,deval3 ,a temple4 ,,deval ,,righane3 ,entering into the service of the temple4 ,,devali3 ,the male offspring of a ,bhvin4 ,,devalo3 ,not loved4 ,,devarshi3 ,a dealer with gods and devils3 one that summons1 exorcises them1 etc4 ,,deva ,,sarpa3 ,a snake belonging to a deity4 ,,devaski3 ,the annual ceremonies in honour of the tutelar divinity of a village4 ,,deva ,,yoshita3 ,a woman offered to a god4 ,,dev ,,div,,li3 ,the eleventh day of the bright half of ,krtik4 ,,devi3 ,a goddess4 ,,devipanth3 ,a sect of the worshippers of the goddess ,durga4 ,,dh,,ga3 ,an amulet made of a piece of cloth4 ,,dhal-,,jatra3 ,a ceremony performed at the time of harvest4 ,,dhama3 ,a name of ,hanumn4 ,,dhana3 ,coriander4 ,,dhananjaya3 ,name of a snake4 ,,dhana-,,trayodashi3 ,the thirteenth day of the dark half of ,ashvin4 ,,dhangar3 ,a caste of shepherds4 ,,dhanishtha3 ,name of a constellation4 ,,dhanu3 ,sagittarius4 ,,dhanurm,s3 ,the period during which the sun is in ,sagittarius4 ,,dhanu-,,sankr,,nt3 ,transit or passage of the sun through ,sagittarius4 ,,dh,r,v,,di3 ,a stream of milk4 ,,dharmar,,ja3 ,the god of death4 ,,dharmash,,la3 ,a rest house4 ,,dharmash,,stra3 ,the code of body of ,hindu law4 ,,dharmasindhu3 ,name of a work treating of ,hindu law4 ,,dhed3 ,an impure caste of ,hindus4 ,,dhedv,,da3 ,the ward or place occupied by the ,dhed caste4 ,,dhingo3 ,fat4 ,,dhobi3 ,a caste of washermen4 ,,dhol3 ,a drum4 ,,dholio3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,dhondilgajya3 ,name of a rite performed for securing rainfall4 ,,dhori3 ,white4 ,,dhotar3 ,waist cloth4 ,,dhul ,p,,davo3 ,the first day of the dark half of ,flgun4 ,,dhruva3 ,the son of ,uttnapda4 ,he was a great devotee of the god ,vishnu4 ,the solar star4 ,,dhuleti3 ,see ,dhul ,pdavo4 ,,dhulwad3 ,see ,dhul ,pdavo4 ,the day of throwing dust after the burning of the ,holi4 ,,dhunda3 ,name of a demon goddess4 ,,dhunda ,r,,kshasin3 ,see ,dhunda4 ,,dhundhumari3 ,name of a mythological personage4 ,,dhuni3 ,the smoke-fire of an ascetic over which he sits inhaling the smoke4 ,,dhupa3 ,frankincense4 ,,digambara3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,dipo3 ,panther4 ,,disha-,,shul3 ,pain caused by directions4 ,,div,,li3 ,a festival with nocturnal illuminations1 feastings1 gambling1 etc4 held during the concluding day of ,ashvin and the first and second day of ,krtik4 ,,div,,sa3 ,the fifteenth day of the dark half of ,ashdh4 ,,diwad3 ,a serpent of a large but harmless species4 ,,dodka3 ,one hundredth part of a rupee4 ,,dokado3 ,a ball of molasses and sesamum seed cooked together4 ,,dora3 ,piece of a string2 a magic thread4 ,,dorli3 ,solanum indicum4 ,,doso3 ,old4 ,,dro3 ,a kind of sacred grass4 ,,drona3 ,son of ,bhradvja1 by birth a ,brhman but acquainted with military science which he received as a gift from ,parashurm4 ,he instructed the ,kauravas and ,pndavas in the use of arms4 ,,drustamani3 ,a kind of black beads4 ,,dudha3 ,milk4 ,,dudhp,k3 ,rice cooked in milk and sweetened with sugar4 ,,dug-,,dudioon3 ,see ,dkla4 ,,duhitra3 ,shrddha performed by a grandson to propitiate his maternal grandfather4 ,,duk,l3 ,famine4 ,,dundubhi3 ,a kettle-drum4 ,,dungar3 ,a hill4 ,,durb,r3 ,the court of an ,indian ,chief4 ,,durga3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,durgati3 ,fallen condition4 ,,durva3 ,a kind of sacred grass4 ,,duryodhana3 ,the eldest of the ,kaurava brothers4 ,,dwija3 ,a twice-born4 ,a ,brhman1 a ,kshatriya or a ,vaishya1 whose investiture with the sacred thread constitutes1 religiously and metaphorically a second birth4 ,,dwitiya3 ,the second day of the bright or dark half of a month4 ,e4 ,,ek,,dashi3 ,the eleventh day of the bright and dark halves of a month4 ,,ekal ,,per3 ,zizyphus jujuba4 ,,ek,,ntario3 ,intermittent fever4 ,,ekotishta3 ,the rites performed on the eleventh day after death4 ,,etal,i3 ,name of a goddess4 ,f4 ,f,g3 ,a vulgar song4 ,f,,gan3 ,a corrupted form of ,flgun4 ,see ,flgun4 ,,fakir3 ,a ,muhammadan mendicant4 ,,fakiri3 ,alms given to ,fakirs in the ,muharram4 ,,fakiro3 ,a beggar4 ,f,,lgun3 ,the twelfth month of the ,deccani ,hindu and the fifth month of the ,gujart ,hindu calendar year4 ,f,,vadi3 ,name of a bird4 ,,firang,i3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,ful3 ,a flower4 ,,ful ,,dol3 ,a festival in which coloured water is thrown4 ,g4 ,,gadheda3 ,a donkey4 ,,gadhedo3 ,see ,gadheda4 ,,gadherim,,ta3 ,name of a goddess installed to protect a fortress or a street4 ,,gafal3 ,stupid4 ,,gaganachar3 ,an order of ghosts moving in the etherial regions4 ,,gagarbediun3 ,a piece of leather thong or a piece of black wood on which mystic spells have been cast4 ,,gaj,b,i3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,gajachhaya3 ,a festival--the day of the new moon of ,bhdrapad the moon being in the ,hasta constellation4 ,,gal,l3 ,red powder4 ,,gana3 ,a troop of demigods considered as ,shiva's attendants4 ,,ganagor3 ,name of a vow4 ,,gandharva3 ,a celestial musician2 a class of demigods who are considered to be the singers of gods4 ,g,,ndiva3 ,name of the bow of ,arjuna4 ,g,,ndu3 ,name of a tree4 ,,gandh3 ,sandal paste4 ,,ganesh ,,chaturthi3 ,the fourth day of the bright half of ,bhdrapad celebrated as the birthday of ,ganesh4 ,,ganeshio3 ,a hook-shaped instrument used by thieves in boring holes through walls4 ,,ganga3 ,the river ,ganges4 ,,gang,,jal3 ,water of the ,ganges4 ,,gangigor3 ,name of a vow4 ,g,,nglo3 ,stony4 ,g,,ngud3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,g,,nja3 ,hemp flower4 ,,ganpati3 ,the son of ,shiva and ,prvati4 ,he is the deity of wisdom and the remover of difficulties and obstacles4 ,,ganpatipujan3 ,the worship of ,ganpati4 ,g,,nthia3 ,a preparation of gram flour4 ,,gaon-,,devi3 ,village goddess4 ,,garabi3 ,a song in propitiation of a goddess4 ,,garbh,d,n3 ,the marriage consummation ceremony4 ,g,,rh,,ne3 ,supplication to an idol4 ,,garud3 ,the eagle4 ,,garud ,,pur,n3 ,name of a purn4 ,g,,tr,d3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,gau3 ,a measure of distance equal to #a #a_/c miles4 ,,gautam3 ,name of a sage4 ,,gava3 ,a wild ox4 ,,gavali3 ,a caste of herdsmen4 ,,gavatdev3 ,name of a godling4 ,,gavati3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,gay,,sur3 ,name of a demon4 ,g,,yatri3 ,name of a daughter of ,brahma4 ,g,,yatri ,,mantra3 ,a sacred verse from the ,vedas held specially sacred and repeated by every ,brhman at his morning and evening devotion4 ,the verse is in honour of the sun4 ,g,,yatri ,,purascharan3 ,a form of devotion requiring the recitation of the ,gyatri mantra a hundred thousand times with certain symbolic ceremonies4 ,g,,yatripuraschavachan3 ,see ,gyatripurascharan4 ,,gedi3 ,a bat4 ,,gedi-,d,,nda3 ,an outdoor game played by boys4 ,,geria3 ,a boy who takes an active part in the ,holi festival4 ,,gh,,di3 ,an exorcist4 ,a caste of temple ministrants or an individual of it4 ,,ghadi3 ,a measure of time equal to twenty-four minutes4 ,,ghadulo3 ,a process for removing the effects of the evil eye4 ,,gh,,nchini3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,gh,,ndharavi3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,gh,,ni3 ,that quantity of oil seeds which is put in at one time to be crushed in an oil mill4 ,,gh,t3 ,steps on the side of a river or tank leading to the water4 ,,ghatotkacha3 ,name of a demon4 ,,gheli3 ,mad4 ,,ghelo3 ,mad4 ,,ghelun3 ,mad4 ,,gher,,yala3 ,eclipsed4 ,,gheta3 ,a sheep4 ,,ghodo3 ,a horse4 ,,ghugari3 ,grain boiled whole1 i4e41 unsplit and unhusked4 ,,ghumat3 ,a sort of musical instrument--an earthen vessel1 pitcher-form1 covered over at the larger mouth with leather4 ,,ghuna3 ,a mysterious watery pit4 ,,gidot,n3 ,name of a creeper4 ,,gilli-,d,,nda3 ,a play amongst boys1 trapstick4 ,,gir,,sia3 ,a ,rajput landholder4 ,,girha3 ,a water demon4 ,applied to ,rhu or to an eclipse in general1 solar or lunar4 ,,giri3 ,an order or individual of it among ,gosvis4 ,,gochadi3 ,cattle or dog louse4 ,,godho3 ,a bull4 ,,gokarn3 ,name of a mythological king4 ,,gokhalo3 ,a niche in the wall4 ,,gokul3 ,the name of the village at which ,krishna was brought up4 ,,gokharu3 ,a species of thorns4 ,,gokul-,,ashtami3 ,the eighth day of the dark half of ,bhdrapad celebrated as the birthday of ,krishna4 ,,gol3 ,molasses4 ,,gol,,ba3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,golamb,,devi3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,gomukh3 ,mouth of a cow4 ,,gondaro3 ,place where the village cattle rest4 ,,gondhal3 ,a kind of religious dance4 ,,goolvel3 ,a kind of creeper4 ,,gop,,lsant,n3 ,name of an incantation4 ,,goprad,n3 ,gift of a cow with its calf to a ,brhman4 ,,gor3 ,a priest4 ,,gora3 ,a black earthen vessel filled with curds4 ,,goradia3 ,a name of ,hanumn4 ,,gor,,in3 ,a married unwidowed woman4 ,,gorakha3 ,name of a saint4 ,,gorakh ,,chinch3 ,a kind of tree4 ,,gorji3 ,a preceptor4 ,,gorakhr,j3 ,name of a saint4 ,,gos,,vi3 ,an ascetic4 ,,gotra3 ,a section of a caste having a common ancestor4 ,,gouri-,,pujan3 ,the worship of the goddess ,gouri1 a festival observed only by women4 ,,goutrad3 ,a vow in honour of the cow lasting from the eleventh day to the fifteenth day of the bright half of ,bhdrapad4 ,,goutr,l3 ,name of a vow4 ,,govardhan3 ,a celebrated hill near ,mathura4 ,a large heap of cow dung or of rice1 vegetables1 etc4 made on the first day of the bright half of ,krtik in imitation of the mountain4 ,,gowal-,,deva3 ,name of a deity connected with rain-fall4 ,,graha3 ,a planet4 ,,grahana3 ,an eclipse4 ,,grahan-,,pujan3 ,the worship of the plough on the full-moon day of ,shrvan4 ,,graha-,,sh,,nti3 ,a ceremony in propitiation of the planets4 ,,gr,,madevata3 ,a village goddess4 ,,gr,,ma-,,devi3 ,a village goddess4 ,,grihadevata3 ,the deity which presides over the house4 ,,grishma-,,ritu3 ,the summer4 ,,griva3 ,name of a deity4 ,,gudhi3 ,a pole1 wrapped around with a cloth1 a mango sprig1 etc41 erected on the first day of the year before the house-door4 ,,gudhi-,p,,dva3 ,the first day of the bright half of ,chaitra1 the new year's day of the ,deccani ,hindus4 ,,guhyak3 ,an order of semi-divine beings4 ,,gul,b3 ,a rose4 ,,gugal3 ,balsamodendron4 ,,gujakalpa3 ,name of a medicinal preparation4 ,,gul,l3 ,red powder4 ,,gumpha3 ,a cave4 ,,gundar3 ,gum arabic4 ,,gurav3 ,a caste of temple ministrants or an individual of it4 ,,guru3 ,a religious preceptor2 ,jupiter4 ,,guru ,,charitra3 ,name of a sacred book4 ,h4 ,,hadal3 ,ghost of a woman who dies within ten days of childbirth or during menses4 ,,hadali3 ,see ,hadal4 ,h,j3 ,a pilgrim4 ,,haj,m3 ,a caste of barbers or an individual of it4 ,,hal,,hal3 ,a sort of deadly poison produced at the churning of the ocean4 ,,hansa3 ,a goose4 ,,hanum,n3 ,name of a deity in the form of a monkey4 ,he was a great devotee of ,rma4 ,,hanum,n-,,jayanti3 ,the full-moon-day of chaitra celebrated as the birthday of ,hanumn4 ,,har3 ,a name of ,shiva4 ,,harda3 ,a garland of balls made of sugar4 ,,hard,s3 ,one who performs ,kaths that is relates stories of ,hindu deities to the accompaniment of music4 ,,harde3 ,myrobalan4 ,,hari3 ,a name of ,vishnu4 ,,harischandra3 ,name of a mythological king4 ,,harit,,lika3 ,the third day of the bright half of ,bhdrapad on which images of ,prvati made of earth are worshipped by women4 ,,harivansha3 ,name of a purn4 ,,hasta3 ,name of a constellation4 ,,hathadi3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,h,,thi3 ,an elephant4 ,,havan3 ,a sacrificial offering4 ,,hedamatio3 ,a name of ,hanumn4 ,,hedamba3 ,name of a giantess4 ,,hedli3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,hemant-,,ritu3 ,winter4 ,,hidimba3 ,name of a giantess4 ,,hijada3 ,a eunuch4 ,,hingl,j3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,hiranyakashipu3 ,name of a demon4 ,,hiranyakashyapu3 ,name of a demon4 ,,hirany,,ksha3 ,name of a demon4 ,,hirwa3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,hol3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,holi3 ,a festival held at the approach of the vernal equinox4 ,the pile arranged to be kindled at the festival4 ,,holia3 ,a boy who takes an active part in the ,holi celebrations4 ,,holika3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,holo3 ,a species of birds4 ,,homa3 ,a sacrifice4 ,,homahavan3 ,a formation expressing comprehensively or collectively1 the several acts and points appertaining to oblation by fire3 also any one indefinely of these acts and points4 ,,how3 ,name of a demon4 ,,humbad3 ,a caste of ,vnis or an individual of it4 ,,hut,,shani3 ,the pile arranged to be kindled at the festival of ,holi4 ,i4 ,,ina3 ,an egg4 ,,in,m3 ,a gift4 ,,inda3 ,an egg-shaped vessel4 ,,indra-,,dhanushya3 ,a rain-bow4 ,,indrajit3 ,name of a demon4 ,,indramahotsava3 ,a festival celebrated in honour of the god ,indra4 ,,irale3 ,a protection against rain made of the leaves of trees4 ,,ishtadevata3 ,a chosen deity4 ,,itidio3 ,a species of insects4 ,j4 ,j,,di3 ,fat4 ,,jado3 ,fastened4 ,j,,du3 ,the black art4 ,j,,gran3 ,the fifteenth day of the bright half of ,ashdh4 ,j,,griti3 ,wakefulness4 ,,jaikha3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,j,,kh,i3 ,name of a minor goddess4 ,,jakhani3 ,an order of semi-divine beings4 ,,jakh,i-,,devi3 ,name of a minor goddess4 ,,jakhara3 ,name of a minor goddess4 ,,jakharo3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,j,,khin3 ,spirit of a woman whose husband is alive4 ,,jakhm,,ta3 ,name of a minor goddess4 ,,jakrin3 ,name of a deity residing in water4 ,j,l3 ,an order of ghosts2 name of a tree4 ,,jalachar3 ,an order of evil spirits living in water4 ,,jaladevi3 ,water-goddess4 ,,jalaj3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,jala-,,jatra3 ,the ceremony of submerging the image of ,shiva4 ,,jalandhar3 ,name of a demon4 ,,jalap3 ,a dream caused by cold4 ,,jaldevki3 ,water-goddess4 ,,jalotsava3 ,a water festival4 ,,jambuvant3 ,one of the generals of ,rama's army at the siege of ,lanka or ,ceylon4 ,,jambuvanti3 ,the daughter of ,jambuvant4 ,,jami3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,j,n3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,janak3 ,a king of ,mahila1 the foster-father of ,sita4 ,j,,nawe3 ,a sacred thread4 ,,jangam3 ,a ,lingyat priest4 ,,janhu3 ,name of a mythological king4 ,,janjiro3 ,a black cotton thread with seven knots4 ,,janm,,shtami3 ,the eighth day of the dark half of ,shrvan celebrated as the birth-day of ,krishna4 ,,janma-,,suw,,sini3 ,a woman who is perpetually unwidowed4 ,,janni3 ,name of a minor goddess4 ,,jantra3 ,a mystical arrangement of words4 ,,jap3 ,repeating prayers in a muttering manner4 ,,jap-,m,l3 ,a rosary4 ,j,,ran3 ,a kind of black art4 ,,jar,,sandh3 ,name of a demon4 ,,jari3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,jari-,,mari3 ,a goddess presiding over an epidemic or pestilential disease4 ,,jata3 ,matted hair4 ,,jatra3 ,a fair4 ,,jatupi3 ,name of a sage4 ,,java3 ,barley4 ,,jav,,la3 ,tender wheat plants4 ,,jetha3 ,the eighth month of the ,gujart ,hindu calendar year4 ,,jhapat3 ,a sudden encounter4 ,,jhol,i3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,jimp3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,jinni3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,jino3 ,small4 ,,jinthro3 ,rugged4 ,,jiren3 ,cumin-seed4 ,,jivadhani3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,jivi3 ,live4 ,,jivo3 ,live4 ,,jog,i3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,jogani3 ,a female harpie4 ,,jogata3 ,a male child offered to the goddess ,yallamma4 ,,jogatin3 ,a female child offered to the goddess ,yallamma4 ,,jogava3 ,begging in the name of the goddess ,amba4 ,,jogi3 ,a male child offered to the goddess ,myka4 ,,jogin3 ,a female child offered to the goddess ,myka4 ,,ju,,ri3 ,a kind of corn4 ,,julebi3 ,a kind of sweet4 ,,juthi3 ,false4 ,,juv,,ri3 ,a kind of corn4 ,,jyeshtha3 ,the third month of the ,deccani ,hindu and the eighth month of the ,gujart ,hindu calendar year4 ,name of a constellation4 ,,jyotish-,,sh,,stra3 ,the science of astronomy4 ,k4 ,,kabar3 ,a tomb raised over the grave of a ,muhammadan saint4 ,,kabir3 ,name of a celebrated saint4 ,,kacha3 ,the son of ,brihaspati1 the preceptor of gods4 ,,kachakada3 ,a kind of bead4 ,,kacharo3 ,refuse4 ,,kachbi3 ,rainbow4 ,k,,chhia3 ,a caste of vegetable sellers4 ,,kadadan3 ,legumes4 ,,kadalipujan3 ,plantain tree worship4 ,,kadamb3 ,anthocephalus cadamba4 ,,kadvi3 ,bitter4 ,,kadavo3 ,bitter4 ,,kadulimb3 ,melia ,azadirachta4 ,k,,fri3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,k,,gdo3 ,a crow4 ,k,,gr,,shia3 ,an expounder of the utterances of crows4 ,k,,gva3 ,cooked food offered to the manes4 ,,kaitabha3 ,name of a demon4 ,k,,jal3 ,collyrium4 ,k,,jra3 ,a kind of tree4 ,,kakadi3 ,a cucumber4 ,k,,kbhushundi3 ,name of a sage4 ,,kalash3 ,a jar4 ,,kalashi3 ,a weight of corn4 ,k,,lanemi3 ,name of a demon4 ,,kalasio3 ,a bowl4 ,k,,li3 ,name of a goddess4 ,k,,lika3 ,name of a goddess4 ,k,,lk,,iche ,,bhut3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,k,,li ,,chaudas3 ,the fourteenth day of the dark half of ,ashvin4 ,,kalingi3 ,daughter of the king of the ,kalingas4 ,k,,li ,,paraj3 ,a name applied collectively to the aboriginal tribes of ,gujart4 ,k,,liya ,n,g3 ,name of a mythological snake4 ,k,,li ,,yuga3 ,the fourth age of the world according to the ,hindu scriptures4 ,k,,lo3 ,black4 ,k,,lo ,,va3 ,name of a cattle disease4 ,,kalpavriksha3 ,a fabulous tree granting all desires4 ,k,l ,,bhairav3 ,a name of ,mahdev4 ,k,l ,,purusha3 ,the god of death4 ,k,,lub,i3 ,name of a minor goddess4 ,,kaly,n3 ,welfare4 ,k,,ma ,,dhenu3 ,a heavenly cow granting all desires4 ,,kamala ,,holi3 ,the fourteenth day of the bright half of ,flgun4 ,k,,man3 ,a kind of black art of bewitching a person4 ,,kamandalu3 ,a gourd4 ,k,,mdev ,,mah,,dev3 ,a name of ,mahdev4 ,,kamod3 ,a kind of rice4 ,,kanakn,,th3 ,a name of ,mahdev4 ,,kankotri3 ,red powder4 ,k,,noba3 ,name of a minor deity4 ,,kansa3 ,king of ,mathura1 maternal uncle of ,krishna4 ,,kans,r3 ,coarse wheat flour cooked in water or ghi and sweetened with molasses or sugar4 ,,kanya3 ,a girl2 ,virgo4 ,,kaphan3 ,the cloth in which a corpse is wrapped4 ,,kapil3 ,name of a sage4 ,,kapil,,shasthi3 ,a day on which synchronize six particulars--the day1 ,tuesday2 the month1 ,bhdrapad2 the date1 the sixth of the dark fortnight2 the ,nakshatra1 ,rohini2 the ,yog1 ,vyatipt2 the ,mahnakshatra1 ,hasti4 ,,kapilashete3 ,see ,kapilshasthi4 ,,karan3 ,a kind of tree4 ,,karh,,da3 ,a caste of ,brhmans found in the ,deccan4 ,,karka3 ,cancer4 ,,karkata3 ,name of a water nymph4 ,,karkati3 ,see ,karkata4 ,,karkotak3 ,name of a snake4 ,,karmam,,rga3 ,the path of action4 ,k,,rtik3 ,the eighth month of the ,deccani ,hindu and the first month of the ,gujart ,hindu calendar year4 ,k,,rtikey3 ,son of ,shiva1 the commander of the army of the gods4 ,k,,sada3 ,a kind of sacred grass4 ,,kas,i3 ,a butcher4 ,,kasatia3 ,name of a god4 ,,kasatia-,g,,nth3 ,tying the knot of ,kasatia1 a vow observed in the name of the god ,kasatia4 ,k,,shi3 ,benares4 ,k,,thawati3 ,name of a tribe4 ,,kathekari3 ,a narrator of the legends of the gods4 ,k,,thi3 ,name of a tribe4 ,k,,tkari3 ,name of a tribe4 ,k,,tl,n3 ,a kind of medicinal preparation4 ,,katy,r3 ,a dagger4 ,,kaul3 ,the rice1 betelnuts1 etc41 stuck upon an idol when it is consulted4 ,,kaul ,,gh,,lne3 ,to consult a deity by kaul4 ,,kaurava3 ,the patronymic of the descendants of ,kuru1 but usually applied to the sons of ,dhritarshtra4 ,,kaustubha3 ,name of a celebrated gem obtained at the churning of the ocean and worn by ,vishnu4 ,,kavaneshwar3 ,a name of ,mahdev4 ,k,,ya3 ,body4 ,,ked,r3 ,name of a deity4 ,,ker,,do3 ,a kind of tree4 ,,keshar3 ,saffron4 ,,keshava3 ,a name of ,krishna4 ,,ketu3 ,in astronomy1 the ninth of the planets2 in mythology1 a demon4 ,,khabith3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,khad-,,khadya-,,bes,,dvi3 ,a ceremony performed by exorcists to propitiate their favourite goddesses4 ,,khadi3 ,red or green earth4 ,,khagachar3 ,an order of ghosts roaming in the sky4 ,,khair3 ,acacia catechu4 ,,khais3 ,a species of water spirits4 ,,khaj,,da ,,panth3 ,a sect of ,hindus4 ,,kh,,khara3 ,a kind of tree4 ,,kh,,khi3 ,a sect of ,hindus4 ,,khal3 ,the passage in the ,shivalinga 7phallus of ,shiva74 ,,khana3 ,a bodice cloth4 ,,kh,,nde ,,pujan3 ,worship of arms4 ,,khander,i3 ,a name of the deity ,khandoba4 ,,khandoba3 ,name of a deity4 ,,khanjir3 ,a dagger4 ,,kh,,pari3 ,a kind of cattle disease4 ,,kh,,prya3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,kh,,rava3 ,a disease of cattle in which the hoofs are affected4 ,,kh,,rva3 ,a caste of fishermen and sailors or an individual of it4 ,,kh,,rvi3 ,see ,khrva4 ,,kh,,tale3 ,a cot4 ,,khatri3 ,a caste of weavers4 ,,khav,s3 ,a caste of ,hindus4 ,,khavis3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,khetalo3 ,name of a snake deity4 ,,khetrva3 ,a field4 ,,khem3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,khichadi3 ,a preparation of rice and pulse cooked together4 ,,khijadio3 ,the ,shami tree1 ,prosopis spicigera4 ,,khijado3 ,see ,khijadio4 ,,khijado ,m,,mo3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,khili3 ,a peg4 ,,khir3 ,rice cooked in milk and sweetened with sugar4 ,,khit ,,khit3 ,notes of the ,pingla bird4 ,,khodi,r ,m,,ta3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,khodo3 ,lame4 ,,khodo ,m,,mo3 ,name of a minor deity4 ,,khoja3 ,a class of ,musalmns4 ,,khokho3 ,an outdoor game played in the ,deccan4 ,,khuntini3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,kidi3 ,an ant4 ,,kilbil3 ,notes of the ,pingla bird4 ,,kinkh,b3 ,silk worked with gold and silver flowers1 brocade4 ,,kinnari3 ,an order of semi-divine beings4 ,,kir,,ta3 ,a fisherman4 ,,kishord,s3 ,a name of ,hanumn4 ,,kodra3 ,punctured millet4 ,,kohala3 ,pumpkin4 ,,kok,i3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,kokil3 ,a cuckoo4 ,,kokila ,,vrata3 ,the festival of cuckoos which is held in the month of ,ashdh after a lapse of twenty years4 ,,kolamb,i3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,kolh,i3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,koli3 ,a primitive tribe of ,hindus common in the ,bombay ,presidency4 ,,kolo3 ,a jackal4 ,,kolk,i3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,kolu3 ,cucurbita maxima4 ,,kondi3 ,a kind of earthen pot4 ,,konduri3 ,a preparation of mutton4 ,,kori3 ,a new garment2 an unused earthen jar2 a small silver coin4 ,,kothali3 ,reticule4 ,,kotw,l3 ,name of an untouchable caste of ,hindus4 ,,koyata3 ,a wood bill4 ,,krishna3 ,the eighth incarnation of ,vishnu4 ,,kritika3 ,name of a constellation4 ,,kriya ,,bhaud,i3 ,name of a deity4 ,,kshatriya3 ,the warrior class1 the second of the fourfold divisions of ,manu4 ,,kshetra3 ,a holy place4 ,,kshetrap,l3 ,the guardian spirit of fields2 a kind of stone4 ,,kuber3 ,the lord of wealth1 the regent of the north and the king of the ,yakshas and ,kinnaras4 ,,kukad ,,vel3 ,a kind of creeper4 ,,kul3 ,a totem2 a clan4 ,,kula-,,devata3 ,family deity4 ,,kula-,,devi3 ,family goddess4 ,,kuladharma3 ,a special worship of the family god or goddess of each family4 ,,kulathi3 ,a kind of corn4 ,,kulera3 ,a mixture of wheat1 oat or rice flour1 clarified butter and sugar or molasses4 ,,kulkarni3 ,a village accountant4 ,,kumbha3 ,aquarius4 ,,kumbhakarn3 ,name of a demon4 ,,kumbh,r3 ,a caste of potters4 ,,kumbh,,ran3 ,a woman of the ,kumbhr caste4 ,,kumbhava3 ,name of a cattle disease4 ,,kumbhaviv,,ha3 ,marriage with an earthen jar4 ,,kunbi3 ,a cultivator4 ,,kund3 ,a pond2 a pit2 a sacred pool4 ,,kundalan3 ,a kind of magic circle4 ,,kundali3 ,an astrological diagram of the position of planets at any particular time4 ,,kundalia3 ,a name of ,hanumn4 ,,kundi3 ,a shoe-maker's earthen pot4 ,,kunku3 ,red powder4 ,,kunti3 ,the first wife of ,pandu4 ,,kupotsarga3 ,digging a well for the benefit of the public--and abandoning one's right of ownership over it4 ,,kuranandi3 ,wheat flour lumps used in the ceremony of the ,bodan4 ,,kuri3 ,an implement for sowing corn4 ,,kurmi3 ,name of a water nymph4 ,,kurukshetra3 ,the extensive plain near ,delhi1 the scene of the great battle between the ,kauravas and ,pndavas4 ,,kushm,,nd3 ,an order of demi-gods4 ,,kusumba3 ,the dye prepared from the dried flowers of the ,kusumba 7,carthamus tinctorius74 ,,kutro3 ,a dog4 ,l4 ,l,,du3 ,a sweet ball4 ,,laghurudra3 ,a rite in honour of the god ,shiva4 ,l,,hya3 ,parched rice4 ,,lakshachandi3 ,a recitation in honour of the goddess ,prvati4 ,,lakshamana3 ,brother of ,rma4 ,,lakshmi3 ,the goddess of wealth4 ,l,,la ,,hardev3 ,name of a minor local deity4 ,l,,lo3 ,name of a field deity4 ,l,,lo ,,bhagat3 ,name of a saint4 ,l,,mandivo3 ,an iron lamp4 ,,lamlan3 ,a branch of black magic4 ,,lanka3 ,ceylon4 ,l,,psi3 ,coarse wheat flour fried in ghi and sweetened with molasses or sugar4 ,,laveng3 ,clove4 ,l,,vani3 ,a kind of ballad3 plantation4 ,l,,wani3 ,plantation4 ,l,,vo3 ,a ,parasite4 ,l,,vsant3 ,a ghost of a widow4 ,,limdo3 ,a tree1 ,alantas excelsa4 ,,limbo3 ,poisonous4 ,,linga3 ,phallus4 ,,lingam3 ,see ,linga4 ,,ling,,yat3 ,an individual of the ,lingyat religion whose chief object of worship is ,shiva4 ,,lob,n3 ,olibanum4 ,,lobh,n3 ,incense powder4 ,,lota3 ,a water pot4 ,,luv,,na3 ,a caste of traders4 ,,luxmi3 ,see ,lakshmi4 ,m4 ,,machchendra ,n,,th3 ,name of a saint4 ,,machhi3 ,name of a water nymph4 ,m,,chho3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,machhu3 ,see ,mchho4 ,,madaliun3 ,a hollow bracelet4 ,,madan3 ,cupid4 ,,madhavi3 ,a village headman4 ,,madhu3 ,name of a demon4 ,,madhu ,,pavanti3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,madhw,,ch,,rya3 ,name of a great saint who founded a sect of ,vaishnavism4 ,,mafat3 ,useless4 ,,mafatio3 ,useless4 ,,mag3 ,a grain1 ,phaseolus mungo4 ,m,,gh3 ,the eleventh month of the ,deccani ,hindu and the fourth month of the ,gujart ,hindu calendar year4 ,,magha3 ,name of a constellation4 ,,maghalo3 ,a lamp of mud covered with leaves to represent the god of rain4 ,,mah,,bh,,rat3 ,name of an epic of the ,hindus4 ,,mah,,deva3 ,a name of ,shiva4 ,,maha ,,gira3 ,name of a minor deity4 ,,mah,k,,li3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,mah,k,,li ,,nirv,n ,,tantra3 ,name of a work on ,tantric philosophy4 ,,mah,,lakshmi3 ,name of a goddess2 ,name of a ceremony in which the goddess is worshipped on the eighth day of the bright half of ,ashvin4 ,,mah,,laya ,,shr,,ddha3 ,a shrddha performed in the dark half of ,bhdrapad in propitiation of ancestors4 ,,mah,m,,ri3 ,cholera goddess4 ,,mahant3 ,a saint4 ,,mah,,purush3 ,an order of civil spirits4 ,,mah,r3 ,an unclean caste of ,hindus4 ,,mah,r ,,purusha3 ,a kind of stone4 ,,mah,r,,ja3 ,a term of respectful compellation applied to kings1 religious heads1 saints1 etc4 ,,mah,r,,kshasa3 ,a class of demons4 ,,mah,,rudra3 ,a sacrifice in honour of ,shiva4 ,,mah,,raurava3 ,a kind of hell4 ,,mah,,shivar,,tri3 ,the fourteenth day of the dark half of ,mgh1 a fast day in honour of ,shiva4 ,,mah,,tma3 ,a saint4 ,,mah,,tmya3 ,greatness4 ,,mahesha3 ,a name of ,shiva4 ,,maheshvar3 ,a name of ,shiva4 ,,mahi3 ,name of a demon4 ,,mahik,,wati3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,mahodaya3 ,name of a festival4 ,,maidan3 ,a plain4 ,,makara3 ,capricornus4 ,,makari3 ,name of a water nymph4 ,,makhar3 ,a gaily dressed up wooden frame4 ,,maki3 ,maize4 ,m,l,r3 ,a musical mode4 ,,malh,,ri3 ,a name of ,kandoba4 ,,mali3 ,red lead4 ,m,,li3 ,a caste of gardeners or an individual of it4 ,,malinda3 ,a sweet preparation of wheat flour fried in ghi4 ,,malin3 ,unclean4 ,,mall,,ri3 ,a name of ,khandoba4 ,m,,lo3 ,a bower4 ,,mamikula3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,m,,mo3 ,an order of ghosts2 a maternal uncle4 ,,manaya3 ,name of a deity4 ,,mandal3 ,a group4 ,,mandalu3 ,a circle4 ,,mandan ,,mishra3 ,name of an ancient scholar4 ,,mandap3 ,a bower4 ,m,,nda ,,bharane3 ,filling in a magic circle as a protection from spirits4 ,m,,nek-,,stambha3 ,the auspicious post of the marriage bower4 ,m,,ng3 ,an unclean caste of the ,hindus4 ,m,,ng,i3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,mangal3 ,mars4 ,,mangal-,,gouri3 ,a ceremony performed by married girls for five successive years on every ,tuesday of the month of ,shrvan4 ,,mangal,,rati3 ,moving a lighted lamp round an idol4 ,,mangalsutra3 ,the lucky thread worn by married women4 ,,mani3 ,a jewel2 name of a deity4 ,,manidhar3 ,a snake4 ,,mani ,,malla3 ,name of a demon4 ,m,,nkari3 ,the person entitled to certain honours and presents at village assemblies4 ,,mankoda3 ,a black ant4 ,m,,nsa ,,khavanti3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,mantra3 ,an incantation2 a magic spell4 ,,mantra-,,sh,,stra3 ,the science of incantations4 ,,mantri3 ,an exorcist4 ,m,,ntrik3 ,an exorcist4 ,,manushyachar3 ,an order of ghosts moving among men4 ,m,,ran3 ,a branch of black magic4 ,m,,rga3 ,a path2 course4 ,,marg,i3 ,name of a goddess4 ,m,,rgashirsha3 ,the ninth month of the ,deccani ,hindu and the second month of the ,gujart ,hindu calendar year4 ,,margi3 ,a sect of ,hindus4 ,,margi ,,panthi3 ,a follower of the ,margi sect4 ,,mari3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,marichi3 ,name of a sage4 ,,mariyun3 ,a ceremony for driving away insects4 ,,marvo3 ,marjoram4 ,,masur3 ,lentil4 ,,masida3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,m,,ta3 ,a goddess4 ,m,t,,ji3 ,see ,mta4 ,m,,ta ,,ashtami3 ,the eighth day of the navartra4 ,m,,tari3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,math3 ,a monastery4 ,m,,thbh,,ji3 ,a kind of green vegetable4 ,m,,ti3 ,earth4 ,m,,trika3 ,a mother2 an order of semi-divine beings4 ,m,,uli3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,maunya ,,vrata3 ,a vow of silence4 ,m,,vadi3 ,ghost of a woman dying with certain desires unfulfilled4 ,m,,ya3 ,illusion4 ,m,y,,ka3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,meda3 ,marrow4 ,,medini3 ,the earth4 ,,megh3 ,a cloud4 ,,meghar,,ja3 ,the god of rains4 ,,meghladdu3 ,a sweet ball of wheat flour fried in ghi4 ,,mehulo3 ,see ,maghalo4 ,,mekail3 ,name of an angel4 ,,meladi3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,meldi3 ,see ,meladi4 ,,meli ,,vidya3 ,sacrilegious art4 ,,mena3 ,a kind of bird4 ,,meru3 ,name of a mythological mountain4 ,,mesha3 ,aries4 ,,mh,,lsa3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,mh,,rj,i3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,mharloba3 ,name of a deity4 ,,mhashya3 ,a species of water spirits4 ,,mhasoba3 ,name of a village deity2 lord of ghosts4 ,,miana3 ,a class of ,musalmns4 ,,mina3 ,pisces4 ,,mindhal3 ,a kind of fruit4 ,,miri3 ,particle4 ,,mithun3 ,gemini4 ,,miyali3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,mobhara3 ,a hollow stone used for threshing corn4 ,,mochi3 ,a caste of shoe-makers4 ,,mochini3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,mogri3 ,rat-tailed raddish4 ,,mohan3 ,a branch of black magic4 ,,mohini3 ,a fascinating woman4 ,,moharo3 ,the stone found in the head of the snake4 ,,mohor3 ,see ,moharo4 ,,moksha3 ,salvation4 ,,molani3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,mot,,kat3 ,name of a vow4 ,,mor3 ,a peacock4 ,,moria3 ,an earthen bowl4 ,,mot ,m,,vali3 ,mother ,mary4 ,,motudukh3 ,a kind of cattle disease4 ,,mova ,,kharava3 ,name of a cattle disease4 ,,mrig3 ,a deer2 name of a constellation4 ,,mrig,,nka3 ,the moon4 ,,mriga ,,tonchana3 ,the moon4 ,,mrityunjaya3 ,name of an incantation4 ,,muchkund3 ,name of a sage4 ,,muj,,var3 ,a sweeper of a mosque devoutly or piously fixed to it4 ,,mukti3 ,salvation4 ,,mul3 ,name of a star4 ,,mulo3 ,raddish4 ,,munda3 ,a kind of wind4 ,,mungeshwar ,,mah,,dev3 ,a name of ,shiva4 ,,mungi ,m,,ta3 ,name of a goddess2 dumb mother4 ,,munja3 ,spirit of ,brhman boy who dies immediately after his thread ceremony4 ,,murali3 ,a flute4 ,,murdunga3 ,tabour4 ,,murli3 ,see ,murali4 ,,musal3 ,a rice pounder4 ,,muth3 ,the fist4 ,,muth ,m,,rane3 ,throwing of a handful of rice over which incantations have been repeated2 sending a bewitched lemon to a person to whom a disease is to be transferred or who is to be killed4 ,,muva-,,keshibi3 ,a kind of cattle disease4 ,n4 ,n,,chani3 ,a kind of grain4 ,n,d,,pudi3 ,a coloured cord with a small parcel containing incense1 red powder1 etc4 ,n,d,s,,di3 ,a cord and a robe4 ,n,g3 ,a snake2 a species of semi-divine beings half men half serpents in form4 ,n,,ga3 ,see ,ng4 ,n,,gabali3 ,a propitiatory offering to snakes4 ,n,,gar3 ,a caste of ,brhmans found in ,gujart4 ,n,,gch,,mfa3 ,a flower tree1 ,alpinia mutans4 ,n,,gdev3 ,the snake god4 ,n,,gkanya3 ,a snake girl4 ,n,g ,,kesar3 ,messua ,ferrea4 ,n,,gmaga3 ,a class of beggars who worship the snake4 ,n,,gn,,th3 ,name of a snake deity4 ,n,g ,,panchami3 ,the fifth day of the bright half ,shrvan1 a holiday in honour of the snake deity4 ,n,,go3 ,shameless4 ,n,,goba3 ,the snake deity4 ,n,,gvel3 ,a kind of creeper4 ,,naivedya3 ,an offering of some eatable to an idol4 ,,nakshatra3 ,a star2 a constellation4 ,,nala3 ,name of a mythological king4 ,n,,lpir3 ,name of a pir or ,mahomedan saint4 ,n,l ,s,,heb3 ,a familiar name for the bearer1 in the ,muharam1 of the ,tabut-pole which terminates at the top in a nl or horse-shoe member4 ,,naman3 ,oil poured over the image of ,hanumn4 ,,namask,r3 ,reverential or respectful address or salutation4 ,,nanda3 the adoptive father of ,krishna4 ,,nandar,j3 ,name of a mythological king4 ,,nandi3 ,a bull4 ,n,,ndi ,,shr,,ddha3 ,a ,shrddha to the manes1 preliminary to any joyous occasion4 ,n,,no3 ,small4 ,,nao ,,narasing3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,nara3 ,name of a sage4 ,n,,rad ,,muni3 ,name of a divine sage4 ,,narak3 ,hell4 ,,narak-,,chaturdashi3 ,the fourteenth day of the dark half of ,ashvin4 ,n,,rali ,,paurnima3 ,the cocoanut holiday1 the fifteenth day of the bright half of ,shrvan4 ,,narasimha3 ,an incarnation of ,vishnu in the form of half lion half man4 ,n,r,,yan3 ,name of a sage4 ,n,r,,yana ,,bali3 ,a sacrifice in propitiation of evil spirits4 ,n,r,,yan ,,kavach3 ,a hymn in honour of ,vishnu4 ,n,r,,yan ,n,,gabali3 ,a kind of offering4 ,n,,rel-,,purnima3 ,see ,nrali ,paurnima4 ,,nargudikalpa3 ,a kind of medicinal preparation4 ,,narkya ,,uda3 ,a kind of incense4 ,,narsinha3 ,see ,narasimha4 ,,narsinha ,,mehta3 a celebrated saint of ,gujart4 ,n,,tak3 ,a drama4 ,,nathu3 ,tied4 ,,navachandi3 ,name of a sacrifice4 ,,navagraha3 ,the nine planets4 ,,navagrahash,,nti3 ,a ceremony in propitiation of the nine planets4 ,,navak,d,n3 ,gift of a ship4 ,,naval-,,devi3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,navamuthium3 ,a preparation of nine handfuls of wheat4 ,,navar,,tra3 ,the first nine days of the month of ,ashvin held sacred to ,durga4 ,,navateri3 ,a game of nine and thirteen4 ,,nehado3 ,a hamlet of ,bharvds or shepherds4 ,,niar3 ,a kind of rice grown without ploughing4 ,,nilotsarga3 ,a kind of ,shrddha4 ,,nilotsava3 ,see ,nilparvn4 ,,nilparv,n3 ,a ceremony in propitiation of the spirits of deceased ancestors4 ,,nirgudi3 ,a kind of plant4 ,,nirmala3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,nol ,,vel3 ,a kind of creeper4 ,,nrisinha ,,mantra3 ,an incantation in honour of ,nrisinha4 ,,ny,,sa3 ,gesture4 ,o4 ,,oghad3 ,a fool4 ,,okarinu3 ,vomitting2 a kind of sheep disease4 ,,olo3 ,a species of birds4 ,,omk,r ,,mandh,,ta3 ,name of a god4 ,p4 ,p,,do3 ,a he-buffalo4 ,p,,duka3 ,impressions of feet on stones4 ,,padval3 ,snake-gourd4 ,,padwal3 ,see ,padval4 ,,pajusan3 ,a holiday of ,jains4 ,,palas3 ,a tree1 ,butea frondosa4 ,,palejatra3 ,a ceremony performed at the sowing season4 ,,pale ,,marad3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,p,,lio3 ,a pillar4 ,a tomb erected on the grave of a person who dies on a field of battle4 ,,palus3 ,see palas4 ,p,n3 ,a betel leaf4 ,,panchak3 ,grouping of constellations lasting for five days4 ,,panch,,kshari3 ,an exorcist4 ,,panch,,mrita3 ,a mixture of milk1 curds1 sugar1 ghi and honey4 ,,pancharatna3 ,five kinds of precious things1 viz41 gold1 silver1 copper1 coral and pearls4 ,,panch,,yatan3 ,the five deities1 ,shiva1 ,vishnu1 ,surya1 ,ganpati and ,devi4 ,,panch-,,deva3 ,see ,panchyatan4 ,,panchgavya3 ,a mixture of the five products of the cow4 ,,panchopach,r3 ,the presenting in oblation to an idol of five articles4 ,p,,ndava3 ,a term applied to the five sons of ,pandu4 ,,pandhar3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,pandit3 ,a scholar4 ,p,,ndhri3 ,a kind of tree4 ,p,,ngal-,,devi3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,panoti3 ,certain peculiar conjunctions of planets2 name of a goddess4 ,p,,pad3 ,wafer biscuits4 ,,paradi3 ,a disease-scaring basket2 a basket4 ,,parak,y,,pravesh3 ,entering the body of another4 ,,parashu3 ,an axe4 ,,pardeshi3 ,a term applied to men from ,upper ,india1 usually low caste4 ,,parjanya3 ,rain4 ,,parjanya-,,sh,,nti3 ,a ceremony performed to secure rainfall4 ,,parm,r3 ,a clan of ,rajputs4 ,p,,ro3 ,a kind of stone4 ,p,,rshad ,,vaikuntha3 ,name of a heavenly region4 ,p,,rthishwar3 ,lord of the earth2 a god4 ,p,,rvati3 ,the consort of ,shiva4 ,,parwani3 ,a festival4 ,,pashuchar3 ,an order of ghosts moving among beasts4 ,,pashupat,,ka3 ,a weapon of ,shiva4 ,,pastana3 ,the being disposed for use--vessels1 etc4 for idol worship4 ,p,t3 ,a low wooden stool2 marriage with a widow4 ,p,t,l3 ,the nether world4 ,p,,tha3 ,recitation4 ,p,,til3 ,a village headman4 ,,patit-,p,,van3 ,purifier of the fallen4 ,,patka3 ,a head scarf4 ,p,,tla3 ,a low wooden stool4 ,p,t ,l,,vane3 ,to marry a widow4 ,,paur,,nic3 ,as prescribed in the purnas4 ,,paush3 ,the tenth month of the ,deccani ,hindu and the third month of the ,gujart ,hindu calendar year4 ,p,,vaiya3 ,a sect of goddess worshippers4 ,p,,vte3 ,a kind of grain4 ,,pedhe3 ,a kind of sweets4 ,,pedi3 ,a small heap or lpsi4 ,,peesa3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,penda3 ,a kind of sweets4 ,,pettod3 ,a kind of cattle disease4 ,,ph,,lgun3 ,the twelfth month of the ,deccani ,hindu and the fifth month of the ,gujart ,hindu calendar year4 ,,phanas3 ,the jack fruit4 ,,pidh,n ,,rati3 ,the ceremony of substituting night ornaments on an idol for the costly ornaments of the day4 ,,piludi3 ,a kind of tree4 ,,pind3 ,a rice ball4 ,,pinda3 ,see ,pind4 ,,pingla3 ,a species of birds4 ,,pinjar3 ,red powder4 ,,pipal3 ,a tree1 ,ficus religiosa4 ,,pipaleshwar ,,mah,,dev3 ,a name of ,shiva4 ,,pir3 ,a ,muhammadan name for a saint4 ,,piras ,,pipalo3 ,thespesia populwa4 ,,pish,,cha3 ,an evil spirit4 ,,pitar3 ,a spirit of a deceased ancestor4 ,,pithi3 ,turmeric powder4 ,,pitp,,pdo3 ,glossocardi ,boswellia4 ,,pitra3 ,manes4 ,,pitri3 ,an ancestral spirit4 ,,pitri ,,shr,,ddha3 ,a ,shrddha in propitiation of the ancestral spirits4 ,,pitrriya3 ,a deceased ancestor4 ,,pitru ,,paksha3 ,manes' fortnight1 the dark half of the month of ,bhdrapad4 ,,pohor3 ,a measure of time equal to three hours4 ,,polio3 ,hollow4 ,,polo3 ,hollow4 ,,pondhar3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,popat3 ,a parrot4 ,,poshi3 ,a class of chudels1 an order of ghosts4 ,,pothia3 ,an exorcist2 the bull of ,shiva4 ,,pothio3 ,a bull4 ,,pr,,chetas3 ,a patronymic of ,manu4 ,,pradakshina3 ,circumambulation4 ,,pradosha3 ,the thirteenth day of the dark half of a month4 ,,pralh,d3 ,the son of the demon ,hiranyakashipu4 ,he was a great devotee of ,vishnu4 ,,pralamb,,sur3 ,name of a demon4 ,,pr,,na3 ,life4 ,,pr,,na-,,poka3 ,death wail4 ,,pras,d3 ,consecrated food4 ,,prasth,,na3 ,see ,pastana4 ,,prat,b3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,pr,,yaschitta3 ,penance4 ,,prayoga3 ,performance2 experiment4 ,,preta3 ,a goblin2 spirit of a person dying a sudden or accidental death4 ,,pudina3 ,mentha ,sativa4 ,,puja3 ,worship4 ,,puj,,ri3 ,a worshipper4 ,,pujya3 ,deserving to be worshipped4 ,,pulap3 ,name of a sage4 ,,pulastya3 ,name of a sage4 ,,punarvasu3 ,name of a constellation4 ,,pundarik3 ,name of a mythological snake4 ,,punema3 ,the full moon day of a month4 ,,punji3 ,refuse4 ,,punjo3 ,refuse4 ,,puny,,ha ,,wachan3 ,a particular ceremony performed on festive occasions4 ,,punya ,,sth,,na3 ,a holy place4 ,,punya ,,tithi3 ,the death anniversary of a ,sanysi or saint4 ,,pur,n3 ,the name of a certain class of sacred books ascribed to ,vysa and containing the whole body of ,hindu mythology4 ,,purbhaya3 ,a term applied to persons from ,upper ,india4 ,,purn,,huti3 ,an offering into the fire of a handful of rice1 ghi1 cocoanuts and some other articles4 ,,purnima3 ,see ,paurnima4 ,,purna ,,tithi3 ,a complete day4 ,,purushottam3 ,intercalary month4 ,,purv,,bh,,drapada3 ,name of a constellation4 ,,purv-,f,,lguni3 ,name of a constellation4 ,,purvaja3 ,an ancestor4 ,,purv,,sh,,dha3 ,name of a constellation4 ,,pushkar3 ,name of a snake4 ,,pushya3 ,name of a constellation4 ,r4 ,,rab,,ri3 ,a caste of shepherds4 ,r,,dha3 ,a man dressed in woman's clothes as a dancer2 name of a sweetheart of ,krishna4 ,,radio3 ,crying4 ,r,,fda3 ,a kind of jujube tree4 ,,ragatio3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,r,,hu3 ,a demon with the tail of a dragon whose head was severed from his body by ,vishnu4 ,the head and tail1 retaining their separate existence1 were transferred to the planetary heavens1 and became1 the first1 the eighth planet1 and the second 7,ketu7 the ninth4 ,,rain,,devi3 ,name of a goddess4 ,r,j,h3 ,a king4 ,r,,jayajna3 ,a kind of sacrifice4 ,r,,jb,i ,m,,ta3 ,name of a goddess4 ,r,,jbhog ,,arati3 ,the ceremony of offering dainties and cooked food to the gods4 ,,rajput,,ni3 ,wife of a ,rajput2 a ,rajput woman4 ,r,,khadi3 ,a piece of silk thread4 ,,rakhev,,lio3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,r,,kshasa3 ,a demon4 ,r,,la3 ,panic seed4 ,r,,le3 ,panic seed4 ,,ramalash,,stra3 ,the science of divining by means of figures or lines and dice4 ,r,,manavami3 ,the ninth day of the bright half of ,chaitra celebrated as the birth day of ,rma4 ,r,m,,nuja3 ,name of a great saint and philosopher who founded a sect of ,vaishnavism4 ,r,m,,yana3 ,an epic poem by ,vlmiki describing the exploits and adventures of ,rma4 ,r,,mchandra3 ,a name of ,rma4 ,r,,meshwar3 ,a name of ,shiva4 ,r,,mn,,th3 ,name of a deity4 ,r,,ndal3 ,name of a goddess who presides over child-birth4 ,r,,ndhan ,,chhetha3 ,the cooking sixth1 the sixth day of the dark half of ,shrwan4 ,,rangpanchami3 ,the fifth day of the dark half of ,phlgun on which coloured water is thrown4 ,r,,njani3 ,a kind of tree4 ,,ranna ,,devi3 ,name of a goddess who presides over child-birth4 ,r,,no3 ,a ,lord4 ,r,,shi3 ,signs of the ,zodiac4 ,,ratanvo ,p,,ro3 ,a kind of stone4 ,,ratanwa3 ,a kind of skin disease4 ,,rath3 ,a charriot4 ,,ratha ,,saptami3 ,the seventh day of the bright half of ,mgh4 ,,ratna3 ,a jewel4 ,,ratneshwar ,,mah,,deva3 ,a name of ,shiva4 ,r,,ul3 ,a caste of ,hindus or an individual of it4 ,r,,val3 ,see ,rul4 ,,ravaln,,th3 ,name of a spirit2 name of a village deity4 ,r,,van3 ,name of the demon king of ,lanka or ,ceylon4 ,,ravi3 ,the sun4 ,,rawaln,,th3 ,see ,ravalnth4 ,r,,yan3 ,a tree1 ,mimusops hexandra4 ,,rekha3 ,a line4 ,,rela3 ,a stream4 ,,revati3 ,name of a constellation4 ,,rewadi3 ,a preparation of sesamum and sugar4 ,,rikta3 ,unfruitful1 inauspicious4 ,,rishi ,,punchami3 ,the fifth day of the bright half of ,bhdrapad4 ,,ritu3 ,a season4 ,,rohini3 ,name of a constellation4 ,,ropani3 ,transplanting4 ,,rot3 ,a loaf prepared from eight kinds of grain4 ,,rotal3 ,womanish4 ,,rudra3 ,an order of semi-divine beings4 ,,rudr,,bhisheka3 ,the ceremony of pouring water in a constant stream over the image of ,shiva for eleven consecutive days and nights4 ,,rudr,,ksha3 ,a tree sacred to ,shiva4 ,eleocarpus ganitrus4 ,,rudr,,ksha ,m,,la3 ,a rosary of #ajh beads of the rudrksha wood4 ,,rudray,g3 ,a sacrifice in honour of the god ,shiva4 ,,rui3 ,a tree1 calotropis gigantea4 ,,rupo3 ,handsome4 ,,rutu3 ,name of a sage4 ,,rutush,,nti3 ,the marriage consummation ceremony4 ,s4 ,,sabha3 ,a meeting4 ,s,d,s,,ti ,,panoti3 ,a panoti extending over seven years and a half4 ,s,,dhan3 ,accomplishment4 ,s,,dhu3 ,a saint4 ,,sagar3 ,a king of the ,solar race1 an ancestor of ,rma4 ,,sah,n3 ,a levigating slab4 ,,sahasrabhojan3 ,feeding a thousand ,brhmans4 ,,sait,n3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,saiyed3 ,a name for ,musalmns directly descended from the ,prophet4 ,,sakharado3 ,a kind of disease4 ,,sakhotia3 ,name of a tree4 ,,sakini3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,s,,kshi3 ,witness4 ,,sal,m3 ,the word used in salutation by and to ,muhammadans and other people not ,hindu4 ,,salbaya3 ,name of a deity4 ,,sam,,chari3 ,the death anniversary4 ,,sam,,dh3 ,the edifice which is erected over the burial-place of a ,sanysi or saint2 deep and devout meditation4 ,,sam,,dhi3 ,see ,samdh4 ,,samai3 ,a brass lamp4 ,s,m,,nya ,,puja3 ,ordinary worship4 ,,sambandha3 ,spirit of a ,brhman who dies without an heir and whose funeral rites have not been performed4 ,s,,melu3 ,a log of wood4 ,s,,mishya3 ,entering the divine order4 ,,sampat ,,shaniw,r3 ,wealth-giving ,shaniwr1 a ,saturday in the month of ,shrvan4 ,,samudra3 ,the sea4 ,,samvat3 ,a year4 ,,samvatsar3 ,a year2 ,a period of three cycles of twenty years each1 that is sixty years4 ,,samvatsari3 ,death anniversary4 ,s,,mvatsarik ,,shr,,ddha3 ,the yearly ,shrddha4 ,,sanatkumar3 ,one of the four sons of ,brahma4 ,,sanchal3 ,a kind of salt4 ,,sandhya3 ,the morning1 noon or evening prayers of a ,brhman4 ,,sandhya ,,rati3 ,offerings of ,milk1 sugar and cakes to the gods in the evening4 ,,sanip,t3 ,delirium4 ,s,,nkal3 ,a chain4 ,,sankar3 ,a stone4 ,,sankasti ,,chaturthi3 ,the fourth lunar day of every dark fortnight4 ,,sankr,,nt3 ,transit or passage of the sun or a planet from one sign of the zodiac into another4 ,,sankr,,nti3 ,see ,sankrnt4 ,,sany,,si3 ,the ,brhman of the fourth order1 the religious mendicant4 ,,sapindi3 ,the offering of a ball of rice1 etc41 to the spirit of a deceased relative1 commonly on the twelfth day after his decease4 ,,sapt,,ha3 ,a perusal or reading through of a purn or other sacred book in seven consecutive days4 ,,sapt,,ha-,p,r,,yan3 ,see ,saptha4 ,,sapta-,,rishi3 ,ursa ,major 7the seven stars of which are supposed to be the seven great saints ,marichi1 ,atri1 ,angiras1 ,pulastya4 ,pulaha1 ,kratu and ,vasishtha47 ,,sapta ,,sani3 ,name of an incarnation4 ,s,,rangdha3 ,a kind of fruit4 ,,sarasvati3 ,the goddess of learning4 ,s,,ri3 ,a robe4 ,,sarpa ,b,,ndhane3 ,a process by which a snake can be prevented from entering or leaving a particular area4 ,,sarvas,,kshi3 ,the observer of all things4 ,,sat,p3 ,a kind of tree4 ,,satarsingo3 ,name of a goblin4 ,s,,tem3 ,the seventh day of the bright or dark half of a month4 ,s,,teri3 ,name of a goddess4 ,s,,thara3 ,the place in the house where a corpse is placed4 ,,sathia3 ,an auspicious figure drawn on the floor4 ,,satsang3 ,contract with the righteous4 ,,satv,i3 ,name of a goddess2 the ghost of a woman4 ,,satya ,n,r,,yan3 ,name of a deity2 a vow of that name4 ,,satyaw,n3 ,name of a mythological king4 ,,saud,,mini3 ,the lightning4 ,,saundad3 ,the ,shami tree1 ,prosopis spicigera4 ,s,,vaj3 ,a wild animal4 ,,savap,,ti3 ,weighing about six pounds and a quarter4 ,,savita3 ,the sun4 ,s,,vitri3 ,a mythological woman celebrated for her devotion to her husband4 ,,sawanekarin3 ,name of a goddess4 ,s,,war3 ,a kind of tree4 ,s,,wk,r3 ,a money-lender4 ,s,,vo3 ,sewed4 ,s,,yujja3 ,merging into the divine form4 ,,ser3 ,a measure of weight4 ,,seraja3 ,a kind of gift4 ,,seva3 ,vermicelli4 ,,sevak3 ,a disciple1 a follower4 ,,sevaka3 ,see ,sevak4 ,,shad,,nada3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,shakario3 ,name of a cattle disease4 ,,sh,,kini3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,sh,,kta ,m,,ta3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,shakti3 ,the energy or active power of a deity personified as his wife2 as ,prvati of ,shiva4 ,,shaktim,,ta3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,shakti-,,panthi3 ,a follower of the ,shakti or ,shkta sect that is those who worship a divine energy under its feminine personification4 ,,shaktiy,g3 ,a sacrifice in honour of ,shakti4 ,,sh,,ligr,m3 ,a sacred stone supposed to represent ,vishnu4 ,,sh,,lunki3 ,a species of singing birds4 ,,shani3 ,saturn4 ,,shang,r ,,arati3 ,the ceremony of taking off the idols night garments and putting on others for the day4 ,,shankar,,ch,,rya3 ,the designation of the celebrated teacher of the ,vednt philosophy4 ,,shank,,sur3 ,name of a demon4 ,,shankh,,sur3 ,name of a demon4 ,,shankhini3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,sh,,ntanu3 ,a king of the lunar race who married ,ganga and ,satyavati4 ,,shar,,dian3 ,the dark half of the month of ,bhdrapad4 ,,sh,,rang3 ,the bow of ,vishnu4 ,,sharad ,,punema3 ,the full-moon day of ,ashvin4 ,,sharad-,,ritu3 ,the ,autumn4 ,,sh,,stra3 ,scripture4 ,,shatachandi3 ,an incantation in honour of the goddess4 ,,shatanjiva3 ,live for a hundred years4 ,,shatat,,raka3 ,name of a constellation4 ,,shatchandi3 ,an incantation in honour of the goddess ,chandi4 ,,shes ,,bharane3 ,name of a ceremony4 ,,shendur3 ,red lead4 ,,shesh ,n,g3 ,the snake of one thousand hoods who supports the earth4 ,,shevari3 ,a kind of tree4 ,,shikhandi3 ,amba born as the daughter of ,drupada4 ,she was given out to be1 and brought up as1 a male child4 ,,shikhar3 ,top4 ,,shikotar3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,shili3 ,stale4 ,,shili ,s,,tem3 ,the stale seventh1 the seventh day of the dark half of ,shrvan4 ,,shir,,lshet3 ,name of an ancient ,vni or trader who became a king1 and reigned three and a half ghatika 7a measure of time74 ,,shishir-,,ritu3 ,the cold season4 ,,shit3 ,the fowl tied to the top of the bamboo planted in the pit of the ,holi fire4 ,,shitala ,,ashtaka3 ,a hymn in praise of the goddess ,shitala4 ,,shital,i-,,pujan3 ,a holiday observed by women4 ,,shital,,devi3 ,the small-pox goddess4 ,,shitala ,m,,ta3 ,see ,shitaldevi4 ,,shital-,,saptami3 ,see ,shili ,stem4 ,,shiva3 ,the third god of the ,hindu ,trinity4 ,,shivalangi3 ,name of a plant4 ,,shiv-,,mutha3 ,a vow in which handfuls of corn are offered by married girls to the god ,vishnu on every ,monday in the month of ,shrvan4 ,,shivar,,tra3 ,the fourteenth day of the dark half of every month sacred for the worship of ,shiva4 ,,shivar,,tri3 ,see ,shivartra4 ,,shiwani3 ,a kind of tree4 ,,shiwar3 ,an offering of boiled rice mixed with curds2 an offering of a goat or fowl4 ,,shloka3 ,a stanza1 a verse4 ,,shodashopach,r3 ,the sixteen ways of doing homage4 ,,shoka-,,pagl,n3 ,morning foot prints4 ,,shr,,vad3 ,a kind of shrub4 ,,shr,,vak3 ,a term applied to the members of the ,jain religion4 ,,shr,,van3 ,the fifth month of the ,deccani and the tenth month of the ,gujart ,hindu calendar year4 ,,shr,,vani3 ,the ceremony of renewing the sacred thread4 ,,shrawana3 ,name of a constellation4 ,,shri ,,dutta3 ,name of a deity4 ,,shring,r ,,rati3 ,see ,shangr rati4 ,,shringhi3 ,name of a sage4 ,,shri ,,satya ,n,r,,yan3 ,name of a deity4 ,,shuddha3 ,pure2 the bright half of a month4 ,,shudra3 ,the last of the four-fold divisions of ,manu4 ,,shukamuni3 ,name of a sage4 ,,shukra3 ,venus4 ,,siddha3 ,an order of semi-divine beings4 ,,siddha ,,purusha3 ,a magician4 ,,siddhi3 ,accomplishment2 the acquisition of supernatural powers2 name of a wife of ,ganpati4 ,,siddhi ,,karan3 ,name of a book in which ,dharmarja keeps an account of the good and bad actions of men4 ,,sidha3 ,uncooked articles of food4 ,,sidio3 ,nigro-like4 ,,sikan3 ,a sling4 ,,sike3 ,a sling4 ,,sikotaru3 ,see ,sikoturu4 ,,sikoturu3 ,ghost of a woman dying with certain desires unfulfilled4 ,,sim,,nt3 ,the first pregnancy ceremony4 ,,sindh,v,r3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,sindur3 ,red lead4 ,,sinha3 ,a lion2 ,leo4 ,,sinhika3 ,the mother of ,rhu4 ,,sita3 ,the consort of ,rma4 ,,siwa ,b,,ndhane3 ,binding the boundary-name of a ceremony4 ,,siwo3 ,sewn4 ,,sm,,rta ,,agni3 ,the fire which is kept constantly burning and worshipped during the ,chturms4 ,,sod-,,munj3 ,the ceremony of loosening the munja 7string7 from the loins of a ,brhman4 ,,solanki3 ,name of a clan of ,rajputs4 ,,sola ,,somv,r-,,vrata3 ,a vow observed on sixteen successive ,mondays4 ,,somapa3 ,name of a water nymph4 ,,somavati-,,am,v,,sya3 ,the fifteenth day of the dark half of a month falling on ,monday4 ,,somaga3 ,name of a religious ceremony4 ,,soni3 ,a caste of goldsmiths or an individual of it4 ,,sorro3 ,sulphuret of antimony4 ,,soshi3 ,name of a class of chudels4 ,,sovalen3 ,a silk garment4 ,,sphatika ,,mani3 ,a crystal stone4 ,,stambhan3 ,a branch of black magic4 ,,sth,,na3 ,locality4 ,,sth,,na-,,deva3 ,a local deity4 ,,sth,,nadevata3 ,see ,sthna-deva4 ,,sth,,pan3 ,installation4 ,,sud3 ,the bright half of a month4 ,,sudarshan3 ,see ,sudarshan chakra4 ,,sudarshan ,,chakra3 ,the discus of ,vishnu4 ,,sudha3 ,nectar4 ,,sudh,,kar3 ,the moon4 ,,sudyaman3 ,name of a mythological king4 ,,sugad3 ,a little earthen vessel4 ,,suk,l3 ,a plentiful harvest4 ,,sulio3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,suleim,,ni ,p,,ro3 ,a kind of stone4 ,,sumaria ,,ganesh3 ,a name of ,ganpati4 ,,suna3 ,unoccupied4 ,,sunaku3 ,a kind of cattle disease4 ,,sunk,i3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,sunth3 ,dry ginger4 ,,supadun3 ,a winnowing fan4 ,,sura3 ,liquor4 ,,surakano3 ,twisted iron wire4 ,,suran3 ,a morphophallus campalatus 7elephant foot74 ,,surang3 ,a kind of tree4 ,,surdhan3 ,ghost of a male member dying with certain of his desires unfulfilled4 ,,surmo3 ,see ,sorro4 ,,suropuro3 ,a spirit of one who meets death on a field of battle4 ,,surya3 ,the sun4 ,,surya ,,kavach3 ,a hymn in honour of the ,sun4 ,,surya-,,vrat3 ,a vow in honour of the ,sun4 ,,sutaki3 ,one ceremonially impure on account of the death of a relative4 ,,sut,r3 ,a caste of carpenters or an individual of it4 ,,suti3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,suttee3 ,a woman who burns herself on the funeral pyre of her husband4 ,,suva3 ,an ingredient used in preparing spices4 ,,suwarn3 ,gold4 ,,suw,,sini3 ,an unwidowed woman4 ,,sw,,mi3 ,a lord1 a term applied to saints4 ,,sw,,mi ,,mah,r,j3 ,an epithet of ,datttraya or ,shri ,dutta4 ,,sw,,min,r,,yan3 ,a sect of ,hindus4 ,,swapna3 ,a dream4 ,,swarga3 ,heaven4 ,,swastika3 ,a kind of mystical figure4 ,,sw,,ti3 ,name of constellation4 ,,swayambhu3 ,self-existent4 ,,swayamvar3 ,a maiden's choice marriage4 ,t4 ,t,,dia3 ,a fruit of the fan-palm4 ,,taduli3 ,the full moon day of ,ashdh4 ,,takshak3 ,name of a snake4 ,t,l3 ,a kind of cymbal4 ,,talabdia ,,koli3 ,a sub-division of the ,koli tribe4 ,,talkh,,mba3 ,a ghost of an unmarried ,shudra4 ,t,,li3 ,a plate4 ,,tali ,,bharane3 ,a rite performed in honour of the god ,khandoba4 ,,talo ,,bhagat3 ,name of a great saint4 ,,tam,,sha3 ,a diverting exhibition2 a show1 play1 farce1 mock-fight1 etc4 ,t,,mhan3 ,a flat saucer-like metal plate4 ,,tamj,i3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,tanyatun3 ,lightning4 ,,tapakeshwar3 ,a name of ,mahdev4 ,t,r-,b,,ras3 ,the star twelfth1 the twelfth day after the death of a person4 ,,taria ,t,v3 ,periodical fever4 ,,tarpan3 ,an offering of water4 ,t,v3 ,a sheet of paper4 ,,tava3 ,a cake fried in oil in a pan4 ,,tavo3 ,flat unleavened loaves4 ,,taxami3 ,the ghost of a woman dying in child-bed or menses4 ,,th,,korji3 ,a name for the ,deity4 ,,th,l3 ,a dish4 ,,th,,na3 ,a station4 ,,th,,nak3 ,locality4 ,,thor3 ,a tree4 ,euphoria nerifolia4 ,,tid3 ,a locust4 ,,til3 ,sesamum4 ,,tila3 ,the sectarial mark made with coloured earths or unguents upon the forehead4 ,,tilad3 ,a singing sparrow4 ,,tindot,n3 ,a kind of creeper4 ,,tirtha3 ,water used in bathing an idol2 a holy place4 ,,tola3 ,a weight amounting to #baj grains4 ,,tond ,,bhut3 ,an order of evil spirits4 ,,toshi3 ,a class of chudels4 ,,traveni3 ,a confluence of three rivers4 ,,tret,,yuga3 ,the second yuga or age according to the ,hindu scriptures4 ,,trij3 ,the third day of the bright or dark half of a month4 ,,tripindi3 ,a kind of ,shrddha4 ,,tripur,,sur3 ,name of a demon4 ,,tripuri-,,paurnima3 ,the full moon-day of ,krtik4 ,,trishanku3 ,name of a king of the ,solar race4 ,,trishul3 ,a trident4 ,,tuchaka3 ,a mystical method4 ,,tula3 ,libra4 ,,tulsi-,,vrat3 ,a vow in honour of the ,tulsi or sweet basil plant4 ,,tulsi3 ,the sweet basil4 ,,tungj,i3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,turabat3 ,a tomb4 ,u4 ,,ubhi3 ,standing2 an order of ghosts4 ,,uch,,tan3 ,a branch of black magic4 ,,uchch,,tan3 ,see ,uchtan4 ,,uda3 ,a species of water spirits4 ,,udak ,,sh,,nti3 ,propitiation by water4 ,,ujani3 ,a ceremony in propitiation of the village gods4 ,,ujjani2 ,a festival in honour of the god ,indra4 ,,ukardi3 ,earth with which the marriage altar is built4 ,,uko3 ,a dung-hill4 ,,uma ,,mahesh3 ,the god ,mahdev and his wife ,prvati2 name of a vow in honour of them4 ,,umbar3 ,the ,indian fig tree4 ,,umpi3 ,name of a ,ng girl4 ,,un,i ,m,,ta3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,undar3 ,a mouse4 ,,unt3 ,a camel4 ,,upadeva3 ,a demi-god4 ,,up,,karma3 ,the ceremony of renewing the sacred thread4 ,,uras3 ,a fair held in honour of a ,mahomedan saint4 ,,ut,r3 ,a sacrificial offering4 ,,utt,,nap,d3 ,name of a mythological king4 ,,uttar-,,bh,,drapada3 ,name of a constellation4 ,,uttar-,f,,lguni3 ,name of a constellation4 ,,uttar,,sh,,dha3 ,name of a constellation4 ,v4 ,v,,cchado3 ,the spirit supposed to cure hydrophobia4 ,v,,ccharo3 ,see ,vcchado4 ,,vacho3 ,even4 ,,vad3 ,the banyan tree2 the dark half of a month4 ,,vad,n3 ,fried cakes4 ,,vadh,,vo3 ,odd4 ,,vady,j,i3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,vag,,dnar3 ,one who beats musical instruments like drums4 ,,vaggaya3 ,name of a deity4 ,v,,gh3 ,a tiger4 ,v,,gh,,mbari3 ,name of a goddess4 ,v,,gharan3 ,a woman of the ,vghri caste4 ,v,,gheshwari ,m,,ta3 ,name of a goddess4 ,v,,ghri3 ,a caste of ,hindus4 ,v,,ghur ,,devi3 ,name of a goddess4 ,v,,ghvir3 ,the spirit of a person killed by a tiger4 ,v,,ghya3 ,a male child offered to the god ,khandoba4 ,,vair,,gi3 ,a recluse4 ,,vaish,,kha3 ,the second month of the ,deccani ,hindu and the seventh month of the ,gujart ,hindu calendar year4 ,,vaishnava3 ,the sect of ,hindus devoted to ,vishnu4 ,,vaishvadev3 ,an oblation of boiled rice into the fire4 ,,vaishya3 ,a trader1 the third of the four-fold divisions of ,manu4 ,,vait,l3 ,an order of demi-gods4 ,,vait,,lika3 ,an attendant of the god ,shiva4 ,,vaivaswat ,,manu3 ,name of the seventh ,manu now reigning4 ,,vajra3 ,adamant4 ,,vajr,b,i3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,vajrabattu3 ,a kind of bead4 ,,vajramaya3 ,adamantine4 ,,vajreshwari3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,vajreswari3 ,see ,vajreshvari4 ,,valam3 ,a mock bridegroom in the ,holi festival4 ,,valama ,,valami3 ,a procession of a mock marriage in the ,holi festival4 ,,valami3 ,a mock bride in the ,holi festival4 ,v,,land3 ,a caste of barbers or an individual of it4 ,,valgo ,,samachari3 ,death anniversary4 ,,vallabh,,ch,,rya3 ,a great saint and scholar who founded a sect of ,vaishnavism4 ,,valo3 ,a kind of cattle disease4 ,,valu3 ,eccentric4 ,v,,ma-,m,,rgi3 ,a follower of the ,vma-mrga that is a mode of worship in which the idol is worshipped by the left hand1 liquor drunk1 etc41 etc4 ,v,,man3 ,a dwarf2 name of the fifth incarnation of ,vishnu4 ,,vana-,,shasthi3 ,name of a ,holiday4 ,,vantri3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,v,,nzi,,pana3 ,barrenness4 ,,varadani3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,varadhan3 ,name of a deity4 ,,var,h3 ,a boar4 ,,var,,ha-,,sanhita3 ,name of a book4 ,,varsh-,,ritu3 ,the rainy season4 ,v,,rul3 ,the white ant-hill4 ,v,,sana3 ,desire4 ,,vasantapanchami3 ,the fifth day of the bright half of ,mgh4 ,,vasant-,,ritu3 ,the spring4 ,v,,sh3 ,an oblation of rice and sweets offered to crows4 ,,vashikaran3 ,a branch of black magic4 ,,vashishtha3 ,name of a sage4 ,v,,stu3 ,a religious rite performed on entering a new house4 ,v,,stdevata3 ,the guardian spirit of dwelling places4 ,v,,stun3 ,see ,vstu4 ,v,,stupujan3 ,see ,vstu4 ,,vasu3 ,a bull-calf or bull branded and set at liberty4 ,,vasub,,ras3 ,the twelfth day of the bright half of ,ashvin4 ,,vasudeva3 ,name of the father of ,krishna4 ,,vasu-,,dw,,dasi3 ,see ,vasubras4 ,v,,suki3 ,name of a snake4 ,v,,stu ,,sh,,nti3 ,see ,vstu4 ,,vata-,s,,vitri ,,vrat3 ,name of a vow observed by women on the full moon day of ,jyeshtha4 ,v,,ti3 ,a small metal cup4 ,v,,tki3 ,see ,vti4 ,v,v3 ,a reservoir of water2 a tank4 ,v,,yali3 ,eccentric4 ,v,,yu3 ,wind2 the deity presiding over the wind4 ,v,,yusuta3 ,a name of ,mruti4 ,,veda3 ,name of the scriptures of the ,hindus4 ,,vedatrayi3 ,the three vedas1 ,rik1 ,yajus and ,sma4 ,,vedha3 ,malign influence4 ,,vedic3 ,relating to the ,vedas2 as enjoined in the ,vedas4 ,,vehala3 ,a tree1 ,beleric ,myrobalan4 ,,velan3 ,a stick4 ,,velo3 ,a creeper4 ,,vet,l3 ,the lord of ghosts2 name of a village deity4 ,,vetrasarpa3 ,a cane stick with an image of a snake at its end4 ,,vid-,,sup,,ri3 ,betel nut and leaves4 ,,vidyut3 ,lightning4 ,,vajay,,dashami3 ,the tenth day of the bright half of ,ashvin4 ,,vijli3 ,lightning4 ,,vikram3 ,name of a king4 ,,vim,n3 ,a celestial car4 ,,vin,,yak-,,chaturthi3 ,the fourth day of the bright half of every month4 ,,vinchi3 ,a female scorpion4 ,,vir3 ,a male fiend2 ghost of an unmarried ,kshatriya4 ,,vira3 ,an order of ghosts2 name of a village deity4 ,,visha3 ,poison4 ,,vish,,kha3 ,name of a constellation ,,vishesha ,,puja3 ,special worship4 ,,vishi3 ,a cycle of twenty years4 ,,vishnu3 ,the second god of the ,hindu ,trinity4 ,,vishnusahasran,,ma3 ,a book containing the thousand names of ,vishnu4 ,,vishnuy,,ga3 ,a sacrifice in honour of ,vishnu4 ,,vishotak3 ,name of a disease4 ,,vishv,,mitra3 ,name of a sage4 ,,vishwarupa3 ,that exists in all forms1 an epithet of ,vishnu4 ,,vishweshwar3 ,a name of ,shiva4 ,,visw,,ti3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,vithoba3 ,name of a god4 ,,visuchika3 ,name of a cholera goddess4 ,,viv,,nchara3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,vrat3 ,a vow4 ,,vrikodara3 ,wolf-bellied1 an epithet of ,bhima4 ,,vrinda3 ,name of the wife of ,jalendhar1 a demon4 ,,vrischika3 ,scorpion4 ,,vrishabha3 ,taurus4 ,,vritras,r3 ,name of a demon4 ,,vrunda3 ,see ,vrinda4 ,,vyatip,t3 ,the seventeenth of the ,astrological ,yoga 7the twenty-seventh part of a circle measured on the plane of the ,ecliptic74 ,w4 ,,wad3 ,the banyan tree4 ,w,,di3 ,an enclosed piece of meadow-field or garden ground4 ,w,,gh-,b,,ras3 ,the twelfth day of ,ashvin4 ,w,,ghe3 ,male children offered to the god ,khandoba4 ,w,,gheshwari3 ,name of a village goddess4 ,w,,ghj,i3 ,name of a deity4 ,w,,ghoba3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,w,,jreshwari3 ,name of a village goddess4 ,w,,ghya3 ,name of a deity2 a male child offered to the god ,khandoba4 ,w,,man-,,dw,,dashi3 ,the twelfth day of the bright half of ,bhdrapad4 ,w,,ni3 ,a trader2 a1 general name for all castes of traders i4e41 banyas4 ,w,,nprasta3 ,a ,brhman in the third order of his life2 a hermit in general4 ,w,,rul3 ,an ant-hill4 ,,wata3 ,the ,banyan tree4 ,,wata-,,paurnima3 ,the fall moon day of ,jyeshtha4 ,,wuda3 ,incense4 ,y4 ,,yadna3 ,see ,yajna4 ,,yadnopavit3 ,the sacred thread worn by ,brhmans4 ,,yadnya3 ,see ,yajna4 ,,yajam,n3 ,a host2 a person performing a sacrifice4 ,,yajna3 ,a sacrifice4 ,,yaksha3 ,a class of demi-gods1 attendant on ,kubera and employed in guarding his treasures4 ,,yakshini3 ,a female ,yaksha2 a fairy4 ,,yallamma3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,yama3 ,the ,god of death4 ,,yamaduta3 ,a messenger of the god of death4 ,,yamaghanta3 ,a ,yog or conjunction of times1 viz41 a ,sunday falling upon the second day of the bright or dark half of a month2 a ,friday falling upon the third lunar day1 etc41 etc4 ,,yamaloka3 ,the region of ,yama4 ,,yamapuri3 ,the city of the god of death4 ,,yantra3 ,a mystical formula or diagram4 ,,yoga3 ,religious and abstract meditation4 ,,yoga ,m,,rga3 ,the path of meditation4 ,,yoga-,,sutra3 ,name of a work by ,ptanjali containing aphorisms of the science of ,yoga4 ,,yogav,,shistha3 ,name of a work on philosophy4 ,,yojan3 ,a measure of distance equal to eight miles4 ,,yudhishthir3 ,an epithet of ,dharma1 the eldest of the ,pndava brothers4 ,z4 ,z,,mh,,di3 ,a female spirit guarding the village gates4 ,,zampahadi3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,zanzarka3 ,name of a goddess4 ,,zanzira3 ,a kind of magic incantation4 ,z,r3 ,fever4 ,,zarm,n ,,zarv,n3 ,a ceremony in which a woman fetches water for the first time after delivery4 ,,zilakeshwar3 ,a name of ,mahdeva4 ,,zini3 ,small4 ,,zod3 ,an order of ghosts4 ,,notes #a ,school ,master1 ,palshet1 ,ratngiri4 #b ,school ,master1 ,adivare1 ,ratngiri4 #c ,school ,master1 ,parule1 ,ratngiri4 #d ,school ,master1 ,makhnele1 ,ratngiri4 #e ,school ,master1 ,rjpur1 ,ratngiri4 #f ,school ,masters1 ,agshi and ,arnla1 ,thna4 #g ,school ,master1 ,mld1 ,thna4 #h ,school ,master1 ,shahpur1 ,thna4 #i ,school ,master1 ,dasgaum1 ,kolba4 #aj ,school ,master1 ,chaul1 ,kolba4 #aa ,school ,master1 ,akola1 ,kolba4 #ab ,school ,master1 ,poladpur1 ,kolba4 #ac ,these twelve names are3--#a ,mitra1 #b ,ravi1 #c ,surya1 #d ,bhanu1 #e ,khaga1 #f ,pushne1 #g ,hiranyagarbha1 #h ,marichi1 #i ,aditya1 #aj ,savita1 #aa ,arka1 #ab ,bhasker4 #ad ,school ,master1 ,phonde4 #ae ,school ,master1 ,devarukh4 #af ,school ,master1 ,parule4 #ag ,school ,master1 ,anjur4 #ah ,school ,master1 ,vasind4 #ai ,school ,master1 ,mld4 #bj #cc1jjj1jjjj demons are said to be born every day to impede the journey of the ,sun4 #ba ,school ,master1 ,mld4 #bb ,school ,masters1 ,agshi and ,arnla4 #bc ,school ,master1 ,padaghe4 #bd ,school ,master1 ,chaul1 ,kolba4 #be ,the churning handle or rod is called in ,marthi ,ravi1 which is one of the names of the ,sun4 #bf ,school ,master1 ,nevare1 ,ratngiri4 #bg ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #bh ,school ,master1 ,makhanele1 ,ratngiri4 #bi ,school ,master1 ,pendhur1 ,mlvan1 ,ratngiri4 #cj ,school ,masters1 ,agshi and ,arnla4 #ca ,school ,masters1 ,chauk1 ,karjat1 ,kolba4 #cb ,school ,masters1 ,chauk1 ,karjat1 ,kolba4 #cc ,ro ,sheb ,shelke4 #cd ,school ,master1 ,malgund1 ,ratngiri4 #ce ,school ,master1 ,phonde1 ,ratngiri4 #cf ,ro ,shib ,shelke4 #cg ,in the ,konkan the ,navnna ,purnima or full moon day of new food is observed in the month of ,ashvina4 ,this is1 no doubt1 due to the difference in the season of the harvest4 #ch ,ro ,sheb ,shelke4 #ci ,school ,master1 ,ibrmpur4 #dj ,school ,master1 ,gaumkhadi1 ,rjpur4 #da ,school ,master1 ,adivare1 ,rjpur4 #db ,school ,master1 ,dbhol1 ,ratngiri4 #dc ,school ,master1 ,ratngiri4 #dd ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,vengurla4 #de ,school ,master1 ,ratngiri4 #df ,school ,master1 ,murbd4 #dg ,school ,master1 ,vsind1 ,shpur4 #dh ,school ,master1 ,wda4 #di ,school ,master1 ,edwan1 ,mhim4 #ej ,school ,master1 ,kalyn1 ,no4 #a and ,school ,master1 ,padaghe1 ,bhiwandi4 #ea ,school ,master1 ,chidhran1 ,kolba4 #eb ,school ,master1 ,poldpur4 #ec ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #ed ,school ,master1 ,anjur1 ,thna4 #ee ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #ef ,school ,master1 ,poldpur4 #eg ,school ,master1 ,poldpur1 ,kolba4 #eh ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #ei ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #fj ,school ,master1 ,pendur1 ,mlvan1 ,ratngiri4 #fa ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #fb ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #fc ,school ,master1 ,malgund1 ,ratngiri4 #fd ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,vengurla4 #fe ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #ff ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #fg ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #fh ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #fi ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #gj ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #ga ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #gb ,school ,master1 ,mlgund1 ,ratngiri4 #gc ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #gd ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #ge ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #gf ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #gg ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #gh ,school ,master1 ,bndivade1 ,budruk1 ,ratngiri4 #gi ,school ,master1 ,pendur1 ,ratngiri4 #hj ,school ,master1 ,anjarle1 ,ratngiri4 #ha ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #hb ,school ,master1 ,pendur1 ,ratngiri4 #hc ,school ,master1 ,rjpur1 ,ratngiri4 #hd ,school ,master1 ,adivare1 ,ratngiri4 #he ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #hf ,school ,master1 ,khetwadi1 ,a4,v4 ,school1 ,bombay4 #hg ,school ,master1 ,khetwadi1 ,a4,v4 ,school1 ,bombay4 #hh ,school ,master1 ,padaghe1 ,thna4 #hi ,school ,master1 ,poldpur1 ,kolba4 #ij ,school ,master1 ,masure1 ,ratngiri4 #ia ,school ,master1 ,klshe1 ,ratngiri4 #ib ,school ,master1 ,vijayadurg1 ,ratngiri4 #ic ,school ,master1 ,makhanele1 ,ratngiri4 #id ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #ie ,school ,master1 ,makhanele1 ,ratngiri4 #if ,school ,master1 ,makhanele1 ,ratngiri4 #ig ,school ,master1 ,devarukh1 ,ratngiri4 #ih ,school ,master1 ,makhanele1 ,ratngiri4 #ii ,school ,master1 ,pendur1 ,ratngiri4 #ajj ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #aja ,school ,master1 ,makhanele1 ,ratngiri4 #ajb ,school ,master1 ,navare1 ,ratngiri4 #ajc ,school ,master1 ,adivare1 ,ratngiri4 #ajd ,school ,master1 ,malgund1 ,ratngiri4 #aje ,school ,master1 ,kankavli1 ,ratngiri4 #ajf ,school ,master1 ,makhanele1 ,ratngiri4 #ajg ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #ajh ,school ,master1 ,agshi and ,arnla1 ,thna4 #aji ,school ,master1 ,rai1 ,thna4 #aaj ,school ,master1 ,badlapur1 ,thna4 #aaa ,school ,master1 ,mokhada1 ,thna4 #aab ,school ,master1 ,chaul1 ,kolba4 #aac ,school ,master1 ,kasu1 ,kolba4 #aad ,school ,master1 ,vavasi1 ,kolba4 #aae ,school ,master1 ,chaul1 ,kolba4 #aaf ,school ,master1 ,vavanje1 ,kolba4 #aag ,school ,master1 ,nevare1 ,ratngiri4 #aah ,school ,master1 ,kasba1 ,sangameshwar1 ,ratngiri4 #aai ,school ,master1 ,adivare1 ,ratngiri4 #abj ,school ,master1 ,pendhur1 ,ratngiri4 #aba ,school ,master1 ,devarukh1 ,ratngiri4 #abb ,school ,master1 ,mlgund1 ,ratngiri4 #abc ,school ,master1 ,ratngiri4 #abd ,school ,master1 ,vijayadurg1 ,ratngiri4 #abe ,school ,master1 ,chiplun1 ,ratngiri4 #abf ,school ,master1 ,kankava1 ,ratngiri4 #abg ,school ,master1 ,masure1 ,ratngiri4 #abh ,school ,master1 ,chiplun1 ,ratngiri4 #abi ,school ,master1 ,khetwadi1 ,a4,v4,s41 ,bombay4 #acj ,school ,master1 ,anjur1 ,thna4 #aca ,school ,master1 ,rai1 ,thna4 #acb ,school ,master1 ,shahpur1 ,thna4 #acc ,school ,master1 ,bhuvan1 ,thna4 #acd ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #ace ,school ,master1 ,vavanje1 ,kolba4 #acf ,school ,master1 ,akol1 ,kolba4 #acg ,school ,master1 ,pendur1 ,ratngiri4 #ach ,school ,master1 ,kasba1 ,sangameshwar1 ,ratngiri4 #aci ,school ,master1 ,makhanele1 ,ratngiri4 #adj ,school ,master1 ,masure1 ,ratngiri4 #ada ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #adb ,school ,master1 ,chiplun1 ,ratngiri4 #adc ,school ,master1 ,anjur1 ,thna4 #add ,school ,master1 ,varsai1 ,kolba4 #ade ,school ,master1 ,chaul1 ,kolba4 #adf ,school ,master1 ,varsai1 ,kolba4 #adg ,school ,master1 ,poldpur1 ,kolba4 #adh ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #adi ,school ,master1 ,chiplun1 ,ratngiri4 #aej ,school ,master1 ,palspot1 ,ratngiri4 #aea ,school ,master1 ,pendur1 ,ratngiri4 #aeb ,school ,master1 ,murbd1 ,thna4 #aec ,school ,master1 ,bhuvan1 ,thna4 #aed ,school ,master1 ,ratngiri4 #aee ,school ,master1 ,phonde1 ,ratngiri4 #aef ,school ,master1 ,wanhavli1 ,ratngiri4 #aeg ,school ,master1 ,bndivade1 ,budruk1 ,ratngiri4 #aeh ,school ,master1 ,makhanele1 ,ratngiri4 #aei ,school ,master1 ,masure1 ,ratngiri4 #afj ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #afa ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #afb ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #afc ,school ,master1 ,masure1 ,ratngiri4 #afd ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #afe ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #aff ,school ,master1 ,malgund1 ,ratngiri4 #afg ,school ,master1 ,devarukh1 ,ratngiri4 #afh ,school ,masters1 ,agshi and ,arnla1 ,thna4 #afi ,school ,master1 ,murbd1 ,thna4 #agj ,school ,master1 ,mld1 ,thna4 #aga ,school ,master1 ,anjur1 ,thna4 #agb ,school ,master1 ,wda1 ,thna4 #agc ,school ,masters1 ,agshi and ,arnla1 ,thna4 #agd ,school ,master1 ,anjur1 ,thna4 #age ,school ,master1 ,saloli1 ,thna4 #agf ,school ,masters1 ,agshi and ,arnla1 ,thna4 #agg ,school ,master1 ,kinhavali1 ,thna4 #agh ,school ,master1 ,ri1 ,thna4 #agi ,school ,master1 ,khativali1 ,thna4 #ahj ,school ,masters1 ,agshi and ,arnla1 ,thna4 #aha ,school ,master1 ,murbd1 ,thna4 #ahb ,school ,masters1 ,agshi and ,arnla1 ,thna4 #ahc ,school ,master1 ,bhuvan1 ,thna4 #ahd ,school ,masters1 ,wda1 ,thna4 #ahe ,school ,master1 ,shhpur1 ,thna4 #ahf ,school ,master1 ,poldpur1 ,kolba4 #ahg ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #ahh ,school ,master1 ,wavasi1 ,kolba4 #ahi ,school ,master1 ,varsai1 ,kolba4 #aij ,school ,master1 ,khopoli1 ,kolba4 #aia ,school ,master1 ,wavasi1 ,kolba4 #aib ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #aic ,school ,master1 ,chaul1 ,kolba4 #aid ,school ,master1 ,akol1 ,kolba4 #aie ,school ,master1 ,vavasi1 ,kolba4 #aif ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #aig ,school ,master1 ,bndivade1 ,budruk1 ,ratngiri4 #aih ,school ,master1 ,mlgund1 ,ratngiri4 #aii ,school ,masters1 ,agshi and ,arnla1 ,thna4 #bjj ,school ,master1 ,dahnu1 ,thna4 #bja ,school ,masters1 ,agshi and ,arnla1 ,thna4 #bjb ,school ,masters1 ,agshi and ,arnla1 ,thna4 #bjc ,school ,master1 ,umbargaum1 ,thna4 #bjd ,school ,master1 ,chaul1 ,kolba4 #bje ,school ,master1 ,chaul1 ,kolba4 #bjf ,school ,master1 ,akol1 ,kolba4 #bjg ,school ,master1 ,sasawane1 ,kolba4 #bjh ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #bji ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #baj ,school ,master1 ,mlvan1 ,ratngiri4 #baa ,school ,master1 ,anjarle1 ,ratngiri4 #bab ,school ,master1 ,kankavli1 ,ratngiri4 #bac ,school ,master1 ,phonde1 ,ratngiri4 #bad ,school ,master1 ,chiplun1 ,ratngiri4 #bae ,school ,master1 ,nevare1 ,ratngiri4 #baf ,school ,master1 ,ratngiri4 #bag ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #bah ,school ,master1 ,bndivade1 ,budruk1 ,ratngiri4 #bai ,school ,master1 ,mlvan1 ,ratngiri4 #bbj ,school ,master1 ,dbhol1 ,ratngiri4 #bba ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #bbb ,school ,masters1 ,agshi and ,arnla1 ,thna4 #bbc ,school ,master1 ,murbd1 ,thna4 #bbd ,school ,master1 ,dahnu1 ,thna4 #bbe ,school ,master1 ,padaghe1 ,thna4 #bbf ,school ,master1 ,ngothane1 ,kolba4 #bbg ,school ,master1 ,akol1 ,kolba4 #bbh ,school ,master1 ,chaul1 ,kolba4 #bbi ,school ,master1 ,apte1 ,kolba4 #bcj ,school ,master1 ,khetwadi1 ,a4,v4,s41 ,bombay4 #bca ,school ,master1 ,mlvan1 ,ratngiri4 #bcb ,school ,master1 ,mlgund1 ,ratngiri4 #bcc ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #bcd ,two earthen pots tied face to face1 one of which containing some corn and red and yellow powders4 #bce ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #bcf ,school ,master1 ,malgund1 ,ratngiri4 #bcg ,school ,master1 ,mlvan1 ,ratngiri4 #bch ,school ,master1 ,makhanele1 ,ratngiri4 #bci ,school ,master1 ,anjur1 ,thna4 #bdj ,school ,master1 ,badlapur1 ,kalyn4 #bda ,school ,master1 ,bhuvan1 ,thna4 #bdb ,school ,master1 ,bhuvan1 ,thna4 #bdc ,school ,master1 ,tale1 ,school ,no4 ,i1 ,kolba4 #bdd ,school ,master1 ,poldpur1 ,kolba4 #bde ,school ,master1 ,devarukh1 ,ratngiri4 #bdf ,school ,master1 ,badlapur1 ,thna4 #bdg ,school ,masters1 ,agshi and ,arnla1 ,thna4 #bdh ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #bdi ,school ,master1 ,nevare1 ,ratngiri4 #bej ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #bea ,school ,master1 ,thna4 #beb ,school ,master1 ,kolba4 #bec ,school ,master1 ,khetwadi1 ,bombay4 #bed ,school ,master1 ,devgad1 ,ratngiri4 #bee ,school ,master1 ,kamathipura1 ,bombay4 #bef ,school ,master1 ,wsind1 ,thna4 #beg ,school ,master1 ,umela1 ,thna4 #beh ,the ,hindus believe that there are seven heroes who can never die1 i4e41 #a ,ashwatthma1 #b ,bali1 #c ,vysa1 #d ,hanumn1 #e ,bibhshana1 #f ,kripchrya and #g ,parashurm4 ,the ,sanskrit text is3-- ,,ashvatthama ,,balirvyaso ,,hanumanto ,,bibhishanah ,,kripacaryah ,,parashuramassaptaite ,,cirajivinah #bei ,school ,masters1 ,agshi and ,arnla1 ,thna4 #bfj ,school ,master1 ,samangad1 ,kolhpur4 #bfa ,school ,master1 ,poldpur1 ,kolba4 #bfb ,school ,master1 ,chaul1 ,kolba4 #bfc ,school ,master1 ,wvashi1 ,kolba4 #bfd ,school ,master1 ,khopoli1 ,kolba4 #bfe ,school ,master1 ,apta1 ,kolba4 #bff ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #bfg ,school ,master1 ,tale1 ,kolba4 #bfh ,school ,master1 ,bakavali1 ,ratngiri4 #bfi ,school ,master1 ,ratngiri4 #bgj ,school ,master1 ,devgad1 ,ratngiri4 #bga ,school ,master1 ,parule1 ,ratngiri4 #bgb ,school ,master1 ,poladpur1 ,kolba4 #bgc ,school ,master1 ,malgund1 ,ratngiri4 #bgd ,school ,master1 ,makhamle1 ,ratngiri4 #bge ,school ,master1 ,sangameshwar1 ,ratngiri4 #bgf ,school ,master1 ,kmthipura1 ,bombay4 #bgg ,school ,master1 ,dbhol1 ,ratngiri4 #bgh ,school ,master1 ,nringre1 ,ratngiri4 #bgi ,school ,master1 ,ibrmpur1 ,ratngiri4 #bhj ,school ,master1 ,mlwan1 ,ratngiri4 #bha ,school ,master1 ,palset1 ,ratngiri4 #bhb ,school ,master1 ,anjarle1 ,ratngiri4 #bhc ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #bhd ,school ,master1 ,masure1 ,ratngiri4 #bhe ,school ,master1 ,skharpe1 ,ratngiri4 #bhf ,school ,master1 ,dahnu1 ,thna4 #bhg ,school ,master1 ,edwan1 ,thna4 #bhh ,school ,master1 ,mngaon1 ,thna4 #bhi ,school ,master1 ,dahigaon4 #bij ,school ,master1 ,bhiwandi1 ,thna4 #bia ,school ,master1 ,agshi1 ,arnla1 ,thna4 #bib ,school ,master1 ,agshi1 ,thna4 #bic ,school ,master1 ,malgund1 ,ratngiri4 #bid ,school ,master1 ,shahpur1 ,thna4 #bie ,school ,master1 ,agshi1 ,thna4 #bif ,school ,master1 ,medhe1 ,kolba4 #big ,school ,master1 ,chaul1 ,kolba4 #bih ,school ,master1 ,akol1 ,kolba4 #bii ,school ,master1 ,masure1 ,ratngiri4 #cjj ,school ,master1 ,shirosi1 ,thna ,district4 #cja ,school ,master1 ,parule1 ,ratngiri4 #cjb ,school ,master1 ,adivare1 ,ratngiri4 #cjc ,school ,master1 ,kankaoli1 ,ratngiri4 #cjd ,school ,master1 ,achare1 ,ratngiri4 #cje ,school ,master1 ,masure1 ,ratngiri4 #cjf ,school ,master1 ,palset1 ,ratngiri4 #cjg ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #cjh ,school ,master1 ,mlwan1 ,ratngiri4 #cji ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #caj ,school ,master1 ,kochare1 ,ratngiri4 #caa ,school ,master1 ,devgad1 ,ratngiri4 #cab ,school ,master1 ,malgund1 ,ratngiri4 #cac ,school ,master1 ,khopoli1 ,kolba4 #cad ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #cae ,school ,master1 ,sasawane1 ,kolba4 #caf ,school ,master1 ,akol1 ,kolba4 #cag ,school ,master1 ,mld1 ,thna4 #cah ,school ,master1 ,bhuwan1 ,thna4 #cai ,school ,master1 ,agshi1 ,thna ,district4 #cbj ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #cba ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #cbb ,school ,master1 ,fonda1 ,ratngiri4 #cbc ,school ,master1 ,sangameshwar1 ,ratngiri4 #cbd ,school ,master1 ,achare1 ,ratngiri4 #cbe ,school ,master1 ,vijaydurg1 ,ratngiri4 #cbf ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #cbg ,school ,master1 ,kochare1 ,ratngiri4 #cbh ,school ,master1 ,navare1 ,ratngiri4 #cbi ,school ,master1 ,pendur1 ,ratngiri4 #ccj ,school ,master1 ,chaul1 ,kolba4 #cca ,school ,master1 ,poladpur1 ,kolba4 #ccb ,school ,master1 ,vvashi1 ,kolba4 #ccc ,school ,master1 ,medhe1 ,kolba4 #ccd ,school ,master1 ,mld1 ,thna4 #cce ,school ,master1 ,anjur1 ,thna4 #ccf ,school ,master1 ,ri1 ,thna4 #ccg ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #cch ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #cci ,school ,master1 ,anjarle1 ,ratngiri4 #cdj ,school ,master1 ,poladpur1 ,kolba4 #cda ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #cdb ,school ,master1 ,vde1 ,thna4 #cdc ,school ,master1 ,anjur1 ,thna4 #cdd ,school ,master1 ,umbergaon1 ,thna4 #cde ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #cdf ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #cdg ,school ,master1 ,fonda1 ,ratngiri4 #cdh ,school ,master1 ,bndivade1 ,ratngiri4 #cdi ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #cej ,school ,master1 ,vvashi1 ,kolba4 #cea ,school ,master1 ,varsai1 ,kolba4 #ceb ,school ,master1 ,medhe1 ,kolba4 #cec ,school ,master1 ,umela1 ,thna4 #ced ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #cee ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #cef ,school ,master1 ,fonda1 ,ratngiri4 #ceg ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #ceh ,school ,master1 ,murud1 ,ratngiri4 #cei ,school ,master1 ,anjarle1 ,ratngiri4 #cfj ,school ,master1 ,ibrmpur1 ,ratngiri4 #cfa ,school ,master1 ,poladpur1 ,kolba4 #cfb ,school ,master1 ,vvashi1 ,kolba4 #cfc ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #cfd ,school ,master1 ,mld1 ,thna4 #cfe ,school ,master1 ,shirgaon1 ,thna4 #cff ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #cfg ,school ,master1 ,adivare1 ,ratngiri4 #cfh ,school ,master1 ,sangameshwar1 ,ratngiri4 #cfi ,school ,master1 ,fonda1 ,ratngiri4 #cgj ,school ,master1 ,anjarle1 ,ratngiri4 #cga ,schoolmaster1 ,dsgaon1 ,kolba4 #cgb ,school ,master1 ,mld1 ,thna4 #cgc ,school ,master1 ,padghe1 ,thna4 #cgd ,school ,master1 ,edwan1 ,thna4 #cge ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #cgf ,school ,master1 ,sangameshwar1 ,ratngiri4 #cgg ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #cgh ,school ,master1 ,bndivade1 ,ratngiri4 #cgi ,school ,master1 ,fonda1 ,ratngiri4 #chj ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #cha ,school ,master1 ,chidhran1 ,kolba4 #chb ,school ,master1 ,sasawane1 ,kolba4 #chc ,school ,master1 ,anjur1 ,thna4 #chd ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #che ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #chf ,school ,master1 ,bankavli1 ,ratngiri4 #chg ,school ,master1 ,anjarle1 ,ratngiri4 #chh ,school ,master1 ,ibrmpur1 ,ratngiri4 #chi ,school ,master1 ,vavanje1 ,kolba4 #cij ,school ,master1 ,varsai1 ,kolba4 #cia ,school ,master1 ,mld1 ,thna4 #cib ,school ,master1 ,padghe1 ,thna4 #cic ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #cid ,school ,master1 ,ngothane1 ,kolba4 #cie ,school ,master1 ,navare1 ,ratngiri4 #cif ,school ,master1 ,mld1 ,thna4 #cig ,school ,master1 ,shirgaon1 ,thna4 #cih ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #cii ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #djj ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #dja ,school ,master1 ,fonda1 ,ratngiri4 #djb ,school ,master1 ,bndivade1 ,ratngiri4 #djc ,school ,master1 ,anjarla1 ,ratngiri4 #djd ,school ,master1 ,adivare1 ,ratngiri4 #dje ,school ,master1 ,klshe1 ,ratngiri4 #djf ,school ,master1 ,ibrmpur1 ,ratngiri4 #djg ,school ,master1 ,navre1 ,ratngiri4 #djh ,school ,master1 ,dsgaon1 ,kolba4 #dji ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #daj ,school ,master1 ,klshe1 ,ratngiri4 #daa ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #dab ,school ,master1 ,pendur1 ,ratngiri4 #dac ,school ,master1 ,navare1 ,ratngiri4 #dad ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #dae ,school ,master1 ,dabhol1 ,ratngiri4 #daf ,school ,master1 ,shiravde1 ,ratngiri4 #dag ,school ,master1 ,nringre1 ,ratngiri4 #dah ,school ,master1 ,bndivade1 ,ratngiri4 #dai ,school ,master1 ,anjarle1 ,ratngiri4 #dbj ,school ,master1 ,fonda1 ,ratngiri4 #dba ,school ,master1 ,vijayadurg1 ,ratngiri4 #dbb ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #dbc ,school ,master1 ,devgad1 ,ratngiri4 #dbd ,school ,master1 ,poladpur1 ,kolba4 #dbe ,school ,master1 ,khopoli1 ,kolba4 #dbf ,school ,master1 ,chaul1 ,kolba4 #dbg ,school ,master1 ,chidhran1 ,kolba4 #dbh ,school ,master1 ,ngothane1 ,kolba4 #dbi ,school ,master1 ,vavanje1 ,kolba4 #dcj ,school ,master1 ,shirgaon1 ,thna4 #dca ,school ,master1 ,mld1 ,thna4 #dcb ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #dcc ,school ,master1 ,pendur1 ,ratngiri4 #dcd ,school ,master1 ,shiroda1 ,ratngiri4 #dce ,school ,master1 ,sakharane1 ,ratngiri4 #dcf ,school ,master1 ,nringre1 ,ratngiri4 #dcg ,school ,master1 ,adivare1 ,ratngiri4 #dch ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,ratngiri4 #dci ,school ,master1 ,akshi1 ,kolba4 #ddj ,school ,master1 ,vda1 ,thna4 #dda ,school ,master1 ,padghe1 ,thna4 #ddb ,school ,master1 ,dahnu1 ,thna4 #ddc ,school ,master1 ,umbergaon1 ,thna4 #ddd ,school ,master1 ,shirosi1 ,thna4 #dde ,school ,master1 ,mnikpur1 ,thna4 #ddf ,school ,master1 ,umela1 ,thna4 #ddg ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #ddh ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #ddi ,school ,master1 ,bndivade1 ,ratngiri4 #dej ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #dea ,school ,master1 ,murud1 ,ratngiri4 #deb ,school ,master1 ,devagad1 ,ratngiri4 #dec ,school ,master1 ,vijaydurg1 ,ratngir4 #ded ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #dee ,school ,master1 ,chidhran1 ,kolba4 #def ,school ,master1 ,poladpur1 ,kolba4 #deg ,school ,master1 ,khopoli1 ,kolba4 #deh ,school ,master1 ,chowl1 ,kolba4 #dei ,school ,master1 ,akshi1 ,kolba4 #dfj ,school ,master1 ,bhuwan1 ,thna4 #dfa ,school ,master1 ,mld1 ,thna4 #dfb ,school ,master1 ,shirgaon1 ,thna4 #dfc ,school ,master1 ,shirosi1 ,thna4 #dfd ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #dfe ,school ,master1 ,dbhol1 ,ratngiri4 #dff ,school ,master1 ,klshe1 ,ratngiri4 #dfg ,school ,master1 ,anjarle1 ,ratngiri4 #dfh ,school ,master1 ,bndivade1 ,ratngiri4 #dfi ,school ,master1 ,achre1 ,ratngiri4 #dgj ,school ,master1 ,vijayadurg1 ,ratngiri4 #dga ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri3 #dgb ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #dgc ,school ,master1 ,poladpur1 ,kolba4 #dgd ,school ,master1 ,khopoli1 ,kolba4 #dge ,school ,master1 ,nta1 ,kolba4 #dgf ,school ,master1 ,medhe1 ,kolba4 #dgg ,school ,master1 ,padaghe1 ,thna4 #dgh ,school ,master1 ,mnikpur1 ,thna4 #dgi ,school ,master1 ,shirgaon1 ,thna4 #dhj ,school ,master1 ,wde1 ,thna4 #dha ,school ,master1 ,dahigaon1 ,thna4 #dhb ,school ,master1 ,dehari1 ,thna4 #dhc ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #dhd ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #dhe ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #dhf ,school ,master1 ,fonda1 ,ratngiri4 #dhg ,school ,master1 ,ibrmpur1 ,ratngiri4 #dhh ,school ,master1 ,pendur1 ,ratngiri4 #dhi ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #dij ,school ,master1 ,klshe1 ,ratngiri4 #dia ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #dib ,school ,master1 ,poldpur1 ,kolba4 #dic ,school ,master1 ,khopoli1 ,kolba4 #did ,school ,master1 ,birwadi1 ,kolba4 #die ,school ,master1 ,mld1 ,thna4 #dif ,school ,master1 ,belpur1 ,thna4 #dig ,school ,master1 ,bhuwan1 ,murbd1 ,thna4 #dih ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #dii ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #ejj ,school ,master1 ,adivare1 ,ratngiri4 #eja ,school ,master1 ,klshe1 ,ratngiri4 #ejb ,school ,master1 ,chaul1 ,kolba4 #ejc ,ro ,sheb ,shelke4 #ejd ,school ,master1 ,bankavali1 ,ratngiri4 #eje ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #ejf ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #ejg ,school ,master ,ibrmpur1 ,ratngiri4 #ejh ,school ,master1 ,nringre1 ,ratngiri4 #eji ,school ,master1 ,pendur1 ,ratngiri4 #eaj ,school ,master1 ,vijayadurg1 ,ratngiri4 #eaa ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #eab ,school ,master1 ,chawl1 ,kolba1 #eac ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #ead ,school ,master1 ,poldpur1 ,kolba4 #eae ,school ,master1 ,akshi1 ,kolba4 #eaf ,school ,master1 ,vvashi1 ,kolba4 #eag ,school ,master1 ,shirgaum1 ,thna4 #eah ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #eai ,school ,master1 ,khopoli1 ,kolba4 #ebj ,school ,master1 ,mld1 ,thna4 #eba ,school ,master1 ,dahigaon1 ,thna4 #ebb ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #ebc ,school ,master1 ,achare1 ,ratngiri4 #ebd ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #ebe ,school ,master1 ,ri1 ,thna4 #ebf ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #ebg ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #ebh ,school ,master1 ,anjarle1 ,ratngiri4 #ebi ,school ,master1 ,ri1 ,thna4 #ecj ,school ,master1 ,bndivade1 ,ratngiri4 #eca ,school ,master1 ,fonda1 ,ratngiri4 #ecb ,school ,master1 ,ibrmpur1 ,ratngiri4 #ecc ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #ecd ,school ,master1 ,chawl1 ,kolba4 #ece ,school ,master1 ,pendur1 ,ratngiri4 #ecf ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #ecg ,school ,master1 ,bndivade1 ,ratngiri4 #ech ,school ,master1 ,khopoli1 ,kolba4 #eci ,school ,master1 ,chawl1 ,kolba4 #edj ,school ,master1 ,vavanje1 ,kolba4 #eda ,school ,master1 ,umbergaon1 ,thna4 #edb ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #edc ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #edd ,school ,master1 ,fonda1 ,ratngiri4 #ede ,school ,master1 ,adivan1 ,ratngiri4 #edf ,school ,master1 ,khopoli1 ,kolba4 #edg ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #edh ,school ,master1 ,anjarle1 ,ratngiri4 #edi ,school ,master1 ,shirgaon1 ,thna4 #eej ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #eea ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #eeb ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #eec ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #eed ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #eee ,school ,master1 ,khopoli1 ,kolba4 #eef ,school ,master1 ,anjarle1 ,ratngiri4 #eeg ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #eeh ,school ,master1 ,chowl1 ,kolba4 #eei ,school ,master1 ,khopoli1 ,kolba4 #efj ,school ,master1 ,shirgaon1 ,thna4 #efa ,school ,master1 ,anjarle1 ,ratngiri4 #efb ,school ,master1 ,bankavli1 ,ratngiri4 #efc ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #efd ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #efe ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #eff ,school ,master1 ,shirgaon1 ,thna4 #efg ,school ,master1 ,anjarle1 ,ratngiri4 #efh ,school ,master1 ,shirgaon1 ,thna4 #efi ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #egj ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #ega ,school ,master1 ,khopol1 ,kolba4 #egb ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #egc ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #egd ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #ege ,school ,master1 ,vijayadurg1 ,ratngiri4 #egf ,school ,master1 ,poldpur1 ,kolba4 #egg ,school ,master1 ,khopoli1 ,kolba4 #egh ,school ,master1 ,shirgaon1 ,thna4 #egi ,school ,master1 ,ibrmpur1 ,ratngiri4 #ehj ,school ,master1 ,medhe1 ,kolba4 #eha ,school ,master1 ,shirgaon1 ,thna4 #ehb ,school ,master1 ,dahigaon1 ,thna4 #ehc ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #ehd ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #ehe ,school ,master1 ,fonda1 ,ratngiri4 #ehf ,school ,master1 ,ibrmpur1 ,ratngiri4 #ehg ,school ,master1 ,ibrmpur1 ,ratngiri4 #ehh ,school ,mister1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #ehi ,school ,master1 ,murbd1 ,thna4 #eij ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #eia ,school ,master1 ,achare1 ,ratngiri4 #eib ,school ,master1 ,khopoli1 ,kolba4 #eic ,school ,mister1 ,shirgaon1 ,thna4 #eid ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #eie ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #eif ,school ,master1 ,bankavli1 ,ratngiri4 #eig ,school ,master1 ,achare1 ,ratngiri4 #eih ,school ,master1 ,ibrmpur1 ,ratngiri4 #eii ,school ,master1 ,pendur1 ,ratngiri4 #fjj ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #fja ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #fjb ,school ,master1 ,bankavli1 ,ratngiri4 #fjc ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #fjd ,school ,master1 ,pendur1 ,ratngiri4 #fje ,school ,master1 ,medhe1 ,kolba4 #fjf ,school ,master1 ,shirgaon1 ,thna4 #fjg ,school ,master1 ,adivare1 ,ratngiri4 #fjh ,school ,master1 ,devgad1 ,ratngiri4 #fji ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #faj ,school ,master1 ,umbergaon1 ,thna4 #faa ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #fab ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #fac ,school ,master1 ,adivare1 ,ratngiri4 #fad ,school ,master1 ,pendur1 ,ratngiri4 #fae ,school ,master1 ,vijayadurg1 ,ratngiri4 #faf ,school ,master1 ,poldpur1 ,kolba4 #fag ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #fah ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #fai ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #fbj ,school ,master1 ,anjarle1 ,ratngiri4 #fba ,school ,master1 ,achare1 ,ratngiri4 #fbb ,school ,master1 ,ibrmpur1 ,ratngiri4 #fbc ,school ,master1 ,poladpur1 ,kolba4 #fbd ,school ,master1 ,khopoli1 ,kolba4 #fbe ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #fbf ,school ,master1 ,shirgaon1 ,thna4 #fbg ,school ,master1 ,padghe1 ,thna4 #fbh ,school ,master1 ,mald1 ,thna4 #fbi ,school ,master1 ,khrbv1 ,thna4 #fcj ,school ,master1 ,dahnu1 ,thna4 #fca ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #fcb ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #fcc ,school ,master1 ,anjarle1 ,ratngiri4 #fcd ,school ,master1 ,bhayndr1 ,thna4 #fce ,school ,master1 ,dahnu1 ,thna4 #fcf ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #fcg ,school ,master1 ,ibrmpur1 ,ratngiri4 #fch ,school ,master1 ,murbd1 ,thna4 #fci ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #fdj ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #fda ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #fdb ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #fdc ,school ,master1 ,bndivade1 ,ratngiri4 #fdd ,school ,master1 ,fonda1 ,ratngiri4 #fde ,school ,master1 ,pendur1 ,ratngiri4 #fdf ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #fdg ,school ,master1 ,medhe1 ,kolba4 #fdh ,school ,master1 ,bhuwan1 ,thna4 #fdi ,school ,master1 ,ri1 ,thna4 #fej ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #fea ,school ,master1 ,bndivade1 ,ratngiri4 #feb ,school ,master1 ,klshe1 ,ratngiri4 #fec ,school ,master1 ,poladpur1 ,kolba4 #fed ,school ,master1 ,mld1 ,thna4 #fee ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #fef ,school ,master1 ,bndivade1 ,ratngiri4 #feg ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #feh ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #fei ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #ffj ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #ffa ,school ,master1 ,khopoli1 ,kolba4 #ffb ,school ,master1 ,ri1 ,thna4 #ffc ,school ,master1 ,bndivade1 ,ratngiri4 #ffd ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #ffe ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #fff ,school ,master1 ,khopoli1 ,kolba4 #ffg ,school ,master1 ,achare1 ,ratngiri4 #ffh ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #ffi ,school ,master1 ,achare1 ,ratngiri4 #fgj ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #fga ,school ,master1 ,khopoli1 ,kolba4 #fgb ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #fgc ,school ,master1 ,anjarle1 ,ratngiri4 #fgd ,school ,master1 ,pendur1 ,ratngiri4 #fge ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #fgf ,school ,master1 ,devgad1 ,ratngiri4 #fgg ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #fgh ,school ,master1 ,bndivade1 ,ratngiri4 #fgi ,school ,master1 ,bankavli1 ,ratngiri4 #fhj ,school ,master1 ,poladpur1 ,kolba4 #fha ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #fhb ,school ,master1 ,ibrmpur1 ,ratngiri4 #fhc ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #fhd ,school ,master1 ,mokhade1 ,thna4 #fhe ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #fhf ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #fhg ,school ,master1 ,khed1 ,ratngiri4 #fhh ,school ,master1 ,kelw-,mhim1 ,thna4 #fhi ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #fij ,school ,master1 ,devgad1 ,ratngiri4 #fia ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #fib ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #fic ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #fid ,school ,master1 ,chowl1 ,kolba4 #fie ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #fif ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #fig ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #fih ,school ,master1 ,vavanje1 ,kolba4 #fii ,school ,master1 ,mld1 ,thna4 #gjj ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #gja ,school ,master1 ,achare1 ,ratngiri4 #gjb ,school ,master1 ,murbd1 ,thna4 #gjc ,school ,master1 ,achare1 ,ratngiri4 #gjd ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #gje ,school ,master1 ,fonda1 ,ratngiri4 #gjf ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #gjg ,school ,master1 ,kochare1 ,ratngiri4 #gjh ,school ,master1 ,varsai1 ,kolba4 #gji ,school ,master1 ,dahnu1 ,thna4 #gaj ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #gaa ,school ,master1 ,achare1 ,ratngiri4 #gab ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #gac ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #gad ,school ,master1 ,ibrmpur1 ,ratngiri4 #gae ,school ,master1 ,fonda1 ,ratngiri4 #gaf ,school ,master1 ,padghe1 ,thna4 #gag ,school ,master1 ,dahigaon1 ,thna4 #gah ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #gai ,school ,master1 ,shiravde1 ,ratngiri4 #gbj ,school ,master1 ,medhe1 ,kolba4 #gba ,school ,master1 ,shirgaon1 ,thna4 #gbb ,school ,master1 ,umela1 ,thna4 #gbc ,school ,master1 ,fonda1 ,ratngiri4 #gbd ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #gbe ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #gbf ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #gbg ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #gbh ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #gbi ,school ,master1 ,dahnu1 ,thna4 #gcj ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #gca ,school ,master1 ,devgad1 ,ratngiri4 #gcb ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #gcc ,school ,master1 ,khopoli1 ,kolba4 #gcd ,school ,master1 ,edwan1 ,thna4 #gce ,school ,master1 ,vankavli1 ,ratngiri4 #gcf ,school ,master1 ,palshet1 ,ratngiri4 #gcg ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #gch ,school ,master1 ,klshe1 ,ratngiri4 #gci ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #gdj ,school ,master1 ,klshe1 ,ratngiri4 #gda ,school ,master1 ,khopoli1 ,kolba4 #gdb ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #gdc ,school ,master1 ,pendur1 ,ratngiri4 #gdd ,school ,master1 ,apte1 ,panwel1 ,kolba4 #gde ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #gdf ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #gdg ,school ,master1 ,chawk1 ,kolba4 #gdh ,school ,master1 ,basani1 ,ratngiri4 #gdi ,school ,master1 ,pendur1 ,ratngiri4 #gej ,school ,master1 ,chawl1 ,kolba4 #gea ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #geb ,school ,master1 ,jambivali1 ,kolba4 #gec ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #ged ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #gee ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #gef ,school ,master1 ,adivare1 ,ratngiri4 #geg ,school ,master1 ,nringre1 ,ratngiri4 #geh ,school ,master1 ,klshe1 ,ratngiri4 #gei ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #gfj ,school ,master1 ,adivare1 ,ratngiri4 #gfa ,school ,master1 ,klshe1 ,ratngiri4 #gfb ,school ,master1 ,achare1 ,ratngiri4 #gfc ,school ,master1 ,anjarle1 ,ratngiri4 #gfd ,school ,master1 ,achare1 ,ratngiri4 #gfe ,school ,master1 ,fonda1 ,ratngiri4 #gff ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #gfg ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #gfh ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #gfi ,school ,master1 ,medhe1 ,kolba4 #ggj ,school ,master1 ,anjarle1 ,ratngiri4 #gga ,school ,master1 ,palshet1 ,ratngiri4 #ggb ,school ,master1 ,klshe1 ,ratngiri4 #ggc ,school ,master1 ,mokhde1 ,thna4 #ggd ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #gge ,school ,master1 ,klshe1 ,ratngiri4 #ggf ,school ,master1 ,chawk1 ,kolba4 #ggg ,school ,master1 ,klshe1 ,ratngiri4 #ggh ,school ,master1 ,fonda1 ,ratngiri4 #ggi ,school ,master1 ,achare1 ,ratngiri4 #ghj ,school ,master1 ,nringre1 ,ratngiri4 #gha ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #ghb ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #ghc ,school ,master1 ,rewadanda1 ,kolba4 #ghd ,school ,master1 ,ibrmpur1 ,ratngiri4 #ghe ,school ,master1 ,adivare1 ,ratngiri4 #ghf ,school ,master1 ,anjur1 ,thna4 #ghg ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #ghh ,school ,master1 ,anjarle1 ,ratngiri4 #ghi ,school ,master1 ,ri1 ,thna4 #gij ,school ,master1 ,khopoli1 ,kolba4 #gia ,school ,master1 ,ri1 ,thna4 #gib ,school ,master1 ,padghe1 ,thna4 #gic ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #gid ,school ,master1 ,khopoli1 ,kolba4 #gie ,school ,master1 ,bndivade1 ,ratngiri4 #gif ,school ,master1 ,devgad1 ,ratngiri4 #gig ,school ,master1 ,fonda1 ,ratngiri4 #gih ,school ,master1 ,ubhdnda1 ,ratngiri4 #gii ,school ,master1 ,dsgv1 ,kolba4 #hjj ,school ,master1 ,vda1 ,thna4 #hja ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #hjb ,school ,master1 ,khopoli1 ,kolba4 #hjc ,school ,master1 ,fonda1 ,ratngiri4 #hjd ,school ,master1 ,nringre1 ,ratngiri4 #hje ,school ,master1 ,umbergon1 ,thna4 #hjf ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #hjg ,school ,master1 ,chinchani1 ,thna4 #hjh ,school ,master1 ,dahnu1 ,thna4 #hji ,school ,master1 ,dbhol1 ,ratngiri4 #haj ,school ,master1 ,fonda1 ,ratngiri4 #haa ,school ,master1 ,chauk1 ,kolba4 #hab ,school ,master1 ,vde1 ,thna4 #hac ,ro ,sheb ,shelke1 ,kolhpur4 #had ,school ,master1 ,poladpur and ,vijaydurg4 #hae ,school ,master1 ,ibrmpur1 ,ratngiri4 #haf ,school ,master1 ,nringre1 ,ratngiri4 #hag ,school ,master1 ,ibrmpur1 ,ratngiri4 #hah ,school ,master1 ,fonda1 ,ratngiri4 #hai ,school ,master1 ,bankavli1 ,ratngiri4 #hbj ,school ,master1 ,vijaydurg1 ,ratngiri4 #hba ,school ,master1 ,khopoli1 ,kolba4 #hbb ,school ,master1 ,poladpur1 ,kolba4 #hbc ,school ,master1 ,bassein1 ,thna4 #hbd ,school ,master1 ,mithbv1 ,ratngiri4 #hbe ,the terms given below are as they are used by the common people in popular parlance in which form they are given in the text4 ,they will therefore not be found to be grammatically correct in all cases4 ,again1 only such meanings of the terms are given as apply in the context4