,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,text delimit$ by und]scores is italics4 ,text delimit$ by p\nd signs 77 is gesp]rt4 ,,engrav$ ,,gems ,,engrav$ ,,gems ,,by ,,maxwell ,,somm]ville ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,glyptology1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p5nsylvania2 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,s&s ,,( ,,sah>a10 8,,siam10 ,,etc42 ,,correspond+ ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,soci,t ,,acad,,mique ,,des ,,sci5ces1 ,,arts ,,et ,,belles-,,lettres ,,du ,d,,p>tem5t ,,de ,l',,aube1 ,,france1 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration ,,drexel ,,biddle1 ,,publi%] ,,philadelphia ,,london ,,san ,,francisco ,,toronto #aija ,,copyright1 #aija ,,by ,,maxwell ,,somm]ville ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,drexel ,,biddle ,,philadelphia ,,london ,,preface4 ,my =m] treatise1 8,engrav$ ,gems1 _! ,place 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,art10 be+ l>gely illu/rat$ & inconv5i5t 9 size1 ,i h abridg$ ! "w & ) new mat]ial prep>$ ?is volume4 ,! v>i\s epo*s ( gem engrav+ f ! e>lie/ eras d[n to ! ,,xviii4 c5tury are briefly describ$4 ,_m p ?r\gh\t ! ye> ca/ pass+ glances at my glyptic collection 9 ! ,free ,museum ( ,sci5ce & ,art ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,!y express great admiration ( ! beautiful objects 9 /ones ( _m colors & int]e/+ designs4 ,x 0 nev] int5d$ to make only an attractive display2 :at ,i h always desir$ & hop$ = 0 t a proportion ( our visitors w\ld recognize 9 my life's "w a contribution to sci5ce4 ,x is a classifi$ repres5tation ( ! glyptic "w ( m ?an =ty c5turies1 s c>efully arrang$ t ^? :o c>e to le>n ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ^? beautiful engrav$ /ones1 cyl9d]s1 seals1 & ,gno/ic tok5s1 may in=m !mselves intellig5tly on ! sci5ce :i* ^! gems ( all epo*s s ?or\ghly exemplify4 ,m5 9 ?is ,we/]n ,_w dur+ ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s h be5 engross$ 9 ! pursuit & acquisition ( =tunes4 ,a fair proportion ( ! population n[ hav+ secur$ compet5cy1 t condition once assur$1 ) increas$ opportunities = intellectual culture & ! enjoym5t ( art1 ! developm5t ( ref9$ ta/es & pursuits 9 ,am]ica has be5 m>k$ by ! =mation ( _m private collections4 ,amateurs h gradually become connoisseurs 9 manuscripts1 c]amics1 enamels1 engrav+s1 anci5t co9s1 armor1 & arms4 ,happily1 ea* is engross$ 9 8 p>ticul> bran* ( antiquities4 ,x is to be hop$ t we may all pr(it by _! rese>*es1 & t ! antique objects acquir$ by !m may be /or$ 9 ! ,ar*ological ,museums ( ! _w1 t all :o w may view !m & le>n f !m4 ,,maxwell ,,somm]ville4 ,presum+ t ! majority ( my read]s w\ld und]/& ! ,lat9 inscription f an engrav$ /one1 :i* decorates ! cov] ( ?is book1 ,i h n giv5 any translation4 ,by reque/ ,i add ! foll[+ explanation3 ,,non ,,solvm ,,no,,bis ,,nati ,,svmvs,,ortvsqve ,,no/ri,,p>tem ,,patria ,,si,,bi ,,v5dicat ,,p>tem,,p>5tes ,,p>tem ,,amici 8,n alone = ourselves 7 we born1 & ( our bir? our c\ntry claims = itself a "p1 our p>5ts a "p1 our fri5ds a "p0 7v5dicat = v9dicat74 ,on ! rev]se ( ! /one1 :i* is n %[n1 is ! inscription-- ,,mortis ,,mores ,,omnibus ,,quales4 ,?is is "o ( ^? peculi> maxims s (t5 f\nd 9 ! ,lat9 language1 z x is employ$ 9 epitaphs4 ,! simple/ mann] 9 :i* x c be translat$ is z foll[s3 mann]s cu/oms are 8,! usage ( ,dea? is equal = all40 law ,dea? is "h p]sonifi$1 z 0 ,peace1 ,ju/ice1 ,concord1 etc41 by ! ,romans4 ,,maxwell ,,somm]ville4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,engrav$ ,,gems #aa ,,egypt #af ,,p]sia ,,& ,,babylon #bb ,,! ,,etruscans--,,etruria #cf ,,ph,,nicia #dc ,,greece #dh ,,roman #ee ,,abraxas #eh ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ians #fe ,,byzant9e #fh ,,m$i,,val #gf ,,r5aissance #hj ,,succe$+ ,,decl9es ,,& ,,revivals #hf ,,"s ,,types ,,( ,,rem>kable ,,gems #hi ,,religion ,,on ,,/ones #ih ,,hi/oric ,,cameos #ajd ,,animals ,,& ,,birds #aab ,,antique ,,pa/es #aaf ,,my?ological #aba ,,*9ese1 ,,burmese1 ,,& ,,siamese #abc ,,aztec ,,or ,,mexican #abg ,,retrospective #abi ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,page ,protog5is1 a ,com$ian ( ! ,second ,c5tury1 ) a ,mask1 ,play+ ! ,"* ( ,meleag]1 ! 8,wild ,bo> ,hunt]10 ,engrav$ 9 ,8 ,"t #aa ,ve/al ,virg9s ,gu>d+ ! ,palladium1 ! ,sacr$ ,effigy ( ,m9]va #ae ,egyptian #ag ,egyptian ,sc>abeus3 ,! ,b>que ( ! ,sun1 ,repres5t$ by ! ,hi]oglyph ( ! ,city ( ,heliopolis4 ,! ,obelisk bel[ ) ! ,god ,ra--& ! ,deess ,ma1 toge!r ,ra-,m5-,ma1 ! ,pr5om5 ( ,k+ ,set ,fir/1 ,second ,k+ ( ! ,,xix4 ,dyna/y #ba ,portrait ( ,sapor #bb ,allegorical ,sket* ( ,p]sia #bc ,impressions ( ,babylonian ,cyl9d]s #bg ,impressions ( ,assyrian1 ,p]sian1 ,hittite1 ,phnician1 & ,cyprian ,cyl9d]s #bi ,allegorical ,sket* ( ! ,s\rce ( ,hi/ory #cc ,p]sian ,seals #ce ,etruscan ,sket* #cg ,etruscan ,sc>abeus #dj ,phnician ,sc>abei & ,intaglios #db ,phnician ,intaglios1 ,mask1 etc4 #de ,callima*us1 ! ,greek ,inv5tor ( ! ,cor9?ian ,capitol #dh ,greek & ,roman ,intaglio ,r+s #ej ,cameo1 ! ,greek ,pallas #eb ,roman ,gems #ed ,cameo 9 ,high ,relief1 ,roman ,emp]or ,c>acalla #eg ,abraxas or ,gno/ic ,gems #ei ,abraxas ,tok5 #fb ,abraxas or ,gno/ic ,gems #fc ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,tok5 #fg ,byzant9e ,gems #fi ,byzant9e ,cab9et & ,gems #gc ,! ,annunciation #ge ,an ,orgie ( ,sil5us #gh ,r5aissance-,m$ici ,p]iod #ha ,noah's ,ark #he ,a v f9e ,intaglio by ,giovanni ,pickl]--,c]es #hg ,jupit] gio*us #ia ,! ,triumph ( ,con/ant9e #ie ,john ! ,bapti/ ,prea*+ 9 ! ,wild]ness #ajc ,hi/oric ,cameos3 #acdg1 ,trajan (f]+ a ,sacrifice to ,m>s ,v9citore2 #acdh1 ! ,triumphant ,entry ( ,titus ,vespasianus into ,j]usalem #aje ,coriolanus3 ,8 ,"m & ,wife ,besee*+ ,him to ,raise ! ,siege ( ,rome #ajg ,hi/oric ,cameos3 #acci1 ,trajan ,pursu+ a ,wild ,bo>2 #acej & #acea1 ,prison]s2 #acdi1 ! ,exit f ,j]usalem ( ! ,victori\s ,army ( ,titus ,vespasianus1 ! ,gold5 ,c&le/icks1 etc4 #aji ,cock & ,s]p5t3 ,! ,cock ,intaglio1 8,vigilance20 ,! ,s]p5t 9 ,relief--,cameo2 ,! ,s]p5t's ,tail 9 its ,m\?1 8,et]nity0 #aae ,antique ,pa/es #aag ,fragm5t ( ,antique ,pa/e1 ,basso-rilievo #abj ,a ,*im]a3 ,f\r ,faces & ! ,horn ( ,jupit] ,ammon #abb ,a ,*9ese ,cameo #abd ,aztec or ,mexican #abf ,aztec or ,mexican #abh ,od5atus & ,z5obia #acj ,illu/ration ,,engrav$ ,,gems4 ,:5 specim5s ( any anci5t art indu/ry are br\ght toge!r & classifi$ 9 a museum x is int]e/+ to comp>e ea* piece & trace ! "w f ! h&s ( ! diff]5t nationalities ?r\gh all ! transitions & *ang+ hi/ory ( pa/ c5turies4 ,my collection exemplifies ! progress 9 execution ( engrav$ gems f ! mo/ primitive eras ?r\gh p]iods ( v>y+ excell5ce & ( inevitable decl9e4 ,! quality ( ! execution approa*es p]fection & deg5]ates z 9 a geometrical progression repeat+ itself 9 rev]se2 advanc+ & improv+ 9 f95ess up to ne>ly ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury1 ! c5tury ( ,*ri/1 & f ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury retrograd+ to ! base ( m$iocrity at ! end ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,! six? & sev5? c5turies1 ! ,byzant9e p]iod1 yield$ a gr\p ( pr9cipally religi\s cameos1 abundant1 curi\s1 & ( great int]e/4 ,?is 0 succe$$ by sev]al hundr$ ye>s n ( repose 9 ! art1 b ( wret*$ ignorance1 :5 man almo/ ceas$ to create a connect+ l9k 9 ! hi/ory ( ! glyptic art4 ,) r>e exceptions1 ! specim5s ( t "t sc>cely m]it ! designation ( gems3 x 0 a p]iod t may be reasonably id5tifi$ z ! night ( art1 :51 alas6 9 ! d>kness bl[s 7 /rick5 :i* de/roy$ & r$uc$ to fragm5ts mu* t 0 preci\s & beautiful1 & v&alism1 contribut+ no?+ t 0 fair1 robb$ u ( a l>ge "p ( our inh]itance4 ,! progression allud$ to is1 9 my e/imation1 only a "q ( comp>ative beauty4 ,if we seek =1 or are capable ( appreciat+1 ! mo/ int]e/+1 t :i* gives u hi/ory1 we mu/ f9d x at ! beg9n+ ( t progression--! era ( ! ,babylonians--) its messages h&$ d[n to u on _! wond]ful cyl9d]s4 ,my pa? ( rese>* has l$ me :]e are ga!r$ /ones--engrav$ /ones1 art-l9ks 9 a c>v$ *a9 rea*+ f ! e>lie/ cyl9d]s & seals ( ! ,p]sians1 c5turies be=e & beyond ^? wond]ful /one books1 ! inscrib$ temples ( ,egypt4 ,:il/ consid]+ & /udy+ ^! specim5s ( ! "w ( ! anci5ts we w walk ^u ! crumbl$ ru9s ( by-gone c5turies2 our retrospective view %all be :]e *ang+ elem5ts1 ru/1 & age h sp>$ b traces ( palaces & temples2 we w /roll beside ! pebbl$ c\rse ( a rapid /ream until we rea* a grove :]e ,i (t h be51 & f\nd a ri* repa/2 no %r9es1 no obelisks1 no /atues1 naught b ^! preci\s little /epp+-/ones1 by :i* we w foll[ ! /ream ( ?us reveal$ hi/ory1 & 9 ! vale ( antiquity1 ) ^! m9iature monum5ts1 /udy & enjoy ! indelible portraiture ( ages4 ,palaces1 obelisks1 /atues1 & ! walls ( anci5t cities h r>ely be5 pres]v$ to u1 o!r ?an 9 decay1 ru91 & fragm5ts4 ,yet engrav$ gems1 ^? small] monum5ts on h>d /ones1 h be5 sp>$ 9 ! v dbris ( ^! l>g] /ructures1 & we are ?us enabl$ to secure examples ( ! h&iwork ( "o bran* ( art1 cov]+ _m epo*s & p]iods4 ,my e>ne/ eyes h look$ up to & gaz$ ^u ! sil5t monum5ts & %r9es ( m51 :o dur+ long c5turies h re/$ f _! sci5tific labors4 ,a w&]] 9 l&s adapt$ to my rese>*es1 my object has be5 to le>n some?+ ( ^! mute monitors & to br+ back to my native l& examples ( ! special bran* ( anci5t art :i* has be5 ! pursuit ( my life4 ,_m disc\rag+ mom5ts1 ev5 ye>s1 h be5 pass$1 yet always ) ! hope t my labor & its results might "s day be appreciat$4 ,ye>s ago :ile rejoic+ 9 ! possession ( ! glyptic portraits ( ! ,emp]ors ,tib]ius1 ,c>acalla1 ,con/ant9e1 & t ( ,fau/9a1 ,i ?\ght ) pleasant anticipation ( ! mom5t :5 on return+ f voyages ( acquisition ,i might introduce !m to intellectual fri5ds ( 8,sci5ce & ,art40 ,^! gems are "h be+ consid]$ 9 _! respective epo*s4 ,^? :o desire to in=m !mselves on ! sci5ce ( 8,engrav$ ,gems0 w f9d 9 ^! pages a brief view ( t subject2 x is 9 response to _m fri5dly dem&s1 & %all be z concise z reasonably possible1 9 keep+ ) anci5t records on engrav$ /ones1 cyl9d]s1 & seals4 ,y\r att5tion is ask$ to ?is g5]al view ( ! subject1 ) ! hope t x may enli/ "s inquir]s & admir]s ( ?is glyptic "q1 s little e/eem$ or und]/ood 9 ^! days2 a subject n only repres5t+ a bran* ( art cov]+ a p]iod ( =ty odd c5turies1 b a sci5ce ?r\gh ^: engrav$ gems we h be5 enabl$ to enri* our k ( ! anci5t hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,ea* nation :i* 9 anci5t times practis$ ! glyptic art1 produc$ a c]ta9 /yle or quality ( execution4 ,aft] s]i\s /udy ( ! g5]al subject ( glyptology1 "o f9ds t ! "w ( ea* epo*1 & ( ea* nationality1 be>s "s unmi/akable trait4 ,^! features we c almo/ always recognize z emanat+ f a c]ta9 p4 ,s completely h we acquir$ an acqua9tance ) ! v>i\s *>act]i/ics ( ea* nation's h&iwork 9 engrav+ gems1 t we are enabl$ also to disc]n ! epo*2 n to a ye>1 b )9 a c5tury or ev5 a decade4 ,9 proportion to ! rud5ess ( ! incisions we recognize ! b>b>ic condition ( ! p among :om !y 7 incis$2 also 9 proportion to ! f95ess ( ! incision1 beauty ( conception1 & execution ( ! design1 d we e/imate ! civilization ( ! epo* & ( ! p4 ,"s ( ! nations :o h bequea!d u engrav$ gems 71 9 two respects1 ! fir/ sculptors4 ,!y 7 fir/1 n only because none ( ability _h prec$$ !m1 b r 7 !y fir/ 9 art rank1 & 9 excell5ce ( conception2 _! execution has nev] be5 surpass$2 _! /atues & high reliefs h nev] be5 equall$ 9 mod]n times4 ,_m ( ^? colossal art works 9 /one h be5 transport$ to ! ,vatican1 to ,france1 ,engl&1 ,au/ria1 ,g]many1 ,russia1 "s ev5 to ,am]ica2 we are all conv]sant ) !m4 ,!re=e1 y c readily imag9e h[ we def9e & classify ! "w ( ea* epo* & nation1 :5 a miscellane\s mass ( engrav$ gems are plac$ be=e u = classification4 ,illu/ration ,,egypt4 ,ev]yone 9 ^! days is famili> ) ^? colossal /one figures ( ,rameses1 ,osiris1 ,?otmes1 & o!rs 9 ! s&s ( ,egypt4 ,_! heavy1 placid c\nt5ances1 almo/ seem+ to dream1 :ile _! in]t arms & h&s hold =? ! insignia ( autocrats ( ,egypt "u ! ,ph>aohs4 ,9 ,egypt1 especially 9 ! e>li] or m remote dyna/ies1 man seems to h _h ! int5tion ( h&+ d[n to po/]ity ! records ( 8 p[]1 8 possessions1 & ( 8 own appe>ance1 on great /one /atues1 obelisks1 & basso-rilievos1 9 ! mo/ inde/ructible mann]4 ,besides ! colossal /one beque/s creat$ = g5]ations unborn1 happily !y produc$ ! same portraitures & c>t\*es 9 m9iature gems4 ,! majority ( ! temple decorations 9 /one h crumbl$1 :ile we c possess & enjoy ! glyptic relics :i* h surviv$ ! ravages ( "t un9jur$4 ,,somm]ville ,,collection4 ,illu/ration3 #dfg ,illu/ration3 #dhj obv]se4 ,illu/ration3 #dhi obv]se4 ,illu/ration3 #deh ,illu/ration3 #dhj rev]se4 ,illu/ration3 #dhi rev]se4 ,illu/ration3 #def ,,egyptian4 ,among ! ,sc>abei are especially int]e/+ examples l>g] 9 size t]m$ fun]eal2 ,no4 #adgf 9 my ,univ]sity ,collection is "o ( ^? ,sc>abei :i* 7 buri$ ) ! dead1 sometimes on ! brea/ und]nea? ! wrapp+s1 & sometimes )9 ! body ( ! mummy 9 ! place ( ! he>t4 ,! he>t 0 embalm$ sep>ately 9 a vase1 & plac$ "u ! protection ( ! g5ius ,dua\mautew4 ,?is d\btlessly 0 done because ! he>t 0 consid]$ indisp5sable = ! resurrection1 yet x c\ld n be plac$ 9 ! body until x _h be5 ^u ! scales & _h pass$ ! judgm5t ( ,osiris4 ,:5 ! s5t5ce 0 favorable x 0 promis$ t 88 he>t %all be return$ to its orig9al cavity40 ,! he>t1 ! pr9ciple ( exi/5ce & reg5]ation1 0 symboliz$ by ! ,sc>abeus4 ,?is is :y texts relative to ! he>t 7 inscrib$ on fun]eal ,sc>abei4 ,on ?is ,sc>abeus ! deceas$ speaks1 say+3 8,i hope t my s\l %all spe$ily quit or rise f ! regions inf]nal1 &1 reappe>+ on e>?1 may d all t pleases x40 ,also ,no4 #adgi1 a fun]eal ,sc>abeus1 int]e/+ f ! fact t ! inscription conta9s "p ( ! #cj? *apt] ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead--t is1 ! *apt] conc]n+ ! he>t3 8,my he>t1 :i* comes to me f my "m--my he>t1 necess>y to my exi/5ce on e>?--d n raise ?yself aga9/ me among or be=e ! *ief div9ities40 ,^! 7 ! sup]ior gods1 :om ! ,egyptians suppos$ to be 9 ! imm$iate surr\nd+ or pres5ce ( ,isis4 ,! rema9d] ( ! inscription is less legible4 ,on ! fir/ l9e is ! "n ( ,osiris ,jam 7all ! dead _h ,osiris prefix$ to _! names72 on ! la/ l9e is ! "n ( 8 fa!r1 :i* is indi/9ct2 x 0 evid5tly ! same z ! "n ( a plant1 & end+ ) ,m1 b _c be def9$2 t is1 x is inscrib$ 8son ( ----10 & !n ! un9telligible "n allud$ to4 ,also ,no4 #adeg1 a fun]eal ,sc>abeus1 on :i* ! deceas$1 speak+1 expresses hopes1 cont9ually repeat$1 t 8 s\l may h a happy voyage1 happy relief1 & transport f ! inevitable transitory doma9 to :i* all are consign$4 ,also ,no4 #adhj1 ,egyptian ,sc>abeus1 conta9+ a v[ or wi%1 a vase repres5t+ a libation4 ,! sum ( ! r5d]+ ( ! inscription is3 8,i d$icate my life to tru?1 & hope = cool+ breezes & libations40 ,& ,no4 #adfa4 ,! inscription expresses a v[ or wi%3 8,,nef] ,,khet ,,neb0--8,all ?+s good 7= !e760--a ,new ,ye>'s wi%4 ,!re 7 artisans :o engrav$ ! l>g] fun]eal ,sc>abei & kept !m ready made on sale1 s t 9 ! ev5t ( a man dy+ unexpect$ly 9 y\? or ! prime ( life :o _h n ?\ght to prep>e = 8 soj\rn 9 ! tomb1 8 family repair$ to ^! %ops1 &1 *oos+ a ,sc>abeus to _! ta/e or lik+1 pur*as$ x2 ! engrav] !n add$ ! "n ( ! deceas$1 & !y plac$ x "u ! wrapp+s ( ! mummy4 ,^! traffick]s also did a ?riv+ trade ) ! liv+3 _m provid$ !mselves 9 advance4 ,!re 7 always a v>iety f :i* to *oose2 ! engrav] _h !m = e ta/e4 ,!y 7 inscrib$ ) j su* v[s or wi%es = ! future & ! repose or ! enjoym5t ( ! s\l1 or ! comm5d+ ( ! s\l to ! patronage & protection ( "s special god or deess1 z ! case might dem& = a man or a woman4 ,(t5 selections 7 giv5 f ! poetic devotional writ+s ( _! m5tors1 & frequ5tly we meet ) selections f ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,we f9d %r$s & examples ( ! co/umes ( ! occupants ( graves ( o!r anci5t nations4 ,^! g>m5ts 7 made1 z n[1 t ! body might be decor\sly plac$ at re/4 ,?is we also f9d 9 ,egypt1 ! mummy-wrapp+s conceal+ & protect+ ! ,sc>abei pres5t+ ?is beautiful s5tim5t1 inde$ unique--a symbol t 0 worn 9 life1 emblematic ( its ephem]al t5ure & ( ! ultimate resurrection f dea? & ! grave2 a symbol t accompani$ its own] to ! n>r[ home1 n to ornam5t x1 b z a tok5 ( t t5ant's belief t ?is w\ld be only a brief occupancy2 a symbol ready to be worn :5 t t5ant %\ld ent] on 8 resurrection into an et]nal lease ( joy 9 a _w beyond4 ,illu/ration ,,p]sia ,,& ,,babylon4 ,we are p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 ! curi\s & elaborately engrav$ cyl9d]s & seals ( ! ,assyrians1 ,p]sians1 ! ,babylonians1 ! ,*aldeans1 ! ,hittites1 :i* n only give u _! co/umes1 b are lad5 ) cunei=m inscriptions4 ,9 my collection !re is a gem ( ! same /yle ( "w z ! /one slab 9 ! ,univ]sity ,museum procur$ by ,pr(essor ,h4 ,v4 ,hilpre*t f ! anci5t palace ( ,a%urna ,sirbal1 ,k+ ( ,assyria #hhd to #hfj ,b4 ,c4 ,illu/ration ,?is glyptic specim5 is 9 m9iature1 engrav$ on a ri* w9e-color$ d>k s>d be>+ a portrait ( ,k+ ,sapor ,i42 he 0 ! second ( ! ,sassanians1 :o reign$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury4 ,he 0 cr[n$ 9 ! ye> #bdb ,a4 ,d4 ,x is surr\nd$ by an inscription 9 ,sassanian4 ,sapor's invasion ( ,palmyra & 8 conte/s ) ! =ces ( ,z5obia are int]e/+ incid5ts ( t romantic episode 9 ,ori5tal hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p]sian ,,& ,,sassanian ,,seals4 ,cyl9d]s are evid5tly ! olde/ =m ( seals1 ?\gh x is believ$ t ! art orig9at$ on sections ( wood5 re$s4 ,we f9d ,*aldean cyl9d]s n[ m ?an #djjj ye>s old4 ,! signets ( k+s 9 ! cyl9dric =m 7 incis$ 9 ! h>d] & m preci\s mat]ials1 su* z *alc$ony 9 sev]al hues1 ! faire/ ^? t+$ ) a sapphire t9t 7?\gh n ! mo/ anci5t71 s>ds1 c>nelians1 & occasionally beautiful r$ jasp]2 hematite 9 abundance2 s]p5t9e & _m s(t] /ones1 alaba/]1 /eatite1 etc4 ,x rema9s a "q on :at mat]ials ! impressions 7 made1 ?\gh sci5ti/s h le>n$ t ! figures 9 relief on patties ( pipe-clay f\nd s pl5tifully 9 ,babylon are ! impr9ts ( ^! cyl9d]s4 ,?\gh a l>ge proportion ( cyl9d]s are rudely design$ & m co>sely execut$1 _m ( !m are freely1 vigor\sly1 & well drawn1 ev9c+ a high degree ( tal5t4 ,rem>k ! anatomical draw+s ( man & bea/2 !y are unsurpass$ 9 any age1 especially ! conte/ betwe5 m5 & lions1 :]e naturally ! muscles are /rongly develop$ & %[ prom95tly4 ,z be>]s ( messages f t remote p]iod1 !y come m welcome to u ?an ! faire/ ,greek or ,roman intaglios4 ,) an int]e/+ pictur$ & lett]$ cyl9d] 9 h& "o may h be=e him "o ( ! keys to ! mo/ anci5t f\nta9-heads 9 :i* hi/ory is lock$ up4 ,my ta/e has gr[n & p]haps be5 influ5c$ by long association ) su* gems1 until ,i n[ (t5 f9d m pleasure 9 reg>d+ a rude fragm5t ( ,assyrian "w ?an ,i did ?irty ye>s ago :5 ,i s\ght only ! beautiful4 ,! place ( ^! ,babylonian cyl9d]s 9 ! hi/ory ( art _c be class$ z decorative1 = z !y 7 orig9ally us$ only z seals1 & mo/ly bus9ess or (ficial signets1 !y 7 n at t "t us$ to decorate ! p]son1 ?\gh !y 7 worn on necklaces & bracelets by ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,no4 #dii 9 my collection is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ because ! great & lam5t$ ,franois ,l5ormant exam9$ x ) me1 wrote 8 op9ion1 & express$ 8 admiration ( x4 ,x is a ,babylonian cyl9d]1 #bi millimetres broad by #c millimetres 9 l5g?4 ,on x is repres5t$ a seat$ god ) a two-horn$ head-dress 9 a long fl\nc$ dress2 be=e him an alt> ) f\r spread+ legs1 an antelope1 a small walk+ figure1 a scorpion1 two birds fac+ "o ano!r2 o!r human figures4 ,l5ormant wrote :ile att5d+ a seance ( l',in/itut de ,france4 ,,somm]ville ,,collection4 ,illu/ration3 #adjc ,illu/ration3 #adje ,illu/ration3 #dih ,illu/ration3 #dii ,illu/ration3 #acgd ,,impressions ,,( ,,babylonian ,,cyl9d]s4 ,,somm]ville ,,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,assyrian4 #acff ,illu/ration3 ,,p]sian4 #adjb ,illu/ration3 ,,hittite4 #adja ,illu/ration3 ,,ph,,nician4 #die ,illu/ration3 ,,cyprian4 #acgj ,,impressions ,,( ,,assyrian1 ,,p]sian1 ,,hittite1 ,,ph,,nician1 ,,& ,,cyprian ,,cyl9d]s4 8,?is cyl9d] :i* appe>s to be ( s]p5t9e belongs inconte/ably to ! mo/ antique epo* ( ,*aldean art ( ! fir/ ye>s ( ! anci5t empire4 ,x is at lea/ contemporane\s ) ^? cyl9d]s be>+ ! names ( ! olde/ k+s ( d',ous & l ^? ( ! ,dungi40 ,p]sia & ,assyria furni% u also a beautiful s]ies ( seals2 ! e>li] conical1 !n a s]ies ( sph]ical seals1 ) "o side flatt5$1 on :i* is ! design & inscription1 & !n ! lat] ,sassanian1 also sph]ical1 yet m flatt5$ on ! sides1 :i* are pi]c$1 & ^: circumf]5ces are beautifully ornam5t$4 ,!re exi/ a l>ge s]ies ( subjects adopt$ by _! own]s on acc\nt ( _! sup]/iti\s belief 9 _! talismanic virtues2 & q a s]ies ( rudely-drawn animals emblematic ( vigilance1 fidelity1 c\rage1 /r5g?1 etc4 ,sometimes on seals z well z on cyl9d]s a full-l5g? figure is giv5 9 ^: co/ume !re is a m>k$ peculi>ity ( drap]y1 ! folds cross+ ! =m diagonally1 l a ,burmese ,s>ong4 ,!y are on a great v>iety ( *alc$onies1 s>ds1 jasp]s1 & o!r beautiful /ones ( color4 ,^? ( ! ,assyrians1 dat+ z f> back z #aaaj ,b4 ,c41 resemble 9 =m ! bells h]dsm5 hang ^u _! graz+ cattle t !y may he> !m :5 !y h /ray$4 ,! location ( ! anci5t ,p]sians 9 proximity to ,india1 ^: riv]-b$s 7 ri* 9 v>ieties ( h>d wat]-worn pebbles1 enabl$ !m to procure f !nce suitable /ones = decoration & = inscriptions4 ,?\s&s ( ^! decorat$ & inscrib$ /ones h be5 une>!d & are to-day 9 our possession2 glyptologi/s c & h read !m4 ,_m examples ( ^! cyl9d]s1 seals1 & _! impr9ts are be=e y4 ,x is prov5 t ! ,assyrians knew ( & practic$ ! art ( engrav+ on /one2 we are n fully conv9c$ t !y 7 ! fir/ to practice ! art4 ,we are frequ5tly able to corroborate glyptic inscriptions by /atem5ts 9 ,holy ,writ1 ?\gh we c]ta9ly f9d on anci5t cyl9d]s1 incisions _m c5turies ant]ior to ! records to :i* we h "h allud$4 ,we "k little ( ! ,assyrian div9ities ?r\gh anci5t manuscripts1 yet we h volumes ab\t _! deities writt5 on ! cyl9d]s ( ,babylon & ,n9eveh4 ,!y 7 seldom 9 metallic m\nt+s1 b1 be+ pi]c$ ) holes1 7 /rung on cords & worn on ! wri/ & neck4 ,!re is a ho/ ( occupants ( ! ,assyrian heav51 ) ,as%ur ! supreme god1 ,beltis ,mylitta ! great "m1 etc42 & on ! seals 9 s>d & *alc$ony we h sacr$ doves1 lions1 horses1 etc41 & a w+$ bull1 ,n91 ! god ( hunt+1 etc4 ,^! intaglio seals 7 (t5 us$ z locks2 ! doors ( w9e-cell>s 7 secur$ by plac+ a seal ^u !m4 ,cyl9d]s h also be5 made by sev]al races ( ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians1 & are /ill to be se5 9 ,brazil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,babylonian ,,cyl9d]s1 ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,hi/ory4 ,we h a mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive illu/ration ( ! value ( mod]n rese>* among ! relics ( antiquity 9 ! fact t 9 #ahed1 ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son1 9 deciph]+ ! inscriptions on "s cyl9d]s f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ,um-,kir 7! anci5t ,ur ( ! ,*aldees71 made hi/orical discov]ies 9 reg>d to ! la/ ,k+ ( ,babylon t confirm$ ! tru? ( ! book ( ,daniel1 & h>moniz$ discrepancies betwe5 ,holy ,scripture & pr(ane hi/ory :i* up to t "t _h be5 hopelessly irreconcilable4 ,among ! beque/s f ,p]sia _m gems are engrav$ on ! h>de/ & mo/ preci\s /ones2 !y pres5t u ) portraits ( _! mon>*s1 deities1 leg5ds1 religi\s cre$s1 & seals ( (fice4 ,?\gh rude1 !y are exce$+ly int]e/+ f _! antiquity & z be+ ! a*ievem5ts ( a p s remote f ! ,european c5tre ( civilization4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,! ,,etruscans--,,etruria4 ,! c\ntry ( ! anci5t ,etruscans 0 nor? f ! ,tib] to ! ,cim9ian ,=e/ & ! ,tolfa ,m\nta9s4 ,!y h bequea!d u a mass ( gems1 a l>ge proportion 9 ! =m ( ,sc>abei1 & _m really f9e intaglios1 :i* 7 n only us$ z seals1 b s]v$ z decorations1 bo? 9 f+]-r+s & z broo*es = wom54 ,! ,etruscan tombs h yield$ _m ,sc>abei 9 m\nt+s ( virg9 gold1 sometimes ! preci\s metal twi/$1 aga9 corrugat$2 also "s ornam5tal gold "w z broo*es4 ,! s>d & *alc$ony beetles usually _h an engrav$ bead$ m>g91 & 7 revolvable1 be+ set on a pivot :i* 0 atta*$ to a frame g5]ally oval 9 =m4 ,! ,etruscans1 unlike _! pr$ecessors1 h left u few examples o!r ?an ! v gems & ,sc>abei by :i* to /udy _! glyptic "w4 ,we h ! decorations ( _! sepul*ral homes2 we "k ( _! co/umes by _! mural pa9t+s 9 ^? subt]ranean *amb]s4 ,_! glyptic /yle is unique2 a s]ies ( deeply-drill$ cavities1 aft]w>d jo9$ to "o ano!r1 =m+ designs frequ5tly contort$ by ! arti/ 9 8 endeavor to br+ 8 subject into ! v limit$ space ( ! "u face ( ! ,sc>abeus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,etruscan4 ,! ,etruscans probably borr[$ ! idea ( ! ,sc>abeus =m ( gem f ! ,egyptians2 !y c]ta9ly %ap$ x m beautifully4 ,!y seem to h adopt$ only ! symbol4 ,!re 0 a diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( _! ,sc>abei correspond+ ) ! classes or /ations 9 ! life ( ! p2 ^? cut = royalty1 nobility1 or ! weal?y naturally receiv$ m att5tion 9 =m+ & f9i%+4 ,^? = ! tradespeople1 ! well-to-d1 we f9d q a di/9ctive ord]4 ,9 ?is gr\p !y are less graceful 9 %ape1 ! beetles are r\nd]1 ?ick]1 & %ort]1 n s c>efully f9i%$1 z also ! simpl] bord]s =m$ ( two l9es j )9 ! edge1 ei!r cross$ ) regul>1 /raight1 or oblique l9es =m+ b>s1 ) "s little v>iety ( patt]n4 ,! ,etruscans call$ !mselves ! ,ras5na2 ! e>ly ,italians knew !m z ! ,tusci or ,etrusci4 ,! ,greeks d5om9at$ ! race z ,turrh5oi or ,turs5oi1 & ! anci5t ,lat9 "n 0 ,tursci4 ,! engrav$ records ( ! ,etruscans h hi!rto successfully defi$ all attempts at int]pretation4 ,n[ t ! ,assyrian & ,egyptian records h be5 read1 ^! ,etruscan inscriptions pres5t ! only consid]able philological problem t /ill rema9s unsolv$4 ,b t x rema9s unsolv$ has n be5 = want ( ef=t4 ,a va/ am\nt ( +5uity & ( erudition has be5 wa/$ 9 attempts to expla9 ! inscriptions by ! aid ( ,lat91 ,greek1 ,hebrew1 ,phnician1 ,arabic1 ,e?iopic1 ,*9ese1 ,coptic1 & ,basque h all be5 tri$ 9 va94 ,x may be safely affirm$ t few ( ^! attempts h be5 reg>d$ z satisfactory by any p]son except _! au?ors4 ,a comp>ison ( ! ,etruscan inscriptions ) ! *>act]s ( ! ,f9no-,turkic language1 a =m ( spee* employ$ by ^? inhabit+ ! region ly+ betwe5 ! ,ural & ! ,altai ,m\nta9s1 has1 ,i believe1 result$ ) ! fir/ & only success t has ev] att5d$ su* inve/igations4 ,illu/ration ,,somm]ville ,,collection4 ,illu/ration3 #edh ,illu/ration3 #edf ,illu/ration3 #eec ,illu/ration3 #eeh ,illu/ration3 #eee ,illu/ration3 #eed ,,ph,,nician ,,sc>abei ,,& ,,intaglios4 ,,ph,,nicia4 ,alas1 we h to dig deep & toil to le>n all we want to "k s mu* ab\t ^! p :o #bejj ye>s ago inhabit$ t n>r[ m\nta9-gu>d$ /rip ( l& look+ we/w>d on ! same em]ald sea t to-day breaks on ! %ore ( :at is n[ ,syria4 ,!y h consign$ u no books1 no pamphlets1 no j\rnals1 n a page--only "h & !re d we une>? a grav5 /one1 an inscrib$ cyl9d] & ,sc>abeus2 & ) ^! /one fragm5ts ( t nation's lit]>y beque/s we w hope to obta9 "s idea ( ! hi/ory ( ,phnicia--,phnicia1 ^: p1 n cont5t ) m\nt+ five ?\s& feet to ! temple ( ! ,casian ,jupit]1 to see ! sun ^u ! morn+ horizon1 float$ away on _! frail b>ks on ! deep wat]s1 seek+ light1 k1 & ga94 ,my?ology 0 _! religion1 :i*1 l ! subjects & /yles ( _! engrav$ /ones & gems ( iridesc5t antique pa/e1 0 borr[$ f ,assyria1 ,greece1 & ev5 some:at f ! my?s ( ! p among :om _m ( !m settl$4 ,h]odotus speaks ( ! ,phnicians z a bran* ( ! ,semitic or ,araman nations2 !y orig9ally dwelt on ! %ores ( ! ,ery?rean ,sea4 ,!y also occupi$ isl&s 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 among o!rs ,aradus & ,tylus1 :]e temples 9 ,phnician ar*itecture 7 f\nd2 & x is kn[n t ! ,phnicians left ^! isl&s & coloniz$ 9 ! gean & ,m$it]ranean ,seas be=e ! "t ( ,jo%ua1 #addd ,b4 ,c4 ,( ! ,romans & ! ,grecians1 we h _! hi/ory ?r\gh ! writ+s ( _! own hi/orians2 & ( ! ,egyptians1 by _! monum5ts teem+ ) hi]oglyphics1 hi/ory1 & !ology4 ,( ! ,phnicians little is extant 9 writ+s f _! own p2 we are dep5d5t on :at o!r nations h record$--9 fact1 :at we "k ( !m may be call$ tradition4 ,! ,phnicians 7 t]m$ 8! m]*ants ( _m isles40 ,we c h>dly say !y cultivat$ ! arts at home1 = :]ev] !y w5t1 !re !y made _! home2 on e isl& inhabit$ by !m are f\nd evid5ces ( _! indu/ry z gem-cutt]s--intaglios1 sc>abei1 & seals4 ,i rememb] h[ ,i 0 impress$ on go+ a%ore at ,syra & walk+ ?r\gh its beautiful amphi!atral city ( to-day1 ^: site _h once kn[n ^? v ,phnicians1 examples ( ^: gems may be se5 9 my collection4 ,!y emigrat$ z f> we/ z ,s>d9ia4 ,s>d9ia 0 orig9ally call$ ,s&aleotis1 f its =m1 :i* resembles a human foot or its impr9t1 :]e dur+ c5turies a mod]ate h>ve/ has be5 reap$ ( gems emanat+ f _! h&iwork4 ,,somm]ville ,,collection4 ,illu/ration3 #ahaj ,illu/ration3 #agii ,illu/ration3 #ahje ,illu/ration3 #agie ,illu/ration3 #agif ,illu/ration3 #eai ,illu/ration3 #ahjj ,,ph,,nicia4 ,to a practis$ eye _! "w is di/+ui%able f t ( o!r nations2 ! t\*1 draw+1 execution1 & ! di/9ctive "* ( _! subjects r5d] !m readily recognizable4 ,yet ! symbolic *>act]s are n entirely di/9ctive1 = !y (t5 cle>ly indicate imitation ( ,assyrian & ,egyptian "w & design4 ,= t reason x is (t5 difficult to decide or classify gem-objects f\nd 9 _m ( ! isl&s once coloniz$ by !m1 f ! v fact t 9 design !y at times lack orig9ality4 ,!y 7 a migratory p1 & 9 ?is brief glance at ! :ole range ( our subject we %all be satisfi$ ) m5tion ( _! colony at ,?>ros1 on ! isl& at ,s>d9ia1 :]e ! mo/ unque/ionably au!ntic ,phnician ,sc>abei h be5 f\nd 9 excavations made dur+ ! la/ sixty ye>s4 ,!y are pr9cipally cut on gre5 jasp]1 & 9 "* resemble ,p]sian designs4 ,9 ^! times we write our hi/ory e day on millions ( great pages ( :ite pap]4 ,9 almo/ no cont+5cy w future g5]ations h any difficulty ( le>n+ :o we 71 :]e we came f1 h[ we h =m$ ! ma/] metal--iron--into ?\s&s ( implem5ts & in/rum5ts1 or h[ !y h be5 employ$2 be+ suppli$ ) our ready inscrib$ hi/ory1 !y c beg9 :]e we h left (f & pr(it by our exp]i5ce4 ,illu/ration ,,greece4 ,! e>lie/ specim5s ( ,greek gems bore traces ( ,egyptian /yle2 !y repres5t$ objects r symbolically ?an by arti/ic del9eation ( ! beautiful 9 ! human =m or 9 nature4 ,on ! box ( ,cypselus dea? 0 repres5t$ ) crook$ legs1 beauty & y\? by long tresses ( hair1 p[] by long h&s1 swiftness & agility by long feet4 ,_m ( ! olde/ ,greek /atues 7 accompani$ ) ! names ( ! subjects repres5t$1 :i* seems to imply t ! arti/ 0 consci\s ( 8 defici5cy1 bo? 9 "* & expression4 ,yet 9 "t !y creat$ s+le figures & gr\ps 9 fair m>ble1 ^: symmetry & exquisite modell+ ( ! human =m comm& ! admiration ( all4 ,!y are ei!r at re/ or display+ ! muscles1 s9ews1 & ev5 ! passions ( a?letic m5 & adorable wom54 ,greece 0 ! s\rce ( ! f9e/ & ri*e/ glyptic art-treasures 9 a decorative s5se4 ,grecian intaglios are ( sup]b execution1 ( exquisite f95ess & f9i%4 ,?is sup]iority c 9 a measure be acc\nt$ = by ! enc\ragem5t ! pr(ession receiv$ f ! nation1 bo? f rul]s & f ! p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,greek ,,& ,,roman ,,intaglio ,,r+s4 ,9 proportion to ! ext5d$ cultivation ( ta/e & ! increas$ dem&1 ! ranks ( ! incisori 7 replet$4 ,among s _m conte/ants rivalry & emulation _h a v happy effect 9 =m+ & creat+ arti/s :o 7 inde$ em95t1 & ^: works ev5 to-day sp>kle z jewel-gems 9 ! diadem :i* cr[ns ! hi/ory ( _! place 9 art4 ,! p]fect f9i%1 poli%1 & detail ( _! *oice/ examples r5d] !m sup]ior to ! gems ( any o!r p1 ev5 to _m t come f ,roman s\rces4 ,x is (t5 almo/ impossible intellig5tly to expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! gems ( ! ,greeks & ! ,romans2 su* p[] ( di/+ui%+ "o f ! o!r is only to be ga9$ by long obs]vation & close /udy ( ! subject4 ,_m ( !m1 h[ev]1 seem to say to u :5ev] we meet !m 9 exile1 8,we are ( ,anci5t ,greece1 ,grecians ( ! epo* & home ( ,p]icles ! patron1 & ,phidias ! practition]40 ,we are rem9d$ ( ^! classic1 sil5t monum5ts :5 we meet & recognize ! /rictly glyptic "w ( ! incisori ( ! l& ( ! ,p>!non4 ,x is by comp>ison & contra/ t we /udy & classify _! gems4 ,beautiful /ones h rec5tly be5 discov]$ at ,myc51 among :i* are engrav$ gems be>+ effigies ( animals curi\sly & arti/ically drawn1 & :i*1 by _! ,ori5tal /yle1 prove t ! anci5t ,greeks1 :o bequea!d s mu* to _! successors1 also inh]it$ art-models f a p #ajjj ye>s ,b4 ,c4 ,at fir/ ! coloni/s incis$ :at 0 kn[n z ! ,hell5ic /yle1 & !n1 z !y frat]niz$ ) ! ,romans1 & z ! ,romans made incisions "u ! ,greek tea*+1 _! glyptic works %[$ ! ,greek influ5ce1 & su* works con/itut$ ! gems ( ! ,grco-,romano4 ,_m ( ! intaglios by ,romans1 ( ?is s*ool1 7 sign$ 9 ,greek *>act]s1 & c be se5 9 my collection4 ,?is act ( a ,roman sign+ 8 "n 9 *>act]s o!r ?an ! ,lat9 lett]s peculi> to 8 own c\ntry %[s h[ ,grecian art 0 appreciat$ 9 ! ,grco-,roman epo*4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,gr,,co-,,roman4 ,,roman4 ,! classic multitud9\s gems ( ! ,roman p]iod3 _! emp]ors1 /atesm51 w>riors1 & poets--9 fact1 "s ( _! gems h giv5 to u ! only p]fect portraits 9 m9iature t h be5 pres]v$ f anci5t "t2 incid5ts ( _! conflicts1 _! sports1 games1 & app>el--) ! mass ( *im]as & at times my/]ies4 ,! endless gr& hi/orical cameos1 "s ( :i* 9 my collection repres5t n9ete5 & ev5 tw5ty-two figures 9 good relief c>efully engrav$ on a s+le /one4 ,we "k t gem-engrav+ 9 ,rome 9 ! prolific p]iod 0 celebrat$ = ! greate/ div]sity ( subjects bo? 9 cameos & intaglios4 ,rome1 ! patroness ( ! anci5t _w4 ,rome did n a*ieve ?is ph5om5al position unaid$1 ?\gh 9 its palmie/ days x 0 ! art %r9e ( ! nations4 ,to atta9 ?is position x drew f comp>atively di/ant s\rces1 & borr[$ tal5t :]ev] x 0 available4 ,:5 ,rome's reputation z ! glyptic s*ool 0 h]ald$ & e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ! nations z ! art c5tre ( ! _w1 x became z we h inf]r$1 ! vortex into :i* ho/s ( artisans 7 attract$1 & :o1 :5 once !re1 e/abli%$ !mselves4 ,!y 7 well receiv$2 7 elat$ ) pl5ty ( occupation1 emolum5t1 & good prices2 9 _! new life !y id5tifi$ !mselves ) _! fell[ incisori1 & became ,romans1 or1 at lea/1 ,grco-,romans4 ,9 fact1 ! v>iety 9 /yles & designs produc$ by all ! anci5t peoples ( ,italy 0 due to emigration4 ,pr(it+ by ! culture & art exp]i5ce ( ,etruria1 ,rome le>n$ f ! ,etruscan ar*itects1 pott]s1 die-s9k]s1 & gem-engrav]s4 ,!y le>n$ f ^! m anci5t incisori _m useful lessons :i* enabl$ !m to accompli% wond]s4 ,)9 ! limit$ space available on ^? little gem /ones1 !y depict$ ) complicat$ m9ut5ess details ( ev5ts 9 actual hi/ory1 & display$ rem>kable tact & a/oni%+ p[]s ( composition 9 _! r5d]+ ( gr\ps ( figures & my?ological deities 9 sc5es ( quasi hi/orical ev5ts4 ,?\gh we h se5 ! "w ( ! ,grco-,romans be>+ evid5ce ( comb9$ influ5ce & in/ruction1 !re 0 ev5 at t v epo* a s*ool1 or p[]ful class ( arti/s1 9 ,rome1 :o reta9$ _! own individuality1 :o 7 ,romans ( ,rome1 & f ^: h&s1 & f _! successors1 we h inh]it$ gr& cameos & intaglios1 portray+ _! emp]ors1 /atesm51 philosoph]s1 my?ological subjects1 & occasionally gr\ps record+ important ev5ts 9 ,roman hi/ory4 ,consid]+ we f9d ,roman glyptic "w ( m]it until ne>ly ! close ( ! second c5tury ,a4 ,d41 !re 0 9 all a p]iod ( good gem-engrav+ cov]+ ab\t eight hundr$ ye>s4 ,?r\gh\t all ?is "t ! glyptic art fl\ri%$ "u ! protection ( k+s & emp]ors1 :o = ! g5]al enc\ragem5t ( ! civiliz+ arts1 s]v$ _! own int]e/s & gratifi$ _! ta/es = luxury & ! beautiful by _! con/ant patronage ( gem-engrav+4 ,illu/ration ,,abraxas4 ,! unique my/ic gems ( ! ,gno/ics1 kn[n z ! ,abraxas1 are a s]ies by !mselves2 !y _h no prototype4 ,_! /rangely decorat$ & inscrib$ /one tok5s are s *>act]i/ic ( ! sect t !y also are easily recogniz$4 ,! task ( expla9+ ! mean+ ( ^! incisions is ! m difficult1 z ! veil is almo/ imp5etrable :i* obscures ! hi/ory ( ev]y?+ t p]ta9s to ^! little /one feti*es ( ! ,gno/ics4 ,! v disciples :o c>ri$ ^? amuletic gems did s )\t und]/&+ ! mean+ ( ! m>ks & symbols engrav$ ^u !m4 ,!y evid5tly 7 sacr$ types ( _! sup]/iti\s cre$1 inv5t$ & plac$ !re by _! m5tors or prie/s4 ,!y 7 ,pagans1 ,jews1 & nom9al ,*ri/ians1 & we f9d 9 _! inexhau/ible inscriptions a s]ies ( emblems1 ,hebrew & ,syriac1 :i* dimly %[ =? ,*ri/ ! ,son1 & ,sun ( ,righte\sness ) 1 & ! sev5 ,greek v[els symbolic ( ! sev5 heav5s4 ,^! ,greek v[els h (t5 amus$ me :5 ,i h %[n an ,abraxas talisman ) long inscription to "s ,greek s*ol> n acqua9t$ ) _! gems1 :o w\ld /umble :5 he rea*$ ! o!r *>act]s4 ,,somm]ville ,,collection4 ,illu/ration3 #egd obv]se4 ,illu/ration3 #egd rev]se4 ,illu/ration3 #efb obv]se4 ,illu/ration3 #efb rev]se4 ,illu/ration3 #efd obv]se4 ,illu/ration3 #efi ,illu/ration3 #efd rev]se4 ,illu/ration3 #egc obv]se4 ,illu/ration3 #egc rev]se4 ,,abraxas ,,or ,,gno/ic ,,gems4 ,! religion ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 by no means e/abli%$ peaceably & imm$iately 9 ! days foll[+ 8 crucifixion & resurrection4 ,by a close read+ ( sev]al ( ! ,epi/les ( ! ,new ,te/am5t y w see t dur+ ! fir/ & second c5turies _m 7 ! beliefs & ev5 s*isms among ^? :o ?\ght t !y believ$ 9 ,*ri/4 ,9 ! second ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians !re is evid5ce t ! le>n$ doctors rais$ alt> 9 opposition to alt>4 ,none ( !m 7 av[$ly re>$ by ! ,gno/ics1 yet ! ,apo/le ,paul recogniz$ _! opposition to ! or?odox gr[+ fai? & combat$ !m1 kn[+ t ,*ri/ianity at t critical mom5t 0 con/antly los+ adh]5ts :o1 ?r\gh ! sophi/ries ( ! ,abraxas1 7 daily rel9qui%+ _! ard5t hold on ! new hope 9 ,*ri/4 ,und\bt$ly ?is ,abraxas sect1 :o made s _m cabali/ic talismans1 :i* 7 s bl9dly accept$ & worn by _! disciples1 _h among !m _m :o knew ( our ,savi\r4 ,x appe>s f hi/ory1 & f _! my/ic *>act]s1 t !y _h a cle>] appreciation ( ,*ri/ ?an a j or reasonable fe> ( ! pr9ce ( ! region ( d>kness1 z ,zoroa/] t]m$ ! *ief ( inf]no4 ,!y d]iv$ _! idea ( ,satan1 ! ar* tempt]1 f ! appellation giv5 him by c]ta9 sects 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 :]e1 to bett] deceive _! victims1 !y spoke ( him z an angel ( light4 ,9 mod]n times ! lives ( _m m5 h prov$ t !y _h no desire to repulse ,satan1 b r liv$ h>moni\sly 9 fell[%ip ) him z _! guide4 ,/4 ,paul bes\ght ! ,*ri/ians to gu>d well ! preci\s tru?s reveal$ & confid$ to !m1 & to fe> & fly f ! pr(ane novelties t 7 ?reat5+ ! welf>e ( _! s\ls 7,i4 ,timo?y1 vi74 ,9 a ^w1 ^! great pagan monum5ts 7 ! =]unn]s & ! models ( _m ( ! small & portable talismans t 7 freely dissem9at$ by ! prie/s ( ! ,abraxas to _! disciples & _! foll[]s4 ,"o important fact mu/ be und]/ood4 ,! signs1 symbols1 ! un9telligible hi]oglyphs ( ! ,gno/ics1 ! ,basilidians1 :i* we f9d on ! ,abraxas gems--almo/ all talismans--are ! my/ic repres5tations ( a sect ?us made up ( p ( sev]al nations1 all ( :om 9 _! aspirations s\ght = k ( ! invisible p[]1 t unque/ionably _h creat$ & :o gov]n$ all ?+s1 :om1 ?\gh unse51 !y s]v$ & fe>$4 ,illu/ration ,,somm]ville ,,collection4 ,illu/ration3 #efa obv]se4 ,illu/ration3 #efa rev]se4 ,illu/ration3 #adca ,illu/ration3 #efh obv]se4 ,illu/ration3 #efh rev]se4 ,illu/ration3 #efe ,,abraxas ,,or ,,gno/ic ,,gems4 ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ians4 ,! ev5ts n>rat$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ result$ 9 ! draw+ toge!r ( 8 foll[]s1 :o daily s\ght to wor%ip _! ris5 ,r$eem]1 not)/&+ ! t]rible opposition ( ! hea!n autocrats ( ,rome4 ,v naturally 9 proportion to ! imp]ial opposition ! fai?ful became m f]v5t4 ,z !y c\ld n publicly meet = wor%ip & pray]1 !y 7 compell$ to d s cl&e/9ely4 ,n[ 9 ord] t only ! fai?ful %\ld ent]1 & t ! enemies might be detect$1 a sy/em ( tess] 0 inv5t$1 & soon ^! 7 made 9 ! =m ( engrav$ pietradura2 ! designs always 7 ( ! simple/ "*--a dove1 two or ?ree fi%1 two palms cross$1 etc41 & o!r religi\s gem-tok5s2 ?is =m$ ! glyptic epo* kn[n z ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ian gems4 ,be x und]/ood1 !re 0 no repres5tation ( 8,god10 ! 8,fa!r10 or ( 8,*ri/20 only simple symbols ( ! class already describ$2 symbols ( _! simple fai?4 ,?is 0 a p]iod ( glyptic "w 9 :i* a s]ies ( gems 7 engrav$ by a p :o pursu$ _! avocation "u peculi>ly try+ circum/ances2 !y 7 ! 8,e>ly ,*ri/ians40 ,! *ildr5 born ( ^? :o _h already esp\s$ ! new doctr9e 7 taught ) ! fir/ lessons ( life to "k1 to rev]e1 & to tru/ 9 ! ,savi\r2 ) _! e>lie/ lisp+ words1 f ! cradle !y le>n$ to plead 9 pray] = div9e protection4 ,! e>lie/ ,*ri/ians1 ! fir/ conv]ts1 born 9 paganism1 _h n ! opportunities ) :i* _! (fspr+ & desc5dants 7 favor$2 !y _h to r5\nce ! sup]/itions 9 :i* !y _h be5 re>$1 & 7 (t5 oblig$ to sev] ! fri5dly ties ( y\?4 ,^! fir/ enroll$ ) ! foll[]s ( ,*ri/1 pagans1 ^: convictions impell$ !m to accept ! ,r$eem]1 (f]$ to _! inquir+ he>ts1 comm5c$ anew lives ) _m pagan prejudices & cu/oms cl++ to !m4 ,"s ( !m 7 incisori1 & x is int]e/+ to obs]ve among ! comp>atively few gems ( ?is epo* ! evid5ce ( transition4 ,_m ( ^! gems unque/ionably be>+ "s ( ! simpl] ,*ri/ian decoration 7 /ill adorn$ ) pagan designs4 ,on "o we f9d ,a/>te2 on o!rs1 ,s]apis1 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 or ,apollo4 ,! div9ity1 ! lovel9ess ( expression sometimes giv5 to ^! transition portraits seem to h be5 ! "w ( arti/s ^: s\ls 7 imbu$ ) ! s+ul> beauty ( t ,div9e ,man :om ,publius ,l5tulus ann\nc$ to ! ,s5ate z 8! prophet ( tru?10 a man ^: p]sonal beauty excell$ all human creatures--& yet ! effigy really 0 ( "s pagan deity4 ,^! gems1 h[ev]1 :i* 7 *>act]iz$ by remnants ( pagan decoration1 7 only ( ! epo* imm$iately succe$+ ! in/itution ( ! sect ( 8foll[]s ( ,*ri/10 & prec$+ ! dawn+ /ruggle ( ! 8,e>ly ,*ri/ians10 to e/abli% _! belief & to reta9 _! rights z citiz5s4 ,!y r5\nc$ ! idolatr\s religion ( ! nation1 & _! glyptic "w 0 g5]ally typical ( ! purity & simplicity ( _! fai? & _! devotion to its obs]vance4 ,illu/ration ,,byzant9e4 ,"o might naturally suppose t ! gems ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians w\ld ab\nd 9 repres5tations ( scriptural ev5ts & incid5ts ( ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,su* 0 n ! case2 ^! subjects 7 abundantly produc$ by ! ,byzant9es ab\t ! fif? c5tury ,a4 ,d4 ,?is c be acc\nt$ = f ! fact t mo/ ( ^! subject-gems 7 engrav$ to decorate ! sacr$ vessels & p>aph]nalia ( ! *ur* alt>s 9 ,byzantium4 ,) ,con/ant9e we f9d ! ,byzant9e epo* 9 its maturity4 ,) ! simplicity ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians we h rem>k$ t ev]y?+ l repres5tation ( ! ,godhead 0 elim9at$ or r =bidd54 ,x 0 ! ,byzant9es :o creat$ = ! gem m>ket tok5 cameos & intaglios on :i* 7 incis$ effigies ( ! ,holy ,family1 & incid5ts 9 e phase 9 t s]ies ( ev5ts t nev] has be5 equall$ 9 hi/oric int]e/ 9 ! records ( "t3 ! bir?1 life1 trial1 suff]+s1 dea?1 & resurrection ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,elaborate details *>act]iz$ ! cameos pictur+ ! triumphs ( t ,*ri/ian emp]or & ! portraiture ( 8 "m ,hel5a4 ,,somm]ville ,,collection4 ,illu/ration3 #ehi ,illu/ration3 #ehj ,illu/ration3 #eij ,illu/ration3 #egh ,illu/ration3 #ege ,,byzant9e ,,*ri/4 ,! annunciation1 ! visitation1 ! bir? 9 ! mang]1 ! adoration ( ! wise m5 & ! magi1 ! be>+ ( ! cross1 ! crucifixion1 etc4 ,) ! ,byzant9e epo* we meet ) ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e z we turn f ! fir/ p]iod ( decad5ce1 9 fact1 almo/ demise1 ( ! art ( ! incisori4 ,! ju/ice1 en]gy1 & ent]prise ( ,con/ant9e %[]$ b5efits on all indu/ri\s m5 9 ! ,ea/]n ,roman _w4 ,skill$ workm51 sp>$ f ! absorb+ conflicts ( w>1 anew devot$ !mselves 9 peace to _! me*anical avocations4 ,prosp]ity rul$ & 0 assur$ to ! p4 ,=emo/ among ^! artisans 7 ! gem-engrav]s2 ! dem& = _! glyptic productions1 & ! am\nt produc$1 0 ph5om5al4 ,! dignity ( ,con/ant9e's successful empire 0 su/a9$ by a ret9ue ( c\rti]s2 luxury *>act]iz$ all ! imp]ial decorations ( 8 palace4 ,8 will+ subjects suppli$ 8 dem&s & gratifi$ 8 ref9$ ta/es by zeal\sly execut+ 8 lib]al comm&s 9 all bran*es ( art1 & especially 9 ! art ( gem-engrav+1 :i* contribut$ l>gely to ! c\rt adornm5t4 ,recogniz+ ! ne> relation%ip betwe5 gems & co9s1 we "h see t ,con/ant9e1 %ortly aft] he _h e/abli%$ 8 empire 9 ,byzantium1 remov$ ! pagan emblems f ! co9s ( ! empire1 & issu$ o!rs on :i* he caus$ to be impress$ ! leg5d illu/rat+ & record+ ! peculi> incid5t ( 8 conv]sion2 to ?is 0 add$ a phnix1 emblematic ( ! r5ovation ( 8 empire1 toge!r ) ! monogram ( ,*ri/1 & ! ,angel ( ,victory1 :i* 9 8 vision _h direct$ 8 c\rse at ! "t ( 8 conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity & triumph ov] ! pagan enemy4 ,at ! "t ( 8 baptism at ,nicom$ia he clad himself 9 a :ite robe1 & f t "t he nev] resum$ ! imp]ial purple4 ,?is incid5t 0 also engrav$1 & =m$ ! subject ( a design on a lat] co94 ,! engrav]s employ$ by ,con/ant9e 7 incisori ( ! highe/ rank ( t p]iod2 none o!rs 7 9 favor4 ,!y execut$ portraits ( 8 family1 ( 8 wife ,fau/a1 ( 8 sons1 & ( himself--9 combat1 9 bu/1 on horseback1 9 imp]ial p[]2 always laureat$1 & pr9cipally on cameos1 v few intaglios be+ cut at ?is "t4 ,sev]al important examples h surviv$ ! rack & ru9 ( "t1 & may be se5 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale at ,p>is1 ! ,briti% ,museum at ,london1 ! ,royal & ,imp]ial ,collections ( ,vi5na & ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & 9 my collection4 ,^! unique gems1 ^? commission$ by ,con/ant9e1 h[ev]1 =m a small proportion ( ! glyptic h>ve/ f ! ,byzant9e p]iod4 ,) ,con/ant9e comm5ces ! s]ies ( scriptural cameos1 :i* cont9ue dur+ sev]al ye>s 9 ,byzantia4 ,! great numb] ( cameos pres]v$ f ?is epo* be>+ scriptural subjects1 :i* 7 ord]$ & engrav$ = reliqu>ies & e description ( vessels1 & = ! adornm5t ( alt> book-b9d+s1 = *ur* & ca!dral c]emonies1 f> exce$s 9 quantity ^? imp]ial portraits1 & to an appreciator ( di/9ctive specialties 9 a repres5tative art collection !y are m int]e/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,byzant9e4 ,aft] a few heads ( ,*ri/ attribut$ to ! ,sassanians1 we meet 9 ! reign ( ,con/ant9e ! fir/ gem portraits ( our ,savi\r4 ,^! sacr$ portraits1 ev5 at times rudely r5d]$1 h (t5 m div9ity 9 !m ?an _m simil> subjects ( a lat] p]iod4 ,! di/9ctive1 mo/ *>act]i/ic1 ,byzant9e gems are ! l>ge s]ies ( scriptural cameos1 design$ 9 relief = ! ornam5tation ( ! sacr$ vessels & o!r p>aph]nalia on ! alt>s ( ! *ur*es at ! ,byzant9e capital4 ,illu/ration ,,m$i,,val4 ,! era 9 ! decl9e 9 art 0 s5sibly m>k$ 9 ! glyptic bran*4 ,! v rude & (t5 grotesquely drawn designs we meet 9 ?is long p]iod1 ! ,middle ,ages1 may well be t]m$ ! d>k days4 ,! eras ( art 9 ! hi/ory ( nations h be5 m>k$ by ! same *ang+ *>act]i/ics2 light has inv>iably be5 succe$$ by d>kness2 !re are %ad[s ev] foll[+ ! bright rays ( ! sun4 ,?is day ( imag]y & sculpture1 feeble at its dawn1 radiant 9 its morn+1 p[]ful 9 ! glory & effulg5ce ( its m]idian1 det]iorat$ z ev5+ advanc$1 fad$ 9 ! twilight1 0 at la/ veil$ 9 ! long p]iod ( decad5ce--! ,middle ,ages1 ! night ( art4 ,^! p1 s cr$ul\s & s tru/+ 9 ^! tok5-/ones1 by degrees =m$ !mselves into gr\ps1 at fir/ ( two or ?ree1 ) ties ( pi\s fri5d%ip2 subsequ5tly ^! associations gradually increas$ 9 ! numb]s ( _! adh]5ts until ! gr[+ fanatic idea ( clos+ "o's eyes on ! s9ful _w 0 ! inc5tive :i* =m$ at fir/ asylums1 & soon aft] mona/]ies2 & ! mona/ic life became popul>2 wav]+ m51 feel+ !mselves too weak to face ! temptations ( ! _w1 resort$ to ^! holy retreats & !re s\ght ,god4 ,few reasonable m5 c be truly happy )\t occupation1 &1 happily = u1 ^! recluses saw ! importance & ! hi/oric int]e/ ( engrav$ gems4 ,_m int]e/+ intaglios 7 ?us sp>$ f loss & de/ruction4 ,! num]\s ord]s ( monks dur+ ?is b>b>\s epo* collect$ all t possibly c\ld be sav$ f ! de/roy+ avalan*e1 & ) great dilig5ce transcrib$ on p>*m5t types ( ! exi/+ lit]ature4 ,! labor]s 9 ! limit$ field ( art 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7 ^! dwell]s 9 mona/]ies4 ,to !m we are indebt$ = "s rude fibres 9 ! fabric ) :i* ?is p]iod ( d>kness is canopi$2 !y walk$ "u x 9 ! simplicity ( mona/ic life2 & to u at lea/ x conveys ! lesson t man has =gott5 s mu*1 kn[s s little1 & has s mu* to le>n4 ,_! intaglios 7 g5]ally ( a spiritual & devotional "*1 ?\gh "s ( !m reliev$ ! t$ium ( cloi/] life by creat+ 9 basso-rilievo on bone & ivory ! mo/ ludicr\s & mir?-provok+ designs4 ,! subjects ( ! engrav$ gems ( ! eigh?1 n9?1 t5?1 & elev5? c5turies are to a great ext5t unmean+ figures & heads--portraits ( unkn[n p]sonages1 n[ & !n reproductions ( anci5t ,roman emp]ors & milit>y h]oes ( hi/oric r5[n1 yet poorly r5d]$ & bad 9 execution4 ,!re are also _m inexplicable subjects1 portray+ gr\ps ( ?ree f\r1 five1 & six figures1 evid5tly int5d$ to commemorate ev5ts 9 hi/ory2 also my?ological processions1 bo? 9 rude intaglios & equally m$iocre cameos1 giv+ triumphs ( ,sil5us & ,bac*us1 portray+ ^! h]oes 9 =ms1 ! draw+ ( :i* w\ld raise blu%es on _! *eeks c\ld !y return to e>? & be all[$ to criticise _! effigies4 ,sil5us1 ev5 full ( w9e1 w\ld h gr[l$ & remon/rat$1 & w\ld h pron\nc$ "s ( !m absurd misrepres5tations2 !y1 h[ev]1 are v int]e/+1 if only on acc\nt ( _! contra/ ) ! examples ( ,greek & ,roman glyptic art4 ,illu/ration ,9 ?is epo*1 aga91 we f9d in/ances ( ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! numismatic bran* ( ! art ( gem-engrav+1 = ! models ( all pieces ( money are intaglios1 & ?us f> !y are relat$ to ! glyptic art2 & x has always be5 ! fir/ indu/ry giv+ evid5ce ( a decl9e4 ,! view ( ^! relics ( cloi/] art conv9ces u t !y ( ! d>k ages did n contribute ! truly beautiful4444 ,yet %ad[s pass 8) "t & ! h\r40444 ,night is pass+1 444 comes ! gray1 444 comes ! dawn1 444 comes ! morn+ light4 ,creatures t at ev5+ ceas$ _! song1 tune n[ _! pipes & s+ aga92 !y *ant anon ! requiem ( ! ,night ( ,art2 & yet anon1 !y s+ ! com+ ( ! light4 ,!y celebrate at la/1 ) hope1 ! r5ew+ ( all ?+s beautiful 9 art4 ,! orb ( day gilds ! horizon2 man beholds ! aurora ( approa*+ day4 ,,r5aissance4 ,9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 "u ! enc\ragem5t ( ! ,m$ici family1 skill$ artisans aga9 emigrat$ to ,italy z coadjutors 9 ! great revival ( all t 0 beautiful 9 gem-engrav+4 ,!y creat$1 = ! glyptic phase ( art1 a position almo/ z important z x _h enjoy$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,a4 ,d4 ,x is n surpris+ t comp>atively s few engrav$ gems h be5 h&$ d[n to u :5 we consid] ! tides ( ! la/ tw5ty c5turies z a great sea :i* has borne to ! %ores ( civiliz$ ,europe1 & lat] to ,am]ica1 specim5s ( anci5t art creations--t sea1 at times placid1 yet ev] & anon turbul5t ) deva/at+ /orms1 ^: iconocla/ic waves broke ^u ! anci5t sites ( antiquity1 de/roy+ treasures t ?us h be5 irrep>ably lo/ to ar*ological sci5ce & to our museums4 ,z a *ild becomes re/less ) ! consci\sness ( com+ day be=e x fully wakes f sleep1 man1 we>y ( ?is night ( ignorance & ! atmosph]e ( b>b>ism--fretful on 8 c\* "u ! yoke ( tyranny1 /riv+ to %ake x (f :ile yet envelop$ by ! %ades ( error1 rose up to seek an elem5t he knew n1 a light he dream$ w\ld come6 ,,somm]ville ,,collection4 ,illu/ration3 #fbd ,illu/ration3 #fja ,illu/ration3 #fcd ,illu/ration3 #aceh ,illu/ration3 #fcb ,illu/ration3 #fba ,illu/ration3 #fca ,illu/ration3 #faf ,,r5aissance-,,m$ici ,,p]iod4 ,he bur/ ! cords t b\nd 8 /r5g?2 he pi]c$ ! cl\ds :i* dull$ 8 vision1 &1 leav+ 8 prison-h\se1 rea*$ =? 8 fe>less arm1 & pu%+ aside ! sombre folds ( ! long int]v5+ veil1 pe]$ into ! out] _w ( progress1 & 9 ! gray gloom he descri$ a di/ant t]race4 ,) rapid /rides1 ?r\gh furr[s ( popul> prejudice & c9d]s ( pa/ magnific5ce1 ov] crumbl$ ar* & fall5 pill>1 frieze1 & p$im5t1 he sp$ 8 way2 nor flagg$ nor halt$1 till ! summit rea*$1 he /ood & gaz$ ) e>ne/ look out into ! com+ "t2 he beheld 9 ! vi/a be=e him _m /reams fl[+ into ! sea ( ! future4 ,9 ! horizon gleam$ aga9 ! om5 ( com+ day2 x 0 ! h>b+] ( a new bir?4 ,! light ( tru? fla%$ ^u 8 m9d1 discov]+ to him 8 fre$ intellect4 ,unlike ! d5iz5s ( ! e>li] age ( luxury & repletion1 he /ood a ?9k+ man1 refre%$1 invigorat$1 & ready = "w2 & quickly he appli$ himself2 call$ =? 8 k9sman2 8 voice 0 he>d ?r\gh\t ! l&2 m5 awoke ev]y:]e & wr\ght 9 ! ateli]s ( ! new life4 ,?r\gh ! air came /ra9s z ( music1 f creak+ ( timb]1 crack+ ( /one1 ! c>ol ( ! pa9t]1 hamm] & anvil1 pla%+ o>1 :eel & %aft1 mallet & *isel1 & ) ! new dem& ^u ! gem-engrav]s came--! ,oratorio ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,) ?is awak5+ came ano!r influx ( skill$ artisans into ,italy1 n to compete1 z be=e1 9 ! great e/abli%$ art m>ket ( ! _w4 ,n[ !y came 9 response to appeals = ma/]-workm51 came to in/ruct1 to enc\rage ! new bir?2 to lead ! dr[sy ones out into ! full light ( day1 ! day ( a ris+ con/ellation 9 :i* once m %one brilliantly a m]itori\s s*ool ( gem-engrav]s4 ,?\gh ,g]many1 ,france1 & o!r nations %>$ 9 ! "w1 ,italy gu>d$ ! cradle ( ! ,r5aissance1 & z a fai?ful1 lov+ p>5t1 wat*$ ! develop+ features ( ! y\?1 :i* grew apace1 read+ !re ! promise ( a gr[+ p[] t 0 de/9$ to lead future g5]ations to excell5ce & prosp]ity 9 art4 ,italy accompli%$ ! fir/ great "w ( ?is p]iod by furni%+ models = bo? indu/rial & f9e arts1 infus+ vitality into o!r nations4 ,! influ5tial families ( ! ,m$ici & ,f>nese1 ,popes ,leo ,x4 & ,paul ,,iii41 _m c>d9als & nobles1 7 in/rum5tal 9 ! revival ( gem-engrav+2 especially ,lor5zo de ,m$ici contribut$ to its r$evelopm5t & gr[? by induc+ arti/s to devote !mselves to its practice & be/[+ on !m 8 lib]al patronage4 ,! vigor\s mann] ( arti/s ( ?is p]iod is s m>k$ t ev5 9 ! reproduction ( antique designs a connoisseur c recognize _! peculi> /yle4 ,_! orig9al works are highly m]itori\s1 atta9+ a great degree ( excell5ce4 ,_m rose to em95ce2 "s1 n cont5t ) ris+ 9 ! firman5t ( ! dawn+ effulg5ce1 aspir$ to positions 9 ! bright con/ellation ( fame1 produc+ engrav$ gems = ! ornam5tation ( co/umes1 armor1 inlay+ & emboss+ ( vases1 tank>ds1 etc4 ,illu/ration ,,succe$+ ,,decl9es ,,& ,,revivals4 ,con/ant enc\ragem5t 0 giv5 to ?is bran* ( art-indu/ry ?r\gh\t ! fifte5? & "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 b aft] ! dea? ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v41 9 #aeeh1 recurr$ ano!r p]iod ( decl9e4 ,private & royal accumulations ( art works 7 aga9 ! victims ( depr$ation2 cab9ets & museums 7 pillag$ & scatt]$ by milit>y m>aud]s1 z "o aft] ano!r ! great cities ( ! ,cont95t ( ,europe 7 besieg$ & conqu]$4 ,! glyptic1 ( all ! arts1 0 ! mo/ easily affect$ by ! *ang+ =tunes ( nations4 ,^! circum/ances compell$ arti/s to give _! att5tion m p>ticul>ly to *ur* ar*itecture1 to ! production ( l>ge devotional basso-rilievos = ! alt>1 & sculptur$ figures1 :i*1 ?\gh repres5t+ sacr$ subjects1 7 (t5 too voluptu\s 9 =m1 & lack+ ! ess5tial qualities ( true art4 ,9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury gem-engrav+ receiv$ fre% impetus2 new practition]s 7 enroll$ f ,g]many1 ,engl&1 & ,france4 ,"s ( ^! resid$ _m ye>s 9 ,engl&1 pursu+ _! pr(ession assidu\sly & pr(itably4 ,9 ?is p]iod quantities ( intaglios & cameos 7 reproduc$ f ! mo/ salable antique subjects4 ,to supply ! wants ( en?usia/ic amateurs frauds 7 freely committ$1 by close imitation1 & ! ins]tion ( signatures ( celebrat$ ,greek & ,roman engrav]s1 ?\gh ! age produc$ arti/s ( ! highe/ ability & honor4 ,! works ( ,natt]1 ,sirletti1 ,pickl]1 ,m>*&1 ,pi/rucci1 ,sant>elli1 & o!rs come to u s directly f _! h&s t we feel !y almo/ belong to our day1 & we ?9k ( !m z ( acqua9tances4 ,illu/ration ,_m ( ! gems ( ,giovanni ,pickl] comp>e favorably ) ! f9e/ incisions ( ! ,greek1 & ev5 ) ! "w ( ! r5[n$ ,dioscorides4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ! comm5cem5t ( ! n9ete5?1 mon>*s & noblem5 indulg$ 9 mak+ collections ( gems to su* an ext5t t ! li/ ( patrons increas$ competition1 & fabul\s prices 7 obta9$ f su* buy]s z ! ,empress ,ca!r9e ,,ii4 ( ,russia1 ! ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ( ,prussia1 ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 ,george ,,iii41 ! ,empress ,joseph9e ( ,france1 & _m ( ! ,engli% nobility1 among o!rs ! ,dukes ( ,devon%ire & ,m>lbor\gh4 ,almo/ until n[ no plea has be5 (f]$ = glyptology z a factor contribut+ hi/orical data4 ,! mass ( sci5ti/s h be5 cont5t$ ) mu/y old volumes1 & ^! little message-be>+ /ones h be5 reg>d$ z no?+ m ?an curi\s anci5t articles ( luxury1 yet y w rem>k we d n look on !m 9 t light2 we recognize1 z we ju/ly %\ld1 ea* & e piece z "p ( a great /ory1 record+ & illu/rat+ _m epo*s & eras 9 ?is _w's hi/ory1 & pati5tly we h be5 seek+ to replace ea* fragm5t into its prop] place 9 ! inscrib$ diagram1 until we are conv9c$ t we read !reon _m ?+s t no manuscripts or books h communicat$ to u4 ,,"s ,,types ,,( ,,rem>kable ,,gems4 ,my entire collection 9 ! ,free ,museum ( ,sci5ce & ,art ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania mu/ be exam9$ to see types ( all ^! epo*s4 ,x may be well to notice "h ?ree or f\r v rem>kable gems ( :i* monographs h also be5 publi%$4 ,,bac*us ,,& ,,ariadne4 ,ariadne is seat$ on ! rocks ( ,dia1 :]e ,bac*us f\nd h]2 at h] feet is h] pan!r4 ,bac*us be>s 9 8 h& a ?rysus2 8 javel9 ) its po9t 9 ! =m ( a p9e cone2 8 head wrea!d ) ivy & grape leaves2 8 h& lov+ly plac$ on sad ,ariadne's %\ld]1 :o has j be5 des]t$ by ,!seus4 ,bac*us1 deeply 9 love 7:i* is indicat$ by ! figure ( ,cupid71 says to h]1 8,i %all c>e = !e40 ,! pan!r at ! feet ( ,ariadne is emblematic ( ! pr9cipal & mo/ important incid5t 9 h] life1 h] love = ,!seus4 ,ariadne 0 ! daught] ( ,m9os1 ,k+ ( ,crete4 ,%e fell 9 love ) ,!seus :5 he w5t z "o ( ! sev5 y\?s :om ! ,a!nians 7 oblig$ to s5d e ye> ) sev5 maid5s to ,crete to be dev\r$ by ! ,m9otaur4 ,ariadne provid$ ,!seus ) a sword ) :i* he slew ! ,m9otaur1 & ) a ?read :i* enabl$ him to f9d 8 way out ( ! labyr9?2 !y !n fl$ to ! isl& ( ,naxos 7,dia71 :]e ,!seus1 w>n$ by a god 9 a dream1 des]t$ h]4 ,bac*us arriv$ opportunely f ,india1 f9d+ ,ariadne 9 a /ate ( grief & con/]nation1 :i* ev5 add$ to h] *>m+ beauty2 he qu5*$ h] te>s1 consol$ h]1 & took h] to himself4 ,?is exquisite gem is a f9e repres5tation ( ,r5aissance "w 7see plate on p4 #ha74 ,,jupit] ,,gio*us4 ,among examples ( antique glyptic art1 by ref]r+ to my late "w on 8,engrav$ ,gems3 ,_! ,place 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,art10 y w f9d an ext5d$ notice ( ! sup]b anci5t cameo on *rysoprase ( ,jupit] gio*us4 ,x is ! eigh? ( importance 9 ! rem>kable antique cameos t h be5 pres]v$ f ! e>ly c5turies aft] ,*ri/4 ,x is ( rem>kable dim5sions1 be+ #afg millimetres 9 height by #acj millimetres 9 bread?4 ,x is ( ! close ( ! epo* ( ,m>cus ,aurelius or ! e>li] ye>s ( ! reign ( ,commodus4 ,! /yle is t ( ! ,grco-,roman art4 ,! "w is v beautiful = t epo*1 & !re re/s 9 ?is head ( ! ma/] ( ! gods an acc5t ( gr&eur 9 :i* "o feels ! reflection ( ! orig9al ,greek ( ! bett] c5turies1 imitat$ "h by ! engrav] ( ! ,grco-,roman age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,somm]ville ,,collection4 ,,jupit] ,,gio*us4 ,x is an int]e/+ circum/ance1 :i* m]its p>ticul> att5tion1 t ! cameo ,zulian com+ f ,ephesus & ?is ,jupit] gio*us are c]ta9ly ( ! workman%ip ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,e>ly 9 ?is c5tury ?is cameo made "p ( ! celebrat$ ,nor?wick ,collection ( ,engl&4 ,aft]w>ds x 0 acquir$ by a weal?y connoisseur 9 ,france1 & lat] pass$ into ! possession ( ,m4 ,feu>d5t1 ,p>is1 :51 ) 8 p]mission1 an engrav+ ( x appe>$1 ) five qu>to pages ( text & notes1 9 ! ,gazette ,ar*ologique1 ,p>is1 #ahgg1 edit$ by ,b>on ,j4 ,de ,witte1 ,membre de l',in/itut & ,franois ,l5ormant4 ,m4 ,adri5 ,longp]i]1 ! di/+ui%$ glyptologi/ & savant ( ! ,in/itut de ,france1 "s ?irty ye>s ago made a /udy ( ?is gem1 & s]i\sly contemplat$ its acquisition = ,france2 he urg$ ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t to au?orize its pur*ase = ! collection 9 ! ,salle des ,pi]res graves 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale1 ,p>is1 or = ! ,museum ( ! ,l\vre4 ,sev]al o!r museums also negotiat$ = its pur*ase1 b ! late own] be+ firm 9 8 dem&1 ! price caus$ !m to delay1 & n[ x belongs to ,am]ica1 be+ "p ( my collection4 ,,! ,,triumph ,,( ,,con/ant9e4 ,among ! mo/ important & int]e/+ antique gems 9 my collection is "o engrav$ :5 ,con/ant9e held ! ,roman ,empire 9 ,byzantia1 :i* came into ! possession ( ! ,c\rt ( ,russia4 ,! ,empress ,ca!r9e ,,ii41 wi%+ to conf] a great favor & special rew>d on an ambassador to h] c\rt f h] rem>kable collection 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,h]mitage at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 pres5t$ ?is antique gem to him 9 #aghe4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s aft]w>ds1 at 8 dea? 9 ,greece1 x 0 sold1 & 0 pi\sly gu>d$ dur+ ?irty ye>s by a collector 9 ! ,hell5ic p59sula4 ,aft] t x became ! prop]ty ( ,biel] 9 ,/yria4 ,i came into possession ( ?is rem>kable gem aft] m ?an five ye>s' negotiations ) its own]1 & subsequ5tly ) 8 heirs4 ,x is a cameo ( great importance 9 itself4 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,w4 ,k+1 ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,engl&1 said1 8,x is by f> ! mo/ important ( all simil> works ( ! ,l[] ,empire hi!rto publi%$40 ,x is ( v consid]able dim5sions 7#f #d in*es71 be+ ! elev5? 9 po9t ( magnitude ( ^? already exi/+ 9 any cab9et4 ,x is a maculat$ s>d1 d>k-r$di% amb] color1 ) slight :ite1 d>k sepia1 & burnt si5na spots or maculation4 ,! subject is a ,triumph ( ,con/ant9e4 ,?is portrait ( t ,byzant9e ,emp]or is consid]$ v fai?ful4 ,z ,i h (t5 rem>k$ 9 connection ) ! numismatic phase ( my subject1 we c 9 ?is case e/abli% ! lik5ess ( ,con/ant9e by confront+ x ) ! f9e gold co9s ( 8 realm & reign4 ,illu/ration ,among ! auxili>y figures on ! gem is ,con/ant9e's "m ,hel5a1 %e :o f\nd ! true cross2 also ,crispus 8 son1 & 8 wife ,fau/a4 ,! ,emp]or is be+ cr[n$ by a ,victory1 :o /&s beh9d him borne 9 a triumphal c>1 ! f\r horses walk+ & l$ by a soldi] 9 front4 ,con/ant9e holds ! re9s 9 8 left h&1 b 9 8 "r a roll ( pap] 7volum571 in/ead ( ! cu/om>y eagle-tipp$ sceptre4 ,9 ! front ( ! gr\p is a /&>d inscrib$ 8,s4 ,p4 ,q4 ,r410 ! be>] ( ! /aff be+ conceal$ by ! horses ( ! c>2 z are also ! lictors1 ^: fasces are se5 elevat$ 9 ! air above ! horses' backs1 9 ! upp] field ( ! composition4 ,beh9d ! c> /&s ,crispus & ,fau/a1 bo? 9 front face2 ,crispus is po9t+ to ! lab>um1 & evid5tly relat+ to ,fau/a all ! circum/ances ( its introduction into ! sc5e4 ,at ! opposite end ( ! gem /&s ,hel5a1 :o1 ) ! soldi] lead+ ! quadriga1 =ms a balance to ! o!r pair4 ,mu* labor & skill h be5 exp5d$ by ! arti/ ^u ! face ( ! triumph+ ,cs>1 9 ord] to leave no d\bt z to 8 id5tity1 & ) su* success t ! well-kn[n ,augu/us-l pr(ile ( ,con/ant9e may be recogniz$ at ! fir/ glance4 ,,religion ,,on ,,/ones4 ,we h f\nd "h unque/ionably in=mation n to be obta9$ f any o!r s\rce4 ,if anci5t engrav$ /ones _h nev] be5 une>!d or f\nd1 we w\ld h be5 ignorant to-day ( mu* t is int]e/+ & important conc]n+ ! hi/oric *a9 :i* n[ connects u ) ! traditions ( m5 9 ! incipi5cy ( art ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e ! era ( manuscripts4 ,we hold & e/eem ! ,holy ,bible n only z our guide & z ! book ( ,god's laws1 b also z "o ( ! mo/ p]fect comp5ds ( ! hi/ory ( ! _w f all kn[n "t4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( ! pr(ession ( gem-cutt+ is 9 ! ?irty-fir/ *apt] ( ,exodus1 f ! fir/ to ! fif? v]se1 inclusive3 8,& ! ,"l spake unto ,moses1 say+1 ,see1 ,i h call$ by "n ,bezaleel ! son ( ,uri1 ! son ( ,hur1 ( ! tribe ( ,judah3 & ,i h fill$ him ) ! _s ( ,god1 9 wisdom1 & 9 und]/&+1 & 9 k1 & 9 all mann] ( workman%ip1 to devise cunn+ works1 to "w 9 gold1 & 9 silv]1 & 9 brass1 & 9 cutt+ ( /ones1 to set !m10 etc41 8& to "w 9 all mann] ( workman%ip40 ,?is commission 0 = ! ,jews to adorn ! ark ( ! te/imony & to atta* to ! ,esod a "p ( ! ve/iture ( ! gr& sac]dotal ( ! ,israelites4 ,our obs]vation ( ?is bran* ( art has be5 /rictly 9 accordance ) our int5d$ plan4 ,we h reg>d$ almo/ solely all ^! beautiful /ones 9 ! light ( art1 ) a view ( consid]+ _! comp>ative art-m]its2 yet ,i h always se5 9 _! hi/ory ano!r & some:at important phase1 to me an int]e/+ "o3 t is1 _! connection ) ! traditions1 leg5ds1 & annals ( religion4 ,we f9d on !m t5ets ( paganism1 my/icism1 my?ology1 & ! ,*ri/ian religion--symbols1 dogmas1 & pictur$ revelations ( cre$s ( _m nations & ( p almo/ o!rwise unkn[n--:at may inde$ be classifi$ z religi\s /one-lit]ature4 ,skilful utilization ( ! color$ /rata & maculation ( onyxes & agates depict fire & wat] z objects ( adoration2 alt>s r5d]$ sacr$ by _! inscriptions1 ea* ) its patron god ^u x or hov]+ ne>2 *>act]s !re inscrib$ tell+ to ^: s]vice !y 7 d$icat$--n[ to a supreme be+ belov$1 ?\gh abs5t2 aga91 to a deity ador$1 ?\gh unse54 ,e tribe seems to h _h a ,fa!r above1 ?\gh we d n meet ) ! vague sup]scription1 8,to ! unkn[n ,god40 ,on e side objects ( v5]ation3 ! heav5s2 innum]able m5tion ( deities dwell+ !re92 pl5te\s aspirations & appeals to _! clem5cy1 =be>ance1 & protection4 ,^! talismanic gems1 :5ev] !y are religi\sly inscrib$1 ,i treasure z tablets ( fai?--a fai? :i*1 ?\gh (t5 errone\sly plac$1 0 f]v5t & abid+ z x 0 indelibly regi/]$4 ,rambl+ 9 _m /range c\ntries1 see+ palaces1 co/umes1 m51 & mann]s1 ?is subject1 p>am\nt to !m all1 has (t5 receiv$ my att5tion--a !me ! mo/ preci\s to ! scatt]$ races ( ! human family1 _! religion4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t s l>ge a proportion ( ! intaglios & seals 7 ( a religi\s "*4 ,! anci5t resid5ts ne> ! sea & on all ! fronti] ( ,asia ,m9or _h _! religi\s tok5-gems4 ,9 ?is day ( enlight5m5t naturally we are a/oni%$ t m5 c\ld h believ$ 9 ^! gods or 9 su* !ories & dogmas1 & express+ a/oni%m5t t !y c\ld h tru/$ 9 ^! talismans or hop$ = b5efits f !m4 ,we wond] at ! absurd codes ( my?ological religion2 yes1 let u call x s2 t is :at x 0 = ^! p2 !y knew n our ,god1 !y _h nev] he>d ( our div9e ,ma/]4 ,until ! revelation ( ,*ri/ to u1 man naturally _h to look some:]e = refuge = 8 s\l2 he _h to cl+ to "s unse5 h&1 le/ he %\ld fall4 ,d we (t5 realize :at mod]n ,*ri/ianity is8 ,^! pagans1 ( ^: religions we h s _m little /one monum5ts1 7 all ant]ior to & exi/$ dur+ ages be=e t revelation4 ,*ri/ians ( to-day1 reflect3 all ^! hea!n1 z y no d\bt e/eem !m1 7 e>ne/ 9 ! p]=mance ( _! duties1 _! pray]s1 _! adoration1 & _! sacrifices--_m ( !m m dev\t ?an "s ( u "u ! light ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,true1 ^! religions 7 ! inv5tions ( m51 ! outcome ( ! long+s & ye>n+s ( sympa!tic m5 = a sup]ior guid+ & protect+ p[]--,deity1 if y w all[ x--to :i* to turn & 9 :i* to hope4 ,!y wor%ipp$ fai?fully1 ador$ s9c]ely1 obey$ implicitly1 liv$ simple lives1 9 keep+ ) _! primitive fai?4 ,0 x n reasonable1 ?is wor%ip ( a p :o _h no div9e revelation8 ,0 x n beautiful8 ,c y n ev5 n[ see some?+ to admire 9 devotional ex]cises held 9 ,god's op5 air1 turn+ 9 adoration myriads ( e>ne/ eyes ^u ! ,sun1 8! beauty & ! glory ( ! day10 dev\tly prais+ f ! he>t ! maje/y & ! p[] ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 ! ,mak] & ! ,rul] ( ?is b5ign light8 ,_! pr9cipal fte1 on :i* !y all assembl$ joyfully & gratefully to b[ be=e ! glori\s orb1 0 on ! same day we h accept$ z ! anniv]s>y ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/ our ,r$eem]4 ,& s x 0 ) ^? :o v5]at$ & c>ri$ engrav$ emblems ( ^? incompreh5sible elem5ts1 ,fire & ,wat]4 ,z symbolic ( ! inscrutable p[] ! ,p>sees keep a flame con/antly burn+ ^u an alt> 9 ! inn] temple2 s sacr$ is x t only ! high] prie/s set ap>t = t s]vice c ent] !re92 yet ?r\gh _! m$iation ?\s&s p>ticipate 9 ! c]emony & enjoy ! consolation ( its p[]--a =ce ( t]rible de/ructibility1 yet ) ! g5ial phase :i* com=ts & contributes to ! n\ri%m5t ( man4 ,?is =m ( wor%ip orig9at$ 9 ,p]sia1 & :5 its disciples emigrat$ & di/ribut$ !mselves ?r\gh\t _m c\ntries & isl&s ( ,india & ! %ores ( ! neighbor+ seas1 !y c>efully c>ri$ ! sacr$ fire ) !m2 & x is believ$ x has nev] ceas$ to burn dur+ _m c5turies4 ,r$ & spott$ maculation 9 agates h be5 utiliz$ by incisori to repres5t ! flame ( an alt> fire4 ,ev5 to ?is day _m ( ^! objects 9 /one are treasur$ & valu$ by m5 & wom5 9 seclud$ villages 9 ! ,ea/2 !y hold & gu>d !m z religi\s heirlooms4 ,i h b>t]$ ) !m successfully1 & h b\ght _! bracelets1 f+]-r+s1 & nose-r+s2 yet s highly h ^! sacr$ talismans be5 e/eem$ t ^? :i* ,i mo/ desir$ h r>ely & only ) difficulty be5 obta9$ f _! sup]/iti\s possessors4 ,9 ! two or ?ree c5turies succe$+ ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ ! ,abraxas fl\ri%$ & engrav$ ! mass ( religi\s my/ic talismans 7already describ$ 9 _! place 9 ?is book74 ,_! prie/s or pa/ors1 9 ! t]m accept$ by u1 prep>$ ^! amulets1 engrav+ ^u !m attributes & symbols ( ! ,mo/ ,high2 !y taught _! foll[]s to we> !m close to _! he>ts1 ^! rem9d]s ( _! heav5ly ,fa!r1 ^! rude glyptic lights t kept !m ne>] to ,god4 ,i d n1 _c1 f9d x absurd4 ,:5 y h consid]$ ?is subject z n[ pres5t$1 y w p]haps view ) new int]e/ ^! devotional tok5s1 aft] _m ye>s ( travel & rese>* br\ght toge!r & classifi$ 9 my cab9et4 ,illu/ration ,,hi/oric ,,cameos4 ,a l>ge class ( anci5t seems 7 hi/orical4 ,9 my collection may be f\nd a s]ies ( cameos1 all works ( ! mo/ able arti/s ( ! epo* ( ,trajan1 :i* are n[ e/eem$ 9 ,rome z works ( ! highe/ m]it4 ,!y portray ! pleasures ( ! hunt+ exp$itions1 ! w>s1 & o!r incid5ts 9 ! life ( ,trajan & ,titus ,vespasianus4 ,^! cameos 7 ! subjects ( ! basso-rilievos :i* ornam5t$ a triumphal ar* erect$ 9 honor ( ,trajan4 ,9 ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e ! ,romans despoil$ ?is monum5t ( all ^! subjects tribut>y to ,trajan1 & adorn$ ) !m ! ar* :i* !y !n built = ,con/ant9e4 ,x 0 said 9 ^? days no emp]or _h ev] equall$ ,con/ant9e 9 build+ up ! ,empire1 & !re=e !y did n hesitate to dismantle a monum5t ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,,somm]ville ,,collection4 ,illu/ration3#acdg ,illu/ration3#acdh ,,hi/orical ,,cameos4 ,an int]e/+ hi/oric cameo is ,coriolanus visit$ by 8 "m ,veturia & 8 wife ,volumnia4 ,8 orig9al "n 0 ,m>cius1 b on acc\nt ( 8 valor 9 a conte/ aga9/ ! ,volscians he 0 surnam$ ,coriolanus4 ,9 ! "t ( a fam9e he 0 impea*$ = 8 op9ions 9 reg>d to ! di/ribution ( corn receiv$ f ,sicily2 he 0 condemn$ to exile4 ,he n[ w5t ov] to ! ,volscians1 & became g5]al ( _! army1 & successfully attack$ ! ,romans2 !y1 fe>+ him1 made advances to him & (f]$ ! re/oration ( all 8 prop]ty & fran*ises2 he resi/$ all _! propositions4 ,x 0 n until 8 "m & wife came to him t he c\ld be induc$ to rel5t2 _! pray]s & te>s1 h[ev]1 mov$ him2 he !n retir$ ) 8 army1 b pass$ ! rema9d] ( 8 life ) ! ,volscians1 :o _h honor$ him = 8 valor & n f fe>4 ,! gu>d ) a %ield at ! "r is a ,volscian1 & he at ! left is a ,roman4 ,illu/ration ,obs]ve 9 my collection an allocution ( ,m>cus ,aurelius be=e ! ,prtorian ,gu>d3 ! gu>d are n only kn[n by _! co/ume1 b by ! bann] :i* is m>k$ ,s4 ,c4 7,s5atus ,consultum74 ,no incid5ts 9 anci5t hi/ory are m int]e/+ or m dramatic ?an ! episodes 9 ! life & c>e] ( fair ,cleopatra2 "o ( ! mo/ vivid to my fancy's recollection is ! sc5e ( h] fatal giv+ up ( t romantic life z depict$ on a beautiful turquoise cameo--,no4 #cdf4 ,x is well und]/ood t _m ( ! cameos conc]n+ ,*ri/ are truly hi/orical4 ,!re is also ,horatius def5d+ ! bridge4 ,! bridge 0 on ! ,tib] at ,rome2 ,horatius 0 fight+ ! ,etruscans2 ! ,romans 7 oblig$ to de/roy _! end ( ! bridge1 :5 ,horatius ) 8 horse swam back4 ,true1 we h hi/ory ?r\gh classic ,lat9 s\rces ( ! mo/ important ev5ts ( ! fir/ & second c5turies4 ,yet ^! portraitures on /one1 execut$ 9 ! v epo*s1 add c]ta9ly great int]e/ to ! records ( ^! times4 ,! subjects on /one allud$ to1 mirror to u m fai?fully1 m vividly1 sc5es 9 ! lives ( sev]al ,roman emp]ors ?an any manuscript possibly c\ld h done4 ,we h ,trajan z emp]or1 judge1 & w>rior4 ,we see him engag$ 9 conflict1 we admire him victori\s1 we rejoice 9 8 happy return to ,rome on sev]al occasions2 9 8 triumphant reception bo? by ! p & ! army1 & 9 ! ar*es erect$ z s\v5irs ( 8 pr[ess2 9 8 dignifi$ reception ( ! son ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,arm5ians1 & 9 8 condesc5sion 9 re/or+ _! k+dom2 9 sev]al ( 8 exp$itions aga9/ ! ,dacians1 & 9 8 happy escape f ! plot ( ,decebalus4 ,we h in/ances ( 8 public *>ities delicately depict$ 9 cameo2 8 religi\s sacrifices2 8 exploits z a hunt] ( _m wild animals1 ! bo> & ! lion includ$1 are exemplifi$4 ,we h sev]al beautiful gr\ps ) emp]ors deliv]+ allocutions be=e ! cohorts ( _! armies1 s5ators1 & o!r dignit>ies2 ! triumphant entry ( ,titus ,vespasianus into ,j]usalem1 :]eon tw5ty-two figures are visible1 & ! exit f ,j]usalem ( 8 victori\s army1 on :i* n9ete5 figures are se52 also ! gr\ps ( ,jewi% prison]s4 ,,somm]ville ,,collection4 ,illu/ration3 #acci ,illu/ration3 #acej ,illu/ration3 #acea ,illu/ration3 #acdi ,,hi/orical ,,cameos4 ,all ^! pages 9 my /one book are c]ta9ly int]e/+ additions to anci5t hi/ory4 ,,animals ,,& ,,birds4 ,we h se5 h[ l>ge a proportion ( ! subjects on anci5t gems 7 my?ological1 h[ ext5d$ 0 ! class ( religi\s & ( ,*ri/ian subjects2 we h not$ ! lov$ portraits ( sov]eigns1 /atesm51 philosoph]s1 physicians1 & poets4 ,!re rema9s a s]ies wor?y ( notice--^? intaglios & cameos worn z amulets on :i* 7 engrav$ innum]able animals1 birds1 fi%es1 & ev5 insects4 ,z ! families ( ! nobility *ose ! insignia :i* ent]$ into ! qu>t]+s ( _! escut*eons1 s ! anci5ts accord+ to _! sup]/itions or _! ta/es *ose "s patron animal or bird = an emblem & caus$ x to be engrav$ on _! talismans2 & ^! symbols 7 *]i%$ ) :at might almo/ be t]m$ religi\s f]v5cy4 ,!y 7 us$ z amulets1 suppos$ to protect ! we>]s aga9/ accid5t & to repel dang]4 ,!re 0 almo/ a ph>macopia ( gems1 ) solace = e tr\ble ( m9d & a rem$y = e disease4 ,a dolph91 ! m>9]'s fri5d1 on s>d or c>nelian1 0 an emblem worn by fi%]m51 & 0 believ$ to protect !m f ! attacks ( %>ks or o!r voraci\s fi%es4 ,!y also c>ri$ ) equal reliance ! same design 9 antique pa/e4 ,! eagle ( ,jupit] is symbolic ( 8 p[]1 al?\gh x 0 subs]vi5t to him4 ,?is no d\bt acc\nts = its appropriation 9 h]aldry by sov]eigns4 ,! rav51 ! fri5d ( ,apollo2 ! p>rot1 a loquaci\s inebriate1 is (t5 an att5dant on ,bac*us4 ,! ar+a1 a fi% ( ! ,adriatic ,sea1 repres5t$ on a talisman 9 my collection1 0 worn by wom5 on acc\nt ( its be+ ! symbol ( fruitfulness2 x deposits _m ?\s& eggs ea* ye>4 ,c]ta9 insects1 ara*nids1 & reptiles 7 employ$ z symbols1 because !y 7 suppos$ to protect man 9 ea* case f ! enemy !reon del9eat$4 ,a scorpion on a transp>5t /one 0 an amulet aga9/ ! /+ ( ! ara*nid4 ,z ! scorpion inflicts a pa9ful /+1 ! spid] a v5om\s bite1 & a v>iety ( flies make dang]\s aggression on ! human =m1 _! images engrav$ on /ones 7 believ$ to %ield ! we>] f ! ills due to attacks f correspond+ insects4 ,"o ( ! mo/ m9ute insects employ$ z a talisman is ! ant1 symbolic ( indu/ry4 ,! peacock frequ5tly appe>s on gems2 naturally1 no "o w\ld h _h x z an emblem ( vanity1 9 :i* s5se x is g5]ally accept$ 9 mod]n times1 b x 0 rev]$ z ! favorite ( ,juno4 ,! owl3 ,m9]va's head is at times drap$ ) an owl2 its connection ) ,m9]va is t x is symbolic ( pr(\nd m$itation4 ,beautiful /orks occur frequ5tly on engrav$ gems3 !y 7 s abundant 9 ,asia ,m9or & 9 ! ,byzant9e ,empire t husb&m5 s\ght to fright5 !m away2 yet 9 o!r l&s !y 7 almo/ ador$4 ,9 mod]n ,fn51 & g5]ally 9 ,sc&9avia1 /orks build+ _! ne/s on ! ro(s ( h\ses 9 ! c\ntry are welcom$ z br++ *ildr5 = ! h\sehold1 & are c>$ = ) a cr$ulity equall+ pagan sup]/ition4 ,! frog has sometimes f\nd a place 9 ,*ri/ian symbolism z ! mo/ expressive image ( ! resurrection ( ! body1 because frogs1 l ! s]p5ts aft] _! w9t] int]m5t1 em]ge f _! hid+-places & r5ew _! y\? by ca/+ _! sl\gh4 ,_m f>m & h\se companions figure 9 ! s]ies3 a dog1 fidelity2 a cock1 vigilance2 a turtle1 always at home2 a snail1 !re is no hurry2 a %eep1 humility2 a lamb1 innoc5ce2 a horse1 pati5ce & endurance2 a dove1 h>mless1 ! ,holy ,_s2 a lion1 maje/y & =ce2 a s]p5t1 wisdom1 &1 ) its tail 9 m\?1 et]nity2 a s]p5t 0 (t5 repres5t$ on ! /one above ! fireplace 9 ,roman kit*5s2 a ram 0 significant ( ! ,nund9e sacrifices made weekly to ,jupit]2 a lion & a goat driv5 by ,cupid1 ! p[] ( love3 he guides n only ! lascivi\s1 b ! /rong4 ,illu/ration ,,antique ,,pa/es4 ,! ,antique ,pa/es are int]e/+ f ! fact t !y pres5t u ) _m curi\s my?ological subjects n always to be f\nd on semi-preci\s /ones4 ,!y are specim5s ( a bran* ( e>ly ,roman indu/ry4 ,!y 7 made 9 imitation ( ,ori5tal /ones1 ( :i* ! supply 0 inadequate = ! great dem& ( ! fir/ & second c5turies ,a4 ,d41 & also z a matt] ( economy4 ,(t5 9 anci5t times a quantity ( fragm5ts ( h>d semi-preci\s pebbles too small to be engrav$ 7 pulv]iz$1 & ! s& or granulat$ mass 0 fus$ 9 crucibles j z glass is made4 ,?is process enabl$ _m lov]s ( ! art to possess examples 9 ?is *eap] artificial sub/ance :5 ! same subjects on real ,india /ones 7 comm&+ exorbitant prices4 ,"s ( ^! gems are beautifully opalesc5t & iridesc5t4 ,?is iridesc5ce1 ?\gh s beautiful on ! specim5s ( t k9d1 is only ow+ to *emical action on ! pa/e gems dur+ ! c5turies !y h be5 buri$ 9 ! e>?4 ,int]e/+ intaglios & cameos 9 enamel h )/ood ! we> ( ages1 & are 9 bett] condition2 ! imitations ( r$ jasp] are wond]ful4 ,,somm]ville ,,collection4 ,illu/ration3 #aahc ,illu/ration3 #abdd ,illu/ration3 #abhh ,,antique ,,pa/es4 ,_m intaglios 9 antique pa/e are repres5tations 9 designs ( anci5t bronzes1 ( :i* we h no o!r trace except _! m5tion by e>ly hi/orians4 ,! mo/ preci\s antique example 9 pa/e is ! ,portl& ,vase4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 9 a s>cophagus )9 ! monum5t ( ! ,emp]or ,alex&] ,sev]us & 8 "m1 ,julia ,mama1 on ! ,frascati road1 ab\t two miles & a half f ,rome4 ,x 0 long kn[n z ! ,b>b]9i ,vase1 hav+ belong$ to t family 9 ,rome = two hundr$ ye>s2 !nce x came to ,engl& 9 ! la/ c5tury1 & aft] twice *ang+ own]%ip1 at ! dea? ( ! ,du*ess ( ,portl&1 f :om x takes its "n1 x 0 sold to ! ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh1 & is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x has be5 brok5 & m5d$4 ,x is ab\t t5 in*es high1 & at ! broade/ "p six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x 0 =m$ ( pa/e1 & aft]w>d engrav$4 ,! pa/e is 9 imitation ( onyx1 9 two /rata1 :ite ^u blue1 ( an ame?y/ t+e2 ! figures are cut 9 relief on ! light] color1 ! blue =m+ ! second plane or backgr\nd4 ,?\gh ! antique pa/e cameos & intaglios are l>gely reproductions ( subjects also f\nd engrav$ on pietradura1 we are indebt$ to ?is class ( gems = _m examples ( anci5t cameos & intaglios :i* we w\ld o!rwise nev] h se52 9 fact1 f ! r>e beauty ( "s specim5s 9 pa/e1 !y nev] c\ld h exi/$ 9 any o!r mat]ial4 ,n only d bo? intaglios & cameos 9 antique pa/e pres5t u ) ! *oice/ examples ( m9iature art1 b ! iridesc5ce creat$ on !m by "t frequ5tly r5d]s !m ! mo/ beautiful specim5s 9 a collection4 ,illu/ration ,,my?ological4 ,?r\gh ! possession ( ^! ,pagan cameos & intaglios we h become heirs to ! mo/ ?or\gh k ( ,my?ology4 ,hundr$s ( di/9ct specim5s may be ga!r$ f glyptic "w c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 & s arrang$ z to =m sev]al g5ealogical trees4 ,9 ,my?ology !re is n "o s+le ance/or ( all1 z 9 ! biblical hi/ory1 :]e ,adam is honor$ ) be+ our orig9al & only prog5itor & equally c5sur$ ) be+ ! te/ator ( our legacy ( all human ills4 ,! myriad bigami/ ance/ors ( ! c\ntless my?ological be+s pictur$ on anci5t gems h creat$ & bequea!d to u num]\s families ( cele/ial & t]re/rial div9ities1 d5iz5s ( e>?1 air1 & wat]1 & hundr$s ( grotesque *im]as4 ,l ! royal families ( our sph]e1 !re 0 mu* int]m>riage ( close relatives1 _m ( _! (fspr+ be>+ at times ! =ms ( animals1 birds1 & anon reptiles4 ,"s ( _! desc5dants 7 ev5 metamorphos$ 9 ^? tropical climes into trees1 "u ! cool+ umbrage ( :i* o!r scions 7 born & comm5c$ _! adv5tur\s c>e]4 ,^! poetical conceptions 7 ! my?ological =]unn]s ( ! simpl]1 pur]1 div9] religion :i* 0 ev5tually giv5 to man4 ,a close obs]v] may f9d 9 ^! leg5d>y my?s antetypes ( ! omnipot5t ,godhead n[ reveal$ to u & 9 :i* is our sure hope & tru/4 ,illu/ration ,,*9ese1 ,,burmese1 ,,& ,,siamese4 ,! ,*9ese are ! only race produc+ glyptic "w 9 relief on h>d ,jade1 & also on /ones resembl+ x--9 :i* "o is easily deceiv$4 ,!y are said to be good copyi/s3 all designs giv5 to !m = reproduction are copi$ v closely1 b 9 :at we f9d on engrav$ /ones !re is ! type ( _! nationality2 x resembles no?+ else4 ,_! "w is mo/ly 9 v l[ relief1 on ,nacre1 ,jade1 ,ame?y/1 & ,agalmatolite4 ,_! pictur$ /ones g5]ally repres5t hide\s animals1 birds1 fruits1 & views ( p>adise ) figures ( grotesque div9ities4 ,_! inscriptions are n deeply incis$1 b are usually lett]s or *>act]s 9 _! language 9 relief4 ,! exquisitely beautiful details (t5 exhibit$ by ! ,*9ese are surpris+1 especially :5 we consid] ! h>dness ( ! ,jade1 ! mat]ial pr9cipally employ$ by !m4 ,:at pati5ce x mu/ h requir$ to cut ^? ornam5ts 9 ,jade :i* we f9d on _! scept]s & on ! h&les ( _! (ficial swords6 ,_m pieces :i* are %[n 9 museums h co/ ye>s ( labori\s engrav+4 ,jade has !re=e be5 e/eem$ by ! ,*9ese z emblematic ( all virtue4 ,9 ?is connection x may be rem>k$ t ! ,burmese & ! ,siamese h seldom engrav$ on any /ones h>d] ?an ,alaba/] or ,agalmatolite 7,*9ese figure /one74 ,_! subjects pr9cipally repres5t ,buddha2 occasionally 8 two feet2 _! emblematic fl[]s1 & _! deeply-rev]$ sacr$ ,bdhi-tree at ,gaya4 ,illu/ration ,,somm]ville ,,collection4 ,illu/ration3 #fei ,,aztec4 ,,aztec ,,or ,,mexican4 ,! ,am]ican ,cont95t has contribut$ "s unique "w execut$ by ! ,aztecs ant]ior to ! ,spani% conque/ ( ,mexico4 ,among ! exi/+ glyptic relics ( nations we f9d no examples ( execution 9 /one-engrav+ m peculi> ?an :at has be5 pres]v$ ( ! "w ( ! ,aztecs or ,mexicans1 especially t done be=e ! occupation by ,piz>ro4 ,! "* ( _! "w is s crude & di/9ct t no close obs]v] c = a mom5t be mi/ak5 9 detect+ its orig94 ,i h met ) ,aztec engrav$ /ones among a miscellane\s collection (f]$ to me = selection2 !re 0 t quality :i* enables a connoisseur to recognize ! class ( ornam5tation d\btless worn by t p :om ,prescott repres5t$ z decorat$ pr9cipally by gold1 silv]1 & fea!rs4 ,l>ge pieces1 cameos ( two & a half to ?ree in*es1 h be5 f\nd :i* 7 worn by ! ,incas z brea/ ornam5ts1 & are always pi]c$1 :i* %[s t !y 7 susp5d$ f ! neck4 ,9 fact1 "s ( ! mo/ fai?ful repres5tations ( co/ume1 head-dress1 & weapons are 9 basso-rilievo engrav$ /ones 9 opaque :ite ,alaba/] & pale-gre5 h>d ,nephrite4 ,illu/ration ,,retrospective4 ,we h mu* to enjoy z we survey ! gems ( ! v>i\s epo*s4 ,! multif>i\s types t h be5 ga!r$ 9 =ty c5turies meet our view1 gr\p$ 9 ! tableau ( engrav$ gems4 ,our att5tion is drawn ) int]e/ to ea* s5tim5t express$1 feature def9$1 or emotion portray$4 ,we /udy ! div]sifi$ qualities--! f95ess or fre$om ( t\*1 +5i\s effects1 delicate l9es1 *oice attitudes1 graceful =ms1 =ce1 _s1 & t5d]ness--:i* *>act]ize ^! monum5ts ( pati5ce4 ,! engrav$ gems rescu$ f ! torr5t1 ebb+ & fl[+ ) ! fluctuat+ =tunes ( ages1 g>n]$ by successive g5]ations1 enri* ! traditional viaduct trav]s+ ! morass ( _m c5turies4 ,"s blocks are less beautiful ?an o!rs 9 ! /ructure1 b f !m we h f\nd$ our fir/ foo?olds1 & f !m we m\nt to ! 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