,e>ly ,typography4 ,,pr9t$ ,,at ,,colombo1 ,,by ,,william ,,ske51 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t]1 ,,ceylon4 ,,e>ly ,,typography4 ,,by ,,william ,,ske54 ,,colombo3 ,,ceylon4 #ahgb4 ,! accumulation ( mat]ials 9 ! writ]'s h&s 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ twelve mon?s1 has induc$ him to dep>t f 8 orig9al int5tion ( limit+ 8 lab\rs to a s+le book4 ,a sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ! spread ( ! ,art1 aft] ! sack ( ,m5tz 9 #adfb1 ) notices ( ! mo/ mat]ial improvem5ts & rec5t inv5tions connect$ ) x1 w1 consequ5tly1 =m ! subjects ( a sep>ate volume4 ,x only rema9s = him n[ ?ankfully to ackn[l$ge 8 obligations to ,mrs4 ,j4 ,f]guson1 & ,messrs4 ,iliff1 ,ronald1 & ,paatz1 ( ,colombo1 = _! mo/ k9dly r5d]$ assi/ance1 by :i* he has be5 enabl$ to complete ?is portion ( 8 "w mu* e>li] ?an he o!rwise c\ld h done4 ,janu>y #bj1 #ahgb4 ,,inv5tors ( ! ,art ,sublime ,:i* ,k spreads ?ro' e clime2 ,:o f> ! fabl$ god excell'd1 ,prome!us1 f heav5 expell'd4 ,mat]ial fire he br\ght to e>?1 ,!y flames ( a div9] bir? ,drew f ! sev5-fold s\rce ( light ,se5 9 ! ,patmos vision bright1 ,:51 ! cele/ial portals rais$1 ,man1 on ! ,godhead's glories gaz$4 ,maje/ic ,tru? !y ?us reveal'd1 ,by p[]s ( ,d>kness long conceal'd2 ,ope'd ,fre$om's doors to fett]'d ,?\ght ,& =ces into conflict br\ght-- ,m9d aga9/ m9d--an eag] fray ,t %all n cease till ,"t's la/ day2 ,t ke5] z ! conte/ gr[s1 ,tru? great]1 pur]1 mighti] %ews4 ,?us ,k ea* successive age ,advances1 w9s an onw>d /age1 ,& ga!rs 9 "o focus bright ,ea* fre% /ruck sp>k1 ea* ray ( light1 ,& cle>s ! mi/s t /ill are f\nd ,hi/oric names & de$s ar\nd4 ,?is light1 t tru? reveals1 t' imp>t1 ,i seek1 ,disciple ( ! ,art2 ,t to ! fam$ ,teutonic ?ree ,j me$s ( praise may giv5 be2 ,t all aright ! m5 may "k ,to :om ,,typography we owe2 ,! m5 ^: names immortal r+1 ,^: gifts transc5d5t bless+s br+1 ,^: monum5ts 9 e l& ,by wisdom re>'d1 he>t-honor'd /&1 ,inscrib$ 9 tongues ( e clime-- 8,,inv5tors ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,sublime60 ,w4 ,s4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page4 ,,preface #i ,,*apt] ,i4--,introductory4--,lett]-press ,pr9t+ ! 8,div9e & ,noble0 ,art--:y s t]m$4--,fre$om ( ! ,press--:]e fir/ proclaim$4--,pr9t+ kn[n 9 ,*9a f "t immemorial4--,me?od ( ,*9ese ,pr9t+4--,bibliography & ,palotypography4 #aa ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,date ( ! ,orig9 ( ,typography 9 ,europe4--,alleg$ ,e>ly ,engrav+s4--,play+ ,c>ds4--,block-books4--,mr4 ,f4 ,holt's ,hypo!sis4--,evid5ce ( ,co/ume4--,g]man 8,brief-mal]s40--,decree ( ,gov]nm5t ( ,v5ice4--,/ate ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages4--,cultivation ( ,classical ,lit]ature at ! close ( ! ,f\rte5? & comm5cem5t ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 #ce ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,john ,gut5b]g4--,fir/ attempts at ,typography 9 ,/rasburg4--,difficulties4--,inv5tion ( ! ,press4--,lawsuit4--,return to ,m5tz4--,connection ) ,fau/4--,success4--,maz>9 ,bible ! fir/ ,book pr9t$ f ,sep>able ,metal ,types4--,second ,lawsuit4--,=feiture ( ,plant to ,fau/4--,pet] ,s*ff]4--,inv5tion ( ,type-f\nd+4--,fau/ & ,s*ff]4--,! ,gut5b]g 8,pr9t+-h\se40--,gut5b]g atta*$ to ! ,c\rt ( ! ,elector ( ,m5tz4--,8 ,dea?4 #fh ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,! claims ( ,co/] & ,ha>lem consid]$1 z oppos$ to ^? ( ,gut5b]g & ,m5tz4--,claims bas$ ^u ,tradition4--,no ,contempor>y ,au?orities 9 _! favor4--,abundance ( su* te/imony 9 favor ( ,gut5b]g & ,m5tz4--,probable ,orig9 ( ,tradition4--,block-books4--,speculum ,human ,salvationis4--,evid5ce ( ! ,types3 wood or metal2 cut or ca/8--,books 8,jettez en molle40--,age ( ! ,pap]4--,date ( ,co/ume4--,frat]nity ( ,bre?r5 & ,cl]ks ( ! ,common ,life4 #bja ,,*apt] ,v4--,! works ( ,fau/ & ,s*ff]4--,leg5d ( ! ,pr9t]'s ,devil4--,monum5ts 9 ,g]many to ,gut5b]g1 ,fau/ & ,s*ff]4--,sep>able ,lett]s fir/ inv5t$ 9 ,*9a4--,*>act]i/ics ( ,anci5t ,pr9t$ ,books4--,! 8,compos+-/ick0 & 8,sett+-rule40--,e>ly ,b9d+s4 #cdi ,,app5dix4 ,i4--,acc\nt ( ! ,orig9 ( ,pr9t+1 by ,j4 ,f4 ,fau/ ( ,as*aff5b]g #cic ,,ii4------------------------------by ,hadrian ,junius #djd ,,iii4--,dr4 ,van ,d] ,l9de's ,ha>lem-,co/]-,leg5d #djh ,,iv4--,cut ,wood51 v]sus ,ca/ ,metal ,types #dae ,,errata #dbd ,,preface4 ,! g]m ( ! pres5t "w 0 a ,lecture deliv]$ by ! writ] be=e ! ,memb]s ( ! ,colombo ,a!num1 on ! #bd? ,febru>y #ahec4 ,t ,lecture 0 fully report$ at ! "t 9 ! ,colombo ,obs]v]1 & a few copies 7 subsequ5tly pr9t$ = private di/ribution4 ,^! hav+ be5 dispos$ (1 ! writ]'s att5tion 0 direct$ to ! prep>ation ( a m ext5d$ essay ^u ! subject4 ,! result ( 8 lab\rs is n[ submitt$ to ! public4 ,! "w makes no pret5sion to ! "* ( an exhau/ive treatise2 x is1 9 fact1 b little m ?an a broad outl9e ( ! subject :i* x v5tures to describe2 b x is hop$1 t a fre% int]e/ may h be5 imp>t$ to "s ( ! topics t\*$ ^u1 & t !y w be f\nd plac$ 9 a light :i*1 if n :olly new1 is at any rate some:at cle>] ?an t 9 :i* !y h hi!rto be5 exhibit$4 ,w4 ,s4 ,colombo1 ,ceylon1 ,april #bi1 #ahga4 ,e>ly ,typography4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4--,,lett]-,,press ,,pr9t+ ,,! 8,,div9e ,,& ,,noble0 ,,art--,,:y ,,s ,,t]m$4--,,fre$om ,,( ,,! ,,press--,,:]e ,,fir/ ,,proclaim$4--,,pr9t+ ,,kn[n ,,9 ,,*9a ,,f ,,"t ,,immemorial4--,,me?od ,,( ,,*9ese ,,pr9t+4--,,bibliography ,,& ,,pal,,otypography4 ,pr9t+ is ! art ( produc+ copies ( engrav$ writ+s or designs1 by pressure1 ei!r ^u ! ink$ surfaces ( *>act]s rais$ 9 relief1 or on metal plates1 ! upp] surfaces ( :i* are poli%$1 & ! sunk engrav+s *>g$ ) col\r4 ,! mo/ important1 if n ! olde/ bran* ( ?is art1 is t ( ,,typography1 or ,,lett]-,,press ,,pr9t+4 ,to ?is ,art1 z x 0 inv5t$ & p]fect$ 9 ,europe 9 ! ,fifte5? c5tury1 ! epi!ts ,,div9e & ,,noble h n untruly be5 appli$4 ,x is ,noble1 n m]ely because x is "o ( ^? arts or pr(essions1 ! practice ( :i* 0 p]mitt$ to ! nobility ( ! ,g]man ,empire1 b because x is ! nurse & pres]v] ( all o!r arts & sci5ces2 & is unque/ionably ! mo/ important z well z ! mo/ b5eficial inv5tion ! _w has ev] se54 ,x is ! dissem9ator ( e o!r discov]y2 ! commemorator ( all o!r inv5tions3 x h&s d[n to po/]ity e important ev5t2 immortalizes ! actions ( ! great & good2 & requires1 moreov]1 9 all :o w\ld ?or\ghly excel 9 its practice1 ! highe/ atta9able comb9ation ( m5tal alacrity1 educat$ intellig5ce1 & exp]t manual dext]ity4 ,x is ,div9e1 inasmu* z x is "o ( ! gr& in/rum5ts 9 ! h&s ( ,provid5ce = ! reg5]ation ( fall5 humanity4 ,by x ! mightie/ movem5t ! _w has ev] se5 s9ce ! days :5 ! ,apo/olic ,twelve w5t ab\t 8turn+ x upside d[n10--! ,great ,re=mation ( ! ,sixte5? c5tury1--0 ma9ly effect$4 ,)\t x ! ,^w ( ,god c\ld n h be5 diffus$1 z x has be51 is be+1 & w cont9ue to be1 to e nation & tribe & p & tongue ?r\gh\t ! _w3 :ile b = x ,engl& & ! ,anglo-,saxon race1 :o owe x s mu* = ! /ability & uni=mity x gave to _! language1#a w\ld nev] h atta9$ _! pres5t pr\d pre-em95ce among/ ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,religion1 ,arts1 ,sci5ces1 ,comm]ce1 & ,civilization1 h _h ! greate/ scope1 & be5 mo/ fully develop$1 :]ev] ! ,press has be5 ! lea/ re/rict$4 ,its free action is z necess>y to ! well be+ ( a ,/ate1 z ! free action ( ! lungs is to ! well be+ ( ! human body4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( unhappy ,pol&1 :]e ! ,lib]ty ( ! ,press 0 fir/ proclaim$ 9 ! ,sixte5? c5tury4 ,b ! n>r[-m9d$ bigots :o succe$$ ! mon>* :o proclaim$ x1 beheld 9 x a port5t =ebod+ evil to !mselves2 & !y n only spe$ily abrogat$ x1 b foll[$ up t /ep ) measures de/ructive ( ! mo/ *]i%$ privileges ( ! ,poli% nation4#b ,! result 0 fatal1 z well to ! c\ntry z to ! k+s :o misrul$ x4 ,corrupt$1 cru%$1 enslav$1--e v5t = ! expression ( patriotic feel+ *ok$ up1--& ! voice ( ! p /ifl$ by ! /]n gripe ( ! /rong h& ( ! despot1--! doom w5t =?1 & ! record aga9/ h] 0 writt5 z aga9/ ,great ,babylon ( old1--8,,m5e1 ,,m5e1 ,,tekel1 ,,uph>s940 8,god ha? numb]$ ?y k+dom & f9i%$ x4 ,?\ art weigh$ 9 ! balances & f\nd want+4 ,?y k+dom is divid$ & giv5 to ! ,m$es & ,p]sians40 ,! ,fre$om ( ! ,press is ! bir?right ( ! ,anglo-,saxon race1--! h>d-won palladium ( all o!r rights2 & yet1 :ile !re are few among/ t race :o d n rightly appreciate ! bless+s fl[+ !refrom1 ! great majority are ignorant ( ! orig9 or ! hi/ory ( ! ,art1 ! privileges ( :i* !y s highly prize1 & ov] :i*1 ) wat*ful jeal\sy1 !y gu>d aga9/ e ?+ t be>s ! semblance ( encroa*m5t4 ,?is ignorance is d\btless1 9 ! ma91 ow+ to ! exp5sive nature & te*nical "* ( _m ( ! works 9 :i* su* in=mation has be5 publi%$4 ,^! works1 =m+ ( !mselves a di/9ct class ( lit]ature1 are nei!r few 9 numb]1 nor want+ 9 int]e/4 ,"s ( ! m important are inde$ h>dly procurable2 & 9 ! f> ,ea/1 :]e works ( ! k9d mu/ be import$ = individual use1 writ+ ^u special subjects ( ,european lore is beset ) difficulties f :i* au?ors 9 ! "m c\ntry are happily reliev$4#c ,act+ h[ev]1 on ! maxim ( ,"l ,bacon1 8t e man is a debtor to 8 pr(ession1 f ! :i* z m5 d1 ( c\rse1 seek to receive c\nt5ance & pr(it1 s ought !y1 ( duty1 to endeav\r !mselves by way ( am5ds to be a help !reunto10 ,i h sp>$ no pa9s 9 ?is endeav\r2 & am n )\t hope ( imp>t+ to my read]s "s int]e/+ p>ticul>s conc]n+ ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! ,noble ,art 8,t /amps1 r5ews1 & multiplies at w1 ,& *eaply circulates ?r\gh di/ant climes ,! faire/ relics ( ! pure/ times10-- ?us creat+ 8a moral atmosph]e :i* is1 z x 71 ! m$ium ( intellectual life1 on ! quality ( :i*1 accord+ z x may be salubri\s or vici\s1 ! heal? ( ! public m9d dep5ds40#d 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr9t+ f surfaces ( wood1 engrav$ 9 relief1 is an art :i* appe>s to h be5 kn[n 9 ,*9a f "t immemorial4 ,its orig9 !re is hidd5 9 ! obscurity ( bye-gone ages3 x may h be5 practis$ by ! ,*9ese f ! v comm5cem5t ( _! empire2#e or ! idea may h be5 d]iv$ at a lat] p]iod f blott+-pap] impressions ( writ+s1 or f trac+s or rubb+s ( inscriptions1 :i* travell]s f #8! fl[]y l&' may h tak51 9 =eign c\ntries1 on %eets ( pap]1 su* z are kn[n to h be5 manufactur$ 9 ,*9a f times ( a v remote antiquity1 & :i* are to ?is day bett] adapt$ = su* purposes ?an any pap]s else:]e made4 ,su* rubb+s1 =m+ a k9d ( papi]-m* ca/+s1#f w\ld naturally sugge/1 n only ! idea ( /]eo-blocks1 :]eon writ+s 9 rev]s$ *>act]s c\ld be engrav$ 9 relief1 b also ! mode ( pr9t+1 :i*1 to ! pres5t day1 prevails ?r\gh\t ! ,*9ese empire4 ,) ! fact be=e u1 t ! ,*9ese 71 up to a c]ta9 p]iod 9 _! hi/ory1 f> ahead ( all o!r nations1 n ev5 except+ ! ,egyptians1 9 ! developm5t ( inv5tions :i* c\ld only be ! product ( an advanc$ /ate ( civilization1 x is n unreasonable to conclude1 7especially 9 ! abs5ce ( positive in=mation to help u 9 our rese>*es71 t ! art ( pr9t+ f blocks orig9at$ 9 ,*9a 9 ! mann] above /at$4 ,:e!r su* 7 ! case or n1 ,du ,halde1 9 ord] to e/abli% its great antiquity1 cites ! foll[+ prov]b1 quot$ by an old au?or z writt5 by ! ,emp]or ,van ,vong1 :o fl\ri%$ #aabj ye>s be=e ,*ri/--8,z ! /one ,me 7a ^w signify+ ink 9 ! ,*9ese language7 :i* is us$ to black5 ! engrav$ *>act]s1 c nev] become :ite1 s a he>t black5$ ) vices1 w always reta9 its blackness40 ,?is quotation1 h[ev]1 n be+ v conclusive on ! subject1 he fixes ! inv5tion at fifty ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,fa!r ,c\plet1 ,klapro?1 & o!rs1 ascribe x to a mu* lat] date4 8,"u ! reign ( ,m9t-song10 writes ,klapro?1 89 ! second ( ! ye>s ,t*ang-h+ 7#icb7 ! m9i/]s ,fong-tao & ,li-yu propos$ to ! ,academy ,k\e-tseu-ki5 to review ! n9e k+ or canonical books1 & to h !m engrav$ ^u blocks ( wood1 t !y might be pr9t$ & sold4 ,! emp]or adopt$ ! advice2 b x 0 only 9 ! second ( ! ye>s ,k\an-*un 7#ieb7 t ! engrav+ ( ! blocks 0 complet$4 ,!y 7 !n di/ribut$ & circulat$ 9 all ! cantons ( ! empire40 ,b t ! art 0 kn[n & practis$ by ! ,*9ese at a p]iod /ill m remote1 we le>n f ! #ci? volume ( ! ,*9ese ,encyclopdia1 :]e we are in=m$1 t on ! eigh? day ( ! twelf? mon? ( ! ?irte5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,w5-ti1 f\nd] ( ! ,s\ dyna/y 7#eic7 x 0 ord]$ by a decree to collect ! worn out draw+s & in$it$ texts1 & to engrave !m on wood & publi% !m4 ,?is fact is confirm$ by v>i\s ,*9ese writ+s2 & ?is1 cont9ues ! "w quot$1 0 ! comm5cem5t ( pr9t+ ^u wood5 blocks4 ,"u ! ,?ang dyna/y1 f #fah to #ijg1 x grew mu* into use2 made /ill great] progress dur+ ! five less] dyna/ies1 f #ijg to #ifj2 & rea*$ its p]fection & greate/ developm5t betwe5 #ifj & #abgh4 ,b z block-pr9t+ 0 only = ! fir/ "t imp]ially ord]$ 9 ! ye> #eic1 x is v probable t ! art 0 kn[n long be=e t date4 ,_h x !n be5 a new inv5tion1 some?+ surely w\ld h be5 said ab\t its orig9 & au?or4 ,! foll[+ p>ticul>s relative to ,*9ese pr9t+ are giv5 by ,du ,halde4 ,illu/ration3 8,! "w int5d$ to be pr9t$ is transcrib$ by a c>eful writ] ^u ?9 transp>5t pap]3 ! engrav] glues ea* ( ^! writt5 %eets1 ) its face d[nw>ds1 ^u a smoo? tablet ( pe> or apple tree1 or "s o!r h>d wood2 & !n ) grav]s & o!r in/rum5ts1 he cuts ! wood away 9 all ^? p>ts ^u :i* he f9ds no?+ trac$ z 9 ! fac-simile#g 9 ! m>g92 ?us leav+ ! rev]s$ *>act]s ready = pr9t+4444 ,:5 once ! blocks are engrav$1 ! pap] is cut1 & ! ink is ready1 "o man ) 8 bru% c1 )\t fatigue1 pr9t t5 ?\s& %eets 9 a day4 ,! block to be pr9t$ mu/ be plac$ level1 & firmly fix$4 ,! man mu/ h two bru%es2 "o ( !m ( a /iff] k9d1 :i* he c hold 9 8 h&1 & use at ei!r end4 ,he dips ?is into ! ink1 & rubs ! block ) x2 tak+ c>e n to wet x too mu*1 nor to leave x too dry4444 ,! second bru% is us$ to rub ov] ! pap] ) a small degree ( pressure1 t x may take ! impression3 ?is x does easily1 = n be+ siz$ ) alum1 x receives ! ink ! in/ant x comes 9 contact ) x4 ,x is only necess>y t ! bru% %\ld be pass$ ov] e "p ( ! %eet ) a great] or small] degree ( pressure1 & repeat$ 9 proportion z ! pr9t] f9ds !re is m or less ink ^u ! block40 ,! numb] ( copies :i*1 accord+ to ,du ,halde1 a ,*9ese workman c pr9t 9 a day1 is greatly exagg]at$4 ,ab\t f\r ?\s&1 or f\r hundr$ an h\r1 is ! utmo/ t ! mo/ exp]t workman w\ld be able to ?r[ (f4 ,to ! above acc\nt x may be add$1 t ! blocks1 ea* conta9+ two pages1 are frequ5tly engrav$ on bo? sides2 t ! %eets pr9t$ are small1 & impress$ on "o side only2 & t ea* %eet :5 dry is fold$ back1 s z to pres5t ! appe>ance ( a leaf impress$ on bo? sides4 ,! hi/ory ( pr9t+ 9 ,*9a1 & ! productions ( ! ,*9ese press1 are subjects :i* ,ori5tal bibliograph]s h m or less t\*$ ^u4 ,int]e/+ z !y are1 !re w probably be no occasion to allude to !m 9 ^! pages m ?an once aga94 ,b ! hi/ory ( books 9 ,europe1 ! productions ( ! e>ly pr9t]s 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries to :i* !y c>ri$ _! art1 is "o to :i* our subject is mo/ closely alli$2 & ,european bibliography is a /udy to :i* _m m5 ( great ability h devot$ !mselves dur+ ! la/ ?ree c5turies1 9 ,g]many1 ,holl&1 ,engl&1 ,spa91 ,france1 ,italy1 ,belgium1 & o!r c\ntries4 ,to _! lab\rs all lat] writ]s on ! subject are "u manifold obligations4#h ,b 9 attribut+ v>i\s undat$ books to "o or o!r ( ! e>lie/ e/abli%$ presses1 guess-"w1 & ! bias ( national prejudice1 h l>gely prevail$ among/ ev5 ! mo/ pa9/ak+ ( ,european bibliograph]s4 ,?is unsci5tific me?od1 long felt to be a reproa* to le>n+ & lit]ature1 has ( late ye>s be5 attempt$ to be rem$i$ by a m close & critical exam9ation ( ! ,incunabula1 or books pr9t$ 9 ! ,fifte5? c5tury4 8,! me?od ( arrang+ ^! e>ly books "u ! c\ntries1 t[ns1 & presses at :i* !y 7 produc$10 says ,mr4 ,h5ry ,brad%aw1 ! ,libr>ian ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 8is ! only "o :i* c really advance our k ( ! subject4 ,?is is comp>atively easy ) dat$ books1 ?\gh !re is no safegu>d aga9/ ! mislead+ nature ( an errone\s date4 ,b ! /udy is ( little use unless ! bibliograph] w be cont5t to make su* an accurate & me?odical /udy ( ! types us$ & habits ( pr9t+ obs]vable at diff]5t presses1 z to enable him to obs]ve & be guid$ by ^! *>act]i/ics 9 settl+ ! date ( a book :i* be>s no date on ! surface4 ,we d n want ! op9ion or dictum ( any bibliograph]1 h[ev] exp]i5c$2 we desire t ! types & habits ( ea* pr9t] %\ld be made a special subject ( /udy1 & ^? po9ts br\ght =w>d :i* %ew *anges or advance f ye> to ye>1 or :]e practicable1 f mon? to mon?4 ,:5 ?is is done1 we h to say ( any dateless or falsely dat$ book1 t x conta9s su* & su* *>act]i/ics1 & we !re=e place x at su* a po9t ( "t1 ! "t we "n be+ m]ely ano!r expression = ! *>act]i/ics we notice 9 ! book4 ,9 fact ea* press mu/ be look$ ^u z a g5us1 & ea* book z a species1 & our bus9ess is to trace ! m or less close connection ( ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! family1 accord+ to ! *>act]s :i* !y pres5t to our obs]vation40 ,! /udy ?us def9$ is designat$ ,palotypography2 & conc]n+ x ,mr4 ,brad%aw fur!r says1 8except ,mr4 ,blades's monograph ( ,caxton's press1#i ! ,hague ,catalogus#aj & ,monum5s ,typographiques#aa are ! only books exi/+ 9 any lit]ature1 s f> z ,i "k1 :i* r5d] ! /udy ( palotypography 9 any way possible ^u a prop] basis4 ,g]many1 ,italy1 ,france1 & ,spa91 are at pres5t p]fectly impracticable fields ( "w1 & are1 ,i fe>1 likely to rema9 s = "s "t to come40#ab ,respect+ ,mr4 ,brad%aw's own lab\rs 9 ?is field ( inve/igation1 ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,mll] ( ,am/]dam1 an en?usia/ic bibliograph] ( r>e p[]1 be>s ! foll[+ te/imony3#ac--8;,h>dly anybody 9 ,engl& takes an int]e/ 9 =eign bibliography--! only exception be+ t excell5t bibliograph]1 ,h5ry ,brad%aw1 ,fell[ ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,cambridge1 :o is exam9+ ) great en?usiasm ! ,incunabula ,typographica1 & :o has lately arriv$ at mo/ surpris+ & important results 9 ?is dep>tm5t4444 ,i d n "k :i* mo/ to admire--! acum5 ( ! conjectures ab\t ! places :]e "s ( ! works 7 pr9t$1 or ! cle>ness ) :i* ! writ] treats sev]al v difficult subjects4444 ,?is me?od ( ascrib+ a "w solely f ! appe>ance ( ! types us$1 he c>ries to ! utmo/ po9t ( application4444 ,mr4 ,brad%aw is ! fir/ :o turns to advantage ! excell5t lessons ( ! ,fr5* & ,g]man bibliograph]s1 & ?r\gh him a new light w probably arise 9 ,engli% bibliography40 ,to ! rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,brad%aw & ,mr4 ,blades1 & to ! lab\rs ( ,mr4 ,ottley#ad & ,mr4 ,humphreys1#ae 9 _! la/ publi%$ works1 ,i am greatly indebt$4 ,! int]e/+ in=mation !y h accumulat$ ,i h freely made use ( 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is volume1 al?\gh ,i diff] consid]ably f "s ( ! conclusions :i* "o or o!r ( !m has arriv$ at4 ,,footnotes3 #a 8,! multiplication ( pr9t$ books & ! consequ5t /ill great] multiplication ( read]s1 creat$1 :at may be t]m$ a lit]>y public ?r\gh\t ,engl&1 & :5 ! pr9t$ copies ( a book f ,caxton's press 7 spread ?r\gh\t ?is public1 ea* memb] ( x us$ a copy t 0 uni=m ) ! copies us$ by all ! re/4 ,b be=e pr9t+ 0 kn[n1 & :ile copies ( a book c\ld be made 9 manuscript only1 ! transcrib]s 7 apt to introduce *anges ( spell+1 ( syntax1 & ( phrase1 accord+ to ! dialect ( ! "p ( ! c\ntry to :i* ea* copyi/ belong$4 ,& ! dialects ( diff]5t p>ts ( ,engl& diff]$ !n f ea* o!r 9 a f> great] degree ?an any am\nt ( v>iation :i* c at pres5t be detect$ by ! mo/ zeal\s philologi/4 ,moreov]1 ea* au?or wrote 9 8 own dialect1 or to speak m correctly1 9 ! pure native ,engli% ( 8 own "p ( ,engl&4 ,h5ce ! diction ( an au?or ( ^? times 9 _m cases appe>s to u m ar*aic ?an ! diction ( 8 contempor>ies1 or ev5 ( "s ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,b 9 proportion z m5 ( lett]s became famili> 9 _! read+ ) ! ne>ly uni=m ,engli% language ( pr9t$ books1 !y foll[$ or approa*$ t uni=m ,engli% 9 _! own writ+s4 ,! language cont9u$ to receive *anges by ! introduction ( new words & phrases1 & by ! zeal = imitat+ ,lat9 models1 :i* grew to excess 9 _m ( our prose writ]s n long aft] ! close ( ! ,fifte5? c5tury4 ,_m m modifications ( etymology1 & "s ( syntax1 took place be=e ! mod]n ,engli% language c be said to h be5 sub/antially e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry2 b t am\nt ( uni=m e/abli%m5t nev] c\ld h be5 effect$ at all1 )\t ! int]v5tion & ! ext5d$ use ( ! art ( pr9t+40--,sir ,edw>d ,s4 ,,creasy's ,hi/ory ( ,engl&4 #hvo4 #ahgj4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #eef-g4 ,:at ! ,art ( ,pr9t+ did 9 ?is respect = ,engl&1 x likewise did 9 all o!r c\ntries to :i* x 0 c>ri$1 9 great] or less] degrees1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( fre$om x enjoy$1 or ( re/riction to :i* x1 & ! p to :om x spoke1 7 subject$4 #b ,vide ,re=mation ( ,pol&1 by ,c\nt ,v4 ,,kras9ski1 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,nisbet1 #ahch-dj4 #c ,= assi/ance 9 ?is matt]1 ,i am mu* indebt$ to my fa!r1 ,mr4 ,,rob]t ,,ske51 "u ^: able tea*+s ,i 0 ?or\ghly in/ruct$ 91 & made a ma/] ( my craft--! ,art ( ,pr9t+4 ,i h also to ackn[l$ge1 ) ?anks1 ! mat]ial aid receiv$ f ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,,caslon1 ! em95t ,type-f\nd]1 z well z f my publi%]s1 ,messrs4 ,,tr,,bn] & ,co41 ( ,pat]no/] ,r[4 #d ,,s\!y',s 8,colloquies40 #e ,a ref]5ce c sc>cely be avoid$1 9 connection ) ?is subject1 to ! exclamation ( ! patri>* ,job 7*4 xix4 #bc1 #bd71 8,oh t my words 7 n[ writt56 ,oh t !y 7 pr9t$ 9 a book6 ,t !y 7 grav5 ) an iron p51 & lead1 9 ! rock = ev]60 ,! book ( ,job is commonly suppos$ to h be5 writt5 ei!r by ,moses1 :5 resid+ among/ ! ,midianites ab\t #aebj ye>s be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 or by ,elihu1 "o ( ! speak]s 9 ! book1 :i* w\ld probably c>ry its antiquity a c5tury & a half or two c5turies fur!r back4 ,! ^w translat$ #8pr9t$' does n1 h[ev]1 be> ! mean+ 9 ! orig9al1 :i* is n[ g5]ally atta*$ to x4 ,x evid5tly ref]s to ! me?od ( inscrib+ records on rolls1 made ( ! sk9s ( animals1 = ! purpose ( pres]v+ !m = ! b5efit ( future g5]ations1 or on su* o!r sub/ances z 7 !n us$ = t purpose2 & 9 ! texts quot$ ! modes ( writ+ & ! in/rum5ts = inscrib+ are expressly ref]r$ to4 ,plates ( metal1 & prep>$ leaves ( ! talipot palm1 are to ?is day engrav$ & inscrib$ on1 9 ,ea/]n c\ntries1 ) iron #8/yles1' = purposes ( record4 ,books ( ! laws ( ,buddha exi/ on plates ( gold1 z well z on ! m common olas2 & al?\gh we d n "k ^u :at mat]ial ,,moses transcrib$ ! ,law1 :i* ,,god himself comm&$ him to write1 & to place 9 ! side ( ! ,ark ( ! ,cov5ant1 we may be c]ta9 t x w\ld be writt5 on ! mo/ imp]i%able1 z well z ! mo/ portable ( sub/ances adapt$ = su* a purpose1 ,moses be+ le>n$ 9 all ! wisdom ( ! ,egyptians1 & hav+ = 8 assi/ants ! mo/ skilful artisans ( ! age4 ,! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts we "k 7 grav5 on tablets ( /one hewn out ( ! rock4 ,f tablets su* z ^!1 & f engrav$ plates1 z well z f inscrib$ olas1 copies & fac-similes might h be5 easily made by a process analog\s to t ( copp]-plate pr9t+2 ! only drawback be+ t 9 all su* copies ! pr9t$ *>act]s w\ld h be5 rev]s$4 ,t ! ,hebrews mu/ h be5 famili> ) books1 su* z 7 ref]r$ to by ,job1 is cle>4 ,9 ,egypt1 dur+ ! "t ( _! resid5ce 9 t c\ntry1 ,public ,libr>ies exi/$3--8,ov] ! m\ld]+ door :i* l$ to ! biblio!tical repository ( ! ,memnonium1 said to h be5 built ab\t ! "t ( ,moses1 ,*ampollion read1 writt5 ov] ! heads ( ,?o? & ,safkh1 7:o 7 ! male & female deities ( arts1 sci5ces1 & lit]ature71 ! rem>kably appropriate titles ( #8,presid5t ( ! ,libr>y1' & #8,lady ( ,lett]s4'0 7,kitto's ,cycl4 ( ,bibl4 ,lit]ature1 ,art4 ,,writ+74 ,! ,egyptians probably d]iv$ _! k ( writ+ f ,misraim ! son ( ,ham1 z did ! ,canaanites f ,canaan ! bro!r ( ,misraim1 f :om !y 7 desc5d$4 ,!re is pro( 9 ! sculptur$ pictures & inscriptions 9 ! olde/ ,egyptian monum5ts1 ( ab\t ! same age z ! ,great ,pyramid1 t #bbjj ye>s ,b4 ,c41 writ+ 0 an art well kn[n at t e>ly p]iod4 8,:atev] ! employm5t1 or :atev] ! produce be+ br\ght to be laid at ! pr9ce's feet1 !re 7 always scribes 9 att5dance to take d[n ! exact am\nt 9 writ+ on ! prop]ty rolls40 7,vide ,life & ,"w at ! ,great ,pyramid 9 #ahfe1 by ,c4 ,,piazzi ,,smy?1 ,a/ronom] ,royal1 ,scotl&2 & article 9 ,good ,words1 ,"p ,,vii1 #ahfg1 by ! same au?or1 p4 #dec47 ,:5 ! ,israelites took possession ( ! l& ( ,canaan1 among o!r great & wall$ cities :i* !y captur$ 0 ,debir1 ^: orig9al "n 0 ,kirja?-seph]1 or ! ,city ( ,books1 or ,kirja?-sannah1 ! ,city ( ,lett]s1 7,jo%ua xv4 #di2 ,judges i4 #aa74 ,?is ^w 8sannah0 is evid5tly ! same z 8sannas10 ! "n giv5 to oblong copp]-plates1 on :i* are engrav$ ! record ( ! grants ( l&s1 c41 made f v anci5t times by ! k+s ( ,ceylon1 to temples1 *iefs1 & o!rs2 & :i* are frequ5tly1 "u t "n1 receiv$ 9 evid5ce 9 ! law c\rts 9 disputes reg>d+ l&$ prop]ty4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 ! title-de$s "u :i* mo/ ( ! ,s9halese g5try ( anci5t family hold _! e/ates4 ,^! royal grants are sometimes on plates ( silv]1 & occasionally cut 9 ! solid rock or on massive /one tablets4 #f ,pla/] ca/s ( inscriptions might also h sugge/$ ! same idea4 ,! use ( pla/]1 = ! purposes ( inscriptions1 dates back to a v anci5t era4 ,x seems to h be5 z old z ! art ( writ+ itself4 ,we le>n f ! book ( ,deut]onomy 7xxvii4 #b-d71 t :ile ! ,*ildr5 ( ,israel 7 yet w&]+ 9 ! des]t1 aft] _! exodus f ,egypt1 x 0 orda9$1 t :5 !y _h pass$ into ,canaan1--! l& :i* %\ld be giv5 !m1--great /ones1 plai/]$ ov] ) plai/]1 %\ld be set up1 on :i* /ones %\ld be writt5 8v pla9ly0 all ! words ( ! law4 #g 8,sy-*ong-ngn-pon10 ! "n ( a ,*9ese ,song-book4 #h ,! foll[+ alphabetical li/ includes ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ^! writ]s3--,&rs1 ,antonio1 ,baillet1 ,bayle1 ,bl\nt1 ,b\t]wek1 ,bruck]1 ,brunet1 ,buhle1 ,*alm]s1 ,colli]1 ,corniani1 ,de ,bure1 ,de ,vries1 ,dibd91 ,eb]t1 ,ei*horn1 ,falk5/e91 ,fis*]1 ,fopp5s1 ,fr]e1 ,gesn]1 ,g+un1 ,g\jet1 ,graesse1 ,greswell1 ,hallam1 ,ha91 ,he]51 ,horne1 ,k/n]1 ,mall9ckrot1 ,maittaire1 ,maitl&1 ,me9]s1 ,m5dez1 ,montucla1 ,naud1 ,nic]on1 ,panz]1 ,portal1 ,sant&]1 ,sismondi1 ,spr5gel1 ,so!by1 ,t5nemann1 ,tirabos*i1 ,v&]haegh51 ,van d] ,me]s*1 ,van ,iseghem1 ,van ,praet1 ,watt1 ,wolf1 ,wrdtwe91 ,zapf4 #i ,! ,life & ,typography ( ,william ,caxton1 by ,,william ,,blades4 #b vols4 #dto4 ) #eg fac-simile illu/rations4 ,london1 #ahfa-fc4 #aj ,catalogus ,librorum ,sc4 ,,xvi4 impressorum1 9 ,biblio!ca ,regia ,hagan ass]vatorum1 #hvo4 ,hagae1 #ahef4 #aa ,monum5s ,typographiques des ,pays ,bas au ,x,ve ,sicle1 #bj livraisons1 imp4 #dto4 #abj plates ( fac-similes4 ,la ,haye1 #aheg-ff4 ,( ?is magnific5t "w only #bjj copies 7 pr9t$4 #ab ,classifi$ ,index ( ,fifte5? ,c5tury ,books 9 ! ,collection ( ! late ,m4 ,j4 de ,mey] ( ,gh5t4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahgj4 pp4 #ae-af4 #ac ,,tr,,bn]',s ,am]ican & ,ori5tal ,lit]>y ,record1 ,july1 #ahgj4 #ad ,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+1 by ,w4 ,y4 ,,ottley4 #dto4 #cg plates1 & o!r engrav+s4 ,london1 #ahfc4 #ae ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,art ( ,pr9t+3 ,its ,inv5tion & ,progress to ! ,middle ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury1 by ,h4 ,noel ,,humphreys4 imp4 #dto4 #aje photo-li?ographic fac-similes4 ,london1 #ahfi4 ,e>ly ,typography4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,date ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,typography ,,9 ,,europe4--,,alleg$ ,,e>ly ,,engrav+s4--,,play+ ,,c>ds4--,,block-,,books4--,,mr4 ,f4 ,,holt',s ,,hypo!sis4--,,evid5ce ,,( ,,co/ume4--,,g]man 8,,brief-,,mal]s40--,,decree ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,v5ice4--,,/ate ,,( ,,europe ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4--,,cultivation ,,( ,,classical ,,lit]ature ,,at ,,! ,,close ,,( ,,! ,,f\rte5? ,,& ,,comm5cem5t ,,( ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury4 ,x has be5 a "q mu* debat$1 :e!r ! ,art ( ,pr9t+ 0 n introduc$ to ,europe f ! ,ea/ at a mu* e>li] p]iod ?an t g5]ally assign$ z ! date ( its inv5tion2 & we are in=m$ by ,klapro?1 t x might h be5 kn[n 9 ,europe a hundr$ & fifty ye>s prior to its discov]y by ! ,g]mans1 if ,europeans _h be5 able to read & translate ! ,p]sian hi/orians1 z ! ,*9ese me?od ( pr9t+ is cle>ly expla9$ 9 ! ,djemm'a-et-tew>ikh1 by ,ra*id-,edd91 :o f9i%$ ?is imm5se "w ab\t ! ye> #acaj4 ,on ?is subject1 ,mr4 ,william ,savage1 a well-kn[n pr9t]1 & a g5tleman to :om ! public & ! pr(ession are indebt$ = sev]al valuable works on ! art1 /ates1 9 ! preface to a volume publi%$ 9 #ahda1--8,! dates giv5 ( ! introduction ( ! practice into ,europe by previ\s writ]s1 are unque/ionably errone\s1 z we h conclusive evid5ce ( its be+ foll[$ z a pr(ession = ne>ly a c5tury be=e ! e>lie/ date !y give30--& he ann\nc$ 8 int5tion ( embody+ ! facts & in=mation he _h be5 = a long p]iod collect+1 9 ano!r "w1 z hi!rto1 he decl>es1 !re has 9 reality be5 b little said on ! ,hi/ory or ,practice ( ,pr9t+1 ! num]\s works on ! subject be+ *iefly copies f "o or two ( ! e>li] writ]s4 ,?is is true en\gh4 ,f ! v nature ( ! case x c sc>cely be o!rwise1 until & unless ! discov]y ( fre% facts1 or ! inve/igations ( fre% inquir]s lead to conclusions diff]5t to ^? :i* _h previ\sly be5 g5]ally receiv$4 ,x is possible1 nay probable1 t a k ( ! art1 z practis$ 9 ,*9a1 may h be5 c>ri$ to ,europe by ! ,v5etian travell]s1 or trad]s1 at a v e>ly date2 b1 z no acc\nt is kn[n to exi/ t su* really 0 ! case1 s no c]ta9 conclusion on ! subject c be arriv$ at4 ,:e!r x 0 s or n1 !re is little difficulty 9 suppos+ t on _m occasions attempts might be made simil> to t conta9$ 9 ! mu* disput$ acc\nt giv5 by ,papillon ( ! discov]y at ,bagneux1 a village ne> ,mont-,r\ge1 9 ! libr>y ( ,m4 ,de ,gr$]1 a ,swiss ,capta91 ( a "w1 l5t to ,m4 ,de ,gr$] by ,m4 ,sp]*tvel1 ano!r ,swiss ,(fic]1 suppos$ to h be5 pr9t$ 9 #abhd or #abhe4 ,?is "w1 :i* has nev] s9ce be5 se51 is said to h borne ! foll[+ inscription 9 old ,italian4 8,! h]oic actions1 repres5t$ 9 figures1 ( ! great & magnanim\s ,mac$onian k+1 ! bold & valiant ,alex&]2 d$icat$1 pres5t$1 & humbly (f]$ to ! mo/ holy ,fa!r1 ,pope ,honorius ,,iv1 ! glory & support ( ! ,*ur*1 & to our illu/ri\s & g5]\s fa!r & "m1 by u ,alless&ro-,alb]ico ,cunio1 ,cavali]e1 & ,isabella ,cunio1 tw9 bro!r & si/]3 fir/ r$uc$1 imag9$1 & attempt$ to be execut$ 9 relief ) a small knife on blocks ( wood made ev5 & poli%$ by ?is le>n$ & de> si/]1 cont9u$ & f9i%$ by u toge!r1 at ,rav5na1 f ! eight pictures ( our inv5tion1 pa9t$ six times l>g] ?an "h repres5t$2 engrav$1 expla9$ by v]ses1 & ?us m>k$ ^u ! pap] to p]petuate ! numb] ( !m1 & to enable u to pres5t !m to our relations & fri5ds1 9 te/imony ( gratitude1 fri5d%ip1 & affection4 ,all ?is 0 done & f9i%$ by u :5 only #af ye>s ( age40 ,int]e/+ z ?is /atem5t is1 & correct z x possibly may be1 x c sc>cely be accept$ z an hi/orical fact1 inasmu* z no "o b ! alleg$ discov]] appe>s ev] to h se5 ! orig9als4 ,illu/ration3 ,copy ( an ,inscription on ! fir/ leaf ( ! 8,speculum ,human ,salvationis40 ,besides ! prec$+ d\btful acc\nt we h notices ( a pr9t 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,lyons ) ! date #achd4 ,specim5s ( engrav+s ( play+ c>ds1 z well z ( sa9ts1 said to h be5 produc$ 9 ! ye>s #acij & #adjj are also extant4 ,f ! ye> #adjj to #addj o!r & m elaborate engrav+s1 ( a devotional "*1 are likewise to be met )4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s1 repres5t+ ,/4 ,*ri/oph] c>ry+ ! infant ,savi\r across ! sea1 is 9 ! possession ( ,e>l ,sp5c]1 & be>s ! date #adbc4 ,a few ye>s lat] we f9d simil> pr9ts accompani$ ) explanatory inscriptions or texts ( ,scripture plac$ b5ea? !m2 next came :ole s]ies ( ^! pr9ts publi%$ toge!r z a book2 & la/ly1 ! small ,lat9 ,gramm>s ( ,donatus1 ! common s*ool-books ( ! day1 engrav$ & pr9t$ 9 l mann]4 ,^! productions are di/+ui%$ by ,bibliograph]s z ,block-books1 & n9e or t5 diff]5t specim5s are kn[n to exi/4 ,( ^! ! mo/ rem>kable are ! ,biblia ,paup]um1 or ,poor ,man's ,bible1#af a book conta9+ #dj pages ( qu>to1 or small folio pr9ts1 ) sev]al engrav+s ) inscriptions ^u ea* page1 suppos$ to h be5 execut$ 7mo/ probably at ,zwolle#ag 9 ,holl&7 betwe5 ! ye>s #adbj & #adce2 & ! ,speculum ,human ,salvationis1#ah or ,mirror ( ,salvation1 a book conta9+ #fc leaves 9 ! two ,lat91 & #fb 9 ! two ,dut* editions1 7ea* 9 small folio71 #eh ( :i* are ornam5t$ ) engrav+s repres5t+ /ories f ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 b5ea? :i* are m copi\s explanatory inscriptions ?an ^? 9 ! 8,biblia ,paup]um40 ,^! editions are suppos$ to h be5 publi%$ betwe5 ! ye>s #adcj & #adeg4 ,mean z ^! books w\ld seem if issu$ f ! press at ! pres5t day1 !y 7 wond]ful productions = ! age 9 :i* !y appe>$2 & al?\gh ! fir/ nam$ 0 call$ ! #8,poor ,man's ,bible1' or #8,book ( ! ,poor1' x 0 only 9 comp>ison ) ! co/ ( a writt5 copy ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 :i* 0 wor? !1 9 t day1 enorm\s sum ( #ajj4ai ,z v few copies are n[ 9 exi/5ce1 7& ^? g5]ally 9 an imp]fect /ate71 !y h lit]ally become wor? m ?an _! weight 9 gold3 a copy ( ! ,biblia ,paup]um hav+ be5 b\ght by ! ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh1 aft] a ke5 competition at an auction sale 9 #ahac1 = ! almo/ fabul\s sum ( #beg4 ,x 0 f ^! e>ly ,block-books1 or ,donatuses1 t ,gut5b]g1 z we le>n f ! /atem5t ( ,ulric ,zell1--a contempor>y1 & work+ pr9t] at ,m5tz ) ! orig9al inv5tors :ile ! art 0 yet a secret1--d]iv$ 8 idea ( pr9t+ z at pres5t practis$4 ,9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,knight1 9 8 int]e/+ biography ( ! v5]able ,caxton1 ! ,fa!r ( ! ,art 9 ,engl&1--8,to seize ^u ! idea1 t ! text or leg5d might be compos$ ( sep>ate lett]s1 capable ( re-arrangem5t aft] ! impressions 7 tak5 (f1 s z to be appli$ )\t new cutt+ to o!r texts & leg5ds1 0 to secure ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! pr9t+ art dep5d$4 ,x 0 easy to ext5d ! pr9ciple f a few l9es to a :ole page1 & f "o page to _m1 s z to =m a book40 ,su*1 accord+ to ! almo/ univ]sally adopt$ belief1 7 ! successive /eps :i* l$ to ! inv5tion ( ,,typography4 ,& = ne>ly a c5tury no "o _h v5tur$ to d\bt t ei!r images ( sa9ts1 or *>act]s = play+ c>ds1 7 fir/ pr9t$ f engrav$ wood5 blocks1 z *eap sub/itutes = ! works ( ! draftsman & pa9t]2--t ^! 7 succe$$ by subjects ( sacr$ hi/ory ) explanatory leg5ds cut 9 wood1 imitative ( ! art ( ! illum9ator1 & ! caligraphy ( ! scribes or pr(essional writ]s2--t ^! aga9 7 foll[$ by ,donatuses2--& t f ^! ,donatuses1 pr9t$ f solid blocks1 ,gut5b]g obta9$ 8 fir/ idea ( ! ,typographic ,art4 ,b 9 #ahfh an altoge!r new hypo!sis 0 prop\nd$ at ! annual congress ( ! ,briti% ,ar*ological ,association1 held t ye> at ,cir5ce/]4 ,x 0 !re ma9ta9$1 9 a pap] read by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,f4 ,holt1 t pr9t+ f moveable types1 z practis$ 9 ,europe1 prec$$ 9 po9t ( "t t ( pr9t+ f engrav+s on wood4 ,aft] a c>eful inspection ( ! celebrat$ pr9t ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 9 ,e>l ,sp5c]'s libr>y at ,al?orp1 he cont5d$1--8t ! date #adbc is n t ( ! engrav+1 b ( ! leg5d b5ea? x1 :i* _h be5 copi$ by ! engrav]1 & has ref]5ce to ! jubilee ye> ( ! ,sa9t2 t x has be5 pr9t$ by a press1 & ) pr9t]'s ink2 &1 :at is m important1 ^u pap] :i* exhibits ! well-kn[n wat]-m>k ( ! bull or heif]'s head1 ) a fl[] issuant betwe5 ! horns1 :i* 0 us$ by ,fau/1 & suppos$ to h be5 made = him4#bj ,he has %ewn1 t ! discov]y ( ?is suppos$ e>ly engrav+ in/igat$ ! fabrication ( sev]al simil>1 :i* 7 /a9$ ) c(fee to give !m ! appe>ance ( age4 ,he fur!r ma9ta9s1 t ! block-books1--orig9ally1 9 8 op9ion1 produc$ by ! celebrat$ pa9t] & engrav] ,albre*t ,dur]1--7 *eap sub/itutes = ! highly-pric$ productions ( ! ,pr9t+ press40 ,& he *all5ges lit]ature 8to prove1 t a copy ( ! block-book kn[n z ! #8,biblia ,paup]um1' 0 actually 9 any kn[n libr>y1 public or private1 prior to #adhe1 or kn[n !n to be 9 exi/5ce40#ba 8,all ?is has10 z ,mr4 ,plan* obs]ves1 8naturally ar\s$ a ho/ ( antagoni/s1 :o h m or less c\rte\sly contradict$1 )\t conv9c+ ,mr4 ,holt1 by ! production ( any incontrov]tible fact1 :i* w\ld refute ! evid5ce he adduces 9 support ( 8 argum5ts4 ,alone & undismay$1 he /ill gallantly defies all com]s40 ,guid$ by ! te/ ( co/ume1--8a te/ :i* he has nev] kn[n appli$ 9 va91 :5 call$ to ! assi/ance ( ! critical inquir]10--,mr4 ,plan*1 :ile ab/a9+ f ! expression ( an op9ion ^u ! pr9cipal po9t 9 dispute1 %ews1 z a matt] ( fact 9 reg>d to play+ c>ds1 t 8) ! exception ( ^? by ! ,ma/] ( #adff an engrav] only kn[n by t designation1 & a set ( 8t>ots10 call$ ! ,mantegna ,c>ds1#bb on "o ( :i* is ! date #adhc1 all ! specim5s ( pr9t$ play+ c>ds t he has met ) display ! unmi/akeable "* ( ! fa%ions ( ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,engl&1 dur+ ! latt] half ( ! ,fifte5? c5tury1 & ! greate/ portion ^? ( ! v late/ "p1--,l\is ,,xi1 ,*>les ,,viii1 ( ,france2 ,edw>d ,,iv1 & ,h5ry ,,vii1 ( ,engl&2 & ,maximilian ,i1 ,emp]or ( ,g]many40#bc ,s f>1 !n1 ! evid5ce ( ! play+ c>ds seems to support ! hypo!sis ( ,mr4 ,holt4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,knave ( ,bells1 #acij4 ,mo/ ( ! e>ly pr9ts are c]ta9ly ( an extremely rude type1 consi/+ *iefly ( m]e outl9es ( figures2 9 ! "o case ( sa9ts1 copi$ f ! illum9at$ ,missals1 & 9 ! o!r1 ( *>act]s = play+ c>ds simil> to ! =ego+ fac-simile1 aft]w>ds col\r$ 9 imitation ( pa9t+s4 ,v probably !y may h be5 made1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 by means ( /5cil plates2 if n1 ! impressions 7 obta9$ f ! engrav$ blocks by friction1 aft] ! ,*9ese mann]4 ,:i*ev] 0 ! me?od adopt$1 ! #8,brief-mal]s' or c>d pa9t]s ( ,g]many seem to h run _! ,italian bre?r5 h>d 9 ! race ( competition 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ,fifte5? c5tury1 z we le>n f a decree ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,v5ice1 be>+ date ! #aa? ,octob] #adda2 :i*1 aft] /at+ t ! art & my/]y ( mak+ c>ds & pr9t$ figures _h fall5 into decay1 f ! numb]s pr9t$ out ( ,v5ice1 orda9s--8,t x be ord]$ & e/abli%$1 accord+ to t :i* c]ta9 ma/]s _h supplicat$1 t f ?is "t 9 future no "w ( ! said art t is pr9t$ or pa9t$#bd on clo? or on pap]1 t is to say1 alt> pieces1 images1 & play+ c>ds1 & :atev] o!r "w ( ! said art is done ) a bru% & pr9t$1#be %all be all[$ to be br\ght or import$ into ?is city "u pa9 ( =feit+ ! works s import$1 & xxx livres & xii soldi1#bf ( :i* f9e "o-?ird %all g to ! /ate1 "o-?ird to ,signor ,giu/izi]i ,vec*i1 to :om ! affair is committ$1 & "o-?ird to ! accus]40 ,! wor?y magi/rates ( ,v5ice 7 excell5t ,protectioni/s 9 _! day & g5]ation2 b ?is antique me?od ( pr9t+1 ei!r f engrav$ wood5 blocks1 or ) /5cill+ plates & bru%es1 _h soon to give way to ! new] art ( ,typography2 & tw5ty-eight ye>s aft] ! promulgation ( ?is decree we f9d pr9t$ works issu+ f ! press ( ,john & ,v&el9e ( ,spire1 e/abli%$ 9 ,v5ice 9 ! ye> #adfi4 ,x is a moot po9t among antiqu>ians :5 play+ c>ds 7 fir/ pr9t$4 ,! commonly receiv$ op9ion ( _! inv5tion 9 #acib = ! amusem5t ( ! insane ,k+1 ,*>les ,,vi ( ,france1 is decid$ly errone\s4#bg ,on ?is subject ,mr4 ,plan* writes1--8,!re is pl5ty ( evid5ce to prove t c>ds1 drawn1 pa9t$1 & gild$ by ! h&1 l ^? ( ,jacquem9-,gr+onneur1 & to :i* ! "n ( #8,t>ot c>ds' has be5 giv51 f\nd _! way into ,europe f ! ,ea/ 9 ! ,f\rte5? c5tury1 or p]haps e>li]2 b !y _h no?+ 9 common ) ^? to :i* we are accu/om$1 al?\gh !y might h sugge/$ !m1 & ! fact 9 no wise affects ! "q ( pr9t+ by means ( wood-blocks only40#bh ,t ?is art--! art ( pr9t+ by pressure to obta9 copies1 9 ink1 f sep>able types or lett]s--_h n be5 attempt$ to be c>ri$ into effect at a mu* e>li] p]iod ?an ! "t :5 ,gut5b]g made 8 fir/ essay at ,/rasburg1 ab\t ! ye> #adce1 has be5 a subject ( wond]m5t ) c]ta9 writ]s4 ,b ! tru? is1 t prior to t p]iod ! _w 0 n ripe = ! inv5tion1 nei!r _h ! "t arriv$ = ! developm5t ( ^? gr& designs ( ,provid5ce1 9 ! effect+ ( :i* ! ,press & ,pr9t+ 7 de/9$ to be ma9ly in/rum5tal4 ,o!rwise1 x is inconceivable h[ = ages previ\s1 :ile ! g]m ( ! art1 z ultimately p]fect$1 0 9 common use among m51--9 seals & signets2#bi 9 /amp$ records on bricks & tablets ( clay 9 ,babylon2 9 *isell$ inscriptions on rocks & pill>s 9 ,india2 & 9 irons ) lett]s cut 9 relief ^u !m = br&+ cattle ) _! own]s' names1 7kn[n among ! ,romans 9 ! days ( ,virgil72--no "o discov]$ ! way to ?is me?od ( multiply+ docum5ts = g5]al di/ribution1 or = ! promulgation ( edicts ?r\gh ! l5g? & bread? ( ! rul+ empires ( ! _w4 ,x may be well1 !re=e1 be=e ent]+ ^u ! ,hi/ory ( ,,pr9t+1 popul>ly s call$1 to take a rapid glance at ! /ate ( ,europe1 bo? z reg>ds ,religion & ,lit]ature1 9 ! ages imm$iately prec$+ t at :i* we h n[ arriv$4 ,f ! ,six? to ! ,fifte5? c5tury ! ,we/]n _w may be said to h be5 cov]$ ) moral d>kness4 ,on ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ignorance1 b>b>ism1 & sup]/ition spread 9 d5se & heavy cl\ds ov] ! nations ( ! ,we/4 ,le>n+ s rapidly decl9$1 t x 0 almo/ :olly lo/2 & ! light ( ,religion1--t light 8:i* lighte? e man t come? into ! _w10--appe>$ well nigh entirely qu5*$4 ,"h & !re1 h[ev]1 9 diff]5t c\ntries & 9 successive ages1 a ray ( light %ot =?2 ,s*ools & ,univ]sities 7 e/abli%$1 & a few bright names %9e out l />s amid ! ?ick d>kness :i* surr\nd$ !m4 ,! numb] ( ^! 0 some:at increas$ t[>ds ! ,t5? c5tury4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,pap] made f cotton or l95 rags began to come into use4 ,! importance ( ?is inv5tion mu/ at once h be5 felt1 & by decreas+ ! exp5se ( manuscripts1--hi!rto writt5 on p>*m5ts1 or ! p]i%able papyrus1--h greatly enl>g$ ! dem& = su* docum5ts4 ,?is enl>g$ dem& induc$ m to foll[ ! occupation ( ,scribes1 or ,caligraph]s4 ,9 ! ,elev5? c5tury ! ,b5$ict9e ,monks ex]cis$ !mselves 9 copy+ manuscripts2 & to _! indu/ry we owe almo/ all we possess ( ,classic ,lat9 ,lit]ature at ! pres5t day4 ,! light ( le>n+ 9 ?is c5tury %one brighte/ 9 ,france & ,engl&2 9 ,italy b fa9tly1 :ile 9 ,g]many its glimm]+s 7 sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,9 ! ,twelf? c5tury a slight improvem5t may be trac$2 ,john ( ,salisbury & ,william ( ,malmesbury be+ di/+ui%$ writ]s 9 ?is age4 ,9 ! ,?irte5? h[ev]1 d>kness prevail$ aga92 & few1 if any1 7 capable ( appreciat+ ! ma/]-m9d ( ,rog] ,bacon1 :o %one l a beacon 9 ! realms ( lit]ature & sci5ce1 b :o 0 look$ ^u by 8 mole-ey$ contempor>ies z a magician ^: lore 0 d]iv$ f unholy s\rces4 ,! ,*ur* grew m & m corrupt4 ,ignorance & fanaticism e :]e ab\nd$2 & true ,religion 0 sc>cely to be disc]n$ amid ! prevail+ sup]/itions ( ! age4 ,x 0 9 ! moral _w z 9 ! physical3 ! d>ke/ h\r is t :i* prec$es ! dawn4 ,d>kness at ?is p]iod cov]$ ! e>? & gross d>kness ! p4 ,! m9d ( man _h become1 z x 71 )\t =m & void2 & 9 t /ate1 humanly speak+1 x 0 long likely to rema94 ,b su* 0 n ! w ( ,,god4 ,z 9 ! creation ( ! _w1 ,,god said1 ,let !re be ,light1 & ,light 02 s n[ ! comm& w5t =?--8,arise1 %9e1 = ?y light is come1 & ! glory ( ! ,"l is ris5 ^u !e40 ,& ! light ( tru? bur/ =?2 n inde$ at fir/ ) noontide spl5d\r2 b !re came f ! ,ea/ a dawn1 & a day-spr+ !nce arose1 :i* ann\nc$ ! com+ ( t light :i* w only cease to %9e :5 "t %all be no m4 ,! ,f\rte5? c5tury 0 to t :i* foll[$ x l ! morn+ /> t u%]s 9 ! dawn4 ,! love ( le>n+ reviv$2 & polite lett]s 7 re/or$ 9 ! p]son ( ,petr>*4 ,univ]sities 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,rome & ,f]mo1 9 ,p]ugia1 ,treviso & ,pisa1 9 ,pavia & ,flor5ce1 9 ,si5na1 ,lucca & ,f]r>a4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,ri*>d ,aung]ville1 ,bi%op ( ,durham & ,*ancellor ( ,edw>d ,,iii1 b bett] kn[n to fame z ,ri*>d ( ,bury1 gave 8 libr>y to ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 ) special injunctions t 8 valuable manuscripts %\ld be l5t out to s*ol>s4#cj ,^!1 & l ag5cies else:]e at "w1 pav$ ! way = ! era !n ab\t to comm5ce4 ,z ! dang]s :i* m5ac$ ! ,ea/]n ,empire at ! close ( ! ,f\rte5? c5tury increas$1 ! mo/ le>n$ ( ! ,greeks fl$ to ! ,we/1 c>ry+ ) !m ! treasures ( _! language4 ,among/ ! fir/ ( ^! 0 ,emanuel ,*rysoloras1 :o settl$ 9 ,flor5ce 9 #acie z public tea*] 9 ,greek4 ,he _h be5 previ\sly kn[n z an ,ambassador f ,con/ant9ople to ! ,we/]n p[]s1 8 mission be+ to solicit aid aga9/ ! ,turks4 ,f ,flor5ce he proce$$ to v>i\s ,italian ,univ]sities1 & became ! preceptor ( sev]al e>ly ,hell5i/s4 ,9 #adbc1 #bch manuscripts ( ,greek au?ors 7 br\ght into ,italy by ,john ,aurispa ( ,sicily1 :o ?us put 8 c\ntry 9 possession ( au?ors h>dly kn[n to h] by "n4 ,by means ( ^!1 & ! lab\rs ( ,philelfo & o!r collectors1 an ard5t ?ir/ = ,classical & especially ,grecian ,lit]ature began to make itself manife/1 :i* ab\t ! ye> #addj 0 completely develop$4 ,! k+s ( ,france & ! ,dukes ( ,burgundy 7 at ?is p]iod ! mo/ munific5t patrons ( le>n+ & lit]ature4 ,! fa%ion !y set 0 foll[$ by _! *ief nobles1 & _m celebrat$ libr>ies 7 =m$ 9 _! dom9ions4 ,! ,libr>y ( ! ,l\vre 0 f\nd$ by ,k+ ,john ( ,france 9 #acej4 ,8 ?ird son1 ,jean1 ,duc de ,b]ri1 =m$ "o at 8 ,*ateau de ,bictre1 ne> ,p>is1 only inf]ior to t ( 8 fa!r4 ,philippe le ,h>di1 ! y\nge/ son1 :o became ,duke ( ,burgundy1 0 also addict$ to ! collection ( f9e books1 8& sp>$ no exp5se 9 ! employm5t ( arti/s to adorn 8 libr>y1 & 9 ! pur*ase ( _! mo/ *oice productions40 ,8 son1 ,jean sans ,peur1 inh]it$ 8 fa!r's ta/es & add$ to ! collections already made4 8,b all previ\s patronage s9ks into comp>ative insignificance be=e ! enc\ragem5t giv5 to ev]y?+ connect$ ) lit]ature by ,philippe le ,bon1 :o succe$$ ,jean 9 #adai4 ,at ,bruges :]e he kept 8 ,c\rt1 he gave cont9ual employm5t to multitudes ( au?ors1 translators1 copyi/s1 & pa9t]s1 :o 7 con/antly enri*+ 8 libr>y ) _! be/ productions40 ,9 an acc\nt ( ! ,duke's libr>y1 ne>ly two ?\s& works are enum]at$1 8! great] "p be+ magnific5t vellum folios beautifully illum9at$1 b\nd 9 velvet1 sat91 or damask1 /udd$ ) gems1 & protect$ by gold clasps jewell$ & *as$40 8,! passion = books ?us display$ 0 n conf9$ to ,france or ! ,fr5* pr9ces4 ,9 ,italy1 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 & o!r c\ntries1 ! same ta/e spread4 ,9 ,engl& ,h5ry ,,vi _h a valuable libr>y2 _m books writt5 & illum9at$ = him be+ /ill among ! royal ,,mss4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! ,duke ( ,b$=d1 ^: love ( lit]ature 0 probably greatly /imulat$ :ile ,reg5t ( ,france1 0 surpass$ by none ( 8 c\ntrym5 9 8 patronage ( ! ,f9e ,arts2 & ! celebrat$ ,missal execut$ = him /ill rema9s z "o ( ! *oice/ productions ( 8 age4 ,humphrey1 ,duke ( ,gl\ce/]1 ! ,protector ( ,h5ry ,,vi1 0 also greatly atta*$ to 8 libr>y1 & bequea!d _m hundr$s ( volumes to ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 & to ,k+'s ,college1 ,cambridge40 8,ow+ to ^! causes ! v>i\s ,arti/s connect$ ) book-writ+ & book-b9d+1 z well z ! trades necess>y to !m1 receiv$ great enc\ragem5t1 :ile to ensure spe$ z well z excell5ce ( workman%ip1 division ( lab\r 0 c>ri$ out to a great ext5t4 ,inde$1 s important a bran* ( comm]ce _h ! manufacture ( books n[ become1 & s num]\s 7 ! v>i\s classes ( craftsm5 employ$ 9 ?is way at ,bruges1 t !re sprang up 9 t city a ,guild1--#8,! ,guild ( ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/1' ! patron ,sa9t ( ,scribes1--:i* 9 #aded _h a =mal *>t] & privileges grant$ x by ! ,duke40 ,o!r cities also _h simil> corporations4 ,?us1 at ,antw]p ! ,society ( ,/4 ,luke 0 =m$ 9 #adej1 & at ,brussels !re 0 a guild ( ,writ]s call$ #8,les ,frres de la plume4' ,! ,guild ( ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/ conta9$ memb]s ( bo? sexes1 & consi/$ ( ,book-b9d]s1 ,book-sell]s1 ,boss-c>v]s1 ,clo?-%e>]s1 ,curri]s1 ,figure-engrav]s1 ,illum9ators1 ,lett]-engrav]s1 ,pa9t]s1 ,pa9t]s ( ,vignettes1 ,p>*m5t & ,vellum-mak]s1 ,pr9t]s1 ,pr9t-sell]s1 ,s*ool-ma/]s1 ,s*ool-mi/resses1 & ,scriv5]s & copy]s ( books4#ca ,co9cid5t ) ?is developm5t ( a ?ir/ = classical le>n+1 & a passion = lit]ature among/ ! great & weal?y1 0 ! inv5tion ( ,pr9t+ 9 ! ,we/]n _w4 ,,footnotes3 #af ,?is is %ewn1 9 ! hi/ory ( wood-cutt+ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,,jackson1 n to h be5 ! orig9al title ( ! "w1 :i* 0 r1 says ! writ]1 a book = ! use ( prea*]s ?an ! laity1--8,a s]ies ( skeleton s]mons1 ornam5t$ ) woodcuts to w>m ! prea*]'s imag9ation1 & /or$ ) texts to assi/ 8 memory40 #ag ,! blocks ( ! orig9al ,biblia ,paup]um re-appe>$ 9 ?is city on ! revival ( wood-engrav+ 9 ,holl&2 & x is ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,,brad%aw1 t x 0 "h ! e>lie/ ( ! block-books 0 produc$4 ,?is op9ion has additional importance atta*$ to x1 f ! fact t ,zwolle 01 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,fifte5? c5tury1 celebrat$ z a seat ( le>n+4 8,?omas ,kempis1 accord+ to ,me9]s1 :om ,ei*horn & ,he]5 h foll[$ presid$ ov] a s*ool at ,zwoll1 :]e9 ,agricola1 ,hegius1 ,langius1 & ,dr+eb]g1 ! re/or]s ( le>n+ 9 ,g]many1 7 educat$40--,,hallam',s ,introduction to ! ,lit]ature ( ,europe1 #hvo4 #ahcg4 vol4 i4 p4 #adi4 #ah ,"s writ]s consid] t ! :ole ( ! text ( :at are consid]$ ! fir/ & la/ editions1 & a l>ge portion ( ! text ( ! o!r two1 7 pr9t$ f moveable wood5 lett]s2 o!rs aga9 ass]t1 t ^! lett]s 7 made ( ca/ fusile metal4 ,no positive pro(1 h[ev]1 has be51 or c be giv5 t !y 7 ! latt]4 ,t ! texts 7 sep>ately pr9t$1 is evid5t1 f ! diff]5t inks employ$1 ! burni%$ appe>ance ( ! pap] at ! back ( ! cuts1 & ! ind5tations at ! back ( ! l9es ( type4 ,^! la/1 diff]+ consid]ably 9 diff]5t specim5s1 give rise to diff]5ces ( op9ion z to :e!r ! impressions 7 produc$ by an ord9>y pr9t+ press1 or by "s o!r me?od ( imp>t+ pressure4 ,! presumption is t all1 or ne>ly all1 ! impressions ( ! olde/ specim5s ( ! art1 pr9t$ only on "o side ( ! pap] or vellum1 7 tak5 9 ! ,*9ese way4 ,be=e ! press 0 inv5t$1 !re c]ta9ly 0 a possibility1 b t 0 all1 ( pr9t+ o!rwise2 b aft] its inv5tion1 impressions c\ld mo/ easily be tak5 on bo? sides ( ! pap]1 )\t ! risk ( spoil+ ! fir/1 :ile #8p]fect+' 7i4 e4 pr9t+7 ! rev]se or blank side ( ! %eet4 ,z ! press 0 n an ess5tial 9 block-pr9t+1 x 0 probably n ?\ght ( 9 t embryonic /ate ( ! art4 ,b aft] sep>able1 & especially metallic1 lett]s 7 made1 ! press c\ld no long] be disp5s$ )2 types w\ld be all b useless )\t x2 = al?\gh impressions might /ill be tak5 by c>eful rubb+1 ! pap] be+ suffici5tly damp$1 t process w\ld be att5d$ ) mu* additional tr\ble1 ow+ to ! precautions r5d]$ necess>y to avoid cutt+ ?r\gh ! pap]1 or o!rwise spoil+ x by black+ ! m>g9s on ! ink$ c(f9 or *ase 9 :i* ! types1 :5 =m$ into a page1 7 screw$ or quo9$ or w$g$ toge!r4 ,! date ( ! inv5tion ( ! ,,lett] press1 by ! adaptation ( ! screw to ! purposes ( book-pr9t+1 is ?us an important elem5t 9 ! consid]ation ( que/ions relat+ to ! orig9 ( ,typography4 #ai ,ab\t #ajjj1 or #abjj1 ( curr5t ,engli% money4 #bj ,pap] ) ! same wat]-m>k 0 also us$ by ! ,fir/ ,pr9t] 9 ,engl&4 ,vide ,plate ,,ix 9 vol4 ii4 ( ,! ,life & ,typography ( ,william ,caxton4 #ba ,lett] 9 ,build]1 ,nov4 #bf1 #ahgj4 #bb ,s call$ aft] ,&rea ,mantegna1 a celebrat$ ,italian pa9t] & engrav]1 born 9 ,padua #adca1 di$ #aeje4 ,c>ds design$ & col\r$ by ?is arti/ are v highly priz$4 #bc ,build]1 ,nov4 #ai1 #ahgj4 #bd 8,! ^w :i* has be5 translat$ pr9t$ is #8/ampide' 7#8,c>te e figure dep9te e /ampide'71 & ! "q arises z to ! mean+ ( t ^w 9 #adda4 #8,/ampide1' accord+ to ,florio1 signifies #8to pr9t1 to presse1 to /ampe1 to =m1 to figure2' & #8/ampe' 9 l mann]1 besides a pr9t or impression1 is said to be #8a m>ke1 a %ape1 a figure4' ,! ^w exi/$ be=e pr9t+1 9 its mod]n s5se1 _h be5 he>d (1 & ! natural application ( x to ! new art1 does n 9 ! lea/ det]m9e ! "q ( :5 t art 0 inv5t$4 #8,/ampide' 9 #adda1 might simply mean =m$1 figur$1 or %ap$1 by ! means ( ! /5cil1 a process :i* we "k 0 adopt$ at t p]iod1 & :i* be+ mu* m rapid ?an draw+ & color+ by h&1 w\ld d\btless affect v s]i\sly ! art ( ! c>d illum9ator1 simil>ly z photography1 at ! pres5t day1 has ! art ( ! m9iature pa9t]40--,j4 ,r4 ,,plan*4 ,build]1 ,nov4 #ai1 #ahgj4 #be ,?is phrase seems specially to ref] to ! me?od ( /5cill+4 #bf ,equival5t to ab\t #e #aes4 /]l+4 #bg ,/4 ,l\is ( ,france1 aft] 8 return f ! ,crusade1 ,a4 ,d4 #abed1 int]dict$ ! use ( all play+ c>ds ?r\gh\t 8 dom9ions4 ,!y 7 also =bidd5 by ! ,c\ncil ( ,cologne 9 ! ye> #abha4 ,^! prohibitions mo/ probably arose f _! be+ us$ = purposes ( =tune-tell+4 #bh ,gr+onneur 0 paid = ! c>ds drawn & pa9t$ = ,*>les ,,vi 9 #acib1 fifty-six s\s ( ,p>is1 :i* is calculat$ to be ab\t #g #as4 #h;d4 ( our pres5t money1 & a s+le pack ( 8t>ots10 admirably pa9t$ ab\t #adae by ,m>ziano1 ,secret>y to ! ,duke ( ,milan1 co/ ! enorm\s sum ( #a1ejj gold5 cr[ns 7ab\t #fbe72 b 9 #aded a pack ( c>ds int5d$ = ! ,dauph9 ( ,france1 co/ only five s\s ( ,t\rs1 ab\t #aas4 or #abs4--,! ,arts 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 by ,m4 ,paul ,,lacroix4 #bi ,sev]al anci5t specim5s ( ,greek & ,roman signets are /ill extant4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! is a brass sigillum ( ,c4 ,j4 ,ccilius ,h]mias1 9 ! ,duke ( ,ri*mond's collection4 ,x 0 f\nd ne> ,rome1 & is suppos$ to belong to ! ,f\r? c5tury4 ,! *>act]s are rev]s$1 engrav$ 9 relief1 ! back metal be+ cut away to a consid]able dep? & left 9 a r\gh /ate4 ,! inscription is surr\nd$ ) a bord]1 z %ewn bel[4 -------------- ,c ,i ,,caecili ,,h]miae4 ,,sn4 -------------- ,! size ( ! signet is two in*es long by "o in* wide4 ,at ! back is a r+4 ,if us$ = pr9t+1 its application 0 no d\bt ! same z t ( ! blocks us$ by ! ,pap] ,/a9]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,col\r$ pigm5ts w\ld be appli$ to ! face ( ! lett]s1 & ! signet w\ld !n be /amp$ on :atev] sub/ance 0 to be m>k$4 ,x might1 9 ?is way1 h be5 us$ = /amp+ on ! cov]s ( lett]s or p>cels1 to m>k ! "n ( ! p>ty f :om !y 7 s5t1 9 ! same way z engrav$ fac-simile signatures are (ficially us$ = frank+ su* docum5ts ?r\gh ! po/ at ! pres5t day4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 h be5 ! receipt /amp ( a man 9 trade2 or a trade-m>k1 us$1 = in/ance1 to /amp ! w>es :ile 9 a semi-pla/ic /ate1 ( a bak] or brick-mak]4 ,aft] ! above 0 9 type1 ! writ] 0 in=m$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,m4 ,coghill1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,convict ,e/abli%m5t at ,wlikaa1 ne> ,colombo1 t ! probability ( ! fir/ ( ! purposes to :i* ! signet is suppos$ to h be5 appli$1 0 mu* /r5g!n$ by ! some:at simil> practice1 ?\gh n = an exactly simil> object1 :i* prevails 9 p>ts ( ,*9a1 9 ! use ( *ops1--8h\se-signs10--by pr(essional m51 trad]s1 c4 ,^! *ops are small blocks ( box or o!r h>d wood1 on ! upp] surfaces ( :i* ! "n & pr(ession ( an individual or firm are cut by it9]ant engrav]s1 at ! rate ( ?irty = a ,mexican doll>4 ,to meet ! requirem5ts ( bus9ess & to facilitate int]c\rse betwe5 ,europeans & native ,*9ese1 ea* =eign h\se1 or firm1 or pr(essional man1 furni%es all ^? ) :om he or !y h transactions1 ) 8 #8*op1' on ! sides ( :i* 8 "n & address are also writt5 9 ,roman *>act]s4 ,:atev] lett]1 docum5t1 packet or p>cel is !nce=? s5t to him or !m1 besides ! address writt5 ) ord9>y ink & 9 ,roman *>act]s1 a r$ ink impression ( ! *op is /amp$ on ! envelope or cov]4 ,?is any native c read1 & ! addressee is )\t difficulty f\nd4 ,to ?is in=mation ,dr4 ,coghill k9dly add$ ! gift ( ! accompany+ orig9al *op1 :i* belong$ to 8 bro!r1 ,dr4 ,s9clair ,coghill1 :5 practis+ z a physician ) 8 p>tn]1 ,dr4 ,bell1 9 ,%anghai4 ,! *>act]s repres5t ! words #8,peh-i-sang1' ! ne>e/ equival5t ! ,%anghai dialect ( ! ,*9ese language gives to #8,bell1 ,physician4' ,x is a small block1 an in* & a qu>t] long1 ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* broad1 & 0 "o in* & ?ree-eigh?s high4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 r$uc$ to an in* 9 height to suit ! size ( ! type & all[ ( its be+ h]e) pr9t$4 ,illu/ration3 #cj ,=1 says ! ,bi%op 9 8 #8,philobiblon1' 8,books are ma/]s :o in/ruct u )\t rods1 )\t h>d words & ang]1 )\t clo!s & money4 ,if y approa* !m !y are n asleep2 if inve/igat+ y int]rogate !m1 !y conceal no?+2 if y mi/ake !m !y nev] grumble2 if y are ignorant !y _c laugh at y40 #ca ,vide vol4 i4 ( ,! ,life & ,typography ( ,william ,caxton1 f ! second *apt] ( :i* ! two prec$+ p>agraphs h be5 abridg$4 ,e>ly ,typography4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,john ,,gut5b]g4--,,fir/ ,,attempts ,,at ,,typography ,,9 ,,/rasburg4--,,difficulties4--,,inv5tion ,,( ,,! ,,press4--,,lawsuit4--,,return ,,to ,,m5tz4--,,connection ,,) ,,fau/4--,,success4--,,maz>9 ,,bible ,,! ,,fir/ ,,book ,,pr9t$ ,,f ,,moveable ,,metal ,,types4--,,second ,,lawsuit4--,,=feiture ,,( ,,plant ,,to ,,fau/4--,,pet] ,,s*,,ff]4--,,inv5tion ,,( ,,type-,,f\nd+4--,,fau/ ,,& ,,s*,,ff]4--,,! ,,gut5b]g #8,,pr9t+ ,,h\se4'--,,gut5b]g ,,atta*$ ,,to ,,! ,,c\rt ,,( ,,! ,,elector ,,( ,,m5tz4--,,dea?4 ,until ! publication 9 ! ,hague ( ,me]man's ,orig9es ,typographic 7#agfe71--;a "w bas$ ^u ! traditions ins]t$ 9 ,hadrian ,junius's ,batavia1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aehh1--! man to :om ! :ole ( ,europe1 ) h>dly a diss5ti5t voice1 ascrib$ ! honor ( ! inv5tion ( ! ,art ( ,typography1 0 ,john ,gut5b]g4#cb a native ( ,m5tz4 ,he 0 ( honorable desc5t2 8 family be+ includ$ among ! junck]s & nobility1 ! eque/rian ord] ( ! c\ntry1 & possess+ a small e/ate situat$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,m5tz1 call$ ,sulgelo*1 on :i* e/ate he 0 born1 ab\t ! ye> #acii4 ,8 fa!r1 ,frielo1 _h besides him1 an eld] son1 ,conrad1 :o di$ "s "t previ\s to ! ye> #adbd1 & ,frielo1 a y\ng]1 :o 0 liv+ 9 #adei2 & two daught]s1 ,b]?a & ,hebele1 bo? ( :om became nuns 9 ! ,conv5t ( ,/4 ,clair at ,m5tz4 ,9 addition to ! above-m5tion$ e/ate1 ! family own$ two h\ses 9 ! city ( ,m5tz1 "o ( :i* 0 call$ #8,zum ,gansfleis*1' & ! o!r #8,zum ,gut5b]g4' ,! latt] ( ^! =m$ "p ( ! prop]ty ( 8 "m1 ,elsy ( ,gut5b]g4 ,john ,gut5b]g1 junior1#cc left ,m5tz 9 e>ly life = ,/rasburg1 :]e he settl$ & obta9$ rights ( citiz5%ip1 & e/abli%$ himself 9 bus9ess z a poli%] ( preci\s /ones1 & a mirror & look+-glass manufactur]1 9 bo? :i* arts he is said to h %ewn consid]able skill4 ,! precise date ( 8 arrival & settlem5t 9 ,/rasburg has n be5 asc]ta9$1 b t x 0 prior to #adbd is kn[n f a lett] writt5 to 8 si/] ,b]?a1 on ! #bd? ,m>* ( t ye>2#cd probably x 0 ab\t ! ye> #adbj1 & may h be5 occasion$ by ! political di/urbances ( ! "t4 ,8 "n frequ5tly appe>s 9 ! city docum5ts & regi/]s1 & he occasionally visit$ ,m5tz4 ,he left ,/rasburg f9ally ab\t ! ye> #addd4 ,( great natural sagacity1 gift$ ) an inv5tive g5ius1 & ( indomitable p]sev]ance1 ! increas+ ?ir/ = k :i* at ?is p]iod 0 e :]e manife/+ itself1 arre/$ 8 att5tion1 & conv9c$ him ( ! desirability1 z well z ! pr(itabl5ess1 ( devis+ "s me?od = its m ready & abundant supply4 ,! problem ( ! me*anical multiplication ( manuscripts _h already be5 p>tially solv$ 9 ! block-books :i* 7 manufactur$ 9 ,holl&4 ,9 ! /udy ( ^!1 ,gut5b]g p]ceiv$ ! imm5se advantages :i* w\ld foll[ f hav+ e lett] made sep>ate1 ) suffici5t quantities ( ea* to all[ ( _! be+ comb9$ into words1 s5t5ces1 & pages1 in/ead ( cont9u\sly engrav+ :ole s]ies ( l9es 9 solid blocks z 9 ! specim5s be=e him4 ,t idea once cle>ly se51 "t & pati5ce1 ) ! ability to engrave1 7 all t 7 requir$ = its realization1 s f> at lea/ z conc]n$ ! m]e mak+ ( ! types or lett]s4 ,! fir/ exp]im5ts w\ld naturally be1 z inde$ we are in=m$ !y 71 on wood4 ,& "o c well imag9e ! flu% ( triumph t mantl$ on 8 br[1 :51 aft] hav+ engrav$ a few cont9u\s s5t5ces1 or sets ( alphabets1 ) spaces betwe5 ea* l9e & lett]2 & aft] hav+ sawn ea* l9e asund]1 & sep>at$ ea* lett] f ! "o adjo9+1 & trimm$ & squ>$ ! :ole to 8 m9d1 ,gut5b]g recompos$ ! lett]s into words1 & o!r words1 :i* diff]$ f ! orig9al1 & saw 8 *]i%$ ?\ght work$ out complete be=e him4 ,b1 :ile ?us on ! v ?re%old ( success1 ob/acles & difficulties began to pres5t !mselves1 :i* tax$ 8 +5uity & tri$ 8 p]sev]ance to an ext5t :i* x 0 sc>cely possible = him to h =ese54 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :atev] plan he may h adopt$ to produce impressions 9 8 e>lie/ exp]im5ts1 he c\ld n fail to f9d out 9 a v %ort "t t ! ,*9ese me?od1 adopt$ by ! block-book pr9t]s1 w\ld n answ] = 8 sep>able types2 & moreov]1 t ! f9e /rokes & edges ( 8 wood5 lett]s 7 liable to damage & de/ruction f o!r causes besides ^? aris+ f ! am\nt ( pressure x 0 necess>y to subject !m to 9 ord] to ensure a cle> readable impression4 ,x 0 necess>y !re=e to resort to metal4 ,?is 01 9 itself1 a s]i\s matt] to beg9 )1 = engrav+ on metal is a mu* m difficult1 t$i\s1 & exp5sive process1 ?an engrav+ on wood4 ,) sep>able types1 & direct p]p5dicul> pressure to produce impressions1 a diff]5t k9d ( ink or pigm5t to t hi!rto us$ by scribes1 or /5cill]s1 or block-book pr9t]s1 also became necess>y1 z well z a diff]5t me?od ( apply+ x to ! face ( ! types2 & _m an exp]im5t mu/ h be5 made1 & mu* "t & money lo/1 be=e ^! difficulties 7 ov]come1 & success atta9$ 9 ^! z 9 ! prec$+ /ep4#ce ,! *ief difficulty--! greate/ ob/acle 9 ! way ( putt+ to a practical use ! ,types z n[ design$1 & ?us br++ ! ,,typographic ,,art be=e ! _w1--0 ! want ( ! ,,lett] ,press4 ,to ov]come ?is ob/acle1 to conqu] ?is difficulty1 0 ,gut5b]g's great task4 ,!re 01 9 po9t ( fact1 no p>ticul> +5uity or inv5tive faculty requir$ 9 mak+ sep>able lett]s4 ,! ke5 p]ception :i* saw ! advantages to be ga9$ f su* sep>ation1 01 no d\bt1 a sure indication t ,gut5b]g 0 a man ( m>k1--"o ^: m5tal gifts transc5d$ ^? ord9>ily possess$ by 8 fell[-m54 ,b ! realization ( ! idea ( sep>at+ ! lett]s 0 a task :i* ma9ly dep5d$ on ! am\nt ( manual & me*anical dext]ity br\ght to be> ^u its execution4 ,! high] ef=ts ( g5ius1 & ! developm5t ( ! inv5tive faculties 7 display$ 9 ! subsequ5t /eps1 & 9 none m notably ?an 9 ! inv5tion ( ! ,,press4 ,! "q--,:o inv5t$ ! ,pr9t+ ,press8--has nev] yet1 x is believ$1 be5 ?or\ghly consid]$ or satisfactorily answ]$4 ,a writ] 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica says1 8,x is probable t "o ( ! difficulties :i* ,gut5b]g f\nd insup]able at ,/rasburg 0 ! con/ruction ( a ma*9e ( suffici5t p[] to take impressions ( ! type or blocks !n employ$4 ,nor is x at all wond]ful t ev5 ! _m ye>s dur+ :i* he resid$ at t city %\ld h be5 insuffici5t to produce ! requisite means2 = :at ) cutt+ 8 type1 =m+ 8 screws1 inv5t+ & comp\nd+ 8 ink1 & con/ruct+ ! means = apply+ ! ink :5 made1 8 "t 9 ! ,alsatian capital mu/ h be5 fully occupi$40 ,& he goes on to argue t ! ,press 0 probably ! jo9t production ( ,gut5b]g1 ,fau/ & ,s*ff]1 dur+ ! "t ( _! association 9 ,m5tz4 ,b = su* a belief !re is no real gr\nd :atev]4 ,mr4 ,hans>d1 al?\gh he devotes #aff pages ( 8 volum9\s "w#cf to an acc\nt ( ,presses & ,pr9t+ ma*9es1 /rangely en\gh heads 8 fir/ *apt] on ! subject 8,con/ruction ( ! ,orig9al ,pr9t+ ,press by ,blaew ( ,am/]dam40 ,b ,blaew liv$ two c5turies aft] ! orig9al inv5tion1 & 0 only an improv] ( c]ta9 ( its p>ts4 ,( ! orig9al inv5tor he says n a ^w4 ,mr4 ,m#8,cre]y1 a contempor>y ( ,hans>d1 9 8 poem ! 8,,press10#cg repr9t$ 9 ! ,typographia1 apo/rophises ,gut5b]g & ,m5tz 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- 8,,sire ( our ,,art1 ^: g5ius fir/ design'd ,?is great memorial ( a d>+ m9d1 ,& taught ! lev] ) unceas+ play1 ,to /op ! wa/e ( ,"t's de/ructive sway6 99 99 99 99 99 ,o ,,m5tz6 pr\d city1 long ?y fame enjoy1 ,= ) ! ,,press ?y glory ne'er %all die2 ,/ill may ?y gu>dian battlem5ts )/& ,! ru?less %ock ( ,w>'s de/ructive h&1 ,:]e ,,gut5b]g ) toil incessant wr\ght ,! imitative l9es ( writt5 ?\ght2 ,&1 z 8 ,art a nobl] ef=t made ,! sweep+ lev] 8 comm&s obey$30-- ,b al?\gh1 poetically1 ,mr4 ,m#8,cre]y ?us ascribes ! inv5tion to ! man & place to :om x rightfully belongs1 ,i d n "k 7n hav+ ! orig9al edition to ref] to7 :e!r he int5d$ any?+ m4 ,i suspect n1 s9ce o!rwise ,mr4 ,hans>d w\ld sc>cely h fail$ to h made use ( any in=mation 9 ! notes to ! poem :i* t5d$ to ?r[ light on a subject ( s mu* hi/orical importance4 ,o!r writ]s pass ! subject by ) ! rem>k1 t 8,( ! me*anical con/ruction ( ^! presses !re is little or no record40 ,"o ( ! late/ au?orities1 ,mr4 ,blades1 ! able palotypographi/1 ?us dismisses x3--8,! me?od ( obta9+ an impression by a direct pressure d[nw>ds is g5]ally suppos$ to h be5 syn*ron\s ) ! use ( moveable types4 ,mr4 ,ottley1 h[ev]1 describes sev]al ( ! e>lie/ wood blocks1 :i* he _h no d\bt 7 pr9t$ by means ( a press4 ,( "o he /ates #8,i am 9 possession ( a specim5 ( wood engrav+1 pr9t$ 9 black oil col\r on bo? sides ! pap] by a d[nright pressure1 :i* ,i consid] to h be51 )\t d\bt1 pr9t$ 9 or be=e ! ye> #adde4' ,!re c be no "q !re=e t ! e>lie/ type pr9t]s f\nd a press ready to _! h&s40#ch ,b ?is is a v unconv9c+ me?od ( reason+2 & a positive conclusion f\nd$ ^u a m]e op9ion giv5 9 reg>d to ! suppos$ age ( an old engrav+--a subject ^u :i* ! able/ exp]ts diff]--is "o :i* is op5 to v consid]able "q4 ,x has already be5 /at$1 7pp4 #db-dc7 t be=e ! inv5tion ( ! press1 impressions 7 usually tak5 on "o side only ( ! pap] or vellum2 al?\gh ! possibility ( _! be+ tak5 on bo? sides is admitt$4 ,mr4 ,ottley says 8! be/ pro( t ! pr9t] knew h[ to pr9t on bo? sides ( 8 pap]1 is t he did s20#ci & he m5tions two in/ances :]e1 on a s+le leaf1 ! text ( ! ,speculum is s pr9t$4#dj ,! inf]5ce :i* ^! writ]s int5d$ %\ld be drawn f ! above /atem5ts is1 t ! press us$ by ! pr9t] ( ! ,speculum 0 ess5tially ! same z t subsequ5tly us$ by ! pr9t]s at ,m5tz4 ,b :at is ! evid5ce 9 ! case8 ,all t c be br\ght =w>d is ! nature ( ! ink1 & ! appe>ance ( ! pr9t$ pages4 ,z reg>ds ! ink1 x diff]$ f t us$ at a lat] p]iod 9 ,g]many1 & 0 c]ta9ly mu* m fluid2 ?is is %ewn by its spread+ ov] ! edges1 & fill+ up ! loops ( ! lett]s4 ,by itself1 h[ev]1 ! ink proves no?+ z to h[ ! types 7 impress$2 t is to be le>nt f ! appe>ance ( ! pages2 & ?is %ews t impressions 7 tak5 by a roll+ process4 ,a wood5 or metallic roll]1 #g in*es long1 ) a diamet] ( n less ?an #c in*es1 & cov]$ ) two or ?ree folds ( f9e wooll5 clo?1 roll$1 ) a suffici5t am\nt ( pressure1 ov] ! back ( ! pap] :5 x 0 laid ^u ! types aft] !y _h be5 ink$1--or an uncov]$ roll]1 if two or ?ree folds ( wooll5 clo? 7 laid ov] ! pap]1--w\ld d all t 0 ne$$1 & be q suffici5t to acc\nt = ! practice ( pr9t+ on "o side ( ! pap] only4 ,! /atem5t h[ su* an impression might be tak51 is n h[ev] a pro( t su* 0 9 reality ! me?od adopt$4 ,t pro( lies 9 ! fact1 t ! capital lett]s ( ! columns ( text on ! left h& m>g91 & ! end lett]s ( ! l9es on ! "r1 are all m or less blurr$1 & *ok$ ) ink1 9 a way :i* only su* a cyl9drical me?od ( pr9t+ w\ld effect2 t effect be+ caus$ by ! fir/ & la/ contact ( ! roll] ) ! out] edges ( ! types4 ,9 cyl9drical ma*9e pr9t+ at ! pres5t day1 :]e c>e has n be5 tak5 to gu>d ! edges & ends ( ! types by #8be>+s1' simil> blurr+s may at any "t be se54 ,9 ! admitt$ly rude appliances ( ! e>lie/ pr9t]s su* appe>ances w\ld "u su* a process be at lea/ z pla9ly %ewn4 ,& 9 ! absolute fac-simile :i* ,mr4 ,humphreys gives1 on plate #aj ( 8 "w1 ( ! page ( ! ,speculum pr9t$ f sep>able lett]s ) black oleag9\s ink1 ^? appe>ances are mo/ pla9ly visible4 ,( c\rse x 0 possible to pr9t %eets ( pap] 9 ?is way on bo? sides2 b c>e w\ld h to be tak5 to gu>d ! fir/ pr9t$ side by int]pos+ betwe5 x & ! roll] a wa/e or sett+-(f %eet1 be=e ! process 0 repeat$4 ,&1 z already h9t$1 by ! use ( #8be>+s1' ! blurr+ might be avoid$4 ,! diff]5ce h[ev] betwe5 su* a process & t inv5t$ & put 9 practice by ,gut5b]g1 is z great z t :i* exi/s betwe5 ! batt]+ rams & catapults ( ! anci5ts1 & ! siege tra9s ( mod]n artill]i/s4 ,admitt+ !n t impressions f type c\ld be tak5 on bo? sides ( a %eet1 ! m]e fact t a s+le leaf 0 s pr9t$ 9 two editions ( ! same anci5t "w1 is no pro( :atev] t ! said impressions 7 made ) a press su* z 0 us$ by ! pr9t]s at ,m5tz1 ! inv5tion ( :i* became a necessity 9 ord] to complete ! ,typographic ,art4 ,:at x does prove1 is1 t ! pr9t] ( ! ,speculum1 ) ! appliances !n at 8 comm&1 pref]r$ ! easi]1 simpl]1 & saf] me?od ( pr9t+ on "o side only4 ,b 9 ! consid]ation ( ?is subject !re are o!r que/ions :i* ought n to be ov]look$2--e4 g4 ,= :at special purposes1 & = :om1 7 ! ,donatuses & ,block-books pr9t$8 ,c]ta9ly n = ! public at l>ge4 ,! ,donatuses1--small elem5t>y ,lat9 gramm>s1--w\ld be = a few ( ! sup]ior mona/ic s*ools ( ! day2 & ! ,biblia ,paup]um1 ,ars ,memor&i1 ,speculum ,salutis1 c41 7 av[$ly = 8! assi/ance ( poor prea*]s10--8propt] paup]es pr$icatores40 ,editions ( ^! works w\ld !re=e be small 9 numb]1 & ! "t tak5 9 _! production w\ld n be an object ( mu* acc\nt4 ,mr4 ,ottley supposes 7p4 #bhc7 t !y w\ld n exce$ #bj1 #dj1 or #fj copies ea*4 ,! m>ket = !m1 consequ5tly1 might v easily be ov]/ock$4 ,n[ z reg>ds ! mo/ anci5t ,speculums pr9t$ 9 ,holl&1 x is by no means improbable1 t1 z two editions 9 ,lat9 & two 9 ,dut* foll[$ "o ano!r 9 quick succession1 ! pr9t] did ov]/ock ! m>ket1 & _h to cease "w 9 consequ5ce4 ,x is at any rate c]ta91 t ! cuts 7 laid aside = a l5g? ( "t1 & 7 n repr9t$ until #adhc1 :5 ,veld5]1 !n pr9t+ at ,culemb\rg1 issu$ an edition 9 small #dto41 saw+ ! pictorial head+s 9 two 9 ord] to suit 8 purpose4 ,?is bran* ( ! subject is ( "s importance 9 its be>+s on ! "q ( ! orig9 ( block pr9t+ 9 ,holl&1 & w be m fully consid]$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,gut5b]g we may fairly presume1 7rely+ ^u docum5t>y evid5ces = ! presumption71 aw>e ( ! nature & ext5t ( ! dem& t exi/$ = su* productions1 =esaw h[ a new public want might be creat$ by means ( new inv5tions = fur!r develop+ ! new-born art4 ,sep>able types ) ! !n kn[n me?ods = mak+ use ( !m1 7 b z acorns 9 comp>ison ) /ately full gr[n oaks1--b sickly /unt$ bu%es1 in/ead ( luxuriant v9es1 f ^: wide-spread+ b\ghs ! ?ickly clu/]$ bun*es ( ripe1 refre%+1 life-giv+ fruit %\ld be s\ght = f> & ne>4 ,h[ to excite & satisfy ?is want 0 ! problem con/antly revolv+ 9 8 m9d4 ,x soon became evid5t1 t a ma*9e capable ( rapidly /rik+ (f copies ( works t 7 to be set up 9 types1 0 a necessity ( ! case2 & to meet t necessity all 8 en]gies 7 b5t4 ,! "t & money sp5t 9 work+ out 8 ideas1--9 con/ruct+ ! orig9al ,,lett]-,,press1--is %ewn 9 ! evid5ce :i* has be5 pres]v$1 ! be>+ ( :i* seems to h be5 hi!rto /rangely misappreh5d$4 8,! e>lie/ pr9t+ press0 says ,mr4 ,*>les ,knight1 80 no?+ m ?an a common screw-press1--su* z a *eese press1 or a napk9 press40 ,he gives no au?ority = ! ass]tion1 b he imm$iately adds1 !reby l>gely qualify+ x1--8) a contrivance = runn+ ! =me ( types "u ! screw aft] ! =me 0 ink$40#da ,9 ?is #8contrivance1' ) "s few o!rs1 :i* 7 its necess>y adjuncts1--h[ev] simple ! matt] may seem n[-a-days to eyes accu/om$ to look ^u ma*9]y & me*anical appliances ( all k9ds & v>ieties1--lay ! *ief difficulty4 ,! screw1 f its p[] & adju/ability1 w\ld naturally sugge/ itself z ! appliance be/ suit$ to effect ! purpose aim$ at4 ,b h[ to contrive to make ! screw an effective ag5t 9 produc+ impressions f types1 0 ! "q :i* ,gut5b]g _h to consid]4 ,8 sep>able lett]s 7 ready to 8 h&2 b )\t ! press1 :i* he _h yet to make1 & to f9d out h[ to make1 !y 7 z useless to him z un/rung h>p-/r+s are unmusical until !y are key$ & /ret*$ & tun$1 & made to emit s\l-?rill+ h>monies at ! ma/] t\* ( ! f+]s ( ! f9i%$ h>pi/4 ,satisfi$ ) ! result ( 8 exp]im5ts z to types1 a new s]ies ( exp]im5ts _h to be ent]$ ^u be=e he c\ld hope to realize 8 expectations 9 reg>d to !m4 ,^! he c>ri$ on 9 8 resid5ce at ,/4 ,arboga/e1 9 ! suburbs ( ,/rasburg4 ,9 8 bus9ess z a /one poli%]1 we le>n1 f 8 own decl>ations1 t sev]al ye>s previ\s to #adcf1 he _h taught t art to "o ,&rew ,dritzeh54 ,subsequ5tly1 8a long "t aft]w>ds10 he engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( look+-glasses1 along ) ,johan ,riffe1 ! prefect or mayor ( ,li*t5[4 ,&rew ,dritzeh51 le>n+ ?is1 reque/$ ,gut5b]g to tea* him t art z well2 & a simil> reque/ 0 at ! same "t made on behalf ( ,&rew ,heilman1 by 8 bro!r ,an?onie4 ,^u _! ent]+ into an agreem5t1 :]eby !y b\nd !mselves to pay him c]ta9 premiums = s do+1 ,gut5b]g compli$ ) _! reque/s4 ,b "o ye>1 aft] mak+ prep>ations = att5d+ ! fair held at ! "t ( ! pilgrimages to ! %r9es at ,aix-la-,*apelle1 ! j\rney 0 sudd5ly put (f until ! ye> foll[+1 ow+ to ! po/ponem5t ( ! fair4 ,depriv$ ( ! opportunity ( increas+ _! ga9s1 ! two ,&rews1 ) en=c$ unpr(itable leisure ^u _! h&s1 made an unexpect$ visit to ,/4 ,arboga/e1 :]e !y f\nd ,gut5b]g busily engag$ ^u matt]s1 ! secret ( :i* he seem$ det]m9$ to keep to himself4 ,aft] mu* importunity1 h[ev]1 he cons5t$ to reveal to !m1 ^u c]ta9 conditions1 8all ! wond]ful & secret arts t he knew1 )\t any exception40 ,! conditions 71 t !y on ! "o side1 & he & ,riffe on ! o!r1 %\ld cancel ! exi/+ agreem5t1 & ent] into a new "o2 t !y %\ld conjo9tly pay to him ! sum ( #bej flor9s1 mak+1 ) #afj previ\sly paid = be+ taught ! art ( mak+ look+-glasses1 #daj 9 all2 t #ajj 0 to be paid imm$iately1 & ! rema9d] at /at$ p]iods2 & t _! %>e ( ! pr(its 0 to be "o-?ird1 ! rema9+ two-?irds be+ divid$ betwe5 ,gut5b]g & ,riffe4 ,x 0 fur!r agre$1 t ! p>tn]%ip = c>ry+ on 8! wond]ful art10 %\ld be = a t]m ( five ye>s2 b t if any "o ( ! p>tn]s di$ be=e ! expiration ( t p]iod1 ! survivors %\ld1 at its expiration1 pay to ! repres5tatives ( ! deceas$ ! sum ( "o hundr$ flor9s1 reta9+ 9 _! own h&s 8all ! ut5sils & implem5ts ( ! art1 & all works p]fect$ by ! in/rum5ts40 ,?is p>tn]%ip 0 ent]$ into ab\t ! ye> #adcf4 ,^u ! completion ( ! agreem5t ! implem5ts & mat]ials = ! new art 7 remov$ f ,/4 ,arboga/e to ! h\se ( ,&rew ,dritzeh51 ) :om1 z p]haps ! able/ me*anic 9 ! association1 ,gut5b]g !nce=? c>ri$ on 8 exp]im5ts4 ,^! seem to h ne>ly approa*$ completion1 :5 ,dritzeh5 0 un=tunately seiz$ ) an illness :i* end$ fatally4 ,8 dea? took place 9 #adch1 be=e ! expiration ( ! t]m allott$ = ! p>tn]%ip1 & :ile he 0 /ill indebt$ to ,gut5b]g 9 ! sum ( eighty-five flor9s4 ,gut5b]g1 z soon z he he>d ( 8 dea?1 s5t 8 s]vant ,laur5ce ,beildeck1 to ,ni*olas ,dritzeh51 ! bro!r ( ! deceas$1 & reque/$ t no "o might be admitt$ into ! work%op1 le/ ! secret %\ld be discov]$1 or ! mat]ials be /ol54 ,b !y _h already disappe>$2 & ?is fraud1 z well z ! claims ( ,george & ,ni*olas ,dritzeh5 to succe$ to _! bro!r's %>e1 produc$ a lawsuit ) ! surviv+ p>tn]s4 ,9 ! prosecution ( ?is lawsuit1 out ( a l>ge numb] ( witnesses summon$1 ! depositions ( sixte5 7 tak52 & 9 ! foll[+ extracts f ! evid5ce ( ! mo/ mat]ial1 we may ga!r :at ! secret 0 :i* ,gut5b]g 0 s desir\s to pres]ve4 8,john ,s*ul!iss5 depos$1 t ,laur5ce ,beildeck came to 8 h\se1 to see ,ni*olas ,dritzeh51 :5 ,&rew ,dritzeh5 0 ly+ dead1 & t ! said ,laur5ce ,beildeck ?us spoke to ! said ,ni*olas ,dritzeh53--#8,y\r bro!r1 ,&rew ,dritzeh51 n[ happy1 _h f\r 8/cke0 ly+ und]nea? 9 a press4 ,!re=e ,john ,gut5b]g desires t y w take !m !refrom1 & ?or\ghly sep>ate !m "o f ! o!r1 & lay !m on ! press1 s t x may n be se5 :at x is4' ,!n ,ni*olas ,dritzeh5 w5t & look$ = ! #8/cke1' b f\nd no?+40 8,item1 ,hannsz ,s*ul!isz hatt geseit das ,lor5tz ,beildeck zu e9] zit heim inn s9 husz komm5 sy z ,claus ,dritzeh5 als dis] gezuge jn heim gefrt hette1 ,als ,&res ,dritzeh5 s9 brud] selige von todes weg5 abgang5 01 und spra* da ,lor5tz ,beildeck zu ,claus ,dritzeh51 ,&res ,dritzeh5 uw] brud] selige hat iiij /cke und5an inn e9] press5 lig51 da hatt u* ,hanns ,gutemb]g gebett5 das ir die d>usz nem5t und uff die presse leg5t von e9&] s kan man nit geseh5 0 das i/1 ,also gi5g ,claus ,dritzeh5 und su*ete die /cke d vant er nutzit40 8,conrad ,sahspa* depos$1 t ,&rew ,heilman came to him 9 ,krem] /reet & said1 #8,my de> ,conrad1 z ,&rew ,dritzeh5 is dep>t$1 & z y made ! presses1 & "k ab\t ! matt]1 d y g ?i!r & take ! 8/cke0 f ! presses1 & disjo9 !m f "o ano!r1 s t no man may "k :at x is4' ,b :5 ?is witness want$ to d s1 & look$ = !m on ! morr[ ( ,/4 ,/eph5's day1 ! :ole 0 gone40 8,item1 ,cunrad ,sahspa* hatt geseit das ,&res ,heilman zu e9] zit zu jme kom5 sy inn ,krem] gasse und spra* zu jme lieb] ,cunrad als ,&res ,dritzeh5 abgang5 i/ da ha/u die press5 gemaht und wei/ umb die sa*e d gang doh9 und nym die /cke usz d] press5 und z]lege s von e9&] s weis nyem& 0 es i/1 da nu dis] gezuge das tun wolte und also su*ete das 7 uff ,sanct ,/effans tag neh/ v]gang5 d 0 das d+ h9weg40 8,laur5ce ,beildeck decl>$1 t he 0 s5t by ,gut5b]g to ,ni*olas ,dritzeh51 aft] ! dea? ( ,&rew 8 bro!r ( happy memory1 to tell him1 t he %\ld %ew ! presses he _h "u 8 c>e to no man2 & ?is ! witness /at$1 he did4 ,he said moreov]1 t ,gut5b]g told him to take good c>e to g to ! press1 & to op5 ! two #8wurbel91' s t ! #8/cke' %\ld be sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 & t he %\ld place ! #8/cke' ^u ! press1 s t no man see+ might und]/& !m40 8,lor5z ,beildeck het geseit das ,johann ,gut5b]g 9 zu e9] zit ges*ickt het zu ,claus ,dritzeh51 na* ,&res s9s brud]s selig5 dode und det ,claus5 ,dritzeh5 sag5 das er die presse die er hnd] jm het nieman oigete zoigete1 das ou* dis] gezug det1 und rette ou* me und spra* er solte si* bekumb]n s vil und gon b] die presse und die mit d5 zwey5 wrbel9 uff dun s viel5t die /cke vone9&]1 dieselb5 /cke solt er dann 9 die presse od] uff die presse lege s kunde d>na* nieman geseh5 no* ut gem]ck540 8,h]r ,an?onie ,heilman depos$1 t be+ aw>e t ,gut5b]g 0 ab\t to take ,&rew ,dritzeh5 z a ?ird p>tn] into ! society = ! manufacture ( look+-glasses = ! ,aix-la-,*apelle m>ket1 he e>ne/ly begg$ ( him to admit !re9 8 bro!r ,&rew1 z he wi%$ to s]ve him40 ,aft] "s demur ?is 0 agre$ to4 ,witness suppli$ 8 bro!r ) money to ! ext5t ( #ij p\nds1 b at la/ said1 8,:at c y want ) s mu* money1 see+ t ! sum agre$ ^u 0 only #hj flor9s8--to :i* ,&rew answ]$1 #8t he mu/ h money = o!r purposes2 & t two or ?ree days be=e ! vigil ( ! ,annunciation1 he 0 to pay #hj flor9s to ,gut5b]g1 :i* he1 witness1 mu/ advance to him4'444 ,gut5b]g aft]w>ds said to witness1 t 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( :at he _h receiv$1 !y 7! p>tn]s7 %\ld be ^u ! same foot+ 9 e ?+1 & t 9 future no?+ %\ld be conceal$ f any ( !m respect+ ! rema9+ "w40444 8,a long "t aft]w>ds ,gut5b]g repeat$ ?is40 ,aft] :i*1 a docum5t 0 drawn up by ,gut5b]g = ! o!r p>tn]s to sign1 :i* !y did aft] consid]able delib]ation1 ,gut5b]g1 be=e _! do+ s1 tell+ !m1 8!re is z mu* /uff 9 ! conc]n z q equals y\r money2 s t1 9 fact1 ! k ( ! art is giv5 y = no?+40 ,! t]ms ( ! agreem5t ) ,gut5b]g 71 t 9 ?is matt] !y 7 to consid] !mselves behold5 to him alone1 & n to ,john ,riffe2 & 8t 9 case any "o ( !m %\ld be remov$ f ! p>tn]%ip by dea?1 t !n x %\ld be well und]/ood--& s x 0--t ! matt] %\ld be s arrang$ ) 8 heirs1 t1 = all ?+s done or undone1 = money advanc$ by or belong+ to ! %>e ( su* p]son1 = ! value ( ! /ock1 ! =ms1 & all o!r implem5ts & mat]ials n except$1 !y 7! surviv+ p>tn]s7 %\ld1 aft] ! expiration ( five ye>s1 pay to 8 heirs #ajj flor9s4 ,s t he1 ,gut5b]g1 z he obs]v$1 gave !m a great advantage2 = 7 he himself to die1 aft] he _h once admitt$ !m into ! p>tn]%ip1 8 heirs1 not)/&+ ! sums previ\sly exp5d$ by him1 w\ld only h to receive #ajj flor9s = 8 %>e1 l ^? ( any ( ! o!rs4 ,all ?is 0 done1 to ! int5t t :osoev] ( !m %\ld die1 ! surviv+ p>tn]s %\ld n be oblig$ to make kn[n1 or to %ew to 8 heirs1 any ?+ conc]n+ ! art2 :i* article 0 approv$ by e "o ( !m40 ,?is witness also said1 8t he well kn[s t ,gut5b]g1 n long be=e ,*ri/mas1 s5t 8 s]vant to bo? ! ,&rews 7,dritzeh5 & ,heilman7 to fet* all ! #8=m51' t !y might be tak5 out1 & t he %\ld see x done1 z he 0 dissatisfi$1 & wi%$ to r5ew alt] or *ange !m40 ,!re is an obscurity 9 ! orig9al ( ?is la/ passage :i* makes x difficult to translate2 b x is believ$ t ! mean+ int5d$ to be convey$ is t giv5 above4 ,ob]l91 :o ?\ght ! passage ref]r$ to metal types1 r5d]s x 8,gut5b]g s5t 8 s]vant to br+ toge!r all ! diff]5t =ms1 :i* 7 to be pull$ to pieces be=e him1 because !re 7 "s ) :i* he 0 n satisfi$40 ,sant&]1 tak+ ! same view z ,ob]l91 r5d]s ! la/ clause ( ! s5t5ce 8p>ce qu'il avait des *oses a corrig]3--because !re 7 ?+s to be correct$40 ,?is ,i believe to be an accurate translation1 al?\gh ,i am satisfi$ t ! #8=m51' to be correct$ 7 n pages ( type4 ,! old ,g]man runs ?us3-- 8,dirre gezuge hat ou* geseit das er wol wisse das ,gut5b]g unlange vor ,wihnaht5 s95 kneht sante zu d5 b$5 ,&res51 alle =m5 zu hol5 und wrd5t zur loss5 das er ess sehe1 und jn jo* ettli*e =m5 ruwete40 ,mydeh>t ,/o*]1 aft] depos+ to :at he knew ( ! facts ( ! p>tn]%ip & ! illness & dea? ( ,&rew ,dritzeh52 said t he _h he>d ! deceas$ say 8t ,god help+ !m1 ! "w :5 complet$1 w\ld f9d its way ) ! public1 & t !n he hop$ & tru/$1 he w\ld be deliv]$ f 8 difficulties40 ,john ,nig] von ,bis*ovis%eim depos$1 8t ,&rew once came to him & said t he want$ money 444 ?is witness !n ask$ him :at he 0 mak+8 & he answ]$ he 0 a look+-glass mak]40 ,b>b>a von ,zab]n depos$1 8t conv]s+ once ) ,&rew ,dritzeh51 ab\t b$ "t1 %e ask$ him1 :y he did n at la/ g to b$1 & t he answ]$1 #8,i mu/ fir/ f9i% :at ,i h 9 h&4' ,:5 %e cont9u$ #8,b1 ,god help me6 :at a sum ( money y seem to be sp5d+2 :y all ^! ?+s mu/ h co/ at lea/ #aj flor9s4' ,& he repli$1 #8,y are a simpleton1 ,zab]n6 y ?9k ^! ?+s h co/ #aj flor9s4 ,li/52 if y _h all !y h co/ above #cjj flor9s1 y w\ld h en\gh to la/ y all y\r life4 ,:y1 !y h co/ ov] #ejj flor9s6 & !y w\ld be good = no?+1 if !y 7 n to co/ /ill m2 & t is ! reason :y ,i h sunk bo? my own & my expect$ inh]itance 9 ! matt]4' #8,b1' said %e1 #8if x %\ld all turn out badly1 :at w\ld y d !n8' ,& he answ]$1 #8,t c nev] be2 be=e a ye> is ov] we %all h back aga9 all our capital1 & be well (f = ev]2 unless inde$1 x %\ld be ! w ( ,god to ru9 u4'0 ,reimbolt von ,eh5heim said1 8t a little be=e ,*ri/mas he w5t to ,&rew1 & ask$ him h[ he got on ) ! ?+ he 0 ab\t8 ,&rew1 ( happy memory1 repli$1 t x _h co/ him m ?an #ejj flor9s1 b he hop$ t1 :5 x %\ld be f9i%$1 he w\ld make a great deal ( money1 :]e) he w\ld satisfy witness & o!rs1 & relieve himself f 8 c>es20 c4 ,fridel von ,seck+5 said1 8t ,gut5b]g _h made a pur*ase1#db & t he became surety = ! paym5t2 t ,gut5b]g1 ,&rew ,heilman1 & ,&rew ,dritzeh51 _h ask$ him to become _! surety = #aja flor9s to ,/olz ! son-9-law ( ,pet]2 :i* he did1 ^u ! condition t !y ?ree %\ld give an ackn[l$gm5t ( indemnity = ! same2 t ,gut5b]g & ,heilman sign$ & seal$ ! indemnity1 b ,dritzeh5 did n2 & t ,gut5b]g aft]w>ds paid all ! money1 at ! "t ( ! la/ ,l5t fair40 8,also1 ,john ,dnne1 goldsmi?1 decl>$1 t ab\t ?ree ye>s previ\s he _h receiv$ ab\t #ajj flor9s f ,gut5b]g1 solely = mat]ials relat+ to pr9t+ 7or presses407 8,item1 ,hanns ,dnne d] goltsmyt hat geseit1 das er vor dry5 jor5 od] doby ,gutemb]g by d5 hund]t guld9 abe v]di5et habe alle9e das zu dem truck5 gehret40 ,on ! "p ( ,george & ,ni*olas ,dritzeh5 x 0 %ewn1 t _! bro!r ,&rew1 :5 on 8 dea?-b$1 /at$ to 8 confessor t he _h exp5d$ #bjj or #cjj flor9s 9 connection ) ! p>tn]%ip1 & t he did n !n possess a s+le obolus4#dc ,! suit la/$ = ne>ly twelve mon?s1 b 0 decid$ aga9/ ! ,dritzeh5s2 ! magi/rates adjudg+ ! surviv+ p>tn]s to pay to ! heirs ( ,&rew ,dritzeh51 ! sum ( #ae flor9s only1 :i*1 ) ! #he he 0 indebt$ to ,gut5b]g at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 made up ! hundr$ !y _h b\nd !mselves1 accord+ to ! contract ( p>tn]%ip1 to pay to ! heirs ( any ( _! numb] :o *anc$ to die dur+ ! t]m = :i* x 0 to la/4 ,nei!r 9 ! evid5ce quot$1 nor 9 any portion ( ! re/ ( ! depositions1 is any?+ said ab\t #8types' or #8lett]s4' ,mr4 ,humphreys1 adopt+ ! conjecture fir/ made by ,m4 ,paul ,lacroix1 argues1 t ! evid5ce ab\t look+-glasses to be manufactur$1 & ! p>tn]s t]m+ !mselves look+-glass mak]s1 is to be und]/ood z mean+ t !y purposely adopt$ t t]m z a ruse to conceal ! true mean+ ( _! "w1 :i* 01 9 fact1 ! manufacture or pr9t+ ( #8,mirrors ( ,salvation4' ,b ?is view c h>dly be consid]$ t5able1 inasmu* z ,an?onie ,heilman %ews1 t 8 bro!r fir/ ent]$ into ! p>tn]%ip to le>n ! ,art ( mak+ look+-glasses2 & t x 0 n until aft]w>ds--8a long "t aft]w>ds0--t ! new arrangem5t 0 ent]$ into ab\t ! rema9+ "w1--8,,! ,,art10--! secret1 9 fact1 = :i* !y 7 to consid] !mselves behold5 to ,gut5b]g alone1 & n to ,riffe4 ,& ?is 0 ! view ! magi/rates took4 ,9 _! summ+ up ( ! case1 !y v di/9ctly /ate1 t aft] hav+ = sev]al ye>s taught ,&rew ,dritzeh5 ! art ( poli%+ /ones1 ,gut5b]g admitt$ him & ,&rew ,heilman z p>tn]s 9 a manufactory ( look+-glasses1 :i* articles he & ,john ,riffe _h be=e be5 accu/om$ to sell at ! fairs at ,aix-la-,*apelle2 & t x 0 n until "o ye>1 :5 ! fair _h be5 unexpect$ly put (f until ! ye> foll[+1 t ,gut5b]g agre$ to reveal to !m all ! wond]ful & secret arts t he knew1 )\t any exception4 ,! magi/rates also ref]r$ to ! evid5ce adduc$ z to v>i\s pur*ases1 "s or "o ( :i* 0 depos$ to be ( lead2 & f ?is x may be inf]r$ t ! lead 0 int5d$ = ! manufacture ( type4 ,b !re is no?+ to %ew t ei!r ,riffe or ,dritzeh5 or ,heilman 0 entru/$ ) ! secret ( ! sep>able lett]s4 ,if h[ev]1 metal types _h be5 ! secret to be pres]v$1 ! fact ( _! be+ s w\ld surely h someh[ be5 m or less di/9ctly /at$4 ,b x 0 ! f\r #8/cke' "u ! press1--fix$ or fa/5$ by two #8wurbel91' :i*1 :5 op5$1 & ! #8/cke' disjo9$ & sep>at$ "o f ! o!r1 no "o w\ld und]/& ! mean+ (1--z well z ! #8=m51'--t 7 ! cause ( ,gut5b]g & ,heilman's great anxiety4 ,^! f\r #8/cke' 7 c]ta9ly n f\r pages1 or a =me ( types1 fa/5$ toge!r by two screws1 :i* is ! int]pretation giv51 ) a note ( int]rogation atta*$1 by writ]s ( repute1 ^: m9ds appe> to h be5 s fill$ ) ! importance ( ! sep>able types1 t !y h fail$ to see h[ ! ^w #8/cke' c\ld apply to any?+ else 9 connection ) pr9t+4 ,_h pages ( type be5 meant1 _! be+ sep>at$1--ei!r by be+ #8di/ribut$' into type-cases1 or #8?r[n into pye1' z x is te*nically call$1--w\ld n h effect$ ! object ( ! direction giv51 8t no man might "k :at x is20 = any "o see+ sundry boxes full1 or heaps ( small pieces ( wood or metal1 all ( ! same height & dep?1 & ea* ) a lett] engrav$ on its upp] end1 w\ld sc>cely fail to conclude t !y 7 9 "s way connect$ ) pr9t+1--especially if he knew ( ! exi/5ce ( block-books1 :i* at t day 7 by no means uncommon2 nor w\ld two screws h suffic$ to fix or fa/5 a =me ( f\r pages ( type toge!r4 ,me]man ?9ks ! f\r 8/cke0 allud$ to 7 p>ts ( a press2 & ,kon+#dd is mu* ( ! same op9ion1 believ+ t ,gut5b]g 01 at ! "t to :i* ! evid5ce ref]s1 occupi$ 9 endeav\r+ to con/ruct a pr9t+ press ( a m p]fect k9d ?an _h be5 be=e kn[n4 ,ottley1 9 8 obs]vations ^u ! evid5ce1 disagrees ) ^! writ]s4 ,he says 7p4 #bd17 8,on ! :ole !re is1 ,i ?9k1 good reason to conclude t ! press s (t5 m5tion$ by ! witnesses 9 ! processes 7= x appe>s to be ! same id5tical press t is spok5 ( ?r\gh\t7 0 n a screw-press4 ,:at 0 its con/ruction1 or :at ! use to :i* x 0 appli$1 ,i _c conjecture40--7p4 #ce47 8,we are l$ to suppose by all ! depositions 444 t !re 0 some?+ ab\t x1 :i* ,gut5b]g fe>$ might enable "s clev] p]son1 :o %\ld *ance to see x1 to become possess$ ( "o ( 8 secret arts )\t ! regul> initiation2 & !re=e ^u ! dea? ( ,&rew ,dritzeh5 444 he despat*es ?i!r 8 s]vant ,beildeck1 ) directions to take all necess>y precautions respect+ x4 ,:y 9 a matt] ( su* mom5t1 & ^u :i* he 0 s anxi\s1 ,gut5b]g did n g himself1 x is difficult to conceive2 or :y ,&rew ,heilman1 "o ( ! p>tn]s1 did n g & d :at 0 ne$ful1 in/ead ( deput+ ,conrad ,sahspa*4444 ,h[ev]1 ,lawr5ce ,beildeck 0 s5t in/ead2 444 may ,i suppose t ^u ?is occasion he did z ,gut5b]g direct$ him8 ,if s1 !n ,i %\ld say t ,gut5b]g's mode ( proce$+ 0 bett] calculat$ to awak5 curiosity respect+ 8 secret art1 ?an to prev5t any dread$ discov]y ( x2 & t al?\gh he might be det]m9$ t no "o1 if he c\ld help x1 %\ld h become acqua9t$ ) x = no?+1 !re 0 mix$ up ) ?is feel+ a secret wi%1 t 8 my/]i\s acquirem5ts %\ld be talk$ (2 9 ! hopes ( gett+ a fre% addition ( moni$ p>tn]s capable ( pay+ good premiums40--,v imp>tial ?is ( ,mr4 ,ottley6 8,b0 he goes on 7p4 #cg7 8we w suppose ?is press to h exi/$2 & briefly rem>k ^u :at is said ( x4444 ,! t]m #8wurbel9' us$ 9 ,beildeck's te/imony has already be5 spok5 (4 ,! two #8wurbel9' 7 n screws1 b mu/ h be5 "s o!r k9d ( fa/5+1 or mode ( pressure1 ) :i* ! press 0 provid$4 ,:at ! con/ruction ( ! press 01 or h[ ^! fa/5+s or modes ( pressure 7 appli$1 ,i pret5d n to say3 b all ! depositions1 if we except t ( ,&4 ,heilman1 7:i* speaks z if x 7 ! press itself :i* 0 to be tak5 to pieces17 describe x z hav+ )9 x "s pieces1 :i* 9 "s way 7 connect$ ) ea* o!r1 & :i* ,gut5b]g desir$ %\ld be sep>at$ or disjo9$1 7= !re is no?+ said ( divid+ ! pieces into pieces7 9 ord] t p might n be able to guess ! use = :i* !y 7 int5d$4 ,two ( ! witnesses1 namely1 ,s*ul!iss & 8 wife1 in=m u t ^! pieces 7 f\r 9 numb]1 & t ,nic4 ,dritzeh5 0 desir$ to take !m out ( ! press & sep>ate !m f ea* o!r4444 ,?is1 accord+ to ! natural mean+ ( ! words1 is all t c be made ( ^! depositions2 & x is probable t no "o w\ld ev] h attempt$ to make m ( !m1 _h n ! "n ( ,gut5b]g appe>$ 9 connection ) !m2 = !re c be no d\bt t presses ( diff]5t k9ds 7 kn[n1 long be=e ! inv5tion ( typography1 & appli$ to _m o!r purposes1 ei!r ( /amp+ or ( cont9u$ pressure2 & ! ^w #8/cke1' employ$ 9 ?is process to describe ! ?+s conta9$ 9 ! press1 is z applicable to pieces ( "o k9d :e!r ( %ape or mat]ial z ( ano!r40 ,b ?is is begg+ ! "q completely2 = ! discussion is n1 :e!r presses ( diff]5t k9ds 7 already kn[n2 b :e!r ! ,lett] press1--! press = tak+ impressions f types1--0 previ\sly kn[n or n2 & 9 discuss+ ?is "q1 ! mean+s ( ! words 8/cke10 8=m510 & 8wurbel910 are mo/ important po9ts4 ,:at !n 7 ! #8/cke1' ! #8=m51' ! #8wurbel9'8 ,:at d ! words mean8 ,! ,g]man diction>y gives u ! answ]--8,pieces1 p>ts1 bits1 fragm5ts10 c3--8=ms1 figures1 %apes1 frames1 patt]ns1 models10 c3--8turn+ jo9ts1 t\rniquots1 twirls1 convolutions1 pulley rolls1 pegs 79 musical in/rum5ts710 c4#de ,& z ! ,g]man = types is 8lett]n10 = pages 8seit510 & = screws 8s*raub510 in/ead ( look+ to ! types = ! true int]pretation ( ! t]ms1 we look to ! press1 & especially to t portion ( x :i* ,gut5b]g 0 contriv+1 9 ord] to utilize ! me*anical p[] ( ! screw = ! purposes ( book-pr9t+4 ,z yet ?is contrivance 0 incomplete1 = no books _h be5 pr9t$1--no impressions tak5 f ei!r blocks or types4 ,! inv5tion1 9 fact1 _h n be5 p]fect$3--!re 7 p>ts :i* ne$$ to be *ang$1 alt]$1 correct$4 ,"u su* circum/ances x is easy to und]/& t ,gut5b]g w\ld res]ve ! secret ( 8 sep>able types1 until ! completion ( ! press %\ld enable him to introduce !m z ! cr[n+ triumph ( 8 +5uity4 ,)9 ! frame-"w ( ! press !n1 7 fix$1--fir/1 ! screw2 und]nea? ! screw1 second1 ! platt51 7! impression block or plate17 to be br\ght d[n by ! screw ^u ! types2 ?ird1 ! c>riage1 on :i* ! types 7 to be plac$2 & f\r?1 ! table or slide-re/ support+ ! c>riage1 ) its r\nce1 or sp9dle ) crank-h&le1 drum1 & connect+ gir?s to run ! c>riage 9 & out be=e & aft] impressions 7 made4 ,^!1 or _! orig9al sub/itutes1 7 ! #8pieces1 p>ts1 or bits' t =m$ ! f\r #8/cke' spok5 (4 ,b :at 7 ! #8wurbel9'8 ,!y 7 two /\t screw-bolts1 work+ ?r\gh nuts 9 a cross-head1 & fix+1 immoveably1 ! cross-block 9 :i* ! c5tre screw ( ! press 0 worm$4 ,!y 7 v>i\sly made1 b ! object 0 inv>iably ! same2 to resi/1 by a c\nt] pressure1 ! upw>d ?ru/ ( ! screw1 :51 by ! work+ ( ! b> or lev]1 x 0 br\ght d[n ^u ! platt51 & met ! resi/ance ( ! =me at ! mom5t ! impression _h to be tak54 ,illu/ration ,exam9e n[ ! figure ( ! press 9 ! accompany+ engrav+1 copi$ f woodcuts ( presses us$ z pr9t]s' emblems z e>ly z #adih & #aeaa2 & obs]ve h[ easily its compon5t pieces c\ld be sep>at$ by remov+ or op5+ 7unscrew+7 ! two long wurbel9 fix$ above ! work+ p>ts1 :i* 7 probably m]ely mortic$ & t5on$ toge!r4 ,9 ! foll[+ diagram1 outl9$ f an engrav+ ( ! date ( #aebj1 an old] fa%ion$ press seems to be %ewn1 9 :i* ! two wurbel9 are diff]5tly %ap$1 :ile _! special use is /ill m pla9ly to be se54 ,^! unscrew$1 ! inn] portions ( ! press tak5 to pieces1 & ! p>ts sep>at$ or laid aside1 no "o1 unacqua9t$ ) ! secret1 w\ld be able to guess = :at object !y 7 design$2 or1 9 ! words ( ! evid5ce1 8"k :at x is40 ,x may p]haps be said1 t s app>5tly simple a matt] c\ld surely n h tak5 s long a "t to contrive1 nor h co/ s mu* z has be5 impli$1 9 ! way ( prelim9>y exp]im5ts4 ,b ! pr9t+ press1 9 its orig91 0 an entirely novel inv5tion4 ,! :ole contrivance1--al?\gh ! idea1 z we le>n f ,arnold de ,b]gel1 7#aeda71 0 fir/ sugge/$ to ,gut5b]g's m9d by ! w9e-press1#df--;_h to be ?\ght out by its inv5tor1 /ep by /ep1 unhelp$ by any adv5titi\s aid4 ,gut5b]g1 v]satile g5ius z he 01 may n h be5 an exp]t me*anic2 he 0 c]ta9ly unable to avail himself ( ! _m appliances :i* mod]n inv5tors f9d ready to _! h& at e turn1 = !y 7 non-exi/5t1 & he _h !re=e to realize 8 designs ! be/ way he c\ld1 )\t reveal+ _! object to ^? :om he employ$ to c>ry !m into execution4 ,8 p>tn]s inde$ might "k t a new k9d ( block or book pr9t+ 0 int5d$1 b yet be ignorant ( ! real purpose = :i* ! co/ly & /ill unf9i%$ ma*9es 7 meant2 = x is evid5t1 judg+ f ! depositions ( ,an?onie ,heilmann1 conc]n+ ! =m51 7#8frames or models'71 & ( o!rs :o speak ( presses 7press57 9 ! plural1 t m ?an "o _h be5 plann$4 ,unless su* k _h be5 imp>t$ to !m1 & 0 fur!r support$ by specim5s ( block ,alphabets1 s*ool ,gramm>s1 & ,vocabul>ies1 x is difficult1 if n impossible1 to und]/& h[ _! fai? 9 ! ultimate success ( 8! wond]ful art10 c\ld h be5 s long su/a9$4 ,n[1 be>+ 9 m9d t ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty ye>s lat]1 x co/ a practical pr9t] & eng9e]1 aid$ by o!r m5's ideas1 & by e facility :i* sci5ce c\ld give = ! quick & accurate production ( :atev] 8 +5uity design$1--no less ?an sev5 ye>s ( lab\r1 & an outlay on ! "p ( 8 employ]s ( #af1jjj1 be=e he a*iev$ success 9 ! fir/ cyl9drical pr9t+ ma*9e2#dg a ma*9e :i* 0 m]ely requir$ to pr9t (f %eets m rapidly ?an c\ld be done by ! h&-press2--! m>vel is1 n t ,gut5b]g's inv5tion co/ him ! "t & lab\r & money x did2 b t 9 realiz+ 8 ideas1 he p]fect$ !m s ?or\ghly1 t ! pr9ciples ( 8 h&-press h n to ?is day be5 improv$4 ,diff]5t adaptations ( lev]age p[] may h be5 tri$ to produce ! same effects1 & diff]5t mat]ials made use ( 9 ! manufacture ( ! ma*9]y1 b ! h&-press ( to-day is ess5tially ! same z t ) :i* ! fir/ ,typograph] pr9t$ 8 fir/ book4 ,! great] !re=e is ! honor due to its inv5tor4 ,! annex$ sket* repres5ts a press 9 its complet$ =m1 ) tympans atta*$ to ! end ( ! c>riage1 & ) ! frisket above ! tympans4 ,! tympans1 inn] & out]1 are ?9 iron frames1 "o fitt+ into ! o!r1 on ea* ( :i* is /ret*$ a sk9 ( p>*m5t or a bread? ( f9e clo?4 ,a wooll5 blanket or two ) a few %eets ( pap] are plac$ betwe5 ^!1 ! :ole ?us =m+ a ?9 ela/ic pad1 on :i* ! %eet to be pr9t$ is laid4 ,! frisket is a sl5d] frame-"w1 cov]$ ) co>se pap]1 on :i* an impression is fir/ tak52 ! :ole ( ! pr9t$ "p is !n cut out1 leav+ ap]tures exactly correspond+ ) ! pages ( type on ! c>riage ( ! press4 ,! frisket :5 fold$ on to ! tympans1 & bo? turn$ d[n ov] ! =me ( types & run 9 "u ! platt51 pres]ves ! %eet f contact ) any ?+ b ! ink$ surface ( ! types1 :5 ! pull1 :i* br+s d[n ! screw & =ces ! platt5 to produce ! impression1 is made by ! pressman :o works ! lev]1--to :om is faceti\sly giv5 ! title ( 8! practition] at ! b>40 ,illu/ration ,"o ( ! consequ5ces t ensu$ on ! t]m9ation ( ! lawsuit ) ! ,dritzeh5s1 0 a /oppage ( ! progress ( ! inv5tion4 ,v probably ,gut5b]g1 an impov]i%$ if n a disappo9t$ man1 felt compell$ to lay 8 projects aside1 & to devote himself1 = a "t at lea/1 to o!r & m remun]ative pursuits4 ,no?+ m at any rate is he>d ( ! p>tn]%ip1 or ( types or presses1 until aft] 8 return to ,m5tz4 ,& z pr9t+ 0 n practis$ at ,/rasburg until aft] ,m5tel9 set up a press !re1 ?is sil5ce is pretty conclusive z to ! correctness ( ! surmise1 t nei!r ,dritzeh5 nor ,heilmann nor ,riffe _h be5 entru/$ ) ! secret ( ! sep>able types4 ,! inf]5ce :i* writ]s adv]se to ! claims ( ,gut5b]g draw f ! sil5ce 9 ! evid5ce 9 reg>d to types or lett]s1 is1 t he _h n !n inv5t$ !m4 ,b if ! press 0 n design$1 & made1 = tak+ impressions f types1 = :at else c\ld x h be5 inv5t$8 ,gut5b]g mu/ h _h types 9 8 possession1 be=e he comm5c$ exp]im5ts 9 connection ) ! press4 ,n[ ^! exp]im5ts comm5c$ "s "t be=e #adcf2 h[ long _c be asc]ta9$2 b x is cle> t ! orig9al mak+ ( ! types mu/ necess>ily h prec$$ ! fir/ attempt at mak+ a press4 ,b :5 once a small /ock ( metal lett]s _h be5 engrav$1 79 itself a "w ( ye>s = a s+le individual17 & x 0 f\nd t !y c\ld n be avail$ ( by :at 0 !n ! ord9>y me?od ( produc+ pr9ts1 fur!r progress ) !m w\ld be /opp$1 until ! press1 :i* 0 to make !m pr(itable1 _h be5 made4#dh ,! m]e mak+ ( ! types1 h[ev] t$i\s & "t-eat+ a "w1 01 z has already be5 %ewn1 by no means s wond]fully +5i\s z "s h /at$ x to be4 ,a p]iod ( t5 ye>s n[ pass$ by4 ,gut5b]g1 true to 8 convictions1 resum$ 8 typographic lab\rs1 & p]fect$ 8! mightie/ eng9e ( human intellect--! great levell] ( p[]--! ,demiurgus ( ! moral _w--,! ,press40#di ,! /atem5t made by ,wimphel+1#ej 9 8 ,epitome ,r]um ,g]manic>um1 writt5 9 #aejb1 t 9 ! ye> #addj ! art ( pr9t+ 0 inv5t$ by ,john ,gut5b]g 9 ,/rasburg1 ?\gh aft]w>ds br\ght to p]fection 9 ,m5tz1 af=ds gr\nd = believ+ t betwe5 ! ye> #adci & ! date ( 8 leav+ ,/rasburg1 ,gut5b]g actually pr9t$ a "w or works 9 t city4 ,x also gives col\r to ! conjecture ( ,m4 ,b]n>d#ea t a 8,donatus1 pr9t$ 9 *>act]s v closely resembl+ ^? ( ! ,bible aft]w>ds pr9t$ by ,gut5b]g at ,may5ce1 may possibly h be5 pr9t$ by him at ,/rasburg40 ,if ,m4 ,b]n>d be "r 9 8 conjecture1 ,mr4 ,humphreys is ( op9ion1 7p4 #gd17 8t x w\ld t5d to prove t ! *>act]s us$ 7 ( lead1 z 9 ! #8,donatus' 9 "q ! types %[ su* symptoms ( spread+ & blurr+1 z w\ld be suffici5t to det] a man ( ,gut5b]g's ta/e & ambition f und]tak+ ! pr9t+ ( a m important "w40 ,o!r works may also h be5 pr9t$1 ( :i* no trace rema9s1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,tracts ( ,pet] ( ,spa91 alleg$ by ,junius to be "o ( ! two works fir/ pr9t$ at ,m5tz 9 ! ye> #addb4 ,( ! o!r1 ! ,doctr9al ( ,alex&] ,gallus1 !re is a suppos$ fragm5t pres]v$ 9 ! public ,libr>y at ,treves1 "p ( :i* is figur$ by ,wett]1 9 ,tab4 ,,xii4 ( ! fac-similes accompany+ 8 "w2#eb b x is pla9ly ! production ( ! pr9t]s ( ! ,speculum ,human ,salvationis1 :oev] !y 71 & ( :om m w be said h]eaft]4 ,! l9es are irregul>1 ! lett]s appe>+ to be ( wood1 /rung toge!r ) a ?read1 a practice kn[n to h be5 adopt$ by ! fir/ pr9t]s1 & to :i* allusion is made by ,!odor ,bibli&] 7#aedh71 ,he9ri* ,spiegel 7#aedi-afab71 & o!r writ]s4 ,illu/ration ,angelo ,rocca1 9 ! ,app5dix to ! ,acc\nt ( ! ,vatican ,libr>y pr9t$ at ,rome 9 #aeia1 /ates1 f p]sonal k1 t 8! types us$ by ! inv5tors ( pr9t+ 7 p]=at$1 & connect$ toge!r by a ?read :i* 0 pass$ ?r\gh !m1 ( :i* he rememb]$ to h se5 specim5s at ,v5ice40#ec ,^! p]=ations 7 no d\bt ! orig9 ( ! #8nicks' 9 ! %anks ( ! types1 :i* n[ enable compositors to place !m 9 _! prop] positions1 )\t exam9+ _! faces4 ,b ! ?read+ ( ! lett]s by means ( su* p]=ations mu/ h prov$ a great ob/acle to progress 9 pr9t+1 & ! p]=ations mu/ also h greatly weak5$ ! lett]s !mselves4 ,?is w be at once und]/ood f ! annex$ figures1 %ew+ ! sides ( ! %anks ( two types1 "o p]=at$ & ! o!r nick$ z at pres5t4 ,obvi\sly x 0 a great improvem5t to nick ! type in/ead ( p]=at+ x4 ,! object 9 view1 t ( keep+ ! lett]s 9 l9e1 w\ld be bett] secur$ by lay+ a ?9 wire 9 & along ! nicks1 ?an by /r++ !m toge!r ) a ?read4 ,"t 9 compos+ & correct+ w\ld also be sav$ by ! alt]ation4 ,z soon h[ev] z ,type-f\nd+ 0 e/abli%$ z a sci5tific art1 & types 7 made to adju/ toge!r ) ma!matical accuracy1 nei!r ?reads nor wires 7 long] want$2 b ! nicks /ill s]v$ z a useful aid to ! compositor1 9 ! spe$i] execution ( 8 "w2 :ile ! type-f\nd]1 by multiply+ _! numb] & v>y+ _! positions1 enabl$ him at once to di/+ui% ! diff]5tly-fac$ f\nts ( ! same class ( types4 ,h[ev] occupi$ 9 ! five ye>s aft] #adci1 ,gut5b]g's means became exhau/$2 & hav+ be5 oblig$1 9 ord] to extricate himself f 8 difficulties1 to "p ) a portion ( 8 pat]nal prop]ty to ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,?omas1 he resolv$ to leave ,/rasburg & return to ,m5tz1 8 native city4 ,?is he did ab\t ! ye> #addd1 tak+ up 8 resid5ce 9 ! #8,zum ,jung51' ! h\se ( 8 uncle on ! ,platz ( ! ,franciscans4 ,"h1 /ill busily engag$ 9 ! "w to :i* he _h n[ exclusively devot$ himself1 he aga9 ran out ( funds1 & _h to borr[ #aej flor9s f ,re9h>t ,brms] & ,johan ,rod5/e91 = :i* sum 8 k9sman1 ,arnulphus ,gel?us1 became security4 ,8 fir/ bus9ess transaction ) ,john ,fu/ or ,fau/1 ! bank] & money-l5d]1 seems to h be5 9 #addh1 ,fau/'s "n appe>+ z a witness to a de$ ( pur*ase made by ,gut5b]g 9 t ye>4#ed ,two ye>s lat] a contract 0 ent]$ into betwe5 !m1 :i* f t date has made _! names insep>able 9 ! annals ( ! orig9 ( ,typography4 ,9 ! ye> #adej1 ,gut5b]g1 hav+ already complet$ ?ree1 p]haps f\r1 small f\nts ( type1 z well z presses t fully answ]$ 8 expectations1 design$ a "w1 ! magnitude ( :i* necessitat$ a l>ge prelim9>y outlay4 ,to enable him to execute 8 design1 he _h rec\rse to ,fau/4 ,fau/1 hav+ conv9c$ himself ( ! wor? ( 8 inv5tions1 & ! value ( ! project 9 contemplation1 agre$ to 8advance to ,john ,gut5b]g #hjj flor9s 9 money1 z a fix$ sum1 ) :i* he 0 to p]=m ! "w 9 "q10 on condition 8t ! ut5sils 7 to be consid]$ z security to ! said ,john ,fau/1 & t he 7,gut5b]g7 0 to give six flor9s p] c5t4 int]e/ = ^! #hjj flor9s40 ,) ?is money ,gut5b]g 0 b\nd 8to prep>e & make ut5sils0 to be employ$ = _! jo9t use4 ,fau/ also agre$ to pay #cjj flor9s annually 8= exp5ses1 z well z = ! wages ( s]vants1 r5t1 fir+1 p>*m5t1 pap]1 ink1 c40 ,x 0 moreov] /ipulat$1 8t if 9 future !y %\ld disagree1 ,gut5b]g 0 to give back to ,fau/ 8 #hjj flor9s1 & t 8 ut5sils 7 !n to be releas$40#ee ,suppli$ ) funds1 ,gut5b]g set actively to "w4 ,sev]al assi/ants 7 at once engag$1 & among/ ! re/ ,pet] ,s*ff] ( ,g]nszheim4 ,_! pr9cipal occupation w\ld be 9 connection ) ! "w = :i* ,fau/ made ! advance ( #hjj flor9s2 b :ile t 0 progress+1 sev]al small matt]s 7 pr9t$1 = :i* !re w\ld be a /eady ?\gh probably only a limit$ dem&4 ,! ,abbot ,tri!mius /ates1 9 8 ,*ronicon ,hirsaugi5se1 t 8a vocabul>y call$ ! ,ca?olicon10#ef 0 ! fir/ "w pr9t$1 8) ! *>act]s ( ! lett]s c>v$ 9 wood5 tablets 9 a s]ies1 & compos$ 9 =ms3--imprimis agitur *>act]ibus litt]>um 9 tabulis lignis p] ord9em scriptis =misque compositis40 ,o!r writ]s make m5tion ( an ,alphabet1 engrav$ on a s+le page1 & two editions ( ,donatuses1 also cut 9 solid blocks4 ,^! 7 mo/ likely br\ght by ,gut5b]g f ,/rasburg1 & w\ld be 8 e>lie/ ef=ts4 ,b besides ^!1 !re 7 ,donatuses 9 cut metal types1 &1 z "s consid]1 8,an ,appeal aga9/ ! ,turks10 & 8,lett]s ( ,indulg5ce10 pr9t$ 9 ! ye>s #aded & #adee4eg ,all ^! 7 d\btless ! #8pot-boil]s' ( ! e/abli%m5t = ! "t be+4 ,at l5g? ! magnum opus1--! celebrat$ ,biblia ,lat9a ,vulgata1--made its appe>ance4 ,?is "w is commonly kn[n z ! 8,,maz>9 ,,bible10 f a copy hav+ be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,biblio!que ,maz>9 at ,p>is1 ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 recognis$ by ! book-sell] & bibliopole ,de ,bure1 :o gave a m9ute description ( x 9 ! ,bibliographie ,in/ructive1 7vol4 i4 pp4 #cb-dj47 ,!re c h>dly exi/ a d\bt t ?is is ! "w to :i* ,ulric ,zell ref]s 9 8 acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ,pr9t+1 :]e he says--8,& 9 ! ye> ,m4,,cccc4,l4 :i* 0 a jubilee1 !y began to pr9t2 & ! fir/ book pr9t$ 0 ! ,bible 9 ,lat940#eh ,be+ )\t a date1 ! exact ye> ( its publication _c be asc]ta9$2 b a copy exi/s 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y 9 ,p>is1 pr9t$ on pap]1 & b\nd 9 two volumes1 on ea* ( :i* is an entry1 /at+ ! date :5 its b9d+ & illum9at+ 0 complet$3 & z ! second entry gives ! in=mation t ?is 0 f9i%$ at ,m5tz on ! ,fea/ ( ! ,assumption1 #adef1ei ! "w itself c\ld n h be5 issu$ f ! press lat] ?an ! ye> prec$+1 #adee1 :i* secures to x an unimpea*$ priority 9 ! records ( bibliography4 ,/range to say1 ! exi/5ce ( ?is "w 0 unkn[n until ! discov]y ( ! ,maz>9 copy2 s9ce !n ab\t tw5ty copies h be5 trac$ 9 v>i\s libr>ies1 "s on vellum1 & "s on pap]3 twelve ( ^! are n[ 9 ,engl&1 & 9 e place :]e !y are deposit$1 !y are ju/ly consid]$ ! mo/ preci\s ( bibliographical treasures4 ,! type is ( a l>ge h&some ,go?ic "*1 f9e & squ>e & %>p1 imitative ( ! be/ manuscripts ( ! "t1 ! fir/ lett]s ( ea* *apt] be+ pa9t$ 9 by h&4 ,! book consi/s ( #fcg leaves1 ) two columns ea* conta9+ =ty-two l9es pr9t$ ^u ea* page4#fj ,x is beautifully execut$1 & rem>kable = ! blackness & brilliancy ( ! ink made use (4 8,x is a v /rik+ circum/ance10 says ,mr4 ,hallam1 8t ! high m9d$ inv5tors ( ?is great art1 tri$ at ! v outset s bold a flight z ! pr9t+ an entire ,bible1 & execut$ x ) a/oni%+ success4 ,x 0 ,m9]va leap+ on e>? 9 h] div9e /r5g? & radiant arm\r1 ready at ! mom5t ( h] nativity1 to subdue & de/roy h] enemies4 ,! ,maz>9 ,bible is pr9t$1 "s copies on vellum1 "s on pap] ( *oice quality1 ) /rong1 black & tol]ably h&some *>act]s1 b ) "s want ( uni=mity1 :i* has l$1 p]haps unreasonably1 to a d\bt :e!r !y 7 ca/ 9 a matrix4#fa ,we may see 9 imag9ation ?is v5]able & spl5did volume1 lead+ up ! cr[d$ myriads ( its foll[]s1 & implor+ z x 7 a bless+ on ! new art1 by d$icat+ its fir/ fruits to heav540 ,:atev] may h be5 ! precise date ( ! publication ( ?is ,bible1 x is evid5t t "s %ort "t be=e1 a disagreem5t took place betwe5 ,fau/ & ,gut5b]g4 ,! fir/ advance ( #hjj flor9s made by ! =m]1 n hav+ suffic$ = br++ out ! "w1 a second advance _h be5 made to ! same ext5t1 & = five ye>s no int]e/ _h be5 paid4 ,pr9cipal & int]e/1 or ! =feiture ( ! security1 7 !n dem&$2 & ! dem& en=c$ by an action at law4 ,:y ,fau/ wait$ s long1 & !n1 :5 ! "w 0 all b ready = publication1 made 8 dem&1 am\nt+ 9 all to #bjbj flor9s1 x may n be difficult to det]m9e z ! n>rative proce$s4 ,gut5b]g did n appe> 9 p]son at ! f9al he>+ ( ! case1 b emp[]$ 8! respectable ,sieur ,h5ry ,gun!r1 late curate ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]'s at ,m5tz1 ,h5ry ,keff]1 & ,b]tolff ( ,hanau1 8 s]vant & dome/ic10 to he> & see :at 0 done 9 ! matt]4 ,he did n d5y ! fact ( ! advances1 b plead$ aga9/ ! dem& = imm$iate paym5t1--8t x 0 well und]/ood t he 0 to complete ! "w ) ! money :i* he 7,fau/7 _h l5t to him ^u 8 pl$ges1 b t he consid]s he 0 n oblig$ to employ ^! #hjj flor9s 9 ! mak+ ( books2 & al?\gh x be /at$ 9 ! lett] ( agreem5t1 t he 0 to give six p] c5t4 int]e/2 nev]!less ,joh4 ,fau/ promis$ t he w\ld n ask him = ?is int]e/2 &1 fur!r1 t ^! #hjj flor9s 7 n paid to him1 accord+ to ! t5or ( ! agreem5t1 all at "o "t1 z he pret5ds 9 ! fir/ article ( 8 dem&2 & t ) reg>d to ! la/ #hjj flor9s he is will+ to r5d] an acc\nt4 ,he 7,gut5b]g7 does n admit t he ought to pay ei!r int]e/ or usury1 & he hopes he w n be oblig$ to d s by ! ,c\rt2 all :i* has appe>$ 9 ! dem&1 ! answ]1 ! reply1 ! rejo9d]1 & 9 v>i\s o!r writt5 pap]s1 c40 ,b ! magi/rates gave judgm5t aga9/ him 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3--8,t :5 ,joh4 ,gut5b]g %all h r5d]$ an acc\nt ( all 8 receipts1 & ( ! sums exp5d$ by him = _! jo9t advantage1 :atev] fur!r moneys he may h receiv$1 ov] & above1 %all be c\nt$ 9 ! #hjj flor9s2 b t if x %all appe> by ! acc\nt1 t ,fau/ has advanc$ to him any money beyond ! #hjj flor9s1 :i* has n be5 employ$ = _! jo9t advantage1 he 7,gut5b]g7 %all repay x to him2 & if ,joh4 ,fau/ %all prove by oa? or o!r good evid5ce1 t he borr[$ ! said money at int]e/1 & t he did n advance x out ( 8 own funds1 !n ,joh4 ,gut5b]g %all also pay to him ! said int]e/1 accord+ to ! t5or ( ! lett] ( agreem5t40 ,:]eupon ! said ,joh4 ,fau/ decl>$ ^u oa? z foll[s3 8,i1 ,joh4 ,fau/1 did borr[ fifte5 hundr$ & fifty flor9s :i* 7 deliv]$ to ,joh4 ,gut5b]g1 & h be5 employ$ = our jo9t advantage4 ,i h be5 oblig$ annually to pay int]e/ & usury = ! same1 & ,i /ill owe a "p2 !re=e ,i *>ge him1 = ea* hundr$ flor9s t ,i h borr[$1 z is said above1 six flor9s annually = ! money borr[$1 :i* he has receiv$1 & :i* has be5 employ$ ^u our jo9t "w1 z appe>s 9 ! acc\nt2 ,i dem& ( him ! int]e/1 accord+ to ! t5or ( ! judgm5t2 & 9 pro( t su* is ! fact1 ,i am will+ to abide1 z is j1 by ! t5or ( ! judgm5t giv5 ^u ! fir/ c\nt ( ! dem& :i* ,i h made aga9/ ! said ,joh4 ,gut5b]g40 ,?is clos$ ! proce$+s1 :i* 7 duly atte/$ by ,ulric ,helmasp]g]1 cl]k ( ! ,bi%opric ( ,bamb]g1 by ,imp]ial au?ority ,not>y ,public1 & sworn ,not>y ( ! ,holy ,see at ,m5tz1 on ! six? day ( ,novemb] #adee4 ,! p]sons pres5t z witnesses 7 ,piet] ,grantz1 ,joh4 ,kils51 ,joh4 ,knopff1 ,joh4 ,is5eckh1 ,jaques ,fau/1 ,burgh] ( ,m5tz1 & ,piet] ,g]nszheim & ,joh4 ,bonne1 ,cl]ks ( ! city & ,bi%opric ( ,m5tz4 ,gut5b]g1 n be+ able to meet ! dem&1 ! mortgage on ! mat]ials 0 =eclos$1 & ,fau/ ?us became possessor ( types & presses 9 8 own "r4 ,^!1 ) 8! /ock ( p>tially complete ,bibles1 7 remov$ f ,gut5b]g's resid5ce1 & tak5 to ! h\se ( ,fau/ 9 ! ,s*u/] ,gasse1 7,%oemak]'s /reet7 :i* 0 ev5tually /yl$ #8,! ,pr9t+ ,(fice1' z ! h\se ( ,gut5b]g _h previ\sly be540#fb ,be=e proce$+ fur!r x w be well to asc]ta9 :at !re 0 9 ! plant ( ! pr9t+ e/abli%m5t at ! ,zum ,jung5 :i* c\ld occasion s great an outlay4 ,we h already se5 h[ mu* "t & money _h be5 sp5t 9 ! exp]im5ts at ,/rasburg4 ,x is n record$ h[ ,gut5b]g arrang$ ) 8 p>tn]s !re2 b x may be fairly assum$1 t 9 #addd he br\ght ) him to ,m5tz 8 orig9al blocks1 & types1 z well z app>atus = sett+ up presses4 ,! mak+ ( new f\nts ( type w\ld !re=e be 8 *ief conc]n4 ,if ! small works attribut$ to him by ,fis*]1 ,van ,praet1 & o!rs1 really issu$ f 8 press1 7& !re is no reason to d\bt ! fact17 ?ree f\nts ( type 7 already made1 be=e ! "o = ! ,lat9 ,bible 0 comm5c$4 ,n[ suppos+ t ^! ?ree f\nts consi/$ ( #aj1jjj lett]s 9 all1 an equal numb] w\ld1 at lea/1 be requir$ to complete f\r pages ( ! ,bible2 = ! pr9t+ ( su* a "w c\ld h>dly h be5 begun ) less type ?an w\ld suffice = two =mes ( two pages ea*4 ,h[ !n 7 ^! lett]s made8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is giv5 9 ! /atem5t ( ! ,abbot ,tri!mius1 :o says1 t to ! engrav$ lett]s on solid blocks 8succe$$ a m +5i\s inv5tion1 = !y f\nd out a way ( /amp+ ! %apes ( e lett] ( ! ,lat9 alphabet 9 :at !y call$ matrices1 f :i* !y aft]w>ds ca/ _! lett]s 9 copp] or t91 h>d en\gh to be pr9t$ ^u1 :i* !y fir/ cut ) _! own h&s40#fc ,?is in=mation 0 giv5 to ! ,abbot by ,pet] ,s*ff] ( ,g]nszheim1 "o ( ,fau/'s witnesses 9 ! lawsuit ) ,gut5b]g1 ! same :o inv5t$ ! art ( type-f\nd+ z at pres5t practis$1 & :o moreov] add$1 8t be=e ! ?ird quat]nion 7twelve %eets7 ( ! bible 0 complet$1 no less a sum ?an #djjj flor9s _h be5 exp5d$40#fd ,f ?is /atem5t x is cle> t ! matrices consi/$ ( a numb] ( small tr\ghs ( uni=m l5g?1 ea* "o ! size1 9 reg>d to dep? & ?ickness1 ( ! %ape ( a lett]2 t ^! %apes 7 /amp$ into a prep>$ m\ld ( clay or pla/]2 t ! fus$ metal 0 p\r$ into ^! matrices2 & t a consid]able numb] ( small +ots1 or ca/ #8blanks' might ?us be made at ea* p\r+ ( ! metal4 ,! accompany+ diagram1 9 :i* ! bord] repres5ts ! rim ( ! m\ld1 & ! inside figures ! matrices1 r5d]s fur!r explanation unnecess>y4 ,on "o end ( ea* ( ^! ca/ #8blanks1' a lett] w\ld be cut or engrav$ by h&1 :ile ! sides w\ld be #8dress$' 7) p]haps a great] am\nt ( lab\r17 9 ! same way z ord9>y type n[-a-days4 ,x is n at all unlikely t ?is me?od1 call$ by "s ! fuso-sculpte1 may h be5 sugge/$ by ! goldsmi? ,john ,dnne1 ! fri5d ( ,gut5b]g at ,/rasburg2 or if n1 by ,fau/ himself4 ,illu/ration ,) a ready me?od at h& = prep>+ 8 blanks1 let u n[ see h[ long ! engrav+ ( ! lett]s w\ld take4 ,assum+ t "o1 or say two1 small f\nts _h be5 f9i%$ at ,/rasburg1 compris+ ab\t #djjj lett]s1 & t #fjjj 7 complet$ at ,m5tz be=e ! contract 0 made ) ,fau/1 :at l5g? ( "t w\ld be requir$ to complete !m8 ,an exp]t mod]n pun*-cutt] c complete1 9 "o day1 two /eel types = /rik+ matrices )4#fe ,suppos+ t ) s(t] metal ,gut5b]g engrav$ 8 blanks at ! rate ( f\r a day2 & t d$uct+ ,sundays & ,sa9ts' days1 he work$ ?ree hundr$ days a ye>2 five ye>s w\ld be occupi$ 9 complet+ two f\nts ( #cjjj lett]s ea*2 :i*1 :5 f9i%$1 might weigh ab\t "o hundr$ p\nds4 ,) ! additional funds plac$ at 8 comm& by ,fau/ 9 #adej1 ,gut5b]g w\ld mo/ probably engage ano!r engrav]2 & suppos+ t ! two engrav$ eight lett]s a day1 #aj1jjj lett]s w\ld keep !m bo? fully occupi$ upw>ds ( f\r ye>s4 ,) ! mak+ ( presses1 type-cases1 ink1 & all ! rema9+ p>aph]nalia ( a pr9t+ (fice1 suppos+ ,gut5b]g employ$ two or ?ree assi/ant engrav]s in/ead ( "o1 & t ! bible 0 begun ) type = "o page only1 :ile ! engrav]s /ill w5t on cutt+ fre% supplies1 8 "t w\ld be amply tak5 up2 & ! am\nt ( money t w\ld ?us be sunk w\ld come 9 ! long run to some?+ enorm\s4 ,no wond] t ,fau/ at la/ grew impati5t1 & 0 ready to =eclose 8 mortgage ov] ! plant1 z soon z he saw 8 way cle> to some?+ 9 ! %ape ( a return = 8 advances4 ,x is h[ev] n a little s+ul>1 t ,ottley1 :o publi%$ all ! docum5ts 9 ! case1 & av[$ 8 desire to treat ! subject ) ! imp>tiality ( an umpire1#ff %\ld h all[$ 8 ,co/]ian proclivities to develope !mselves 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3--8,on ! :ole ,i confess t aft] p]us+ & re-p]us+ ! above docum5t 7! law process7 ) all ! att5tion ,i am ma/] (1 ! impression x leaves ^u my m9d1 & inde$ ! only idea ,i c =m ( ! transaction x ref]s to1 t seems at all probable1 is1 t ,fu/1 aft] f\r or five ye>s' pati5t trial1 f\nd t ,gut5b]g 0 incompet5t to p]=m ! task he _h und]tak51 :atev] x 01 or t f indol5ce he _h neglect$ x2 t 8 money 0 go+ v fa/1 & !re 0 little to %ew = x2 & t he _h discov]$1 z is h9t$ 9 ! s5t5ce10#fg h[ or :]e8 8t no small portion ( x _h be5 appli$ by ,gut5b]g to 8 own private purposes20 especially :5 he wrote imm$iately aft]1--8x is by no means improbable 444 t1 "s ye>s be=e ! date ( ! above agreem5t1 ,fu/ _h assi/$ ) 8 wits & h&s1 z well z ) 8 money1 9 p]fect+ ! art & br++ x into op]ation40 ,improbable x may n h be51 b !re is no?+ :atev] to %ew t1 9 fact1 su* 0 ! case2 on ! contr>y1 su* facts z d appe> lead to an opposite conclusion4 ,we h n[ arriv$ at a po9t 9 ! n>rative :]e ,pet] ,s*ff] comes to ! =e-front 9 ! hi/ory ( ! art4 ,born 9 ,g]nszheim1 aft] complet+ 8 education at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1#fh & adopt+1 x w\ld seem1 ! pr(ession ( a scribe1--a craft 9 :i* ! m exp]t memb]s comb9$ ) ! art ( writ+ t ( illum9at+ ! manuscript works !y copi$1--he betook himself to ,m5tz1 :]e he 0 engag$ by ,gut5b]g to assi/ 9 ! pr9t+ op]ations at ! ,zum ,jungh54 ,z ! fir/ pr9t$ books 7 imitations (1 & av[$ly sold z1 manuscripts1 ?ree reasons = ?is engagem5t may be se51--! prep>ation ( ! ,,ms4 copy2 ! design+ ( ! *>act]s = ! types2 & ! illum9at+ ( ! books :5 pr9t$4 8,! a=e-m5tion$ ,pet] ,s*ff]10 says ! ,abbot ,tri!mius1 8be+ a p]son ( great +5uity1 discov]$ an easi] me?od ( ca/+ lett]s1 & p]fect$ ! art z we n[ h x40#fi ,?is 8easi] me?od0 0 t ( ca/+ metal types complete1 in/ead ( cutt+ ! lett]s on ! ends ( ca/ blanks2 & 9 its success1 he p]fect$ an inv5tion :i* =m$ ! climax to ! ,art ( ,typography--an inv5tion :i* has immortaliz$ 8 "n z ! la/1 ?\gh n ! lea/1 ( ! associat$ ,?ree to :om alone belong ! title ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,typographic ,art4 ,! eloqu5t au?or ( an article ^u ,pr9t+ 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 writes z foll[s reg>d+ ?is inv5tion3--8,x is v likely t ! comb9ation ( "* & qualifications ( ! ?ree m51 ,john ,gut5b]g1 ,john ,fau/1 & ,pet] ,s*ff]1 may af=d a good clue n only to ! wond]ful ta/e & beauty :i* di/+ui%$ ! works issu$ f _! press1 b also to ! g5]al improvem5t ( ! art dur+ _! connection ) x4 ,! +5uity ( ,gut5b]g 7! inv5tor ( ! new mode ( pr9t+7 w\ld readily sugge/ a novel & exp$iti\s me?od ( manufactur+ types2 ! practical skill ( ,fau/ z a work] 9 metals 7= ! work+ ( gold & silv] _h at t "t atta9$ a mo/ extraord9>y nicety & cunn+71 z well z 8 l>ge pecuni>y res\rces1 w\ld promptly provide ! necess>y appliances2 :ile ! ta/e ( ,s*ff]1 w\ld give all possible grace & missal-l excell5ce to ! new =ms4 ,= ,s*ff]1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 0 a scribe1--"o ( t anci5t & honorable craft ^: occupation 0 de/9$ to fall be=e ! new art1--a transcrib] & p]haps an illum9ator ( ! manuscript works 9 use be=e books2 & ^? :o h _h ! happ9ess ( view+ ! exquisite specim5s ( skill :i* beguil$ our ance/ors into /udy & devotion1 w readily conceive t ,s*ff]'s eye 0 already s*ool$ = ! conception1 & 8 h& = ! execution1 ( all ! beauty :i* ! trammels ( a new art & limit$ skill w\ld all[4 ,aid$ by 8 own ta/e1 ,s*ff]1 x is said1 proce$$ to a new ent]prise--viz4 ! ca/+ ( type4 ,! entire conception & execution ( ?is inv5tion has g5]ally be5 attribut$ & all[$ to ,s*ff]4 ,x seems mo/ probable1 h[ev]1 t :]e ?ree +5i\s m5 are b\nd toge!r by art & int]e/1 none ( !m c lay exclusive claim to any inv5tion or und]tak+1 execut$ 9 ! work%ops = ! b5efit ( all4 ,all[+ !re=e to ,s*ff] ! honor ( hav+ sugge/$ "s su* plan 7z ! design ( ! types to be us$7 ! o!r two may fairly put 9 a claim = _! portion ( ! approbation atta*$ to ! inv5tion1 on ! score ( _! practical sugge/ions 9 c>ry+ x out2 especially s9ce ,fau/1 z a work] 9 metals1 w\ld h be5 ! p>ty ^: function x 0 to engage ! workm5 necess>y to c>ry out ! p>ticul> design40 ,mr4 ,mayhew1 9 8 elaborate "w ^u ! ,trades & ,manufactories ( ,great ,brita9 says1--8,! only evid5ce z to ! orig9 ( fusile types appe>s to %ew t ,gut5b]g1 ,fau/1 & ,s*ff]1 _h = "s "t practis$ a me?od ( tak+ ca/s ( types 9 m\lds ( pla/]4444 ,we are told1 ?\gh we "k n :at is ! pro( ( ! ass]tion1 t x 0 ,s*ff]1 :o aft] ! failure ( ca/+ types 9 pla/] m\lds1 sugge/$ ! process :i* /ill cont9ues 9 op]ation4 ,s*ff] is said1 !re=e1 to h an und\bt$ claim to be consid]$ z "o ( ! ?ree inv5tors ( pr9t+2 = x is ass]t$ 7b ^u :at evid5ce we h yet to discov]7 t he fir/ sugge/$ ! cutt+ ( pun*es1 :]eby n only c\ld ! mo/ beautiful =m ( lett] :i* ! ta/e & skill ( ! arti/ c\ld sugge/1 be tru?fully transf]r$ to ! matrix1 b a degree ( %>pness & f9i% be giv5 to ! face :i* 0 q unatta9able 9 type cut 9 wood2 :il/ to ! %ank ( ! type ! m\ld w\ld s]ve to give ! nicety ( angle requisite to enable any numb] ( su* sep>ate lett]s to be lock$ up into "o solid mass4 ,add to ?is1 t ! pun*1 be+ once approv$ (1 c\ld be kept ready to /amp a new matrix ) precisely ! same =m1 & ) ! v same nicety z ! fir/1 :5ev] ano!r might be want$1 & we h a full s5se ( ! b5efits :i* ! fir/ inv5tors ( ! means ( ca/+ fusile types f matrices /amp$ ) pun*es1 conf]r$ ^u humanity40 ,! writ] 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica seems to h be5 unaw>e ( all ! kn[n facts ( ! case1 & to h all[$ 8 imag9ation full play :5 writ+ ^u :at he consid]$ its possibilities4 ,mr4 ,mayhew1--misund]/&+ ! /atem5t ( ,tri!mius ab\t ! %apes ( ! lett]s be+ /amp$ into m\lds s z to =m matrices1 9 :i* simil> %apes 7 !n ca/ 9 metal1 to be aft]w>ds engrav$ or cut into lett]s1--is incl9$ to be sceptical 9 reg>d to ,s*ff]'s claims1 al?\gh he does n v5ture to d5y !m4 ,nei!r ( ^! writ]s1 nor any o!r ) ^: works ,i am acqua9t$1 has succe$$ 9 trac+1 9 a satisfactory mann]1 ! /eps by :i* ,s*ff] atta9$ to ! realization ( 8 idea4 ,x is no d\bt difficult to d s 9 ! abs5ce ( positive /atem5ts by ,s*ff] or 8 contempor>ies2 b ! foll[+ consid]ations1 fairly & reasonably d$ucible f well e/abli%$ facts1 may help to a bett] und]/&+ ( ! subject ?an has hi!rto be5 arriv$ at4 ,t attempts w\ld be repeat$ly made to take complete ca/s ( type1 & t su* attempts l$ ! way to ! goal ultimately rea*$1 is extremely probable4 ,! lab\r ( cont9ually cutt+ sep>ate lett]s z !y 7 requir$1 mu/ h seem$ to ,s*ff]1 a mo/ irksome & unpr(itable toil4 ,fau/ 0 und\bt$ly ( ! same op9ion4 ,x w\ld appe> f v>i\s au?orities t ,s*ff] look$ ^u him z 8 ma/]4 ,fau/ c]ta9ly 0 ! payma/] to ! e/abli%m5t at ! ,zum ,jungh51 & v probably plac$ ,s*ff] !re1 n m]ely z an acquisition on acc\nt ( 8 abilities1 b z a man :om he c\ld tru/ to look aft] 8 int]e/s4 ,well aw>e ( ! position 9 :i* ,gut5b]g & ,fau/ /ood t[>d ea* o!r1 9 respect to ! advances made = complet+ ! co/ly "w !y _h 9 h&2 & kn[+ :at heavy exp5ses 7 incurr$1 & h[ mu* delay#gj 0 occasion$ by _! me?od ( proce$+1 ,s*ff]'s m9d w\ld be con/antly brood+ ov] ! possibility ( obviat+1 by "s simple process1 ! difficulties :i* p]petually beset !m4 ,e ?+ he saw :i* seem$ likely to lead to ! atta9m5t ( ! desir$ end w\ld be eag]ly scrut9is$ & appli$ to :at might at ?is "t be consid]$ ! set purpose ( 8 life4 ,weal? & fame await$ success2 & a desire to rival ,gut5b]g z an inv5tor1 & ! hope ( contract+ a family alliance ) ,fau/1 ! influ5tial money-l5d]1 may h act$ z spurs to quick5 8 ambition & animate ! resolution t det]m9$ 8 c\rse4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ,fau/ 0 a memb] ( a family ( goldsmi?s1 & t 9 _! bus9ess1 pun*es1 dies1 & m\lds1 w\ld be 9 frequ5t use4 ,& al?\gh ! goldsmi?'s art1 z all o!r arts !n 71 w\ld be conduct$ z a my/]y1 to :i* none b ! regul>ly initiat$ _h access1 ,s*ff]1 9 ! opportunities = intimacy ) ,fau/ :i* 8 position af=d$ him1 c\ld h>dly fail1 soon] or lat]1 to obs]ve su* appliances4 ,^! once obs]v$1--& opportunities = obs]vation1 9 8 capacity ( illum9ator 7an art 9 :i* gold & silv] 7 sometimes l>gely us$7 w\ld n be want+1 especially :5 eag]ly wat*$ & wait$ =1--he w\ld n re/ until he _h asc]ta9$ ! uses to :i* !y 7 put2 & t in=mation ga9$1 ! practical application w\ld quickly foll[4 ,! pun*es he ne$$ 7 ready to 8 h&4 ,ea* lett] !n 9 use1 made ( h>d cut metal1#ga 01 9 fact1 a pun*4 ,to /rike a matrix 9 a s(t] metal1 or 9 clay or pla/]1 :i* c\ld be subsequ5tly h>d5$1 & to adapt a m\ld to ca/ a type ) a %ank or body ( uni=m height & accurately squ>$1 7 ! two /eps t 7 requir$4 ,! m\ld w\ld be 8 *ief difficulty4 ,?is he _h to devise s t x c\ld be adju/$ to ! v>y+ wid?s ( ! diff]5t lett]s & *>act]s requir$ = a complete f\nt#gb ( types2 & ?is c\ld sc>cely be effect$ o!rwise ?an by mak+ x 9 correspond+ halves1 ) a provision = leav+ 9 _! c5tre1 :5 clos$ toge!r1 a small quadrangul> *annel or *amb]1 made ( h>d metal1 ! wid? ( :i* c\ld be regulat$ by a slide & screw4 ,! /amp$ "p ( ! matrix plac$ at ! end ( ?is *annel1 w\ld =m ! bottom ( ! m\ld2 & :5 ?is 0 fix$1 x w\ld be ready = ! p\r+ 9 ( ! fus$ metal1 :i* sett+ almo/ in/antly1 a quick & slight op5+ ( ! halves ( ! m\ld1 enabl$ ! op]ator to %ake out ! ca/ type4 ,! type-f\nd] c\ld ?us rapidly repeat ! process until he _h ca/ z _m lett]s z he requir$4 ,a little c>eful trimm+ & dress+ 0 all t 0 fur!r ne$$ on 8 "p be=e he h&$ !m ov] to ! pr9t] ready = use4 ,no d\bt x requir$ mu* ?\ght1 & _m exp]im5ts1 be=e ! m\ld 0 f9i%$ to ! satisfaction ( its inv5tor4 ,b z soon z x 0 complet$1 ! ,type-f\nd]'s art comm5c$4 ,f ! =ego+ consid]ations x becomes app>5t t z ,fau/ f\nd money to enable ,gut5b]g fully to realise 8 ideas z to ,lett]-press pr9t+1 s 9 all likelihood did ! bus9ess :i* 0 ! s\rce ( ,fau/'s weal?1 furni% to ,s*ff] ! clue :i* enabl$ him to complete ! inv5tion1 )\t :i* ,typography c\ld nev] h a*iev$ ! results t 7 effect$ by x ) su* m>vell\s rapidity )9 ! lifetime ( ^? by :om x 0 inv5t$4 ,t ,s*ff] really orig9at$ ! ,type-f\nd]'s art is fur!r prov$ by ! acc\nt giv5 ( him by ,john ,fr$]ick ,fau/ ( ,as*aff5b]g1#gc :o aft] attribut+ ! orig9 ( pr9t+ to 8 relative1 ,fau/ ( ,m5tz1 & describ+ ! difficulties exp]i5c$ ) ! ink 9 ! e>li] attempts2 z well z ! tr\ble & delay occasion$ by ! want ( a suitable press to obta9 impressions f ! sep>able lett]s1 proce$s z foll[s3--8,he ,fau/ _h h[ev]1 "s p :o actively assi/$ him 9 pr9t+1 compos+1 mak+ ink1 & s =?4 ,among/ ^! 0 a c]ta9 ,pet] ,s*ff] ( ,g]nszheim1 :o ent]+ into 8 ma/]'s views1 & be+ himself ard5tly desir\s to improve ! art1 f\nd out1 by ! good provid5ce ( ,god1 ! me?od ( cutt+ 7incid5di7 ! *>act]s 9 a matrix1 t ! lett]s might easily be s+ly ca/ in/ead ( be+ cut4 ,he privately cut matrices = ! :ole alphabet2 & :5 he %[$ 8 ma/] ! lett]s ca/ f ^? matrices1 ,fau/ 0 s pleas$ ) ! contrivance1 t he promis$ ,pet] to give him 8 only daught] gr&-daught] ,*ri/9a 9 m>riage1 a promise :i* 0 9 due "t fulfill$4 ,b !re 7 z _m difficulties at fir/ ) ^! lett]s1 z !re _h be5 be=e ) ^? ( wood2 ! metal be+ too s(t to support ! =ce ( ! impression2 b ?is defect 0 soon rem$i$1 by mix+ ! metal ) a sub/ance :i* suffici5tly h>d5$ x40#gd ,?is sets ! matt] at re/1 & %ews t nei!r to ,gut5b]g nor to ,fau/ 0 ,s*ff] indebt$ = sugge/ions :i* 9 _! e/imation 7 likely to lead to s important an inv5tion--! f\r? gr& /ep 9 ! newly-discov]$ ,art1--! me?od ( rapidly ca/+ fac-simile types 9 fusile metal4#ge ,giv+ !n to ,s*ff] all ! honor to :i* he is entitl$1 x may /ill be ask$1 ,:y did he reveal ! secret to ,fau/ alone1 & n to ,gut5b]g z well8--& ! answ] to ?is "q may possibly ?r[ "s light ^u ! motives :i* actuat$ ,fau/ 9 prosecut+ ! lawsuit aga9/ ,gut5b]g4 ,s*ff] 0 at ! "t 9 a subord9ate position 9 ! pr9t+ (fice1 & h>dly likely to be able to comm&1 f 8 own res\rces1 suffici5t funds to e/abli% himself z a pr9t] on 8 own acc\nt4 ,he w\ld consequ5tly look r to ,fau/ ?an to ,gut5b]g = 8 rew>d4 ,9 ! next place1 if1 z x is b reasonable to suppose1 he _h made use ( ,gut5b]g's lett]s z 8 pun*es1 7= x is by no means cle> t he cut pun*es = himself1 & he 0 n1 l ei!r ,gut5b]g or ,fau/1 a work] 9 metals71 he might well expect t ,gut5b]g w\ld object to ! t]ms he 0 resolv$ ^u dem&+2 & moreov]1 res5t ! use ( 8 lett]s = ! purpose to :i*1 )\t 8 p]mission1 !y _h be5 appli$4 ,su* an unau?oris$ use ( 8 orig9al inv5tion ei!r 01 or might be deem$ to be1 injuri\s to ,gut5b]g2 & x is n exactly 9 accordance ) ! av]age /&>d ( human nature = "o man :o has injur$ ano!r1#gf--;especially 9 /eal+ a m>* ^u him 9 ! matt] ( an important inv5tion1--to reveal to ! p>ty injur$ :at he has be5 do+ detrim5tal to 8 int]e/s4 ,s*ff] at any rate 0 det]m9$ t ,gut5b]g %\ld be kept 9 ignorance ( 8 secret4 ,! proce$+s ( ! lawsuit %ew1 t at ! "t x 0 p5d+1 ,s*ff] 0 n 9 any way conc]n$ 9 ! pr(its or losses att5d+ ! bus9ess2--9 fact1 8 "n does n appe> 9 connection ) x1 except z a witness on behalf ( ,fau/4 ,:at m likely !n1 ?an t kn[+ ! heavy advances made by ,fau/1 = :i* no returns _h z yet be5 receiv$1--kn[+1 too1 h[ *ang$ ! aspect ( affairs w\ld be by ! application ( 8 inv5tion1--he insi/$ ^u ,fau/ ou/+ ,gut5b]g1 z "o ( ! /ipulations = ! revelation ( 8 secret4 ,:e!r x 0 s or n1 x is c]ta91 t aft] ,gut5b]g 0 got rid (1 ,fau/ took ,s*ff] into p>tn]%ip1 plac$ him 9 *>ge ( ! pr9t+ e/abli%m5t1 betro!d him to 8 gr&-daught]1 & conjo9tly ) him1 impos$ an oa? ( secresy ^u all to :om a k ( ! new inv5tion 0 entru/$4 ,?is view ( ! case completely meets an objection :i* has be5 rais$ by ,mr4 ,ottley4 8,if10 says he1 8,fau/ _h be5 br\ght up z a goldsmi?1 he may reasonably be suppos$ to h possess$ acquirem5ts applicable to ! art pr9t+ :i* n[ engag$ 8 att5tion1 & among o!rs1 ! arts ( c>v+1 *isell+1 & ca/+4 ,if we suppose ,fau/ n to h busi$ himself at all ) ! v>i\s details & processes ( ! new art1 dur+ ! above five ye>s' p>tn]%ip1 b t he left ! entire direction & managem5t to ,gut5b]g 7z ^! writ]s w\ld h u to believe71 he mu/1 "o w\ld ?9k1 h be5 b ill able to d )\t him1 :5 9 #adee1 he br\ght ! above action = ! recov]y ( ! monies he _h advanc$2 & ?is objection to _! sy/em1 appe>s to me to be wor?y ( consid]ation1 nay to be almo/ decisive40 ,! objection ?us rais$ s f> f be+ decisive1 is n only n s1 b x has no solid f\ndation 9 fact4 ,no?+ 9 ! law-process %ews t ,fau/ _h any?+ :atev] to d ) ! managem5t & work+ ( ! pr9t+ e/abli%m5t4 ,x 0 entirely 9 ,gut5b]g's h&s2 ,fau/ m]ely contract+ ) him to f9d ! money to c>ry x on1 7pay wages1 c471 = :i* he 0 to receive usury at ! rate ( #f p] c5t1 &1 9 addition1 a %>e ( ! pr(its1 :atev] !y might ultimately be4 ,z a p>tn]1 he w\ld h _h to be> 8 %>e ( ! losses1 z well z to be a p>ticipator 9 ! ga9s ( ! und]tak+2 b aga9/ ! cont+5cy ( loss he took good c>e to gu>d himself4 ,x is evid5t !re=e1 t to h =eclos$ 8 mortgage ov] ! mat]ials be=e he 0 9 a position to entru/ !m to "s "o :o c\ld "w !m to 8 advantage1 w\ld h be5 an act ( folly :i* he 0 f> too %rewd a man ( bus9ess to commit4 ,b z soon z ,s*ff] reveal$ 8 inv5tion1 & /ipulat$ 8 t]ms1 all objections to a =eclosure 7 remov$4 ,! money 0 dem&$2 ! action br\ght2 & we h se5 ) :at results4 ,b :atev] 7 ! motives :i* actuat$ ei!r ,fau/ or ,s*ff] 9 _! treatm5t ( ,gut5b]g1 ! imm$iate effect ( ,s*ff]'s inv5tion w\ld be1 to *eap5 & facilitate ! production ( types1 z mu* z1 if n m ?an1 ! effect ( ! orig9al inv5tion by ,gut5b]g 9 *eap5+ & facilitat+ ! multiplication ( copies ( works previ\sly only atta9able 9 manuscript4 ,pr9t+ 0 ?us r5d]$ at once1 :at x 0 sc>cely possible to h be5 be=e1 a pr(itable1 if n a highly remun]ative pursuit4 ,b ) ! success :i* result$ f ,s*ff]'s inv5tion1 came ! d[nfall ( ! v5]able ,guild ( ,writ]s2 & ! anci5t copyi/s laid d[n _! p5s 9 despair1 intuitively feel+ t !nce=? ! occupation ( ! scribe 0 gone4 ,disa/r\s z 0 ! lawsuit ) ,fau/1 x 0 n s utt]ly ru9\s 9 its results to ,gut5b]g z mo/ writ]s h suppos$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,fau/ _h1 at ! outset1 security = 8 advances4 ,gut5b]g _h exhau/$ 8 own means 9 p]fect+ ! art be=e he s\ght assi/ance1 & ,fau/ 0 n ! man to l5d him money )\t hav+ money's wor? to gu>d aga9/ loss2 secondly1 ! advances 7 = a specific object1--= ! jo9t advantage ( bo?1--b t object 0 likewise pl$g$ to ,fau/ z a collat]al security2 & _h be5 p>tially1 if n :olly accompli%$1 be=e ,fau/ made 8 dem&4 ,9 ! lawsuit1 x 0 to ,fau/'s claim = int]e/ t ,gut5b]g pr9cipally demurr$1 8 plea be+1 t al?\gh ! lett] ( ! agreem5t betwe5 !m might ju/ify ! claim1 ,fau/ _h v]bally promis$ n to press x4 ,! magi/rates h[ev] decid$ accord+ to ! t]ms ( ! agreem5t1 & _! judgm5t 0 n inequitable4 ,!y ord]$ an acc\nt to be r5d]$ ( all moneys sp5t & receiv$ 9 connection ) ! "w :i* 0 und]tak5 = ! jo9t advantage ( ! litigants2 ,gut5b]g to be cr$it$ ) :at 0 fairly 8 due1 & ,fau/ to be repaid ! pr9cipal & int]e/ to :i* he 0 entitl$4 ,n[ x by no means foll[s t ! :ole ( ! types1 presses1 & plant ( ! pr9t+ e/abli%m5t at ! ,zum ,jungh5 0 absorb$ 9 ! dis*>ge ( ,fau/'s claim4 ,d\btless x 0 no small %>e t w5t = t purpose1 includ+ z x did all t 0 pr9t$ ( ! folio ,bible ( #fcg leaves1--suffici5t ( itself1 suppos+ ! edition did n exce$ two hundr$ copies1 to meet a l>ge proportion ( ! debt4 ,! rupture1 al?\gh x broke up ! e/abli%m5t1 left ,gut5b]g ) m5 & mat]ials /ill at comm&4 ,fau/1 z we h se51 remov$ ! /ock t _h be5 made ov] to him to 8 premises 9 ! ,s*u/] ,gasse2 & ,gut5b]g w5t ) ! rema9d] to 8 dwell+ at ! ,zum ,gut5b]g1 :]e he op5$ a #8pr9t+ h\se' on 8 own acc\nt4#gg ,gut5b]g's position 9 ,m5tz 0 c]ta9ly "o ( influ5ce1 if n ( weal?4 ,x is highly probable t at ?is "t ,dr4 ,conrad ,hom]y1#gh ! syndic ( ! city1 advanc$ him funds = ! repl5i%m5t ( 8 /ock ( mat]ials1 s9ce !y 7 claim$ by1 & made ov] to him1 on ,gut5b]g's dea?4 ,) or )\t su* aid he 0 spe$ily at "w aga91 & palotypographi/s h recognis$ ! products ( 8 press 9 ! 8,tractatus de celebratione ,miss>um20 ! 8,h]mani de ,saldis ,speculum ,sac]doti20 a treatise 9 ! ,g]man language on ,c\ncils2 ! 8,dyalogus int] ,hugonem ,ca?onem et ,oliv]ium sup] ,lib]tate ,ecclesia/ica10 & a ,kal5d> or ,almanack = ! ye> #adfj1 consi/+ ( a few leaves 9 #dto4 pr9t$ 9 *>act]s resembl+ ^? us$ 9 ! fir/ ( ! above-nam$ works4 ,a %eet ,almanack = #adeg1 ! fir/ pr9t$ ) a date1 has also be5 attribut$ to him4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! special value ( ?is docum5t z a relic ( e>ly pr9t+1 x proves t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,m5tz ! ye> !n comm5c$ ) ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 accord+ to ! ,roman sy/em1 & n at ,ea/] z 0 ! case 9 ,france & o!r c\ntries1 or at ,*ri/mas z 9 "s o!r places4 ,/range to say ,gut5b]g atta*$ 8 "n to none ( 8 works4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ?is 0 ow+ to 8 patrician pride4 ,:e!r s or n he 0 well kn[n to 8 contempor>ies bo? z a pr9t]1 & ! inv5tor ( ,pr9t+4 ,! ,typograph] ,philip de ,lignam9es1 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ! ,pontiffs0 pr9t$ at ,rome 9 #adgd1 writ+ ( ! ev5ts ( ! ye> #adeh--?ree ye>s aft] ! lawsuit1 says--8,jean ,gut5b]g ( ,/rasburg1 & ano!r1 nam$ ,fu/1 skilful 9 ! art ( pr9t+ ) *>act]s ( metal1 on p>*m5t1 ea* pr9t ?ree hundr$ %eets p] day at ,m5tz40 ,& 9 a docum5t pres]v$ 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,ars5al at ,p>is1 x is /at$1 t on 8! #crd ,octob]1 #adeh1 ! ,k+ 7,*>les ,v71 hav+ le>nt t ,messire ,gut5b]g1 *evali]1 resid+ at ,m5tz1 9 ,g]many1 a man dext]\s 9 ! engrav+ ( lett]s & pun*es1 _h br\ght to light ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ by means ( su* *>act]s2 & be+ curi\s conc]n+ su* valuable k1 ! ,k+ ord]$ ! ma/]s ( 8 ,m9t to "n to him p]sons well skill$ 9 su* k9d ( engrav+1 t he might despat* !m to ! a=esaid place1 9 ord] secretly to in=m !mselves ( ! said inv5tion1 & to und]/&1 conceive1 & le>n ! art1 c40 ,:]eupon1 x 0 direct$ t ,ni*olas ,j5son1 an exp]t engrav]1 %\ld be =?) despat*$ to ,m5tz1 to le>n ! art 9 "q1 = ! purpose ( introduc+ x to ,p>is4 ,x is believ$ by "s writ]s1 t ,gut5b]g cont9u$ to ! end ( 8 c>e] z a ,typograph] to pr9t ) cut metal types4 ,oa?s ( secresy 7 impos$ by ,fau/ & ,s*ff] ^u all :om !y employ$1 by :i* means !y hop$ to secure ! k ( ! art ( type-f\nd+ to !mselves4 ,b 9 ! ye> #adfb1 :5 ,m5tz 0 sack$ by ! troops ( ! ,elector-,ar*bi%op1 ,c\nt ,adolphus ( ,nassau1 _! workm5 7 disp]s$1 & ! arts ( pr9t+ & type-f\nd+ 7 g5]ally made kn[n all ov] ,europe4 ,gut5b]g h[ev] mu/ h se5 at once1 ^u an exam9ation ( ! works t 7 issu$ f ,fau/ & ,s*ff]'s e/abli%m5t1 t !y 7 produc+ types 9 "s extraord9>ily rapid mann]2 & acute z he 01 x is n likely t he w\ld rema9 long 9 ignorance ( ! me?od adopt$4 ,!re 7 no d\bt intimacies among ! workm5 ( ! rival e/abli%m5ts1 :o _h at fir/ work$ all toge!r2 & among :om ! secret w\ld soon] or lat] ooze out4 ,! sci5ce ( ,johann ,nummei/]1 7^: "n occurs 9 a docum5t associat$ ) t ( ,gut5b]g71 may also h be5 especially call$ 9 to assi/ 9 a compet+ me?od ( type-f\nd+4 ,c]ta9 x is1 t two or ?ree ye>s be=e #adfb1 ,albre*t ,pfi/]1 & ! bro!rs ,h5ry & ,ni*olas ,be*t]muntze1 ) ,wyng>dum ,spyes de ,o!rb]g1 pr9t$ works ) types s evid5tly ! same z ^? cut by ,gut5b]g1 t !y h n unfrequ5tly be5 attribut$ to 8 press4 ,v>i\s suppositions h be5 made1 to acc\nt = ?is1 b no "o appe>s to h ?\ght ( t :i* seems to be ! mo/ obvi\s2 namely1 t sets ( matrices or types 7 sold by ,gut5b]g to ^! e>ly pr9t]s1 :o ) ,keff] & ,s5s5s*midt & o!rs1 7 taught ! art at 8 e/abli%m5t4 ,:]e suppositions mu/ be resort$ to 9 ord] to acc\nt = facts1 ^? :i* are ! mo/ natural ought surely to be *os5 9 pref]5ce to o!rs :i* are less or lea/ s4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahjj1 "s int]e/+ docum5ts relat+ to ,gut5b]g & 8 family 7 said to h be5 discov]$ by ,m4 ,bodman ! ar*ivi/ ( ,m5tz4 ,! foll[+1--! seals to :i* 7 copi$ by ,fis*] 9 8 8,essai sur le ,monum5s ,typographiques de ,jean ,gut5b]g10 is entitl$3-- 8,agreem5t betwe5 ,gut5b]g & 8 bro!rs1 c41 & ! ,nuns ( ! ,conv5t ( ,/4 ,clair1 at ,m5tz1 ,a4,d4 #adei4 8,we1 ,h5ne 7,john7 ,g5szfleis* ( ,sulgelo*1 call$ ,gud9b]g1 & ,friele ,g5szfleis*1 bro!rs1 affirm & publicly decl>e by ^! pres5ts1 & make kn[n to all1 t ) ! c\nsel & cons5t ( our de> c\s9s ,johann & ,friele & ,p$irmann ,g5szfleis*1 bro!rs 9 ,m5tz1 we h r5\nc$ & d r5\nce by ^! pres5ts1 = u & our heirs1 s+ly1 toge!r & at once1 )\t fraud or res]ve1 all ! prop]ty t has pass$ by our si/] ,hebele to ! ,conv5t ( ,/4 ,clair at ,m5tz1 9 :i* %e has become a nun2 :e!r ! said prop]ty has be5 receiv$ by h] on ! "p ( our fa!r ,h5ne ,g5szfleis*1 or be5 giv5 by himself1 or 9 :atsoev] o!r mann]1 :e!r 9 gra91 money1 furniture1 jewelry1 or ( :atev] k9d x may be1 :i* ! respectable nuns1 ! ,abbess & si/]s ( ! said conv5t h receiv$1 :e!r z a body or individually1 or :i* o!r p]sons ( ! conv5t may h receiv$ f ! said ,hebele1 be x great or small2 & we h promis$ & d promise by ^! pres5ts1 9 good fai? = u & our heirs1 t nei!r we nor any p]son on our "p1 nor our above nam$ c\s9s nor _! heirs1 nor any p]son on _! "p1 %all dem& back or reclaim f ! said conv5t1 or f ! ,abbess1 or f ! conv5t z a body1 or f any p]sons :o reside !re individually1 ! said prop]ty1 be x :at x may1 ei!r 9 :ole or 9 "p1 & t we w nev] dem& x back1 :e!r by ! ecclesia/ical or civil judge1 or )\t ! assi/ance ( ! judge1 & t nei!r we nor our heirs1 w ev] mole/ ! said conv5t by ^w or de$1 ei!r secretly or publicly1 9 any matt] :atev]4 ,&1 ) respect to ! books :i* ,i1 ! above nam$ ,h5ne1 h giv5 to ! libr>y ( ! conv5t1 !y are to rema9 !re always1 & 9 p]petuity1 & ,i ! above-nam$ ,h5ne1 purpose to give also1 & )\t fraud1 to ! said conv5t = its libr>y1 = ! use ( ! nuns pres5t & future1 = _! religi\s s]vices1 :e!r 9 read+ or s++1 or 9 :atev] mann] !y may please to make use ( !m1 accord+ to ! rules ( _! ord]1 ! books :i* ,i1 ! above-nam$ ,h5ne1 h already pr9t$ up to ! pres5t h\r1 or t ,i may pr9t 9 future1 s f> z !y %all be pleas$ to make use ( !m2 & 9 consid]ation ( ?is1 ! above-m5tion$ ,abbess & ! nuns ( ! said conv5t ( ,/4 ,clair1 h = !mselves & _! successors1 decl>$ & promis$1 t !y w absolve me & my heirs f ! claim :i* my si/] ,hebele _h to #fj flor9s1 :i* ,i & my bro!r ,friele _h promis$ to pay & deliv] to ! said ,hebele z h] d[]1 & z ! %>e1 com+ f ! e/ate ( ,h5ne our fa!r1 :i* he assign$ to h] z h] portion1 9 virtue ( a c]ta9 in/rum5t drawn up = t purpose1 )\t fraud or deceit4 ,& 9 ord] t ?is 7agreem5t7 may be held firmly & fully b9d+ by u & by our heirs1 we h giv5 to ! said nuns1 & to _! conv5t & ord]1 ! pres5t lett]s seal$ ) our seals4 ,sign$ & deliv]$1 ! ye> ( ! bir? ( ,j4 ,c4 #adei1 on ! day ( ,/4 ,m>g>et40 7,july #bj74 ,to ?is docum5t f\r seals 7 atta*$ inscrib$-- ,s3 hans g5szfleis* vo ,sorgelo* ,s3 friele g5szfleis* vo444444lo* ,s3 h5444444444444s* vo ,sulgelo* frile g5szfleis*4 ,contradict+1 z ?is agreem5t does1 ! views held by ,mr4 ,ottley1 he says1 8,i confess ,i h great d\bts ( its g5u95ess1 ?\gh p]haps !y are ill-f\nd$40 ,m4 ,ph4 ,b]jeau1#gi 9 8 introduction to ,mr4 ,ottley's "w ass]ts t x is a =g]y2 & on ! au?ority ( ,m4 de ,laborde says1 8t ,bodman1 ! ,ar*ivi/ ( ,m5tz1 bo!r$ by ,ob]l91 ,fis*]1 & all ! bibliograph]s ( 8 "t1 :o want$ him to discov] "s new in=mation ab\t ,gut5b]g1 ?\ght x wor? 8 :ile to =ge two docum5ts1 :i* j help$ !m to fill ! two gaps :i* occur 9 8 hi/ory1 "o f #adbj to #adcj1 ! o!r f #adee to #adfj40 ,! o!r docum5t ref]r$ to by ,m4 de ,laborde is t already giv5 9 ! note on pages #ga & #gb4 ,b x has already be5 %ewn f contempor>y au?orities 9 ,italy & ,france1 t ,gut5b]g 0 kn[n 9 ^? c\ntries to be /ill pr9t+ at ,m5tz 9 #adeh4 ,! motive imput$ to ,m4 ,bodman z an inducem5t to ! crim9al act *>g$ aga9/ him by ,,mm4 ,laborde & ,b]jeau1 _c !re=e be correct4 ,writ]s on bo? sides1 9 _! eag]ness to confute _! oppon5ts1 are mu* too apt to cry out 8=g]y60 :5 docum5ts are quot$ :i* are fatal to _! pre-conceiv$ views4 ,!re is h[ev] "o po9t 9 ?is agreem5t :i* ne$s explanation4 ,a c]ta9 ,h5ne 7,john7 ,g5sefleis* is ref]r$ to z ! fa!r ( ! bro!rs ,john & ,friele4 ,b x is well kn[n t _! fa!r's "n 0 ,frielo1 & n ,h5ne4 ,h[ !n is ?is discrepancy to be acc\nt$ =8 ,ev5 suppos+ t ,m4 ,bodman 0 tempt$ to =ge a docum5t l ! "o 9 "q1 he w\ld surely n h s word$ x t x %\ld be> ^u its face ! pro( ( its falsity4 ,! prop]ty to :i* ,hebele ! nun 0 entitl$1 & ! reclamation ( :i* ! two bro!rs & ! ?ree c\s9s r5\nc$1 mu/ h be5 a portion ( ! ance/ral patrimony1 to a %>e ( :i* ea* memb] ( ! family _h a well def9$ claim4 ,n[ _! common ance/or 0 a c]ta9 ,h5ne ,g5sefleis*1 ^: son ,frielo 0 ,ra?%]r or c\ncillor ( ,m5tz 9 ! ye> #accb1 & play$ a v prom95t "p :5 ! great ris+ ( ! guilds aga9/ ! patricians took place 9 t ye>4 ,! pres]vation ( ! patrimony ( a family be+ an object 9 :i* all its memb]s 7 int]e/$1 no portion c\ld be ali5at$ )\t ! cons5t ( all conc]n$4 ,?is frequ5tly l$ to ! female memb]s ( a family be+ plac$ 9 conv5ts1 = :i* provision might be made 9 ! orig9al entailm5t ( ! prop]ty4 ,x also limit$ m>riages among ! males2 s9ce =feiture ( 8 %>e ( ! patrimony 0 "o ( ! p5alties inflict$ ^u any :o m>ri$ )\t ! family cons5t4 ,!re does n !re=e appe> to be any solid reason = reject+ ! docum5t z spuri\s4 ,moreov]1 9 a copy ( ! 8,tractatus de celebratione ,miss>um10 orig9ally 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,*>treux ( ,m5tz1 & aft]w>ds 9 ! city libr>y1 ,m4 ,fis*] ! curator discov]$ ! foll[+ memor&um 9 ,lat93--8,! ,*>treux ( ,m5tz possesses ?is book ?r\gh ! lib]ality ( ,johann call$ ,gut5b]g1 ! production ( 8 art1 & ! sci5ce ( ,johann ,nummei/]1 complet$ 7confecta7 on ! #ai? ( ! kal5d> ( ,july 9 ! ye> #adfc40 ,s t x is pla9 t ,gut5b]g 0 pr9t+ 9 t ye>2 & ?is memor&um fur!r proves1 t he made pres5ts ( 8 works to ! ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5ts ( ! city2 a fact :i* confirms1 9 t respect at lea/1 ! au!nticity ( ! previ\sly cit$ agreem5t4 ,9 #adfe1 ! ,elector ,adolph appo9t$ ,gut5b]g a g5tleman ( 8 ,c\rt2 & by a public decree1 dat$ ! #ah? ,janu>y1 be/[$ ^u him an annual grant ( tw5ty 8malt]s0 ( corn1 two b>rels ( w9e = 8 h\sehold2 & an (ficial c\rt suit2 ! honor 0 ?us by no means an empty "o4 ,he did n h[ev] long enjoy x4 ,aft] an active & ev5tful life1 he di$ 9 ! ye> #adfh4hj ,! exact date ( 8 decease is n record$1 nor are !re any p>ticul>s kn[n ( ! circum/ances att5d+ 8 dea?4 ,b t he 0 9 possession ( a pr9t+ (fice up to ! v la/1 is prov$ beyond d\bt by ! foll[+ ackn[l$gm5t ( ! receipt ( ! mat]ials by ! ,syndic ,hom]y4 8,i1 ,conrad ,hom]y1 doctor1 make kn[n by ?is lett] t 8 ,highness my graci\s & well-belov$ ,pr9ce ,adolph1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,may5ce1 has graci\sly caus$ to be deliv]$ to me ! #8=ms1' *>act]s1 tools1 & o!r objects relat+ to pr9t+1 :i* ,johann ,gut5b]g left at 8 dea?1 & :i* belong$ to me1 & belong to me /ill2 b = ! honor & = ! pleasure ( 8 ,highness1 ,i h b\nd myself1 & am s b\nd by ?is lett]1 nev] to use !m 9 any o!r place ?an 9 ,may5ce2 & moreov]1 only to sell !m1 9 pref]5ce1 to a citiz5 ( ?is place1 :o %all (f] an equal price ) any o!r4 ,9 fai? ( :i* decl>ation1 ,i h app5d$ my seal to ?is pres5t4 ,giv5 9 ! ye> #adfh1 ! ,friday aft] ! fe/ival ( ,/4 ,mat!w 7#bf? ,febru>y470 ,?us end$ ! life ( ,,john ,,gut5b]g2 ! fir/ mak] ( sep>able metal ,,types2 ! inv5tor ( ! ,,lett] ,,press2 ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,,typographic ,,art4 ,8 rema9s 7 int]r$ at ! *ur* 9 ! conv5t ( ! ,franciscans ne> ! h\se ,zum ,jungh51 :]e1 n long aft]1 "o ( 8 k9sm5 erect$ a tablet1 ! inscription on :i* ran z foll[s3-- ,d4 ,o4 ,m4 ,s4 ,,ioanni ,,g5szfleis* ,,artis ,,impressorie ,,rep]tori ,,de ,,omni ,,natione ,,et ,,l+ua ,,optime ,,m]ito ,,9 ,,nom9is ,,sui ,,memoriam ,,immortalem ,,adam ,,gel?us ,,posuit4 ,,ossa ,,ejus ,,9 ,,ecclesia ,d4 ,,francisci ,,mogunt9a ,,felicit] ,,cubant4 ,ab\t =ty ye>s lat]1 ano!r tablet 0 set up at ! h\se ,zum ,gut5b]g1 9 ! inn] c\rt ( ! ,college ( ,lawy]s1 by ,ives ( ,witig5 or ,v5za1 doctor ( laws1 & pr(essor ( t ,univ]sity1 on :i* 0 ! foll[+ inscription3-- ,,jo4 ,,gut5b]g5si ,,mogunt9o ,,qui ,,primus ,,omnium ,,lit]as ,,a]e ,,imprim5das ,,inv5it1 ,,hac ,,arte ,,de ,,orbe ,,toto ,,b5e ,,m]5ti ,,ivo ,,witigisis ,,hoc ,,saxum ,,pro ,,monum5to ,,posuit ,m4,d4,,viii4 ,! le>n$ ,wimphel+1 8 contempor>y1 also commemorat$ 8 memory 9 ! foll[+ eloqu5t epigram3-- 8,flix ,ansic>e1 p] te ,g]mania flix1 ,omnibus 9 t]ris prmia laudis habet4 ,urbe ,mogunt9a1 div9o fulte ,joannes ,+5io1 primus imprimis a]e notas4 ,multum relligio1 multum tibi ,grca ,sophia ,et multum debet l+ua ,lat9a tibi40#ha 99 99 99 99 99 ,! /udy ( ! life ( su* a man1 :o 9 8 own p]son embodi$1 9 a pre-em95t degree1 ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ! ,teutonic race--,s5se ( ,duty1 ,c\rage1 ,dilig5ce1 & ,p]sev]ance1--s ably portray$ by ,pr(essor ,max ,mll] 9 8 oration at ! ,g]man ,fe/ival on ! #a/ ( ,may #ahga2 is "o ( deep & abid+ int]e/4 ,8 s5se ( duty to 8 convictions 0 manife/$ 9 8 b\ndless fai? 9 ! ultimate success ( 8 inv5tions2 8 c\rage 0 dauntless1--no difficulties c\ld det] him f foll[+ ! pa? he 0 resolv$ ^u pursu+2 8 dilig5ce 0 unwe>i$2 8 p]sev]ance indomitable4 ,9 spite ( num]\s failures1 or :at seem$ su* to m5 less hopeful ?an himself1 he con/antly attract$ new fri5ds & support]s1 z old ones fell away4 ,losses1 lawsuits & +ratitude dogg$ ea* /ep ( 8 c>e]2 b he triumph$ ov] e difficulty2 saw ! ,art he _h inv5t$ become ! means ( br++ =tunes to m5 :o _h at diff]5t times be5 8 associates & oppon5ts2 & di$ e/eem$ & honor$ by ! sov]eign ( 8 native city4 ,well did he realize ! tru? ( ! inspir$ prov]b ( ! ,royal ,hebrew sage1--8,see/ ?\ a man dilig5t 9 8 bus9ess1 he %all /& be=e k+s2 he %all n /& be=e mean m540 ,great & noble by nature1 8 fame z an orig9al inv5tor has always /ood des]v$ly high2 b %\ld ! hypo!sis ( ,mr4 ,holt be e/abli%$ z a fact by ! production ( fur!r evid5ce1 8 fame h5ce=? w /& mu* high] ?an x has hi!rto done4 ,! g5ius ) :i* he 0 gift$ w1 9 su* case1 prove to be ( ! same ord] z t :i* fir/ l$ to ! repres5tation 9 visible symbols ( ! s\nd ( spok5 ?\ghts2 & ! p9nacle ( glory on :i* ! memory ( 8 "n is rais$ = ! admiration ( po/]ity mu/ be elevat$ to ! same level z t ( ! yet unkn[n b div9ely inspir$ orig9ator ( ! immortal art ( writ+4 ,n less int]e/+ ?an ! /udy ( ! life ( ,gut5b]g1 is ! contemplation ( ! effects :i* ! ,art he inv5t$ almo/ imm$iately produc$4 ,^! c sc>cely be m eloqu5tly or succ9ctly /at$1 ?an 9 ! words ( ! di/+ui%$ hi/orian ,sir ,,edw>d ,s4 ,,creasy1 ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ,ceylon4 ,aft] speak+ ( ! excitem5t occasion$ ?r\gh\t ,europe by ! m>itime discov]ies ( ! ,portuguese1 & o!r causes ( intellectual movem5ts 9 ! ,fifte5? c5tury1 he adds3--8,/ill m /rongly 0 ! advancem5t ( intellectual activity aid$ dur+ ! la/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 by ! discov]y & rapid progress ( ! art ( pr9t+4 ,! p[] ( swiftly & *eaply multiply+ copies ( a book1 9 a m conv5i5tly transmissible1 & a m easily legible =m1 ?an t ( ! be/ manuscript1 gave n[ to an au?or an increase ( m5tal & moral au?ority ov] 8 fell[ m51 some:at resembl+ ! increase 9 importance1 & ! ext5sion ( op]ations1 :i* ! /eam eng9e has 9 our age giv5 to inv5tion 9 me*anics & manufactures4 ,! circulation ( pr9t$ books creat$ ho/s ( read]s1 :o o!rwise w\ld h rema9$ ignorant ( any k9d ( lit]ature1 anci5t or mod]n4 ,x gave an immeasurable increase to ! weight ( public op9ion4 ,x /imulat$ discov]y4 ,x promot$ discussion4 ,x made ! suppression ( op9ion difficult1 & g5]ally impossible4 ,x %ook to ! v base e in/itution t 0 f\nd$ on fraud1 or upheld by unju/ =ce4 ,x gave also weapons to ^? :o seek viol5t *anges m]ely f ! love ( innovation & viol5ce4 ,among ! num]\s causes :i* co-op]at$ 9 giv+ ,european hi/ory ! alt]$ "* :i* we discov] 9 x dur+ & aft] ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 none h be5 m op]ative ?an ! inv5tion ( moveable types40#hb comb9$1 we take ! lib]ty ( add+1 ) ! inv5tion ( ! pr9t+ press4 ,,footnotes3 #cb ,v>i\sly nam$ 9 contempor>y docum5ts1 ,johannes ,gut5b]g2 ,johannes de ,moguntia1 dictus ,gut5b]g2 ,johannes dictus ,g5sefleis*1 junior1 dictus ,gut5b]g2 ,johannes ,gansefleis*1 dictus ,sulgelo* vel ,sorg5lo*2 ,h5ne ,g5sfleis*1 g5ant ,sulgelo*2 ,hans ,g5zefleis* von ,m5tz1 g5ant ,gut5b]g4 ,9 ,engli% ,gansefleis* w\ld be writt5 ,goosefle%2 9 ,lat91 ,ansic>us4 #cc ,,me]man1 & a few o!r writ]s1 make m5tion ( two ,john ,gut5b]gs1 bro!rs1 bo? ( :om are spok5 ( z inv5tors ( ,typography2 ! eld]1 kn[n z ,john ,gansfleis*1 dy+1 s x is /at$1 9 #adfb4 ,! reason ( ?is seems to be1 t "s "o 0 want$ to fill ! position ( ! ?ief1 :o1 accord+ to ! tale ( ,junius1 /ole f ,jansso51 ! ,co/] ( ,ha>lem1 ! moveable types he _h rec5tly inv5t$4 ,z ,john ,gut5b]g1 junior1 c\ld n be fix$ ^u1 & !re 0 no o!r me?od ( br++ discr$it ^u 8 claim1 & z ! alleg$ ?ief 0 a ,john somebody1 ,john ,gansfleis*1 s5ior1 assum$ to be eld] bro!r to ,john junior1 0 ?\ght (2 & f him1 x is ass]t$1 ! y\ng] bro!r obta9$ 8 k ( ! art ( pr9t+4 ,! au?ority on :i* ,me]man reli$ appe>s to be a docum5t fir/ publi%$ by ,khl] 7,ehr5rettung ,gutt5b]g's71 9 :i* x is /at$1 t 9 #addc ,john ,gansfleis* ! eld] hir$ a h\se at ,m5tz1 8 bir?place4 ,sant&] says1 ! phrase 0 us$ because ,john ,gut5b]g's uncle hav+ di$ ab\t ?is "t1 he _h 9 reality become ! eld]4 ,lat] writ]s agree ) ,sant&] t ! eld] ,gansfleis* "h ref]r$ to 0 an uncle to ,gut5b]g junior1 b !y d n admit 8 dea? at ?is "t4 ,be+ nam$ aft] him1 he 0 probably 8 godfa!r1 & may h be5 liv+ ) him 9 ,/rasburg 9 #addc4 ,x 0 to 8 h\se t ,gut5b]g junior w5t1 on 8 return to ,m5tz4 #cd 8,to ! wor?y nun ,b]?a1 9 ! ,conv5t ( ,/4 ,clair1 at ,m5tz1 heal? & frat]nal good wi%es4 ,my de> si/]1 ) respect to :at y say ( ! r5ts & money :i* 7 left to y by our bro!r ,conrad1 :om ,god bless1 by 8 la/ w2 t (t5 & = a long "t pa/1 !y h n be5 paid to y1 & t !y are /ill ow+ to y1 & am\nt z y say to a consid]able sum2 ,i h to in=m y1 t1 ^u giv+ a receipt1 y may receive ! sum ( tw5ty flor9s 7( gold7 out ( my r5ts & rev5ues1 com+ z y "k1 f ,m5tz1 & o!r places2 by apply+ to ,joh4 ,dr+elt]1 ! wax *&l]2 ,v]onica ,my/]s51 at ,seilhov52 or at ,m5tz1 & v>i\s o!r places1 ( :i* ,p$irman c in=m y2 z at ,lorzwill]1 ,bod5heim1 & ,murm9heym4 ,i purpose1 if x please ,god1 to h ! pleasure ( see+ y be=e long1 & to arrange ! matt] ) ,p$irman1 s t y\r prop]ty may be promptly deliv]$ to y1 accord+ to ! t]ms & int5tion ( ! w4 ,i await y\r answ] ^u ?is subject4 ,giv5 at ,/rasburg2 f]i qu9t po/ dom9icam 7! #bd? ,m>*7 ,m4,,cccc4,,xx4,,iiii40 7,sign$7 8,,h5ne ,,g5sfleis*1 call$ ,sulgelo*40 --,sant&]1 f ,ob]l9's 8,essai d',annales de la ,vie de ,j4 ,gut5b]g10 pp4 #c1 #d4 #ce ,l9se$ oil1 ros9s1 %ellac1 pit*1 mundick1 v>ni%es1 nutgalls1 turp5t9e1 & vitriol1 7 made use ( by ! e>ly pr9t]s 9 manufactur+ _! ink4 ,9 apply+ x1 a small quantity 0 fir/ tak5 up on a pair ( balls or dabb]s made ( %eepsk9s padd$ ) wool2 ^! 7 !n well beat5 toge!r until f9ely & ev5ly cov]$1 aft] :i* !y 7 beat5 on ! types until ! pages 7 consid]$ suffici5tly ink$4 #cf ,typographia3 ,an ,hi/orical sket* ( ! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ! ,art ( ,pr9t+4 ,by ,t4 ,c4 ,,hans>d1 #ahbe4 #hvo4 #ajjj pp4 #cg ,! ,press3 a ,poem2 by ,,john ,m#8,,cre]y4 ,! orig9al edition1 pr9t$ by ! au?or1 0 beautifully illu/rat$ ) wood engrav+s by ,mr4 ,hole1 a pupil ( ! ,bewicks4 ,mr4 ,m#8,cre]y's e/abli%m5t 0 celebrat$ = ! excell5ce ( its pr9t+4 #ch 8,life & ,typography ( ,william ,caxton40 vol4 ii4 p4 xlv4 #ci 8,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+40 p4 #bed4 #dj ,^! occur 9 :at is kn[n z ! f\r? edition1 ( :i* only ?ree copies exi/1 two 9 ,ha>lem1 & "o 9 ,lille4 ,x is 9 ! copy at ,lille t a leaf is pr9t$ on bo? sides4 ,mr4 ,humphreys1 9 8 noble "w1--! greate/ boon ev] conf]r$ 9 any age or c\ntry on /ud5ts ( e>ly ,typography1--says1 7p4 #fc7 ?is leaf has 8an appe>ance ( be+ pr9t$ on bo? sides1 f ! exi/5ce ( a /rong set (f40 ,b if ! l9es ( ! suppos$ #8set-(f' read 9 ! usual way1 !y mu/ h be5 set-(f f a set-(f1 or ! impression w\ld appe> rev]s$4 ,mo/ probably ! back ( ! orig9al impression 0 pr9t$ on by an accid5tal ov]sight4 #da 8,! ,old ,pr9t] & ! ,mod]n ,press40 p4 #ajb4 ,london1 #ahed4 #db ,o!r witnesses also depos$ to pur*ases1 & 9 ! judgm5t giv5 on ! suit1 "s ( ^! are ref]r$ to z hav+ be5 ( lead4 #dc ,! docum5ts conta9+ an acc\nt ( ! trial1 & ! s5t5ce ( ! magi/rates ( ,/rasburg1 are dat$ ,decemb] #adci4 ,!y 7 orig9ally publi%$ ) a ,lat9 v]sion1 by ,s*pfl91 9 8 ,v9dici ,typographic1 #agfj1 & h s9ce be5 repeat$ly pr9t$ ) ,fr5*1 ,engli% & ,dut* translations4 #dd ,9 8 8,diss]tation sur l',orig9e1 l',inv5tion1 et le ,p]fectionnem5t de l',imprim]ie10 pr9t$ at ,am/]dam 9 #ahai4 ,?is "w 0 ! "o :i* obta9$ ! prize (f]$ by ! ,dut* ,society ( ,arts & ,sci5ces at ,ha>lem1 ab\t ! ye> #ahad1 = ! be/ ,diss]tation 9 support ( ! anci5t tradition t ! ,art ( ,pr9t+ 0 inv5t$ 9 t city4 #de ,9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! nor? ( ,scotl& aug]s & high-pit*$ screws are to ?is day call$ #8wommels' or #8wombels1' by old folk4 ,! ^w is no d\bt ! same z ! antiquat$ ,g]man #8wurbel4' #df 8,quid1 si nunc ju/os1 a]is ratione r$ucta1 ,t5t>em libros cud]e mille modis8 ,robora prospexit deh9c torcul>ia ,bac*i1 ,et dixit1 preli =ma sit i/a novi40 ,encomion ,*alcographi1 v4v4 #fe-fi4 #dg ,k,,nig',s cyl9d] ma*9e1 erect$ = ,mr4 ,,b5sley ! em95t pr9t]1 & fir/ set 9 op]ation 9 ,april #ahaa1 at ! manufactory 9 ,:itecross-/reet1 ,london2 :5 x pr9t$ #cjjj %eets ( ! ,annual ,regi/]1 to ! admiration ( all :o saw x at "w4 #dh 8,! ?+ t ha? be51 x is t :i* %all be2 & t :i* is done1 is t :i* %all be done2 & !re is no new ?+ "u ! sun4 ,is !re any?+ :]e( x may be said1 ,see1 ?is is new8 x ha? be5 already ( old "t :i* 0 be=e u40--,ecclesia/es1 i4 #i1 #aj4 ,"s days subsequ5t to t on :i* ,i _h pr9t$ ! description ( ! process1 :i*1 aft] a c>eful exam9ation ( ,mr4 ,humphreys' fac-simile1 ,i felt conv9c$ 0 ! "o :i* _h be5 adopt$ = tak+ impressions ( ! moveable types us$ 9 ! ,speculum ,human ,salvationis1 ,i receiv$ an illu/rat$ adv]tisem5t %eet ( ,francis ,donnison & ,son1 ,pr9t]s' ,eng9e]s ( ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 9 :i* is an engrav+ ( an 8,improv$ ,galley ,pro( ,press10 :i* exactly realises ! idea ,i attempt$ to convey to my read]s on pages #hc & #hd4 #di 8,! ,pilgrims ( ! ,rh9e10 by ,,bulw]1 7,"l ,,lytton71 p4 #cac4 #ej 8,wimphel+1 "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( 8 "t1 :o n>r[ly escap$ p]secution = ! ,prote/ant t5d5cy ( 8 writ+s1 & :o among o!r ?+s :i* prov$ him to h be5 a ?9k] 9 advance ( 8 "t1 f\nd$ a lit]>y society at ,/rasburg1 :i* soon became celebrat$1 & ! t5d5cies ( :i* 7 aft]w>ds prais$ ev5 by ! critical ,erasmus40--,,humphreys1 p4 #hb4 #ea 8,de l',orig9e de l',imprim]ie40 ,p>is1 #ahec4 #eb 8,kritis*e ,ges*i*te d] ,erf9dung d] ,bu*druck]kun/ dur* ,johann ,gut5b]g zu ,ma9z40 von ,j4 ,,wett]4 ,ma9z1 #ahcf4 #hvo4 pp4 xvi4 #hjh1 ) #ac ,tables ( fac-similes4 #ec 8,*>act]es enim a primus illis inv5toribus non ita elegant] et exp$ite1 ut a no/ris fi]i solet1 s$ filo 9 litt]>um =am5 immisso1 connectebantur1 sicut ,v5etiis id g5us typos me vidisse mem9i40 #ed ,! family ( ! ,fu/s 0 "o ( great respectability4 ,x consi/$ at ?is "t ( ?ree bro!rs2 ,john ! bank] & money-l5d]2 ,james1 ! city ar*itect1 & subsequ5tly a goldsmi? z well2 & ,ni*olas1 a judge 9 "o ( ! ,c\rts ( law4 ,john m>ri$ 8 wife ,m>g>et ab\t ! ye> #adbj2 "o son1 ,conrad1 0 ! only issue ( ! m>riage4 ,conrad m>ri$ 9 #adde1 & 8 daught]1 ,*ri/9a1 01 9 #adfe1 be/[$ 9 m>riage ^u ,pet] ,s*ff] ( ,g]nszheim4 ,x appe>s f "s acc\nts t ,john ,fau/ 0 also a goldsmi?2 a bus9ess ) :i* bank+ & money-l5d+ 7 usually comb9$4 #ee ,!re is ano!r v]sion ( ! circum/ances att5d+ ! connection ( ,gut5b]g ) ,fau/4 ,gut5b]g s5ior1 say ! claimants ( ! honor ( ! inv5tion = ! fir/ pr9t] at ,/rasburg1 return$ to ,m5tz 9 #addj1 hav+ /ol5 ! k ( ! art f ,m5tel91 _! c\ntryman1 :o !y ass]t 0 ! orig9al inv5tor4 ,dut* au?orities h[ev] say1 t ,gut5b]g's return to ,m5tz1 9 #addj1 0 aft] he /ole ! types1 c41 f ,co/]1 ! orig9al inv5tor at ,ha>lem4 ,l ,sir ,boyle ,ro*e's bird1 he 0 ?us 9 two places at "o & ! same "t4 ,aft] 8 return he pr9t$1 9 #addb1 ! two s*ool-books #8,alex&ri ,galli ,doctr9ale1' & #8,petri ,hispani ,tractatus1' & !n1 9 #addc1 took ! h\se #8,zum ,jung51' :5 he 0 jo9$ 9 p>tn]%ip by ,fau/1 ,j4 ,meid5ba*ius1 ,j4 ,pet]%eimius1 & o!rs1 ^: names h n be5 record$1 & 9 #addd by ,gut5b]g junior1 :o !n quitt$ ,/rasburg = t express purpose4 ,t 9 #adej ?is p>tn]%ip 0 dissolv$1 :5 ,fau/ & ,gut5b]g junior ent]$ into a new p>tn]%ip1 ! s5ior be+ no long] he>d (4 ,^! /atem5ts are at be/ b conjectural1 & h be5 made ) ! view ( af=d+ support to ! sy/ems ( writ]s :o d5y to ,gut5b]g ! honor ( hav+ inv5t$ ! ,typographic ,art4 ,! quotations 9 ! text are f ! record ( legal proce$+s tak5 by ,fau/ aga9/ ,gut5b]g 9 #adee4 ,?is record 0 pr9t$ 9 ,g]man by ,,seck5burg 9 8,selectis ,juris et ,hi/ori>um10 tom4 i4 pp4 #bfi-bgg2 by ,,wolfius1 9 8 8,monum5ta ,typographica10 tom4 i4 p4 #dgb et seq41 & by ,,wett]1 pp4 #bhd-bij4 #ef ,tri!mius d]iv$ 8 in=mation direct f ,s*ff] ! gr& son-9-law ( ,fau/2 b did n write 8 *ronicle until ?irty ye>s aft]4 ,! "w usually ref]r$ to z ! ,ca?olicon1 is "o ( "s magnitude4 ,x 0 writt5 by ! monk ,john ,balbi1 or ,john ( ,g5oa1 & consi/s ( a ,lat9 ,gramm> foll[$ by a ,vocabul>y4 ,gut5b]g probably pr9t$ only ! latt] portion1 & p]haps b an abridgm5t ( t4 ,z ! e>lie/ production ( 8 press1 aft] 8 connection ) ,fau/1 a copy w\ld n[ be ( imm5se value2 b z is ! case ) ! ,tracts ( ,pet] ( ,spa91 no bibliograph] has yet _h ! good =tune to id5tify x1 & possibly x may h pass$ out ( exi/5ce4 ,!re is no reason h[ev] to d\bt ! correctness ( ! ,abbot's /atem5t on t acc\nt4 ,!re c be no "q b t multitudes ( works1 issu$ f ! presses ( ! e>ly pr9t]s1 h be5 utt]ly de/roy$4 ,x is m>vell\s t s _m s+le1 unique copies1 h be5 pres]v$ to ! pres5t "t4 #eg ,^! h be5 fully describ$ by ,fis*]1 ,van ,praet1 ,wett]1 ,leon de ,laborde1 & o!r writ]s4 #eh ,see po/ = ,zell's acc\nt 9 full4 #ei ,! entry at ! end ( ! fir/ volume is--8,et sic e/ f9is prime p>tis biblia ,scz4 vet]is te/am5ti1 ,illum9ata seu rubricata ligata p] ,h5ricum ,alb* alias crem]4 ,anno dni ,mo,c,c,c,co,l,v,i fe/o ,b>?olomei apli--,deo gratias--,alleluja40 ,t on ! end ( ! second volume3--8,i/e lib] illum9atus1 ligatus completus e/ p] ,h5ricum crem] vic>i ecclesie collegiate sancti ,/ephani magunt9i sub anno dni ,millesimo quatr+5tisimo qu9quagesimo sexto1 fe/o ,assumptionis gloriose virg9is ,m>ie1 ,deo gracias4 ,alleluja1 c40 #fj ,) ! exception ( ! fir/ t5 or elev5 pages1 :i* conta9 b =ty or =ty-"o l9es 9 ea* column4 #fa ,! d\bt 0 n only natural1 b !re is an almo/ absolute c]ta9ty t ! lett]s c\ld n h be5 ca/ at ! "t4 ,s*ff]'s inv5tion ( ca/ fusile types did n take place1--or at any rate 0 n made use (1--until aft] ! lawsuit betwe5 ,gut5b]g & ,fau/4 #fb ,,humphreys1 p4 #hd4 #fc 8,po/ hc inv5tis success]unt subtiliora1 inv5]untque modum fund5di =mas omnium lat9i alphabeti litt]>um1 quas ipsi matrices nom9abant ex quibus rursum a5eos sive /anneos c>act]es fundebant1 ad omnem pressuram suffici5tes1 quas prius manibus sculpebant4 ,et rev]a sicuti ante ,,xxx4 f]me annos ex ore ,petri ,opilionis de ,g]n%eim1 civis mogunt9i qui g5] erat primi artis inv5toris1 audivi1 magnam a primo inv5tionis su hc ars impressoria habuit difficultatem4 ,impressuri namque ,bibliam1 priusquam t]tium compless5t 9 op]e quat]nionem1 plusquam #djjj flor5orum exposu]unt40 #fd ,?is /atem5t no d\bt includ$ ,gut5b]g's p]sonal outlay1 9 addition to ! moneys advanc$ by ,fau/4 #fe 8,mo/ ( ! pun*-cutt]s at pres5t belong+ to ! type-f\nd+ trade are ,engli%1 & _! e>n+s dep5d 9 a great measure ^u ! abilities !y display 9 ! "w4 ,a fir/-rate cutt] w e>n f #e4 to #f4 weekly1 & ev5 m4 #8,:5 ,i fir/ came to ! trade1' said a man to ,mr4 ,mayhew1 #8! pun*-mak] :o work$ = my old ma/]1 _h #e4 a week = produc+ two pun*es a day4 ,?is 0 all he 0 expect$ to d = 8 wages2 b = e pun* he turn$ out ov] & above t numb] he _h 8 regul> premiums4'0--,,mayhew',s ,trades & ,manufactories ( ,great ,brita91 p4 #bej4 #ff 8,i %all use my be/ endeav\rs to detect & expose false or exagg]at$ /atem5ts & deceitful argum5ts1 come f :om !y may2 leav+ su* good pro(s & reasonable gr\nds ( belief1 on ! "o side or ! o!r z may !n rema91 to be incorporat$ aft]w>ds ) su* fur!r pro(s z h result$ f my own rese>*es4 ,la/ly 444 ,i %all /rive to m]it ! praise ( n ov]/at+ ! evid5ce "o way or ! o!r1 & ( n press+ an argum5t fur!r ?an x w fairly g2 x be+ my sole object to come if possible1 at ! tru?1 9 ?is long disput$ "q40--,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+1 p4 #e4 #fg ,inquiry1 pp4 #di-ea4 #fh ,9 a book ( notes1 left ) "o ,g]la*1 & aft]w>ds pur*as$ by ,johan ,rot1 ! bro!r 9 all probability ( ,b]?old ,rot1 ! fir/ pr9t] at ,basle1 !re occurs ! foll[+ memor&um1 9 ,s*ff]'s own h&writ+3--8,hic e/ f9is omnium librorum tam vet]is quam nove logice1 completi p] me ,petrum de ,g]nszheim1 alias ,moguncia1 anno ,m4,,cccc4,,xlix1 9 gloriosissima ,univ]sitate ,p>isi5si40--7,,humphreys1 p4 #hd47 ,8 "n1 v>i\sly spelt z ,s*ff]1 ,s*ff]1 ,s*oiff]1 & ,s*oiffh]1 & signify+ 9 ,engli%1 ,%eph]d1 is sometimes pr9t$ 9 its ,lat9 =m1 ,opilio4 #fi 8,petrus autem memoratus ,opilio 444 homo +5iosus et prud5s1 faciliorem modum fund5di c>act]es excogitavit1 et artem ut nunc e/ complevit40 #gj 8,john ,s*ff] says1 at ! conclusion ( ! ,hi/oria ,francorum1 pr9t$ 9 #aeae1 t ! inv5tor did inde$ comm5ce ! art ( pr9t+ 9 #adej2 b did n p]fect & br+ x to ! /age :5 ! use ( ! press 0 requir$ until #adeb40--vide ,,wett]1 p4 #cej4 ,ref]r+ ! date #adej to ! orig9al contract ) ,fau/1 ?is /atem5t %ews t at lea/ two ye>s1 possibly ne>ly ?ree1 7 sp5t 9 ! prep>atory arrangem5ts1 ca/+ & cutt+ ! lett]s1 c4 be=e a s+le page ( ! ,lat9 ,bible 0 pr9t$4 #ga ,lett]s made ( copp] or t9 alone w\ld sc>cely be h>d en\gh to use z pun*es1 except = pla/] m\lds2 b a mixture ( metals =m+ brass1 ( :i* sev]al writ]s say ! fir/ cut metal types 7 made1 w\ld answ] ! purpose1 & c\ld be /ruck into blocks ( s(t copp] or t9 )\t ! slighte/ difficulty4 ,at a p9*1 h[ev]1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 has %ewn t ev5 ) ord9>y types1 matrices ( lead c be made & us$ ) success3 8,our pr9t+ h\se10 he writes1 8(t5 want$ sorts1 & !re 0 no lett]-f\ndry 9 ,am]ica2 ,i _h se5 types ca/ at ,james's 9 ,london1 b )\t mu* ( att5tion to ! mann]2 h[ev]1 ,i contriv$ a m\ld1 & made use ( ! lett]s we _h z pun*eons1 /ruck ! matrices 9 lead1 & ?us suppli$ 9 a pretty tol]able way ! defici5cies40 #gb ,! ^w f\nt1 "h us$ to indicate a complete set ( types1 0 orig9ally fund1 & signifi$ a ca/+ or f\nd+ ( type4 ,h5ce also ! t]ms f\nd] & f\ndry1 d]iv$1 l ! =m]1 f ! ,lat9 fundo4 #gc ,?is ,fau/1 ^: ance/ors came f ,m5tz1 0 a son ( ! c\ncillor & judge ( ! imp]ial tribunal at ,frank=t1 :o di$ 9 #afai4 ,writ+ f family pap]s & traditions1 ,j4 ,f4 ,fau/ 7inh]it+ ! jeal\sy aga9/ ,gut5b]g :i* 0 eng5d]$ by ! lawsuit1 8 opposite politics1 & ! hon\rs be/[$ ^u him by ! ,elector-,ar*bi%op7 attributes ! orig9 ( ,typography to ,fau/ ( ,m5tz1 b admits t ,gut5b]g 0 8 assi/ant4 ,) ! exception ( ?is *ange ( p]sons1 ! acc\nt he gives ( ! orig9 ( ! art accords 9 its ma9 facts ) ! /atem5ts made by ,tri!mius1 ,zell1 ,wimphel+1 ,arnold de ,b]gel1 & o!r e>ly writ]s on ! subject4 ,he m5tions ! block ,alphabet & ,donatus1 & ! sep>ate wood5 types made by cutt+ ! engrav$ tablets into s+le lett]s1--:i* 7 all = a long "t pres]v$ 9 ,fau/'s h\se at ,m5tz2 :]e 8 gr&fa!r ,dr4 ,johan ,fau/1 _h se5 !m4 ,?is ,dr4 ,fau/ also left ) ! family a writt5 description ( ^! fir/ beg9n+s ( ! art4 ,j4 ,f4 ,fau/'s acc\nt1 tak5 f ,,wett]1 ) "s rem>ks by t au?or1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix4 #gd ,v>i\s metals 7 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( types4 ,mr4 ,,blades1 at pages xx4 & xxiv4 ( 8 second volume ( ! ,life & ,typography ( ,caxton1 gives extracts f ! 8,co/ ,book0 ( ! ,directors ( ! ,ripoli ,press at ,flor5ce1 #adgd-adhc1 a docum5t /ill extant 9 ! ,magliabe*i libr>y at ,flor5ce1 & pr9t$ 9 ! 8,notizie ,/ori*e sopra la ,/amp]ia di ,ripoli1 la quali possono s]vire all' illu/razione della ,/oria ,tipografica ,fior5t9a4 ,raccolta e pubblicate dal ,p4 ,v9cezio ,f9es*i4 #hvo4 ,9 ,fir5ze ,,mdcclxxxi40 ,f ?is x seems t = ! /eel requir$ 7probably = pun*es7 ! price paid p] lb4 0 equival5t to #is4 ( pres5t curr5t money2 = metal 7n o!rwise describ$7 #bs4 #j;d42 brass1 #bs4 #c;d42 copp]1 #as4 #c;d42 t91 #as4 #f;d42 lead1 #e;d42 & iron wire1 #as4 #f;d4 #ge ,eight great inv5tions may be enum]at$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,typography4 ,^! are1 fir/1 ! block books2 second1 ! sep>able types2 ?ird1 ! pr9t+-press2 f\r?1 type-f\nd+2 fif?1 /]eotyp+1 7tak+ pla/] m\lds ( :ole pages ( type1 & f !m ca/+s 9 solid metal plates72 six?1 composition ink+ roll]s2 sev5?1 cyl9drical pr9t+ ma*9es1 to be work$ by /eam-p[]2 & eigh?1 /eam type-sett+ ma*9es4 ,z ! f\r la/ are ( mod]n date1 !y d n come )9 ! scope ( ! pres5t "w4 #gf ,t ,gut5b]g consid]$ himself an injur$ man is cle> f /atem5ts :i* occur 9 bo? ,j4 ,f4 ,,fau/',s & ,,arnold ,,de ,,b]gel',s acc\nts4 ,! =m] /ates t ,gut5b]g 0 greatly ang]$ by ! lawsuit1 & n only refus$ to be pres5t at ! close ( ! proce$+s1 b aft]w>ds left ,m5tz = ,/rasburg1 :]e he e/abli%$ a pr9t+ (fice ( 8 own4 ,?is is n exactly correct2 b z x %ews ! belief t exi/$ 9 ! ,fau/ family1 x is probable t he may h suppli$ ,m5tel91 ! fir/ pr9t] !re1 ) types & mat]ial to comm5ce )4 ,b]gel /ates1 t :5 ! orig9ator ( ! contract 7,fau/7 began to see "s hopes ( ga91 he rais$ a discord :i* l$ to a rupture3 t ,gut5b]g prote/$ ! /rife 0 unju/1 b ! up%ot 0 a sep>ation1 ea* "o tru/+ to himself & 8 own press4 ,! foll[+ l9es %ew ?is1 & h9t also at ! belief t ! tribunal be=e :i* ! lawsuit 0 tri$1 0 "u influ5ces adv]se to ,gut5b]g2 ! old grudge ( ,burgh] v]sus ,noble1 /ill mak+ itself manife/4 8,hic dum c]nebant r>as proc$]e m]ces1 ,sanx]unt dextris fo$]a pacta suis3 ,qu ,deus1 aut =tuna dabit1 communia sunto1 qualis no/rum sitque laboris onus4 ,fo$]a s$ lucri r>o concordia nutrit1 ,indiga sunt pacis dissidioque pat5t4 ,sit po/quam autores qu/us spes cepit hab5di1 ,ad lites v]tunt pectora capta leves4 ,9 p>tes abeunt1 s9c]aque pacta resolvunt1 ,et promissa cadunt1 irrita fitque fides2 ,cuilibet ut propriis s]viret p]gula prelis1 ,et sibi multijugas quisque p>>et opes4 ,non tulit inju/as m5s ,gut5b]gica rixas1 ,te/atur ,sup]os fo$]a rupta ,deos4 ,caussa =i t&em pavidi def]tur ad ora2 ,scribitur ac illis dica nef&a =i4 ,tempore s$ longo res e/ tractata dicaci ,lite1 hodie p5det judicis inque s9u40 ,encomion ,*alcographi1 v4v4 #bde-bfc4 #gg ,! division ( ! plant seems to h be5 made ) judicial fairness4 ,a portion ( ! orig9al implem5ts or ut5sils 7 assign$ to ,fau/1 & accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,j4 ,f4 ,fau/ ( ,as*aff5b]g1 !y rema9$ = a l5g? ( "t 9 ! possession ( ! family 7see note1 p4 #afg74 ,b]gel1 or ,b]gellanus1 :o publi%$ 8 ,encomion ,*alcographi 9 #aeda1 & 0 = fifte5 ye>s a corrector ( ! press 9 a pr9t+ e/abli%m5t at ,m5tz1 /ates1 9 ! ,d$ication ( 8 "w to ! ,ar*bi%op ,alb]t ( ,br&5b]g1 t 8sev]al v old in/rum5ts 7 se5 by him at ,m5tz1 :i* ! citiz5s in=m$ him _h be5 us$ by ,gut5b]g 9 ! art20 f :i* x may be inf]r$1 t !y 7 ei!r pres]v$ among ! munim5ts ( ! city1 or by "s ( ,gut5b]g's family connections4 #gh ,also spelt ,hombra*t1 & ,hoembor*4 #gi ,au?or ( 8,speculum ,human ,salvationis4 ,le plus anci5 ,monum5t de la ,xylographie et de la ,typographie runis reproduits en fac-simile1 avec ,introduction ,hi/orique et ,bibliographique40 ,londres1 #ahfa4 fol4 #hj ,au?orities diff] 9 respect to ,gut5b]g's age1 ! ye> ( 8 bir? n hav+ be5 precisely asc]ta9$4 ,x is broadly /at$ by ,,wett]1 t he 0 born betwe5 ! ye>s #acic & #adjj4 ,he mu/ !re=e h be5 at lea/ #fh ye>s ( age1 & he may h be5 #ge1 at ! "t ( 8 dea?4 #ha ,publi%$ at ,heidelb]g 9 #adii4 #hb ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ebf-g4 ,e>ly ,typography4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,claims ,,( ,,co/] ,,& ,,ha>lem ,,consid]$1 ,,z ,,oppos$ ,,to ,,^? ,,( ,,gut5b]g ,,& ,,m5tz4--,,claims ,,bas$ ,,^u ,,tradition4--,,no ,,contempor>y ,,au?orities ,,9 ,,_! ,,favor4--,,abundance ,,( ,,su* ,,te/imony ,,9 ,,favor ,,( ,,gut5b]g ,,& ,,m5tz4--,,probable ,,orig9 ,,( ,,tradition4--,,block ,,books4--,,speculum ,,human ,,salvationis4--,,evid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,types3 ,,wood ,,or ,,metal1 ,,cut ,,or ,,ca/8--,,books 8,,jettez ,,en ,,molle40--,,age ,,( ,,! ,,pap]4--,,date ,,( ,,co/ume4--,,frat]nity ,,( ,,bre?r5 ,,& ,,cl]ks ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,life4 ,cle> & conv9c+ z ! evid5ce appe>s to be1 t ! ,art ( ,typography orig9at$ 9 ,g]many1 & t ! honor claim$ = ,gut5b]g z its inv5tor is rightly 82 bo? positions are /\tly conte/$ by ! ,dut*1 :o ass]t t ! ,art orig9at$ at ,ha>lem1 & 0 ! inv5tion ( "o ,laur5ce ,jansso51 ! ,co/] or ,sacri/an ( ! great *ur* ( t city1 :o accord+ to "s ( _! writ]s1 0 n only ! fir/ engrav] ( block-books1 & cutt] ( sep>able lett]s1 b also ! fir/ :o ca/ fusile metal types4 ,x is necess>y !re=e1 be=e proce$+ fur!r1 to exam9e ! gr\nds ^u :i* ^! ass]tions are bas$1 & to asc]ta9 :at am\nt ( tru? !y conta94 ,! claim on behalf ( ,ha>lem 0 fir/ made by ,jan ,van ,zuyr51 7b4 #aeag2 d4 #aeia71 betwe5 ! ye>s #aedi & #aefa1--7upw>ds ( a c5tury1 at lea/1 aft] ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ pr9t$ book 9 ,g]many71--9 8,a ,dialogue on ! fir/ ,inv5tion ( ! ,art ( ,typography10 ( :i* only a "p ( ! ,d$icatory ,preface rema9s4 ,9 ?is fragm5t1 repr9t$ by ,scriv]ius1 ! writ] says3-- 8,x is f ! love ( my c\ntry alone1 t ,i und]take ?is "w1 & t ,i in/itute fur!r inquiries ^u ! subject ( x2 z ,i _c cons5t t our claims to a portion ( ?is glory2--claims :i* are ev5 at ?is day fre% 9 ! remembrance ( our fa!rs1 to :om1 s to express myself1 !y h be5 transmitt$ f h& to h& f _! ance/ors1 %\ld be effac$ f ! memory ( m51 & be buri$ 9 et]nal oblivion2 claims ( :i* x is our duty to pres]ve ! memorial1 = ! b5efit ( our late/ po/]ity4 8,! city ( ,m5tz1 )\t d\bt1 m]its great praise1 = hav+ be5 ! fir/ to produce & publi% to ! _w 9 a becom+ g>b1 an inv5tion :i* %e _h receiv$ f u2 = hav+ p]fect$ & embelli%$ an art z yet rude & un=m$4 ,:o inde$1 7al?\gh x be less difficult to add to an inv5tion already made1 ?an to orig9ate a new "o7 w\ld )hold ! praises & honor due to a city1 to :i* all ! _w consid]s itself 9 a p>ticul> mann] indebt$ = s great a b5efit8 8,= ! re/1 excell5t ,sir1 y may consid] x z c]ta9 t ! f\ndations ( ?is spl5did art 7 laid 9 our city ( ,ha>lem1 rudely1 inde$1 b /ill ! fir/4 ,"h 7be x und]/ood )\t (f5ce to ! p ( ,m5tz7 ! art ( ,typography 0 born & saw ! light1 ) all h] memb]s =m$1 s t %e might h]eaft] increase 9 /r5g? & /ature4 ,"h1 %e = a long "t receiv$ ! treatm5t & ! c>es1 :i* x is cu/om>y to use t[>ds t5d] infancy1 & = a long s]ies ( ye>s 0 conf9$ )9 ! walls ( a private dwell+ h\se1 :i*1 ?\gh some:at dilapidat$1 is /ill /&+2 b :i* has long s9ce be5 despoil$ ( its preci\s cont5ts4 ,! art ( pr9t+1 inde$1 0 "h br\ght up1 n\ri%$1 & ma9ta9$ at small exp5se1 & ) too great p>simony2 until at l5g?1 despis+ ! poor & conf9$ appe>ance ( h] humble abode1 %e became ! companion ( a c]ta9 /rang]1 & leav+ beh9d h] native meanness1 %ew$ h]self publicly at ,m5tz1 :]e aft] hav+ become enri*$1 %e 9 a %ort "t rose to em95ce40#hc ,!odore ,volck>t ,coornh]t1 an engrav]1 hav+ 9 company ) ,van ,zuyr5 e/abli%$ a pr9t+ (fice 9 ,ha>lem1 publi%$ on ! ye> #aefa1 a ,dut* translation ( ,cic]o's ,(fices4 ,9 ! ,d$ication ( ?is "w to ! ,burgoma/]s1 ,judges1 & ,s5ators ( ! city1 he writes3-- 8,mo/ honorable & rev]$ ,sirs2 x has (t5 be5 relat$ to me1 bon fide1 t ! mo/ useful art ( ,typography 0 orig9ally inv5t$ 9 our city ( ,ha>lem1 al?\gh 9 a some:at rude mann]2 = x is easi] to p]fect by degrees an art already discov]$1 ?an to inv5t a new "o4 ,?is art1 hav+ be5 aft]w>ds c>ri$ to ,m5tz by an unfai?ful s]vant1 0 !re p]fect$1 & z x 0 also fir/ promulgat$ !re1 t city has s g5]ally acquir$ ! reputation ( hav+ fir/ inv5t$ x1 t our citiz5s c obta9 b little cr$5ce1 :5 !y ass]t !mselves to h be5 ! real inv5tors2 a fact g5]ally believ$ by ! great] numb] ( !m1 & especially consid]$ z und\bt$ by our mo/ anci5t citiz5s4 ,i am aw>e1 t 9 consequ5ce ( ! blameable neglect ( our ance/ors1 ! common op9ion t ?is art 0 inv5t$ at ,m5tz1 is n[ s firmly e/abli%$1 t x is 9 va9 to hope to *ange x1 ev5 by ! be/ evid5ce1 & ! mo/ irrefragable pro(4 ,b tru? does n cease to be tru?1 because x is kn[n only to a few2 & ,i = my "p1 believe ?is to be mo/ c]ta92 conv9c$ z ,i am1 by ! fai?ful te/imonies ( m51 alike respectable f _! age & au?ority2 :o n only h (t5 told me ( ! family ( ! inv5tor1 & ( 8 "n & surname2 b h ev5 describ$ to me ! rude mann] ( pr9t+ fir/ us$1 & po9t$ out to me ) _! f+]s ! abode ( ! fir/ pr9t]4 ,& !re=e1 n because ,i am jeal\s ( ! glory ( o!rs1 b because ,i love tru?1 & desire to pay t tribute to ! honor ( our city :i* is ju/ly h] due1 ,i h ?\ght x incumb5t ^u me to m5tion ^! ?+s40 ,9 #aefg1 ,ludovico ,guicci>d9i pr9t$ at ,antw]p1 a description ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,! "w 0 9 ,italian1 & writ+ ( ,ha>lem1 he says3-- 8,accord+ to ! common tradition ( ! inhabitants1 & ! ass]tion ( ! o!r natives ( ,holl&1 z well z ! te/imony ( c]ta9 au?ors & o!r records1 x appe>s t ! art ( pr9t+ & /amp+ lett]s & *>act]s on pap]1 9 ! mann] n[ us$1 0 fir/ inv5t$ 9 ?is place4 ,b ! au?or ( ! inv5tion happ5+ to die1 be=e ! art 0 br\ght to p]fection & _h acquir$ repute1 8 s]vant1 !y say1 w5t to reside at ,m5tz2 :]e1 giv+ pro( ( 8 k 9 t sci5ce1 he 0 joyfully receiv$2 & :]e1 he hav+ appli$ himself to ! bus9ess ) unremitt+ dilig5ce1 x 0 br\ght to entire p]fection1 & became at l5g? g5]ally kn[n1 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 ! fame aft]w>ds spread abroad & became g5]al1 t ! art & sci5ce ( pr9t+ orig9at$ 9 t city4 ,:at ! tru? really is1 ,i am n able1 nor w ,i take ^u me1 to decide2 x suffic+ me to h said ^! few words1 t ,i might n be guilty ( inju/ice to ?is t[n & c\ntry40 ,eytz+]1 9 8 "w on ! topography ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 pr9t$ 9 #aehc1 & ,braunius ( ,cologne1 9 8 ,civitates ,orbis ,t]r>um1 pr9t$ 9 #aegj-aehh1 assign to ,ha>lem ! orig9 ( ! art4 ,^! au?ors _h be=e !m ! /atem5t already quot$ f ,coornh]t1 z well z t ( ,ulric ,zell1 :i* says t ,block-book ,donatuses 7 orig9ally pr9t$ 9 ,holl&2 & !y assume t to be a fact :i* ,guicci>d9i w g no fur!r ?an to repeat z a tradition1 = ! tru?fulness ( :i* he w n v\*4 ,we n[ come to ! acc\nt giv5 by ,hadrian ,junius1#hd 9 8 "w entitl$ ,batavia1 pr9t$ 9 #aehh1 ?irte5 ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,?is acc\nt#he is suppos$1 f ! context1 to h be5 writt5 9 ! ye> #aefh1 & 9 x ! "n ( ,co/] appe>s = ! fir/ "t4 8,ab\t a hundr$ & tw5ty eight ye>s ago10 he says1 8,laur5tius ,jansso5 ,co/] inhabit$ a dec5t & fa%ionable h\se 9 ! city ( ,ha>lem1 situat$ 9 ! m>ket place opposite ! royal palace4 ,! "n ( ,co/] 0 assum$1 & inh]it$ f 8 ance/ors1 :o _h long enjoy$ ! honorable & lucrative (fice ( ,co/] or ,sexton to ! *ur*4 ,?is man des]ves to be re/or$ to ! honor ( be+ ! fir/ inv5tor ( pr9t+1 ( :i* he has be5 unju/ly depriv$ by o!rs1 :o h enjoy$ ! praises due to him alone4 ,z he 0 walk+ 9 ! wood contigu\s to ! city1 :i* 0 ! g5]al cu/om ( ! ri*] citiz5s & m5 ( leisure1 9 ! aft]noon & on holidays he began at fir/ to cut "s lett]s ^u ! r9d ( a bee* tree2 :i* = fancy's sake1 be+ impress$ on pap]1 he pr9t$ "o or two l9es z a specim5 = 8 gr&-*ildr5 7! sons ( 8 daught]7 to foll[4 ,?is hav+ happily succe$$1 he m$itat$ great] ?+s 7z he 0 a man ( +5uity & judgm5t72 & fir/ ( all ) 8 son-9-law ,?omas ,pet] 7:o by ! way left ?ree sons1 :o all atta9$ ! consul> dignity71 inv5t$ a m glut9\s writ+ ink1 because he f\nd ! common ink sunk & spread2 & !n =m$ :ole pages ( wood1 ) lett]s cut ^u !m2--( :i* sort ,i h se5 "s essays 9 an anonym\s "w1 pr9t$ only on "o side1 entitl$ ,speculum no/r salutis3 9 :i* x is rem>kable1 t 9 ! infancy ( pr9t+ 7z no?+ is complete at its fir/ inv5tion71 ! back sides ( ! pages 7 pa/$ toge!r1 t !y might n by _! nak$ness betray _! de=mity4--,^! bee*5 lett]s he aft]w>ds *ang$ = lead5 ones1 & ^! aga9 = a mixture ( t9 & lead1 z a less flexible & m solid & durable sub/ance4 ,( ! rema9s ( :i* types1 :5 !y 7 turn$ to wa/e metal1 ^? old w9e-pots 7 ca/1 t are /ill pres]v$ 9 ! family h\se :i* looks into ! m>ket-place1 inhabit$ aft]w>ds by 8 great-gr&son ,g]>d ,?omas1 a g5tleman ( reputation1 :om ,i m5tion = ! honor ( ! family1 & :o di$ a few ye>s s9ce4 ,a new inv5tion nev] fails to engage curiosity4 ,& :5 a commodity nev] be=e se5 excit$ pur*as]s1 to ! advantage ( ! inv5tor1 ! admiration ( ! art increas$1 dep5d5ts 7 enl>g$1 & workm5 multipli$2 ! fir/ calamit\s incid5t6 ,among ^! 0 "o ,john4 ,:e!r1 z we suspect1 he _h om9\sly ! "n ( ,fau/us--unfai?ful & unlucky to 8 ma/]1--or :e!r he 0 really a p]son ( t "n1 ,i %all n mu* inquire2 be+ unwill+ to mole/ ! sil5t %ades1 :o suff] f a consci\sness ( _! pa/ actions 9 ?is life4 ,?is man1 b\nd by oa? to keep ! secret ( pr9t+1 :5 he ?\ght he _h le>n$ ! art ( jo9+ ! lett]s1 ! me?od ( ca/+ ! types1 & o!r ?+s ( t nature1 tak+ ! mo/ conv5i5t "t t 0 possible1 on ,*ri/mas eve1 :5 e "o 0 cu/om>ily employ$ 9 lu/ral sacrifices1 seizes ! collection ( types1 & all ! implem5ts 8 ma/] _h got toge!r1 &1 ) "o accomplice1 m>*es (f to ,am/]dam1 !nce to ,cologne1 & at la/ settl$ at ,m5tz1 z at an asylum ( security1 :]e he might g to "w ) ! tools he _h /ol54 ,x is c]ta9 t 9 a ye>'s "t1 viz4 9 #addb1 ! ,doctr9ale ( ,alex&] ,gallus1 :i* 0 a gramm> mu* us$ at t "t1 toge!r ) ! ,tracts ( ,pet] ( ,spa91 came =? !re1 f ! same types z ,laur5tius _h made use ( at ,ha>lem4 ,^! 7 ! fir/ products ( 8 press4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal circum/ances t ,i h collect$ f cr$ible p]sons1 f> advanc$ 9 ye>s1 :i* !y h transmitt$ l a flam+ tor* f h& to h&4 ,i h also met ) o!rs :o h confirm$ ! same40#hf ,junius's pr9cipal in=mant 01 he says1 8 tutor1 ,ni*olas ,galius1 an old g5tlem5 ( v t5aci\s memory1 :o relat$ t :5 a boy1 he 8_h (t5 he>d "o ,cornelius1 a bookb9d] 7!n upw>ds ( eighty ye>s ( age1 :o _h :5 a y\?1 assi/$ at ! pr9t+ (fice ( ,co/]71 describe ) great e>ne/ness ! num]\s trials & exp]im5ts made by 8 ma/] 9 ! infancy ( ! inv5tion4 ,:5 he came to t "p ( 8 n>rative t\*+ ! robb]y1 he w\ld bur/ into te>s1 & curse ) ! greate/ vehem5ce ^? nights 9 :i* he _h slept ) s vile a miscreant1 decl>+ t 7 he /ill alive1 he c\ld ) pleasure execute ! ?ief ) 8 own h&s40 ,junius /ates1 t he receiv$ a simil> acc\nt f ,quir9us ,talesius1 ! ,burgoma/]1 :o ass]t$ t x 0 recit$ to him by ! said ,cornelius3 ! latt] di$ 9 #aeae4hg ,( ,laur5t ,jansso5 ,co/]1 x seems to be satisfactorily prov$1 t he belong$ to ! mo/ di/+ui%$ & weal?y class ( ! inhabitants ( ! city4 ,he 0 born1 x is suppos$1 ab\t #acgj1 or #acga2 & notices ( him appe> 9 (ficial records z an (fic] ( ! city gu>d1 a memb] ( ! great c\ncil1 %]iff1 %]iff-presid5t1 & treasur]1 f #adag to #adcd4 ,f ! treasur]'s acc\nts he seems to h enjoy$ a r5t-*>ge ^u ! city f #adbb to #adce4 ,9 #addj an entry is made ( ! paym5t ( a simil> *>ge to "o 8,ymme1 wid[ ( ,laur5t ,jansso502 & z ,ha>lem 0 visit$ by a contagi\s malady 9 #adci1 ! probability is t ,laur5t 0 "o ( its victims4 ,( 8 family ! foll[+ p>ticul>s h be5 h&$ d[n4 ,8 daught] ,lucetta m>ri$ ,?omas ! son ( ,piet]2 & bore him two daught]s & ?ree sons1 ,piet]1 ,&r & ,?omas1 all ( :om fill$ important public (fice4 ,piet] ! son ( ,?omas1 _h a son call$ ,?omas ! son ( ,piet]1 ^: son ,g]>d1 di$ be=e ,junius wrote 8 "w4 ,! la/ desc5dant ( ! family 0 ,william ! son ( ,cornelius ,kroon1 :o di$ ! #bd? ,m>*1 #agbd4hh ,z ! acc\nt ins]t$ 9 ,junius's ,batavia is ! gr\ndwork ^u :i* all subsequ5t writ]s base _! argum5ts 9 behalf ( ! claims !y advance = ,co/]1 x behoves u to note h[ f> x agrees ) ! /atem5ts previ\sly made by o!rs4 ,x is alleg$ t ,co/] 7#a17 fir/ cut lett]s on ! b>k ( a bee* tree = 8 amusem5t2 7#b17 !n1 ) lett]s s cut1 he made words & s5t5ces = ! in/ruction ( 8 gr&-*ildr52 aft] :i* he 7#c17 inv5t$1 ) ! assi/ance ( 8 son-9-law1 a m glut9\s ink1 :]eupon he 7#d17 cut :ole pages ( lett]s on wood1 & pr9t$ !m4 ,he next 7#e17 made lett]s ( lead1 & pewt]1 to sup]s$e ^? ( wood2 7#f17 becom+ kn[n z a pr9t]1 & a public dem& aris+ = 8 productions1 he 7#g17 engag$ num]\s workm51 "o ( :om 7#h17 /ole all 8 mat]ials1 & c>ri$ !m (f to ,m5tz4 ,nei!r ,van ,zuyr51 nor ,coornh]t1 give p>ticul>s on ! fir/ five po9ts1 & 9 reg>d to ! #f? & #g?1 _! /atem5ts are oppos$ to ^? ( ,junius4 ,!y say ! art1 z inv5t$ at ,ha>lem1 0 rude & imp]fect1 & 0 n made public !re2 & al?\gh ,coornh]t says he _h (t5 be5 told ( ! family ( ! inv5tor1 8 "n & surname1 ( ! rude mann] ( pr9t+ fir/ us$1 & _h ev5 _h %ewn to him ! abode ( ! fir/ pr9t]2 he nei!r gives 8 "n nor describes ! me?od adopt$4 ,guicci>d9i gives 8 /atem5t1 z a matt] ( he>say1 = ! tru? ( :i* he w n v\*2 b 9 x !re is ?is diff]5ce f ^? ( ,van ,zuyr5 & ,coornh]t1 t ! au?or ( ! inv5tion happ5+ to die be=e ! art 0 br\ght to p]fection & _h acquir$ repute1 8 s]vant1 !y say1 w5t to reside at ,m5tz4 ,"h !n are ?ree writ]s1 liv+ at ! same "t ) ,junius1 all mak+ inquiries ^u ! same subject1 & d]iv+ _! in=mation f a common s\rce1 :o diff] f him on almo/ e po9t1 & 9 "s ( ! mo/ mat]ial pla9ly contradict him4 ,) ref]5ce to ! #e? po9t1 ! inv5tion ( metal types1--:e!r cut or ca/ ,junius does n say1--,h5ry ,spiegel1 s5ator ( ,am/]dam 7b4 #aedi1 d4 #afab71 /ates 9 8 ,dut* poem ,h]tspiegel4 8,?\ fir/1 ,laur5tius1 to supply ! defect ( wood5 tablets1 adopt$/ wood5 types1 & aft]w>ds did/ connect !m ) a ?read1 to imitate writ+4 ,a trea*]\s s]vant surreptiti\sly obta9$ ! honor ( ! discov]y3 b tru? itself1 ?\gh de/itute ( common & wide spread fame1 tru? ,i say1 /ill rema9s40 ,?is ,spiegel 0 a p]sonal fri5d ( ,coornh]t1 & x may be presum$ consult$ him respect+ ,junius's acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( pr9t+ at ,ha>lem4 ,( metal types he makes no m5tion2 b if ! traditions ( ,ha>lem at t "t gave ,laur5tius ! cr$it ( _! inv5tion1 x is altoge!r unacc\ntable :y ,spiegel omitt$ s notewor?y a circum/ance4 ,he probably reject$1 on ,coornh]t's au?ority1 :at ,junius _h writt5 on t "p ( ! subject4 ,junius's /ory ( ! !ft ( ,co/]'s types & implem5ts is confus$ & contradictory4 ,= suppos+ = a mom5t t ,co/] 0 ! pr9t] ( ! ,mirror ( ,salvation1 & t ! types 7 made ( pewt]2 if all t _h be5 ca/ = pr9t+1 7at ! mo/ n m ?an two pages at a "t71 _h be5 c>ri$ away1 toge!r ) ! pun*es1 matrices1 c41 h[ came ! w9e-pots1 alleg$ to be /ill 9 exi/5ce :5 ,junius wrote1 to be made ( !m :5 !y became wa/e metal8 ,^! w9e-pots af=d gr\nds = ! ass]tion1 by lat] writ]s1 t ! art cont9u$ to be practis$ by ! ,co/] family aft] ! alleg$ !ft2 b t ass]tion is contradict$ by ! /atem5ts else:]e made4 ,( ! !ft itself !re is no pro(4 ,! records ( ! city h be5 se>*$ 9 va9 = evid5ce ( any su* robb]y4 ,& ! se>* has be5 equally fruitless = evid5ce ( any su* inv5tion4 ,z to ! latt]1 ! w9e-pots are ! *ief witnesses4 ,!y 7 said to be kept 9 ! h\se inhabit$ by ,laur5t ,co/]'s great-gr&son ,g]>d ,?omas2 !y c\ld be appeal$ to2 b :at !n8 _! evid5ce is n ev5 z valuable z t adduc$ by ! s*ool boy :o claim$ to be ! c>v] ( a c]ta9 piece ( wood-"w1 8& "h10 said he1 8is ! v knife ) :i* ,i did x40 ,9 ! boy's case x c\ld at lea/ be %ewn1 t ! knife 0 "o ) :i* ! c>v+ might h be5 execut$2 b x w\ld be utt]ly impossible to prove1 )\t o!r & m reliable evid5ce ?an ! appe>ance ( ! pots !mselves1 t !y _h be5 ! orig9al prototypes ( ! art ( ,typography4 ,me]man1 h[ev]1 insi/s ^u x t ! ,co/]s c>ri$ on ! pr9t+ bus9ess at ,ha>lem until ab\t ! ye> #adgb1 :5 a bett] me?od hav+ be5 introduc$ by disciples ( ! ,m5tz s*ool1 !y sold (f _! /ock & retir$4 ,b all ^! allegations are bas$ ^u suppositions2 !re is no pro( :atev] t su* 0 ! case3 only1 x is evid5t t "s su* /ory mu/ be contriv$1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! pewt] w9e-pots be+ manufactur$ out ( ! wa/e & worn-out types4 ,b !n ! "p ( ! n>rative ( ,junius :]e ! w9e-pots are allud$ to1 does n tally ) t o!r "p1 :]e9 x is /at$ t ! ?ief & 8 accomplice decamp$ ) 8! collection ( types1 & all ! implem5ts 8 ma/] _h got toge!r40 ,= ,junius does n say1 t ,laur5tius ,jansso5 ,co/] got toge!r fre% implem5ts1 & made new types2 nor does he intimate t 8 family did s aft] 8 decease4 ,on ! contr>y1 he speaks ( ! !ft z an irrep>able loss1 ! ?\ght ( :i* made ! old book-b9d] ,cornelius1 curse ) ! greate/ vehem5ce4 ,?is irascible g>rul\s old man is ! same :o1 :5 a boy1 is said to h be5 employ$ 9 ,co/]'s pr9t+ (fice1 & :o1 :5 upw>ds ( eighty ye>s old1 told ! /ory to ,ni*olas ,galius ! old g5tlem5 ( t5aci\s memory1 :o 9 8 turn told x to 8 pupil ,junius4 ,x is pla9 t ! sole object ( ! orig9al tell]s ( ! /ory ( ! /rang]1 s]vant1 or ?ief1 0 to acc\nt = ! o!rwise inexplicable fact1 t ! _w 0 p]suad$ t pr9t+ orig9at$ at ,m5tz1 in/ead (1 z ! tradition-mong]s w\ld h x1 at ,ha>lem4 ,x is s+ul> t ,van ,zuyr5 & ,coornh]t make no m5tion ( ,co/] & ! w9e-pots4 ,!y _h _h ! h\se po9t$ out to !m1 :]e pr9t+ 0 said to h be5 inv5t$ & fir/ practis$ 9 private & 9 a v rude & imp]fect =m2 & if t h\se really belong$ to ! family ( ,laur5t ,jansso51 copies ( ! books pr9t$1--! old types !mselves1--! orig9al prototypes ( ! art ( ,typography--ought surely to h be5 ! pride & glory ( ! h\se1 r ?an pewt] w9e-pots1 a common en\gh article ( h\sehold furniture4 8,b10 says ,van ,zuyr51 8! h\se has long s9ce be5 despoil$ ( its preci\s cont5ts40 ,9 8 days !n1 & he is ! e>lie/ writ] on ! subject1 ! w9e-pots did n exi/2 or if !y did1 & if !y 7 kn[n to be ! re-%ap$ relics ( ! orig9al metal types1 h[ is 8 ignorance ( _! exi/5ce to be acc\nt$ =8 ,he & ,coornh]t 7 bo? liv+ & writ+ 9 ! city at ! same "t ) ,junius1 ) :om1 z "o ( ! le>n$ lit]ati ( ! day1 !y c\ld n b h be5 well acqua9t$1 if n on intimate & fri5dly t]ms4 ,aft] a long abs5ce1 ,junius return$ to ! city :]e ! o!rs 7 born & br$1 & :]e "o ( !m1 ,van ,zuyr51 fill$ ! (fice ( ,scab9us f #aedi to #aefa1 :5 he 0 advanc$ to ! dignity ( ,burgoma/]1 79 :i* ye> 8 p>tn] d$icat$ 8 "w to him & ! o!r (ficials ( ! city74 ,h[ !n came ,junius alone to le>n ! hi/ory ( ,laur5t ,jansso5's inv5tion8 & h[ is ,van ,zuyr5 & ,coornh]t's sil5ce to be acc\nt$ =1 9 reg>d to su* important matt]s affect+ ,laur5t ! son ( ,jans1 :o fill$ ! lucrative (fice ( ,co/] ( ! great *ur*2 :o 0 memb] ( ! great c\ncil1 %]iff1 %]iff-presid5t1 & f9ally treasur] ( ! city2--^: portrait 0 engrav$1 7or suppos$ to h be571 along ) ^? ( ,ouwat]1 ,hems51 ,m&91 & ,volk]t1 all em95t ,ha>lemese pa9t]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury2--& ^: hi/ory mu/ h be5 well kn[n to bo?1 :5 !y wrote1 ! "o decl>+ 8= ! love ( 8 c\ntry alone10--& ! o!r1 8n because ,i am jeal\s ( ! glory ( o!rs1 b because ,i love tru?08 ,:]e !n 0 ! love ( c\ntry & ! love ( tru?1 if !y omitt$1 or suppress$1 ! "n ( ! man :o inv5t$ ! art1 ! glory ( :i* !y 8c\ld n cons5t %\ld be effac$ f ! memory ( m51 & be buri$ 9 et]nal oblivion2 claims ( :i* x is our duty to pres]ve ! memorial1 = ! b5efit ( our late/ po/]ity08 ,!re c be no d\bt b t consid]ations ( ?is nature h l$ old] writ]s to express suspicions 9 reg>d to ! au!nticity ( ,junius's n>rative1 & to believe t 8 manuscript 0 tamp]$ ) betwe5 ! "t ( 8 dea?1 & ! publication ( ! "w 9 :i* x appe>s2 z well z to induce 8misgiv+s0 9 ! m9ds ( le>n$ ,dut*m5 ( ! pres5t day 8z to ! ultimate result ( full inquiry into ! subject40#hi ,admitt+ ) ! writ]s on ! ,ha>lem side1 t ! ,co/] family 0 "o ( weal? & influ5ce1 h[ comes x1 on ! "o h&1 t ! ?ief :o /ole ! types & implem5ts 0 n pursu$1 expos$ & puni%$8 or at any rate /ripp$ ( 8 /ol5 plumes1 :5 s e>ly z #adeg works 7 publi%$ 9 ,m5tz by pr9t]s :o ascrib$ ! :ole m]it ( ! inv5tion to !mselves8--& on ! o!r1 t hav+ replac$ ! /ol5 types & o!r implem5ts by new ones1 & cont9u+ to pr9t until #adgb1 ! desc5dants ( ,laur5t nev] claim$ ! honor ( ! inv5tion = !mselves or _! sire1 al?\gh !y mu/ h kn[n all along ( :at 0 tak+ place at ,m5tz1--:]e ,fau/ & ,s*ff] 7 ye>ly publi%+ books ) _! names atta*$8 ,h[ comes x t ! family possess$ no docum5ts t 9 any way ref]r$ to ! inv5tion8--t !y nev] kept by !m copies ( ! works !y are said to h pr9t$8--t none ( su* works 7 kn[n or f\nd 9 ,ha>lem until #afed or #affj1 :5 a *e/full ( old books )\t date or pr9t]'s "n 0 b\ght by ! city au?orities at a sale at ! ,hague--two c5turies lat]1 & at once attribut$ to !m8 ,h[ is x t no ,dut* writ] or pr9t]1 f #adda to #aehh1 claim$ ! honor ( ! inv5tion = 8 c\ntryman ,co/]8--t nei!r ,ni*olas ! son ( ,pet] ( ,ha>lem1 :o pr9t$ at ,padua 9 #adgf1 & at ,vic5za 9 #adgg2 ,h5ri ( ,ha>lem1 :o pr9t$ f #adhb to #adii 9 diff]5t cities2 & ,g]>d ( ,ha>lem1 :o ex]cis$ ! art at ,flor5ce 9 #adii1 nev] claim$ x = _! bro!r citiz5 & bir?place8 ,h[ comes x t ! e>lie/ kn[n pr9t]s 9 ,ha>lem itself1 ,john ,&riesson & ,jacob ,bella]t1 ^: books are dat$ #adhc & #adhe1 are sil5t ^u ! subject8--t ! fir/ pr9t]s 9 ,utre*t 9 #adgc--;& betwe5 t date & #adih1 ^? ( ,alo/1 ,antw]p1 ,bruges1 ,brussels1 ,culemb\rg1 ,delft1 ,dev5t]1 ,gh5t1 ,g\da1 ,h]tog5bos*1 ,leyd51 ,l\va91 ,/4 ,ma>t5sdyk1 ,niemeg51 ,oud5>de1 ,s*i$am1 ,s*oonhov51 ,zwolle1 & else:]e 9 ,holl& & ! ,l[ c\ntries1 make no m5tion ( x8--& t no?+ :atev] is kn[n ( any ( ! 8multipli$ workm510 & 8dep5d5ts10 :om ,laur5t ,jansso5 ,co/]1 x is alleg$1 0 oblig$ to employ to meet ! dem&s made ^u him by pur*as]s = copies ( ! products ( ! newly inv5t$ art8 ,h[1 f9ally1 is x to be acc\nt$ =1 t :ile ,co/]'s desc5dants 7 liv+ 9 ,ha>lem1 :5 ,van ,zuyr51 ,coornh]t1 & ,junius1 7 writ+ _! works1 ^? writ]s omitt$ to make inquiry ( any memb] ( ! family on a subject respect+ :i* ! family 7 ! p>ties mo/ int]e/$1 & c\ld h giv5 ! mo/ au!ntic in=mation8 ,p]haps !y did2 & :5 !y ask$ = ! /ory ( ! inv5tion1 discov]$ t ! family _h1 l ,cann+'s knife-gr9d]1 8no /ory to tell40 ,to ! objections1 t no pr9t$ book be>s ! "n ( ,co/] or 8 desc5dants1 & t nei!r he nor !y ev] ent]$ _! prote/ aga9/ ! pret5sions ( ,m5tz1 ,kon+ replies3#ij--8,we agree t no su* book has be5 f\nd2 b nei!r is any book to be f\nd be>+ ! "n ( ,gut5b]g4 ,mu/ we1 on ?is acc\nt1 /rike 8 "n out ( ! li/ ( ! fir/ pr9t]s8 ,! aim ( ! fir/ pr9t]s 0 to imitate manuscripts1 & to make _! pr9t$ books pass = su*2 & !re=e1 le/ _! art %\ld be f\nd out1 x behov$ !m to keep _! names a pr(\nd secret4444 ,! fir/ inv5tor c\ld h no idea ( ! a/oni%+ influ5ce :i* 8 art w\ld h 9 ! _w 9 future ages2 & no p]son c feel surprise t he did n affix 8 "n to 8 fir/ essays4 8,besides1 ! pr9t]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury v commonly omitt$ to put _! names to ! editions pr9t$ by !m4 ,! numb] ( books exi/+ ( ?is c5tury1 )\t ei!r ! "n ( ! pr9t] or ! place ( _! publication is prodigi\s4 ,ulric ,zell1 = example1 accord+ to ,sant&]1 pr9t$ eighty books1 &1 out ( ?is numb]1 has only put 8 "n to two or ?ree4 ,) :at appe>ance ( reason is x insi/$1 t ! works1 :i* are attribut$ to ,laur5t ,jansso5 ,co/]1 are n 81 because !y are n sign$ ) 8 "n8 8,b x is said1 t nei!r ,co/] nor 8 desc5dants ev] v9dicat$ _! claims1 aga9/ ! pret5sions put =? by ! ,m5tz pr9t]s4444 ,nei!r did ,gut5b]g v9dicate 81 aga9/ ,fau/ & ,s*ff]2 :o1 9 ! colophon ( ! ,psalt] ( #adeg1 & 9 ! subscriptions ( num]\s o!r books1 took all ! honor to !mselves1 mak+ no m5tion ( him :atev]2 al?\gh x is n d\bt$ t ,gut5b]g set up a pr9t+ (fice ( 8 own 9 #adee1 & he is reg>d$ by ! writ]s on ! side ( ,m5tz z ! inv5tor & p]fector ( ! art ( pr9t+40 ,z to ! inv5tor hav+ no idea ( ! a/oni%+ influ5ce :i* 8 art w\ld h 9 ! _w 9 future ages1 x is pla9 f ! evid5ce giv5 9 ! ,/rasburg law-suit1 t ,gut5b]g & 8 p>tn]s 7 fully p]suad$1 t ! "w !y _h und]tak5 0 "o by :i* !y w\ld make _! =tunes4 ,&1 al?\gh x is ass]t$ t ,gut5b]g nev] v9dicat$ 8 claim aga9/ ,fau/ & ,s*ff]1 yet x is c]ta9 t 8 m]it z ! inv5tor ( pr9t+ 0 kn[n to ! ,elector ( ,m5tz1 & ! ,k+ ( ,france1 & x is also expressly admitt$1 n only by 8 contempor>ies1 9 ,g]many1 ,italy1 & else:]e1 b by ,pet] ,s*ff] himself1 :o besides ! detail$ acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! inv5tion :i* he gave to ! ,abbot ,tri!mius 9 ! ye> #adhd1 all[$ ! ins]tion ( ! foll[+ among o!r ,lat9 v]ses at ! end ( ! 8,in/itutes ( ,ju/9ian10 pr9t$ by him 9 #adfh3-- ,hos d$it eximios sculp5di 9 arte magi/ros1 ,cui placet en mactos arte sagire viros1 ,quos g5uit ambos urbs mogunt9a ,johannes ,librorum insignes protoc>agmaticos2 ,cum quibus optatum ,petrus v5it ad poly&rum1 ,cursu po/]ior1 introeundo prior2 ,quippe quibus pr/at sculp5di lege sagitus ,a solo dante lum5 et +5ium4 ,^! l9es are ?us translat$ by ,humphreys1--8,he :o is pleas$ to create high tal5ts has giv5 u two great ma/]s ( ! art ( engrav+1 bo? be>+ ! "n ( ,john1 bo? be+ natives ( ! city ( ,may5ce1 & bo? hav+ become illu/ri\s z ! fir/ pr9t]s ( books4 ,pet] advanc$ ) !m t[>ds ! desir$ goal1 &1 />t+ ! la/1 arriv$ fir/1 hav+ be5 r5d]$ ! mo/ skilful 9 ! art ( engrav+ by him :o alone be/[s light & g5ius40 ,!re c be no d\bt b ! two ,johns & ! ,pet] "h ref]r$ to 7 ,john ,gut5b]g1 ,john ,fau/1 & ,pet] ,s*ff]4#ia ,up to ! date ( ,junius's publication1 #aehh1 no writ] _h claim$ ! honor ( ! inv5tion = ,co/]2 & b ?ree1 :o wrote betwe5 #aedi & #aefg1 _h ass]t$ ,ha>lem to h be5 its bir?place2--& "o ( ^!1 z we h se51 expressly decl9es to v\* = ! accuracy ( ! tradition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we le>n f ! rese>*es ( ,dean ,mall9ckrot1#ib t up to ! date ( ,junius's publication no less ?an sixty-two writ]s _h aw>d$ ! honor ( ! inv5tion to ,gut5b]g1 & fix$ its bir?place1 & ! place ( its promulgation to ! _w at ! cities ( ,/rasburg & ,m5tz4 ,al?\gh abundant pro( has already be5 giv5 ^u ^! po9ts1 ! foll[+ selection f contempor>y & hi/oric evid5ce is add$1 9 ord] to %ew ! /r5g? & solidity ( ! basis ^u :i* ^? claims re/1 & h[ ?or\ghly x outweighs all t has be5 br\ght =w>d by writ]s on ! opposite side4 ,9 #adeg1 on ! publication ( _! ,psalt]1 ,fau/ & ,s*ff] ascrib$ to !mselves ! m]it ( ! new inv5tion4 ,aft] ,fau/'s dea?1 ,s*ff] ins]t$ 9 ! impr9t or colophon on ! la/ page ( 8 works1 ! words 89 nobili urbe ,mag5ti ejusdem 7i4 e4 artis imprim5di7 inv5tri elimatriceque prima40 ,9 #adhj1 ,william ,caxton1 9 8 cont9uation ( ,higd5's ,poly*ronicon1 pr9t$ at ,we/m9/]1 says 8,ab\t ?is "t #adee ! craft ( imprynt+ 0 fir/ f\nd 9 ,mogunce 9 ,almayne40#ic ,9 ! ,fasciculi ,temporum pr9t$ by ,qu5tel at ,cologne 9 #adgh & #adha1 x is /at$ t ! art ( pr9t+ orig9at$ at ,m5tz4 ,9 ! ,black book or ,regi/] ( ! ,g>t]1 x is said ) ref]5ce to ! #ce? ye> ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vi1 anno #adeg1 8,9 ?is ye> ( our mo/ pi\s k+1 ! art ( pr9t+ books fir/ began at ,m5tz1 a fam\s city ( ,g]many40 ,& 9 ,fabian's ,*ronicle1 ! writ]1 a contempor>y ( ,caxton1 says1 8,?is y]e 7#ce? ( ,h5ry ,,vi17 aft] ! opynyon ( dyv]se wryt]s1 began 9 a citie ( ,alma9e1 namyd ,mogunce1 ! crafte ( empryntynge bokys1 :i* s5 t tyme ha? _h wond]ful encrease40 ,x 0 9 ?is ye> #adeg1 t ! fir/ book appe>$ :i* has ! pr9t]'s "n1 date1 & place ( pr9t+1 affix$4 ,?is is ! celebrat$ ,psalt] pr9t$ by ,fau/ & ,s*ff]4 ,9 #adhf1 ,b]?old1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,m5tz1 9 a m&ate :i* w be quot$ at l5g? 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 /ates1 8?is art1 pr9t+ 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 ?is city ( ,m5tz40 ,a s+le te/imony simil> to ei!r ( ! above 9 favor ( ,ha>lem1 w\ld h be5 hail$ ) delight by any ( ! writ]s 9 ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & _! tribe ( foll[]s :o advocate ! claims ( t city2 b :at foll[s is mu* m =cible & decisive4 8,( all ! au?ors to :om ! _w is indebt$ = a p>ticul> acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( pr9t+10 says1 ,mr4 ,palm]1#id 8,abbot ,tri!mius ju/ly claims pre-em95ce2 bo? ^u acc\nt ( 8 liv+ ne>e/ to ! "t :5 ! art orig9at$1 :i* he tells u 0 9 8 y\ng] ye>s2 z well z 8 c>e to d]ive 8 intellig5ce on ! subject f ! pure/ s\rces4 ,we h two noble te/imonies out ( 8 *ronicle2 "o f ! fir/ "p entitl$ ,*ronicon ,spanheim5se1 :]e91 speak+ ( ! ye> #adej1 he says3 #8,t ab\t ?is "t1 ! art ( pr9t+ & ca/+ s+le types 0 f\nd out anew 9 ! city ( ,m5tz1 by "o ,john ,gut5b]g1 :o hav+ sp5t 8 :ole e/ate 9 ?is difficult discov]y1 by ! assi/ance & advice ( "s hone/ m51 ,john ,fau/ & o!rs1 br\ght 8 und]tak+ at l5g? to p]fection2 t ! fir/ improv] ( ?is art1 aft] ! inv5tor1 0 ,pet] ,s*ff] de ,g]n%eim1 :o aft]w>ds pr9t$ a great _m volumes2 t ! said ,gut5b]g liv$ at ,m5tz1 9 a h\se call$ ,zum-jungh51 b aft]w>ds kn[n by ! "n ( ! pr9t+ h\se4' 8,! next passage1 :i* is full]1 & = its s+ul>ity & decisiv5ess des]ves to be set d[n at l5g?1 is tak5 out ( ! second "p ( ,tri!mius's *ronicle1 entitl$ ,*ronicon ,hirsaugi5se3--#8,ab\t ?is "t 7anno #adej7 9 ! city ( ,m5tz 9 ,g]many ^u ! ,rh9e1 & n 9 ,italy1 z "s writ]s falsely affirm$1 ! wond]ful & till !n unkn[n art ( pr9t+ books by metal types 7*>act]iz&i7 0 inv5t$ & devis$ by ,john ,gut5b]g1 citiz5 ( ,m5tz1 :o1 hav+ almo/ exhau/$ 8 :ole e/ate 9 contriv+ ( ?is new me?od1 & lab\r+ "u su* insup]able difficulties1 9 "o respect or o!r1 t he began to despair ( & to ?r[ up ! :ole design2 0 at l5g? assi/$ ) ! advice & purse ( ,john ,fau/1 ano!r citiz5 ( ,m5tz1 & happily br\ght x to p]fection4 ,hav+ !re=e1 begun ) cutt+ *>act]s ( ! lett]s ^u wood5 planks1 9 _! "r ord]1 & complet$ _! =ms1 !y pr9t$ ! vocabul>y call$ ! ,ca?olicon2 b c\ld make no fur!r use ( ^? =ms1 because !re 0 no possibility ( sep>at+ ! lett]s1 :i* 7 engrav5 on ! planks1 z we h9t$ be=e4 ,to ?is succe$$ a m +5i\s inv5tion1 = !y f\nd out a way ( /amp+ ! %apes ( e lett] ( ! ,lat9 alphabet1 9 :at !y call$ matrices1 f :i* !y aft]w>ds ca/ _! lett]s1 ei!r 9 copp] or t91 h>d en\gh to be pr9t$ ^u1 :i* !y fir/ cut ) _! own h&s4 ,x is c]ta9 t ?is art met ) no small difficulties f ! beg9n+ ( its inv5tion1 z ,i he>d ?irty ye>s ago f ! m\? ( ,pet] ,s*ff] de ,g]n%eim1 citiz5 ( ,m5tz1 & son-9-law to ! fir/ inv5tor ( ! ,art4 ,= :5 !y w5t ab\t pr9t+ ! ,bible1 be=e !y _h work$ (f ! ?ird quire x _h co/ !m already above #djjj flor9s4 ,b ! a=e-m5tion$ ,pet] ,s*ff]1 !n s]vant1 7famulus17 & aft]w>ds son-9-law1 to ! fir/ inv5tor ,john ,fau/1 z we h9t$ be=e1 be+ a p]son ( great +5uity1 discov]$ an easi] me?od ( ca/+ lett]s1 & p]fect$ ! art z we n[ h x4 ,^! ?ree kept _! mann] ( pr9t+ v secret = "s "t1 until x 0 divulg$ by _! s]vants1 )\t ^: help x 0 impossible to manage ! bus9ess1 :o c>ri$ x fir/ to ,/rasburg1 & by degrees all ov] ,europe4 ,?us mu* w suffice conc]n+ ! discov]y ( ?is wond]ful art1 ! fir/ inv5tors ( :i* 7 citiz5s ( ,m5tz4 ,^! ?ree fir/ discov]]s ( pr9t+1 viz4 ,john ,gut5b]g1 ,john ,fau/1 & ,pet] ,s*ff] 8 son-9-law1 liv$ at ,m5tz1 9 a h\se call$ ,zum-jungh51 b ev] s9ce kn[n by ! "n ( ! pr9t+ h\se4'0#ie ,equally cle> & to ! po9t1 if n m s1 z well z ! fir/ publi%$ 9 po9t ( "t1 is ! /atem5t giv5 by ,johan4 ,koelh(f1 :o 9 #adii pr9t$ ! foll[+ p>ticul>s 9 ! ,cologne ,*ronicle1 on ! au?ority ( ,ulric ,zell ( ,ha9ault1 by :om ! art ( pr9t+ 0 fir/ introduc$ to ,cologne4 ,zell le>n$ ! art directly f ! fir/ ,m5tz pr9t]s2 & 9 ! colophons ( two small works pr9t$ 9 ! ye>s #adff & #adfg1 he /yles himself a cl]k ( ! diocese ( ,m5tz4 ,! /atem5t is z foll[s3-- 8,( ! pr9t+ ( ,books1 & :5 & by :om1 ?is ,art 0 discov]$1 ( :i* ! utility _c be too highly appreciat$1 c4 8,item3 ,?is mo/ important art 0 fir/ f\nd out 9 ,g]many1 at ,m5tz on ! ,rhyne4 ,& x is a great hon\r to ! ,g]man nation t su* +5i\s m5 7 f\nd 9 x4 ,?is took place ab\t ! ye> ( our ,"l ,m4,,cccc4,,xl41 & f t "t to ! ye> ,l41 ?is art & :atev] app]ta9s to x 7 r5d]$ m p]fect4 ,& 9 ! ye> ,m4,,cccc4,l4 :i* 0 a jubilee ye>1 !y began to pr9t2 & ! fir/ book t 0 pr9t$ 0 ! ,bible 9 ,lat91 & x 0 pr9t$ ) l>g] *>act]s ?an ^? :i* are n[ us$ = pr9t+ ,missals4 ,item3 ,al?\gh ?is art1 z we h said1 0 f\nd out 9 ,m5tz 9 ! way 9 :i* x is commonly us$2 nev]!less ! prototype ( x 7#8vurbildung1' prfiguratio7 0 f\nd 9 ,holl&1 9 ! ,donatuses 7d5 ,donat57 :i* _h be5 be=e pr9t$ !re2 & x is f & out ( ^!1 t ! beg9n+ ( ?is art 0 tak54 ,& ?is mann] has be5 f\nd mu* m ma/]ly & subtle ?an t :i* be=e exi/$1 & x has become m & m +5i\s4 ,item3 ,a p]son nam$ ,omnibonus writes 9 ! preface to ,qu9ctilian1 & 9 o!r books1 t a c]ta9 ,fr5*man1 call$ ,ni*olas ,g5son1 fir/ discov]$ ?is important art2 :i* is cle>ly n true4 ,= !re are p]sons n[ liv+1 :o c atte/1 t books 7 pr9t$ at ,v5ice be=e ,ni*olas ,g5son w5t !re1 & began to sculpture & set up type4 ,b ! fir/ inv5tor ( pr9t+ 0 a citiz5 ( ,m5tz1 born at ,/rasburg1 call$ ,johan4 ,gud5bur*1 ,g5tleman4 ,item3 ,f ,m5tz ! said art 0 fir/ c>ri$ to ,cologne1 !n to ,/rasburg1 & !n to ,v5ice4 ,! comm5cem5t & progress ( ?is art has be5 told me expressly by ^w ( m\?1 by ! rev]$ ma/] ,ulri* ,tzell ( ,ha9ault1#if ! pr9t]1 /ill liv+ at ,cologne 9 ! pres5t ye> ,m4,,cccc4,,xcix41 by :om ! art 0 fir/ br\ght to ,cologne4 ,item3 ,!re are ill-in=m$ p]sons :o say t books 7 pr9t$ 9 m anci5t times2 b t is contr>y to ! tru?1 z 9 no c\ntry are books to be f\nd pr9t$ 9 ^? times40 ,zell's acc\nt is confirm$ by ! writ] ( ! ,nurimb]g ,*ronicle1 pr9t$ by ,koburg] 9 #adic1 :o /ates t 9 ! ye> #adej1 ! noble art ( typography 0 fir/ inv5t$ by ,john ,gut5b]g at ,m5tz4 ,to ! l effect is ! te/imony ( ,m>c ,ant4 ,coccius ,sabellicus 7b4 #adcf2 d4 #aejf17 9 ! six? *apt] ( 8 ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 pr9t$ at ,v5ice 9 #aejd4 ,9 #aejb1 ,wimphel+1 ! e>lie/ writ] 9 fav\r ( ! pret5sions ( ,/rasburg1 /ates1 9 8 ,epitome ,r]um ,g]manic>um1 t ,gut5b]g 0 8! inv5tor ( a new art ( writ+ 7ars impressoria71 :i* might also be call$ a div9e b5efit1 & :i* he happily complet$ at ,m5tz40 ,9 #aeje1 ,john ,s*ff]1 elde/ son & successor to ,pet]1 ,fau/'s son-9-law1 decl>es 9 a ,d$ication to ! ,emp]or ,maximilian ( an edition ( ,livy1 pr9t$ t ye>1 t ! admirable art ( ,typography 0 inv5t$ at ,m5tz 9 ! ye> #adej1 by ,john ,gut5b]g1 & aft]w>ds improv$ & p]fect$ by ! /udy1 p]sev]ance & lab\r ( ,john ,fau/ & ,pet] ,s*ff]4#ig ,?is "w 0 edit$ by ! le>n$ ,dr4 ,ivo ,wittig1 ! same :o 9 #aejh erect$ ! memorial tablet 9 front ( ! h\se ,zum ,gut5b]g1 ! inscription on :i* is giv5 at page #aih4 ,ab\t #aeaj1 ,m>iangelus ,accursius1 a ,neapolitan s*ol> ( di/9ction1 wrote on ! fir/ page ( a ,donatus1 pr9t$ on vellum1 8,johan ,fau/1 a citiz5 ( ,m5tz1 ! mat]nal gr&fa!r ( ,johan ,s*ff]1 fir/ f\nd out ! art ( pr9t+ ) types ( brass1 = :i* he aft]w>ds sub/itut$ ^? ( lead2 8 son-9-law1 ,pet] ,s*ff]1 greatly assi/+ him 9 p]fect+ ! art4 ,b ?is ,donatus & ,confessionalia 0 fir/ ( all pr9t$ 9 ! ye> #adej4 ,x is c]ta9 t he took ! idea f a ,donatus :i* _h be5 be=e pr9t$ f engrav$ wood5 blocks 9 ,holl&40 ,! ,donatus 9 :i* ?is 0 writt5 0 9 ! possession ( ! y\ng] ,aldus1 :o %ew$ x to ,angelo ,rocca1 by :om ! memor&um 0 copi$1 & pr9t$ 9 ! ye> #aeia4 ,erasmus ( ,rott]dam1 :o 0 intimate ) ! mo/ le>n$ m5 & pr9cipal pr9t]s ( ,g]many1 ,holl&1 ,italy1 & ,france1 & ^: inquisitive m9d l$ him to obta9 in=mation on e possible topic2 :o _h beside him = _m ye>s 9 ! capacity ( ,secret>y1 ! same ,quir9us ,talesius f :om ,junius obta9$ ! confirmation ( ! /ory ( ,ni*olas ,galius2 :o greatly eulogis$ ! productions ( ! ,flem+1 ,jodocus ,badius1 a pr9t] 9 ,france1 & moreov] wrote ! epitaph ov] 8 fri5d ,!odore ,m>t5s1 ! fir/ pr9t] 9 ,belgium1 & :o 0 z jeal\s ( ! honor ( 8 fa!rl& z any ,holl&] c\ld be2 nev]!less repeat$ly decl>$ ,fau/ to be ! e>lie/ pr9t]1 & ,m5tz ! city :]e pr9t+ 0 fir/ practis$4 ,?is he did 9 #aeah1 9 8 d$icatory ,epi/le to an edition ( ,livy1 publi%$ by ,john ,s*ff]1 & aga9 9 8 own edition ( ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,hi]onym\s1 publi%$ at ,leyd5 9 #aecj4 ,arnold de ,b]gel1 9 8 ,encomion ,*alcographi1 previ\sly ref]r$ to1 describes ! fir/ pr9t+ ( books by ,john ,gut5b]g at ,m5tz 9 ! ye> #adej4 ,! idea orig9at$1 he says1 by ,gut5b]g obs]v+ :ile at ,/rasburg ! impression made by 8 signet r+ 9 s(t wax4#ih ,seba/ian ,mun/]1 9 8 ,univ]sal ,cosmography1 pr9t$ 9 #aega1 /ates t 9 ! ye>s #addj to #adej ! art ( pr9t+ 0 inv5t$ & fir/ practis$ 9 ,m5tz by ,john ,gut5b]g1 aft]w>ds assi/$ by ,john ,fau/ & ,john ,m$9ba*4 ,pet] ,van ,opm]1#ii a fell[-c\ntryman & contempor>y ( ,junius1 & a writ] ( repute1 says ) ref]5ce to ! sudd5 outbur/ ( le>n+ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! fifte5? c5tury3--8,?is 0 effect$ by ! assi/ance ( t art1 :i* f metal *>act]s ( lett]s +5i\sly ca/1 dispos$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* we write1 spread ov] ) a conv5i5t quantity ( ink1 & put "u ! press1 has u%]$ into ! _w books 9 all languages1 & multipli$ _! copies l a num]\s (fspr+1 & has obta9$ ! "n ( ,,typography4 ,?is ,art ( ,pr9t+ 0 mo/ c]ta9ly inv5t$ & br\ght to light by ,john ,fau/ 9 ! ye> #addj4 ,x is amaz+ t ! au?or ( s important a discov]y1 & s g5]\s a promot] ( div9e & human le>n+1 %\ld be unwor?ily =gott51 or only casually rememb]$ z a m]e arti/4 ,surely su* a p]son des]ves a place among/ ! greate/ b5efactors ( mank9d40#ajj ,a goodly numb] ( simil> te/imonies might easily be collect$1 9 n "o ( :i* is any ref]5ce made to ei!r ,co/] or ,ha>lem4 ,n a s+le ,dut* or ,flemi% annali/ or *ronicl] or hi/orian1 previ\s to #aefj1 ev] makes ! slighte/ allusion to ! man or ! place 9 connection ) ! art ( pr9t+4 ,ev5 ,jan ,g]brant1 ,prior ( ! ,c>melite ,ord] at ,ha>lem1 :o di$ !re 9 #aejd1 knew no?+ ( ! matt]4 ,yet he is ! compil] ( ! ,*ronicle ( ! ,c\nts ( ,holl& & ,bi%ops ( ,utre*t2 & if pr9t+ _h be5 ! inv5tion ( 8 contempor>y ,co/]1 & practis$ 9 ! city ( ,ha>lem1 he c\ld n h be5 ignorant ( ! facts1 nor w\ld he h fail$ to record !m 9 8 ,*ronicle4 ,me]man & 8 foll[]s va9ly try to evade ! =ce ( ?is fatal sil5ce2 all _! le>n+ & +5uity are br\ght to be>1 b )\t effect2 = if1 z !y ma9ta91 ! hi/orians ( t "t consid]$ ! attempts made at ,ha>lem s crude & imp]fect1 z n to be wor?y _! notice1 :at is to be made ( ! /atem5t ( ,junius1 t ! inv5tion attract$ notice2 t ! works pr9t$ 7 publicly sold1 & ! bus9ess increas$ s mu*1 t num]\s workm5 & assi/ants _h to be engag$8 ,! numb] ( works said by ,kon+ & o!rs to h issu$ f ! ,co/] press1 indicates any?+ b a crude & imp]fect /ate ( ! art2 & if ^? works _h be5 pr9t$ by ! sacri/an ( ! great ,*ur* ( ,ha>lem1 ! ,prior ( ! ,c>melites1 liv+ 9 ! city at ! same "t1 mu/ h kn[n ( _! exi/5ce4 ,h[ !n is 8 sil5ce to be acc\nt$ =8 ,! only rational conclusion to :i* "o c arrive1 is1 t ! tradition1 :i*1 aft] ! gr[? ( a hundr$ ye>s 0 m\ld$ into hi/oric n>rative by ,junius1 _h nei!r exi/5ce nor f\ndation 9 ! days ( ,prior ,g]brant4 ,z an aid to hi/ory1 9 ! elucidation ( facts o!rwise obscure1 tradition is a valuable auxili>y2 b z oppos$ to hi/ory & well kn[n facts1 !re is no m unreliable s\rce ( in=mation4 ,e "o is aw>e h[ witnesses ( ! same occurr5ce w diff] 9 _! /atem5ts ( ! p>ticul>s ( :at !y saw2 & all :o h tak5 ! pa9s to unravel old traditions well "k h[ :olly unlike _! orig9 !y ultimately & all b inv>iably prove to be4 ,!re is no reason = suppos+ t ! traditional acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( pr9t+ 9 ,ha>lem is an exception to ! rule4 ,! age 0 "o prone to ! inv5tion ( leg5ds2 & 9 ! e>ly days ( pr9t+ 9 t city1 & aft] ,ulric ,zell _h publi%$ 8 acc\nt at ,cologne1 & attribut$ to ,gut5b]g ! tak+ ( ! idea f ! ,donatuses fir/ pr9t$ 9 ,holl&1 x is by no means unlikely t an old pr9t]1 or an old book-b9d]1 9 ,ha>lem1 :o _h :5 a boy se5 a specim5 ( a ,biblia ,paup]um or a ,donatus1 9 ! h&s ( ! ,sacri/an ( ! ,*ur*1 w\ld say1 fir/1 t he _h se5 ! pro( t pr9t+ orig9at$ 9 ,holl&1 !re1 9 t city2 !n1 /ret*+ a po9t1 t pr9t+ orig9at$ !re2 o!rs1 repeat+ ?is1 w\ld ass]t t ! pro( t su* 0 ! fact exi/$2 t x _h be5 se5 9 ! h&s ( ! ,co/]2 t ! ,co/] pr9t$ x2 t !re 0 ! h\se he liv$ 92 t x 0 a %ame ! ,g]mans1 :o /ole ! idea ( ! sep>able types f ! ,dut*1 %\ld get all ! cr$it2 t !y _h robb$ ,co/] ( 8 fame2 nay robb$ him ( 8 types2 t x mu/ h be5 "o ( ! ,johns ( ,m5tz :o 0 ! ?ief2 & s on1 v>y+ & amplify+ ! tale1 until ! "t ( ,junius1 :o f9d+ ! poem ( ,arnold de ,b]gel imp>t+ a fre% halo ( glory to ,m5tz & h] ?ree fir/ pr9t]s1 adopt$ & embelli%$ ! tradition1 & borr[+ c]ta9 ideas f ,virgil z well z f ,b]gel1 gave 9 8 ,batavia an acc\nt ( ! fir/ conception & ultimate realization ( ! idea1 :i* %\ld /& z a rival to ! acc\nt giv5 9 ! ,encomion ,*alcographi4 ,! docum5ts ^u :i* ! ,ha>lemese ma9ly rely1 prove ( !mselves t ! tradition grew )9 ! space ( a few ye>s almo/ z rapidly z ! pill>-l fl[]-/alk ( ! gigantic ,am]ican aloe1 & effloresc$ z abundantly 9 ! n>rative ( ,junius--! prolific prog5itor ( a ho/ ( subsequ5t writ]s3--= fir/1 79 say #aeee17 ! art only 8became ! companion ( a c]ta9 /rang]20#aja--!n 7#aefa7 x 80 c>ri$ to ,m5tz by an unfai?ful s]vant20#ajb--next1 7#aefg7 8! au?or ( ! inv5tion happ5+ to die be=e ! art 0 br\ght to p]fection & _h acquir$ repute1 8 s]vant !y say w5t to reside at ,m5tz30#ajc--;f9ally1 7#aefh7 ! =esworn workman1 ! ?ief ,john1 :ile 8 ma/] 0 /ill alive 444 seizes ! collection ( types1 & all ! implem5ts 8 ma/] _h got toge!r 444 m>*es (f to ,am/]dam1 !nce to ,cologne1 & at la/ settl$ at ,m5tz2--& ,co/]1 lam5t+ 8 losses1 tells 8 woes to ! little boy ,cornelis1 :o us$ to help ! book-b9d]2 & ,cornelis is s p[]fully affect$ by ! tale1 t sev5ty-two ye>s aft]1 :5ev] he 0 ask$ to repeat x1 he w\ld fall into passionate weep+s1 & curse & execrate ! miscreant ,john1 & v[ no?+ w\ld please him m1 7 he b alive1 ?an ) 8 own h&s to hang him outright4#ajd ,^! are ! bases ^u :i* are built 8! accumulat$ & /ill accumulat+ evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,co/]10--! 8va/ mass ( unansw]able evid5ce 9 8 fav\r10--9 pres5ce ( :i* 8! advocates ( ,gut5b]g's claim to priority are sl[ to give way20 & = :i* sl[ness !y are accus$ ( 8clos+ bo? eyes & e>s to te/imony ( e k9d1 refus+ to ackn[l$ge t !re is ! slighte/ gr\nd = ! claims ( ,holl& z aga9/ !1 ass]t$1 ov]:elm+ evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,g]many40#aje ,) su* writ]s1 ! array ( facts on ! ,gut5b]g side ( ! "q goes = naught4 ,p9n+ _! fai? to ,junius !y 444 8) p[] 7_! p[] 0 great7 ,hov]+ ^u ! wat]s :at !y met ,solid or slimy1 z 9 rag+ sea ,toss'd up & d[n1 toge!r cr[d$ drove ,f ea* side %oal+40 ,lab\r+ ?us1 !y f ,me]man to ,van ,meurs#ajf 444 8foll[+ 8 track ,pav$ aft] him a broad & beat5 way ,ov] ! d>k abyss1 ^: boil+ gulf ,tamely endur$ a bridge ( wondr\s l5g?40 ,& patriotic ,dut*m5 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ) a full reliance on ! /ability ( ! /ructure ?us rais$1 h /ruck m$als1 put up tablets1 & erect$ monum5ts1 commemorative ( ! memory ( ! 8immortal & incomp>able ,laur5t ,jansso510 & ! art he is alleg$ to h inv5t$1 ) an en?usiasm /rangely at v>iance ) _! utt] ignorance ( ! man & 8 inv5tion = upw>ds ( a c5tury aft] 8 dea?4#ajg ,( a v diff]5t op9ion h[ev] 0 ,erasmus1 :o1 x may fairly be presum$1 0 n left unacqua9t$ by 8 secret>y1 ,talesius1 ) ! tradition :i* assign$ to ,ha>lem & ,co/] ! orig9 ( pr9t+2 b :o %ew$1 by 8 public decl>ations assign+ t honor to ,m5tz1 t he deem$ ! tradition unwor?y ( belief1 & de/itute ( ev5 a basis ( tru?4 ,( a diff]5t op9ion too1 0 ,van ,opm]1 :o mu/ h be5 aw>e ( ! /atem5ts put =? 9 ,coornh]t's edition ( ,cic]o's ,(fices1 & _h opportunity ( judg+ ( _! tru?2 al?\gh ,spiegel1 liv+ at ! same "t & 9 ! same city ) ,opm]1 adopt$ !m1 & ass]t$ ,laur5tius to be ! inv5tor ( sep>able wood5 types4 ,c>l ,van ,m&]1 h[ev]1 a lat] writ]1 pursu+ 8 inve/igations 9 ! city ( ,ha>lem1 :ile prep>+ ! mat]ials = 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,lives ( ,pa9t]s & ,engrav]s1 :i* 0 pr9t$ !re ab\t #afje1 is z sil5t on ! subject ( ,co/]1 z ,prior ,g]brant4 ,not)/&+ all ?is1 ,me]man & ! multitude :o foll[ 9 8 wake1 cl+ to _! fai? 9 ,junius4 ,8 ass]tions1 contradictory z !y h be5 %ewn to be1 to ^? ( writ]s imm$iately prec$+ him1 outweigh ) !m all o!r evid5ce4 ,en\gh = !m ! support he receives 9 ! te/imony ( ,ulric ,zell & ,m>iangelus ,accursius4 ,! read] has t te/imony be=e him1 & c =m 8 own e/imate ( its weight on ! ,co/]ian side ( ! balance4 ,zell is ! only au?ority = ! /atem5t t ,block-book ,donatuses 7 fir/ pr9t$ 9 ,holl&4 ,accursius b recapitulates ,zell's words1 ^u a ,donatus :i* he /ates 0 pr9t$ by ,fau/ at ,m5tz 9 #adej4 ,zell 0 a ,flem+1 & al?\gh he le>n$ ! art ( pr9t+ at ,m5tz & c>ri$ x !nce to ,cologne1 he _h )\t d\bt 8 national p>tialities2 8 acc\nt is n h[ev] borne out by t ( ,s*ff]1 giv5 to ,abbot ,tri!mius 9 #adhd1 al?\gh ! two /atem5ts are n contradictory4 ,nei!r d !y contradict ! acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! art z /at$ by ,b]gel4 ,ea* may supplem5t ! o!r4 ,! fir/ idea ( pr9t+ may h occurr$ to ,gut5b]g f ! impressions made 9 wax by 8 signet r+1 & 8 cogitations ^u ! subject h be5 fur!r confirm$ by ,block-books b\ght at ,aix-la-,*apelle4 ,x may !re=e be admitt$1 t ,block-book ,donatuses 7 pr9t$ & sold 9 ,holl&1 prior to #adcf4 ,b :at !n8 ,ha>lem is n ,holl&1 any m ?an ,liv]pool is ,engl&4 ,& to argue t if su* books 7 pr9t$ 9 ,holl&1 !y mu/ !re=e h be5 produc$ at ,ha>lem2#ajh & if ! "w ( a ,holl&]1 :y n ( ,co/]8#aji is simply to attempt to cut ?r\gh a difficulty :i* has defi$ e o!r ef=t to p5etrate or solve2 & moreov] x leaves unt\*$ ! "q1 :e!r sep>able types 7 fir/ made 9 ,g]many or ,holl&1 :i* is ! h+e :]eon ! :ole controv]sy 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( ,typography turns4 ,b ,junius specifies ! 8,mirror ( ,human ,salvation10 z a "w1 ! l ( :i*1 or ( :i* sort1 0 ! "w :i* _h be5 pr9t$ by ,co/]3--a "w ) wood-cut figures & descriptive text bel[1 & pr9t$ on "o side only4 ,!re 7 sev]al works ( ?is k9d kn[n2 & al?\gh "s h be5 allud$ to 9 ! previ\s *apt]s1 a m ext5d$ notice ( !m may "h be giv54 ,temptationes ,demonis2 a l>ge block cov]+ "o side ( an entire %eet ( pap]1 & conta9+ texts ( ,scripture1 ) figures ( angels & devils4 ,donatus1 de ,octo ,p>tibus ,orationis4 ,biblia ,paup]um1 consi/+ ( =ty leaves ( small folio2 ea* leaf conta9s a c5tral design ( ?ree scriptural subjects1 ) two half-l5g? figures ( prophets or holy m5 bo? above & bel[2 on ei!r side ( ^! are explanatory descriptions1 :ile b5ea? are _! names1 ) additional inscriptions on scrolls4 ,hi/oria ,sancti ,johannis ,evangeli/1 ,ejusque ,visiones ,apocalyptic2 folio designs ( sc5es f ! ,apocalypse1 two subjects on ea* page1 ) labels & scrolls conta9+ descriptive matt]4 ,hi/oria seu ,provid5tia ,virg9is ,m>i1 ex ,cantico ,canticorum1 or ! ,book ( ,canticles2 consi/+ ( eight blocks1 ea* conta9+ f\r designs1 ) ,lat9 inscriptions on scrolls int]sp]s$ among ! figures4 ,hi/oria ,beat ,m>i ,virg9is ex ,evangeli/is et ,patribus exc]pta et p] ,figuras ,demon/rata4 ,def5sorium inviolat ,virg9itatis ,m>i ,virg9is4 ,d] ,entkri/1 or ! ,book ( ,anti*ri/2 consi/+ ( ?irty-n9e cuts ) text4 ,ars ,memor&i2 a qu>to "w ( f\rte5 pages1 consi/+ ( :ole page engrav+s ( symbols ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s1 ) accompany+ pages ( explanations4 ,ars ,mori5di2 a s]ies ( qu>to cuts1 exhibit+ ! dea?s ( good & bad m51 ) descriptive pages ( text opposite ! cuts4 ,a qu>to "w ( ?irty-two cuts1 conta9+ subjects ( ,sacr$ writ2 "u ea* cut are fifte5 v]ses 9 ! ,g]man language4 ,speculum ,human ,salvationis2 fifty-eight leaves1 ea* conta9+ two designs1 mo/ly f ! ,old or ,new ,te/am5t2 ea* design has a ,lat9 inscription ( "o l9e engrav$ on x4 ,b5ea? is plac$ ! descriptive text4 ,9 ! ,lat9 edition !re are five leaves ( preface1 & 9 ! ,dut* f\r4 ,die ,kun/ ,*eiromantia2 a "w treat+ ( palmi/ry4 ,planet5bu*2 treat+ ( ! influ5ce ( planets on human life4 ,mirabilia ,rom2 a guide to ! pr9cipal %r9es 9 ,rome4 ,op]a nova contemplativa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,( ! above1 ,kon+ ascribes all ^? pr9t$ 9 italics to ,co/]1#aaj toge!r ) ! ,catonis ,di/i*a1 & ,hor>ium1 ! latt] a book ( eight small pages discov]$ by ,m4 ,ens*$ ( ,ha>lem1 conta9+ ! lett]s ( ! ,alphabet1 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ! ,ave ,m>ia1 ! ,apo/les' ,cre$1 c41 pr9t$ ) moveable *>act]s4#aaa ,includ+ sep>ate editions1 ,kon+ gives ,co/] ! cr$it ( pr9t+ sev5te5 works4 ,n[ ! "t1 z well z lab\r1 involv$ 9 design+ & engrav+ ^! works mu/ h be5 v great4 ,9 ! ,biblia ,paup]um !re are #bjj designs1 besides ! text2 9 ! ,book ( ,canticles1 #cb2 9 ! ,speculum ,human ,salvationis1 #aaf2 besides ^? 9 ! ,ars ,mori5di1 & ! ,apocalypse4 ,^! are among ! v e>lie/ specim5s ( design & engrav+ on wood t are kn[n to exi/4 ,if !n ^! 7 execut$1 z alleg$1 by ,co/] 9 ,ha>lem1#aab h[ came x1 t 8 contempor>ies knew no?+ ( !m2 t ,van ,m&]1--himself an arti/ & an engrav]1 :o describes 9 8 ,hi/ory1 writt5 & pr9t$ at ,ha>lem1 ! works ( ,flemi% & ,dut* arti/s liv+ bo? be=e & aft] ,co/]'s "t1--is sil5t 9 reg>d to bo? ! man & 8 works8--al?\gh he says t ! city ( ,ha>lem 8d>es to pret5d to ! glory ( hav+ inv5t$ pr9t+40 ,by ?is expression x is cont5d$ by ,co/]'s advocates1 ,van ,m&] 8int5d$ to say1 t ! claims ( ,ha>lem 7 well f\nd$40 ,& fur!rmore1 t 8 sil5ce is to be acc\nt$ = f ! fact1 t 8none ( ^! wood engrav+s be> ! initials ( ! arti/s :o design$ or engrav$ !m1 & t he may h be5 unc]ta9 z to _! names40 ,b :at a lame & impot5t conclusion is ?is to arrive at4 ,van ,m&]1 x is pla91 knew ( ! tradition ab\t ! orig9 ( pr9t+ 9 ,ha>lem4 ,8 own "w 0 c>ri$ d[n to ! ye> #afjd1 & ,junius's ,batavia 0 pr9t$ 9 #aehh--sixte5 ye>s previ\sly4 ,he c\ld n !re=e h be5 ignorant ( :at 0 said 9 t "w ab\t ,co/]1 & 8 pr9t+ works ) woodcuts simil> to ^? ( ! ,mirror ( ,salvation4 ,kn[+ t1 he mu/ h made inquiry conc]n+ bo?1 & h arriv$ at ! same conclusion z ,erasmus & ,van ,opm]4 ,o!rwise1 h[ is 8 sil5ce to be acc\nt$ =8 ,! v fact ( ! woodcuts be+ )\t initials %\ld h /imulat$ inquiry4 ,!y are ! "w ( an arti/ ( no mean skill2 & to suppose t he pass$ !m by )\t notice1 or )\t an attempt to discov] _! design]1 engrav]1 or pr9t]1 :o 0 alleg$ to h be5 a weal?y & influ5tial burgh] ( ! city 9 :i* he 0 writ+1 is to ca/ a slur on ,van ,m&]'s reputation z an hi/orian :i* he does n appe> to des]ve4 ,ev5 z ! works ( an unkn[n arti/ !y dem&$1 & w\ld h receiv$1 notice1 _h !y be5 pr9t$ & sold 9 ! mann] describ$ by ,junius1 & ^? :o h subsequ5tly amplifi$ 8 n>rative4 ,) reg>d to ! engrav+s 9 ! 8,poor ,man's ,bible10 ,ottley says 7p4 #hg17 8! /yle ( ^! cuts has consid]able resemblance to t ( ! two ,van ,eycks10 & he consid]s t ! designs 9 ?is "w1 toge!r ) ^? 9 ! ,book ( ,canticles1 & ! ,mirror ( ,salvation1 71 ) ! exception ( ! la/ t5 cuts ( ! latt]1 ! production ( ! same arti/1 or at any rate ( arti/s ( ! same s*ool2 all ! o!rs be+ ( a diff]5t /yle1 & ( inf]ior m]it4 ,he regrets 8 inability to speak ) c]ta9ty ^u _! age1 b relies ^u ! foll[+ note 9 ,dr4 ,dibd9's ,biblio!ca ,sp5c]iana1 7vol4 i4 p4 #d47 8,mr4 ,horn1 a g5tleman long & well kn[n = 8 famili> acqua9tance ) anci5t books pr9t$ abroad 0 9 possession ( a copy ( ! ,biblia ,paup]um1 ( ! ,ars ,mori5di1 & ( ! ,apocalypse1 all b\nd 9 "o volume1 :i* volume _h ^u ! ext]ior ( ! cov]1 ! foll[+ words /amp$ at ! extremity ( ! b9d+1 t[>ds ! edge ( ! squ>es3--#8,,hic ,,lib] ,,relegatus ,,fuit ,,p] ,,plebanum ,,ecclesie--,,anno ,,dom9i #adbh4' ,mr4 ,horn hav+ brok5 up ! volume & p>t$ ) its cont5ts1 0 enabl$ to supply me ) ! =ego+ in=mation ^u ! /r5g? ( 8 memory alone2 b he is q confid5t ( ! ?ree foll[+ p>ticul>s3--#a1 ,t ! works1 conta9$ 9 ?is volume1 7 z h be5 j m5tion$3--#b1 ,t ! b9d+ 0 ! anci5t legitimate "o1 & t ! treatise _h n be5 subsequ5tly introduc$ into x3--& #c1 ,t ! date 0 #adb444odd--b positively ant]ior to ! ye> #adcj40 ,?is te/imony ,mr4 ,ottley consid]s x ungraci\s to "q2 b 8) all ?is10 he says1 8,i wi% t ! volume /ill exi/$ entire1 or t1 at lea/1 ! cov] _h be5 pres]v$4444 ,b1 :atev] ! antiquity ( ! fir/ block-books1 :i* almo/ all writ]s are ( op9ion prec$$ ! fir/ attempts to pr9t ) moveable *>act]s1 x is c]ta91 t = _m ye>s aft] ! inv5tion ( typography1 ! engrav]s 9 wood cont9u$ to publi% works ( ?is k9d40#aac ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! works is ! ,speculum ,human ,salvationis1 :i* 9 "o ( its f\r folio editions has ! text p>tly 9 block1 & ?us =ms a connect+ l9k betwe5 ,xylographic & ,typographic pr9t+4 ,! :ole ( ^! f\r editions are ?\ght by _m to h be5 pr9t$ previ\s to ,gut5b]g's fir/ production at ,m5tz4 ,!y are attribut$ to ,co/] & 8 desc5dants solely on acc\nt ( ! obscure passage 9 ref]5ce to !m :i* occurs 9 ! n>rative ( ,junius2 & because ( t ref]5ce1 & _! manife/ sup]iority ov] o!rs ( ! same class1 all ^? :i* resemble !m 9 g5]al appe>ance & /yle ( types1 & t h nei!r initial1 date1 "n or place1 to indicate by :om & :5 & :]e !y 7 pr9t$1 are 9 l mann] claim$ z ! product ( ,co/]'s ,press1 by e writ] :o f ! days ( ,me]man to ! pres5t1 has advocat$ ! pret5sions ( ,ha>lem 9 opposition to ^? ( ,m5tz to be ! seat ( ! orig9 ( ! ,typographic ,art4#aad ,( ^! f\r editions1 ! fir/ & ?ird1 says ,ottley1 are ^? 9 ! ,lat9 language2 ! second & f\r? ^? 9 ,dut*4 ,! engrav+s are ! same 9 ea*2 b diff]5ces exi/ 9 ! texts2 & x is on ! assumption t ! text 0 pr9t$ previ\s to tak+ ! impressions ( ! cuts1 t he d$uces ! ord] ( ! editions f ! condition & appe>ance ( ! cuts4 ,accord+ to ?is arrangem5t1 ! text ( ! second edition is pr9t$ ) ! same type t 0 us$ 9 ! fir/1 ) ! exception ( two pages conta9+ cuts #de & #ef1 ! type ( :i* is inf]ior to t ( ! re/ ( ! book4 ,9 ! ?ird edition 7! second ,lat97 tw5ty pages ( ! text are engrav$ on solid blocks4 ,! types ( ! text ( ! f\r? edition1 al?\gh simil> 9 appe>ance to ^? ( ! ?ree prec$+1 are some:at small] & co>s]4#aae ,to acc\nt = ^! diff]5ces1 ,mr4 ,ottley has fram$ a !ory :i* exactly fits ! n>rative giv5 by ,junius1 viz3--t :ile ! second edition 7! fir/ ,dut*7 0 9 progress & ne>ly f9i%$1 ! orig9al pr9t] di$ & 8 types 7 /ol51 :i* compell$ 8 successor1 :o 0 unable to replace ! orig9al types1 ei!r to use "s old] disc>d$ ones1 or to avail himself ( a supply ( an inf]ior description 9 ord] to f9i% x2 t :ile ! fir/ ,dut* edition 0 9 progress a second ,lat9 "o 0 dem&$1 to meet :i*1 & to br+ bo? ! ,dut* & ! ,lat9 out z quick z possible1 ! wood engrav] 0 employ$ to make fac-similes ( ! texts ( #bj pages2 & t = ! f\r? edition1 an old inf]ior f\nt 0 us$4 ,& ^u ?is !ory he says1 7p4 #bih17 8,i am ( op9ion t ! conclud+ passage ( 8 7,junius's7 n>rative1 :]e91 ^u ! au?ority ( ,ni*olas ,galius & ,quir9us ,talesius1 he relates ! /ory ( ! robb]y :i* !y _h =m]ly m ?an once he>d f ! m\? ( ,old ,cornelius ! book-b9d]1 :o 9 8 y\? _h liv$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! pr9t] :o 0 robb$1 m]its to be consid]$ z "o ( ! be/ atte/$ acc\nts t we possess respect+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( typography406 ,b ,messrs4 ,b]jeau1 ,b]n>d1#aaf ,paiele1#aag & ,humphreys1 :o h also made ! ,speculum a special subject ( /udy1 d n admit ! assumption t ! text 0 pr9t$ be=e ! cuts2 !y adduce good argum5ts to %ew t ! impressions ( ! cuts might h be51 & probably 71 rubb$ (f be=e ! text 0 pr9t$2 & ! "* ( ! ,go?ic framework ( ! cuts t surm\nt ! pages ) solid text1 be+ mu* pla9] ?an t 9 ^? :]e moveable type is us$1 af=ds /rong gr\nd = ! belief t ! edition 9 :i* !y occur 0 ! fir/ in/ead ( ! ?ird2 ! fir/1 t is1 t 0 issu$ 9 a complet$ =m2 = !re c be no d\bt b t ! spl5did copy own$ by ! late ,j4 ,b4 ,+lis1 ,esq41 0 ! fir/ z reg>ds ! impression ( ! cuts1--! body ( "s ( ! scrolls 9 t copy hav+ be5 left unt\*$ by ! wood engrav]1 :ile 9 all o!rs x is cut away4 ,?is peculi>ity x 0 t l$ ,mr4 ,ottley to ! belief t x 0 ! fir/ complet$ edition1 bo? z reg>ds cuts & texts2 :ile ,mr4 ,humphreys1 ) m reason on 8 side1 consid]s t ! edition ) ! tw5ty pages ( xylographic text 0 ! fir/4 8,! execution ( ! subjects10 he says1 7p4 #fj17 8is n equal to ^? ( "s ( ! pages ) ! typographic text1 & !re is no foliage 9 ! ar*itectural sp&rils4 ,?is may s]ve to prove t ! entirely xylographic pages 7 old] ?an ! typographic ones2 & t only a few ( ! be/ ( !m 7 us$ 9 ! edition :i* has typographic texts to mo/ ( ! illu/rations40#aah ,! conclusion to :i* ^! writ]s h come1 upsets ,mr4 ,ottley's !ory1 & r5d]s nugatory 8 op9ion1 t ,junius's /ory ( ! ?ief 8is "o ( ! be/ atte/$ acc\nts t we possess respect+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( typography40 ,! weight :i* is atta*$ to ,mr4 ,ottley's deliv]ances on ! subjects ^u :i* he has writt51 7& p>ticul>ly 9 reg>d to ! ,speculum1 to :i* f\r *apt]s ( 8 "w are devot$17 makes x necess>y to consid] ) c>e :atev] he advances ^u matt]s :]e9 he is l>gely quot$ z an au?ority by ^? :o h n _h simil> opportunities = exam9+ ! docum5ts ^u :i* he bases 8 conclusions2 & z he does n scruple to d5\nce ^? z sophi/s ^: argum5ts run c\nt] to 8 own1 & to triumphantly expose any slips or inconsi/5cies :i* he c detect 9 ! writ+s ( ^? to :om he opposes himself1 x w be well to see :e!r he is himself free f ! fail+s he s ru?lessly exposes 9 o!rs4 ,on ! "q ( ! sep>able types :i* 7 us$ 9 ! v>i\s editions ( ! ,speculum1 ,i %all !re=e give 8 argum5t entire4 ,he fir/ says--8?is type appe>s to h be5 =m$ ^u ! exact model ( ! g5u9e black lett]1 commonly us$ f an e>ly p]iod 9 ,holl&1 & :i* is ( almo/ con/ant occurr5ce 9 old ,dut* manuscript ,missals1 & o!r books ( pray]4 ,x is simil>1 9 ! =ms & jo9+s ( ! lett]s1 & 9 ! contractions us$ 9 x1 to :at we (t5 f9d 9 ! mo/ highly embelli%$ books ( devotion ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 444 ?is broad-fac$ type1 ?is g5u9e black-lett]1 is a *>act]i/ic ( e>ly ,dut* typography4 ,?is1 inde$1 is n[ s g5]ally ackn[l$g$ by ,bibliograph]s1 t x is unnecess>y to insi/ ^u x fur!r2 z e judge ( old pr9t+ w at once decl>e1 ^u look+ at ! ,speculum1 t ! type x is pr9t$ )1 is ,dut* type40 ,to all :i* a ready ass5t may be giv54 ,he proce$s z foll[s3-- 8,any p]son at all conv]sant ) pr9t+1 ^u fir/ view+ ! ,speculum1 naturally det]m9es t1 except ! tw5ty pages ( block-pr9t+1 s (t5 notic$1 9 "o ( ! ,lat9 editions1 x 0 pr9t$ ) ca/ metal types4 ,^u an att5tive exam9ation ( a page1 h[ev]1 he discov]s small1 b yet1 sometimes1 v evid5t v>iations ( =m 9 diff]5t specim5s ( ! same lett]1 :i* x appe>s difficult to acc\nt =3 he f9ds1 p]haps1 by measurem5t1 t ! same ^w1 al?\gh spelt exactly 9 ! same mann]1 does n always occupy ! same space2 he is induc$ p]haps1 to hesitate z to ! correctness ( 8 fir/ judgm5t1 & to suspect t ! type 0 prep>$ by ! pa9ful & t$i\s op]ation ( cutt+ ea* individual "* on a sep>ate piece ( metal by ! h&4 8,if he embrace ! latt] op9ion1 he f9ds1 9 ! "w be=e him1 ample cause to admire ! inv9cible pati5ce1 ! skill1 & ! exactness ( ! arti/1 :o c\ld succe$1 n only 9 giv+ to ! sculptur$ *>act]s t g5]al uni=mity ( appe>ance1 :i* at fir/ occasion$ him to consid] !m z ca/ type2 b ev5 s /rict a resemblance betwe5 p]haps a doz5 specim5s ( ! same lett] 9 ! fir/ six l9es ( a page1 z to baffle ! ex]tions ( ! mo/ correct eye to detect any s5sible diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 except su* z mu/ necess>ily occur ev5 9 ! ord9>y me?od ( pr9t+ ) ca/ type2 ei!r 9 consequ5ce ( "o lett] happ5+ to h be5 m us$ & worse ?an ano!r1 m *>g$ ) pr9t+ ink1 or f an irregul>ity n unfrequ5t 9 ord9>y presswork1 =c$ deep] into ! pap] ?an ! re/40 ,hav+ be5 8conv]sant ) pr9t+0 = m ?an =ty ye>s1 dur+ ?irty-two ( :i* ,i h be5 con/antly engag$ 9 sup]9t5d+ ! pass+ ( works ?r\gh ! press1 & 9 ! g5]al managem5t ( ext5sive private & public pr9t+ e/abli%m5ts1 & hav+ besides a practical k ( ! arts ( wood-engrav+1 /]eotyp+1 & type-f\nd+1 ,i mu/ own1 t ! impression made on my m9d ^u exam9+ ! fac-similes ( ! ,speculum giv5 9 ,wett]'s1 ,ottley's1 & ,humphreys' books1 01 t ! sep>able types us$ 9 pr9t+ t "w 7 cut 9 wood1 & 7 n made ( ca/ metal2 & ! long] ,i h /udi$ ! subject1 ! m satisfi$ ,i am1 t ,me]man 0 "r 9 reject+ ! op9ion ( ,ens*$1#aai :o 0 /r5u\sly oppos$ to ! idea ( wood5 types hav+ be5 us$4 ,! eye t has be5 tra9$ to trace out & in/antly detect ! mo/ m9ute diff]5ces 9 ! %apes ( lett]s ( diff]5t f\nts ( ! same siz$ types1 f ! l>ge/ ( ^? ord9>ily us$ 9 book-"w to ! smalle/ employ$ 9 newspap]s1--to m>k out = correction n's & p's & q's t h be5 turn$ upside d[n 9 ord] to s]ve = u's & d's & b's1 & vice v]s1 z well z to rev]se turn$ s's & o's--all common en\gh occurr5ces ) c>eless compositors1 & :i* only practis$ eyes c detect2--! eye ( a 8read]0 :o has _h only a few ye>s' exp]i5ce ( su* "w _c b note ! multitud9\s diff]5ces1 ! v>iations 9 %ape ext]nally & int]nally1 ( specim5s ( ! same lett]s :i* occur 9 e l9e ( ! fac-simile pages ( ! ,speculum giv5 9 ! books quot$2 & :i* _c be acc\nt$ = by "o be+ m worn ?an ano!r1 or m or less *>g$ ) ink1 or m deeply press$ into ! pap] ?an ! re/4 ,su* imp]fections are ( a totally diff]5t "*1 & produce appe>ances altoge!r dissimil> to ^? :i* di/+ui% ! diff]5t specim5s ( ! same lett]s 9 ! same l9es ( ! ,speculum "o f ! o!r4 ,look$ at ?r\gh a magnify+ glass1 ^! diff]5ces are ( c\rse mu* m easily disc]nible1 & z !y are ( precisely ! same k9d t are f\nd 9 ! lett]s 9 ! solid xylographic blocks1 ! conviction f9ally =ces itself ^u ! m9d1 t su* types c\ld n h be5 ca/1 b mu/ h be5 cut1 & cut 9 wood4 ,9 an exam9ation ( ?is nature1 ! lett]s ( a s+le page1 or at ! mo/ ^? ( ! two pages ( a s+le %eet1 are all t c be att5d$ to2 = 9 _! e>ly ef=ts1 ! olde/ pr9t]s usually pr9t$ b "o small folio page1 & seldom if ev] m ?an two su* pages at a "t2 & :5 z _m copies z 7 want$ 7 /ruck (f1 ! types 7 brok5 up = ! next page1 or two1 & s on until ! "w 9 h& 0 complet$4 ,! types !re=e t 7 us$ 9 ! two pages fir/ pr9t$ w\ld con/antly recur 9 all ! foll[+ pages2 & x is pr9cipally ow+ to ?is recurr5ce ( p>ticul> lett]s be>+ on _! faces "s special peculi>ity1 t ! fact is detect$ t su* anci5t books z ! ,speculum are pr9t$ ) moveable lett]s4 ,mr4 ,ottley goes on3-- 8,b let him 7! p]son at all conv]sant ) pr9t+7 turn f ! page :i* he has be5 exam9+1 to "o ( ^? pr9t$ f a wood5 block2 ,,& ,,he ,,w ,,soon ,,be ,,conv9c$1 by ! comp>ison1 t ! uni=mity ( appe>ance :i* he witness$ 9 ! *>act]s ( ! =m]1 c\ld n h be5 produc$ by means simil> to ^? us$ 9 ! execution ( ! latt]2 = 9 ! page pr9t$ f ! engrav$ block he w discov]1 ?r\gh\t1 a s5sible diff]5ce ( =m1 z well z dim5sions1 betwe5 ! v>i\s repetitions ( ! same lett]3 & 9 ! capital lett]s especially1 he w f9d ?is diff]5ce s mat]ial1 z to r5d] x easy = him to trace ) a po9t ! precise v>iations ( =m by :i*1 = example1 ea* ( a doz5 lett]s1 ,s1 is to be di/+ui%$ f all ! o!rs4 ,x w !n occur to him1 t x mu/ h be5 a task ( less difficulty to pres]ve uni=mity 9 ! %apes & dim5sions ( ! lett]s1 9 a page ( text engrav$ ^u a pla9 block ( wood1 :i* w\ld h af=d$ ! arti/ n only ! means ( a con/ant comp>ison1 b also a conv5i5t & /eady re/ = 8 h& dur+ ! op]ation ( engrav+1 ?an x c\ld h be5 to cut ! num]\s *>act]s requir$1 ) s /rict a resemblance to ea* o!r1 on small sep>ate pieces ( wood or metal2 & he w p]ceive 8 second op9ion to be unt5able40--7pp4 #beg-bei47 ,! means ( su* a comp>ison are af=d$ 9 ! absolute fac-similes 9 ,mr4 ,humphreys' book1 & ! diff]5ces ( =m & dim5sions 9 ! v>i\s repetitions ( ! same lett] are n by any means s mat]ial z ,mr4 ,ottley intimates4 ,he moreov] assumes1 t if ! sep>ate lett]s 7 cut by h&1 !y mu/ h be5 cut on 8sep>ate pieces ( wood or metal10 & !re=e1 he argues1 !re c\ld n h be5 pres]v$ ! same uni=mity 89 ! %apes & dim5sions ( ! lett]s10 z 9 a page ( text engrav$ ^u a pla9 block ( wood1 because !re w\ld be lack+ 8! means ( a con/ant comp>ison10 z well z 8! conv5i5t & /eady re/ = ! h& dur+ ! op]ation ( engrav+40 ,b ?is assumption is utt]ly uncall$ =4 ,:at 0 to h9d] ! engrav]1 aft] calculat+ ! probable numb] ( ea* k9d ( lett] he requir$1 to trace ! :ole 9 alphabetical ord] on 8 blocks ( wood1 & to engrave !m all1 be=e he cut !m into sep>ate pieces8 ,he w\ld ?us h ! be/ possible means = con/antly comp>+ e specim5 ( ! same lett]1 z he proce$$ ) 8 task1 & be able to pres]ve a /eady & conv5i5t re/ = 8 h& until all 7 sculptur$ out1 leav+ ! m9or op]ation ( sep>at+ ! lett]s = use 9 comb9ation to ! v la/ mom5t4 ,b ,mr4 ,ottley =gets himself2 = 9 ! next *apt]1 aft] po9t+ out sundry diff]5ces 9 ! or?ography ( ! pages pr9t$ ) moveable types 9 ! two ,lat9 editions1 he writes 7p4 #bid73-- 8,if ! pages pr9t$ f engrav$ blocks1 9 ! ,second ,lat9 ,edition1 be comp>$ ) same pages 9 ! ,fir/ ,edition1 we %all n f9d ^! *anges4 8,al?\gh1 :5 ,i wrote ^u ?is subject tw5ty ye>s ago1 ,i 0 fully satisfi$1 z ,i !n said1 t ! tw5ty pages ( block pr9t+ 9 ! ,second ,lat9 ,edition1 7 ( lat] date ?an ! re/ ( ! "w1 & t !y _h be5 engrav$ = ! express purpose ( complet+ ! copies ( ?is edition2 /ill ,i 0 n !n aw>e t su* und5iable evid5ce exi/$ ( ! fact1 z ,i aft]w>ds discov]$4 ,suffice x to say1 t1 ^u an opportunity be+ af=d$ me ( comp>+ ?is edition ) ! ,fir/ ,lat91 ,i imm$iately p]ceiv$ 7& ,i 0 r gratifi$ ?an surpris$ at ! discov]y7 t ^? tw5ty pages 9 ! ,second ,lat9 are no o!r ?an fac-simile imitations ( ! same pages1 z pr9t$ ) type 9 ! fir/ edition4 8,! pr9t]1 or 8 successor1 z has be5 said1 hav+ be5 depriv$ ( ! type hi!rto us$ 9 ! "w1 pr9t$ ! two pages want+ to complete 8 ,dut* edition ) ! rema9s ( "s old type1 a little diff]5t1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 ?r[n aside1 z no long] fit = use4 ,b 9 do+ x1 he exp]i5c$1 p]haps1 m tr\ble ?an he anticipat$2 & z tw5ty pages1 in/ead ( two1 7 want+ to complete ! second ,lat9 edition1 he n[ be?\ght himself ( ano!r mode ( proc$ure4 ,hav+ tak5 f a copy ( ! fir/ ,lat9 edition ! t5 %eets conta9+ ! tw5ty pages want+ to complete ! second edition1 & hav+ correct$ ) a p5 a lett] "h & !re mispr9t$1 he deliv]$ ^? %eets to a wood engrav]1 ) directions to copy !m exactly2 & ! engrav] execut$ ! commission1 by fir/ glue+ ^! t5 %eets ) _! face d[nw>ds ^u t5 prep>$ blocks ( wood 7accord+ to ! me?od !n us$71 !n1 r5d]+ ! pap] transp>5t by oil or o!rwise1 & la/ly1 by cutt+ away ! wood ar\nd ! lett]s40 ,! :ole ( ! la/ ( ^! p>agraphs1 x is to be rememb]$1 is purely conjectural2 !re is n ! slighte/ f\ndation = x1 beyond ! necessity = ?us acc\nt+ = a c]ta9 fact1 & mak+ t fact dove-tail 9 ) ! writ]'s !ory t ! edition ) tw5ty-pages ( xylographic text 0 ! second1 & n ! fir/2 a !ory :i* equally able writ]s1 writ]s too on ! ,co/]ian side ( ! controv]sy1 d5y2 ma9ta9+1 ) a bett] %[ ( reason on _! side1 t ! xylographic edition 0 ! fir/4 ,b ap>t f ?is consid]ation1 if ! tw5ty pages engrav$ on blocks1 are fac-simile imitations ( ! tw5ty correspond+ pages 9 ! o!r ,lat9 edition1 :at are we to ?9k ( ,mr4 ,ottley's previ\s ass]tion1 t 9 ^! id5tical pages1 !re is 8?r\gh\t1 a s5sible diff]5ce ( =m z well z dim5sions betwe5 ! v>i\s repetitions ( ! same lett]2 & 9 ! capital lett]s especially1 ?is diff]5ce is mat]ial408 ,bo? /atem5ts _c be correct2 & h[ !y are to be reconcil$ ,i "k n4 ,aft] confess+ t ! *anges ( op9ion he _h previ\sly describ$ 7 ^? :i* _h tak5 place 9 8 own m9d1 ,mr4 ,ottley proce$s3-- 8,at l5g? ! foll[+ mode occurr$ to me ( acc\nt+ satisfactorily1 z ,i /ill ?9k x does1 = ! dissimil>ities above notic$ 9 ! type ( t "w4 ,! type ( ! ,speculum 01 ,i conceive1 made by p\r+ melt$ lead1 pewt]1 or o!r metal1 into m\lds ( e>? or pla/]1 =m$1 :il/ ! e>? or pla/] 0 9 a moi/ /ate1 ^u lett]s cut by ! h& 9 wood or metal2 9 ! ord9>y mann] us$1 f "t immemorial1 9 ca/+ /atues ( bronze & o!r articles ( metal1 :e!r = use or ornam5t4 ,! m\ld ?us =m$ c\ld n be ( long duration l a matrix1 cut or /amp$ 9 metal1 s9ce x 0 obvi\sly subject to fracture2 nor c\ld x be equally true & p]fect 9 o!r respects1 z x 0 liable to w>p 9 dry+4 ,f m\lds ?us con/ruct$1 b a small numb] ( specim5s ( ea* lett] c\ld be tak51 be=e !y w\ld require to be r5ew$4 ,?is x is reasonable to suppose1 0 effect$ by =m+ new m\lds ^u ! v>i\s pieces :i* _h be5 ca/ out ( ! old ones4 ,^? *>act]s h[ev]1 be=e !y c\ld h be5 fit = use1 x _h be5 necess>y to cle>1 by means ( ! grav]1 f c]ta9 small p>ticles ( extrane\s metal left ^u !m by ! process ( ca/+2 s t ! small accid5tal dissimil>ities 9 diff]5t specim5s ( ! same lett]1 orig9ally occasion$ by ?is imp]fect mode ( ca/+ !m1 7 necess>ily augm5t$ by ! aft] process ( f9i%+ or cle>+ !m ) a %>p in/rum5t1 7! m>ks ( :i* are v cle>ly to be p]ceiv$ 9 ! type ( ! ,speculum72 & ?us ! r5ew$ m\lds1 =m$ ^u ! lett]s ?us prep>$1 w\ld necess>ily diff]1 & 9 "s cases v mat]ially1 f ! =m] m\lds1 & also 7= ^! m\lds c\ld be multipli$ at pleasure7 f ea* o!r4 ,t a book1 pr9t$ ) type ?us manufactur$1 %\ld pres5t a nev] end+ v>iety 9 ! =ms ( ! diff]5t specim5s ( ! same lett]1 is !re=e n surpris+2 x is r a subject = our admiration t ! dissimil>ity 9 ! *>act]s 9 ! "w be=e u is n great] & m imm$iately app>5t40 ,! above mode ( acc\nt+ = ! discrepancies 9 ! appe>ances ( ! diff]5t specim5s ( ! same lett]1 is oppos$ to t put =w>d by ,kon+1 :o takes x = grant$ t ! types 7 ca/ by ! pr9t] ( ! ,speculum 9 ! same way1 & ) ! same k9d ( app>atus1 z t n[ us$ by type-f\nd]s1 only t ! pun*es 7 made ( h>d wood1 & ! matrices ( lead or pewt]2 & he acc\nts = c]ta9 peculi> fractures he _h p]ceiv$ 9 sev]al in/ances on ! top ( ! capital ,e z well z 9 a numb] ( ! capital ,m 9 :i* a "p ( ! c5tral upright /roke 0 brok5 9 ! middle1 by suppos+ t "s ( ! pun*es _h be5 cont9u$ 9 use aft] !y _h receiv$ small injuries4 ,on ! supposition t ! types ( ! ,speculum really 7 ( ca/ metal1 ,kon+'s idea is mu* m reasonable ?an t ( ,ottley2 b he is wrong 9 8 notion t matrices c\ld be /ruck 9 lead or pewt]1 f pun*es ( h>d wood on :i* lett]s ( ! size & "* ( ^? us$ 9 ! ,speculum _h be5 engrav$4 ,a few indiff]5t matrices might inde$ be /ruck f "s ( ! l>g] lett]s1 say ! lett] m1 b ( ! small] ones1 & ^? :i* _h f9e hair /rokes1 bo? capitals & m9uscules1 ! f9e /rokes & faces ( ! lett]s w\ld inv>iably be cru%$4 ,t1 at any rate1 is ! result ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts made by ! writ]1 ) ! view ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ) lett]s s engrav$ on wood & ) ! s(te/ procurable %eet lead1 matrices c\ld be /ruck f :i* types might be ca/2 & 9 :i* he 0 n successful 9 a s+le in/ance4 ,admitt+1 h[ev]1 = ! mom5t1 t ! pr9t] ( ! ,speculum succe$$ 9 /rik+ a complete set ( matrices2 x has be5 prov$ by exp]im5ts1 t f matrices ( s(t lead z _m z f #abj to #aej lett]s c be ca/1#abj be=e !y are r5d]$ useless2 only aft] #ej or #fj _h be5 made1 ! f9e /rokes w\ld beg9 to ?ick54 ,n[ x has already be5 %ewn1 t ! olde/ pr9t]s did n put to press m ?an a s+le page1 or at mo/ two pages1 at a "t1 9 _! e>lie/ attempts 9 ! new art4 ,?is is a fact1 ackn[l$g$ by e "o :o has made ! ,incunabula ( ! ,fifte5? c5tury a subject ( special /udy4 ,admitt+ !n t two pages ( ! ,speculum 7 pr9t$ toge!r1 :at am\nt ( type1 & h[ _m ( ea* lett] w\ld be requir$ = ^? two pages8 ,an analysis ( ! fac-simile giv5 9 ,mr4 ,humphreys' "w yields ! foll[+ results4 ,ab\t #adcj sep>ate types 9 ! "o page gives #bhfj z ! numb] requir$ = two4 ,! foll[+ figures 7twice ! numb] occurr+ 9 ! specim5 page7 %ew ! numb]s requir$ ( ea* ( ! lett]s mo/ commonly us$1 a #dd1 e #abb1 i #ahb1 o #adf1 u #gd1 d #dd1 h #bh1 m #fj1 n #ajj1 s #hd1 t #hb2 !re are1 besides1 ! foll[+ duplicate & triplicate *>act]s1 ( :i* no o!r pr9t$ "w %ews s l>ge a numb]1--an1 ca1 c1 cc1 ce1 *1 ci1 c1 co1 c1 ct1 cti1 cu1 c1 cp1 cy1 da1 d1 de1 d1 d1 du1 d1 e1 et1 ect1 fa1 f1 fe1 ff1 fi1 fl1 fo1 fr1 fu1 ga1 ge1 g1 gi1 g1 gu1 g1 gp1 gr1 gy1 ii1 ib1 91 la1 le1 l1 li1 ll1 lle1 llz1 1 ori1 no1 n1 nu1 pe1 pp1 ra1 r1 re1 r1 ri1 ro1 r1 ru1 r1 ria1 sa1 se1 si1 s1 ss1 /1 ssi1 ssz1 /e1 ta1 t1 te1 t1 ti1 to1 tu1 t1 tri1--v>y+ 9 ! frequ5cy ( _! occurr5ce f twice to tw5ty-two times1 leav+ b #ajhb o!r lett]s = ! re/ ( ! alphabet1 includ+ ! capitals3 & ( ^! la/ f #f to say #dj w\ld be ! utmo/ ( ea* requir$4 ,x is ?us %ewn1 t out ( ! :ole numb] ( matrices1 upw>ds ( #cjj1 :i* w\ld be requir$ = a complete f\nt1 n m ?an eight w\ld be us$ up to or beyond ! po9t :]e ! f9e /rokes 7suppos+ ! matrices to h be5 ( s(t lead7 w\ld begun to ?ick52 & ( ^! x w\ld be a mo/ easy matt] to provide duplicates or triplicates1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! uni=mity ( "* aim$ at by ! fir/ pr9t]s1 9 imitation ( ! manuscripts !y int5d$ _! works to sup]s$e4 ,all ! lett]s ?us ca/1 w\ld moreov]1 be fac-similes ( ea* o!r1 & w\ld n1 nay c\ld n1 pres5t ^? dissimil>ities ( appe>ance obs]vable 9 specim5s ( ! same lett] occurr+ 9 e l9e ( ! ,speculum4 ,kon+'s idea is ?us prov$ to be errone\s4 ,b ,ottley's is mu* m s4 ,types ( ! size ( ^? us$ 9 ! ,speculum c\ld no d\bt be ca/ 9 ! way he describes1 ei!r 9 pla/]1 or 9 ! f9e prep>$ s& or e>? us$ by work]s 9 metal4 ,! orig9al lett] cut by h& w\ld be ! patt]n type1 f :i* e m\ld = t description ( lett] w\ld be made2 b ! m\ld s made w\ld suffice = b "o specim5 ( t "o lett]2 = aft] x _h dri$1 & ! fus$ metal _h be5 p\r$ 9 & cool$1 ! ca/ lett] c\ld only be extract$ by break+ away ! e>? or pla/] 9 :i* x _h be5 m\ld$2 & if ! m\ld _h be5 made ) ord9>y c>e by an exp]t workman1 ! lett] w\ld turn out an exact fac-simile ( ! patt]n on :i* ! m\ld _h be5 made4 ,!re w\ld n be ! slighte/ necessity = cle>+ (f p>ticles ( s& or pla/] adh]+ to ! face ( ! lett]1 s z to leave ^u x m>ks ( ! grav+ tool1 nor yet ( cont9ually re-ca/+ new types 9 m\lds made f o!rs s disfigur$4 ,f ! "o patt]n type fir/ made ( ea* lett]1 z _m m\lds z 7 want$ = ! :ole supply ( e lett] c\ld be made1 be=e ! op]ation ( ca/+ a s+le type 0 comm5c$2 & :atev] defect 0 obs]v$ 9 any ( ! types aft] ! ca/+1 c\ld be mu* m satisfactorily rem$i$ by a fre% ca/ 9 a m\ld f ! orig9al patt]n1 ?an by grav+ ! face ( ! lett] & s alt]+ its appe>ance4 ,! ma9 object ( ca/+ ! types 0 to make e lett] ! exact c\nt]p>t ( its fell[2 & if ! mode ( ca/+ 0 s imp]fect1 t ea* "o _h to be t\*$ up & cle>$ out ) a grav]1 be=e x c\ld be us$1 t object 0 defeat$4 ,b = s complicat$ a process !re 0 no ne$1 = wood5 types c be cut & complet$ 9 mu* less "t ?an w\ld be occupi$ by ! m\ld+1 dry+1 ca/+1 cle>+ & t\*+ up1 necessitat$ by ! ,ottley-me?od ( produc+ metal types4 ,?is has also be5 prov$ by actual exp]im5t3 & my previ\s conviction t ! sep>able lett]s us$ 9 ! ,speculum 71 & c\ld only be1 h&-cut wood5 types1 0 ?us /ill fur!r confirm$4 ,! m>ks ( ! grav]1 :i*1 z ,mr4 ,ottley po9ts out1 8are v cle>ly to be p]ceiv$ 9 ! type ( ! ,speculum10 are j ^? t 7 produc$ by ! 8lett]-snyd]0 9 ! c\rse ( cutt+ out 8 lett]s1 :i*1 z !y 7 f9i%$1 7 s5t direct f 8 h&s to ^? ( ! pr9t]s4#aba ,! extraord9>y numb] ( duplicate & triplicate 7logographs7 z well z ligatur$ lett]s1 t are made use ( 9 ! ,speculum1 has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,mr4 ,ottley consid]s t !y are a pro( ( ! antiquity ( t "w2 b 9 t direction !y only exhibit a peculi>ity :i* is n obs]vable 9 o!r works3 !y furni% h[ev] a /rong argum5t 9 pro( ( ! types ( ! ,speculum hav+ be5 cut 9 wood4 ,=1 tak+ into acc\nt ! limit$ numb] ( lett]s requir$ = t "w 7pr9t$ b two pages at a "t71 to cut n9ety sep>ate pun*es1 & to /rike ! same numb] ( matrices1 :5 "o-?ird ( t numb] w\ld suffice1 0 a gratuit\s wa/e ( lab\r2 :]eas1 9 cutt+ wood5 types suffici5t = ! composition ( two pages1 a great sav+ ( "t w\ld be effect$ by duplicat+ & triplicat+ z _m *>act]s z possible2 & n only w\ld "t & lab\r be ?us sav$1 b ! types !mselves1 by be+ d\ble or treble ! ?ickness ( s+le lett]s1 w\ld be s mu* ! /rong] & m durable4 ,b1 say c]ta9 writ]s1 among/ :om is ,wett]3 8,x is impossible to pr9t ) su* small wood5 types0 z ^? us$ 9 ! ,speculum4#abb ,n[ ,wett]'s object 0 to %ew t ! ,speculum 0 ( a mu* lat] date ?an is attribut$ to x by ,dut* au?orities1#abc & he argues t ! types us$ mu/ h be5 metal1 al?\gh ,me]man insi/s ^u x t !y 7 ( wood4 ,x is s+ul> t ,wett] %\ld h committ$ himself to su* a /atem5t1 :5 9 ,tab4 ,,ii4 ( 8 "w he has pr9t$ a :ole column f wood5-types1 "s ( :i* are ( ! same size z ^? 9 ! ,speculum4 ,possibly he consid]$ t ! num]\s hair /rokes1 & p>ticul>ly ^? :i* front ! capital ,a & ! m9uscule t1 7peculi>ities f\nd only 9 lett]s ( ! ,speculum s*ool7 7 too fragile to )/& ! pressure ( pr9t+4 ,b>on ,he9eck51#abd f :om ,wett] 9 all probability borr[$ "s ( 8 ideas1 is ( op9ion t all ! sep>able lett]s us$ 9 ! f\r folio editions ( ! ,speculum 7 ( ca/ metal1 & t !y 7 pr9t$ by ,g]mans :o imitat$ ! ,go?ic /yle ( type fir/ us$ by ,gut5b]g at ,m5tz4 ,9 "o place he writes3--8,x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! ,speculum ,salvationis 9 ,lat9 0 fir/ pr9t$ 9 ,g]many2 & t x 0 aft]w>ds translat$ & pr9t$ 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries40 ,else:]e he says1 8,i come at la/ to ! new edition ( ! ,speculum1 :i* ! pr9t] ,johan ,veld5] publi%$ 9 #adhc1 ) 8 "n1 9 ! ,flemi% language4 ,! vignettes :i* are plac$ at ! head ( ea* disc\rse1 are ! same z ^? we see 9 ! anci5t editions4 ,he cut ! engrav$ blocks1 :i* repres5t$ always two sacr$ or hi/orical subjects1 saw+ ?r\gh ! middle ( ! c5tral pill> :i* divid$ !m1 s z to make !m into two pieces1 9 ord] to ins]t !m 9 ?is new edition1 :i* is 9 small #dto40 8,x 0 probably ,!odore ,m>t5s10 he rem>ks fur!r on1 8t br\ght ^! vignettes ) him f ,g]many1 or f ,france4444 ,we may also conjecture t ,johan ( ,we/phalia 0 ! pr9t] ( ! fir/ ,flemi% editions1 & t ,veld5] receiv$ ! blocks f him4444 ,veld5]1 aft] hav+ le>n$ ,typography at ,cologne1 w5t to live at ,l\va91 :]e he pr9t$ 9 #adgf1 among o!r books1 ! ,fasciculus ,temporum 9 ,lat91 ) figures engrav$ 9 wood4 ,?is same pr9t] aft]w>d w5t to ,utre*t1 :]e 9 #adhj1 he publi%$ ! same "w 9 ,flemi%1 introduc+ also ! same cuts :i* he _h br\ght ) him f ,l\va94444 ,no?+ seems m natural ?an t he %\ld h br\ght ) him f ,cologne ! anci5t m\lds or matrices1 f :i* ! rude type ( ! two fir/ ,flemi% editions ( ! ,speculum already spok5 ( 0 ca/2 no?+ m reasonable1 ?an t he %\ld aft]w>d ab&on t type at ,l\va9 or at ,utre*t1 or r at ,culembor*1 aft] hav+ made bett]2 = he 0 c]ta9ly a man ( ent]prise & g5ius40 ,he9eck5 concludes ?is "p ( 8 argum5t by say+1 8,i tru/ t ?is extravagant notion ( f9d+ books1 & sometimes ev5 l>ge volumes1 pr9t$ ) ^! moveable *>act]s ( wood1 w by degrees cease1 & t able pr9t]s may be f\nd1 :o w %ew ! impossibility ( x40 ,!re is n h[ev]1 any impossibility 9 ! matt]4 ,box wood w be> pr9t+ f bett] ?an s(t lead2 & ,mr4 ,blades has demon/rat$ t types ( unh>d5$ lead c be us$ at an ord9>y pr9t+ press1--! half ( plate ,,ix4 ,b1 9 ! #b;d volume ( 8 ,life & ,typography ( ,william ,caxton be+ pr9t$ f su* types4 ,argum5t h[ev] is ne$less 9 ! pres5ce ( a fact1 & 9 ! ^w ,art "h giv51 ea* ( ! ?ree lett]s is sep>ately engrav$ on a piece ( box-wood1 ! %anks ( ! lett]s be+ two sizes small] ?an ^? ( ! ,speculum1 :ile a portion ( ! upp] "p ( ! capital ov]hangs its %ank2 ea* lett] is also p]=at$ & nick$1 & is !re=e altoge!r weak] ?an a lett] ( ! same size z 9 ! ,speculum w\ld be4 ,z a pro( t x 0 p]fectly possible = su* works z ! ,speculum to h be5 pr9t$ ) wood5 types1 ?ree su* lett]s are z good z ?ree ?\s&2 & lett]s ) ! f9e/ /rokes mo/ expos$ to damage h be5 purposely select$1 9 ord] to demon/rate ! fact4 ,! exi/5ce 9 ! middle ( ! ,fifte5? c5tury ( ,guilds or confrat]nities ( trades connect$ ) book-mak+1 9 ,antw]p1 ,bruges1 & ,brussels1 among/ :om 7 includ$ #8,pr5t]s1' #8,lett]-1' & #8,=m-snyd]s1' & #8,beelde-mak]s2'--,lett] & ,=m & ,figure engrav]s1 & ^? :o pr9t$ !m2--is br\ght =w>d z a "p ( ! 8va/ mass0 ( s-call$ 8unansw]able evid5ce10 :i* su/a9s ! claims ( ,co/] & ,ha>lem to be ! man & ! place by :om & :]e ! ,art ( ,typography 0 inv5t$4 8,! #8figure engrav]s' 7writes ,mr4 ,blades17 7 d\btless ! arti/s ( ! play+ c>ds1 ! images ( sa9ts1 & ! block-books1 !n manufactur$ to a great ext5t 9 ,holl& & ,fl&]s4 ,! t]m #8lett] engrav]' may h be5 appli$ to ! sculptor ( ! leg5ds on ! block-books1 :5 n execut$ by ! same arti/ z ! figure itself1 b ( ?is !re is no evid5ce1 & x seems f> f impossible t ! t]m 0 us$ to d5ote arti/s employ$ to produce moveable types4 ,! #8pr9t]s' 7 d\btless workm5 :o took ! impressions1 :e!r by friction or a press1 f ! engrav$ blocks deliv]$ to !m2 b !re is no reason to re/rict ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 & ! same t]m 0 f ! comm5cem5t always appli$ to pr9t]s f moveable types4 ,!re is !re=e1 prim facie1 evid5ce to support ! supposition t at a v e>ly p]iod !re 7 workm5 9 ,bruges :o employ$ !mselves1 albeit 9 a v rudim5t>y way1 9 pr9t+ f moveable types40 ,b if moveable types 7 at ?is date 9 use at ,bruges or else:]e 9 ,holl&1 & if ^! 7 ( ca/ fusile metal1 h[ comes x t 8,lett]-zett]s0 & 8,lett]-geit]s10--compositors & type-f\nd]s1--are n includ$ among ! crafts incorporat$ by ! ,guilds8 ,h[ comes x1 too1 t no m5tion is made ( ! 8,drukk]10 & ! 8,drukk]s-mak]0--! press & press-mak]8 8,pr9t]0 is a common en\gh t]m appli$ to pressm5 n[-a-days1 b z late z #aded x _h an exclusive ref]5ce to ! produc] ( pr9ts--! pr9t]s ( ! figures sculptur$ by ! 8,beelde-mak]s0 on ! solid blocks2 & x may safely be inf]r$ t ^! pr9ts 7 produc$ aft] ! ,*9ese mann]1 by friction1 see+ t ! t]m 8,drukk]10 is t :i* is appli$ among/ ! ,dut* to lett]-press pr9t]s1--! pressm5 ( mod]n days4 ,if1 moreov]1 f ! m5tion ( 8lett] engrav]s0 & 8pr9t]s0 9 ! records ( ! ,dut* ,guilds ref]r$ to1 we are to und]/& t !re is 8prim facie evid5ce to support ! supposition t at a v e>ly p]iod !re 7 workm5 444 :o employ$ !mselves 9 work+ f moveable types10--typographic pr9t]s 9 fact1--!n1 ^u ! same gr\nd1 x mu/ be admitt$ t !re is prim facie evid5ce = admitt+ ! priority ( ! art 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,g]many1 = z e>ly z #adbh we f9d a record ( a 8lett]-pr9t]10 "o ,wilhelm ,kegl]1 at ,nrdl+51 besides c>d-mak]s at ,augsburg 9 #adah4 ,& 9 #addj !re is f\nd a record ( ,h5ne ,cruse ( ,may5ce1 "o ( ! frat]nity1 on ! roll ( ! citiz5s ( ,frank=t4#abe ,b s f> f !re be+ any su* prim facie evid5ce1 ! inf]5ce to be drawn lies1 ,i ?9k1 9 an opposite direction2 & ! abs5ce ( all m5tion ( 8,lett]-zett]s10 8,lett]-geit]s10 8,drukk]s10 & 8,drukk]-mak]s10 is r to be consid]$ a pro( t !y 7 n !n kn[n2 t moveable types & presses _h n at t "t be5 introduc$2 & t 8,lett]-snyd]s10 & 8,pr5t]s0 7 :olly & solely engag$ ^u block-books1 j z mu* z ! 8,beelde-mak]s10 ! figure-engrav]s 74 8,! g5]al op9ion ( late writ]s10#abf ,mr4 ,blades cont9ues1 8is1 t ! art 0 fir/ p]fect$ at ,m5tz 444 b t nev]!less ! e>lie/ use ( moveable types mu/ be recogniz$ 9 ! rude specim5s attribut$ to ,laur5ce ,co/] ( ,ha>lem4 ,co/] di$ 9 #addj1 & no?+ is kn[n to h issu$ f 8 press betwe5 t p]iod & #adhc2 b :at became ( 8 assi/ants8 ,did !y1 aft] ga9+ "s insight into ! curi\s effects ( ,co/]'s trials1 resign all fur!r attempts1 or did !y seek to imitate him1 "s 9 "o t[n1 "s 9 ano!r80 ,^! are v p]t95t que/ions1 inasmu* z if !y are ask$ 9 ref]5ce to ! assi/ants ( ,gut5b]g1 ,fau/ & ,s*ff]1 !y c be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 & _! respective movem5ts trac$4 ,b ask$ ) ref]5ce to ,co/]1 ! disappo9t+ answ] is1 8,,no ,,"o ,,kn[s20 yet x seems m ?an probable t exp]im5ts 9 ! direction ( pr9t+ f moveable types 7 mak+ ab\t ?is p]iod 9 e city :]e wood engrav+ & block-pr9t+ 7 practis$4444 ,! idea 0 simple en\gh1 9 ! execution 0 ! difficulty4 ,nor ne$ ! op9ion t at ,bruges !re exi/$ at a v e>ly p]iod rude pr9t]s1 be bas$ on ! notice ( #8lett]-snyd]s' & #8pr5t]s' only2 !re has =tunately be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ,ar*ives at ,lille an orig9al manuscript1 conta9+ a di>y ( ,jean le ,rob]t1 ,abb de ,s4 ,aub]t de ,cambrai1 among ! entries 9 :i* ! two foll[+ are especially wor?y ( notice3-- 8,item p\r 4j4 doctr9al gette en molle anuoiet qu]re a ,brug4 p> ,m>quet 4j4 escripua9 de ,vall54 ou mois de j5ui] xlv4 p\r ,jaq4 xx4 s4t40 8,item enuoiet ,arras 4j4 doctr9al p\r appr5dre l$it d4 ,gir>d qui fu accatez a ,vall54 et e/oit jettez en molle et c\/a xxiiij4 gr4 ,se me r5uoia l$4 doctr9al le j\r de ,t\ss4 lan4 4lj4 disans quil ne falloit ri5 et e/oit t\t faulx4 ,s5 anoit accate 4j4 x patt4 en4 papi]40#abg 8,item4 ,= a pr9t$ ,doctr9al 7doctr9al gette en molle7 t ,i h s5t = to ,bruges1 by ,m>quet1 a writ] ( ,val5ci5nes1 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 #adde 7i4 e4 #addf7 = ,jacquet1 xx s\s t\rnois40 8,item4 ,s5t to ,arras a ,doctr9al = ! in/ruction ( dom4 ,g]>d1 :i* 0 pur*as$ at ,val5ci5nes1 & 0 pr9t$ 7jettez en molle7 & co/ xxiiij4 gros4 ,! same ,doctr9al he return$ to me on ,*ri/mas ,day #adea1 say+ #8x 0 wor?less1 & full ( errors2' he _h b\ght "o on pap] = xx pat>ds40 ,9 ^! memor&a1 says ,mr4 ,humphreys1 7pp4 #ff-fg7 8we h positive pro( t pr9t$ ,doctr9als 7 commonly sold 9 ,fl&]s 9 #adde2 & ,m4 ,b]n>d 0 ! fir/ to elucidate ! full value & be>+ ( ?is passage1 ( :i* ,m4 ,van ,praet1#abh :o _h already m5tion$ x1 fail$ to see ! drift1 f n und]/&+ ! mean+ ( ! t]m gette1 or r jette1 en molle1 :i* simply means ca/ 9 a m\ld1 9 ref]5ce to ! metallic types1 :i* 7 s ca/4 ,t ,m4 ,b]n>d is correct 9 8 explanation ( ! t]m1 is cle>ly prov$ by _m passages hav+ ref]5ce to ! same subject1 9 :i* ! t]m is us$ z "o well und]/ood4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! lett]s ( naturalization accord$ to ! fir/ pr9t]s ) moveable types e/abli%$ 9 ,p>is1 a docum5t dat$ #adgd 7old /yle7 ! t]ms ecriture en molle or writ+ by means ( m\lds1 or m\ld$ lett]s1 is us$4 ,also1 9 #adif1 on ! occasion ( ! pur*ase ( two books ( pray] by ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 ! ,con/able describes !m z bo? escrites en m\le4 ,also1 9 ! li/ ( furniture & books ( ,anne ( ,britanny ab\t ! same "t1 books are m5tion$ #8tant en p>*em9 que en papi]1 la ma91 et en molle2' t is1 bo? on vellum & on pap]1 bo? manuscript & pr9t$40 ,comm5t+ ^u ^! memor&a1 ,mr4 ,blades exclaims1 8,jettez en molle6--,ca/ 9 a m\ld6 ,:at c ?is expression mean1 except t ! #8,doctr9als' 7 pr9t$ f ca/ types8 ,z appli$ to manuscripts1 or to /5cill+1 or to block-pr9t+1 #8jettez en molle' has no mean+ :atev]40 8,dr[n+ m510 x has well be5 said1 8w clut* at a /raw10 & surely a consci\sness ( ! p]il 9 :i* _! argum5t /ood1 mu/ h made ! above writ]s clut* at ,abb ,jean le ,rob]t's memor&a 9 ! way !y h4 ,x may be admitt$1 t ! phrase 8 la ma91 et en molle10 means 8bo? manuscript & pr9t$20 b ^u :at fair pr9ciple ( philology ,m4 ,b]n>d & ,mr4 ,humphreys make out t ! words 8jettez en molle10 8ecriture en molle10 & 8escrites en m\le10 mean 8ca/ 9 a m\ld1 9 ref]5ce to ! metallic types :i* 7 s ca/10 & 8writ+ by means ( m\lds1 or m\ld$ lett]s20 is m ?an ,i c make out4 ,!y may c]ta9ly be und]/ood 9 su* a s5se n[1 b :5 orig9ally us$ !y c\ld only h ref]r$ to ! m\ld$ appe>ance1--! ind5t$ impressions on ! leaves ( ! book1 totally irrespective ( ! types or blocks by :i* su* appe>ance 0 produc$4 ,c]ta9ly1 z appli$ to manuscripts1 ! phrase 8jettez en molle0 has no mean+4 ,b ) all def]5ce to ,mr4 ,blades1 ^: 8,life & ,typography ( ,william ,caxton10 is a "w ( ! highe/ possible m]it ) ref]5ce to all t conc]ns ! introduction ( ,pr9t+ into ,engl&1--! words 9 "q are pregnant ) mean+ 9 reg>d to bo? block-pr9t+ & /5cill+4 ,e "o acqua9t$ ) ! ord9>y processes ( pr9t+ mu/ "k1 t fre%ly-pr9t$ pap] has exactly ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 m\ld$2 ! damp$ pap]1 9 fact1 is actually m\ld$ on ! type or wood-engrav+1 by ! =cible pressure br\ght to be> ^u x1 & on be+ releas$ f t pressure1 ! pap] ca/ t has be5 made br+s away ) x1 on removal1 ! col\r+ matt] ) :i* ! blocks or types h be5 ink$4 ,9 ! old solid blocks1 :5 ! holl[s cut to leave 9 relief ! *>act]s us$ = ! ,s*ool-books--! ,donatuses & ,doctr9als--w\ld be wid]1 deep]1 & m irregul> ?an 9 ! m mod]n types1 ?is ind5t$ & m\ld$ appe>ance w\ld be mu* m app>5t1 especially :5 impressions 7 tak5 by ! ,*9ese me?od ( rubb+ ! back ( ! pap]1 & ! pr9t] 0 c>eless ab\t smoo?+ out & oblit]at+ ! evid5ces ( ind5tation1 9 ! mann] adopt$ by typograph]s n[-a-days4 ,9 /5cill+ too1 ! p]=at$ plate1 :5 laid ^u ! pap]1 became to all int5ts & purposes a m\ld4 ,! bottom ( ! m\ld 0 ! surface ( ! pap] on :i*1 ?r\gh ! p]=ations 9 ! plate1 ! ink or pigm5t w\ld be bru%$1 ! pap] be+ ?us made to take a col\r$ ca/ ( ! holl[s 9 ! plate4 ,) ref]5ce to ei!r process !re=e1 ! phrase 8jettez en molle0 might mo/ naturally be us$ to express on ! "p ( any "o ignorant ( ! process ( pr9t+1 ! appe>ance ( a book :i* he knew 0 n writt51 b :i* bore ^u its face ! evid5ce ( hav+1 9 "s way or o!r1 be5 ca/ or m\ld$4 ,z ?is evid5ce w\ld appe> ! same1 or ne>ly s1 :e!r produc$ f engrav$ blocks1 or f sep>able lett]s1 ! phrase w\ld be j z applicable 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,:5 ?us exam9$1 ! ass]tion t 8jettez en molle0 means1 & c only mean1 8pr9t$ f ca/ types10 is depriv$ ( all its weight1 & ! phrase itself is valueless z an evid5ce t ca/ types 7 9 use at ,bruges1 or else:]e 9 ,holl&1 at ! "t :5 ,abb ,jean le ,rob]t wrote 8 di>y4 ,xylographic & typographic productions1 z well z t edition ( ! ,mirror ( ,human ,salvation :i* p>took ( ! nature ( bo?1 may !re=e be describ$ alike1 z books 8jettez en molle40 ,b 9 endeav\r+ to asc]ta9 ! "t :5 ?is latt] "w 0 pr9t$1 !re are /ill two important po9ts to be consid]$2 & ^! are1 ! age ( ! pap]1 & ! date ( ! co/ume & arm\r ( ! figures repres5t$ 9 ! vignettes4 ,on bo? ( ^! po9ts ,mr4 ,ottley's writ+s are mo/ in/ructive4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/1 ! only guides are ! pap]-m>ks1 & z ! same m>ks cont9u$ to be us$ by manufactur]s = _m successive ye>s1 x foll[s1 t al?\gh ! ,speculum might possibly h be5 pr9t$ :5 peculi> m>ks 7 fir/ made use (1 ! pr9t+ may1 j z likely1 n h tak5 place till _m ye>s lat]3 ! only c]ta9ty1 !re=e1 t an undat$ pap]-m>k af=ds1 is1 t ! "w 9 :i* x appe>s c\ld n h be5 pr9t$ prior to ! "t :5 x has be5 asc]ta9$ t t p>ticul> m>k 0 orig9ally introduc$4 ,! m>ks obs]v$ 9 ! pap] on :i* ! e>lie/ edition ( ! ,speculum is pr9t$1 consi/ ( a fleur-de-lis 7or an*or7 an unicorn1 two keys side by side1 a h&1 a ,/4 ,ca?>9e :eel1 a circle enclos+ ! lett]s ,m ,a ) a coat ( arms b5ea?2 & ! lett] ,p2 & 9 ! lat] ,lat9 edition1 ! lett] ,y4 ,^! ?ree la/ are consid]$ ! mo/ important1 & are dealt ) z su* by ,mr4 ,kon+4 ,z to ! circle ) ! lett]s & coat ( arms1 he says1 ! initials signify )\t d\bt1 ! initials ( ,m>g>et1 wid[ ( ,william1 ,c\nt ( ,holl&1 & ! "m ( ! ,c\ntess ,jacquel9e1 ! arms be+ ^? ( ,bav>ia1 :5ce he concludes1 t ! pap] 0 manufactur$ dur+ ! reign ( ! ,c\ntess ,jacquel9e 9 ,brabant & ,ha9ault1 aft] h] m>riage ) ! ,dauph91 & be=e ! treaty ( transf] made to ,philip ( ,burgundy 9 #adcc1 x be+ ! cu/om ( manufactur]s ( pap] 9 ! fifte5? c5tury to put ! arms ( _! sov]eigns 9 _! m>ks4 ,mr4 ,ottley1 h[ev]1 po9ts out1 t ?is usage 0 r>e be=e ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury1 al?\gh aft]w>ds ! practise became common4 ,! lett] ,p1 :i* ,kon+ consid]s to h be5 ! initial ( ,philip ( ,burgundy 7:o reign$ 9 ,brabant f #adcj to #adfg17 0 f\nd by him1 he says1 9 a memor&um ( acc\nts ( ! date #adcb2 & he rem>ks fur!r1 t 8a l>ge proportion ( ! books pr9t$ 9 ,holl& 9 ! latt] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 h ?is pap]-m>k1 :i* w nev] be f\nd 9 any book1 nor 9 any pap]1 com+ f ,g]many or f ,italy40 ,?is la/ ass]tion ,mr4 ,ottley disproves1 by cit+ sev]al in/ances ( its occurr5ce 9 v>i\s works ( ,zell1 z well z ! m>ks ( ! unicorn1 ! two keys1 & ! capital ,y1 c41 %ew+1 z he says1 t ,kon+ has 8err$ egregi\sly40 ,he also says 7note1 p4 #afj17 8,! suppos$ initial ( ,philip ! ,bold is v d\btful4 ,i h reason to believe t ! pap] on :i* x is f\nd 0 made 9 ,italy40 ,& he moreov] %ews1 t he c\ld n f9d x 9 any ( ,mr4 ,kon+'s trac+s1 e>li] ?an #adec4 ,he himself saw x 89 company ) o!r pap]s :i* he ?\ght n to be old] ?an #adch2 b 9 a dat$ book he did n f9d x e>li] ?an #adde40 8,! lett] ,y10 says ,mr4 ,kon+1 8is1 )\t d\bt1 ! initial ( ,ysabel ( ,portugal1 :o 0 m>ri$ to ,philip le ,bon 9 #adcj40 ,mr4 ,kon+ sums up ! ?ird *apt] ( 8 book by say+1 8! pap]-m>ks prove t ! said works 7 publi%$ betwe5 ! ye>s #adbj & #addj2 s9ce x appe>s f :at has be5 said above1 t ! pap] ( ! fir/ ,dut* edition 7( ! ,speculum7 :i* is evid5tly ! mo/ anci5t1 be>s alone ! m>ks :i* are ! mo/ anci5t2 t is to say1 ! arms ( ,bav>ia :i* 7 us$ by ! pap]-mak]s 9 ! reign ( ! ,c\ntess ,jacquel9e1 & consequ5tly1 be=e ! ye> #adbh2 & t ! pap] ( ! second or ?ird edition ( ! ,speculum be>s ! lett] ,p1 ! m>k ( ! sov]eign ,philip ( ,burgundy1 :i* c]ta9ly 0 n 9 usage until ! ye> #adbe40 ,^u all ?is ,mr4 ,ottley ?us comm5ts3--7pp4 #afc-afd74 8,n[1 ) respect to ! ,go?ic lett] ,p1 :i* 0 s mu* us$ on pap]1 f ! middle ( ! fifte5? to ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,i %all n take ^u me to d5y ,mr4 ,kon+'s ass]tion1 t x is to be consid]$ z ! initial ( ,philip ( ,burgundy2 al?\gh1 z x appe>s to h be5 us$ 9 o!r p>ts1 z well z 9 8 dom9ions1 & cont9u$ s long aft] 8 dea? 7z 0 ! ,y also1 aft] t ( ,ysabel1 ! wife ( ,philip71 ! fact may be d\bt$4 ,z to ,mr4 ,kon+'s hypo!sis1 conc]n+ ! two pap]-m>ks ) ! arms ( ,bav>ia1 x is c]ta9ly +5i\s3 &1 _h he prov$ t ! pap] s m>k$1 0 manufactur$ 9 ! dom9ions ( ,jacquel9e1 or ( h] "m ,m>g>et1 at ! e>ly p]iod he speaks (1 ,i %\ld h ?\ght x s /rong a circum/ance1 9 fav\r ( t edition ( ! ,speculum 9 :i* ^? pap]-m>ks occur1 t ,i %\ld h felt dispos$ to c>ry back ! ?ree prec$+ editions ( t "w 7= x c]ta9ly is ! f\r?7 to a v remote p]iod inde$1 r ?an h d5i$ t x 0 pr9t$ at ! e>ly date he has assign$ to x4 ,b fir/1 ,mr4 ,kon+ has br\ght no evid5ce to %ew t ! pap] 0 made 9 ,brabant2 7= ! circum/ance1 suppos+ x true1 t all ! pap] us$ 9 ^? times1 at ,ha>lem1 came f t great comm]cial dept1 ,antw]p1 proves no?+1 s9ce pap] com+ f diff]5t p>ts1 0 d\btless sold !re72 &1 secondly1 we h no pro( t x 0 made at t e>ly p]iod4 ,suffice x = me to add1 t nei!r ( ^! pap]-m>ks 0 to be f\nd among ! trac+s1 made by ,mr4 ,kon+ f ! anci5t regi/]s ( ,ha>lem1 :i*1 z ,i h said1 he 0 s good z to l5d to me2 & t aft] a dilig5t se>* ( sev]al mon?s 9 ! ext5sive collections ( orig9al ,books ( ,acc\nts1 f #aceb to ab\t #adgj1 9 ! ar*ives at ! ,hague1 ,i 0 unable to discov] ei!r ( !m2 ?\gh at l5g? ,i *anc$ to f9d !m bo?1 9 a book 9 sq4 fol4 oblig+ly l5t to me by ,mr4 ,de ,jonge1 n[ ! pr9cipal ar*ivi/ at ! ,hague2 viz4 ! ,fasciculus ,temporum 9 ,dut*1 pr9t$ at ,utre*t1 by ,joh4 ,veld5]1 9 #adhj2 ?\gh p]haps ! pap] 0 n made f ! same id5tical sieves or m\lds1 z ! pap] t is f\nd 9 ! ,speculum40 ,?us !n1 ,mr4 ,ottley1 :o 8%ews a det]m9$ incl9ation to fav\r ! claims ( ,laur5t ,co/]10#abi also %ews1 t ,m4 ,kon+1 :o obta9$ ! prize f ! ,dut* ,society ( ,arts & ,sci5ces at ,ha>lem1 = ! be/ diss]tation 9 support ( ! anci5t tradition t ! ,art ( ,pr9t+ 0 inv5t$ 9 t city1--is wrong 9 8 ass]tions 9 reg>d to ! pap]-m>ks2 & t ! e>lie/ in/ances ( ! occurr5ce ( ^? to :i* ,kon+ *iefly ref]s1 ! ,go?ic ,p1 & ! arms ( ,bav>ia1 are 9 ! ye>s #adde1 #adec1 & #adhj4 ,x foll[s !re=e1 f ! evid5ce ( ! pap]-m>ks1 t ! pr9t+ ( ! ,speculum c\ld n h tak5 place be=e #adde2 t mo/ probably x 0 n pr9t$ e>li] ?an #adec2 & t x may n h issu$ f ! press be=e ev5 #adhj4 ,consequ5tly1 z ! ,speculum 0 ! fir/ ,dut* "w pr9t$ ) sep>able types1 x _c claim priority ov] ! inv5tion ( ,gut5b]g1 :i*1 z has be5 %ewn 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 mu/ h be5 previ\s to #adcf4 ,z to ! co/ume & arm\r ( ! figures 9 ! vignettes ( ! ,speculum1#acj ! foll[+ extracts f ,sir ,samuel ,meyrick's lett] to ,mr4 ,ottley1 & ! obs]vations ( ! latt] !reon1 are mo/ p]t95t4 ,sir ,samuel says3-- 8,next to actual dates1 !re is no crit]ion ( age s sure z ,co/ume1 :i*1 *ang+ on an av]age )9 e t5 ye>s1 fixes ! real p]iod1 almo/ precisely2 especially1 z1 all its p>ts n v>y+ at ! same mom5t1 ! "o rectifies ! vagu5ess ( ! o!r4 ,aft] co/ume1 ornam5t is a fair guide1 z is ar*itecture2 & next to ^!1 ! /yle ( writ+1 :]e ! subject is a manuscript4 8,y are1 no d\bt1 well aw>e t ! design]s ( ! middle ages1 until ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 always dress$ _! figures f ! objects be=e _! eyes2 & ^? writ]s :o w\ld fabricate descriptions ( :at !y wi%$ %\ld be suppos$ to h occurr$ be=e _! times1 always us$ ! t]ms ( co/ume applicable to _! own p]iod40 ,!n foll[ num]\s illu/rations & ref]5ces1 9 pro( ( ! position laid d[n2 among/ :i* are ! diff]5t articles ( arm\r us$ f ! reigns ( ,edw>d ,i1 to ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,) ref]5ce to "s ( ^! articles1 ,sir ,s4 ,meyrick cont9ues3-- 8,on comp>+ ^! ) :at appe>s 9 ! woodcuts to ! ,speculum1 ! id5tity w be evid5t4 ,x is true t _! use cont9u$ till ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 b ?is au?ority %ews t !y 7 also kn[n at its comm5cem5t4444 8,on a c>eful review & consid]ation ( ! :ole1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 t ! wood-blocks ( ! ,speculum _c be ( lat] date ?an #adce1 & t !y may be a little e>li]2 nor is ?is op9ion 9 ! lea/ degree %ak5 on an exam9ation ( ! re/1 besides t ( :i* y m p>ticul>ly ask$ x40 ,b ,mr4 ,ottley w n v5ture to assign to ! woodcuts s e>ly a date4 ,he says3-- 8,i believe all w agree ) ,dr4 ,meyrick1 t ! arti/s ( ! times we are speak+ (1 & ( e>li] z well z mu* lat] p]iods1 7 univ]sally accu/om$ to dress _! figures accord+ to ! fa%ion ( _! own day1 :atev] ! age ( ! subject !y _h to repres5t2 & t1 !re=e co/ume 7& ,i might add1 ! /yle ( art7 af=ds1 next to actual dates1 ! sure/ means ( det]m9+ ! age ( an illum9at$ manuscript or o!r monum5t4 8,b1 ,i suspect1 if ,dr4 ,meyrick means to speak g5]ally1 t he goes too f>1 :5 he says t1 by su* means1 ! true date ( a "w ( art is to be asc]ta9$ to )9 ! %ort p]iod ( five or t5 ye>s4 8,9 ! e>ly times we are speak+ (1 ! ma9 articles ( dress cont9u$ s ne>ly ! same = great "p ( a c5tury1 t ! same suit ( arm\r1 & ! same g[n1 desc5d$ f fa!r to son1 & f "m to daught]1 & :5 alt]$1 p]haps1 9 c]ta9 small details1 r5d]+ !m s f> con=mable to ! p>ticul> fa%ion ( ! day1 s]v$ ev5 = a ?ird g5]ation4 ,^! small details1 ,i admit1 may 9 _m cases greatly help u2 & w sometimes po9t to a p]iod ( v small duration4 ,b ,i suspect1 t ! exact date :5 "o fa%ion _h its comm5cem5t1 & ano!r w5t out1 is kn[n b 9 v few in/ances2 & x c sc>ce be d\bt$ b t 9 "o c\ntry--nay 9 "o "p ( ! same c\ntry--c]ta9 fa%ions cont9u$ to prevail = "s "t aft] !y _h be5 discont9u$ 9 ano!r4 8,9 addition to ?is1 x seems probable1 f ! great co/l9ess ( arm\r1 t :5 a suit1 or "p ( a suit1 _h become too mu* out ( fa%ion to be any long] worn by a man ( rank1 x w\ld1 in/ead ( be+ ?r[n aside z useless lumb]1 be (t5 h&$ ov] to "o ( 8 dep5d5ts3 & 9 consequ5ce1 9 designs & illum9ations done 9 ^! times1 x might happ5 t subord9ate figures w\ld "h & !re appe>1 dress$ 9 co/ume ( a m anci5t "* ?an ! pr9cipal p]sonages4 8,aga91 ,i ?9k1 t an arti/ advanc$ 9 ye>s1 :5 illum9at+ a manuscript1 or mak+ designs to engrave f1 w\ld (t5 be likely1 f habit1 to repres5t 8 figures 9 co/ume m or less resembl+ t :i* _h prevail$ 9 8 y\ng] days1 :5 he made 8 /udies2 &1 h5ce1 al?\gh he w\ld sc>cely fail to introduce also c]ta9 new *anges ( fa%ion1 too rem>kable to be ov]look$1 8 "w on ! :ole1 w\ld sav\r m ( ! co/ume ( =m] days1 ?an w\ld be ! case ) ! p]=mance ( a y\ng] arti/1 execut$ at ! same "t4 8,b our means ( =m+ a correct judgm5t ( ! date ( ^! cuts1 are n 9 all respects s complete1 z ^? :i* enable u to det]m9e ! c\ntry 444 ,holl& has no monum5tal effigies ( ^! times1 to :i* we may ref] z au?orities 444 /ill1 did ,holl& h]self furni% u ) m num]\s au?orities1 we %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be enabl$ to det]m9e ! date ( ! "w 9 "q1 ) full] confid5ce ?an we c d "u ! exi/+ circum/ances4 8,to conclude--,i h f\nd no?+ 9 ! co/ume ( ! cuts ( ! ,speculum1 t appe>s to me to militate directly aga9/ ! supposition t !y may be ( ! e>ly date ,dr4 ,meyrick has assign$ to !m1 &1 al?\gh ! argum5t produc$ by t g5tleman to %ew t !y _c be lat]1 is n p]haps 9 all respects conclusive1 /ill1 consid]+ all ! circum/ances1 ,i c\ld ) difficulty p]suade myself t ! "w 0 n comm5c$1 at lea/1 )9 a few ye>s ( ! p]iod he has suppos$1 & c]ta9ly1 ,i %\ld say1 n lat] ?an #adej40 ,^! reasons1 & ! conclusion !y lead to1 on ! "p ( a writ] s decid$ly ,co/]ian z ,mr4 ,ottley und\bt$ly is1 are v important 9 a controv]sy ( ! k9d su* z t ) :i* we are deal+4 ,! #eh cuts ( two designs ea*1 & _! engrav+ on wood1 toge!r ) ! tw5ty pages ( texts1 simil>ly engrav$1 mu/ h tak5 a v consid]able "t to complete1 on ! "p ( ! arti/ 8,beelde-mak]10 & 8,lett]-snyd]10 employ$ ^u !m4 ,suppos+ !n ! "w ( engrav+ ! cuts 0 comm5c$ 9 #adej1 & ! :ole "w 0 complet$ 9 ?ree ye>s1 we are br\ght back to ! same date = ! e>lie/ probable orig9al pr9t+ ( ! ,speculum1 t we rea*$ f a consid]ation ( ! pap]-m>ks1 a few pages previ\s2 t is1 at lea/ ?irte5 ye>s subsequ5t to ! dea? ( ! man1 :om ,junius calls ! fir/ pr9t]1 & :o1 all ^? :o h adopt$ 8 n>rative1 insi/ ^u x1 01 by ! pr9t+ ( t book1 ! orig9al inv5tor & fir/ practis] ( ,typography 9 ,europe2 b :i*1 z we h se51 c\ld n h appe>$ until m ?an sev5te5 ye>s _h pass$ away f ! "t :5 ,gut5b]g fir/ made 8 sep>able metal types at ,/rasburg4 ,en\gh1 & m ?an en\gh1 has already be5 /at$1 to prove t ,laur5t ,jansso5 ,co/] 0 n ! inv5tor1 nor ,ha>lem1 ! bir?place ( ! ,typographic ,art2 & t ! ,speculum ,human ,salvationis1 ! fir/ ,dut* book pr9t$ ) sep>able lett]s 0 n1 & c\ld n h be51 pr9t$ at ! place :]e1 & by ! man to :om1 f #aehh to #ahga1 a ho/ ( writ]s1 foll[+ ! lead ( ,junius1 h attribut$ x4 ,b x may fairly be ask$1--,if t "w1 z well z ! o!rs :i* h be5 imput$ to ,co/]1 7 n ! products ( 8 press1 by :om !n 7 !y pr9t$8 ,?is "q1 al?\gh "o ( ^? seem+ly m easily ask$ ?an answ]$1 is yet "o t ne$ n be %runk f1 inasmu* z 9 ! f>-(f vi/a ( antiquity1 & amid ! dim mi/s ( unc]ta9ty :i* encompass x1 c]ta9 anci5t l&m>ks are p]ceivable1 :i* may s]ve to guide ! inquir]1 & possibly help him to arrive at convictions capable ( endur+ ! te/ ( exam9ations z pot5t & se>*+ z ! t\* ( an ,i?uriel's spe>4 ,ref]5ce has m ?an once be5 made to ! impulse giv5 to le>n+ at ! end ( ! f\rte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5turies4 ,?is movem5t 0 help$ =w>d by no "o 9 ,holl& & ,g]many m ?an by ,g]h>d ,groote1 or ,magnus1 ( ,dev5t]1 7b4 #acbf1 d4 #acgj71 :o aft] /udy+ !ology at ,p>is1 became a canon ( ,utre*t & ,aix-la-,*apelle1 & f\nd$ ! ,ord] ( ! ,bre?r5 & ,cl]ks ( ! ,common ,life1 g5]ally kn[n z ! 8,geme9esleb5s10 or 8,frres de la ,vie ,commune10 b sometimes conf\nd$ ) ! ,begh>ds & ,lollh>ds ( an e>li] "t4 ,! headqu>t]s ( ! ,bro!rhood 0 at ,dev5t]1 :]e a ,college 0 built & inhabit$ by !m 9 ! ye> #adjj4 ,receiv+ ! approval ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance1 ! ,ord] 0 propagat$ ?r\gh\t ,holl&1 ,l[] ,g]many1 & o!r prov9ces4 8,x 0 divid$ into ! lit]>y ,bre?r5 or ,cl]ks1 & ! unle>n$ ,bre?r51 :o liv$ 9 diff]5t h\ses1 b 9 bonds ( ! greate/ fri5d%ip4 ,! ,cl]ks devot$ !mselves to transcrib+ books1 ! cultivation ( polite le>n+1 & ! in/ruction ( y\?2 & !y erect$ s*ools :]ev] !y w5t4 ,! ,bre?r5 lab\r$ ) _! h&s1 & pursu$ v>i\s me*anic trades4 ,nei!r 7 "u ! re/ra9t ( religi\s v[s2 b /ill !y ate at a common table1 & _h a g5]al community ( goods4 ,! ,si/]s liv$ 9 ne>ly ! same mann]1 & ! "t :i* 0 n employ$ 9 pray] & read+1 !y devot$ to education ( female *ildr51 & to su* lab\rs z 7 suitable = _! sex4 ,! s*ools ( ^! ,cl]ks ( ! ,common ,life 7 v celebrat$ 9 ?is c5tury1 & 9 !m 7 tra9$ ne>ly all ! re/or]s ( polite le>n+ 9 ,g]many & ,holl&2 & among o!rs ! great ,erasmus ( ,rott]dam1 ,alex&] ,hegius1 ,john ,murmelius & o!rs40 ,?us f> ,mo%eim4 ,hallam1 9 8 8,introduction to ! ,lit]ature ( ,europe10 says1 8!y 7 di/+ui%$ by _! /rict lives1 _! community1 at lea/ a p>tial "o1 ( goods1 _! indu/ry 9 manual lab\r1 _! t5d5cy to my/icism4 ,b !y 7 z /rik+ly di/+ui%$ by ! cultivation ( k1 :i* 0 enc\rag$ 9 bre?r5 ( suffici5t capacity1 & promot$ by s*ools1 bo? = prim>y & = enl>g$ education4 ,^! s*ools 71 says ,ei*horn1 #8! fir/ g5u9e nurs]ies ( lit]ature 9 ,g]many1 s f> z x dep5d$ on ! k ( languages2 & 9 !m 0 fir/ taught ! ,lat91 & 9 ! process ( "t ! ,greek1 & ,ea/]n tongues4' ,"s ( !m1 su* z t ( ,/4 ,edw>d's at ,gron+51 & ! "o at ,zwoll1 presid$ ov] by ,?omas ,kempis1 7 ( consid]able reputation4 ,9 ! ye> #adcj !y _h e/abli%$ z _m z =ty-five h\ses 9 ,g]many & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & 9 #adfj !y _h m ?an ?rice t numb]4 ,among/ o!r occupations1 !y busi$ !mselves 9 copy+ & b9d+ books40 ,b\nd to live by lab\r1 & "u a semi-ascetic discipl9e1 self-abnegation 0 a di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,frres de la ,vie ,commune2 :ile ! in/ruction ( y\?1 & ! promotion ( piety1 7 ! objects to :i* !y devot$ _! lives & lab\rs4 ,! multiplication ( books1 :i* =m$ a portion ( _! occupations1 c\ld n b prove a p[]ful means = assi/+ !m to ! atta9m5t ( ! objects :i* !y _h at he>t4 ,^! books 7 naturally divid$ into educational & devotional1 accord+ to ! classes ( individuals = ^: use !y 7 design$4 ,among ! =m] w\ld be ,a ,b ,c ,d>iums1 ,catonis ,di/i*a1 ,donatuses1 ,doctr9als1 & su* l4 ,among ! latt]1 ! ,poor ,man's ,bible1 ! ,apocalypse ( ,/4 ,john1 ! ,book ( ,canticles1 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,virg91 ! ,arts ( ,memory & ,dy+1 & ! ,mirror ( ,human ,salvation4 ,z ! op]ations ( ! ,bro!rhood ext5d$1 & _! s*ools increas$1 ! great] w\ld be ! dem& = ! above works1 & ! m labori\s ! ef=ts ( ! copyi/s to meet t dem&4 ,at _! e/abli%m5ts1 :e!r at ,dev5t]1 ,bruges1 ,brussels1 ,zwolle1 or else:]e1 arti/s & illum9ators w\ld be f\nd among _! ranks4 ,& z ,zwolle is kn[n to h be5 a v e>ly seat ( ! engrav]'s art1 su* pictorial embelli%m5ts z ^! arti/s design$ w\ld spe$ily be transf]r$ to wood4 ,t su* 0 ! case1 & t ,zwolle 0 ! place :]e ,block-books 7 fir/ produc$1 seems to be c]ta91 f ! fact t 9 #adhi ! ,bre?r5 !re us$ ! orig9al blocks ( ! ,biblia ,paup]um 9 pr9t+ ! "w 8,passye ende dat ,lev5 van ons]s liefs h]n40 ,! silv] cross & arms ( ,zwolle are also to be f\nd 9 ! cuts ( ! ,book ( ,canticles4 ,z ! lab\rs ( ! copyi/s increas$1 & z scrolls & inscriptions 7 add$ to ! engrav$ figures1 & ! art ( ! #8lett]-snyd]' 0 call$ 9 to assi/ t ( ! #8beelde-mak]1' & ! #8=m5-' & #8figure-snyd]1' !re c be no "q b t x n unfrequ5tly occurr$ to ! m9ds ( ?\ghtful copyi/s1 t :ole texts ( books c\ld be s engrav$4 ,a repres5tation to t effect to ! *ief ( ! bro!rhood w\ld lead to an ord] to c>ry ! idea into execution4 ,9 ! descriptive text ( ! ,ars ,mori5di & l works1 & 9 ! tw5ty xylographic pages ( ! fir/ ,lat9 edition ( ! 8,mirror ( ,salvation10 we see ! realization ( ! idea4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( cont9ually cutt+ ! lett]s on ! wood1 an intellig5t #8lett]-snyd]' w\ld be /ruck by ! con/ant recurr5ce ( c]ta9 lett]s & comb9ations ( lett]s1--a fact mu* m likely to attract 8 att5tion ?an a copyi/'s1--& he w\ld f9d1 9 c\nt+ ov] ^! lett]s1 t 8 future lab\rs c\ld be greatly abridg$1 by m]ely cutt+ z _m sep>ate lett]s & comb9ations ( ea* sort1 z w\ld suffice = pr9t+ a page or two at a "t2 ! same lett]s answ]+ aga9 & aga9 = ! "w 9 h&1 or = any o!r t might be requir$4 ,9 ! r$uction ( ?is idea to practice1 ! reason may be se5 :y ! fir/ edition ( ! ,speculum is p>tly xylographic & p>tly typographic4 ,! success att5d+ ^! fir/ ,dut* ef=ts at pr9t+ ) sep>able types w\ld at once lead to fur!r applications ( ! art 9 ! production ( elem5t>y educational books2 & z ! reputation ( ! ,bre?r5 z s*oolma/]s 0 great1 & !y 7 (t5 invit$ & s5t = by ! magi/rates ( cities to op5 s*ools 9 ,g]many z well z 9 ,holl&1 !y w\ld c>ry su* books ) !m4 ,! fact ( fragm5ts ( e>ly ,donatuses & ,doctr9als be+ f\nd 9 ,g]many is ?us acc\nt$ =1 )\t any necessity = suppos+1 ) ,junius & 8 foll[]s1 t ! types f :i* !y 7 pr9t$ 7 /ol5 f ,co/] ( ,ha>lem1 & c>ri$ away to ,m5tz3 :ile sets ( types cut by diff]5t #8lett]-snyd]s' w\ld also acc\nt = ! diff]5ces obs]v$ 9 ! typography ( ! f\r folio editions ( ! ,speculum4 ,be>+ 9 m9d !n1 ! objects to :i* ! ,bre?r5 & ,cl]ks ( ! ,common ,life devot$ !mselves2--! classes ( books1 educational & devotional1 ( :i* ! block-books consi/$1 & _! special adaptability to promote ! objects ( ! frat]nity3--! fact1 t ,zwolle 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ seats ( ! engrav]'s art1 z well z a c5tral /ation ( ! bro!rhood2--t ! orig9al blocks ( ! ,biblia ,paup]um 7 reproduc$ at ! ,bre?r5's pr9t+ press !re 9 #adhi2--t l>ge editions ( ^! works 7 nev] requir$1#aca & t !re=e "o pr9t+ e/abli%m5t might suffice = ! ne$s 9 ?is respect ( ! :ole frat]nity2--t ! arms ( ! city 7 engrav$ on "o ( ^! books1 ! ,song ( ,songs2--t all ^? ) pictorial embelli%m5ts1 claim$ z ,co/]ian productions1 are1 9 ! op9ion ( s compet5t a judge z ,ottley1 ! "w ( ! same arti/1 or at lea/ ( ! same s*ool1 z reg>ds design & execution1 z ! ,biblia ,paup]um2--& t f ! pap]-m>ks1 z well z ! "* ( ! co/ume & arm\r ( ! figures 9 ! ,speculum1 t "w c\ld n h be5 pr9t$ until ab\t ! ye> #adec1 or lat]3--! conclusion seems reasonable1 t all ! works :i* f #aehh h be5 traditionally attribut$ to ,co/] & 8 alleg$ successors1 came 9 reality f ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,bre?r5 & ,cl]ks ( ! ,common ,life at ,zwolle3--& if s1 ?is satisfactorily acc\nts = !re be+ nei!r "n nor initial nor date1 to indicate ei!r au?or1 design] or pr9t]2 ! pr9ciples ( ! frat]nity be+ su* z to m]ge ! individual 9 ! bro!rhood1 & to make ! "w ( "o a portion ( ! common "w ( all4 ,sett+ aside1 !re=e1 ! conclusions ( ,b>on ,he9eck5 & ,wett] 9 reg>d to ! p>ty by :om1 & ! date :51 ! ,speculum 0 orig9ally pr9t$1 7:i* nev]!less are n )\t gr\nds = _! support71 ?is view ( ! "q gives to "s unkn[n bro!r or bre?r5 ! m]it ( hav+ indep5d5tly work$ out ! idea ( sep>able lett]s on wood ab\t ! ye>s #adej-ec2 ?us add+ "o m to ! numb] ( kn[n in/ances1 :5 at c]ta9 hi/oric p]iods ! m9ds ( individuals :olly unkn[n to ea* o!r1 & 9 widely diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 h almo/ simultane\sly work$ out ! same inv5tion1 or made ! same discov]y4 ,in/ances ( su* co9cid5ces w no d\bt at once occur to ! m9ds ( intellig5t read]s2 ,i %all !re=e only ref] by way ( illu/ration to ! inv5tion ( ,photography by ,m4 ,niepce & ,mr4 ,fox ,talbot1 & ! discov]y ( ! planet ,neptune by ! ,engli% & ,fr5* a/ronom]s1 ,adams & ,lev]ri]4 ,! r>ity ( copies ( works 9 :i* ! types us$ 9 ! ,speculum h be5 recognis$1 is acc\nt$ = by ! fact ( _! spe$y sup]cession by ca/ fusile metal types1 :5 a k ( ! ,arts ( ,typography & ,typef\nd+ became spread ?r\gh\t ,europe by ! disp]sion ( ! workm5 at ,m5tz1 on ! capture & sack ( t city 9 #adfb4 ,mo/1 if n all ( ! e>ly pr9t]s1 7 m5 ( le>n+4 ,_m ( ^? :o fir/ practis$ ! art 9 ! ,ne!rl&s w\ld consequ5tly h be5 educat$ by ! ,bre?r5 & ,cl]ks ( ! ,common ,life2 & among/ ^! "s 7 v probably memb]s ( t frat]nity4 ,x is c]ta9 t at ,brussels 7#adgf7 & at ,zwolle1 z well z at ,rhe+au 7#adgd7 & ,ro/ock 7#adgf71 ! ,bre?r5 spe$ily practis$ ! new art z fir/ br\ght to p]fection at ,m5tz4 ,& at "o or o!r ( ^! places1 x is mu* m likely t ,veld5] obta9$ ! cuts ( ! ,mirror ( ,salvation1 :i* he repr9t$ at ,culemb\rg 9 #adhc1 ?an t he pur*as$ !m f ! desc5dants ( ,co/] at ,ha>lem2--a /atem5t :i*1 h[ev] mu* insi/$ ^u by ,dut*1 & reit]at$ ( late by ,fr5* & ,engli% writ]s1 is purely suppositi\s1 & utt]ly void ( ! slighte/ f\ndation 9 fact4 ,,footnotes3 #hc ,s*rijv]1 ,p4 ,laurecrans voor ,laur5s ,co/]4 ,ha>lem1 #afbh4 #dto4 #hd ,hadrian ,junius 0 born at ,hoorn1 9 #aeaa1 & is said to h be5 educat$ at a classical s*ool ( repute at ,ha>lem4 ,he also /udi$ at ,l\va94 ,he soon %ew$ himself a p]son ( ability2 & hav+ embrac$ ! m$ical pr(ession1 0 appo9t$ physician to ! ,duke ( ,norfolk1 & aft]w>ds to ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k4 ,he is said to h tak5 up 8 abode 9 ,ha>lem 9 #aefj1 & to h resid$ !re till #aegb1 :5 he quitt$ ! city on acc\nt ( ! siege t !n took place4 ,accord+ to ,lypsius1 he 0 ! mo/ le>n$ man 9 ,holl& aft] ,erasmus4 ,8 "w ,batavia 0 comm5c$ late 9 life1 & complet$ 9 ,janu>y1 #aege4 ,8 dea? took place at ,middleburg1 on ! #af? ,june ( ! same ye>4 #he ,! orig9al w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix4 #hf ,! above translation is tak5 f ! article on ,pr9t+ 9 ! ,ed9burgh edition 7#ahae7 ( ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 supplem5t$ by t giv5 9 ,/[]'s 8,pr9t]s' ,gramm>0 7#ahjh47 ,bo? writ]s are /rong pro-,co/]ians4 #hg ,galius is probably ! same :o is call$ ,claes ,lottynz1 ,gael1 ,scab9us ,ha>lemi1 z x is 9 ! ,fa/i ( t city1 9 ! ye>s #aeca1 #aecc1 & #aece4 ,quir9us 9 ! same ,fa/i is call$ ,mr4 ,quiryn ,dirkszoon4 ,he 0 _m ye>s amanu5sis to ,erasmus1 z appe>s f 8 epi/le #bcrd ,july1 #aebi1 tom iii4 ,op]4 p4 #abbb4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds ,scab9us 9 #aecg et seq41 & ,consul 9 #aeeb1 et seq4 ,b 9 ! tr\bles ( ,holl& he 0 cruelly kill$ by ! ,spani% soldi]s1 ,may #bc1 #aefc4 #hh ,me]man's ,acc\nt ( ! family & desc5dants ( ,laur5t ,jansso51 vol4 i4 p4 #ch1 et seq4 #hi ,,ottley',s ,inquiry1 p4 #cjh4 #ij ,vide *4 xvii4 ( 8 "w4 #ia ,! writ] ( ^! v]ses 0 "o ( ! correctors ( ! press employ$ by ,s*ff]1 ?\gh 8 "n does n appe>4 ,he concludes ) ! expression ( a desire1 :i* to ?is day f9ds a responsive e*o 9 ! bosom ( e au?or & pr9t] ^: s\l has be5 vex$ by ! blund]s ( copyi/s & compositors3--8,oh60 is 8 pa!tic exclamation1--8if !y c\ld succe$ 9 purg+ ! texts ( all _! faults6--^? :o arrange ! *>act]s1 z well z ^? :o read ! pro(s2 ! fri5ds ( lit]ature w\ld !n infallibly aw>d to !m a cr[n ( glory1 :o ?us come 9 aid by _! books to ?\s&s ( seats ( le>n+40 ,x is n at all unlikely t ^! v]ses 7 ! orig9 ( ,junius's ass]tion1 t ! "n ( ! workman :o /ole ,co/]'s types & implem5ts1 & c>ri$ !m (f to ,m5tz1 0 ,john4 #ib ,,mall9ckrot1 de ,ortu et ,progressu ,artis ,typographic4 ,coloni1 #afci4 #ic ,9 ord] to evade ! =ce ( ,caxton's te/imony1 ,co/]ian writ]s ass]t t he m]ely record$ ! popul> belief ( ! "t4 ,b ,caxton1 z he himself tells u 9 "o ( 8 works1 _h be5 resid+ f #adda to #adgf 89 ! c\ntries ( ,brabant1 ,fl&]s1 ,holl&1 & ,zeal&40 ,dur+ ! great] portion ( ?is "t he 0 ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,company ( ,m]*ant ,adv5tur]s1 trad+ 9 ,brabant1 ,fl&]s1 c41 & 8 pr9cipal place ( resid5ce 0 ,bruges1 n f> di/ant f ,ha>lem4 ,! m]*&ise ( ^? days 0 n conf9$ to silks & wooll5s1 b includ$ ! manuscripts & books ( ! p]iod4 ,caxton1 aft] 8 appo9tm5t to ! h\sehold ( ! ,du*ess ( ,burgundy1 gave 8 m9d to lit]>y pursuits1 & practis$ ! art ( pr9t+ at ,bruges4 ,he 0 also well acqua9t$ ) ,ulric ,zell ( ,ha9ault1 ! fir/ pr9t] ( ,cologne1 at :i* city "s suppose1 on ! au?ority ( ,wynkyn de ,woorde1 8 successor1 he also pr9t$ a book4 ,he c\ld n !re=e be ignorant ( ! facts ( ! case4 ,8 position & pursuits gave him e opportunity = asc]ta9+ !m2 & he 0 n a man :o neglect$ opportunities = acquir+ k4 ,he mu/ consequ5tly h kn[n & be5 well satisfi$ ( ! accuracy ( ! /atem5t he gave curr5cy to4 ,_h ,co/] or any ( 8 desc5dants be5 pr9t+ at ,ha>lem f #adbh to #adgb1 z _m ( ^! writ]s allege1 ,caxton mu/ h kn[n ( x1 & w\ld n 9 su* a case h ass]t$ t ! 8craft ( impr9t+ 0 fir/ f\nd 9 ,mogunce 9 ,almayne40 #id ,a ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+1 by ,s4 ,,palm]1 #dto4 ,london1 #agcc4 ,?is "w1 al?\gh o/5sibly writt5 by ,mr4 ,s4 ,palm]1 a ,london pr9t] ( "s em95ce1 0 9 fact ! production ( ! le>n$ ,psalmanaz>4 #ie ,z ! ,*ronicle 9 :i* ?is acc\nt is giv51 is said to h be5 f9i%$ 9 ! ye> #aead1 ,tri!mius 7b4 #adfb2 d4 #aeaf17 w\ld h he>d ! p>ticul>s f ,pet] ,s*ff]1 ab\t ! ye> #adhd4 ,! abbot w\ld !n h be5 tw5ty-two ye>s ( age4--,me]man1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aja1 n4 ,! manuscript ( ! ,*ronicle 0 n discov]$ until ne> ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 x 0 pr9t$ at ,/4 ,gall 9 ! ye> #afij4 #if ,?is fact is mu* ov]look$ by writ]s :o inv>iably ref] to ,zell z a ,g]man au?ority4 ,ha9ault is a prov9ce adjo9+ ,s\? ,brabant & ,we/ ,fl&]s1 9 :i* prov9ces are situat$ ! t[ns ( ,ha>lem & ,bruges1 :]e ,co/] & ,caxton resid$4 ,along ) ,holl&1 ,ha9ault 0 =cibly annex$ by ,philip ( ,burgundy 9 #adbf4 ,no d\bt _m ( ! families oppos$ to ! annexation s\ght safety 9 flight1 & among ^! may be includ$ t ( ! ,zells4 ,b x is h>dly to be cr$it$ t ,ulric's love ( ,fa!rl& 0 ext+ui%$ by 8 expatriation2 or t he w\ld give to ,g]many & ,m5tz1 ! honor t rightly belong$ to ,holl& & ,ha>lem4 ,all t he says1 am\nts to ! /atem5t1 t ,block-book ,donatuses 7 pr9t$ 9 ,holl&1 be=e pr9t+1 9 ! way x is commonly us$1 0 inv5t$ at ,m5tz4 ,if1 z ,co/]ians cont5d1 8pr9t+ 9 ! way x is commonly us$0 0 kn[n & practis$ by ,laur5t ,jansso5 9 ,ha>lem f #adbh to #addj1 bo? ,caxton & ,zell mu/ h kn[n ( x2 & w\ld h /at$ x z a fact4 ,! only inf]5ce !re=e t c be drawn f :at !y say1 z well z f :at !y d n say on ! subject1 is1 t ,typography 0 inv5t$ at ,m5tz1 & 0 n kn[n at ,ha>lem until aft] ! adv5t ( ! fir/ pr9t] !re 9 #adhc4 #ig 8,admir&a ars typographica ab +5ioso ,johanne ,gutt5b]gio1 anno a nativitate ,*ri/i1 ,dom9i no/ri1 #adej1 inv5ta1 et po/hac /udio1 sumtu et labore ,johannis ,fu/ et ,petri ,s*ff]i ,mogunti1 em5data et ad po/]os propagata e/40 #ih ,hic ubi po/remo desc5dit gurgite ,mo5us1 ,excipit et socias littore ,rh5us aquas ,hanc pep]it captis antiqua ,moguntia muris ,horrida dum tri/is fata canebat avis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,scula bis septem num]abant ord9e fati ,*ri/ig51 h9c illis lu/ra decemque dabant1 ,t]tius ac orbis ,frid]icus fr5a regebat1 99 99 99 99 99 ,cl>us ,joannes en ,gut5b]gius hic e/1 ,a quo1 ceu vivo flum9e1 manat opus4 ,hic e/ ,aonidum cu/os fidissimus1 hic e/1 ,qui ref]at latices1 quos p$e fudit equus1 ,quam vet]es nobis ,arg5ti voce not>unt1 ,a pu]o f]tur su/9uisse virum2 ,illa s$ huic civi l>gita e/ mun]a grata1 ,cui cl>um nom5 ,mogus hab]e d$it4 ,primitias illic coepit =m>e laboris1 ,a/ hic maturum protulit artis opus4 ,/emmate pr/abat2 vicit virtute s$ illud2 ,dicitur h9c v] nobilitatis ,eques4 ,annulis 9 digitis erat illi occasio prima1 ,palladium ut caelo sollicit>et opus4 ,illum t5tabat molli committ]e c]1 ,r$d]et ut nom5 litt]a sculpta suum4 ,respicit ar*etypos1 auri ve/igia lu/rans1 ,et secum tacitus talia v]ba ref]t3 ,quam belle p&it c]tas hc orbita voces1 ,mon/rat et exactis apta rep]ta libris4 ,quid1 si nunc ju/os1 ris ratione r$ucta1 ,t5t>em libros cud]e mille modis8--v4v4 #ai-ff4 #ii ,van ,opm] 0 born at ,am/]dam 9 #aebf4 ,he /udi$ ! classics at ! ,univ]sities ( ,l\va9 & ,delft2 & also made himself a pr(ici5t 9 pa9t+1 engrav+ & ar*itecture4 ,he 0 kn[n to ,van ,zuyr5 9 #aefa1 ! ye> :5 ,coornh]t publi%$ 8 edition ( ,cic]o's ,(fices2 & 0 = "s ye>s a resid5t at ,leyd54 ,9 #aegh he return$ to ,am/]dam4 ,he is suppos$ to h di$ ab\t ! ye> #aeie4 #ajj ,i am indebt$ to ,hans>d's ,typographia1 7p4 #fj7 = ! above quotation2 x is !re quot$ f ,lemo9e1 7p4 #ii7 )\t any fur!r ref]5ce4 #aja ,van ,zuyr54 #ajb ,coornh]t4 #ajc ,guicci>d9i4 #ajd ,dut* writ]s 9 accept+ ?is tale ( ,junius z a g5u9e hi/orical fact1 h exp5d$ a va/ am\nt ( +5uity 9 endeav\r+ to id5tify ! workman & fix ! date ( ! felony4 ,! result is curi\s4 ,scriv]ius1 writ+ 9 #afbh1 indicates ,john ,gut5b]g1 9 ! ye> #adbh2 ,boxhorn1 9 #afci1 says x 0 ,john ,fau/1 9 #adbj2 ,seiz1 9 #agdj1 says x 0 ,john ,gut5b]g1 betwe5 ! ye>s #adbh & #adfg2 ,me]man1 9 #agfe1 says x 0 ,john ,g5sfleis* ! eld]1 9 #adcj2 ,we/re551 9 #ahji1 says1 ab\t #adcf1 b does n give any "n2 ,kon+1 9 #ahaf1 says x 0 ,frielo ,g5sfleis*1 betwe5 #adbj & #adcf2 ,de ,vries1 9 #ahbb1 says x 0 ,johan ,g5sfleis*1 9 #adbc2 & ,alb4 ,?ijm1 9 #ahfg1 says x 0 "o ,hans1 9 #adbc4 ,x is obs]vable t all ^! writ]s decl9e to adopt ! date :i* ,junius fixes ^u1 ant$at+ ! occurr5ce f f\r to tw5ty ye>s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 !y 7 compell$ to d1 9 ord] to get rid ( c]ta9 facts1 :i* prov$ t ! date #addj 0 an impossible "o1 if ei!r ,fau/ or ,gut5b]g 0 to be crim9at$4 #aje ,humphreys1 pp4 #de & #ej4 #ajf 8,de ,keuls*e ,kroniek en ,de ,co/]leg5de van ,dr4 ,a4 ,van d] ,l9de1 te zam5 getoete/ door ,dr4 ,p4 ,van ,meurs40 ,ha>lem1 #ahgj4 #ajg 8,! rec5tly erect$ /atue ( ,ko/] at ,ha>lem1 is "o ( ! f9e/ works ( its class t ,i h ev] _h ! good =tune to exam9e4 ,! dim5sions are colossal1 ! "w ( a ,fr5* sculptor1 ,m4 ,r\g]4 ,i c\ld wi% ! arti/ 7 a ,dut*man4 ,! attitude ( ! /atue1 nobly drap$1 & we>+ ! head ge> ( ! "t1 is v impressive4 ,! left h& clasps a book1 :ile ! "r h& holds al(t1 ) an air ( triumphant satisfaction1 a 8type10 by means ( :i* ! book has be51 z x 71 magically produc$40--,,humphreys1 p4 #baf4 #ajh 8,if10 says ,,sant&]1 8we exam9e all ! au?ors )\t exception :o h writt5 9 fav\r ( ,ha>lem1 we %all n f9d ! smalle/ pro(1 ! lea/ contemporane\s docum5t1 9 support ( _! pret5sions2 all t we read 9 !m1 all t !y allege1 r$uces itself to ! n>rative ( ,junius1 :i* 0 itself compos$ f light he>say evid5ce1 & :i* ea* writ] comm5ts ^u accord+ to 8 fancy40 c41 c4 8,:at60 exclaims ,,ottley1 8are ! fragm5ts ( ,donatuses1 f\nd 9 ,holl&1 & pr9t$ 9 ! same type z ! ,speculum1 to be consid]$ z no evid5ce :atev] ( e>ly pr9t+ 9 t c\ntry10 c41 c41 c4--,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+1 p4 #aag4 8,co/] 0 ! fir/ to use moveable ca/ metal types4444 ,?is view is n only support$ by "o ( ! e>lie/ writ]s on ! subject1 b by 444 ,ulric ,zell10 :o says 8,item3 al?\gh ?is art 0 discov]$ at ,m5tz at fir/ 9 ! mann] 9 :i* x is n[ commonly us$1 yet ! fir/ example ( x 0 f\nd 9 ,holl&10 c4--,,blades',s ,life1 c4 ( ,w4 ,caxton1 vol4 i4 p4 #ei4 #aji ,aft] enum]at+ sev]al works 8pr9t$ ) :at may be t]m$ ,ko/]ian types10 ,mr4 ,,humphreys says3--8,?us x is prov$1 n only t ,ko/] is n a my? inv5t$ by ! ,dut* to glorify !mselves1 & t ! #8,speculum' is n an isolat$ & unau!nticat$ monum5t2 b t !re 0 9 all probability1 a ,ko/] 7& if n1 "s o!r native ( ,holl&7 :o 0 ! pr9t] ( at lea/ ?ree out ( ! f\r editions ( ! #8,speculum1' & t 8 family successors1 or pupils & workm51 cont9u$ to pr9t 9 ! same /yle aft] 8 dea?40--,hi/4 ( ,art ( ,pr9t+1 p4 #fe4 8,! ?ird edition ( ! ,speculum has a mu* m important "* ?an ! second1 be+ a ,dut* translation 9 prose1 pr9t$ by ! same d\ble process z ! prec$+1 all ! text be+ typographic1 & only pr9t$ on "o side ( ! pap]4 ,! issue ( ?is edition 7evid5tly f ! same e/abli%m5t71 9 ! ,dut* language1 is an all suffici5t pro( ( ! celebrat$ #8,speculum' be+ beyond d\bt1 ! production ( a ,dut* artisan1 or r arti/1 & if s1 :y n ( ,ko/]80--,ib4 p4 #fc4 #aaj ,b>on ,he9eck51 ,sant&]1 & o!rs1 assign a ,g]man orig9 to !m4 #aaa 8,! ,hor>ium 7or m correctly ,a ,b ,c ,d>ium7 r5d]$ s celebrat$ by ! detail$ notice ( s _m le>n$ ,bibliopoli/s1 z "o ( ! e>lie/ ef=ts ( ,ko/]1 & by "s consid]$ positively 8 fir/ exp]im5tal "w ) moveable types1 ei!r ( b>k 7871 wood 7871 or metal1 ,i h exam9$ v closely1 & d n consid] t x has any claim :atev] to be s consid]$4 ,x is true1 t bo? type & pr9t+ are rude1 b t is no suffici5t reason = assign+ to x a /rictly primitive "*1 z _m rudely execut$ works might be cit$ long aft] ! practical e/abli%m5t ( ! ,pr9t+ ,press4 ,! fact is1 t its be+ pr9t$ on bo? sides1 & ! imposition = fold+ be+ arrang$ aft] ! regul> mann] adopt$ :5 pr9t+ ) moveable types 0 9 g5]al use1 induce me to believe t x 0 pr9t$ long aft] ! #8,speculum1' probably by ! successors ( ,ko/] :o us$ 8 types4 ,ev5 ! specim5s ( ,donatuses1 :i* ,i h exam9$ 9 ,holl& 7& else:]e7 especially 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y ( ! ,hague1 "u ! le>n$ guidance ( ,dr4 ,holtrop & ,mr4 ,campbel1 lead me to ! conviction t !y 7 n essays by ,ko/] ant]ior to ! production ( ! #8,speculum4' ,x is true1 t ,i 0 %ewn a specim5 ( a ,donatus pr9t$ on vellum1 & on "o side only1 :i* has be5 recov]$ f ! b9d+ ( an old ,dut* book4 ,b ,i look ^u x z a r\gh #8pro(1' t 0 nev] complet$1 & ev5tually us$ l ord9>y wa/e to /iff5 b9d+s40--,,humphreys1 p4 #bae4 ,?is ,hor>ium 0 discov]$ 9 ! b9d+ ( an old book1 =m+ 9 fact a portion ( ! b9d+4 ,! pages are pr9t$ on vellum on bo? sides2 & x has be5 po9t$ out t ! lett] i has a mod]n peculi>ity 9 be+ dott$1 in/ead ( hav+1 z 9 ! anci5t manuscripts & pr9t$ books1 a /roke above x1 ?us1 4 ,ens*$ :o discov]$ ! "w1 publi%$ a fac-simile ( x 9 #agfh4 ,*atto1 :o critically exam9$ x1 says1 9 ,jackson's ,treatise on ,wood-engrav+ 7#b;d edit4 #ahfa1 p4 #afb17 8,x is c]ta9ly su* a "o z he 0 mo/ wi%ful to f9d1 & :i* he 9 8 capacity ( type-f\nd] & pr9t] w\ld f9d little difficulty 9 produc+4 ,i am firmly conv9c$ t x is nei!r pr9t$ ) wood5 types1 nor a specim5 ( e>ly typography4 ,i suspect x to be a ,dut* typographic essay on popul> cr$ulity40--,?is ,i ?9k a h>% judgm5t2 &1 ( ! two1 ,i pref] to believe1 ) ,humphreys1 t ,ens*$ 0 mi/ak5 9 suppos+ ! pages he f\nd to be a "w1 p]haps ! e>lie/ "w1 ( ,co/]1 r ?an ) ,*atto1 to suspect t he =g$ x himself4 #aab ,! ,t[n-hall at ,ha>lem possesses a collection ( ,co/]ian relics1 b ,mr4 ,humphreys says 7p4 #bae7 8!y are n1 z x seems to me1 s important z _m writ]s h deem$ !m40 #aac ,inquiry1 pp4 #bjb-bjc4 #aad 8,! works :i* may almo/ to a c]ta9ty be ascrib$ to ! ,co/]ian press aft] ! dea? ( ! inv5tor1 & ! publication ( ! ,speculum1 are v>i\s editions ( ! ,donatus1 ,catonia ,di/i*a1 ,laur5tii ,vall5si ,facecie ,morales1 ,ludovici ,pontani de ,roma ,s+ul>ia 9 ,causis ,crim9alibus1 ,gulielmus de ,saliceto de ,salute ,corporis1 ,hor>ium1 ,alex&ri ,galli ,doctr9ale1 ,petri ,hispani ,tractatus1 ,francisci ,petr>* de ,salibus ,virorum ,illu/rium et ,faceciis ,tractatus1 c41 all ( :i* are )\t date or "n ( pr9t]1 b are issu$ f ! same press1 & ! types ( :i*1 p]fectly l ^? 9 ! ,speculum1 _c be attribut$ by any su* simil>ity to any o!r pr9t+ (fice ei!r 9 ,g]many or ev5 9 ,holl& & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries40--,p4 ,h4 ,,b]jeau1 p4 xxxvi4 ,introd4 to ,,ottley',s ,inquiry4 #aae ,,me]man consid]$ t ?is edition 0 ! fir/1 & only "o pr9t$ by ,co/]1 betwe5 ! ye>s #adcj & #addj2 t ! ,lat9 edition ) tw5ty pages ( block-pr9t+ came next2 !n ! o!r ,dut*1 & la/ly ! second ,lat94 ,,humphreys 7p4 #ef17 concludes t all f\r editions 7 pr9t$ by ,co/]1 ! fir/ be+ ! "o ) tw5ty pages ( xylographic text4 ,,ottley all[s him "o1 & ! great] "p ( ano!r4 ,( ! fir/ edition 7foll[+ ,humphreys' classification71 t5 copies are kn[n--two 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale at ,p>is1 "o 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 "o 9 ! ,bodleian libr>y at ,ox=d1 "o 9 ! ,sp5c] libr>y1 & five 9 ,holl&4 ,( ! second edition !re are six copies--"o 9 ! ,imp]ial libr>y at ,vi5na1 "o 9 ! ,palazzo ,pitti at ,flor5ce1 ! ?ird1 )\t preface1 9 ! ,t[n ,hall at ,ha>lem1 ! f\r? ) b #dj pages1 9 ! libr>y at ,hanov]1 ! fif? 9 ! ,royal libr>y at ,brussels2 & ! six? & mo/ p]fect1 ! ,+lis copy 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,qu>it*4 ,( ! ?ird edition 7! fir/ ,dut*7 copies are 9 ! libr>ies ( ,"l ,sp5c]1 & ,mr4 ,we/re55 ,von ,tiell&t at ! ,hague2 ! f9e copy =m]ly 9 ! ,ens*$ collection is n[ 9 ,engl&4 ,( ! f\r? edition1 only ?ree copies are kn[n--"o 9 ! ,t[n ,hall ( ,ha>lem1 ! second 9 ! public libr>y ( t city1 & ! ?ird 9 ! libr>y at ,lille4 ,x is possible !re may h be5 a l>g] numb] ( e>ly folio editions1 z sev]al ( ! above copies appe> to h be5 made up f m ?an "o4 #aaf 8,de l',orig9e et des ,dbuts de l',imprim]ie en ,europe40 ,p>is1 #ahec4 #aag 8,essai ,hi/orique et ,critique sur l',inv5tion de l',imprim]ie40 ,p>is-,lille1 #ahei4 #aah ,mr4 ,humphreys concludes f 8 exam9ation ( ! ,dut* copy ( ! ,speculum1 =m]ly 9 ! ,ens*$ collection at ,ha>lem1 t ?is edition 0 8by f> ! mo/ f9ely execut$40 ,x 0 sold1 on ! disp]sion ( ! ,ens*$ collection 9 #ahfg1 = #gjj gu9eas4 ,! pur*as]1 ,mr4 ,qu>it* ( ,piccadilly1 x is und]/ood has s9ce resold x 9 ,engl& at a consid]able advance4 ,! same spirit$ bibliograph] b\ght ! ,+lis copy 7sold 9 #ahga7--;a specim5 ( ! ,lat9 edition ) all ! text 9 moveable types1 9 ! mo/ f9e & p]fect condition1--= #ebe4 #aai ,f ! fact t ,ens*$ 0 a pr9t] & type-f\nd]1 8 op9ion has _h great weight ) subsequ5t writ]s4 ,i h no d\bt1 h[ev]1 b t 8 eag]ness to secure = 8 own c\ntryman & bir?-place ! hon\r ( ! inv5tion ( metal types1 bl9d$ him to ! evid5ce :i* ! lett]s 9 ! ,speculum pres5t to ! contr>y4 #abj ,,prunelle1 au ,magaz9 ,encyclopdique de #ahjf4 #aba ,9 plate #aj1 opposite page #bie 9 ,mr4 ,ottley's "w1 fac-similes are giv5 ( ! types ( ! ,speculum1 tak5 f ! text b5ea? cuts #ag & #ah4 ,9 ^! ! capital ,d occurs twice1 ,o ?ree times1 ,q ?ree times1 ,s twice1 ,t ?rice1 & ,v twice4 ,& 9 e in/ance ! diff]5ces are su* z to %ew t x 0 impossible = ! sev]al specim5s ( ea* ( ^! lett]s to h be5 ca/ f a m\ld tak5 f ei!r a patt]n or a t\*$-up-type4 ,:at is true ( ! capitals is equally true ( ! small] lett]s4 ,! ^w #8,tres' = in/ance1 occurs ?ree times runn+1 repeat$ exactly "o "u ! o!r1 ?us af=d+ ! be/ possible condition = comp>ison4 ,ea* ( ! ,t's--ea* ( ! comp\nd$ re's1--& ea* ( ! s's diff]2 !y c\ld n h be5 ca/ f ! same matrix1 nor c\ld any "o ( !m h /ood = ! orig9al ( successive m\ld+s = ! re/1 z sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,ottley4 #abb 8,d] ,heilsspiegel und alle &]e ,druckw]ke1 wel*e ,me]man dem ,laur5s ,ko/] und se95 ,erb5 zus*reibt1 s9d alle mit gegoss55 ,typ5 g$ruckt1 und zw> g> ni*t s*le*t4 ,es i/ unmgli*1 mit hlz]n5 ,bu*/ab5 von sol*] ,kle9heit zu druck540--,krit4 ,ges*4 d] ,erf4 d] ,bu*druck]kun/1 p4 #eij4 #abc ,= ! :ole ( 8 argum5t see pages #fbj-fib ( 8 "w4 ,8 object is to %ew ! probability t all ! f\r folio editions may h be5 ! "w ( ,veld5] at ,utre*t4 ,at page #fed he says1 8t almo/ all ! types us$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s h _! orig9al 9 ^? ( ! ,rh9e 8,(fic9510 is se5 f ! resemblance ( ! types ( ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,common ,life at ,m>i5?al on ! ,rh9e1 to ^? ( ,!rho]n5 ( ,cologne1 & ! ,bre?r5 at ,brussels4 ,witness ! fac-similes #a1 #b1 & #c1 ( ,tab4 #aa1 & especially all ! fac-similes ( ,tables #i1 #aj1 #aa1 & #ab1 7) ! exception ( ,nos4 #d & #h ( ,tab4 #ab47 ,ev5 ! types ( ! ,speculum are no?+ else ?an a dim9ution ( ! types ( ! #db-l9e 7,maz>97 ,bible1 ) sundry alt]ations 9 ! capital lett]s4--,! ,dut* "w ( ,ludovicus de ,roma1 #8,s+ul>ia 9 causis crim9alibus1' 7#adga17 is pr9t$ ) types1 :i*1 ) ! exception ( ! capital lett]s1 are almo/ all su* exact copies 9 size & %ape ( ^? ( ! ,maz>9 ,bible1 t !y c\ld cov] ea* o!r reciprocally40 #abd 8,ide ,gnrale d'une collection complete d',e/ampes40 #hvo4 ,leips4 #agga4 #abe ,see ,,wett]1 p4 #bc4 #abf ,m4 ,,b]n>d2 & ,p4 ,c4 ,,van ,,d] ,,me]s*1 9 8 8,re*]*es sur la ,vie et les ,travaux des ,imprimeurs ,belges et ,nerl&ais1 tablis a l'trang]40 #hvo4 ,g&1 #ahef3--;are "h ref]r$ to4 #abg ,! manuscript f :i* ^! extracts are tak5 0 br\ght to light by ! ,abb ,ghesqui]e ( ,cambrai1 9 ! ye> #aggb4 ,see 8,esprit des ,j\rnaux10 ,june #aggi1 ,nov4 #aggi1 & ,april #aghj4 #abh 8,notice sur ,col>d ,mansion1 ,libraire et ,imprimeur de la ,ville de ,bruges40 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahbi4 #abi ,m4 ,,b]jeau1 9 ,introduction to ,ottley's ,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+1 p4 xxxvii4 #acj ,! discussion ( ?is subject occupies ! la/ #fe pages ( ,mr4 ,ottley's "w1 ! c>eful p]usal ( :i* w well repay ! /ud5t ( ?is mo/ int]e/+ bran* ( ar*ological rese>*4 #aca ,see ante1 p4 #hf4 ,e>ly ,typography4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,works ,,( ,,fau/ ,,& ,,s*,,ff]4--,,leg5d ,,( ,,! ,,pr9t]',s ,,devil4--,,monum5ts ,,9 ,,g]many ,,to ,,gut5b]g1 ,,fau/ ,,& ,,s*,,ff]4--,,sep>able ,,lett]s ,,fir/ ,,inv5t$ ,,9 ,,*9a4--,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,anci5t ,,pr9t$ ,,books4--,,! 8,,compos+-,,/ick0 ,,& 8,,sett+-,,rule40--,,e>ly ,,b9d+s4 ,! fir/ book publi%$ by ,fau/ & ,s*ff]1 aft] _! sep>ation f ,gut5b]g1 0 a beautiful folio edition ( ! ,psalt]1 f9i%$ on ! #ad? ,augu/1 #adeg4 ,?is is ! celebrat$ "w1 s (t5 allud$ to1 ! fir/ to :i* ! "n ( ! pr9t] 0 affix$1 z well z t ( ! place :]e1 & ! date :51 x 0 pr9t$4 ,x is f ?is circum/ance t ! orig9 ( ! ,art ( ,typography has be5 by c]ta9 e>ly writ]s attribut$ to ,fau/ r ?an to ,gut5b]g4 ,! f9e l>ge ,go?ic type ) :i* ! book is pr9t$1 7#bb l9es to a foot17 is exactly d\ble ! size ( t cut = ! #8,maz>9' ,bible4 ,! initial capital lett]s1 ( :i* !re are 9 all #bhh1 are f f\r to six l9es 9 dep?1 pr9t$ 9 r$ & blue1 ) ornam5tal fl[]-"w & figures cut 9 ! body ( ! lett]1 & bord]$ ) scroll-"w runn+ into ! m>g9s4 ,9 ! case ( ! comm5c+ initial1 ! lett] ,b1 ?is scroll-"w ext5ds f ! top to ! bottom ( ! page4 ,! capitals comm5c+ ea* s5t5ce 9 ! body ( ! "w1 are also 9 r$ ink1 z well z :ole l9es int]sp]s$ "h & !re4 ,! music is on a /aff ( f\r l9es in/ead ( five1 ! notes squ>e-head$ & diamond-%ap$1 ! words b5ea? be+ 9 roman *>act]s4 ,^! portions ( ! "w are engrav$ on solid blocks4 ,at ! end ( ! ,psalt] is ins]t$ ! ,fau/ & ,s*ff] badge1 :i* !nce=? appe>$ 9 all _! works4#acb ,?is consi/$ ( two %ields 7on :i* 7 _! coats ( arms7 susp5d$ f ! bran* ( a tree4 ,b5ea? ?is 0 ! foll[+ impr9t or colophon3-- 8,pres5s spalmorum codex v5u/ate capitalium decoratus ,rubricationibus que suffici5t] di/9ctus1 ,ad9v5tione artificiosa imprim5di et c>act]iz&i absque calami ulla ex>atione sic effigiatus4 ,et ad eusebiam ,dei indu/rie e/ consummatus#acc ,p] ,johannem ,fu/ ,civem mogunt9um ,et ,petrum ,s*ff] de ,g]nszheim4 ,anno dom9i ,millesimo ,,cccclvii4 ,9 vigilia ,assumpcionis40 ,! decl>ation conta9$ 9 ?is colophon seems incompatible ) ! tru?1 z well z ) ! admissions ( ,s*ff] himself1 on o!r occasions1 unless x be und]/ood z apply+ to ! exquisite initial lett]s1 ^! be+ pr9t$ :olly 9 col\rs1 in/ead ( be+ sket*$ 9 by ! h& ( ! rubricator or col\r$ by illum9ators4 ,^! v lett]s h[ev]1 x is believ$ by "s1 includ+ ,mr4 ,humphreys1 7see p4 #hf ( 8 "w17 7 ! "w ( ,gut5b]g2 & ,m4 ,fis*] 9 8 int]e/+ essay#acd has %ewn1 t 9 sev]al small works#ace :i* issu$ f ,gut5b]g's press be=e ! =feiture ( 8 plant to ,fau/1 ! id5tical lett]s 7! small] initials7 us$ 9 ! ,psalt]1 z well z "s ( ^? pr9t$ 9 two col\rs1 & ( :i* he has giv5 fac-similes1 appe>4 ,b if1 z !re is abundant reason to believe 0 ! case1 ,s*ff] 0 engag$ z an assi/ant at ! ,zum ,jung5 at1 or soon aft] ! ye> #adej1 :5 ,gut5b]g fir/ obta9$ advances f ,fau/1 ^! capitals1 ! beauty ( :i* is undisput$1 may h be51 & mo/ probably 71 design$ by him = ! project$ works = :i* ! money 0 advanc$2 &1 z 8 #8inv5tions1' & n ! "w ( ,gut5b]g1 !y w\ld be includ$ 9 ! prop]ty :i* 0 transf]r$ to ,fau/ on ! t]m9ation ( ! law-suit4 ,look$ at f ?is po9t ( view1 !y may be ?\ght to ju/ify ! ass]tion 9 ! colophon ( ! ,psalt] ( #adeg1 al?\gh !re c be no d\bt b t t "w 0 p>tly complet$ :ile ! :ole prop]ty 0 /ill 9 ! possession ( ,gut5b]g1 & t !re=e to him mu/ be attribut$ ! hon\r ( plann+1 & cutt+ ! f\nt ( types ) :i* x 0 execut$4 8,! mo/ p]fect copy kn[n ( ?is "w1 7says ,mr4 ,timp]ley17 is t 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y ( ,vi5na4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 ! ye> #affe1 ne> ,innspruck 9 ! ca/le ( ,ambras1 :]e ! ,ar*duke ,francis ,sigismund _h collect$ a prodigi\s quantity ( manuscripts & pr9t$ books2 tak5 = ! mo/ "p f ! fam\s libr>y ( ,mat?ias ,corv9us1 ,k+ ( ,hung>y1 f :5ce x 0 transport$ to ,vi5na4 ,! book is pr9t$ 9 folio on vellum1 & ( su* extreme v>iety1 t ?\gh n m ?an six or sev5 copies are kn[n to be 9 exi/5ce1 all ( !m diff] f ea* o!r 9 "s respect4 ,! ,psalt] occupies "o hundr$ & ?irty-five1 & ! recto ! hundr$ & ?irty-six?1 & ! rema9+ =ty-"o leaves are appropriat$ to ! litany1 pray]s1 responses1 vigils1 c4 ,! ,psalms are execut$ 9 l>g] *>act]s ?an ! hymns2 ! capital lett]s are cut 9 wood1 ) a degree ( delicacy & boldness :i* are truly surpris+3 ! l>ge/ ( !m--! initial lett]s ( ! ,psalms--:i* are black1 r$1 & blue1 mu/ h pass$ ?ree times ?r\gh ! press40 ,f #adeg to #adff ! foll[+ works 7 pr9t$ by ,fau/ & ,s*ff]4 7#a7 ,! ,psalt]1 #b;d edition4--#adei4 7#b7 ,rationale div9orum ,(ficiorum ,guillelmi ,dur&i4--#adei4 ,a folio "w consi/+ ( #afj leaves1 ) ! text 9 two columns ( #fc l9es ea*4 ,= ?is "w two new f\nts ( type 7 ca/1 ( small] sizes ?an ^? us$ = ! ,psalt] ( #adeg1 & ,bible ( #adee4 ,! fir/ 0 ( ! dep? ( #ec l9es to a foot2 ! small] #ff1 equival5t to ! ,engli% ( type-f\nd]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,! latt] 0 us$ = ! body ( ! "w4 7#c7 ,con/itutiones ,clem5tis ,v4 ,pap cum ,app>atu ,joannis ,&re4--#adfj4 ,?is consi/$ ( #ea leaves ( folio1 two columns to a page4 ,! text 0 9 ! l>g] ( ! above two types1 surr\nd$ by a gloss>y or comm5t>y1 t5 times its bulk1 9 ! small] type4 ,( ?is "w two subsequ5t editions 7 publi%$ 9 #adfg & #adga4 7#d7 ,manife/ des ,erzbis*(s von ,ma9z1 ,die!r von ,is5burg1 geg5 ,adolph von ,nassau4--#adfb4 7#e7 ,biblia ,sacra ,lat9a ,vulgat editionis1 ex translatione et cum prfatione ,s4 ,hi]onymi4--#adfb4 ,?is is ! ,bible commonly kn[n z ! #8,m5tz1' 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f ! #8,maz>94' ,x is ! fir/ publi%$ ) a date2 ! colophon be+ ne>ly ! same z t app5d$ to ! ,psalt] ( #adeg4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 believ$ t x 0 orig9ally issu$ ) ! int5tion ( sell+ x z manuscript2 t portion ( ! colophon conta9+ ! words 8artificiosa ad9v5tione imprim5di seu c>act]iz&i absque calami ex>atione10 be+ omitt$ f "s ( ! copies4 ,! subsequ5t ins]tion ( ! above words1 x is suppos$1 0 ow+ to ! compulsion ( circum/ances1 :i* w be h]eaft] allud$ to4 ,! book consi/s ( #ajja pages1 ea* 9 two columns ( #dh l9es ( ! same type z t us$ = ! text ( ! #8,con/itutiones4' ,copies 7 pr9t$ on bo? vellum & pap]1 _m ( ! l>g] initials be+ beautifully illum9at$4 7#f7 ,bulla cruciata ,sanctissimi ,dom9i no/ri ,pap 7,pii ,,ii47 contra ,tur*os4--#adfd4 ,! head+ is 9 ! ,psalt] type1 ! text 9 t ( ! #8,rationale4' 7#g7 ,lib] sextus ,decretalium ,dom9i ,bonifacii ,pap ,,viii4 cum glossa4--#adfe4 ,a "w ( #ada leaves ( l>ge folio1 9 d\ble columns4 ,! type ( ! text is ! same z t ( ! ,bible ( #adfb2 ! gloss>y is 9 t ( ! #8,rationale4' 7#h7 ,m4 ,t4 ,cic]onis ,de ,(ficiis ,libri ,,iii ,p>adoxa et ,v]sus ,,xii sapi5tium4--#adfe4 ,?is "w1 8! fir/ tribute ( ! new art to polite lit]ature10 & ! fir/ 9 :i* ,greek *>act]s 7cut 9 wood7 appe>$1 is a h&some qu>to 7or small folio7 ( #hh leaves#acf ) #bh l9es to a page1 9 ! same type z ! #8,rationale4' ,! /rik+ peculi>ity ( ?is book is1 t x is ! fir/ 9 :i* #8leads1' spac+ ! l9es ap>t f "o ano!r1 are us$4 ,great c>e seems to h be5 tak5 to pr9t x ) ! utmo/ elegance4 ,! f9e l>ge initial lett]s ( ! ,psalt] ( #adeg 7 aga9 us$1 pr9t$ 9 blue & r$ inks2 & 9 "s copies ! blank spaces left = illum9at$ lett]s 7 fill$ up 9 ! highe/ /yle ( art4 ,! mo/ elaborately f9i%$ specim5s are decorat$ ) bord]s r\nd ! pages1 9 ! same /yle & evid5tly by ! same h& t 0 employ$ = t purpose1 on ! sup]b copies ( ! ,maz>9 ,bible ( #adee4 ,t ! pr9t]s 7 gr[+ pr\d ( _! art is evid5t by ! colophons !y n[ us$4 ,t to ! ,decretals is 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- 8,pres5s hujus sexti ,decretalium opus alma 9 urbe ,magontia inclyte nationis ,g]manice1 quam ,dei clem5tia tam alto +5ii lum9e donoque gratuito cet]is t]r>um nacionibus pref]re illu/r>eque dignatus e/4 ,non atram5to1 plumali canna1 neque rea1 s$ artificiosa quadam ad9v5tione imprim5di1 etc4 etc4 p] ,joh4 ,fu/ civem et ,petrum ,s*oiff] de ,g]n%eym4 ,anno4 ,dom4 ,,mcccclxv4 die v] #ag1 m5sis decembris40 ,! colophon to ! #8,(fices' diff]s4 ,x is z foll[s3-- 8,pres5s ,m>ci ,tuly cl>issimum opus4 ,johannes ,fu/ ,mog9t9us civis non atram5to plumali canna neque rea1 s$ arte quadam p]pulcra1 ,petri manu pu]i mei felicit] effeci f9itum ,anno ,,mcccclxv40 7#i7 ,grammatica vetus rhytmica4--#adff4 ,a "w ( elev5 leaves ( small folio1 9 ! type ( ! #8,rationale4' ,! conclud+ l9es are z foll[s3-- 8,actis t] d5is jubilam9is octo bis annis ,moguntia ,rh5i me condit et imprimit amnis ,h9c ,naz>5i sonet oda p] ,ora ,johannis ,namque s]5i lum9is e/ scaturigo p]5nis40 ,9 ! same ye> ! book 8,s4 ,augu/9i ,lib] de ,arte ,pr$ic&e0 appe>$4 ,x is attribut$ to ! press ( ,fau/ & ,s*ff]1 b ,i h no means ( fur!r p>ticul>is+ x4 ,! ye> #adfb 0 memorable = ! siege & sack ( ,m5tz by ! ,elector ,ar*bi%op1 ,c\nt ,adolphus ( ,nassau4 ,aft] ! capture ( ! city1 ,fau/ proce$$ to ,p>is ) a supply ( ,bibles1 among/ :i* 7 no d\bt a goodly numb] ( ! edition only j !n complet$4 ,tradition has x1 t he sold "o ( ^! ,bibles to ! ,k+ = #gej cr[ns1 & ano!r to ! ,ar*bi%op = #cjj2 & t gradually l[]+ 8 prices he at la/ dispos$ ( copies = #ej & #dj cr[ns a-piece4#acg ,! ,k+ & ! ,ar*bi%op1 comp>+ _! pur*ases1 :i* !y _h b>ga9$ = z manuscripts1 f\nd s exact a con=mity betwe5 !m1 z to be conv9c$ t !y 7 produc$ by "s o!r me?od ?an t ( transcrib+2 besides :i*1 x 0 impossible t two su* ,bibles c\ld be execut$ by ! same h& 9 a lifetime4 ,^u inquiry1 x 0 f\nd t a consid]able numb] ( simil> copies _h be5 sold 9 ! city4 ,h]eupon ord]s 7 giv5 to appreh5d ,fau/1 :o 0 accord+ly seiz$1 tri$ = wit*craft1 & condemn$ to be execut$ z a wiz>d 9 league ) ! ,devil4 ,s runs ! tale2 9 :i* fact & fiction h be5 /rangely bl5d$1 ! latt] greatly pr$om9at+1--,john ,fau/ ! bank]1 & "o ( ! ?ree fir/ pr9t]s ( ,m5tz1 be+ conf\nd$ ) ,jean ,fr$]ic ,fau/1 a *>latan & almanac mak] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :o to ensure 8 almanacs a l>ge sale1 adv]tiz$ !m z actually dictat$ to him by ,beelzebub4 ,x 0 ?us t ! leg5d obta9$ curr5cy1 t ,fau/ ( ,m5tz inv5t$ pr9t+ 9 consequ5ce ( a compact ent]$ into betwe5 himself & ! ,evil ,"o4 ,! diabolical /igma once atta*$ to ! pr(ession1 ! monks & scribes1 ! #8brief-m5' ( ! day1 took c>e t x %\ld rema94 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( ! t]m 8,pr9t]'s ,devil10 ! by no means complim5t>y honorific be/[$ ^u y\ng/]s on _! fir/ initiation into ! my/]ies ( ! ,div9e & ,noble ,art4 ,no d\bt ! sale ( 8 ,bibles 9 ,p>is1 ! great book-m>t ( ! day1 excit$ a consid]able cabal aga9/ ,fau/1 on ! "p ( ! scribes2 :o w\ld readily en\gh ass]t t su* works c\ld only h be5 produc$ by ! aid ( wit*craft4 ,an ass]tion ( ?is nature 01 at t "t1 dang]\s 9 ! extreme to ! p>ty aga9/ :om x 0 made4 ,au?ors1 writ+ %ortly aft] ! "t ( ,fau/'s visit1 say t su* a *>ge 0 made1 & t he _h to leave ! city 9 consequ5ce4 ,! mo/ effectual way ( rebutt+ x w\ld be ! av[al ( ! me?od adopt$ 9 br++ out ! "w1 & ?is 0 done by ! ins]tion1 9 fre%ly pr9t$ leaves1 ( ! words m5tion$ 9 page #ceh z hav+ be5 omitt$ f ! e>ly copies4 ,x has be5 urg$1 t x 0 impossible = ,fau/ to h attempt$ ! imposition ( pass+ ^! ,bibles (f z manuscripts1 inasmu* z he _h already divulg$ ! fact ( 8 pr9t+ su* works 9 ! impr9t to ! ,psalt] ( #adeg4 ,b t impr9t appli$ to t "w alone2 & ,fau/1 :o 0 a %>p man ( bus9ess1 w\ld n h purposely omitt$ f ! impr9t to ! ,bible1 t "p ( ! s5t5ce :i* notifi$ t ! "w 0 done 8by a newly inv5t$ art ( ca/+ lett]s1 pr9t+10 c41 unless he _h int5d$ to d]ive a pr(it by s do+4 ,!re does n h[ev]1 seem to be any f\ndation = ! ass]tion t he 0 br\ght to trial4 ,8 abs5ce f ,p>is 0 a v tempor>y "o4 ,x is c]ta9 he 0 well receiv$ by p]sons ( em95ce !re1 & ultimately succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ an ag5cy = ! sale ( 8 books 9 ! city1 9 spite ( ! opposition ( ! scribes4 ,9 #adff1 he made ano!r bus9ess visit to ,p>is1 :]e he 0 tak5 ill1 & di$1 z "s suppose1 ( a pe/il5ce :i* 0 rag+ at ! "t1 to :i*1 z he 0 !n sev5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 he w\ld h fall5 an easy victim4 ,8 rema9s 7 int]r$ ) honor1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,victor4 8,an anniv]s>y mass 0 aft]w>ds appo9t$ to be said = ! repose ( 8 s\l1 on ! pres5tation by ,pet] ,s*oiffh] & ,conrad ,fu/ ( a copy ( ! #8,epi/les ( ,j]ome1' pr9t$ on p>*m5t1 & consid]$ s important a "w1 t ! ,abb ( ,/4 ,victor deem$ x "r to pay back ! sum ( twelve gold cr[ns1 ! "w exce$+ by t sum ! value ( ! fees due = ! annual masses4 ,?is fact is conta9$ 9 an entry 9 ! #8,necrology ( ,/4 ,victor1' :i* is pres]v$ at ,p>is1 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale1 7,,mss4 fonds ,/4 ,victor74 ,! copy ( ! #8,epi/les ( ,/4 ,j]ome' "h allud$ to is n[ 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,ars5al40#ach ,aft] ,fau/'s dea?1 ,s*ff] cont9u$ ! bus9ess 9 p>tn]%ip ) 8 fa!r-9-law ,conrad ,fau/1 :o did n h[ev] take an active %>e 9 its managem5t1 & :o di$ ab\t ! ye> #adgi4 ,conrad ,helif & ,dr4 ,hum]y seem also to h be5 = a "t connect$ ) him4 ,f #adfg to #aejc1 ! date ( ,s*ff]'s dea?1 he pr9t$1 accord+ to ,wett]1 #di works1#aci sev]al ( :i* 7 second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 fif? & six? editions ( ^? previ\sly issu$4 ,! ag5cy :i* ,john ,fau/ ! eld] _h e/abli%$ 9 ,p>is = ! sale ( 8 books1 became an emporium to :i* o!r pr9t]s besides ,s*ff] s5t ! productions ( _! presses4 ,?is 0 manag$ by "o ,h]mann de ,/a?o51 :o _h be5 appo9t$ by ,s*ff]2 b he dy+ 9 ,p>is1 9 #adgd1 an unnaturaliz$ =eign]1 ! :ole /ock ( books 9 8 *>ge 0 confiscat$ by ! ,k+1 ,l\is ,,xi4 ,s*ff] at once made su* repres5tations to ! mon>* z l$ to a royal decree1 aw>d+ him ! sum ( #bdbe cr[ns1 by way ( comp5sation = ! confiscat$ prop]ty4 ,besides ! ag5cy at ,p>is1 ,s*ff] e/abli%$ bus9ess relations at ,frank=t-on-!-,ma9e1 :]e 9 #adgi1 he 0 ent]$ on ! roll ( burgh]s4 ,9 #adhi he became "o ( ! secul> judges ( ,m5tz4 ,a weal?y1 an hon\r$1 & an influ5tial citiz51 he di$1 x is suppos$1 9 ! ye> #aejc4 ,8 la/ "w 0 a f\r? edition ( 8 celebrat$ ,psalt]1 publi%$ 9 #aejb4 ,! next ye>1 8 elde/ son1 ,john1 issu$ ! 8,m]curius ,trismegi/us10 :i* is decl>$ 9 ! impr9t to be 8 fir/ "w1 & by him ! bus9ess 0 cont9u$ until #aech4adj ,! dea? ( ,s*ff] br+s u to a po9t 9 ! n>rative1 :]e we may pause a mom5t1 to note ! progress ( ! art1 ( :i*1 next to ,gut5b]g1 he 0 ! mo/ em95t f\nd]4 ,p]haps no art ev] rose to p]fection ) su* rapidity1 aft] its gr\ndwork _h be5 complet$1 z t ( ,typography4 ,little m ?an ?irty ye>s _h elaps$ f ! "t ( pr9t+ ! ,biblia ,paup]um f wood5 blocks1 :5 ,gut5b]g's sep>able h&-cut lett]s 7 foll[$ & sup]s$$ by ,s*ff]'s ca/ fusile metal types4 ,! art1 :i* ) ,fau/'s assi/ance1 ,gut5b]g f\nd$ & ,s*ff] p]fect$1 rema9s to ?is day ess5tially ! same t x 0 9 #adee4 ,/eam p[] & ma*9]y may to a l>ge ext5t h sup]s$$ ! old h&-press inv5t$ by ,gut5b]g2 & ! art ( /]eotyp+ may also h multipli$ ! p[] ( ! types 9 dissem9at+ & *eap5+ useful k2 b ! f\ndation & pr9ciples ( ,lett]-press ,pr9t+ rema9 unalt]$ & unalt]able4 ,types1 ink1 & pressure1 /ill produce books z !y 7 fir/ produc$1 & ! f9e/ productions ( ! pres5t day are n sup]ior 9 ,typographic beauty1 or aught else t /amps a "w a ma/]piece1 to ! be/ ef=ts ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,art1 f\r hundr$ ye>s & m ago4 ,x has be5 res]v$ = ! ,n9ete5? c5tury to r5d] due honor to ! 8gr& ,typographical ,triumvirate10 z !y h be5 t]m$1 = ! noble ,art by :i* 8,new %ape & voice ! immat]ial ?\ght ,takes f ! inv5t$ speak+ page sublime2 ,! ,ark :i* m9d has = x refuge wr\ght1 ,its float+ ,ar*ive d[n ! floods ( ,"t40 ,) ?is object 9 view1 ! ,gut5b]g ,society1 to :i* all ! writ]s ( ! ,rh5i% prov9ces belong1 meet ye>ly at ,m5tz1 !re to celebrate ! fame ( ,gut5b]g1 ! *ief inv5tor4 ,& 9 #ahcg1 a grateful po/]ity1 animat$ by simil> s5tim5ts1 erect$ 9 ! same city1 9 commemoration ( ! ,f\r ,hundr$? anniv]s>y ( ! ,orig9 ( ! ,art1 a monum5tal /atue to 8 memory4 ,on ! fe/ival at ! inauguration ( ! /atue 7,augu/ #ad1 & foll[+ days71 ! ,provo/ ( ,m5tz publi%$ an address1 to ! foll[+ s5t5ces f :i* e read] w d\btless mo/ cordially ass5t4 8,if10 says ! ard5t ,provo/1 8! mortal :o inv5t$ t me?od ( fix+ ! fugitive s\nds ( words :i* we call ! ,alphabet1 has op]at$ on mank9d l a div9ity1 s also has ,gut5b]g's g5ius br\ght toge!r ! once isolat$ inquir]s1 tea*]s & le>n]s1--all ! scatt]$ & divid$ ef=ts = ext5d+ ,god's k+dom ov] ! :ole civiliz$ e>?1--z ?\gh b5ea? "o temple4 ,gut5b]g's inv5tion1 n a lucky accid5t1 b ! gold5 fruit ( a well consid]$ idea1--an inv5tion made ) a p]fect consci\sness ( its end1--has1 above all o!r causes1 = m ?an f\r c5turies1 urg$ =w>d & e/abli%$ ! dom9ion ( sci5ce2 & :at is ( ! utmo/ importance1 has immeasurably advanc$ ! m5tal =mation & education ( ! p4 ,?is inv5tion1 a true intellectual sun1 has m\nt$ above ! horizon1 fir/ ( ! ,european ,*ri/ians1 & !n ( ! p ( o!r climes & o!r fai?s1 to an ev]-endur+ morn+4 ,x has made ! return ( b>b>ism1 ! isolation ( mank9d1 ! reign ( d>kness1 impossible = all future times4 ,x has e/abli%$ a public op9ion1--a c\rt ( moral judicature common to all civiliz$ nations1 :atev] natural divisions may sep>ate !m1 z mu* z = ! prov9ces ( "o & ! same /ate4 ,9 a ^w1 x has =m$ fell[-lab\r]s at ! nev]-re/+ loom ( ,*ri/ian ,european civilization 9 e qu>t] ( ! _w1 9 almo/ e isl& ( ! ocean40 ,! example set by ! citiz5s ( ,m5tz 0 a few ye>s lat] foll[$ by ^? ( ,/rasburg1 9 :i* city1 z already /at$1 ,gut5b]g's e>lie/ ef=ts 7 made2 nor 7 ! inhabitants ( ,frank=t-on-!-,ma9e long beh9d1--excell+ ev5 ^? ( ,/rasburg & ,m5tz1 by comb9+ 9 "o gr& gr\p ! /atues ( ,gut5b]g1 ,fau/ & ,s*ff]4 ,( ^! sev]al specim5s ( ! sculptor's art ,mr4 ,humphreys gives ! foll[+ acc\nt3-- 8,x 0 n till ! n9ete5? c5tury t wor?y memorials ( ! great f\nd] ( ! ,pr9t+-,press 9 ,g]many 7 erect$4 ,! fir/ 0 t at ,may5ce4 ,z a /atue x is n equal to ! "o ( ,co/] at ,ha>lem1 al?\gh ! "w ( ,?orwalds54 ,x 0 execut$ at ,rome 9 #ahce1 & ca/ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahcg4 ,! g[n ( ! p]iod ) its fur coll>1 or r cape1 is effective en\gh z a m]e matt] ( co/ume1 & s is ! furr$ cap closely copi$ f suppos$ au!ntic portraits ( ,gut5b]g4 ,"o h& holds a book1 & ! o!r1 types2 b ! g5]al effect is tame & unimpressive4 ,x is well t ! great "n ( ,?orwalds5 %\ld be ?us alli$ to t ( ,gut5b]g1 b x is n "o ( ! great ,dane's mo/ successful works4 ,! inscription1 /at+ t x 0 erect$ by ! citiz5s ( ,may5ce1 ) ! concurr5ce ( ! :ole ( ,europe1 is gr&ly simple1 z x ought to be4 8,! /atue at ,/rasburg1 ! sc5e ( ,gut5b]g's fir/ typographic ef=ts1 is ! "w ( ! celebrat$ ,fr5* sculptor ,david d',ang]1 & ! m>ket-place 9 :i* x is erect$ is n[ call$ ,la ,place ,gut5b]g4 ,! position ( ! figure is full ( life & _s2 a pro(-%eet is held pr\dly =w>d1 be>+ ! inscription1 z ?\gh 9 answ] to "o ( ! fir/ fiats ( ,creation--#8,let !re be light4' ,x is int5d$ to express t1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,pr9t+ ,press1 intellectual light came1 z express$ 9 ! words1 #8,& !re 0 light4' ,on ! p$e/al are f\r bassi-relievi1 9 :i* ! dissem9ation ( k by means ( ! ,pr9t+ ,press is illu/rat$4 ,9 ! "o on ! front1 all ! great au?ors ( mod]n ,europe are gr\p$ r\nd a ,pr9t+ ,press2 among !m ,%akespe>e1 ,corneille1 ,bacon1 ,dante1 ,voltaire1 & ,goe!1 are conspicu\s4 8,! ,memorial at ,frank=t is1 on ! :ole1 m impressive ?an ei!r ( ! prec$+4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree sep>ate /atues1 =m+ toge!r a s+le gr\p4 ,! /atues are ^? ( ,gut5b]g1 ,fau/ & ,s*ff]1 :o ea* assi/$ 9 ! fir/ great "w ( f\nd+ ! ,pr9t+ ,press 9 ,g]many1 & ^: memorials f\nd a fitt+ place 9 ! imp]ial city1 :i* 0 /ill ! seat ( ! ,g]manic ,diet at ! "t ( ! ,memorial 9 #ahcg4 ,! subsidi>y figures :i* embelli% ! face ( ! /ructure1--,lit]ature1 c41 c4--are v good & appropriate4 ,! entire composition is impos+ly rais$ on /eps connect$ ) ! second>y p$e/als1 :i* support ! allegorical figures4 ,altoge!r1 ! memorial is a f9e "o4 ,b x has "o defect--!re is no "n nor description ( any k9d--s t travell]s unacqua9t$ ) ! subject1 might mi/ake ! gr\p = t ( any o!r celebrat$ triumvirate4 ,a /atue1 ev5 ( ,%akespe>e1 %\ld be accompani$ at lea/ by ! simple "n40#ada ,/ill1 al?\gh ,gut5b]g is mo/ ju/ly entitl$ to ! hon\r ( be+ consid]$ ! inv5tor ( ! ,art ( ,typography1 z n[ practis$ 9 ,europe1 he 0 n1 9 fact1 ! fir/ :o pr9t$ books f sep>ate moveable types4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 block pr9t+1 ! ,*9ese aga9 be> away ! palm4 ,=1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 x is asc]ta9$ t al?\gh ! g5]al mode ( pr9t+ 9 ,*9a is1 & always has be51 f wood5 blocks1 yet sep>able lett]s 7 kn[n to ! ,*9ese z e>ly z ! ,elev5? c5tury4 ,= a "t1 s+le *>act]s made ( clay & bak$ h>d 7 us$ 9 t empire1 b 7 soon ab&on$ = ! mode n[ almo/ univ]sally practis$1 except = ! ,imp]ial ,cal5d>1 publi%$ once a qu>t]1 & ! ,pek9 ,gazette1 issu$ daily1 :i* are /ill wret*$ly pr9t$ f moveable types made ( a pla/ic gum4 ,! acc\nt ( ! inv5tion is too int]e/+ to be omitt$4 ,9 ! p]iod ,k+-li 7betwe5 #ajda & #ajdh7 "o ( ! p1 a blacksmi? nam$ ,pi-*+1 inv5t$ ano!r mann] ( pr9t+ ) ho-pan1 or tablets =m$ ( moveable types4 ,?is "n is /ill reta9$ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,pr9t+ ,(fice at ,pek94 ,on a f9e & glut9\s e>?1 =m$ into plates1 ,pi-*+ engrav$ ! *>act]s mo/ 9 use4 ,ea* "* 0 a type4 ,^! he burnt 9 ! fire to h>d5 !m4 ,:5 he wi%$ to pr9t he took a frame ( iron1 divid$ int]iorly & p]p5dicul>ly by /rips ( ! same metal 7,*9ese be+ read v]tically72 ?is he laid on a table ( %eet iron coat$ ) a fusible gum compos$ ( res91 wax1 & lime2 he !n ins]t$ ! types1 plac+ !m "o close aga9/ ! o!r4 ,ea* frame1 :5 fill$1 =m$ a tablet4 ,?is 0 br\ght ne> ! fire to make ! gum melt1 aft] :i* a level piece ( wood 0 press$ =cibly on ! surface ( ! types1 by :i* means !y 7 pu%$ d[n into ! gum & became firm & ev5 z a /one4 ,! tablets 7 !n pr9t$ f 9 ! usual mann]4 ,:5 a new "* 0 want$ x 0 imm$iately prep>$ on ! spot1 & ! inv5tor %ew$ ! advantage ( clay ov] wood2 !re 0 nei!r gra9 nor porosity1 ) a great] facility ( sep>ation f ! gum :5 requir$ = di/ribution4 ,at ,pi-*+'s dea?1 all ?is app>atus 0 c>efully pres]v$ by 8 successors4 ,pr9t+1 h[ev]1 w5t on 9 ! old way1 ! reason be+ t ! ,*9ese has n1 z o!r languages1 an alphabet made up ( a few *>act]s1 ) :i* all sorts ( books may be pr9t$1 b a sep>ate type is want$ = e ^w2 & z ! language is divid$ into classes ( #ajf s\nds1 s #ajf cases 7"p ( ! furniture ( a ,pr9t+ ,(fice7 w\ld be requir$1 ea* "o to conta9 a prodigi\s numb] ( types1 ?us r5d]+ ! me*anical task ( compos+ & di/ribut+1 "o ( enorm\s difficulty & lab\r4 ,x 0 easi] & *eap] to foll[ ! usual me?od1 & pr9t ei!r f blocks ( wood or plates ( /]eotyp$ copp]4#adb ,all hon\r to ! memory ( ,pi-*+1 ! ,*9ese blacksmi?6 ,"o might almo/ be tempt$ to suppose1 did we b believe 9 ! doctr9e ( metempsy*osis1 t aft] a lapse ( #djj ye>s1 disgu/$ at ! neglect ( 8 inv5tion 9 ! ,ea/1 8 _s migrat$ to ! ,we/1 & t 9 ,gut5b]g he 0 p]mitt$ to be born aga94 ,a l _s animat$ !m bo?1 & to ! end ( "t _! lab\rs w live & _! memories be ble/4 ,! acc\nt giv5 9 ! =ego+ description ( ! me?od ( compos+ 8 types us$ by ,pi-*+1 is n v dissimil> to t said to h be5 adopt$ by ! fir/ ,typograph]s ( ! ,we/]n ,_w4 ,frames1 or c(f9s1 7 made ( planks ( wood1 9 :i* rectangul> holl[s 7 cut ! size ( ! pages to be pr9t$2 & 9 ^! ! types1 aft] hav+ be5 /rung toge!r1 7 plac$ 9 horizontal l9es1 ! ends ( ! l9es & ! bottoms ( ! pages be+ tightly w$g$ 91 to prev5t slips & damage :ile on ! press4 ,all works pr9t$ dur+ ! fir/ few ye>s aft] ! inv5tion ( ,typography1 7 ( ! size ( l>ge or small folio4 ,! latt] 0 :at is n[-a-days call$ qu>to1 f ! %eets be+ fold$ into f\r2--!n1 = ! small] size1 :ole %eets 7 cut into two1 on ea* ( :i* two pages 7 pr9t$1 9 ord] to suit ! presses1 & ! /ocks ( type ! pr9t]s possess$4 ,^! %eets1 or half %eets1 7 pr9t$ 9 sections ( #c1 #d1 or #e1 call$ t]nions1 quat]nions1 & qu9t]nions4 ,on ! backs ( ^! sections /rips ( p>*m5t 7 sometimes pa/$1 to gu>d aga9/ te>s :5 ! %eets 7 /it*$ toge!r by ! book-b9d]4 ,! fir/ & ?ird pages s pr9t$ 7 call$ ^? on ! recto ( ! %eet1 ! second & f\r? ^? on ! v]so4 ,a quat]nion consi/$ ( eight =mes2 ! fir/1 conta9+ pages #a & #af1 & ! second #b & #ae1 =m$ ! out] %eet2 ! next %eet consi/$ ( pages #c & #ad1 #d & #ac1 ! ?ird & f\r? =mes2 ! ?ird %eet consi/$ ( pages #e & #ab1 #f & #aa1 ! fif? & six? =mes2 ! f\r? %eet consi/$ ( pages #g & #aj1 #h & #i1 ! sev5? & eigh? =mes2 ! next quat]nion comm5c$ ) pages #ag & #cb1 & s on4 ,:5 all ! =mes 7 pr9t$1 ! %eets ( :i* ! quat]nion consi/$ 7 fold$ "o inside ! o!r1 ! pages !n read+ regul>ly on f ! fir/ to ! sixte5?4 ,s long z books repres5t$ fac-similes ( manuscripts1--:i* 0 ! object orig9ally aim$ at1--to pr9t 9 ?is way 0 a matt] easily accompli%$4 ,b z ! new art drove out ! old1 & scribes turn$ compositors & pressm51 & manuscripts came to be c>elessly writt51 ?is c\ld no long] be done4 ,l>g] f\nts ( type !n became necess>y1 to enable ! pr9t] to complete ! :ole numb] ( pages conta9$ 9 ! section2 & to avoid ?is necessity z mu* z possible1 qu>tos1 octavos1 & duodecimos w\ld be resort$ to1 a s+le %eet fold$ & re-fold$ s]v+ equally z well 9 b9d+ z a t]nion1 quat]nion1 or qu9t]nion ( folio %eets4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 l$ to ! #8imposition' ( pages 9 =mes ( #d1 #h1 & #ab pages & upw>ds1 accord+ to ! size ( ! book pr9t$4 ,title-pages1 folios1 runn+ head-l9es1 cat*-l9es1 signatures1 & impr9ts ) dates & names1 7 matt]s ab\t :i* ! ,fa!rs ( ,typography did n at fir/ mu* conc]n !mselves4 ,_! or?ography1 z well z _! divisions ( words1 0 arbitr>y2 _! abbreviations abom9able1 & _! punctuation absurd2 ! comma & ! semicolon 7 unkn[n1 ! po9ts made use ( be+ an oblique da% 7_/7 ! colon 737 & ! full po9t 7472 ^! 7 occasionally v>i$ z foll[s1 4_/ _/4 _/ 4_/ _/4 _/_/ 434 3 c4 ,a /raight da% suppli$ ! place ( a hyph51 & a p>allel indicat$ ! end ( a p>agraph4 ,! fir/ leaf ( a book 0 g5]ally left a blank1 & a blank space 0 left at ! head ( ! comm5c+ *apt] ( a "w1 to be fill$ up ) a vignette or an illum9at$ scroll4 ,spaces 7 also left = initial capitals1 & = capitals comm5c+ s5t5ces1 :5 small lett]s 7 n us$ in/ead4 ,^! 7 s left 9 ord] to be fill$ 9 by ! rubricator1 :o sometimes c>elessly ins]t$ a wrong lett]4 ,names ( p]sons & places 7 pr9t$ indiff]5tly ) or )\t capitals4#adc ,b 9 all ^! matt]s ! pr9t]s m]ely foll[$ bad examples--t ( ! scribes ^: d[nfall !y 7 effect+4 ,"o feature is especially *>act]i/ic ( ! olde/ books1 viz4 ! irregul>ity ( ! l9es on ! "r h& m>g9 ( ! columns or pages1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! l>g] k9ds ( type 7 us$4 ,?is arose f ! mode ( compos+1 :i* int]f]$ ) ! spac+ out ( ! words to ! ends ( ! l9es4 ,:5 h[ev] t +5i\s implem5t1 ! metal compos+ /ick--! pr9t]'s space-compell+ gauge1--0 inv5t$1 ?is defect 0 rem$i$2 & be=e ! fir/ g5]ation ( pr9t]s pass$ away1 all ! blemi%es above rec\nt$ _h disappe>$ f ! works ( ^? :o des]ve to be di/+ui%$ z ,ma/]s 9 _! ,art4 ,! engrav+ giv5 bel[ w expla9 ! nature ( ?is implem5t bett] ?an any writt5 description4 ,! slide1 runn+ p>allel ) ! head1 ) its slott$ foot into :i* 0 ins]t$ ! nut = ! screw :i* pass$ ?r\gh & fa/5$ x d[n to ! l$ge on :i* ! types re/$1 enabl$ ! compositor to #8set' 8 types ) accuracy to any measure requir$1 & to space out ! words to ! "r h&1 s z to make !m l9e 9 ! m>g9 z /raight & ev5 z ! comm5c+ lett]s on ! left h&4 ,) ! aid ( ! useful adjunct to ! #8/ick1' ! #8sett+-rule1'--7a /rip ( brass ! height & l5g? ( ! l9e1 ) a project+ neb at ! top "r h& corn]7--he c\ld compose l9e aft] l9e ) ease & spe$4 ,! special use ( ! #8rule' 0 to prev5t ! lett]s z !y 7 lift$ into ! #8/ick1' cat*+ on ^? ( ! l9e bel[1 :i*1 )\t ! int]position ( ! poli%$ /rip ( brass1 !y 7 liable to d f ! nicks 9 _! %anks4 ,:5 ! #8/ick' 0 full1 he c\ld also ) ! assi/ance ( ! #8rule' empt out its numb] ( l9es into 8 #8galley1' :]e1 :5 a suffici5t numb] 0 collect$1 !y w\ld be made into pages1 ready = ! =me4 ,! inv5tor ( ! compos+ /ick is n kn[n2 b z x appe>s 9 ! h&s ( ! compositor 9 ! engrav+ fac+ page #aaf1 & ! orig9al ( t engrav+ 0 fir/ pr9t$ ab\t #adih1 & ! #8/ick' mu/ h !n be5 9 use = "s "t2 & z ! pr9ciple ( ! slide is analog\s to t :i* w\ld be adopt$ 9 regulat+ ! wid? ( ! *amb] 9 ! m\lds = ca/+ types1 x is highly probable t ! cr$it ( its inv5tion is due to ,s*ff]1 :o _h previ\sly immortaliz$ himself by inv5t+ ! art ( type-f\nd+4 ,illu/ration ,besides ! appe>ance ( ! insides ( e>ly pr9t$ books1 _! ord9>y outside b9d+s dem& att5tion "h4 ,_m ( ! f9] specim5s 7 cas$ 9 sumptu\s cov]s1 9 :i* ! art ( ! goldsmi? & jewell] 0 ri*ly display$2 b = common use a /iff %eet ( p>*m5t g5]ally suffic$1 ! edges ( :i* 7 fold$ 91 a blank leaf be+ pa/$ ov] !m4 ,o!rs1 some:at sup]ior1 _h bo>ds ( bee* or oak = _! sides1 ov] :i* 0 pa/$ a %eep-sk9 lea!r1 on :i* figures 7 /amp$ or emboss$2#add :ile o!rs aga9 _h /iff cov]s made ( wa/e %eets1 or remnants ( unsaleable copies1 cut d[n & pa/$ toge!r4 ,^! la/ h furni%$ _m unique specim5s ( ! works ( ! e>lie/ pr9t]s2 & :5ev] any su* are suspect$ to lie b5ea? an anci5t book-cov]1 ! cov] is c>efully remov$ & subject$ to a v>iety ( processes to sep>ate its p>ts1 & compel x to give up to ! ard5t gaze ( ! palotypographi/1 its possible treasure ( an invaluable unique specim5 ( ! "w ( a ,gut5b]g1 a ,s*ff]1 a ,zell1 a ,j5son1 a ,m>t5s1 a ,caxton1 or "s o!r wor?y ( ! old5 "t4 ,,footnotes3 #acb 8,! e>ly pr9t]s g5]ally m>k$ _! publications by "s monogram or ciph] peculi> to !mselves1 & conta9+ _! initials1 _! arms1 or "s curi\s device4 ,^! are all well kn[n to ! initiat$ bibliopole1 & _! pres5ce on a title-page is receiv$ z evid5ce ( ! g5u95ess ( a sc>ce copy4 ,! olde/ ( !m is t ( ,fau/ & ,s*ff]1 annex$ to _! fir/ ,psalt]1 & consi/+ ( two %ields ti$ toge!r & hang+ f a bran*4 ,raphel5gius1 ( ,leyd51 adopt$ ! an*or2 ,spor9us ( ,basle1 *ose ! arion2 ,jans5 ( ,am/]dam1 ! sph]e2 ! ,elzevirs exhibit$ ! olive tree1 & ! celebrat$ ,aldus _h = a device1 ! an*or & dolph940--78,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+10 publi%$ by ! ,society = ,promot+ ,*ri/ian ,k74 ,gotfridus de ,os1 ( ,g\da1 _h = 8 device an elephant & ca/le1 comb9$ ) ! arms ( ! city4 #acc ,9 ! colophon to ! second edition ( ?is ,psalt]1 pr9t$ 9 #adei1 ! ^w #8spalmorum' is correct$ to #8psalmorum1' & in/ead ( ! words 8ad eusebiam ,dei indu/rie e/ consummatus0 etc41 ! foll[+ occur3--8ad laudem ,dei ac honorem sancti ,jacobi e/ consummatus p] ,johannem ,fu/1 civem mogunt9em et ,petrum ,s*oiff] de ,g]nszheim cl]icum4 ,anno ,dom9i millesimo ,,cccclix1 ,,xxix die m5sis ,augu/i40 #acd 8,essai sur les ,monum5s ,typographiques de ,jean ,gut5b]g1 ,may5ce1 l'an ,x40 #ahja4 #ace ,among ! works ref]r$ to 0 a ,donatus4 ,mr4 ,,humphreys1 rem>k+ ^u ^! lett]s1 says3--8,if ^! initials1 ( :i* ,m4 ,fis*] gives admirable fac-similes1 7 really execut$ "u ! direction ( ,gut5b]g1 !y mu/ ( necessity greatly enhance ! wond] & admiration felt = ! au?or ( ! m>vell\sly p]fect workman%ip ( ! fir/ ,bible2 & also detract1 to an equal ext5t1 f ! repute long held by ,s*oiffh] z ! ,pr9t] ( ! fam\s ,psalt]1 ) its f9e col\r$ initials vaunt$ z ! "w ( ! press alone1 & n produc$ by ! illum9ator's p5cil2 = if ,m4 ,fis*] be correct 9 attribut+ ! "w 9 "q to ,gut5b]g1 !n ! cr$it ( ! initials pr9t$ 9 col\rs 9 ! ,psalt] mu/ also be giv5 to ,gut5b]g1 z all ! less] initials 9 t noble specim5 ( ! pr9t]'s art1 are ! id5tical lett]s f\nd by ,m4 ,fis*] illu/rat+ ! #8,donatus' attribut$ by him )\t hesitation to ! press ( ,gut5b]g1 z be+ pr9t$ ) ! same type z ! fir/ ,bible4 ,! f9e free /yle ( ^! lett]s1 & _! p]fect execution1 is v rem>kable4444 ,t ! #8,donatus' 9 "q 0 pr9t$1 n only be=e ,s*oiffh]'s ,psalt]1 b also be=e ! ,bible1 appe>s incontrov]tibly prov$ by ! fact1 t ! five leaves 9 "q ( ?is #8,donatus1' 7 f\nd 9 ! cov] ( a book ( acc\nts dat$ #adea4 ,! te/imony ( ,m4 ,fis*] is above suspicion2 b x is to be regrett$1 t ?is mo/ important & int]e/+ monum5t ( ! lab\rs ( ,gut5b]g is n[ no long] to be f\nd4 ,at ! "t t ,m4 ,fis*]'s exam9ation & description 7 made1 x 0 9 ! public libr>y ( ,may5ce2 b at t "t sev]al national monum5ts 7 remov$ to ,p>is1 & o!rs lo/ 9 ! g5]al ransack+ t took place1 & ! int]e/+ #8,donatus' describ$ by ,m4 ,fis*] is among ! docum5ts n[ no long] to be f\nd ei!r at ,p>is or ,may5ce4 ,al?\gh x w\ld ?us appe> t ! cr$it ( ! lett]s 9 "q is due to ,gut5b]g1 ,i %all h "s fur!r rem>ks to make on ! subject 9 describ+ ! fam\s ,psalt] ( ,s*oiffh]4 ,! ,biblio?que ,nationale possesses two leaves ( a #8,donatus' pr9t$ ) ,gut5b]g's ,bible type40--,hi/4 ( ,art ( ,pr9t+1 p4 #gg4 #acf ,,wett]1 p4 #ebg2 b ,,humphreys1 p4 #hh1 says 8tw5ty-eight leaves40 ,n be+ 9 a position to make a ref]5ce to any copy ( ! "w itself1 ,i am unable to say :i* ( ^! au?orities is "r4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ specim5s ( ?is "w extant1 is t 9 ! celebrat$ ,a/or ,libr>y at ,new ,york4 ,! pap] is z clean & ! ink z fre% z ! day on :i* x 0 pr9t$4 ,!re are also 9 ?is ,libr>y sev]al o!r ,typographical treasures4 ,among/ !m w be f\nd ! 8,ca?olicon0 ( ,john ( ,g5oa1 pr9t$ at ,augsburg 9 #adfi2 two specim5s ( ,caxton1 "o ( !m a few leaves ( ! 8,recuyell des ,hi/ories de ,troye10 pr9t$ 9 #adga1 & ! o!r1 ,higd5's 8,poly*ronicon10 pr9t$ 9 ,london1 #adhb4 ,glanville's 8,de ,proprietatibus ,r]um10 pr9t$ by ,wynk5 de ,worde1 ! successor ( ,caxton1 9 #adid1 is also a h&some specim54 #acg ,! diff]5ces 9 ^! prices lead to ! conclusion t ! high] prices mu/ h be5 giv5 = copies ( ! ,bible ( #adee1 & ! l[] = ^? ( #adfb2 ! *>ge made = ea* v>y+ accord+ to ! am\nt ( ornam5tation 9 illum9at$ lett]s & m>g9al decorations4 #ach ,,humphreys1 p4 #hi4 #aci ,! foll[+ is a brief li/ ( ^! works3-- #a4 ,?omas de ,aqu9o1 secunda secunde1 #adfg4 #b4 ,clem5tis ,v4 ,con/itutiones1 #b;d edit4 #adfg4 #c4 ,in/itutiones ,ju/9iani1 #adfh4 #d4 ,grammatica vetus rhytmica1 #b;d edit4 #adfh4 #e4 ,?omas de ,aqu9o1 ,expositio qu>ti libri s5t5ti>um1 #adfi4 #f4 ,bonifacii ,,viii4 ,lib] ,sextus decretalium1 #b;d edit4 #adgj4 #g4 ,hi]onymi ,epi/ol1 #adgj4 #h4 ,mammotractus1 sive ,diction>ium vocabulorum1 #adgj4 #i4 ,decretalium lib] ,sextus1 #c;d edit4 #adgj4 #aj4 ,val]ius ,maximus1 lib] factorum1 etc4 #adga4 #aa4 ,clem5tis ,v4 ,con/itutiones1 #c;d edit4 #adga4 #ab4 ,s4 ,?omas1 ,prima p>s secunde1 #adga4 #ac4 ,biblia ,sacra ,lat9a1 #adgb4 #ad4 ,decretum ,gratiani1 #adgb4 #ae4 ,ju/9iani ,in/itutiones1 #b;d edit4 #adgb4 #af4 ,bonifacii ,,viii4 lib] ,sextus decretalium1 #d? edit4 #adgc4 #ag4 ,augu/9us1 de civitate ,dei1 #adgc4 #ah4 ,gregorii ,,ix4 nova compilatio decretalium1 #adgc4 #ai4 ,turrecremata1 ,expositio psalt]ii1 #adgd4 #bj4 ,h5rici ,h]p ,speculum aureum1 #adgd4 #ba4 ,ju/9iani codex in/itutionum1 #adge4 #bb4 ,s4 ,b]n>di ,s]mones1 #adge4 #bc4 ,bonifacii1 c41 #e? edit4 #adgf4 #bd4 ,turrecremata1 c41 #b;d edit4 #adgf4 #be4 ,ju/9iani1 c41 #c;d edit4 #adgf4 #bf4 ,bonifacii1 c41 #f? edit4 #adgf4 #bg4 ,decisiones rote ,romane1 #adgg4 #bh4 ,ju/9iani ,novell con/itutiones1 #adgg4 #bi4 ,pauli ,burg5sis ,scrut9ium ,scriptur>um1 #adgh4 #cj4 ,turrecremata1 ,expositio sup] psalt]io1 #adgh4 #ca4 ,b>?olomi de ,*aymis confessionale1 #adgh4 #cb4 ,gregorii ,,ix4 ,decretales1 #adgi4 #cc4 ,turrecremata ,m$itationes1 #adgi4 #cd4 ,joannis de ,wesalia ,p>adoxa1 #adgi4 #ce4 ,ag5da ,mogunt9a1 #adhj4 #cf4 ,h]b>ius1 #adhb4 #cg4 ,missale ,mogunt9um1 #adhc4 #ch4 ,h]b>ius cum h]b>um figuris1 #adhd4 #ci4 ,ortus sanitatis1 #adhe4 #dj4 ,missale ,ecclesie ,misni5sis1 #adhe4 #da4 ,brevi>ium ,mogunt9um1 #adhg4 #db4 ,missalium opus ad usum ,ecclesie ,cracovi5sis1 #adhg4 #dc4 ,leg5da et miracula ,s4 ,go>is1 #adhh4 #dd4 ,psalmorem ,codex1 #adij4 #de4 ,*roneck5 d] ,sass51 #adib4 #df4 ,missale ,mogunt9um1 #b;d edit4 #adic4 #dg4 ,ordnung des kais]l4 ,kamm]g]i*ts1 #adie4 #dh4 ,missale ,wratislavi5se1 #adii4 #di4 ,psalt]ium1 #aejb4 #adj ,ano!r son1 or p]haps a gr&son1 ,pet]1 e/abli%$ himself z a pr9t] 9 ! city ( ,worms1 n f> di/ant f ,m5tz4 ,x 0 at 8 press t ,william ,tyndale's v]sion ( ! fir/ ,engli% translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 pr9t$ 79 #aebe or #aebf71 aft] fail+ to get x done at ! press ( ,p4 ,qu5tell ( ,cologne4 ,a press 0 e/abli%$ at ,fries+5 9 #adie1 by ,joann4 ,s*ffl]4 #ada ,hi/4 ( ,art ( ,pr9t+1 p4 #baf4 #adb 8,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable typographical displays 9 ! great ,exhibition ( #ahea 0 ! collection ( ,*9ese types1 or at lea/ types to repres5t ,*9ese *>act]s1 9 ! ,zollv]e9 dep>tm5t4 ,!y 7 manufactur$ by ,bey]haus ( ,b]l91 = ! ,am]ican ,mission>y ,society4 ,! ,*9ese vocabul>y is made up ( a numb] ( di/9ct words1 :i* are n built up f compon5t lett]s1 z 9 ,european languages1 b h a good deal ( ! hi]oglyphic effect ab\t !m4 ,to imitate ^! words or *>act]s by moveable types has always be5 deem$ a difficult matt]4 ,m4 ,bey]haus has analyz$ ! l9es & dots ( ! ,*9ese language1 s z to make #dbjj lett]s out ( !m1 or elem5ts :i* w s]ve ! compositor 9 lieu ( lett]s4 ,! /eel pun*es ( all ^! #dbjj types 7 %ewn2 & by v>i\s comb9ations ( !m1 ab\t #bd1jjj ,*9ese words or *>act]s c be imitat$2 & x 0 v int]e/+ to see copies ( ! ,bible & ! ,new ,te/am5t pr9t$ 9 ,*9ese by ! aid ( ^! types40--,curiosities ( ,indu/ry--,pr9t+2 its ,mod]n ,v>ieties1 by ,g4 ,,dodd1 p4 #d4 #adc ,?is may sometimes h be5 ow+ to a sc>city ( capital lett]s4 ,an amus+ /ory is told ( a jobb+ pr9t]1 :o 0 se5 pr9t+ ! label 8,lodg+s to let10 9 gold capital lett]s on a blue gr\nd1 ) ! second ,g left out4 ,^u ! omission be+ po9t$ out to him1 he said 8,p%aw6 ,i %\ld l to "k :y a pr9t] %\ld n spell ,lodg+s ) "o ,g1 :5 he has b t "o 9 8 f\nt60 #add ,"s ( ^! b9d+s 7 wond]ful specim5s ( pati5t lab\r4 ,wood5 bo>ds z ?ick z ! panels ( a door1 /udd$ ) l>ge brass nails ) ornam5t$ heads & massive metal corn]s1 = sides1 ! backs solid ) pa/e & glue1 & ! fronts fa/5$ ) heavy clasps1 7 by no means r>e4 ,sometimes ^! cov]s 7 s made z to s]ve z receptacles = relics4 ,scalig] tells u t 8 gr&mo!r _h a pr9t$ ,psalt]1 ! cov] ( :i* 0 two in*es ?ick1 ! inside =m+ a k9d ( cupbo>d 9 :i* 0 a small silv] crucifix2 & ,mr4 ,hans>d relates hav+ se5 an anci5t book1 9 ! cov] ( :i* 0 a recess = a relic--a human toe6 ,,app5dix4 ,i4--,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,pr9t+1 ,,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,fau/ ,,( ,,as*aff5b]g4 ,joh4 ,fri$4 ,fau/1 e9 ,sohn des im ,jahre #afai v]/orb55 ,s*ff5 des ,rei*sg]i*tes und ,ra!s zu ,frankfurt1 erzhlt1 aus d5 ,famili5papi]51 wel*e die ,fau/e von ,as*aff5b]g 7,abkmml+e d] ,fu/e von ,ma9z7 9 ihrem ,ar*ive aufbewahrt51 die ,ges*i*te d] ,erf9dung 9 folg5d] ,weise3-- 8,diese jetzt erwhnte und &]e mehr ,scrib5t51 wel*e es von ,hr5sag5 !ils g5omm51 !ils von e9&] entlehnet1 se9d ni*t alle9 an dem ,ort und d] ,zeit1 sond]n au* an d] ,p]son vom er/5 ,anf5g] zweifelhafftig1 ja g> ohngewis1 und i/ uns ,teuts*5 ni*t e9 g]+] ,spott1 dass wir sol*e edle ,kun/ zu all]]/ von ,gott empfang51 und s man*]let frembde ,hi/ori5 und ,auctores les5 und s*reib51 d5 unt] &]5 vortreffli*5 ,sa*51 ni*t e9e ,gewis%eit des er/5 ,anf5g]s1 ihme und gantzem ,teuts*l& zu ewig5 un/]bli*5 ,ruhm und ,lob1 solt5 au* 9 getruckt5 und also un/]bli*5 ,zeugnss5 beglaubt ma*5 und beweis51 und s lange ,zeyt im ,zweiffel hab5 /eck5 lass54 ,d>umb habe i* ni*t unt]lass5 knn51 dies] ,sa*5 und ,kun/ gantz5 ,v]lauf und ,anfang1 s viel i* dess5 aus glaubhafft5 alt5 ,zeugnss5 und ,docum5tis1 wie au* von me9em ,vatt] seelig1 und d] von se95 ,elt]n und also =tan1 quasi p] aures et manus e+5omm51 au* zum ,!il aufgazei*net h9t]lass51 d] ,wahrheit und ,kun/ ja vielmehr ,gott zu ehr51 ettwas um/5dli* zu erzehl5 und zu beweis540 8,und i/ anfngli* wahr1 dass e9 ,brg]1 e9es ehrb>n ,ges*le*ts und ,h]komm5s zu ,m5tz gewohnet1 s ,johann ,fau/ geheiss52 dies] d5 ,/udiis sehr ergeb51 hat betra*tet1 wie man* edles +5ium aus ,mangel d] ,b*]1 die sog> e9e lange ,zeyt und hoh5 ,v]lag abzus*reib5 er=d]t1 und ni*t 9 e9es j$5 ,beutel ge/ock51 ohnbillig v]lieg51 ja g> v]d]b5 mss51 und d][eg5 lang na*gesonn51 wie do* all]h& ntzli*e ,b*] mit w5ig] ,mhe gemannigfeltigt1 und um g]+5 und billi*5 ,preys mitge!ilt w]d5 knt54 ,sol*em se9em wohlme95d5 nutzli*5 ,wuns* und ,vorhab5 hat ,gott wohl]spriesli*es ,mittel und ,modell gezeiget1 also dass er e9e ,alphabet ,taffel1 er/li* 9 e9em ,=mat mit erhhet5 ,bu*/ab5 ges*nitt54 ,es hat ihm ab] grosses ,na*s9n5 er=d]t1 bis er besond]e ,t9t5 d>zu erfund52 dann die geme9e ,t9te i/ 9 d5 ,bu*/ab5 von ,holtz und 9 ,holtz ges*nitt51 v]floss51 und hatt alle ,bu*/ab5 zusamm5geh5gt1 s hab5 au* die ,li*t-,flamm51 d>5 ,rus er si* au* zu gebrau*5 unt]/&51 ob sie wohl e95 ziemli*5 ,abdruck geb51 danno* ke95 ,be/&t hab5 woll51 bis endli* e9e s*w>tze zhe ,t9t5 erfund5 word51 die e95 ,be/&t gehabt4 ,als sol*e erfund5 und sol*e ,taffeln mit kle95 ,press5 lei*tli* zu truck5 er/ an ,tag komm5 seynd sie mit gros] ,v]wund]ung umb g]+5 ,preys von j$]mnnigli* erkaufft und b]hmt1 und er d>auf weit]s =tzufahr5 v]ursa*t word51 und d5 ,donat eb5mssig an ,tag gegeb54 ,weil ab] d]selbige auf gantze ,brett] ges*nitt51 ohnglei* an ,bu*/ab5 gefall51 und au* son/ si* bald abtru*5 lass51 hatt ,erf9d] d] si* er9n]t1 das es bess] 71 mit e9tzli*5 ,bu*/ab5 und ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 e9 ,bu* zu setz51 als mit gantz5 columnis od] pag9is zu s*neid54 ,d][eg5 hat er die ,brett] von e9&] ges*nitt51 die gesammt5 ,bu*/ab5 h]ausg5omm51 und damit die ,setz]ey angefang51 und die abgegang5e ,bu*/ab5 mit new5 ersetzet40#ade 8,weil ab] sol*es mit ohnaufhrli*] ,arbeyt ges*eh5 mss51 und sehr langsam von /att5 geh5 woll51 hatt es ab]mahl ni*t g]+e ,h9d]nuss d] angefang55 ,kun/1 au* d] ,press5 halb51 geb5 woll51 d>b] d] ,erf9d] ni*t 9 g]+e ,sorg und ,s*w]mu? g]a!n4 ,nun hatt er ab] bey sol*] ,inv5tion etli*e ,di5] gehabt1 die ihm sol* ,truck]ei v]ri*t5 und 9 &]n n?ig5 ,sa*51 als ,d9t5 si$51 setz51 und d]glei*5 fleissige ,h& und ,hlfte gebott54 ,unt] d55 i/ e9] ,pet] ,s*ff] von ,g]n%eimb g5annt1 gewes51 wel*] als er se9es ,h]rn ,vorhab5 erl]ntt1 und selb/ ,lu/ d>zu bekomm51 hatt ihm ,gott das ,glck und ,gab e+eb51 wie man nemli* die ,bu*/ab5 9 ,buntz5 s*neid5 und na*giess51 und also vielmahls mannigfaltig5 knne1 und ni*t j$5 ,bu*/ab5 (tmahls e9zel+ s*neid5 msse4 ,dies] hat 9 geheim e9e ,buntz5 von e9em gantz5 ,alphabet ges*nitt51 und se9em ,h]rn sampt d5 ,abgus od] ,matricibus gezeyget1 wel*es dam se9em ,h]rn ,johann ,fau/5 s wohl gefall51 dass er vor ,frewd5 ihme sobald se9e ,to*t] ,*ri/9am zur ,ehe zu geb5 v]spro*51 und bald5 na*mal5 au* sol*es wrckli* vollzog540 8,es hatt ab] mit dem ,abdruck od] ,na*guss dies] ,bu*/ab5 eb5 s viel ,mhe g5omm51 also mit d5 ,hltz]n1 dann man lang gekn/elt1 biss man e9e gewisse ,mixtur s d] ,gewalt d] ,press5 e9e gute ,zeyt aus/eh5 knne1 erfund54 ,als sol*es au* glckli* erfolget1 damit sol* edle ,gab ,gottes 9 geheimb v]bleib5 mge1 hab5 ,s*wh] und ,to*t]mann ihre ,gew]k5 mit ,eydpfli*t5 v]bund51 sol* ,sa*5 alle 9 h*/] ,geheim und ,v]s*wieg5heit zu halt51 hab5 au* die ,brett] und er/5 ,anfang1 wie au* die hltz]n ,bu*/ab5 9 ,cortel od] ,s*nur e+efas/1 aufgehob5 und zu zeyt5 gut5 ,freund5 gezeiget4 ,qu primordia avum meum ,doctorem ,joh4 ,fau/ inque manibus suis ,donati primam p>tem int] ct]a vidisse ,m,s,stum po/]is nobis relictum te/atur40#adf 7,d4 h43 ,dass me9 ,grossvat]1 d] ,doctor ,johann ,fau/1 diese ,anfnge und1 unt] &]n1 d5 er/5 ,!il des ,donats geseh5 und 9 ,hnd5 gehabt habe1 bezeugt e9e uns ,na*kmml+5 zurckgelass5e ,h&s*rift47 8,we h>t ab] sie ihre ,gew]k5 v]knpfet1 und si* diese ,kun/ 9 geheim zu halt5 unt]/&51 hat es do* aus sond]li*] ,s*ickung ,gottes ni*t seyn woll5 no* soll54 ,dann es hat si* begeb51 dass ,johann ,fau/5s ne*/] ,na*baw] ,johann von ,gut5b]g 7man i/ au* d] ,me9ung1 dass ,johann ,fau/ und ,gut5b]g zusamm5 9 e9em ,haus g5annt zum ,jung5 9 ,m5tz1 gewohnet hab51 dah]o sol* ,haus d5 ,nahm5 au* von d] ,truck]ey na*mahl5 behalt57 inn5 word5 dass sol*e edle ,kun/ ni*t alle9 e95 gross5 ,ruhm bey all] ,welt gema*t1 sond]n au* e95 gut5 und erli*5 ,gew9 gebra*t1 d>umb er si* freundli* zu gemelt5 ,fau/5 ge?an1 und se9e ,di5/e mit ,d>s*iessung no?w5diges ,v]lags an]bott51 wel*es er ,fau/ g]ne ang5omm51 bevorab weil das ,w]k1 s er zu truck5 vorhatte uff ,p]gam5t zu v]f]tig51 e95 gros5 ,ko/5 er=d]te d>ob sie si* v]e9iget und e95 aufges*nitt55 ,zettel od] ,contract na*folg5d beygesetz5 ,inhalts aufg]i*tet1 dass 0 auf sol* ,w]k geh5 wrde1 zu ,v]lu/ und ,gew9n ins geme9 geh51 und alles 0 d>zu gehrete1 uff geme95 ,sold entlehnet und aufg5omm5 w]d5 solte4 ,weil ab] er ,fau/ mehr aufg5omm5 und d] ,unko/5 hh] gel(f51 als ,gut5b]g v]me9et1 hatt er sol*5 halb5 ,!il ni* zahl5 wll51 d>b] sie beyde vor das weltli*e ,g]i*t zu ,m5tz g]a!n1 das hatt auf alles ,e9- und ,vorbr+51 au* ges*55 ,bewei/um erkannt wrde ,johann ,fau/ mit liebli*5 eyd betewr51 dass sol* uffg5omm5 ,geld auf das geme9e ,w]k gegang51 und ni*t ihme alle9 zu ,nutz komm5 sey1 solte ,johann von ,gut5b]g sol*es zu erleg5 s*uldig seyn4 ,sol*em ,re*tsspru* hat ,johann ,fau/ im ,ref5d] zu ,m5tz zun ,b>fss]n e9 ,g5g5 ge?an wie aus copeyli* beygesetzt5 ,in/rum5t grndli* und wahrhafftig zu erseh54 ,ab] ,johann von ,gut5b]g i/ d>b] sehr zornig word51 d>umb er ni*t alle9 bei ,anhrung des eydt ni*t gewes51 sond]n au* bald d>auf von ,m5tz si* h9weg g5 ,/rasburg ge?an1 viellei*t daselb/ se95 eyg55 ,v]lag gehabt1 und s9dt ihm dah9 etli*e ,gefhrde na*gefolget1 und e9e gntzli*e ,tr5nung ges*eh51 dass sol*e h]rli*e ,kun/ ni*t mehr i/ geheimb behalt5 blieb51 sond]n all5?alb5 von dato ang]egt5 ,in/rum5ts1 s ,an4 #adee datiret ausgebreitet word54 ,und ,hans von ,pet]%eim1 e9 ,di5] ,johannes ,fau/5 und ,pet] ,s*ff]s1 im vi]t5 ,jahr h]na* ,ao4 #adei1 zu ,frankfurt1 &]e1 sond]li* als ,m5tz2 ,ao4 #adfb v]r?li*5 erob]t1 und umb ihre ,freyheit komm51 folg5ds &]/wo si* ni$]ge?an1 und sol*e ,kun/ ohnges*euet getrieb51 (f5bahret1 und geme9 gema*t hab54 ,e/ i/ au* diess ,unglck mit zuges*lag51 dass als sie e9 vornehm ,juri/is* ,bu* g5 ,p>is 9 ,frankrei* uff ,p]gam5t g$ruckt1 gefhret und die ,wahl5 ,wallis*5 od] ,wls*5 ihn5 sol*e ,kun/ missgnnet1 das ,bu* 9 ,laug5 ge/oss51 und mit ,kratzbr/5 auszu?un1 ab] v]gebli*1 unt]/&51 sie sol*e ,exempl>ia alle1 unt] dem ,s*e9 als ob d] ,truck] e9e frembde ,wa> ohne ,special ,erlaubnuss des ,knigs 9 ,frankrei* gebra*t1 confiscirt1 d>auf er repressalias vom ,kays] ,fridri*5 ,,iii4 v]langt1 und soviel frantzzis*e ,kaufleute ni$]geworf51 dass er se9es ,s*ad5s wohl zukomm51 und viel ,franzsis*e ,wa>e 9 se9 ,haus all]hant ,sort5 bekomm51 dass die ,sa* endli* dur* beyde ,pot5tat5 v]gli*51 uffgehob51 ut er ,pet] ,s*ff] befri$iget word540 ,man sieht1 dass 9 diesem ,b]i*te b] d5 ,gang d] ,erf9dung d] objektive ,?atbe/&1 besond]s 0 die ,anfnge betrifft ganz ri*tig erzhlt wird1 und dass er nur quoad p]sonas v]fls*t i/2 indem ,fu/5 das zuges*rieb5 wird1 0 ,gut5b]g5 angehrt4 ,es erbellt f]n] d>aus1 dass er w$] aus ,tri!ms ,w]k5 no* aus dem ,lobg$i*te des ,b]gellanus ges*pft i/2 da er um/nd*] als beide 9's ,e9zelne d] ,v]fahrungsweis5 e+eht4 ,au* die ,angabe1 ,fu/ und ,s*ff] htt5 na* ,erf9dung d] gegoss55 ,bu*/ab5 ihre ,arbeit] mit ,eid5 zur ,geheimhaltung d] ,kun/ v]bund51 die er/5 ,holztafeln aufgehob51 die e9zeln5 hlz]n5 ,bu*/ab5 9 ,s*nre gefaszt und nur zu ,zeit5 gut5 ,freund5 gezeigt1 deutet1 als auf ihre ,quelle1 auf h&s*riftli*e od] mndli*e ,ueb]lief]ung51 die si* 9 d] ,familie ,fu/ erhalt5 hab5 mss54 ,s hab5 si* 9 dem an die ,h]r5 von ,glauburg b]gegang55 ,famili5>*ive des ma9zis*51 na* ,frankfurt ausgew&]t5 ,patrizi]ges*le*tes zum ,jung5 viele die ,familie ,gut5b]g betreff5d5 ,urkund51 und d>unt] au* das bei dem ,prozesse zwis*5 ,gut5b]g und ,fu/ erri*tete ,not>iats9/rum5t erhalt54 ,9 dem ,ar*ive d] ,familie ,fau/1 wel*e von ,as*aff5b]g na* ,frankfurt gekomm51 und dort dur* ,heira? unt] die ,patrizi]ges*le*t] aufg5omm5 word5 i/1 hatt5 si* gewiss hnli*e ,urkund5 und ,na*ri*t5 b] die ,angeleg5heit5 d] ,famili5 ,fu/ und ,s*ff] erhalt51 wie au* 9 dem ,b]i*te1 bei #a und #b1 ausdrckli* gemeldet wird4 ,joh4 ,fri$ri* ,fau/1 dur* ,famili5eitelkeit v]leitet1 v]fls*te sie nur 9 ,betreff d] ,p]son51 indem er 7s wie ,johann ,s*ff] 9 se95 ,s*luszs*rift5 die ,erf9dung alle9 se9em ,grossvat] ,fu/ zus*reib7 demselb5 ,fu/1 d5 er mit ,re*t fr se95 ,ahn5 hielt1 alle ,ehre zuw5dete1 und zu diesem ,behufe sog> das ,in/rum5t des ,not>s ,helmasp]g] v]drehte4--,,wett]1 pp4 #bga-bgg4 ,,footnotes3 #ade ,z wood5 types 7 ! fir/ ) :i* ! orig9al pr9t]s made _! e>lie/ essays 9 ! art ( ,typography 9 ,europe1 x is int]e/+ to le>n t 9 ,am]ica su* types are n[ be+ us$ to s great an ext5t1 t x requires ! aid ( ! mo/ f9i%$ ma*9]y to supply ! dem& t has aris5 = !m4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( _! manufacture is cond5s$ f a n>rative 9 ! ,bo/on ,weekly ,spectator 7,oct4 #ab1 #ahga74--;,ab\t #ahec ,mr4 ,william ,h4 ,page1 orig9ally a pr9t]1 ent]$ into ! employ ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,cooley1 a wood type cutt] at ,gre5ville4 ,notic+ ! _m defects ( ! process he busi$ 8 m9d 9 devis+ & inv5t+ me?ods = its improvem5t4 ,succe$+ 9 8 ef=ts1 he />t$ 9 bus9ess on 8 own acc\nt2 & 9 #ahfi1 hav+ b\ght out ,mr4 ,cooley1 transf]r$ ! :ole ( ! works to ,norwi*1 ,ea/]n ,connecticut4 ,"h1 ) ext5sive & p]fect ma*9]y1 & f #ce to #dj workpeople1 "o-sev5? ( :om are females1 he supplies ! great] "p ( ! wood5 types us$ ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! process ( manufacture is z foll[s3--,all ord9>y wood type is made ( rock-maple1 :i* gr[s abundantly 9 ,connecticut4 ,! logs are fir/ saw$ across ! gra9 into blocks an in* & an eigh? ?ick1 !n /eam$ to =ce out ! sap1 & :5 dri$1 pack$ away 9 ! season+ h\se = two ye>s4 ,:5 want$ = type1 !y are tak5 to dress+ ma*9es1 :]e horizontal revolv+ cutt]s rapidly smoo! & r$uce _! size ) p]fect uni=mity2 !y are !n skilfully plan$ by h&1 next gum-%ellac$1 & dri$ = half a day1 & s& pap]$1 :i* process is aga9 repeat$4 ,aft] ?is1 !y are tak5 to felt buff+ :eels1 cov]$ ) beeswax & tall[1 :i*1 revolv+ ) exce$+ swiftness1 ?or\ghly poli% ! surfaces on :i* ! lett]s are to be cut4 ,! blocks are !n saw$ into ! desir$ %apes1 & transf]r$ to ! lett] mak]s4 ,^! place ! prep>$ blocks 9 a ma*9e n mu* unlike 9 its appe>ance to an ecc5tric la!1 al?\gh x is n "o4 ,set 9 "o angle ( a horizontal frame l a p5tagraph1 is a p5cil or trac]1 mov$ by ! h& ( ! op]ator exactly 9 ! l9es ( a /ation>y patt]n or model lett]4 ,9 an opposite angle1 & directly ov] ! block to be c>v$1 is a correspond+ p5cil ( f9e /eel1 9 reality a small bit1 or g\ge1 :i* is belt$ to ! driv+ p[]1 & makes f #ag1jjj to #bj1jjj revolutions a m9ute1 foll[+ m9utely all ! l9es & flexions ( ! trac] on ! patt]n4 ,a skilful op]ator c ?us make a lett] 9 half a m9ute4 ,?is "p ( ! "w is *iefly p]=m$ by girls4 ,aft] leav+ ! cutt] ! lett]s are fur!r dress$ by a trimm] :o gives !m _! f9i%+ t\*es1 :5 !y are ?or\ghly oil$ ) l9se$ oil1 & pack$ = transport to :]ev] ord]$4 ,! ord9>y size ( lett]s1 us$ = ,adv]tis+ plac>ds1 is #a ft4 #h 941 ?\gh occasionally "s are ord]$ #ad ft4 long1 made & pr9t$ 9 sections x is presum$4 ,^! mon/] lett]s are made ( a s(t] :ite wood1 & g\g$ out on a great ma*9e call$ a 8r\t]40 ,! smalle/ size manufactur$ is ab\t "o-?ird ( an in*4 ,b4 ,w4 ,s4 ,?is is j ! size ( ! types us$ = ! 8,appeal to ,*ri/5dom aga9/ ! ,turks10 pr9t$ at ,m5tz 9 #aded or #adee4 ,:at /eam-driv5 ma*9]y is do+ = wood5 types x is also do+ 9 ano!r =m = types ( ca/ metal4 ,! greate/ numb] t an exp]t workman c\ld ca/ by ! h&-m\ld process 0 ab\t #ahjj 9 an h\r4 ,aft] _m ye>s ( co/ly exp]im5taliz+1 & frequ5t b n :olly fruitless failures1 a ma*9e 0 at la/ p]fect$ 9 #ahfb1 by :i* z _m z #gfjj lett]s an h\r are turn$ out4 ,) type manufactur$ at ?is rate1 ) /eam type-compos]s t put toge!r #dj1jjj lett]s an h\r1 7! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,mackie ( ,w>r+ton71 & ) /eam pr9t+ ma*9es capable ( p]fect+ #ab1jjj %eets 7equal to #bd1jjj impressions7 9 ! same space ( "t1 7! ,times 8,walt]0 ma*9e1 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,macdonald72 ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is truly an era ( m>vels 9 all t conc]ns ,lett]-press ,pr9t+4 #adf ,dr4 ,van ,d] ,l9de treats ?is writ] ) b scant c]emony4 ,he says1 7p4 #gf ( ,hessels' ,translation7 8,! fa!r ( ?is ar*-li> _h writt5 frankly & 9 accordance ) tru?--#8,joh4 ,fau/ 7,fu/7 w> ,mitv]leg] d] ,bu*druck]ei 9 d] ,/adt ,m5tze2 etli*e woll5 wid] se9] ,dank ihn zu e9em ,inv5torem hab5 und mack51 s ab] nur mit se9em ,v]mg5 und gut5 ,ra? 9 d] ,t geholf54'--#8,joh4 ,fau/ 0 p>tn] 9 ! pr9t+ (fice at ,m5tz2 "s p]sons w\ld make an inv5tor ( him aga9/ 8 own wi%2 he really help$ only ) 8 money & good advice4'0 ,,ii4--,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,pr9t+1 ,,by ,,hadrian ,,junius4 ,dicam igitur quod accepi a s5ibus et autoritate gravibus et ,reipublic adm9i/ratione cl>is1 quique a majoribus suis ita accepisse gravissimo te/imonio confirm>unt1 quorum auctoritas jure pondus hab]e debeat ad faci5dam fidem4 ,habitavit ante annos c5tum duo de trig9ta ,h>lemi1 9 dibus satis spl5didis 7ut docum5to esse pote/ fabrica1 qu 9 hunc diem p]/at integra7 =o imm95tibus e regione ,palatii ,regalis1 ,laur5tius ,joannis cognom5to ,a$ituus ,cu/osve 7quod tunc opimum et honorificum munus familia eo nom9e cl>a hr$it>io jure possidebat7 is ipse1 qui nunc laudem inv5t artis ,typographic recidivam ju/is v9diciis et sacram5tis repetit1 ab aliis nef>ie possessam et occupatam1 summo jure omnium triumphorum laurea majore don&us4 ,is =te 9 suburbano nemore spatiatus 7ut sol5t sumpto cibo aut fe/is diebus cives1 qui otio abundant71 cpit fag9os cortices pr9cipio 9 litt]>um typos con=m>e1 quibus1 inv]sa ratione sigillatim *>t impressis1 v]siculum unum atque alt]um animi gratia ducebat1 nepotibus1 g5]i sui lib]is exemplum futurum4 ,quod ubi felicit] success]at1 cpit animo altiora 7ut erat +5io magno et subacto7 agit>e primumque omnium atram5ti scriptorii g5us glut9osius t5aciusque1 quod vulg>e lituras trah]e exp]iretur1 cum g5]e suo ,?oma ,petro qui quatuor lib]os reliquit1 omnes f]me consul>e dignitate functos 7quod eo dico1 ut artem 9 familia hone/a et +5ua1 haud s]vili1 natam intelligant omnes71 excogitavit1 inde etiam p9aces totas figuratas additis c>act]ibus expressit4 ,quo 9 g5]e vidi ab ipso excussa adv]s>ia1 op]>um rudim5tum1 pag9is solum adv]sis1 haud opi/ographis4 ,is lib] erat v]naculo s]mone ab auctore conscriptus anonymo1 titulum prf]5s3 ,speculum no/r salutis1 9 quibus id obs]vatum fu]at int] prima artis incunabula 7ut nunquam ulla simul rep]ta et absoluta e/7 uti pag9 av]s glut9e cohresc]5t1 ne ill ips vacu de=mitatem adf]r5t4 ,po/ea fag9as =mas plumbeis mutavit1 has de9ceps /anneas fecit1 quo solidior m9usque flexilis esset mat]ia durabiliorque2 e quorum typorum reliquiis1 qu sup]fu]ant1 conflata nophora vetu/iora adhuc hodie visuntur 9 ,laur5tianis illis1 quas dixi dibus1 9 =um prospectantibus1 habitatis po/ea a suo pronepote ,g]>do ,?oma1 quem honoris causa nom9o1 cive cl>o ante paucos hos annos vita defuncto s5e4 ,fav5tibus1 ut fit1 inv5to novo /udiis hom9um1 quum nova m]x1 nunquam antea visa1 emptores undique exciret1 cum ub]rimo qu/u creuit simul artis amor1 creuit m9i/]ium1 additi famili op]>um m9i/ri1 prima mali labes1 quos int] ,joannes quidam1 sive is 7ut f]t suspicio7 ,fau/us fu]it om9oso cognom9e1 h]o suo infidus et infau/us1 sive alius eo nom9e1 non magnop]e laboro1 quod sil5tum umbras inquiet>e nolim contagione consci5ti1 quondam dum viv]5t1 tactas4 ,is ad op]as excusorias sacram5to dictus1 po/quam artem jung5dorum *>act]um1 fusilium typorum p]itiam1 quque alia eam ad rem spectant1 p]calluisse sibi visus e/1 captato opportuno tempore quo non potuit magis idoneum inv5iri1 ipsa nocte1 qu ,*ri/i natalitiis sol5nis e/1 qua cuncti promiscue lu/ralibus sacri op]>i sol5t1 *oragium omne typorum involat1 in/rum5torum h]ilium1 ei artificio comp>atorum1 supellectilem convasat1 de9de cum fure domo se proripit1 ,am/elodamum pr9cipio adit1 inde ,coloniam ,agripp9am1 donec ,magontiacum p]v5tum e/1 ceu ad asyli>am1 ubi quasi extra telorum jactum 7quod dicitur7 positus tuto deg]et1 suorumque furtorum ap]ta (fic9a fructum hub]em met]et4 ,nimirum ex ea intra v]t5tis anni spacium1 ad annum a nato ,*ri/o #addb1 iis ipsis typis1 quibus ,h>lemi ,laur5tius fu]at usus1 prodisse 9 lucem c]tum e/ ,alex&ri ,galli ,doctr9ale1 qu ,grammatica celeb]rimo tunc 9 usu erat1 cum ,petri ,hispani tractatibus1 prima ftura4 ,i/a sunt f]me1 qu a s5ibus annosis1 fide dignis1 et qui tradita de manu 9 manum1 quasi ard5tem tdam 9 decursu accep]ant1 olim intellexi1 et alios eadem ref]5tes atte/antesque comp]i4 ,mem9i n>asse mihi ,nicolaum ,galium1 pu]iti me =matorem1 hom9em f]rea memoria et longa canitie v5]abilem1 quod pu] non semel audi]it1 ,cornelium qu5dam bibliopegum ac s5io gravem1 nec octog5>io m9orem 7qui 9 eadem (fic9a subm9i/rum eg]at7 tanta animi cont5tione ac f]vore commemorantem rei ge/ s]iem1 inv5ti 7ut ab h]o accep]at7 rationem1 rudis artis polituram et increm5tum1 aliaque id g5us1 ut invito quoque pr rei indignitate la*rym erump]5t1 quoties de plagio incid]at m5tio3 tum v]o ob ereptam furto gloriam sic ira ex>desc]e sol]e s5em1 ut etiam lictoris exemplum eum fuisse editurum 9 plagi>ium eum fuisse editurum 9 plagi>ium app>]et1 si vita illi sup]fuisset3 tum devov]e consuevisse diris ultricibus sacrilegum caput1 noctesque illas damn>e atque execr>i quas una cum scel]e illo communi 9 cubili p] aliquot m5ses exegisset4 ,qu non dissonant a v]bis ,quir9i ,talesii ,cos1 eadem f]e ex ore libr>ii ejusdem se olim accepisse mihi confessi1 etc4--,batavia p4 #bec1 et seq4 ,,iii4--,,! ,,ha>lem-,,co/]-,,leg5d4 ,! ,ha>lem ,leg5d ( ! ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+ by ,l\r5s ,janszoon ,co/]1 critically exam9$ by ,dr4 ,a4 ,,van ,,d] ,,l9de4 ,translat$ f ! ,dut* by ,j4 ,h4 ,,hessels1 ) an ,introduction & a ,classifi$ ,li/ ( ! ,co/]ian ,incunabula4 ,london1 ,blades1 ,ea/1 & ,blades4 #ahga4 ,roy4 #hvo4 pp4 xxvi4 & #agj4 ,a copy ( ! above "w hav+ rea*$ me :ile ! prec$+ %eet 0 be+ prep>$ = press1 ,i am s+ul>ly gratifi$ to f9d1 t by means ( a :olly indep5d5t process ( inve/igation1 ,i h arriv$ at a conclusion1 almo/ id5tical1 on ! ma9 po9t1 ) t to :i* o!r & m direct s\rces ( in=mation h l$ ,dr4 ,van ,d] ,l9de4 ,writ+ = ,engli% read]s1 & deal+ *iefly ) ! /atem5ts & argum5ts ( ! lead+ ,engli% ,co/]ians1 ! confirmation ?us giv5 to my views is z great z x 0 unexpect$4 ,dr4 ,van ,d] ,l9de %ews1 mo/ conclusively1 t ! :ole /ory ( ! ,orig9 ( ,pr9t+ 9 ,ha>lem arose f ! fabrication ( a p$igree by an innkeep] nam$ ,g]rit ,?omaszoon1 :o 0 %]iff ( ,ha>lem 9 ! ye> #aede1 & :o di$ ab\t ! ye> #aefc or #aefd4 ,?is p$igree1 made a few ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 traces 8 desc5t f "o ,?omas ,piet]sso51 by ,lucye 88 second wife1 :o 0 ! daught] ( ,l\ris ,jansso5s ,co/]1 :o br\ght ! fir/ pr9t into ! _w ,anno #addf40 ,au?ority = ?is /atem5t !re is absolutely none2 & no pro( :atev] exi/s t ,lucye ! daught] ( ,l\ris ,jansso5s1 ev] exi/$ o!rwise ?an by h] creation 9 ! f]tile fancy ( ! p$igree mak]4 ,b pro( !re is 9 abundance1 t "o ,l\r5s ,janszoon ,co/] kept a tall[-*&l]'s %op 9 ,ha>lem betwe5 ! ye>s #addj & #adej2 t ab\t ! latt] ye> he transf]r$ t bus9ess to 8 si/]1 ,gh]truit ,jan ,co/]sdo*t]1 :o di$ 9 #aded2 he himself />t+ z an innkeep] 9 #adea1 9 :i* occupation he cont9u$ until #adhc1 :5 he left ,ha>lem ) all 8 goods1 & is he>d ( no m4 ,?is ,l\r5s ,co/] 0 a memb] ( a fe/ive body1 call$ ! 8,holy ,*ri/mas ,corporation40 ,x consi/$ ( #ed bre?r5 & si/]s1 ea* "o ( :om possess$ a *air specially set ap>t = him or h] at _! regul> meet+s4 ,^! *airs pass$ by inh]itance or pur*ase f "o to ano!r2 ! corporation app>5tly hav+ _h its orig9 9 a family ga!r+4 ,its transactions 7 m9utely record$1 & p>ticul> c>e 0 tak5 to note ! transmission ( ! *airs f "o hold] to ano!r4 ,l\r5s ,co/]'s *air pass$ 9 #adhd1 7! record does n /ate h[71 into ! possession ( ,frans ,?omas ,?omaszoon1 & 9 #adig ,g]rit ,?omaszoon ,piet]szoon inh]it$ x f 8 fa!r4 ,?is is ! individual :o kept ! inn on ! m>ket place1 & 0 made %]iff 9 #aede4 ,n[ ,jan ,van ,zuyr5 & ,coornh]t 7 p>tn]s 9 bus9ess1 & 8sworn book-pr9t]s0 to ! t[n 9 #aefa1 9 :i* ye> ,van ,zuyr5 also became ,burgoma/]4 ,!y c\ld n b h be5 intimate ) ! %]iff & innkeep] ,g]rit ,?omaszoon1 :o liv$ to ! ye> #aefc or #aefd4 ,he w\ld also be well kn[n to ,junius1 liv+ z he did 9 ,ha>lem f #aefj to #aegb4 ,9 "o ( ! rooms ( 8 inn ,g]rit ,?omaszoon hung up ! p$igree he _h _h made1 & 9 :i* 0 set =? 8 desc5t f 8,lucye1 second wife ( ,?omas ,piet]szoon1 daught] ( ,l\ris ,jansso5s ,co/]1 :o br\ght ! fir/ pr9t into ! _w ,anno #addf40 ,"h !n1 z 9 a nut%ell1 lie ! :ole ( ! circum/ances :i* ,junius1 9 #aefh1 work$ up 9 8 ,batavia into an acc\nt ( ! ,orig9 ( ,pr9t+ 9 ,ha>lem1 by ,laur5s ,janszoon ,co/]2 b ) ! date ( ! p$igree alt]$ f #addf to #addj4 ,! cog5t reasons = ?is alt]ation are fully %ewn by ,dr4 ,van ,d] ,l9de4 ,! /atem5ts ( ,van ,zuyr5 & ,coornh]t2 ! /ory ( ! family mansion1 & ! w9e-pot relics2 ! curs+s ( ! old book-b9d] ,cornelis2 ! confirmations ( ! tale to ,junius by ,ni*olas ,galius & ,quiryn ,dirksz ,talesius1 are all n[ easily und]/ood1--!y 7 tav]n gossip1 sugge/$ by ! p$igree1 :i* pass+ ?r\gh ! alembic ( ,junius's bra91 issu$ !nce 9 ! %ape ( a circum/antial hi/ory1 :i* national vanity has be5 induc$ to accept z a record ( indubitable facts4 ,f fir/ to la/1 ! ,co/]-leg5d =ms a v s+ul> *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( national cr$ulity4 ,scriv]ius1 writ+ 9 #afbh1 & n kn[+ ! s\rce ( ,junius's in=mation1 makes "o ,l\r5s ,janszoon1 %]iff ( ,ha>lem1 :o di$ 9 #adci1 ! ,laur5s ,janszoon ,co/]1--7^! names be+ z common 9 ,ha>lem z ^? ( ,br[n1 ,jones & ,smi? 9 ,london17--to :om 0 attribut$ ! orig9 ( pr9t+2 & to ^: memory a /one /atue 0 erect$ 9 #agbb4 ,9 #ahbc & #ahbd bronze & silv] jubilee m$als 7 /ruck 9 honor ( ! same suppos$ fir/ typograph]1 & two memorial /ones put up2 & 9 #ahea1 a ?ird tablet 0 plac$ 9 front ( ! rebuilt ,co/]-h\se4 ,b mean:ile1 ! p$igree is discov]$1 & ,kon+ & o!rs /rive h>d to id5tify ! ,l\r5s ,jansso5s ,co/] x m5tions1 ) ! ,l\r5s ,janszoon ( ,scriv]ius4 ,junius's acc\nt is unscrupul\sly am5d$ & alt]$ & correct$1 9 ord] to make room = ! views ( subsequ5t writ]s2 & ano!r /atue 9 bronze is resolv$ ^u1 :i* is erect$ 9 #ahef2 b ?is "o1 9 ! secret k ( ! ,committee engag$ 9 its erection1#adg is to ! memory ( ! tall[-*&l] & innkeep]1 & n to t ( ! alleg$ %]iff4 ,f9ally1 ! p$igree is publi%$1 all o!r docum5ts connect$ ) ! p]sons nam$ 9 x1 & 9 ! hi/ory by ,junius1 are critically exam9$2 & 9 #ahgj ! fallacy ( ! :ole affair is ?or\ghly expos$4 ,! conclusion to :i* ,dr4 ,van ,d] ,l9de arrives 9 8 *apt] on 8,! ,spread ( ,typography 9 ! ,ne!rl&s10 is z foll[s3-- 8,! h>ve/ ( hi/ory on ! field ( typography conc]n+ ,ha>lem may be scanty2 x does n yield any?+1 z f> z xylography goes4 ,!re exi/$ !re already v e>ly a ,lucasguild1 l t at ,antw]p1 & l ! ,johannesgild at ,bruges2 b1 h[ev] ri* 9 pa9t]s1 sculptors1 & goldsmi?s1 ! ,ha>lem ,corporation may h be51 x produces1 not)/&+ ! mo/ pati5t rese>*es1 n a s+le pr5t] 7briefpr5t]7 or xylograph]4 ,! manufacture1 !re=e1 ( a :ole s]ies ( blockbooks ( ! #ae? c5tury1 ascrib$1 two1 ?ree1 & f\r c5turies aft]w>ds1 )\t any %ad[ ( evid5ce1 to a ,ha>lem innkeep]1 has to be ref]r$ to ! empire ( fiction40 ,mr4 ,hessels 7a native ( ,ha>lem1 z is also ,dr4 ,van ,d] ,l9de7 says1 9 8 v able ,introduction3 7p4 vii47 8,:atev] may be said ab\t ! discrepancies & absurdities ( ! ,co/]-leg5d1 n[ t we possess a full k ( x1 !re is "o circum/ance :i* has giv51 & w give1 an air ( probability to ! /ory1 ev5 n[ t x is depriv$ ( its h]o1 s long z ?is circum/ance _c be suffici5tly acc\nt$ =4 ,i mean ! exi/5ce ( a comp>atively l>ge numb] ( works--blockbooks & incunabula--:i* are ( an inconte/ably e>ly1 & ,dut* orig91 & :i* _c1 ev5 at pres5t1 be ascrib$ to any kn[n pr9t]1 b ( :i* x is c]ta9 t !y belong to ! pr9t] :o produc$ ! f\r editions ( ! ,speculum ,human ,salvationis1 ! book ref]r$ to by ,junius40 ,he !n gives1 on pages xi4 to xvi41 a classifi$ li/ ( ! ,co/]iana z f> z kn[n1 am\nt+ 9 all to #dc sep>ate works & editions1 di/+ui%+ sev5 diff]5t types us$ 9 _! production4 8,! e>lie/ date 7he says7 we c assign = ! pres5t to ! ,co/]iana is #adga-gd4 ,mr4 ,holtrop tells u on p4 #ca ( 8 ,monum5ts1 t ! ,hague copy ( ! ,saliceto 7,no4 #be ( 8 li/7 conta9s two ,,ms4 annotations3 #a/1 #8,hunc librum emit dom9us ,conr>dus abbas hujus loci ,,xxxiii41 qui obiit anno ,,mcccclxxiiii1 9 pr(e/o exaltationis sanctae crucis1 po/quam pr(uisset annis f]e tribus4' ,ano!r inscription indicates t ?is copy _h belong$ to ! conv5t ( ,/4 ,james1 at ,lille4 ,n[1 ! abbat ,conrad1 :o b\ght ?is book = 8 conv5t1 0 ,conrad du ,m\l91 :o 0 abbat only f #adga to #adgd4 8,?is is ! only date we c use at pres5t4 ,x is1 z ,mr4 ,brad%aw obs]ves 9 8 #8,li/1' m5tion$ above1 #8a s+ul> circum/ance t ?is "o fact %\ld compel u to place ! pr9t] ( ! ,speculum at ! head ( ! ,dut* pr9t]s1 ?\gh x only j all[s him to take prec$5ce ( ,ketela] & ,de ,leempt1' f :om we h ! date #adgc1 f\nd 9 ,pet] ,come/or1 ,s*ola/ica hy/oria40--pp4 xvii4-xviii4 ,! above consid]ations g f> t[>ds support+ ! sugge/ions ,i h ?r[n out 7see pages #cbc-cdh7 9 reg>d to ! dates :51 & ! p>ties by :om1 ! ,speculum1 ,donatuses1 c41 7 pr9t$4 ,& ^! sugge/ions are fur!r confirm$ by ! extracts cit$ by ,dr4 ,van ,d] ,l9de f ! ar*ives ( ,utre*t1 9 a note on p4 #he ( ,hessels' ,translation1 :]e x is /at$ t 9 ! ye> #adff1 ! "n ( ,pet] ,dircxsz1 describ$ z a 8beeld$ruck]0--a pr5t]1--appe>s4 8,p]haps10 adds ,dr4 ,van ,d] ,l9de1 8! pr9t] ( ! plates ( ! ,speculum40 ,,footnotes3 #adg ,! "n ( ,l\r5s ,janszoon1 ! %]iff ( ,ha>lem :o di$ 9 #adci1 is m5tion$ sev5ty-six times 9 ! ar*ives ( ! city1 b nev] ) ! "n ( ,co/]4 ,! "n ( ! tall[-*&l] ,l\r5s ,janszoon ,co/]1 appe>s mu* lat]1 7z late z #adhc72 b 8 "n 0 nev] br\ght be=e ! public1 9 connection ) ! orig9 ( pr9t+1 until ! ye> #ahfg4--,see ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 pp4 #abd1 #abe4 ,,iv4--,,cut ,,wood51 v]sus ,,ca/ ,,metal ,,types4 ,h[ev] mu* my views may be f\nd to co9cide ) ^? ( ,dr4 ,van ,d] ,l9de1 ,mr4 ,hessels1 & ,mr4 ,brad%aw1 ^u ! ,orig9 ( ,pr9t+1 & ! date ( ! production ( ! s-call$ ,co/]iana1 !re may be wide diff]5ces ( op9ion on ! "q1 :e!r ! types made use ( 9 ! production ( ^? works 7 made ( wood or ( metal4 ,dr4 ,van ,d] ,l9de writes ^u ?is po9t 9 v dogmatic /ra9s4 ,9 8 elev5? *apt]1--8,a ,bee* 9 #8,d5 ,h\t1'0--! object ( :i* is to %ew ! impossibility ( ,junius's /atem5t ab\t ,co/] hav+ pr9t$ ) wood5 types1 he quotes ! foll[+ f ,ens*$1 writt5 ab\t ! ye> #aggj4 8#8,i h ex]cis$ pr9t+ = ab\t fifty ye>s1 & wood engrav+ = ab\t =ty-five ye>s1 & ,i h cut lett]s & figures = my fa!r's & my own pr9t+ (fice 9 wood ( palm1 pe>1 & m$l> trees2 ,i h n[ be5 a type-f\nd] = upw>ds ( ?irty ye>s2 b to d su* ?+s z ^? le>n$ g5tlem5 7,junius & ,me]man7 pret5d t ,laur5s ,co/] & 8 heirs h done1 nei!r ,i nor ,papillon1 7! mo/ clev] wood engrav] ( ,france7 are able to und]/&1 nor ! arti/s ,albre*t ,dur]1 ,de ,bray1 & ,iz4 ,van ,d] ,v9ne ei!r2 b su* le>n$ m51 :o dream ab\t wood51 moveable lett]s1 make ,laur5s ,janszoon ,co/] use wit*craft1 = ! h&s ( m5 are n able to d x4 ,to pr9t a book ) capitals ( ! size ( a ?umb1 z on plac>ds 8,,h\se ,,& ,,gr\nd10 :i* are cut 9 wood1 & :i* ,i h cut myself by hundr$s1 w\ld be ridicul\s2 to d x ) wood5 lett]s ( ! size ( a p9's head is impossible4 ,i h made exp]im5ts ) a few ( a some:at l>g] size4 ,i made a wood5 slip ( ,text ,corpus1 & figur$ ! lett]s on ! wood or slip2 !reupon ,i cut ! lett]s2 ,i _h left a space ( ab\t ! size ( a saw betwe5 ea* lett] on purpose1 & ,i _h no want ( f9e & good tools2 ! only "q n[ 0 to saw ! lett]s ma!matically squ>e (f ! slip4 ,i us$ a v f9e little saw1 made ( a v ?9 spr+ ( ,engli% /eel1 s clev]ly made1 t ,i d\bt :e!r our ,laur5s ,janszoon _h a saw half z good2 ,i did all ,i c\ld to saw ! lett]s /raight & p>allel1 b x 0 impossible3 !re 0 n a s+le lett] :i* c\ld /& ! te/ ( be+ ma!matically squ>e4 ,:at n[ to d8 x 0 impossible to poli% or file !m2 ,i tri$ x1 b x c\ld n be done by our type-f\nd]'s :et/ones1 z x w\ld h injur$ ! lett]s4 ,9 %ort1 ,i saw no *ance1 & ,i feel sure t no engrav] is able to cut sep>ate lett]s 9 wood1 9 su* a mann] t !y reta9 _! quadrature 7= t is ! ma9 ?+ ( ! l9e 9 type-ca/+47 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,i wi%$ to give my tr\ble & "t to x1 ,i %\ld be able to execute ! ?ree words #8,spiegel onz] ,beh\d5is1' bett] ?an ! ,rott]dam arti/ has done 9 ! ,lat9 "w ( ,m4 ,me]man2 b x is impossible1 ridicul\s1 & m]ely *im]ical1 to pr9t books 9 ?is mann]4'0 ,! above quotation1 9 ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,van ,d] ,l9de1 settles ! matt] once = all2 & c]ta9ly su* a /atem5t1 f su* a man1 is en\gh to det] any "o f attempt+ a simil> exp]im5t4 ,dr4 ,van ,d] ,l9de cl9*es ,ens*$'s /atem5t1 ) ! foll[+ rem>ks3-- 8,we _c wi% = a m decisive & compet5t criticism ( ! /ory ( ,junius ?an ?is1 giv5 by a ,ha>lem] & a ,co/]ian2 = ,junius repres5ts ,co/] z hav+ pr9t$ ! ,speculum 9 ,dut* ) wood5 types2 he makes him1 9 o!r words1 d some?+ impossible1 ridicul\s1 & *im]ical4 ,x is true t ! wood5 types h be5 patroniz$ until our times2 t ,camus has giv5 a specim5 ( pr9t+ ) wood5 types ( two l9es1 ,wett] ( "o column1 ,s*9kel ( half a page2 t we are able to d mu* m ) ! means ( ! n9ete5? ?an ) ^? ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 b none ( ^? specim5s h prov$ :at !y %\ld h prov$2 ! practicability ( pr9t+ a book ) moveable wood5 lett]s1 i4 e4 to di/ribute ! =ms1 to clean ! ink f ! lett]s1 to submit !m to frequ5t /rong press+1 & to reta9 ! usefulness ( ! lett]s employ$1 & )\t ! aid ( mod]n app>atus4 ,!y h only prov$ :at m5 are will+ to d = a favorite op9ion1 = a prejudice :i* !y insi/1 = once & all1 ought to be true40444 8,x is high "t = criticism to make a fire ( ^! imag9>y wood5 lett]s40 ,det]m9$ t ! advocates ( wood5 lett]s %all be beat5 completely out ( ! field1 ! ,dr4 adds1 9 a note ^u ,s*9kel 9 ! above quotation4 8,9 a bro*ure entitl$ #8,tweetal ,bijdrag51' ,s*9kel gives "s #8exp]im5ts' ( 8 =eman ,h4 le ,blans*1 namely1 sev5 l9es1 pr9t$ ) types ( palm wood4 ,! xylotypographic text runs3--#8,t ! fir/ ,dut* ,spiegel onz] ,beh\d5is 0 pr9t$ ) ca/ types1 is n to be d\bt$4 ,is x possible to pr9t a book ( "s ext5sion ) moveable lett]s cut ( wood8 ,,yes4--,le ,blans*1 sculp4' ,?is ,,yes is an unprov$ dictum1 ! contr>y ( :i* is evid5t already f ! danc+ l9es ( ! exp]im5t4 ,let a book be produc$ pr9t$ ) moveable wood5 lett]s1 in/ead ( all ^? exp]im5ts :i* signify no?+4444 ,b ap>t f all ?is ,co/]ian talk1 ! "q may n be put z ,s*9kel did1 b simply3 ,7 ev] books pr9t$ ) moveable wood5 lett]s8 ,no40--pp4 #gb-gc4 ,x may h[ev] be retort$ ^u ! ,dr4 t 8 ,no6 is also an improv$ dictum4 ,b he says aga91 pages #gh & #gi3-- 8,^? fatal unhi/orical wood5 types6 ,wett] sp5t ne>ly ! am\nt ( t5 %ill+s on hav+ a numb] ( lett]s made ( ! wood ( a pe> tree1 only to please ,tri!mius1 ,b]gellanus1 & ,fau/ ( ,as*aff5burg1 ! fir/ two1 falsifi]s ( hi/ory 9 good1 ! la/ 9 bad1 fai?4 ,8 lett]s1 al?\gh ti$ ) /r+1 did n rema9 9 ! l9e1 b made naughty caprioles4 ,! supposition--t by ^! few danc+ l9es ! possibility is demon/rat$ ( pr9t+ ) #dj1jjj wood5 lett]s1 necess>y to ! pr9t+ ( a quat]nion1 a :ole folio book--is dreadfully silly4 ,! demon/rat+ fac-simile demon/rates already ! contr>y4 ,wett]'s lett]s n only decl9$ to h !mselves regul>ly pr9t$1 b !y also reta9$ _! pe>-tree-wood-l impati5ce aft]w>ds4 ,he says1 #8,i h deposit$ ! wood5 types ) _! =ms 9 ! t[n-libr>y1 :]e !y may be se5 at any "t4' ,no?+ is m lib]al40 8,i n only d5y0 ) ,m4 ,b]n>d adds ! ,dr41 8t !y books pr9t$ ) moveable wood5 *>act]s exi/ at pres5t--,i d5y t !y ev] h exi/$40 ,no?+ c be m emphatic4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 8#dj1jjj wood5 lett]s0 are n 8necess>y to ! pr9t+ ( a quat]nion1 a :ole folio book10--& if !y 71 ! supposition is n 8dreadfully silly10 = x 0 q )9 ! p[] ( lett]-snyd]s to cut t numb] if requir$4 ,b !y 7 n requir$4 ,i h already %ewn 7p4 #bii71 t to pr9t two pages ( ! ,speculum ! numb] ( lett]s necess>y 0 "u #c1jjj4 ,x has also be5 %ewn1 t ! e>ly pr9t]s nev] pr9t$ m ?an "o or two pages ( _! books at a "t2 :ile ! impressions tak5 ( su* productions z ! ,speculum w\ld 9 _! diff]5t editions v>y f b #bj to #fj copies ea*2--#c1jjj lett]s !re=e 7 ample = br++ out a :ole folio book or quat]nion1 & ! pressure ! types 7 subject$ to 9 ! c\rse ( a doz5 or tw5ty editions w\ld n m ?an equal ! /ra9 br\ght to be> ^u a s+le edition ( a ?\s& copies 9 mod]n times4 ,x is h[ev] 8dreadfully silly0 to insi/1 t wood5 types1 if capable ( be+ us$ at all 9 an exp]im5t :i* proves _! capability ( pr9t+ a portion ( a book1 ought also to be prov$ capable ( be+ us$ = pr9t+ a :ole book )4 ,9 o!r words1 t a :ole book %\ld be pr9t$ ) su* types1 9 ord] to prove1 t z a :ole book has be51 !re=e1 a :ole book may h be51 pr9t$ ) !m4 ,x requires1 moreov]1 no great pr(undity ( wisdom to pr(ess a disbelief 9 ! mak+ & use ( wood5 types by ! inv5tors ( ,typography1 & to d5y ! ass]tions ( old] & contempor>y writ]s1 t !y 7 s made & us$4 ,a :ole book c\ld j z easily be pr9t$ ) wood5 types1 :5 !y 7 once prep>$ & ready = use1 z half a book1 or half a page1 or a s+le ^w4 ,! real "q at issue is n1 ,c a s+le book1 or has a s+le book1 ev] be5 pr9t$ ) wood5 types8--a "q answ]$ ) an emphatic1 al?\gh an unprov$ ,no6 by ,dr4 ,van ,d] ,l9de & o!r anti-xylo-typograph]s2--b1 ,did ! e>lie/ ,typograph]s1 9 _! fir/ exp]im5ts1 make use ( wood5 types or n8 ,tri!mius says1 on in=mation d]iv$ f ,s*ff] s5ior1 t !y did4 ,8 /atem5t is borne out by t ( ,zell1 :o says ,gut5b]g got ! beg9n+ ( ?is art f ! ,donatuses1 i4 e4 block-books1 pr9t$ 9 ,holl&4 ,b]gellanus1 an indep5d5t inquir] a g5]ation lat]1 & = fifte5 ye>s a corrector ( ! press at ,m5tz1 confirms ! /atem5t ( ,tri!mius2 :ile ,fau/ ( ,as*aff5burg decl>es t ! family pap]s 9 8 possession bore evid5ce to ! same effect4 ,:at ! fir/ ,g]man pr9t]s did1 x 0 mo/ natural t ! fir/ ,dut* pr9t] w\ld also d2 &1 z ,i h already po9t$ out 7p4 #cdf17 !re are reasons = believ+ t :]ev] ! ,speculum#adh 0 pr9t$1 7& lat] in=mation seems to indicate t ,utre*t may h be5 ! place71 ! types us$ 7 ! "w ( a lett]-snyd]1 & ! mat]ial ( :i* !y 7 made 0 wood4 ,x is q a diff]5t "q1 ,c\ld a cont9u$ s]ies ( works1 be produc$ by ! use ( wood5 types1 9 a mann] equal1 or ne>ly equal1 to t by :i* works are produc$ ) metal types8 ,to su* a "q1 ! advocates ( ! use1 fir/1 ( wood5 types by ! e>lie/ ,typograph]s1 reply1 ,no2 wood5 types w\ld only answ] = a :ile2 & because ( _! fragile nature1 metal types1 cut or ca/1 became soon] or lat] a necessity4#adi ,x is1 besides1 if n 8dreadfully silly10 at lea/ unwise1 to argue aga9/ ! possibility ( ! orig9al use ( wood5 types1 because ! specim5s giv5 by ,s*9kel & ,wett] are crook$ & irregul>1 & d n l9e1 al?\gh ti$ or /rung toge!r ) /r+4 ,s*9kel & ,wett] bo? ma9ta9$ t ! ,speculum 0 pr9t$ ) metal types2 s did ,ens*$4 ,= ei!r ( ! ?ree1 !re=e1 to h ?or\ghly succe$$ ) 8 exp]im5t1 w\ld h be5 fatal to 8 argum5t & preconceiv$ op9ion4 ,d\btless1 x 0 sc>cely possible = ,ens*$ to succe$ 9 mak+ wood5 lett]s ( 8a size some:at l>g] ?an a p9's head40 ,8 mode ( /at+ t "p ( 8 exp]im5t is n at all s /raight=w>d or cle> z x might & %\ld h be54 ,b he says fur!r1 8,i made a slip ( ,text ,corpus1 & figur$ ! lett]s on ! wood or slip10 c4 ,n[1 :at is ! size ( ! ,text ,corpus8 ,i am r at a loss to und]/& ?is expression1 z ,i f9d t ! ,dut* type call$ ,text1 is t :i* corresponds to ! ,engli% ,great ,prim]1 :i* conta9s #ea l9es to a foot1 :ile ! ,g>mond1 correspond+ to ! ,g]man ,corpus1 is equal to ! ,engli% ,long ,prim]1 :i* has #hi l9es to a foot4 ,nei!r does ,ens*$ say :at p>ticul> wood he us$ 9 8 exp]im5t4 ,b at any rate he av[s1 t1 us+ ! be/ & f9e/ tools he c\ld procure1 he fail$4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! "q1 ,i h b to place my own exp]i5ce2 & ,i may say at ! outset1 t ,i h n practis$ wood engrav+ = ne>ly tw5ty ye>s1 t at be/ ,i 0 b an amateur1 & t ! only tools ,i _h1 :5 ,i v5tur$ ^u ! exp]im5t a few mon?s ago1 7 a common grav]1 an ord9>y t5on saw1 a p5knife1 & a rasp & file4 ,) ^! implem5ts !n1 ,i made1 precisely 9 ! way ,i h describ$ ! me?od ,i suppos$ ! e>lie/ pr9t]s w\ld foll[1 ! lett]s ins]t$ 9 page #caj4 ,!y are ( box wood1 ,pica-size 7#ga l9es to a foot7 & are squ>$ & l9e well1 & are p]=at$ & nick$1 & are two sizes small] ?an ! lett]s us$ = ! ,speculum1 :i* are only #ed l9es to ! foot4 ,! lett] t ,i "h ins]t aga94 ,m ?an #a1ejj impressions h be5 tak5 f x2 & x sc>cely yet seems any?+ ! worse = we>4 ,calculat+ by ! "t ! cutt+ ( ! ?ree lett]s occupi$1 ,i c\ld1 )\t difficulty1 f9i% 9 n9e mon?s #c1jjj lett]s equally good1 z ma!matically squ>e1 z true to l9e1 z capable ( be+ us$ aga9 & aga91 & !re=e z capable ( pr9t+ a book1 a :ole folio1 )4 ,an exp]t ,*9ese #8*op' cutt] 7! mod]n lett]-snyd]7 w\ld ) 8 simple tools1 complete ! same numb] 9 less ?an a ?ird ( t "t3 & ,i "k ( no reason :y simil> types ( ! ,corpus or ,long ,prim] size c\ld n be cut on wood4 ,c]ta9ly !re is no?+ 8impossible1 ridicul\s or *im]ical0 9 ! idea4 ,:]e !n is ! 8sill9ess0--! 8dreadful sill9ess0--( suppos+ t a :ole book c\ld be pr9t$ ) su* wood5 types1 ev5 suppos+1 fur!r1 t #dj1jjj w\ld be requir$ 9 all8 ,! 8dreadful sill9ess0 lies 9 ! cry ( ^? :o argue on ! opposite side--8,let a book be produc$1 pr9t$ ) moveable wood5 lett]s1 in/ead ( all ^? exp]im5ts :i* signify no?+40 ,! answ] to t cry is1 ,cui bono8--,:y %\ld a book be pr9t$1 :5 #c lett]s are z good z #c1jjj1 or #cj1jjj1 or #cjj1jjj1 to demon/rate ! fact1 t words are & c be1 & t !re=e pages & :ole books may be1 7& !re=e also t !y may h be517 pr9t$ f su* sep>able wood5 types8 ,z well might ! dem& be made t a :ole suburb ( ,london %\ld be light$ up ) obsolete oil-lamps1 9 ord] to demon/rate to ! ris+ g5]ation ! fact1 t 9 t mann] ! /reets ( ! city 7 light$ up 9 ! days ( _! =efa!rs1 be=e ! introduction ( coal gas4 ,9 ! "o case1 z 9 ! o!r1 a s+le specim51 "o demon/rative example1 ought to be suffici5t to c>ry1 to e c&id & reasonable m9d1 a conviction ( ! tru? ( ! ass]t$ fact4 ,b p]haps x 8signifies no?+0 to a c]ta9 class1 :o are det]m9$ n to believe1 h[ great or h[ small ! demon/rative exp]im5ts may be4 ,( su*1 ! voice ( supreme wisdom has long ago decl>$1--8nei!r w !y be p]suad$1 ?\gh "o rose f ! dead40 ,,footnotes3 #adh ,dr4 ,van ,d] ,l9de inf]s t ! ,lat9 edition ( ! ,speculum1 :olly pr9t$ ) sep>able types1 0 ! fir/1 & ! "o ) ! tw5ty pages ( solid blocks1 ! second4 ,f ! fact1 t ! curi\s manuscript ( ! 8,spiegel d] beh\d5is10 7writt5 on #bij #hvo4 leaves ( vellum71 :i* is pres]v$ at ,ha>lem1 has ! foll[+ inscription at ! end1 8,dit boec is gheeyndet int ja] ons "hn ,,mcccc ende ,,iii ende tse/i* opten ,,xvi da* 9 jul4 ,e5 ave ,m>ia on ,god vo] die scrijv]20 & t ano!r inscription 9 x /ates1 t x belong$ to 8,cayman ,janszo5 ( ,zi]ickzee1 liv+ ) ! ,c>?usians ne> ,utre*t20 ! ,dr4 comes to ! foll[+ conclusion3 8,!re=e1 ! ,speculum 0 writt51 & f9i%$ 9 ! ,dut* language at ,utre*t 9 #adfd1 9 ! days be=e ! introduction ( ! art ( pr9t+40444 8,utre*t _h an episcopal see1 a gymnasium1 a ,burgundian pr9ce1--inde$1 if hypo!ses are all[$1 !n is t ( an ,utre*t orig9 ( ! ,specula provisionally1 ! only reasonable "o40--pp4 #cd1 #ch4 #adi ,sev5 diff]5t k9ds ( types ( ! ,speculum s*ool h be5 id5tifi$1 & ^! are us$ 9 #dc diff]5t specim5s1 _m ( :i* are second & subsequ5t editions4 ,x is n h[ev]1 mat]ial to ! validity ( ! argum5t1 t ! :ole ( ^! sev5 diff]5t k9ds ( types %\ld be prov$ to h be5 made ( wood2 x is en\gh1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! actual types !mselves1 t !re is reasonable evid5ce1 f _! appe>ance 9 pr9t1 z well z f ! probabilities ( ! case1 t "s ( !m 7 s made4 ,to argue1 t because ,tri!mius1 ,b]gellanus1 ,j4 ,f4 ,fau/1 or o!rs1 may h misrepres5t$1 un9t5tionally or o!rwise1 "s ( ! lead+ facts 9 connection ) ! orig91 or ! inv5tors1 ( typography1 !re=e1 on ?is "o po9t ( ! orig9al use ( wood5 lett]s1 9 :i* !y all agree1 !y are n to be believ$1 is unwor?y ( "o :o assumes ! functions (1 & desires to be look$ up to z1 a s\nd hi/orical critic4 ,,errata4 ,page #ajd la/ l9e1 = ,v9dic read ,v9dici 0 #aec 0 0 ,opolio 0 ,opilio 0 #age l9e #aj1 0 h to 0 h _h to 0 #aha 0 #h1 0 ,hi/orv 0 ,hi/ory 0 #bci 0 #h1 0 say1 0 says 0 #cca 0 #ag1 0 foll[s 0 foll[ ,d$icat$1 by ,special ,p]mission1 to ,,8 ,,royal ,,highness ,,! ,,duke ,,( ,,ed9burgh4 ,foolscap #dto4 #dab pages4 ,,adam',s ,,peak4 ,,leg5d>y1 ,,traditional1 ,,& ,,hi/oric ,,notices ( ! ,,samanala & ,,sri-,,pa,,da2 ) a ,descriptive ,acc\nt ( ! ,,pilgrims' ,,r\te f ,colombo to ! ,sacr$ ,foot-pr9t2 to :i* are add$1 copi\s ,notes1 ,app5dices1 & an ,index4 ,illu/rat$ by a ,map ( ! ,m\nta9 ,di/rict1 & #aj wood-engrav+s4 ,by ,,william ,,ske54 ,,edw>d ,,/an=d1 #f #g1 ,*>+ ,cross1 ,london1 ,s4 ,w4 #ahga4 99 99 99 99 99 ,op9ions ( ! ,press4 99 99 99 99 99 8,adam's ,peak may be consid]$ ! mo/ int]e/+ m\nta9 9 ! _w2 n only f its height1 position1 & appe>ance1 b z be+ sacr$ to ! memb]s ( ?ree out ( ! f\r great religions ( ! _w4 ,! orig9 ( ?is s+ul> agreem5t to reg>d ! same place z holy by ^! ?ree religions is to "s ext5t obscure2 b ,mr4 ,ske5 has collect$ a mass ( evid5ce ^u ! subject1 & has convey$ ! result 9 a =m int]e/+ alike to ! /ud5t & ! g5]al read]4 ,! lovely sc5]y surr\nd+ ,adam's ,peak1 its g5]al features1 & its p]il\s asc5t--s /eep t ne> ! summit *a9s are fa/5$ into ! rock by :i* pilgrims pull !mselves up--are graphically describ$ by ,mr4 ,ske51 :o accompli%$ ! asc5t ?ree times4 ,! book is ( great int]e/1 & we c w>mly recomm5d x to our read]s40--,/&>d4 99 99 99 99 99 8,!re is1 p]haps1 no m\nta9 9 ! _w ( :i* s wide-spread a k exi/s1 & yet ( :i* s little is g5]ally & def9itely kn[n1 z ,adam's ,peak1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon4 ,a description ( ?is m\nta91 held sacr$ by f> ! l>ge/ portion ( mank9d1 _c fail to be ( int]e/ to ! s*ol>2 :ile ! pleas+ & anecdotal mann] 9 :i* x is h&l$ by ,mr4 ,ske51 w attract ! att5tion ( ev5 ! mo/ sup]ficial read]4 ,all classes w read ! book ) int]e/4 ,x is brimfull ( ri* /ores ( orig9al translations f r>e ,,mss ( ,indian & ,s9halese lit]ature1 :ile ! /range leg5ds record$ are s+ul>ly romantic1 & full ( weird ,ea/]n imag]y4 ,! au?or ent]s into a full & se>*+ inquiry into ! orig9 ( ! sanctity ( ! m\nt1 & %[s mu* discrim9ation & ma/]y ( ,ori5tal lit]ature1 9 ! progress ( 8 inquiry4 ,mu* valuable in=mation is imp>t$ to ! read]1 n dry & dull z might be imag9$1 b inve/$ ) an int]e/ :i* cat*es & reta9s ! att5tion4 ,! leg5ds atta*$ to ?is m\nt ( expiation are s+ul>ly beautiful1 & are relat$ v felicit\sly by ! au?or4 ,mu* int]e/+ in=mation is giv5 ab\t ! inhabitants ( ,ceylon1 & ( ! v>i\s religi\s beliefs :i* are held by !m1 f ! s]p5t wor%ip ( ! aborig9es1 to ! pres5t "t1 :5 ,*ri/ian *ur*es are scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! isl&4 ,! civil & political hi/ory ( ! ,s9halese is also accurately & int]e/+ly trac$4 ,! n>rative ( ! pilgrims' r\te f ,colombo to ! %r9e-cr[n$ m\nt is v graphically describ$4 ,! "w is excell5tly illu/rat$ ) maps1 plans1 & views4 ,9 e p>ticul> x des]ves comm5dation1 & ! au?or mu* praise = ! successful mann] 9 :i* he has h&l$ 8 mat]ials1 & pres5t$ ! public ) a book at once int]e/+ & in/ructive2 pr(\nd 9 ! rese>*es conta9$ 9 x1 & giv+ mu* valuable in=mation on a subject on :i* s little has hi!rto be5 kn[n40--,iri% ,times4 99 99 99 99 99 8,we believe ?is is ! fir/ "t t a complete "w has be5 devot$ to ?is subject4 ,! n>rative portion ( ! "w is supplem5t$ by copi\s notes & app5dices ref]r+ to ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! religions ! memb]s ( :i* reg>d ! ,peak z a hall[$ spot4 ,^! are ( imm5se value to ! hi/orian & antiqu>ian1 & prove t ! au?or is no idle memb] ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society40--,london & ,*9a ,express4 99 99 99 99 99 8,mr4 ,,ske51 9 8 monogram entitl$ 8,,adam',s ,,peak10 has %ewn t ! subject 0 by no means exhau/$ by 8 pr$ecessors1 & has giv5 u an int]e/+ volume ( ,ea/]n lore & travel4 ,comm5c+ ) hi/ory1 he =tifies 8 n>rative by extracts f ! anti5t ,mahawanso1 & v>i\s o!r native & =eign writ]s d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,hav+ amply treat$ ( its hi/ory1 he proce$s to describe 8 own ?ree visits to x1 giv+ v full p>ticul>s ( 8 r\te1 & ( places ( int]e/ 9 ! vic9ity4 ,! volume does cr$it to bo? au?or & pr9t]40--,trbn]'s ,am]ican & ,ori5tal ,lit]>y ,record4 99 99 99 99 99 8,a v valuable monograph on ,adam's ,peak1 embody+ a va/ am\nt ( int]e/+ in=mation4 ,mr4 ,ske5 has1 9 connection ) ?is "w1 cle>$ up a my/]y :i* _h baffl$ all previ\s writ]s on ,ceylon40--,ceylon ,obs]v]4 99 99 99 99 99 8,x has long be5 a wond]1 & ! wond] is a gr[+ "o1 t s small an ,isl& z ,ceylon %\ld attract s _m writ]s4 ,all ! ,books on ,ceylon1 ab\t ,ceylon1 & t\*+ ,ceylon1 if collect$ into "o gr\p1 we are c]ta91 w\ld make a goodly libr>y ( itself1 b ! subject appe>s to be inexhau/ible4 ,! mo/ rec5t contribution to ?is accretion ( works on ,ceylon1 or r t\*+ ,ceylon1 is ,mr4 ,ske5's ,book on ,adam's ,peak1 :i*1 )\t lay+ ourselves op5 to ! *>ge ( indiscrim9ate or extravagant praise1 we feel ju/ifi$ 9 pron\nc+ wor?y ! subject1 & wor?y ! writ]4 ,mr4 ,ske5 has at la/ got into 8 natural groove1 ! exploration & elucidation ( ! romantic traditions1 leg5ds1 & folk-lore :i* clu/] r\nd ! sacr$ places ( ,ceylon4 ,adam's ,peak is pre-em95tly a l&-m>k 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,isl&1 & :ile x s]ves to bridge tw5ty c5turies ( ! pa/ ) ! pres5t1 x has nev] lo/ its own peculi> di/9ctive "*1 :i* z ! c5tral object ( a nation's fai? x has = s long occupi$4 ,z x is ! mo/ conspicu\s & rem>kable object 9 ! physical geography ( ! ,isl&1 s has x /ood ! ev]la/+ monum5t ( a tradition1 po9t+ to ! mission ( t great philosoph] :o1 m ?an tw5ty c5turies ago1 succe$$ 9 revolutioniz+ ! fai? ( a :ole cont95t4 ,x is some:at rem>kable t a religion :i* aspires aft] annihilation & ext9ction ( all corporeal exi/5ce1 %\ld yet recognize ! imp]i%able1 rock-cr[n$ m\nta91 z "o ( ! symbols ( its fai?4 ,mr4 ,ske5 does n ent] into ! metaphysics ( ?is "q4 ,8 bus9ess has be5 to trace out ! old traditions & leg5ds1 & :ile refra9+ f express+ an op9ion himself1 he has suppli$ ! read] ) abundant mat]ial f :i* to draw 8 own conclusions4 ,he c>ries u ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( anci5t ,ea/]n lore2 & f ! great ,h9du epic1 ! ,ramayana1 d[n to ! mo/ rec5t works on ! ,isl&1 he has ransack$ ! d>k recesses ( ori5tal lit]ature1 to illu/rate 8 subject4 ,mr4 ,ske5 has ent]$ on 8 task 9 a _s ( rese>*1 & influ5c$ by ! /rong poetic ve9 = :i* he has hi!rto be5 s well kn[n1 he has embelli%$ 8 subject--a subject :i* 9 ! h&s ( a m]e antiqu>ian ?reat5$ to become dull & prosy--) ! life & _s ( romance4 ,mr4 ,ske51 z we h already obs]v$1 has ransack$ all ! au?orities1 anci5t & mod]n1 t c\ld ?r[ light on 8 subject1 & x is no small praise to /ate1 t he has add$ to a great p[] ( rese>* an admirable tal5t = cond5sation1 :ile 8 own n>rative ( p]sonal inve/igation & exploration1 writt5 9 fl[+ easy language1 (t5 ris+ to ! height ( poetry1 pres5ts ! gorge\s sc5es :i* he describes 9 an animat$ tableau t br+s )9 "o focus1 ! cl\d-capp$ m\nta9s1 ! ro>+ torr5ts & ! arid pla9s1 ?r\gh :i* lies ! c\rse ( ! pilgrims4 ,x is h>dly possible to imag9e1 look+ at ! heads ( *apt]s 9 ! table ( cont5ts1 h[ ,mr4 ,ske5 c\ld manage to r$uce ! het]og5e\s mass ( subjects indicat$ into "o h>moni\s :ole1 b ! read] has only to take up ! n>rative1 & he sc>cely p]ceives ! transition f "o to ano!r4 ,we h great pleasure 9 recomm5d+ ! ,book to ! ,public4 ,x is ev5 wor?y to /& by ! be/ t has be5 writt5 ( ,ceylon1 & its value z a v readable book is enhanc$ by ! use to :i* x may be put z a "w ( ref]5ce1 n only ) reg>d to ! ,peak itself1 b also1 to ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,isl& g5]ally4 ,! book is illu/rat$ ) a map ( ! ,peak range1 & t5 well-execut$ woodcuts illu/rative ( ! ,peak & its accessories2 &1 ) a copi\s & well-arrang$ ,index1 x is admirably calculat$ to s]ve z a guide to ^? :om ,mr4 ,ske5's ,book may inspire ) ! desire ( explor+ ! m\nta9 region :i* has cont9u$ to attract to its sacr$ p9nacle ! ,travell]1 ! ,hi/orian1 & ! ,pilgrim1 f ! days :5 ,s9dbad ! ,sailor 8made a pilgrimage to ! place :]e ,,adam 0 conf9$ aft] 8 bani%m5t f ,p>adise40--,colombo ,exam9]4 99 99 99 99 99 8,,! au?or ( #8,,adam',s ,,peak1' has accompli%$ a mo/ difficult task uncommonly well40 8,! book op5s ) introductory rem>ks on ! orig9 ( ,buddhi/1 ,h9du1 & o!r pilgrimages to ,adam's ,peak4 ,) ,*apt] ,,iii4 ! au?or comm5ces an acc\nt ( a pilgrimage to ! holy m\nta9 made by himself & ?ree companions1 & :i* =ms a k9d ( cab9et made to conta9 ! curiosities1 ) an inspection ( :i* ! au?or indulges u4 ,9 a pleasant *atty /yle ! lit]>y pilgrim-au?or describes ! road to ,avisswea1 dwell+ ^u all objects wor?y ( rem>k by ! way1 & not+ all hi/orical facts & curi\s leg5ds connect$ ) ! t[ns & villages ?r\gh :i* he pass$4 ,leav+ ,avisswea1 ! pilgrimage is cont9u$ t[>ds :at 0 = long consid]$ ! l(tie/ m\nta9 9 ,ceylon1 ,adam's ,peak2 ent]ta9+ details be+ giv5 ( 8,sta's ba?10 ! ,mniyangama vihra or rock temple1 & ! ,saman ,dwl1 :]e ! au?or m5tions f9d+ a mo/ curi\s mural /one4 ,aft] giv+ u a description ( ! curi\s old t[n ( ,ratnapura1 ! pilgrims aga9 />t onw>ds4 ,aft] pass+ ,palbaddala1 :]e ! travell]s obta9 a view ( ! ,peak1 :i* is greet$ by cries ( 8,sadhu60 by all true pilgrims1 ! mo/ enjoyable portion ( ! j\rney appe>s to beg94 ,we c only pause long en\gh to draw ! read]'s att5tion to ! int]e/+ passages ab\t elephants conta9$ 9 *apt] ,,vi41 & _! suppos$ habit ( retir+ to "o spot :5 ab\t to die1 & ! curi\s leg5d ( ! ,bna ,samanala1 or 8,false ,peak10 9 ! same *apt]4 ,space w n all[ u to d m ?an glance at ! ,kuruwia ,falls1 & ! halt at ,hramiipna1 :]e ! congregation ( pilgrims is graphically describ$4 ,!re are _m m5 :o h det]m9ation & curiosity suffici5t to induce !m to set out on ?ree diff]5t pilgrimages1 :i* 9 spite ( ! pleasant places ?r\gh :i* ! way lies1 pla9ly entail$ mu* fatigue & inconv5i5ce1 b !re are few gift$ ) ! great p[]s ( obs]vation :i* ! writ] ( 8,adam's ,peak0 evid5tly possesses1 or ! ability to express _! impressions :i* he ev9ces4 ,:e!r toil+ ov] a m\nta91 rambl+ amid/ ! ru9s ( an old ,buddhi/ temple1 or excavat+ ^? curiosities ( fact & tradition ( :i* b = ?is lit]>y pilgrim we %\ld h rema9$ 9 ignorance1 ! au?or has 9 almo/ e page got some?+ new to tell u ab\t1 :i* he relates 9 a rem>kably happy way4 ,hav+ att5tively p]us$ 8,adam's ,peak10 x rema9s = u to pass ^u x our c>efully =m$ op9ion4 ,9 a =m] notice we said t ! au?or _h 8accompli%$ a mo/ difficult task uncommonly well10 & we reit]ate our /atem5t4 ,to h compress$ s mu* useful k into s small a compass c only be ! result ( deep rese>* & h>d & p]sev]+ /udy4 ,mr4 ,ske5 has collect$ a numb] ( local traditions1 leg5ds1 & facts1 :i* he has elaborately arrang$1 & by a pleasant acc\nt ( incid5ts connect$ ) 8 ?ree pilgrimages to ! holy m\nta91 unites ! :ole 9 a pleas+ & sightly =m4 ,! book ab\nds 9 quotations :i* are g5]ally apt & appropriate4 ,! foot notes & copi\s app5dix =m by no means ! lea/ valuable "p ( ! "w40--,ceylon ,times4 99 99 99 99 99 8,9 a c>eful p]usal ( ! above production ,,adam',s ,,peak we h be5 mo/ favorably impress$ ) its g5]al "* & ability2 ! lab\r t produc$ x mu/ h be5 mo/ pa9/ak+1 & involv+ great rese>*4 ,ne>ly a hundr$ au?ors are quot$ or ref]r$ to = confirmation or illu/ration ( ! text1 :i*1 ) well execut$ engrav+s1 a l>ge & int]e/+ ,app5dix1 & an excell5t ,index = facility ( ref]5ce1 becomes a mo/ useful addition to ,ea/]n lit]ature4 ,besides ! direct textual matt] ( ! book conc]n+ ! ,peak1 its hi/ory1 & ! pilgrimages made to x1 we h a l>ge am\nt ( v int]e/+ p>ticul>s respect+ ! ,geology1 ,botany1 & ,hi/ory ( ! ,isl&1 & ! religions1 mann]s & cu/oms ( ! p1 ) mu* leg5d>y & traditional lore1 :i*1 if n always reliable1 is n )\t ei!r int]e/ or importance1 9 ! assi/ance x af=ds to a full] k ( ! c\ntry & its inhabitants4 ,inde$ ! book is almo/ ( encyclop$ic utility conc]n+ ,ceylon4 ,= a k ( ! r\te1 vi ,ratnapura1 & ( its _m int]e/s & attractions ( sc5]y1 c41 & also = ! _m delights ( ! ,peak itself1 z giv5 by our au?or1 we recomm5d a c>eful p]usal ( 8 mo/ int]e/+ & able "w40--,colombo ,fri5d4 ,,m\nta9 ,,life ,,& ,,c(fee ,,cultivation ,,9 ,,ceylon2--,a ,,poem ,,on ,,! ,,knuckles ,,range1 ) o!r ,poems4 ,by ,,william ,,ske54 #ahgj4 ,foolscap #dto4 #ahb pp4 ,,edw>d ,,/an=d1 ,*>+ ,cross1 ,london4 99 99 99 99 99 8,adam's ,peak10 & 8,m\nta9 ,life & ,c(fee ,cultivation 9 ,ceylon10--two companion volumes devot$ to "o ( our mo/ int]e/+ ?\gh lea/ kn[n ,ea/]n possessions 444 ab\nd 9 local col\r & af=d life-l glimpses into ! indu/ry ( ! society ( an isl& :i* ! ,anglo-,c+alese n unp>donably reg>d z ! c5tre ( ! e>?40--,daily ,telegraph4 99 99 99 99 99 8,! poem conta9s int]e/+ hi/orical records :i* ev9ce consid]able rese>* & ext5sive read+2 also a v full acc\nt ( ! processes ( plant+ ! ,c(fee tree1 ( collect+ ! b]ries1 & prep>+ !m = use & exportation4 ,z a picture ( ,ea/]n life & indu/ry ?is book is n only int]e/+ b in/ructive40--,! ,mess5g]4 99 99 99 99 99 8,,9 ! ma9 poem ,mr4 ,ske5 records ! impressions d]iv$ f a visit to ! ,knuckles ,di/rict1 & 9 ! text alludes to1 :ile 9 ! notes he af=ds1 valuable in=mation respect+ hi/orical p]sonages & ev5ts4 ,! specim5s quot$ w give our read]s "s idea ( a poem 9 :i*1 clu/]$ r\nd ! sc5]y ( ! ,knuckles1 we h describ$ to u a l>ge portion ( ! incid5ts ( c(fee plant+ life1 mu* hi/ory1 anci5t & mod]n1 m or less connect$ ) ! c(fee ent]prise1 ) /rik+ ref]5ces to ,h9du my?ology4 ,! notes1 :i* expla9 ! brief allusions 9 ! poem1 embody a fund ( int]e/+ & curi\s in=mation4 ,! "w is probably ! mo/ beautifully got up t has ev] issu$ f ! local press1 & we tru/ ! v5ture w be l>gely enc\rag$40--,ceylon ,obs]v]4 99 99 99 99 99 8,! ma9 poem treats ( a well kn[n ,c(fee ,di/rict1 its magnific5t sc5]y1 its hospitable plant]s1 & its prosp]ity4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce 9 ! poem t ,mr4 ,ske5 does n n[ come be=e ! public = ! fir/ "t4 ,he has at lea/ ! assurance1 ga9$ f exp]i5ce1 to enc\rage him 9 8 aspirations2 & if he has n q succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ a poetic reputation ( ! highe/ ord]1 he yet gives ample promise ( bett] results 9 ! future4 ,) a wond]ful facility = v]sification1 & an inexhau/ible res\rce = rhyme1 ,mr4 ,ske5 has amplifi$ 8 subject 9 a mann] :i* less practis$ or m timor\s h&s w\ld h>dly h d>$4 ,we c recomm5d ! book z well wor?y p]usal1 n only = ! sake ( its poetic beauties1 b also on acc\nt ( ! valuable mass ( in=mation x conta9s bo? 9 ! body ( ! ma9 poem1 & ! copi\s notes at ! end40--,colombo ,exam9]4 99 99 99 99 99 8,"o ( ! mo/ attractive volumes ( fl[+ v]se t ,ceylon has ev] s5t =?4 ,! typography is p]fect1 ! g5]al gett+ up ( ! book all t c\ld be desir$1 & ! v]ses are highly descriptive40--,ceylon ,times4 ,,e>ly ,,typography1 ,a ,,lecture ,,on ,,lett]-,,press ,,pr9t+ ,,9 ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury4 ,by ,,william ,,ske54 #ahec4 ,sm4 #hvo4 #dh pp4 7out ( pr9t7 8,?is little "w1 issu$ f ! ,ceylon ,gov]nm5t ,press1 does cr$it to ! au?or & pr9t] alike4444 ,we c say 9 all tru? & hone/y1 t ! "w ( ,mr4 ,ske5 w\ld reflect cr$it on any ,pr9t+ ,(fice 9 ! _w4 ,he has c]ta9ly illu/rat$ :at has be5 done = ! improvem5t ( ,pr9t+ 9 ,ceylon by himself1 = to him x is entirely due4 ,he has issu$ a pamphlet ( s\nd hi/orical matt]1 c>efully writt51 admirably pr9t$1 & on excell5t pap]4 ,! matt] consi/s ( a hi/ory ( ! discov]y ( ! ,art ( ,pr9t+ & its v>i\s improvem5ts1 d[n to ! close ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury2 & :ile x conta9s mu* new & int]e/+ matt]1 !re is b "o fault to f9d ) x3--x is too %ort1 & /ops at a v int]e/+ po9t4444 ,we welcome su* works ) ! "r h& ( fell[%ip2 & 9 conclusion1 we w only add1 t we hope ,mr4 ,ske5 w h ! incl9ation & leisure to complete ?is hi/ory ( ! ,art ( ,pr9t+1 9 ! fir/ "p ( :i*1 n[ publi%$1 he has imp>t$ 8 in=mation 9 s agreeable a mann]1 & illu/rat$ ! pres5t /ate ( ! ,art by s p]fect an example40--,colombo ,exam9]1 #ahec4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,equals signs indicate ! ^w or "* 0 pr9t$ 9 an ornate font1 = example1 ,ornate font ,! tilde "* 9 ,,typography indicates spac$ lett]s ,"s fonts may n r5d] ! foll[+ *>act]s z expect$3 n "u r+ --,s9halese --,sy-*ong-ngn-pon --,mmyangama dot "u --e & d 9 ,wlikaa --l 9 ,avisswea -- 9 ,bna --t 9 ,kuruwia & ,hramiipna ,items 9 ! ,errata li/$ on page #dbd h be5 *ang$4 ,o!rwise1 no kn[n *anges to spell+ or punctuation z appe>$ 9 ! orig9al publication h be5 made except z foll[s3 ,page #bb papi]-ma* ca/+s *ang$ to papi]-m* ca/+s ,page #bdc by ! "n ( ! pr9t+ h\se40 *ang$ to by ! "n ( ! pr9t+ h\se4'0 ,page #caf 8,,no ,,"o ,,kn[s2 yet x seems *ang$ to 8,,no ,,"o ,,kn[s20 yet x seems ! assi/ants ( ,gutt5b]g1 ,fau/ & ,s*ff] *ang$ to ! assi/ants ( ,gut5b]g1 ,fau/ & ,s*ff] ,page #chc & eigh? =mes3 ! next quat]nion *ang$ to & eigh? =mes2 ! next quat]nion ,page #dag #8exp]im5ts ( 8 =eman ,h4 le ,blans* *ang$ to #8exp]im5ts' ( 8 =eman ,h4 le ,blans* ,page #dbj t ( ,zell1 :o says ,gut5burg *ang$ to t ( ,zell1 :o says ,gut5b]g ,page #dba 7 ! "w ( a lett]-synd] *ang$ to 7 ! "w ( a lett]-snyd] ,page i pleas+ & anecdotal mann] x :i* *ang$ to pleas+ & anecdotal mann] 9 :i* ,page ii little has hi!rto be5 kn[n4 *ang$ to little has hi!rto be5 kn[n40 ,page iv only int]e/+ b in/ructive4--,! ,mess5g]4 *ang$ to only int]e/+ b in/ructive40--,! ,mess5g]4 ,footnote #aa ,monum5s ,typographiques des ,pays ,bays *ang$ to ,monum5s ,typographiques des ,pays ,bas ,siecl *ang$ to ,sicle ,footnote #ag ,?omas ,kempis1 accord+ to ,me9]s1 *ang$ to ,?omas ,kempis1 accord+ to ,me9]s1 ,footnote #fc plusquam #djjj flor5orem *ang$ to plusquam #djjj flor5orum ,footnote #gi ,introduction ,hi/orique et ,bibliographique4 *ang$ to ,introduction ,hi/orique et ,bibliographique40 ,footnote #hc ,h>lem1 #afbh4 #dto4 *ang$ to ,ha>lem1 #afbh4 #dto4 ,footnote #ih cl>um nomem ,mogus *ang$ to cl>um nom5 ,mogus ,footnote #ajg ,! attitude ( ! /atute1 nobly drap$ *ang$ to ,! attitude ( ! /atue1 nobly drap$ ,footnote #aci ,ju/9iani codex in/itutionem *ang$ to ,ju/9iani codex in/itutionum ,footnote #adj t ,william ,tydnale's v]sion ( ! *ang$ to t ,william ,tyndale's v]sion ( ! by ,joann4 ,s*ffi] *ang$ to by ,joann4 ,s*ffl]