,,transcriber',s ,,note ,there were many quite different printings of this ,book of ,husbandry4 ,as the editor of this printing1 ,rev4 ,walter ,skeat1 notes in his ,introduction3 8,the present volume contains a careful reprint of ,berthelet's edition of #aecd0 collated throughout 8with the curious edition of #aeih0 that was authored by 8,i4 ,r40--his actual name is unknown4 ,this 8careful reprint0 retains all the spelling variations and inconsistencies of those original editions1 and so does this etext4 ,the ,notes and ,sidenotes produced by ,skeat are of course in modern 7#ahhb7 ,english4 ,he has inserted some corrections to the reprinted text2 these are shown in brackets4 ,obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors in his ,notes and ,sidenotes have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources4 ,some minor changes are listed at the end of the book4 ,footnote anchors are denoted by number1 and the footnotes have been placed at the end of each major section of the book4 ,the line numbering on each section of the reprinted #aecd text has been retained and is shown as a number 7#d1 #h1 #ab etc7 on the right side of the etext4 ,original line-breaks in the #aecd text have been retained4 ,italic text is denoted by underscores4 ,bold text is denoted by equal signs4 ,the #c-star inverted asterism symbol is denoted by 9999994 ,the right-pointing finger symbol is denoted by 4 ,a superscript is denoted by n or nn1 for example xxixth4 ,,fitzherbert',s ,,book ,,of ,,husbandry4 #aecd4 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,husbandry1 ,,by ,,master ,,fitzherbert4 ,,reprinted ,,from ,,the ,,edition ,,of #aecd1 ,,and ,,edited ,,with ,,an ,,introduction1 ,,notes1 ,,and ,,glossarial ,,index1 ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,,walter ,w4 ,,skeat1 ,m4,a41 ,,elrington ,,and ,,bosworth ,,professor ,,of ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,in ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,cambridge4 ,illustration3 7,a plough7 ,,london3 ,,published ,,for ,,the ,,english ,,dialect ,,society ,,by ,,tr,,bner ,,co41 ,,ludgate ,,hill4 #ahhb4 ,,hertford3 ,,printed ,,by ,,stephen ,,austin ,,and ,,sons4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,,introduction vii ,,the ,,author',s ,,prologue #a ,,the ,,table 7which see7 #c ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,husbandry #i ,,notes #abg ,,glossarial ,,index #adi ,,introduction4 ,one question of chief interest respecting the volume here printed is--who was the author8 ,we know that his name was 8,mayster ,fitzherbarde0 7see p4 #abe71 and the question that has to be settled is simply this--may we identify him with ,sir ,anthony ,fitzherbert1 judge of the ,common ,pleas1 the author of the ,grand ,abridgment of the ,common ,law1 the ,new ,natura ,brevium1 and other legal works8 ,the question has been frequently discussed1 and1 as far as ,i have been able to discover1 the more usual verdict of the critics is in favour of the supposed identity2 and certainly all the evidence tends very strongly in that direction1 as will1 ,i think1 presently appear4 ,indeed1 when we come to investigate the grounds on which the objections to the usually received theory rest1 they appear to be exceedingly trivial2 nor have ,i been very successful in discovering the opposed arguments4 ,bohn's edition of ,lowndes' ,bibliographer's ,manual merely tells us that 8the treatises on ,husbandry and ,surveying are by some attributed to the famous lawyer ,sir ,anthony ,fitzherbert1 by others to his brother ,john ,fitzherbert40 ,in the ,catalogue of the ,huth ,library1 we find this note3 8,the ,rev4 ,joseph ,hunter was the first person to point out that the author of this work ,fitzherbert's ,husbandry and the book on ,surveying was a different person from the judge of the same name40 ,it will be at once observed that this note is practically worthless1 from the absence of the reference4 ,after considerable search1 ,i have been unable to discover where ,hunter's statement is to be found1 so that the nature of his objections can only be guessed at4 ,in ,walter ,harte's ,essays on ,husbandry 7ii4 #gg7 we read--8,how ,fitzherbert could be a practitioner of the art of agriculture for #dj years1 as he himself says in #aecd1 is pretty extraordinary4 ,i suppose it was his country amusement in the periodical recesses between the terms40 ,we are here presented with a definite objection1 grounded1 as is alleged1 upon the author's own words2 and it is most probable that ,harte is here stating the objection which has weighed most strongly with those who 7like ,hunter7 have objected to the current opinion4 ,the answer to the objection is1 ,i think1 not a little remarkable1 viz4 that the alleged statement is not the author's at all4 ,by turning to p4 #abe1 it will be seen that it was ,thomas ,berthelet the printer who said that the author 8had exercysed husbandry1 with greate experyence1 xl4 years40 ,but the author's own statement1 on p4 #abd1 is differently worded2 and the difference is material4 ,he says3 8and1 as touchynge the poyntes of husbandry1 and of other artycles conteyned in this present boke1 ,i wyll not saye that it is the beste waye and wyll serue beste in all places1 but ,i saye it is the best way that euer ,i coude proue by experyence1 the whiche haue ben an housholder this xl4 yeres and more1 and haue assaied many and dyuers wayes1 and done my dyligence to proue by experyence which shuld be the beste waye40 ,the more we weigh these words1 the more we see a divergence between them and the construction which might readily be put upon the words of ,berthelet2 a construction which1 in all probability1 ,berthelet did not specially intend4 ,any reader who hastily glances at ,berthelet's statement would probably deduce from it that the author was a farmer merely1 who had had forty years' experience in farming4 ,but this is not what we should deduce from the more careful statement of the author4 ,we should rather notice these points4 #a4 ,the author does not speak of husbandry only1 but of other points4 ,the other points are the breeding of horses 7not a necessary part of a farmer's business71 the selling of wood and timber1 grafting of trees1 a long discourse upon prodigality1 remarks upon gaming1 a discussion of 8what is riches10 and a treatise upon practical religion1 illustrated by ,latin quotations from the fathers1 and occupying no small portion of the work4 ,this is not the work of a practical farmer1 in the narrow acceptation of the term1 meaning thereby one who farms to live2 but it is clearly the work of a country gentleman1 rich in horses and in timber1 acquainted with the extravagant mode of life often adopted by the wealthy1 and at the same time given to scholarly pursuits and to learned and devout reading4 ,indeed1 the prominence given to religious teaching can hardly fail to surprise a reader who expects to find in the volume nothing more than hints upon practical agriculture4 ,one chapter has a very suggestive heading1 viz4 8,a lesson made in ,englysshe verses1 that a gentylmans seruaunte shall forget none of his gere in his inne behynde hym0 7p4 #g74 ,this is obviously the composition of a gentleman himself1 and of one accustomed to take long journeys upon horseback1 and to stay at various inns on the way4#a #b4 ,again he says1 8it is the best way that euer ,i coude proue by experyence1 the whiche 444 haue assaied many and dyuers wayes1 and done my dyligence to proue by experyence which shuld be the beste waye40 ,certainly this is not the language of one who farmed for profit1 but of the experimental farmer1 the man who could afford to lose if things went wrong1 one to whom farming was an amusement and a recreation1 and who delighted in trying various modes that he might benefit those who1 unlike himself1 could not afford to try any way but that which had long been known4 #c4 ,we must note the language in which he describes himself4 ,he does not say that he had 8exercised husbandry0 for forty years1 but that he had 8been a householder0 during that period4 ,the two things are widely different4 ,his knowledge of agriculture was1 so to speak1 accidental2 his real employment had been to manage a household1 or1 as we should rather now say1 to 8keep house40 ,this1 again1 naturally assigns to him the status of a country gentleman1 who chose to superintend everything for himself1 and to gain a practical acquaintance with everything upon his estate1 viz4 his lands1 his cattle1 his horses1 his bees1 his trees1 his felled timber1 and the rest2 not forgetting his duties as a man of rank in setting a good example1 discouraging waste1 giving attention to prayer and almsgiving1 and to his necessary studies4 8,he that can rede and vnderstande latyne1 let hym take his booke in his hande1 and looke stedfastely vppon the same thynge that he readeth and seeth1 that is no trouble to hym10 etc4 7p4 #aae74 ,are we to suppose that it could be said generally1 of farmers in the time of ,henry ,,viii41 that ,latin was 8no trouble to them08 ,if so1 things must have greatly changed4 ,i have spoken of the above matter at some length1 because ,i much suspect that the words used by ,berthelet are the very words which have biassed1 entirely in the wrong direction1 the minds of such critics as have found a difficulty where little exists4 ,it ought to be particularly borne in mind that ,berthelet's expression1 though likely to mislead now1 was not calculated to do so at the time1 when the authorship of the book was doubtless well known4 ,and we shall see presently that ,berthelet himself entirely believed ,sir ,anthony to have been the author of this ,book on ,husbandry4 ,another objection that has been raised is founded upon the apparent strangeness of the title 8,mayster ,fitz-herbarde0 as applied to a judge4 ,the answer is most direct and explicit1 viz4 that the printer who uses this title did so wittingly1 for he is the very man who helps us to identify our author with the great lawyer4 ,it is therefore simply impossible that he could have seen any incongruity in it1 and any objection founded upon it must be wholly futile4 ,the title of master was used in those days very differently to what it is now4 ,foxe1 in his ,actes and ,monuments1 ed4 #aehc1 p4 #aggj1 tells us how 8maister ,latymer0 encouraged 8maister ,ridley10 when both were at the stake2 and1 chancing to open ,holinshed's ,history 7ed4 #ahjh1 iii4 #ged71 ,i find a discourse between ,wolsey and ,sir ,william ,kingston1 ,constable of the ,tower1 in which the latter is called 8master ,kingston0 throughout4 ,i cannot find that there is any reason for assigning the composition of the ,book of ,husbandry to ,john ,fitzherbert1 ,sir ,anthony's brother4 ,it is a mere guess1 founded only upon the knowledge that ,sir ,anthony had such a brother4 ,it looks as though the critics who wish to deprive ,sir ,anthony of the honour of the authorship think they must concede somewhat1 and therefore suggest his brother's name by way of compensation4 ,we have no proof that ,john ,fitzherbert ever wrote anything1 whilst ,sir ,anthony was a well-known author4 ,all experience shows that a man who writes one book is likely to write another4 ,when we leave these vague surmises and come to consider the direct evidence1 nearly all difficulties cease4 ,and first1 as to external evidence4 ,the author of the ,book of ,husbandry was also author of the ,book of ,surveying1 as has always been seen and acknowledged4#b ,the first piece of distinct evidence on the subject is the statement of ,thomas ,berthelet4 ,he prefixed some verses to ,pynson's edition of the ,book of ,surveying 7#aebc71 addressing the reader as follows3 8,this worthy man _/ nobly hath done his payne ,i meane hym _/ that these sayde bokes#c dyd deuyse4 ,he sheweth to husbandes _/ in right fruteful wyse ,the manyfolde good thynges _/ in brefe sentence ,whiche he hath well proued _/ by long experyence4 ,and this#d ,i leaue hym _/ in his good wyll and mynde ,that he beareth _/ vnto the publyke weale4 ,wolde god noblemen _/ coude in their hertes fynde ,after such forme _/ for the cmons helth to deale2 ,it is a true token _/ of hyghe loue and zeale ,whan he so delyteth _/ and taketh pleasure ,by his busy labour _/ mens welth to procure40 ,this cannot well be mistaken4 ,it is obvious that ,berthelet believed the author to be a nobleman1 one who 8shewed things to husbands0 which he had gained by his own 8long experience20 one who wrote out of the 8good will and mind that he bare unto the public weal10 thereby proving his 8high love and zeal10 in that he delighted 8to procure men's wealth10 i4e4 the welfare of others1 not his own riches1 by means of his 8busy labour40 ,we hence conclude that ,berthelet knew perfectly well who the author was2 and indeed it would have been strange if he did not1 since he was writing in #aebc 7while the author was still alive71 and subsequently printed both the books of which he is here speaking4 ,he plainly tells us that the author was a nobleman1 and merely wrote to benefit others out of pure love and zeal4 ,but this is not ,berthelet's only allusion to these books4 ,in an edition of the ,book of ,surveying1 printed by ,berthelet1#e there are some remarks by him at the back of the title-page to the following effect4 8,to the reder4 ,whan ,i had printed the boke longyng to a ,justice of the peace1 togither with other small bokes very necessary1 ,i bethought me vpon this boke of ,surueyenge1 compyled sometyme by master ,fitzherbarde1 how good and howe profitable it is for all states1 that be lordes and possessioners of landes1 444 or tenauntes of the same1 444 also how well it agreeth with the argument of the other small bokes1 as court-baron1 court-hundred1 and chartuary1 ,i went in hande and printed it in the same volume that the other be1 to binde them al-togither4 ,and haue amended it in many places40 ,the mention of 8the boke longyng to a ,justice of the peace0 is interesting1 as bringing us back again to ,sir ,anthony ,fitzherbert4 8,in #aech10 says ,mr4 ,wallis1#f ,robert ,redman printed 8,the newe ,boke of ,justices of the ,peas1 by ,a4 ,f4 ,k4 ,anthony ,fitzherbert1 ,knight1 lately translated out of ,french into ,english1 ,in the yere of our ,lord ,god1 ,m4,d4xxxviii4 ,the #bi day of ,december1 ,cum priuilegio40#g ,mr4 ,hobson's list 7,hist4 ,ashborne1 p4 #bcd7 mentions this as 8the first work on the subject ever printed10 but this is not the case4 ,wynkyn de ,worde and ,copland both printed1 as early as #aeae1 8,the ,boke of ,justices of the ,peas1 the charge1 with al the proces of the ,cessyons1 ,warrants1 ,superseders1 wyth al that longyth to ony justice1 c40 ,it is not pretended that this was our author's work2 but he improved upon it1 as he did also upon the ,natura ,brevium4 ,in his preface to ,la ,novel ,natura ,brevium 7,berthelet1 #aecd71 he says that the original book was written by a learned man1 whom he does not name3 and that it was esteemed as a fundamental book for understanding the law4 ,in the course of its translations1 and of the alteration of the laws1 many things had been retained which were unnecessary1 and much desirable matter was omitted4 ,this was what induced him to compose the new one4 ,upon this ,i have to remark1 that it is incredible that ,berthelet should mention a work which he knew to be by ,sir ,anthony ,fitzherbert in one line1 and in the next should proceed to speak of 8,master ,fitzherbarde0 without a word of warning that he was speaking of a different person4 ,the obvious inference is that the author of the ,book on ,surveying was1 in his belief1 the same person as the 8,a4 ,f4 ,k40 who wrote 8the boke longyng to a ,justice of the peace40 ,as it is1 he takes no trouble about the matter2 for he could hardly foresee that any difficulty would thence arise4 ,it is remarkable how frequently writers just stop short of being explicit1 because they think that1 at the moment of writing1 a fact is too notorious to be worth mentioning4 ,here the direct external evidence ceases4 ,we now come to consider the internal evidence1 which is interesting enough4 ,in the first place1 the author of the ,book of ,husbandry was also the author of the ,book of ,surveying1 as he tells us explicitly in his prologue to the latter book4 ,but whoever wrote the ,book of ,surveying must have been a considerable lawyer4 ,it is of a far more learned and technical character than the ,book on ,husbandry1 and abounds with quotations from ,latin statutes1 which the author translates and explains4 ,in ,chap4 #a he says of a certain statute1 that1 in his opinion1 it was made soon after the ,battle of ,evesham1 in the time of ,henry ,,iii42 and he frequently interprets statutes with the air of one whose opinion was worth having4 ,in ,chap1 xi41 he enlarges upon the mistakes made by lords1 knights1 squires1 and gentlemen who know but little of the law4 8,they come to the court or sende their clerkes1 that can know as litle law as their maister or lasse1 but that he vnderstandeth a lytell latyn40 ,at the end of the same chapter1 he is deep in law-terms1 court-roll1 fee simple1 fee tayle1 franke tenement1 and all the rest of it4 ,he then gives numerous forms1 all in ,latin1 to be used by owners who wish to lease1 grant1 or surrender lands2 but only a good lawyer would venture to recommend forms suitable for such important purposes4 ,some other points of internal evidence have already been incidentally noticed1 such as the author's familiarity with the mode of life of the rich2 his lesson made for 8a gentylmans seruaunte02 his readiness to try many ways of farming as an experimentalist who could afford to lose money2 and his statement that ,latin was no trouble to him4 ,i proceed to notice a few more4 ,something further can be inferred from the author's mention of places4 ,he speaks of so many counties1 as ,cornwall1 ,devon1 ,essex1 ,kent1 ,somerset1 ,buckinghamshire1 ,yorkshire1 and ,lancashire1 that we can at first obtain no definite result4 ,but there is an express allusion to 8the peeke countreye0 at p4 #dd2 whilst at p4 #ha he alludes to the parts about ,london by using the adverb 8there10 as if it were not his home4 ,yet that he was perfectly familiar with ,london is obvious from his allusions to it in chap4 xix4 of the ,book on ,surveying4 ,but there are two more explicit references which are worth notice4 ,at p4 #bg1 he speaks of 8the farther syde of ,darbyshyre1 called ,scaresdale1 ,halomshyre1 and so northewarde towarde ,yorke and ,ryppon40 ,now ,scarsdale is one of the six 8hundreds0 of ,derbyshire1 and includes the country about ,dronfield and ,chesterfield2 whilst ,hallamshire is a name given to a part of ,yorkshire lying round and including ,sheffield4 ,we hence fairly deduce the inference that the author lived on the western side of ,derbyshire1 in the neighbourhood of ,ashborne1 so that he looked upon ,chesterfield as lying on the farther side of the country1 and at the same time northward1 which is precisely the fact4 ,we are thus led to locate the author in the very neighbourhood of ,sir ,anthony ,fitzherbert's home4 ,again1 at p4 #fe1 he says that if he were to say too much about the faults of horses1 he would break the promise that he made 8at ,grombalde brydge10 the first time that he went to ,ripon to buy colts4 ,after some search as to the place here intended1 ,i found1 in ,allen's ,history of ,yorkshire1 that one of the bridges over the ,nidd near ,knaresborough is called 8,grimbald bridge20#h and1 seeing that ,knaresborough is exactly due south of ,ripon1 it follows that the author came from the south of ,knaresborough4 ,we seem1 in fact1 to trace the general direction of his first ride to ,ripon1 viz4 from his home to the farther side of ,derbyshire1 through the northwest corner of ,scarsdale to ,sheffield1 and 8so northward0 through ,leeds and ,knaresborough4 ,nothing can be more satisfactory4 ,a very interesting point is the author's love of farming and of horses4 ,as to horses1 he tells us how he first went to ,ripon to buy colts 7p4 #fe72 how many secrets of horse-dealing he could tell2 how1 in buying horses1 he had been beguiled a hundred times and more 7p4 #fc72 how he used to say to his customers that1 if ever they ventured to trust any horse-dealer1 they had better trust himself 7p4 #gc72 and how he had in his possession at one time as many as sixty mares1 and five or six horses 7p4 #fj74 ,in this connection1 it becomes interesting to inquire if ,sir ,anthony ,fitzherbert was fond of horses likewise4 ,it so happens that this question can certainly be answered in the affirmative2 and ,i have here to acknowledge1 with pleasure and gratitude1 the assistance which ,i have received from one of the family1#i the ,rev4 ,reginald ,fitzherbert1 of ,somersal ,herbert1 ,derbyshire4 ,he has been at the trouble of transcribing ,sir ,anthony's will1 a complete copy of which he contributed to 8,the ,reliquary10 ,no4 #hd1 vol4 xxi4 ,april1 #ahha1 p4 #bcd4 ,i here insert1 by his kind permission1 his remarks upon the subject1 together with such extracts from the will as seem most material for our present purpose4 8,the following will of ,sir ,anthony ,fitzherbert1 of ,norbury1 is transcribed from the ,office ,copy at ,somerset ,house 7,dingley1 fol4 #bj71 and is now printed1 as ,i believe1 for the first time4 ,the contractions have been written out in extenso4 8,sir ,anthony married1 secondly1 the co-heir of ,richard ,cotton1 and with her he acquired the estate of ,hampstall ,ridware1 which he probably kept in his own hands1 and farmed himself4 ,he succeeded his brother ,john at ,norbury in #aeca1 and died there in #aech1 aged #fh4 8,fuller1 in his ,worthies1 says that ,sir ,anthony ,fitzherbert's books are #8monuments which will longer continue his ,memory than the flat blew marble stone in ,norbury ,church under which he lieth interred4' ,camden 7,gibson's ed4 #agec1 vol4 i4 p4 #bga7 calls him ,chief ,justice of the ,common ,pleas2 but ,thoroton 7,notts41 ed4 #afgg1 p4 #cdd7 says1 #8,i do not find that ,anthony ,fitzherbert was ever ,chief ,justice2' and it does not appear that he was more than1 as he describes himself1 #8oon of the kings ,justices4'0 ,,extracts ,,from ,,testamentum ,,anthonii ,,fitzherbert4 8,in nomine patris et filii et spiritus sancti ,amen40 8,i ,anthony ffitzherbert oon of the kings ,justices being hole in body and of parfite remembraunce thankes to almighty god make my last will and testament the xii day of ,october in the xxixth yere of the ,reign of king ,henry the eight#aj in fourme folowing ffirst ,i bequeth my soule to almighty god my saviour criste my ,redemer and to our blissed ,lady his mother and to ,mighel my patron and to all the holy company of hevyn4444 ,and ,i bequethe ,x,ls to amende the high wayes#aa bitwixt ,abbottes ,bromley and ,vttaxather4 ,and to sir ,thomas ffitzwilliam ,lord ,admyrall fyve markes and the best horsse or gelding that ,i haue4 ,and to ,humfrey ,cotton ,v markes to ffraunces ,cotton fyve markes and a gelding or a horsse of ,x,ls price4 ,and to euery of my housholde seruentes a quarter wagis besides their wagis due4 ,and to euery of my seruentes that be used to ,ryde with me#ab oon heyffer of two yere olde and vpward or ellse oon felde ,colt of that age4 ,and to sir ,henry ,sacheuerell and to sir ,william ,basset to euery of them oon horsse ,colt of twoo yeres olde and aboue4444 ,and tenne kyne and a bull and ,,viii oxen and a wayn and the ploez and other thinges longing to a wayne1 to remayn at ,rydwar for heire ,lomes4 ,and ,,xii mares1 and a stallande1 and ,,vi4 fetherbeddes and ,,vi mattresses and ,couerynges blankettes shetes and ,counterpoyntes thereunto to logge honest gentilmen1 and to remain at ,rydwar for heire lomes to the heires males of ffitzherbert4444 ,and ,i will that ,kateryn my doughter haue foure bullockes and four heiffers and twoo ffetherbeddes and twoo bolsters and twoo mattresse and bolsters for them and shetes blankettes and other stuffe to make hir twoo good beddis yf ,i geve hir non by my life4444 ,and where ,i caused ,thomas ffitzherbert to surrendre the ,indenture of the fferme of the parsonage of ,castelton in the ,peeke to the ,abbot of ,vayll ,royal to the intent1 to thentent 7sic7 that ,i and he shulde haue fourty yeres terme therin more then was in the olde ,indenture1 ,and to take a newe leesse for terme of threscore and tenne yeres which olde leesse the same ,thomas had by the mariage of the doughter and heire of sir ,arthur ,eyre whiche sir ,arthur ,eyre willed that his bastard sonne shulde haue fyve markes yerely of the profites of the same fferme as apperith by his wille wherfor ,i will that the same bastard sonne haue the same fyve markes according to the same will ,and the ,residue of the profites of the same fferme ,i will and require the same ,thomas my sonne that ,john ffitzherbert his brother may haue the profites therof during his lyfe ,and after his decesse ,richard ffitzherbert his brother ,and ,i will that my fferme at ,caldon ,and the fferme that ,i haue of the ,king ,and the howe ,grange ,remain to my heires males of ,norbury ,and ,i will that the lande that ,i purchased at ,whittington besides ,lichefelde goo foreuer to kepe the obite at ,north wynfelde for my brother doctour soule according to his will and to be made sure--therfor as moche as may reasonably be devised therfor to stande with the lawe yf ,i do not assigne other landes therfor hereafter4444 ,and ,i will that my ,cosyn ,richard ,coton haue one good amblyng ,colt or oon good horsse of myn to ,ryde on by the discrecion of my wife and my son ,thomas to be deliuered ,and to my ,cosyn ,alice his wyfe oon of my best habites with the ,cloke and ,hood and the ,lynyng and the furr of the same4 ,written the day and yere abouesaid40 ,the will was proved at ,lichfield1 ,august #bf1 #aech4 ,i may add that the will mentions his wife dame ,maude1 his son ,thomas1 his three younger sons ,john1 ,richard1 and ,william1 and his daughter ,kateryn2 also his cousin ,richard ,coton and his wife ,alice4 ,thomas ,fitzherbert married the daughter of ,sir ,arthur ,eyre4 ,it hence appears that ,sir ,anthony had no less than three farms1 one at ,castleton in the ,peak1 one at ,caldon in ,staffordshire1 near ,dove ,dale1 and a farm which he held of the ,king2 besides the ,how ,grange and some land at ,whittington near ,lichfield1 as also some purchased lands and tenements in the counties of ,stafford1 ,northampton1 and ,warwick1 mentioned in a part of the will which ,i have not quoted4 ,there was also the estate of ,hampstall ,ridware in ,staffordshire1 to which he attached considerable importance1 directing his heir-looms to be kept there4 ,he also makes mention1 in all1 of six horses 7including a stallion and two geldings71 twelve mares1 three colts1 one bull1 four bullocks1 five heifers1 eight oxen1 and ten cows1 though it is obvious that these by no means include all his stock1 but merely a selection from it4 ,all this precisely agrees with the statements in the ,book of ,husbandry4 ,i do not think it necessary to pursue the subject further1 but a word must be added as to the chronology4 ,not having seen the first edition of the ,book of ,husbandry printed by ,pynson in #aebc1 ,i cannot certainly say whether the statement that the author had 8been a householder for #dj years0 occurs there4 ,it occurs1 however1 in an undated edition by ,peter ,treuerys1#ac which is certainly the second edition1 and printed between #aeba and #aeca1 as ,treuerys is only known to have printed books during that period4 ,now this edition professes to have corrections and additions1 the title being--8,here bygynneth a newe tracte or treatis moost profytable for all husbande men _/ and very frutefull for all other persones to rede _/ newly corrected amended by the auctour with to dyuerse other thynges added thervnto20 and it agrees very closely with the copy here printed4 ,the date assigned for ,sir ,anthony ,fitzherbert's birth is #adgj4 ,if we suppose him to have begun housekeeping at #ba1 a period of #dj years will bring us to #aeca1 which is not inconsistent with his statement1 if such be the date of the copy above mentioned4 ,if1 however1 it should appear that the statement exists even in the first edition printed in #aebc1 then the 8forty years0 would lead us to suppose that1 if the assigned date of his birth be correct1 ,sir ,anthony began to be a householder1 in his own estimation1 at the early age of twelve or thirteen4 ,this is of course a difficulty1 but not an insuperable one1 for the phrase 8have been a householder0 is somewhat vague1 and the phrase 8forty years or more0 has rather the air of a rhetorical flourish4 ,it may here be noticed that ,berthelet's first edition 7here reprinted7 has nothing on the title-page but the words 8,,the ,,boke ,,of ,,hvsbandry10 with the date #aecd below4 ,later reprints which follow ,berthelet have accordingly no statement as to the book being 8newly corrected and amended by the auctour10 etc42 whilst those which follow ,treuerys naturally copy it4 ,this accounts for the fact that the later editions are1 to the best of my belief1 all very much the same1 and that the claim to possess 8corrections and amendments0 means practically nothing1 except with reference to the first edition only4 ,of ,sir ,anthony ,fitzherbert1 one of the best accounts seems to be that given in the ,biographia ,britannica1 #agej1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aice1 where ,camden's statement as to his being 8,chief ,justice0 is refuted4 ,briefly recapitulated1 this account tells us that he was born in #adgj1 and was the younger son of ,ralph ,fitzherbert1 ,esq41 of ,norbury in ,derbyshire2 that he went to ,oxford1 and thence to the ,inns of ,court2 was made a serjeant-at-law1 ,nov4 #ah1 #aeaa2 was knighted in #aeaf2 was made one of his majesty's serjeants-at-law1 and finally one of the ,justices of the ,court of ,common ,pleas in #aebc4 ,he died ,may #bg1 #aech1 and was buried at ,norbury4 8,two things are mentioned in reference to his conduct2 first1 that1 without fear of his power1 he openly opposed ,cardinal ,wolsey in the heighth of his favour2 the other1 that1 when he came to lie upon his death-bed1 foreseeing the changes that were like to happen in the ,church as well as ,state1 he pressed his children in very strong terms to promise him solemnly1 neither to accept grants1 nor to make purchases of abbey-lands2 which it is said they did1 and adhered constantly to that promise1 though much to their own loss40 ,the authorities referred to are ,pits1 ,de ,illustribus ,angli ,scriptoribus1 p4 #gjg2 ,wood1 ,athen ,oxonienses1 i4 col4 #ej2 ,fuller1 ,worthies1 ,derbyshire1 p4 #bcc2 ,tanner1 ,bibliotheca ,britannico-,hibernica1 p4 #bhc2 ,chronica ,juridicialia1 pp4 #aec1 #aee41 etc4 ,the number of editions of the ,book of ,husbandry is so large1 and many of these are nevertheless so scarce1 that ,i do not suppose the list here subjoined is exhaustive2 nor have ,i much information about some of them4 ,i merely mention what ,i have found1 with some authorities4 #a4 ,a newe tracte or treatyse moost profytable for all ,husbandemen1 and very frutefull for all other persons to rede4 ,london3 by ,rycharde ,pynson4 #dto4 7#aebc74 ,see ,typographical ,antiquities1 by ,ames and ,herbert1 ed4 ,dibdin1 ii4 #ejc4 ,this is the first edition1 and very rare4 ,it was described by ,dibdin from ,heber's copy1 supposed to be unique4 ,see ,heber's ,catalogue1 part ix4 p4 #fa4 ,the note in ,hazlitt that a copy of this edition is in the ,bodleian ,library is a mistake1 as ,i have ascertained4 ,it is not dated1 but the ,book on ,surveying1 printed just afterwards1 is dated #aebc2 and there is no doubt as to the date4 ,it is remarkable for an engraving upon the title-page1 representing two oxen drawing a plough1 with drivers4 #b4 8,here begynneth a newe tracte10 etc4 7,see p4 xx47 ,london1 ,southwark2 by ,p4 ,treuerys1 #dto4 7,no date2 but between #aeba and #aeca74 ,in the ,camb4 ,univ4 ,library4 ,this is the only other edition which 7as far as ,i know7 has the picture of ploughing upon the title-page4#ad #c4 ,by ,thomas ,berthelet1 in #aecb 7,lowndes74 ,it is 8#abmo in size1 but in eights by signatures10 and therefore #hvo4 7,a4 ,wallis2 ,derby ,mercury1 ,nov4 #ahfi74 #d4 ,by ,thomas ,berthelet2 #hvo42 the edition here reprinted from the copy in the ,cambridge ,university ,library4 ,there are also two copies of it in the ,bodleian ,library at ,oxford4 ,the title-page has merely the words3 8,,the ,,boke ,,of ,,hvs- ,,bandry20 printed within a border bearing the date #aecd4 ,the reverse of the title-page is blank4 ,on the second leaf1 marked ,a ij1 begins 8,the aucthors prologue40 ,the rest of sheet ,a 7which contains in all only six leaves7 is occupied with the ,prologue and 8the ,table20 and is not foliated4 ,then follow sheets ,b to ,m1 all of eight leaves1 and sheet ,n1 of two leaves only4 ,sheets ,b to ,h have the folios numbered from #a to #ef2 sheets ,i1 ,k1 ,l have the folios numbered from #ea to #ge2 and sheets ,m and ,n1 from #ha to #ij4 ,thus the six numbers #ea-ef occur twice over1 and the five numbers #gf-hj do not occur at all4 ,it is not quite certain that the apparent date is also the real one2 for at the end of ,berthelet's print of ,xenophon's treatise of ,housholde1 which has #aecd within the same border upon the title-page1 there is a colophon giving the date as #aecg4 ,this border was evidently in use for at least three years4 ,see ,dibdin1 iii4 #bhg4 #e4 ,by ,berthelet2 #aedf4 ,this edition also contains the ,treatise on ,surveying4 7,lowndes2 compare ,dibdin1 iii4 #cdh47 #f4 ,by ,berthelet2 #aedh4 7,lowndes2 ,dibdin1 iii4 #ccd1 where it is described as #abmo47 ,a copy of this is noticed in the ,catalogue of the ,huth ,library4 #g4 ,by ,thomas ,marshe2 7#aefj74 ,this edition is said to be 8newly corrected and amended by the author1 ,fitzherbarde20 but is1 of course1 a mere reprint4 ,see remarks upon this above4 7,lowndes2 ,dibdin1 iv4 #ecd47 ,in ,arber's ,transcript of the ,stationers' ,registers1 i4 #abh1 we find--8,recevyd of ,thomas ,marshe for his lycense for pryntinge of a boke ,called the boke of husbondry1 graunted the xx of ,june #aefj 444 iiij4 d40 ,hence the date1 which is not given1 may be inferred4 #h4 ,by ,john ,awdeley2 #afmo4 #aefb2 8wyth diuers addicions put ther-vnto40 7,dibdin1 iv4 #eff47 #i4 ,by ,john ,awdeley2 #hvo4 #aegf2 8with diuers additions put therunto40 7,dibdin1 iv4 #efh47 #aj4 ,fitzharbert's ,,booke ,,of ,husbandrie4 ,,devided ,into foure seuerall ,bookes1 very ne cessary and profitable for all sorts of people4 ,and now newlie corrected1 amended1 and reduced into a more pleasing forme of ,english then before4 ,ecclesiast4 #aj4 ver4 #bh4 ,better is he that laboureth1 and hath plentiousnesse of all thinges1 then hee that is gorgious and wanteth bread4 ,,at ,,london1 ,printed by ,j4 ,r4 for ,edward ,white1 and are to be sold at his shoppe1 at the little ,north doore of ,paules ,church1 at the signe of the ,gunne4 ,anno ,dom4 #aeih4 ,dedicated 8,to the ,worshipfull ,maister ,henrie ,iackman ,esquire0 444 by 8,your ,worships in affection ,i4 ,r40 ,of this book ,i shall say more below4 ,i have used the copy in the ,douce ,collection in the ,bodleian ,library4#ae #aa4 etc4 ,there are numerous other editions4 ,hazlitt mentions one by ,r4 ,kele 7no date71 8newlye corrected and amended by the auctor ,fitzherbarde1 with dyuers additions put therunto40 ,lowndes says3 8,london1 by ,richard ,kele1 #afmo4 ,there are two editions1 one containing ,h1 the other ,i1 in eights40 ,dibdin 7iii4 #ecc7 mentions one by ,john ,wayland1 #hvo4 7no date71 ,lowndes mentions an edition printed at ,london 8in the ,hovs of ,tho4 ,berthelet10 #afmo42 eighty leaves2 also--another edition1 slightly differing in orthography1 and having at the end 8,cum privilegio20 also another 8in the ,house of ,thomas ,berthelet10 #afmo4 ,a1 #f leaves1 ,b--,m1 in eights1 ,n1 #b leaves1 with the date of #aecd on the title-page2 but this can be nothing else than the very book here reprinted1 and it is not clear why he mentions it again4 ,lowndes also notices undated editions by ,john ,walley1 ,robert ,toye1 ,jugge1 and ,myddylton4 ,it hence appears that the book was frequently reprinted between #aebc and #aeih1 but the last of these editions was such as to destroy its popularity1 and ,i am not aware that it was ever again reprinted except in #agfg1 when the ,books on ,husbandry and ,surveying were reprinted together#af in a form strongly resembling the edition of #aecd4ag ,the title of this book is--8,certain ,ancient ,tracts concerning the management of ,landed ,property reprinted4 ,london1 printed for ,c4 ,bathurst and ,j4 ,newbery2 #agfg40 ,this is a fairly good reprint1 with the old spelling carefully preserved2 but has neither note nor comment of any kind4 ,a copy of it kindly lent me by ,mr4 ,furnivall has proved very useful4 ,the editions of the ,book on ,surveying are almost as numerous as those of the ,book on ,husbandry1 though this was hardly to be expected1 considering its more learned and technical character4 ,it is not necessary to speak here particularly of ,sir ,anthony ,fitzherbert's acknowledged works4 ,the most important are the ,grand ,abridgment of the ,common ,law 7#aead1 folio71 ,office of ,justices of the ,peace 7#aech71 ,diversity of ,courts 7#aeci71 and the ,new ,natura ,brevium1 of which the ninth edition1 with a commentary by ,lord ,hale1 appeared in #agid4 ,the first edition of the ,grand ,abridgment was printed by ,pynson1 who was also the printer of the first edition of the ,book of ,husbandry4 ,the ,new ,natura ,brevium was printed in #aecd by ,berthelet1 who reprinted the ,book of ,husbandry in the same year4 ,in a bookseller's catalogue1 ,march1 #ahhj1 ,i chanced to see the following4 8,early ,english ,printing2 ,black ,letter2 ,law ,books in ,latin and ,norman-,french 7#aedc-ea74 ,natura ,brevium2 newely and most trewely corrected with diverse additions of statutes bokes cases plees in abatements1 etc42 ,london1 ,wyllyam ,powel1 #aeea4--;,articuli ad ,narrationes novas2 ,london1 ,w4 ,powel1 #aedg4--;,diuersite de courtz et lour jurisdiccions1 et alia necessaria et utilia1 ,london1 ,w4 ,myddylton1 #aedc4 ,the three works in #a vol41 sm4 #hvo41 old calf neat1 quite perfect and very rare1 #bas40 ,the present volume contains a careful reprint of ,berthelet's edition of #aecd1 which is a fairly good one4 ,i have collated it throughout with the curious edition of #aeih1 which abounds with 8corrections10 some of them no improvements1 and with additional articles4 ,it is a very curious book1 and ,i have given all the more interesting variations in the notes1 with a description of the additions4 ,the author1 who only gives his initials 8,i4 ,r40 7by which initials ,i have been often obliged to quote him#ah7 has the effrontery to tell us that he has reduced ,fitzherbert's work 8into a more pleasing forme of ,english then before20 and says that he has 8labored to purge the same from the barbarisme of the former times40 ,again he addresses the reader1 saying--8,gentle ,reader1 being vrged by the consideration of the necessitie of this worke1 and finding it almost cast into perpetuall obliuion1 ,i haue purged it from the first forme of missounding termes to our daintie eares40 ,this means1 of course1 that he has altered terms which he did not understand1 and occasionally turns sense into nonsense2 yet he seems to have taken considerable pains with his author1 and his additions are frequently to the point4 ,whether his discourses upon the keeping of poultry 7p4 #ade1 note to sect4 #add7 were really due to his 8owne experience in byrds and foules10 or whether he copied much of it from some of his predecessors1 ,i have not been curious to discover4 ,his references to ,virgil1 to the fable of ,cynthia and ,endymion1 the ,cinyphian goats1 and the rest1 are in the worst possible taste1 and he was evidently far too staunch a ,protestant to be able to accept all ,fitzherbert's religious views1 though modestly and unobtrusively introduced4 ,after carefully reading his production1 ,i infinitely prefer ,fitzherbert's 8barbarisme0 to ,i4 ,r4's pedantic mannerism1 and ,i find the patronising tone of his occasionally stupid amendments to be almost insufferable2 but he may be forgiven for his zeal4 ,the art of sinking in poetry has rarely been so well exemplified as in the verses which are printed at pp4 #ade and #adh4 ,the reader can best understand what ,i4 ,r4 conceives to be elegance of style by comparing the following extract with section #a at p4 #i4 8,chapter #b4 ,by what a ,husbandman cheefely liueth4 ,the most generall and commonest experienst liuing that the toyle-imbracing ,husbandman liueth by1 is either by plowing and sowing of his ,corne1 or by rearing and breeding of ,cattell1 and not the one without the other1 because they be adjuncts1 and may not be disceuered4 ,then sithens that the ,plough is the first good instrument1 by which the ,husband-men rips from the ,earths wombe a well-pleasing liuing1 ,i thinke it is most conuenient first to speake of the forme1 fashion1 and making therof40 ,the words italicised 7except in the title7 are all his own4 ,the ,glossarial ,index1 a very full one1 was almost entirely prepared1 in the first instance1 by my eldest daughter1 though ,i have since added a few explanations in some cases1 and have revised the whole1 at the same time verifying the references4 ,as to the meaning of a few terms1 ,i am still uncertain4 ,fitzherbert's general style is plain1 simple1 and direct1 and he evidently has the welfare of his reader at heart1 to whom he offers kindly advice in a manner least calculated to give offence4 ,he is in general grave and practical1 but there are a few touches of quiet humour in his remarks upon horse-dealing4 8,howe be it ,i saye to my customers1 and those that bye any horses of me1 and if euer they wil trust any hors-master or corser whyle they lyue1 truste me40 ,i would have trusted him implicitly4 ,the difficulties of his language arise almost entirely from the presence of numerous technical terms2 and it is1 indeed1 this fact that renders his book one of considerable philological interest1 and adapts it for publication by the ,english ,dialect ,society4 ,by way of a small contribution to ,english etymology1 ,i beg leave to take a single instance1 and to consider what he has to tell us about the word peruse4 ,the whole difficulty as to the etymology of this word arises from the change of sense2 it is now used in such a way that the derivation from per- and use is not obvious2 nor does it commend itself to such as are unacquainted with historical method4 ,for this reason1 some etymologists1 including ,webster1 have imagined that it arose from peruise pervise to see thoroughly1 the i being dropped1 and the u 7really v7 being mistaken for the vowel4 ,this is one of those wholly unscrupulous fictions to which but too many incline1 as if the cause of truth could ever be helped forward by means of deliberate invention4 ,but there is no such word as peruise1 nor any ,french perviser4 ,fitzherbert is one of the earliest authorities for peruse1 though it also occurs in ,skelton1 ,philip ,sparrow1 l4 #had4 ,investigation will show that1 at the commencement of the sixteenth century1 there was a fashion of using words compounded with per-1 a number of which ,i have given in my ,dictionary1 s4 v4 peruse4 ,the old sense was #8to use up1 to go through thoroughly1 to attend to one by one2' and the word was sometimes spelt with a v1 because vse 7use7 was generally so spelt4 ,examples are3-- 8,let hym i4e4 the husbandman who wants to reckon the tithe of his corn goo to the ende of his lande1 and begynne and tell i4e4 count 4ix4 sheues1 and let hym caste out the 4x4 shefe in the name of god1 and so to pervse from lande to lande1 tyll he have trewely tythed all his corne20 sect4 #cj1 l4 #d4 8,and thus let the shepherd peruse them all tyll he haue doone20 sect4 #dj1 l4 #bc4 8,than let the surveyor who is surveying property go to the second howse on the same east side in lyke maner1 and so to peruse from house to house tyll he come to ,st4 ,magnus churche20 ,book of ,surveying 7#agfg71 chap4 xix4 8,begyn to plowe a forowe in the middes of the side of the land1 and cast it downe as yf thou shulde falowe it1 and so peruse both sydes tyl the rygge be cast down10 etc42 ,book of ,surveying 7#agfg72 chap4 xxiv4 ,the special application to a book may be seen in ,baret's ,alvearie3 8,to ouerlooke and peruse a booke againe1 ,retractare librum40 ,and accordingly it need not surprise us that ,levins1 in #aegj1 translated to peruse by peruti4 ,there is just one more suggestion which ,i venture to make1 though ,i fear1 like most conjectures which are made with respect to ,shakespeare1 it is probably valueless4 ,when ,king ,lear appears1 in ,act iv4 sc4 #d-- 8,crowned with rank fumiter and furrow-weeds1 ,with hor-docks1 hemlock1 nettles1 cuckoo-flowers1 ,darnel1 and all the idle weeds that grow ,in our sustaining corn0-- ,i cannot help being reminded of ,fitzherbert's list of weeds in sect4 #bj 7p4 #bi71 in which he includes haudoddes1 i4e4 corn blue-bottles1 as is obvious from his description2 see also ,britten and ,holland's ,english ,plant-names4 ,it is certainly remarkable that the haudod is precisely one of 8the idle weeds that grow in corn10 and that its bright colour would be particularly attractive to the gatherer of a wild garland4 ,we must not1 however1 overlook the form hardhake1 which ,mr4 ,wright has found in a ,,ms4 herbal as a name for the knapweed2 see his note upon the passage4 ,the two results do not1 however1 greatly differ1 and it is conceivable that the same name could be applied at different times to both these flowers1 the latter being ,centaurea nigra1 and the former ,centaurea ,cyanus4 ,we also find the term hardewes1 occurring as a name for the wild succory2 see ,hawdod in the ,glossarial ,index1 p4 #aef4 ,in any case1 the proposal of ,dr4 ,prior to explain hordock by the burdock 7,arctium lappa71 merely because he thinks the burs were sometimes entangled with flax1 and so formed lumps in it called hards1 is a wild guess that should be rejected4 ,hards are simply the coarse parts of flax1 without any reference to burdocks whatever4 ,the wood-cut on the title-page is copied from the edition of #aeih4 ,the longer handle of the plough is on the left4 ,see the description on p4 #abh4 ,,footnotes3 #a 8,and ,i give to euery of my seruentes that be used to ,ryde with me10 etc42 ,sir ,a4 ,fitzherbert's ,will1 quoted below at p4 xviii4 #b 8,of late by experience ,i contriued1 compyled1 and made a ,treatyse1 444 and callyd it the booke of husbandrye20 ,prol4 to ,book of ,surveying4 #c ,i4e4 the ,books on ,husbandry and ,surveying4 #d ,read thus4 #e ,the date is #aeci2 the words here quoted appear also in ,berthelet's edition of #aedf4 #f ,i am quoting from an article by ,mr4 ,a4 ,wallis entitled 8,relics of ,literature10 which appeared in the ,derby ,mercury1 ,nov4 #ahfi4 ,it contains some useful information about the editions of ,fitzherbert's works4 ,it should be observed that #aech was the very year of ,sir ,anthony ,fitzherbert's death1 which took place on ,may #bg4 #g ,in an edition printed by ,t4 ,petit in #aeda1 a copy of which is in the ,cambridge ,university ,library1 the title is--8,the ,newe ,booke of ,justyces of ,peas1 made by ,anthony ,fitzherbard ,judge1 lately translated out of ,frenche into ,englyshe1 ,the yere of our ,lord ,god ,,mdxli40 #h ,canon ,simmons kindly tells me--8,i find from the ,ordnance ,map that ,grimbald ,bridge is the one over the ,nidd below the town1 i4e4 a mile or a mile and a quarter from the town4 ,there are two crossing to the town4 ,the upper one is on the ,harrogate ,road1 a second #8,low ,bridge1' and then the third1 #8,grimbald bridge'40 #i ,it is the family tradition 7which should go for something71 that the author of the ,book of ,husbandry was ,sir ,anthony ,fitzherbert1 and no other4 #aj ,the date is1 therefore1 ,october #ab1 #aecg4--,w4,w4,s4 #aa ,see p4 #ha4--,w4,w4,s4 #ab ,see p4 #ic4--,w4,w4,s4 #ac ,this early edition1 clearly the second1 and using ,pynson's woodcut1 was kindly pointed out to me by ,mr4 ,bradshaw4 ,it is not noticed in the usual books upon early printing1 but a copy of it exists in the ,cambridge ,university ,library4 ,the woodcut on the title-page is 7as ,i have just said7 the same as that on the title-page of the first edition4 #ad ,probably printed in #aeca1 as it professes to be 8amended1 with dyuerse other thynges added thervnto20 for observe1 that after this date1 editions follow in quick succession4 #ae ,mr4 ,wallis 7see p4 xiii1 note #b7 mentions also an undated edition1 printed by ,james ,roberts for ,e4 ,white4 #af ,the volume also contains a translation of ,xenophon's ,treatise of ,household 7 71 written by 8,gentian ,heruet40 #ag ,the colophon is the same4 ,the ,book on ,surveying is dated #aeci4 ,the copy in the ,cambridge ,univ4 ,library contains the ,husbandry 7#aecd72 ,surveying 7#aeci72 and ,xenophon 7#aecg72 all bound together4 #ah ,possibly ,james ,roberts2 see p4 xxiv1 note #a4 ,,errata4 ,in the first side-note on p4 #ah1 for ,beating read ,beeting4 ,see ,beate in the ,glossary1 p4 #aej4 ,p4 #abj1 sect4 #afi1 l4 #cf4 ,for a ut read aut4 ,p4 #acf4 ,headline4 ,for ,notes 7#cd4 #a-dc7 read ,notes 7#cd4 #a-dc74 ,p4 #adj1 last line4 ,for ,hellebor read ,hellybor4 ,,the ,,boke ,,of ,,hvsbandry4 ,the aucthors prologue4 ,sidenote3 ,man is born to labour4 ,sit ista questio4 ,this is the questyon1 whervnto is euerye manne ordeyned8 ,and as ,job saythe1 ,homo nascitur ad laborem1 sicut auis ad volandum3 ,that is to saye1 a man is ordeyned and borne to do labour1 as #d a bird is ordeyned to flye4 ,and the ,apostle saythe1 ,qui non laborat1 non manducet3 ,debet enim in obsequio dei laborare1 qui de bonis eius vult manducare3 ,that is to saye1 ,sidenote3 ,he that laboureth not should not eat4 he that laboureth not1 shulde not eate1 and he ought to #h labour and doo goddes warke1 that wyll eate of his goodes or gyftes4 ,the whiche is an harde texte after the lyterall sence4 ,for by the letter1 the kynge1 the quene1 nor all other lordes spirituall and temporal shuld not eate1 without #ab they shuld labour1 the whiche were vncomely1 and not conuenyente for suche estates to labour4 ,but who ,sidenote3 ,the ,book of the ,chess that redeth in the boke of the moralytes of the chesse1 shal therby perceyue1 that euerye man1 from the hyest #af ,sidenote3 is divided into six degrees1 degree to the lowest1 is set and ordeyned to haue labour and occupation2 and that boke is deuyded in vi4 degrees1 that is to saye1 the kynge1 the quene1 the byshops1 the ,sidenote3 viz4 king1 queen1 bishops1 knights1 judges1 and yeomen1 knightes1 the iudges1 and the yomenne4 ,in the which #bj boke is shewed theyr degrees1 theyr auctorytyes1 theyr warkes1 and theyr occupations1 and what they ought to do4 ,and they so doynge1 and executynge theyr auctorytyes1 warkes1 and occupatyons1 haue a wonders great #bd ,sidenote3 concerning which it is too long to write4 study and labour1 of the whiche auctorytyes1 occupations1 and warkes1 were at this tyme to longe to wryte4 ,wherfore ,i remytte that boke as myn auctour therof3 ,the whiche boke were necessary to be knowen of euery #bh degree1 that they myghte doo and ordre them selfe accordynge ,sidenote3 ,as the yeomen defend the rest1 ,i shall speak of husbandry4 to the same4 ,and in so moche the yomen in the sayde moralytyes and game of the chesse be set before to labour1 defende1 and maynteyne all the other #cb hyer estates1 the whiche yomen represent the common people1 as husbandes and labourers1 therfore ,i purpose to speake fyrste of husbandrye4 ,finis4 ,the table4 ,,page #a4 ,first wherby husbande-men do lyue4 fo4 i4#ai #i #b4 ,of dyuers maner of plowes4 fol4 eod4 #i #c4 ,to knowe the names of all the partes of the ploughe4 fol4 ii4 #aj #d4 ,the temprynge of plowes4 fo4 iii4 #ab #e4 ,the necessary thynges that belonge to a plowe1 carte1 or wayne4 fol4 iiii4 #ad #f4 ,whether is better1 a plowe of oxen or a plowe of horses4 fol4 v4 #ae #g4 ,the dylygence and the attendaunce that a husbande shulde gyue to his warke1 in maner of an other prologue1 and a specyall grounde of all this treatyse4 fol4 vi4 #af #h4 ,howe a manne shulde plowe all maner of landes all tymes of the yere4 fo4 vii4 #ag #i4 ,to plowe for pees and beanes4 fol4 viii4 #ah #aj4 ,howe to sowe bothe pees and beanes4 fol4 viii4 #ah #aa4 ,sede of ,discrecyon4 fol4 ix4 #bj #ab4 ,howe all maner of corne shulde be sowen4 folio eodem #ba #ac4 ,to sowe barley4 fol4 x4 #bb #ad4 ,to sowe otes4 fol4 xi4 #bc #ae4 ,to harowe all maner of cornes4 fol4 xii4 #bd #af4 ,to falowe4 fol4 xiii4 #be #ag4 ,to carry out donge or mucke1 and to sprede it4 fol4 xiiii4 #bg #ah4 ,to set out the shepe-folde4 fol4 xv4 #bh #ai4 ,to cary wode and other necessaries4 fol4 xvi4 #bi #bj4 ,to knowe dyuers maner of wedes4 fol4 eod4 #bi #ba4 ,to wede corne4 fol4 xvii4 #ca #bb4 ,the fyrste sturrynge3 and 7#bc7 to mowe grasse4 foli4 xviii4 #cb #bd4 ,how forkes and rakes shuld be made4 fo4 xix4 #cc #be4 ,to tedde and make hey4 fol4 eod4 #cc #bf4 ,howe rye shulde be shorne4 fol4 xx4 #ce #bg4 ,howe to shere whete4 fol4 xxi4 #ce #bh4 ,to mowe or shere barley and otes4 fol4 eod4 #cf #bi4 ,to repe or mowe pees and beanes4 fol4 xxii4 #cf #cj4 ,howe all maner of corne shoulde be tythed4 folio eodem #cg #ca4 ,howe all maner of corne shoulde be couered4 fol4 xxiii4 #ch #cb4 ,to lode corne and mowe it4 fol4 eod4 #ch #cc4 ,the seconde sturrynge4 fo4 xxiiii4 #ci #cd4 ,to sowe whete and rye4 fol4 eodem #ci #ce4 ,to thresshe and wynowe corne4 fol4 xxv4 #da #cf4 ,to seuer beanes1 pees1 and fetches4 fol4 eod4 #da #cg4 ,of shepe1 and what tyme of the yere the rammes shulde be put to the ewes4 fol4 xxvi4 #db #ch4 ,to make a ewe to loue her lambe4 fol4 xxvii4 #dc #ci4 ,what tyme lambes shulde be wayned4 fo4 eod4 #dd #dj4 ,to drawe shepe and seuer them in dyuerse partes4 fol4 xxviii4 #dd #da4 ,to belte shepe4 fol4 xxix4 #de #db4 ,to grece shepe4 fol4 eod4 #df #dc4 ,to medle terre4 fol4 eodem #df #dd4 ,to make brome salue4 fol4 eod4 #df #de4 ,if a shepe haue mathes4 fol4 xxx4 #dg #df4 ,blyndenes of shepe and other dyseases1 and remedyes therfore4 fo4 eod4 #dg #dg4 ,the worme in a shepes fote1 and helpe therfore4 fol4 xxxi4 #dh #dh4 ,the bloudde1 and remedye if he comme betyme4 fol4 eodem #dh #di4 ,the pockes1 and remedy therfore4 fol4 eod4 #di #ej4 ,the wode euyl1 and remedy therfore4 fol4 xxxii4 #di #ea4 ,to washe shepe4 fol4 eod4 #di #eb4 ,to shere shepe4 fol4 eod4 #ej #ec4 ,to drawe and seuer the bad shepe frome the good4 fol4 eod4 #ej #ed4 ,what thynge rotteth shepe4 fol4 xxxiii4 #ej #ee4 ,to knowe a rotten shepe dyuerse maner ways1 wherof some of them wyll not fayle4 fol4 xxxiiii4 #ea #ef4 ,to by leane cattell4 fol4 eod4 #eb #eg4 ,to bye fatte cattell4 fol4 xxxv4 #ec #eh4 ,dyuerse sickenesses of cattell1 and remedies therfore1 and fyrste of murren4 fol4 eod4 #ec #ei4 ,long sought1 and remedy therfore4 fo4 xxxvi4 #ed #fj4 ,dewbolue1#bj and the harde remedye therfore4 fol4 eod4 #ee #fa4 ,ryson vppon1 and the remedye therfore4 fol4 xxxvii4 #ee #fb4 ,the turne1 and remedy therfore4 fol4 eod4 #ef #fc4 ,the warribred1 remedy therfore4 fol4 xxxviii4 #ef #fd4 ,the foule1 and remedy therfore4 fol4 eod4 #eg #fe4 ,the goute without remedy4 fol4 eod4 #eg #ff4 ,to rere calues4 fol4 eod4 #eg #fg4 ,to gelde calues4 fol4 xxxix4 #eh #fh4 ,horses and mares to drawe4 fol4 xl4 #ei #fi4 ,the losse of a lambe1 a calfe1 or a foole4 fol4 xli4 #fa #gj4 ,what cattell shulde go together in oone pasture4 fol4 xlii4 #fb #ga4 ,the properties of horses4 fol4 xliii4 #fc #gb4 ,the two propertyes that a horse hath of a man4 fol4 eod4 #fc #gc4 ,the ii4 propertyes of a bauson4 fol4 eod4 #fd #gd4 ,the iiii4 properties of a lyon4 fol4 eod4 #fd #ge4 ,the ix4 properties of an oxe4 fol4 xliiii4 #fd #gf4 ,the ix4 properties of an hare4 fol4 eod4 #fd #gg4 ,the ix4 properties of a foxe4 fol4 eod4 #fd #gh4 ,the ix4 properties of an asse4 fol4 eod4 #fe #gi4 ,the x4 properties of a woman4 fol4 eod4 #fe #hj4 ,the diseases and soraunce of horses4 fol4 xlv4 #fe #ha4 ,the lampas4 fol4 eod4 #fe #hb4 ,the barbes4 fo4 eod4 #ff #hc4 ,mournynge on the tonge4 fol4 eod4 #ff #hd4 ,pursye4 fo4 eod4 #ff #he4 ,broken wynded4 fol4 eod4 #ff #hf4 ,glaunders4 fo4 eod4 #ff #hg4 ,mournynge on the chynne4 fol4 eod4 #ff #hh4 ,stranguelyon4 fol4 eod4 #fg #hi4 ,the hawe4 fol4 eod4 #fg #ij4 ,blyndnesse4 fol4 xlvi4 #fg #ia4 ,uyues4 fol4 eod4 #fg #ib4 ,the cordes4 fol4 eod4 #fg #ic4 ,the farcyon4 fol4 eod4 #fg #id4 ,a malander4 fol4 eod4 #fh #ie4 ,a salander4 fol4 eod4 #fh #if4 ,a serewe4 fol4 eod4 #fh #ig4 ,a splent4 fo4 eod4 #fh #ih4 ,a ryngebone4 fol4 xlvii4 #fi #ii4 ,wyndgall4 fol4 eod4 #fi #ajj4 ,morfounde4 fol4 eod4 #fi #aja4 ,the coltes euyll4 fol4 eod4 #fi #ajb4 ,the bottes4 fo4 eod4 #gj #ajc4 ,the wormes4 fol4 eod4 #gj #ajd4 ,affrayd4 fo4 eod4 #gj #aje4 ,nauylgall4 fo4 eod4 #gj #ajf4 ,a spauen4 fol4 eod4 #gj #ajg4 ,a curbe4 fol4 eod4 #ga #ajh4 ,the strynge-halte4 fol4 eod4 #ga #aji4 ,enterfyre4 fo4 eod4 #ga #aaj4 ,myllettes4 fol4 eod4 #ga #aaa4 ,the paynes4 fol4 eod4 #ga #aab4 ,cratches4 fol4 eod4 #gb #aac4 ,attaynt4 fol4 xlix4 #gb #aad4 ,grauelynge4 fol4 eod4 #gb #aae4 ,acloyd4 fol4 eod4 #gb #aaf4 ,the scabbe4 fol4 eod4 #gb #aag4 ,lowsy4 fol4 eod4 #gb #aah4 ,wartes4 fol4 eod4 #gc #aai4 ,the sayenge of the frenche man4 fo4 eod4 #gc #abj4 ,the dyuersitie bytwene a horse mayster1 a corser1 and a horse leche4 fol4 l4 #gd #aba4 ,of swyne4 fo4 eod4 #gd #abb4 ,of bees4 fol4 li4 #ge #abc4 ,how to kepe beastes other catel4 fol4 lii4 #gf #abd4 ,to get settes and set them4 fol4 liii4 #gh #abe4 ,to make a dyche4 fol4 liiii4 #gi #abf4 ,to make a hedge4 fol4 eod4 #gi #abg4 ,to plasshe and pleche a hedge4 fol4 eod4 #hj #abh4 ,to mende a hye waye4 fo4 lv4 #ha #abi4 ,to remoue and sette trees4 fo4 lvi4 #hb #acj4 ,trees to be sette without rootes and growe4 fol4 lvii4 #hc #aca4 ,to fell woode for houssholde or to sell4 fol4 eodem4 #hc #acb4 ,to shrede1 lop1 or crop trees4 fol4 lviii4 #hd #acc4 ,howe a man shoulde shrede loppe or croppe trees4 fol4 eod4 #he #acd4 ,to sell woode or tymbre4 fol4 lix4 #he #ace4 ,to kepe sprynge woode4 fo4 lx4 #hf #acf4 ,necessary thynges belongynge to graffynge4 fol4 eod4 #hg #acg4 ,what fruyte shulde be first graffed4 fol4 lxi4 #hh #ach4 ,howe to graffe4 fol4 eod4 #hh #aci4 ,to graffe bytwene the barke and the tree4 fol4 lxii4 #hi #adj4 ,to nourysshe all maner of stone fruyte and nuttes4 fol4 lxiii4 #ij #ada4 ,a shorte information for a yonge gentyllman that entendeth to thryue4 fol4 eod4 #ij #adb4 ,a lesson made in ,englysshe verses1 that a gentylmans seruaunte shall forget none of his gere in his inne behynde hym4 fo4 lxv4 #ic #adc4 ,a prologe for the wyues occupation4 fo4 eod4 #ic #add4 ,a lesson for the wyfe4 fol4 eod4 #id #ade4 ,what thynges the wyfe of ryghte is bounde to do4 fol4 lxvi4 #id #adf4 ,what warkes the wyfe oughte to doo generally4 fo4 eod4 #ie #adg4 ,to kepe measure in spendynge4 fo4 lxvii4 #ih #adh4 ,to eate within thy tedure4 fo4 lxviii4 #ii #adi4 ,a shorte lesson vnto the husbande4 fol4 lxix4 #aja #aej4 ,howe menne of hye degree do kepe measure4 fol4 eodem #aja #aea4 ,prodygalytie in outragyous and costelye araye4 fol4 lxx4 #ajb #aeb4 ,of delycyous meates and drynkes4 fol4 eod4 #ajc #aec4 ,of outragious playe and game4 fo4 lxxi4 #ajd #aed4 ,a prologue of the thyrde sayinge of the philosopher4 fo4 lxxii4 #aje #aee4 ,a dyuersytie bytwene predycation and doctryne4 fol4 eodem #aje #aef4 ,what is rychesse4 fo4 lxxiii4 #ajf #aeg4 ,what is the propertie of a rych man4 fo4 lxxiiii4 #ajh #aeh4 ,what ioyes pleasures are in heuen4 fo4 lxxv4 #aji #aei4 ,what thynge pleaseth god most4 fol4 lxxvi4 #aji #afj4 ,what be goddes commaundementes4 fo4 eod4 #aaj #afa4 ,howe a man shulde loue god and please hym4 fol4 eodem #aaj #afb4 ,howe a man shoulde loue his neyghbour4 fol4 lxxvii4 #aaa #afc4 ,of prayer that pleaseth god verye moche4 folio lxxviii4 #aab #afd4 ,what thynge letteth prayer4 fol4 eod4 #aab #afe4 ,howe a man shulde praye4 fo4 lxxix4 #aac #aff4 ,a mean to put away ydle thoughtes in prayenge4 fol4 lxxx4 #aae #afg4 ,a meane to auoyde temptation4 fol4 lxxxi4 #aaf #afh4 ,almes-dedes pleaseth god moche4 fo4 lxxxii4 #aah #afi4 ,the fyrst maner of almes dede4 fo4 lxxxiii4 #aai #agj4 ,the ii4 maner of almes dede4 fo4 lxxxiiii4 #abj #aga4 ,the iii4 maner of almes dede4 fol4 lxxxv4 #aba #agb4 ,what is the greattest offence that a man maye doo and offende god in4 fo4 lxxxvi4 #abb ,thus endeth the table4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #a4 #a4 ,here begynneth the boke of husbandry1 and fyrste where-by husbande-men do lyue4 ,sidenote3 ,husbandmen live by the plough and by cattle4 ,the mooste generall lyuynge that husbandes can haue1 is by plowynge and sowyng of theyr cornes1 and rerynge or bredynge of theyr cattel1 and not the one withoute the other4 ,than is the ploughe the moste necessaryest #d instrumente that an husbande can occupy4 ,wherfore it is conuenyent to be knowen1 howe a plough shulde be made4 #b4 ,dyuers maners of plowes4 ,sidenote3 ,different kinds of ploughs4 ,there be plowes of dyuers makynges in dyuers countreys1 and in lyke wyse there be plowes of yren of dyuers facyons4 ,and that is bycause there be many maner of groundes and soyles4 ,some whyte cley1 some #d redde cley1 some grauell or chylturne1 some sande1 some meane erthe1 some medled with marle1 and in many places heeth-grounde1 and one ploughe wyll not serue in all places4 ,wherfore it is necessarye1 to haue dyuers #h ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #a;b4 ,sidenote3 ,somersetshire4 maners of plowes4 ,in ,sommersetshyre1 about ,zelcester1 the sharbeame1 that in many places is called the ploughe-hedde1 is foure or fyue foote longe1 and it is brode and thynne4 ,and that is bycause the lande is verye toughe1 #ab and wolde soke the ploughe into the erthe1 yf the sharbeame ,sidenote3 ,kent4 were not long1 brode1 and thynne4 ,in ,kente they haue other maner of plowes1 somme goo with wheles1 as they doo in many other places1 and some wyll #af tourne the sheldbredth at euery landes ende1 and plowe ,sidenote3 ,buckinghamshire4 all one waye4 ,in ,buckynghamshyre1 are plowes made of an nother maner1 and also other maner of ploughe-yrons1 the whyche me semeth generally good1 and lykely #bj to serue in many places1 and specially if the ploughbeame and sharbeame be foure ynches longer1 betwene the shethe and the ploughe-tayle1 that the sheldbrede myght come more a-slope3 for those plowes gyue out to sodeinly1 #bd and therfore they be the worse to drawe1 and for noo ,sidenote3 ,leicestershire1 c4 cause elles4 ,in ,leycestershyre1 ,lankesshyre1 ,yorkeshyre1 ,lyncoln1 ,norfolke1 ,cambrydge-shyre1 and manye other countreyes1 the plowes be of dyuers makinges1 the whyche #bh were to longe processe to declare howe1 c4 ,but how so euer they be made1 yf they be well tempered1 and goo well1 they maye be the better suffred4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #b4 #c4 ,to knowe the names of all the partes of the plowe4 ,sidenote3 ,parts of the plough4 ,men that be no husbandes maye fortune to rede this boke1 that knowe not whiche is the ploughe-beame1 the sharebeame1 the ploughe-shethe1 the ploughe-tayle1 the stilte1 the rest1 the sheldbrede1 the fenbrede1 the roughe #d staues1 the ploughe-fote1 the ploughe-eare or coke1 the share1 the culture1 and ploughe-mal4 ,perauenture ,i gyue them these names here1 as is vsed in my countre1 and yet in other countreyes they haue other names3 wherfore ye #h ,sidenote3 ,plough-beam4 shall knowe1 that the ploughe-beame is the longe tree ,sidenote3 ,share-beam4 aboue1 the whiche is a lytel bente4 ,the sharbeame is the ,sidenote3 ,plough-sheath4 tre vnderneth1 where-vpon the share is set2 the ploughe-sheth #a;is a thyn pece of drye woode1 made of oke1 that is #ab set fast in a morteys in the plough-beame1 and also in to the share-beame1 the whiche is the keye and the chiefe ,sidenote3 ,plough-tail4 bande of all the plough4 ,the plough-tayle is that the husbande holdeth in his hande1 and the hynder ende of #af the ploughebeame is put in a longe slyt1 made in the same tayle1 and not set faste1 but it maye ryse vp and go downe1 and is pynned behynde1 and the same ploughe-tayle is set faste in a morteys1 in the hynder ende of the #bj ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #b;b4 ,sidenote3 ,plough-stilt4 sharebeame4 ,the plough-stylte is on the ryghte syde of ,sidenote3 ,rest4 the ploughe1 whervpon the rest is set2 the rest is a lyttell pece of woode1 pynned fast vpon the nether ende of the stylt1 and to the sharebeame in the ferther ende4 ,the #bd ,sidenote3 ,shield-board4 sheldbrede is a brode pece of wodde1 fast pinned to the ryghte side of the shethe in the ferther ende1 and to the ,sidenote3 ,fen-board4 vtter syde of the stylte in the hynder ende4 ,the fenbrede is a thyn borde1 pynned or nayled moste commonly #bh to the lyft syde of the shethe in the ferther ende1 and to the ploughe-tayle in the hynder ende4 ,and the sayde sheldbrede wolde come ouer the sayde shethe and fenbrede an inche1 and to come past the myddes of the #cb share1 made with a sharpe edge1 to receyue and turne the ,sidenote3 ,rough staves4 erthe whan the culture hath cut it4 ,there be two roughe staues in euery ploughe in the hynder ende1 set a-slope betwene the ploughe-tayle and the stilt1 to holde out #cf and kepe the plough abrode in the hynder ende1 and the ,sidenote3 ,plough-foot4 one lenger than the other4 ,the plough-fote is a lyttell pece of wodde1 with a croked ende set before in a morteys in the ploughe-beame1 sette fast with wedges1 to #dj dryue vppe and downe1 and it is a staye to order of ,sidenote3 ,plough-ear4 what depenes the ploughe shall go4 ,the ploughe-eare is made of thre peces of yren1 nayled faste vnto the ryght ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #c4 syde of the plough-beame4 ,and poore men haue a #dd croked pece of wode pynned faste to the ploughbeame4 ,sidenote3 ,share4 ,the share is a pece of yren1 sharpe before and brode behynde1 a fote longe1 made with a socket to be set on ,sidenote3 ,coulter4 the ferther ende of the share-beame4 ,the culture is a #dh bende pece of yren sette in a morteys in the myddes of the plough-beame1 fastened with wedges on euery syde1 and the backe therof is halfe an inche thycke and more1 and three inches brode1 and made kene before to cutte #eb the erthe clene1 and it must be wel steeled1 and that shall cause the easyer draughte1 and the yrens to laste ,sidenote3 ,plough-mall4 moche lenger4 ,the plough-mal#ba is a pece of harde woode1 with a pynne put throughe1 set in the plough-beame1 #ef in an augurs bore4 #d4 ,the temprynge of plowes4 ,sidenote3 ,tempering of ploughs4 ,nowe the plowes be made of dyuers maners2 it is necessarye for an housbande1 to knowe howe these plowes shulde be tempered1 to plowe and turne clene1 and to ,sidenote3 ,rest-baulk4 make no reste-balkes4 ,a reste-balke is where the plough #d byteth at the poynte of the culture and share1 and cutteth not the ground cleane to the forowe1 that was plowed laste ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #c;b4 before1 but leaueth a lyttell rydge standynge betwene1 the whiche dothe brede thistyls1 and other wedes4 ,all #h these maner of plowes shulde haue all lyke one maner of temperyng in the yrens4 ,howe-be-it a man maye temper for one thynge in two or thre places1 as for depnes4 ,the fote is one3 the setting of the culture of #ab a depnes1 is a-nother3 and the thyrde is at the ploughe-tayle1 ,sidenote3 ,slot wedges4 where be two wedges1 that be called slote-wedges3 the one is in the slote above the beame1 the other in the saide slote1 vnder the plough-beame2 and other whyle #af he wyll set bothe aboue1 or bothe vndernethe1 but alway let hym take good hede1 and kepe one generall rule1 that the hynder ende of the sharebeme alway touche the erthe1 that it may kyll a worde1#bb or elles it goth not truly4 ,the #bj ,sidenote3 ,narrow and broad tempering4 temperynge to go brode and narowe is in the settyng of the culture3 and with the dryuinge of his syde-wedges1 forewedge1 and helewedge1 whiche wolde be made of ,sidenote3 ,setting on of the share4 drye woode1 and also the settynge on of his share helpeth #bd well1 and is a connynge poynte of husbandry1 and mendeth and payreth moch plowyng3 but it is so narowe a point to know1 that it is harde to make a man to vnderstande it by wrytynge1 without he were at the operation #bh ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #d4 therof1 to teache the practyue3 for it muste leane moche in-to the forowe1 and the poynt may not stande to moch vp nor downe1 nor to moche in-to the lande1 nor in-to ,sidenote3 ,setting of the coulter4 the forowe4 ,howe-be-it1 the settynge of the culture #cb helpeth moche4 ,somme plowes haue a bende of yron tryanglewise1 sette there as the plough-eare shulde be1 that hath thre nyckes on the farther syde4 ,and yf he ,sidenote3 ,seed-furrow4 wyll haue his plough to go a narowe forowe1 as a sede-forowe #cf shulde be1 than he setteth his fote-teame in the ,sidenote3 ,mean furrow4 nycke nexte to the ploughe-beame2 and yf he wyll go a meane bredth1 he setteth it in the myddell nycke1 ,sidenote3 ,broad furrow4 that is beste for sturrynge2 and if he wolde go a brode #dj forowe1 he setteth it in the vttermoste nycke1 that is beste for falowynge3 ,the whyche is a good waye to kepe the bredthe1 and soone tempered1 but it serueth not the depenesse4 ,and some men haue in stede of the plough-fote1 #dd a piece of yron set vpryghte in the farther ende ,sidenote3 #8,a coke4' of the ploughe-beame1 and they calle it a coke1 made with ii4 or thre nyckes1 and that serueth for depenes4 ,sidenote3 ,wheel-ploughs4 ,the plowes that goo with wheles1 haue a streyghte #dh beame1 and maye be tempred in the yron1 as the other be1 for the bredth2 but their most speciall temper is at the bolster1 where-as the plough-beame lyeth1 and that serueth both for depnes and for bredth4 ,and they be #eb ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #d;b4 good on euen grounde that lyeth lyghte1 but me semeth they be farre more costly than the other plowes4 ,and thoughe these plowes be well tempred for one maner grounde1 that tempre wyll not serue in an other maner #ef of grounde2 but it muste reste in the dyscretion of the housbande1 to knowe whanne it gothe well4 #e4 ,the necessary thynges that belonge to a ploughe1 carte1 and wayne4 ,sidenote3 ,bows1 yokes1 c4 ,bvt or he begyn to plowe1 he muste haue his ploughe and his ploughe-yren1 his oxen or horses1 and the geare that belongeth to them2 that is to say1 bowes1 yokes1 landes1 stylkynges1 wrethynge-temes4 ,and or he shall #d lode his corne1 he muste haue a wayne1 a copyoke1 a payre of sleues1 a wayne-rope1 and a pykforke4 ,this ,sidenote3 ,the wain4 wayne is made of dyuers peces1 that wyll haue a greate reparation1 that is to saye1 the wheles1 and those be made #h of nathes1 spokes1 fellyes1 and dowles1 and they muste be well fettred with wood or yren4 ,and if they be yren bounden1 they are moche the better1 and thoughe they ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #e4 be the derer at the fyrst1 yet at lengthe they be better #ab ,sidenote3 ,iron-bound wheels4 cheape2 for a payre of wheles yren bounde wyl weare vii4 or viii4 payre of other wheles1 and they go rounde and lyght after oxen or horses to draw4 ,howbeit on marreis ground and soft ground the other wheles be better1 #af bycause they be broder on the soule1 and will not go so ,sidenote3 ,axle-tree1 linch-pins1 and axle-pins4 depe4 ,they must haue an axiltre1 clout with 4viii4 waincloutes of yren1 ii4 lyn-pinnes of yren in the axiltre-endes1 ii4 axil-pynnes of yren or els of tough harde #bj wodde4 ,the bodye of the wayne of oke1 the staues1 the nether rathes1 the ouer rathes1 the crosse somer1 the keys and pikstaues4 ,and if he go with a hors-ploughe1 than muste he haue his horses or mares1 or both his hombers or #bd collers1 holmes whyted1 tresses1 swyngletrees1 and togwith4 ,sidenote3 ,the cart4 ,alsoo a carte made of asshe1 bycause it is lyghte1 and lyke stuffe to it as is to a wayne1 and also a cart-sadel1 bakbandes1 and belybandes1 and a carte-ladder behinde1 #bh whan he shall carye eyther corne or kyddes1 or suche ,sidenote3 ,cart-ladders4 other4 ,and in many countreys theyr waynes haue carte-ladders bothe behynde and before4 ,also an husbande ,sidenote3 ,axe1 hatchet1 c4 muste haue an axe1 a hachet1 a hedgyngebyll1 a pyn-awgur1 #cb a rest-awgur1 a flayle1 a spade1 and a shouell4 ,and howe-be-it that ,i gyue theym these names1 as is most comonly ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #e;b4 vsed in my contrey1 ,i knowe they haue other names in other contreyes4 ,but hereby a manne maye perceyue #cf ,sidenote3 ,expense of husbandry4 many thynges that belonge to husbandry1 to theyr greate costes and charges1 for the mayntenance and vpholdyng of the same4 ,and many moo thynges are belongynge to husbandes than these1 as ye shall well perceyue1 er ,i #dj haue made an ende of this treatyse4 ,and if a yonge husbande shulde bye all these thynges1 it wolde be ,sidenote3 ,it is better to make than buy4 costely for hym3 wherfore it is necessarye for hym to lerne to make his yokes1 oxe-bowes1 stooles1 and all #dd maner of plough-geare4 #f4 ,whether is better1 a plough of horses or a plough of oxen4 ,sidenote3 ,ox-plough and horse-plough4 ,it is to be knowen1 whether is better1 a plough of horses1 or a plough of oxen1 and therin me semeth oughte to be made a distinction4 ,for in some places an oxe-ploughe is better than a horse-plough1 and in somme #d places a horse-ploughe is better3 that is to say1 in euery place where-as the husband hath seueral pastures to put his oxen in whan they come fro theyr warke1 there the oxe-ploughe ,sidenote3 ,the ox4 is better4 ,for an oxe maye nat endure his #h ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #f4 warke1 to labour all daye1 and than to be put to the commons1 or before the herdman1 and to be set in a folde all nyghte without meate1 and go to his labour in the mornynge4 ,but and he be put in a good pasture all #ab nyghte1 he wyll labour moche of all the daye dayely4 ,and oxen wyl plowe in tough cley1 and vpon hylly grounde1 where-as horses wyll stande still4 ,and where-as ,sidenote3 ,the horse4 is noo seuerall pastures1 there the horse-plowe is better1 #af for the horses may be teddered or tyed vpon leys1 balkes1 or hades1 where as oxen maye not be kept3 and it is not vsed to tedder them1 but in fewe places4 ,and horses wyl goo faster than oxen on euen grounde #bj or lyght grounde1 be quicker for cariage3 but they be ferre more costly to kepe in winter1 for they must haue both hey and corne to eate1 and strawe for lytter2 they must be well shodde on all foure fete1 and the gere that they #bd shal drawe with is more costely than for the oxen1 and ,sidenote3 ,oxen are cheap1 shorter whyle it wyll last4 ,and oxen wyll eate but straw1 and a lyttell hey1 the whiche is not halfe the coste that horsis must haue1 and they haue no shoes1 as horses haue4 #bh ,and if any sorance come to the horse1 or he waxe olde1 broysed1 or blynde1 than he is lyttell worthe4 ,and if any sorance come to an oxe1 and he waxe olde1 broysed1 or ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #f;b4 blinde1 for ii4s4 he maye be fedde1 and thanne he is mannes #cb ,sidenote3 and they can be eaten4 meate1 and as good or better than euer he was4 ,and the horse1 whan he dyethe1 is but caryen4 ,and therfore me semeth1 all thynges consydered1 the ploughe of oxen is moche more profytable than the ploughe of horses4 #cf #g4 ,the dylygence and attendaunce that a husbande shulde gyue to his warke1 in maner of an other prologue1 and the speciall grounde of all this treatyse4 ,sidenote3 ,take pains1 keep measure1 and be rich4 ,thou husbande1 that intendeste to gette thy lyuynge by husbandry1 take hede to the sayenge of the wyse phylosopher1 the which sayth1 ,adhibe curam1 tene mensuram1 et eris diues4 ,that is to saye1 ,take hede to thy charge1 #d kepe measure1 and thou shalt be ryche4 ,and nowe to speke of the fyrste artycle of these 4iii4 scilicet ,adhibe curam4 ,he that wyll take vpon hym to do any thinge1 and be slouthefull1 recheles1 and not diligent to execute #h and to performe that thynge that he taketh vpon hym1 he shall neuer thryue by his occupation4 ,and to the same entente saythe our lorde in his gospell1 by a parable4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #g4 ,nemo mittens manum suam ad aratrum respiciens retro1 aptus #ab ,sidenote3 ,luke ix4 #fb4 est regno dei4 ,the spirytuall constructyon of this texte1 ,i remytte to the doctours of dyuynitie1 and to the greate clarkes2 but to reduce and brynge the same texte to my ,sidenote3 ,no man1 putting his hand to the plough1 c4 purpose1 ,i take it thus4 ,there is noo man1 puttynge his #af hande to the plough1 lokyng backewarde1 is worthy to haue that thynge that he oughte to haue4 ,for if he goo to the ploughe1 and loke backewarde1 he seeth not whether the plough go in rydge or rayne1 make a balke1 #bj or go ouerthwarte4 ,and if it do so1 there wyll be lyttell ,sidenote3 ,be not idle4 corne4 ,and so if a man attende not his husbandrye1 but goo to sporte or playe1 tauerne or ale-house1 or slepynge at home1 and suche other ydle warkes1 he is not than #bd ,sidenote3 ,do what you came to do4 worthy to haue any corne4 ,and therfore1 ,fac quod venisti1 ,do that thou comest fore1 and thou shalte fynde that thou sekest fore1 c4 #h4 ,howe a man shulde plowe all maner of landes all tymes of the yere4 ,sidenote3 ,times of the year4 ,nowe these plowes be made and tempered1 it is to be knowen howe a man shoulde plowe all tymes of the yere4 ,in the begynnynge of the yere1 after the ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #g;b4 feast of the ,epiphany1 it is tyme for a husbande to #d ,sidenote3 ,plough leas early4 go to the ploughe4 ,and if thou haue any leys1 to falowe or to sowe otes vpon1 fyrste plowe them1 that the grasse and the mosse may rotte1 and plowe them a depe square forowe4 ,and in all maner of plowynge1 #h se that thy eye1 thy hande1 and thy fote do agree1 and be alwaye redy one to serue a-nother1 and to turne ,sidenote3 ,lay the mould flat4 vp moche molde1 and to lay it flat1 that it rere not on edge4 ,for if it rere on edge1 the grasse and mosse #ab wyll not rotte4 ,and if thou sowe it with winter-corne1 as whete or ry1 as moche corne as toucheth the mosse wyll be drowned1 the mosse dothe kepe such wete in it self4 ,and in some countreys1 if a man plowe depe1 #af he shall passe the good grounde1 and haue but lyttel corne3 but that countrey is not for men to kepe husbandry vppon1 but for to rere and brede catell or shepe1 for ,sidenote3 ,beeting land with mattocks4 elles they muste go beate theyr landes with mattockes1 #bj as they do in many places of ,cornewayle1 and in som places of ,deuonshyre4 #i4 ,to plowe for pease and beanes4 ,sidenote3 ,peas and beans4 ,howe to plowe for pees and beanes1 were necessarye to knowe4 ,fyrst thou muste remember1 whiche is ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #h4 mooste cley-grounde1 and that plowe fyrste1 and lette it lye a good space1 er thou sowe it3 bycause the #d froste1 the rayne1 the wynde1 and the sonne may cause it to breake smalle1 to make moche molde1 and to ,sidenote3 ,plough a square furrow4 rygge it4 ,and to plow a square forowe1 the bredthe and the depenes all one1 and to laye it close to his #h felow4 ,for the more forowes1 the more corne1 for a generall rule of all maner of cornes4 ,and that may be proued at the comynge vp of all maner of corne1 to stande at the landes ende and loke toward the other #ab ende2 ,and than may ye se1 howe the corne groweth4 #aj4 ,howe to sowe bothe pease and beanes4 ,sidenote3 ,sowing of peas and beans4 ,thou shalt sowe thy peas vpon the cley-grounde1 and thy beanes vpon the barley-grounde3 for they wolde haue ranker grounde than pease4 ,how-be-it some husbandes holde opynion1 that bigge and styffe #d grounde1 as cley1 wolde be sowen with bigge stuffe1 as beanes2 but me thynke the contrary4 ,for if a dry sommer come1 his beanes wil be shorte4 ,and if the grounde be good1 putte the more beanes to the pease1 #h and the better shall they yelde1 whan they be thresshed4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #h;b4 ,and if it be very ranke grounde1 as is moche at euery towne-syde1 where catel doth resort1 plowe not that lande1 tyll ye wyll sowe it2 for if ye do1 there wyll #ab ,sidenote3 ,in rank ground sow beans4 come vppe kedlokes and other wedes4 ,and than sowe it with beanes2 for if ye sowe pees1 the kedlokes wyll hurte them2 and whan ye se seasonable time1 sow both pees and beanes1 so that they be sowen in the #af begynnynge of ,marche4 ,howe shall ye knowe seasonable ,sidenote3 ,if the land sing1 it is too wet to sow4 tyme8 go vppon the lande1 that is plowed1 and if it synge or crye1 or make any noyse vnder thy fete1 than it is to wete to sowe3 and if it make no noyse1 and #bj wyll beare thy horses1 thanne sowe in the name of god4 ,sidenote3 ,how to sow peas4 ,but howe to sowe8 ,put thy pees in-to thy hopper1 and take a brode thonge1 of ledder1 or of garthe-webbe of an elle longe1 and fasten it to bothe endes of the #bd hopper1 and put it ouer thy heed1 lyke a leysshe2 and stande in the myddes of the lande1 where the sacke lyethe1 the whiche is mooste conueniente for the fyllynge of thy hopper1 and set thy lefte foote before1 and take #bh an handefull of pees3 and whan thou takeste vp thy ryghte foote1 than caste thy pees fro the all abrode2 and whan thy lefte fote ryseth1 take an other handeful1 and whan the ryght fote ryseth1 than cast them fro the4 #cb ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #i4 ,and so at euery ii4 paces1 thou shalte sowe an handful of pees3 and so se that the fote and the hande ,sidenote3 ,cast them wide4 agree1 and than ye shal sowe euen4 ,and in your castynge1 ye muste open as well your fyngers as your hande1 #cf and the hyer and farther that ye caste your corne1 the better shall it sprede1 excepte it be a greatte wynde4 ,and if the lande be verye good1 and wyll breke small in the plowynge1 it is better to sowe after the ploughe #dj thanne tarye any lenger4 #aa4 ,sede of discretion4 ,sidenote3 ,seed of ,discretion4 ,there is a sede1 that is called ,discretion1 and if a husband haue of that sede1 and myngle it amonge his other cornes1 they wyll growe moche the better2 for that sede wyll tell hym1 how many castes of corne #d euery lande ought to haue4 ,and a yonge husbande1 and may fortune some olde husbande1 hath not sufficyente ,sidenote3 ,borrow discretion1 if you have it not4 of that sede3 and he that lackethe1 let hym borowe of his neyghbours that haue4 ,and his neyghbours #h be vnkynde1 if they wyll not lende this yonge housbande parte of this sede4 ,for this sede of ,discretion hath a wonders property3 for the more that it is taken of or lente1 the more it is4 ,and therfore me semeth1 #ab ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #i;b4 it shoulde be more spyrituall than temporall1 wherin ,sidenote3 ,temporal things1 when divided1 wane4 is a greate dyuersitie4 ,for a temporall thynge1 the more it is deuyded1 the lesse it is3 and a spirytuall thynge1 the more it is deuided1 the more it is4 ,verbi #af gratia4 ,for ensaumple1 ,i put case a wyfe brynge a lofe of breade to the churche1 to make holy breade of2 whan it is cut in many smal peces1 and holy breade made therof1 there may be so many men1 women1 #bj and children in the churche1 that by that tyme the priest hath delte to euery one of them a lyttell pece1 there shall neuer a crume be lefte in the hamper4 ,and a ,sidenote3 ,spiritual things1 when divided1 wax4 spiritualle thynge as a ,pater-noster1 or a prayer1 that any #bd man can say1 let hym teache it to 4xx41 a 4,c41 or to a 4,m41 yet is the prayer neuer the lesse1 but moche more4 ,and so this sede of ,discrecion is but wisdome and reason3 and he that hath wysedome1 reason1 and discretion may teche #bh it1 and enforme other men as he is bounde to do4 ,wherein he shall haue thanke of god3 and he doth but as god hath ,sidenote3 ,matt4 x4 #h4 commaunded hym in his gospell1 ,quod gratis accepistis1 gratis date3 ,that thynge that ye toke frely1 gyue it frely #cb again1 and yet shall ye haue neuer the lesse4 #ab4 ,howe all maner corne shoulde be sowen4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #aj4 ,bvt yet me thynkethe it is necessarye to declare1 howe all maner of corne shuld be sowen1 and howe moch vpon an acre most comonly1 and fyrste of pease and ,sidenote3 ,an acre of ground4 beanes4 ,an acre of grounde1 by the statute1 that is to say #d xvi4 fote and a half to the perche or pole1 foure perches to an acre in bredth1 and fortye perches to an acre in ,sidenote3 ,london bushels4 lengthe1 may be metelye well sowen with two ,london busshelles of pease1 the whyche is but two strykes in #h other places4 ,and if there be the 4iiii4 parte beanes1 than wylle it haue halfe a ,london bushelle more3 and yf it be halfe beanes1 it wyll haue thre ,london bushels3 and if it be all beanes1 it wyll haue foure ,london busshelles fullye1 #ab and that is half a quarter2 bycause the beanes be gret1 and grow vp streight1 do not sprede and go abrode as ,sidenote3 ,beans worth more than peas4 pease do4 ,an acre of good beanes is worth an acre a half of good pees1 bycause there wylle be more busshelles4 #af ,and the beste propertie that belongeth to a good husband is1 to sowe all maner of corne thycke ynough1 and specially beanes and barley4 ,for commonly they be sowen vpon ranke ground1 and good grounde wylle haue #bj the burthen of corne or of wede4 ,and as moche plowynge and harowynge hath an acre of grounde1 and ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #aj;b4 sowe thervppon but oone busshelle1 as yf he sowed 4iiii4 busshelles4 ,and vndoutedly 4i4 busshell may not gyue so #bd moche corne agayne1 as the 4iiii4 busshels1 though the 4iii4 bushels1 that he sowed more1 be alowed and set aparte4 ,sidenote3 ,white1 green1 and grey peas4 ,and i4 busshel and an halfe of white or grene pees1 wyll sowe as moche grounde1 as two busshels of gray pees3 #bh and that is bycause they be so smal1 and the husband nedeth not to take so great an handful4 ,in some countreys they begyn to sowe pees soone after ,christmasse3 and in some places they sowe bothe pees and #cb beanes vnder forowe3 and those of reson must be sowen ,sidenote3 ,feb4 #b4 betyme4 ,but moste generally1 to begyn sone after ,candelmasse is good season1 so that they be sowen ere the begynnynge of ,marche1 or sone vpon4 ,and specially let #cf them be sowen in the olde of the mone4 ,for thopinion of olde husbandes is1 that they shoulde the better codde1 and the sooner be rype4 ,but ,i speke not of hasty pees1 for they be sowen before ,christmasse1 c4 #dj #ac4 ,to sowe barley4 ,sidenote3 ,barley4 ,every good housbande hath his barleye-falowe well dounged1 and lyenge rygged all the depe and colde of wynter2 the whiche ryggynge maketh the lande to be ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #aa4 drye1 and the dongynge maketh it to be melowe and #d ranke4 ,and if a drye season come before ,candelmasse1 or sone after1 it wolde be caste downe and waterforowed bytwene the landes1 that the wete rest not in the raine3 and in the begynnynge of ,marche1 rydge it vppe agayne1 #h ,sidenote3 ,sow five bushels to the acre4 and to sowe in euery acre fyue ,london bushelles1 or foure at the leaste4 ,and some yeres it maye so fortune1 that there cometh no seasonable wether before ,marche1 to plowe his barley-erthe4 ,and as soone as he hath #ab sowen his pees and beanes1 than let hym caste his barley-erthe1 and shortly after rygge it agayne3 soo that it be sowen before ,apryll4 ,and if the yere-tyme be paste1 than sowe it vpon the castynge4 #af ,it is to be knowen that there be thre maner of barleys1 that is to say1 sprot-barleye1 longe-eare1 and beare-barley1 ,sidenote3 ,sprot-barley4 that some menne call bigge4 ,sprot-barley hath a flat eare most comonly1 thre quarters of an inche brode1 #bj and thre inches long1 and the cornes be very great ,sidenote3 ,long-ear4 and white1 and it is the best barley4 ,long-eare hath a flatte eare1 halfe an inche brode1 and foure inches and more of length3 but the corne is not so greate #bd nor soo whyte1 and sooner it wyll turne and growe ,sidenote3 ,bear-barley4 to otes4 ,bere-barleye or bygge wolde be sowen vppon ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #aa;b4 lyghte and drye grounde1 and hathe an eare thre ynches of lengthe or more1 sette foure-square1 lyke pecke-whete1 #bh small cornes1 and lyttel floure1 and that is the worste barley1 and foure ,london bushels are suffycient for an acre4 ,and in some countreyes1 they do not sowe theyr barley tyll ,maye1 and that is mooste commonly vpon #cb grauel or sandy grounde4 ,but that barley generally is ,sidenote3 ,sow in ,march4 neuer soo good as that that is sowen in ,marche4 ,for if it be verye drie wether after it be sowen1 that corne that lyeth aboue1 lyeth drie1 and hath noo moysture1 and that #cf that lyeth vndernethe1 commeth vp3 and whan rayne cometh1 than sprutteth that that lyeth aboue1 and often-tymes it is grene whan the other is rype3 and whan it is thresshen1 there is moche lyghte corne1 c4 #dj #ad4 ,to sowe otes4 ,sidenote3 ,oats4 ,and in ,marche is tyme to sowe otes1 and specially vpon lyght grounde drie1 howe-be-it they wylle grow on weter grounde than any corne els3 for wete grounde is good for no maner of corne2 and thre ,london bushels #d wyl sowe an acre4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ab4 ,and it is to be knowen1 that there be 4iii4 maner of otes1 ,sidenote3 ,red oats4 that is to saye1 redde otes1 blacke otes1 and roughe otes4 ,red otes are the beste otes1 and whan they be thresshed1 #h they be yelowe in the busshell1 and verye good to make ,sidenote3 ,black oats4 otemele of4 ,blacke otes are as great as they be1 but they haue not so moche floure in them1 for they haue a thycker huske1 and also they be not so good to make otemele4 #ab ,sidenote3 ,rough oats4 ,the roughe otes be the worste1 and it quiteth not the coste to sowe them3 they be very lyghte1 and haue longe tayles1 wherby they wyll hange eche one to other4 ,all these maner of otes weare the grounde very sore1 and #af ,sidenote3 ,observe how thick to sow4 maketh it to beare quyche4 ,a yonge housbande ought to take hede1 howe thycke he sowethe all maner of corne1 two or three yeres3 and to se1 howe it cometh vp1 and whether it be thycke ynoughe or not3 and if it be thynne1 #bj sowe thycker the nexte yere3 and if it be well1 holde his hande there other yeres3 and if it be to thynne1 let hym remember hym selfe1 whether it be for the vnseasonablenes of the wether1 or for thyn sowynge4 ,and so #bd his wysedome and discretion muste discerne it4 #ae4 ,to harowe all maner of cornes4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ab;b4 ,nowe these landes be plowed1 and the corne sowen1 it ,sidenote3 ,harrowing4 is conuenient1 that they be well harowed2 or els crowes1 doues1 and other byrdes wyll eate and beare awaye the cornes4 ,it is vsed in many countreys1 the husbandes to #d ,sidenote3 ,the ox-harrow4 haue an oxe-harowe1 the whiche is made of sixe smal ,sidenote3 ,harrow-bulls4 peces of timbre1 called harowe-bulles1 made eyther of asshe or oke2 they be two yardes longe1 and as moche as the small of a mannes legge1 and haue shotes#bc of wode #h put through theym lyke lathes1 and in euery bull are syxe sharpe peces of yren called harowe-tyndes1 set some-what a-slope forwarde1 and the formest slote#bd must be bygger than the other1 bycause the fote-teame shall be fastened #ab to the same with a shakyll1 or a withe to drawe by4 ,this ,sidenote3 ,the horse-harrow4 harrowe is good to breake the greatte clottes1 and to make moche molde1 and than the horse-harowes to come after1 to make the clottes smaller1 and to laye the grounde euen4 #af ,it is a greate labour and payne to the oxen1 to goo to ,sidenote3 #8,the ox is never woe1 ,till he to the harrow go4' harowe3 for they were better to goo to the plowe two dayes1 thanne to harowe one daye4 ,it is an olde saying1 #8,the oxe is neuer wo1 tyll he to the harowe goo4' ,and #bj it is bycause it goeth by twytches1 and not alwaye ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ac4 after one draughte4 ,the horse-harrowe is made of fyue bulles1 and passe not an elne of lengthe1 and not soo moche as the other1 but they be lyke sloted and tinded4 #bd ,and whan the corne is well couered1 than it is harowed ynough4 ,there be horse-harowes1 that have tyndes of wodde3 and those be vsed moche about ,ryppon1 and ,sidenote3 ,boulder-stones4 suche other places1 where be many bulder-stones4 ,for #bh these stones wold weare the yren to soone1 and those ,sidenote3 ,tines of the harrow made of ash4 tyndes be mooste commonly made of the grounde ende of a yonge asshe1 and they be more thanne a fote longe in the begynnynge1 and stande as moche aboue the harowe #cb as benethe4 ,and as they weare1 or breake1 they dryue them downe lower2 and they wolde be made longe before1 ere they be occupied1 that they maye be drye2 for than they shall #cf endure and last moche better1 and stycke the faster4 ,sidenote3 ,horses for harrows4 ,the horses that shall drawe these harowes1 muste be well kepte and shodde1 or elles they wyll soone be tyred1 and sore beate1 that they may not drawe4 ,they must haue #dj hombers or collers1 holmes withed about theyr neckes1 ,sidenote3 ,swingle-tree4 tresses to drawe by1 and a swyngletre to holde the tresses abrode1 and a togewith to be bytwene the swyngletre and the harowe4 ,and if the barleye-grounde wyll not breake #dd with harrowes1 but be clotty1 it wolde be beaten with ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ac;b4 malles1 and not streyght downe2 for than they beate the corne in-to the erthe4 ,and if they beate the clot on the syde1 it wyll the better breake4 ,and the clot wyll lye #dh lyghte1 that the corne maye lyghtely come vp4 ,and they ,sidenote3 ,rolling the ground4 vse to role theyr barley-grounde after a shoure of rayne1 to make the grounde euen to mowe1 c4 #af4 ,to falowe4 ,nowe these housbandes haue sowen theyr pees1 beanes1 barley1 and otes1 and harowed them1 it is the beste tyme1 ,sidenote3 ,fallow in ,april4 to falowe1 in the later ende of ,marche and ,apryll1 for whete1 rye1 and barley4 ,and lette the husbande do the #d ,sidenote3 ,plough broad and deep4 beste he can1 to plowe a brode forowe and a depe1 soo that he turne it cleane1 and lay it flat1 that it rere not on the edge3 the whiche shall destroy all the thistils and wedes4 ,for the deper and the broder that he gothe1 #h the more newe molde1 and the greatter clottes shall he haue1 and the greatter clottes1 the better wheate4 ,for the clottes kepe the wheate warme all wynter1 and at ,marche they wyll melte and breake1 and fal in manye #ab small peces1 the whiche is a newe dongynge1 and refresshynge ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ad1 misprinted #af4 of the corne4 ,and also there shall but lyttell wedes growe vpon the falowes1 that are so falowed4 ,for the plough goth vndernethe the rootes of all maner of #af ,sidenote3 ,never fallow in winter2 else wedes1 and tourneth the roote vpwarde1 that it maye not growe4 ,and yf the lande be falowed in wynter tyme1 it is farre the worse1 for three principall causes4 ,one is1 all the ,sidenote3 7#a7 rain will wash the land2 rayne that commeth1 shal washe the lande1 and dryue #bj awaye the dounge and the good moulde1 that the lande ,sidenote3 7#b7 rain will beat it flat2 shall be moche the worse4 ,an other cause is1 the rayne shall beate the lande so flat1 and bake it so hard to-gyther1 that if a drye ,maye come1 it wyll be to harde to stere in #bd ,sidenote3 7#c7 the weeds will take deep root4 the moneth of ,june4 ,and the thyrde cause is1 the wiedes shall take suche roote1 er sterynge-tyme comme1 that they wylle not be cleane tourned vndernethe1 the whiche shal be great hurte to the corne1 whan it shall be sowen1 and #bh specially in the weding-tyme of the same2 and for any other thynge1 make a depe holowe forowe in the rydge of ,sidenote3 ,do not rest-baulk4 the lande1 and loke wel1 thou rest-balke it nat2 for if thou do1 there wyll be many thystels3 and than thou #cb shalte not make a cleane rydge at the fyrste sterynge1 and therfore it muste nedes be depe plowed1 or elles thou shalt nat tourne the wiedes cleane4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ad;b4 #ag4 ,to cary out donge or mucke and to sprede it4 ,and in the later ende of ,apryll1 and the begynnynge of ,sidenote3 ,carry out dung4 ,maye1 is tyme to cary out his dounge or mucke1 and to lay it vppon his barley-grounde4 ,and where he hath barley this yere1 sowe it with whete or rye the next #d tyme it is falowed1 and so shal he mucke all his landes ouer at euerye seconde falowe4 ,but that husbande that can fynd the meanes to cary oute his donge1 and to laye ,sidenote3 ,lay dung on the land after the first stirring1 it vpon his lande after it be ones sturred3 it is moche #h better than to laye it vppon his falowe1 for dyuer causes4 ,one is1 if it be layde vpon his fallowe1 all that fallethe in the holowe rygge shall do lyttell good2 for whan it is rygged agayne1 it lyeth soo depe in the erthe1 that #ab it wyll not be plowed vp agayne1 excepte that whan he hath sprede it1 he wyll with a shouell1 or a spade1 caste out all that is fallen in the rygge4 ,and if it be layde ,sidenote3 and soon after stirring4 vpon the sturrynge1 at euery plowynge it shall medle #af the donge and the erthe togyder1 the whiche shall cause the corne moche better to growe and encreace4 ,and in somme places1 they lode not theyr donge1 tyll harvest be done1 that is vsed in the farther #bj ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ae4 syde of ,darbyshyre1 called ,scaresdale1 ,halomshyre1 and so northewarde towarde ,yorke and ,ryppon3 and that ,i calle better thanne vppon the falowe1 and specyally for barley3 but vppon the fyrste sturrynge1 is beste #bd for wheate and rye1 and that his dunge be layde vpon ,sidenote3 ,spread it evenly4 smal hepes nygh together1 and to sprede it euenly1 and to leue no dounge there-as the mucke-hepe stode1 for the moystnes of the dounge shall cause the grounde to #bh ,sidenote3 ,mix it with earth4 be ranke ynoughe4 ,and if it be medled with erthe1 as sholynges and suche other1 it wyll laste the longer1 and better for barley than for whete or rye1 bycause of wedes4 ,horse-donge is the worste donge that is4 ,the #cb donge of all maner catell1 that chewe theyr cudde1 ,sidenote3 ,doves' dung4 is verye good4 ,and the dounge of douues is best1 but it must be layde vppon the grounde verye thynne4 #ah4 ,to set out the shepe-folde4 ,sidenote3 ,the sheep-fold4 ,also it is tyme to set out the shepefolde in ,may1 and to sette it vppon the rye-grounde1 if he haue any1 and to flyte it euery mornynge or nyght3 and in the mornynge1 whan he cometh to his folde1 let not his #d ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ae;b4 shepe out anone1 but reyse theym vp1 and let them stande stylle good season1 that they may donge and ,sidenote3 ,see if the sheep have maggots4 pysse4 ,and go amonge them to se whether any of them haue any mathes1 or be scabbed3 and se them #h thre or foure tymes on the oone syde1 and as ofte on the other syde4 ,and whan the kelles begonne besyde the grounde1 than lette theym out of the folde1 and dryue theym to the soundest place of the felde4 ,but #ab ,sidenote3 ,folding sheep is not a good plan4 he that hath a falowe felde1 seueral to hym-selfe1 let hym occupie no folde4 ,for foldynge of shepe maketh them scabbed1 and bredeth mathes2 and whanne a storme of yll wether commeth in the night1 they can #af nat flee nor go awaye1 and that appeyreth them sore of their flesshe4 ,but lette that man that hath such a ,sidenote3 ,drive stakes in the field4 seueral falowe-felde1 driue twentie1 thyrty1 or forty stakes1 accordynge to the nombre of his shepe1 vpon his falowe1 #bj where he wolde sette his folde1 and specially in the farthest parte of the fyelde frome thense as they comme in1 for the goynge vppon dothe moche good4 ,and lette the sheparde brynge his shepe to the stakes1 and #bd ,sidenote3 ,the sheep will rub against them4 the sheepe wylle rubbe them on the stakes4 ,and lette the sheparde goo aboute them1 tyll they be sette1 and thus serue theym two or three nyghtes1 and they wyll folowe those stakes1 as he flytteth them1 and syt by #bh ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #af1 misprinted #ad4 them4 ,and if any yll wether come1 they will ryse vp1 and go to the hedge4 ,and this maner of foldynge shall brede noo mathes nor scabbe1 nor appeyre theym of theyr flesshe1 and shall be a greate sauegarde to the #cb shepe for rottynge3 and in the mornynge put them out of theyr pasture1 and thou shalte not nede to bye any ,sidenote3 ,use no hurdles4 hurdels nor shepe-flekes2 but howe ye shall salue them or dresse them1 ye shall vnderstande in the chaypter of #cf shepe after4 #ai4 ,to cary wodde and other necessaryes4 ,sidenote3 ,in ,may carry wood4 ,and in ,may1 whan thou hast falowed thy grounde1 and set oute thy shepefolde1 and caryed oute thy dounge or mucke1 if thou haue any wodde1 cole1 or tymbre to cary1 or suche other busynes1 that muste nedes be doone1 #d with thy charte or wayne1 than is it tyme to do it4 ,for ,sidenote3 ,the days are then long4 than the waye is lyke to be fayre and drye1 and the days longe1 and that tyme the husbande hath leeste to doo in husbandry4 ,perauenture ,i set one thynge to be done at #h one tyme of the yere1 and if the husbande shulde do it1 it shulde be a greatter losse to hym in an other thynge4 ,wherefore it is moste conuenient to do that thynge fyrst1 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #af;b4 that is moste profytable to hym1 and as soone as he #ab can1 do the other labour4 #bj4 ,to knowe dyuers maner of wedes4 ,sidenote3 ,in ,june weed the corn4 ,in the later ende of ,maye1 and the begynnynge of ,june1 is tyme to wede thy corne4 ,there be diuers maner of wedes1 as thistyls1 kedlokes1 dockes1 cocledrake1 darnolde1 gouldes1 haudoddes1 dogfenell1 mathes1 ter1 #d and dyuers other small wedes4 ,but these be they that ,sidenote3 ,thistles4 greue mooste3 ,the thistyll is an yll wede1 roughe and sharpe to handell1 and freteth away the cornes nygh it1 and causeth the sherers or reapers not to shere cleane4 #h ,sidenote3 ,charlock4 ,kedlokes hath a leafe lyke rapes1 and beareth a yelowe floure1 and is an yll wede1 and groweth in al maner corne1 and hath small coddes1 and groweth lyke mustard sede4 ,sidenote3 ,docks4 ,dockes have a brode lefe1 and diuers high spyres1 and #ab ,sidenote3 ,cockle4 very small sede in the toppe4 ,cockole hath a longe small lefe1 and wyl beare fyue or vi4 floures of purple colour1 as brode as a grote1 and the sede is rounde and blacke1 and maye well be suffred in a breade-corne1 but not in sede1 #af ,sidenote3 #8,drake4' for therin is moche floure4 ,drake is lyke vnto rye1 till it ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ag4 begynne to sede1 and it hath many sedes lyke fenell-sedes1 and hangeth downewarde1 and it maye wel be suffred in breade1 for there is moche floure in the sede3 and it is an #bj ,sidenote3 ,darnel4 opinion that it commeth of rye1 c4 ,dernolde groweth vp streyght lyke an hye grasse1 and hath longe sedes on eyther syde the sterte1 and there is moche floure in that sede1 and growethe moche amonge barley3 and it is #bd ,sidenote3 ,golds4 sayde1 that it cometh of small barley4 ,golds hath a shorte iagged lefe1 and groweth halfe a yarde hygh1 and hath a yelowe floure1 as brode as a grote1 and is an yll wede1 and ,sidenote3 ,hawdod4 groweth commonlye in barleye and pees4 ,hawdod hath #bh a blewe floure1 and a fewe lyttell leues1 and hath 4v4 or syxe braunches1 floured in the toppe3 and groweth comonly in ,sidenote3 ,dog-fennel4 rye vpon leane grounde1 and dothe lyttel hurte4 ,dogge-fenell and mathes is bothe one1 and in the commynge vp #cb is lyke fenell and beareth many white floures1 with a yelowe sede3 and is the worste wede that is1 excepte terre1 and it commeth moste commonly1 whan great wete commeth ,sidenote3 ,tares4 shortly after the corne is sowen4 ,terre is the #cf worste wede1 and it neuer dothe appere tyll the moneth of ,june1 and specyallye whanne there is great wete in that mone1 or a lyttell before1 and groweth mooste in rye1 and it groweth lyke fytches1 but it is moche smaller1 and #dj ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ag;b4 it wyll growe as hyghe as the corne1 and with the weyght therof it pulleth the corne flatte to the erth1 and freteth the eares away2 wherfore ,i haue seene housbandes mowe downe the corne and it together3 ,and also with sharp #dd hokes to repe it1 as they doo pees1 and made drye1 and than it wyll be good fodder4 ,sidenote3 ,dee-nettles4 ,there be other wedes not spoken of1 as dee-nettylles1 ,sidenote3 ,dodder4 dodder1 and suche other1 that doo moche harme4 #dh #ba4 ,howe to wede corne4 ,sidenote3 ,how to weed4 ,nowe it wolde be knowen1 howe these cornes shulde be weded4 ,the chyefe instrument to wede with is a paire of tonges made of wode1 and in the farther ende it is nycked1 to holde the wed faster2 and after a shoure of #d raine it is beste wedynge1 for than they maye be pulled vp by the rotes1 and than it cometh neuer agayne4 ,and ,sidenote3 ,weeding-hook4 if it be drye wether1 than muste ye haue a wedynge-hoke with a socket set vpon a lyttel staffe of a yarde longe1 and #h this hoke wolde be well steeled1 and grounde sharpe bothe ,sidenote3 ,forked stick4 behynde and before4 ,and in his other hande he hath a forked stycke a yarde longe1 and with his forked stycke ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ah4 he putteth the wede from hym1 and he putteth the hoke #ab beyond the rote of the wede1 and pulleth it to hym1 and cutteth the wede fast by the erthe1 and with his hoke he taketh up the wede1 and casteth it in the reane1 and if the reane be full of corne1 it is better it stande styll1 #af whan it is cut1 and wyddre3 but let hym beware1 that he trede not to moche vppon the corne1 and specyallye after ,sidenote3 ,cut not the corn4 it is shotte1 and whan he cutteth the wede1 that he cut not the corne3 and therefore the hoke wolde not passe #bj an inche wyde4 ,and whanne the wede is soo shorte1 that he can not with his forked stycke put it from hym1 and with the hoke pull it to hym1 thanne muste he set his hoke vppon the wede1 fast by the erthe1 and put it #bd from hym1 and so shall he cutte it cleane4 ,and with ,sidenote3 ,stoop not4 these two instruments1 he shall neuer stoupe to his warke4 ,dogfenell1 goldes1 mathes1 and kedlokes are yll to wede after this maner1 they growe vppon so many braunches1 #bh ,sidenote3 ,pull up darnel4 harde by the erthe3 and therfore they vse most to pul them vppe with theyr handes2 but loke well1 that they pull not vppe the corne with all2 but as for terre1 there wyll noo wedynge serue4 #cb #bb4 ,the fyrst sturrynge4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ah;b4 ,also in ,june is tyme to rygge vppe the falowe1 the whiche is called the fyrst sturrynge1 and to plowe it as depe as thou canste1 for to tourne the rotes of the wedes vpwarde1 that the sonne and the drye wether maye kyll #d them4 ,and an housbande can not conuenyentelye plowe ,sidenote3 ,how to plough and load out dung4 his lande1 and lode out his dounge bothe vppon a daye1 with one draughte of beastes3 but he maye well lode oute his dounge before none1 and lode heye or corne at-after #h none3 or he maye plowe before none1 and lode hey or corne at-after none1 with the same draughte1 and noo hurte to the cattell3 bycause in lodynge of hey or corne1 the cattel is alwaye eatynge or beytynge1 and soo they #ab can not doo in lodynge of dounge and plowynge4 #bc4 ,to mowe grasse4 ,sidenote3 ,end of ,june4 ,also in the later ende of ,june is tyme to begyn to mowe1 if thy medowe be well growen3 but howe-so-euer ,sidenote3 ,july4 they be growen1 in ,july they muste nedes mowe1 for diuers causes4 ,one is1 it is not conuenient to haue hey #d ,sidenote3 ,mow hay early4 and corne bothe in occupation at one tyme4 ,an other is1 the yonger and the grener that the grasse is1 the softer ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ai4 and the sweter it wyll be1 whan it is hey1 but it wyll haue the more wyddrynge2 and the elder the grasse is1 the #h harder and dryer it is1 and the worse for al maner of cattell3 for the sedes be fallen1 the whiche is in maner of prouander1 and it is the harder to eate and chowe4 ,and an other cause is1 if drye wether come1 it wyll drye #ab and burne vpon the grounde1 and waste away4 ,take ,sidenote3 ,how to mow4 hede that thy mower mow clene and holde downe the hynder hand of his sith1 that he do not endent the grasse1 and to mowe his swathe cleane thorowe to that that #af was laste mowen before1 that he leaue not a mane bytwene1 and specyallye in the common medowe3 for in the seuerall medowe it maketh the lesse charge1 and that ,sidenote3 ,mole-hills4 the moldywarpe-hilles be spredde1 and the styckes cleane #bj pycked out of the medowe in ,apryll1 or in the beginnynge of ,maye4 #bd4 ,howe forkes and rakes shulde be made4 ,sidenote3 ,forks and rakes4 ,a ,good husbande hath his forkes and rakes made redye in the wynter before1 and they wolde be gotte bytwene ,mighelmasse and ,martylmasse1 and beyked1 and ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ai;b4 sette euen1 to lye vpryght in thy hande3 and than they #d wyll be harde styffe and drye4 ,and whan the housbande sytteth by the fyre1 and hath nothynge to do1 than maye he make theym redye1 and tothe the rakes with drye wethy-wode1 ,sidenote3 ,bore holes for the teeth of the rakes4 and bore the holes with his wymble1 bothe aboue #h and vnder1 and driue the tethe vpwarde faste and harde1 and than wedge them aboue with drye woode of oke1 for that is hard1 and wil driue and neuer come out4 ,and if he get them in sappe-tyme1 all the beykyng and drienge #ab that can be had shal not make them harde and styffe1 ,sidenote3 ,use hazel and withy4 but they woll alwaye be plyenge3 for they be moste comonly made of hasell and withee1 and these be the trees that blome1 and specially hasell3 for it begynneth #af ,sidenote3 ,use no green wood4 to blome as sone as the lefe is fallen4 ,and if the rake be made of grene woode1 the heed wyll not abyde vppon the stele1 and the tethe wyll fall out1 whan he hath mooste nede to them1 and let his warke1 and lose #bj ,sidenote3 ,make all evenly4 moche heye4 ,and se that thy rake and forke lye vpryghte in thy hand1 for and the one ende of thy rake1 or the syde of thy forke1 hang downe-warde1 than they be not handsome nor easy to worke with4 #bd #be4 ,to tedde and make hay4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #bj4 ,whan thy medowes be mowed1 they wolde be well ,sidenote3 ,tedding hay4 tedded and layde euen vppon the grounde3 and if the grasse be very thycke1 it wolde be shaken with handes1 ,sidenote3 ,ted hay carefully4 or with a shorte pykforke4 ,for good teddynge is the #d chiefe poynte to make good hey1 and than shall it be wyddred all in lyke1 or elles not3 and whan it is wel wyddred on the ouer syde1 and dry1 than turne it cleane before noone1 as soone as the dewe is gone3 ,and yf thou #h dare truste the wether1 lette it lye so all nyghte3 and on the nexte daye1 tourne it agayne before none1 and towarde nyght make it in wyndrowes1 and than in smal ,sidenote3 ,hay-cocks4 hey-cockes1 and so to stande one nyghte at the leaste1 and #ab sweate3 and on the nexte fayre day caste it abrode agayne1 and tourne it ones or twyse1 and than make it ,sidenote3 ,larger hay-cocks4 in greatter hey-cockes1 and to stande so one nyght or more1 that it maye vngiue and sweate4 ,for and it sweate #af not in the hey-cockes1 it wyll sweate in the mowe2 and than it wyll be dustye1 and not holsome for hors1 beastes1 nor shepe4 ,and whan it standeth in the cockes1 it is better to lode1 and the more hey maye be loded at a lode1 #bj ,sidenote3 ,quich-hay4 and the faster it wyll lye4 ,quyche-hey commeth of a grasse called crofote1 and groweth flatte1 after the erthe1 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #bj;b4 and bearethe a yelowe floure halfe a yarde hygh and more1 and hath many knottes towarde the roote1 and it #bd is the beste hey for horses and beastes1 and the sweteste1 if it be well got2 but it wyll haue moch more wyddrynge than other hey1 for els he wyll be-pysse hym-selfe and ,sidenote3 ,how to know when hay is dry4 waxe hote1 and after dustye4 ,and for to knowe whanne #bh it is wyddred ynoughe1 make a lyttell rope of the same1 that ye thinke shulde be moste greneste1 and twyne it as harde to-gether bytwen your handes as ye canne1 and soo ,sidenote3 ,twist a wisp1 and then cut it4 beynge harde twon1 let one take a knyfe1 and cut it faste #cb by your hande2 and the knottes wyll be moyste1 yf it be not drye ynough4 ,shorte hey1 and leye-hey1 is good for shepe1 and all maner of catell1 if it be well got4 ,a man maye speke of makynge of hey1 and gettynge of corne1 #cf but god disposeth and ordreth all thynge4 #bf4 ,howe rye shulde be shorne4 ,sidenote3 ,in ,july1 shear rye4 ,in the later ende of ,july1 or in the begynnynge of ,auguste1 is tyme to shere ,rye1 the whiche wolde be shorne cleane1 and faste bounden4 ,and in somme places they mowe it1 the whiche is not soo good to the #d housbandes profytte1 but it is the sooner done4 ,for ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ba4 whan it is mowen1 it wyll not be so fast bounden3 and he can not gather it soo cleane1 but there wyll be moche losse1 and taketh more rowme in the barne than shorne #h corne dothe4 ,and also it wyll not kepe nor saue it selfe from rayne or yll wether1 whan it standeth in the couer1 as the shorne corne wyll do4 #bg4 ,howe to shere wheate4 ,sidenote3 ,shear wheat clean4 ,wheate wolde be shorne cleane1 and harde bounden in lyke maner2 but for a generall rule1 take good hede1 that the sherers of all maner of whyte corne cast not vppe theyr handes hastely1 for thanne all the lose corne1 #d and the strawes1 that he holdeth not fast in his hande1 flieth ouer his heed1 and are loste3 and also it wyll pull of the eares1 and specyallye of the cornes that be verye ,sidenote3 ,shear wheat clean4 rype4 ,in somme places they wyll shere theyr cornes #h hyghe1 to the entente to mowe theyr stubble1 eyther to thacke or to bren3 if they so do1 they haue greate cause to take good hede of the sherers4 ,for if the eares of corne croke downe to the erthe1 and the sherer take #ab not good hede1 and put up the eare er he cut the strawe3 as many eares as be vnder his hoke or sicle ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ba;b4 fall to the erthe1 and be loste2 and whan they mowe the stubble1 it is great hyndraunce to the profytte of #af ,sidenote3 ,near ,ilchester and ,martock they shear low4 the grounde4 ,and in ,sommersetshire1 about ,zelcestre and ,martok1 they doo shere theyr wheate very lowe1 and all the wheate-strawe that they pourpose to make thacke of1 they do not thresshe it1 but cutte of the #bj eares1 and bynde it in sheues1 and call it rede3 and therwith they thacke theyr houses4 ,and if it be a ,sidenote3 ,best kind of thatching4 newe house1 they thacke it vnder theyr fote3 the whiche is the beste and the surest thacking that can #bd be of strawe1 for crowes and douues shall neuer hurte it4 #bh4 ,to mowe or shere barley and otes4 ,sidenote3 ,mow barley and oats4 ,barley and otes be moste commonly mowen1 and a man or woman folowythe the mower with a hande-rake halfe a yarde longe1 with 4vii4 or 4viii4 tethe1 in the lyfte hande1 and a syckle in the ryghte hande1 and #d with the rake he gethereth as moche as wyll make a shefe4 ,and thanne he taketh the barley or otes by the toppes1 and pulleth out as moche as wil make a band1 and casteth the band from him on the land1 and with his #h rake and his syckle taketh vp the barley or otes1 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #bb4 layeth them vppon the bande1 and so the barley lyeth vnbounden 4iii4 or 4iiii4 dayes1 if it be fayre wether1 and than to bynde it4 ,and whan the barley is ledde #ab ,sidenote3 ,rake afterwards4 away1 the landes muste be raked1 or els there wyll be moche corne loste1 and if the barley or otes lye1 they muste nedes be shorne4 #bi4 ,to repe or mowe pees and beanes4 ,sidenote3 ,reap or mow peas and beans4 ,pees and benes be moste commonly laste reped or mowen1 of diuers maners1 some with sickles1 some with hokes1 and some with staffe-hokes4 ,and in some places they lay them on repes1 and whan they be dry1 #d they laye them to-gether on heapes1 lyke hey-cockes1 and neuer bynde them4 ,but the beste way is1 whan ,sidenote3 ,bind them together4 the repes be dry1 to bynde them1 and to set theym on the rydge of the landes three sheues to-gether2 and #h loke that your sherers1 repers1 or mowers geld not ,sidenote3 ,cut beans low4 your beanes1 that is to saye1 to cutte the beanes so hye1 that the nethermoste codde growe styll on the stalke2 and whan they be bounden1 they are the more redyer #ab to lode and vnlode1 to make a reke1 and to take fro the mowe to thresshe4 ,and soo be not the repes4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #bb;b4 #cj4 ,howe all maner of cornes shulde be tythed4 ,sidenote3 ,how to tithe4 ,nowe that all these cornes before specyfyed be shorne1 mowed1 reped1 bounden vp1 and layde vppon the rydge of the lande1 lette the housbande take hede of goddes commaundemente1 and let hym goo #d ,sidenote3 ,count #i sheaves1 and cast out the tenth4 to the ende of his lande1 and begynne and tell 4ix4 sheues1 and let hym caste out the 4x4 shefe in the name of god1 and so to pervse from lande to lande1 tyll he haue trewely tythed all his corne4 ,and beware1 #h and take hede of the sayinge of our lorde by his ,sidenote3 ,malachi iii4 #h1 #i4 prophete ,malachias1 the whiche saythe1 ,quia michi non dedisti decimas et primitias1 id circo in fame et penuria maledicti estis4 ,that is to saye1 ,bycause ye haue not #ab gyuen to me your tythes1 and your fyrste-fruytes1 therefore ye be cursed1 and punysshed with honger and ,sidenote3 ,augustine4 penury4 ,and accordynge to that saynte ,austyn saythe3 ,da decimas1 alioqui incides in decimam partem angelorum #af ,sidenote3 ,give tithes truly4 qui de celo corruerunt in infernum4 ,that is to say1 ,gyue thy tythes truely1 or els thou shalt fall amonge the tenthe parte of aungelles that felle from heuen in-to hell1 the whiche is an harde worde to euery man1 that oughte to #bj ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #bc4 gyue tythes1 and doth not gyue them truely4 ,but saynte ,sidenote3 ,augustine4 ,austyne saythe a comfortable worde again1 to them that gyue theyr tythes truely1 that is to saye3 ,decim sunt ,sidenote3 ,tithes are tributes to the needy4 tributa egentium animarum3 ,tythes are tributes or #bd rewardes to nedye soules4 ,and ferther he saythe3 ,si decimam dederis1 non solum abundantiam fructum recipies1 sed etiam sanitatem corporis et anim consequeris1 ,that is to saye1 ,if thou haue gyuen thy tythes truely1 thou #bh shalte not onely receyue the profite1 and the abundaunce of goodes1 but also helthe of bodye and soule shall folowe4 ,wolde to god1 that euerye man knewe the harde worde of our lorde by his prophete ,malachias1 #cb and also the comfortable wordes of the holy saynte ,austyn4 ,for than wolde ,i truste verely1 that tythes shulde be truely gyuen4 #ca4 ,howe all maner of corne shulde he couered4 ,sidenote3 ,how to cover corn4 ,nowe these cornes be shorne and bounden1 and the tithes cast out1 it is tyme to couer theym1 shoke theym1 or halfe-throne them1 but couerynge is the beste waye ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #bc;b4 of all maner of whyte corne4 ,and that is1 to set foure #d sheues on one syde1 and 4iiii4 sheues on the other syde1 ,sidenote3 ,set ten sheaves together4 and two sheues aboue1 of the greatteste1 bounden harde nyghe to the nether ende1 the whiche must be set vpwarde1 and the top downewarde spredde abrode to couer all the #h other sheues4 ,and they wyll stand beste in wynde1 and saue theym-selfe beste in rayne1 and they wolde be set on the rydge of the lande1 and the sayde sheues to leane to-gether in the toppes1 and wyde at the grounde1 that #ab ,sidenote3 ,for peas and beans set three together4 the winde may go through1 to drye them4 ,pees and beanes wolde be set on the rydge of the lande1 thre sheues together1 the toppes vpwarde1 and wrythen to-gether1 and wyde benethe1 that they maye the better #af wyddre4 #cb4 ,to lode corne1 and mowe it4 ,sidenote3 ,to load corn4 ,whanne all these cornes be drye and wyddred ynoughe1 than lode theym in-to the barne1 and laye euerye corne ,sidenote3 ,make many mows1 if it be wet4 by it-selfe4 ,and if be a wete haruest1 make many mowes3 and if thou haue not housynge ynoughe1 thanne it is #d better to laye thy pees and benes without vppon a reke1 than other corne1 and it is better vppon a scaffolde than vppon the grounde3 for than it muste be well hedged ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #bd4 for swyne and catel1 and the grounde wyll rotte the #h bottom1 and the scaffolde saueth both hedgynge and rottynge3 but they must be well couered bothe4 ,and the ,sidenote3 ,the scaffold4 husband may set shepe or catel vnder the same scaffold and wyll serue hym in stede of an house1 if it be well #ab and surely made1 c4 #cc4 ,the second#be sturrynge4 ,sidenote3 ,august4 ,in ,august1 and in the begynnyng of ,september1 is ,sidenote3 ,second stirring4 tyme to make his seconde sturrynge1 and most commonly it is cast downe and plowed a meane forowe1 not to depe nor to ebbe1 so he turne it clene4 ,and if it be caste1 it #d ,sidenote3 ,water-furrow the land4 wolde be water-forowed bytwene the landes1 there-as the reane shulde be1 and it wyll be the dryer1 whan the lande shall be sowen4 ,and if the landes lie high in the ridge1 highe at the reane1 lowe in the #h myddes of the side1 that the water may not ronne easely in-to the reane1 as ,i se dayly in many places3 than let the husband set his plough 4iii4 or 4iiii4 fote from the ,sidenote3 ,how to ridge it up4 rydge1 and cast all the rydge on bothe sydes1 and whan #ab the rydge is cast1 set his plough there-as he began1 and rydge vp the remenant of the lande1 and so is the land bothe cast and rydged1 and all at one plowynge4 ,and this ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #bd;b4 shall cause the lande to lye rounde1 whan it is sowen #af at the nexte tyme1 and than shall it not drowne the corne4 #cd4 ,to sowe wheat and rye4 ,sidenote3 ,michaelmas4 ,aboute ,myghelmasse it is tyme to sowe bothe wheate ,sidenote3 ,sow wheat and rye4 and rye4 ,wheate is mooste commonlye sowen vnder the forowe1 that is to saye1 caste it vppon the falowe1 and than plowe it vnder4 ,and in some places they sowe theyr #d ,sidenote3 ,pease stubble4 wheate vppon theyr pees-stubble1 the whiche is neuer soo good1 as that that is sowen vppon the falowe3 and that is vsed1 where they make falowe in a fyelde euery ,sidenote3 ,in ,essex a child sows4 fourthe yere4 ,and in ,essex they vse to haue a chylde1 #h to go in the forowe before the horses or oxen1 with a bagge or a hopper full of corne3 and he taketh his hande full of corne1 and by lyttel and lytel casteth it in the ,sidenote3 ,he ought to have much discretion4 sayde forowe4 ,me semeth1 that chylde oughte to haue #ab moche dyscretion4 ,howe-be-it there is moche good corne1 and rye is ,sidenote3 ,sow #b ,london bushels to an acre4 mooste commonlye sowen aboue and harrowed1 and two ,london busshelles of wheate and rye wyll sowe an acre4 #af ,some grounde is good for wheate1 some for rye1 and some is good for bothe3 and vppon that ground sowe ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #be4 blend-corne1 that is both wheate and rye1 the whyche is the surest corne of growyng1 and good for the husbandes #bj ,sidenote3 ,wheat and rye mixed4 houshold4 ,and the wheate1 that shall be medled with rye1 muste be suche as wyll soone be rype1 and that is flaxen wheate1 polerd wheate1 or whyte wheate4 ,and ye shall vnderstande1 that there be dyuers maners of wheates4 #bd ,sidenote3 ,flaxen wheat4 ,flaxen wheate hath a yelowe eare1 and bare without anis1 and is the bryghtest wheate in the busshell1 and wyll make the whytest breed1 and it wyll weare the grounde sore1 and is small strawe1 and wyll growe very thycke1 #bh ,sidenote3 ,pollard wheat4 and is but small corne4 ,polerde wheate hath noo anis1 thycke sette in the eare1 and wyll soone fall out1 and is ,sidenote3 ,white wheat4 greatter corne1 and wyll make whyte breed4 ,whyte wheate is lyke polerde wheate in the busshell1 but it #cb hath anis1 and the eare is foure-square1 and wyll make white breed3 and in ,essex they call flaxen wheate ,sidenote3 ,red wheat4 whyte wheate4 ,red wheate hath a flat eare1 an inche brode1 full of anis1 and is the greatteste corne1 and #cf the brodeste blades1 and the greatteste strawe1 and wyl make whyte breed1 and is the rudeste of colour in the busshell4 ,sidenote3 ,english wheat4 ,englysshe wheate hath a dunne eare1 fewe anis or none1 #dj and is the worste wheate1 saue peeke-wheate4 ,peeke-wheete ,sidenote3 ,peek-wheat4 hath a red eare1 ful of anis1 thyn set1 and ofte ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #be;b4 tymes it is flyntered1 that is to saye1 small corne wrynkeled and dryed1 and wyll not make whyte breade1 but it wyl #dd growe vpon colde grounde4 #ce4 ,to thresshe and wynowe corne4 ,sidenote3 ,carefully clean seed-corn4 ,this wheate and rye1 that thou shalte sowe1 ought to be very cleane of wede1 and therfore1 er thou thresshe thy corne1 open thy sheues1 and pyke oute all maner of wedes1 and than thresshe it1 and wynowe it cleane1 #d and so shalt thou haue good clene corne an other ,sidenote3 ,in ,essex and ,kent they fan the corn4 yere4 ,and in some countreys1 aboute ,london specyallye1 and in ,essex and ,kente1 they do fan theyr corne1 the whiche is a verye good gise1 and a great saueguarde for #h shedynge of the corne4 ,and whan thou shalte sell it1 if it be well wynowed or fande1 it wyll be solde the derer1 and the lyghte corne wyll seme the husbande in his house4 #ab #cf4 ,to seuer pees1 beanes1 and fytches4 ,sidenote3 ,sift your peas and beans4 ,whan thou haste thresshed thy pees1 and beanes1 after they be wynowed1 and er thou shalte sowe or selle them1 let theym be well reed with syues1 and seuered in ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #bf4 thre partes1 the great from the small1 and thou shalte gette #d in euerye quarter a ,london busshell1 or there about4 ,for ,sidenote3 ,separate small from large4 the small corne lyeth in the holowe and voyde places of the greate beanes1 and yet shall the greate beanes be solde as dere1 as if they were all together1 or derer1 as a man #h may proue by a famylier ensample4 ,let a man bye ,sidenote3 #abj herrings1 at #b a penny1 cost #e shillings2 4,c4 hearynges1#bf two hearynges for a penye1 and an other 4,c4 hearynges1 thre for a peny1 and let hym sell these 4,,cc4 hearinges agayne 4v4 heringes for 4ii4 d42 nowe hath #ab he loste 4iiii4 d4 ,for ,c4 hearinges1 4ii4 for i4 d41 cost v4 s41 ,sidenote3 #abj herrings1 at #c a penny1 cost #cs4 #d;d42 or #hs4 #d;d4 in all4 and ,c4 hearynges1 4iii4 for a peny1 coste 4iii s4 and 4iiii d41 the whiche is 4viii4 s and 4iiii4 d42 and whan he selleth 4v4 herynges for 4ii4 d41 xx4 heringes cometh but #af ,sidenote3 #bj herrings1 at #e for #b;d41 cost #h;d42 #ab times as much are #bd groats1 or #hs4 to 4viii4 d4 and there is but 4xii4 score heringes1 and that is but 4xii4 grotes1 and xii4 grotes1 and that cometh but to 4viii4 s4 and so he hath lost 4iiii4 d4 and it is bicause there be not so many bargeins1 for in the bienge of these 4,,cc4 #bj heringes there be 4v4 score bargeins1 and in the sellinge of the same there be but 4xlviii4 bargeyns1 and so is there lost 4x4 hearinges1 the whiche wolde haue ben 4ii4 ,sidenote3 ,always buy by gross sale1 and sell by retail4 bargeyns moo1 and than it had ben euen and mete4 ,and #bd therfore he that byeth grosse sale1 and retayleth1 muste nedes be a wynner4 ,and so shalt thou be a loser1 if thou sell thy pees1 beanes1 and fytches together3 for than ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #bf;b4 thou sellest grosse sale4 ,and if thou seuer them in thre #bh partes1 than thou doest retayle1 wherby thou shalte wynne4 #cg4 ,of shepe1 and what tyme of the yere the rammes shulde be put to the ewes4 ,an housbande can not well thryue by his corne1 without he haue other cattell1 nor by his cattell1 without corne4 ,for els he shall be a byer1 a borower1 or ,sidenote3 ,sheep are the most profitable cattle4 a begger4 ,and bycause that shepe in myne opynyon is #d the mooste profytablest cattell that any man can haue1 therfore ,i pourpose to speake fyrst of shepe4 ,than fyrst is to be knowen1 what tyme thou shalt put thy ,sidenote3 ,rams and ewes4 rammes to thy ewes2 and therin ,i make a distinction1 for #h euery man maye not put to theyr rammes all at one tyme2 for if they doo1 there wyll be greate hurte and losse2 for that man1 that hath the best shepe-pasture for wynter1 and soone spryngynge in the begynnynge of the #ab yere1 he maye suffre his rammes to goo with his ewes all tymes of the yere1 to blyssomme or ryde whan they wyll3 but for the comon pasture1 it is tyme to put to his ,sidenote3 ,sept4 #ad4 rammes at the ,exaltation of the holye crosse3 for than #af ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #bg4 the bucke goth to the rut1 and so wolde the ramme4 ,but for the common husbande1 that hath noo pasture but the common fieldes1 it is tyme ynoughe at the feste of ,sidenote3 ,sept4 #bi4 saynt ,mychaell the archangel4 ,and for the poore #bj housbande of the ,peeke1 or suche other1 that dwell in hylly and hyghe groundes1 that haue no pastures1 nor common fieldes1 but all-onely the comon hethe1 ,symon ,sidenote3 ,oct4 #bh4 and ,jude daye is good tyme for theym1 and this is the #bd reason why4 ,an ewe goth with lambe 4xx4 wekes1 and shall yeane her lambe in the 4xxi4 weke2 if she haue not conueniente newe grasse to eate1 she maye not gyue her lambe mylke3 and for wante of mylke1 there be #bh manye lambes perysshed and loste3 and also for pouertye1 the dammes wyll lacke mylke1 and forsake theyr lambes1 and soo often tymes they dye bothe in suche harde countreys4 #cb #ch4 ,to make an ewe to loue her lambe4 ,if thy ewe haue mylke1 and wyll not loue her lambe1 put her in a narowe place made of bordes1 or of smothe trouse1 a yarde wyde1 and put the lambe to her1 and ,sidenote3 ,if a ewe socle it1 and yf the ewe smyte the lambe with her #d ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #bg;b4 heed1 bynd her heed with a heye-rope1 or a corde1 to ,sidenote3 smite her lamb1 tie up her head4 the syde of the penne3 and if she wyl not stande syde longe all the lambe1#bg than gyue her a lyttell hey1 and tye a dogge by her1 that she maye se hym3 and #h this wyll make her to loue her lambe shortely4 ,and if thou haue a lambe deed1 wherof the damme hath ,sidenote3 ,put a dead lamb's skin on a live lamb1 and so change its dam4 moche mylke1 fley that lambe1 and tye that skynne vpon an other lambes backe1 that hath a sory damme1 with #ab lyttell mylke1 and put the good ewe and that lambe to-gether in the penne1 and in one houre she wyll loue that lambe2 than mayst thou take thy sory weyke ewe awaye1 and put her in an other place3 and by this #af meanes thou mayste fortune to saue her lyfe1 and the lambes bothe4 #ci4 ,what tyme lambes shulde be wayned4 ,in some places they neuer seuer their lambes from theyr dammes1 and that is for two causes3 ,one is1 in the beste pasture where the rammes goo alwaye with ,sidenote3 ,in the best pastures1 lambs wean themselves4 theyr ewes1 there it nedeth not1 for the dammes wil #d waxe drye1 and wayne theyr lambes theym-selfe4 ,an other cause is1 he that hath noo seuerall and sounde ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #bh4 pasture1 to put his lambes vnto whan they shoulde be wayned1 he muste eyther sell them1 or let them sucke #h as longe as the dammes wyll suffre theym2 and it is a common sayinge1 that the lambe shall not rotte1 as longe as it souketh1 excepte the damme wante meate4 ,sidenote3 ,lambs to be weaned at #af weeks1 or #ah4 ,but he that hath seueral and sounde pasture1 it is tyme #ab to wayne theyr lambes1 whanne they be 4xvi4 wekes old1 or 4xviii4 at the farthest1 and the better shall the ewe take the ramme agayne4 ,and the poore man of the peeke countreye1 and suche other places1 where as #af they vse to mylke theyr ewes1 they vse to wayne theyr ,sidenote3 ,in the ,peak1 lambs are weaned at #ab weeks4 lambes at xii4 wekes olde1 and to mylke theyr ewes fiue or syxe wekes1 c4 ,but those lambes be neuer soo good as the other that sucke longe1 and haue #bj meate ynoughe4 #dj4 ,to drawe shepe1 and seuer them in dyuers places4 ,than thou grasier1 that hast many shepe in thy ,sidenote3 ,have a large sheep-fold2 pastures1 it is conuenient for the to haue a shepefolde made with a good hedge or a pale1 the whiche wyll receyue all thy shepe easyly that goo in one pasture1 #d sette betwene two of thy pastures1 in a drye place2 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #bh;b4 and adioynynge to the ende of the same1 make an ,sidenote3 another to hold #ij sheep2 other lyttell folde1 that wyll receyue lxxxx4 shepe or moo1 and bothe those foldes muste haue eyther of #h theym a gate in-to eyther pasture1 and at the ende of that folde make an other lyttell folde1 that wyll ,sidenote3 and another for #dj sheep4 receyue 4xl4 shepe or mo1 and betwene euery folde a gate4 ,and whan the shepe are in the greate folde1 #ab let 4xl4 of them1 or there about1 come into the myddle ,sidenote3 ,let the shepherd examine them in the middle fold4 folde1 and steke the gate4 ,and than let the shepeherde turne them1 and loke them on euery syde1 and if he se or fynde any shepe1 that nedeth any helpynge or mending #af for any cause1 lette the shepeherde take that shepe with his hoke1 and put hym in the lyttell folde4 ,and whan he hath taken all that nedeth any mendyng1 than put the other in-to whether pasture he wyll1 and let in as #bj ,sidenote3 ,put the sick ones in the little fold4 many out of the greate folde1 and take those that nede any handling1 and put them into the lyttell folde4 ,and thus peruse them all tyll he haue doone1 and than let the shepeherde go belte1 grese1 and handel all those that he #bd hath drawen1 and than shall not the great flocke be taryed nor kepte from theyr meate3 and as he hath mended them1 to put them into theyr pasture4 #da4 ,to belte shepe4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #bi4 ,if any shepe raye or be fyled with dounge about the ,sidenote3 ,how to belt sheep4 the tayle1 take a payre of sheres and clyppe it awaye1 and cast dry muldes thervpon3 and if it be in the heate of the sommer1 it wolde be rubbed euer with a lyttell terre1 to #d ,sidenote3 ,have a board to lay a sheep upon4 kepe awaye the flyes4 ,it is necessarye that a shepeherde haue a borde1 set fast to the syde of his lyttell folde1 to laye his shepe vpon when he handeleth theym1 and an hole bored in the borde with an augur1 and therin a #h grayned staffe of two fote longe1 to be set fast1 to hang ,sidenote3 ,a shepherd wants a dog1 a hook1 shears1 and a tar-box4 his terre-boxe vpon1 and than it shall not fall4 ,and a shepeherde shoulde not go without his dogge1 his shepe-hoke1 a payre of sheres1 and his terre-boxe1 eyther with #ab hym1 or redye at his shepe-folde1 and he muste teche his dogge to barke whan he wolde haue hym1 to ronne whan he wold haue hym1 and to leue ronning whan he wolde haue hym2 or els he is not a cunninge shepeherd4 ,the #af dogge must lerne it1 whan he is a whelpe1 or els it wyl not be3 for it is harde to make an olde dogge to stoupe4 #db4 ,to grease shepe4 ,sidenote3 ,how to grease sheep4 ,if any sheepe be scabbed1 the shepeherde maye perceyue it by the bytynge1 rubbyng1 or scratchynge with ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #bi;b4 his horne1 and mooste commonly the woll wyll ryse1 and be thyn or bare in that place3 than take hym1 and shede #d the woll with thy fyngers1 there as the scab is1 and with thy fynger laye a lyttell terre thervpon1 and stroke it a lengthe in the bottom of the woll1 that it be not seen ,sidenote3 ,part the wool and put tar on4 aboue4 ,and so shede the woll by and by1 and laye a #h lyttell terre thervppon1 tyll thou passe the sore1 and than it wyll go no farther4 #dc4 ,to medle terre4 ,sidenote3 ,how to mix tar4 ,let thy terre be medled with oyle1 gose-grease1 or capons grease1 these three be the beste1 for these wyll make the terre to ronne abrode3 butter and swynes grease1 whan they be molten1 are good1 soo they be not salte2 for #d terre of hym-selfe is to kene1 and is a fretter1 and no healer1 without it be medled with some of these4 #dd4 ,to make brome salue4 ,a medicyne to salue poore mennes shepe1 that thynke terre to costely3 but ,i doubte not1 but and ryche men ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #cj4 knowe it1 they wolde vse the same4 ,take a shete ful of ,sidenote3 ,chop broom small1 and boil it2 brome1 croppes1 leaues1 blossomes1 and all1 and chop #d them very smal1 and than sethe them in a pan of 4xx4 gallons with rennynge water1 tyll it begyn to waxe thycke like a gelly1 than take two pounde of shepe suet molten1 ,sidenote3 add suet and brine2 and a pottell of olde pysse1 and as moche bryne made #h with salte1 and put all in-to the sayde panne1 and styrre it aboute1 and than streyne it thorowe an olde clothe1 and putte it in-to what vessell ye wyll1 and yf your shepe be ,sidenote3 use it warm with a sponge4 newe clypped1 make it luke-warme1 and than washe your #ab shepe there-with1 with a sponge or a pece of an olde mantell1 or of faldynge1 or suche a softe cloth or woll1 ,sidenote3 ,it can be used at any time4 for spendynge to moche of your salue4 ,and at all tymes of the yere after1 ye may relent it1 and nede require3 and #af make wyde sheydes in the woll of the shepe1 and anoynt them with it1 it shal heale the scabbe1 and kyll the shepe-lyce1 and it shall not hurte the woll in the sale therof4 ,and those that be washen wyll not take scabbe #bj after 7if they haue sufficient meate72 for that is the beste grease that is to a shepe1 to grease hym in the mouthe with good meate2 the whiche is also a greate saueguarde ,sidenote3 ,good meat in the mouth to the shepe for rottynge1 excepte there come myldewes1 #bd ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #cj;b4 ,sidenote3 is the best grease for sheep4 for he wyl chose the beste1 if he haue plentye4 ,and he that hath but a fewe shepe moderate this medicyne accordynge4 #de4 ,if a shepe haue mathes4 ,sidenote3 ,maggots in sheep4 ,if a shepe haue mathes1 ye shall perceyue it by her bytynge1 or fyskynge1 or shakyng of her tayle1 and mooste commonlye it is moyst and wete3 and if it be nyghe vnto the tayle1 it is ofte tymes grene1 and fyled with his #d ,sidenote3 ,how cured4 dounge3 and than the shepeherde muste take a payre of sheres1 and clyppe awaye the woll bare to the skynne1 and take a handfull of drye moldes1 and cast the moldes thervpon to drye vp the wete1 and then wype the muldes #h away1 and lay terre there as the mathes were1 and a lyttell farther4 ,and thus loke theym euery daye1 and mende theym1 if they haue nede4 #df4 ,blyndenes of shepe1 and other dyseases1 and remedies therfore4 ,sidenote3 ,blindness in sheep4 ,there be some shepe that wyll be blynd a season1 and yet mende agayn4 ,and if thou put a lytel terre in his eye1 he will mende the rather4 ,there be dyuers waters1 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ca4 other medicyns1 that wolde mende hym1 but this is #d the mooste common medicyne that shepeherdes vse4 #dg4 ,the worme in the shepes fote1 and helpe therfore4 ,there be some shepe1 that hath a worme in his foote1 ,sidenote3 ,worms in a sheep's foot4 that maketh hym halte4 ,take that shepe1 and loke betwene his clese1 and there is a lyttell hole1 as moche as a greatte pynnes heed1 and therin groweth fyue or syxe #d blacke heares1 lyke an inche long and more2 take a sharpe poynted knyfe1 and slytte the skynne a quarter of an inche long aboue the hole and as moche benethe1 and put thy ,sidenote3 ,how cured4 one hande in the holowe of the fote1 vnder the hinder #h clese1 and set thy thombe aboue almooste at the slytte1 and thruste thy fyngers vnderneth forward1 and with thy other hand take the blacke heares by the ende1 or with thy knyues poynte1 and pull the heares a lyttell and a #ab lyttell1 and thruste after thy other hande1 with thy fynger and thy thombe1 and there wyll come oute a worme lyke a pece of fleshe1 nygh as moche as a lyttel fynger4 ,and whan it is out1 put a lyttel tarre into the hole1 and it wyll #af be shortely hole4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ca;b4 #dh4 ,the blode1 and remedy if one come betyme4 ,there is a sicknes among shepe1 and is called the ,sidenote3 #8,the blood' in sheep4 bloude2 that shepe1 that hath that1 wil dye sodeinly1 and er he dye1 he wil stande stil1 and hange downe the heed1 other-while quake4 ,if the shepeherde can espye #d hym1 let him take and rubbe hym about the heed1 specyally about his eares1 and vnder his eyen1 with ,sidenote3 ,cut off the sheep's ears4 a knyfe cut of his eares in the middes1 also let hym blode in a veyne vnder his eien3 and if he blede wel1 #h he is lyke to lyue2 and if he blede not1 than kil him1 and saue his fleshe4 ,for if he dye by hym-selfe1 the flesshe is loste1 and the skyn wyll be ferre ruddyer1 lyke blode1 more than an other skynne shall be4 ,and it taketh #ab mooste commonly the fattest and best lykynge4 #di4 ,the pockes1 and remedy therfore4 ,sidenote3 ,pocks in sheep4 ,the pockes appere vppon the skyn1 and are lyke reed pymples1 as brode as a farthynge1 and therof wyll dye many4 ,and the remedy therfore is1 to handle all thy shepe1 and to loke on euery parte of theyr bodyes3 and #d ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #cb4 as many as ye fynde taken therwith1 put them in fresshe newe grasse1 and kepe them fro theyr felowes1 and to loke thy flocke ofte1 and drawe theym as they nede4 ,and if it be in sommer tyme1 that there be no froste1 than #h ,sidenote3 ,wash them4 washe them4 ,howe be it some shepeherdes haue other medycines4 #ej4 ,the wode euyll1 and remedy therfore4 ,there is a sickenes among shepe1 and is called the ,sidenote3 #8,wood-evil' in sheep4 wode euyll1 and that cometh in the sprynge of the yere1 and takethe them moste commonly in the legges1 or in the necke1 and maketh them to halt1 and to holde theyr #d necke awry4 ,and the mooste parte that haue that sicknes1 wyl dye shortely in a day or two4 ,the best remedy is1 ,sidenote3 ,wash them and change their pasture4 to wasshe theym a lyttell1 and to chaunge theyr grounde1 and to bryng them to lowe grounde and freshe grasse4 #h ,and that sycknes is moste commonly on hylly grounde1 ley grounde1 and ferny grounde1 ,and some men vse to let them bloudde vnder the eye in a vaine for the same cause4 #ea4 ,to washe shepe4 ,sidenote3 ,wash and shear sheep in ,june4 ,in ,june is tyme to shere shepe1 and er they be shorne1 they muste be very well wasshen1 the whiche shall be to the owner great profyte in the sale of his woll1 and also to ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #cb;b4 the clothe-maker2 but yet beware1 that thou put not to many #d shepe in a penne at one tyme1 neyther at the washyng1 nor at the sheryng1 for feare of murtheryng or ouer-pressyng of their felowes1 and that none go awaye1 tyll he be cleane washen1 and se that they that hold the shepe by #h the heed in the water1 holde his heed hye ynoughe for drownynge4 #eb4 ,to shere shepe4 ,sidenote3 ,how to shear sheep4 ,take hede of the sherers1 for touchynge the shepe with the sheres1 and specially for pryckyng with the poynte of the sheres1 and that the shepeherde be alway redy with his tarboxe to salue them4 ,and se that they be well #d ,sidenote3 ,mark them well4 marked1 bothe eare-marke1 pitche-marke1 and radel-marke1 and let the wol be well folden or wounden with a woll-wynder1 that can good skyll therof1 the whiche shal do moche good in the sale of the same4 #h #ec4 ,to drawe and seuer the badde shepe from the good4 ,sidenote3 ,separate the sheep into flocks4 ,whan thou haste all shorne thy shepe1 it is than best tyme to drawe them1 and soo seuer theym in dyuers sortes2 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #cc4 the shepe that thou wylte fede by them-selfe1 the ewes by theym-selfe1 the share-hogges and theyues by them-selfe1 #d the lambes by theym-selfe1 wedders and the rammes by them-self1 if thou haue soo many pastures for them3 for the byggest wyll beate the weikeste with his heed4 ,and of ,sidenote3 ,put those of one kind together4 euery sort of shepe1 it may fortune there be some1 that #h like not and be weike2 those wolde be put in freshe grasse by theym-selfe3 and whan they be a lyttel mended1 than sel them1 and ofte chaunge of grasse shal mend all #ab maner of cattell4 #ed4 ,what thynges rotteth shepe4 ,it is necessary that a shepeherde shoulde knowe what thynge rotteth shepe1 that he myght kepe them the ,sidenote3 ,spear-wort4 better4 ,ther is a grasse called sperewort1 and hath a long narowe leafe1 lyke a spere-heed1 and it wyll growe #d a fote hyghe1 and beareth a yelowe floure1 as brode as a peny1 and it growethe alwaye in lowe places where the water is vsed to stande in wynter4 ,an other grasse is ,sidenote3 ,penny-grass4 called peny-grasse1 and groweth lowe by the erthe in a #h marsshe grounde1 and hath a leafe as brode as a peny of two pens1 and neuer beareth floure4 ,all maner of grasse1 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #cc;b4 that the lande-floudde renneth ouer1 is verye ylle for shepe1 bycause of the sande and fylthe that stycketh #ab ,sidenote3 ,marshy ground is bad4 vppon it4 ,all marreys grounde1 and marsche grounde is yll for shepe2 the grasse that groweth vppon falowes is not good for shepe2 for there is moche of it wede1 and ofte tymes it commeth vppe by the rote1 and that bryngeth #af ,sidenote3 ,mildew4 erthe with it1 and they eate both1 c4 ,myldewe-grasse is not good for shepe1 and that ye shall knowe two wayes4 ,one is by the leaues on the trees in the mornynge1 and specyally of okes2 take the leaues1 and putte #bj thy tonge to them1 and thou shalt fele lyke hony vppon them4 ,and also there wyll be many kelles vppon the grasse1 and that causeth the myldewe4 ,wherfore they may not well be let out of the folde tyll the sonne haue #bd ,sidenote3 ,hunger-rot4 domynation to drye them awaye4 ,also hunger-rotte is the worst rotte that can be1 for there is neither good flesshe nor good skynne1 and that cometh for lacke of meate1 and so for hunger they eate suche as they can #bh fynde3 and so will not pasture-shepe1 for they selden rot but with myldewes1 and than wyll they haue moch ,sidenote3 ,white snails4 talowe and fleshe1 and a good skyn4 ,also white snailes be yll for shepe in pastures1 and in falowes4 ,there #cb ,sidenote3 ,pelt-rot4 is an other rotte1 whiche is called pelte-rotte1 and that ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #cd4 commeth of greatte wete1 specyally in woode countreyes1 where they can not drye4 #ee4 ,to knowe a rotten shepe dyuers maner wayes1 wherof some of them wyll not fayle4 ,sidenote3 ,how to know rotten sheep4 ,take bothe your handes1 and twyrle vpon his eye1 and if he be ruddy1 and haue reed stryndes in the white of the eye1 than he is sounde2 and if the eye be white1 lyke talowe1 and the stryndes darke-coloured1 thanne he is #d rotten4 ,and also take the shepe1 and open the wolle on the syde1 and yf the skynne be of ruddy colour and drye1 than is he sounde2 and if it be pale-coloured1 and watrye1 thanne is he rotten4 ,also whanne ye haue #h ,sidenote3 ,rotten sheep have loose wool4 opened the woll on the syde1 take a lyttell of the woll bytwene thy fynger and thy thombe1 and pull it a lyttell1 and if it sticke faste1 he is sounde1 and if it comme lyghtely of1 he is rotten4 ,also whan thou haste kylde a #ab shepe1 his belly wyll be full of water1 if he be sore rotten1 and also the fatte of the fleshe wyll be yelowe1 if he be rotten4 ,and also if thou cut the lyuer1 therin ,sidenote3 ,rotten sheep have flukes in the liver4 wyll be lyttell quikens lyke flokes1 and also the lyuer #af wyll be full of knottes and whyte blysters1 yf he be ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #cd;b4 rotten2 and also sethe the lyuer1 if he be rotten it wyll breke in peces1 and if he be sounde1 it wyll holde together4 #bj #ef4 ,to bye leane cattell4 ,these housbandes1 if they shall well thryue1 they muste haue bothe kye1 oxen1 horses1 mares1 and yonge cattell1 and to rere and brede euery yere some calues1 ,sidenote3 ,how to buy oxen4 and fools1 or els shall he be a byer4 ,and yf thou shalte #d by oxen for the ploughe1 se that they be yonge1 and not gowty1 nor broken of heare1 neyther of tayle1 nor of pysell4 ,and yf thou bye kye to the payle1 se that ,sidenote3 ,how to buy cows4 they be yonge and good to mylke1 and fede her calues #h wel4 ,and if thou bye kye or oxen to feede1 the yonger they be1 the rather they wyll fede2 but loke well1 that the heare stare not1 and that he lycke hym-selfe1 and be hoole-mouthed1 and want no tethe4 ,and thoughe he #ab haue the goute and be broken1 bothe of tayle and pysell1 yet wyll he fede4 ,but the gouty oxe wyll not ,sidenote3 ,how to choose an ox4 be dryuen ferre2 and se that he haue a brode ryb1 and a thycke hyde1 and to be lose-skinned1 that it stycke not #af harde nor streyte to his rybbes1 for than he wyll not fede4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ce4 #eg4 ,to bye fatte cattell4 ,sidenote3 ,how to buy fat cattle4 ,if thou shalte bye fatte oxen or kye1 handel them1 and se that they be soft on the fore-croppe1 behynde the shulder1 and vpon the hindermost rybbe1 and upon the hucbone1 and the nache by the tayle4 ,and se #d the oxe haue a greate codde1 and the cowe great nauyll1 for than it shulde seme that they shuld be wel ,sidenote3 ,see where1 and of whom1 you buy4 talowed4 ,and take hede1 where thou byeste any leane cattel or fat1 and of whom1 and where it was bred4 ,for #h if thou by out of a better ground than thou haste thy-selfe1 that cattell wyll not lyke with the4 ,and also loke1 that there be no maner of sycknes amonge the cattell in that towneshyp or pasture that thou byest thy #ab catel oute of4 ,for if there be any murren or longe sought1 it is great ieoperdy3 for a beast maye take sycknes ten or 4xii4 dayes or more1 ere it appere on hym4 #eh4 ,dyuers sycnesses of cattell1 and remedies therfore1 and fyrst of murren4 ,sidenote3 ,murrain4 ,and yf it fortune to fall murren amonge thy beastes1 as god forbede1 there be men ynough can helpe them4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ce;b4 ,and it commeth of a ranknes of bloudde1 and appereth moste commonly fyrste in the heed2 for his heed wyll #d swell1 and his eyen waxe greate and ronne of water and frothe at the mouthe1 and than he is paste remedy1 and wyl dye shortely1 and wyll neuer eate after he be ,sidenote3 ,flay the dead beast1 and bury it4 sycke4 ,than flee him1 and make a depe pytte faste by1 #h there as he dyeth1 and caste hym in1 and couer hym with erthe1 that noo dogges may come to the caryen4 ,for as many beastes as feleth the smelle of that caryen1 are lykely to be enfecte2 and take the skynne1 and haue it #ab to the tanners to sell1 and bryng it not home1 for peryll that may fal4 ,and it is commonly vsed1 and cometh of ,sidenote3 ,set the beast's head1 on a pole1 in the hedge4 a greate charytie1 to take the bare heed of the same beaste and put vpon a longe pole1 and set it in a hedge1 faste #af bounden to a stake1 by the hyghe-waye syde1 that euerye man1 that rydethe or goeth that waye1 maye se and knowe by that signe1 that there is sycknes of cattell in the towneshyp4 ,and the husbandes holde an opynyon1 that it shall #bj the rather cease4 ,and whanne the beaste is flaine1 there as the murren dothe appere bytwene the flesshe and the skynne1 it wyll ryse vppe lyke a ielly and frothe an inche ,sidenote3 ,remedy for murrain4 depe or more4 ,and this is the remedy for the murren4 #bd ,take a smalle curteyne-corde1 and bynde it harde aboute ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #cf4 the beastes necke1 and that wyll cause the bloudde to come in-to the necke1 and on eyther syde of the necke there is a vayne that a man may fele with his fynger2 and #bh ,sidenote3 ,bleed the sick cattle4 than take a bloud-yren1 and set it streight vppon the vayne1 and smyte him bloudde on bothe sydes1 and let hym blede the mountenaunce of a pynte or nyghe it1 and than take awaye the corde1 and it wyll staunche bleding4 #cb ,and thus serue all thy cattell1 that be in that close or pasture1 and there shall no mo be sicke1 by goddes leue4 #ei4 ,longe sought1 and remedy therefore4 ,there is an nother maner of sycknesse among bestes1 ,sidenote3 #8,long sought4' and it is called longe soughte2 and that sickenes wyl endure long1 and ye shal perceyue it by his hoystynge2 he wyl stande moche1 and eate but a littel1 and waxe very #d ,sidenote3 ,the beast coughs #bj times an hour4 holowe thin4 ,and he wil hoyst 4xx4 times in an houre1 and but fewe of them do mende4 ,the best remedy is to kepe thy cattell in sondrye places1 and as many as were in companye with that beast that fyrst fell sycke1 to let #h ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #cf;b4 them a lyttel bloude4 ,and there be many men1 that can ,sidenote3 ,cut the dewlap4 seuer them1 and that is to cutte the dewlappe before1 and there is a grasse that is called feitergrasse1 take that grasse1 and broyse it a lyttell in a morter1 and thanne put #ab therof as moche as an hennes egge in-to the sayd dewlappe1 and se it fall not oute4 ,thus ,i have seen vsed1 and men haue thought it hath done good4 #fj4 ,dewbolne1#bh and the harde remedy therfore4 ,sidenote3 #8,dewbolne4' ,an other dysease amonge beastes is called dewbolne1#bh and that commeth whan a hungry beaste is put in a good pasture full of ranke grasse1 he wyll eate soo moche that his sydes wyll stande as hygh as his backe-bone1 #d and other-whyle the one syde more thanne the other1 and but fewe of them wyll dye2 but he maye ,sidenote3 ,the beast is swollen4 not be dryuen hastely1 nor laboured1 being so swollen1 and the substaunce of it is but wynde2 and therfore #h he wolde be softly dryuen1 and not sytte downe4 ,howe ,sidenote3 ,some men pierce a hole in the beast4 be it ,i haue seen a manne take a knyfe1 and thruste hym thorowe the skynne and the flesshe two inches depe1 or more1 vi4 inches or more from the ridge-bone1 that the #ab ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #cg4 wynde maye come out4 ,for the wynde lyeth bytwene the fleshe and the grete paunche4 #fa4 ,rysen vpon1 and the remedy therfore4 ,sidenote3 #8,risen upon4' ,an other dysease is called rysen vppon1 and no man can tell howe1 nor wherof it cometh3 but ye shall perceyue that by swellynge in the heed1 and specyallye by ,sidenote3 ,the beast's eyes run4 the eyen1 for they wyll ronne on water1 and close his #d syght2 and wyll dye shortly within an houre or two1 if he be not holpen4 ,this is the cause of his dysease4 ,there is a blyster rysen vnder the tounge1 the whiche blyster must be slytte with a knyfe a-crosse4 ,whan ye #h ,sidenote3 ,find the blister under the tongue1 and cut it4 haue pulled out the tongue1 rubbe the blyster well with salte1 and take an hennes egge1 and breake it in the beastes mouthe shell and all1 and cast salte to it1 and holde vp the bestes heed1 that all maye be swalowed #ab downe into the body4 ,but the breakynge of the blyster is the greate helpe1 and dryue the beaste a lyttell aboute1 and this shall saue hym1 by the helpe of ,jesu4 #fb4 ,the turne1 and remedy therfor4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #cg;b4 ,sidenote3 #8,the turn4' ,there be beastes that wyll turne about1 whan they eate theyr meate1 and wyll not fede1 and is great ieoperdy for fallynge in pyttes1 dyches1 or waters3 and ,sidenote3 ,there is a bladder between the brain and brain-pan4 it is bycause that there is a bladder in the foreheed #d bytwene the brayne-panne and the braynes1 the whiche must be taken out1 or els he shal neuer mende1 but dye at lengthe1 and this is the remedy and the greatest cure that can be on a beaste4 ,take that beast1 and cast him #h downe1 and bynde his foure fete together1 and with thy thombe1 thrust the beast in the foreheed1 and where thou fyndest the softest place1 there take a knyfe1 and cut the skyn1 three or foure inches on bothe sides #ab bytwene the hornes1 and as moche benethe towarde the nose1 and fley it1 and turne it vp1 and pyn it faste with a pyn1 and with a knyfe cut the brayne-pan 4ii4 ,sidenote3 ,cut the bone1 but not the brain1 and take out the bladder4 inches brode1 and thre inches longe1 but se the knyfe #af go no deper than the thycknes of the bone for perysshynge of the brayne1 and take away the bone1 and than shalt thou se a bladder full of water two inches longe and more1 take that out1 and hurte not the brayne1 and #bj thanne let downe the skynne1 and sowe it faste there as it was before1 and bynde a clothe two or thre folde vpon his foreheed1 to kepe it from colde and wete 4x4 or ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ch4 4xii4 dayes4 ,and thus haue ,i seen many mended4 ,but #bd if the beaste be fatte1 and any reasonable meate vpon hym1 it is best to kyll hym1 for than there is but lyttell losse4 ,and if the bladder be vnder the horne1 it is past cure4 ,a shepe wyll haue the turne as well as a #bh beast1 but ,i haue seen none mended4 #fc4 ,the warrybrede1 and the remedy therfore4 ,sidenote3 #8,warrybrede4' ,there be beastes that wyll haue warrybredes in dyuers partes of theyr body and legges1 and this is the remedy4 ,cast hym downe1 and bynde his foure fete together1 and ,sidenote3 ,take a hot iron1 and sear it4 take a culture1 or a payre of tonges1 or such an other #d yren1 and take it glowing hote3 and if it be a longe warrybrede1 sere it of harde by the body1 and if it be in the beginninge1 and be but flatte1 than lay the hot yren vpon it1 and sere it to the bare skyn1 and it will be #h hole for euer1 be it horse or beast4 #fd4 ,the foule1 and the remedy therfore4 ,sidenote3 #8,the foul4' ,there be bestes1 that wyll haue the foule1 and that is betwene the cleese1 sometyme before1 and sometyme ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ch;b4 behynde1 and it wyll swell1 and cause hym to halt1 and this is the remedy4 ,cast hym downe and bind his foure #d ,sidenote3 ,rub a rope between his claws till he bleeds4 fete together1 take a rope of heare1 or a hey-rope1 harde wrythen together1 and put it betwene his cleese1 and drawe the rope to and fro a good season1 tyll he blede well1 and than laye to it softe made terre1 and #h binde a cloute aboute it1 that noo myre nor grauell come betwene the clese3 and put hym in a pasture1 or let hym stande styll in the house1 and he wyll be shortly hole4 #ab #fe4 ,the goute1 without remedy4 ,sidenote3 ,the gout4 ,there be beastes1 that wyll haue the goute1 and moste commonly in the hynder fete1 and it wyll cause them to halt1 and go starkely4 ,and ,i knewe neuer manne that ,sidenote3 ,no remedy4 coulde helpe it1 or fynde remedye therfore1 but all-onely #d to put hym in good grasse1 and fede hym4 #ff4 ,to rere calues4 ,sidenote3 ,to rear calves4 ,it is conueniente for a housbande to rere calues1 and specyally those that come bytwene ,candelmasse and ,maye1 for that season he may spare mylke beste2 and by ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ci4 that tyme the calfe shall be wayned1 there wyll be grasse #d ynoughe to put hym vnto4 ,and at winter he wyll be bygge ynoughe to saue hym-selfe amonge other beastes1 with a lyttell fauoure4 ,and the damme of the calfe shall bull agayne1 and brynge an other by the same time of #h the yere3 and if thou shalt tary tyll after ,may1 the calfe wolde be weyke in wynter1 and the damme wolde not bull agayne3 but ofte tyme go bareyn4 ,and if thou shalte rere a calfe that commeth after ,myghelmasse1 it #ab wyll be costly to kepe the calfe all the wynter-season at hey1 and the damme at harde meate in the house1 as they vse in the playne champyon countrey4 ,and a cowe shall ,sidenote3 ,a cow gives more milk on grass than on hay4 gyue more mylke with a lyttell grasse and strawe1 lyenge #af without in a close1 thanne she shall doo with hey and strawe1 lyenge in an house2 for the harde meate dryeth vp the mylke4 ,but he that hath no pasture1 muste do as he may2 but yet is it better to the housbande to sell those #bj calues than to rere them1 bycause of the cost1 and also for the profytte of the mylke to his house1 and the rather the cowe wyll take the bull4 ,if the husbande go with an oxe-plough1 it is conuenient that he rere two oxe-calues #bd and two cowe-calues at the least1 to vpholde his flocke1 and if he maye do moo1 it wyll be more profyte4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ci;b4 ,and it is better1 to wayne thy calues at grasse before4 ,and that man1 that maye haue a pasture for his kye1 and #bh an other for his calues1 and water in them both1 maye rere and brede good beastes with lyghte coste4 ,and if ,sidenote3 ,do not wean calves on hay4 thou waine thy calues with hey1 it wyl make them haue great belyes1 and the rather they wyll rotte whan they #cb come to grasse1 and in wynter they wolde be put in a house by them-selfe1 and gyuen hey on the nyghtes1 and put in a good pasture on the day1 and they shal be moche better to handell1 whan they shal be kye or oxen4 #cf #fg4 ,to gelde calues4 ,sidenote3 ,to geld ox-calves4 ,it is tyme to gelde his oxen calues in the olde of the mone1 whan they be 4x4 or 4xx4 dayes olde1 for than it is leaste ieoperdye1 and the oxe shall be the more hyer1 and the lenger of body1 and the lenger horned3 and that maye #d be well prouyd1 to take two oxe-calues1 both of one kynde1 of one makynge1 and both of one age2 gelde one of them1 and let the other goo forthe and be a bull1 and ,sidenote3 ,a gelt calf grows bigger than a bull4 put theym bothe in one pasture1 tyll they be foure or #h fyue yere olde3 and than shall ye se the oxe-calfe ferre ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #dj4 greatter euery waye than the bull2 there is noo cause but the geldynge2 and yf thou gelde them not tyll they be a yere olde1 there is more ieopardye1 he shall be lesse of #ab bodye1 and shorte-horned4 #fh4 ,horses and mares to drawe4 ,sidenote3 ,horses and mares4 ,a husbande maye not be withoute horses and mares1 or bothe2 and specially1 if he go with a horse-ploughe1 he muste haue both his horses to drawe1 and his mares to brynge coltes1 to vpholde his flocke1 and yet at manye #d tymes they maye drawe well1 if they be well handled4 ,but they maye not beare sackes1 nor be rydden vppon noo iourneys whan they be with foole1 and specyally whanne they haue gone with foole 4xx4 or 4xxiiii4 wekes1 #h ,sidenote3 ,take care of the mares4 for than is the greateste ieopardy4 ,for yf she be rydden vppon1 and sette vp hotte1 or tourned out and take cold1 she wil caste her foole1 the whiche woll be a greatte losse to the housbande4 ,for she wyll labour and beare whan #ab she hath fooled1 and drawe whan she is with foole1 as well as the horse4 ,it is conuenient for the husbande to knowe1 whanne his mare wolde be horsed4 ,it is the ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #dj;b4 common sayenge1 that she wyll take the hors within 4ix4 or #af 4x4 dayes1 nexte after that she hath fooled3 but that saying ,i holde not with1 for and she do so1 she wyll not holde therto1 for the hors dothe dryue her to it4 ,but 4xx4 days after1 is tymely ynoughe to brynge her to a hors4 #bj ,for she wyl not holde to it1 excepte she be kene of horsyng1 and that shal ye knowe by her shap1 for that wyll twyrle open1 and close agayne1 many tymes in an houre3 and than brynge her to a hors1 and let her be with hym a day or a #bd nyght1 and that is suffycyent4 ,for it is better1 to kepe ,sidenote3 ,keep the horse from the mares4 the horse frome the mares1 than to go with them1 for dyuers causes1 and specyally he shall be more lusty1 and the moo horse-coltes shall he gete4 ,but he that hath #bh very many mares1 may not alway attende them1 but let them go to-gether1 and take as god sendes it4 ,some men holde an opinion1 that if the horse be put to the ,sidenote3 ,men have various opinions about foals4 mare in the begynnynge of the moone1 after it be prime1 #cb he shall gete a horse-foole4 ,and some men saye the contrary3 that if he be putte to the mare in the olde of the mone1 he shoulde gete horse-fooles4 ,and ,i saye1 it maketh noo matter1 whether3 for this cause ,i haue #cf ,sidenote3 ,i have #fj horses myself4 proued4 ,i haue my selfe 4lx4 mares and more1 able to ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #da4 beare the horse1 and from ,maye daye vnto saynte ,barthylmewes daye1 ,i have 4v4 or 4vi4 horses goynge with theym bothe daye and nyghte1 and at the foolynge-tyme #dj ,i haue vpon one daye a horse-fole1 and on the nexte daye1 or seconde1 a mare-fole1 and on the thirde or fourth day next after1 a horse-fole agayne1 and soo euery weke of bothe sortes1 and by theyr opynyon or reason1 #dd ,i shulde haue 4xiiii4 dayes together horse-fooles1 and ,sidenote3 ,with men who speak sophistically1 other 4xiiii4 dayes together mare-foles4 ,and me semethe1 that those men that holde that opinyon1 speke sophystycallye2 that if soo be they layde any wagers thervppon1 #dh that they shoulde bothe wynne in theyr owne conceyte by this reason4 ,whether it were gette in the newe of ,sidenote3 a filly may be called a horse-foal2 and a colt may be called a mare-foal4 the mone or in the olde of the mone1 it is a horse-foole1 bycause a horse gate it1 though it be a felly-fole2 and it #eb is a mare-fole1 bycause a mare fooled it1 thoughe it be a horse-colte4 ,and so 7,diuersis respectibus7 theyr opynions maye be trewe4 ,but of one thynge ,i am certayne1 that some one horse wyll gette more horse-fooles than #ef other horse wyll doo1 and lyke wyse a mare wyll beare moo mare-fooles than some other mare wyll do1 thoughe they be horsed bothe with one horse4 ,me semeth there is no reason why1 but the lustynes of the nature of bothe #fj ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #da;b4 partes1 whether of them shall haue the domination4 ,but and ye haue mares of dyuers colours1 than do as ,i do1 seuer them in diuers parcels1 and put to your ,sidenote3 ,with white mares put a gray horse4 white mares a grey horse1 or a whyte horse that hath #fd noo whyte rathe in the foreheed2 and to your grey mares a white horse1 so that he be not al white-skynned aboute the mouthe4 ,and to your mares of colour1 that haue no white vpon them1 a coloured horse that hath #fh moch white on hym1 and to your coloured mares of mayne whyte1 a horse of colour of mayn whyte4 ,and thus shal ye haue well coloured coltes4 ,it maketh noo mater of what colour the horse be1 soo he be neyther #gb ,sidenote3 ,put not a white horse with a coloured mare4 whyte nor grey4 ,for if ye put a whyte horse to a coloured mare1 she shall haue moste comonly a sandy colte1 lyke an yren-gray1 neyther lyke syre nor damme4 ,howe be it ,i haue seen and knowen many mares1 that #gf wyll haue theyr colte lyke the horse that gate it1 the whiche is agaynste kynde of mares1 for a manne maye rather gette one good horse than many good mares4 #fi4 ,the losse of a lambe1 a calfe1 or a foole4 ,it is lesse hurte to a man1 to haue his cowe caste her calfe1 thanne an ewe to caste her lambe4 ,for the calfe ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #db4 wyll soucke as moche mylke1 er it be able to kyll1 as it is worthe1 and of the ewe commeth noo profytte of the #d ,sidenote3 ,some men milk ewes1 but it is a loss4 mylke1 but the lambe4 ,howe be it they vse in some places to mylke theyr ewes1 whan they haue wayned theyr lambes3 but that is great hurte to the ewes1 and wyll cause them1 that they wyll not take the ramme at #h the tyme of the yere for pouertye1 but goo barreyne4 ,sidenote3 ,a lost foal is a great loss4 ,and if a mare caste her foole1 that is thryse soo great a losse1 for if that foole be commen of good brede1 as it is necessary euery man to prouyde1 for as moche #ab costes and charges hath a badde mare as a good1 in shorte space the foole1 with good kepynge1 maye be solde for as moche money as wolde bye many calues and lambes4 #ae #gj4 ,what cattell shulde go to-gether in one pasture4 ,beastes alone1 nor horses alone1 nor shepe alone1 excepte it be shepe vppon a verye hyghe grounde1 wyll not eate a pasture euen1 but leaue many tuftes and hygh grasse in dyuers places1 excepte it be ouer-layde with #d ,sidenote3 ,put beasts and horses in a pasture together4 cattell4 ,wherfore knowe that horses and beastes wyll agree well in oone pasture1 for there is some maner of ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #db;b4 grasse that a horse#bi wyll eate1 and the beast wyl not eate1 as the fytches1 flasshes1 and lowe places1 and #h all the holowe bunnes and pypes that growe therin4 ,but horses and shepe wyll not so well agree1 excepte it be shepe to fede1 for a shepe wyll go on a bare pasture1 and wyll eate the sweteste grasse3 and soo wyll a horse1 but he #ab wolde haue it lenger4 ,howe be it he wyll eate as nyghe the erthe as a shepe1 but he can not so sone fyll his ,sidenote3 ,with #ajj beasts put #bj horses4 belly4 ,to an hundred beastes ye maye put 4xx4 horses1 if it be lowe ground1 and if there be grasse ynoughe1 #af put in an hundred shepe1 and so after the rate1 be the pasture more or lesse4 ,and after this maner they may fede and eate the close euen and leue but fewe tuftes4 ,and if it be an hyghe grounde1 put in moo shepe1 #bj and lesse bestes and horses4 ,melch kye1 and draught oxen1 wyll eate a close moche barer than as many fatte ,sidenote3 ,milch kine should not be too fat1 kye and oxen4 ,and a melche cowe may haue to moch meate3 for if she waxe fatte1 she wyll the rather take #bd the bull1 and gyue lesse mylke4 ,for the fatnes stoppeth the poores and the vaines1 that shuld brynge the mylke to the pappes4 ,and therfore meane grasse is beste ,sidenote3 but have a moderate diet4 to kepe her in a meane estate4 ,and if a cowe be #bh fatte1 whan she shall calue1 than is there great ieoperdy in her1 and the calfe shall be the lesse3 but ye can not ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #dc4 gyue your draught-oxe to moche meate1 excepte it be the aftermath of a late mowen medowe4 ,for that wyll #cb cause hym to haue the gyrre1 and than he maye not well ,sidenote3 ,too much grass is bad4 laboure4 ,and there be to moche grasse in a close1 the cattel shall fede the worse1 for a good bytte to the erthe is suffycyente4 ,for if it be longe1 the beaste wyll byte #cf of the toppe and noo more1 for that is swetest1 and the other lyeth styll vppon the grounde and rotteth1 and no beaste wyll eate it but horse in wynter2 but these beastes1 horses and shepe1 maye not be fodered to-gether #dj ,sidenote3 ,in winter1 beasts will gore horses and sheep4 in wynter1 for thanne they wolde be seuered3 for els the beastes with theyr homes wyll put bothe horses and the shepe1 and gore them in theyr bellyes4 ,and it is necessarye to make standynge cratches1 to caste theyr #dd fodder in1 and the staues set nyghe ynough togyther1 for pullynge theyr fodder to hastely out1 for shedynge4 ,and if it be layde vppon the erthe1 the fourthe parte therof wyll be loste3 and if ye laye it vpon the erthe1 #dh laye it euerye tyme in a newe place1 for the olde wyll marre the newe4 #ga4 ,the properties of horses4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #dc;b4 ,sidenote3 ,grazier1 be not beguiled6 ,thou grasyer1 that mayst fortune to be of myne opynyon or condityon1 to loue horses and yonge coltes or foles to go amonge thy cattel1 take hede that thou ,sidenote3 ,i have been so #ajj times4 be not begyled1 as ,i haue ben an hundred tymes and #d ,sidenote3 ,a good horse has #ed properties2 more4 ,and first thou shalt knowe1 that a good horse hath 4liiii4 propertyes1 that is to say 4ii4 of a man1 4ii4 of a bauson or a badger1 4iiii4 of a lyon1 4ix4 of an oxe1 4ix4 of an hare1 4ix4 of a foxe1 4ix4 of an asse1 and 4x4 of a #h woman4 #gb4 ,the two properties1 that a horse hath of a man4 ,sidenote3 two1 of a man3 ,the fyrste is1 to haue a proude harte2 and the seconde is1 to be bolde and hardy4 #gc4 ,the 4ii4 propertyes of a bauson4 ,sidenote3 two1 of a badger3 ,the fyrste is1 to haue a whyte rase or a ball in the foreheed2 the seconde1 to haue a whyte fote4 #gd4 ,the 4iiii4 properties of a lyon4 ,sidenote3 four1 of a lion3 ,the fyrste is1 to haue a brode breste2 the seconde1 to be styffe-docked2 the thyrde1 to be wylde in countenaunce2 the fourthe1 to haue foure good legges4 #ge4 ,the 4ix4 propertyes of an oxe4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #dd4 ,sidenote3 nine1 of an ox3 ,the fyrste is1 to be brode-rybbed2 the 4ii4 to be lowe-brawned2 the thyrde1 to be shorte-pasturned2 the 4iiii4 to haue greatte senewes2 the fyfte1 to be wyde betwene the challes2 the syxte is1 to haue great nosethrylles2 #d the 4vii4 to be bygge on the chyn2 the 4viii4 to be fatte and well fedde2 the 4ix4 to be vpryghte standynge4 #gf4 ,the 4ix4 propertyes of an hare4 ,sidenote3 nine1 of a hare3 ,the fyrste is styffe-eared2 the seconde1 to haue greate eyen2 the thyrde1 round eyen2 the fourthe1 to haue a leane heed2 the 4v4 to haue leane knees2 the syxte1 to be wyght on foote2 the 4vii4 to turne vpon a lyttell grounde2 #d the 4viii4 to haue shorte buttockes2 the 4ix4 to haue two good fyllettes4 #gg4 ,the 4ix4 propertyes of a foxe4 ,sidenote3 nine1 of a fox3 ,the fyrste is1 to be prycke-eared1 the seconde1 to be lyttell-eared2 the thyrde1 to be rounde-syded2 the fourthe1 to be syde-tayled2 the fyfte1 to be shorte-legged2 the syxte1 to be blacke-legged2 the 4vii4 to be #d shorte-trottynge2 the 4viii4 to be well coloured2 the 4ix4 to have a lyttell heed4 #gh4 ,the 4ix4 propertyes of an asse4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #dd;b4 ,sidenote3 nine1 of an ass3 ,the fyrste is to be small-mouthed2 the seconde1 to be longe-rayned3 the 4iii4 to be thyn-cressed2 the fourthe1 to be streyght-backed2 the fyfth1 to haue small stones2 the syxte1 to be lathe-legged2 the 4vii4 to be rounde-foted2 #d the eyght1 to be holowe-foted2 the 4ix4 to haue a toughe houe4 #gi4 ,the 4x4 properties of a woman4 ,sidenote3 ten1 of a woman3 ,the fyrst is1 to be mery of chere2 the seconde1 to be well paced2 the thyrde1 to haue a brode foreheed2 the fourth1 to haue brode buttockes2 the fyfthe1 to be harde of warde2 the syxte1 to be easye to lepe vppon2 the 4vii4 #d to be good at a longe iourneye2 the 4viii4 to be well sturrynge vnder a man2 the 4ix4 to be alwaye besye with the mouthe2 the tenth1 euer to be chowynge on the brydell4 ,it myght fortune ,i coude shewe as many #h ,sidenote3 ,i could tell you faults of horses1 but then ,i should break my promise4 defautes of horses1 as here be good propertyes1 but than ,i shulde breake my promyse1 that ,i made at ,grombalde brydge1 the first tyme ,i wente to ,ryppon for to bye coltes4 ,but it is to suppose1 that if a horse want any of these #ab good propertyes1 that he shulde haue a defaute in the same place4 ,and this is suffycient for this time4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #de4 #hj4 ,the diseases and sorance of horses4 ,sidenote3 ,diseases of horses4 ,nowe it is to be knowen1 the soraunce and dyseases of horses1 in what partes of theyr bodyes they be2 that a man maye the rather perceyue them4 ,and howe be it that it may be against my profyt1 yet ,i wil shewe you #d suche as cometh to my mynde4 #ha4 ,the lampas4 ,sidenote3 ,the lampas4 ,in the mouthe is the lampas1 is a thycke skyn full of bloude1 hangynge ouer his tethe aboue1 that he may not eate4 #hb4 ,the barbes4 ,sidenote3 ,the barbs4 ,the barbes be lyttell pappes in a horse mouth1 and lette hym to byte3 these two be sone holpen4 #hc4 ,mournynge of the tonge4 ,sidenote3 ,mourning of the tongue4 ,mournynge of the tonge is an yll dysease1 and harde to be cured4 #hd4 ,pursy4 ,sidenote3 ,pursiness4 ,pursy is a dysease in an horses bodye1 and maketh hym to blowe shorte1 and appereth at his nosethrilles1 and commeth of colde1 and may be well mended4 #he4 ,broken-wynded4 ,sidenote3 ,broken wind4 ,broken-wynded is an yll dysease1 and cometh of ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #de;b4 rennynge or rydynge ouer moche1 and specially shortely after he is watred1 and appereth at his nosethryll1 at his flanke1 and also at his tuell1 and wyll not be mended2 #d and wyll moche blowe and coughe1 if he be sore chafed2 and it wyl leaste appere1 whan he is at grasse4 #hf4 ,glaunders4 ,sidenote3 ,glanders4 ,glaunders is a disease1 that may be mended1 and commeth of a heate1 and a sodeyne colde1 and appereth at his nosethrylles1 and betwene his chall-bones4 #hg4 ,mournynge on the chyne4 ,sidenote3 ,mourning on the chine4 ,mournynge on the chyne is a dysease incurable1 and it appereth at his nosethryll lyke oke-water4 ,a glaunder whan it breaketh1 is lyke matter4 ,broken-wynded1 and pursynes1 is but shorte blowynge4 #d #hh4 ,stranguellyon4 ,sidenote3 ,stranguelion4 ,stranguelyon is a lyght dysease to cure1 and a horse wyl be very sore sycke therof1 and cometh of a chafynge hote1 that he swete1 and after he wyll ryse and swell in dyuers places of his body1 as moche as a mannes fyste2 #d and wyll breake by it selfe1 if it be kepte warme1 or els is there ieoperdy4 #hi4 ,the hawe4 ,sidenote3 ,the haw4 ,the hawe is a sorance in a horse eye1 and is lyke ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #df1 misprinted #di4 gristell1 and maye well be cutte oute1 or els it wyll haue out his eye2 and that horse that one1 hath commonly two4 #d #ij4 ,blyndnes4 ,sidenote3 ,blindness4 ,a horse wyll waxe blynde with laboure1 and that maye be cured betyme4 #ia4 ,viues4 ,sidenote3 ,the vives4 ,the viues is a sorance vnder a horse ere1 bytwene the ouer ende of the chall-bones and the necke1 and are rounde knottes bytwene the skyn and the fleshe lyke tennes-balles2 and if they be not kilde1 they wyl waxe #d quicke1 and eate the rotes of the horse eares1 and kil hym4 #ib4 ,the cordes4 ,sidenote3 ,the cords4 ,the cordes is a thynge that wyll make a horse to stumble1 and ofte to fall1 and appereth before the forther legges of the body of the horse1 and may well be cured in 4ii4 places1 and there be but fewe horses but they #d haue parte therof4 #ic4 ,the farcyon4 ,sidenote3 ,the farcion4 ,the farcyon is an yll soraunce1 and maye well be cured in the begynnynge1 and wyll appere in dyuers places of his bodye1 and there wyll ryse pymples as moche as halfe a walnutshell1 and they wyll folowe a veyne1 and wyll #d ,sidenote3 ,other horses will catch it4 breake by it selfe4 ,and as manye horses as do playe with him that is sore1 and gnappe of the matter that renneth ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #df;b4 out of the sore1 shall haue the same sorance within a moneth after2 and therfore kepe the sycke frome the #h hole4 ,and if that sorance be not cured betyme1 he wyll dye of it4 #id4 ,a malander4 ,sidenote3 ,the malander4 ,a malander is an yl sorance1 and may wel be cured for a tyme1 but with yl keping it wyl comme agayne1 and appereth on the forther legges1 in the bendynge of the knee behynde1 and is lyke a scabbe or a skal3 and #d some horses wyll haue two vpon a legge1 within an inche together1 and they wyl make a horse to stumble1 and other whyle to fall4 #ie4 ,a selander4 ,sidenote3 ,the selander4 ,a selander is in the bendynge of the legge behynde1 lyke as the malander is in the bendynge of the legge before1 and is lyke a malander1 and may be well cured4 #if4 ,a serewe4 ,sidenote3 ,the serewe4 ,a serewe is an yll soraunce1 and is lyke a splent1 but it is a lyttell longer and more1 and lyeth vppe to the knee on the inner syde4 ,and some horses haue a throughe serewe on bothe sydes of the legge1 and that horse must #d nedes stumble and fall1 and harde it is to be cured4 #ig4 ,a splent4 ,sidenote3 ,a splent4 ,a splent is the leaste soraunce that is1 that alwaye ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #dg4 contynueth1 excepte lampas4 ,and many men take vpon them to mende it1 and do payre it4 #ih4 ,a ryngbone4 ,sidenote3 ,ring-bone4 ,a ryngbone is an yll soraunce1 and appereth before on the foote1 aboue the houe1 as well before as behynde1 and wyll be swollen three inches brode1 and a quarter of an inche or more of heyghte1 and the heare wyll stare #d and waxe thyn1 and wyll make hym to halte1 and is yll to cure1 if it growe longe4 #ii4 ,wynd-galles4 ,sidenote3 ,wind-galls4 ,wyndgalles is a lyghte sorance1 and commeth of great labour1 and appereth on eyther syde of the ioynte aboue the fetelockes1 as wel before as behynde1 and is a lyttell swollen with wynde4 #d #ajj4 ,morfounde4 ,sidenote3 ,morfound4 ,morfounde is an yll sorance1 and cometh of rydynge faste tyll he swete1 and than sette vp sodeynely in a colde place1 without lytter1 and take cold on his fete1 and specially before1 and appereth vnder the houe in the hert #d of the fote1 for it wylle growe downe1 and waxe whyte1 ,sidenote3 ,it affects the feet4 and cromely lyke a pomis4 ,and also wyl appere by processe by the wryncles on the houe1 and the houe before wyll be thycker1 and more bryckle than and he #h had not benne morfounde2 nor he shall neuer trede so ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #dg;b4 boldely vpon the harde stones as he dydde before2 nor wyll not be able to beare a man a quarter of a yere or more2 and with good paryng and shoynge1 as he oughte #ab to be1 he wyll do good seruyce4 #aja4 ,the coltes euyll4 ,sidenote3 ,the colt's evil4 ,coltes euyll is an yll disease1 and commeth of ranknes of nature and bloudde1 and appereth in his scote1 for there wyl he swel great1 and wyll not be harde1 and soone cured in the begynnynge4 #d #ajb4 ,the bottes4 ,sidenote3 ,bots in the maw4 ,the bottes is an yll dysease1 and they lye in a horse mawe1 and they be an inche long1 white-coloured1 and a reed heed1 and as moche as a fyngers ende1 they be quycke1 and stycke faste in the mawe-syde2 it apperethe #d by stampynge of the horse1 or tomblynge1 and in the beginninge there is remedy ynoughe1 and if they be not cured betyme1 they wyll eate thorowe his mawe1 and kyll hym4 #h #ajc4 ,the wormes4 ,sidenote3 ,worms in the belly4 ,the wormes is a lyght dysease1 and they lye in the greatte paunche1 in the belye of the horse1 and they are shynynge1 of colour lyke a snake1 syxe inches in lengthe1 greate in the myddes1 and sharpe at bothe #d endes1 and as moche as a spyndel1 and wyll sone be kylde4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #dh4 #ajd4 ,affreyd4 ,sidenote3 #8,affreyd4' ,affreyd is an yll disease1 and commethe of great labour and rydynge faste with a contynuall sweate1 and thanne sodeynly to take a great colde1 his legges wyll be styffe1 and his skyn wyll stycke fast to his sydes1 and #d may be well cured4 #aje4 ,nauylgall4 ,sidenote3 ,navel-gall4 ,nauylgall is a soraunce1 hurte with a saddle1 or with a buckle of a croper1 or suche other1 in the myddes of the backe1 and maye be lyghtely cured4 #ajf4 ,a spauen4 ,sidenote3 ,spavin4 ,a spauen is an yll sorance1 whervppon he wyll halte1 and specyally in the begynnynge1 and appereth on the hynder legges within1 and agaynste the ioynte1 and it wyll be a lyttell swolen and harde4 ,and some horses haue #d throughe spauen1 and appereth bothe within and without1 and those be yll to be cured4 #ajg4 ,a courbe4 ,sidenote3 ,a curb4 ,a courbe is an yll sorance1 and maketh a horse to halte sore1 and appereth vppon the hynder legges streyght behynde1 vnder the camborell place1 and a lyttell benethe the spauen1 and wyll be swollen1 and yll to cure1 if it growe #d longe vpon hym4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #dh;b4 #ajh4 ,the stringe-halte4 ,sidenote3 ,string-halt4 ,the stryng-halte is an yl disease1 and maketh hym to twyche vp his legge sodeynly1 and maketh hym to halte1 and cometh ofte with a colde1 and doth not appere outwarde4 #d #aji4 ,enterfyre4 ,sidenote3 ,enterfire4 ,enterfyre is a sorance1 and cometh of yll shoynge1 and appereth ofte both behynde and before1 betwene the fete agaynst the fetelockes2 there is no remedy but good showynge4 #d #aaj4 ,myllettes4 ,sidenote3 ,millets4 ,myllettes is an yll sorance1 and appereth in the fetelockes behynde1 causeth the heare to sheede thre or foure inches of length1 and a quarter of an inche in brede1 lyke as it were bare2 and yll to cure but it maye be perceiued1 #d and specially in wynter tyme4 #aaa4 ,the peynes4 ,sidenote3 #8,the peynes4' ,the peynes is an yll soraunce and appereth in the fetelockes1 and wyl swel in wynter tyme1 and oyse of water1 and the heare wyll stare and be thyn1 and yl to cure1 but it wyl be seen in winter4 #d #aab4 ,cratches4 ,sidenote3 ,cratches4 ,cratches is a soraunce that wyll cause a horse to halt1 and commeth of yll kepynge1 and appereth in the pasturnes1 lyke as the skyn were cut ouerthwarte1 that a ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #di4 man maye laye a white strawe1 and it is sone cured4 #d #aac4 ,atteynt4 ,sidenote3 ,attaint4 ,atteynt is a sorance1 that commeth of an ouer-rechynge1 yf it be before2 and if it be behynde1 it is of the tredynge of an other horse1 the whiche maye be soone cured4 #d #aad4 ,grauelynge4 ,sidenote3 ,gravelling4 ,grauelynge is a hurte1 that wyll make a horse to halte1 and commethe of grauell and lyttel stones1 that goth in betwene the shough and the herte of the fote1 and is sone mended4 #d #aae4 ,a-cloyed4 ,sidenote3 ,a-cloyed4 ,a-cloyde is an hurte1 that commeth of yll shoynge1 whan a smyth dryueth a nayle in-to the quycke2 the which wyll make hym to halt1 and is sone cured4 #aaf4 ,the scabbe4 ,sidenote3 ,the scab4 ,there is a disease amonge horses that is called the scabbe1 and it is a skorfe in dyuers places of his body4 ,and it commeth of a pouertie and yll kepynge2 and is most commonly amonge olde horses1 and wyll dye #d thervpon1 and maye be well cured4 #aag4 ,lowsy4 ,sidenote3 ,lousy horses4 ,there be horses that wyll be lowsy1 and it cometh of pouertie1 colde1 and yll kepynge2 and it is moste commonly amonge yonge horses1 and menne take lyttell ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #di;b4 hede vnto it2 and yet they wyll dye thervppon1 and it #d maye be soone cured4 #aah4 ,wartes4 ,sidenote3 ,want of warts behind4 ,there is a defaute in a horse1 that is neyther sorance1 hurte1 nor disease1 and that is1 if a horse wante wartes behynde1 benethe the spauen-place1 for then he is noo chapmannes ware1 if he be wylde2 but if he be tame1 #d ,sidenote3 ,caveat emptor4 and haue ben rydden vpon1 than ,caueat emptor1 beware the byer1 for the byer hath bothe his eyen to se1 and his handes to handell4 ,it is a sayenge1 that suche a horse shoulde dye sodeynely1 whan he hath lyued as #h many yeres as the mone was dayes olde1 at suche tyme as he was foled4 #aai4 ,the sayinge of the frenche-man4 ,these be soraunce1 hurtes1 dyseases1 that be nowe ,sidenote3 ,a ,french proverb4 comme to my mynde2 and the frenche-man saythe1 ,mort de langue et de eschine ,sount maladyes saunce medicine4 ,the mournynge of the tongue1 and of the chyne1 are #d diseases without remedy or medicyne4 ,and ferther he ,sidenote3 ,another ,french proverb4 saythe1 ,gardes bien1 que il soyt cler de vieu1 ,que tout trauayle ne soit perdue3 ,be wel ware that he be clere of syghte1 lest all thy trauayle or iourneye be lost or #h nyght4 ,and bycause ,i am a horse-master my-selfe1 ,i ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ej4 haue shewed you the soraunce and dyseases of horses1 to the entent that men shulde beware1 take good hede what horses they bye of me or of any other4 ,howe #ab ,sidenote3 ,if ever you trust a horse-master1 trust me4 be it ,i saye to my customers1 and those that bye any horses of me1 and euer they wil trust any hors-master or corser whyle they lyue1 truste me4 #abj4 ,the diuersitie bytwene a horse-mayster1 a corser1 and a horse-leche4 ,sidenote3 ,a horse-master buys wild colts and breeds them and breaks them in4 ,a ,horse-mayster is he1 that bieth wylde horses1 or coltes1 and bredeth theym1 and selleth theym agayne wylde1 or breaketh parte of them1 and maketh theym tame1 and than selleth them4 ,a corser is he1 that byeth #d ,sidenote3 ,a courser merely deals in them4 all rydden horses1 and selleth them agayne4 ,the horse-leche is he1 that takethe vppon hym to cure and mende ,sidenote3 ,a horse-leech cures their diseases4 all maner of diseases and soraunce that horses haue4 ,and whan these three be mette1 if ye hadde a potycarye #h ,sidenote3 ,add to these an apothecary1 and you have #d rogues4 to make the fourthe1 ye myghte haue suche foure1 that it were harde to truste the best of them4 ,it were also conuenyent to shew medicynes and remedyes for al these diseases and sorances2 but it wolde be to longe a processe #ab at this tyme1 for it wolde be as moche as halfe this boke4 ,and ,i haue not the perfyte connynge1 nor the experyence1 to shewe medycynes and remedyes for ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ej;b4 theym all4 ,and also the horse-leches wolde not be #af content therwith1 for it myghte fortune to hurte or hynder theyr occupation4 #aba4 ,of swyne4 ,nowe thou husbande1 that haste bothe horses and mares1 beastes and shepe3 ,it were necessary also1 that thou haue bothe swyne and bees2 for it is an olde ,sidenote3 ,whoso hath sheep1 swine and bees1 shall surely thrive4 sayinge3 he that hath bothe shepe1 swyne1 and bees1 #d slepe he1 wake he1 he maye thryue4 ,and that sayenge is1 bycause that they be those thinges that moste profyt riseth of in the shortest space1 with least coste4 ,than se howe manye swyne thou art able to kepe2 let them #h ,sidenote3 ,have only boars and sows2 no hogs4 be bores and sowes all1 and no hogges4 ,and if thou be able to rere vi pigges a yere1 than let two of them be bores1 and foure of them sowes1 and so to contynue after the rate4 ,for a bore will haue as lyttell kepynge #ab ,sidenote3 ,a boar is better than a hog4 as a hogge1 and is moche better than a hogge1 and more meate on hym and is ready at all tymes to eate in the wynter season1 and to be layde in souse4 ,and a sowe1 er she be able to kyl1 shall bryng forth as many pyggs or #af moo1 as she is worth2 and her bodye is neuer the worse1 and wyll be as good baken as a hogge1 and as lyttell ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ea4 kepynge1 but at suche tyme as she hath pygges4 ,and if thy sowe haue moo pygges than thou wilt rere1 sel them1 #bj ,sidenote3 ,rear pigs in spring and early summer4 or eate them1 rere those pigges that come about lenten-time1 specyally the begynnynge of somer1 for they can-not be rered in winter1 for cold1 without great coste4 #abb4 ,of bees4 ,of bees is lyttell charge but good attendaunce2 at the tyme that they shall cast the swarme1 it is conuenient1 that ,sidenote3 ,put the beehive in a garden or orchard4 the hyue be set in a garden1 or an orchyarde1 where as they maye be kepte from the northe wynde1 and the #d mouthe of the hyue towarde the sonne4 ,and in ,june ,sidenote3 ,they commonly swarm in ,june or ,july4 and ,july they do most commonlye caste1 and they wolde haue some lowe trees nyghe vnto them before the hyue that the swarme maye lyght vpon2 and whan #h the swarme is knytte1 take a hyue1 and splente it within with thre or foure splentes1 that the bees maye knytte theyr combes therto2 and annoynte the splentes1 and ,sidenote3 ,how to take a swarm4 the sydes of the hyue1 with a lyttell honye4 ,and if thou #ab haue no honye1 take swete creame1 and than set a stole or a forme nyghe vnto the swarme1 and laye a clene washen shete vppon the stole1 and thanne holde the ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ea;b4 smalle ende of the hyue downewarde and shake the #af bees in-to the hyue1 and shortely sette it vppon the stole1 and turne vppe the comers of the shete ouer the hyue1 and to leue one place open1 that the bees may come in ,sidenote3 ,never strive with bees4 and out3 but thou mayst not fight nor stryue with theym #bj for noo cause2 and to laye nettyls vppon the bowes1 where as they were knytte1 to dryue them from that place2 and soo watche them all that daye1 that they go not away2 and at nyght1 whan al be goone vp into the #bd hyue1 take it away and set it where it shall stande1 and take awaye thy shete1 and haue claye tempered to laye aboute it vppon the borde or stone1 where it shall stande1 that noo wynde comme in1 but the borde is better and #bh ,sidenote3 ,leave a hole for the bees to go in and out4 warmer4 ,and to leaue an hole open on the south syde1 of three inches brode1 and an inche of heyghte1 for the bees to come in and out4 ,and than to make a couerynge of wheate-strawe or rye-strawe1 to couer and house the #cb ,sidenote3 ,set the hive on stakes1 at least two feet from ground4 hyue about1 and set the hyue two fote or more from the erthe vpon stakes1 soo that a mouse cannot come to it1 and also neyther beastes nor swyne4 ,and if a swarme be caste late in the yere1 they wolde be fedde with honnye in #cf wynter1 and layde vppon a thynne narowe borde1 or a thynne sclatte or leade2 put it into the hyue1 and an other ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #eb4 thynne borde wolde be set before euery hyues mouthe1 that no winde come in2 and to haue foure or fyue #dj lyttell nyckes made on the nether syde1 that a bee maye comme out or go in1 and so fastened1 that the wynde blowe it not downe1 and to take it vp whan he wyll4 ,sidenote3 ,if a hive is fed on honey1 stop the mouth of it4 ,and that hyue that is fedde1 to stoppe the mouthe cleane1 #dd that other bees come not in2 for if they doo1 they wyll fyghte1 and kyll eche other4 ,and beware1 that noo waspes come in-to the hyue1 for they wyll kyl the bees1 and eate the honny4 ,and also there is a bee called a #dh ,sidenote3 ,drones4 drone1 and she is greatter than an other bee1 and they wyll eate the honny1 and gather nothynge3 and therfore they ,sidenote3 ,it is said1 the drone hath lost her sting4 wolde be kylde1 and it is a sayenge1 that she hath loste her stynge1 and than she wyl not labour as the other #eb do4 #abc4 ,howe to kepe beastes and other cattell4 ,sidenote3 ,how to keep beasts4 ,if a housbande shall kepe cattell well to his profytte1 he must haue seuerall closes and pastures to put his cattel in1 the which wolde be wel quickesetted1 diched1 hedged1 that he maye seuer the byggeste cattell frome #d ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #eb;b4 the weykeste at his pleasure1 and specyallye in wynter-tyme1 whan they shall be fodered4 ,and thoughe a man be but a farmer1 and shall haue his farme xx yeres1 it ,sidenote3 ,it is best to quickset1 ditch1 and hedge cattle in4 is lesse coste for hym1 and more profyte1 to quyckeset1 #h dyche1 and hedge1 than to haue his cattell goo before the herdeman4 ,for let the housbande spende in thre yeres as moche money as the kepynge of his beastes1 swyne1 and shepe doth cost him in iii yeres1 than alwaye after1 #ab he shal haue all maner of cattell with the tenthe parte of the coste1 and the beastes shal lyke moche better4 ,and ,sidenote3 ,a herdman expects #b;d4 per beast2 and a swineherd #a;d4 by this reason4 ,the herdeman wyll haue for euery beast 4ii4d4 a quarter1 or there aboute3 ,and the swyneherde #af wyll haue for euery swyne 4i4d4 at the leaste4 ,than he must haue a shepeherde of his owne1 or elles he shal neuer thryue4 ,than reken meate1 drinke1 and wages for his shepeherde1 the herdmans hyre1 and the swyneherdes #bj hyre1 these charges wyll double his rent or nyghe it1 excepte his farme be aboue 4xl4 s4 by yere4 ,nowe see ,sidenote3 ,it is better to spend the money on hedges4 what his charges be in 4iii4 yeres1 lette hym ware as moche money in quickesettynge1 dychynge1 and hedgynge1 and #bd in thre yeres he shall be discharged for euermore1 and moche of this labour he and his seruauntes maye do with theyr owne handes1 and saue moche money4 ,and than ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ec4 hath he euery fyelde in seueraltye4 ,and by the assente #bh of the lordes and tenauntes1 euery neyghbour may exchaunge landes with other4 ,and than shall his farme be twyse so good in profytte to the tenaunte as it was before1 and as moche lande kepte in tyllage2 and than shall not #cb the ryche man ouer-eate the poore man with his cattell1 ,sidenote3 ,you will save in hay and straw4 and the fourth parte of heye and strawe shall serue his cattell better in a pasture1 than iiii4 tymes soo moche wyll do in a house1 and lesse attendaunce1 and better the #cf cattel shall lyke1 and the chiefe sauegarde for corne bothe daye and nyghte that can be4 #abd4 ,to get settes and set them4 ,and if thou haue pastures1 thou muste nedes haue quyckesettynge1 dychynge and plasshynge4 ,whan it is ,sidenote3 ,quickset hedges4 grene1 and commeth to age1 than gette thy quyckesettes in the woode-countreye1 and let theym be of whyte-thorne #d and crabtree1 for they be beste2 holye and hasell be good4 ,and if thou dwelle in the playne-countrey1 than mayste thou gete bothe asshe1 oke1 and elme1 for those wyll ,sidenote3 ,set young oaks and ashes4 encrease moche woode in shorte space4 ,and set thy oke-settes #h and the asshe 4x4 or 4xii fote a-sonder1 and cut them ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ec;b4 as thou dost thy other settes1 and couer theym ouer with thornes a lyttell1 that shepe and cattell eate them not4 ,sidenote3 ,clear away the weeds4 ,and also wede them clene in mydsomer mone or soone #ab after3 for the wedes1 if they ouer growe1 wyl kyl the settes4 ,sidenote3 ,never have blackthorn4 ,but get no blacke-thorne for nothynge1 for that wyl grow outwarde into the pasture1 and doth moch hurte in the grasse1 and tearyng the woll of the shepe4 ,it is good #af tyme to set quickesettes1 fro that tyme the leaues be fallen1 ,sidenote3 ,when to set quicksets4 vnto oure lady daye in lente2 and thy sandye grounde or grauell set fyrste1 than clay grounde1 and than meane grounde1 and the medowe or marreys grounde laste1 for #bj the sande and grauell wyll drye anone1 and than the quyckeset wyll take no rote1 excepte it haue greate weate2 for the muldes wyll lye lose1 if it be dyched in ,february or ,sidenote3 ,how to set quicksets4 marche1 and lyke wise clay ground4 ,and make thy settes #bd longe ynough1 that they maye be set depe ynough in the erth3 for than they wyll growe the better4 ,and to stande halfe a foote and more aboue the erthe1 that they maye sprynge oute in many braunches4 ,and than to take a lyne1 #bh and sette it there as thou wylte haue thy hedge1 and to ,sidenote3 ,make a straight trench4 make a trenche after thy lyne1 and to pare awaye the grasse there the quyckesettes shal be set1 and caste it by1 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ed4 where the erthe of the dyche shall lye1 and dygge vp the #cb muldes a spade-graffe depe1 and to put in thy settes1 and dygge up more molde1 and laye vppon that set1 and so peruse1 tyll thou haue set all thy settes1 and let them lene ,sidenote3 ,have the ditch a foot from the hedge4 towarde the dyche4 ,and a foote from that make thy #cf dyche4 ,for if thou make it to nyghe thy settes1 the water maye fortune to weare the grounde on that syde1 and cause thy settes to fall downe4 #abe4 ,to make a dyche4 ,sidenote3 ,of what size to make ditches4 ,if thou make thy dyche foure foote brode1 than wolde it be two foote and a halfe depe4 ,and if it be 4v4 fote brode1 than 4iii4 fote depe1 and so accordynge2 and if it be fyue fote brod1 than it wolde be double sette1 and the #d rather it wolde fence it-selfe1 and the lower hedge wyll serue4 #abf4 ,to make a hedge4 ,sidenote3 ,stakes for a hedge4 ,thou muste gette the stakes of the harte of oke1 for those be best2 crabtre1 blacke-thorne1 and ellore be good4 ,reed wethy is beste in marsshe grounde2 asshe1 maple1 hasel1 and whyte-thorne wyl serue for a time4 ,and set #d ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ed;b4 thy stakes within 4ii4 foote and a halfe together1 excepte thou haue very good edderynge1 and longe1 to bynde with4 ,sidenote3 ,ethers for a hedge4 ,and if it be double eddered1 it is moch the better1 and gret strength to the hedge1 and moche lenger it wil last4 #h ,and lay thy small trouse or thornes1 that thou hedgeste withall1 ouer thy quickesettes1 that shepe do not eate the ,sidenote3 ,drive the stakes firmly4 sprynge nor buddes of thy settes4 ,let thy stakes be well dryuen1 that the poynt take the hard erthe4 ,and whan #ab thou haste made thy hedge1 and eddered it well1 than take ,sidenote3 ,wind in the ethers4 thy mall agayne1 and dryue downe thy edderinges1 and also thy stakes by and by4 ,for with the wyndynge of the edderynges thou doost leuse thy stakes2 and therfore #af ,sidenote3 ,then drive the stakes again4 they muste nedes be dryuen newe1 and hardened agayne1 and the better the stake wil be dryuen1 whan he is wel bounden4 #abg4 ,to plasshe or pleche a hedge4 ,sidenote3 ,how to pleach a hedge4 ,if the hedge be of 4x4 or 4xii4 yeres growing sythe it was first set1 thanne take a sharpe hachet1 or a handbyll1 and cutte the settes in a playne place1 nyghe vnto the ,sidenote3 ,cut the sets more than half through1 erthe1 the more halue a-sonder2 and bende it downe #d towarde the erthe1 and wrappe and wynde theym to-gether1 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ee4 but alwaye se that the toppe lye hyer than the ,sidenote3 and bend them down1 but not too low4 rote a good quantytie1 for elles the sappe wyll not renne in-to the toppe kyndely1 but in processe the toppe wyll #h dye2 and than set a lyttel hedge on the backe-syde1 and it shall nede noo more mendynge manye yeres after4 ,and if the hedge be of 4xx4 4xxiiii4 or 4xxx4 yere of age1 ,sidenote3 ,how to pleach an older hedge4 sythe it was fyrst sette1 than wynde in first al the #ab nether-moste bowes1 and wynde them together1 and than cutte the settes in a playne place a lyttel from the erth1 the more halfe a-sonder1 and to lette it slaue downewarde1 and not vpwarde1 for dyuerse causes3 than wynde the #af bowes and braunches therof in-to the hedge1 and at euery two fote1 or 4iii4 fote1 to leaue one set growyng not plasshed2 and the toppe to be cut of foure fote hygh1 or there-aboute1 to stande as a stake1 if there be any #bj suche1 or els to set an-other1 and to wynd the other that be pleched about them4 ,and if the bowes wyll not lye playne in the hedge1 than cut it the more halfe ,sidenote3 ,how to pleach a very old hedge4 a-sonder1 and bynd it to the hedge1 and than shal he not #bd nede for to mende the hedge1 but in fewe places1 4xx4 yeres after or more4 ,and if the hedge be olde1 and be great stubbes or trees1 and thyn in the bottome1 that beastes may go vnder or betwene the trees3 thanne #bh take a sharpe axe1 and cutte the trees or stubbes1 that ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ee;b4 growe a fote from the erthe1 or there-about1 in a plaine place1 within an inche or two inches of the side1 and let them slaue downward1 as ,i sayd before1 and let the #cb toppe of the tree lye ouer the rote of an other tree1 and to pleche downe the bowes of the same tree1 to stoppe the holowe places4 ,and if all the holowe and voyde places wyl not be fylled and stopped1 than scoure the #cf olde dyche1 and cast it vp newe1 and to fyll with erthe all the voyde places4 ,and if soo be these trees wyll not reche in euerye place to make a sufficyent defence1 than double quicke-set it1 diche it new in euery place that #dj is nedeful1 and set a hedge thervpon1 and to ouerlay the settes1 for eatynge of shepe or other cattel4 #abh4 ,to mende a hye-waye4 ,sidenote3 ,how to mend a road4 ,me semeth1 it is necessarye to shewe mine opinion1 howe an hye-way shulde be amended4 ,and fyrste and pryncypally1 se that there be noo water standynge in the ,sidenote3 ,let no water stand on it4 hye-waye1 but that it be alwaye currante and rennynge1 #d nor haue none abydynge more in one place thanne in another4 ,and in somer1 whan the water is dryed vp1 than to get grauell1 and to fyll vp euery lowe place1 and to ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ef4 make theym euen1 somewhat dyscendynge or currante1 #h ,sidenote3 ,fill up the holes with gravel4 one waye or other2 and if there be noo grauell nor stones to gette1 yet fyll vp with erthe in the begynnyge of somer1 that it maye be well hardened with caryage and treadynge vppon1 and it shall be well #ab amended1 if the water maye passe away from it2 the whiche wolde be well consydered1 and specially aboute ,sidenote3 ,about ,london they mend roads badly1 putting in earth before the gravel4 ,london1 where as they make moche more coste than nedeth2 for there they dyche theyr hye-wayes on bothe #af sydes1 and fyll vp the holowe and lowe places with erthe1 and than they caste and laye grauell alofte4 ,and whan a greatte rayne or water commeth1 and synketh thorowe the grauell1 and commeth to the erthe1 than the erthe #bj swelleth and bolneth and waxeth softe1 and with ,sidenote3 ,then the gravel sinks1 and the road is like a quicksand4 treadynge1 and specyally with caryage1 the grauell synketh1 and gothe downewarde as his nature and kynde requyreth1 and than it is in maner of a quycke-sande1 #bd that harde it is for any thynge to goo ouer4 ,but yf they wolde make no dyche in sommertyme1 whan the water is dryed vp1 that a man may se all the holowe and lowe places1 ,sidenote3 ,they should use gravel only4 than to cary grauel1 and fyl it vp as hygh as the other #bh knolles be2 than wold it not bolne ne swell1 nor be no quycke-sande1 and euery man may go beside the hie-way ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ef;b4 with theyr cariage at theyr pleasure4 ,and this me semeth is lesse coste1 and lenger wyll last with a lyttell mendynge #cb ,sidenote3 ,this should be looked to4 whan nede requyreth4 ,therfore me thynketh1 yf this were well loked vpon1 it shuld be bothe good and necessarye for that purpose3 for soo haue ,i seen done in other places1 where as ,i haue ben1 c4 #cf #abi4 ,to remoue and set trees4 ,sidenote3 ,how to remove and set trees4 ,if thou wylte remoue and sette trees1 get as manye rotes with them as thou canste1 and breake them not1 nor bryse theym1 by thy wyll4 ,and if there be any rote broken and sore brused1 cut it of harde by1 there as it is #d brused1 with a sharpe hatchet1 elles that roote wyll dye4 ,and if it be asshe1 elme1 or oke1 cut of all the bowes ,sidenote3 ,cut off some of the boughs4 cleane1 and saue the toppe hole4 ,for if thou make hym ryche of bowes1 thou makeste hym poore of thryfte1 for #h two causes4 ,the bowes causeth theym to shake with wynde1 and to leuse the rotes4 ,also he can-not be soo cleane gete1 but some of the rotes muste nedes be cut1 and than there wyll not come soo moche sappe and #ab moystenes to the bowes1 as there dyd before4 ,and if the tree be very longe1 cut of the top1 two or thre ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ea2 ,so misnumbered all the way to the end4 ,we may call it #ea994 yardes4 ,and if it be an apple-tree1 or peare-tree1 or suche other as beareth fruyte1 than cut away all the #af water-bowes1 and the small bowes1 that the pryncipall bowes may haue the more sap4 ,and if ye make a marke1 which syde of the tree standeth towarde the sonne1 that he may be set so agayne1 it is soo moche #bj the better4 #acj4 ,trees to be set without rotes and growe4 ,sidenote3 ,some trees can be set without roots4 ,there be trees wil be set without rotes1 and growe well1 and sprynge rotes of them-selfe4 ,and those be dyuerse apple-trees1 that haue knottes in the bowes1 as casses1 or wydes1 and suche other1 that wyll growe on #d ,sidenote3 ,poplar and withy4 slauynges1 and lykewyse popeler and wethy3 and they must be cut cleane besyde the tree1 that they growe on1 and the toppe cut cleane of 4viii4 or 4x4 fote of lengthe1 and all the bowes betwene1 and to be set a fote depe or4 #h in the erthe1 in good grounde4 ,and ye shall vnderstande1 ,sidenote3 ,four withies1 viz4 white1 black1 red1 and osier4 that there be foure maner of wethyes1 that is to say1 white wethye1 blacke wethy1 reed wethy1 and osyerde wethy4 ,whyte wethye wyll growe vppon drye #ab grounde1 yf it be sette in the begynnyge of wynter1 and ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ea99;b4 wyll not growe in marsshe grounde2 blacke wethy wyll growe better on marshe grounde1 and redde wethy in ,sidenote3 ,osiers will grow in water4 lyke maner3 and osyerde wethy wyll growe beste in water #af and moyste grounde4 ,and they be trees that wyll soone be nourysshed1 and they wyll beare moche woodde1 and ,sidenote3 ,crop them every seven years4 they wolde be cropped euery 4vii4 or 4viii4 yere or els they wyll dye2 but they maye not be cropped in sappe-tyme1 #bj nor no tree els4 ,and in many places1 bothe the lordes1 freeholders1 and tenauntes at wyll1 sette suche wethyes1 and popelers1 in marsshe grounde1 to nourysshe wodde1 c4 #aca4 ,to fell wodde for housholde1 or to sell4 ,sidenote3 ,fell underwood in winter2 let the cattle browze on it4 ,if thou haue any woddes to felle1 for thy householde to brenne1 or to sell1 than fell the vnder-wodde fyrste in wynter1 that thy cattell or beastes maye eate and brouse the toppes1 and to fell noo more on a daye but as moche #d as the beastes wyll eate the same daye1 or on the morowe after4 ,and as soone as it is well eaten or broused1 thanne kydde it1 and set them on the endes1 and that ,sidenote3 ,make it up into faggots4 wyll saue the bandes from rottynge1 and they shall be #h ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #eb994 the lyghter to carye1 and the better wyll they brenne1 and lie in lesse rowme4 ,and whan thou shalt bryng them ,sidenote3 ,how to stack faggots4 home to make a stacke of them1 set the nethermoste course vpon the endes1 and the seconde course flat vppon #ab the syde1 and the endes vpwarde1 and the thyrde course flatte on the syde ouerthwart the other4 ,and so to peruse them1 tyll thou haue layd all vp4 ,and whan thou shalte brenne them1 take the ouermoste fyrste4 #af #acb4 ,to shrede1 lop1 or croppe trees4 ,sidenote3 ,how to shred1 lop1 and crop trees4 ,if thou haue any trees to shrede1 loppe1 or croppe for the fyre-wodde1 croppe them in wynter1 that thy beastes maye eate the brouse1 and the mosse of the bowes1 and also the yues4 ,and whanne they be broused #d and eaten1 dresse the wodde1 and bowe it clene1 and cutte it at every byghte1 and rere the greatte wodde to the tree1 and kydde the smal bowes1 and set them on ende4 ,and if thou shalte not haue sufficyent wodde1 #h ,sidenote3 ,do not head trees too low4 excepte thou heed thy trees1 and cut of the toppes1 than heed theym thre or foure fote aboue any tymber3 and if it be noo tymbre tree1 but a shaken tree1 or a hedge-rote full of knottes1 than heed hym thyrty foote hyghe1 #ab ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #eb99;b4 or twenty at the leaste1 for soo ferre he wyll beare plentye of woode and bowes1 and moche more1 thanne ,sidenote3 ,trees grow only to a certain height2 then they spread4 if he were not heeded4 ,for a tree hath a propertye to growe to a certayne heyght1 and whan he commeth to #af that heyghte1 he standeth styll1 and groweth noo hyer1 but in brede2 and in conclusion the toppe wyll dye and decrease1 and the body thryue4 ,and if a tree be heeded1 and vsed to be lopped and cropped at euerye #bj 4xii4 or 4xvi4 yeres ende1 or there-about1 it wyll beare moche more woode1 by processe of time1 than if it were not cropped1 and moche more profyte to the owner4 #acc4 ,howe a man shoulde shrede1 loppe1 or croppe trees4 ,sidenote3 ,in shredding trees1 some men begin at the top4 ,it is the comon gyse1 to begynne at the top of the tree1 whan he shall be shred or cropped1 bycause eche bough shulde lye vppon other whan they shall fal1 so that the weight of the bowes shall cause theym to be #d ,sidenote3 ,it is not the best way4 the rather cut downe4 ,but that is not beste1 for that causeth the bowes to slaue downe the nether parte1 and pulleth awaye the barke from the bodye of the tree1 the whiche wyll cause the tree to be holowe in that place #h in tyme commynge1 and many tymes it shall hynder ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ec994 hym4 ,and therfore lette hym begynne at the nether-moste boughe fyrste1 and with a lyghte axe for an hande1 to cut the boughe on bothe sydes1 a fote or two foote #ab from the bodye of the tree4 ,and specially cut it more on the nether syde1 than on the ouer syde1 soo that the boughe fall not streyght downe1 but turne on the syde1 and than shall it not slaue nor breke no barke4 #af ,and euery boughe wil haue a newe heed1 and beare ,sidenote3 ,never crop or head a tree with a north or east wind1 moche more woode2 and by thy wyll1 without thou must nedes do it1 crop not thy tree1 nor specyallye heed hym1 whan the wynde standeth in the northe1 or in the eest4 #bj ,and beware1 that thou croppe hym not1 nor heed hym ,sidenote3 nor in sap-time4 7specially7 in sappe-tyme1 for than wyll he dye within fewe yeres after1 if it be an oke4 #acd4 ,to sell woode or tymber4 ,sidenote3 ,retail the wood yourself4 ,if thou haue any woode to selle1 ,i aduyse the1 retayle it thy-selfe1 if thou mayste attende vppon it3 and if not1 thanne to cause thy baylye1 or somme other wyse or ,sidenote3 ,if small1 sell in faggots4 dyscrete man1 to do it for the4 ,and if it be small wode1 #d to kydde it1 and sel it by the hundredes1 or by the thousandes4 ,and if there be asshes in it1 to sell the smalle ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ec99;b4 asshes to cowpers for garches1 and the gret asshes to whele-wryghtes1 and the meane asshes to plowe-wrightes1 #h and the crabbe-trees to myllers1 to make cogges and ronges4 ,and if there be any okes1 bothe gret and smal1 ,sidenote3 ,fell oaks and sell them4 fel them1 and pyl them1 and sel the barke by it-selfe2 and than sorte the trees1 the polles by them-selfe1 the myddel #ab sorte#cj by them-selfe1 and the greattest by them-selfe1 than sel them by scores1 or halfe scores1 or 4,c4 as thou maist1 and to fel it hard by the erth1 for i4 fote next vnto the erth is worthe 4ii fote in the top2 and to cut #af thy tymber longe ynoughe1 that thou leue no timber in the toppe4 ,and to sell the toppes as they lye a greatte1 or elles dresse them sel the great wodde by it-selfe1 the kyd-wodde by it-selfe1 and to fal the vnder-wode #bj fyrst at any tyme between ,martilmas and holyrode-day4 ,sidenote3 ,ash-trees4 ,and al the asshes1 bytwene ,martylmasse and ,candelmas1 and all okes1 as soon as they wyl pyl1 vntyl ,may be done1 and not after4 ,perauenture the greattest man hath not #bd ,sidenote3 ,selling wood requires care4 the beste prouisyon4 ,and that is bycause the seruauntes wyll not enfourme hym these wayes1 and also may fortune they wold bye suche woodes theym-selfe1 or be partener of the same and to auyse his lorde to sel them4 ,it is not #bh conuenient that the salesman1 that selleth the wod1 shuld be partener with the bier4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ed994 #ace4 ,to kepe sprynge-wodde4 ,in the wynter before that thou wilt fel thy wodde1 make a good and a sure hedge1 that no maner of cattel can get in4 ,and as shortly as it is fallen1 let it be caryed away1 or ,sidenote3 ,of plantations or #8spring-wood4' the sprynge come vp1 for els the cattell1 that doth cary #d the wodde1 wyll eate the sprynge3 and whan the top is eaten1 or broken1 it is a great lette1 hurte1 and hynderaunce of the goodnes of the sprynge2 for than where it is eaten1 it burges oute of many braunches1 and not soo fayre as #h the fyrst wolde haue ben4 ,a parke is best kept1 where there is neyther man1 dogge1 nor foure-foted beast therin1 except dere4 ,and so is a spryng beste kepte1 where ,sidenote3 ,if there is much grass there1 put in only calves and colts4 there is neyther manne nor foure-foted beastes within #ab the hedge4 ,but if there be moche grasse1 and thou were lothe to lose it1 than put in calues1 newly wained and taken from theyr dammes1 and also waynynge coltes1 or horses not paste a yere of age3 and let thy calues be #af taken away at ,maye2 the coltes may go lenger for eating of any wodde2 but there is ieoperdy bothe for calues1 foles1 and coltes1 for tyckes or for beinge lowsy1 the whiche wyl kyl them1 if they be not taken hede vnto4 #bj ,and 4vii4 yeres is the lest that it wil saue it-selfe1 but ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ed99;b4 4x4 yeres is best4 ,and than the vnder bowes wolde be cutte awaye1 and made kyddes therof1 and the other wyll growe moche the better and faster4 ,and if the #bd ,sidenote3 ,cut away the underwood4 vnder bowes be not cutte awaye1 they wyll dye1 and than they be loste1 and greatte hurte to the sprynge1 for they take awaye the sappe1 that shoulde cause the sprynge to growe better4 #bh #acf4 ,necessary thynges belongynge to graffynge4 ,sidenote3 ,pears1 apples1 cherries1 filberts1 bullace1 damsons1 c4 ,it is necessarye1 profytable1 and also a pleasure1 to a housbande1 to haue peares1 wardens1 and apples of dyuerse sortes4 ,and also cheryes1 filberdes1 bulleys1 dampsons1 plummes1 walnuttes1 and suche other4 ,and #d therfore it is conuenyent to lerne howe thou shalte graffe4 ,than it is to be knowen what thynges thou ,sidenote3 ,a grafting-saw4 must haue to graffe withall4 ,thou muste haue a graffynge-sawe1 the whiche wolde be very thynne1 and #h thycke-tothed2 and bycause it is thynne1 it wyll cut the narower kyrfe1 and the cleaner1 for brusynge of the barke4 ,and therfore it is sette in a compasse pece of yren1 syxe inches of1 to make it styffe and bygge4 ,thou #ab ,sidenote3 ,grafting-knife4 muste haue also a graffynge-knyfe1 an inche brode1 with ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ee994 a thycke backe1 to cleue the stocke with-all4 ,and also ,sidenote3 ,mallet1 and sharp small knives4 a mallet1 to dryue the knyfe and thy wedge in-to the tree3 and a sharpe knife1 to pare the stockes heed1 and #af an other sharpe knyfe1 to cutte the graffe cleane4 ,and ,sidenote3 ,two wedges4 also thou muste haue two wedges of harde wood1 or elles of yren1 a longe small one for a small stocke1 and broder for a bygger stocke1 to open the stocke1 whan it is clouen #bj ,sidenote3 ,clay1 moss1 and bast4 and pared3 and also good tough claye and mosse1 and also bastes or pyllynge of wethy or elme1 to bynde them with1 c4 #acg4 ,what fruite shuld be fyrste graffed4 ,sidenote3 ,graft pears before apples4 ,peares and wardens wolde be graffed before any maner of apples1 bycause the sappe commeth sooner and rather in-to the peare-tree and warden-tree1 thanne in-to the ,sidenote3 ,graft from ,feb4 #ad to ,march #be4 apple-tree4 ,and after saynt ,valentynes daye1 it is tyme #d to grade both peares and wardens1 tyll ,marche be comen1 and thanne to graffe appels to our lady daye4 ,and than graffe that that is gette of an olde apple-tree fyrste1 for that wyll budde before the graffe get of a yonge apple-tree #h late graffed4 ,and a peare or a warden wolde be graded in a pyrre-stocke2 and if thou canst get none1 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ee99;b4 than graffe it in a crabbe-tree stocke1 and it wyll do well3 and some men grade theym in a whyte-thorne1 and than #ab ,sidenote3 ,a crab-stock is best for apples4 it wyll be the more harder and stonye4 ,and for all maner of appels1 the crabtree stocke is beste4 #ach4 ,howe to graffe4 ,sidenote3 ,select the graft4 ,thou muste get thy graffes of the fayrest lanses1 that thou canste fynde on the tree1 and see that it haue a good ,sidenote3 ,saw the crab-tree1 knotte or ioynte1 and an euen4 ,than take thy sawe1 and sawe in-to thy crabbetree1 in a fayre playne place1 pare it #d ,sidenote3 cleave and open the stock2 euen with thy knyfe1 and thanne cleaue the stocke with thy greatte knyfe and thy mallet1 and set in a wedge1 and open the stocke1 accordynge to the thyckenesse of thy graffe2 thanne take thy smalle sharpe knyfe1 and cutte #h the graffe on bothe sydes in the ioynte1 but passe not the myddes therof for nothynge1 and let the inner syde1 that shall be set in-to the stocke1 be a lyttel thynner than the vtter syde1 and the nether poynte of the graffe the #ab ,sidenote3 then put the graft into the stock4 thynner3 than proferre thy graffe in-to the stocke2 and if it go not close1 than cut the graffe or the stocke1 tyll they close cleane1 that thou canste not put the edge of ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ef994 thy knyfe on neyther syde betwene the stocke and the #af graffe1 and sette them so that the toppes of the graffe bende a lyttell outewarde1 and see that the wodde of the graffe be set mete with the wodde of the stocke1 and the sappe of the stocke maye renne streyght and euen with #bj ,sidenote3 ,the bark of the graft is thinner than that of the stock4 the sappe of the graffe4 ,for the barke of the graffe is neuer soo thicke as the barke of the stocke4 ,and therfore thou mayste not sette the barkes mete on the vtter syde1 but on the inner syde3 than pulle awaye thy wedge1 #bd and it wyl stande moche faster4 ,than take toughe cleye1 lyke marley1 and ley it vppon the stocke-heed1 and with thy fynger laye it close vnto the graffe1 and a lyttel vnder the heed1 to kepe it moyst1 and that no wynde come into #bh ,sidenote3 ,cover with moss1 and bind with bast4 the stocke at the cleauynge4 ,than take mosse1 and laye thervpon1 for chynynge of the claye3 than take a baste of whyte wethy or elme1 or halfe a bryer1 and bynd the mosse1 the clay1 and the graffe together1 but be well ware1 #cb that thou breake not thy graffe1 neyther in the clayenge1 nor in the byndynge2 and thou muste set some-thinge by the graffe1 that crowes1 nor byrdes do not lyght vpon thy graffe1 for if they do1 they wil breake hym1 c4 #cf ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ef99;b4 #aci4 ,to graffe bytwene the barke and the tree4 ,there is an other maner of graffinge than this1 and soner done1 soner to growe3 but it is more ieoperdy for ,sidenote3 ,another way of grafting4 winde whan it begynneth to growe4 ,thou muste sawe thy stocke1 and pare the heed therof1 as thou diddest #d before1 but cleue it not3 than take thy graffe1 and cut it in the ioynt to the myddes1 and make the tenaunte therof halfe an inche longe or a lyttell more1 all on the one syde1 and pare the barke awaye a lyttel at the poynt on the #h ,sidenote3 ,use a punch of hard wood4 other syde3 than thou muste haue made redy a ponch of harde wood1 with a stop and a tenaunte on the one syde1 lyke to the tenaunte of the graffe4 ,than put the tenaunt of the ponche betwen the barke and the woode of the #ab stocke1 and pull it out agayne1 and put in the graffe1 and se that it ioyne close1 or els mende it4 ,and this can-not fayle1 for now the sappe cometh on euery syde1 but it wyl spring soo faste1 that if it stande on playne #af ,sidenote3 ,the graft requires protection from the wind4 grounde1 the wynde is lykelye to blowe it besyde the heed1 for it hath no fastnes in the wodde4 ,and this is beste remedy for blowynge of1 to cutte or clyppe awaye ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #eg4 somme of the nethermooste leaues as they growe4 ,and #bj this is the beste waye to graffe1 and specyally a greate tree3 than claye it1 and bynde it as dyddest the other1 c4 #adj4 ,to nourishe all maner of stone fruite1 and nuttes4 ,sidenote3 ,stone-fruits4 ,as for cheryes1 dampsons1 bulleys1 plummes1 and suche other1 maye be sette of stones1 and also of the scyences1 growynge aboute the tree1 of the same1 for they wyll ,sidenote3 ,filberts and walnuts4 sooneste beare4 ,fylberdes and walnuttes maye be set of #d the nuttes in a gardeyne1 and after remoued and sette where he wyll4 ,but whan they be remoued1 they wolde be set vpon as good a grounde1 or a better1 or els they wyll not lyke4 #h #ada4 ,a shorte information for a yonge gentyl-man1 that entendeth to thryue4 ,sidenote3 ,get a copy of this book1 and read it from beginning to end4 ,i auyse hym to gette a copy of this presente boke1 and to rede it frome the begynnynge to the endynge1 wherby he maye perceyue the chapyters and contentes of the same1 and by reason of ofte redyng1 he maye #d waxe perfyte1 what shulde be doone at all seasons4 ,for ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #eg;b4 ,i lerned two verses at grammar-scole1 and they be these3 ,sidenote3 ,cf4 ,ovid1 ex ,ponto ,epist4 ,,iv4 x4 #e4 ,gutta cauat lapidem non vi1 sed spe cadendo3 ,sic homo fit sapiens non vi1 sed spe legendo3 ,a droppe of water perseth #h a stoone1 not al-onely by his owne strengthe1 but by his often fallynge4 ,ryghte so a man shall be made wyse1 not all-onely by hym-selfe1 but by his ofte redynge4 ,and soo maye this yonge gentyllman1 accordynge to the #ab ,sidenote3 ,read a chapter to your servants now and then4 season of the yere1 rede to his seruauntes what chapyter he wyll4 ,and also for any other maner of profyte conteyned in the same1 the whiche is necessary for a yonge husbande1 that hath not the experyence of housbandrye1 #af nor other thynges conteyned in this presente boke1 to take a good remembraunce and credence thervnto1 for there is an olde sayinge1 but of what auctorytie ,i cannot tell3 ,quod melior est practica rusticorum1 quam scientia #bj ,sidenote3 ,practice is better than theory4 philosophorum4 ,it is better the practiue or knowlege of an husband-man well proued1 than the science or connynge of a philosopher not proued1 for there is nothynge touchyng husbandry1 and other profytes conteyned in #bd this presente booke1 but ,i haue hadde the experyence therof1 and proued the same4 ,and ouer and beside al this boke1 ,i wil aduise him to ryse betime in the morning1 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #eh4 according to the verse before spoke of1 ,sanat1 sanctificat1 #bh et ditat surgere mane3 ,and go about his closes1 pastures1 fieldes1 and specially by the hedges1 to haue in his ,sidenote3 ,keep a pair of tables1 and make notes of all that seems amiss4 purse a payre of tables1 and whan he seeth any-thing1 that wolde be amended1 to wryte it in his tables3 as if he #cb fynde any horses1 mares1 beastes1 shepe1 swyne1 or geese in his pastures1 that be not his owne3 ,and perauenture thoughe they be his owne1 he wolde not haue them to goo there1 or to fynde a gap1 or a sherde in his hedge1 #cf or any water standynge in his pastures vppon his grasse1 wherby he maye take double hurte1 bothe losse of his grasse1 and rotting of his shepe and calues4 ,and also of standynge-water in his corne-fieldes at the landes #dj endes1 or sydes1 and howe he wolde haue his landes ,sidenote3 ,look to the corn1 cattle1 ditches1 etc4 plowed1 donged1 sturred1 or sowen4 ,and his corne weded or shorne or his cattell shifted out of one pasture into an other1 and to loke what dychyng1 quicsettyng1 or plashing1 #dd is necessary to be had1 and to ouer-se his shepeherd1 how he handleth and ordreth his shepe1 and his seruantes ,sidenote3 ,look to the gates4 howe they plowe and do theyr warkes1 or if any gate be broken down1 or want any staues1 and go not lyghtly #dh to open and tyne1 and that it do not traile1 and that the windes blowe it not open1 with many mo necessary ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #eh;b4 thynges that are to be loked vpon4 ,for a man alwaye wanderynge or goinge aboute somewhat1 fyndeth or seeth #eb that is a-mysse1 and wolde be amended4 ,and as soone as he seeth any suche defautes1 than let hym take oute his tables1 and wryte the defautes4 ,and whan he commeth home to diner1 supper1 or at nyght1 than let hym call his #ef ,sidenote3 ,tell your bailiff of all that needs to be done4 bayly1 or his heed-seruaunte1 and soo shewe hym the defautes1 that they may be shortly amended4 ,and whan it is amended1 than let him put it out of his tables4 ,for this vsed ,i to doo 4x4 or 4xii4 yeres and more4 ,and thus #fj let hym vse dayely1 and in shorte space he shall sette moche thynges in good order1 but dayely it wyll haue ,sidenote3 ,if you cannot write1 make nicks on a stick4 mendynge4 ,and yf he canne not wryte1 let hym nycke the defautes vppon a stycke1 and to shewe his bayely1 as #fd ,i sayde before4 ,also take hede bothe erly and late1 at all tymes1 what maner of people resorte and comme to thy house1 and the cause of theyr commynge1 and specially if they brynge with them pytchers1 cannes1 tancardes1 #fh ,sidenote3 ,keep an eye on the servants1 and on all who come to your house4 bottelles1 bagges1 wallettes1 or busshell-pokes4 ,for if thy seruauntes be not true1 they maye doo the great hurte1 and them-selfe lyttel auauntage4 ,wherfore they wolde be well loked vppon4 ,and he that hath 4ii4 true seruauntes1 #gb a man-seruaunte1 and an-other a woman-seruaunt1 he hath ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ei4 a great treasure1 for a trewe seruaunte wyl do iustly hym-selfe1 and if he se his felowes do amysse1 he wyl byd them do no more so1 for if they do1 he wyll shewe his master #gf therof3 and if he do not this1 he is not a trewe seruaunt4 #adb4 ,a lesson made in ,englisshe verses1 to teache a gentylmans seruaunt1 to saye at euery tyme whan he taketh his horse1 for his remembraunce1 that he shall not forget his gere in his inne behynde hym4 ,sidenote3 ,hexameter verses1 to help the memory4 ,pvrse1 dagger1 cloke1 nyght-cap1 kerchef1 shoyng-horne1 boget1 and shoes4 ,spere1 male1 hode1 halter1 sadelclothe1 spores1 hatte1 with thy horse-combe4 ,bowe1 arrowes1 sworde1 bukler1 horne1 leisshe1 gloues1 stringe1 and thy bracer4 ,penne1 paper1 inke1 parchmente1 reedwaxe1 pommes1 bokes1 thou remember4 #d ,penknyfe1 combe1 thimble1 nedle1 threde1 poynte1 leste that thy gurthe breake4 ,bodkyn1 knyfe1 lyngel1 gyue thy horse meate1 se he be showed well4 ,make mery1 synge and thou can2 take hede to thy gere1 that thou lose none4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ei;b4 #adc4 ,a prologue for the wyues occupation4 ,nowe thou husbande1 that haste doone thy dylygence and labour1 that longeth to an husbande1 to get thy lyuynge1 thy wyues1 thy chyldrens1 and thy seruauntes3 ,sidenote3 ,seldom thrives the husband without his wife's leave4 yet are there other thynges1 that muste nedes be done1 #d or elles thou shalte not thryue4 ,for there is an olde common sayenge1 that seldom doth the housbande thryue1 withoute the leue of his wyfe4 ,by this sayenge it shoulde seme1 that there be other occupations and labours1 that #h be moste conuenient for the wyues to do4 ,and howe be ,sidenote3 ,i will tell the wives part of their duties4 it that ,i haue not experyence of al theyr occupations and warkes1 as ,i haue of husbandry1 yet a lyttell wyl ,i speke what they ought to do1 though ,i tel them nat howe they #ab shulde doo and exercyse theyr labours and occupations4 #add4 ,a lesson for the wyfe4 ,but yet er ,i begynne to shewe the wyfe1 what warkes ,sidenote3 ,a lesson of ,solomon4 she shall do1 ,i wyll firste teche her a lesson of ,salomon1 as ,i did to her husbande a lesson of the philosopher1 and that is1 that she shulde not be ydle at noo tyme3 #d for ,salomon saythe1 ,ociosus non gaudebit cum electis in clo3 sed lugebit in ternum cum reprobis in inferno3 ,that ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #fj4 is to say1 ,the ydle folke shall not ioye with the chosen folkes in heuen1 but they shall sorowe with the reproued #h ,sidenote3 ,a lesson of ,jerome4 and forsaken folkes in hell4 ,and saynt ,iherom saythe3 ,semper boni operis aliquid facito1 vt te diabolus inueniat occupatum3 ,quia sicut in aqua stante generantur vermes3 sic in homine ocioso generantur mal cogitationes3 ,that is to say1 #ab ,alwaye be doinge of some good werkes1 that the dyuell may fynde the euer occupied3 for as in standynge water are engendred wormes1 ryghte soo in an ydle body are engendred ydle thoughtes4 ,here mayste thou se1 that #af of ydelnes commeth damnation1 and of good warkes and labour cometh saluation4 ,nowe arte thou at thy lyberty1 ,sidenote3 ,choose either idleness or labour4 to chose whether waye thou wylt1 wherin is a great diuersitie4 ,and he is an vnhappy man or woman1 that #bj god hath giuen bothe wyt and reason1 and putteth hym in chose1 and woll chose the worst parte4 ,nowe thou wyfe1 ,i trust to shewe to the dyuers occupations1 warkes1 and laboures1 that thou shalt not nede to be ydle no tyme #bd of the yere4 #ade4 ,what thynges the wyfe is bounden of ryght to do4 ,sidenote3 ,let the wife love her husband4 ,first and prynycypally the wyfe is bounde of ryghte to loue her housbande1 aboue father and mother1 and aboue ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #fj;b4 all other men4 ,for our lorde saythe in his gospell2 ,sidenote3 ,matt4 xix4 #e4 ,sidenote3 ,mark x4 #g4 ,relinquet patrem et matrem1 et adherebit#ca vxori su3 ,a man #d shulde leue father and mother1 and drawe to his wyfe3 and the same wyse a wyfe shulde do to her husbande4 ,and are made by the vertue of the sacrament of holy ,sidenote3 ,one body1 and two souls4 scripture one fleshe1 one bloude1 one body1 and two #h soules4 ,wherfore theyr hartes1 theyr myndes1 theyr warkes1 and occupations1 shulde be all one1 neuer to seuer nor chaunge durynge theyr natural lyues1 by any mannes acte or dede1 as it is sayde in the same gospel3 #ab ,sidenote3 ,matt4 xix4 #i4 ,sidenote3 ,mark x4 #i4 ,quod deus coniunxit1 homo non separet3 ,that thynge that god hath ioyned to-gether1 noo man maye seuer nor departe4 ,wherfore it is conuenyente that they loue eche other as effectually as they wolde doo theyr owne #af selfe1 c4 #adf4 ,what warkes a wyfe shulde do in generall4 ,sidenote3 ,first1 at rising1 bless thyself4 ,first in a mornyng whan thou arte waked1 and purposeste to ryse1 lyfte vp thy hande1 and blesse the1 and make a sygne of the holy crosse1 ,in nomine patris1 et filii1 et spiritus sancti4 ,amen4 ,in the name of the father1 the #d ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #fa4 sonne1 and the holy gooste4 ,and if thou saye a ,pater noster1 an ,aue1 and a ,crede1 and remember thy maker1 thou shalte spede moche the better4 ,and whan thou arte ,sidenote3 ,sweep the house1 vp and redy1 than first swepe thy house1 dresse vp thy #h dyssheborde1 and sette all thynges in good order within ,sidenote3 milk the cows1 dress the children4 thy house3 milke thy kye1 socle#cb thy calues1 sye vp thy mylke1 take vppe thy chyldren and araye theym1 and prouyde for thy husbandes brekefaste1 dynner1 souper1 #ab and for thy chyldren and seruauntes1 and take thy parte ,sidenote3 ,send corn to the mill1 and measure it before it goes4 with theym4 ,and to ordeyne corne and malte to the myll1 to bake and brue withall whanne nede is4 ,and meete it to the myll1 and fro the myll1 and se that thou #af haue thy measure agayne besyde the tolle1 or elles the myller dealeth not truely with the1 or els thy corne is not ,sidenote3 ,make butter and cheese4 drye as it shoulde be4 ,thou must make butter1 and chese whan thou maist1 serue thy swyne bothe mornyng and #bj euenynge1 and gyue thy poleyn meate in the mornynge2 and whan tyme of the yere cometh1 thou must take hede ,sidenote3 ,gather the eggs4 howe thy hennes1 duckes1 and geese do ley1 and to gather vp theyr egges1 and whan they waxe brodye1 to sette #bd them there as noo beastes1 swyne1 nor other vermyn hurte them4 ,and thou muste knowe1 that all hole-footed fowles wyll sytte a moneth1 and all clouen-footed fowles ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #fa;b4 wyll sytte but three wekes1 excepte a peyhenne1 and greatte #bh fowles1 as cranes1 bustardes1 and suche other4 ,and whan they haue broughte forthe theyr byrdes1 to see that they be well kepte from the gleyd1 crowes1 fullymartes1 and ,sidenote3 ,put in order the garden4 other vermynne4 ,and in the begynnynge of ,marche1 or #cb a lyttell afore1 is tyme for a wyfe to make her garden1 and to gette as many good sedes and herbes as she canne1 and specially suche as be good for the potte1 and to eate3 and as ofte as nede shall requyre1 it muste be weded1 for #cf els the wedes wyl ouergrowe the herbes4 ,and also in ,marche is tyme to sowe flaxe and hempe1 for ,i haue ,sidenote3 ,better are ,march hards than ,april flax4 harde olde houswyues saye1 that better is ,marche hurdes than ,apryll flaxe1 the reason appereth3 but howe it #dj shulde be sowen1 weded1 pulled1 repeyled1 watred1 wasshen1 dryed1 beaten1 braked1 tawed1 hecheled1 spon1 wounden1 wrapped1 and wouen1 it nedeth not for me to shewe1 for they be wise ynough2 and therof may they #dd ,sidenote3 ,make sheets1 towels1 and shirts4 make shetes1 bordclothes1 towels1 shertes1 smockes1 and suche other necessaryes1 and therfore let thy dystaffe be alwaye redye for a pastyme1 that thou be not ydle4 ,and vndouted a woman can-not gette her lyuynge #dh honestely with spynnynge on the distaffe1 but it stoppeth ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #fb4 a gap1 and muste nedes be had4 ,the bolles of flaxe1 whan they be ripeled of1 must be rideled from the wedes1 ,sidenote3 ,dry the flax4 and made drye with the son1 to get out the sedes4 ,howe #eb be it one maner of linsede1 called loken sede1 wyll not open by the son3 and therfore1 whan they be drye1 they muste be sore brused and broken1 the wiues knowe howe1 and than winowed and kepte drye1 tyll yere-tyme come #ef agayn4 ,thy female hempe must be pulled from the churle hempe1 for that beareth no sede1 and thou must do by it1 as thou dydest by the flax4 ,the churle hempe beareth sede1 and beware that byrdes eate it not1 as it #fj groweth3 the hemp therof is not soo good as the female ,sidenote3 ,sometimes there is a great deal to do4 hempe1 but yet it wyll do good seruyce4 ,may fortune somtime1 that thou shalt haue so many thinges to do1 that thou shalt not well knowe where is best to begyn4 ,than #fd take hede1 which thing shulde be the greattest losse1 if it were not done1 and in what space it wold be done3 than thinke what is the greatest losse1 there begyn4 ,sidenote3 ,leave that till last which will best wait4 ,but in case that thynge1 that is of greateste losse1 wyll #fh be longe in doynge1 and thou myghteste do thre or foure other thynges in the meane whyle1 thanne loke well1 if all these thynges were sette together1 whiche of them were the greattest losse2 and if all these thynges be of #gb ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #fb;b4 greater losse1 and may be all done in as shorte space1 as the other1 than doo thy many thynges fyrste4 ,it is conuenyente for a housbande to haue shepe of his owne1 for many causes1 and than maye his wife haue #gf ,sidenote3 ,with some of the wool make clothes4 part of the woll1 to make her husbande and her-selfe some clothes4 ,and at the leaste waye1 she may haue the lockes of the shepe1 eyther to make clothes or blankettes couerlettes1 or bothe4 ,and if she haue no woll of her #hj owne1 she maye take wol to spynne of clothe-makers1 and by that meanes she maye haue a conuenyent lyuynge1 and many tymes to do other warkes4 ,it is a wyues occupation1 ,sidenote3 ,winnow corn1 brew1 wash1 make hay1 etc4 to wynowe all maner of cornes1 to make malte1 to wasshe #hd and wrynge1 to make heye1 shere corne1 and in tyme of nede to helpe her husbande to fyll the mucke-wayne or dounge-carte1 dryue the ploughe1 to loode hey1 corne1 and ,sidenote3 ,sell the butter1 cheese1 hens1 geese1 and corn4 suche other4 ,and to go or ride to the market1 to sel butter1 #hh chese1 mylke1 egges1 chekyns1 capons1 hennes1 pygges1 gese1 and all maner of cornes4 ,and also to bye all maner ,sidenote3 ,keep accounts4 of necessarye thynges belongynge to houssholde1 and to make a trewe rekenynge and a-compte to her housbande1 #ib what she hath payed4 ,and yf the housbande go to the market1 to bye or sell1 as they ofte do1 he than to shewe ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #fc4 his wife in lyke maner4 ,for if one of them shoulde vse to deceyue the other1 he deceyueth hym-selfe1 and he is #if not lyke to thryue4 ,and therfore they muste be trewe ,sidenote3 ,i will not explain all points of deceit4 eyther to other4 ,i coulde peraduenture shewe the housbandes dyuerse poyntes that the wyues deceyue them in3 and in lyke maner1 howe husbandes deceyue theyr #ajj wyues3 but if ,i shulde do so1 ,i shulde shewe mo subtyll poyntes of deceypt1 than eyther of them knewe of before4 ,and therfore me semeth beste to holde my peace1 least ,sidenote3 ,else ,i should act like the ,knight de la ,tour1 ,i shoulde do as the knyght of the toure dyd1 the whiche #ajd had many fayre doughters1 and of fatherly loue that he oughte to them1 he made a boke1 to a good entente1 that they myghte eschewe and flee from vyces1 and folowe vertues4 ,in the whiche boke he shewed1 that if they #ajh were wowed1 moued1 or styred by any man1 after suche a maner as he there shewed1 that they shulde withstande ,sidenote3 who wrote a book against vice1 it4 ,in the whiche boke he shewed so many wayes1 howe a man shoulde atteyne to his purpose1 to brynge a woman #aab to vice1 the whiche wayes were so naturall1 and the wayes to come to theyr purpose were soo subtylly contryued1 and craftely shewed1 that harde it wold be for any woman ,sidenote3 but really taught vice4 to resyste or deny theyr desyre4 ,and by the sayd boke #aaf hath made bothe the men and the women to knowe more ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #fc;b4 vyces1 subtyltye1 and crafte1 than euer they shulde haue knowen1 if the boke had not ben made3 in the whiche boke he named hym-selfe the knight of the towre4 ,and #abj thus ,i leue the wyues1 to vse theyr occupations at theyr owne discreation4 #adg4 ,to kepe measure in spendynge4 ,sidenote3 ,take care4 ,nowe thou husbande and huswyfe1 that haue done your diligence and cure1 accordynge to the fyrste artycle of the philosopher1 that is to saye3 ,adhibe curam4 ,and also haue well remembred the sayeng of wyse ,salomon3 #d ,quod ociosus non gaudebit cum electis in clo3 sed lugebit in ternum cum reprobis in inferno3 ,thanne ye must remembre1 obserue1 and kepe in mind1 the seconde article of the sayinge of the philosopher1 that is to saye1 ,tene #h ,sidenote3 ,keep measure4 mensuram3 ,that is to saye in englysshe1 holde and kepe measure4 ,and accordynge to that sayenge1 ,i lerned two ,sidenote3 ,spendthrifts come to poverty4 verses at grammer-schole1 and they be these1 ,qui plus expendit1 quam rerum copia rendit3 ,non admiretur1 si paupertate #ab grauetur3 he that dothe more expende1 thanne his goodes wyll extende1 meruayle it shall not be1 thoughe ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #fd4 he be greued with pouertee4 ,and also accordynge to that sayenge speketh sayncte ,paul and saythe1 ,iuxta #af facultates faciendi sunt sumptus1 ne longi temporis victum1 ,sidenote3 ,spend according to your income2 breuis hora consumat3 ,that is to saye1 ,after thy faculty or thy honoure1 make thyne expences1 leste thou spende in shorte space that thynge1 that thou shouldest lyue #bj by longe4 ,this texte toucheth euery manne1 from the hyest degree to the loweste2 wherfore it is necessary to euerye manne and womanne to remembre and take good hede there-vnto1 for to obserue1 kepe1 and folowe the #bd same2 but bycause this texte of sayncte ,paule is in latyn1 and husbandes commonely can but lyttell laten1 ,i fere ,sidenote3 or1 in plain ,english1 leaste they can-not vnderstande it4 ,and thoughe it were declared ones or twyse to theym1 that they wolde #bh forgette it3 ,wherfore ,i shall shewe to theym a texte in englysshe1 and that they maye well vnderstande1 and ,sidenote3 eat within your tether4 that is this1 ,eate within thy tedure4 #adh4 ,to eate within the tedure4 ,thou husbande and huswife1 that intend to folowe the sayinge of the philosopher1 that is to saye1 kepe ,sidenote3 ,spare at the brink1 not at the bottom4 measure1 you muste spare at the brynke1 and not at the ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #fd;b4 bottom1 that is to vnderstande1 in the begynnynge of #d the yere1 sellynge of thy cornes1 or spendynge in thy house1 vnto the tyme that thou haue sowen agayne thy wynter-corne1 and thy lente-corne1 and than se what remayneth to serue thy house1 and of the ouerplus thou #h mayste sell and bye suche other necessaryes1 as thou must ,sidenote3 ,do not spend much at the beginning of the year4 nedes occupie4 ,and if thou spende it in the begynnynge of the yere1 and shall want in the hynder ende1 than thou doste not eate within thy tedure1 and at the laste #ab thou shalte be punyshed1 as ,i shal proue the by ensample4 ,take thy horse1 and go tedure him vpon thyne owne lees1 flytte hym as ofte as thou wylte1 no manne wyll saye #8wronge thou doste'2 but make thy horse to longe #af ,sidenote3 ,give not your horse too long a tether4 a tedure1 than whan thou haste tyed hym vppon thyne owne lees1 his tedure is so longe1 that it recheth to the middes of an-other mans lees or corne3 ,nowe haste thou gyuen hym to moche lybertye1 and that man1 whose #bj corne or grasse thy horse hath eaten1 wyll be greued at the1 and wyll cause the to be amerced in the court1 or elles to make hym amendes1 or bothe4 ,and if thy ,sidenote3 ,if the horse break his tether1 horse breake his tedure1 and go at large in euery mans #bd corne and grasse1 than commeth the pynder1 and taketh hym1 and putteth hym in the pynfolde1 and there shall ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #fe4 he stande in prison1 without any meate1 vnto the tyme thou hast payde his raunsome to the pynder1 and also #bh ,sidenote3 he will be impounded4 make amendes to thy neyghbours1 for distroyenge of theyr corne4 ,ryght so1 as long as thou eatest within ,sidenote3 ,wherefore1 #8eat within thy tether4' thy tedure1 that thou nedest not to begge nor borowe of noo man1 soo longe shalte thou encrease and growe in #cb rychesse1 and euery man wyll be content with the4 ,and if thou make thy tedure to longe1 that thyne owne porcyon wyll not serue the1 but that thou shalte begge1 borowe1 or bye of other3 that wyll not longe endure1 #cf but thou shalte fall in-to pouertye4 ,and if thou breake ,sidenote3 ,do not break your tether4 thy tedure1 and ren ryot at large1 and knowe not other mennes goodes frome thyne owne1 than shall the pynder1 that is to saye1 the sheryffe and the bayly1 areste the1 #dj and putte the in the pynfolde1 that is to say1 in prison1 there to abyde tyll the truth be knowen3 and it is meruayle1 if thou scape with thy lyfe1 and therfore eate within thy tedure4 #dd #adi4 ,a shorte lesson for the husbande4 ,sidenote3 ,do not waste candle-light4 ,one thinge ,i wyl aduise the to remembre1 and specially in wynter-tyme1 whan thou sytteste by the fyre1 and hast supped1 to consyder in thy mynde1 whether the warkes1 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #fe;b4 that thou1 thy wyfe1 thy seruauntes shall do1 be more #d auauntage to the than the fyre1 and candell-lyghte1 meate and drynke that they shall spende1 and if it be more ,sidenote3 ,rather go to bed1 and rise early4 auantage1 than syt styll3 and if it be not1 than go to thy bedde and slepe1 and be vppe betyme1 and breake thy #h faste before day1 that thou mayste be all the shorte wynters day about thy busynes4 ,at grammer-scole ,i ,sidenote3 ,early rising makes a man healthy1 holy1 and rich4 lerned a verse1 that is this1 ,sanat1 sanctificat1 et ditat surgere mane4 ,that is to say1 ,erly rysyng maketh a man #ab hole in body1 holer in soule1 and rycher in goodes4 ,and this me semeth shuld be sufficient instruction for the husbande to kepe measure4 #aej4 ,how men of hye degree do kepe measure4 ,sidenote3 ,men of high degree are too prodigal and wasteful4 ,to me it is doubtefull1 but yet me semeth1 they be rather to lyberall in expences1 than to scarce1 and specyally in three thynges4 ,the fyrste is prodigalytie in outragious and costely aray1 fer aboue measure2 the #d seconde thynge is costely charge of delycyous meates and drynkes2 the thyrde is outragious playe and game1 ferre aboue measure4 ,and nowe to the fyrste poynte4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ff4 #aea4 ,prodigalite in outragious and costely aray4 ,sidenote3 ,i have seen noblemen's inventories of apparel very moderate as compared with what is worn now4 ,i haue seen bokes of accompte of the yomen of the wardropes of noble men1 and also inuentorys made after theyr decease of their apparell1 and ,i doubte not but at this daye1 it is 4xx4 tymes more in value1 than it was to #d suche a man of degree as he was an 4,c4 yere a-go3 and many tymes it is gyuen away1 er it be halfe worne1 to a symple man1 the whiche causeth hym to weare the same2 and an other symple man1 or a lyttell better1 seynge him #h ,sidenote3 ,other men try to dress like them4 to weare suche rayment1 thynketh in his mynde1 that he maye were as good rayment as he1 and so causeth hym to bye suche other1 to his great coste and charge1 aboue measure1 and an yll ensample to all other3 and also to see #ab ,sidenote3 ,even servants dress too much4 mens seruantes so abused in theyr aray1 theyr cotes be so syde1 that they be fayne to tucke them vp whan they ryde1 as women do theyr kyrtels whan they go to the market or other places1 the whiche is an vnconuenient syght4 ,and #af ferthermore1 they haue suche pleytes vpon theyr brestes1 and ruffes vppon theyr sleues1 aboue theyr elbowes1 that yf theyr mayster1 or theym-selfe hadde neuer so greatte nede1 they coude not shoote one shote1 to hurte #bj ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ff;b4 theyr ennemyes1 tyll they hadde caste of theyr cotes1 or cut of theyr sleues4 ,this is fer aboue measure1 or common weale of the realme4 ,this began fyrste with honour1 worship1 and honesty1 and it endeth in pryde1 presumption1 #bd and pouertye4 ,wherof speketh saint ,austin1 ,quemcunque superbum esse videris1 diaboli filium esse ne dubites3 ,that is ,sidenote3 ,the proud man is a child of the devil4 to say1 who-so-euer thou seest that is proude1 dout the not1 but he is the diuels chylde4 ,wherfore agaynst pryde he #bh byddeth the remembre3 ,quid fuisti1 quid es1 et qualis post mortem eris3 ,that is to say1 what thou were1 what thou art1 and what thou shalte be after thy death4 ,and ,s4 ,bernarde saythe1 ,homo nihil aliud est1 quam sperma #cb fetidum1 saccus stercorum1 et esca vermium3 ,that is to saye1 ,sidenote3 ,man is but worm's meat4 ,a man is nothynge but stynkynge fylthe1 a sacke of dounge1 and wormes meate4 ,the whiche sayinges wolde be remembred1 and than me semeth this is sufficient at this #cf time for the first point of the thre4 #aeb4 ,of delycyouse meates and drynkes4 ,howe costely are the charges of delycious meates drynkes1 that be nowe most commonly vsed1 ouer that it hath ben in tymes paste1 and howe fer aboue measure8 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #fh2 no fol4 #fg4 ,for ,i haue seen bokes of accompte of householde1 #d and brumentes vpon the same1 ,i doubte not1 but ,sidenote3 ,men now spend four times as much upon feasts as they used to4 in delycyous meates1 drinkes1 and spyces1 there is at this daye foure tymes so moche spent1 as was at these dayes1 to a lyke man in degree2 and yet at that tyme #h there was as moche befe and mutton spent as is nowe1 and as many good housholdes kept1 and as many yomenne wayters therin as be nowe4 ,this began with loue and charytye whan a lorde1 gentylman1 or yoman #ab desyred or prayed an other to come to dyner or soupper1 and bycause of his commynge he wolde haue a dysshe or two mo than he wolde haue had1 if he had ben ,sidenote3 ,this has come about gradually4 away4 ,than of very loue he1 remembrynge howe louyngely #af he was bydden to dynner1 and howe well he fared1 he thynketh of very kyndnes he muste nedes byd hym to dyner agayne1 and soo ordeyneth for hym as manye maner of suche dysshes and meates1 as the other man dyd1 and #bj two or 4iii4 mo1 thus by lyttel and litell it is commen fer ,sidenote3 ,begun in kindness1 it ends in pride4 aboue measure4 ,and begon of loue and charyte1 and endeth in pryde and glotony1 wherof saynte ,ierome ,sidenote3 ,jerome4 saythe3 ,qui post carnem ambulant1 in ventrem et libidinem1 #bd proni sunt1 quasi irrationabilia iumenta reputantur4 ,that is ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #fh;b4 to say1 ,they that walke1 and be redy to fulfill the lust of the fleshe and the bely1 are taken as vnreasonable beastes2 ,sidenote3 ,gregory4 and sayncte ,gregory sayth1 ,dominante vicio gul1 omnes #bh virtutes per luxuriam et vanam gloriam obruuntur3 ,that is to saye1 where the vice of glotony hath domination1 all vertues by luxury and vayne glory are cast vnder3 the whiche sayinges wold in lykewise be remembred2 and #cb this me semeth sufficient for the 4ii4 poynte of the thre4 #aec4 ,of outragious playe and game4 ,sidenote3 ,have some recreation4 ,it is conueniente for euery man1 of what degree that he be of1 to haue playe game accordynge to his degree4 ,sidenote3 ,dionysius ,cato1 ,distich4 iii4 #g4 ,for ,cato sayth1 ,interpone tuis interdum gaudia curis3 ,amonge thy charges and busynes thou muste haue sometyme ioye #d and myrthe2 but nowe a-dayes it is doone ferre aboue ,sidenote3 ,poor men now play too high4 measure4 ,for nowe a poore man in regarde wyll playe as great game1 at all maner games1 as gentylman were wont to do1 or greater1 and gentilmen as lordes1 and #h lordes as prynces1 ofte tymes the great estates wyll call gentylmen or yomen to play with them at as great game as they do1 and they call it a disport1 the whiche ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #fi4 me semeth a very trewe name to it1 for it displeaseth #ab some of them er they departe1 and specyall god1 for myspendynge of his goodes and tyme4 ,but if they ,sidenote3 ,if men played for less1 it might then be called play4 played smalle games1 that the poore man that playeth myght beare it thoughe he loste1 and bate not his #af countenaunce1 than myght it be called a good game1 a good playe1 a good sporte1 and a pastyme4 ,but whan one shall lose vpon a day1 or vpon a nyght1 as moche money as wold fynde hym and all his house meate and #bj drynke a moneth or a quarter of a yere or more1 that maye be well called a disporte1 or a displeasure1 and ofte ,sidenote3 ,but now men lose their lands and become thieves4 tymes1 by the meanes therof1 it causeth theym to sell theyr landes1 dysheryte the heyres1 and may fortune to fall to #bd thefte1 robbery1 or suche other1 to the great hurte of them-selfe1 of theyr chyldren1 and to the displeasure of god3 and they so doinge1 lyttel do they pondre or regarde the saying of saynt ,paule2 ,iuxta facultates faciendi sunt #bh sumptus1 ne longi temporis victum breuis hora consumat3 ,sidenote3 ,play1 begun in love1 ends in wrath4 ,this play begun with loue and charity1 and oft times it endeth with couetous wrath and enuy4 ,and this me thynketh shoulde be a sufficient instruction for kepynge #cb of measure4 #aed4 ,a prologue of the thyrde sayinge of the philosopher4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #fi;b4 ,nowe thou housbande and housewife1 that haue done your diligence and cure about your husbandrye and huswyfry1 accordynge to the fyrste sayenge of the philosopher1 ,sidenote3 ,pay attention2 ,adhibe curam3 ,and also haue well remembred and #d fulfylled the seconde sayinge of the sayde philosopher1 ,sidenote3 ,be frugal2 and thou shalt be rich4 ,tene mensuram3 ,i doubte not but ye be ryche accordyng to the thyrde sayinge of the sayde philosopher1 ,et eris diues4 ,nowe ,i haue shewed you the sayinge of the #h philosopher1 wherby you haue goten moche worldely possession1 me semeth it were necessary1 to shewe you howe ye maye gette heuenly possessions1 accordynge to ,sidenote3 ,matt4 xvi4 #bf4 the sayenge of our lorde in his gospel1 ,quid prodest #ab homini1 si vniuersum mundum lucretur1 anim vero su detrimentum paciatur3 ,what profyteth it to a man1 thoughe he wyn all the worlde1 to the hyndraunce and losyng of his soule8 ,howe be it1 it shoulde seme vnconuenient #af for a temporall man to take vpon hym to shewe or teache any suche spirytuall matters2 and yet there is a great diuersytie betwene predication and doctrine4 #aee4 ,a diuersitie betwene predication and doctrine4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #gj4 ,as sayncte ,iherome saythe1 there is greate difference or ,sidenote3 ,difference between preaching and doctrine4 diuersitie betwene preachinge and doctrine4 ,a preachyng or a sermon is1 where is a conuocation or a gatherynge of people on holye dayes1 or other dayes in churches or #d other places1 and times sette and ordeyned for the same4 ,and it belongeth to theym that be ordeyned ,sidenote3 ,every man may teach4 there-vnto1 and haue iurisdiction and auctorytie1 and to none other4 ,but euery man may lawefully enforme and #h teache his brother1 or any other1 at euery tyme and place behouable1 if it seme expedient to hym1 for that is an almes-dede1 to the whiche euery man is holden bounde to do1 accordyng to the sayenge of saynt #ab ,sidenote3 #a ,pet4 iv4 #aj4 ,peter1 ,vnusquisque1 sicut accepit gratiam1 in alterutrum illam administrare debet4 ,that is to saye1 as euery man hath taken or receyued grace1 he oughte to mynyster ,sidenote3 ,chrysostom4 and shewe it forthe to other4 ,for as ,chrisostome saythe1 #af great merite is to hym1 and a great reward he shall haue in tyme to come1 the which writeth or causeth to be writen1 holy doctrine1 for that entent1 that he may se in it1 howe he may lyue holylye1 and that other may haue #bj it1 that they maye be edyfyed or sanctyfyed by the same2 for he saythe surely1 knowe thou1 that howe many soules ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #gj;b4 be saued by the1 soo many rewardes thou shalte haue for ,sidenote3 ,gregory4 eyther4 ,for saynt ,gregory saythe1 ,nullum sacrificium ita #bd placet deo1 sicut zelus animarum3 ,there is no sacrifyce that pleaseth god so moche1 as the loue of soules4 ,and ,sidenote3 ,gregory4 also he saythe1 ,ille apud deum maior est in amore1 qui ad eius amorem plurimos trahit3 ,he is greateste in fauour #bh with god1 that draweth moste men to the loue of god4 ,wherfore me semeth1 it is conuenient to enforme and shewe them1 how they maye gette heuenly possessions1 as well as ,i haue shewed them to get worldly possessions4 #cb ,than to my purpose1 and to the poynt where ,i lefte1 #8nowe thou art ryche4' #aef4 ,what is rychesse4 ,sidenote3 ,what is riches4 ,it is to be vnderstande what is rychesse2 and as me semeth1 rychesse is that thynge1 that is of goodnes1 and can-not be taken awaye from the owner1 neyther in his temporall lyfe1 nor in the lyfe euerlastynge4 ,than these #d worldly possessions1 that ,i haue spoken of1 is no richesse1 for why they be but floures of the worlde4 ,and that may be wel consydered by ,iob1 the whiche was the rychest man of worldely possessions1 that was lyuynge in those #h ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ga4 daies1 and sodeynely he was the poorest man agayne that coulde be lyuynge1 and all the whyle he toke pacyence1 and ,sidenote3 ,job i4 #ba4 was content1 as appereth by his sayenge1 ,dominus dedit1 dominus abstulit3 sicut domino placuit1 ita factum est1 sit #ab nomen domini benedictum3 ,our lorde hath gyuen it1 our lorde hath taken it awaye1 and as it pleaseth our lorde1 so be it1 blessed be the name of our lorde4 ,the whiche ,iob may be an ensample to euery true chrysten man1 of #af his pacyence and good liuing in tribulation1 as appereth in his storye1 who that lyste to rede therin4 ,and saynte ,sidenote3 ,augustine4 ,austyne saythe3 ,qui terrenis inhiat1 et terna non cogitat1 utrisque in futuro carebit3 he that gathereth in worldly #bj thynges1 and thynketh not vppon euerlastynge thynges1 shall wante bothe in tyme to come4 ,for sayncte ,sidenote3 ,ambrose4 ,ambrose saythe1 ,non sunt bona hominis1 qu secum ferre non potest3 ,they are not the goodes of man1 the whiche #bd ,sidenote3 ,bernard4 he can-not beare with him4 ,and saynte ,bernarde saythe3 ,si vestra sint1 tollite vobiscum3 ,yf they be yours1 take them with you4 ,than it is to be vnderstande1 what goodes a man shall take with hym4 ,and these be the good dedes #bh and warkes that thou doste here in this temporall lyfe1 ,sidenote3 ,chrysostom4 wherof speketh ,crysostome3 ,fac bene1 et operare iustitiam1 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ga;b4 vt spem habeas apud deum1 et non desperabis in terra3 ,doo well1 and worke ryghtwysly1 that thou mayste haue truste #cb in god1 and that thou be not in despayre in this worlde4 ,sidenote3 ,ps4 xxxvii4 #be4 ,accordynge to that saythe the prophete ,dauyd1 ,iunior ,sidenote3 7,ps4 xxxvi4 #be1 ,vulgate47 fui1 etenim senui1 et non vidi iustum derelictum1 nec semen eius querens panem3 ,i haue ben yonge1 and ,i haue waxen #cf olde1 and ,i haue not seen a ryghtwyse man forsaken1 nor his chyldren sekynge theyr breade4 #aeg4 ,what is the propertie of a riche man4 ,in myne opynyon the propertye of a ryche manne is1 to be a purchaser2 and if he wyll purchase1 ,i councell hym ,sidenote3 ,augustine4 to purchase heuen4 ,for sayncte ,austyne saythe1 ,regnum clorum nulli clauditur1 nisi illi1 qui se excluserit3 ,the #d kyngedome of heuen is to noo man closed1 but to hym that wyll putte oute hym-selfe4 ,wherfore this texte maye gyue the a courage to prefixe thy mynde1 to make there thy purchase4 ,and ,salomon saythe3 ,quod mali #h carius emunt infernum1 quam boni clum3 ,ill men bye hell derer1 thanne the good men bie heuen4 ,and that me ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #gb4 semeth maye well be proued by a common ensample3 ,as if ,i had a 4,m4 shepe to sell1 and dyuers men come to me1 #ab ,sidenote3 ,suppose ,i sell #ajjj sheep1 #ajj to each of #aj men4 and bye euery manne a 4,c4 of the shepe1 all of one price1 to paye me at dyuers dayes4 ,i am agreed1 and graunt them these dayes2 some of the menne be good1 and kepe theyr promesse1 and paye me at theyr dayes1 and some of #af theym doo not paye me4 ,wherfore ,i sue theym at the ,sidenote3 ,those who do not pay ,i imprison for debt4 lawe1 and by course of the common lawe1 ,i doo recouer my duetie of them1 and haue theyr bodyes in prisone for execution1 tylle they haue made me payment4 ,nowe these #bj men1 that haue broken me promesse1 and payed not theyr ,sidenote3 ,these men buy their sheep dearer than the others4 dewetye1 bye theyr shepe derer thanne the good menne bought theyrs4 ,for they haue imprysonment of theyr bodyes1 and yet must they pay theyr duetyes neuer the #bd lesse1 or elles lye and dye there in pryson3 the whiche sheepe be derer to them1 then to the good men that ,sidenote3 ,so it is with men who buy heaven4 kepte theyr promes4 ,righte so euery man chepeth heuen1 and god hath sette on it a pryce1 and graunted #bh it to euery man1 and giuen to them dayes of payment3 the pryce is all one1 and that is to kepe his commaundementes1 duryng theyr lyues3 the good men kepe his commaundementes1 and fulfyll theyr promesse1 and haue #cb heuen at theyr decease4 ,the yll men breake promesse1 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #gb;b4 kepe not his commaundementes1 wherfore at theyr decease they be put in pryson1 that is to say in hell1 there to abyde his ryghtuousenes4 ,and soo the yll men #cf ,sidenote3 ,ill men buy hell dearer than good men buy heaven4 bye hell derer1 than the good menne bye heuen4 ,and therfore it is better1 to forgoo a lyttel pleasure1 or suffer#cc a lyttell payne in this worlde1 than to suffer a moche greatter and a lenger payne in an other worlde4 ,nowe #dj sythe helle is derer than heuen1 ,i aduyse the specyally ,sidenote3 ,wherefore buy heaven4 to bye heuen1 wherin is euerlastynge ioye without ende4 #aeh4 ,what ioyes or pleasures are in heuen4 ,sidenote3 ,augustine4 ,saynt ,austyn saythe1 ,ibi erunt qucunque ab hominibus desiderantur1 vita et salus1 copia glorie1 honor1 pax1 et omnia bona3 ,that is to saye1 ,there shall be euery thynge that any man desyreth1 there is lyfe1 helth1 plenty of ioye1 #d honour1 peace1 and all maner of goodnes4 ,what wolde a ,sidenote3 #a ,cor4 ii4 #i4 ,isa4 lxiv4 #d4 man haue more8 ,and saynt ,paule sayth1 ,occulus non vidit1 nec auris audiuit1 nec in cor hominis ascendit1 qu preparuit deus diligentibus se3 ,that is to say1 ,the eye hath not seen1 nor #h the eares hath herde1 nor the herte of a man hath thought ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #gc4 of so goodly thynges1 that god hath ordeyned for theym that loue hym4 ,o what a noble acte that were for an husbande or houswyfe1 to purchase suche a royall place in #ab heuen1 to whiche is no comparyson4 ,than it is to be knowen1 what thynge pleaseth god most1 that we myght do it4 #aei4 ,what thynges pleaseth god most4 ,sidenote3 #a ,cor4 ii4 #i4 ,by the texte of sayncte ,paule1 before sayd1 loue pleaseth god aboue al thinge1 and that maye be well proued by the ,sidenote3 ,prov4 xxxiii4 #bf4 sayinge of our lorde hym-selfe1 where he saythe3 ,da mihi cor tuum1 et sufficit mihi2 ,gyue me thy harte1 and that is #d sufficiente for me2 for he that hath a mannes harte1 hath all his other goodes4 ,what is this mans harte8 it is nothyng elles1 but very trewe loue4 ,for there can be no true loue1 but it commeth meryly and immediately from #h the harte3 and if thou loue god entyerlye with thy harte1 than wylte thou do his commaundementes4 ,than it wolde be vnderstande and knowen whiche be his commandementes1 that a man may obserue and kepe them4 #ab #afj4 ,what be goddes commaundementes4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #gc;b4 ,there be in all 4x4 commaundementes1 the which were to long to declare1 but they be all concluded and comprehended ,sidenote3 ,deut4 vi4 #e4 ,lev4 xix4 #ah4 in two1 that is to say3 ,diliges dominum deum tuum super omnia3 ,et proximum tuum sicut te ipsum3 ,loue thy #d lorde god aboue al thing1 and thy neyghboure as thy-selfe4 ,these be lyghte commaundementes1 and nature byndeth a man to fulfyll1 obserue1 and kepe them1 or els he is not a naturall man1 remembryng what god hath doone for the4 #h ,fyrste he hath made the to the symylytude and lykenes of his owne ymage1 and hathe gyuen to the in this worlde dyuerse possessions1 but specyally he hath redemed thy soule vpon the crosse1 and suffered great payne and #ab passion and bodelye deathe for thy sake4 ,what loue1 what kyndenes was in hym1 to doo this for the8 ,what couldest thou desyre hym to do more for the8 ,and he ,sidenote3 ,god asks love for love4 desyreth nothynge of the agayne1 but loue for loue4 ,what #af can he desyre lesse8 #afa4 ,howe a man shulde loue god and please hym4 ,surelye a man maye loue god and please hym very many wayes3 but fyrste and principally1 he that wyll loue god1 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #gd4 and please hym1 he muste doo as it is sayde in ,symbalo ,sidenote3 ,athanasian ,creed4 ,athanasii3 ,quicunque vult saluus esse1 ante omnia opus est #d vt teneat catholicam fidem1 ,who so euer wyll be saued1 aboue all thynge he must nedes be stedfast in the faythe of holy churche4 ,and accordynge to that1 saythe sayncte ,sidenote3 ,heb4 xi4 #f4 ,paule3 ,sine fide impossibile est placere deo2 ,without faythe #h ,sidenote3 ,seneca4 it is impossible to please god4 ,and ,seneca sayth3 ,nichil retinet1 qui fidem perdidit3 ,there abydeth no goodnes in hym1 that hath loste his faythe4 ,and soo thou mayste well perceyue1 that thou canst not loue nor please god1 #ab without perfyte fayth4 ,and ferther-more thou mayste not presume to study1 nor to argue thy faithe by reason4 ,for ,sidenote3 ,gregory2 xl4 ,homil4 in ,evang4 ii4 #bf4 saynte ,gregory saythe3 ,fides non habet meritum1 vbi humana ratio prebet experimentum3 ,faythe hath no meryte1 where #af as mannes reasone proueth the same4 ,this faythe is a pryncypall sygne1 that thou loueste god4 ,also thy good dedes1 and thy warkes1 is a good sygne1 that thou loueste ,sidenote3 ,jerome4 god4 ,for saynt ,iherome saythe3 ,vnusquisque1 cuius opera #bj facit1 eius filius appellatur3 whose warkes euery man dothe1 ,sidenote3 ,bernard4 his son or seruaunt he is called4 ,and sayncte ,bernarde saythe1 ,efficatior est vox operis1 quam vox sermonis3 ,the ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #gd;b4 dedes and the warkes of a man is more euydent profe1 #bd ,sidenote3 ,seven works of mercy4 than his wordes4 ,the fulfyllynge of the 4vii4 workes of mercye is an other specyall sygne1 that thou louest god3 and many mo there be1 whiche were to longe to reherse them all4 #bh #afb4 ,howe a man shulde loue his neyghbour4 ,sidenote3 ,love of our neighbour4 ,thou must loue thy neyghboure as thy-selfe1 wherin thou shalt please god specially3 for if thou loue thy neyghbour as thy-selfe1 it foloweth by reason1 that thou shalte do nothyng to hym1 but suche as thou #d woldest shulde be done to the4 ,and that is to presume1 that thou woldest not haue any hurte of thy body1 nor of thy goodes1 done vnto the1 and lykewyse thou shuldest none do vnto hym4 ,and also if thou #h woldest haue any goodnes done vnto the1 eyther in thy bodye1 or in thy mouable goodes1 lykewyse shuldest thou do vnto thy neyghbour1 if it lye in thye power1 accordynge ,sidenote3 ,gregory4 to the sayinge of saynte ,gregorye1 ,nec deus sine proximo1 #ab nec proximus vere diligitur sine deo3 ,thou canste not loue god1 with-out thou loue thy neyghbour1 nor thou canst not loue thy neighbour1 without thou loue god4 ,wherfore ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ge4 thou muste fyrste loue god pryncypallye1 and thy neyghbour #af secondaryly4 #afc4 ,of prayer that pleaseth god very moche4 ,sidenote3 ,prayer pleaseth ,god much4 ,prayer is honour and laude to god1 and a specyall thynge that pleaseth hym moche1 and is a greate sygne1 that thou louest god1 and that thou arte perfyte and stedfaste in the faythe of holy churche3 and that it is so1 #d it maye be well consydered by our forefathers1 that haue for the loue and honour of god made churches4 ,and a man muste dayly at some conuenyente tymes exercyse and vse prayer hym-selfe1 as he oughte to doo4 ,for saynt #h ,sidenote3 ,ambrose4 ,ambrose sayth1 ,relicto hoc1 ad quod teneris1 ingratum est spiritui sancto quicquid aliud operaris3 ,if thou leaue that thynge vndone1 that thou arte bounde to doo1 it is not acceptable to god1 what-so-euer thou dooste elles4 ,than #ab it is necessarye1 that thou do praye1 and a poore manne doynge his labour trewely in the daye1 and thinketh well1 prayeth well3 but on the holye daye1 he is bounde to come to the church1 and here his diuyne seruyce4 #af ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ge;b4 #afd4 ,what thynge letteth prayer4 ,there be two impedimentes1 that lette and hynder prayer1 that it maye not be herde4 ,and of the fyrste impedimente ,sidenote3 ,isa4 i4 #ae4 speketh ,ysaye the prophete3 ,quia manus vestr plen sunt sanguine 4i4 peccato1 ideo non exaudiet vos dominus3 #d ,bycause your handes be full of bloude1 that is to saye1 full of synne1 therfore our lorde dothe not graciousely ,sidenote3 ,prov4 xv4 #bi4 here you4 ,and also prouerbiorum tertio1 ,longe est dominus ab impiis1 et orationes iustorum exaudiet4 ,our lorde is ferre #h fro wycked men1 and the prayers of ryghtewyse men he ,sidenote3 ,bernard4 gracyously hereth4 ,and sayncte ,bernarde saythe1 ,qui a prceceptis dei auertitur1 quod in oratione postulat non meretur3 ,he that dothe not goddes commaundementes1 he #ab deserueth not to haue his prayer harde4 ,the seconde ,sidenote3 ,anastasius4 impediment1 saythe ,anastasius1 is1 ,si non dimittis iniuriam1 que tibi facta est1 non orationem pro te facis1 sed maledictionem super te inducis3 ,if thou forgyue not the wronge done #af vnto the1 thou doste not praye for thy-selfe1 but thou ,sidenote3 ,isidore4 enducest goddes curse to fall vppon the4 ,and ,isodorus saythe1 ,sicut nullum in vulnere proficit medicamentum1 si adhuc ferrum in eo sit3 ita nihil proficiat oratio illius1 cuius #bj ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ha2 sic4 adhuc dolor in mente vel odium manet in pectore4 ,lyke as the playster or medycyne can-not heale a wounde1 if there be any yren styckinge in the same1 ryghte soo the prayer of a man profyteth hym not1 as longe as there is sorowe #bd in his mynde1 or hate abydynge in his breste4 ,for ,sidenote3 ,augustine4 sayncte ,austyne saythe1 ,si desit charitas1 frustra habentur cetera4 ,if charitie wante1 all other thynges be voyde4 ,wherfore thou muste se that thou stande in the state of #bh grace1 and not infecte with deedly synne1 and than praye if thou wylt be harde4 #afe4 ,howe a man shulde praye4 ,it is to be vnderstande that there be dyuers maner ,sidenote3 ,public prayer4 of prayinges1 ,quedam publica1 et quedam priuata2 ,that is to saye1 some openlye1 and some priuately4 ,prayer openly muste nedes be done in the churche by the #d mynystratours of the same people4 ,for it is done for all the comynaltye1 and therfore the people in that oughte to conferme theym-selfe to the sayde mynystratours1 and there to be presente to praye vnto god after a dewe #h ,sidenote3 ,private prayer4 maner4 ,oratio priuata4 ,the prayer pryuately done1 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ha;b4 oughte to be doone in secrete places1 for two causes4 ,for prayer eleuateth and lyfteth vp a mannes mynde to god4 ,and the mynde of man is sooner and better #ab lyfte vppe whan he is in a pryuye place1 and separate frome multytude of people4 ,an other cause is to auoyde vaynglory that myghte lyghtely ensue or ryse thervppon1 whan it is doone openly2 and therof speketh our #af ,sidenote3 ,matt4 vi4 #e4 sauyour1 where he sayth1 ,cum oratis1 non eritis sicut hypocrit1 qui amant in sinagogis et in angulis platearum stantes orare4 ,that is to saye1 whan ye praye1 be not you as the hypocrytes1 the whiche loue to stande in #bj theyr synagoges and corners of hyghe-wayes to praye4 ,also some folkes pray with the lyppes or mouthe1 and not with the herte1 of whome spekethe our lorde by his ,sidenote3 ,isa4 xxix4 #ac4 prophete1 ,hij labiis me honorant1 cor autem eorum longe #bd est a me2 ,they honour me with theyr mouthe1 and ,sidenote3 ,gregory4 theyr hertes be ferre from me4 ,and sayncte ,gregory saythe1 ,quid prodest strepitus labiorum vbi mutum est cor8 ,what profyteth the labour of the mouthe1 where the #bh ,sidenote3 ,isidore4 herte is dombe8 ,and ,isodore saythe1 ,longe quippe a deo est animus1 qui in oratione cogitationibus sculi fuerit occupatus4 ,his soule is far from god1 that in his prayer his mynde is occupied in warkes of the worlde4 ,there #cb ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #hb4 be other that pray both with the mouth and hart1 of ,sidenote3 ,john iv4 #bd4 whom speketh sayncte ,iohan 4x4 ,veri adoratores1 adorabunt patrem in spiritu et veritate4 ,the true prayers wylle worshyp the father of heauen in spirite and with trouthe4 #cf ,sidenote3 ,isidore4 ,isodorus saythe1 ,tunc veraciter oramus1 quando aliunde non cogitamus4 ,than we praye truely1 whan we thynke ,sidenote3 ,richard of ,hampole4 on nothynge elles4 ,richardus de ,hampole4 ,ille deuote orat1 qui non habet cor vacabundum in terrenis occupationibus1 #dj sed sublatum ad deum in clestibus4 ,he prayeth deuoutly1 that hath not his harte wauerynge in worldelye occupations1 but alwaye subleuate and lyfte vppe to god in heuen4 ,there be other that praye with the harte4 vnde #dd ,sidenote3 ,matt4 vi4 #f4 ,mat4 vi4 ,tu autem cum oraueris1 intra in cubiculum tuum 4i4 in loco secreto1 et clauso hostio1 ora patrem tuum4 ,whan thou shalte praye1 entre into thy chambre or oratory1 and steke the doore1 and praye to the father of heuen4 #dh ,sidenote3 ,isidore4 ,isodorus1 ,ardens oratio est non labiorum sed cordium1 potius enim orandum est corde quam ore4 ,the hoter prayer is with the harte than with the lyppes1 rather pray with ,sidenote3 #a ,sam4 i4 #ac4 thy herte than with thy mouth4 ,regum primo4 ,anna #eb loquebatur in corda4 ,anna spake with the harte4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #hb;b4 #aff4 ,a meane to put away ydle thoughtes in prayinge4 ,sidenote3 ,against idle thoughts4 ,and to auoyde wauerynge myndes1 in worldlye occupations whanne thou shalte praye1 ,i shall shewe vnto you the beste experience that euer ,i coulde fynde for the same1 the whiche haue benne moche troubled therwith1 and that #d ,sidenote3 ,if you understand ,latin1 keep your eye on the book1 and remember the ,english of it4 is this4 ,he that can rede and vnderstande latyne1 let hym take his booke in his hande1 and looke stedfastely vppon the same thynge that he readeth and seeth1 that #h is no trouble to hym1 and remembre the englysshe of #h the same1 wherin he shall fynde greatte swetenes1 and shall cause his mynde to folowe the same1 and to leaue other worldly thoughtes4 ,and he that canne-not reade nor ,sidenote3 ,if not1 think of ,christ's passion1 vnderstande his pater noster1 ,aue1 nor ,crede1 he must #ab remembre the passyon of ,christe1 what peyne he suffered for hym1 and all mankynde1 for redemynge of theyr soules4 ,and also the miracles and wonders that god hath doone1 and fyrste what wonders were doone the nyghte of his #af ,sidenote3 and of ,his miracles2 natiuitie and byrthe4 ,and howe he turned water in-to wyne1 and made the blynde to se1 the dombe to speake1 the deafe to here1 the lame to go1 the sycke to be hole4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #hc4 ,and howe he fed fyue thousande with two fysshes1 and #bj fyue barley loues1 wherof was lefte 4xii4 coffyns or skyppes of fragmentes4 ,and howe he reised ,lazare from deathe to lyfe1 with manye moo myracles that be innumerable to be rehersed4 ,and also to remembre the specyall poyntes #bd ,sidenote3 how ,he was betrayed1 of his passion1 howe he was solde betrayed of ,judas1 and taken by the iewes1 and broughte before ,pylate1 than to kynge ,herode1 and to bysshope ,cayphas1 and than to ,pylate agayne1 that iudged hym to death1 and howe he #bh ,sidenote3 scourged1 was bounde to a piller1 and how they scurged1 bobbed1 mocked hym1 spytte in his face1 crowned hym with thornes1 and caused hym to beare the crosse to the mounte of ,sidenote3 and crucified2 ,caluary1 whervppon he was nayled both handes and #cb fete1 and wounded to the harte with a sharpe spere1 and ,sidenote3 went down to hell2 and rose again4 soo suffered deathe4 ,and howe he fette out the soules of our forefathers forthe of hell4 ,howe he rose frome deathe to lyfe1 and howe ofte he appered to his discyples and #cf other moo4 ,and what myracles he wroughte afterwarde1 and specyally what power he gaue to his dyscyples1 that were noo clerkes1 to teache and preche his faythe1 and worke many myracles1 and specyally whan they preached #dj before menne of dyuers nations and languages1 and euerye ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #hc;b4 man vnderstode in theyr own language1 the whiche is a sygne that god wolde haue euery manne saued1 and to knowe his lawes1 the whiche was a myracle able to #dd conuerte all the infydeles1 heretykes1 and lollers in the worlde4 #afg4 ,a meane to auoyde temptation4 ,it is ofte-tymes seen1 that the holyer that a man is1 the ,sidenote3 ,the holier a man is1 the more he is tempted4 more he is tempted1 and he that soo is1 maye thanke god therof4 ,for god of his goodnes and grace hath not gyuen to the dyuell auctoritie nor power to attempte any man #d ferther and aboue that1 that he that is so tempted1 maye withstande4 ,for sayncte ,gregory sayth1 ,non est timendum ,sidenote3 ,gregory4 7sic7 hostis1 qui non potest vincere nisi volentem4 ,an enemye is not to be dradde1 the whiche maye not ouercome1 but if a #h manne be wyllynge4 ,and it is to presume1 that he that is soo tempted1 standeth in the state of grace4 ,for sayncte ,ambrose saythe1 ,illos diabolus#cd vexare negligit1 quos iure ,sidenote3 ,ambrose4 hreditario se possidere sentit4 ,the dyuell despyseth to #ab vexe or trouble those1 the whiche he felethe him-selfe to haue in possessyon by ryght inheritaunce4 ,and if thou be so tempted1 vexed1 or troubled1 ,i shall shewe vnto the ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #hd4 two verses1 that if thou do therafter1 thou shalte be eased #af of thy temptacyon1 and haue greatte thanke and laude of god and rewarde therfore2 these be the verses4 ,sidenote3 ,two useful verses4 ,hostis non ledit1 nisi cum temptatus obedit4 ,est leo si sedit1 si stat quasi musca recedit4 #bj ,that is to say1 ,the gostly enemy hurteth not1 but whan ,sidenote3 ,the tempter is a lion1 if we sit still2 he that is tempted obeyeth to his temptation4 ,than his ghostly enemy plaieth the lyon1 if that he that is so tempted syt styll and obey to hym4 ,and if he that is #bd ,sidenote3 but if we resist1 he is but a fly4 tempted1 stande styfly agaynste hym1 the ghostlye ennemye flyeth awaye lyke a flye4 ,this me semeth maye be wel proued by a famylier ensaumple4 ,as if a lorde had a ,sidenote3 ,a fainthearted captain loses his castle1 castell1 and deliuered it to a capitayne to kepe1 if there #bh come ennemies to the castell1 and call to the capytayn1 and byd hym delyuer them this castell4 ,the capytayne cometh and openeth them the gates1 and delyuereth the keyes4 ,nowe is this castell soone wonne1 and this #cb ,sidenote3 and is a traitor4 ,but if he resist1 the enemy will not tarry4 capytayne is a false traytour to the lorde4 ,but lette the capitaine arme hym-selfe1 and steke the gates1 and stande styfly vpon the walle1 and commaunde them to auoyde at theyr peryll1 and they wyll not tary to make #cf ,sidenote3 ,every man is captain of his own soul4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #hd;b4 any assaut4 ,ryght so euery man is capitayne of his owne soule1 and if thy gostely ennemy come and tempte the1 and thou1 that art capytayne of thyne owne soule1 wyll open the gates1 and delyuer hym the keyes and let hym #dj in1 thy sowle is soone taken prysoner1 and thou a false traytour to thy soule1 and worthye to be punysshed in pryson for euer4 ,and if thou arme thy-selfe and stande styfly agaynste hym1 and wyll not consente to hym1 he #dd wyll auoyde and fle away1 and thou shalt haue a greate reward for withstandynge of the sayde temptation4 #afh4 ,almes-dedes pleaseth god moche4 ,sidenote3 ,almsdeeds4 ,almes-dedes pleseth god very moche1 and it is great sygne that thou loueste bothe god and thy neyghboure4 ,and he of whome almes is asked1 oughte to consyder thre thynges1 that is to saye1 who asketh almes1 what he #d ,sidenote3 ,god asketh4 asketh1 and wherevnto he asketh4 ,nowe to the fyrste1 who asketh almes1 ,deus petit4 ,god asketh4 ,for saynte ,sidenote3 ,jerome4 ,jerome sayth1 ,quia deus adeo diligit pauperes1 quod quicquid fit eis propter amorem suum1 reputat sibi factum4 ,that is #h to saye1 bycause that god loueth poore men so moche1 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #he4 what-someuer thynge is gyuen vnto them for the loue of hym1 he taketh it as it were done to hym-selfe2 as it is ,sidenote3 ,matt4 xxv4 #ae4 sayde in his gospell1 ,quod vni ex minimis meis fecistis1 #ab michi fecistis4 ,that thynge that ye gyue or do to the least of those that be myne1 ye do it to me4 ,thanne to ,sidenote3 ,he asks not ours1 but his4 the seconde1 what asketh god8 ,non nostrum1 sed suum4 ,he asketh not that thynge that is ours1 but that thynge that is #af his owne4 ,as saythe the prophete ,dauid1 ,tua sunt domine omnia3 ,et qu de manu tua accepimus1 tibi dedimus4 ,good lorde1 all thynges be thyne1 and those thynges that we haue taken of the1 of those haue we gyuen the4 ,thanne #bj ,sidenote3 ,he asks only to borrow1 and to repay a hundredfold4 to the thyrde1 ,where-vnto dothe god aske8 ,he asketh not to gyue hym1 but all-onely to borowe1 ,non tamen ad triplas1 scilicet1 immo ad centuplas4 ,not all-onely to haue thryse soo moche1 but forsothe to haue an hundred tymes #bd ,sidenote3 ,augustine4 soo moche4 ,as saynt ,austyn saythe1 ,miser homo1 quid veneraris homini2 venerare deo1 et centuplum accipies1 et vitam ternam possidebis8 ,thou wretched manne1 why doste thou worshyp or dreade manne3 worshyp thou god and dreade #bh hym1 and thou shalte receyue an hundred tymes so moche1 and haue in possessyon euerlastynge lyfe1 the whiche many-folde ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #he;b4 passeth all other rewardes8 ,prouerbiorum xiiii4 ,veneratur domino1#ce qui miseretur pauperibus3 ,he worshyppeth #cb ,sidenote3 ,prov4 xix4 #g4 our lorde1 that hath mercye and pytye on poore folkes4 ,and the glose therof sayth1 ,centuplum accepturus4 ,and thou shalte receyue an 4,c4 tymes so moche4 ,and it ,sidenote3 ,three kinds of alms-deeds4 is to be vnderstande1 that there be thre maner of almes-dedes1 #cf that is to saye3 ,egenti largire quicquid poteris3 dimittere eis a quibus lesus fueris3 ,errantem corrigere1 et in viam veritatis reducere4 ,that is to saye1 to gyue to the nedy what thou well mayste1 to forgyue theym that haue #dj trespaced to the1 and to correcte them that do amysse1 and to brynge them into the way of ryghte4 #afi4 ,the fyrste maner of almes4 ,egenti largire quicquid poteris4 ,gyue to the nedye what ,sidenote3 ,luke xi4 #da vi4 #ch4 thou well maye4 ,for our lorde saythe in his gospell3 ,date elemosinam1 et omnia munda sunt vobis4 ,et alibi4 ,date1 et dabitur vobis3 ,gyue almes1 and all worldly rychesse is #d yours2 gyue1 and it shall be gyuen to you4 ,almes-dede is a holy thynge1 it encreaseth a mans welthe1 it maketh lesse a mannes synnes1 it lengtheth a mans lyfe1 it maketh ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #hf4 a man of good mynde1 it delayeth yll tymes1 and closeth #h all thynges1 hit delyuereth a manne from deathe1 it ioyneth a manne with aungelles1 and seuereth hym from the dyuell1 and is lyke a wall vnable to be foughten agaynst4 ,and saynt ,james saythe3 ,sicut aqua extinguit ignem1 ita elemosina #ab peccatum4 ,as water slecketh fyer1 soo dothe almes-dede ,sidenote3 ,prov4 xxviii4 #bg4 slake synne4 ,salomon saythe1 ,qui dat pauperi1 non indigebit4 ,he that giueth vnto a poore man1 shal neuer ,sidenote3 ,prov4 xxi4 #ac4 haue nede4 ,and also he sayth1 ,qui obturat aurem suam #af ad clamorem pauperis1 et ipse clamabit1 et non exaudietur4 ,he that stoppeth his eare at the clamoure or crie of a pore man1 he shall crye1 and he shall not be gracyousely herde4 ,there maye no manne excuse hym from gyuynge #bj of almes1 thoughe he be poore4 ,and let hym doo as ,sidenote3 ,mark1 xii4 #db2 ,sidenote3 ,luke1 xxi4 #b4 the poore wydowe dyd1 that offered a farthynge1 wherfore she hadde more thanke and rewarde of god1 thanne the ryche men that offered golde4 ,and if thou mayste not #bd gyue a farthynge1 gyue lesse1 or gyue fayre wordes1 or good information1 ensaumple1 and token3 and god shall rewarde the bothe for thy dede and for thy good wyll4 ,and that thou dooste1 do it with a good wyll4 ,for saynte #bh ,sidenote3 #b ,cor4 ix4 #g4 ,paule saythe1 ,hilarem datorem diligit deus4 ,god loueth ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #hf;b4 a glad gyuer1 and that if it be of true begotten goodes4 ,for ,salomon saythe1 ,de tuis iustis laboribus ministra pauperibus4 ,of thy trewe labours mynystre and gyue to #cb ,sidenote3 ,isidore4 the poore folkes4 ,for ,isodorus saythe1 ,qui iniuste tollit1 iuste nunquam tribuit4 ,he that taketh wrongfully1 cannot gyue trewelye4 ,for it is wrytten ,ecclesiastici xxxv4 ,sidenote3 ,eccles4 xxxiv4 #bd4 ,qui de rapinis1 aut vsuris1 aut de furto immolat3 est quasi #cf qui coram patre victimat filium4 ,he that offereth of the goodes1 that he getteth by extortyon1 vsurye1 or thefte1 he is lyke as a man slewe the sonne in the presence of the father4 ,thou mayste ryghte well knowe1 the father #dj wolde not be well contente4 ,noo more wolde god be pleased with the gyfte of suche begotten goodes4 #agj4 ,the seconde maner of almes4 ,dimittere eis1 a quibus lesus fueris4 ,to forgyue theym that haue trespaced to the1 wherin thou shalte please god moche4 ,for it is in the gospell of sayncte ,marke ,sidenote3 ,mark1 xi4 #f4 4xii4 ,si non dimiseritis aliis1 nec pater vester celestis dimittet #d vobis peccata vestra4 ,if you forgyue not1 your father of ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #hg4 heuen wyll not forgyue you your synnes4 ,also if thou doo not forgyue other1 thou shalte be founde a lyer1 as ofte as thou sayeste thy ,pater noster1 where thou sayste3 #h ,sidenote3 ,matt4 vi4 #ab4 ,et dimitte nobis debita nostra1 sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris4 ,and forgyue to vs our dettes1 as we forgyue to our detters4 ,by these dettes maye be vnderstande the thynges that we oughte to do to god1 and doo not them4 #ab ,and also the trespaces and the synne that we haue offended to god1 in that we aske mercye of4 ,and if thou wylte not forgyue1 thou mayst not aske mercy of ,sidenote3 ,matt4 vii4 #b4 ryght4 ,eadem mensura1 qua mensi fueritis1 remetietur vobis4 #af ,the same measure that ye meate other men by1 shall be moten vnto you4 ,dimittere autem rancorem et maliciam omnino necessitatis est1 dimittere vero actionem et emendam opus est consilii4 ,to forgyue all rancour and malyce1 that #bj a manne oweth to the in his harte1 thou arte bounden of necessitie to forgyue all the hole trespace1 or to leaue thyne actyon1 or a reasonable mendes4 ,therfore it is but a dede of mercye if thou so do1 and no synne though #bd thou sue the lawe with charytie4 ,but and a manne haue done to the a trespace1 and that thou arte gladde that ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #hg;b4 he hathe soo done1 that thou mayste haue a quarell1 or a matter1 or an accyon agaynste hym1 and nowe of malyce #bh or yll wyll thou wylte sue hym1 rather than for the trespace2 nowe thou synnest dedely1 bycause thou doest rather of malyce than for the trespace1 and than haste ,sidenote3 ,prov4 xxii4 #i4 thou loste thy charitie1 ,prouerbiorum 4xxxii4 ,qui pronus #cb est ad misericordiam1 benedicetur4 ,he that is redy to forgiue1 shall be blessed4 #aga4 ,the thyrde maner of almes4 ,sidenote3 ,three ways of correction4 ,errantem corrigere1 et in viam veritatis reducere4 ,to correcke a misdoer1 and to brynge hym into the waye of ryghte4 ,it is to be vnderstand1 that there be thre maner of corrections4 #d ,sidenote3 ,first1 as an enemy4 ,the fyrste correction is of an ennemye1 the seconde is of a frynde1 and the thyrde correction is of a ,iustyce4 ,sidenote3 ,chrysostom4 ,the fyrste saythe ,chrisostome1 ,corripe non vt hostis expetens vindictam1 sed vt medicus instituens medicinam4 #h ,correcke not as an enemye doinge vengeaunce1 but as ,sidenote3 ,secondly1 as a friend4 a phisicyon or surgyon1 mynistringe or gyuynge a medicyne4 ,to the seconde saythe ,salomon4 ,plus proficit amica correctio1 quam correctio turbulenta4 ,a frendelye #ab ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #hh4 correction profyteth more than a troublous correction4 ,for yf thou speke courteysly to a man that hath offended1 and with sweete wordes of compassion1 he shall rather be conuerted by theym1 than with hye wordes of great #af ,sidenote3 ,isidore4 punysshement4 ,and ,isodorus saythe1 ,qui per verba blanda castigatus non corrigetur1 acrius necesse est1 vt arguatur4 ,he that wylle not be chastysed by fayre wordes1 it is necessary that he be more hardlyer and straytlyer reproued #bj ,sidenote3 ,jerome4 or punysshed4 ,to the thyrde saythe sayncte ,ierome1 ,equum iudicium est1 vbi non persona sed opera considerantur4 ,sidenote3 ,thirdly1 as a judge4 ,there is an euen ,iugemente1 where the personne is not regarded1 but the warkes are consydered4 ,and alsoo hit #bd ,sidenote3 ,matt4 xvi4 #bg4 is wrytten4 ,reddet vnicuique iuxta opera sua4 ,he shall yelde vnto euery manne after his workes4 ,and sayncte ,sidenote3 ,augustine4 ,augustyne saythe1 ,sicut meliores sunt1 quos corrigit amor1 ita plures sunt quos corrigit timor4 ,as those be better1 #bh that be chastysed by loue1 soo there be many moo that be chastysed by feare4 ,for and they feared not the punyshement of the lawe1 there wolde be but a fewe ,sidenote3 ,gregory4 chastysed by loue4 ,and saynte ,gregory sayth1 ,facientis #cb procul dubio culpam habet1 qui quod potest corrigere negligit ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #hh;b4 emendare1 et illicita non prohibere consensus erroris est4 ,he that maye correcke1 and dothe not1 he taketh the offence to hym-selfe of the dede2 and he that dothe not forbede #cf vnlawefull thynges1 consenteth to the same1 c4 #agb4 ,what is the greattest offence that a manne may doo and offende god in4 ,in myne opynyon1 it is to be in despayre of the mercye of god4 ,and therefore what soo euer thou haue doone or offended god1 in worde1 warke1 thought1 or dede1 be ,sidenote3 ,isidore4 neuer in despayre for it2 for ,isodorus saythe1 ,qui veniam #d de peccato desperat1 plus de desperatione peccat quam de culpa cadit4 ,he that despayreth to haue forgyuenes of his synnes1 he synneth more in despayrynge than he dyd in ,sidenote3 ,jerome4 the synne doynge4 ,for saynte ,iherome sayth1 ,magis #h offendebat ,iudas deum in hoc quod suspendebat1 quam in hoc1 quod eum tradidit3 ,judas offended god more in that that he hanged hym-selfe1 than he dydde whanne he ,sidenote3 ,ezek4 xxxiii4 #aa4 betrayed god4 ,for god sayth in his gospell1 ,nolo mortem #ab peccatoris1 sed magis vt conuertatur et viuat4 ,i wyll not the ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #hi4 deathe of a synner1 but rather that he maye be conuerted ,sidenote3 ,luke v4 #cb4 and lyue4 ,and also he saythe1 ,non veni vocare iustos1 sed peccatores ad penitentiam4 ,i am not comen to call #af ryghtwyse men1 but to call synners to do penaunce4 ,for thou canste not so soone crye god mercy with thy harte1 but he is as redye to chaunge his sentence1 and to graunte the mercy and forgyuenes of all thy synnes4 ,for #bj ,sidenote3 ,augustine4 saynte ,austyne saythe1 ,sicut scintilia sic ignis in medio maris1 sic omnis impietas viri ad misericordiam dei4 ,as a sparke of fyer is in comparison able to drye vppe all the water in the se1 noo more is all the wyckednes of man #bd vnto the mercyfulnes of god4 ,and therfore it is conuenyent that a manne shulde be penytent1 contryte1 and aske god mercye and forgyuenesse of his synnes and offences1 ,sidenote3 ,chrysostom4 that he hath done2 wherof speketh ,chrysostome1 ,nemo #bh ad deum aliquando flens accessit quod non postulauerit accepit4 ,no man hath gone any tyme wepynge to god1 but he hath taken or had that thynge that he hath asked4 ,and ,sidenote3 ,bernard4 sayncte ,bernarde saythe1 ,plus cruciant lacrime peccatoris #cb diabolum quam omne genus tormentorum4 ,the teares of a synner tourmenteth the deuyll more1 than all other kyndes ,sidenote3 ,augustine4 of turmentes4 ,and sayncte ,austyne saythe1 ,acriores ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #hi;b4 dolores demonibus non inferrimus1 quam cum peccata nostra #cf penitendo et confitendo plangimus4 ,we canne not doo more sharper sorowes to the dyuell1 than whan we wayle or wepe in confessyon1 and doynge of penaunce4 ,and ,sidenote3 ,mary ,magdalen4 that maye be well proued by ,mary ,magdaleyn1 #dj whanne she kneled downe and cryed god mercye1 and kyste his fete1 and wasshed theym with the teares of her eyen1 and wyped them with the heare of her heed1 to whom our lorde sayde1 as in his gospell1 #dd ,sidenote3 ,luke vii4 #dh4 ,dimittuntur tibi peccata tua4 ,thy synnes are forgyuen ,sidenote3 ,luke vii4 #ej4 to the2 and also he sayde to her3 ,fides te saluam fecit1 vade in pace4 ,thy faythe hath saued the1 goo thou in peace4 ,to the whiche mercy and peace ,i besech #dh almyghty ,iesu brynge all chrysten soules4 ,amen4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sidenote3 ,the author's protestation4 ,be it knowen to all men bothe spirytuall and temporall1 that ,i make protestacion before god and man1 that ,i entende not to wryte any-thynge that is or #eb maye be contrary to the faythe of ,chryste and al holy churche4 ,but ,i am redye to reuoke my sayenge1 if any-thynge have passed my mouthe for wante of lernynge1 and to submytte my-selfe to correction1 and my boke #ef to reformatyon4 ,and as touchynge the poyntes of ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ij4 husbandry1 and of other artycles conteyned in this present boke1 ,i wyll not saye that it is the beste waye and wyll serue beste in all places1 but ,i saye it is the #fj best way that euer ,i coude proue by experyence1 the ,sidenote3 ,the author's experience of forty years as a householder4 whiche haue ben an householder this 4xl4 yeres and more4 ,and haue assaied many and dyuers wayes1 and done my dyligence to proue by experyence which shuld #fd be the beste waye4 ,the ,auctour4 ,sidenote3 ,the author's address to his book4 ,go1 lyttell quere1 and recommende me ,to all that this treatyse shall se1 here1 or rede2 ,prayenge them therwith content to be ,and to amende it in places1 where as is nede3 #d ,of eloquence1 they may perceyue ,i want the sede1 ,and rethoryke1 in me doth not abounde1 ,wherfore ,i have sowen1 such sedes as ,i found4 ,finis4 ,sidenote3 ,fol4 #ij;b4 ,sidenote3 ,this book was compiled by ,master ,fitzherbert4 ,thus endeth this ryghte profytable boke of husbandry1 compyled sometyme by mayster ,fitz-herbarde1 of charytie and good zele that he bare to the weale of this mooste noble realme1 whiche he dydde not in his youthe1 but after he had exercysed husbandry1 with greate experyence1 xl4 yeres4 ,illustration3 7decorative icon7 ,imprinted at ,london in fletestrete1 in the house of ,thomas ,ber- -thelet1 nere to the condite at the sygne of ,lu- -crece4 ,cum pri- -uilegio4 ,illustration3 7decorative icon7 ,,footnotes3 #ai ,the references are to the folios of the original edition4 ,that the reader may find his place more readily1 ,i have numbered each section4 ,the numbers in thick type are1 accordingly1 not in the original4 #bj ,read ,dewbolne4 #ba ,misprinted #8blough-mal4' #bb ,sic2 ed4 #aeih has #8worme'4 #bc #8slotes'8 #bd ,misprinted #8flote4' #be ,misprinted fyrst4 #bf ,note that the symbol 8,c40 here does not mean #ajj1 but the great hundred1 i4e4 #abj4 #bg ,printed ewe1 which gives no sense4 #bh ,misprinted ,dewbolue1 dewbolue4 #bi ,misprinted or horse2 but the catchwords are a horse4 #cj ,misprinted shorte4 #ca ,printed abherebit4 #cb ,printed secle4 #cc ,misprinted suker4 #cd ,misprinted diabolis4 #ce ,printed dominus2 but the right reading is ,fneratur domino4 ,,notes4 ,these ,notes are principally concerned with the numerous variations exhibited in the edition printed by ,i4 ,r4 in #aeih4 ,see the ,preface4 ,the references are to the ,sections and lines1 as numbered4 99 99 99 99 99 ,prologue2 lines #b1 #f4 ,see ,job1 v4 #g2 #b ,thess4 iii4 #aj4 #ae4 ,the allusion is to ,caxton's ,book of the ,chess2 see the description of it in ,ames' ,typographical ,antiquities1 ed4 ,dibdin1 i4 #cf1 where woodcuts will be found representing the several pieces4 #bj4 iudges4 ,caxton calls them rooks1 as at present1 but he describes them as being vicars and legates of the king1 i4e4 as occupying the position of judges4 yomenne1 pawns4 ,in ,caxton1 we find the division of pawns into eight classes 7answering to the eight pawns on each side71 in which the king's rook's pawn represents the husbandman4 ,the next in order1 the king's knight's pawn1 is the smith2 after which1 in due order1 we find the notary1 merchant1 physician1 taverner1 guard 7or watchman71 and the ribald or dice-player1 whose character is not well spoken of4 ,this eight-fold division seems to me to have suggested the well-known formula which divides men into the eight classes of #8soldier1 sailor1 tinker1 tailor1 gentleman1 apothecary1 ploughboy1 thief2' which is sometimes otherwise varied4 ,the ,german formula is4 #8,edelmann1 ,bettelman1 ,amtmann1 ,pastor1 ,kaufmann1 ,laufmann1 ,maler1 ,major2' also1 be it observed1 eight-fold4 ,our soldier1 tinker1 tailor1 apothecary1 ploughboy1 and thief1 may be imagined to correspond1 with sufficient exactitude1 to ,caxton's guard1 smith1 merchant1 physician1 husbandman1 and ribald4 #bg4 ,remytte1 leave4 ,a word is evidently omitted2 we must supply to after as1 or else substitute to for as4 ,in the ,book of ,surveying1 ch4 ix1 we find1 8,i remytte that to menne of lawe20 and again1 in ch4 xii1 8,i remytte all those poyntes to menne of lawe40 ,see also sect4 #g1 l4 #ad4 #a4 #a4 ,for the manner in which ,i4 ,r4 rewrites this section1 see the ,preface4 #b4 #e4 ,chylturne4 ,as to the sense1 we find1 in the ,book of ,surveying1 c4 #cg1 the following4 8,chylturne grounde and flyntye grounde be light groundes and drye1 and full of small stones1 and chalke grounde is moche of the same nature1 and they wyll weare and washe awaye with water40 #f4 ,meane erthe1 earth of ordinary character4 ,mean is moderate1 ordinary4 ,i4 ,r4 alters it to #8maine earth1' which was probably not intended4 ,after marle1 he inserts--8some neither ,sand nor ,clay1 but like a mixture of both1 yet neither1 which is called a ,hassell ground40 #i4 ,i4 ,r4 has--8,in ,sommerset-shiere1 ,dawset-shiere1 and ,gloster-shiere40 ,zelcester4 ,the old character 1 which had the force of y at the beginning of a word1#cf was often printed as ,z1 by confusion4 ,bishop ,percy used to print such ludicrous forms as zow1 zour1 instead of yow1 your4 ,i conclude that ,zelcester ,yelcester1 i4e4 ,ilchester4 ,the form occurs again in sect4 #bg1 l4 #ag4 #af4 many other places4 ,j4 ,r4 says--8in some parte of ,hartford-shiere1 ,sussex1 and ,cornwall40 #bd4 aslope ,i4 ,r4 has a flote1 gyue out1 i4e4 spread out1 are too obtuse4 #bf4 ,i4 ,r4 says--8,in ,cambridge-shiere1 ,huntington-shiere1 ,bedford-shiere1 and for the most part of ,northamton-shiere1 theyr ,ploughes haue but one hale4 ,in ,leister-shiere1 ,lankishiere1 ,yorkshiere1 ,lincolnshiere1 and ,notingham-shiere1 they haue two2 for all other ,countries counties vnnamed1 there is none of them but plow with some of these ,ploughes before-mentioned40 #c4 #a4 ,the parts of a plough are enumerated in ,gervase ,markham's ,complete ,husbandman 7#afad71 which is quoted at length in ,rogers's ,hist4 of ,agriculture and ,prices1 vol4 i4 p4 #ecd4 ,it is probable that the plough1 as described by ,fitzherbert1 did not materially differ from that in use in #afad4 ,the principal parts1 according to ,markham1 are as follows4 7#a74 #8,the ploughbeam1 a large and long piece of timber1 which forms an arch for the other parts of the plough4' ,it is1 says ,fitzherbert1 the long beam above1 which is slightly bent4 ,the plough-sheath1 the coulter1 and the plough-foot1 are all mortised into it1 pointing downwards4 7#b74 #8,the skeath 7i4e4 sheath71 a piece of wood two and a half feet long1 eight inches broad1 and two inches thick1 which is mortised into the beam1 and sloping forwards below it4' ,fitzherbert says it is a thin piece of dry oak1 fixed both in the plough-beam and the share-beam1 and is the chief #8band1' i4e4 strengthening piece or support1 of the whole plough4 ,by #8thin1' he must mean that it is thin 7#b inches7 in proportion to its breadth 7#h inches72 it is necessary that it should be very strong1 as it holds the implement together4 7#c74 #8,the plough's principal hale on the left hand1 a long bent piece of wood1 somewhat strong in the midst1 and so slender at the upper end that a man may easily gripe it4' ,this is ,fitzherbert's plough-tail 7l4 #af71 which he says is mortised into the sharebeam behind1 and pinned to the ploughbeam behind also4 ,the ploughman holds it in his left hand4 ,it is also called the ploughstart2 where start means tail1 as in red-start4 7#d74 #8,the plough-head1 which is fixed with the skeath and the hale1 all at one instant1 into two several mortise-holes2 a flat piece of timber1 about three feet in length1 seven inches in breadth1 and two and a half in thickness1 and having two nicks towards the head of the plough4' ,this is the same as what ,fitzherbert calls the sharebeam2 see the explanation in sect4 #b1 l4 #aj4 7#e74 #8,the plough-spindles1 two round pieces of wood which couple the hales handles together4' ,these are what ,fitzherbert calls the rough staves2 see l4 #ce4 7#f74 #8,the right-hand hale1 through which the other end of the spindles run1 much more slender than the left-hand hale1 because no force is put on it4' ,this is ,fitzherbert's plough-stilt2 see l4 #ba4 7#g74 ,the plough-rest1 a small piece of wood1 fixed at one end in the further nick of the plough-head1 and on the other end to the right-hand hale4' #8,in the ,middle ,ages1' says ,prof4 ,rogers1 #8it appears that this part was made of iron1 and that it was occasionally double4' ,we must remember that plough-head means the sharebeam4 7#h74 #8,the shelboard i4e4 shield-board1 a board of more than an inch thick1 covering the right side of the plough1 and fastened with two strong wooden pins to the skeath and right-hand hale4' 7#i74 #8,the coulter1 a long piece of iron made sharp at one end1 passing on one side by a mortise-hole through the beam1 and held in place by an iron ring which winds round the beam and strengthens it4' ,fitzherbert's description is slightly different2 see l4 #dh4 ,the use of the coulter is to make the first incision into the earth2 it precedes the share1 which follows it and completes its work4 7#aj74 #8,the share4 ,if this be needed for a mixed earth1 it is made without a wing1 or with a small one only3 if1 however1 it be needed for a deep or stiff clay1 it should be made with a large wing or an outer point4' 7#aa74 #8,the plough-foot4 ,this is an iron implement1 passed through a mortise-hole1 and fastened at the farther end of the beam by a wedge or two1 so that the husbandman may at his discretion set it higher or lower2 the use being to give the plough earth or to put it from the earth1 for the more it is driven downward the more it raises the beam from the ground and makes the irons forsake the earth1 and the more it is driven upward1 the more it lets down the beam and makes the irons bite the ground4' ,fitzherbert well describes it as #8a stay to order of what deepness the plough shall go4' ,the word ploughfote occurs in ,piers ,plowman1 ,b4 vi4 #aje2 see my notes to that poem1 vol4 iv4 p4 #afa4 ,this part of the plough was also called a plough-shoe 7in ,latin1 ferripedalis72 see ,rogers 7as above71 p4 #ech4 ,in a modern plough1 the plough-foot is generally replaced by small wheels4 ,i may remark that it was placed in front1 before the coulter4 ,if we compare the preceding account with that given by ,fitzherbert1 we shall see that the two nearly agree4 ,fitzherbert's plough-beam1 plough-sheath1 and plough-tail are ,nos4 #a1 #b1 and #c above2 his stilt1 rest1 and shieldboard are ,nos4 #f1 #g1 and #h2 his rough staves1 plough-foot1 share1 and coulter1 are ,nos4 #e1 #aa1 #aj1 and #i4 ,but he has three additional terms1 viz4 the sharebeam1 which is the wooden frame for the share1 and is called by ,markham the plough-head 7,no4 #d74 ,secondly1 the fen-board1 i4e4 mud-board1 covering the left side of the plough1 and fastened to the left of the sheath and the left hale1 much as the shield-board is fastened to the right of the sheath and the right hale4 ,lastly1 the plough-ear1 defined as #8three pieces of iron1 nailed fast to the right side of the plough-beam1' for which poor men substituted #8a crooked piece of wood pinned fast to the plough-beam4' ,what was the use of this appendage we are not expressly told2 but it seems to have been used for fastening the trace to1 for draught2 see #d4 #cd4 ,fitzherbert also notices the plough-mal1 i4e4 plough-mall or plough-mallet 7l4 #ee71 which seems to have consisted of a head of hard wood and a #8pynne1' or handle1 and to have been loosely stuck into the plough-beam by passing the handle through #8an augurs bore1' i4e4 through a hole bored in the beam by an augur for this especial purpose4 ,this was no real part of the plough1 but only a tool conveniently kept at hand4 ,he does not1 however1 mention the plough-staff 7or akerstaff71 which was #8a pole shod with a flat iron1 the purpose of which was to clear the mould-board from any stiff earth which might cling to it while the plough was at work'2 ,rogers1 as above1 p4 #eci4 ,this was originally held in the right hand 7see my notes to ,p4 ,plowman72 but ,i think it likely that1 when a second handle1 or stilt1 came into use1 the plough-staff was given up4 ,wright's ,prov4 ,glossary gives 8mell1 mellet1 a square piece of wood fitted with a handle1 a mallet40 #aj4 ,i4 ,r4 says of the sharbeame1 that 8in some ,countries it is called the plough-head40 ,fitzherbert has already said this1 see #b4 #aj4 #ab4 ,oke ,oake or ,ashe2 ,i4,r4 #ae4 ,i4 ,r4 says of the plough-tayle1 that 8in many ,countries it is called the ,plough-hale1 of which they haue two1 but the other is fastened to the rough staues and the shelboard40 ,the other hale is the plough-stilt4 #be4 sheldbrede ,shelboard2 ,i4 ,r4 #bg4 fenbrede ,senbred2 ,i4 ,r4 ,this is wrong4 #cb4 to come past compasse2 ,i4 ,r4 #cd4 roughe long2 ,i4 ,r4 #di4 bende1 i4e4 bent broad2 ,i4 ,r4 ,this is inappropriate1 for it is somewhat narrow1 viz4 of the breadth of three inches2 see line #eb4 #ee4 plough-mal ,plough ,maule2 ,i4 ,r4 ,as to the parts of a plough1 cf4 ,tusser's ,husbandry1 #ag4 #aj1 #aa2 and see above1 note to #c4 #a4 #d4 #ad4 slot-wedges flote wedges2 ,i4 ,r4 ,i4 ,r4 does not seem to have understood it1 as he alters slote to flatte in the two lines following4 #ai4 ,after erthe1 ,i4 ,r4 has--8so that it may1 as the best experienced ,plow-men say1 kill a worme1 or els it goeth not truly40 ,worme is clearly right4 ,he further inserts--8,the poynt of your ,culture1 and the poynt of your ,share1 must runne both in one leuell1 so that they may cutte both in one instant1 chiefely if the ground be stiffe and tough2 but if it be in a light land1 then if the point of your ,culture be a little longer it shall be so much the better1 and in such light groundes1 let your ,culture be somwhat sickell-wise bowed1 for the finer cutting1 but in tough ,clay ground it ought to be as straight as may be40 #bf4 payreth hurteth2 ,i4 ,r4 ,this is a gloss4 #bi4 practyue practise2 ,i4 ,r4#cg #cc4 bende band4 ,but bende probably means #8bent piece4' #ce4 he you 7throughout74 ,this shews that this idiomatic use of he was obsolescent in #aeih4 #df4 coke ,cocke4 #eh4 ,i4 ,r4 adds--8,in diuers ,countries1 as namely in ,cambridgshiere1 ,huntington1 ,hartford1 ,bedford1 and ,northamton1 the share is alwayes nayled with certaine nayles vnto the shelboard1 to which ,i am not so well affected1 because by that meanes the shelboard can neuer be turnd1 or after he is once worne be sic for other purpose1 whereas in the ,northerne partes of this ,land1 the share being only fastned in his socket to the ,plough-head1 which may at ease be done with a crooked horne of a ,ramme1 which being put ouer the poynt of the share1 may be knocked fast at ones pleasure1 the shelboard being worne at the one end may be taken off1 and the other end set forward1 which will as sufficiently serue as euer it did before1 yeelding to the ,plough-man a double profit40 #e4 #a4 ,but or he ,before we4 #b4 geare implements4 ,a genteel improvement6 ,so again in l4 #de4 #d4 stylkynges1 wrethyng-temes stilting wrethen teames4 #f4 sleues cleuisse4 pykforke ,pitchforke4 #i4 fellyes follies 7674 #aj4 fettred fettered or tyed4 #ag4 soule sole4 #ai4 lyn-pinnes limpins4 #bc4 pikstaues pickstaues1 all which are best of ,ashe4 #bd4 hombers humbers4 holmes whyted1 tresses holmes1 withed traces4 #bi4 or kyddes1 or suche other faggots1 or ,kids4 #f4 #e4 ,i4 ,r4 adds--8yet in all ,virgils writing the ,oxe-plough is most preferred40 ,there are other unimportant variations here4 #ag4 teddered teathered4 #ah4 hades hadds4 #bd4 gere that they shal harnes and tyer they4 #bg4 hey hay mingled1 which ,plough-men call bendfoder4 #bh4 and they haue1 c4 and for shooes for the most part that cost in them is saued1 except it be for some long iourney1 or in stony wayes for feare of surbayting4 #cj4 lyttell worthe worth nothing1 except for a kennell of noyse-begetting ,hounds4 #cb4 ii4 s4 tenne shillings4 #g4 ,i4 ,r4 omits this section altogether4 #h4 ,i4 ,r4 greatly expands this section1 after the following manner4 ,chapter #h4 ,how a man should plough all manner of ,lands all times of the yeare4 ,now that ,i haue prescribed the manner to make and temper the most or all the sorts of ,ploughs1 it shall next seeme expedient for me to show the manner and time of the yeare in which a man ought to ,plough1 and for the better vnderstanding of the ignorant1 ,i will begin at the beginning of the yeare1 and so succeede downe-ward3 ,after the feast of ,epiphanie it is time for a ,husbandman to goe to ,plough1 to wit1 if your ground be a stiffe and a tough clay1 then shall you begin and ,plough your ,pease-earth1 which is1 where you had your ,wheate1 ,rye1 and ,barley1 the yeere before3 this ground being ploughed1 you shall let it so lye1 which is called bayting some fiue or sixe dayes1 that it may receaue a frost or two1 which frost will so lighten and deuide the earth1 that when you shall come to harrow it1 it will runne to a very good mold1 that otherwise it would neuer doe4 ,if your ground be naturally light and sandy1 then may you immediatly vpon your ploughing sowe without giuing your ground any bayte at all4 ,when your ,pease earth is sowne1 and the ,spring is creeping on3 then if you will follow ,virgils famous principles1 begin to fallow your ground which must rest that yeare4 ,in the beginning of ,lent sow your ,barley upon clay grounds1 but in hote sandy grounds1 if you stay a moneth or more longer it will be much the better4 ,at mid-sommer stirre vp a-new1 that is1 ,plow againe your fallow ground3 before the rising of the ,north-starre1 which is eleuen dayes before the quinoctial ,autumnal1 or the thirteenth of ,september1 then sow your ,wheate and ,rye1 and these be the seasons and the graynes to sow1 except ,oates1 which is alwayes to be vsed in like manner as ,barley is4 ,if you haue any ley ground to fallow or breake vp for to sowe ,oates vpon1 then let that be the first thing you take in hand1 that the grasse and the mosse may be rot in it1 and let your ,plough runne a deepe square furrow1 and in all manner of ploughing1 see that your eye1 your hand1 and your foote agree1 and be alwaies ready one to serue another1 and to turne vp so much mold and to lay it flatte that it reare not an edge3 for if it stand vp vpon an edge1 the grasse and mosse can neuer kindly rotte1 which being vsed as it should1 is an excellent manuring4 ,if you sowe ,winter-corne1 as eyther ,wheate or ,rye vpon swarth ground1 looke how much ,corne toucheth the mosse1 so much will be drowned and cannot spring1 the mosse in his owne nature dooth keepe so much wette in it selfe4 ,in some ,countries1 if a man plow deepe1 hee shal plough past the good ground1 and so haue little ,corne1 but that ,country in my iudgement is not fitte for tyllage1 but rather thereto to reare and breede ,cattell1 as ,oxen1 ,kine1 or ,sheepe1 or els they must goe beate their lands with ,mattocks1 as they doo in many places of ,cornwall1 and in some places of ,deuonshiere4 ,the manner of plowing land is in three formes3 eyther they be great ,lands1 as with high ridges and deepe furrowes1 as in all the ,north parts of this ,land1 and in some sotherne parts also1 or els flatte and plaine1 without ridge or furrow1 as in most parts of ,cambridge-shiere3 or els in little ,lands1 no ,land containing aboue two or three furrowes1 as in ,midlesex1 ,essex1 and ,hartfordshiere4 ,for the first1 it is needfull1 where the grounde is stife1 tough1 and binding1 beeing alwaies capable of much wette1 that if the ,lands did not lie hie1 not onely would the fatnesse choake the ,corne ere it could come foorth1 but also the colde soaking wette1 would confound the vigor and strengthe of the seede4 ,for the second1 that is good where the ground is somewhat light1 and giuen to barrennesse3 so that what forcst read forct vertue soeuer you thrust into the ground1 either by manure or otherwise1 the ,land lying flatte and plaine1 shall still retaine it1 not suffering it as els it would to wash away with euery shower4 ,for the last1 that is1 where the grounde is both barren1 cold1 and stiffe3 if there you plough in large ,lands1 the wether and season will so binde it together1 that the seede shall burst1 but not finde any passage to sproute4 ,againe1 such ground is subiect to much weede1 besides1 if your lands should be any greater1 you should neuer possibly come to weede them1 eyther as they would or they should be done4 #i4 ,i4 ,r4 alters this section1 noting--8,neuer sowe ,pease or ,beanes on a light1 hote sand ground1 for that will neuer beare them1 but for the ,beane1 the extreamest and the stiffest ground is the best4 ,if it bee lesse stiffe1 then the mingled ware#ch is best1 as ,pease and ,beanes well sorted4 ,if it bee neither stiffe nor light1 then cleane ,pease is the best1 for they wil prosper most kindliest40 #ac4 ,i4 ,r4 adds--8,pease are an excellent seede1 and inrich ground as much as the light manuring3 which is the reason1 that in many places of ,lincoln-shiere1 and els where1 sowing their inam ,wheate where theyr ,pease grew1 they haue the finest ,corne40 #aj4 #a-i4 ,varied by ,i4 ,r4 #ac4 kedlokes ,kellocks 7but elsewhere ,kedlocks74 #da4 ,i4 ,r4 adds--8because the freshnes of the molde is to the seede very comfortable40 #aa4 #aa4 wonders wonderous 7which is the later form74 ,the whole of this section is re-written1 merely to alter the language4 ,fitzherbert speaks again of #8the seed of discretion' in the ,book of ,surveying1 c4 #ci4 #ab4 #h4 strykes in other places two ,northerne strikes4 ,and as the measure ,northward is greater1 so are their ,akers larger4 #ac4 quarter quarter1 or halfe a seame4 #ca4 ,christmasse ,christmas1 as for the most part ,northward1 or generally vpon fat clay grounds4 #ac4 #g4 landes land and the balke4 #ah4 sprot-barleye sport-,barley4 ,so also in l4 #ai4 #bh4 lyke pecke-whete like to an eare of ,wheate4 #dj4 ,i4 ,r4 adds--8but how so euer the season of the yeare is1 that ,barley naturally of it selfe is a withered1 deepe1 yellow ,corne1 that yeldeth much bran1 but litle flower4 ,barley for the most part chiefly in clay grounds would be sown vnder furrow1 that is1 a cast or two about the ,land1 then ploughed1 then sowne agayne1 and so harrowed40 #ad4 #ae4 ,i4 ,r4 adds--8,these are for the most barranest ,heath or forrest ground that may be1 as in ,darbishiere1 where they call them ,skeyggs1 and not ,oates40 999999 ,after section #ad1 ,i4 ,r4 introduces section #cd1 to bring all the kinds of sowing together4 #ae4 ,this is section #ag in the edition of #aeih4 #g4 moche bigge 7which is a gloss74 ,so also in l4 #bd4 #h4 shotes flores4 ,but this can hardly be right4 ,see below4 #aa4 slote slope4 ,but this can hardly be right4 ,it is clear that the right word is slote1 with the sense of #8cross-bar1' the bulls being the thicker bars of the harrow4 #ac4 withe withy4 #bd4 sloted and tinded floted and tyned4 #bg4 about ,ryppon in ,notinghamshire and more ,northward4 #bh4 bulder-stones bolder-stones4 ,also spelt bulder-stones in the ,book on ,surveying1 c4 #dj4 #da4 hombers humbers4 withed writhed4 #db4 tresses traces 7in both places74 #ej4 after a shoure1 c4 with great roles of wood1 which ,virgill much commends1 and doubtless is very good after a shower of raine1 to make the ground euen to mow4 ,and note that the dryer your ,lands be when you clot them1 the sooner wil your clots break1 and the more mold you shall haue4 #af4 #c4 for whete1 c4 on which fallowes the next yeare following1 you shall sow your ,rye1 ,wheat and ,barly4 #bd4 stere stirre 7which is a later form74 #ce4 ,i4 ,r4 adds--8,to fallow withall1 sixe ,oxen1 or sixe ,horses are no more then sufficient40 #ag4 #bi4 ,i4 ,r4 adds--8,also let not your heapes stand too long ere they be spread1 for if they doo1 the goodnesse of your manure1 chiefely if it take a shower of raine1 will runne into the ground where the heape stands1 and the rest when it is spread will little profit40 #bi-ce4 ,i4 ,r4 makes a new section of this1 headed 8,chapter #bj4 ,of the diuers kindes of ,manure1 and which is the best40 ,it is as follows4 ,there be diuers sorts of ,manures1 and first of those that bee worst1 as ,swines dunge1 which ,manure breedeth and bringeth vp thistles2 the scourings of ,hay-barnes or ,corne barnes1 which bringeth vp sundry weedes and quirks quicks82 and rotten ,chaffe1 which diuers vse1 but brings little good4 ,the shoueling of highwayes and streetes is very good1 chiefely for ,barley4 ,horse-dunge is reasonable4 ,the dunge of all maner of ,cattel that chew the cudde is most excellent4 ,doues dunge for colde ground is best of all1 but it must be spred very thinne4 ,for grounds that are giuen to riue and chap1 ashes is excellent1 for they will binde and knit together4 ,also for such grounds it is most singular to burne the stubble on the ground1 which is worth tenne manurings3 for it fatneth 7saith ,virgill7 the soyle1 and yeeldeth a secrete force of nourishment vnto the seede4 ,also1 euery euill is tryed out by the fire1 and the vnprofitable moisture is forced to sweat out1 it giueth a vent and passage for the iuyce that quickeneth the ,corne1 and it closeth the gaping vaines and holes of the earth1 through which1 eyther extreame moysture1 extreame heate1 or wind1 would blast the ,corne4 ,also in ,cheshiere1 ,lankishiere1 and other ,countreys1 they vse for manure a kinde of blewe ,marble-like earth1 which they call ,marle4 ,this is for those ,countries an excellent manure1 and though it be exceeding chargeable1 yet through good neighbour-hood it quiteth the cost3 for if you manure your groundes once in seauen or twelue yeares1 it is sufficient1 and look how many yeares he beareth ,corne1 so many yeares he will beare grasse1 and that plenty4 ,straw layd to rot in the ,winter1 is good dung4 #cj4 sholynges2 i4e4 shovellings4 ,note 8the shoueling of highwayes0 in the extract given just above4 #ah4 #c4 flyte shift 7which is a gloss74 ,so also in l4 #bh4 #aj4 kelles begonne kells be gone4 ,this shews that the reading begonne in the original is a misprint for be gone4 #ag4 appeyreth them sore abateth them much4 #bc4 goynge vppon treading or going upon with their feete4 #ca4 appeyre abate or diminish4 #cc4 for from4 ,this shews that the old idiomatic use of for 7 against7 was obsolescent in #aeih4 #ai4 #e4 charte ,cart4 ,and perhaps we should read carte in the text2 the meaning of charte is1 of course1 cart4 #h4 ,here ,i4 ,r4 inserts--8,and for this purpose of carrying1 ,i take the ,horse-,cart to be best1 because they be most nimble1 and goe with best speede2 if the ,horses be good1 they will not at any time loose company with his neighbours40 #bj4 #c4 cocledrake ,cockell1 ,drake4 ,and such should be the reading2 for see ll4 #ac1 #ag4 #d4 darnolde ,darnell4 gouldes ,golds4 haudoddes ,hadods4 #f4 roughe tough4 #bc4 sterte stalke 7a gloss74 #cb4 is are4 ,fitzherbert makes is agree with one4 #dg4 dee-nettles ,dee1 ,nettels 7wrongly74 #ba4 #ae4 in the reane away4 ,i4 ,r4 omits the rest1 down to wyddre4 #bb4 #aj4 at-after none in the after-noone4 ,but at-after is an old form1 signifying much the same as after4 ,see ,glossary4 #ab4 beytynge resting4 ,at the end of the section1 ,i4 ,r4 adds--8,for this stirring foure horses are sufficient40 #bc4 #h4 wyddrynge withering 7the later form74 #aa4 chowe chewe4 #af4 swathe swaithe4 #ag4 mane man 7674 ,the sense is1 ,i suppose1 a ridge of grass1 which is likened to a horse's mane4 #bj4 moldywarpe-hilles ,mole-hills4 styckes sticks and stones4 ,in the ,book on ,surveying1 c4 #be1 we are told that the best way to spread mouldy-warpe hilles is by bush-harrowing4 #bd4 #c4 beyked keyked 7which ,i suspect to be nonsense74 ,in line #ab1 beykyng is altered to baking4 #ae4 hasell and withee ,hassell or ,withy4 #ai4 and let his warke wherby he shall hinder his worke4 #ba4 and if 7a gloss of an obsolescent conjunction74 ,so again in sect #be1 #a4 #af4 #be4 #g4 ouer vpper4 ,see the ,glossary4 #bb4 crofote ,crow-foote4 #bg4 ,after wyll1 ,i4 ,r4 inserts 8as they say40 #cb4 twon twined 7the weak form74 #bf4 #e4 ,i4 ,r4 alters this so as to give a different sense--8when it is mowne1 it will be so fast bound that no man can gather it so cleane but there wil be great losse40 ,this is contradictory1 and probably he missed the word not4 #bg4 #ag4 ,i4 ,r4 omits the phrase--8about ,zelcestre and ,martok40 #bh4 #ac4 ,and whan the barley1 c4 and when the ,barley is lead away1 the ,land must be raked with a great ,rake with yron teeth1 made fast about a mans necke with a string1 and so drawne vp and downe the ,lande1 or els much ,barley wil be lost4 ,if ,barley or ,oates be layd through winde or ill weather1 then it must needes be shorne1 els not4 ,the binding of barley in sheaues is very profitable1 yet many that haue great crops will not attend so great trouble1 but as soone as it is mowne make it in cocks like hay1 and so carry it home3 yet must they haue good respect vnto it1 for if it bee full of weede and greeues 7sic1 for greenes71 then must it lye till they be withered1 or els it will burne in the mow4 #bi4 #b4 sickles steeles4 ,after staffe-hokes1 ,i4 ,r4 adds--8and some mow downe with ,sythes40 #d4 on repes in reaps4 #aa4 codde codds4 ,this is a better reading4 #cj4 #g4 to pervse peruse4 ,this early use of peruse in the sense of go through1 lit4 use up thoroughly1 should be noted4 ,it occurs again in the ,book of ,surveying1 capp4 #ai1 #bd2 see note to #cc4 #g4 #ah4 ,as to the fall of the tenth part of the angels1 see my notes to ,p4 ,plowman4 #ba4 ,after truely1 ,i4 ,r4 adds--8but how eyther of the sayings hold with vnconscionable impropriations1 adiudge the learned1 let me imagine40 #ca4 #c4 halfe-throne halfe-theame 7sic74 #cb4 #e4 reke ,reeke1 stack1 or houell4 #f4 scaffolde houell2 and in #aa4 #i1 #aa4 #g4 hedged for hedged or paled from4 #aa4 shepe or catel ,sheep1 ,cattel1 ,horse1 ,carts1 ,wains1 or ,ploughs4 #cc4 #c4 meane reasonable4 #d4 ebbe shallow4 #f4 reane raine of balke4 #cc4 #g4 ,so also in the ,book of ,surveying1 c4 #bd4 8,and if it so be1 than take thy ploughe1 and begyn to plowe a forowe in the myddes of the syde of the land1 and cast it downe as yf thou shulde falowe it1 and so pervse both sydes tyl the rygge be cast down1 and than take thy plough agayn1 and begyn to plowe where thou dyddest plowe fyrste1 and rygge all the remeynant upwarde1 and so shalt thou bothe cast thy landes1 and rigge them1 and all at one plowyng4 ,and this wyl make the lande to lye rounde1 the whyche is good bothe for corne and grasse40 #cd4 ,this is ,chapter #ae in ,i4 ,r4's edition4 ,after rye 7l4 #b71 ,i4 ,r4 adds--8chiefely1 if your ground be rich1 clayie1 and cold1 but if it be dry and hote1 then may you stay the latter season1 as till the latter end of ,october40 #f4 ,after falowe1 ,i4 ,r4 adds--8and plow it vnder without harrowing40 #h4 ,after yere1 ,i4 ,r4 adds--8as in other places euery third yeere1 for the one haue four fieldes1 the other three40 #bc4 whyte wheate ,oygrane ,wheate4 ,so in l4 #ca below1 he has 8,oygrane or white ,wheate40 #be4 anis anns2 so also in l4 #bi1 and again in ll4 #cc1 #cf1 #dj1 #db2 we should rather have expected the spelling auns4 #cc4 and wyll make white breed it yeeldeth the finest flower of all4 ,these three sorts of ,wheat must euer bee sowne eyther on the ,pease stubble1 or on a fallow ground that is not very proud or rich1 for too rich ground for these ,wheats wil make them mildewe and not prosper4 #ce4 ,after whyte wheate1 ,i4 ,r4 adds--8but they are deceaued40 #ch4 rudeste ruddiest4 ,this is clearly the right sense4 #dc4 flyntered flintred4 ,at the end of the section ,i4 ,r4 adds a long piece1 as follows4 ,lastly1 there is another ,wheat1 which is called hole-straw ,wheat2 it hath the largest eare of al ,wheats1 the boldest ,corne1 and yeeldeth the most1 the finest1 though not the whitest floure2 it is foure-square1 and hath short anns2 the straw is not hollow1 but hath a strong pith throughout1 by reason wherof in his growth no weather whatsoeuer can beare him downe1 but still he will stand and prosper2 his straw yeeldeth as good thatch as ,reeds1 a singular profit for a ,husbandman3 and it is an excellent fewell to bake or brew with1 euen as good as ,gorsse or ,whins3 ,onely ,cattell will not eate it1 nor is it good for litter2 this of all ,wheats is the best3 these last named are to be sowne on the fallow ground1 and the better the ground is1 the better they will prosper4 ,when you sowe your ,rye choose a dry season1 for small wet killeth ,rye4 ,rie1 as the old husbands say1 will drowne in the ,hopper1 that is1 if in the ,hopper hee catch a shower1 his vigor is slaine4 ,wherfore the drier his mold1 is the better1 which is the cause that the hote1 dry1 and light sand is onely for ,rye most excellent3 his mold must harrow small like a ,garden-bed1 for the smallest clot hindereth his comming vp2 his sprout is so small and tender4 ,here ,i4 ,r4 inserts a whole chapter1 as follows4 ,chapter #af4 ,how to make barraine ground bring foorth good ,corne4 ,if thy ground be barraine and hard1 yeelding nothing but ill ,hay of insuing profit1 then shal it be necessary for thee to vse these secrets in ,art which is most auaileable4 ,and first for thy ,pease1 ,beanes1 ,barley1 and ,oates1 if thou sowest any of them3 sowe them vpon the eight day of ,april1 which is the ,equinoctiall vernall1#ci when ,libra#dj draweth the houres of the day and night to an euen and iust proportion1 and what ,corne is so sowne prospereth greatly3 but if thou wilt be assured that no ,corne thou sowest shall faile1 then take ,salt-peeter and mingle with thy ,corne1 and sow it1 and thy labor shall neuer be frustrate4 ,for want of it1 take the black dreggs of ,oyle1 and wette thy seede ere thou sow it1 and it shall vndoubtedly spring vp4 ,if thou hast none of these1 then take ,pigions dunge1 and mingle it with thy seede in thy hopper1 and sow it3 though it be not so good as the other1 yet is the profitable vertue wonderfull4 #ce4 #g4 ,kente ,kent1 and ,hartfordshiere4 #h4 gise vse4 ,gise guise1 way1 manner1 plan4 ,i4 ,r4 has 8great safety for sheding the ,corne10 retaining here the old use of for4 #ab4 ,i4 ,r4 adds--,for your seede1 if you will be aduised by me1 you shall change it alway once in two or three yeare4 ,for to sow continually one seede bred in one soyle it will decay grow ill3 and in your exchange draw it alwayes from the harder soyle1 and being brought into a better1 it must the rather prosper4 #cf4 #c4 reed reeded4 ,this form is wrong1 like our use of wonted for wont 7 won-ed74 ,at the end of this section1 ,i4 ,r4 closes his ,first ,booke4 #cg4 #f4 ,here ,i4 ,r4 inserts--,of ,sheepe there be two sorts1 that is1 blacke and white1 but the white is the best1 for the ,wooll they beare there bee of diuers ,staples3 some long and hairie1 as those bredde in barren cold ,countries1 and that is the worst2 some hard1 short1 and curld1 as those bred in woody grounds1 and that is better3 some long1 thicke1 soft1 and curled1 and that is the best of all3 and they be bredde vpon fine heathes1 where they haue short1 dry1 and sweet foode4 ,the profit of wooll the world can witnesse1 and yeerely your ,ewes will bring forth ,lambes1 which is an other commoditie2 and lastly1 in some ,countries1 as in ,suffolke1 ,essex1 and ,kent1 with many other1 they milke their ,ewes1 a gaine equall to the rest4 ,therfore when you chuse sheepe1 elect them big-boand and well-woolld1 their colours beeing white4 ,for ,virgill faines1 that ,cynthia1 the ,goddess of ,chastitie1 in whose thoughts could neuer enter impuritie1 was enamored of ,endimion onely through hys flocke of white sheepe4 ,when therfore you haue got a flock of white sheepe1 then you must chuse ,rams to equall them1 for preseruing the breede3 your ,ram would bee white also1 and ouer and beside you must looke in his mouth1 and if the roofe thereof be blacke1 then is hee not good3 for either hee will then get blacke ,lambes1 or at least staine theyr fleeces with a duskie colour4 ,the greater the homes of your ,ram is1 the worse2 for the pollard is the chiefest ,ram4 #ad4 blyssomme or ryde blossome and arride4 #af4 at the ,exaltation of the holye crosse in ,september4 #cb4 ,i4 ,r4 adds--,wherfore be carefull to keepe thy sheepe well1 both with hay in ,winter as well as with grasse in ,sommer4 ,also in the ,winter such ,sheepe as thou intendest to fatte and sell1 let them either haue straw or fleakes to lie vpon1 for the cold earth will both disease them and hinder their feeding4 #ch4 #c4 trouse brouse4 ,see these words in the glossary4 #f1 #g4 ,the sense is--and if she 7the ewe7 will not stand sideways beside the lamb2 i4e4 in such a position that the lamb can approach her side4 ,there is an evident misprint in l4 #g1 where the original has ewe for lambe4 ,i4 ,r4 tries to make sense by turning all into call2 thus--8and if she wil not stand side-long1 call the ,ewe and giue her a little hay40 ,this is an evident attempt at making sense by falsifying the grammar of the text2 for ,fitzherbert does not say 8and give her10 but 8than gyue her10 i4e4 then give her4 ,consequently all that precedes the word than belongs to the clause containing the supposition4 #ci4 #i4 ,after theym1 ,i4 ,r4 inserts--,yet ,virgill aduiseth you in such a case to haue a leather full of sharp poynted nayles1 which being put about the musell of the ,lambe1 if it offer to sucke1 it will so pricke the dugges of the ,ewe that she will not suffer it1 but by that meanes weane it perforce3 and by the same deuise you may weane all maner of ,cattell whatsoeuer4 ,see ,virg4 ,georg4 iii4 #cii4 #dj4 #ad4 steke shutt 7which is a gloss74 #bd4 go belte1 grese1 i4e4 go and belt them1 and grease them4 ,as to belting1 see the next section4 ,i4 ,r4 very stupidly alters the phrase to goe melt grease1 though he has to retain the word belt below4 #da4 #ah4 ,it is hard to make an old dog stoop2 i4e4 it is hard to make him submit to being taught4 ,this occurs in ,heywood's ,proverbs1 #aefb 7,hazlitt74 ,in the most insipid way1 ,i4 ,r4 alters to stoupe into for ,sheepe1 spoiling the whole saying4 #dc4 ,to medle terre is to mix tar4 ,i4 ,r4 alters medle in the rubric to melt1 and then substitutes mingled for medled in l4 #a4 ,this is very clumsy4 #dd4 ,in the rubric1 ,i4 ,r4 alters brome to browne1 which is certainly wrong2 see the context4 #g4 gelly ,ielly4 ,yet the spelling with g is well enough4 #h4 pysse pisse or lye4 ,see lye in the glossary4 #ad4 or of faldynge1 c4 or a folding of some such soft cloth or wooll4 ,it is clear that ,i4 ,r4 did not know the word faldynge1 or he would not thus have altered the text4 #ag4 sheydes sheeds2 i4e4 partings2 see sect4 #db1 l4 #d4 #bd4 for from 7as in other places74 ,for against1 to prevent4 #de4 #d4 fyled filled4 ,this is wrong2 fyled means fouled1 defiled4 #df4 #c4 rather sooner4 ,i4 ,r4 adds--,there be diuers waters for this purpose1 as water made of ,sandiuer and burnt ,allom1 or the iuyce of ,housleeke strained and mingled with ,rose-water2 or the braines of an hatched1 as thus3 ,take a linnen cloth1 and burne it vpon the head of a hatchet1 then blow away the ashes1 and there wilbe on the hatchets head a kind of oyle1 that taken and put in a sheepes eye1 is most excellent4 #dg4 #c4 clese clawes4 #i4 clese clea4 ,clea is claw2 clese cleas1 claws4 #ae4 pece of fleshe peece of fleame 7i4e4 phlegm74 #dh4 #ab4 ,i4 ,r4 adds--to the great hinderance of the sale4 #di4 #a4 pockes ,pox 7the modern spelling74 #i4 ,i4 ,r4 adds--but if you cannot wash them1 then let them blood in the roofes of the mouth1 and after they haue left bleeding1 giue them a supping of milke and ,saffron mingled together4 #ea4 #f4 murtheryng or ouer-pressyng smoothering or oppressing4 ,and certainly smothering seems the right word4 #aj4 ,i4 ,r4 adds--,wash your sheepe in running ,riuers1 for standing ,ponds are ill4 #eb4 #d4 tarboxe ,tarbox1 or bronne salue4 ,here bronne is a misprint for broune2 and broune is a mistake for brome4 ,see note to sect4 #dd above4 #ed4 #ad4 ,after shepe1 ,i4 ,r4 inserts--salt marshes onely excepted4 #bb4 kelles vppon the grasse kels vpon the grasse like to ,spinners webs4 7,a spinner is a spider47 #ca4 white snailes white finells 7not clearly printed74 #ee4 #b4 stryndes strings 7badly74 ,so also in l4 #d4 #af4 lyttel quikens a little quicknes 7absurdly74 flokes flocks4 ,but flukes are meant4 ,here ,i4 ,r4 inserts a chapter on goats1 as follows4 ,chapter #bj4 ,of ,goates and their profit or vse4 ,thus hauing sufficiently debated touching the choosing1 cherishing1 and curing of sheep1 ,i thinke it good a little to speake of ,goates and their vse3 a kinde of ,cattell which albe heere in ,england we estimate not to his worth1 yet in other places they be of highest valuation3 and the excellent poet ,virgill in his ,countrey muse1 draweth them and sheepe to march in one euen equipage4 ,thus comparing them1 the ,goate 7saith he7 yeeldeth in milke three times the quantity a sheepe doth1 theyr young ones are more plentifull1 for they will haue two or three1 and sometimes more1 and their beards yearely being shorne and spunne1 haue made an excellent during stuffe1 which for the continuance1 hath made ,marriners desirous onely to weare it in their garments1 so that though their beards cannot in quantity and fineness be equall with the fleece of the sheepe1 yet ioyning their milke and their young ones to their beards1 there is no wonderfull difference4 ,their manner of keeping1 both wintering and sommering1 is in the ,poets rules the same that the ,sheepe hath1 onely theyr foulding and feed excepted3 for the foulding they are not needfull1 and for their feede1 ,woods are the best1 or the toppes of ,mountaines3 bushie and thorny grounds vnprofitable for any other vse1 for the feede of ,goates is most excellent4 ,they will obserue custome much better than ,sheepe1 for beeing but once or twice vsed there-vnto1 they will duely euery morning and euening come home1 to pay theyr due debt or tribute to the milke-paile4 ,theyr milk is excellent1 and a great restoratiue1 principally for a consumption1 of what nature soeuer4 ,the fourth howre after the ,sun rise1 is the best time for ,goates to drinke in4 ,for the weaning of young ,kidds from their ,dams1 vse the meanes that you doo with ,ewes and ,lambes4 ,of all ,goates that are1 ,virgil most commends the ,cinyphian ,goates1 bred by the ,towne ,cinyps1 as ,cattell of wondrous great commoditie3 their disprofit is onely amongst young springs or plants1 for they wil crop any young thing that groweth1 and hinder the springing thereof1 also they wil pill away the barke of ,trees1 to the spoyle of the trees3 yet no more then fallow ,deare1 or redde ,deare will1 wherfore where the one is suffered1 the other may be tollerated4 ,cf4 ,virg4 ,georg4 iii4 #cjf-cag4 #ef4 #d4 and fools foales1 and pigs4 #g4 kye ,kine4 ,and so in l4 #b above4 #i4 ,after wel ,i4 ,r4 inserts--let thy ,cowe be beetle-browed1 and sterne of looke1 her head and necke big1 and from her throate hanging downe to her shanks a large and long dew-lappe2 let her sides be proportionlesse and great1 and euery part of her1 euen her very foote1 so bigge as bigge may be4 ,let her eares be large and hairie1 and her taile long1 euen to the grounde1 and bushie3 if she be spotted with white1 or shrewd or wicked with her horne1 it is an error1 but no fault1 for it shewes mettle and goodnes2 in generall1 the more bull-like a ,cow is1 the better she is4 ,let thy ,cowe be foure yeeres old ere she take the ,bull1 and at tenne yeeres sell her off1 for then is her best caluing-time past4 ,and thus much for thy ,kine whose profit must goe to thy paile4 #ag4 ,i4 ,r4 adds--because he is hyde-bound1 which is a foule infirmitie4 #eg4 #a4 kye fatte ,kine4 #b4 fore-croppe fore-crops4 #d4 hucbone huckle-bone4 nache natch4 #e4 ,i4 ,r4 inserts a after cowe2 this is an improvement4 #eh4 #bj4 husbandes antient ,husbandmen4 ,that is1 ,i4 ,r4 repudiates the notion as erroneous4 #cb4 ,i4 ,r4 adds--then giue him in a horne to drinke1 olde ,ale1 ,saffron1 ,treakle1 and ,diascordion1 boyled together4 #cd4 by goddes leue as writeth ,chyron1 ,phillyrides1 and ,melampus4 ,a singular variation4 #ei4 #aa4 feitergrasse ,fetter-grasse4 #fj4 #a4 dewbolne dew-boulne4 ,bolne bollen1 swollen4 #ad4 ,i4 ,r4 adds--and then with a little ,tarre and fresh ,butter to cure the wound4 #fa4 #d4 ronne on water runne and water4 ,the substitution is needless2 to run on water means to run with water4 #ae4 and this1 c4 to chafe him i4e4 to warm him3 and this cure is failelesse1 so ,god be pleased4 #fb4 ,rubric4 ,the turne ,of the turne1 otherwise called the sturdy4 #c4 for of 7this use of for being obsolescent74 #ah4 for perysshynge1 i4e4 to avoid piercing4 ,perish for pierce occurs in the various readings to ,p4 ,plowman1 ,b4 xvii4 #ahi1 and ,wycliffe1 ,job xl4 #ai4 #bd4 ,i4 ,r4 inserts--and anoynt it eyther with fresh butter or clarified ,hoggs greace4 #fe4 #c4 ,starkely stakely 7a misprint74 ,starkly is stiffly4 #e4 ,i4 ,r4 adds--yet if a poore man shall haue such a beast cannot spare his worke3 if he will euery morning or euening bathe his legs with ,lynseede ,oyle3 it shall make him indure his worke1 and keepe the beast from any great paine or swelling4 ,here ,i4 ,r4 inserts two chapters1 as follows4 ,chapter #ca4 ,a soueraigne vnguent to cure the scabbe1 itch1 botches1 or any surfeite whatsoeuer that commeth of heat or pouerty3 or by mischance3 taken from a most authentique ,authour4 ,take a good quantitie of the blacke dregges of ,oyle1 foure penny-worth of ,quicksiluer wel killed1#da as much ,brimstone1 ,pitch1 ,wax1 and ,hoggs-grease as will make it thicke like an oyntment3 boyle these together1 and with it annoynt the beast that is vnsound1 and this will vndoubtedly cure him1 and that in very short season1 if he be diligently tended4 ,chapter #cb4 ,another most excellent receite1 to cure all manner of wounds1 impostumes1 vlcers1 or ,fistulaes4 ,take the iuyce of the ,onion called ,scilla1 take ,hellybor1 and ,bitumen ,iudaicum1 mingle these together1 and incorporate them in manner of a plaister4 ,the ,macedonians and ,gelonians to this receit adde the opening of a vaine in the sole of the foote of a beast1 and then to giue him to drinke milke and horses blood mingled together1 which cureth all inward impostumes1 surfeits or poysons1 and to the outward griefe to apply the plaister1 which was neuer knowne to be frustrate4 #ff4 #bg4 ,i4 ,r4 has--and it is better to weane thy ,calues at grasse then at hard meate1 if they went to grasse before4 #fh4 ,here ,i4 ,r4 introduces a long flourish about the nobleness of horses1 instancing the fabulous brood born to ,neptune and ,ceres 7who transformed herself into a mare71 the transformation of ,saturn into a horse1 and the like4 #bb4 ,i4 ,r4 has--and that shall yee knowe by diuers signes1 as by her riding of other ,horses1 by her flinging about the fieldes1 or lastly by her priuie part1 for that will twirle open1 and shut againe1 many times in an houre4 #cg4 lx4 fortie 7by misreading lx4 as xl474 #fc-gi4 ,i4 ,r4 varies this1 and has--put to your white ,mares a daple-gray ,horse1 so shall he gette all daples2 to your bright bay mares a blacke bay horse1 and so shall you gette all broune bayes2 and to your blacke ,mares1 a blacke ,horse1 so he haue white feet1 white ratch1 and white feather2 so shall he gette well-marked blacke ,colts4 ,but for the ,carte it much matters not for colours1 but for knowledge sake know that the broune bay1 the daple-gray1 the bright bay1 and the white lyard1 are the best colours2 all other colours haue defects and are imperfect3 of markes one white foote1 a white starre1 a white snyp1 or a white rache is good3 and an ,ostrige feather in any place where the horse cannot see it1 is the best of all the markes that can be for a horse4 ,and thus much for horses or mares to be chosen or vsed4 #gj4 #c4 and hygh grasse and much fogge4 #h4 flasshes and flagges4 #i4 bunnes bands 7wrongly74 #cb4 aftermath after-croppe4 #cc4 gyrre1 c4 gyre1 and to scoure so much that hee wil hardly endure to labour4 #ci4 horse horses4 ,but horse is the true old plural form1 the sb4 being neuter2 ,a4,s4 hors1 pl4 hors4 ,nevertheless1 ,fitzherbert himself has horses in the line following4 #db4 put strike and hurte4 #gc4 #a4 rase or a ball starre4 ,a ball is a streak2 hence the mod4 ,e4 bald1 ,m4,e4 ball-ed4 ,see bald in my ,etym4 ,dict4 #gd4 #b4 to be styffe-docked a stiffe docke or stearne of his taile4 #gg4 #c4 syde-tailed2 syde means #8long4' #gh4 #b4 cressed crested4 ,and probably cressed is a mere misprint4 #e4 holowe-foted hollow-hooued4 #gi4 #g4 chowynge chewing4 #hj4 ,i4 ,r4 expands this chapter and the succeeding chapters so much that it would take up too much space to print all his additions4 ,he gives recipes for the cure of the various diseases1 and inserts chapters #8,of the head-ach or meagrum1' #8,of the staggers1' and #8,of the ,vines4'#db ,i can only undertake to give here a few notes to illustrate ,fitzherbert's text4 #hc4 ,i4 ,r4 has--,the mourning of the tongue most commonly called the ,canker4 #hf1 #hg4 ,i4 ,r4 considers these two diseases together1 and discourses of them at length1 saying that he has #8cured many very sore spent4' #hh4 ,i4 ,r4 explains #8,strangulion' as appearing #8in a swelling impostume as bigge as a mans fist1 iust betweene a horses chaules4' #hi-aac4 ,i4 ,r4 omits nearly all these sections1 excepting #ia 7which agrees with his #8,chapter #db4 ,of the ,vines'7 and sect4 #aji 7which is his ,chapter #ed74 #aji4 ,i4 ,r4 has the rubric--#8,of enterfayring'2 and says--#8,enterfairing is a griefe that commeth sometimes by ill shooing1 and sometimes naturally1 when a ,horse trots so narrow that he hewes knocks one legge vpon another4' ,it is what we now call #8over-stepping4' ,the derivation is from the ,french form of ,lat4 inter-ferire2 and it is from this term in farriery that we have taken the mod4 ,e4 interfere4 #aaf4 ,i4 ,r4 omits this section4 #aah4 ,i4 ,r4 introduces here #8,chapter #ee4 ,how to make the pouder of honey and lime4' #aai4 #b1 #f4 ,the ,french lines are in doggerel rime1 and the ,english translations seem also to be meant for verse1 such as it is4 ,the omission of the words or iourneye 7in l4 #h7 would improve the scansion4 #h4 or nyght1 i4e4 ere night4 ,altered by ,i4 ,r4 to out-right4 #abj4 #d4 tame lame 7672 an ominous mistake1 for which the compositor should have the credit4 #aba4 #d4 ,we may feel sure that this sayinge was originally in verse4 ,perhaps it ran thus3 8,he that hath sheep1 and swyne1 and hyue1 ,slepe he1 wake he1 he maye thryue40 ,or we might write been 7,chaucer's plural of bee71 riming with theen1 the usual ,m4 ,e4 word for #8thrive4' #i4 ,hogges4 ,as to the exact sense of this word1 see the note on it in the #8,corrections and ,additions' to the larger edition of my ,etymological ,dictionary4 #abb4 #ch4 sclatte slate4 #abd4 ,here ,i4 ,r4 begins his third book1 relating to timber and distillations4 #ab4 ,midsummer-moon is an old phrase2 it occurs in the second line of the prologue to the ,plowman's ,tale1 which is inserted in some editions of ,chaucer1 though really written by the anonymous author of the ,plowman's ,crede4 #cc4 muldes a spade-graffe depe mould with a spade a foot deepe4 #ce4 peruse doo still4 #ci4 ,i4 ,r4 adds--or els beeing drowned1 not to prosper4 #abe4 #d4 fyue fote brod1 c4 fiue foote broad1 then it would be set with three chesses or rowes one aboue another1 but of what depth or breadth soeuer1 it would be double sette1 c4 #e4 hedge dead hedge4 #abf4 #b4 ellore ,elder 7the later form74 #f4 edderynge wood2 see the glossary4 ,so1 in l4 #g1 ,i4 ,r4 translates eddered by bounde2 and again in l4 #af1 he alters edderinges to byndings4 #i4 trouse brouse 7as above72 see #ch4 #c4 #abg4 #d4 the more halue more then halfe4 ,but the more halfe1 i4e4 the greater part1 is right enough1 and the older phrase4 ,in l4 #bc1 it is left unaltered4 #h4 in processe vnwares4 #ae4 slaue stand 7clearly not the right word74 ,in l4 #cb1 ,i4 ,r4 has the spelling sleaue4 ,so also in sect4 #acc1 ,i4 #f4 #abh4 #ba4 ,i4 ,r4 omits and bolneth2 in l4 #bi1 he alters bolne to rise4 #abi4 #aj4 to leuse so looseneth4 #aa4 gete got4 ,but gete is the old form of the pp42 ,a4,s4 geten4 #acj4 #d4 casses ,kasses4 ,i4 ,r4 omits or wydes4 #e4 slauynges sleanings 7sic74 ,the form popeler reminds me that ,i have heard the large poplar-tree at #8,hyde-park ,corner' in ,cambridge called #8the popular tree4' ,see l4 #bc4 #ab1 #af4 osyerde wethy ,asiere ,withy4 #aca4 #g4 kydde kid or faggot4 #i1 #af4 brenne burne4 #ad4 to peruse them persist4 #acb4 #d4 ,i4 ,r4 omits #8and also the yues4' #e4 bowe hewe4 ,but bowe refers to the bending of it before it is cut2 the bent piece is called the byghte in the next line4 ,i4 ,r4 alters byghte to bough4 #ah4 brede breadth 7which is the later form74 #ba4 xvi4 one and twenty 7by misreading xvi4 as xxi474 #acc4 #a4 gyse vse of men4 #f4 slaue sleaue2 and in l4 #af4 #aj4 hym the seller4 #aa4 an one 7which is the meaning intended74 #ad4 ouer vpper4 #acd4 #g4 garches garthes4 ,in ed4 #aecd1 it is plainly garches2 but confusion between c and t is extremely common1 as they were written nearly alike4 #ah4 a greatte by great4 ,the two phrases have different senses2 a greate means #8in the lump1' without cutting or dressing the trees1 as appears from the next line4 ,but by great means #8by wholesale'2 which contradicts l4 #a4 #acf4 #f4 graffe graft 7throughout2 which is the later form74 #aj4 ,i4 ,r4 omits the narower kyrfe1 and2 to avoid the word kyrfe4 #acg4 #aj4 pyrre-stocke ,peare-tree stocke4 #ad4 ,i4 ,r4 says--a ,crab-tree stocke is good1 but the ,apple-tree stocke it-selfe is much better4 #ach4 #a4 lanses branches4 #aj4 nothynge any thing4 #bf4 marley marle4 #bi4 cleauynge place clouen4 #cj4 for chynynge of the claye for feare the clay through drines should cleaue or riue4 #cc4 clayenge cleauing 7which is clearly wrong74 #cf4 ,i4 ,r4 adds--,and three grafts are enough for any stock whatsoeuer1 and sooner they will couer the head then foure1 fiue1 or sixe4 #aci4 #f4 tenaunte tennant4 #i4 ponch punch4 #aj4 stop scope4 one syde other side4 #ai4 clyppe slip4 #bj4 ,after growe1 ,i4 ,r4 adds--and to fence it close about with some thick-set hedge4 ,after this section ,i4 ,r4 inserts #8,chapter #ag4 ,howe to graft by leafe1 causing all manner of fruit to grow vpon one tree4' ,his method is to insert what we should now call a slip1 with a stalk and leaf growing from it4 #adj4 #b4 scyences syens4 ,in fact1 scyences 7 scions-es7 is a double plural1 and was probably a provincial term1 like nesteses or nesses for nests4 ,so also fairies-es is a country name for fairies1 which some lexicographers1 not understanding1 actually write and print as ,pharisees6 #f4 he wyll you will4 ,this alteration is made wherever the phrase occurs4 #h4 lyke like or prosper in any wise4 999999 ,here ,i4 ,r4 inserts a large portion of his own 7or perhaps copied from other sources7 without any hint that it is not in his original4 ,the insertion extends from p4 #ajc to p4 #adc1 and contains the following chapters4 ,chapter #ai4 ,of gardening or planting4 ,chapter #bj4 ,of distillation1 what it is4 ,chapter #ba4 ,of ,beanes and the distillation thereof4 ,chapter #bb4 ,of ,cherries and their distillation4 ,chapter #bc4 ,of ,walnuts and their distillation4 ,chapter #bd4 ,of small ,nuts and their distillation4 ,chapter #be4 ,of ,honny and the distillation thereof4 ,chapter #bf4 ,of ,apples and their distillation4 ,chapter #bg4 ,of ,peaches and their distillation4 ,chapter #bh4 ,of ,mallowes and their distillation4 ,chapter #bi4 ,of ,grapes and their distillation4 ,chapter #cj4 ,of ,quinces and their distillation4 ,chapter #ca4 ,the distillation of ,cardus sic benedictus1 or the blessed thistle4 ,chapter #cb4 ,the distillation of ,angellica4 ,chapter #cc4 ,the distillation of ,cammomile4 ,chapter #cd4 ,the distillation of ,germander4 ,chapters #ce-dj4 ,the distillation of ,eyebright1 ,hopps1 wood ,lilly1 ,balme1 ,strawberries1 and ,cinamon4 ,chapter #da4 ,of ,nutmegs and their vse4 ,chapters #db-dd4 ,of ,mace1 ,pepper1 and ,cloues4 ,chapter #de4 ,an excellent ,balme to take away any blemish vppon the skinne4 ,chapter #df4 ,a receite to cure any wound or hurt4 ,chapter #dg4 ,an approved receite for the gowte4 ,with this ,chapter he closes #8the third booke of ,husbandry4' ,the fourth book has an introductory chapter1 not in ,fitzherbert1 subdivided into sections with the following headings4 ,the office of a ,steward of a houshold4 ,for prouiding of victuals4 ,the ,steward and ,garniter4#dc ,the ,steward and ,miller4 ,the ,steward and ,baker4 ,the ,pantry4 ,the ,butler4 ,the ,seller4#dd ,the ,ewrie4#de ,of the ,cooke4 ,of the ,scullery4 ,of the ,vsher of the ,hall4 ,of the ,yeoman of the ,wardrop ,wardrobe4 ,the ,slaughter-man4 ,the ,cater caterer4 ,the ,clarke of the ,kitchin4 ,after this1 ,i4 ,r4 condescends to return to his original4 #ada4 #cf4 sherde breach 7which is a gloss74 #di4 tyne shut 7a gloss74 traile tale 7probably a misprint74 #ei4 put it blot them4 #gb4 loked uppon attended vnto4 #adb4 ,this is a most singular section1 since it presupposes that a gentleman's servant would be able to recognise the rhythm of an ,english hexameter4 ,as an early experiment in hexameters1 it is very curious4 ,in the original1 it is printed as prose1 but each line ends with a full stop1 and the next begins with a capital letter4 ,i have therefore printed it as verse4 ,it is1 however1 of a rather rude character2 horne boget hardly comes up to our idea of a dactyl1 nor and shoes to that of a spondee4 ,for the reader's assistance1 ,i may remark that the dactyls are as follows3 ,purse dagger1 -chef shoyng-1 horne boget1 -ter sadel-1 hatte with thy1 ,bowe arrowes1 stringe and thy1 ,penne paper1 -waxe pommes1 bokes thou re-1 -ble nedle1 leste that thy1 -gel gyue thy1 se he be1 ,make mery1 synge and thou1 hede to thy1 gere that thou4 ,the rest are spondees4 ,i4 ,r41 not perceiving the law of rhythm1 makes wild work of it4 ,he calls it 8,an excellent rude ,lesson in rude ryme40 ,he divides the lines rightly1 and leaves the first three verses untouched4 ,but the rest assume the following fearful forms4 ,penne1 paper1 incke1 parchment1 redde waxe1 punisse 7sic71 and bookes doe thou remember1 ,penknife1 combe1 thymble1 needle1 thred1 and poynt1 least that by chaunce thy garth breake4 ,bodkin1 knyfe1 rubber1 giue thy horse meate1 ,see he be shodde well1 make merry1 sing if thou can1 ,and take heede to thy needments1 that thou loose none4 ,i think we may fairly put these down as being the worst verses extant in the ,english language2 though this is saying a good deal4 #adc4 #g4 ,the saying doubtless represents a rude couplet in verse4 ,the dative case wyfe 7governed by of7 was formerly spelt wyue1 and rimed with thryue4 #add4 ,salomon1 ,solomon4 ,but where to find1 in his writings1 this remarkable sentence1 ,i do not know4 999999 ,after this section ,i4 ,r4 inserts a quantity of additional matter1 which he tells us 7at p4 #agd7 is drawn from his #8owne experience in byrds and foules4' ,the additional chapters treat of choice of cocks1 hens for brood1 number of eggs to each hen1 chickens1 diseases of poultry 7especially of the pip71 choice of poultry1 how to fat poultry1 how to make capons1 where to keep poultry1 how to choose1 keep1 and fatten geese1 how to keep ducks1 peacocks1 #8ginny or turkie-cocks1' pigeons1 pheasants1 turtles1 partridges1 and swans2 after which digression he returns to his text4 ,i may remark that he considers it essential that a hen should sit upon an odd number of eggs1 say #ai1 and that matters should be so arranged as to provide for the hatching of chickens #8in the increase of the ,moone4' ,the leaves of a bay-tree1 #8or els some ,bents or ,grasse1' will preserve eggs #8from the hurt of thunder4' ,chickens ought not #8to be breathed vpon by any ,snake1 ,toade1 or other venomous thing'2 if they are1 you must quickly burn amongst them some #8,galbanum1 or womans hayre4' ,those that have the pip should be dieted on ,hearbgrace rue or garlic4 ,geese #8are more watchfull then ,doggs4' #8,you must vse in the time of brooding1 to lay vnder your egges of geese the rootes of ,nettles1 to the end the ,gosling may escape stinging of ,nettles1 which otherwise many times killeth them4' ,if geese are to have fat livers1 feed them on dry figs mingled with water4 ,ducks chiefly delight in acorns4 ,if you praise a peacock1 #8he will presently sette vp his taile4' ,a turkey-cock #8is very highly esteemed of1 both for his rarenesse and greatnes of body2' and we are told that he changes the colour of the wrinkled skin about his head at pleasure1 either to white1 red1 blue1 yellow1 #8or what other colour els hee list2 which thing maketh him seeme wonderfull strange to them that behold it4' 444 #8,their greatest diseases is the ,pip and the ,squecke4' ,as to pigeons1 #8,i haue knowne some that haue builded their ,doue-houses vpon high pillars ouer the midst of some ,pond or great water1 both because they delight much in water1 and also to keepe them the safer from vermine4' ,swans #8will1 when they waxe olde1 declare the time of their own death to be neere approching1 by a sweete and lamentable note which they then sing4' #ade4 #ae4 ,i4 ,r4 has--#8,wherefore it is conuenient 7,i say7 that they loue each other as effectually as loue can in the best sence comprehend3 and this worke especiallie1 a woman is bound both by law and nature to performe4' ,why so8 #adf4 ,i4 ,r4 omits ll4 #b-g2 he was certainly a ,protestant4 #h4 redy4 ,this is the old word for dressed1 as might be shewn by many examples4 ,it may suffice to say that ,i4 ,r4 explains araye theym in l4 #aa by make them ready4 #aj4 socle suckle4 ,i4 ,r4 omits sye vp thy mylke1 which he probably did not understand4 #ac4 ,i4 ,r4 omits and take thy parte with theym2 and1 for serue thy swyne 7l4 #bj7 he puts looke to the seruing of thy ,swine4 ,customs were probably changing4 #ca4 the gleyd ,kites4 ,and fullymartes is omitted4 #ce4 ,after eate1 ,i4 ,r4 adds--in ,sallets1 or otherwise4 #db4 hecheled heckled4 #dc4 wrapped warped4 #ea4 ripeled1 i4e4 rippled2 ,i4 ,r4 has repled4 ,in l4 #da above1 ,i4 ,r4 has repealed2 yet this is1 ,i suppose1 the same word4 #ec4 loken ,locken4 ,it means locked or tightly closed up2 for lock was once a strong verb4 #eg4 pulled culled 7which is an ingenious alteration and perhaps right74 #ajd4 ,the ,knight of the ,tour-,landry is the book here referred to1 and was one of the books printed by ,caxton4 ,the edition printed by the ,early ,english ,text ,society1 and edited by ,t4 ,wright1 is so easily accessible that it is needless to say more here than that ,fitzherbert's description of it is perfectly correct4 #adg4 #ab4 rendit tendit4 ,this correction may be right1 but ,i am not sure of it4 ,the ,leonine 7or riming7 verses quoted cannot be of any great antiquity1 and it is quite possible that rendit is intended as a ,low-,latin translation of the ,french rend1 pr4 s4 of rendre4 ,the true ,latin word is1 of course reddit2 which1 however1 gives no rime4 ,fitzherbert's translation is intended to be in verse4 #adh4 #c4 brynke brim4 8,better spare at brim than at bottom02 ,hazlitt's ,proverbs4 ,and see note to ,tusser1 #aj4 #ce4 #ab4 tedure teathure 7not a good spelling47 #ae4 lees ground4 flytte shift4 #ag4 tyed stakt4 #bf4 putteth hym in the pynfolde impoundes him4 #ch4 ren ryot runne4 #dc4 it is meruayle gracious were the stars of thy natiuitie 7a fine phrase674 #aej1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aec4 ,i4 ,r4 omits these four sections4 #aec4 #c4 ,this quotation1 from ,dionysii ,catonis ,disticha1 iii4 #g1 appears also in ,p4 ,plowman1 ,b4 xii4 #bc4 #bh4 ,i do not know where to find this quotation4 #aee4 #aj4 behouable behoouefull 7which is a better form74 #aef4 ,in the rubric1 ,i4 ,r4 has--#8what riches are'2 but in l4 #a1 he has--#8,it is now requisite to know what riches is4' ,already riches was becoming a plural substantive4 ,it may be remarked that ,i4 ,r4 omits the ,latin forms of all the quotations4 #aeg4 #ai4 duetie debt 7which is what is meant74 ,so also in ll4 #bb1 #bd4 #afj4 #b4 ,after declare1 ,i4 ,r4 inserts--and euery booke of ,common prayer dooth containe them4 ,a pertinent remark4 #afa4 #c4 ,i4 ,r4 omits the reference to the ,athanasian ,creed1 and says we must #8beleeue stedfastly the ,catholick fayth4' #be4 ,i4 ,r4 omits from ,the fulfyllynge to the end of the section4 ,for a description of the seven works of mercy1 see ,spenser1 ,f4 ,q4 #a4 #aj4 #cf4 #afc4 #c4 ,i4 ,r4 has--and hast a stedfast fayth in ,christ4 ,he has almost wholly rewritten this section1 and says we are bound #8to come to common prayer2' and omits the quotation from ,st4 ,ambrose4 #afd4 #g4 ,it is remarkable that the author should refer us to the #crd chapter of ,proverbs instead of the #aeth4 ,our forefathers seem to have had no idea either of giving a correct reference or of verifying one4 #aj4 ,qui a is printed1 in ,fitzherbert1 as ,quia1 in one word4 ,the correction being obvious1 ,i have made it4 #ah4 ,isodorus ,osorius4 ,why this alteration is made1 ,i cannot tell4 ,in l4 #bi of the next section1 ,i4 ,r4 has ,isidore1 and in l4 #cg1 ,isidorus4 #afe4 #ci4 ,hampole ,hanapole 7wrongly74 ,richard ,rolle1 of ,hampole1 was the author of the ,pricke of ,conscience1 edited by ,dr4 ,morris for the ,philological ,society1 and of numerous other works1 including some ,religious ,treatises edited by ,mr4 ,perry for the ,early ,english ,text ,society4 #dg4 ,i4 ,r4 omits this line2 he probably did not like the word oratory4 #eb4 ,the first book of ,samuel was formerly called the first book of ,kings4 #aff4 ,i4 ,r4 rewrites this section1 and avoids any reference to ,latin or to the ,ave ,maria4 #afg4 #ai1 #bj4 ,i4 ,r4 gives the ,latin lines1 and his own translation1 as follows4 ,the ghostly enemy doth not stay ,till tempted persons doe obey3 ,for yeelding1 hee a ,lyon is1 ,gainestood1 a flie3 his pray doth misse4 ,his syntax is as bad as his translation4 #cd4 steke shutte4 #ce4 styfly manfully4 ,we have here an idea which is frequently met with in our literature4 ,it may suffice to refer to ,grosseteste's ,chastel d',amour1 the sermon called ,soules ,warde printed in ,dr4 ,morris's ,specimens of ,english1 part i41 the extract from the ,ayenbite of ,inwyt printed in ,morris and ,skeat's ,specimens1 part ii41 the ,tower of ,truth and ,castle of ,caro described in ,piers the ,plowman1 c4 ,we are also reminded of ,bunyan's ,holy ,war4 #afh4 #ca4 ,here again ,fitzherbert gives us the wrong reference to the ,proverbs1 viz4 to ,chap4 xiv4 instead of ,chap4 xix4 ,his reading ,veneratur dominus is extraordinary4 #afi4 #aa4 vnable to be foughten agaynst inuinsible4 #ac1 #ad4 slecketh slacketh4 slake quench4 #ce4 ,i4 ,r4 copies ,fitzherbert's reference to ,chap4 #ce2 but read #cd4 #agb4 #ad4 conuerted conuarted 7a peculiar pronunciation74 #ba4 ,this quotation from ,st4 ,augustine appears also in ,piers ,plowman1 ,b4 v4 #bia4 #ej4 ,this last paragraph is called by ,i4 ,r4 #8,fitzherberts protestation2' yet he actually alters his author's words1 substituting #8the holy scriptures' for #8al holy churche1' with various other smaller #8corrections4' ,to crown his effrontery1 he gives the address of #8,the ,authour to his ,booke' in the following extraordinary 7amended7 form6 ,goe grosse fram'd image of a holy saint1 present my loue1 though rude my pensill paint2 ,if any blame thee for deformitie1 say ,nature calld thee1 and not ,oratorie2 ,if on thy browes be starres of ignorance1 say ,fortunes pype did neuer teach thee dance4 ,wish them amend which best can iudge thine ill1 so shall both thou and ,i bee happy still4 ,,footnotes3 #cf ,such is the general rule2 but in ,lowland ,scotch1 we have ,dalziel1 ,menzies1 pronounced as ,dalyell1 ,menyies1 i4e4 with z for y in the middle of a word1 where it usually has the force of gh4 #cg ,i shall in future drop the initials 8,i4 ,r40 in these collations4 ,it will be understood that these various readings are all from the same source4 #ch ,cf4 the name pod-ware1 as applied to beans and peas4 ,see ,halliwell4 #ci ,printed--8,vernall4 ,when40 ,this cuts the sentence in half1 and makes nonsense4 #dj ,a singular mistake2 he means ,aries4 #da ,i4e4 mortified4 8,mortify1 to change the outward form of a mixt body1 as when quicksilver 444 is dissolved in an acid menstruum02 ,phillips4 #db ,sic2 but we commonly find viues or vives4 ,and in fact1 ,fitzherbert treats of it below1 in section #ia4 #dc ,i4e4 the servant who had charge of the garners or granaries1 and whose business it was to send corn to the mill1 the stable1 and the poultry-yard4 #dd ,cellar4 #de ,ewery2 where were kept #8,napery1 ,basons1 ,ewers1 sweete waters1 ,perfumes1 ,torches1 ,supper-lights1 ,prickets1 sises of ,waxe1 and such like2' also #8tallow ,candles1 ,candle-sticks1 ,snuffers1 and such other4' ,,glossarial ,,index4 ,the references are to the sections and lines1 as numbered4 ,besides the usual contractions1 note that v4 verb in the infinitive mood1 pr4 s4 present tense1 third person singular1 unless #a p4 or #b p4 is added4 ,proper names are included in this index4 ,able1 adj4 fit1 suitable1 #aba_/af4 ,abrode1 adv4 abroad1 #aj_/cj4 ,abused1 pp4 ill-suited1 #aea_/ac4 ,accompte1 s4 account1 inventory1 #aea_/a2 ,a-compte1 account1 #adf_/ib4 ,a-cloyde1 s4 accloyed2 a hurt caused by running a nail into a horse's foot1 #aae_/a4 ,from ,o4 ,f4 cloyer1 same as clouer1 to nail4 ,acre1 s4 acre1 #ab_/d4 ,a-crosse1 adv4 on the cross1 crosswise1 #fa_/h4 ,affreyd1 s4 a disease in horses caused by hard riding1 #ajd_/a4 ,cf4 ,e4 fray2 and see frayer in ,cotgrave4 ,after1 prep4 according to1 #ae_/bb1 #aba_/ab2 close to1 #be_/bb4 ,aftermath1 s4 a second crop of grass1 #gj_/cb4 ,all-onely1 adv4 only1 #cg_/bc1 #fe_/d4 ,cf4 ,lowl4 ,sc4 al-anerly1 only4 ,almes1 s4 alms1 #afh_/c4 ,almes-dedes1 s4 alms-deeds1 #afh_/a4 ,al-onely1 adv4 alone1 #ada_/i4 ,see ,all-onely4 ,ambrose1 ,st41 #aef_/bc1 #afc_/i1 #afg_/aa4 ,amended1 pp4 mended1 #ada_/cb4 ,amerced1 pp4 fined1 #adh_/bb4 ,an1 num4 adj4 one1 #acc_/aa4 ,anastasius1 #afd_/ad4 ,and1 conj4 if1 #f_/ab1 #bd_/ba1 #be_/af1 #fh_/fb1 #gj_/cd1 #adb_/g4 ,anis1 s4 pl4 awns1 #cd_/be1 #bi4 ,anna1 ,hannah1 #afe_/ec4 ,apparell1 s4 apparel1 #aea_/c4 ,appeyre1 v4 injure1 #ah_/ca2 appeyreth1 pr4 s4 impairs1 injures1 #ah_/ag4 ,aray1 s4 array1 #aea_/ac4 ,araye1 imp4 s4 dress1 #adf_/aa4 ,a-slope1 adv4 slanting1 #b_/bd4 ,assaut1 s4 assault1 #afg_/cg4 ,at-after1 prep4 after1 #bb_/aj4 7,not uncommon47 ,it occurs in ,chaucer1 ,c4,t4 #aaeca4 ,athanasii1 gen4 s4 of ,athanasius1 #afa_/d4 ,attempte1 v4 to tempt1 #afg_/d4 ,atteynt1 s4 attaint1 a disease caused by overstepping1 #aac_/a4 8,of an upper attaint1 or nether attaint1 or any hurt by over-reaching40--,g4 ,markham1 ,husbandry1 b4 i4 c4 #ed4 ,auctorytie1 s4 authority1 #ada_/ai2 auctorytes1 pl4 powers1 prol4 #ba4 ,aue1 ,ave ,maria1 #aff_/ab4 ,augur1 s4 auger1 tool for boring holes1 #da_/h2 gen4 augurs1 i4e4 made by an auger1 #c_/eg4 ,auoyde1 v4 depart1 #afg_/cf4 ,austyn1 ,st4 ,augustine1 #aef_/ai1 #aeg_/c1 #aeh_/a1 #afd_/bf1 #afh_/be4 ,auyse1 pr4 s4 advise1 #ada_/a4 ,awry1 adv4 awry1 #ej_/e4 ,axil-pynnes1 s4 pl4 axle-pins1 #e_/bj4 ,axiltre1 s4 axle-tree1 #e_/ah4 ,backe-syde1 s4 back side1 back1 #abg_/i4 ,badger1 s4 badger1 #ga_/g4 ,bagges1 s4 pl4 bags1 #ada_/fi4 ,bakbandes1 s4 pl4 back-bands for a horse in a cart1 #e_/bh4 ,baken1 s4 bacon1 #aba_/ah4 ,balkes1 s4 pl4 divisions of land 7covered with grass7 in an open field1 #f_/ag4 ,ball1 s4 a white streak1 #gc_/a4 ,see ,bald in my ,etym4 ,dict4 ,band1 s4 band for barley1 #bh_/h4 ,see below4 ,bandes1 s4 pl4 bands1 the bands that tie bundles of faggots together1 #aca_/h4 ,bargeins1 s4 pl4 transactions1 #cf_/bj4 ,barbes1 s4 pl4 the barbles1 small excrescences of flesh in a horse's mouth1 #hb_/a4 ,see ,lampas4 ,baste1 s4 piece of bast1 #ach_/cj2 bastes1 pl4 #acf_/bb4 ,bate1 v4 to lower1 abate1 #aec_/af4 ,bauson1 s4 badger1 #ga_/g4 ,bayly1 or ,baylye1 s4 bailiff1 #acd_/c1 #ada_/eg1 #adh_/dj4 ,bayting4 ,see note to sect4 #h 7ch4 #h1 ll4 #i and #ac72 p4 #aca4 ,beate1 v4 improve not beat1 #h_/bj4 ,lowl4 ,sc4 beet1 ,a4 ,s4 btan1 to better4 8,beet-axe1 the instrument used in beeting ground in denshering40--,wright4 ,beetle-browed1 having projecting brows1 note to #ef_/i2 p4 #aci4 ,begonne1 prob4 an error for be gone1 i4e4 are dropped1 #ah_/aj4 ,see the note4 ,begotten1 pp4 obtained1 #afi_/cj1 #db4 ,behouable1 adj4 fitting1 #aee_/aj4 ,belte1 v4 to shear the buttocks and tails of sheep1 #dj_/bd4 ,burl is used in the same sense2 see belt and burl in ,old ,country ,words1 ed4 ,britten1 pp4 #acd1 #acf4 ,belybandes1 s4 pl4 belly-bands for a horse in a cart1 #e_/bh4 ,bende1 adj4 bent1 #c_/di2 as s4 bent piece1 #d_/cc4 ,bendfoder1 s4 fodder of straw and hay mingled1 note to #f_/bg2 p4 #aca4 ,be-pysse hym-selfe1 give out moisture1 #be_/bg4 ,bere-barleye1 s4 a kind of barley1 #ac_/bf4 ,a reduplicated word4 ,bere is the same as bar- in bar-ley4 ,a4,s4 bere1 barley4 ,bernard1 ,st41 #aef_/be1 #afd_/aj4 ,best lykinge1 adj4 superl4 goodliest1 best in appearance1 #dh_/ac4 ,besyde1 prep4 on the one side1 sideways out of1 #aci_/ag4 ,better1 adj4 compar4 #e_/ab4 ,beyked1 pp4 warmed1 dried1 #bd_/bc4 ,m4,e4 beken1 answering to an ,a4,s4 form bcan99 7not found71 formed as a secondary verb1 by vowel-change1 from ,a4,s4 bc1 pt4 t4 of bacan1 to bake4 ,so also lay from lie1 set from sit1 etc4 ,see beken in ,stratmann1 who refers to ,le ,bone ,florence1 l4 #ii1 ,iwain and ,gawain1 l4 #adei1 ,o4,e4 ,homilies1 i4 #bfi1 and ,test4 of ,creseyde1 #bf4 ,beykyng1 s4 warming1 drying1 #bd_/ab4 ,see above4 ,beytynge1 pres4 pt4 feeding1 lit4 baiting1 #bb_/ab4 ,bier1 s4 buyer1 #acd_/cj4 ,bigge1 adj4 big1 large 7with reference to clods71 #aj_/d4 ,blacke-thorne1 s4 blackthorn1 #abd_/ad4 ,blankettes1 s4 pl4 blankets1 #adf_/gi4 ,blend-corn1 s4 wheat mixed with rye1 #cd_/ai4 7,blend blended47 ,blesse1 v4 to bless1 #adf_/b4 ,blome1 pr4 pl4 bloom1 #bd_/af4 ,bloude1 s4 blood1 #ade_/h2 also the name of a sickness among sheep1 #dh_/b4 ,bloud-yren1 s4 bleeding-iron1 lancet1 #eh_/bi4 ,blyssomme1 v4 to copulate1 said of sheep1 #cg_/ad4 ,a ewe is said to be blissom1 i4e4 blithe-some1 eager4 ,cf4 lissom lithe-some4 ,bobbed1 pt4 pl41 struck1 #aff_/bi4 ,bodkyn1 s4 bodkin1 #adb_/f4 ,boget1 s4 a budget1 wallet1 #adb_/a4 ,boke1 book1 #c_/b1 etc42 bokes1 pl4 #adb_/d4 ,bolles1 s4 pl4 pods1 #adf_/ej4 ,lit4 8swellings20 see below4 ,cf4 ,du4 bol1 swollen4 ,bolne1 v4 to swell1 #abh_/bi2 bolneth1 pr4 s4 swells1 #abh_/ba4 ,cf4 ,swed4 bulna1 ,dan4 bulne1 to swell4 ,bolster1 s4 place of support1 #d_/ea4 ,the bed of a timber carriage is called a bolster 7,wright74 ,bord-clothes1 s4 pl4 table-cloths1 #adf_/de4 ,borde1 s4 board1 #abb_/bg4 ,bores1 s4 pl4 boars1 #aba_/i4 ,bottelles1 s4 pl4 bottles1 #ada_/fi4 ,bottes1 s4 pl4 bots1 a kind of worms troublesome to horses1 #ajb_/a4 ,bowes1 s4 pl4 boughs1 #abb_/ba4 ,bowes1 s4 pl4 the bent pieces of wood 7beneath the yoke7 which pass round the necks of yoked oxen1 #e_/c4 ,usually called oxbows1 as in ,tusser4 ,bracer1 s4 bracer1 armour for the arms1 #adb_/c4 ,see ,chaucer1 ,c4,t4 #aaa4 ,braked1 pp4 bruised in a brake or machine for crushing flax1 #adf_/db4 ,breade-come1 s4 corn to be ground to bread meal1 for making brown bread1 #bj_/af4 ,see note to ,p4 ,plowman1 ,c4 ix4 #fa4 ,breake thy faste1 phr4 breakfast1 #adi_/h4 ,breaketh1 pr4 s4 breaks in1 #abj_/c4 ,brede1 s4 breadth1 #aaj_/c1 #acb_/ah4 ,a4,s4 brdu4 ,brekefaste1 s4 breakfast1 #adf_/ab4 ,bren1 v4 burn1 #bg_/aj2 brenne1 #aca_/b4 ,brode1 adj4 broad1 #b_/ad4 ,brodye1 adj4 ready to lay 7as hens71 lit4 brood-y1 #adf_/bd4 ,broken-wynded1 s4 a being broken in the wind 7said of a horse71 #he_/a4 ,brome1 s4 the plant broom1 #dd_/d4 ,brouse1 s4 small sprigs which the cattle eat1 #acb_/c2 and see notes to #ch_/c1 #abf_/i4 ,o4 ,f4 broust1 a sprig4 ,brouse1 v4 to browze1 eat off1 #aca_/c4 ,derived from the sb4 above4 ,broyse1 imp4 s4 bruise1 #ei_/ab2 broysed1 pp4 #f_/cj4 ,brue1 v4 to brew1 #adf_/ae4 ,brumentes1 s4 pl4 inventories1 #aeb_/e4 ,roquefort gives3 #8,brevememt obviously an error for ,brevement1 tat de dpense1 mmoire1 agenda1 bordereau4' ,he also notes breumen1 used for brevement1 briefly4 ,hence brument is for brevement1 i4e4 short list1 abstract4 ,brused1 pp4 bruised1 #abi_/d4 ,bryckle1 adj4 brittle1 #ajj_/h4 ,bryne1 s4 brine1 #dd_/h4 ,brynke1 s4 brink1 brim1 top1 #adh_/c4 ,bryse1 imp4 s4 bruise1 #abi_/c4 ,see ,broyse4 ,buddes1 s4 pl4 buds1 shoots1 #abf_/aa4 ,bukler1 s4 buckler1 #adb_/c4 ,bulder-stones1 s4 pl4 smooth large round stones1 #ae_/bh4 ,bull1 s4 harrow-bull1 #ae_/i4 ,see ,harowe-bulles4 ,bulleys1 s4 pl4 bullaces1 #acf_/d1 #adj_/a4 ,bunnes1 s4 pl4 dry stalks1 #gj_/i4 8,bun1 a dry stalk20 ,wright4 ,cf4 ,gael4 bun1 a root1 stock1 stump2 bunan1 stubble4 ,burges1 pr4 s4 buds1 burgeons1 #ace_/h4 ,burthen1 s4 crop1 #ab_/ba4 ,bussheles1 s4 pl4 bushels1 #ab_/h4 ,busshell-pokes1 s4 pl4 bags or sacks holding a bushel1 #ada_/fi4 ,bustardes1 s4 pl4 bustards1 #adf_/bi4 ,but1 prep4 except1 #abb_/a2 but and1 conj4 if1 #dd_/b4 ,by1 v4 buy1 #ef_/e2 bye1 #adh_/cf4 ,by and by1 phr4 exactly1 distinctly1 in order one after the other1 #abf_/ae2 immediately1 #db_/h4 ,see ,wright's ,gloss4 ,byd1 v4 to bid1 invite1 #aeb_/ah4 ,byer1 s4 buyer1 #aah_/f4 ,bygge1 s4 bigg1 the name of a kind of barley1 #ac_/bg4 ,bigg occurs as the name of a kind of barley ,a4,d4 #adgd-e2 see ,rogers1 ,hist4 ,agric4 vol4 iii4 ,icel4 bygg1 ,dan4 byg1 barley4 ,byghte1 s4 7bight71 bend1 #acb_/f4 ,byrdes1 s4 pl4 birds1 chickens1 #adf_/cj4 ,caluary1 ,calvary1 #aff_/cb4 ,cambrydge-shyre1 #b_/bg4 ,camborell1 s4 the hock of an animal1 #ajg_/c4 ,usually cambrel or gambrel4 ,can1 pr4 s4 knows1 #eb_/g2 pr4 pl4 #adg_/bf4 ,candell-lyghte1 s4 candle-light1 #adi_/e4 ,candelmas1 s4 the day of the purification of the ,virgin1 ,feb4 #b1 #acd_/bb4 ,canker1 cancer1 a disease of horses1 note to #hc_/a2 p4 #ada4 ,cannes1 s4 pl4 cans1 #ada_/fh4 ,capitayne1 s4 captain1 #afg_/bh4 ,carte-ladder1 s4 a frame-work behind a cart1 #e_/bg4 ,see carte-ladders1 #e_/cj4 ,cart-sadel1 s4 the small saddle placed on a horse in the shafts1 #e_/bg4 ,caryage1 s4 traffic of carts1 #abh_/ab4 ,caryen1 s4 carrion1 #f_/cd1 #eh_/aj4 ,casses1 s4 pl4 the name of a kind of apple1 #acj_/d4 ,roquefort gives casse1 as meaning an oak4 ,cf4 ,low ,lat4 casnus1 ,f4 chne1 an oak4 ,caste1 v4 to swarm1 as bees1 #abb_/f2 caste1 pp4 thrown over1 as ploughed earth1 #cc_/d4 ,castynge1 s4 casting1 #ac_/af4 ,see #ac_/ac4 ,cattell1 s4 cattle1 #cg_/b4 ,cayphas1 ,caiphas1 #aff_/bg4 ,chafed1 pp4 heated1 over-ridden1 #he_/e4 ,chafynge1 pres4 pt4 growing warm1 #hh_/b4 ,chall-bones1 s4 pl4 jawbones1 #hf_/c4 ,challes1 s4 pl4 jaws1 #ge_/c4 ,chall jowl2 see jowl in my ,etym4 ,dict4 ,champyon1 s4 flat1 open1 said of country1 #ff_/ae4 7,the same as champaign47 ,see ,tusser's ,husbandry4 ,chapmannes1 s4 gen4 merchants1 purchasers1 #aah_/d4 ,chapyter1 s4 chapter1 #ada_/ac2 pl4 chapyters1 #ada_/c4 ,charte1 s4 cart1 #ai_/e4 ,cheape1 adj4 cheap2 better cheape1 cheaper 7where cheap was orig4 a sb471 #e_/ac4 ,chekyns1 s4 pl4 chickens1 #adf_/hi4 ,chepeth1 pr4 s4 bargains for1 #aeg_/bg4 ,cheryes1 s4 pl4 cherries1 #acf_/c1 #adj_/a4 ,chesse1 s4 chess1 prol4 #ae4 ,chesses1 s4 pl4 rows1 note to #abe_/d4 ,a chase is 8a row02 see ,old ,country ,words1 ed4 ,britten1 p4 #ei4 ,chowe1 v4 chew1 #bc_/aa2 chowynge1 pr4 pt4 #gi_/g4 ,chrisostome1 ,st4 ,chrysostom1 #aee_/af2 ,crysostome1 #aef_/cj4 ,churle hempe1 s4 male hemp 7so called71 #adf_/eh4 ,chylturne1 s4 the name of a kind of soil1 #b_/e4 ,see note4 ,we find ,ciltern as a place-name in the ,a4 ,s4 ,chron4 an4 #ajji4 ,and see ,old ,country ,words1 ed4 ,britten1 p4 #aa4 ,chyne1 s4 the chine1 back1 #hg_/a1 #aai_/d4 ,chynynge1 s4 cracking1 #ach_/cj4 ,a4 ,s4 cnan1 to crack4 ,cf4 ,e4 chine1 chink4 ,clarkes1 s4 pl4 clerks1 scholars1 #g_/ae4 ,clayenge1 s4 putting on the clay1 #ach_/cc4 ,cleauynge1 s4 cleft1 #ach_/bi4 ,cleese1 s4 pl4 claws1 #fd_/b2 clese1 #dg_/c1 #i4 7,properly clees47 ,clerkes1 s4 pl4 scholars1 #aff_/ci4 ,cley1 s4 clay1 #b_/d4 ,close1 s4 an inclosure1 #ff_/ag2 closes1 pl4 #abc_/b4 ,clothes1 s4 pl4 cloths1 #adf_/gi4 ,clothe-makers1 s4 pl4 cloth-makers1 #adf_/ha4 ,clot1 s4 clod1 #ae_/dg2 clottes1 pl4 #ae_/ad4 ,clotty1 adj4 lumpy1 full of clods1 #ae_/de4 ,clouen1 pp4 cloven1 divided1 #acf_/bj4 ,clouen-footed1 adj4 cloven-footed1 #adf_/bg4 ,clout1 pp4 clouted1 strengthened with nails or pieces of iron1 #e_/ah4 ,cloute1 s4 rag1 #fd_/i4 ,cockole1 s4 corn-cockle1 #bj_/ac4 ,cocledrake1 an error for cocle1 drake1 two distinct words2 cocle corn-cockle1 #bj_/c4 ,see ,drake2 and see above4 ,codde1 s4 cod1 #eg_/e2 a pod1 #bi_/aa 7where coddes1 pl4 would be better72 coddes1 pl4 pods1 #bj_/aa4 ,codde1 v4 bear fruit 7said of peas71 #ab_/ch4 ,cf4 peascod pea-pod2 see above4 ,coffyns1 s4 pl4 baskets1 #aff_/ba4 ,cogges1 s4 pl4 cogs1 #acd_/i4 8,but the cogge-whele in a corne-mylne is a great helper1 if it be well pycked clean cut1 well cogged1 and well ronged2 sixe ronges and xlviii4 cogges are best for a great ryuer20 ,on ,surveying1 c4 #ci4 ,thus the rungs are the divisions of the smaller1 and the cogs of the larger wheel1 at the circumference4 ,coke1 s4 another name for the plough-ear1 #c_/e4 ,perhaps connected with ,cokers1 iron rims round clogs1 and calkins1 cawkins1 the parts of a horse-shoe turned up and sharpened to prevent slipping 7,wright2 ,gloss47 ,coke1 s4 a piece of iron used instead of a plough-foot1 #d_/df4 ,see above4 ,cole1 s4 coal1 #ai_/c4 ,coltes euyll1 s4 a disease in colts1 #aja_/a4 ,see ,g4 ,markham2 ,husbandry1 b4 i4 c4 #cb4 ,combe1 s4 comb1 #adb_/e4 ,commons1 s4 pl4 common pasture-grounds1 #f_/aj4 ,common weale1 s4 general advantage1 #aea_/bb4 ,compasse1 adj4 circular1 encompassing1 #acf_/aa4 ,conclusion1 in1 finally1 at last1 #acb_/ah4 ,connynge1 s4 knowledge1 #ada_/bb4 ,content1 adj4 pleased1 #abj_/ag4 ,conuenyente1 adj4 fitting1 prol4 #ad1 #ade_/ae1 #adf_/ge4 ,conuocation1 s4 gathering1 #aee_/c4 ,copyoke1 s4 part of the harness for a waggon1 #e_/e4 ,wright gives cop1 7#a7 top 444 7#g7 the part of a waggon which hangs over the thiller-horse1 7#h7 the beam placed between a pair of drawing oxen4 ,see ,yoke4 ,cordes1 s4 pl4 cords1 a disease in front of a horse's fore-legs1 #ib_/a4 8,cords1 or string-halt1 is an unnaturall binding of the sinews20 ,g4 ,markham1 ,husbandry1 b4 i4 c4 #fd4 ,corne1 s4 kind of corn1 #cb_/b2 cornes1 pl4 grains1 #ae_/d4 ,corser1 s4 a horse-dealer1 #aai_/ae1 #abj_/d4 ,we also find scorser in the same sense4 ,cotes1 s4 pl4 coats1 #aea_/ac4 ,couer1 v4 cover1 a term applied to collecting sheaves by tens1 two of them covering the other eight by being laid across1 #ca_/b4 ,couerlettes1 s4 pl4 coverlets1 #adf_/hj4 ,countre1 s4 county1 #c_/g2 countreys1 s4 pl4 counties1 #b_/b1 #ce_/f2 countreyes1 #b_/bh1 #c_/h4 ,courbe1 s4 a curb1 a kind of lameness in horses1 #ajg_/l4 ,cowpers1 s4 pl4 coopers1 #acd_/g4 ,crabtree1 s4 crabtree1 #abd_/e2 crabbe-tree1 #acg_/aa4 ,cranes1 s4 pl4 cranes1 #adf_/bi4 ,cratches1 s4 pl4 racks1 mangers1 #gj_/dd4 ,f4 crche4 ,cratches1 s4 pl4 scratches1 a disease in a horse's pasterns1 #aab_/a4 ,credence1 s4 credit1 belief1 #ada_/ah4 ,crofote1 s4 crowfoot1 #ae_/bb4 ,a crowfoot is a ,ranunculus2 see ,dict4 of ,e4 ,plant-names4 ,croke1 pr4 pl4 crook1 bend1 #bg_/ab4 ,croked1 adj4 crooked1 #c_/ci4 ,cromely1 adj4 liable to crumble1 #ajj_/f4 ,croper1 s4 the crupper1 #aje_/b4 ,croppe1 v4 to crop1 to cut off the top-most shoots or the sprigs1 #aca_/a4 ,croppes1 s4 pl4 shoots1 sprigs1 #dd_/d4 ,crosse1 adj4 going across1 #e_/bb4 ,crume1 s4 crumb1 #aa_/bc4 ,cudde1 s4 cud1 #ag_/cc4 ,culture1 s4 coulter1 #c_/f1 #cd1 #dh2 #fc_/d4 ,cure1 s4 endeavour1 #adf_/b4 ,currante1 adj4 running1 moving1 #abh_/d2 sloping downwards1 #abh_/h4 ,customers1 s4 pl4 customers1 #aai_/ac4 ,damme1 s4 dam1 mother 7said of a mare71 #fh_/ge4 ,dampsons1 s4 pl4 damsons1 #acf_/d1 #adj_/a4 ,darbyshyre1 #ag_/ba4 ,darnolde1 s4 darnel1 #bj_/d2 dernolde1 #bj_/ba4 ,dauyd1 ,david1 #aef_/cd1 #afh_/ag4 ,deceypt1 s4 deceit1 #adf_/ajb4 ,declared1 pp4 explained1 #adg_/bh4 ,dee-nettylles1 s4 pl4 purple dead-nettles1 #bj_/dg4 ,defautes1 s4 pl4 defects1 faults1 #ada_/ed4 ,departe1 v4 to part1 separate1 #ade_/ae4 ,dernolde1 s4 darnel1 #bj_/ba4 ,detters1 s4 pl4 debtors1 #agj_/aa4 ,dettes1 s4 pl4 debts1 #agj_/aj4 ,deuyded1 pp4 divided1 prol4 #ah1 #aa_/ae4 ,dewbolne1 s4 a disease2 lit4 8swollen with dew10 #fj_/a4 ,bollen swollen4 8,dewboln1 a swelling1 beginning at the neather part of the dewlap20 ,g4 ,markham1 ,husbandry1 c4 #cg 7bk4 ii474 ,dewlappe1 s4 dewlap1 #ei_/aj4 ,discretion1 s4 discernment1 wisdom1 #aa_/a2 discreation1 #adf_/abb4 ,displeasure1 s4 displeasure1 offence1 #aec_/bb4 ,disport1 s4 sport1 #aec_/aa4 ,dockes1 s4 pl4 docks1 #bj_/c1 #ab4 ,dodder1 s4 a kind of weed1 #bj_/dg4 ,see ,dict4 of ,e4 ,plant-names1 p4 #aed2 and doder in ,turner's ,names of ,herbes4 ,dogfenell1 s4 stinking chamomile1 ,anthemis ,cotula1 #bj_/d1 #cb4 ,see ,dict4 of ,e4 ,plant-names4 ,domynation1 s4 dominion1 power1 #ed_/bb1 #aeb_/cj4 ,dongynge1 s4 manuring1 #ac_/d4 ,dounged1 pp4 manured1 #ac_/b4 ,dout1 imp4 s4 doubt1 #aea_/bg4 ,douues1 s4 pl4 doves1 #ag_/cd4 ,dowles1 s4 pl4 tholes1 pegs1 #e_/i4 8,doul1 a nail or pin sharpened at each end20 ,wright4 8,tholle1 a cart-pynne20 ,palsgrave4 ,dradde1 pp4 dreaded1 #afg_/h4 ,drake1 s4 a kind of darnel1 #bj_/ag4 ,also called drawk 7,wright72 and see ,e4 ,plant-names1 p4 #aei4 ,draughte1 s4 a team of horse or oxen1 #bb_/aj2 a manner of drawing1 #ae_/bb4 ,dresse1 v4 to prepare1 by cutting off all small twigs1 #acb_/e4 ,drone1 s4 a drone1 #abb_/di4 ,duetie1 s4 debt1 #aeg_/ai4 ,dunne1 adj4 dun1 brown1 #cd_/dj4 ,dychynge1 s4 ditching1 #abd_/b4 ,dysheryte1 v4 to disinherit1 #aec_/bd4 ,dyssheborde1 s4 dish-board1 dresser1 #adf_/i4 ,dystaffe1 s4 distaff1 #adf_/df4 ,ebbe1 adj4 shallow1 #cc_/d4 ,ecclesiastici1 gen4 s4 of ,ecclesiasticus1 #afi_/ce4 ,eddered1 pp4 bound at the top of the stakes1 #abf_/g4 ,see yeather in ,ray1 ,gloss4 ,b4 #ae1 p4 #ge4 ,edderynge1 s4 the binding at the top of stakes used in making hedges1 also called ether1 #abf_/f2 edderynges1 pl4 #abf_/ad4 ,eest1 s4 east1 #acc_/bj4 ,effectually1 adv4 sincerely1 #ade_/af4 ,ellore1 s4 the elder tree1 #abf_/b4 ,usually eller1 which also means the alder2 see ,e4 ,plant-names1 p4 #afh4 ,elne1 s4 an ell1 #ae_/bc4 ,encreace1 v4 increase1 #ag_/ah4 ,endent1 v4 indent1 #bc_/ae4 ,endure1 v4 to last1 #adh_/cf4 ,enfecte1 adj4 infected1 #eh_/ab4 ,enforme1 v4 inform1 #aa_/bi1 #aee_/h2 enfourme1 teach1 tell1 #acd_/bf4 ,englysshe1 ,english1 #aff_/h4 ,ensample1 s4 example1 #cf_/i4 ,entente1 s4 purpose1 #g_/aa4 ,enterfyre1 s4 interference of the feet1 the knocking of one foot against the other1 #aji_/a4 ,see the note4 8,enterfayring is hewing one leg on another1 and striking off the skin20 ,g4 ,markham1 ,husbandry1 c4 #eh4 ,ere1 conj4 before1 #ae_/ce2 er1 #cf_/b4 ,eschewe1 v4 to eschew1 #adf_/ajg4 ,estate1 s4 state1 condition1 #gj_/bh2 estates1 pl4 wealthy persons1 #aec_/i4 ,euery1 adj4 every1 #abg_/dj4 ,ewerie1 s4 ewery1 place for pitchers1 etc42 note to #adj_/h4 ,exaltation of the holye crosse1 i4e4 ,sept4 #ad1 #cg_/af4 ,expende1 v4 to spend1 #adg_/ac4 ,extende1 v4 to extend1 reach to1 #adg_/ad4 ,eyen1 s4 pl4 eyes1 #dh_/f2 eien1 #dh_/h4 ,faculty1 s4 ability1 wealth1 #adg_/ah4 ,facyons1 s4 pl4 fashions1 kinds1 #b_/c4 ,faldynge1 s4 a kind of frieze1 or rough cloth1 #dd_/ad4 ,see ,chaucer1 ,c4 ,t4 #cic4 ,falowe1 v4 to plough1 #af_/c4 ,see below4 ,falowynge1 s4 ploughing land for the first time 7for wheat71 #d_/db4 ,see #af_/c4 ,fan1 v4 to winnow corn1 #ce_/f2 fande1 pp4 #ce_/aj4 ,farcyon1 s4 the farcy1 a disease of horses1 in which swellings appear on his body1 #ic_/a4 ,cf4 ,f4 farcer1 to stuff4 ,faste1 adv4 very near1 close1 #be_/cb4 ,fayne1 adj4 obliged1 compelled1 #aea_/ad4 ,feitergrasse1 s4 the name of a kind of grass 7spelt fettergrass in ed4 #aeih71 #ei_/aa4 ,felle1 v4 to fell1 #aca_/a4 ,felow1 s4 fellow1 i4e4 neighbouring furrow1 #i_/i4 ,fellyes1 s4 pl4 pieces of wood joined together to make the circle of a wheel1 #e_/i4 ,felly-fole1 s4 filly-foal1 filly1 #fh_/eb4 ,female hempe1 s4 wild hemp1 #adf_/eg4 ,fenbrede1 s4 mud-board1 or mould-board1 #c_/d1 #bg4 ,see note to #c_/a4 ,fen mud2 as commonly in ,m4 ,e4 ,fence1 v4 to form a fence1 #abe_/e4 ,fenel-sedes1 s4 pl4 fennel seeds1 #bj_/ah4 ,ferny1 adj4 covered with ferns1 #ej_/aj4 ,ferre1 adv4 far1 #dh_/aa1 #aej_/f1 #afd_/h4 ,ferthermore1 adv4 furthermore1 besides1 #aea_/ag4 ,fetelockes1 s4 pl4 fetlocks1 #ii_/c4 ,fette1 pt4 s4 brought1 #aff_/cd4 ,fettred1 pp4 fastened together1 bound1 #e_/aj4 ,filberdes1 s4 pl4 filberts1 #acf_/c4 ,flaine1 pp4 flayed1 #eh_/ba4 ,see ,fley4 ,flanke1 s4 flank1 #he_/d4 ,flasshes1 s4 pl4 marshy places1 #gj_/h4 ,the usual sense is 8pool40 ,flaxen wheate1 s4 flaxen wheat1 a kind of wheat1 #cd_/bc1 #be4 ,flayle1 s4 flail1 #e_/cc4 ,fley1 imp4 s4 flay1 #ch_/aa2 spelt flee1 #eh_/h4 ,flokes1 s4 pl4 flukes1 #ef_/af4 ,floures1 s4 pl4 flowers1 #aef_/f4 ,flyntered1 pp4 said of 8small corn wrinkled and dried10 #cd_/dc4 ,cf4 flinders1 fragments2 and cf4 splintered4 ,flytte1 imp4 s4 remove1 #adh_/ae2 flyte1 v4 #ah_/c2 flytteth1 pr4 s4 #ah_/bh4 ,lit4 8flit40 ,fodered1 pp4 foddered1 fed1 #gj_/dj4 ,folden1 pp4 folded1 #eb_/f4 ,foled1 pp4 foaled1 #aah_/aj4 ,foole1 s4 foal1 #fh_/g1 #aa2 fools1 pl4 #ef_/d4 ,fooled1 pp4 foaled1 #fh_/ac4 ,foolynge-tyme1 s4 foaling time1 #fh_/dj4 ,for1 prep4 against1 to prevent1 #ah_/cc1 #cb_/h1 #ce_/h1 #dd_/ae1 #ea_/i1 #eb_/a1 #gj_/df1 #aci_/ai4 7,observe this use47 ,for nothynge1 phr4 on no account1 #abd_/ad1 #ach_/aj4 ,forecroppe1 s4 fore-crop1 a part of a cow or bullock1 #eg_/b4 ,i learn that the fore-crop is the upper part of the fore quarter of an ox1 and lies between the neck and the sirloin4 8444 it shews he is wel tallowed1 and so doth the crop behind the shoulders20 ,markham1 ,husbandry1 ,of ,oxen4 ,fore-wedge1 s4 fore-wedge 7before the coulter71 #d_/bc4 ,forowe1 s4 a furrow1 #d_/f4 ,forther1 adj4 front1 foremost1 #ib_/b4 8,forther-fete1 the forefeet20 ,wright4 ,fortune1 v4 to chance1 happen1 #c_/a1 #abj_/ag1 #abd_/ch1 #aec_/bd4 ,fote1 plough-foot1 #d_/ab4 ,see ,plough-fote4 ,fote-teame1 s4 7apparently7 the end of the drawing-gear which is fastened to a plough or harrow1 #d_/cg1 #ae_/ab4 ,see ,wrethyng-temes4 ,foughten1 pp4 fought1 #afi_/aa4 ,foule1 s4 an ulcer in a cow's foot1 #fd_/a4 ,freeholders1 s4 pl4 freeholders1 #acj_/bb4 ,freteth1 pr4 s4 eats away1 #bj_/g4 ,fretter1 s4 a corrosive1 #dc_/e4 ,fullymartes1 s4 pl4 polecats1 #adf_/ca4 ,m4,e4 fulmart4 ,fyfte1 adj4 num4 fifth1 #ge_/c4 ,fylberdes1 s4 pl4 filberts1 #adj_/d4 ,fyled1 pp4 defiled1 dirtied1 #da_/a1 #de_/d4 ,fyllettes1 s4 pl4 fillets1 #gf_/f4 8,filet1 the fillet of a beast20 ,cotgrave4 8,fillets1 in a horse1 are the foreparts of the shoulder next the breast20 ,bailey's ,dict4 vol4 i4 ed4 #agce4 ,fynde1 v4 to provide with1 furnish1 #aec_/bj4 ,fyre-wodde1 s4 fire-wood1 #acb_/b4 ,fysking1 s4 fidgeting1 roaming about1 #de_/b4 ,see examples in my note to ,p4 ,plowman1 ,c4 #aj_/aec4 ,fytches1 s4 pl4 vetches1 #bj_/dj1 #gj_/h4 ,garches1 s4 pl4 an error for garthes1 i4e4 hoops1 #acd_/g4 ,see ,garthe-webbe4 ,garniter1 the officer who had care of the granary1 note to #adj_/h4 ,garthe-webbe1 s4 webbing for a girth1 #aj_/bc4 8,garth1 a hoop or band20 ,wright4 ,see ,garches4 ,a girth-web is mentioned ,a4,d4 #aejb2 see ,rogers1 ,hist4 ,agric4 vol4 iii4 ,geare1 s4 gear1 implements1 #e_/b2 gere1 #adb_/g4 ,geld1 pr4 pl4 cut too high 7said of beans71 #bi_/i4 ,gelly1 s4 jelly1 #dd_/g4 ,gete1 pp4 gotten1 taken up1 #abi_/aa2 gette1 gotten from1 taken from1 #acg_/g4 ,a4,s4 geten1 pp4 ,gethereth1 pr4 s4 gathers1 #bh_/e4 ,gise1 s4 guise1 fashion1 way1 #ce_/h4 ,glaunder1 s4 glander1 usually in the plural1 #hg_/b4 ,see below4 ,glaunders1 s4 glanders1 a disease in the glands1 #hf_/a4 ,gleyd1 s4 kite1 #adf_/ca4 ,a ,s4 glida4 ,glose1 s4 gloss1 comment1 #afh_/cd4 ,glotony1 s4 gluttony1 #aeb_/bc4 ,gloues1 s4 pl4 gloves1 #adb_/c4 ,gnappe1 v4 to bite slightly2 gnappe of1 rub off with their teeth 7said of horses71 #ic_/f4 ,the same as kneppe1 to bite slightly1 in ,best's ,rural ,economy in ,yorkshire 7,surtees ,society72 mod4 ,e4 nip4 ,golds1 s4 pl4 corn marigold1 #bj_/be2 gouldes1 #bj_/d4 ,see ,ray1 ,gloss4 ,b4 #af1 p4 #hc2 ,tusser1 note to #ci_/ba4 ,gore1 v4 to gore1 #gj_/dc4 ,gostely1 adj4 spiritual1 #afg_/ch4 ,goten1 pp4 gotten1 #aed_/i4 ,gouldes1 s4 pl4 corn marigolds1 #bj_/d2 golds1 #bj_/be4 ,goute1 s4 gout1 #fe_/a4 ,gowty1 adj4 gouty1 #ef_/f4 ,goyng vppon1 walking about upon the ground1 #ah_/bc4 ,graffe1 v4 to graft1 #acf_/f4 ,graffe1 s4 a graft1 slip1 #acf_/ag4 ,graffynge-sawe1 saw for grafting1 #acf_/g4 ,grammer-schole1 s4 grammar-school1 #adg_/aa4 ,grasier1 s4 grazier1 #dj_/a4 ,grauelynge1 s4 graveling1 caused by gravel in a horse's foot1 #aad_/a4 ,grayned1 pp4 forked at the top1 #da_/i4 8,grain1 a prong of a fork20 ,wright4 7,common74 8,grain-staff1 a quarter-staff with a pair of short tines at the end1 which they call grains20 ,ray1 ,gloss4 ,b4 #af1 p4 #hd4 ,greatte2 a greatte1 by wholesale1 #acd_/ah4 ,gregorye1 ,st4 ,gregory1 #afb_/ab2 ,gregory1 #aee_/bd1 #afa_/ae1 #afe_/bf1 #afg_/f4 ,grese1 v4 to grease1 #dj_/bd4 ,greued1 pp4 grieved1 #adg_/ae4 ,gristell1 s4 gristle1 #hi_/b4 ,grombalde-brydge1 ,grimbald ,bridge1 near ,knaresborough1 #gi_/aj4 ,grosse sale1 wholesale1 #cf_/be4 ,grote1 s4 groat1 #bj_/ae4 ,gurthe1 s4 girth1 #adb_/e4 ,gyrre1 s4 a disease of cattle1 probably giddiness1 #gj_/cc4 ,cf4 ,f4 girer1 to turn4 ,gyse1 s4 guise1 way1 custom1 #acc_/a4 ,hachet1 s4 hatchet1 #abg_/b4 ,hades1 s4 pl4 strips of greensward1 #f_/ag4 8,hade1 a ridge of land1 a small piece of greensward at the end of arable land20 ,wright4 ,half-throne1 v4 to cover sheaves in some particular manner1 #ca_/c4 ,it is believed to be the same as the ,shropshire hackle1 which is to put four sheaves of wheat into a shock1 and then to place another sheaf 7upright7 with the ears downwards1 on the top4 ,this agrees with covering except in the use of #d sheaves for #h4 ,halomshyre1 ,hallamshire 7in which is ,sheffield71 #ag_/ba4 ,halte1 v4 to go lamely1 #ih_/e4 ,halter1 s4 halter1 #adb_/b4 ,halue1 s4 half1 #abg_/d4 ,hamper1 s4 hamper1 basket1 #aa_/bc4 ,hampole1 ,richardus de1 #afe_/ci4 ,handbyll1 s4 small bill-hook1 #abg_/b4 ,handel1 v4 to handle1 #dj_/bd4 ,handsome1 adj4 handy1 convenient1 #bd_/bb4 ,harde1 pp4 heard1 #afd_/cj4 ,harde by1 phr4 close1 #abi_/d4 ,harowe-bulles1 s4 pl4 chief pieces of timber composing an ox-harrow1 #ae_/f4 ,harowed1 pp4 harrowed1 #ae_/b4 ,harowe-tyndes1 s4 pl4 tines or prongs of a harrow1 #ae_/aj4 ,hasell1 s4 hazel1 #bd_/af1 #abd_/e4 ,hassell1 adj4 stiff1 said of a soil2 see it partially defined in note to #b_/f4 8,hazle1 stiff1 as clay2 ,essex40--,wright4 8,a haisel mould1 which ,i count to be one of the best wealdish moulds1 being a compound mould1 and very good for marle40--,g4 ,markham1 ,inrichment of the ,weald1 #afdi1 p4 #i4 ,hasty1 adj4 early1 #ab_/ci4 ,hatched1 put for hatchet1 note to #df_/c4 8,brains of a hatchet10 a term for the oily substance obtained by burning linen on the head of a hatchet4 ,hatte1 s4 hat1 #adb_/b4 ,haue1 v4 take1 #eh_/ab4 ,hawdod1 s4 corn bluebottle1 ,centaurea ,cyanus1 #bj_/bh2 haudoddes1 pl4 #bj_/d4 ,cf4 hardewes1 a name for the wild succory 7,cichorium ,intybus7 in ,turner's ,names of ,herbes4 ,hawe1 s4 an excrescence in the eye of a horse1 #hi_/a4 ,hearbgrace1 s4 herb-grace1 rue1 note to #add4 ,heare1 s4 hair1 #fd_/e1 #ih_/d2 heares1 pl4 #dg_/e1 #aa4 ,hearynges1 s4 pl4 herrings1 #cf_/aj4 ,hecheled1 pp4 heckled1 combed1 #adf_/db4 ,hedge-rote1 s4 hedge-root1 stump1 #acb_/ab4 ,hedgyngebyll1 s4 bill for hedging1 #e_/cb4 ,heed1 s4 head1 #dg_/d1 #ajb_/c4 ,heed1 pr4 s4 subj4 #b p4 behead1 cut off the top1 crop1 #acb_/i2 heeded1 pp4 #acb_/ae4 ,heeth-grounde1 s4 ground covered with heather1 #b_/g4 ,helewedge1 s4 heel-wedge 7behind the coulter71 #d_/bc4 ,helpe1 v4 mend1 cure1 #eh_/b4 ,herdman1 s4 herdsman1 #f_/aj2 herdeman1 #abc_/ae4 ,heringes1 s4 pl4 herrings1 #cf_/ab4 ,herode1 ,herod1 #aff_/bg4 ,hert1 s4 heart1 middle1 #ajj_/d2 herte1 #aad_/c4 ,hey1 s4 hay1 #bc_/d1 #ff_/ad2 heye1 #adf_/he4 ,hey-cockes1 s4 pl4 haycocks1 #be_/ae4 ,hey-rope1 s4 hay rope1 #fd_/e4 ,his1 pr4 gen4 its1 #i_/h4 ,hode1 s4 hood1 #adb_/b4 ,hogges1 s4 pl4 hogs1 #aba_/i4 ,hole1 adj4 whole1 healthy1 #adi_/ac4 ,hole-footed1 adj4 whole-footed1 web-footed1 #adf_/bf4 ,holer1 adj4 compar4 more whole2 healthier1 #adi_/ac4 ,hole-straw wheat1 wheat with a whole or solid straw1 note to #cd_/dc4 ,holmes1 s4 pl4 put for homes hames1 #e_/be1 #ae_/da4 ,see ,hombers4 ,holpen1 pp4 helped1 cured1 #fa_/f1 #hb_/b4 ,holsome1 adj4 wholesome1 #be_/ah4 ,holy bread1 s4 ordinary leavened bread cut into small pieces1 blessed1 and given to the people1 #aa_/ah4 ,see note to ,p4 ,plowman1 ,c4 xvi4 #baj4 ,holye1 s4 holly1 #abd_/e4 ,holyrode-day1 the day of the holy cross1 ,sept4 #ad 7see #ag_/af71 #acd_/ba4 ,see ,phillips' ,dict4 ed4 #agjf4 ,hombers1 s4 pl4 horse-collars1 #e_/bd1 #ae_/da4 ,also called hamberwes1 hamboroughs2 from hame1 one of the bent pieces of wood to which the trace is fastened1 and ,a4,s4 beorgan1 to protect4 ,lit4 #8hame-protectors4' ,honger1 s4 hunger1 #cj_/ad4 ,hopper1 s4 a seed-basket1 #aj_/bb1 #be2 #cd_/aj4 ,m4,e4 hoper 7,p4 ,plowman74 ,horne1 s4 horn1 #adb_/c4 ,horse1 s4 gen4 horse's1 #hb_/a1 #ia_/a4 ,horse-harowes1 s4 pl4 harrows drawn by horses1 #ae_/ae4 ,horse-leche1 s4 horse-doctor1 #abj_/f4 ,horse-mayster1 s4 horse-master1 #abj_/a4 ,houe1 s4 hoof1 #gh_/f1 #ih_/b4 ,hoystynge1 s4 coughing1 #ei_/c4 #8,hoist1 a cough2 ,east4'--,wright4 ,hucbone1 s4 hip-bone1 #eg_/c4 ,more commonly huckle4 ,hurdes1 s4 pl4 hards1 coarse flax1 #adf_/ci4 ,hurdels1 s4 pl4 hurdles1 #ah_/ce4 ,husbandes1 s4 pl4 husbandmen1 #c_/a4 ,huske1 s4 husk1 #ad_/ab4 ,huswife1 s4 housewife1 #adh_/a4 ,hyer1 higher1 prol4 #cc4 ,hynder1 adj4 latter1 #adh_/aa4 ,iagged1 adj4 jagged1 #bj_/bf4 ,james1 ,st41 #afi_/ab4 ,ielly1 s4 jelly1 #eh_/bc4 ,ieoperdy1 s4 jeopardy1 peril1 #e_/ac1 #aci_/b4 ,iherome1 ,st4 ,jerome1 #aee_/a1 #afa_/bj2 ,jerome1 #afh_/g4 ,in lyke1 alike1 #be_/f4 ,in regarde1 phr4 for his part1 lit4 according to his estimation1 #aec_/f4 ,inam1 applied to wheat1 note to #i_/ac4 ,cf4 8,innom barley1 barley sown the second crop after the ground is fallowed2 ,north40 --,ray1 ,gloss4 ,b4 #ae1 p4 #ej4 ,infecte1 infected1 #afd_/bi4 ,infydeles1 s4 pl4 infidels1 #aff_/de4 ,inke1 s4 ink1 #adb_/d4 ,intend1 pr4 pl4 intend1 #adh_/a4 ,inuentorys1 s4 pl4 inventories1 #aea_/b4 ,iob1 ,job1 #aef_/g4 ,iohan1 ,john1 #afe_/cd4 ,isodorus1 ,st4 ,isidore1 #afd_/ah2 #afe_/cg1 #di2 #afi_/cc2 ,isodore1 #afe_/bi4 ,judas1 #aff_/be4 ,iudges1 s4 pl4 castles 7in chess71 prol4 #bj4 ,kedlokes1 s4 pl4 charlock1 ,sinapis arvensis1 #aj_/ac1 #bj_/c1 #i4 ,also called cadlock1 cadlick1 chadlock1 chedlock1 carlock1 charlock1 callock1 etc4 ,kelles1 s4 pl4 cases of maggots1 #ah_/aj2 gossamer-threads1 #ed_/bb4 8,kells1 cones of silkworms2 kell1 a film over the eyes20 ,wright4 ,the usual sense is #8caul4' ,kente1 ,kent1 #b_/ae4 ,kerchef1 s4 kerchief1 handkerchief1 #adb_/a4 ,keys1 s4 pl4 part of a cart1 #e_/bb4 ,knolles1 s4 pl4 knolls1 mounds1 lumps1 #abh_/bi4 ,knowen1 pp4 known1 #h_/b4 ,knyfe1 s4 knife1 #adb_/f4 ,knytte1 pp4 joined together as a swarm of bees1 #abb_/i1 #bb2 knytte1 v4 to join1 #abb_/aj4 ,kydde1 v4 to bind up faggots in bundles1 #aca_/g1 #acb_/g4 ,see below4 ,kyddes1 s4 pl4 faggots1 #e_/bi4 8,kydde1 a fagotte20 ,palsgrave4 ,kyd-wodde1 s4 faggot-wood1 #acd_/bj4 ,kye1 s4 pl4 cows1 #ef_/g1 #adf_/aj4 ,a4 ,s4 c1 pl4 of c4 ,kylde1 pp4 killed1 #ajc_/f4 ,kynde1 s4 nature1 #abh_/bc4 ,kyrfe1 s4 incision1 #acf_/aj4 8,kerf1 an incision20 ,wright4 ,derived from ,a4,s4 ceorfan1 to carve1 to cut4 ,spelt kerfe in ,ray1 ,gloss4 ,b4 #af1 p4 #he4 ,kyrtels1 s4 pl4 kirtles1 skirts1 #aea_/af4 ,lampas1 s4 an excrescence of flesh above the teeth in horses1 which often prevents their eating1 #ha_/a4 8,hava de bestias1 the lampas1 a disease in the mouth of beasts1 when such long barbles grow in their mouthes1 that they cannot well feed20 ,minsheu1 ,spanish ,dict4 ,landes1 s4 pl4 #e_/d4 ,evidently some part of the gear for ploughing1 but ,i can find no such word4 ,perhaps an error for bandes1 i4e4 bands4 ,mr4 ,peacock1 in his ,glossary of ,manley ,words1 has --8,lanes1 ,lains1 an iron ring at the end of the beam of a plough to which the horses are yoked40 ,perhaps this is it4 ,landes1 s4 gen4 field's1 #b_/ag2 landes1 s4 pl4 ridges1 #ac_/g4 ,lankesshyre1 ,lancashire1 #b_/bf4 ,lanses1 s4 pl4 shoots1 #ach_/a4 ,lathe-legged1 pp4 slender-legged1 #gh_/d4 ,lathes1 s4 pl4 laths1 #ae_/i4 ,laude1 s4 praise1 #afc_/a1 #afg_/ag4 ,lazare1 ,lazarus1 #aff_/bb4 ,ledde1 pp4 carried1 #bh_/ab4 ,ledder1 s4 leather1 #aj_/bc4 ,lees1 s4 pl4 leas1 pastures1 #adh_/ah4 ,leisshe1 s4 leash1 #adb_/c4 ,lene1 v4 to lean1 #abd_/ce4 ,lenger1 adj4 compar4 longer1 #c_/ch1 #c_/ee1 #gj_/ac2 adv4 #fg_/d1 #abh_/cb4 ,lente-corne1 s4 ,lent corn1 spring corn1 #adh_/g4 ,let hym blode1 bleed him1 #dh_/g4 ,let1 v4 hinder1 #bd_/ai3 lette1 pr4 pl4 #hb_/b1 #afd_/a4 ,lette1 s4 hindrance1 #ace_/f4 ,leue1 v4 leave off1 #da_/ae4 ,leue1 s4 leave1 #adc_/g4 ,leuse1 v4 to loosen1 #abf_/af1 #abi_/aj4 ,ley1 v4 to lay1 lay eggs1 #adf_/bc4 ,leycestershyre1 #b_/bf4 ,leye-hey1 s4 meadow hay1 #be_/cd4 ,leys1 s4 pl4 pasture-grounds1 #f_/ag1 #h_/e4 ,leysshe1 s4 leash1 #aj_/be4 ,like1 pr4 pl4 thrive1 #ec_/i4 ,linsede1 s4 linseed1 #adf_/ec4 ,lockes1 s4 pl4 pieces torn off a fleece1 #adf_/gi4 ,lode1 v4 load1 carry1 #cb_/b4 ,lodynge1 s4 loading1 #bb_/aa4 ,loken1 pp4 locked or closed up1 #adf_/ec4 ,see note4 ,lollers1 s4 pl4 lollards1 #aff_/de4 ,long-eare1 s4 long-ear1 a kind of barley1 #ac_/bb4 ,longe-rained1 pp4 long in the reins1 #gh_/b4 ,longe-soughte1 s4 lung disease1 #ei_/b4 ,a4,s4 suht1 disease 7,grein74 ,loode1 v4 to carte1 #adf_/hg4 ,loppe1 v4 to lop1 #acb_/a4 ,lose1 adj4 loose1 #bg_/d4 ,louyngely1 adv4 lovingly1 kindly1 #aeb_/af4 ,lowe-brawned1 pp4 strong in the lower muscles1 #ge_/b4 ,lower1 adj4 compar4 lower1 #abe_/e4 ,lowsy1 adj4 full of lice1 #aag_/a4 ,luke-warme1 adj4 lukewarm1 tepid1 #dd_/ab4 ,lye1 s4 urine1 note to #dd_/h4 ,cf4 #a ,hen4 ,,iv4 ii4 #a4 #bc4 ,o4,f4 lie1 lees4 ,lyfte1 adj4 left1 #bh_/d4 ,lyke1 v4 to thrive1 #eg_/aj1 #abc_/ad1 #adj_/h4 ,lyncoln1 #b_/bg4 ,lyne1 s4 measuring line1 #abd_/bh4 ,lyngel1 s4 a shoemaker's thread1 #adb_/f4 8,lyngell1 that souters sowe with1 lignier20 ,palsgrave4 ,lyn-pinnes1 s4 pl4 linch-pins1 #e_/ai4 ,see ,linchpin in my ,etym4 ,dict4 ,lytter1 s4 litter1 straw for a horse's bed1 #ajj_/c4 ,lyuer1 s4 liver1 #ee_/ae4 ,malander1 s4 a sore place on the inside of the fore-leg of a horse1 #id_/a4 8,malandres1 the malanders1 a horses disease20 ,cotgrave4 8,malendre10 the same4 ,male1 s4 bag1 pack1 portmanteau1 #adb_/b4 ,mall1 s4 a mallet or club1 #abf_/ad2 malles1 pl4 #ae_/df4 ,mallet1 s4 mallet1 wooden hammer1 #acf_/ae4 ,malte1 s4 malt1 #adf_/ad4 ,mane1 s4 a piece of grass left unmown1 #bc_/ag4 ,maple1 s4 maple1 #abf_/c4 ,marke1 ,st4 ,mark1 #agj_/c4 ,marle1 s4 rich earth used as manure1 #b_/f2 a blue marble-like earth1 note to #af_/bi-ce4 ,marley1 s4 marl1 #ach_/bf4 ,see above4 ,marre1 v4 mar1 spoil1 #gj_/ej4 ,marreis1 adj4 marsh1 #e_/ae2 marreys1 #abd_/bj4 ,marreys1 s4 marsh1 #ed_/ac4 ,martok1 ,martock 7,somersetshire71 #bg_/ag4 ,martilmas1 ,martinmas1 ,st4 ,martin's day1 ,nov4 #aa1 #acd_/ba4 ,mathes1 s4 pl4 maggots1 #ah_/h1 #de_/a4 8,cimex1 mau20 ,wright's ,vocab4 i4 #bd4 ,mathes1 s4 pl4 stinking chamomile1 corn chamomile1 ,anthemis ,cotula1 #bj_/d4 ,called stynkynge maydweede in ,turner's ,names of ,herbes4 ,matter1 s4 pus in a sore1 #hg_/c4 ,mattockes1 s4 pl4 mattocks1 tools to dig up roots and weeds1 #h_/bj4 ,see ,beate4 ,mawe1 s4 the stomach1 #ajb_/b4 ,may1 pr4 s4 can1 is able1 #ff_/bj4 ,mayn whyte1 principally white1 #fh_/gj4 ,meane1 adj4 middling1 ordinary1 #b_/f1 #abd_/ai2 neither very moist nor very dry1 #gj_/bg4 ,meane1 s4 means1 way1 #aff1 rubric2 #afg1 rubric4 ,measure1 s4 measure1 moderation1 #adg_/aj4 ,meete1 imp4 s4 measure1 #adf_/af4 ,medle1 v4 to mix1 #ag_/af2 medled1 pp4 #b_/f1 #cd_/ba1 #dc_/a4 ,melch kye1 s4 pl4 milch cows1 #gj_/ba4 ,mete1 adj4 even1 #ach_/bc4 ,metelye1 adv4 meetly1 #ab_/g4 ,middes1 s4 midst1 #dh_/g4 ,mo1 adj4 compar4 more 7in number71 #eh_/cd2 #ada_/ej4 ,a4,s4 m4 ,see ,moo4 ,moche1 adj4 large1 #dg_/c1 #ae4 ,moderate1 v4 lessen1 #dd_/bf4 ,molde1 s4 mould1 #i_/f2 moldes1 pl4 pieces of earth1 #de_/g4 ,molten1 pp4 melted1 #dc_/d1 #de_/g4 ,moneth1 s4 month1 #ic_/h4 ,moo1 adj4 compar4 more 7in number71 #dj_/h1 #aba_/bj4 ,see ,mo4 ,moralytes1 s4 pl4 moral principles1 prol4 #ae4 ,more1 adj4 compar4 greater1 #abg_/d4 ,more harder1 adj4 compar4 harder1 #acg_/ac4 ,more hyer1 adj4 compar4 higher1 #fg_/c4 ,morfounde1 s4 a disease in a horse's feet1 occasioned by its taking cold1 #ajj_/a4 8,se morfondre1 to take cold1 catch cold20 ,cotgrave4 ,morteys1 s4 mortise1 #c_/ac1 #bj1 #ci4 7,it is a hole in a piece of wood made to receive something that can be tightly wedged up in it47 ,mosse1 s4 moss1 #aca_/c4 ,mouldywarpe-hilles1 s4 pl4 mole-hills1 #bc_/bj4 ,mountenance1 s4 amount1 #eh_/ca4 ,mournynge1 s4 a disease appearing either in the tongue or back of a horse1 apparently cancer1 #hc_/a1 #hg_/a1 #aai_/d4 ,see mourrues1 mourue in ,cotgrave4 ,mowen1 adj4 mown1 #gj_/cb4 ,mowes1 s4 pl4 stacks1 heaps1 #cb_/c4 ,mucke1 s4 manure1 #ag_/b4 ,mucke1 v4 to manure1 #ag_/e4 ,muck-wayne1 s4 manure-cart1 #adf_/hf4 ,muldes1 s4 pl4 pieces of mould or earth1 #da_/c1 #de_/h1 #abd_/bc4 ,murren1 s4 murrain1 #eg_/ac4 ,murtheryng1 s4 murdering1 killing1 #ea_/f4 ,musell1 s4 muzzle1 note to #ci_/i4 ,myldewe-grass1 s4 mildew-grass1 #ed_/ag4 ,myldewes1 s4 pl4 mildews1 #dd_/bd4 ,myllettes1 s4 pl4 a disease behind the fetlocks of horses1 #aaj_/a4 ,mynystratours1 s4 pl4 ministers1 #afe_/e4 ,nache1 s4 the point of the rump1 #eg_/c4 ,see ,old ,country ,words1 ed4 ,britten1 p4 #aje4 8,a big nach1 round and knotty10 said of an ox2 ,g4 ,markham1 ,husbandry1 ,of ,oxen4 ,narowe1 adj4 narrow1 close1 difficult1 #d_/bf4 ,nathes1 s4 pl4 naves of a wheel1 #e_/i4 ,nauyll1 s4 navel1 #eg_/f4 ,nauylgall1 s4 navel-gall1 described as a kind of sore on a horse's back1 #aje_/a4 ,necessaryest1 adj4 superl4 most necessary1 #a_/d4 7,used with most preceding74 ,nede1 s4 need1 necessity1 #dd_/af4 ,nedle1 s4 needle1 #adb_/e4 ,nether1 adj4 compar4 lower1 #e_/bb1 #ca_/g4 ,norfolke1 #b_/bg4 ,nose-thrilles1 s4 pl4 nostrils1 #hd_/b2 nosethrylles1 #ge_/c2 sing4 nosethryll1 #he_/c4 ,nother1 for other2 an nother1 another1 #b_/ai4 ,nourysshe1 v4 nourish1 #acj_/bd4 ,nowe-a-dayes1 adv4 nowadays1 #aec_/e4 ,nycked1 pp4 notched1 #ba_/d4 ,nyckes1 s4 pl4 notches1 #d_/ch1 #abb_/da4 ,occupy1 v4 use1 #a_/e2 occupie1 #adh_/aj2 occupied1 pp4 used1 #ae_/cf4 ,of1 adv4 off1 away from it1 #acf_/ab2 off1 #bg_/g1 #aci_/ai4 ,of1 prep4 during1 #f_/ac4 ,oke1 s4 oak1 #ae_/g1 #bd_/aj4 ,oke-settes1 s4 pl4 young plants or cuttings of oak1 #abd_/h4 ,oke-water1 s4 oak-water1 apparently water in which oak-galls have been steeped1 #hg_/b4 ,olde1 adj4 old2 the olde of the mone1 at full moon1 #ab_/cg4 ,ones1 adv4 once1 #adg_/bh4 ,or1 adv4 ere1 before1 #e_/a1 #aai_/h4 ,oratory1 #afe_/dg4 ,orchyarde1 s4 orchard1 #abb_/c4 ,order1 v4 determine1 #c_/da4 ,ordeyne1 v4 to order1 send1 #adf_/ad4 ,osyerde1 s4 osier1 #acj_/ab4 ,otemele1 s4 oatmeal1 #ad_/aj4 ,otes1 s4 pl4 oats1 #ac_/bf1 #ad_/a4 ,other whyle1 adv4 sometimes1 occasionally1 #d_/af1 #dh_/d1 #fj_/e4 ,ouer1 adj4 upper1 #e_/bb1 #ia_/b1 #acc_/ad4 ,ouerlay1 v4 cover by laying over1 #abg_/da4 ,ouermoste1 adj4 superl4 uppermost1 #aca_/af4 ,ouerplus1 s4 overplus1 surplus1 #adh_/h4 ,ouer-rechynge1 s4 overstepping1 #aac_/a4 ,ouerthwarte1 adv4 across1 sideways1 #g_/ba1 #aab_/c1 #aca_/ad4 ,oughte1 pt4 s4 owed1 #adf_/ajf4 ,outragious1 adj4 extravagant1 #aej_/f4 ,oxe-bowes1 s4 pl4 bent pieces of wood passing round the necks of oxen1 and fastened to the yoke1 #e_/dd4 ,oygrane wheate1 white wheat1 note to #cd_/bc4 ,oyse1 v4 to ooze1 #aaa_/b4 ,pale1 s4 paling1 #dj_/c4 ,paper1 s4 paper1 #adb_/d4 ,parcels1 s4 pl4 parts1 divisions1 #fh_/fc4 ,parchment1 s4 parchment1 #adb_/d4 ,pare1 v4 to pare1 cut1 #abd_/cj1 #acf_/af2 pared1 pp4 #acf_/ba4 ,partener1 s4 partner1 #acd_/bg1 #cj4 ,paryng1 s4 paring1 #ajj_/ab4 ,paste1 adv4 past1 over1 #ac_/ae4 ,pasturnes1 s4 pl4 pasterns1 #aab_/c4 ,pastyme1 s4 pastime1 something to pass or fill up leisure time1 #adf_/dg4 ,pater-noster1 #aff_/ab4 ,paule1 ,st4 ,paul1 #aec_/bh1 #aeh_/f1 #afa_/h1 #afi_/bi4 ,payle1 s4 pail1 #ef_/g4 ,payre1 v4 to impair1 make worse1 #ig_/c2 payreth1 pr4 s4 spoils1 #d_/bf4 ,pease1 peas1 #aj_/c1 #h4 ,properly a singular form4 ,peeke countreye1 country round the ,peak1 in ,derbyshire1 #ci_/af4 ,peeke-wheate1 s4 peek-wheat1 a kind of poor wheat1 #cd_/da4 ,cf4 peeked1 thin4 ,pees1 s4 pease1 #aj_/ad4 ,see ,pease4 ,pees-stubble1 s4 pea-stubble1 #cd_/e4 ,pelte-rotte1 s4 rot in the fleece1 #ed_/cc4 ,penknyfe1 s4 penknife1 #adb_/e4 ,penne1 s4 pen1 #adb_/d4 ,pens1 s4 pl4 pence1 #ed_/aj4 ,peny1 s4 penny1 #cf_/aa4 ,peny-grasse1 s4 a kind of grasse that never bears a flower1 #ed_/h4 ,it must therefore be distinct from ,rhinanthus ,crista-galli1 also called penny-grass by some2 see ,old ,country ,words1 ed4 ,britten1 p4 #cg4 ,perche1 s4 perch1 #cj sq4 yards1 #ab_/e4 ,perfyte1 adj4 perfect1 #ada_/e4 ,perseth1 pr4 s4 pierceth1 #ada_/h4 ,peruse1 v4 to go through with1 continue1 #aca_/ae2 imp4 s4 #abd_/ce2 examine1 #dj_/bc2 survey1 #cj_/g4 ,perysshynge1 s4 piercing1 #fb_/ag4 ,see the note4 ,peter1 ,st41 #aee_/ac4 ,peyhenne1 s4 peahen1 #adf_/bh4 ,peynes1 s4 pains2 a disease in a horse's fetlocks1 #aaa_/a4 ,pikstaues1 s4 pl4 pikestaves 7but here used1 apparently1 of a part of a cart1 possibly the supports of the shafts71 #e_/bc4 ,pill1 v4 to peel1 note to #ee_/af4 ,plasshed1 pp4 plashed1 #abg_/ai4 ,see below4 ,plasshynge1 s4 plashing1 #abd_/b4 ,to plash is to lower and close up a broad-spread hedge1 by partially cutting off the branches1 and entwining them with those left upright4 ,playster1 s4 plaister1 #afd_/bb4 ,pleched1 pp4 pleached1 plashed1 #abg_/bb4 ,see ,plasshynge4 ,pleytes1 s4 pl4 plaits1 folds1 #aea_/ag4 ,ploughe-beame1 s4 plough-beam1 #c_/b1 #i4 ,see note to #c_/a4 ,ploughe-eare1 s4 plough-ear1 #c_/e1 #db2 #d_/cd4 ,see note to #c_/a4 ,ploughe-fote1 s4 plough-foot1 #c_/e1 #ch4 ,see note to #c_/a4 ,plough-geare1 s4 instruments requisite for ploughing1 #e_/de4 ,ploughehedde1 s4 the same as the share-beam1 #b_/aj4 ,see ,sharbeame4 ,ploughe-mal1 s4 plough-hammer or mallet1 #c_/f4 ,see note to #c_/a4 ,ploughe-shethe1 s4 plough-sheath1 #b_/c4 ,see note to #c_/a4 ,plough-stylte1 s4 the right-hand handle of a plough1 #c_/ba4 ,see note to #c_/a4 ,ploughetayle1 s4 the left-hand and longer handle of the plough1 #b_/bc2 #c_/ae1 #ai4 ,ploughe-yren1 s4 plough-iron1 iron part of a plough 7share and coulter71 #e_/b2 ploughe-yrons1 pl4 #b_/ai4 ,plowe1 v4 plough1 #f_/ad4 ,plowes1 s4 pl4 ploughs1 #b_/a4 ,plummes1 s4 pl4 plums1 #acf_/d1 #adj_/a4 ,plyenge1 pres4 pt4 bending1 #bd_/ad4 ,pockes1 s4 pl4 pocks1 pustules1 a disease in sheep1 #di_/a4 ,pole1 #ab_/e4 ,see ,perche4 ,polerd wheat1 s4 coarse wheat1 pollard wheat1 #cd_/bc4 ,so called because it has no awns3 to poll is to clip1 etc4 ,see ,pollard4 ,poleyn1 s4 pl4 poultry1 fowls1 #adf_/ba4 ,pollard1 short-horned1 said of a ram1 note to #cg_/f4 ,see ,polerd4 ,pommes1 pumice1 #adb_/d2 pomis1 #ajj_/f4 ,ponch1 s4 punch1 #aci_/i4 ,pondre1 v4 to ponder1 consider1 #aec_/bh4 ,poores1 s4 pl4 pores1 #gj_/bf4 ,popeler1 s4 poplar1 #acj_/e4 ,potte1 s4 pot2 good for the potte1 good for boiling1 #adf_/ce4 ,pottell1 s4 a pottle1 two quarts1 #dd_/h4 ,potycarye1 s4 an apothecary1 #abj_/h4 ,pouertee1 s4 poverty1 #adg_/ae4 ,pourpose1 v4 purpose1 intend1 #bg_/ai4 ,poynte1 s4 a tagged lace1 #adb_/e4 ,practyue1 s4 practice1 #d_/bi2 practiue1 #ada_/ba4 ,predication1 s4 preaching1 #aed_/ai4 ,prefixe1 v4 to fix beforehand1 #aeg_/g4 ,processe1 s4 relation1 story1 tale1 #b_/bi1 #abj_/ac2 in processe1 in course of time1 #abg_/h4 ,profe1 s4 proof1 #afa_/bd4 ,proferre1 v4 to put into1 insert1 #ach_/ac4 ,profytablest1 adj4 superl4 most profitable1 #cg_/e4 ,promesse1 s4 promise1 #aeg_/af1 #ba4 ,propertie1 s4 method1 #ab_/ag4 ,prouander1 s4 provender1 #bc_/aa4 ,proued1 pp4 tried1 #ada_/bb1 #bc4 ,prycke-eared1 pp4 with sharply pointed erect ears1 #gg_/a4 ,cf4 the phr4 #8to prick up one's ears4' ,pulled1 pp4 gathered1 #adf_/da4 ,pursy1 s4 short-windedness 7in a horse71 #hd_/a4 ,see ,pursy in my ,etym4 ,dict4 ,pursynes1 s4 short-windedness1 #hg_/d4 ,put1 v4 push1 #gj_/db4 ,pygges1 s4 pl4 pigs1 #adf_/hi4 ,pyke1 v4 pick1 #ce_/c4 ,pykforke1 s4 pitchfork1 #e_/f1 #be_/d4 ,pyl1 v4 to peel1 #acd_/bc2 imp4 s4 #acd_/aa4 ,see ,pill4 ,pylate1 ,pilate1 #aff_/bf4 ,pyllynge1 s4 strip of bark1 #acf_/bb4 ,pymples1 s4 pl4 pimples1 #di_/b1 #ic_/c4 ,pyn-awgur1 s4 a boring-tool for making holes for pins or pegs1 probably a gimlet as distinguished from a rest-awgur1 #e_/cb4 ,pynder1 s4 the petty officer of a manor1 whose duty it was to impound all strange cattle straying on the common1 #adh_/be1 #ci4 ,pynfolde1 s4 pound1 #adh_/bf4 ,pynte1 s4 pint1 #eh_/ca4 ,pypes1 s4 pl4 hollow stalks1 #gj_/i4 ,pyrre-stocke1 s4 a pear-stock1 #acg_/aj4 ,pysell1 s4 pizzle1 #ef_/g4 ,pytchers1 s4 pl4 pitchers1 #ada_/fh4 ,quicke1 adj4 alive2 waxe quicke1 become alive1 #ia_/e4 ,quikens1 s4 pl4 live things1 #ee_/af4 ,quiteth1 pr4 s4 requites1 repays1 #ad_/ac4 ,quyche1 s4 couch-grass1 #ad_/ag4 ,quyche-hey1 s4 hay of couch-grass1 #be_/ba4 ,quycke1 adj4 alive1 #ajb_/d4 ,quycke1 s4 quicke1 sensitive part1 #aae_/b4 ,quycke-sande1 s4 quicksand1 #abh_/bd4 ,quyckeset1 v4 make quickset hedges1 #abc_/h4 ,quycksettes1 s4 pl4 quickset hedges1 #abd_/c4 ,rache1 s4 a streak or mark on a horse's forehead 7misprinted rathe in ed4 #aecd71 #fh_/fd4 ,see the spelling ratch in the note to the line4 #8,raitch1 a white line in a horse's face2 ,yorksh4' --,wright4 ,see ,rase4 ,radel-marke1 s4 a mark made on sheep with ruddle1 or red ochre1 #eb_/e4 ,raine1 s4 gutter1 water-course1 furrow between ridges1 #ac_/g2 rayne1 #g_/bj4 ,see ,rean in ,wright1 and below4 ,ranke1 adj4 rank1 strong1 #aj_/aj1 #ab_/bj2 fertile1 #ag_/bi4 ,ranknes1 s4 abundance1 repletion1 #aja_/a4 ,rapes1 s4 pl4 turnips1 #bj_/i4 ,o4 ,f4 rabe1 rave1 #8a rape or turnep'2 ,cotgrave4 ,rase1 s4 streak1 mark1 #gc_/a4 ,see ,rache4 ,ratch4 ,see ,rache4 ,rate1 s4 rate1 #aba_/ab4 ,rathe1 s4 an error1 7in ed4 #aecd7 for rache1 #fh_/fd4 ,see ,rache4 ,rather1 adv4 compar4 sooner1 quicker1 easier1 #df_/c1 #ff_/bb1 #acc_/e4 ,rathes1 s4 pl4 frames of wood placed on a cart to make it broader1 for carrying hay1 #e_/bb4 7,also called raves47 ,raunsome1 s4 ransom1 #adh_/bh4 ,raye1 pr4 s4 subj4 have diarrha1 #da_/a4 8,i beray1 ,i fyle ones clothes with spottes of myer1 properly aboute the skyrtes1 ie crotte20 ,palsgrave4 ,rayment1 s4 raiment1 apparel1 #aea_/i4 ,rayne1 furrow1 #g_/bj4 ,see ,raine4 ,reane1 s4 gutter2 furrow between the ridges of ploughed land to take off the water1 #ba_/ae2 #cc_/f1 #h1 #aj4 ,see ,raine4 ,recheles1 adj4 reckless1 #g_/h4 ,red wheate1 a kind of wheat1 #cd_/ce4 ,rede1 s4 reed1 #bg_/ba4 ,reduce1 v4 bring back1 turn1 #g_/ae4 ,redy1 adj4 dressed1 #adf_/h4 ,see note4 ,reed1 pp4 shaken in a sieve1 so that the chaff collects to one place1 #cf_/c4 8,ree1 to pass corn through a sieve for the purpose of cleaning it from chaff20 ,wright4 ,see ,e4,d4,s4 ,gloss4 ,b4 #af1 p4 #hi4 ,reed1 adj4 red1 #di_/a1 #ee_/b1 #ajb_/c4 ,reedwaxe1 s4 red wax1 sealing-wax1 #adb_/d4 ,regum primo1 in the first ,book of ,kings 7,samuel71 #afe_/eb4 ,reke1 s4 rick1 #bi_/ac1 #cb_/e4 ,a4,s4 hrec4 ,relent1 v4 to melt1 #dd_/af4 ,remytte1 v4 to leave1 #g_/ad2 pr4 s4 #a p4 ,i pass over1 prol4 #bg4 ,see note4 ,ren ryot1 phr4 to run riot1 #adh_/ch4 ,renne1 v4 to run1 #ach_/bj2 renneth1 pr4 s4 runs1 #ed_/aa2 rennynge1 pres4 pt4 running1 #dd_/f4 ,rennynge1 s4 running1 #he_/b4 ,reparation1 s4 repair1 #e_/h4 ,repes1 s4 pl4 handfuls 7of corn1 also of beans1 etc471 #bi_/d1 #g4 8,repe1 a handful of corn20 ,wright4 ,allied to ,e4 reap4 ,repeyled1 pp4 rippled1 #adf_/da4 ,reproued1 pp4 reprobate1 #add_/h4 ,rere1 v4 rear1 rise1 #af_/f4 ,reson1 s4 reason2 of reson1 of course1 #ab_/cc4 ,rest1 s4 a plough-rest1 #c_/d1 #bb4 ,see note to #c_/a4 ,rest-awgur1 s4 perhaps a boring-tool1 the head of which rests against a support 7871 #e_/cc4 ,or1 more likely1 for wrest-augur1 one which resembles a centre-bit1 and is wrested round 7874 ,rest-balke1 pr4 s4 subj4 #b p4 make a rest-balk1 #af_/ca4 ,see below4 ,reste-balkes1 s4 pl4 ridges of land between furrows1 #d_/d4 ,retayle1 imp4 s4 sell by retail1 #acd_/a4 ,rideled1 pp4 sifted1 #adf_/ea4 ,ridge-bone1 s4 back-bone1 #fj_/ab4 ,ripeled1 pp4 rippled1 stripped1 #adf_/ea4 ,role1 v4 roll1 #ae_/ej4 ,ronges1 s4 pl4 steps of ladders1 rungs1 #acd_/aj4 ,ronne1 v4 to run1 #da_/ad4 7,perhaps a misprint for renne1 q4v47 ,rote1 s4 root1 #abg_/g2 rotes1 pl4 #ia_/e1 #abi_/aj4 ,rounde1 adj4 in a rounded form1 #cc_/af4 ,rowme1 s4 room1 #bf_/h1 #aca_/aj4 ,ruddiest1 a better reading for rudeste2 see note to #cd_/ch4 ,see ,rudeste4 ,ruddyer1 adj4 compar4 redder1 #dh_/aa4 ,rudeste1 adj4 sup4 ruddiest1 reddest1 #cd_/ch4 ,see ,ruddiest4 ,rut1 s4 rutting1 #cg_/ag4 ,ry1 s4 rye1 #h_/ad4 ,rychesse1 s4 riches1 #aef_/a4 ,rydge1 s4 ridge1 #g_/bj4 ,see ,rygge4 ,rygge1 s4 ridge2 holowe rygge1 the hollow between two ridges1 #ag_/aa4 ,rygge1 v4 ridge1 #i_/g2 rygged1 pp4 ridged1 in ridges1 #ac_/b4 ,ryggynge1 s4 edging1 #ac_/c4 ,ryghtuousenes1 s4 justice1 #aeg_/cf4 ,ryghtwysly1 adv4 righteously1 #aef_/cb4 ,ryngbone1 s4 a disease on a horse's foot1 above the hoof1 #ih_/a4 ,rysen-vppon1 s4 a disease2 lit4 #8risen upon1' swollen up1 #fa_/a4 ,ryppon1 ,ripon1 #ag_/bb1 #gi_/aa4 ,sacke1 s4 sack1 #aj_/bf4 ,sadelclothe1 s4 saddlecloth1 #adb_/b4 ,sacrament1 s4 sacrament1 #ade_/g4 ,salesman1 s4 seller1 #acd_/bi4 ,salomon1 ,solomon1 #aeg_/h1 #afi_/ad1 #ca4 ,salue1 v4 salve1 anoint1 #ah_/ce4 ,sandiuer1 s4 scoria of glass1 note to #df_/c4 8,suin de verre1 sandever1 the fatty substance floating on glasse when it is red-hot in the furnace1 and which being cold is as hard as stone1 yet brittle and easily broken20 ,cotgrave4 ,sandy1 adj4 sandy 7said of colour71 #fh_/gd4 ,sappe-tyme1 s4 sap-time1 #acc_/bb4 ,sauegarde1 s4 safeguard1 #ah_/cb1 #abc_/cg2 saue-garde1 #ce_/h4 ,scab1 s4 sore place1 sore1 #db_/e2 scabbe 7in horses71 #aaf_/b4 ,scabbed1 afflicted with scab1 #ah_/h1 #db_/a4 ,scaffolde1 s4 support of a rick1 to keep it off the ground1 #cb_/f4 ,scape1 #b pr4 s4 subj4 escape1 #adh_/dc4 ,scarce1 adj4 sparing1 stingy1 #aej_/b4 ,scaresdale1 ,scardale1 a hundred of ,derbyshire1 #ag_/ba4 ,sclatte1 s4 slate1 #abb_/ch4 ,scote1 s4 privy part of a colt1 #aja_/b4 ,see colt-evil1 explained in ,markham's ,husbandry1 b4 i4 c4 #cb4 ,cf4 sheath in ,wright4 ,scyences1 s4 pl4 scions1 suckers1 #adj_/b4 8,sciens of cherry-trees20 ,w4 ,lawson1 ,orchard and ,garden1 #afdh1 p4 #abb4 ,see note4 ,seame1 used as equivalent to a quarter 7of beans71 note to #ab_/ac4 ,sede-forowe1 s4 seed-furrow1 #d_/cg4 ,selander1 s4 a disease in the bend of a horse's leg1 #ie_/a4 ,selden1 adv4 seldom1 #ed_/bi4 ,semeth1 v4 impers4 appears2 me semeth1 it appears to me1 #cd_/ab4 ,seneca1 #afa_/i4 ,senewes1 s4 pl4 sinews1 #ge_/c4 ,sere1 imp4 s4 sear1 #fc_/g4 ,serewe1 s4 a disease in a horse's leg1 on the inner side1 #if_/a4 ,serue1 v4 to feed animals1 #adf_/bj4 ,sethe1 v4 boil1 #dd_/e2 imp4 s4 #ee_/ah4 ,sette1 v4 to plant1 #abi_/a2 pp4 set1 #abi_/bj4 ,settes1 pl4 slips set in the ground to grow1 cuttings1 #abd_/aj4 ,seuer1 v4 sever1 separate1 #ec_/b4 ,seueral1 adj4 several1 separate1 #f_/f4 ,seueraltye1 in1 phr4 separately1 #abc_/bh4 ,shaken1 adj4 full of cracks in the wood1 #acb_/aa4 ,shakyll1 s4 shackle1 #ae_/ac4 ,shap1 s4 privy part of a mare1 #fh_/bb4 ,sharbeame1 s4 the wooden frame to which the share of a plough is fixed1 #b_/aj2 sharebeame1 #c_/c4 ,share1 s4 ploughshare1 #c_/f4 ,share-hogges1 s4 pl4 yearling sheep that have been once shorn1 #ec_/d4 ,shede1 imp4 s4 part1 #db_/d2 sheede1 v4 to part1 #aaj_/b4 ,shedynge1 s4 spilling1 #ce_/i1 #gj_/df4 ,shefe1 s4 sheaf1 #bh_/f4 ,sheldbrede1 s4 shield-board1 #b_/bc2 #c_/d1 #be4 ,see note to #c_/a4 ,and see below4 ,sheldbredth1 s4 the same as sheldbrede1 #b_/ag1 #bc4 ,the form bredth is corrupt1 by confusion of brede 7 breadth7 with brede 7 board74 ,sheparde1 s4 shepherd1 #ah_/bd4 ,shepe-flekes1 s4 pl4 hurdles for sheep1 #aj_/ce4 ,shepehoke1 s4 sheep-hook1 #da_/ab4 ,sherde1 s4 a breach1 #ada_/cf4 ,shere1 v4 to reap1 #bf_/b1 #adf_/he2 shorne1 pp4 #bf_/c4 ,sherers1 s4 pl4 reapers1 #bg_/c2 sheep-shearers1 #eb_/a4 ,sheres1 s4 pl4 shears1 #da_/ab4 ,shertes1 s4 pl4 shirts1 #adf_/de4 ,sheryffe1 s4 sheriff1 #adh_/dj4 ,shete1 s4 a sheet1 #abb_/ae4 ,shethe1 s4 plough-sheath1 #b_/bc1 #c_/bi4 ,see note to #c_/a1 and see ,ploughe-shethe4 ,sheydes1 s4 pl4 partings1 #dd_/ag4 ,see ,shede4 ,shifted1 pp4 moved1 #ada_/dc4 ,shoke1 v4 to place sheaves together in rows1 to shock1 #ca_/b4 ,sholynges1 s4 pl4 shovellings1 i4e4 road-scrapings1 #ag_/cj4 ,see note to #af_/bi-ce4 ,shorte-pasturned1 pp4 having a short pastern1 #ge_/b4 ,shote1 s4 shot1 #aea_/bj4 ,shotes1 s4 pl4 7put for ,slotes71 #ae_/h4 ,see ,slote4 ,shotte1 pp4 shot up1 grown1 #ba_/ai4 ,shouell1 s4 shovel1 #e_/cc1 #ag_/ad4 ,shough1 s4 shock1 rough hair on a horse's foot1 #aad_/c4 ,showed1 pp4 shoed1 #adb_/f4 ,showynge1 s4 shoeing1 #aji_/d4 ,shoyng-horne1 s4 shoe-horn1 #adb_/a4 ,shrede1 v4 to cut off the smaller branches of a tree1 #acb_/a2 shred1 pp4 having the smaller branches cut off1 #acc_/b4 ,shuld1 pt4 s4 would1 #abh_/cd4 ,sicle1 s4 sickle1 #bg_/ad2 syckle1 #bh_/d4 ,sith1 s4 scythe1 #bc_/ae4 ,skal1 s4 a scall or scab1 #id_/d4 ,skeyggs1 s4 pl4 rough oats1 note to #ad_/ae4 ,doubtless so called from the long awns2 cf4 ,icel4 skegg1 a beard1 ,dan4 skjg1 a beard1 barb1 awn4 ,cf4 ,e4 shaggy4 ,skorfe1 s4 scurf1 #aaf_/b4 ,skyppes1 s4 pl4 baskets1 #aff_/ba4 ,usually skeps4 ,slake1 v4 to extinguish1 #afi_/ad4 ,slaue1 v4 to bend down1 #acc_/ae 7where it seems to mean tear by breaking down72 to bend1 #acc_/f2 to slant1 #abg_/ae1 #cb4 ,cf4 8,i slyue downe1 ,i fall downe sodaynly20 ,palsgrave4 ,see below4 ,slauynges1 s4 pl4 slips1 scions1 #acj_/e4 ,cf4 slive1 a slip1 slive1 to slice1 slift1 a scion of a plant for propagation1 not cut1 but pulled off at a joint2 ,wright4 8,i slyue a floure from his braunche or stalke20 ,palsgrave4 ,slecketh1 pr4 s4 extinguishes1 #afi_/ac4 ,see ,slake4 ,sleues1 s4 pl4 sleeves 7but in what sense is uncertain71 #e_/f4 ,slote1 s4 rod1 thin piece of wood1 cross-piece of a harrow1 #ae_/aa4 ,a slot or slote is1 properly1 a thin flat bar4 ,see ,ray1 ,gloss4 ,b4 #ae4 ,see below4 ,slote1 s4 slit8 7apparently the same as slyt in #c_/ag71 #d_/ae4 ,the usual sense of slot is #8bar4' ,see above4 ,sloted1 pp4 furnished with slotes or bars1 #ae_/bd4 ,slote-wedges1 s4 pl4 wedges fixed in the slote1 #d_/ad4 ,see ,slote 7 slit874 ,small1 s4 small part1 calf of the leg1 #ae_/h4 ,smockes1 s4 pl4 women's shifts1 #adf_/de4 ,socle1 imp4 s4 suckle1 cause to suckle1 #ch_/d2 give suck1 #adf_/aj4 ,socket1 s4 socket1 fitted end1 #c_/dg2 means of fastening on1 #ba_/h4 ,sodeinly1 adv4 suddenly1 #b_/bd4 ,soke1 v4 suck1 #b_/ac4 ,somer1 s4 rail or support1 #e_/bb4 ,cf4 ,bressomer2 also 8somers1 the rails of a cart20 ,wright4 ,see sumpter in my ,etym4 ,dict4 ,sommersetshyre1 ,somersetshire1 #b_/i4 ,sonne1 s4 sun1 #i_/e2 spelt son1 #adf_/ed4 ,soo1 conj4 so1 provided that1 #dc_/d4 ,sophystycallye1 adv4 sophistically1 ambiguously1 #fh_/df4 ,sorance1 s4 sore1 injury1 disease1 #f_/bi1 #hi_/a2 soraunce1 #hj_/a1 #aai_/a4 ,sought1 s4 #eg_/ac4 ,see ,longe soughte4 ,souketh1 pr4 s4 sucks1 #ci_/aa4 ,souper1 s4 supper1 #adf_/ab4 ,souse1 s4 pickle1 brine1 #aba_/ae4 ,sowen1 pp4 sown1 #ab_/cc1 #ce2 #ada_/db4 ,sowes1 s4 pl4 sows1 #aba_/i4 ,spade-graffe1 s4 the depth to which a spade will dig1 about a foot1 #abd_/cc4 ,spauen1 s4 spavin1 a kind of lameness1 #ajf_/a4 ,also1 the place where spavin appears1 #ajg_/d4 ,spauen-place1 s4 place where a horse is subject to spavin1 #aah_/c4 ,spere1 s4 spear1 #adb_/b4 ,sperewort1 s4 spear-wort1 a grass1 #ed_/c4 8,flamula is the herbe whiche we cal in englishe ,sperewurte or ,spergrasse20 ,turner's ,names of ,herbes4 ,it is the lesser spear-wort1 ,ranunculus ,flammula1 as the greater spear-wort1 or ,ranunculus ,lingua1 is of larger growth4 ,see ,speerworty in ,pegge1 ,gloss4 ,b4 #f4 ,spinner1 s4 a spider1 note to #ed_/bb4 7,in ,shakespeare47 ,splent1 s4 disease in a horse's leg1 #if_/a2 #ig_/a4 ,splente1 imp4 s4 furnish with splents or laths1 #abb_/i4 ,see below4 ,splentes1 s4 pl4 laths1 #abb_/aj4 ,spokes1 s4 pl4 spokes of a wheel1 #e_/i4 ,spon1 pp4 spun1 #adf_/db4 ,spores1 s4 pl4 spurs1 #adb_/b4 ,sporte1 s4 sport1 #aec_/ah4 ,sprede1 v4 spread1 #aj_/ch4 ,sprot-barley1 s4 sprout-barley1 a kind of barley1 #ac_/ai4 ,sprutteth1 v4 sprouteth1 #ac_/ch4 ,sprynge1 s4 young wood1 shoots1 #abf_/aa2 #ace_/d1 #g1 #bg4 ,spyndel1 s4 spindle1 #ajc_/e4 ,spyres1 s4 pl4 shoots1 sprigs1 #bj_/ab4 ,see note to ,p4 ,plowman1 ,c4 xiii4 #ahj4 ,squecke1 s4 a disease of turkeys1 note to #add4 ,stacke1 s4 stack1 #aca_/aa4 ,staffe1 s4 a staff1 stick1 #da_/i2 handle1 #ba_/h4 ,staffe-hokes1 s4 pl4 staff-hooks2 sharp hooks fastened to long handles to cut peas and beans1 and trim hedges1 #bi_/c4 ,stare1 v4 to stand on end1 bristle up1 #ef_/aa1 #ih_/d1 #aaa_/c4 ,starkely1 adv4 stiffly1 with difficulty1 #fe_/c4 ,staues1 s4 pl4 staves1 bars1 rails1 #gj_/de1 #ada_/dh2 #8rough staves1' #c_/e1 #ce4 ,see note to #c_/a4 ,staunche1 v4 to staunch1 stop1 #eh_/cb4 ,staye1 s4 support1 #c_/da4 ,steeled1 pp4 steeled1 #ba_/i4 ,steke1 imp4 s4 shut1 fasten1 #dj_/ad1 #afe_/dh2 v4 #afg_/cd4 ,stele1 s4 handle1 #bd_/ah4 ,a4 ,s4 stel4 ,stere1 v4 stir1 #af_/bd4 ,sterte1 s4 stalk1 #bj_/bc4 ,cf4 start tail4 ,steryngtyme1 s4 time for stirring1 #af_/bf4 ,stilt1 s4 the right-hand handle of a plough1 #c_/d4 ,see note to #c_/a4 ,stocke1 s4 stock1 stem1 #acf_/ai4 ,stocke-heed1 s4 head or top of the stock1 #ach_/bf4 ,stole1 s4 stool1 #abb_/ag4 ,stooles1 s4 pl4 stools2 but1 apparently1 part of the gear of a plough1 #e_/dd4 ,stoupe1 v4 to stoop1 #ba_/bf2 to obey1 #da_/ah4 ,stranguellyon1 s4 strangury1 retention of urine1 #hh_/a4 8,stranguyllyon1 a sicknesse1 chauldepisse20 ,palsgrave4 ,and see ,markham1 ,husbandry1 b4 i4 c4 #cj4 ,streyte1 adv4 close1 #ef_/ag4 ,stringe1 s4 string1 #adb_/c4 ,strykes1 s4 pl4 strikes1 ,london bushels1 #ab_/h4 7,the measure varied47 ,stryndes1 s4 pl4 streaks1 #ee_/b4 ,stryng-halte1 s4 string-halt1 a twitching lameness in horses1 #ajh_/a4 ,stubbes1 s4 pl4 old roots1 or stumps1 #abg_/bg4 ,sturdy1 s4 #8the turn1' i4e4 giddiness1 note to #fb 7rubric74 ,sturred1 pp4 stirred1 #ag_/h1 #ada_/db4 ,sturrynge1 s4 stirring1 #d_/dj4 ,styffe-docked1 pp4 having a stiff stumpy part of the tail1 #gd_/b4 ,styffe-eared1 pp4 having stiff ears1 #gf_/a4 ,stylkynges1 s4 pl4 some part of harness for oxen1 #e_/d4 ,styred1 pp4 stirred1 #adf_/ajh4 ,subleuate1 lifted up1 #afe_/dc4 ,suet1 s4 suet1 #dd_/g4 ,swarth1 adj4 grassy1 note to sect4 #h 7ch4 #h1 l4 #cj74 ,swathe1 s4 a row of cut grass1 #bc_/af4 ,sweate1 v4 give out moisture1 as cut grass1 #bc_/ac4 ,swyneherde1 s4 swineherd1 #abc_/af4 ,swyngletre1 the bar that swings at the heels of the horse when drawing a harrow1 #ae_/db2 swyngle-trees1 pl4 swinging bars to which traces are fixed1 #e_/be4 ,syde1 adj4 long1 trailing1 #aea_/ad4 ,a4,s4 sd1 long4 ,syde-longe all1 close beside1 #ch_/g4 ,syde-tailed1 pp4 longtailed1 #gg_/c4 ,see ,syde4 ,syde-wedges1 s4 pl4 side-wedges 7at the side of the coulter71 #d_/bb4 ,sye1 imp4 s4 strain 7milk71 #adf_/aj4 8,i sye mylke1 or clense1 ie coulle du laict4 ,this term is to muche northerne20 ,palsgrave4 ,symbalo1 for symbolo1 abl4 s4 in the creed1 #afa_/c4 ,symylytude1 s4 likeness1 #afj_/i4 ,synagoges1 s4 pl4 synagogues1 #afe_/ba4 ,synge1 v4 sing 7as land71 #aj_/ai4 ,syre1 s4 sire 7said of a horse71 #fh_/ge4 ,sythe1 conj4 since1 #aeg_/da4 ,syues1 s4 pl4 sieves1 #cf_/c4 ,syxte1 adj4 num4 sixth1 #ge_/c4 ,tables1 s4 pl4 tablets1 #ada_/ca4 ,take1 pr4 s4 subj4 lay firm hold of1 #abf_/ab4 ,tancardes1 s4 pl4 tankards1 #ada_/fh4 ,tarre1 s4 tar1 #dg_/af4 ,see ,terre4 ,tawed1 pp4 dressed1 #adf_/db4 ,tayle1 s4 plough-tail1 #c_/ah4 ,tedde1 v4 to spread or turn hay1 #be1 rubric2 tedded1 pp4 #be_/b4 8,i teede hey1 ,i tourne it afore it is made in cockes20 ,palsgrave4 ,teddered1 pp4 tethered1 fastened1 #f_/ag4 ,teddynge1 s4 spreading1 #be_/d4 ,tedure1 s4 tether1 #adg_/ca4 ,tedure1 v4 to tether1 #adh_/ad4 ,tell1 v4 count1 #cj_/e4 ,temper1 s4 adjustment1 #d_/df2 tempre1 #d_/ef4 ,tempered1 pp4 adjusted1 set1 #b_/cj1 #d_/c2 worked together 7as clay71 #abb_/bf4 ,temporal1 adj4 worldly1 #aed_/ag4 ,tenaunte1 s4 tenant1 #abc_/ca4 ,tenaunte1 s4 tenon1 #aci_/f4 ,tennes-balles1 s4 pl4 tennis balls1 #ia_/d4 ,terre1 s4 tar1 #da_/d4 ,terre1 s4 tare1 tares1 #bj_/cf2 ter1 #bj_/d4 ,terre-boxe1 s4 tar-box1 #da_/aj4 ,thacke1 s4 thatch1 #bg_/bj4 8,thacke of a house1 chaume20 ,palsgrave4 ,thacke1 v4 thatch1 #bg_/aj4 ,thacking1 s4 thatching1 #bg_/bd4 ,thanke1 s4 thanks1 #afi_/bc4 ,there-as1 conj4 where1 #cc_/ac1 #de_/i1 #eh_/i4 ,theyues1 s4 pl4 ewes of the first year1 #ec_/d4 8,theave1 a ewe of a year old 7,essex72 a sheep of three years old 7,north720 ,wright4 ,see thaive1 theave1 in ,index to ,old ,country ,words1 ed4 ,j4 ,britten 7,e4,d4,s474 ,thimble1 s4 thimble1 #adb_/e4 ,thistyls1 s4 pl4 thistles1 #bj_/c2 thistyll1 s4 #bj_/f4 ,thopinion1 the opinion1 #ab_/cg4 ,thorowe1 adv4 through1 #bc_/af1 #dd_/aj1 #abh_/ai4 ,threde1 s4 thread1 #adb_/e4 ,thresshe1 pr4 s4 subj4 #b4 p4 thresh1 #ce_/b2 thresshen1 pp4 #ac_/dj2 thresshed1 pp4 #aj_/i4 ,throughe1 adj4 passing through1 continuous1 #if_/c4 ,thryfte1 s4 thrift1 thriving1 #abi_/h4 ,thyn-cressed1 pp4 thin in the crest1 #gh_/b4 ,the crest is #8the rising part of a horse's neck2' ,wright4 ,tinded1 pp4 furnished with tines1 #ae_/bd4 ,see ,tyndes4 ,to1 adv4 too1 #b_/bd1 #b_/bi1 #dc_/e1 #adh_/cd1 #aej_/b4 ,to1 prep4 in going to1 #adf_/af4 ,to1 frequently inserted in imperative clauses2 thus1 to fel1 i4e4 remember to fell1 #acd_/ae2 to sell1 be sure to sell1 #acd_/ah2 c4 ,togwith1 or ,togewith1 s4 part of the draught apparatus of a plough or harrow1 to which the swingle-tree was attached1 #e_/be1 #ae_/dc4 ,lit4 8tug-withe20 cf4 8tug-iron1 an iron on the shafts of a waggon to hitch the traces to20 ,wright4 ,tolle1 s4 toll1 #adf_/ag4 ,tomblynge1 s4 tumbling1 #ajb_/e4 ,toppes1 s4 tops1 #ca_/ab4 ,tothe1 v4 furnish with teeth1 #bd_/g4 ,toure1 s4 tower1 #adf_/ajd4 ,towels1 s4 pl4 towels1 #adf_/de4 ,towne-syde4 s4 farm-yard side1 #aj_/aa4 ,traile1 v4 to drag on the ground1 #ada_/di4 ,tree1 s4 piece of wood1 #c_/i2 tre1 #c_/aa4 ,trenche1 s4 trench1 #abd_/cj4 ,tresses1 s4 pl4 traces 7for drawing a plough71 #e_/be1 #ae_/db4 ,trouse1 s4 the trimmings of a hedge1 #ch_/c1 #abf_/i4 8,trouse1 to trim hedgings02 ,wright4 ,tryanglewise1 adj4 in the form of a triangle1 #d_/cd4 ,tucke1 v4 to tuck up short1 #aea_/ad4 ,tuell1 s4 fundament 7of a horse71 #he_/d4 ,tuftes1 s4 pl4 tufts1 #gj_/c4 ,turne1 s4 a disease of cattle1 giddiness1 #fb_/bh4 ,twon1 pp4 twined1 #be_/cb4 ,twyche1 v4 to twitch1 #ajh_/b4 ,twyrle1 v4 turn round2 twyrle upon1 i4e4 turn round by pressing upon1 #ee_/a4 ,twyse1 adv4 twice1 #adg_/bh4 ,twytches1 s4 pl4 jerks1 #ae_/ba4 ,tyckes1 s4 pl4 ticks1 small insects1 #ace_/ai4 ,tyndes1 s4 pl4 tines1 teeth1 #ae_/bf4 ,tyne1 v4 to shut1 #ada_/di4 ,a4,s4 tnan4 ,tythes1 s4 pl4 tithes1 #cj_/ac4 ,vaine1 s4 vein1 #ej_/aa2 vaines1 pl4 #gj_/bf4 ,valentynes daye1 ,feb4 #ad1 #acg_/d4 ,vermynne1 s4 vermin 7said of noxious beasts71 #adf_/cb4 ,viues1 s4 pl4 8,certaine kirnels growing under the horsses eare20 7,topsell1 #afjg1 p4 #cfj71 #ia_/a4 8,vyves1 a disease that an horse hath1 auiues20 ,palsgrave4 ,see ,avives in ,cotgrave4 ,vncomely1 adj4 unsuitable1 prol4 #ac4 ,vnconuenient1 adj4 unsuitable1 unbecoming1 unfit1 #aea_/af1 #aed_/af4 ,vnderstande1 pp4 understood1 #aef_/bg4 ,vnder-wodde1 s4 underwood1 #aca_/b4 ,vndouted1 adv4 doubtless1 #adf_/dh4 ,vngiue1 v4 to give out the damp1 #be_/af4 ,vnhappy1 adj4 unhappy1 unfortunate1 #add_/bj4 ,vpholdyng1 s4 maintaining in repair1 #e_/ch4 ,vppe1 adj4 up1 risen1 #adi_/h4 ,vppe1 adv4 up1 #ac_/h4 ,vpwarde1 adv4 upward1 #af_/ag4 ,vse1 pr4 pl4 are accustomed1 #ba_/bi4 ,vtter1 adj4 compar4 outer1 #ach_/ab4 ,vttermoste1 adj4 superl4 most outward1 #d_/da4 ,waincloutes1 s4 pl4 pieces of iron for strengthening the axle-tree of a waggon1 #e_/ai4 ,on clouts1 see ,j4 ,e4 ,t4 ,rogers1 ,hist4 of ,agriculture1 i4 #edf4 ,wained1 pp4 weaned1 #ace_/ad4 ,waked1 pp4 awake1 #adf_/a4 ,wallettes1 s4 pl4 wallets1 #ada_/fi4 ,walnutshell1 s4 walnut-shell1 #id_/d4 ,walnuttes1 s4 pl4 walnuts1 #acf_/d1 #adj_/d4 ,want1 v4 to lack1 #gi_/ab2 wante1 pr4 s4 subj4 be lacking1 #afd_/bg4 ,warde1 s4 management2 harde of warde1 harde to manage1 #gi_/d4 ,wardens1 s4 pl4 large baking pears1 #acf_/b4 ,warden-tree1 s4 a pear-tree1 bearing large baking pears1 #acg_/c4 ,wardropes1 s4 pl4 wardrobes1 #aea_/b4 ,ware1 s4 ware1 merchandise1 bargain1 #aah_/d4 ,ware1 v4 to spend1 #abc_/bc4 ,see ,gloss4 ,b4 #ae 7,e4 ,d4 ,s471 p4 #gb2 ,gloss4 ,b4 #b1 p4 #db4 ,warke1 s4 work1 #f_/i1 #ba_/bf2 warkes1 pl4 prol4 #bb1 #adc_/aa4 ,warrybredes1 s4 pl4 worms just under the skin1 #fc_/a4 8,wary-breeds1 or ,warnel-worms1 worms on the backs of cattle within their skin20 ,bailey's ,dict4 vol4 i4 ed4 #agce4 ,cf4 8,warbot1 a worme1 escarbot20 ,palsgrave4 ,wartes1 s4 pl4 warts1 #aah_/b4 ,washen1 pp4 washed1 #abb_/ae2 wasshen1 #ea_/b4 ,waspes1 s4 pl4 wasps1 #abb_/dg4 ,water-bowes1 s4 pl4 smaller boughs or shoots of a tree 7probably from their containing much sap71 #abi_/ag4 ,water-forowed1 pp4 drained by making furrows1 #ac_/f1 #cc_/e4 ,wauerynge1 pres4 part4 wavering1 #afe_/db4 ,waxen1 pp4 grown1 #aef_/cf4 ,wayne1 s4 a wain1 waggon1 #e_/f4 ,wayne1 v4 wean1 #ci_/e4 ,wayne-rope1 s4 a cart-rope1 #e_/f4 ,wayters1 s4 pl4 waiters1 #aeb_/aa4 ,weare1 v4 exhaust1 #ad_/af4 ,weate1 s4 wet1 moisture1 #abd_/bb4 ,wedders1 s4 pl4 wether-sheep1 #ec_/e4 ,wede1 v4 weed1 #ba_/b4 ,wedes1 s4 pl4 weeds1 #adf_/cg4 ,wedynge-hoke1 s4 weeding-hook1 #ba_/g4 ,weike1 adj4 weak1 #ec_/i4 ,icel4 veikr4 ,were1 pt4 s4 subj4 would be1 #aba_/b4 ,weter1 adj4 compar4 wetter1 #ad_/c4 ,wether1 weather1 #ah_/bi4 ,wethy1 s4 a willow1 #abf_/c1 #acj_/e1 #ach_/ca4 ,wethy-wode1 s4 withy-wood1 willow-wood1 #bd_/h4 ,not osier4 ,weyke1 adv4 weak1 #ff_/aj4 ,see ,weike4 ,what-someuer1 whatsoever1 #afh_/aj4 ,whelpe1 s4 a young dog1 #da_/ag4 ,whereas1 adv4 where that1 where1 #f_/ae4 ,whether1 adj4 which of the two1 #dj_/bj1 #add_/ai4 ,whyted1 pp4 7 thwited71 cut1 whittled down into shape1 #e_/be4 ,cf4 whittle thwittle1 a knife2 from thwite1 to cut4 ,whyte-thorne1 s4 whitethorn1 #abd_/d1 #abf_/d1 #acg_/ab4 ,whyte wheate1 s4 a kind of wheat1 #cd_/bc4 ,wiedes1 s4 pl4 weeds1 #af_/be4 ,winowed1 pp4 winnowed1 #adf_/ef4 ,winter-corne1 s4 winter-corn 7such as wheat or rye71 #h_/ac4 ,withall1 with it1 #adf_/ae4 ,withe1 s4 withy1 #ae_/ac2 withee1 a twig of willow1 #bd_/ae4 ,see ,togwith and ,wethy4 ,withed1 pp4 bound1 wound1 #ae_/da4 ,wodde1 wood1 #c_/ci2 woddes1 pl4 trees1 #aca_/a4 ,wode euyll1 s4 wood-evil2 a disease in sheep1 #ej_/b4 ,wolde1 pt4 s4 and pl4 ought to 7lit4 would71 #c_/ca2 should1 ought1 #ae_/ce2 must1 #ae_/de2 should1 #ba_/bj1 #abb_/cf1 #adj_/f4 ,woll1 s4 wool1 #db_/c1 #adf_/gg4 ,woll-wynder1 s4 wool-winder1 #eb_/g4 ,wonders1 adv4 wondrously1 prol4 #bd4 7,this afterwards became an adj41 and was turned into the ,mod4 ,e4 wondrous47 ,see below4 ,wonders1 adj4 wonderful1 #aa_/aa4 ,wormes1 s4 pl4 worms1 #ajc_/a4 ,wouen1 pp4 woven1 #adf_/dc4 ,wounden1 pp4 wound1 #adf_/dc4 ,wowed1 pp4 wooed1 #adf_/aji4 ,wrapped1 pp4 7probably7 warped1 drawn out into a warp1 #adf_/dc4 ,spelt warped in ed4 #aeih4 ,wrethynge-temes1 s4 pl4 part of the harness for oxen1 #e_/d4 ,to wrethe is to twist2 a team is #8an ox-chain1 passing from yoke to yoke2' ,e4 ,d4 ,s4 ,gloss4 ,b4 #b1 p4 #dj4 ,wryncles1 s4 pl4 wrinkles1 #ajj_/g4 ,wrynge1 v4 to wring1 #adf_/he4 ,wrynkeled1 pp4 wrinkled1 #cd_/dc4 ,wrythen1 pp4 wreathed1 twisted1 #ca_/ae1 #fd_/f4 ,wyddre1 v4 wither1 #ba_/ag1 #ca_/ag2 wyddred1 pp4 #be_/f4 ,wyddrynge1 s4 withering1 #bc_/h4 ,wydes1 s4 pl4 the name of a kind of apple1 #acj_/d4 ,wyght1 adj4 active1 swift1 #gf_/d4 ,wymble1 s4 an auger1 #bd_/h4 ,wyndgalles1 s4 pl4 wind-galls1 swellings or blisters above a horse's fetlock1 #ii_/a4 8,windgalls are little blebs or soft swellings on each side of the fetlock20 ,g4 ,markham1 ,husbandry1 b4 i4 c4 #eg4 ,wyndrowes1 s4 pl4 rows of grass in hay-making1 #be_/aa4 ,yeane1 v4 produce 7as a ewe71 #cg_/bf4 ,yelde1 v4 yield1 #aj_/i4 ,yere1 s4 pl4 years1 #fg_/i4 ,ylle1 adj4 ill1 bad1 #ed_/aa4 ,yokes1 s4 pl4 frames of wood to couple oxen for drawing1 #e_/c4 ,yomen1 s4 pl4 keepers1 #aea_/a2 yomenne1 yeomen1 #aeb_/aa2 yomenne or yomen1 pawns 7in chess71 prol4 #bj1 prol4 #cj4 ,yorke1 ,york1 #ag_/bb4 ,yorkeshyre1 ,yorkshire1 #b_/bf4 ,yren1 s4 iron1 #b_/b1 #c_/di2 yrens1 pl4 #c_/ed4 ,yren-gray1 adj4 iron-gray1 #fh_/ge4 ,ysaye1 ,isaiah1 #afd_/c4 ,yues1 s4 pl4 ivies1 #acb_/d4 ,zelcester elcester1 i4e4 ,ilchester1 #b_/i1 #bg_/ag4 ,,stephen ,,austin ,,and ,,sons1 ,,printers1 ,,hertford4 ,,transcriber',s ,,note ,all changes noted in the ,,errata 7pg xxxi1 after the ,introduction7 have been applied to the etext1 except for the page header 7,headline7 change which is not applicable for this ebook4 ,footnote #bh is referenced twice from page #ee4 ,numerical values in the original 7#aecd7 text are in roman format1 usually inside periods as #84xxiv4'1 but this is not consistent4 ,some numbers of the form #8xxiv4' and #84xxiv' and #8xxiv' have been left unchanged4 ,pg #c3 page number #8#af' for entry #8#g4' moved from the first line of its text to the last line to be consistent with other entries4 ,pg #d3 #8fol4 #cb4' replaced by #8fol4 xxxii4' in entry #8#ej4'4 ,pg #cc3 #8,m e-hills' 7in ,sidenote7 replaced by #8,mole-hills'4 ,pg #gf3 #8she wyl not not labour' replaced by #8she wyl not labour'4 ,pg #aja3 ,pilcrow symbol inserted after #8#adi4'4 ,pg #aaj3 #8,nichil retinet' has not been changed1 but perhaps should be #8,nihil retinet'4 ,pg #abj3 #8,ecclus4' 7in ,sidenote7 replaced by #8,eccles4'4