file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #egddc-;h4htm or #egddc-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #egddc_/pg#egddc-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#egdd c_/egddc-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/aviator!w ea!#jj;c>piala ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,illu/ration3 ,,army ,,airplane ,,glid+ ,,to ,,nor? ,,isl& ,,ov] ,u4 ,s4 ,,cruis] 8,,san ,,diego0 ,,! ,,aviator ,,& ,,! ,,wea!r ,,bureau by ,,=d ,a4 ,,c>p5t]1 ,,ll4,d4 ,meteorologi/ ,illu/rat$ ) ,photographs & ,*>ts by ! ,au?or & ,o!rs ,publi%$ by ! ,san ,diego ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce #aiag ,publi%$ by p]mission ,dat$ ,augu/ #be1 #aiaf ,second edition1 #e1jjj copies ,j4 ,horace ,mc,farland ,company ,mt4 ,pleasant ,press ,h>risburg1 ,p5nsylvania ,introductory ,note ,?is is a brief b g5]al acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( aviation z x is associat$ ) s\!rn ,cali=nia1 a description ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t s*ool ( aviation at ,san ,diego1 a syllabus ( ! c\rse ( lectures deliv]$ !re on ! subject ( practical meteorology z appli$ to aviation1 a n>rative ( wea!r-/udy f an airplane1 & a recital ( subsequ5t active cop]ation betwe5 ! aviators & ! ,u4 ,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau4,a ,a ,x may be rememb]$ t ! wea!r s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates orig9at$ ) ! ,signal ,corps ( ! ,army & t ! ,wea!r ,bureau 0 creat$ f x by ,act ( ,congress1 ,june1 #ahia1 & made a bureau ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,z a =m] memb] ( ! ,signal ,corps ! writ] enjoy$ ! r5ewal ( old fri5d%ips among ! (fic]s at ! ,aviation ,s*ool4 ,col4 ,w4 ,a4 ,glass=d1 ,signal ,corps1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 ,comm&ant ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t ,aviation ,s*ool at ,san ,diego1 k9dly read ! manuscript ( ! foll[+ pages & ! writ] gratefully ackn[l$ges 8 valuable sugge/ions4 ,mu* ( ! mat]ial 9 ! foll[+ pages 0 obta9$ by ! writ] :ile detail$ z ,lectur] 9 ,meteorology to ! ,signal ,corps1 ,w> ,dep>tm5t ,aviation ,s*ool at ,san ,diego1 9 #aiae-aiaf1 also :5 detail$ 9 ! same (ficial capacity to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,army ,milit>y ,tra9+ ,encampm5t1 ,mont]ey1 #aiaf2 & at ! summ] sessions ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia dur+ #aiad-aiaf4 ,,los ,,angeles1 ,,cal41 ,febru>y1 #aiag4 ,to ,j4 ,s4 ,a4 ,table ( ,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,! ,signal ,corps ,aviation ,s*ool at ,san ,diego1 ,cali=nia #g ,,*apt] ,,ii ,appli$ ,meteorology = ! ,aviator #aa ,,*apt] ,,iii ,wea!r ,obs]vations f an ,airplane #af ,,*apt] ,,iv ,inve/igat+ ! ,upp] ,air #be ,li/ ( ,plates ,figure ,no4 ,page ,army airplane glid+ to ,nor? ,isl& ,ov] ,u4 ,s4 ,cruis] 8,san ,diego0 ,frontispiece #a4 ,congressional ,m$al aw>d$ ,wright bro!rs #cc #b4 ,asc5t ( s\nd+ balloons at ,avalon #cd #c4 ,meteorograph :i* made ! asc5t ( ,july #bg1 #aiac #ce #d4 ,fir/ flight ( airplane c>ry+ two p]sons #cf #e4 ,sub-/ation at ,m\nt ,wilson ,obs]vatory #cg #f4 ,type ( airplane us$ 9 #aiaa on ,nor? ,isl& #ch #g4 ,discuss+ a flight #ci #h4 ,capta9 ,culv] & p>a*ute = det]m9+ w9d-direction #dj #i4 ,lieut5ant ,gorrell1 ,u4 ,s4 ,infantry1 z obs]v] #da #aj4 ,po9t ,loma f ! ea/]n %ore ( ,nor? ,isl& #db #aa4 ,san ,diego1 across ,spani% ,bight1 f ,u4 ,s4 ,aviation ,s*ool1 at twilight #dc #ab4 ,in/ructor ,br9dley & ,meteorologi/ ,c>p5t] 9 ,milit>y ,tractor ,no4 #ej #dd #ac4 ,milit>y ,tractor ,no4 #ej #de #ad4 8,trimm+0 ,tractor ,no4 #ej #df #ae4 ,milit>y ,tractor ,no4 #ej j be=e leav+ ! gr\nd #dg #af4 ,san ,diego h>bor at ov] two ?\s& feet altitude #dh #ag4 ,san ,diego view$ f an altitude ( ?irty-five hundr$ feet #di #ah4 ,milit>y ,tractor ,no4 #ej view$ f ! gr\nd #ej #ai4 ,fly+ ,squad's ,w9d ,direction ,p5nant ,t[] #ea #bj4 ,! ,aviation ,s*ool ,motor-,boat 8,pronto0 #eb #ba4 ,u4 ,s4 ,aviation ,field at ?ree ?\s& feet altitude #ec #bb4 ,repair ,%op1 ,u4 ,s4 ,aviation ,s*ool1 ,san ,diego1 ,cal4 #ed ,! ,aviator & ! ,wea!r ,bureau ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,signal ,,corps ,,aviation ,,s*ool ,,at ,,san ,,diego ,hi/ory4--,! ye> #aiaa m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates aviation s*ool at ,san ,diego4 ,!re is no f9] tribute to ! equability & g5]al excell5ce ( ! climate ( s\!rn ,cali=nia ?an t giv5 9 ! hi/ory ( aronautics4 ,x 0 "h1 9 #aijj1 t ,*anute complet$ 8 e>ly & epo*-mak+ obs]vations ( ! flight ( gulls & pelicans4 ,^! contribut$ l>gely to ! success ( ! ,wright bro!rs a few ye>s aft]w>d4 ,x 0 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia1 six ye>s ago1 t ,h>kness1 9 an ,anto9ette1 made 8 record monoplane flight to ,tia ,juana4 ,san ,diego witness$ ! fly+ ( ! fir/ seaplane1 by ,curtiss1 five ye>s ago4 ,x is 9 ?is di/rict t n only ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t aviation s*ool & a numb] ( comm]cial fly+ s*ools are locat$1 b also "o ( ! l>ge airplane,b factories 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,b ,! ,national ,advisory ,committee = ,aronautics 9 its report ( ,octob] #ag1 #aiaf1 on ,nom5clature = ,aronautics1 ! "n airplane is sub/itut$ = 8,any =m ( aircraft heavi] ?an air :i* has w+ surfaces = su/5tion1 ) /abiliz+ surfaces1 rudd]s = /e]+1 & p[]-plant = propulsion ?r\gh ! air40 ,location ( ! ,s*ool4--,:atev] ! f9al action may be z to p]man5t location1 x has be5 conc$$ by all au?orities t ! situation ( ! aviation s*ool on ,nor? ,isl&1 ,san ,diego ,bay1 is ideal4 7,see ,fig4 #ba47 ,! s-call$ isl& is connect$ ) ! p59sula ( ,coronado by a n>r[ s&-spit1 & x comprises _m hundr$ acres ( level l& free f build+s & any sort ( ov]head wires4 ,! isl& fronts ! ocean on ! s\?2 ,po9t ,loma on ! we/ ) ! n>r[ entrance to ! bay betwe52 to ! nor? is ! city ( ,san ,diego across ! bay2 & ,coronado j beyond ,spani% ,bight on ! ea/4 ,?is natural arrangem5t gives good air conditions = beg9n]s1 & also enables !m to use ! smoo? wat]s ( ! bay z well z ! r\gh ocean wat] = ! seaplanes4 ,! proximity ( ?is location to ,san ,diego is also a di/9ct advantage4 7,see ,fig4 #aa47 ,all ( ! /ructures ( ! aviation s*ool on ,nor? ,isl& are tempor>y1 ! build+s consi/+ ( a scatt]+ array ( huge %$s4 ,"* ( ,in/ruction4--,(fic]s f all bran*es ( ! army volunte] = ?is s]vice4 ,! qualifications ( an aviator are caution1 judgm5t1 & te*nical skill4 ,defici5cies 9 caution & judgm5t be+ temp]am5tal are r>ely rem$i$1 :ile te*nical skill is l>gely a matt] ( acquirem5t4 ,less ?an n9ety days are all[$ = qualification z a junior aviator1 & if 9 t p]iod ! (fic]'s defici5cies are f\nd to be inh]5t1 he returns to 8 company4 ,! s*ool is a place = h>d "w & quick ?9k+4 ,detail 9 ! repair %op is "p ( ! c\rse1 z is also ! use ( ! gasol9e eng9e 9 motor trucks z well z 9 aircraft4 7,see ,fig4 #bb47 ,!ory & practice are closely unit$3 ! =m] is c>ri$ on by means ( bi-daily lectures1 :ile ! e>ly morn+ h\rs are devot$ to fly+4 ,pilot-&-obs]v] ma*9es equipp$ ) d\ble control are us$ 9 in/ruction4 ,! aviation in/ructor asc5ds ) ! /ud5t & all[s him to manipulate ! controls1 only resum+ ! managem5t ( ! airplane 9 an em]g5cy4 ,ne$less to say1 ! life ( an in/ructor is a mo/ haz>d\s "o & full ( ?rills4 ,8 duty is to be on ! al]t to correct errors 9 ! manipulation ( ! ma*9e4 ,aft] e trip ! in/ructor reviews1 po9t by po9t1 ! features ( ! flight1 %[+ ! pupil 8 defici5cies & expla9+ h[ he may avoid !m 9 ! future4 ,! in/ruction is t]se b k9dly1 & ! mann] ( imp>t+ ?is in=mation leaves no?+ to ! imag9ation4 ,aft] wat*+ /ud5t & in/ructor1 & closely /udy+ ! f9i%$ "w ( an aviator1 x is my op9ion t 9 no o!r occupation mu/ !re be su* p]fect cord9ation betwe5 m9d & muscle3 ! p]fectly qualifi$ aviator is ! mod]n sup]-man4,c ,c ,! army aviator ( today is pick$ = 8 quickness ( m9d & body1 & ! fir/ ?+ t /rikes y ab\t him is a sort ( fel9e1 w\nd-up-spr+ al]tness4 ,!n y note 8 retic5ce1 ! cool res]ve ( a man ^: lot is to express himself 9 de$s r ?an words4 ,&1 la/ly1 !re is ! quiet s]i\sness1 v]g+ almo/ on sadness1 ( a man :o mu/ hold himself ready to look dea? betwe5 ! eyes at any mom5t & yet keep 8 m9d deta*$ = o!r ?+s4--,lewis ,r4 ,freeman 9 ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly4 ,results ( a ,ye>'s ,"w4--,dur+ ! ye> #aiae1 ! /ud5ts ( ! aviation s*ool made #c1feb flights ) a total "t al(t ( #a1eaf h\rs1 & a mileage ( #ie1jjj4 ,z reg>ds wea!r conditions affect+ flights1 x w be f\nd int]e/+ to note ,*>t ,no4 #e giv+ numb] ( flights & duration = ! f\rte5 mon?s end+ ,augu/1 #aiaf1 :i* %[s t "w progress$ reg>dless ( wea!r1 & at an increas+ rate4,d ,9 ,febru>y1 a milit>y tractor-seaplane 7an all-,cali=nia product71 #abe-;horsep[] motor1 ) tw5ty-six gallons ( gasol9e1 f\r gallons ( oil1 & ?ree pass5g]s1 mak+ a total weight ( #c1ajj p\nds1 rea*$ an altitude ( #ab1cfb feet4 ,?is 0 ! _w's record1 ! previ\s altitude "u ! same conditions hav+ be5 #i1jjj feet4 ,d 8,x is e/imat$ t ! av]age co/ to ,france ( tra9+ ea* pilot is five ?\s& doll>s 444 no less ?an f f\r to six mon?s are devot$ to ! tra9+ ( f9i%$ pilots4 ,al?\gh ,i h j come f ,france1 ! progress ( aviation is s rapid t mu* ( my own k may be out ( date be=e ,i aga9 return to ! front40--,c4 ,d4 ,w9sl[1 8,) ! ,fr5* ,fly+ ,corps10 #aiag1 #d-e3 ,n4 ,y4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,appli$ ,,meteorology ,,= ,,! ,,aviator ,activities ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau 9 ,relation to ,aronautics4--,naturally ! progress ( arial navigation has at all times be5 r closely connect$ ) ! ,wea!r ,bureau4 ,= ov] a decade ! ,bureau has n be5 cont5t ) surface obs]vations b has ma9ta9$ laboratories = ! /udy ( ! upp] air4 ,! results ( its obs]vations are consid]$ a m9e ( in=mation = ! /ud5t aviator4 ,pr(4 ,*>les ,f4 ,m>v91 ! ,*ief ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 is a memb] ( ! ,national ,advisory ,committee = ,aronautics1 & *airman ( a subcommittee engag$ on ! det]m9ation ( ! problems ( ! atmosph]e 9 relation to aronautics4,e ,e ,mon?ly ,wea!r ,review1 #aiae1 #cb3ejj4 ,wa%+ton4 ,! fir/ (ficial cop]ation betwe5 ! ,wea!r ,bureau & ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t aviation s*ool 0 inaugurat$ 9 ! ye> #aiad by ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,humphreys1 ,pr(essor ( ,meteorological ,physics1 :5 he 0 detail$ to give a c\rse ( lectures4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is c\rse t he lectur$ on 8,holes 9 ! ,air40,f ,?is pap] has be5 repr9t$ z a textbook = ! aviation s*ool4 ,f ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 #aiad1 #dd3ah-cd1 ,n4 ,y4 ,e>ly ,/udies 9 ,aronautics4--,un(ficially1 h[ev]1 ! cop]ation ext5d$ back "s fifte5 ye>s prior to t "t1 :5 ! writ] 0 9 *>ge ( ! local (fice ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau at ,san ,diego1 & assi/$ ! aronautical eng9e]1 ,octave ,*anute1 9 8 obs]vations & exp]im5ts on ,san ,diego ,bay4,g ,at ?is "t hundr$s ( photographs ( sea-gulls1 pelicans1 & o!r so>+ birds 7 made1 & bo? birds & photographs /udi$ & analyz$4 ,ev] s9ce !n m or less int]e/ has be5 tak5 by ! writ] 9 arial navigation4 ,dur+ an assignm5t to ! ,c5tral ,(fice ! "w ( ! ,wright bro!rs 0 obs]v$ & /udi$4 ,! association ) ! late ,octave ,*anute & 8 fri5ds1 ! ,wrights1 dur+ _! exp]im5tal flights at ,=t ,mey]1 ,virg9ia1 9 ,septemb]1 #aijh1 is c\nt$ among ! _m pleasant memories ( ! ,wa%+ton visit4 ,x 0 "h t 0 witness$ ! fir/ flight ) a pass5g] 7see ,fig4 #d71 ,mr4 ,orville ,wright tak+ up ) him ,major 7n[ ,colonel7 ,george ,o4 ,squi]1 ! pres5t head ( ! aviation bran* ( ! army4 ,su* 0 ! infancy ( ! fly+-ma*9e t at t date no fatalities _h occurr$4 ,a few ye>s lat] ! writ] _h ! pleasure ( accompany+ ,mr4 ,gl5n ,curtiss :ile he 0 det]m9+ a site = 8 s*ool1 :i* 0 f9ally locat$ on ,nor? ,isl&4 7,see ,fig4 #f47 ,%ortly aft]w>d1 f ?is place1 ,h>ry ,h>kness made record amateur cross-c\ntry flights 9 an ,anto9ette monoplane4 ,g 8,climate & ,wea!r ( ,san ,diego10 ,c>p5t]1 #aiac1 #eg-ei1 ,san ,diego4 ,active ,"w ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau4--,dur+ ! score ( ye>s t ! writ] has be5 9 *>ge ( ! ,san ,diego & ,los ,angeles /ations ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 int]e/ 9 fly+ has be5 cumulative4 ,ef=ts h be5 made to furni% aviators ) available data s t at ! pres5t "t a day seldom passes )\t conf]5ce ,) (ficials or /ud5ts ( ,gov]nm5t or private fly+ s*ools 9 ?is vic9ity4 ,lectures on ,meteorology z ,appli$ to ,aviation4--,?r\gh ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 ,octob]1 #aiae1 on reque/ ( ! comm&+ (fic] ( ! ,signal ,corps aviation s*ool1 at ,san ,diego1 ! writ] 0 direct$ by ! ,*ief ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau to deliv] two lectures ( :i* ! foll[+ are outl9es3 8,:at ! ,wea!r ,bureau ,(f]s ! ,aviator0 7,illu/rat$ by #cg lant]n-slides f photographs by ! au?or7 ,introductory3 ,wea!r s]vice once "p ( ! ,signal ,corps1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,transf] 9 #ahia to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,di/ribution ( wea!r /ations 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,"* ( data obta9able3 ,advance data f ! daily map su* z ,position ( high & l[ areas4 ,wea!r conditions f sub-/ations 9 vic9ity4 ,! wea!r map3 ,h[ con/ruct$4 ,h[ di/ribut$4 ,specim5 maps %[+ diff]+ conditions 9 ,cali=nia4 ,w9ds1 velocity & frequ5cy3 ,on-%ore4 ,(f-%ore4 ,discussion ( air conditions ,decemb] #bj-bb1 #aiad4 ,! int]national wea!r map4 ,relation to weekly =eca/s4 ,c>d9al climatic features3 ,asc5d+ w9ds & types produc+ !m3 ,cl\d1 fog1 precipitation4 ,desc5d+ w9ds3 8,nor!rs0 & du/-/orms4 ,!rmograph & hygrograph traces4 ,factors 9 ! meteorology ( s\!rn ,cali=nia3 ,influ5ce ( latitude3 ,sea4 ,m\nta9s4 ,des]t4 ,pa? & di/ribution ( /orm areas4 ,k ( local climatology necess>y 9 fly+4 ,local w9ds discuss$3 8,woollies0 7desc5d+ w9d eddies74 8,*ubascos0 7s\? coa/ ?und] squall74 8,santa ,anas0 7nor!a/]ly & desiccat+74 8,wilm+tons0 7nor?we/]ly l9e-squall74 8,practical ,meteorology = ! ,aviator0 7,illu/rat$ by #gb lant]n-slides f photographs by ! au?or7 ,hi/orical3 ,orig9al "w begun 9 ,scotl&1 ye> #agdi4 ,*>act]i/ics-- ,engli% "w2 ,d9es' m9ute meteorograph4 ,fr5* "w2 ,dr4 ,b]son's balloon asc5t ( #f miles4 ,g]man "w2 detail$ data 9 l[ altitudes4 ,am]ican "w began ) ,frankl94 ,! ,upp] ,air3 ,def9ition3 8,/ratosph]e0 is 7accord+ to "s au?orities7 ! dynamical laboratory ( ! atmosph]e :]e ! ma9 causes ( pressure orig9ate4 ,results 9 ,am]ica3 ,balloon meteorograph 7,fig4 #c74 ,*>ts %[+ rate ( increase 9 w9d velocity ) elevation 7,*>t ,no4 #d74 ,w9d1 temp]ature1 pressure1 humidity at maximum airplane height ( #bf1bdb feet4 ,/ratosph]e3 ,l[] level 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4 ,l[] temp]ature 9 summ] :5 surface pressure is high4 ,def9ition3 8,troposph]e0 is ! physical laboratory :]e cl\d & ra9 are produc$ by local causes & induc$ by ! effect ( ! dynamical *anges 9 ! upp] air4 ,conditions )9 #f or #g miles ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,cl\ds & _! ,mean+3 ,cirrus3 ,height & composition4 ,=mation3 ,p]p5dicul> %afts ( cl\ds indicate rapid *anges 9 wea!r4 ,horizontal lay]s1 no *ange & cl\ds w dissipate4 ,cirro-/ratus1 ?reat5+ 9 w9t]4 ,cirro-cumulus1 fair & f\l v>ieties diff]5tiat$4 ,cumulus ) /rong uplift4 ,alto-cumulus1 cause ( p>allel r[s4 ,fracto-cumulus1 w9d indicator1 ,po9t ,loma 8woolly40 ,/ratus4 ,alto-/ratus1 favorable = fly+4 ,/rato-cumulus1 long %all[ rolls1 ?reat5+ 9 w9t]4 ,cumulo-nimbus1 unsafe air conditions = fly+4 ,fracto-nimbus1 wat]sp\ts & _! causes4 ,velo cl\d1 examples1 cause1 effect1 di/ribution1 d5sity4 ,fog1 examples ( great fog-belts4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,n>rative ,,( ,,wea!r ,,obs]vations ,,f ,,an ,,airplane ,9 ord] to qualify z meteorologi/ compet5t to conf] ) aviators1 x seem$ desirable to become p]sonally acqua9t$ ) "s ( ! conditions t confront$ !m4 ,z a matt] ( pr(essional acquirem5t !re=e1 ,i 0 glad to accept an invitation to g al(t aft] ! necess>y (ficial arrangem5ts _h be5 made ) ,wa%+ton4 ,?is trip 0 9 l9e ) ! previ\s endeavors ( apply+ practical meteorology to ! sci5ce ( flight & appropriately ext5d$ ! "w :i* 0 begun 9 ,san ,diego ) ,*anute & ! sea-gulls fifte5 ye>s be=e4 ,object ( ,flight4--,i wi%$ to put myself 9 ! /ud5t's place & le>n at fir/ h& ! practical facts he dem&$ f wea!r obs]vations & to acqua9t myself ) ev]y?+ possible t might be ( value to an aviator4 ,!re 7 two def9ite ?+s ( :i* ,i desir$ k3 fir/1 to det]m9e ! height ( ! upw>d tr5d ( ! sea-breeze ov] ,po9t ,loma :i* causes ! my/]i\s 8woolly0 ( a score ( ye>s' acqua9tance f a ya*t+ /&po9t2 second1 to obs]ve ! ext5t1 =m1 & composition ( ! velo cl\d :i* is ! *>act]i/ic sun-cov] ( ,cali=nia4 ,prep>ations = ! ,asc5t4--,aviator ,in/ructor ,osc> ,br9dley 7! #aiae w9n] ( ! ,curtiss trophy71 9 milit>y tractor ,no4 #ej1 0 assign$ z pilot4 ,x may be /at$ "h t ! accept$ def9ition ( aviator is a pilot ( a fly+-ma*9e heavi] ?an air4 ,! airplane us$ 9 my fir/ flight 7see ,fig4 #ac7 0 made 9 ,los ,angeles & is ! pres5t /&>d army model4 ,?is tractor has an #hj-;horsep[] eng9e & #h-;foot propell]4 ,x is #ba feet long1 has a w+-spread ( #ch feet1 support+ area #cfd squ>e feet1 & a fly+ radius1 ) two p]sons1 ( #cjj miles4 ,! maximum altitude atta9$ ) ?is model at ,san ,diego 0 #ac1jjj feet4 ,be=e be+ plac$ 9 s]vice ! ma*9es are ?or\ghly gone ov] at ! repair %op 7see ,fig4 #bb71 & ! motors are run at full spe$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 aft] :i* !y are tak5 d[n & subject$ to scrut9y = possible defects4 ,all ( ! /ruts1 guys1 & wires are closely exam9$2 ! bol!ads are all drill$1 wir$1 & sold]$ s t no am\nt ( vibration w loos5 !m4 ,reg>dless ( ! l5g? ( ! flight1 ea* ma*9e1 be=e go+ up aga91 is giv5 a rigid inspection & n until ! me*anicians h te/$ e "p is x pron\nc$ ready4 ,n be+ prep>$ ) a regulation aviation suit1 ,i 0 loan$ a lea!r jacket by "o (fic]1 face-goggles & safety helmet by o!rs4 ,i !n took my place 9 ! obs]v]'s seat =w>d & 0 /rapp$ into x ) ! safety belt 7see ,fig4 #ab74 ,i 0 caution$ to let my body give way z ! wai/-controls 7 mov$ f side to side & n pay any att5tion to ! /e]+ rudd] :eel :i* _h a way ( my/]i\sly revolv+1 advanc+ & rec$+4 ,9 crank+ an airplane1 a c]ta9 =mula is always gone ?r\gh4 ,! me*anician at ! propell] calls out1 8,close60 ,! aviator closes ! swit* & repeats ! ^w4 ,?is %ort-circuits ! ignition app>atus s t no sp>k occurs 9 ! cyl9d]s4 ,! propell] is turn$ 9 ord] to introduce explosive mixtures into ! cyl9d]s4 ,:5 ready to />t ! me*anician says 8,op560 ,! aviator op5s ! swit* & repeats ! ^w4 ,! *>ges 9 ! cyl9d]s !n fire :5 ! propell] is turn$4 ,aft] ! eng9e />ts1 ! ma*9e is 8trimm$0 by help]s & jockey$ = a favorable 8take-(f0 into ! air4 7,see ,figs4 #ad1 #ae47 ,?is model ( airplane climbs on a gradi5t #a to #g2 its m9imum spe$ is #da miles p] h\r4 ,9 o!r words1 if ! spe$ is less ?an #da miles p] h\r ! ma*9e w n fly horizontally4 ,! ,asc5t4--,! tractor 0 head$ into a #cj-mile nor?we/]ly w9d s t ! 8take-(f0 0 quick & easy2 !re 7 only a few seconds sp5t roll+ ov] ! field1 :5 ! airplane left ! gr\nd & ,i felt ! nev] to be =gott5 cu%ion+ feel+ ( ! air4 ,= t5 seconds !re 0 exp]i5c$ a decid$ly weak5+ n]v\s *ill1 :i* occurr$ to me once be=e :5 mak+ a high dive f a spr+-bo>d4 ,x 0 ! sort ( physiological di/urbance t c only be c\nt]act$ by imm$iately pull+ "o's self toge!r say+1 8,well1 "h goes no?+60 ,! mom5t>y depression 0 imm$iately foll[$ by a correspond+ elation ( feel+ :i* /range to say did n leave me dur+ ! trip & is always associat$ ) ?\ghts ( ! j\rney4 ,!re 0 no dizz9ess1 al?\gh ,i am peculi>ly susceptible to ! lea/ *ange 9 balance4 ,! e>? did n rec$e z we progress$ /eadily upw>d2 we seem$ "p ( ! e>?1 b n ( x4 ,al?\gh ! airplane rea*$ an altitude ( #c1jjj feet 9 a comp>atively few m9utes1 ! b>omet] fall+ f #cj4j to #bg4j in*es1 ! decreas$ bodily pressure 0 n at all noticeable4,h ,h ,trans-,am]ican ,climatic ,association1 #aiae1 #ca3bj1 ,hot ,spr+s1 ,va4 ,next to ! support+ quality ( ! atmosph]e ,i _h notic$ ! #gj-mile bla/ ( air z ! airplane pu%$ its way /eadily onw>d & upw>d4 ,naturally1 ! exhau/ ( ! motor 9 addition to ! ro> ( ! w9d made conv]sation impossible4 ,"s airplanes h telephone communication betwe5 obs]v] & pilot4 7,see ,fig4 #i47 ,dur+ "o flight 9 a ma*9e n s equipp$1 ! pass5g] notic$ ! break+ ( "s app>atus4 ,kn[+ t x 0 impossible to make himself he>d he ha/ily scribbl$ ! ^w 8,accid5t60 on a bit ( c>d1 :]eupon ! pilot %ut (f 8 eng9e & glid$ to e>?4 ,two-?\s& ,feet above ,po9t ,loma4--,c>ry+ out my sugge/ion z to inve/igat+ ! 8woolly10 ! pilot drove ! ma*9e /raight = ,po9t ,loma & ^? unse5 arial break]s4 ,sudd5ly !re 7 two di/9ct 8wallops0 & ,i felt ! fuselage b5ea? me respond z if /ruck by a /uff$ club4 ,!re 0 evid5tly fir/ a surge !n a drop1 & x 0 ! desc5d+ curr5t ( air t depriv$ ! airplane ( ! support+ m$ium1 h5ce ! %ock4 ,po9t ,loma itself1 f ?is altitude1 & se5 directly f above1 look$ v l a b>racuda's backbone--long1 l[1 & ugly4 ,al?\gh ?is p59sula 7see ,fig4 #ba7 is less ?an #ejj feet high x s effectively deflects ! prevail+ nor?we/]ly w9d t ! upw>d surge has be5 notic$ by aviators at an altitude ( #d1jjj feet4 ,x is no wond] !n t ^! desc5d+ w9ds1 call$ 8woollies0 7f _! *urn+ ! wat] into isolat$ masses :i* look l tufts ( wool71 are dread$ alike by ya*tsm5 & birdm54 ,!y h be5 kn[n to c>ry away topsails f too closely v5tur+ s*oon]s & /ud5t aviators always give ! vic9ity ( ,po9t ,loma a wide b]?4 ,no ,w9ds ,al(t4--,we _h n *ang$ our direction s9ce leav+ ! gr\nd1 b aft] pass+ ov] ,po9t ,loma ! airplane 0 put %>ply on a port c\rse4 ,i _h be5 expect+ ?is & mu/ confess1 some:at dread$ x1 innoc5tly ?9k+ t a #cj-mile w9d add$ to our #gj-mile rate ( spe$ w\ld 8heel0 ! craft to an uncom=table angle :5 ! c\rse 0 *ang$ f nor?we/]ly to s\!rly4 ,:at 0 my a/oni%m5t to f9d t ! putt+ ab\t 0 unaccompani$ by any ( ! nautical motions su* z tilt+ or cant+4 ,!oretically "o may be ev] s well gr\nd$ 9 physical laws b x seems to take actual exp]i5ce to br+ _! tru? home to u4 ,( c\rse !re c be no w9d 9 ! air2 :5 we ent]$ ! air x 0 mov+ #cj miles an h\r 9 relation to ! e>? b z soon z we 7 free f ! e>? ! velocity ( ! w9d _h no effect on our flight4 ,no matt] h[ /rong ! gale1 s f> z x conc]n$ ! airplane1 if ! w9d be /eady no difficulty is exp]i5c$2 ! aviator is conc]n$ only by w9d-%ifts4 ,! ,velo ,cl\d ,se5 f ,above4--,9 k9d]g>t5 days ,i rememb] t "o ( ! fir/ que/ions ,i ask$ 0 8,are cl\ds smoke80 ,& ?is e>ly qu]y 0 really fir/ answ]$ 9 ! air4 ,fog on a m\nta9 top may be cl\d1 b someh[ cl\d free f close proximity to ! e>? seems diff]5t4 ,! ma*9e 0 put ?r\gh ! cl\d blanket mu* z a horse takes a hurdle2 x seem$ unlike fog & m ( a palpable sub/ance4 ,z we em]g$1 ! sun 0 %9+ on x l a silv]y sea ) g5tly undulat+ surfaces & x look$ = all ! _w z supportable z lay]s ( cotton-wool4 ,_m times h cl\d-banks f m\nta9 tops be5 obs]v$1 yet ! upp] side ( ! velo cl\d f a fly+-ma*9e look$ v diff]5t4 ,! cl\d 0 only f\r or five hundr$ feet ?ick & ext5d$ inl& a few miles 9 irregul> outl9e4 ,! seaw>d edges ( ! velo cl\d 7 n ragg$1 & app>5tly p>allel$ ! coa/ = #aj or #ae miles4 ,su* 0 ! exhil>ation & confid5ce ! air gave t ,i c und]/& h[ p>a*ute jump]s confid5tly /ep (f into space1 = to !m ! air is a support+ m$ium no m t]rible ?an a transp>5t sea to a good swimm]4 ,i believe t ! record p>a*ute drop 0 made 9 #aiaf by ,colonel ,maitl&1 ( ! ,engli% ,royal ,fly+ ,corps1 :o desc5d$ 9 a p>a*ute #aj1jjj feet f an airplane4 ,fifte5 m9utes 0 occupi$ 9 ! desc5t4 ,ease ( ,vision at #c1ejj ,feet ,altitude4--,at ?is altitude ! ease ( vision is mo/ rem>kable4 ,at ?is height1 ) p]p5dicul> vision1 ! eye is possess$ ( wond]ful p[]s4 ,9 ^? 8solitudes augu/ ) />s0 m5 n only 8m\nt up ) w+s z eagles0 b are giv5 ! eagle's unob/ruct$ vision4 ,birds h be5 cr$it$ ) mu* too ke5 vision4 ,f ?is height ( sev]al ?\s& feet e object /ood out ) rem>kable di/9ctness4 ,automobiles rac+ along ! ,el ,cajon b\lev>d to ,lakeside 7 readily pick$ up ) ! unaid$ eye al?\gh #bj miles away4 ,look+ d[n ov] ! aviation field ! long compass m>k & ! w9d-direction p5nant 7,figs4 #ai & #bj7 7 easily di/+ui%$4 ,! bay & ocean1 h[ev]1 gave ! mo/ rem>kable revelation1 = ! bottom ( ! bay & ! %all[ ocean %ore 7 pla9ly disc]nible4 ,! abs5ce ( wat] z well z air refraction expla9s :y subm>9es _c hide f an airplane3 "o ( ! army aviators told me t a subm>9e _c ord9>ily s9k s l[ t x _c be se5 f an airplane4 ,color ( ,l&+-gr\nd ,important4--,ow+ to ! absorption & reflection ( sunlight1 !re is a di/9ct v>iation 9 ! "* ( o!rwise simil> l&+-gr\nd4 ,a field1 d>k f rec5t pl[+ 7or burn+71 w heat ! air ov] x fa/] ?an w a field ( /ubble1 h5ce ov] ! =m] field !re w be ! great] air di/urbance1 & ?is w affect ! ease ( l&+4 ,air is heat$ by contact & convection4 ,"o ( ! aviators said t rec5tly he 0 desc5d+1 & _h all b rea*$ ! gr\nd :5 a localiz$ convectional curr5t hurl$ 8 ma*9e upw>d "s di/ance b imm$iately aft]w>d deposit$ him on ! gr\nd )\t damage4 ,spiral+ ,d[n #c1jjj ,feet4--,spe$+ ev] 9 wide circles ! c\rse lay s\!a/ ov] ! upp] "p ( ,san ,diego ,bay4 ,! city ( ,san ,diego pres5t$ ! usual *eck]bo>d appe>ance 7,fig4 #af71 & ev5 at ?is altitude x w\ld seem easy to drop an orange at almo/ any po9t4 ,! velo cl\d 0 lift+ & we c\ld see ! gradual disappe>ance z x melt$ r ?an drift$ f ,nor? ,isl&4 7,see ,fig4 #ag47 ,! glid+ desc5t 0 made f an altitude ( #b1ejj feet1 />t+ above ,san ,diego4 ,z ! aviation s*ool 0 approa*$1 we c\ld see a numb] ( ma*9es 9 ! air1 ?ree bel[ & two above u1 circl+ ab\t l hawks4 ,&1 l so>+ birds1 ^! ma*9es _h _! air-lanes1 designat$ c\rses & levels be+ devot$ to ! diff]5t classes ( ma*9es4 ,! l&+ 0 made )\t incid5t & ! h\r's flight 0 end$4 ,outl9e ( ,meteorological ,"w at ! ,aviation ,s*ool4--,at ! close ( ! lecture detail1 ! att5tion ( ! /ud5t aviators 0 call$ to ! importance ( _! hav+ z ?or\gh k z possible ( ! fundam5tals ( meteorology4 ,! application ( ^! fundam5tals to ! analysis ( air conditions met ) 9 _! daily flights 0 %[n to be ess5tial4 ,inve/igations z to v>y+ w9d direction 7 tak5 up by "o ( ! /aff in/ructors by ! use ( small p>a*utes to be dropp$ at diff]5t altitudes4 7,see ,fig4 #h47 ,?r\gh ! cop]ation ( ! local (ficial 9 *>ge ( ! ,san ,diego ,wea!r ,bureau /ation1 duplicate signal %eets 7 available f :i* ! /ud5t (fic]s made _! local wea!r maps4 ,f ^! maps & _! own flights1 !y c\ld arrive at "s relation%ip betwe5 ! actual & ! !oretical #c1jjj- & #aj1jjj-;foot level maps prep>$ f ! ,bigel[ =mula1 z us$ by ! ,bureau4 ,lectures 7 giv5 on temp]ature & its di/ribution2 w9ds1 moi/ure1 & cl\ds 7 also made "p ( ! c\rse1 "o ( ! pap]s ( ! ,bureau,i be+ repr9t$ by ! aviation s*ool by p]mission ( ! ,*ief ( ! ,bureau & us$ z a textbook4 ,! ,wea!r ,bureau furni%$ ! /ation ) a /&>d set ( meteorological in/rum5ts s t ! /ud5t (fic]s c\ld become p]fectly famili> ) ! regul> equipm5t at ! ,wea!r ,bureau /ations4 ,i 8,cl\ds ( ,cali=nia10 ,c>p5t]1 #aiad1 #bd1 #b;d ed41 ,ft4 ,leav5wor? 7,u4 ,s4 ,army ,press74 ,ext5d+ ! ,usefulness ( ! ,bureau to ! ,aviators4--,practical utilization by ! aviators ( ?is di/rict ( ! in=mation possess$ by ! ,bureau has receiv$ consid]able impetus dur+ ! pa/ six mon?s4 ,dur+ ! cross-c\ntry flights ( ,april & ,may1 #aiaf1 ! ,los ,angeles /ation 0 direct$ by ! ,*ief ( ,bureau to furni% wea!r & flight conditions betwe5 ,san ,diego & ,los ,angeles4 ,) ! aid ( ! g5]al wea!r-map data f ! regul> /ations1 & special obs]vations ( w9d1 wea!r1 & fog conditions on ! imm$iate coa/ ne> ,los ,angeles1 & on ,m\nt ,wilson1 x 0 possible to issue satisfactory =eca/s ( fly+ conditions4 ,! eye-obs]vations ( fog-heights z det]m9$ by ! ,wea!r ,bureau cop]ative /ation at ! ,m\nt ,wilson ,sol> ,obs]vatory 7 especially valuable4 ,f ?is m\nta9 7#f1jjj feet elevation7 x is possible on a good day to see ! :ole l5g? ( ! coa/ f ,po9t ,firm91 ,san ,p$ro h>bor to ,po9t ,loma1 ,san ,diego ,bay4 ,kn[+ diff]5t levels1 ! obs]v] at ,m\nt ,wilson 0 able to give actual ?ickness & ext5t ( ! fog-belt & its pa/ tw5ty-f\r-h\r hi/ory4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,inve/igat+ ,,! ,,upp] ,,air ,balloon ,s\nd+s into ! ,/ratosph]e4--,x 0 ! writ]'s privilege to be pres5t :5 "s highly int]e/+ & in/ructive exp]im5ts made by ! ,wea!r ,bureau 9 cop]ation ) ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 9 s\nd+ ! upp] air 7 made at ,avalon1 ,santa ,catal9a ,isl&1 (f ! coa/ ( s\!rn ,cali=nia 9 ,july & ,augu/1 #aiac4;,j ,! results ( ?is "w 7 9 close agreem5t ) simil> s\nd+s ( ! upp] air ?r\gh\t o!r survey$ portions ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 & a record asc5sion = ?is c\ntry 0 made on ,july #cj--cb1fdc met]s or #bj miles4 ,9 common ) o!r obs]vations ( temp]atures 9 ! /ratosph]e1 ! m9imum temp]ature ( ^! s\nd+s 7-#ij ,f41 ,augu/ #c7 0 regi/]$ )9 ! fir/ #aj miles4,k ,j ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,*ronicle1 #aiae1 #ag3a-be1 ,b]keley4 ,k ,mon?ly ,wea!r ,review1 #aiad1 #db3daj1 ,wa%+ton4 ,( especial int]e/ to ! aviator is ! table on ! next page :i* %[s w9d velocities increas+ ) elevation z det]m9$ by obs]vations ( ! ,avalon balloons4 ,,record ,,( ,,avalon ,,asc5ts1 ,,july-,,augu/1 #aiac ,table %[+ ,!odolite obs]vations ( w9d velocities 7met]s p] second7 at elevations ( #a1jjj & #e1jjj met]s ,met]s ,met]s ,met]s ,met]s ,met]s ,met]s,met]s,met]s p] p] p] p] p] p] p] p] ,met]ssecond second second second second secondsecondsecond,mean #e p4m4 #e p4m4 #aj a4m4#aj a4m4#aj a4m4#e p4m4#d p4m4#e p4m4 ,july #bd;,july #bg;,july #ca;,aug4 #a ,aug4 #b ,aug4 #c;,aug4 #g;,aug4 #h ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a1jjj #b4e #a4j #e4f #f4f #b4c #e4h #g4a #a4i #d4a #a1ejj #f4b #j4h #f4b #h4a #c4c #e4j #f4d #a4e #d4g #b1jjj #h4j #a4b #e4h #g4j #d4a #d4e #f4e #f4j #e4d #b1ejj #aj4j #a4h #aj4h #e4g #e4b #d4b #d4g #c4f #e4h #c1jjj #ab4j #b4c #i4d #f4a #g4b #e4b #c4e #d4a #f4b #c1ejj #ab4h #b4e #h4j #f4g #g4d #f4a #d4f #d4f #f4f #d1jjj #ac4f #c4h #aa4b #g4d #i4b #e4b #f4d #c4b #g4e #d1ejj #ad4c #e4b #ad4f #h4e #aa4b #a4h #g4h #c4j #h4c #e1jjj #ba4b #f4b #ab4h #aj4c #aj4d #b4c #c4d #i4e ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,*>ts ,%[+ ,upp]-air ,wea!r ,conditions4--,x is believ$ t ! foll[+ *>ts :5 exam9$ 9 connection ) ! accompany+ explanation 9 ! text w give ! read] some?+ ( an outl9e z to ! conditions exi/+ 9 ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t ,,no4 #a ,horizontal ,projections ( ! ,pa?s ( ! ,s\nd+ ,balloons ,lib]at$ at ,avalon1 ,cali=nia1 ,july #bc to ,augu/ #aj1 #aiac ,reproduc$ f ! ,mon?ly ,wea!r ,review1 #db3 #dbc ,?is figure %[s ! horizontal projections z f> z ! balloon 0 obs]v$1 n ! entire di/ance travel$ until x l&$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t ,,no4 #b ,v]tical ,temp]ature ,gradi5t1 ,avalon1 ,cali=nia1 ,july #bg1 #aiac ,solid l9e repres5ts ! asc5t ( ! record+ app>atus1 ! dott$ l9e ! desc5t4 7,v]ticals #be ,c4 or #de ,f47 ,reproduc$ f ! ,mon?ly ,wea!r ,review1 #db3 #dab ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t ,,no4 #c ,mean ,v]tical ,temp]ature ,gradi5t ,figure reproduc$ f ,mon?ly ,wea!r ,review1 #db3 #dac4 ,altitude values are 9 kilomet]s at ! left1 & 9 miles at ! "r3 ,temp]ature values are 9 ,c5tigrade at bottom1 9 ,fahr5heit at top4 ,maximum airplane altitude #bf1bdb feet or #e miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t ,,no4 #d ,diagram ,%[+ ,increase ( ,w9d ) ,elevation ,data f ,eight ,meteorographs ,f ! article 8,free ,air ,data 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 ,july & ,augu/1 #aiac0 by ,dr4 ,wm4 ,r4 ,blair1 ,pr(essor ( ,meteorology1 9 ! ,mon?ly ,wea!r ,review1 = ,july1 #aiad1 x is le>n$ t ! w9d %ifts f we/ to ea/ r abruptly at #af to #bj km4 7#aj to #ab miles72 bel[ ?is level d[n to ab\t #e km4 7#c miles7 x is q uni=mly f ! we/4 ,extremes3 ,maximum w9d velocity #ba4b miles1 #e1jjj met]s elevation1 #e ,p4,m41 ,july #bd2 m9imum w9d velocity #j4h miles1 #a1ejj met]s elevation1 #e ,p4,m41 ,july #bg4 ,! table %[s a /eady increase 9 velocity ( ! w9d ) elevation1 ! data be+ obta9$ f ! eight meteorographs4 ,!re 7 f\r morn+ flights 7,july #ca1 ,augu/ #c1 #g1 #h7 & five aft]noon flights 7,july #bd1 #bg1 ,augu/ #c1 #g1 #h1 #aiac71 & elevations 7 comput$ = n9e heights1 #a1jjj to #e1jjj met]s4 ,beyond ! #e1jjj met]s ! records %[ t f #b to #g miles altitude ! w9d increases at approximately ! same rate t ! d5sity ( ! air decreases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t ,,no4 #e ,*>t ,%[+ ,numb] ( ,flights & ,duration 9 ,h\rs = ! ,mon?s ( ,july to ,decemb]1 #aiae1 & ,janu>y to ,augu/1 #aiaf ,prep>$ by ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 ,signal ,corps ,aviation ,s*ool1 ,san ,diego1 ,cali=nia1 & furni%$ ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,col4 ,w4 ,a4 ,glass=d1 ,signal ,corps1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 ,comm&+ ,(fic]1 ,septemb] #ad1 #aiaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,congressional ,,m$al ,,aw>d$ ,,wright ,,bro!rs 7,design$ by ,morgan7 ,?is m$al 0 aw>d$ ,orville & ,wilbur ,wright by resolution ( ,congress1 ,m>* #d1 #aiji4 ,bronze replica 9 possession ( ! writ]4 ,photograph$ ,may #ca1 #aiaf1 by p]mission ( ! ,director ( ! ,m9t1 ,philadelphia ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,asc5t ,,( ,,s\nd+-,,balloons ,,at ,,avalon ,photograph$ ,july #bg1 #aiac ,?is set 0 lib]at$ f ! base ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau1 ,avalon1 ,catal9a ,isl&1 ,cali=nia1 at #d4eg ,p4,m41 ,july #bg1 #aiac1 & rose to a height ( #bc1hgj met]s 9 "o h\r & ?ree qu>t]s :5 "o ( ! balloons bur/ & ! desc5t began4 ,?is 0 obs]v$ by ,c>p5t] at ! !odolite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,metrograph ,,:i* ,,made ,,! ,,asc5t ,,( ,,july #bg1 #aiac ,photograph$ ,augu/1 #aiac ,?is meteorograph rose to a height ( #bc1hgj met]s 7#id1gaf feet71 at :i* height ! pressure 0 #bc mm4 7#j4ijf in*es71 temp]ature -#eb4a ,c 7-#eh ,f471 relative humidity #ba p] c5t1 w9d ,e4 7or m precisely ,s4 #gi degrees ,e471 velocity #f4a m4p4s4 7#ad miles p] h\r71 b ! m9imum temp]ature 0 regi/]$ at #ae1bbh met]s 7#di1ifj feet7 :5 ! !rmomet] %[$ -#fd4g ,c4 7-#he ,f471 at :i* "t ! pressure 0 #hi mm4 7#c4ejd in*es ( ! b>omet]71 relative humidity #ai p] c5t1 w9d ,n4,w41 #c4d m4p4s4 7#h miles p] h\r74 ,! basket 0 pick$ up at sea (f ,oceanside1 ,san ,diego ,c\nty1 ab\t #ij km4 7#ade miles7 ea/ ( ,avalon4 ,= ! fir/ #f miles ( asc5sion ! balloon mov$ upw>d at ! rate ( #h miles p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,fir/ ,,flight ,,( ,,airplane ,,c>ry+ ,,two ,,p]sons ,photograph$ ,septemb] #aj1 #aijh ,?is photograph 0 made at ,=t ,mey]1 ,virg9ia1 ( ! orig9al ,wright biplane1 pilot$ by ,mr4 ,orville ,wright ,) ,colonel ,g4 ,o4 ,squi]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 z fir/ pass5g]4 ,:5 ?is photograph 0 made no fatalities 9 airplane flight _h occurr$2 ! fir/ victim1 ,lieut5ant ,selfridge1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 0 kill$ :ile rid+ ) ,mr4 ,wright 9 ! same biplane %[n above1 on ! ,tuesday foll[+ ! ,saturday ?is photograph 0 made1 ! ma*9e fall+ to ! gr\nd at a spot :i* is practically ! c5t] ( ! picture1 b ne> ! trees :i* are "p ( ,arl+ton ,national ,cemet]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,m\nt ,,wilson ,,obs]vatory ,photograph$ ,decemb] #bd1 #aiae ,a special meteorological /ation ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau 0 e/abli%$ on ,m\nt ,wilson1 ,decemb] #be1 #aiae1 & on ,april #a1 #aiaf1 daily reports ( temp]ature1 wea!r1 precipitation1 relative humidity1 fog & o!r conditions 7 fir/ telegraph$ to ! local (fice ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau at ,los ,angeles = publication & di/ribution4 ,! photograph %[s ! location ( ! meteorological obs]vatory7997 & ! valleys bel[4 ,f ! elevation ( ! obs]vatory 7#f1jjj feet above sea-level71 x is possible = ! obs]v] to det]m9e ! ?ickness & ext5t ( fog z x is feasible to see z f> s\?we/]ly z ,po9t ,loma on a cle> day1 & s\!rly to ,santa ,catal9a ,isl&4 ,su* obs]vations & reports h be5 made & =w>d$ )\t int]ruption to date4 ,!y h prov5 ( incalculable value to ! aviators mak+ cross-c\ntry flights4 ,! /ation on ,m\nt ,wilson is ma9ta9$ ?r\gh ! cop]ation ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itute ( ,wa%+ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,type ,,( ,,airplane ,,us$ ,,9 #aiaa ,,on ,,nor? ,,isl& ,photograph$ ,octob]1 #aiaa ,?is photograph ( ,mr4 ,gl5n ,curtiss 9 8 8pu%]0 airplane 0 made %ortly aft] ! ,curtiss ,s*ool ( ,fly+ 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aiaa1 on ,nor? ,isl&4 ,at 8 "r is ,local ,=eca/] ,c>p5t]4 ,comp>ison ( ?is ma*9e1 :i* f\r ye>s ago 0 ! la/ ^w 9 airplanes1 ) ! tractor %[n on ! opposite page1 indicates ! rapid progress 9 design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,discuss+ ,a ,,flight ,photograph$ ,octob] #ah1 #aiae ,aviation ,in/ructor ,osc> ,br9dley discuss+ a flight ) ,capta9 ,cl>ke1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 & o!r (fic]s at ! ,u4 ,s4 ,aviation ,s*ool at ,san ,diego4 ,mr4 ,br9dley is /&+ by ! side ( ,capta9 ,cl>ke 9 ! gr\p at ! "r4 ,aft] e flight ! ,in/ructor reviews1 po9t by po9t1 ! features ( ! flight1 %[+ ! pupil 8 defici5cies & expla9+ h[ he may avoid !m 9 ! future4 ,! (fic] at ! left1 ,lieut5ant ,br[n1 has ! regulation lea!r legg+s1 coat & helmet1 & is ready to g up z soon z ! me*anicians 7:o may be se5 at ! extreme left7 f9i% inspection & pron\nce ! airplane fit = ! next flight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,capta9 ,,culv] ,,& ,,p>a*ute ,photograph$ ,octob] #ba1 #aiae ,capta9 ,c4 ,c4 ,culv]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,cavalry1 ,adjutant1 ,aviation ,s*ool1 ) a p>a*ute 9 8 h&1 hav+ ^w ) ,capta9 ,l4 ,w4 ,patt]son1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 be=e ! latt]'s flight4 ,! object ( ! p>a*ute is to det]m9e *ang+ w9d-direction at diff]5t heights4 ,! airplane wireless record is n[ held by ,capta9 ,culv]4 ,9 ,octob]1 #aiaf1 he s5t a message #aai miles f ,santa ,monica to ,san ,diego1 ,cali=nia1 :ile fly+ at an altitude ( #a miles4 ,he receiv$ a radio message f a di/ance ( #aa miles :ile fly+ #g1jjj feet al(t4 ,he is also ! fir/ milit>y aviator to rig up two airplanes s t !y c\ld ex*ange messages :ile 9 flight4 ,! radio set us$ weigh$ less ?an =ty-five p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,lieut5ant ,,gorrell1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,infantry1 ,,z ,,obs]v] ,photograph$ ,octob]1 #aiae ,! noise ( ! motor1 toge!r ) ! t]rific bla/ ( air1 makes conv]sation impossible betwe5 ! pilot & obs]v]2 = t reason telephones are sometimes in/all$ z not$ 9 ?is photograph4 ,lieut4 ,edg> ,s4 ,gorrell is %[n z ! obs]v] 9 ?is photograph4 ,he has s9ce qualifi$ z an aviator & made a brilliant record 9 ! ,mexican activities 9 #aiaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,po9t ,,loma ,,f ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,%ore ,,( ,,nor? ,,isl& ,photograph$ ,octob]1 #aiae ,! p59sula ( ,po9t ,loma rises to an elevation approximat+ #ejj feet1 & z x lies approximately nor? & s\?1 x int]poses a consid]able b>ri] to ! prevail+ we/]ly w9ds4 ,! ea/]n side ( ,po9t ,loma is v precipit\s4 ,^! factors t5d to produce w9ds call$ 8woollies0 :i* are a di/9ct m5ace to all small boats & air-craft1 unless ! air-craft h an elevation exce$+ #c1jjj feet on a normal w9dy day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,san ,,diego1 ,,across ,,spani% ,,bight1 ,,z ,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,,aviation ,,s*ool ,,at ,,twilight ,photograph$ ,octob]1 #aiae ,contra/$ ) ! photograph ( ,po9t ,loma on ! opposite page1 ?is picture %[s ! ideal wat] conditions = try+ out seaplanes4 ,%ortly be=e ?is picture 0 tak51 "o ( ! pilots ( ! ,curtiss ,aviation ,s*ool1 also on ,nor? ,isl& drove a big seaplane #ajj miles p] h\r b>ely skimm+ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,in/ructor ,,br9dley ,,& ,,meteorologi/ ,,c>p5t] ,,9 ,,milit>y ,,tractor ,,no4 #ej ,photograph$ ,octob] #bj1 #aiae ,in/ructor ,osc> ,br9dley & ! obs]v]1 ,meteorologi/ ,=d ,a4 ,c>p5t]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau1 leav+ ! gr\nd = a flight4 ,9 ! milit>y tractor us$ g5]ally by ! ,army1 ! obs]v] sits =w>d :ile ! pilot occupies ! aft] cockpit4 ,?is ma*9e1 l all o!rs us$ 9 ! milit>y s]vice1 has dual control4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,milit>y ,,tractor ,,no4 #ej4 ,,type ,,( ,,biplane ,,us$ ,,9 ,u4 ,s4 ,,army ,,s]vice ,,made ,,by ,,gl5n ,,m>t91 ,,los ,,angeles1 ,,cal4 ,photograph$ ,octob]1 #aiae ,motor1 horsep[]1 #hj3 revolutions p] m9ute1 #a1bgg4 ,diamet] ( propell]1 #h feet4 ,load ( #ci gallons gasol9e1 #b gallons oil4 ,fly+ radius ) normal equipm5t1 two p]sons1 #cjj miles4 ,maximum altitude obta9$ ) ?is model at ,san ,diego1 #ac1jjj feet4 ,w+-spread1 tip to tip1 upp]1 #ch feet1 #aj in*es2 l[]1 #cd feet1 #aj in*es4 ,support+ area1 upp]1 #aci squ>e feet2 l[]1 #afe squ>e feet2 total1 #cfd squ>e feet4 ,l5g? ( fuselage f re> ( propell] hub1 #ba feet1 #f in*es4 ,data f ,major ,f4 ,p4 ,lahm1 ,signal ,corps1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,dat$ ,may #i1 #aiaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 8,,trimm+0 ,a ,,tractor ,,9 ,,leav+ ,,! ,,gr\nd ,photograph$ ,octob]1 #aiae ,milit>y ,tractor ,no4 #ej j be=e leav+ ! gr\nd4 ,9 gu/y wea!r ! me*anicians /eady ! ends ( ! l[] planes1 sometimes turn+ x by hold+ "o edge & pu%+ ! o!r4 ,9 ! photograph ! me*anicians are giv+ ! airplane /e]ageway to ! "r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,milit>y ,,tractor ,,no4 #ej ,,j ,,leav+ ,,! ,,gr\nd ,photograph$ ,octob]1 #aiae ,be=e attempt+ to leave ! gr\nd !re is always consid]able jockey+ = a favorable head-w9d1 & ! photograph %[s ,in/ructor ,br9dley maneuv]+ = a favorable po9t+4 ,aft] leav+ ! gr\nd1 ! w9d1 s long z x is n gu/y1 makes no diff]5ce to ! pilot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,san ,,diego ,,h>bor ,,at ,,ov] #b1jjj ,,feet ,,altitude ,photograph$ ,octob]1 #aiae ,! new municipal :>ves are 9 ! middle =egr\nd & to _! "r may be se5 ! ,santa ,f /ation4 ,"p ( ,nor? ,isl& is obscur$ by cl\d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,,?irty-,,five ,,hundr$ ,,feet ,,above ,,san ,,diego ,photograph$ ,octob]1 #aiae ,?is photograph 0 made #a1jjj feet above ! cl\ds4 ,! :>ves ( ,san ,diego & ,coronado may be se5 9 ! =egr\nd & 9 ! middle di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,,milit>y ,,tractor ,,no4 #ej ,,at #c1ejj ,,feet ,,altitude ,photograph$ ,octob] #bj1 #aiae ,! airplane1 9 :i* ! pilot1 ,osc> ,br9dley & ! obs]v]1 ,meteorologi/ ,c>p5t]1 made _! flight1 0 photograph$ at ! maximum elevation1 #c1ejj feet above ! aviation field4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,fly+ ,,squad',s ,,w9d-,,direction ,,p5nant ,,on ,,t[] ,photograph$ ,octob] #e1 #aiae ,! regul> obs]vation t[] f :i* all obs]vations & notes on e flight are made is j back ( ! headqu>t]s build+4 ,! /ation anemomet] is on ! t[]1 & ! portable anemomet] is to ! left4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,,! ,,aviation ,,s*ool ,,motor-,,boat 8,,pronto0 ,photograph$ ,octob]1 #aiae ,dur+ ! fly+ p]iods1 ! motor-boat ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,aviation ,s*ool is kept ready = in/ant s]vice 9 ord] to "w 9 conjunction1 if ne$s be1 ) ! ,m$ical ,corps em]g5cy truck on l&4 ,su* is ! spe$ ( ?is boat 7exce$+ #dj miles p] h\r7 t ! wat] no long] has resili5cy1 & x is ab\t z com=table z rid+ 9 an old-fa%ion$ /one-boat ov] rocky pa/ures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,aviation ,,field ,,at ,,?ree ,,?\s& ,,feet ,,altitude ,photograph$ ,octob]1 #aiae ,"p ( ,coronado & ! portion ( l& call$ ,nor? ,isl&1 sep>at$ by ,spani% ,bight4 ,po9t ,loma may be se5 at ! extreme upp] "r-h& corn] ( ! photograph4 ,! fly+-ma*9e %$s1 build+s ( ! ,aviation ,s*ool1 etc41 may be se5 9 ! imm$iate =egr\nd4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,cavalry camp is ! :ite splot* 9 ! c5t] =egr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,repair ,,%op ,u4 ,s4 ,,aviation ,,s*ool1 ,,san ,,diego1 ,,cal4 ,photograph$ ,octob]1 #aiae ,9 ! repair %op ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,aviation ,s*ool at ,nor? ,isl& ! motors are giv5 a gruell+ te/1 be+ run tw5ty-f\r consecutive h\rs at a spe$ great] ?an t giv5 !m 9 actual practice4 ,aft] ?is run !y are tak5 d[n & ea* "p is spread out on a l>ge draw+-table & is subject$ to close scrut9y s z to %[ any defect4 ,sev]al airplanes z well z seaplanes h be5 recon/ruct$ 9 ?is %op4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$2 occurr5ces ( inconsi/5t hyph5ation h n be5 *ang$4